feat(fleet): draw airport ground vehicles by callsign and ground stations as a radio mast

Feeds carry many airport ground vehicles (type ZVEH) and ground stations
(GRND) that were drawn as the generic plane, some at the 10 km airborne
default.

- types.json gains aircraft_callsign rules: a ZVEH callsign starting FIRE is
  a fire truck, PUSH/TUG a pushback tug, DEICER/SQUID/SQB a van, else a car.
  GRND draws a new 11.8 m radio mast (other/radio_mast.glb).
- resolveAircraft and aircraftModelSpec take the callsign; a matched rule
  names the model outright, ahead of the type's class model.
- The layer spec cache keys such types by the rule matched, so it holds at
  most one entry per rule.
- These models (catalog category `other`) draw at their built size, as such
  models already do, and a
  contact with no altitude whose model is one now stands on the ground; the
  feed's own type is kept for such contacts, as no airframe lookup knows it.
- Local ADS-B passes the callsign too.

README.md

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Start with the included data sources, then add your own. Each layer is a separat
 - **📡 Contacts:** A 250 km roster of everything near your target — step through live aircraft and drop into any cockpit.
 - **🎯 Click-to-track anything:** Camera locks on, draws a fading trail, surfaces full metadata — and a tracked fire or vessel hands you off to the nearest live camera in one click.
 - **🖊️ Voice whiteboard:** Speak annotations onto the world — real boundary polygons, marks, and routes.
-- **🛫 3D fleet:** 121 procedural models drawn life size by type — airliners, business jets, helicopters, drones, ships, buses, trams and trains — and every contact swaps from glyph to 3D model as you close in.
+- **🛫 3D fleet:** 122 procedural models drawn life size by type — airliners, business jets, helicopters, drones, ships, buses, trams and trains — and every contact swaps from glyph to 3D model as you close in.
 - **🎨 Reskin reality:** GLSL sensor looks over the normal globe — CRT, NVG, FLIR/thermal, Noir.
 - **🟩 Detection overlay:** Screen-space bounding boxes and IDs on everything in view.
 - **🎖️ Military HUD:** Tactical heads-up display with intelligence-style telemetry.

