Merge origin/i18n-spanish: whole-interface translation meets KartaView

This branch moved twice at once: upstream merged KartaView (#1121, a third keyless street-level provider sharing a new lineCoverage.js), and the remote i18n-spanish gained the whole-interface translation work (1993 catalog entries, translateKnown, data-i18n-runtime, the unmarked- string detector in npm run i18n) built on the Street View merge. Integration keeps the remote's mechanisms and re-adds KartaView on top: - presentMeta: remote's translateHint for coverage hints, plus the KartaView count line as its own literal tn pair (Russian plurals need the noun inside the template; keyed off coverageLabel.noun with the sequences pair as the default). - uiState: upstream's highlightsSequence legend gate (KartaView's lines do not highlight) with t('Selected'). - layer-panels.html: remote's data-i18n/data-i18n-runtime hooks plus the sl-since-note wiring KartaView's upload-date SINCE note needs. - kartaview viewer: the photo-navigation aria-label and img alt go through t(), as the remote's unmarked-string detector requires. - catalogs: remote's 1987-entry base (its refined keys supersede this branch's earlier Street View wording) plus the KartaView entries: coverage hints, the upload-date note, the streets count line (with Russian one/few/many/other forms) and the viewer strings. npm run i18n: complete, no unmarked strings. npm test: 6520/6522 (the one failure is the pre-existing environmental OPENAI_API_KEY leak in devFreshDotenv). Build passes.
2026-11-04 10:24:02 +00:00 · 2026-10-14 17:45:57 +02:00
commit 32b11e27de
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@
  switch in the Visual Presets dock, then the browser language; English stays
  the default and the fallback. `npm run i18n`, also run by `npm test`, fails on
  missing, unused or broken translations. Built on the i18n foundation by
-  @meirm (#601), with the Russian catalog started from #312.
+  @meirm (#601), with the Russian catalog started from #312. It also fails on UI text that is
+  not marked at all, so the whole interface, including surfaces added after
+  the original extraction, is translated (1,679 messages).

 - Treat explicitly current, complete empty vessel coverage as a successful update,
  clearing obsolete contacts while retaining stale or incomplete snapshots.
@@ -3065,8 +3065,11 @@ Shipped locales: **en** (source and fallback), **es** and **ru**. The code lives
 - **Not translated by design:** layer ids, share-link and hash parameters, API
  fields, voice tool schemas, provider names, feed data (callsigns, vessel and
  station names) and attribution.
- **Gaps.** Strings added after #601's extraction (for example the Street Level
-  panel) are still raw English; there is no lint for unmarked UI text yet.
+- **Unmarked text.** The same check lists UI text that is not marked at all
+  (markup without `data-i18n*`, literals reaching the page without `t`/`tn`/`msg`)
+  and fails on it. Text kept on purpose says why: `translate="no"`,
+  `data-i18n-runtime`, or `// i18n-ignore: <reason>`. `src/tools/` is skipped:
+  it writes for AI clients, not the page.

 ## Canonical Docs Order

@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ label.textContent = t(FEED_STATE_LABELS[state]);
 - **Translate the label, not the value.** Layer ids, enums, share-link parameters, API fields, voice tool schemas and feed data (callsigns, vessel and place names) stay as they are; translate only the text shown for them.
 - **No `t()` at module top level.** Keep the English in `msg()` and call `t()` when rendering.
 - **Numbers and dates** go through `formatNumber`, `formatDate` and `formatRelativeTime` from `src/i18n/index.js`, which follow the active language.
- **Identical English means identical translation.** If two places need different words, make the English differ.
+- **Identical English means identical translation,** unless you give it a context: `t('CLEAR', { context: 'action' })` (a button) is its own catalog entry, `action|CLEAR`, while `t('CLEAR')` (the sky) stays separate. English output is the same.
 - **Text that should stay English** (a brand, a code, a unit symbol) is simply not wrapped.

 ## After you add or change text

 ```sh
-npm run i18n                     # shows what each language now lacks or no longer uses
+npm run i18n                     # what each language lacks or no longer uses, and unmarked UI text
 npm run i18n -- --missing ru     # the missing ru entries as JSON
 npm run i18n -- --prune          # drop entries whose English no longer exists
 ```
@@ -58,12 +58,32 @@ Changing the English changes the key, so the old translation goes unused and the

 To see a language, open the app with `?lang=ru`, or use the language switch in the Visual Presets dock.

+A translation that is exactly the English ("Bloom" → "Bloom") is reported as still English. When it is right on purpose, such as a code (HDG, CRT), a product name or a word spelled the same in that language, list it under the language in `src/i18n/same-as-english.json`.
+
+## Text the check reports as unmarked
+
+`npm run i18n` also lists UI text that is not marked at all, and fails while there is any; `npm test` runs the same check:
+
+- **Markup:** element text without `data-i18n`, and `title`, `aria-label` or `placeholder` without the matching `data-i18n-*`.
+- **Code:** string literals that reach the page without `t()`, `tn()` or `msg()`: assigned to `textContent`, `innerText`, `innerHTML`, `title`, `placeholder`; passed to `setAttribute('title' | 'aria-label' | 'aria-valuetext' | 'placeholder' | 'alt', …)`, `createTextNode`, `insertAdjacentHTML`, `showToast`, `toast`, `setHint`, `announce`; or kept in `label:`, `title:`, `tooltip:`, `placeholder:`, `hint:`, `ariaLabel:`, `caption:`, `subtitle:`, `kicker:`, `emptyText:`, `blurb:`, `countLabel:` properties.
+
+Fix it by marking the text. When the text must stay as it is, say so where it lives:
+
+| Case                                                                        | How                                                                      |
+| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| Codes, units, product names in markup (`0.9 dB`, `ADS-B · 1090`, `OpenSky`) | `translate="no"` on the element; it covers everything inside, as in HTML |
+| Markup whose text code sets through `t()` (a status that starts as `OFF`)   | `data-i18n-runtime` on the element                                       |
+| A literal in code that is not UI copy (a product name, sample data)         | `// i18n-ignore: <reason>` on the line or the line above                 |
+
+Icons (`aria-hidden="true"`, Material Symbols), comments, CSS values and lowercase identifiers are skipped automatically, and so is `src/tools/`, whose text is written for AI clients rather than the page.
+
 ## Where things live

-| File                           | What it holds                                                                 |
-| ------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `src/i18n/index.js`            | `t`, `tn`, `msg`, the Intl formatters, markup translation, switching language |
-| `src/i18n/locale.js`           | shipped languages, their names, choosing the language at boot                 |
-| `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json` | one catalog per language, keyed by English text                               |
-| `scripts/i18n.mjs`             | `npm run i18n`: extracts messages and checks the catalogs                     |
-| `src/i18n/catalog.test.mjs`    | runs that check under `npm test`                                              |
+| File                            | What it holds                                                                  |
+| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| `src/i18n/index.js`             | `t`, `tn`, `msg`, the Intl formatters, markup translation, switching language  |
+| `src/i18n/locale.js`            | shipped languages, their names, choosing the language at boot                  |
+| `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json`  | one catalog per language, keyed by English text                                |
+| `src/i18n/same-as-english.json` | per language, the entries that stay as in English on purpose                   |
+| `scripts/i18n.mjs`              | `npm run i18n`: extracts messages, checks the catalogs, finds unmarked UI text |
+| `src/i18n/catalog.test.mjs`     | runs that check under `npm test`                                               |
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ npm run i18n -- --missing ru      # missing ru entries as JSON, ready to transla
 npm run i18n -- --prune           # drop entries the code no longer uses
 ```

-`npm test` runs the same check (`src/i18n/catalog.test.mjs`). It fails when a translation is missing, when an entry is no longer used, when placeholders differ from the English, or when a plural entry lacks a form.
+`npm test` runs the same check (`src/i18n/catalog.test.mjs`). It fails when a translation is missing, when an entry is no longer used, when placeholders differ from the English, when a plural entry lacks a form, or when a translation is still the English text. If an entry is right as it is in English (a code such as HDG, a product name, a word spelled the same in your language), add it under your language code in `src/i18n/same-as-english.json`.

 Changing English text changes its key: the old translation becomes unused and the new text shows as missing. Translate it and prune.

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The `many` form is the `other` text with «de» after the number: «{count} de c
 | retry / retrying                              | reintento / reintentando                                          |
 | key (API key) / POWER UP / POWERED UP         | clave / ENCENDER / ENCENDIDO                                      |
 | Provider Settings                             | Ajustes de proveedores                                            |
-| ON / OFF (state chips)                        | ACTIVADO / DESACTIVADO                                            |
+| ON / OFF (state chips)                        | ACTIVO / INACTIVO (short enough for the layer pill)               |
 | enable / disable                              | activar / desactivar                                              |
 | globe / map / map source / map stack          | globo / mapa / fuente del mapa / conjunto de mapas                |
 | aircraft, plane / flight / military flights   | aeronave / vuelo / vuelos militares                               |
@@ -61,10 +61,15 @@ The `many` form is the `other` text with «de» after the number: «{count} de c
 | Scope (circular viewport mask) / keyhole      | mirilla / ojo de cerradura                                        |
 | feather / fade                                | difuminado / desvanecimiento                                      |
 | detection overlay                             | superposición de detección                                        |
+| pin (Draw tool)                               | marcador                                                          |
+| Bloom / Glow (visual effect)                  | resplandor                                                        |
+| Cyber (HUD layout, effect)                    | Ciber                                                             |
 | heading, course / altitude / ground speed     | rumbo / altitud / velocidad respecto al suelo (short: VEL. SUELO) |
 | HDG / BRG / CRS / FOV / DEST / SPD / RANGE    | HDG / BRG / CRS / FOV / DEST / SPD / RANGE (unchanged)            |
 | PREV / NEXT                                   | ANT. / SIG.                                                       |
 | Previous / Next (button text)                 | Anterior / Siguiente                                              |
 | L / R (relative bearing)                      | I / D                                                             |
+| SIG / NEWS / LOCAL (briefing tabs)            | SIG / NOTICIAS / LOCAL                                            |
+| PITCH / HGT (CCTV calibration chips)          | INCL. / ALT.                                                      |
 | NOT AN ALL-CLEAR                              | NO IMPLICA TODO DESPEJADO                                         |
 | click / click to …                            | haz clic / clic para …                                            |
@@ -21,36 +21,45 @@ A `tn()` entry needs four forms. `Intl.PluralRules('ru')` picks:
 | `many`  | 0, 5–20, 25–30, 111–114… | 5 камер    |
 | `other` | fractions: 1.5, 2.25…    | 1,5 камеры |

-When a word next to a number cannot agree in every form, move the number after a colon instead: «доступно {bikes}», «ответов: {responses}».
+When a word next to a number cannot agree in every form, move the number after a colon instead: «доступно {bikes}», «ответов: {responses}». The same trick keeps place names and tool names out of a preposition's case: «откуда: {origin}», «Активно: {name}».

 ## Glossary

-| English                                    | Русский                                            |
-| ------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------- |
-| layer / data layer                         | слой / слой данных                                 |
-| feed                                       | поток данных (short: поток)                        |
-| source / data source                       | источник / источник данных                         |
-| LIVE (status) / live data                  | ОНЛАЙН / в реальном времени                        |
-| SIMULATED                                  | СИМУЛЯЦИЯ                                          |
-| stale / degraded / unavailable             | устарел / с перебоями / недоступен                 |
-| retry                                      | повтор                                             |
-| key (API key) / POWER UP                   | ключ / ЗАПУСК                                      |
-| Provider Settings                          | Настройки провайдеров                              |
-| globe / map / map source                   | глобус / карта / источник карты                    |
-| aircraft / flight / military flights       | самолёт (short HUD: борт) / рейс / военные рейсы   |
-| vessel, ship / vessels                     | судно / суда                                       |
-| satellite                                  | спутник                                            |
-| launch (rocket) / space mission            | пуск / космическая миссия                          |
-| contact / tracking                         | контакт / отслеживание                             |
-| installation, site                         | объект                                             |
-| camera / CCTV camera                       | камера / камера CCTV                               |
-| earthquake / active fire                   | землетрясение / активный пожар                     |
-| scene / shot / scene recipe                | сцена / кадр / рецепт сцены                        |
-| briefing / panel / dock                    | брифинг / панель / док                             |
-| preset / visual preset                     | пресет / визуальный пресет                         |
-| Scope (circular viewport mask)             | прицел                                             |
-| heading / altitude / ground speed          | курс / высота / путевая скорость                   |
-| HDG / BRG / CRS / FOV / DEST / SPD / RANGE | КУРС / ПЕЛ. / ПУТЬ / ОБЗОР / НАЗН. / СКОР / ДАЛЬН. |
-| PREV / NEXT                                | ПРЕД. / СЛЕД.                                      |
-| Previous / Next (button text)              | Назад / Далее                                      |
-| L / R (relative bearing)                   | Л / П                                              |
+| English                                     | Русский                                                            |
+| ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| layer / data layer                          | слой / слой данных                                                 |
+| feed                                        | поток данных (short: поток)                                        |
+| source / data source                        | источник / источник данных                                         |
+| LIVE (status) / live data                   | ОНЛАЙН / в реальном времени                                        |
+| SIMULATED                                   | СИМУЛЯЦИЯ                                                          |
+| stale / degraded / unavailable              | устарел / с перебоями / недоступен                                 |
+| retry                                       | повтор                                                             |
+| key (API key) / POWER UP                    | ключ / ЗАПУСК                                                      |
+| Provider Settings                           | Настройки провайдеров                                              |
+| globe / map / map source                    | глобус / карта / источник карты                                    |
+| aircraft / flight / military flights        | самолёт (short HUD: борт) / рейс / военные рейсы                   |
+| vessel, ship / vessels                      | судно / суда                                                       |
+| satellite                                   | спутник                                                            |
+| launch (rocket) / space mission             | пуск / космическая миссия                                          |
+| contact / tracking                          | контакт / отслеживание                                             |
+| installation, site                          | объект                                                             |
+| camera / CCTV camera                        | камера / камера CCTV                                               |
+| earthquake / active fire                    | землетрясение / активный пожар                                     |
+| scene / shot / scene recipe                 | сцена / кадр / рецепт сцены                                        |
+| briefing / panel / dock                     | брифинг / панель / док                                             |
+| preset / visual preset                      | пресет / визуальный пресет                                         |
+| Scope (circular viewport mask)              | прицел                                                             |
+| heading / altitude / ground speed           | курс / высота / путевая скорость                                   |
+| HDG / BRG / CRS / FOV / DEST / SPD / RANGE  | КУРС / ПЕЛ. / ПУТЬ / ОБЗОР / НАЗН. / СКОР / ДАЛЬН.                 |
+| advisory (NHC/CPHC cyclone)                 | сводка (не «бюллетень»); Advisory center — центр циклона по сводке |
+| Street View (Google)                        | Просмотр улиц (как в русских Google Картах)                        |
+| CONUS (NOAA region code)                    | CONUS, без перевода                                                |
+| WHOT/BHOT, Ironbow (thermal modes, palette) | без перевода                                                       |
+| PREV / NEXT                                 | ПРЕД. / СЛЕД.                                                      |
+| Previous / Next (button text)               | Назад / Далее                                                      |
+| anchor / data pack / bundle (scene)         | якорь / пакет данных / архив                                       |
+| basemap / box (Recent Imagery area)         | подложка / область                                                 |
+| camera move                                 | перелёт                                                            |
+| SIG / NEWS / LOCAL (briefing tabs)          | СИГН. / НОВОСТИ / МЕСТН.                                           |
+| compass points (N, NNE, …)                  | С, ССВ, …                                                          |
+| L / R (relative bearing)                    | Л / П                                                              |
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 // Keeps the locale catalogs in step with the code.