docs/CURRENT-STATE.md

@@ -7429,7 +7429,7 @@ pins and share links already supply complete boxes.
   normal four-samples-per-250-ms budget. Retry timestamps more than the maximum
   30-second backoff ahead of the current clock are ignored. A smaller rollback
   can retain a bounded retry delay of up to 30 seconds.
-- Commercial and military aircraft use the same high-level FLEET model regime: 2D billboards when zoomed out, optional glTF models when closer, controlled by the DISPLAY rail `3D` toggle and `Proximity` / `All` modes. Every model is one of the project's procedural fleet models (`public/models/fleet/`, MIT, 121 GLBs, about 2 MB in all; `public/models/README.md`), chosen per aircraft by `aircraftModelSpec` (`src/data/fleetModels.js`): its ICAO type's entry in `types.json`, else the model of its `classifyAircraft` class for a type the map lacks, else its ADS-B emitter category's, else the default airliner. It is drawn LIFE SIZE: the type's published length over the model's built length (`src/layers/flights/modelSpec.js`, shared by Flights, Military Flights and Local ADS-B), and a grounded aircraft stands the model's scaled clearance above the ground. `classifyAircraft` still picks the 2D icons. The whole set loads once, up front, when a layer that draws it starts (`loadFleetModelSet`, which logs `[Fleet] N/121 models (X MB) loaded in N ms`); models are built from those bytes, never fetched mid-session, and an aircraft stays its billboard until the set has loaded. Textured civilians carry a HEAVY tint, not a light one: `MODEL_COLOR_BLEND_AMOUNT` is `0.94` in BOTH layers under Cesium's `ColorBlendMode.MIX`, so the class colour supplies 94% of the surface and the model's own vertex colour ~6%; military models are flat amber, or emergency red. IR boost raises the blend to a full `1.0`. Under NVG/FLIR (map preset or Cockpit vision) models render unlit flat-white at full alpha and scene fog is disabled (fog otherwise blacks out distant models with the globe hidden); state restores on exit.
+- Commercial and military aircraft use the same high-level FLEET model regime: 2D billboards when zoomed out, optional glTF models when closer, controlled by the DISPLAY rail `3D` toggle and `Proximity` / `All` modes. Every model is one of the project's procedural fleet models (`public/models/fleet/`, MIT, 122 GLBs, about 2 MB in all; `public/models/README.md`), chosen per aircraft by `aircraftModelSpec` (`src/data/fleetModels.js`): the first of its ICAO type's callsign rules in `types.json` (`aircraft_callsign`) its callsign matches, else its type's entry, else the model of its `classifyAircraft` class for a type the map lacks, else its ADS-B emitter category's, else the default airliner. It is drawn LIFE SIZE: the type's published length over the model's built length (`src/layers/flights/modelSpec.js`, shared by Flights, Military Flights and Local ADS-B), and a grounded aircraft stands the model's scaled clearance above the ground. An airport ground vehicle (feed type `ZVEH`) is a fire truck (`FIRE…`), pushback tug (`PUSH…`, `TUG…`), van (`DEICER…`, `SQUID…`, `SQB…`) or else a car by its callsign, and a ground station (`GRND`) is an 11.8 m radio mast; these models (catalog category `other`) are drawn at their built size, and such a contact with no altitude stands on the ground instead of at the airborne default (`src/layers/flights/records.js`). `classifyAircraft` still picks the 2D icons. The whole set loads once, up front, when a layer that draws it starts (`loadFleetModelSet`, which logs `[Fleet] N/122 models (X MB) loaded in N ms`); models are built from those bytes, never fetched mid-session, and an aircraft stays its billboard until the set has loaded. Textured civilians carry a HEAVY tint, not a light one: `MODEL_COLOR_BLEND_AMOUNT` is `0.94` in BOTH layers under Cesium's `ColorBlendMode.MIX`, so the class colour supplies 94% of the surface and the model's own vertex colour ~6%; military models are flat amber, or emergency red. IR boost raises the blend to a full `1.0`. Under NVG/FLIR (map preset or Cockpit vision) models render unlit flat-white at full alpha and scene fog is disabled (fog otherwise blacks out distant models with the globe hidden); state restores on exit.
 - Vessels, Transit and Rail draw fleet models under the same DISPLAY rail `3D` toggle, at the same altitude ceiling, caps and add/keep radii as the aircraft (`FLEET_MODEL_POLICY`, `src/layers/flights/policy.js`; `createFleetModelLayer`, `src/data/fleetModelInstances.js`). A vessel's model follows its AIS ship type and is drawn at its reported length and beam (AIS static dimensions A+B and C+D, now carried on vessel rows as `length` and `beam`), standing at the sea surface, heading by true heading then course. A transit vehicle's model follows its layer mode (bus, tram, subway, rail or ferry; a vehicle of `unknown` mode keeps its icon), a train's its rail category and mode (rail, metro or tram). Neither the transit nor the rail sources carry a GTFS `route_type` or a finer mode (monorail, gondola, funicular, cable car), so the set's models for those and their `transit.elevation` lifts are not reached by any live source today. Both stand on the road or rail top they are drawn on, without the 1.5 m `GROUND_FLOOR_LIFT_M` their icons carry, and are painted in their mode or category colour where the model's `_TINT` attribute marks it. A vessel model is clipped at its waterline (one clipping plane per model, at the model origin's horizontal plane), so its hull below the water never shows through a plain globe, which Cesium does not depth-test models against. Under the NVG/FLIR styles (the Flights `irBoost` parameter) these models render unlit flat white, as aircraft models do. Each vehicle's icon stays the visual until its model is loaded, ready and placed; a model is picked as its icon is, and a vehicle drawn as its model keeps its selection card and its place in the detection overlay.
 - **Aircraft models skip Cesium's dynamic environment map (2026-10-24).** Flights, Military Flights and Local ADS-B pass `environmentMapOptions: AIRCRAFT_ENVIRONMENT_MAP_OPTIONS` (`{ enabled: false }`, `src/data/aircraftModelLighting.js`) to every drawn model. Otherwise each `Model` renders the sky around it and reads it back from the GPU (`readPixels`) when it is first placed, and again whenever it moves more than 1 km, the scene's atmosphere settings change, or (under sunlight dynamic lighting) an hour of scene time passes (`DynamicEnvironmentMapManager`, Cesium 1.138). With the class colour supplying 94% of the surface, the models are lit from Cesium's default spherical harmonics instead, with no specular environment map, so the sky's model-lighting cube map no longer reaches aircraft. `src/data/aircraftModelLighting.test.mjs` pins the option at every drawn model call; every model is built from the fleet set loaded up front, so there is no separate preload.
 - The DISPLAY-rail `3D` toggle is the user-facing activation path for both aircraft layers. Their small approved GLBs build their render resources without Cesium's frame-spread job queue, preventing continuous Photorealistic 3D Tiles streaming from starving model readiness; model caps, tracking, camera, and fallback billboards are unchanged.

public/models/fleet/catalog.json

@@ -1785,6 +1785,25 @@
   "tris": 1172,
   "icon": "heli"
  },
+ "radio_mast": {
+  "category": "other",
+  "file": "other/radio_mast.glb",
+  "min": [
+   -0.7,
+   -0.815,
+   0.0
+  ],
+  "max": [
+   1.2,
+   0.815,
+   11.8
+  ],
+  "length": 1.9,
+  "beam": 1.63,
+  "clearance": 0.0,
+  "tris": 940,
+  "icon": "vehicle"
+ },
  "regional_dmu": {
   "category": "transit",
   "file": "transit/regional_dmu.glb",

public/models/fleet/types.json

@@ -983,6 +983,14 @@
   "SHIP": [
    "blimp",
    75.0
+  ],
+  "ZVEH": [
+   "car",
+   4.61
+  ],
+  "GRND": [
+   "radio_mast",
+   1.9
   ]
  },
  "helicopters": {
@@ -1143,6 +1151,34 @@
    5.0
   ]
  },
+ "aircraft_callsign": {
+  "ZVEH": [
+   {
+    "prefixes": [
+     "FIRE"
+    ],
+    "model": "fire_truck",
+    "length": 11.01
+   },
+   {
+    "prefixes": [
+     "PUSH",
+     "TUG"
+    ],
+    "model": "pushback",
+    "length": 6.0
+   },
+   {
+    "prefixes": [
+     "DEICER",
+     "SQUID",
+     "SQB"
+    ],
+    "model": "van",
+    "length": 5.51
+   }
+  ]
+ },
  "vessels": [
   {
    "types": [

scripts/package-boundaries.json

@@ -4815,7 +4815,9 @@
       "src/data/approxDistance.js",
       "src/data/renderAltitude.js",
       "src/data/aircraftClass.js",
-      "src/data/aircraftEmergency.js"
+      "src/data/aircraftEmergency.js",
+      "src/data/fleetModels.js",
+      "src/data/fleetTrailAnchors.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },

src/data/fleetModels.js

@@ -85,16 +85,24 @@ const TEXT_SHIP_TYPES = [
 ];
 
 /**
- * The model for an aircraft of ICAO type `type` (A320, B738, R44) and ADS-B
- * emitter category `category`: the type's, else the category's, else
- * `default_aircraft`.
+ * The model for an aircraft of ICAO type `type` (A320, B738, R44), ADS-B
+ * emitter category `category` and callsign `callsign`: the first of the
+ * type's callsign rules (`aircraft_callsign`) the callsign matches, else the
+ * type's, else the category's, else `default_aircraft`. An airport vehicle
+ * (type ZVEH) is a fire truck, tug or van by its callsign, else a car.
  * @param {object} types Parsed `types.json`.
  * @param {string} [type]
  * @param {string} [category]
+ * @param {string} [callsign]
  * @returns {{model: string, length: number|null}}
  */
-export function resolveAircraft(types, type, category) {
+export function resolveAircraft(types, type, category, callsign) {
   const t = type?.trim().toUpperCase();
+  const index = aircraftCallsignRule(types, t, callsign);
+  if (index >= 0) {
+    const rule = types.aircraft_callsign[t][index];
+    return { model: rule.model, length: rule.length };
+  }
   const [model, length] =
     (t && (types.aircraft[t] ?? types.helicopters[t])) ||
     (category && types.categories[category]) ||
@@ -102,6 +110,51 @@ export function resolveAircraft(types, type, category) {
   return { model, length };
 }
 
+/**
+ * A callsign as the rules read it: upper case, spaces removed.
+ * @param {string} callsign
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+function callsignKey(callsign) {
+  return String(callsign).toUpperCase().replace(/\s+/g, '');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Which of type `type`'s callsign rules (`types.json`'s
+ * `aircraft_callsign[type]`, each `{prefixes, model, length}`, first match
+ * wins) `callsign` matches: its index, -1 when none does or the type has
+ * none. A callsign matches a rule when, upper-cased with spaces removed, it
+ * starts with one of the rule's prefixes.
+ * @param {object} types Parsed `types.json`.
+ * @param {string|null} [type] ICAO type.
+ * @param {string|null} [callsign]
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function aircraftCallsignRule(types, type, callsign) {
+  const t = String(type ?? '')
+    .trim()
+    .toUpperCase();
+  const rules = t ? types.aircraft_callsign?.[t] : undefined;
+  if (!rules || !callsign) return -1;
+  const c = callsignKey(callsign);
+  return rules.findIndex((rule) =>
+    rule.prefixes.some((prefix) => c.startsWith(callsignKey(prefix))),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether an aircraft of ICAO type `type` picks its model by callsign.
+ * @param {object} types Parsed `types.json`.
+ * @param {string|null} [type]
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function aircraftModelByCallsign(types, type) {
+  const t = String(type ?? '')
+    .trim()
+    .toUpperCase();
+  return Boolean(t && types.aircraft_callsign?.[t]);
+}
+
 /**
  * A reported length as one a hull can have, else undefined (drawn as built).
  * @param {number} [length]
@@ -306,24 +359,32 @@ function specOf(set, resolved, fallback, options) {
 }
 