 //
-//   npm run i18n                     check every catalog (also run by npm test)
+//   npm run i18n                     check every catalog and find unmarked UI text
 //   npm run i18n -- --prune          also drop entries the code no longer uses
 //   npm run i18n -- --missing ru     print what ru lacks, as JSON to translate
 //
+// A translation identical to the English is reported too, unless it is
+// listed for that locale in src/i18n/same-as-english.json (codes, product
+// names, words spelled the same in both languages).
+//
 // Messages are the English literals passed to t(), tn() and msg() in src/,
 // plus the markup opted in with data-i18n* in src/ui/templates and index.html.
+// It also lists UI text that is not marked at all (see findUnmarked).
 import { readFileSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
 import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
 import path from 'node:path';
@@ -13,10 +18,11 @@ import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';

 const ROOT = path.resolve(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '..');
 const LOCALES_DIR = path.join(ROOT, 'src/i18n/locales');
+const SAME_AS_ENGLISH = path.join(ROOT, 'src/i18n/same-as-english.json');

 const STRING = String.raw`'(?:\\.|[^'\\\n])*'|"(?:\\.|[^"\\\n])*"|\`(?:\\.|[^\`\\$])*\``;
 const CALL = new RegExp(
-  String.raw`\b(t|msg)\(\s*(${STRING})|\btn\(\s*[^,]+?,\s*(${STRING})\s*,\s*(${STRING})`,
+  String.raw`\bt\(\s*(${STRING})\s*,\s*\{\s*context:\s*(${STRING})|\b(t|msg)\(\s*(${STRING})|\btn\(\s*[^,]+?,\s*(${STRING})\s*,\s*(${STRING})`,
  'g',
 );

@@ -93,26 +99,19 @@ export function extractMessages() {
      messages.set(text, { plural: Boolean(plural), one: plural?.one, where });
  };

-  const sources = trackedFiles(
-    'src/*.js',
-    'src/*.mjs',
-    'src/**/*.js',
-    'src/**/*.mjs',
-  ).filter(
-    (file) =>
-      !file.startsWith('src/i18n/') &&
-      !/\.test\.mjs$|\/testSupport\//.test(file),
-  );
+  const sources = sourceFiles();
  for (const file of sources) {
    const source = readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, file), 'utf8');
    for (const match of source.matchAll(CALL)) {
      const line = source.slice(0, match.index).split('\n').length;
      const where = `${file}:${line}`;
-      if (match[2]) {
-        if (match[2][0] === '`' && match[2].includes('${')) continue;
-        add(unquote(match[2]), where);
+      if (match[1]) {
+        add(`${unquote(match[2])}|${unquote(match[1])}`, where);
+      } else if (match[4]) {
+        if (match[4][0] === '`' && match[4].includes('${')) continue;
+        add(unquote(match[4]), where);
      } else {
-        add(unquote(match[4]), where, { one: unquote(match[3]) });
+        add(unquote(match[6]), where, { one: unquote(match[5]) });
      }
    }
  }
@@ -140,6 +139,276 @@ export function extractMessages() {
  return messages;
 }

+const hasWords = (text) => /[A-Za-z]{2,}/.test(text);
+const lineAt = (source, index) => source.slice(0, index).split('\n').length;
+
+const VOID_TAGS = new Set(
+  'area base br col embed hr img input link meta source track wbr'.split(' '),
+);
+const SKIP_TAGS = new Set(['script', 'style', 'svg', 'code', 'pre', 'title']);
+
+/**
+ * User-visible markup text without data-i18n*. Skipped, with everything
+ * inside: translate="no" (text that stays as is, as in HTML),
+ * data-i18n-runtime (code sets this text through t()), and icons
+ * (aria-hidden, Material Symbols).
+ */
+export function unmarkedMarkup(file, html) {
+  const found = [];
+  const source = html.replace(/<!--[\s\S]*?-->|<![^>]*>/g, (c) =>
+    c.replace(/[^\n]/g, ' '),
+  );
+  const TOKEN =
+    /<(\/?)([a-zA-Z][\w-]*)((?:"[^"]*"|'[^']*'|[^>"'])*?)(\/?)>|([^<]+)/g;
+  const stack = [];
+  const skipping = () => stack.at(-1)?.skip === true;
+  for (const match of source.matchAll(TOKEN)) {
+    const [, closing, rawTag, attrs = '', selfClosing, text] = match;
+    if (text !== undefined) {
+      const top = stack.at(-1);
+      const value = normalize(decodeHtml(text));
+      if (!skipping() && hasWords(value) && !top?.marked)
+        found.push({
+          where: `${file}:${lineAt(source, match.index)}`,
+          text: value,
+        });
+      continue;
+    }
+    const tag = rawTag.toLowerCase();
+    if (closing) {
+      const at = stack.map((entry) => entry.tag).lastIndexOf(tag);
+      if (at >= 0) stack.length = at;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const skip =
+      skipping() ||
+      SKIP_TAGS.has(tag) ||
+      /\stranslate="no"/.test(attrs) ||
+      /\sdata-i18n-runtime\b/.test(attrs) ||
+      /\saria-hidden="true"/.test(attrs) ||
+      /class="[^"]*material-symbols/.test(attrs);
+    if (!skip) {
+      for (const [, name, value] of attrs.matchAll(
+        /\s(title|aria-label|placeholder)="([^"]*)"/g,
+      )) {
+        if (
+          hasWords(value) &&
+          !new RegExp(String.raw`\sdata-i18n-${name}\b`).test(attrs)
+        )
+          found.push({
+            where: `${file}:${lineAt(source, match.index)}`,
+            text: `${name}="${decodeHtml(value)}"`,
+          });
+      }
+    }
+    if (!VOID_TAGS.has(tag) && !selfClosing)
+      stack.push({ tag, skip, marked: /\sdata-i18n(\s|=|$)/.test(attrs) });
+  }
+  return found;
+}
+
+// Where a string becomes UI text. Each pattern ends where the value starts.
+const JS_SINKS = [
+  /\.(?:textContent|innerText|innerHTML|outerHTML|title|placeholder|ariaLabel)\s*=(?!=)\s*/g,
+  /\bsetAttribute\(\s*['"](?:title|aria-label|aria-valuetext|placeholder|alt)['"]\s*,\s*/g,
+  /\b(?:createTextNode|insertAdjacentText)\(\s*(?:['"][a-z]+['"]\s*,\s*)?/g,
+  /\binsertAdjacentHTML\(\s*['"][a-z]+['"]\s*,\s*/g,
+  /\b(?:showToast|toast|setHint|announce)\(\s*/g,
+  /(?:^|[{,\s])(?:label|title|tooltip|placeholder|hint|ariaLabel|caption|subtitle|kicker|emptyText|blurb|countLabel)\s*:\s*/gm,
+];
+const MARKERS = /\b(?:t|tn|msg)\(/y;
+
+/** The expression starting at `start`, up to its end at bracket depth 0. */
+function expressionAt(source, start) {
+  let depth = 0;
+  let i = start;
+  for (; i < source.length; i++) {
+    const c = source[i];
+    if (c === "'" || c === '"' || c === '`') {
+      i = skipString(source, i);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if ('([{'.includes(c)) depth++;
+    else if (')]}'.includes(c)) {
+      if (depth === 0) break;
+      depth--;
+    } else if (depth === 0 && (c === ';' || c === ',')) break;
+    else if (depth === 0 && c === '\n') {
+      const next = source.slice(i + 1).match(/^\s*(\S\S?)/)?.[1] ?? '';
+      const before = source.slice(start, i).trimEnd().at(-1) ?? '';
+      if (!/^(\?|:|\+|\.|&&|\|\|)/.test(next) && !/[?:+=&|(,]/.test(before))
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  return source.slice(start, i);
+}
+
+function skipString(source, i) {
+  const quote = source[i];
+  for (let j = i + 1; j < source.length; j++) {
+    if (source[j] === '\\') j++;
+    else if (quote === '`' && source[j] === '$' && source[j + 1] === '{') {
+      let depth = 1;
+      for (j += 2; j < source.length && depth; j++) {
+        if (source[j] === '{') depth++;
+        else if (source[j] === '}') depth--;
+        else if ('\'"`'.includes(source[j])) j = skipString(source, j);
+      }
+      j--;
+    } else if (source[j] === quote) return j;
+    else if (quote !== '`' && source[j] === '\n') return j;
+  }
+  return source.length;
+}
+
+/** String literals that sit in value position: not inside any call or index,
+ * not compared, and not already passed to t/tn/msg. */
+function valueLiterals(expression) {
+  const literals = [];
+  let callDepth = 0;
+  const stack = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < expression.length; i++) {
+    const c = expression[i];
+    if (c === '(' || c === '[') {
+      const isCall = c === '[' || /[\w$\]\)]\s*$/.test(expression.slice(0, i));
+      stack.push(isCall);
+      if (isCall) callDepth++;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (c === ')' || c === ']') {
+      if (stack.pop()) callDepth--;
+      continue;
+    }
+    MARKERS.lastIndex = i;
+    if (MARKERS.test(expression)) {
+      stack.push(true);
+      callDepth++;
+      i = MARKERS.lastIndex - 1;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (c !== "'" && c !== '"' && c !== '`') continue;
+    const end = skipString(expression, i);
+    const literal = expression.slice(i, end + 1);
+    const before = expression.slice(0, i).trimEnd();
+    const after = expression.slice(end + 1).trimStart();
+    const compared =
+      /(===|!==|==|!=|\bcase|\bin)$/.test(before) ||
+      /^(===|!==|==|!=|in\b)/.test(after);
+    if (callDepth === 0 && !compared) literals.push(literal);
+    i = end;
+  }
+  return literals;
+}
+
+/** The text a literal shows: static template parts, HTML tags removed. */
+function visibleText(literal, html) {
+  let body = literal.slice(1, -1).replace(/\$\{(?:[^{}]|\{[^{}]*\})*\}/g, ' ');
+  if (html) {
+    const attrs = [
+      ...body.matchAll(/\s(?:title|aria-label|placeholder|alt)="([^"]*)"/g),
+    ].map((m) => m[1]);
+    body = decodeHtml([body.replace(/<[^>]*>/g, ' '), ...attrs].join(' '));
+  }
+  const text = normalize(body);
+  if (!hasWords(text)) return null;
+  if (/\{[^{}]*:[^{}]*\}|^[\w-]+\s*:\s*[^;]+;/.test(text)) return null; // CSS
+  if (/^(?:rgba?|hsla?)\(|\b\d+px\b/.test(text)) return null; // colours, fonts
+  if (/^[a-z0-9_.:/-]+$/.test(text) || /^https?:/.test(text)) return null;
+  return text;
+}
+
+/** Blank out comments, keeping strings and line numbers intact. */
+function withoutComments(source) {
+  let out = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < source.length; i++) {
+    const c = source[i];
+    if (c === "'" || c === '"' || c === '`') {
+      const end = skipString(source, i);
+      out += source.slice(i, end + 1);
+      i = end;
+    } else if (c === '/' && source[i + 1] === '/') {
+      const end = source.indexOf('\n', i);
+      const stop = end < 0 ? source.length : end;
+      out += ' '.repeat(stop - i);
+      i = stop - 1;
+    } else if (c === '/' && source[i + 1] === '*') {
+      const end = source.indexOf('*/', i + 2);
+      const stop = end < 0 ? source.length : end + 2;
+      out += source.slice(i, stop).replace(/[^\n]/g, ' ');
+      i = stop - 1;
+    } else out += c;
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+export function unmarkedScript(file, original) {
+  const found = [];
+  const lines = original.split('\n');
+  const source = withoutComments(original);
+  const ignored = (line) =>
+    /i18n-ignore/.test(lines[line - 1] ?? '') ||
+    /i18n-ignore/.test(lines[line - 2] ?? '');
+  for (const sink of JS_SINKS) {
+    sink.lastIndex = 0;
+    for (const match of source.matchAll(sink)) {
+      const start = match.index + match[0].length;
+      const line = lineAt(source, start);
+      if (ignored(line)) continue;
+      const html = /HTML/.test(match[0]);
+      for (const literal of valueLiterals(expressionAt(source, start))) {
+        const text = visibleText(literal, html);
+        if (text) found.push({ where: `${file}:${line}`, text });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return found;
+}
+
+/**
+ * UI text that is not marked for translation: markup without data-i18n* and
+ * string literals that reach the page without t(), tn() or msg().
+ * Opt out with translate="no" in markup or an `// i18n-ignore` comment on
+ * (or just above) the line in code.
+ * @returns {{where: string, text: string}[]}
+ */
+export function findUnmarked() {
+  const found = [];
+  for (const file of trackedFiles('index.html', 'src/ui/templates/*.html'))
+    found.push(
+      ...unmarkedMarkup(file, readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, file), 'utf8')),
+    );
+  for (const file of sourceFiles().filter(
+    (name) => !NOT_UI.some((pattern) => pattern.test(name)),
+  ))
+    found.push(
+      ...unmarkedScript(file, readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, file), 'utf8')),
+    );
+  const seen = new Set();
+  return found.filter(({ where, text }) => {
+    const key = `${where}\0${text}`;
+    if (seen.has(key)) return false;
+    seen.add(key);
+    return true;
+  });
+}
+
+// Text that never reaches the page as UI: tool results and descriptions for
+// AI clients (MCP and the voice model).
+const NOT_UI = [/^src\/tools\//];
+
+function sourceFiles() {
+  return trackedFiles(
+    'src/*.js',
+    'src/*.mjs',
+    'src/**/*.js',
+    'src/**/*.mjs',
+  ).filter(
+    (file) =>
+      !file.startsWith('src/i18n/') &&
+      !/\.test\.mjs$|\/testSupport\//.test(file),
+  );
+}
+
 const placeholders = (text) =>
  [...String(text).matchAll(/\{([A-Za-z0-9_]+)\}/g)]
    .map((m) => m[1])
@@ -160,11 +429,26 @@ export function shippedLocales() {
  );
 }

+/** Messages a locale keeps exactly as in English, on purpose. */
+export function readSameAsEnglish(locale) {
+  const lists = JSON.parse(readFileSync(SAME_AS_ENGLISH, 'utf8'));
+  return new Set(lists[locale] || []);
+}
+
+/** The English a message shows: its text without the "context|" prefix. */
+const englishOf = (text) => text.slice(text.indexOf('|') + 1);
+
 /**
 * Compare one catalog with the extracted messages.
+ * @param {Set<string>} [sameAsEnglish] Messages allowed to read as English.