 /**
- * The model an aircraft is drawn with. The type's entry first; then, for a
+ * The model an aircraft is drawn with. The type's callsign rules (an airport
+ * vehicle by its callsign), then the type's entry; then, for a
  * type the map lacks, the model of its class (a fast jet, a helicopter, a
  * glider) when the type names one; then the emitter category's; then
  * `default_aircraft`.
  * @param {{catalog: object, types: object}} set
  * @param {{typeCode?: string|null, type?: string|null,
- *   category?: string|number|null}} aircraft
+ *   category?: string|number|null, callsign?: string|null}} aircraft
  * @returns {object} {@link fleetModelSpec}
  */
-export function aircraftModelSpec(set, { typeCode, type, category } = {}) {
+export function aircraftModelSpec(
+  set,
+  { typeCode, type, category, callsign } = {},
+) {
   const { types, catalog } = set;
   const code = String(typeCode ?? type ?? '')
     .trim()
     .toUpperCase();
   const emitter = emitterCategory(category);
-  let resolved = resolveAircraft(types, code, emitter);
+  const sign = callsign ? String(callsign) : undefined;
+  let resolved = resolveAircraft(types, code, emitter, sign);
+  // A callsign rule names the model outright; a type's class only stands in
+  // for a type the map lacks.
+  const ruled = aircraftCallsignRule(types, code, sign) >= 0;
   const typed = code && (types.aircraft[code] || types.helicopters[code]);
-  if (!typed && code) {
+  if (!ruled && !typed && code) {
     const model = CLASS_MODELS[classifyAircraft({ typeCode: code })];
     if (model && catalog[model])
       resolved = { model, length: catalog[model].length };
@@ -387,6 +448,9 @@ export function namedFleetModels(types) {
     ...pairs(types.aircraft),
     ...pairs(types.helicopters),
     ...pairs(types.categories),
+    ...Object.values(types.aircraft_callsign ?? {}).flatMap((rules) =>
+      rules.map((rule) => rule.model),
+    ),
     ...types.vessels.flatMap((group) => group.rules.map((rule) => rule.model)),
     types.default_aircraft[0],
     types.default_vessel,

src/data/fleetModels.test.mjs

@@ -51,8 +51,17 @@ const sliceTypes = {
     A21N: ['a320', 44.51],
     A319: ['a320', 33.84],
     B38M: ['b738', 39.52],
+    ZVEH: ['car', 4.61],
+    GRND: ['radio_mast', 1.9],
   },
   helicopters: { EC35: ['ec35', 10.2] },
+  aircraft_callsign: {
+    ZVEH: [
+      { prefixes: ['FIRE'], model: 'fire_truck', length: 11.01 },
+      { prefixes: ['PUSH', 'TUG'], model: 'pushback', length: 6 },
+      { prefixes: ['DEICER', 'SQUID', 'SQB'], model: 'van', length: 5.51 },
+    ],
+  },
   categories: { A1: ['c172', 8.3] },
   vessels: [
     {
@@ -112,6 +121,33 @@ test('aircraft resolve by type, then emitter category, then the generic plane',
   });
 });
 
+test('airport vehicles (ZVEH) by callsign, first rule wins, else the type: spaces and case ignored', () => {
+  const zveh = (callsign) =>
+    resolveAircraft(sliceTypes, 'ZVEH', undefined, callsign);
+  assert.deepEqual(zveh('FIRE 2'), { model: 'fire_truck', length: 11.01 });
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveAircraft(sliceTypes, 'zveh', undefined, ' fire2 '), {
+    model: 'fire_truck',
+    length: 11.01,
+  });
+  assert.equal(zveh('PUSH 14').model, 'pushback');
+  assert.equal(zveh('TUG3').model, 'pushback');
+  assert.deepEqual(zveh('DEICER 4'), { model: 'van', length: 5.51 });
+  assert.equal(zveh('SQUID20').model, 'van');
+  assert.equal(zveh('SQB9').model, 'van');
+  assert.equal(zveh('S Q B 9').model, 'van');
+  assert.deepEqual(zveh('LEADER 7'), { model: 'car', length: 4.61 });
+  assert.deepEqual(zveh(undefined), { model: 'car', length: 4.61 });
+  // Callsign rules belong to their type: a fire-named airliner is still an airliner.
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveAircraft(sliceTypes, 'A320', undefined, 'FIRE1').model,
+    'a320',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(resolveAircraft(sliceTypes, 'GRND', undefined, 'RX5'), {
+    model: 'radio_mast',
+    length: 1.9,
+  });
+});
+
 test('vessels: the first matching rule of the first type range with one, else the generic vessel', () => {
   assert.equal(resolveVessel(sliceTypes, 70, 366, 51).model, 'container_ship');
   assert.equal(
@@ -225,6 +261,46 @@ test('transit bodies mark the share of the route colour they take; other models
   }
 });
 
+test('aircraft specs: airport vehicles by callsign, ground stations as a mast, as the set says', () => {
+  const zveh = (callsign) =>
+    aircraftModelSpec(set, { typeCode: 'ZVEH', category: 'UNKNOWN', callsign })
+      .model;
+  assert.equal(zveh('FIRE 2'), 'fire_truck');
+  assert.equal(zveh('PUSHBACK1'), 'pushback');
+  assert.equal(zveh('TUG 4'), 'pushback');
+  assert.equal(zveh('DEICER 4'), 'van');
+  assert.equal(zveh('SQUID20'), 'van');
+  assert.equal(zveh('SQB9'), 'van');
+  assert.equal(zveh('LEADER 7'), 'car');
+  assert.equal(zveh('AOPS'), 'car');
+  assert.equal(zveh(null), 'car');
+  const mast = aircraftModelSpec(set, { typeCode: 'GRND', callsign: 'RX5' });
+  assert.equal(mast.model, 'radio_mast');
+  assert.equal(mast.scale, 1);
+});
+
+test('a callsign rule outranks the class model of a type the map lacks', () => {
+  const ruled = {
+    ...set,
+    types: {
+      ...set.types,
+      aircraft_callsign: {
+        ...set.types.aircraft_callsign,
+        PUMA: [{ prefixes: ['FIRE'], model: 'fire_truck', length: 11.01 }],
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    aircraftModelSpec(ruled, { typeCode: 'PUMA', callsign: 'FIRE 1' }).model,
+    'fire_truck',
+  );
+  // No rule matched: the class model, as before.
+  assert.equal(
+    aircraftModelSpec(ruled, { typeCode: 'PUMA', callsign: 'RESCUE1' }).model,
+    'generic_heli',
+  );
+});
+
 test('aircraft specs: by type, then class for an unlisted type, then emitter category', () => {
   assert.equal(aircraftModelSpec(set, { typeCode: 'A320' }).model, 'a320');
   assert.equal(aircraftModelSpec(set, { type: 'b744' }).model, 'b744');

src/data/fleetTrailAnchors.js

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ export const FLEET_TRAIL_ANCHORS = Object.freeze({
   pc12: Object.freeze([6.6416, 0.5288, 0]),
   pushback: Object.freeze([3, 0.2499, 0]),
   r44: Object.freeze([4.4219, -0.3001, 0]),
+  radio_mast: Object.freeze([1.2, 0, 0]),
   s76: Object.freeze([6.6001, 0.1915, 0]),
   sr22: Object.freeze([3.6762, 0.2376, 0]),
   t38: Object.freeze([7.0246, -0.3791, 0]),