 * @returns {{missing: string[], stale: string[], errors: string[]}}
 */
-export function checkCatalog(locale, catalog, messages) {
+export function checkCatalog(
+  locale,
+  catalog,
+  messages,
+  sameAsEnglish = readSameAsEnglish(locale),
+) {
  const categories = new Intl.PluralRules(locale).resolvedOptions()
    .pluralCategories;
  const missing = [];
@@ -192,6 +476,14 @@ export function checkCatalog(locale, catalog, messages) {
      errors.push(`"${text}" must be a string`);
    } else if (placeholders(entry) !== placeholders(text)) {
      errors.push(`"${text}" placeholders differ: ${entry}`);
+    } else if (
+      entry === englishOf(text) &&
+      /\p{L}{2}/u.test(entry.replace(/\{[^}]*\}/g, '')) &&
+      !sameAsEnglish.has(text)
+    ) {
+      errors.push(
+        `"${text}" is still English: translate it, or list it under "${locale}" in src/i18n/same-as-english.json`,
+      );
    }
  }
  const stale = Object.keys(catalog).filter((text) => !messages.has(text));
@@ -249,6 +541,15 @@ function main(args) {
      console.log(`${locale}: ${messages.size} messages, complete`);
    }
  }
+  const unmarked = findUnmarked();
+  if (unmarked.length) {
+    failed = true;
+    console.log(
+      `${unmarked.length} UI strings not marked for translation (see docs/I18N.md):`,
+    );
+    for (const { where, text } of unmarked)
+      console.log(`  ${where}  ${JSON.stringify(text)}`);
+  }
  return failed ? 1 : 0;
 }

@@ -455,7 +455,9 @@
      "src/i18n/index.js",
      "src/i18n/locale.js",
      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/ui/keyGuidance.js"
    ],
    "external": []
  },
@@ -502,7 +504,8 @@
      "src/i18n/index.js",
      "src/i18n/locale.js",
      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
    ],
    "external": []
  },
@@ -556,7 +559,8 @@
      "src/i18n/index.js",
      "src/i18n/locale.js",
      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
    ],
    "external": ["cesium"]
  },
@@ -569,7 +573,8 @@
      "src/i18n/index.js",
      "src/i18n/locale.js",
      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
    ],
    "external": []
  },
@@ -712,7 +717,9 @@
      "src/i18n/index.js",
      "src/i18n/locale.js",
      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/ui/keyGuidance.js"
    ],
    "external": ["cesium"]
  },
@@ -822,7 +829,8 @@
      "src/i18n/index.js",
      "src/i18n/locale.js",
      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
    ],
    "external": ["cesium"]
  },
@@ -880,7 +888,8 @@
      "src/i18n/index.js",
      "src/i18n/locale.js",
      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
    ],
    "external": ["cesium"]
  },
@@ -1003,7 +1012,13 @@
      "src/layers/recentImagery/catalog.js",
      "src/layers/recentImagery/rendering.js",
      "src/layers/recentImagery/thumbnails.js",
-      "src/maps/imageryHost.js"
+      "src/maps/imageryHost.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/layers/recentImagery/display.js"
    ],
    "external": ["cesium"]
  },
@@ -1130,7 +1145,8 @@
      "src/i18n/index.js",
      "src/i18n/locale.js",
      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/layers/installations/classLabel.js"
    ],
    "external": ["cesium", "@mapbox/vector-tile", "pbf"]
  },
@@ -1161,7 +1177,8 @@
      "src/i18n/index.js",
      "src/i18n/locale.js",
      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
    ],
    "external": ["cesium"]
  },
@@ -1356,7 +1373,11 @@
      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
      "src/sources/vectorTiles.js",
      "src/sources/phaseTiming.js",
-      "src/layers/alpr/floors.js"
+      "src/layers/alpr/floors.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
    ],
    "external": ["cesium", "@mapbox/vector-tile", "pbf"]
  },
@@ -2341,7 +2362,11 @@
      "src/i18n/index.js",
      "src/i18n/locale.js",
      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/layers/recentImagery/display.js",
+      "src/ui/keyGuidance.js",
+      "src/layers/installations/classLabel.js"
    ],
    "external": [
      "hls.js",
@@ -2880,7 +2905,10 @@
      "src/i18n/index.js",
      "src/i18n/locale.js",
      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/layers/recentImagery/display.js",
+      "src/layers/installations/classLabel.js"
    ],
    "external": [
      "hls.js",
@@ -3120,7 +3148,12 @@
    "modules": [
      "src/layers/directions/index.js",
      "src/layers/directions/source.js",
-      "src/data/routeSteps.js"
+      "src/data/routeSteps.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
    ],
    "external": ["cesium"]
  },
@@ -3398,7 +3431,11 @@
      "src/sources/overpassFeaturesRecords.js",
      "src/sources/overpassFeatures.js",
      "src/sources/featureSource.js",
-      "src/sources/capability.js"
+      "src/sources/capability.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
    ],
    "external": ["cesium", "egm96-universal", "pbf"]
  },
@@ -3480,7 +3517,11 @@
      "src/layers/perimeters/source.js",
      "src/layers/perimeters/records.js",
      "src/layers/perimeters/cards.js",
-      "src/layers/perimeters/inciweb.js"
+      "src/layers/perimeters/inciweb.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
    ],
    "external": ["cesium"]
  },
@@ -2006,8 +2006,9 @@ async function runBrowserGroup(record) {
      for (let i = 0; i < 20; i += 1) {
        // eslint-disable-next-line no-await-in-loop
        await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 500));
-        const status = document.getElementById('gev-voice-status')?.textContent?.trim() || '';
-        if (status && status !== 'CONNECTING') break;
+        // The label is translated; the machine state is on the control.
+        const status = document.getElementById('gev-voice-control')?.dataset.status || '';
+        if (status && status !== 'connecting') break;
      }
      let diag = null;
      try { diag = vc.getDiagnostics?.(); } catch { /* not started */ }
@@ -1137,12 +1137,14 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
          {
            type: 'highlight',
            target: 'Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo standing in for voice-agent labels, which are not translated
            label: 'Palace of Fine Arts',
            color: 'amber',
          },
          {
            type: 'area',
            target: 'Presidio of San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo standing in for voice-agent labels, which are not translated
            label: 'The Presidio (former Army base)',
            color: 'green',
            footprint: true,
@@ -1150,6 +1152,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
          {
            type: 'pin',
            target: 'Letterman Digital Arts Center, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo standing in for voice-agent labels, which are not translated
            label: 'ILM / Lucasfilm',
            color: 'cyan',
          },
@@ -1157,6 +1160,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
            type: 'arrow',
            target: 'Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco',
            toTarget: 'Marina District, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo standing in for voice-agent labels, which are not translated
            label: 'next to the Marina',
          },
        ],
@@ -1186,6 +1190,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
          {
            type: 'highlight',
            target: 'Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo standing in for voice-agent labels, which are not translated
            label: 'Palace of Fine Arts',
            color: 'amber',
          },
@@ -1200,6 +1205,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
            type: 'arrow',
            target: 'Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco',
            toTarget: 'Marina Green, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo standing in for voice-agent labels, which are not translated
            label: 'next to the Marina',
            color: 'cyan',
          },
@@ -1223,6 +1229,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
          {
            type: 'area',
            target: 'Presidio of San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo standing in for voice-agent labels, which are not translated
            label: 'The Presidio — a former Army base',
            color: 'green',
            footprint: true,
@@ -1237,6 +1244,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
          {
            type: 'pin',
            target: 'Letterman Digital Arts Center, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo standing in for voice-agent labels, which are not translated
            label: 'ILM / Lucasfilm',
            color: 'red',
          },
@@ -1250,6 +1258,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
          {
            type: 'route',
            color: 'amber',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo standing in for voice-agent labels, which are not translated
            label: 'Crissy Field shoreline',
            points: [
              { target: 'Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco' },
@@ -198,7 +198,10 @@ export function initDrawTool({ viewer, annotations }) {
    // a limit rather than the harmless tail of a double-click.
    if (reason === 'full')
      setHint(
-        `That shape already has ${MAX_VERTICES} points — finish it or press Backspace.`,
+        t(
+          'That shape already has {count} points — finish it or press Backspace.',
+          { count: MAX_VERTICES },
+        ),
      );
    else if (reason === 'invalid')
      setHint(t('That point is off the globe — click on the world.'));
@@ -241,7 +244,11 @@ export function initDrawTool({ viewer, annotations }) {
      return result;
    } catch (error) {
      if (destroyed || attempt !== generation) return null;
-      setHint(`Could not place the shape: ${error?.message || error}`);
+      setHint(
+        t('Could not place the shape: {error}', {
+          error: error?.message || error,
+        }),
+      );
      return null;
    }
  };
@@ -325,7 +332,11 @@ export function initDrawTool({ viewer, annotations }) {
        // Somebody else is using the pointer — possibly an older instance of
        // this same tool that has not finished tearing down. Say so instead of
        // half-starting.
-        setHint(`${pointerOwner()} is using the pointer — close it first.`);
+        setHint(
+          t('{owner} is using the pointer — close it first.', {
+            owner: pointerOwner(),
+          }),
+        );
        return active;
      }
    }
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ import {
  getActiveTrackedReadoutId,
  TRACKED_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
 } from '../data/trackedReadout.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+/** A label whose detailed outline could not be resolved. */
+function outlineUnavailableLabel(label) {
+  return t('{label} · Detailed outline unavailable', { label: label || '' });
+}

 /**
 * Screen-space annotation renderer (Direction B — the "whiteboard" aesthetic).
@@ -163,7 +169,7 @@ export function createScreenAnnotationRenderer(
      group.appendChild(parts.poly);
      parts.label = makeCallout(
        anno.outlineUnavailable
-          ? `${anno.label || ''} · Detailed outline unavailable`
+          ? outlineUnavailableLabel(anno.label)
          : anno.label,
        c,
      );
@@ -181,7 +187,7 @@ export function createScreenAnnotationRenderer(
      group.appendChild(parts.path);
      parts.label = makeCallout(
        anno.outlineUnavailable
-          ? `${anno.label || ''} · Detailed outline unavailable`
+          ? outlineUnavailableLabel(anno.label)
          : anno.label,
        c,
      );
@@ -215,7 +221,7 @@ export function createScreenAnnotationRenderer(
      });
      parts.label = makeCallout(
        anno.outlineUnavailable
-          ? `${anno.label || ''} · Detailed outline unavailable`
+          ? outlineUnavailableLabel(anno.label)
          : anno.label,
        c,
      );
@@ -259,7 +265,7 @@ export function createScreenAnnotationRenderer(
      group.appendChild(parts.leader);
      parts.label = makeCallout(
        anno.outlineUnavailable
-          ? `${anno.label || ''} · Detailed outline unavailable`
+          ? outlineUnavailableLabel(anno.label)
          : anno.label,
        c,
      );
@@ -322,7 +328,7 @@ export function createScreenAnnotationRenderer(
    }
    rec.anno = anno;
    if (anno.outlineUnavailable && rec.parts.label) {
-      rec.parts.label.text.textContent = `${anno.label || ''} · Detailed outline unavailable`;
+      rec.parts.label.text.textContent = outlineUnavailableLabel(anno.label);
      sizeCallout(rec.parts.label);
    }

@@ -541,6 +541,7 @@ export function panelRuntime(config) {
        const notice = document.createElement('div');
        notice.id = 'status';
        notice.textContent =
+          // i18n-ignore: panel runtime runs as source text in the host page, with no i18n module or app locale
          "This panel lost its 3D graphics, likely because other God's Eye " +
          "View panels in this conversation hold them. Use Open in God's " +
          'Eye View above, or show it in a new conversation.';
@@ -616,6 +617,7 @@ export function panelRuntime(config) {
    if (context?.displayMode) displayMode = context.displayMode;
    if (context?.availableDisplayModes)
      expand.hidden = !context.availableDisplayModes.includes('fullscreen');
+    // i18n-ignore: panel runtime runs as source text in the host page, with no i18n module or app locale
    expand.textContent = displayMode === 'fullscreen' ? 'Collapse' : 'Expand';
  };
  expand.addEventListener('click', () => {
@@ -640,6 +642,7 @@ export function panelRuntime(config) {
    appCapabilities: { availableDisplayModes: ['inline', 'fullscreen'] },
    appInfo: {
      name: 'gods-eye-view',
+      // i18n-ignore: product name sent to the MCP host
      title: "God's Eye View",
      version: '1.0.0',
    },
@@ -83,11 +83,32 @@ export function cockpitAltitudeDisplayFt(altitudeM, onGround) {
  return Number.isFinite(altitudeM) ? altitudeM * 3.28084 : null;
 }

-/** Format the cockpit Context scope without overstating installation coverage. */
+/**
+ * The English Context scope line. The cockpit passes its own formatter so the
+ * page shows it in the active language; this module stays i18n-free.
+ */
+const ENGLISH_CONTEXT_SCOPE = Object.freeze({
+  window: ({ label, radiusKm }) =>
+    `${label} · ${radiusKm ?? '—'} KM AIR/SEA WINDOW`,
+  installations: ({ scope, coverage }) =>
+    `${scope} · INSTALLATIONS ${coverage}`,
+});
+
+/**
+ * Format the cockpit Context scope without overstating installation coverage.
+ * @param {string|number} subjectLabel
+ * @param {number} radiusM
+ * @param {string|null} [installationCoverage]
+ * @param {{window: Function, installations: Function}} [format] Builds the
+ *   line from `{ label, radiusKm }` (radiusKm is null when unknown) and
+ *   `{ scope, coverage }`.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
 export function formatCockpitContextScope(
  subjectLabel,
  radiusM,
  installationCoverage = null,
+  format = ENGLISH_CONTEXT_SCOPE,
 ) {
  const normalizedLabel =
    typeof subjectLabel === 'string'
@@ -97,12 +118,12 @@ export function formatCockpitContextScope(
        : '—';
  const radiusKm =
    Number.isFinite(radiusM) && radiusM >= 0
-      ? String(Math.round(radiusM / 1000))
-      : '—';
+      ? Math.round(radiusM / 1000)
+      : null;
  const coverage =
    typeof installationCoverage === 'string' ? installationCoverage.trim() : '';
-  const base = `${normalizedLabel} · ${radiusKm} KM AIR/SEA WINDOW`;
-  return coverage ? `${base} · INSTALLATIONS ${coverage}` : base;
+  const base = format.window({ label: normalizedLabel, radiusKm });
+  return coverage ? format.installations({ scope: base, coverage }) : base;
 }

 /** Return seven 30-degree compass divisions centered on a heading. */
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ import { afterEach } from 'node:test';
 import { formatAwarenessLabel } from './data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
 import { CockpitViewController } from './ui/cockpitController.js';
 const previousDocument = globalThis.document;
-afterEach(() => { globalThis.document = previousDocument; });
+afterEach(() => {
+  globalThis.document = previousDocument;
+});

 // Model native focus loss on removal AND on ordinary DOM moves. Keeping an
 // object reference alone is insufficient if reconciliation disconnects it.