src/data/modelScale.test.mjs

@@ -57,7 +57,14 @@ test('every typed aircraft renders at its published length, a real-world aircraf
       );
       // A grounded aircraft stands on its wheels: its origin the scaled
       // clearance above the ground, never below it.
-      assert.ok(spec.clearanceM > 0, `${type}: clearance ${spec.clearanceM}`);
+      // A model built standing on its origin (a ground vehicle, a ground
+      // station's mast: its lowest point at z 0) has no clearance.
+      if (set.catalog[model].min[2] > -0.05)
+        assert.ok(
+          spec.clearanceM >= 0 && spec.clearanceM < 0.05 * spec.scale,
+          `${type}: built standing, clearance ${spec.clearanceM}`,
+        );
+      else assert.ok(spec.clearanceM > 0, `${type}: clearance ${spec.clearanceM}`);
       assert.ok(spec.clearanceM < radius, `${type}: clearance larger than the aircraft`);
     }
   }
@@ -296,3 +303,41 @@ test('a layer asking every tick gets one cached spec per type and category', asy
   assert.notEqual(aircraftLayerModelSpec({ typeCode: 'B744' }, set), a);
   assert.ok(Object.isFrozen(a));
 });
+
+test('an airport vehicle is cached by its callsign; other aircraft by type and category only', async () => {
+  const { aircraftLayerModelSpec, aircraftModelSpecCacheKey } = await import(
+    '../layers/flights/modelSpec.js'
+  );
+  const tender = aircraftLayerModelSpec(
+    { typeCode: 'ZVEH', callsign: 'FIRE 2' },
+    set,
+  );
+  const car = aircraftLayerModelSpec(
+    { typeCode: 'ZVEH', callsign: 'LEADER 7' },
+    set,
+  );
+  assert.equal(tender.model, 'fire_truck');
+  assert.equal(car.model, 'car');
+  assert.equal(
+    aircraftModelSpecCacheKey({ typeCode: 'A320', callsign: 'BAW1' }, set),
+    aircraftModelSpecCacheKey({ typeCode: 'A320', callsign: 'DLH2' }, set),
+  );
+  assert.notEqual(
+    aircraftModelSpecCacheKey({ typeCode: 'ZVEH', callsign: 'FIRE 2' }, set),
+    aircraftModelSpecCacheKey({ typeCode: 'ZVEH', callsign: 'LEADER 7' }, set),
+  );
+  // Keyed by the rule matched, not the callsign: at most one entry per rule
+  // and one for the type's own model.
+  assert.equal(
+    aircraftModelSpecCacheKey({ typeCode: 'ZVEH', callsign: 'FIRE 2' }, set),
+    aircraftModelSpecCacheKey({ typeCode: 'ZVEH', callsign: 'FIRE 9' }, set),
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    aircraftModelSpecCacheKey({ typeCode: 'ZVEH', callsign: 'LEADER 7' }, set),
+    aircraftModelSpecCacheKey({ typeCode: 'ZVEH', callsign: 'ASD' }, set),
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    aircraftLayerModelSpec({ typeCode: 'ZVEH', callsign: 'FIRE 9' }, set),
+    tender,
+  );
+});

src/layers/flights/modelSpec.js

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-import { aircraftModelSpec, fleetModelSet } from '../../data/fleetModels.js';
+import {
+  aircraftCallsignRule,
+  aircraftModelByCallsign,
+  aircraftModelSpec,
+  fleetModelSet,
+} from '../../data/fleetModels.js';
 import { MODEL_COLOR_BLEND_AMOUNT } from './policy.js';
 
 /**
@@ -25,12 +30,14 @@ export const UNLOADED_AIRCRAFT_MODEL_SPEC = Object.freeze({
 
 /**
  * The fleet model, life-size scale and measured geometry an aircraft draws
- * with, chosen by its ICAO type and emitter category (`fleetModels.js`).
+ * with, chosen by its ICAO type and emitter category, and by its callsign
+ * for the types that pick by callsign (`fleetModels.js`).
  * Shared by the Flights, Military Flights and Local ADS-B layers so all three
  * draw the same model for the same aircraft. `bellyM` is the model's scaled
  * clearance: how far a grounded aircraft's origin stands above the ground.
  * @param {{typeCode?: string|null, type?: string|null,
- *   category?: string|number|null}|null|undefined} aircraft
+ *   category?: string|number|null,
+ *   callsign?: string|null}|null|undefined} aircraft
  * @param {object|null} [set] The loaded fleet model set.
  * @returns {object} The spec, or {@link UNLOADED_AIRCRAFT_MODEL_SPEC} before
  *   the set has loaded.
@@ -40,12 +47,13 @@ export function aircraftLayerModelSpec(aircraft, set = fleetModelSet()) {
   // Layers ask on every tick; each type and category is resolved once per set.
   let cache = specCaches.get(set);
   if (!cache) specCaches.set(set, (cache = new Map()));
-  const key = aircraftModelSpecCacheKey(aircraft);
+  const key = aircraftModelSpecCacheKey(aircraft, set);
   let layerSpec = cache.get(key);
   if (!layerSpec) {
     const spec = aircraftModelSpec(set, {
       typeCode: aircraft?.typeCode ?? aircraft?.type ?? null,
       category: aircraft?.category ?? null,
+      callsign: aircraft?.callsign ?? null,
     });
     layerSpec = Object.freeze({
       ...spec,
@@ -61,10 +69,18 @@ export function aircraftLayerModelSpec(aircraft, set = fleetModelSet()) {
 const specCaches = new WeakMap();
 
 /**
- * Cache key of an aircraft's model spec: what selects its model.
+ * Cache key of an aircraft's model spec: what selects its model. For a type
+ * that picks its model by callsign (an airport vehicle) the key adds the
+ * rule its callsign matches, or `type` for none, so such a type caches at
+ * most one entry per rule and one for its own model.
  * @param {object|null|undefined} aircraft
+ * @param {object|null} [set] The loaded fleet model set.
  * @returns {string}
  */
-export function aircraftModelSpecCacheKey(aircraft) {
-  return `${aircraft?.typeCode ?? aircraft?.type ?? ''}|${aircraft?.category ?? ''}`;
+export function aircraftModelSpecCacheKey(aircraft, set = fleetModelSet()) {
+  const type = aircraft?.typeCode ?? aircraft?.type ?? '';
+  const key = `${type}|${aircraft?.category ?? ''}`;
+  if (!set || !aircraftModelByCallsign(set.types, type)) return key;
+  const rule = aircraftCallsignRule(set.types, type, aircraft?.callsign);
+  return `${key}|${rule >= 0 ? `r${rule}` : 'type'}`;
 }

src/layers/flights/records.js

@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ import {
 } from '../../data/renderAltitude.js';
 import { classifyAircraft } from '../../data/aircraftClass.js';
 import { aircraftEmergency } from '../../data/aircraftEmergency.js';
+import {
+  aircraftCallsignRule,
+  aircraftModelSpec,
+  fleetModelSet,
+} from '../../data/fleetModels.js';
 import {
   approxDistanceKm,
   GROUND_FLOOR_CLAMP_RADIUS_KM,
@@ -21,6 +26,7 @@ export class FlightRecords {
     cachedGroundFloor,
     floorAltitudeM,
     now = () => Date.now(),
+    fleetModels = fleetModelSet,
   }) {
     this.services = {
       geoidHeight,
@@ -29,6 +35,8 @@ export class FlightRecords {
     };
     /** The time records are judged at: the layer's clock. */
     this.now = now;
+    /** The loaded fleet model set, or null before it loads. */
+    this.fleetModels = fleetModels;
     this.data = new Map();
     // Facts about an airframe, not a moment, kept across a reset.
     this.airframes = new Map();
@@ -92,7 +100,6 @@ export class FlightRecords {
       verticalRateMps: vertical_rate,
     } = observation;
 
-    const onGround = on_ground === true;
     this.missingPolls.delete(icao24);
     // Sticky merge: OpenSky intermittently drops callsign/velocity/track for
     // aircraft it still positions — hold last-known-good instead of
@@ -102,6 +109,27 @@ export class FlightRecords {
     // The airframe's facts: this record's, or those kept across a reset.
     const airframe = prevMeta ?? this.airframes.get(icao24);
     this.airframes.delete(icao24);
+    // A ground vehicle or ground station (a feed's ZVEH or GRND: a model
+    // built standing, catalog category `other`) takes the feed's own type,
+    // which no airframe lookup knows; every other aircraft keeps waiting for
+    // its looked-up type. With no altitude at all it stands on the ground,
+    // where it is, instead of at the airborne default.
+    const groundModel = (typeCode) =>
+      drawnAsGroundModel(
+        this.fleetModels(),
+        typeCode,
+        category,
+        stickyText(callsign, prevMeta?.callsign),
+      );
+    const feedType = observation.typeCode || null;
+    const typeCode =
+      airframe?.typeCode ??
+      (feedType && groundModel(feedType) ? feedType : null);
+    const onGround =
+      on_ground === true ||
+      (!Number.isFinite(baro_alt) &&
+        !Number.isFinite(geo_alt) &&
+        groundModel(typeCode));
     // Grounded planes with no baro reading sit at 0 m, not the 10 km
     // airborne default (a parked plane must never float).
     // NOTE (height-datum fix): `alt` stays the AVIATION field — the sticky
@@ -319,8 +347,9 @@ export class FlightRecords {
         prevMeta?.lastContactEpochMs,
         null,
       ),
-      // adsbdb enrichment — written by the enrichment callbacks, carried across polls:
-      typeCode: airframe?.typeCode ?? null,
+      // adsbdb enrichment — written by the enrichment callbacks, carried
+      // across polls; a ground vehicle's or station's from the feed:
+      typeCode,
       typeName: airframe?.typeName ?? null,
       registration: airframe?.registration ?? null,
       airline: routeHeld ? (airframe.airline ?? null) : null,
@@ -408,3 +437,33 @@ export class FlightRecords {
     this.geoidNCache.delete(id);
   }
 }
+
+/** Per loaded fleet model set: whether a type, category and callsign rule draw a ground model. */
+const groundModelCaches = new WeakMap();
+
+/**
+ * Whether an aircraft of this type, emitter category and callsign is drawn
+ * with a model built standing on the ground (catalog category `other`: an
+ * airport vehicle, a ground station's mast). False before the set loads.
+ * Answered once per type, category and callsign rule matched.
+ * @param {object|null} set The loaded fleet model set.
+ * @param {string|null} typeCode
+ * @param {string|number|null} category
+ * @param {string|null} callsign
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+function drawnAsGroundModel(set, typeCode, category, callsign) {
+  if (!set || !typeCode) return false;
+  let cache = groundModelCaches.get(set);
+  if (!cache) groundModelCaches.set(set, (cache = new Map()));
+  const rule = aircraftCallsignRule(set.types, typeCode, callsign);
+  const key = `${typeCode}|${category ?? ''}|${rule}`;
+  let ground = cache.get(key);
+  if (ground === undefined) {
+    ground =
+      aircraftModelSpec(set, { typeCode, category, callsign }).category ===
+      'other';
+    cache.set(key, ground);
+  }
+  return ground;
+}