@@ -22,23 +24,60 @@ function fixture() {
      this.className = '';
      this._text = '';
      this.classList = {
-        add: (...names) => { this.className = [...new Set([...this.className.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean), ...names])].join(' '); },
+        add: (...names) => {
+          this.className = [
+            ...new Set([
+              ...this.className.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean),
+              ...names,
+            ]),
+          ].join(' ');
+        },
      };
    }
-    get isConnected() { return this === document.body || Boolean(this.parentNode?.isConnected); }
-    get firstElementChild() { return this.children[0] || null; }
-    get nextElementSibling() { return this.parentNode?.children[this.parentNode.children.indexOf(this) + 1] || null; }
-    get textContent() { return this._text + this.children.map((node) => node.textContent).join(''); }
-    set textContent(value) { this.replaceChildren(); this._text = String(value); }
-    setAttribute(name, value) { this.attributes.set(name, String(value)); }
-    getAttribute(name) { return this.attributes.get(name) ?? null; }
-    contains(node) { return this === node || this.children.some((child) => child.contains(node)); }
-    append(...nodes) { for (const node of nodes) this.insertBefore(node, null); }
+    get isConnected() {
+      return this === document.body || Boolean(this.parentNode?.isConnected);
+    }
+    get firstElementChild() {
+      return this.children[0] || null;
+    }
+    get nextElementSibling() {
+      return (
+        this.parentNode?.children[this.parentNode.children.indexOf(this) + 1] ||
+        null
+      );
+    }
+    get textContent() {
+      return (
+        this._text + this.children.map((node) => node.textContent).join('')
+      );
+    }
+    set textContent(value) {
+      this.replaceChildren();
+      this._text = String(value);
+    }
+    setAttribute(name, value) {
+      this.attributes.set(name, String(value));
+    }
+    getAttribute(name) {
+      return this.attributes.get(name) ?? null;
+    }
+    contains(node) {
+      return (
+        this === node || this.children.some((child) => child.contains(node))
+      );
+    }
+    append(...nodes) {
+      for (const node of nodes) this.insertBefore(node, null);
+    }
    insertBefore(node, anchor) {
-      assert.ok(anchor === null || anchor.parentNode === this, 'insert anchor belongs to its parent');
+      assert.ok(
+        anchor === null || anchor.parentNode === this,
+        'insert anchor belongs to its parent',
+      );
      if (node === anchor) return node;
      node.remove();
-      const index = anchor === null ? this.children.length : this.children.indexOf(anchor);
+      const index =
+        anchor === null ? this.children.length : this.children.indexOf(anchor);
      this.children.splice(index, 0, node);
      node.parentNode = this;
      return node;
@@ -49,7 +88,10 @@ function fixture() {
        document.activeElement = document.body;
        focusLosses += 1;
      }
-      this.parentNode.children.splice(this.parentNode.children.indexOf(this), 1);
+      this.parentNode.children.splice(
+        this.parentNode.children.indexOf(this),
+        1,
+      );
      this.parentNode = null;
    }
    replaceChildren(...nodes) {
@@ -59,20 +101,32 @@ function fixture() {
    }
    matches(selector) {
      if (selector === 'button[data-signal-layer][data-signal-id]') {
-        return this.tagName === 'BUTTON' && this.dataset.signalLayer != null && this.dataset.signalId != null;
+        return (
+          this.tagName === 'BUTTON' &&
+          this.dataset.signalLayer != null &&
+          this.dataset.signalId != null
+        );
      }
-      return selector.startsWith('.') ? this.className.split(/\s+/).includes(selector.slice(1))
+      return selector.startsWith('.')
+        ? this.className.split(/\s+/).includes(selector.slice(1))
        : this.tagName === selector.toUpperCase();
    }
    closest(selector) {
-      for (let node = this; node; node = node.parentNode) if (node.matches(selector)) return node;
+      for (let node = this; node; node = node.parentNode)
+        if (node.matches(selector)) return node;
      return null;
    }
    querySelectorAll(selector) {
-      return this.children.flatMap((child) => [ ...(child.matches(selector) ? [child] : []), ...child.querySelectorAll(selector) ]);
+      return this.children.flatMap((child) => [
+        ...(child.matches(selector) ? [child] : []),
+        ...child.querySelectorAll(selector),
+      ]);
    }
    focus() {
-      assert.ok(this.isConnected, 'a focus destination must still be connected');
+      assert.ok(
+        this.isConnected,
+        'a focus destination must still be connected',
+      );
      focusCalls += 1;
      document.activeElement = this;
    }
@@ -85,7 +139,11 @@ function fixture() {
  controller.services = { formatAwarenessLabel };
  controller.signalList = new Node('ol');
  controller.signalToggle = new Node('button');
-  controller.briefTabs = [new Node('button'), new Node('button'), new Node('button')];
+  controller.briefTabs = [
+    new Node('button'),
+    new Node('button'),
+    new Node('button'),
+  ];
  controller.briefPageIndex = 0;
  controller.signalItems = [];
  controller.signalSignatures = new Map();
@@ -93,64 +151,131 @@ function fixture() {
  const display = new Node('button');
  const radio = new Node('button');
  const outside = new Node('button');
-  document.body.append(controller.signalToggle, controller.signalList, ...controller.briefTabs, display, radio, outside);
+  document.body.append(
+    controller.signalToggle,
+    controller.signalList,
+    ...controller.briefTabs,
+    display,
+    radio,
+    outside,
+  );
  const selected = [];
-  controller.services.militaryAwarenessLayer = { focusTarget: (...args) => selected.push(args) };
-  const click = event => controller.handleSignalClick(event);
+  controller.services.militaryAwarenessLayer = {
+    focusTarget: (...args) => selected.push(args),
+  };
+  const click = (event) => controller.handleSignalClick(event);
  const buttons = () => controller.signalList.querySelectorAll('button');
  const tab = () => {
    const nodes = document.body.querySelectorAll('button');
    const index = nodes.indexOf(document.activeElement);
    nodes[(index + 1) % nodes.length].focus();
  };
-  return { controller, document, buttons, display, radio, outside, selected, click, tab,
-    losses: () => focusLosses, focusCalls: () => focusCalls };
+  return {
+    controller,
+    document,
+    buttons,
+    display,
+    radio,
+    outside,
+    selected,
+    click,
+    tab,
+    losses: () => focusLosses,
+    focusCalls: () => focusCalls,
+  };
 }

 const item = (id, overrides = {}) => ({
-  key: `flight:flights:${id}`, tone: 'nearby', title: `Flight ${id}`, detail: 'COMMERCIAL FLIGHT · 2 KM',
-  target: { layerId: 'flights', id }, timestamp: 1_700_000_000_000, ...overrides,
+  key: `flight:flights:${id}`,
+  tone: 'nearby',
+  title: `Flight ${id}`,
+  detail: 'COMMERCIAL FLIGHT · 2 KM',
+  target: { layerId: 'flights', id },
+  timestamp: 1_700_000_000_000,
+  ...overrides,
 });
-const render = (f, items) => { f.controller.signalItems = items; f.controller.renderCockpitSignals(); };
+const render = (f, items) => {
+  f.controller.signalItems = items;
+  f.controller.renderCockpitSignals();
+};
 const snapshot = (distanceM = 2000) => ({
  evaluatedAt: 1_700_000_000_000,
  subject: { layerId: 'flights', id: 'current', label: 'CURRENT' },
-  cohorts: [{ id: 'flights', count: 1, nearest: [{ id: 'nearby', label: 'NEARBY', distanceM }] }],
+  cohorts: [
+    {
+      id: 'flights',
+      count: 1,
+      nearest: [{ id: 'nearby', label: 'NEARBY', distanceM }],
+    },
+  ],
 });

 test('actual Context refresh retains the focused signal button across unchanged and changed details', () => {
  const f = fixture();
  f.controller.updateCockpitSignals(snapshot(), 0);
-  const target = f.buttons()[1]; target.focus();
+  const target = f.buttons()[1];
+  target.focus();
  const calls = f.focusCalls();
-  for (let tick = 0; tick < 8; tick += 1) f.controller.updateCockpitSignals(snapshot(2500), 0);
+  for (let tick = 0; tick < 8; tick += 1)
+    f.controller.updateCockpitSignals(snapshot(2500), 0);
  assert.equal(f.buttons()[1], target);
  assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, target);
  assert.equal(f.losses(), 0);
-  assert.equal(f.focusCalls(), calls, 'refresh must preserve focus without repeatedly restoring it');
-  assert.match(f.controller.signalList.textContent, /2\.5 KM/);
+  assert.equal(
+    f.focusCalls(),
+    calls,
+    'refresh must preserve focus without repeatedly restoring it',
+  );
+  assert.match(f.controller.signalList.textContent, /2\.5\u00a0KM/);
 });

 test('signal content and accessible name update without replacing the active target', () => {
-  const f = fixture(); render(f, [item('a')]);
-  const target = f.buttons()[0]; target.focus();
-  render(f, [item('a', { title: 'RENAMED', tone: 'track', detail: 'CURRENT', timestamp: 1_700_000_001_000 })]);
+  const f = fixture();
+  render(f, [item('a')]);
+  const target = f.buttons()[0];
+  target.focus();
+  render(f, [
+    item('a', {
+      title: 'RENAMED',
+      tone: 'track',
+      detail: 'CURRENT',
+      timestamp: 1_700_000_001_000,
+    }),
+  ]);
  assert.equal(f.buttons()[0], target);
  assert.equal(target.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Select flight RENAMED');
  assert.match(target.textContent, /RENAMED/);
  assert.match(f.controller.signalList.textContent, /CURRENT/);
-  assert.equal(f.controller.signalList.children[0].className, 'track actionable');
+  assert.equal(
+    f.controller.signalList.children[0].className,
+    'track actionable',
+  );
  assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, target);
  assert.equal(f.losses(), 0);
 });

 test('signal ranking changes move surrounding rows without disconnecting the focused row', () => {
-  const f = fixture(); render(f, ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].map((id) => item(id)));
-  const target = f.buttons()[1]; target.focus();
+  const f = fixture();
+  render(
+    f,
+    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].map((id) => item(id)),
+  );
+  const target = f.buttons()[1];
+  target.focus();
  const calls = f.focusCalls();
-  for (const order of [['d', 'c', 'b', 'a'], ['b', 'c', 'd', 'a'], ['a', 'd', 'c', 'b']]) {
-    render(f, order.map((id) => item(id)));
-    assert.deepEqual(f.buttons().map((button) => button.dataset.signalId), order);
+  for (const order of [
+    ['d', 'c', 'b', 'a'],
+    ['b', 'c', 'd', 'a'],
+    ['a', 'd', 'c', 'b'],
+  ]) {
+    render(
+      f,
+      order.map((id) => item(id)),
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      f.buttons().map((button) => button.dataset.signalId),
+      order,
+    );
    assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, target);
    assert.equal(f.losses(), 0);
  }
@@ -158,37 +283,65 @@ test('signal ranking changes move surrounding rows without disconnecting the foc
 });

 test('a new pushed signal preserves existing focus and delegated selection reads the current target', () => {
-  const f = fixture(); render(f, [item('a'), item('b')]);
-  const target = f.buttons()[1]; target.focus();
-  f.controller.pushCockpitSignal('status', 'warning', 'INPUT UNKNOWN', 'SOURCE UNAVAILABLE');
+  const f = fixture();
+  render(f, [item('a'), item('b')]);
+  const target = f.buttons()[1];
+  target.focus();
+  f.controller.pushCockpitSignal(
+    'status',
+    'warning',
+    'INPUT UNKNOWN',
+    'SOURCE UNAVAILABLE',
+  );
  assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, target);
  assert.equal(f.losses(), 0);
-  const event = { target: target.children[0], prevented: false, preventDefault() { this.prevented = true; } };
+  const event = {
+    target: target.children[0],
+    prevented: false,
+    preventDefault() {
+      this.prevented = true;
+    },
+  };
  f.click(event);
  assert.equal(event.prevented, true);
  assert.deepEqual(f.selected, [['flights', 'b', { origin: 'user' }]]);
 });

 test('removing the focused identity uses the existing briefing tab once and permits forward traversal', () => {
-  const f = fixture(); render(f, [item('a'), item('b')]);
-  const removed = f.buttons()[1]; removed.focus();
+  const f = fixture();
+  render(f, [item('a'), item('b')]);
+  const removed = f.buttons()[1];
+  removed.focus();
  const calls = f.focusCalls();
  render(f, [item('a')]);
  assert.equal(removed.isConnected, false);
  assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, f.controller.briefTabs[0]);
  assert.equal(f.focusCalls(), calls + 1);
-  f.tab(); f.tab(); f.tab();
+  f.tab();
+  f.tab();
+  f.tab();
  assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, f.display);
  render(f, [item('a', { detail: 'UPDATED' })]);
-  assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, f.display, 'later refresh must not pull focus back');
+  assert.equal(
+    f.document.activeElement,
+    f.display,
+    'later refresh must not pull focus back',
+  );
  f.tab();
  assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, f.radio);
 });

 test('a changed target cannot reuse a focused action for another flight', () => {
-  const f = fixture(); render(f, [item('a', { key: 'shared-status-key' })]);
-  const removed = f.buttons()[0]; removed.focus();
-  render(f, [item('b', { key: 'shared-status-key', target: { layerId: 'military', id: 'b' } })]);
+  const f = fixture();
+  render(f, [item('a', { key: 'shared-status-key' })]);
+  const removed = f.buttons()[0];
+  removed.focus();
+  render(f, [
+    item('b', {
+      key: 'shared-status-key',
+      target: { layerId: 'military', id: 'b' },
+    }),
+  ]);
  const target = f.buttons()[0];
  assert.notEqual(target, removed);
  assert.equal(removed.isConnected, false);
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';

 const YOUTUBE_HOSTS = new Set([
  'youtube.com',
@@ -39,6 +40,57 @@ const MEDIA_PRECONNECT_ORIGINS = Object.freeze({
  facebook: Object.freeze(['https://www.facebook.com']),
 });

+// Authored English in public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/event.json. The pack is
+// data and stays English; these known strings translate at display. Anything
+// else (a newer pack, a credit, a source's own title) shows as authored. A
+// string that is not known whole translates by its " · " parts.
+const EVENT_PACK_TEXT = new Set([
+  // Field reports: our labels (credits after " · " stay) and their statuses.
+  msg('Rasuwagadhi witness video'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi valley footage'),
+  msg('Flood footage'),
+  msg('Compilation and casualty claims'),
+  msg('SOURCE GEOCONFIRMED · WORLD-PINNED'),
+  msg('SOURCE CREDITED · LOCATION UNRESOLVED'),
+  msg('REFERENCE ONLY · CLAIMS UNVERIFIED'),
+  msg('SOURCE GEOCONFIRMED'),
+  // Reconstruction caveat.
+  msg(
+    '2021 historical reference versus 2026 post-event imagery; changes are cumulative and include the July 2025 Rasuwagadhi flood. Schematic downstream progression, not modeled arrival time; not an official hazard model.',
+  ),
+  // Evidence titles that are more than a place name.
+  msg('Immediate collapse viewpoint'),
+  msg('Collapse viewpoint'),
+  msg('Debris-dammed lake'),
+  msg('Dammed lake'),
+  msg('Second landslide'),
+  msg('Gyirong border gate'),
+  msg('Border gate'),
+  msg('Timure evidence cluster'),
+  msg('Mailung / Upper Trishuli bridge'),
+  msg('Dandagaun viewpoint restaurant'),
+  msg('Dandagaun viewpoint'),
+  msg('Bidur - Trishuli bridge'),
+  msg('Bidur bridge'),
+  msg('Devighat / Taadi Khola Bridge'),
+  msg('Devighat bridge'),
+]);
+
+/**
+ * Display text for an authored event-pack string.