src/layers/flights/records.test.mjs

@@ -1,13 +1,28 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 import { FlightRecords } from './records.js';
 
-function records() {
+const FLEET = path.resolve(
+  path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)),
+  '../../../public/models/fleet',
+);
+const fleetSet = {
+  catalog: JSON.parse(
+    fs.readFileSync(path.join(FLEET, 'catalog.json'), 'utf8'),
+  ),
+  types: JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(path.join(FLEET, 'types.json'), 'utf8')),
+};
+
+function records(fleetModels = () => null) {
   return new FlightRecords({
     geoidHeight: () => 40,
     cachedGroundFloor: () => null,
     floorAltitudeM: (altitude) => altitude,
     approxDistanceKm: () => 0,
+    fleetModels,
   });
 }
 const view = () => ({
@@ -260,3 +275,47 @@ test('a repeated fix time marks the contact as not updated; removal is unchanged
   store.forget('abc123');
   assert.equal(store.fixRepeated.has('abc123'), false);
 });
+
+test('a ground vehicle or station with no altitude stands on the ground; an aircraft does not', () => {
+  const store = records(() => fleetSet);
+  const noAltitude = { baroAltitudeM: null, ellipsoidAltitudeM: null };
+  const vehicle = store.receive(
+    observation({
+      id: 'v1',
+      typeCode: 'ZVEH',
+      callsign: 'FIRE 2',
+      ...noAltitude,
+    }),
+    view(),
+  ).meta;
+  assert.equal(vehicle.onGround, true);
+  assert.equal(vehicle.typeCode, 'ZVEH');
+  assert.equal(vehicle.altitude, 0);
+  const mast = store.receive(
+    observation({ id: 'm1', typeCode: 'GRND', callsign: 'RX5', ...noAltitude }),
+    view(),
+  ).meta;
+  assert.equal(mast.onGround, true);
+  assert.equal(mast.typeCode, 'GRND');
+  // An airliner with no altitude keeps the airborne default, and its feed
+  // type still waits for the airframe lookup.
+  const plane = store.receive(
+    observation({ id: 'p1', typeCode: 'A320', ...noAltitude }),
+    view(),
+  ).meta;
+  assert.equal(plane.onGround, false);
+  assert.equal(plane.altitude, 10000);
+  assert.equal(plane.typeCode, null);
+  // A vehicle reporting an altitude is placed by it.
+  const reported = store.receive(
+    observation({ id: 'v2', typeCode: 'ZVEH', baroAltitudeM: 12 }),
+    view(),
+  ).meta;
+  assert.equal(reported.onGround, false);
+  // Before the model set loads nothing is grounded by its model.
+  const unloaded = records().receive(
+    observation({ id: 'v3', typeCode: 'ZVEH', ...noAltitude }),
+    view(),
+  ).meta;
+  assert.equal(unloaded.onGround, false);
+});

src/layers/localAdsb/models.js

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ const specOf = (marker) =>
   aircraftLayerModelSpec({
     typeCode: marker?.typeCode,
     category: marker?.category,
+    callsign: marker?.record?.callsign,
   });
 
 /**