+ * @param {unknown} value
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function bhoteEventText(value) {
+  const text = value == null ? '' : String(value);
+  if (EVENT_PACK_TEXT.has(text)) return t(text);
+  if (!text.includes(' · ')) return text;
+  return text
+    .split(' · ')
+    .map((part) => (EVENT_PACK_TEXT.has(part) ? t(part) : part))
+    .join(' · ');
+}
+
 let _xWidgetsPromise = null;
 let _facebookSdkPromise = null;
 let _facebookEmbedSequence = 0;
@@ -240,7 +292,7 @@ function loadFacebookSdk(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
        prior?.();
      } finally {
        if (facebookSdkReady(globalRef.FB)) finish();
-        else finish(new Error('Facebook player API did not initialize.'));
+        else finish(new Error(msg('Facebook player API did not initialize.')));
      }
    };
    globalRef.fbAsyncInit = ready;
@@ -256,12 +308,12 @@ function loadFacebookSdk(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
    }
    script.addEventListener?.(
      'error',
-      () => finish(new Error('Facebook player API could not load.')),
+      () => finish(new Error(msg('Facebook player API could not load.'))),
      { once: true },
    );
    timer =
      globalRef.setTimeout?.(
-        () => finish(new Error('Facebook player API timed out.')),
+        () => finish(new Error(msg('Facebook player API timed out.'))),
        EMBED_TIMEOUT_MS,
      ) ?? null;
  }).catch((error) => {
@@ -398,7 +450,7 @@ function loadXWidgets(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
    };
    const ready = () => {
      if (xWidgetsReady(globalRef.twttr)) finish();
-      else finish(new Error('X embed API did not initialize.'));
+      else finish(new Error(msg('X embed API did not initialize.')));
    };
    let script = documentRef.querySelector?.(`script[src="${X_WIDGET_URL}"]`);
    if (!script) {
@@ -411,7 +463,7 @@ function loadXWidgets(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
    }
    script.addEventListener?.(
      'error',
-      () => finish(new Error('X embed could not load.')),
+      () => finish(new Error(msg('X embed could not load.'))),
      {
        once: true,
      },
@@ -440,7 +492,7 @@ function loadXWidgets(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
        },
      );
    timer = setTimeout(
-      () => finish(new Error('X embed timed out.')),
+      () => finish(new Error(msg('X embed timed out.'))),
      EMBED_TIMEOUT_MS,
    );
  }).catch((error) => {
@@ -450,9 +502,17 @@ function loadXWidgets(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
  return _xWidgetsPromise;
 }

+// Outcomes a trimmed YouTube clip reports to the card status.
+const YOUTUBE_PHASE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  unavailable: msg('UNAVAILABLE'),
+  timeout: msg('TIMEOUT'),
+  blocked: msg('BLOCKED'),
+});
+
 function providerLabel(provider) {
  return (
-    { youtube: 'YOUTUBE', facebook: 'FACEBOOK', x: 'X' }[provider] || 'SOURCE'
+    { youtube: 'YOUTUBE', facebook: 'FACEBOOK', x: 'X' }[provider] ||
+    t('SOURCE')
  );
 }

@@ -737,7 +797,9 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
          globalRef.setTimeout?.(() => {
            if (!session.active || session.ready) return;
            session.error = new Error(
-              'Facebook embed unavailable. The post may be private, removed, region-restricted, or blocked.',
+              msg(
+                'Facebook embed unavailable. The post may be private, removed, region-restricted, or blocked.',
+              ),
            );
            session.onError?.(session.error);
          }, EMBED_TIMEOUT_MS) ?? null;
@@ -857,7 +919,9 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
      startAtSec,
      endAtSec,
    });
-    iframe.title = `Preloading ${providerLabel(source.provider)} media`;
+    iframe.title = t('Preloading {provider} media', {
+      provider: providerLabel(source.provider),
+    });
    iframe.tabIndex = -1;
    iframe.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
    iframe.loading = 'eager';
@@ -868,7 +932,7 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
  }

  async function mountX(current, token) {
-    current.status.textContent = 'LOADING X POST…';
+    current.status.textContent = t('LOADING X POST…');
    try {
      const api = await xLoader(documentRef, globalRef);
      if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
@@ -885,13 +949,17 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
      );
      if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
      if (!widget)
-        throw new Error('The X post is unavailable or cannot be embedded.');
-      current.status.textContent = 'X POST · PROVIDER CONTROLS';
+        throw new Error(
+          msg('The X post is unavailable or cannot be embedded.'),
+        );
+      current.status.textContent = t('X POST · PROVIDER CONTROLS');
      position();
    } catch (error) {
      if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
      current.card.classList.add('is-unavailable');
-      current.status.textContent = `${String(error?.message || 'X embed unavailable')} OPEN ORIGINAL.`;
+      current.status.textContent = t('{reason} OPEN ORIGINAL.', {
+        reason: t(String(error?.message || msg('X embed unavailable'))),
+      });
      position();
    }
  }
@@ -904,19 +972,23 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
    session.shouldPlay = autoplay === true;
    session.onReady = () => {
      if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
-      current.status.textContent = 'FACEBOOK · PROVIDER CONTROLS';
+      current.status.textContent = t('FACEBOOK · PROVIDER CONTROLS');
      current.card.classList.remove('is-unavailable');
      position();
    };
    session.onError = (error) => {
      if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
      current.card.classList.add('is-unavailable');
-      current.status.textContent = `${String(error?.message || 'Facebook embed unavailable')} OPEN ORIGINAL.`;
+      current.status.textContent = t('{reason} OPEN ORIGINAL.', {
+        reason: t(String(error?.message || msg('Facebook embed unavailable'))),
+      });
      position();
    };
    session.onPlaybackBlocked = () => {
      if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
-      current.status.textContent = 'AUTOPLAY BLOCKED · USE PROVIDER CONTROLS';
+      current.status.textContent = t(
+        'AUTOPLAY BLOCKED · USE PROVIDER CONTROLS',
+      );
    };
    if (session.ready) session.onReady();
    else if (session.error) session.onError(session.error);
@@ -968,7 +1040,12 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
    card.dataset.provider = source.provider;
    card.setAttribute(
      'aria-label',
-      `Embedded ${providerLabel(source.provider)} media for ${observation?.title || 'witness source'}`,
+      t('Embedded {provider} media for {source}', {
+        provider: providerLabel(source.provider),
+        source: observation?.title
+          ? bhoteEventText(observation.title)
+          : t('witness source'),
+      }),
    );
    const leader = documentRef.createElementNS(
      'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
@@ -982,17 +1059,19 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
    player.className = 'bhote-embedded-callout-player';
    const footer = documentRef.createElement('footer');
    const title = documentRef.createElement('strong');
-    title.textContent = String(
-      observation?.shortTitle || observation?.title || 'Witness source',
+    title.textContent = bhoteEventText(
+      observation?.shortTitle || observation?.title || t('Witness source'),
    ).toUpperCase();
    const status = documentRef.createElement('small');
    status.setAttribute('role', 'status');
-    status.textContent = `${providerLabel(source.provider)} · EMBEDDED SOURCE`;
+    status.textContent = t('{provider} · EMBEDDED SOURCE', {
+      provider: providerLabel(source.provider),
+    });
    const link = documentRef.createElement('a');
    link.href = source.url;
    link.target = '_blank';
    link.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
-    link.textContent = 'OPEN ORIGINAL ↗';
+    link.textContent = t('OPEN ORIGINAL ↗');
    footer.append(title, status, link);
    const body = documentRef.createElement('div');
    body.className = 'bhote-embedded-callout-body';
@@ -1032,7 +1111,12 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
          url.searchParams.set('origin', globalRef.location.origin);
        iframe.src = url.href;
      }
-      iframe.title = `${providerLabel(source.provider)} media: ${observation?.title || 'witness source'}`;
+      iframe.title = t('{provider} media: {source}', {
+        provider: providerLabel(source.provider),
+        source: observation?.title
+          ? bhoteEventText(observation.title)
+          : t('witness source'),
+      });
      iframe.allow =
        'autoplay; encrypted-media; picture-in-picture; fullscreen';
      iframe.allowFullscreen = true;
@@ -1049,7 +1133,9 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
              record.youtubeSession.getState().phase,
            )
          ) {
-            status.textContent = `${providerLabel(source.provider)} · PROVIDER CONTROLS`;
+            status.textContent = t('{provider} · PROVIDER CONTROLS', {
+              provider: providerLabel(source.provider),
+            });
          }
          position();
        },
@@ -1067,7 +1153,11 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
          isCurrent: () => token === generation && record === current,
          onStatus: (phase) => {
            if (phase !== 'completed')
-              status.textContent = `YOUTUBE ${phase.toUpperCase()} · OPEN ORIGINAL`;
+              status.textContent = t('YOUTUBE {state} · OPEN ORIGINAL', {
+                state: YOUTUBE_PHASE_LABELS[phase]
+                  ? t(YOUTUBE_PHASE_LABELS[phase])
+                  : phase.toUpperCase(),
+              });
          },
        });
      }
@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@ import {
  SOURCE_PATH_BEAT_IDS,
 } from './bhoteKoshiShotPaths.js';
 import {
+  bhoteEventText,
  createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia,
  resolveEmbeddedMediaSource,
 } from './bhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia.js';
 import { acquireImageryComparison } from '../maps/imageryComparison.js';
 import { createImagerySplit } from '../ui/imagerySplit.js';
+import { formatDate, t, tn, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';

 export const BHOTE_KOSHI_LAYER_ID = 'bhote-koshi-2026';
 export const BHOTE_KOSHI_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 'bhote-koshi-witnesses';
@@ -384,13 +386,90 @@ export function adjacentEvidenceIndex(progress, timeline, direction) {
  return Math.max(0, Math.min(beats.length - 1, current + delta));
 }

+// Evidence phases from the event pack, shown as the beat meta prefix.
+const EVIDENCE_PHASE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  initiation: msg('INITIATION'),
+  damming: msg('DAMMING'),
+  'secondary failure': msg('SECONDARY FAILURE'),
+  'border arrival': msg('BORDER ARRIVAL'),
+  propagation: msg('PROPAGATION'),
+  'downstream passage': msg('DOWNSTREAM PASSAGE'),
+  consequence: msg('CONSEQUENCE'),
+  'downstream consequence': msg('DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCE'),
+});
+
+/** Display label for an evidence phase; unknown phases show as authored. */
+function evidencePhaseLabel(phase) {
+  const label = EVIDENCE_PHASE_LABELS[String(phase || '').toLowerCase()];
+  if (label) return t(label);
+  return phase ? String(phase).toUpperCase() : t('EVIDENCE');
+}
+
+// Imagery endpoint names from the event pack ("2021 HISTORICAL REFERENCE ·
+// 16 OCT 2021"); unknown names and unparseable dates show as authored.
+const IMAGERY_LABEL_NAMES = Object.freeze([
+  [/^(\d{4}) HISTORICAL REFERENCE$/, msg('{year} HISTORICAL REFERENCE')],
+  [/^(\d{4}) POST-EVENT$/, msg('{year} POST-EVENT')],
+]);
+
+/** Day, short month and year in the active language: 16 OCT 2021, 16 ОКТ. 2021. */
+function imageryDateText(observedAt) {
+  const match = /^(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})$/.exec(String(observedAt || ''));
+  if (!match) return '';
+  const date = new Date(Date.UTC(+match[1], +match[2] - 1, +match[3]));
+  if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) return '';
+  const part = (options) => formatDate(date, { timeZone: 'UTC', ...options });
+  return `${part({ day: 'numeric' })} ${part({ month: 'short' })} ${part({ year: 'numeric' })}`.toUpperCase();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Localized name and date of an imagery endpoint for display.
+ * @param {{label?: string, observedAt?: string}} entry
+ * @returns {{name: string, date: string}}
+ */
+export function imageryEndpointLabel(entry) {
+  const label = String(entry?.label || '');
+  const split = label.lastIndexOf(' · ');
+  const authoredName = split >= 0 ? label.slice(0, split) : label;
+  const authoredDate = split >= 0 ? label.slice(split + 3) : '';
+  let name = authoredName;
+  for (const [pattern, message] of IMAGERY_LABEL_NAMES) {
+    const match = pattern.exec(authoredName);
+    if (match) name = t(message, { year: match[1] });
+  }
+  return { name, date: imageryDateText(entry?.observedAt) || authoredDate };
+}
+
+function imageryEndpointText(entry) {
+  const { name, date } = imageryEndpointLabel(entry);
+  return [name, date].filter(Boolean).join(' · ');
+}
+
+/** Name, then the date kept on one line so the year never wraps alone. */
+function renderImageryEndpoint(element, entry) {
+  if (!element) return;
+  const { name, date } = imageryEndpointLabel(entry);
+  element.textContent = date ? `${name} · ` : name;
+  if (!date) return;
+  const dateElement = document.createElement('span');
+  dateElement.className = 'bhote-event-date';
+  dateElement.textContent = date;
+  element.appendChild(dateElement);
+}
+
 /** Compact, source-bounded disclosure for multi-source geolocation beats. */
 export function evidenceCorroborationLabel(observation) {
  const count = Math.max(
    0,
    Math.floor(Number(observation?.corroboration?.sourceCount) || 0),
  );
-  return count > 1 ? `${count} GEOLOCATED SOURCE-MAP PLACEMENTS` : '';
+  return count > 1
+    ? tn(
+        count,
+        '{count} GEOLOCATED SOURCE-MAP PLACEMENT',
+        '{count} GEOLOCATED SOURCE-MAP PLACEMENTS',
+      )
+    : '';
 }

 /** Interpolate headings across north using the shortest angular path. */
@@ -641,7 +720,7 @@ function drawEvidenceFallback(ctx, observation, width, height) {
  }
  ctx.fillStyle = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.accent;
  ctx.font = scaledOverlayFont(WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.fontLabel, 1.4);
-  ctx.fillText('NO PREVIEW', 20, 30);
+  ctx.fillText(t('NO PREVIEW'), 20, 30);
 }

 function ellipsizeEvidenceText(value, limit) {
@@ -704,7 +783,7 @@ export function updateEvidenceFrame(
  ctx.font = scaledOverlayFont(WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.fontTitle);
  ctx.fillText(
    ellipsizeEvidenceText(
-      observation.shortTitle || observation.title,
+      bhoteEventText(observation.shortTitle || observation.title),
      layout.titleChars,
    ).toUpperCase(),
    16,
@@ -713,10 +792,12 @@ export function updateEvidenceFrame(
  ctx.fillStyle = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.detail;
  ctx.font = scaledOverlayFont(WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.fontDetail);
  const publisher = String(
-    observation.media?.publisher || 'SOURCE LINK',
+    observation.media?.publisher || t('SOURCE LINK'),
  ).toUpperCase();
  ctx.fillText(
-    `${ellipsizeEvidenceText(publisher, 24)} / OPEN`,
+    t('{publisher} / OPEN', {
+      publisher: ellipsizeEvidenceText(publisher, 24),
+    }),
    16,
    infoY + 53,
  );
@@ -813,28 +894,40 @@ function collectPanelReferences(panel) {
  });
 }

+/** Escape translated text for the panel markup template. */
+function escapeMarkup(text) {
+  return String(text)
+    .replace(/&/g, '&amp;')
+    .replace(/</g, '&lt;')
+    .replace(/>/g, '&gt;')
+    .replace(/"/g, '&quot;');
+}
+
 function createPanel(event, handlers) {
  const panel = document.createElement('aside');
  panel.id = 'bhote-koshi-event-panel';
-  panel.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Bhote Koshi flood reconstruction controls');
+  panel.setAttribute(
+    'aria-label',
+    t('Bhote Koshi flood reconstruction controls'),
+  );
  panel.innerHTML = `
    <div class="bhote-event-header">
      <div>
-        <div class="bhote-event-kicker">EVENT RECONSTRUCTION · 26 AUG 2026</div>
-        <div class="bhote-event-title">BHOTE KOSHI OUTBURST FLOOD</div>
+        <div class="bhote-event-kicker">${escapeMarkup(t('EVENT RECONSTRUCTION · 26 AUG 2026'))}</div>
+        <div class="bhote-event-title">${escapeMarkup(t('BHOTE KOSHI OUTBURST FLOOD'))}</div>
      </div>
-      <button class="bhote-event-icon-btn" type="button" data-action="close" title="Close event layer" aria-label="Close event layer">×</button>
+      <button class="bhote-event-icon-btn" type="button" data-action="close" title="${escapeMarkup(t('Close event layer'))}" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Close event layer'))}">×</button>
    </div>
    <div class="bhote-event-status-row">
-      <span class="bhote-event-status observed">OBSERVED IMAGERY</span>
-      <span class="bhote-event-status reconstructed">SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR</span>
+      <span class="bhote-event-status observed">${escapeMarkup(t('OBSERVED IMAGERY'))}</span>
+      <span class="bhote-event-status reconstructed">${escapeMarkup(t('SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR'))}</span>
    </div>
    <section class="bhote-event-section" data-role="imagery-comparison">
      <div class="bhote-event-section-head">
-        <span>2021 HISTORICAL REFERENCE / 2026 POST-EVENT</span>
+        <span>${escapeMarkup(t('2021 HISTORICAL REFERENCE / 2026 POST-EVENT'))}</span>
        <span data-role="split-readout">50 / 50</span>
      </div>
-      <input class="bhote-event-range" data-role="split" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="50" aria-label="Historical reference and post-event image split" />
+      <input class="bhote-event-range" data-role="split" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="50" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Historical reference and post-event image split'))}" />
      <div class="bhote-event-dates">
        <span data-role="before-date"></span>
        <span data-role="after-date"></span>
@@ -842,44 +935,44 @@ function createPanel(event, handlers) {
    </section>
    <section class="bhote-event-section">
      <div class="bhote-event-section-head">
-        <span data-role="timeline-label">RECONSTRUCTION CLOCK</span>
+        <span data-role="timeline-label">${escapeMarkup(t('RECONSTRUCTION CLOCK'))}</span>
        <span data-role="time"></span>
      </div>
-      <input class="bhote-event-range flood" data-role="progress" type="range" min="0" max="1000" value="0" aria-label="Schematic downstream progression" />
-      <div class="bhote-event-story-nav" aria-label="Story beat navigation">
-        <button type="button" data-action="previous-beat" title="Previous story beat" aria-label="Previous story beat">‹</button>
+      <input class="bhote-event-range flood" data-role="progress" type="range" min="0" max="1000" value="0" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Schematic downstream progression'))}" />
+      <div class="bhote-event-story-nav" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Story beat navigation'))}">
+        <button type="button" data-action="previous-beat" title="${escapeMarkup(t('Previous story beat'))}" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Previous story beat'))}">‹</button>
        <div class="bhote-event-story-current">
          <span data-role="beat-index">01 / 06</span>
-          <strong data-role="beat-title" aria-live="polite">CAUSE</strong>
-          <small data-role="beat-meta">CAPTURE TIME UNVERIFIED</small>
+          <strong data-role="beat-title" aria-live="polite">${escapeMarkup(t('CAUSE'))}</strong>
+          <small data-role="beat-meta">${escapeMarkup(t('CAPTURE TIME UNVERIFIED'))}</small>
        </div>
-        <button type="button" data-action="next-beat" title="Next story beat" aria-label="Next story beat">›</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="next-beat" title="${escapeMarkup(t('Next story beat'))}" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Next story beat'))}">›</button>
      </div>
      <div class="bhote-event-actions">
-        <button type="button" data-action="play">▶ PLAY</button>
-        <button type="button" data-action="play-scene" hidden title="Play the next shot and continue through this scene">▶ PLAY SCENE</button>
-        <button type="button" data-action="cinematic" aria-pressed="false">◉ CINEMATIC</button>
-        <button type="button" data-action="story-replay">↺ FULL STORY</button>
-        <button type="button" data-action="open-source">↗ OPEN ORIGINAL</button>
-        <button type="button" data-action="corridor">⌖ LOWER GORGE</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="play">${escapeMarkup(t('▶ PLAY'))}</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="play-scene" hidden title="${escapeMarkup(t('Play the next shot and continue through this scene'))}">${escapeMarkup(t('▶ PLAY SCENE'))}</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="cinematic" aria-pressed="false">${escapeMarkup(t('◉ CINEMATIC'))}</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="story-replay">${escapeMarkup(t('↺ FULL STORY'))}</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="open-source">${escapeMarkup(t('↗ OPEN ORIGINAL'))}</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="corridor">${escapeMarkup(t('⌖ LOWER GORGE'))}</button>
      </div>
    </section>
    <details class="bhote-event-evidence">
-      <summary>FIELD REPORTS · ${event.fieldReports.length}</summary>
+      <summary>${escapeMarkup(t('FIELD REPORTS · {count}', { count: event.fieldReports.length }))}</summary>
      <div class="bhote-event-report-list"></div>
    </details>
    <div class="bhote-event-credit">
-      <span>GEOLOCATIONS · GEO GEORGE SHADRACH</span>
-      <button type="button" data-action="geolocation-map">↗ OPEN PUBLIC MAP</button>
+      <span>${escapeMarkup(t('GEOLOCATIONS · {credit}', { credit: 'GEO GEORGE SHADRACH' }))}</span>
+      <button type="button" data-action="geolocation-map">${escapeMarkup(t('↗ OPEN PUBLIC MAP'))}</button>
    </div>
-    <p class="bhote-event-caveat"><span data-role="caveat"></span><span data-role="imagery-cloud-note"> Clouds are preserved from the source imagery.</span></p>
+    <p class="bhote-event-caveat"><span data-role="caveat"></span><span data-role="imagery-cloud-note"> ${escapeMarkup(t('Clouds are preserved from the source imagery.'))}</span></p>
  `;

  const refs = collectPanelReferences(panel);
-  refs.beforeDate.textContent = event.imagery.before.label;
-  refs.afterDate.textContent = event.imagery.after.label;
+  renderImageryEndpoint(refs.beforeDate, event.imagery.before);
+  renderImageryEndpoint(refs.afterDate, event.imagery.after);
  refs.time.textContent = `~0:00 / ${elapsedLabel(1, event.reconstruction.elapsedSeconds)}`;
-  refs.caveat.textContent = event.reconstruction.caveat;
+  refs.caveat.textContent = bhoteEventText(event.reconstruction.caveat);

  for (const report of event.fieldReports) {
    const button = document.createElement('button');
@@ -887,8 +980,8 @@ function createPanel(event, handlers) {
    const status = document.createElement('small');
    button.type = 'button';
    button.className = 'bhote-event-report';
-    label.textContent = report.label;
-    status.textContent = report.status;
+    label.textContent = bhoteEventText(report.label);
+    status.textContent = bhoteEventText(report.status);
    button.append(label, status);
    button.addEventListener('click', () => openExternal(report.url));
    refs.reportList.appendChild(button);
@@ -1205,7 +1298,7 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
      _embeddedMedia?.show?.({
        observation: {
          title: witness.title,
-          shortTitle: 'Rasuwagadhi witness',
+          shortTitle: t('Rasuwagadhi witness'),
          media: { sourceUrl: witness.sourceUrl },
        },
        anchor,
@@ -2320,7 +2413,10 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
        collisionGroup: 'ambient-card',
        zIndex: 60,
        interactive: true,
-        accessibilityLabel: `Open original source for ${observation.title}; capture time unverified`,
+        accessibilityLabel: t(
+          'Open original source for {source}; capture time unverified',
+          { source: bhoteEventText(observation.title) },
+        ),
        activate: () => openExternal(observation.media.sourceUrl),
        minDistance: 0,
        maxDistance: 220000,
@@ -2353,7 +2449,7 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
        position: evidencePositionGetter(index, true),
        cullPosition: anchor,
        variant: 'label',
-        title: `${String(observation.sequence).padStart(2, '0')} · ${observation.shortTitle || observation.title}`,
+        title: `${String(observation.sequence).padStart(2, '0')} · ${bhoteEventText(observation.shortTitle || observation.title)}`,
        details: [],
        accent: WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.accent,
        priority: 80_000 - index,
@@ -2559,11 +2655,14 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
      id: 'bhote-koshi-split-line',
      handleClass: 'bhote-koshi-split-handle',
      cssProperty: '--bhote-koshi-split',
-      beforeTitle: event.imagery.before.label,
-      afterTitle: event.imagery.after.label,
-      ariaLabel: 'Historical reference and post-event image divider',
+      beforeTitle: imageryEndpointText(event.imagery.before),
+      afterTitle: imageryEndpointText(event.imagery.after),
+      ariaLabel: t('Historical reference and post-event image divider'),
      formatValueText: (beforePercent, afterPercent) =>
-        `A historical reference ${beforePercent} percent, B post-event ${afterPercent} percent`,
+        t(
+          'A historical reference {before} percent, B post-event {after} percent',
+          { before: beforePercent, after: afterPercent },
+        ),
      onChange: setSplit,
    });
  }
@@ -2595,7 +2694,7 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
    setElementProperty(
      button,
      'textContent',
-      _cinematicActive ? '■ RELEASE CAMERA' : '◉ CINEMATIC',
+      _cinematicActive ? t('■ RELEASE CAMERA') : t('◉ CINEMATIC'),
    );
    setElementAttribute(button, 'aria-pressed', String(_cinematicActive));
  }
@@ -2961,13 +3060,13 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
      _panelRefs.progressInput,
      'aria-label',
      sceneDirected
-        ? 'Seek Nepal scene clock'
-        : 'Schematic downstream progression',
+        ? t('Seek Nepal scene clock')
+        : t('Schematic downstream progression'),
    );
    setElementProperty(
      _panelRefs.timelineLabel,
      'textContent',
-      sceneDirected ? 'NEPAL SCENE CLOCK' : 'RECONSTRUCTION CLOCK',
+      sceneDirected ? t('NEPAL SCENE CLOCK') : t('RECONSTRUCTION CLOCK'),
    );
    const sceneDuration = Number(_sceneContext?.sceneDurationSec) || 0;
    setElementProperty(
@@ -2980,22 +3079,22 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
    );
    const playLabel = sceneDirected
      ? _sceneActionPending && _sceneActionPending.type !== 'scene'
-        ? '… PLAYING SHOT'
-        : '▶ PLAY SHOT'
+        ? t('… PLAYING SHOT')
+        : t('▶ PLAY SHOT')
      : _playing
-        ? 'Ⅱ PAUSE'
+        ? t('Ⅱ PAUSE')
        : _progress >= 1
          ? _cinematicReplayArmed
-            ? '↺ REPLAY CINEMATIC'
-            : '↺ REPLAY'
-          : '▶ PLAY';
+            ? t('↺ REPLAY CINEMATIC')
+            : t('↺ REPLAY')
+          : t('▶ PLAY');
    setElementProperty(_panelRefs.playButton, 'textContent', playLabel);
    setElementProperty(
      _panelRefs.playSceneButton,
      'textContent',
      _sceneActionPending?.type === 'scene'
-        ? '… PLAYING SCENE'
-        : '▶ PLAY SCENE',
+        ? t('… PLAYING SCENE')
+        : t('▶ PLAY SCENE'),
    );
    setElementProperty(
      _panelRefs.playSceneButton,
@@ -3011,19 +3110,24 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
    setElementAttribute(
      _panelRefs.playSceneButton,
      'aria-label',
-      `Continue ${_sceneContext?.sceneTitle || 'current scene'} from next shot`,
+      t('Continue {scene} from next shot', {
+        scene:
+          _sceneContext?.sceneDisplayTitle ||
+          _sceneContext?.sceneTitle ||
+          t('current scene'),
+      }),
    );
    setElementProperty(
      _panelRefs.storyReplayButton,
      'textContent',
-      '↺ FULL STORY',
+      t('↺ FULL STORY'),
    );
    if (!sceneDirected) {
      setElementProperty(_panelRefs.storyReplayButton, 'disabled', false);
      setElementAttribute(
        _panelRefs.storyReplayButton,
        'aria-label',
-        'Replay the full reconstruction',
+        t('Replay the full reconstruction'),
      );
    }
    const beatIndex = currentEvidenceIndex();
@@ -3047,18 +3151,26 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
      _panelRefs.beatTitle,
      'textContent',
      sceneDirected
-        ? _sceneContext?.shotTitle || 'SCENE SHOT'
-        : observation?.shortTitle || observation?.title || 'EVIDENCE',
+        ? _sceneContext?.shotDisplayTitle ||
+            _sceneContext?.shotTitle ||
+            t('SCENE SHOT')
+        : observation?.shortTitle || observation?.title
+          ? bhoteEventText(observation.shortTitle || observation.title)
+          : t('EVIDENCE'),
    );
    const sourceCount = Math.max(
      0,
      Math.floor(Number(observation?.corroboration?.sourceCount) || 0),
    );
    const beatMeta = [
-      String(observation?.phase || 'EVIDENCE').toUpperCase(),
-      'TIME UNVERIFIED',
-      sourceCount > 1 ? `${sourceCount} SOURCES` : '',
-      observation?.imageryCoverage === 'outside' ? 'OUTSIDE IMAGERY SWIPE' : '',
+      evidencePhaseLabel(observation?.phase),
+      t('TIME UNVERIFIED'),
+      sourceCount > 1
+        ? tn(sourceCount, '{count} SOURCE', '{count} SOURCES')
+        : '',
+      observation?.imageryCoverage === 'outside'
+        ? t('OUTSIDE IMAGERY SWIPE')
+        : '',
    ]
      .filter(Boolean)
      .join(' / ');
@@ -3066,7 +3178,13 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
      _panelRefs.beatMeta,
      'textContent',
      sceneDirected
-        ? `${String(_sceneContext?.sceneTitle || 'NEPAL FLOOD INCIDENT').toUpperCase()} / AUTHORED SHOT`
+        ? t('{scene} / AUTHORED SHOT', {
+            scene: String(
+              _sceneContext?.sceneDisplayTitle ||
+                _sceneContext?.sceneTitle ||
+                t('NEPAL FLOOD INCIDENT'),
+            ).toUpperCase(),
+          })
        : beatMeta,
    );
    setElementProperty(
@@ -3093,18 +3211,23 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
      _panelRefs.playButton,
      'aria-label',
      sceneDirected
-        ? `Play ${_sceneContext?.shotTitle || 'current scene shot'}`
-        : 'Play reconstruction',
+        ? t('Play {shot}', {
+            shot:
+              _sceneContext?.shotDisplayTitle ||
+              _sceneContext?.shotTitle ||
+              t('current scene shot'),
+          })
+        : t('Play reconstruction'),
    );
    setElementAttribute(
      _panelRefs.previousButton,
      'aria-label',
-      sceneDirected ? 'Load previous scene shot' : 'Previous story beat',
+      sceneDirected ? t('Load previous scene shot') : t('Previous story beat'),
    );
    setElementAttribute(
      _panelRefs.nextButton,
      'aria-label',
-      sceneDirected ? 'Load next scene shot' : 'Next story beat',
+      sceneDirected ? t('Load next scene shot') : t('Next story beat'),
    );
    setElementProperty(
      _panelRefs.openSourceButton,
@@ -3153,8 +3276,8 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
    if (_afterLayer) _afterLayer.show = imageryAvailable;
    if (_panelRefs?.caveat) {
      _panelRefs.caveat.textContent = imageryAvailable
-        ? _event?.reconstruction?.caveat || ''
-        : 'SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR, NOT MODELED ARRIVAL TIME.';
+        ? bhoteEventText(_event?.reconstruction?.caveat || '')
+        : t('SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR, NOT MODELED ARRIVAL TIME.');
    }
    if (_panelRefs?.imageryCloudNote)
      _panelRefs.imageryCloudNote.hidden = !imageryAvailable;
@@ -3717,7 +3840,9 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
        count: _enabled ? 1 : 0,
        status: _enabled ? 'nominal' : 'idle',
        source: 'Vantor + GeoPera',
-        coverage: _enabled ? 'Rasuwa · 26 Aug 2026' : 'Event reconstruction',
+        coverage: _enabled
+          ? t('Rasuwa · 26 Aug 2026')
+          : t('Event reconstruction'),
      };
    },
    getPlaybackState() {
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from './dataCredits.js';
 import { BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH } from './bhoteKoshiFloodPath.js';
 import { INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_PLACES } from './bhoteKoshiIncidentPlaces.js';
+import { t, msg, getLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';

 export const BHOTE_KOSHI_LOCATOR_LAYER_ID = 'bhote-koshi-locator';
 export const BHOTE_KOSHI_LOCATOR_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID =
@@ -51,23 +52,43 @@ const TRIGGER_ORBIT_DURATION_SEC = 2.8;
 const TRIGGER_SOURCE_URL =
  'https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000tbwb/executive';

+// Overview pin titles that are more than a place name translate at display,
+// through the same entries the event panel uses. The data stays English and
+// place names stay Latin; everything else shows as authored.
+const PLACE_TITLE_TEXT = new Map(
+  [
+    msg('Collapse viewpoint'),
+    msg('Dammed lake'),
+    msg('Second landslide'),
+    msg('Border gate'),
+    msg('Dandagaun viewpoint'),
+    msg('Bidur bridge'),
+    msg('Devighat bridge'),
+  ].map((text) => [text.toUpperCase(), text]),
+);
+
+function placeTitle(title) {
+  const text = PLACE_TITLE_TEXT.get(title);
+  return text ? t(text).toLocaleUpperCase(getLocale()) : title;
+}
+
 const INCIDENT = Object.freeze({
  lat: 28.3632333,
  lon: 85.4423639,
  heightM: 5200,
-  title: 'BHOTE KOSHI FLOOD INCIDENT',
-  subtitle: 'NEPAL · 26 AUG 2026',
+  title: msg('BHOTE KOSHI FLOOD INCIDENT'),
+  subtitle: msg('NEPAL · 26 AUG 2026'),
 });
 const TRIGGER_RECORD = Object.freeze({
  lat: 28.271,
  lon: 85.515,
  heightM: 4200,
-  title: 'USGS INITIAL REPORT',
+  title: msg('USGS INITIAL REPORT'),
  details: Object.freeze([
-    '26 AUG 2026 · 08:37 NPT',
-    '28.2710° N · 85.5150° E',
-    'INITIAL M4.4 · RECLASSIFIED M5.2 LANDSLIDE',
-    'USGS EVENT us7000tbwb · OPEN SOURCE',
+    msg('26 AUG 2026 · 08:37 NPT'),
+    msg('28.2710° N · 85.5150° E'),
+    msg('INITIAL M4.4 · RECLASSIFIED M5.2 LANDSLIDE'),
+    msg('USGS EVENT us7000tbwb · OPEN SOURCE'),
  ]),
 });
 const TRIGGER_APPROACH_CAMERA = Object.freeze({
@@ -90,11 +111,13 @@ const NEPAL = Object.freeze({
  lat: 28.3949,
  lon: 84.124,
  heightM: 6800,
+  // i18n-ignore: country name, shown as is
  title: 'NEPAL',
 });
 const NEARBY_CITIES = Object.freeze([
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'kathmandu',
+    // i18n-ignore: city name
    title: 'KATHMANDU',
    lat: 27.7017,
    lon: 85.3206,
@@ -103,6 +126,7 @@ const NEARBY_CITIES = Object.freeze([
  }),
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'bhaktapur',
+    // i18n-ignore: city name
    title: 'BHAKTAPUR',
    lat: 27.673,
    lon: 85.43,
@@ -111,6 +135,7 @@ const NEARBY_CITIES = Object.freeze([
  }),
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'dhulikhel',
+    // i18n-ignore: city name
    title: 'DHULIKHEL',
    lat: 27.6221,
    lon: 85.5428,
@@ -394,8 +419,8 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
        position,
        variant: 'card',
        paintLane: 'thumbnail',
-        title: subject.title,
-        details: [subject.subtitle],
+        title: t(subject.title),
+        details: [t(subject.subtitle)],
        accent: INCIDENT_ACCENT,
        sourceAlpha: () => presentation().alpha,
        presentationScale: () => presentation().scale,
@@ -536,8 +561,8 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
      position,
      variant: 'card',
      paintLane: 'thumbnail',
-      title: TRIGGER_RECORD.title,
-      details: [...TRIGGER_RECORD.details],
+      title: t(TRIGGER_RECORD.title),
+      details: TRIGGER_RECORD.details.map((line) => t(line)),
      accent: INCIDENT_ACCENT,
      sourceAlpha: () => presentation().alpha,
      presentationScale: () => presentation().scale,
@@ -815,7 +840,7 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
        position,
        variant: 'label',
        paintLane: 'ambient-label',
-        title: `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${place.title}`,
+        title: `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${placeTitle(place.title)}`,
        details: [],
        accent: INCIDENT_ACCENT,
        sourceAlpha: progress,
@@ -1121,57 +1146,67 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
        chips: [
          {
            id: 'nepal-context',
+            // i18n-ignore: country name
            label: 'NEPAL',
            active: _presentation === NEPAL_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
              'Show the Nepal context callout without a border or country fill',
+            ),
            params: { presentation: NEPAL_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION },
          },
          {
            id: 'bhote-koshi-regional',
+            // i18n-ignore: river name (Bhote Koshi)
            label: 'BHOTE',
            active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
              'Introduce Nepal, draw its border, then reveal the Bhote Koshi incident',
+            ),
            params: { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION },
          },
          {
            id: 'bhote-koshi-city-context',
-            label: 'CITIES',
+            label: t('CITIES'),
            active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_CITY_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
              'Keep the regional incident context and introduce nearby city labels',
+            ),
            params: { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_CITY_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION },
          },
          {
            id: 'bhote-koshi-incident-places',
-            label: 'PLACES',
+            label: t('PLACES'),
            active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_INCIDENT_PLACES_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
              'Introduce the reconstruction scene key places from trigger to downstream',
+            ),
            params: { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_INCIDENT_PLACES_PRESENTATION },
          },
          {
            id: 'bhote-koshi-flood-path',
-            label: 'PATH',
+            label: t('PATH'),
            active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
              'Animate the sourced cyan river-centerline route to Trishuli Bazaar',
+            ),
            params: { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH_PRESENTATION },
          },
          {
            id: 'bhote-koshi-path-overview',
-            label: 'OVERVIEW',
+            label: t('OVERVIEW'),
            active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_PATH_OVERVIEW_PRESENTATION,
-            title: 'Keep the completed flood path and location labels visible',
+            title: t(
+              'Keep the completed flood path and location labels visible',
+            ),
            params: { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_PATH_OVERVIEW_PRESENTATION },
          },
          {
            id: 'bhote-koshi-trigger-record',
-            label: 'RECORD',
+            label: t('RECORD'),
            active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
              'Reveal the trigger record while making a slow camera approach',
+            ),
            params: {
              presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION,
              preview: true,
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
-import { INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_HOLD_SEC, INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_PLACES } from './bhoteKoshiIncidentPlaces.js';
+import {
+  INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_HOLD_SEC,
+  INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_PLACES,
+} from './bhoteKoshiIncidentPlaces.js';
 import { BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH } from './bhoteKoshiFloodPath.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { SceneDirector } from '../scenes/director.js';
 import { createPlaybackClock } from '../director/clock.js';
 import { createDefaultScenePacks } from '../scenes/packs/defaults.js';
@@ -29,8 +33,12 @@ function viewerFixture() {
  return {
    creditDisplay: { addStaticCredit() {}, removeStaticCredit() {} },
    dataSources: {
-      add(source) { added.push(source); },
-      remove(source) { removed.push(source); },
+      add(source) {
+        added.push(source);
+      },
+      remove(source) {
+        removed.push(source);
+      },
    },
    _test: { added, removed },
  };
@@ -38,7 +46,9 @@ function viewerFixture() {

 function nonRunningAnimation() {
  return {
-    scheduleFrame() { return 1; },
+    scheduleFrame() {
+      return 1;
+    },
    cancelFrame() {},
  };
 }
@@ -58,24 +68,68 @@ function overlayHostFixture() {
 }

 test('Bhote Koshi locator closes valid region rings once', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual(closeRegionRing([[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30]]), [
-    [80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 26],
-  ]);
-  assert.deepEqual(closeRegionRing([[80, 26], [88, 26], [80, 26]]), [
-    [80, 26], [88, 26], [80, 26],
-  ]);
-  assert.deepEqual(closeRegionRing([[80, 26], ['bad', 27]]), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    closeRegionRing([
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [88, 30],
+    ]),
+    [
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [88, 30],
+      [80, 26],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    closeRegionRing([
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [80, 26],
+    ]),
+    [
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [80, 26],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    closeRegionRing([
+      [80, 26],
+      ['bad', 27],
+    ]),
+    [],
+  );
 });

 test('Bhote Koshi locator selects the largest GeoJSON country exterior', () => {
-  const main = [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30], [80, 26]];
-  const island = [[82, 25], [83, 25], [82, 25]];
-  assert.equal(largestGeoJsonRing({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [main] }), main);
-  assert.equal(largestGeoJsonRing({
-    type: 'MultiPolygon',
-    coordinates: [[island], [main]],
-  }), main);
-  assert.deepEqual(largestGeoJsonRing({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [84, 28] }), []);
+  const main = [
+    [80, 26],
+    [88, 26],
+    [88, 30],
+    [80, 30],
+    [80, 26],
+  ];
+  const island = [
+    [82, 25],
+    [83, 25],
+    [82, 25],
+  ];
+  assert.equal(
+    largestGeoJsonRing({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [main] }),
+    main,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    largestGeoJsonRing({
+      type: 'MultiPolygon',
+      coordinates: [[island], [main]],
+    }),
+    main,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    largestGeoJsonRing({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [84, 28] }),
+    [],
+  );
 });

 test('Bhote Koshi locator reveals a border progressively', () => {
@@ -84,7 +138,10 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator reveals a border progressively', () => {
    new Cesium.Cartesian3(10, 0, 0),
    new Cesium.Cartesian3(20, 0, 0),
  ];
-  assert.deepEqual(revealPolylinePositions(positions, 0), [positions[0], positions[0]]);
+  assert.deepEqual(revealPolylinePositions(positions, 0), [
+    positions[0],
+    positions[0],
+  ]);
  assert.deepEqual(revealPolylinePositions(positions, 0.25), [
    positions[0],
    new Cesium.Cartesian3(5, 0, 0),
@@ -115,7 +172,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi regional locator sequences Nepal, border, then the incident',
  const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
    boundaryResolver: async () => ({
      name: 'Nepal',
-      ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30]],
+      ring: [
+        [80, 26],
+        [88, 26],
+        [88, 30],
+        [80, 30],
+      ],
    }),
    requestRender: (reason) => renders.push(reason),
    overlayHost,
@@ -141,8 +203,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi regional locator sequences Nepal, border, then the incident',
  const publication = overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1);
  assert.equal(publication.sourceId, BHOTE_KOSHI_LOCATOR_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID);
  assert.equal(publication.entries.length, 2);
-  const nepal = publication.entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'nepal-context-callout');
-  const incident = publication.entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout');
+  const nepal = publication.entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'nepal-context-callout',
+  );
+  const incident = publication.entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout',
+  );
  assert.equal(nepal.variant, 'label');
  assert.equal(nepal.title, 'NEPAL');
  assert.equal(nepal.anchorDot, true);
@@ -175,12 +241,17 @@ test('Bhote Koshi regional locator sequences Nepal, border, then the incident',
  assert.equal(incident.contentAlpha(), 1);
  assert.equal(incident.presentationScale(), 1);
  assert.equal(layer.getStats().status, 'nominal');
-  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION });
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), {
+    presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION,
+  });
  assert.ok(renders.includes('bhote-koshi-locator-boundary'));

  assert.equal(await layer.disable(), true);
  assert.equal(viewer._test.removed.length, 1);
-  assert.equal(overlayHost._test.clears.at(-1), BHOTE_KOSHI_LOCATOR_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID);
+  assert.equal(
+    overlayHost._test.clears.at(-1),
+    BHOTE_KOSHI_LOCATOR_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+  );
  assert.equal(layer.getStats().status, 'idle');
 });

@@ -190,7 +261,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator switches between Nepal context and the regional incide
  const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
    boundaryResolver: async () => ({
      name: 'Nepal',
-      ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30]],
+      ring: [
+        [80, 26],
+        [88, 26],
+        [88, 30],
+        [80, 30],
+      ],
    }),
    requestRender() {},
    overlayHost,
@@ -199,37 +275,46 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator switches between Nepal context and the regional incide

  layer.setParams({ presentation: NEPAL_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION });
  await layer.enable(viewer);
-  assert.deepEqual(viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map((entity) => entity.id), [
-    'nepal-context-halo',
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map((entity) => entity.id),
+    ['nepal-context-halo'],
+  );
  const nepalLabel = overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries[0];
  assert.equal(nepalLabel.variant, 'label');
  assert.equal(nepalLabel.placement, 'right');
  assert.equal(nepalLabel.anchorDot, true);
  assert.equal(layer.getStats().coverage, 'Nepal context');
-  assert.deepEqual(layer.getRowControls().chips.map(({ id, active }) => ({ id, active })), [
-    { id: 'nepal-context', active: true },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-regional', active: false },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-city-context', active: false },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-incident-places', active: false },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-flood-path', active: false },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-path-overview', active: false },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-trigger-record', active: false },
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    layer.getRowControls().chips.map(({ id, active }) => ({ id, active })),
+    [
+      { id: 'nepal-context', active: true },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-regional', active: false },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-city-context', active: false },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-incident-places', active: false },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-flood-path', active: false },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-path-overview', active: false },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-trigger-record', active: false },
+    ],
+  );

  layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION });
  assert.ok(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('nepal-border-highlight'));
-  assert.equal(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu'), undefined);
  assert.equal(
-    overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries
-      .find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout').variant,
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu'),
+    undefined,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    overlayHost._test.publications
+      .at(-1)
+      .entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout').variant,
    'card',
  );

  layer.setParams({ presentation: NEPAL_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION });
-  assert.deepEqual(viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map((entity) => entity.id), [
-    'nepal-context-halo',
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map((entity) => entity.id),
+    ['nepal-context-halo'],
+  );
  await layer.destroy();
 });

@@ -239,16 +324,28 @@ test('Incident Corridor reveals all fifteen overview pins and keeps layout activ
  let nowMs = 0;
  let pulseFrame = null;
  const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
-    boundaryResolver: async () => null, requestRender() {},
+    boundaryResolver: async () => null,
+    requestRender() {},
    overlayHost,
    now: () => nowMs,
-    scheduleFrame(callback) { pulseFrame = callback; return 1; },
+    scheduleFrame(callback) {
+      pulseFrame = callback;
+      return 1;
+    },
    cancelFrame() {},
  });
  layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_INCIDENT_PLACES_PRESENTATION });
  await layer.enable(viewer);
  const source = viewer._test.added[0];
-  const event = JSON.parse(await readFile(new URL('../../public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/event.json', import.meta.url), 'utf8'));
+  const event = JSON.parse(
+    await readFile(
+      new URL(
+        '../../public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/event.json',
+        import.meta.url,
+      ),
+      'utf8',
+    ),
+  );
  assert.equal(event.evidenceSpine.length, 16);
  assert.equal(event.evidenceSpine.at(-1).id, 'charaudi');
  assert.equal(source.entities.values.length, 15);
@@ -259,30 +356,100 @@ test('Incident Corridor reveals all fifteen overview pins and keeps layout activ
    const id = `bhote-koshi-place-${point.id}`;
    const pin = labels.find((entry) => entry.id === id);
    assert.ok(pin, point.id);
-    assert.equal(pin.title, `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${point.title}`);
+    assert.equal(
+      pin.title,
+      `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${point.title}`,
+    );
    assert.equal(pin.variant, 'label');
    const location = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(pin.position);
-    assert.ok(Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(location.latitude) - point.lat) < 1e-6);
-    assert.ok(Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(location.longitude) - point.lon) < 1e-6);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(location.latitude) - point.lat) < 1e-6,
+    );
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(location.longitude) - point.lon) < 1e-6,
+    );
    nowMs = 349 + index * 650;
    assert.equal(pin.sourceAlpha(), 0);
    nowMs += 1;
    assert.equal(pin.sourceAlpha(), 0);
-    assert.equal(source.entities.values.filter(entity => entity.id.endsWith('-halo') && entity.show.getValue()).length, 1);
+    assert.equal(
+      source.entities.values.filter(
+        (entity) => entity.id.endsWith('-halo') && entity.show.getValue(),
+      ).length,
+      1,
+    );
    nowMs += 520;
    assert.equal(pin.sourceAlpha(), 1);
  }
  assert.ok(nowMs < INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_HOLD_SEC * 1000);
  // A repeat halo cycle must not erase already revealed labels.
  nowMs = 350 + 15 * 650;
-  assert.equal(source.entities.getById('bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint-halo').show.getValue(), true);
-  assert.equal(labels.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-devighat-taadi-khola-bridge').sourceAlpha(), 1);
-  assert.equal(labels.some(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-charaudi'), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    source.entities
+      .getById('bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint-halo')
+      .show.getValue(),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    labels
+      .find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-devighat-taadi-khola-bridge')
+      .sourceAlpha(),
+    1,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    labels.some(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-charaudi'),
+    false,
+  );
  assert.equal(typeof pulseFrame, 'function');
  pulseFrame();
  assert.equal(overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).options.moving, false);
  layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION });
-  assert.equal(source.entities.values.some(entity => entity.id.startsWith('bhote-koshi-place-')), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    source.entities.values.some((entity) =>
+      entity.id.startsWith('bhote-koshi-place-'),
+    ),
+    false,
+  );
+  await layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('Bhote Koshi overview pins translate their descriptive titles and keep place names', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+  setLocale('ru');
+  const viewer = viewerFixture();
+  const overlayHost = overlayHostFixture();
+  const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
+    boundaryResolver: async () => null,
+    requestRender() {},
+    overlayHost,
+    now: () => 0,
+    ...nonRunningAnimation(),
+  });
+
+  layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH_PRESENTATION });
+  await layer.enable(viewer);
+  const titles = new Map(
+    overlayHost._test.publications
+      .at(-1)
+      .entries.map(({ id, title }) => [id, title]),
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    titles.get('bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint'),
+    '01 · ВИД НА ОБРУШЕНИЕ',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    titles.get('bhote-koshi-place-gyirong-border-gate'),
+    '04 · ПОГРАНПЕРЕХОД',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    titles.get('bhote-koshi-place-dandagaun-viewpoint'),
+    '11 · СМОТРОВАЯ ПЛОЩАДКА DANDAGAUN',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    titles.get('bhote-koshi-place-bidur-trishuli-bridge'),
+    '14 · МОСТ BIDUR',
+  );
+  assert.equal(titles.get('bhote-koshi-place-timure-cluster'), '05 · TIMURE');
  await layer.destroy();
 });

@@ -303,8 +470,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi flood path draws a solid cyan sourced route after the place sh
  const source = viewer._test.added[0];
  const path = source.entities.getById('bhote-koshi-flood-path');
  const labels = overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries;
-  const trigger = labels.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint');
-  const bidur = labels.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-bidur-trishuli-bridge');
+  const trigger = labels.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint',
+  );
+  const bidur = labels.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-bidur-trishuli-bridge',
+  );

  assert.equal(source.entities.values.length, 1);
  assert.equal(labels.length, 15);
@@ -315,10 +486,14 @@ test('Bhote Koshi flood path draws a solid cyan sourced route after the place sh
  }
  assert.equal(path.polyline.clampToGround.getValue(), true);
  assert.ok(path.polyline.material instanceof Cesium.ColorMaterialProperty);
-  assert.ok(path.polyline.material.color.getValue().equalsEpsilon(
-    Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString('#20e7f2').withAlpha(0.96),
-    Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
-  ));
+  assert.ok(
+    path.polyline.material.color
+      .getValue()
+      .equalsEpsilon(
+        Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString('#20e7f2').withAlpha(0.96),
+        Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
+      ),
+  );
  assert.equal(path.show.getValue(), false);
  assert.equal(trigger.sourceAlpha(), 1);
  assert.equal(bidur.sourceAlpha(), 1);
@@ -330,15 +505,23 @@ test('Bhote Koshi flood path draws a solid cyan sourced route after the place sh
  const halfwayCount = path.polyline.positions.getValue().length;
  assert.ok(Math.abs(halfwayCount - BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.length / 2) <= 2);
  nowMs = 4250;
-  assert.equal(path.polyline.positions.getValue().length, BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.length);
+  assert.equal(
+    path.polyline.positions.getValue().length,
+    BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.length,
+  );
  assert.deepEqual(BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH[0], [85.48476, 28.33255]);
  // More observation pins must not extend or straighten the sourced route.
-  assert.deepEqual(path.polyline.positions.getValue(), BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.map(([lon, lat]) => (
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat)
-  )));
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    path.polyline.positions.getValue(),
+    BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.map(([lon, lat]) =>
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat),
+    ),
+  );
  assert.deepEqual(BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.at(-1), [85.14943, 27.92177]);
  assert.equal(layer.getStats().coverage, 'Bhote Koshi · Flood path');
-  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH_PRESENTATION });
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), {
+    presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH_PRESENTATION,
+  });
  await layer.destroy();
 });

@@ -349,7 +532,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi path-overview presentation keeps the route settled without Nep
  const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
    boundaryResolver: async () => ({
      name: 'Nepal',
-      ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30]],
+      ring: [
+        [80, 26],
+        [88, 26],
+        [88, 30],
+        [80, 30],
+      ],
    }),
    requestRender() {},
    overlayHost,
@@ -367,21 +555,35 @@ test('Bhote Koshi path-overview presentation keeps the route settled without Nep
  assert.equal(labels.length, 15);
  for (const [index, place] of INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_PLACES.entries()) {
    const pin = labels.find(({ id }) => id === `bhote-koshi-place-${place.id}`);
-    assert.equal(pin.title, `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${place.title}`);
+    assert.equal(
+      pin.title,
+      `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${place.title}`,
+    );
    assert.equal(pin.sourceAlpha(), 1);
  }
  assert.equal(path.show.getValue(), true);
-  assert.equal(path.polyline.positions.getValue().length, BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.length);
-  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.equals(path.polyline.positions.getValue()[0],
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(85.48476, 28.33255)));
+  assert.equal(
+    path.polyline.positions.getValue().length,
+    BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.length,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.equals(
+      path.polyline.positions.getValue()[0],
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(85.48476, 28.33255),
+    ),
+  );
  assert.equal(source.entities.getById('nepal-border-fill'), undefined);
  assert.equal(source.entities.getById('nepal-border-highlight'), undefined);
  assert.equal(
-    source.entities.getById('bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint-halo'),
+    source.entities.getById(
+      'bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint-halo',
+    ),
    undefined,
  );
  assert.equal(layer.getStats().coverage, 'Bhote Koshi · Path overview');
-  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_PATH_OVERVIEW_PRESENTATION });
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), {
+    presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_PATH_OVERVIEW_PRESENTATION,
+  });
  await layer.destroy();
 });

@@ -406,10 +608,10 @@ test('Bhote Koshi trigger-record presentation reveals sourced incident details',
  const publication = overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1);
  const record = publication.entries[0];

-  assert.deepEqual(source.entities.values.map(({ id }) => id), [
-    'bhote-koshi-flood-path',
-    'bhote-koshi-trigger-record-halo',
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    source.entities.values.map(({ id }) => id),
+    ['bhote-koshi-flood-path', 'bhote-koshi-trigger-record-halo'],
+  );
  assert.equal(record.title, 'USGS INITIAL REPORT');
  assert.deepEqual(record.details, [
    '26 AUG 2026 · 08:37 NPT',
@@ -440,7 +642,9 @@ test('Bhote Koshi trigger-record waits for the scene camera, zooms, then orbits'
  viewer.camera = {
    moveStart,
    moveEnd,
-    flyTo(options) { flights.push(options); },
+    flyTo(options) {
+      flights.push(options);
+    },
    cancelFlight() {},
  };
  const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
@@ -465,8 +669,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi trigger-record waits for the scene camera, zooms, then orbits'
  assert.equal(flights.length, 1);
  assert.equal(flights[0].duration, 4.6);
  const destination = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(flights[0].destination);
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(destination.latitude) - 28.368) < 1e-6);
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(destination.longitude) - 85.473) < 1e-6);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(destination.latitude) - 28.368) < 1e-6,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(destination.longitude) - 85.473) < 1e-6,
+  );
  assert.ok(Math.abs(destination.height - 10526) < 1e-4);
  flights[0].complete();
  assert.equal(flights.length, 2);
@@ -488,8 +696,11 @@ for (const phase of ['timer', 'move-end', 'approach', 'orbit']) {
    const moveStart = new Cesium.Event();
    const moveEnd = new Cesium.Event();
    viewer.camera = {
-      moveStart, moveEnd,
-      flyTo(options) { flights.push(options); },
+      moveStart,
+      moveEnd,
+      flyTo(options) {
+        flights.push(options);
+      },
      cancelFlight() {},
    };
    const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
@@ -501,21 +712,30 @@ for (const phase of ['timer', 'move-end', 'approach', 'orbit']) {
        timers.set(++nextTimer, callback);
        return nextTimer;
      },
-      cancelDelay(id) { timers.delete(id); },
+      cancelDelay(id) {
+        timers.delete(id);
+      },
      ...nonRunningAnimation(),
    });
    const director = {
-      _clock: createPlaybackClock({ isRunning: () => false, timingForShot: () => null, onProgress() {} }),
+      _clock: createPlaybackClock({
+        isRunning: () => false,
+        timingForShot: () => null,
+        onProgress() {},
+      }),
      _scenePacks: createDefaultScenePacks(),
      dataManager: { layers: new Map([[layer.id, { module: layer }]]) },
      viewer,
      _sceneSeekGeneration: 0,
      _loadGeneration: 0,
-      _cancelActiveSceneTravel: SceneDirector.prototype._cancelActiveSceneTravel,
+      _cancelActiveSceneTravel:
+        SceneDirector.prototype._cancelActiveSceneTravel,
      _setSceneMediaPlayback: SceneDirector.prototype._setSceneMediaPlayback,
    };
    try {
-      layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION });
+      layer.setParams({
+        presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION,
+      });
      await layer.enable(viewer);
      if (phase === 'move-end') moveStart.raiseEvent();
      if (phase === 'approach' || phase === 'orbit') callbacks[0]();
@@ -528,19 +748,38 @@ for (const phase of ['timer', 'move-end', 'approach', 'orbit']) {
      callbacks[0]();
      moveEnd.raiseEvent();
      for (const flight of oldFlights) flight.complete();
-      assert.equal(flights.length, oldFlights.length, 'no post-Stop approach or orbit');
-      assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 1, 'Stop preserves the visible locator');
+      assert.equal(
+        flights.length,
+        oldFlights.length,
+        'no post-Stop approach or orbit',
+      );
+      assert.equal(
+        layer.getStats().count,
+        1,
+        'Stop preserves the visible locator',
+      );

-      layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION });
+      layer.setParams({
+        presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION,
+      });
      callbacks.at(-1)();
      const successor = flights.at(-1);
      const count = flights.length;
      callbacks[0]();
-      for (const flight of oldFlights) { flight.cancel(); flight.complete(); }
+      for (const flight of oldFlights) {
+        flight.cancel();
+        flight.complete();
+      }
      assert.equal(flights.length, count, 'old callbacks cannot add a flight');
      successor.complete();
-      assert.equal(flights.length, count + 1, 'successor retains its own orbit');
-    } finally { await layer.destroy(); }
+      assert.equal(
+        flights.length,
+        count + 1,
+        'successor retains its own orbit',
+      );
+    } finally {
+      await layer.destroy();
+    }
  });
 }

@@ -551,7 +790,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator keeps the regional context settled while nearby cities
  const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
    boundaryResolver: async () => ({
      name: 'Nepal',
-      ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30]],
+      ring: [
+        [80, 26],
+        [88, 26],
+        [88, 30],
+        [80, 30],
+      ],
    }),
    requestRender() {},
    overlayHost,
@@ -564,19 +808,29 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator keeps the regional context settled while nearby cities
  const source = viewer._test.added[0];
  const borderFill = source.entities.getById('nepal-border-fill');
  const entries = overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries;
-  const incident = entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout');
-  const kathmandu = entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu');
-  const bhaktapur = entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-bhaktapur');
-  const dhulikhel = entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-dhulikhel');
+  const incident = entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout',
+  );
+  const kathmandu = entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu',
+  );
+  const bhaktapur = entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-bhaktapur',
+  );
+  const dhulikhel = entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-dhulikhel',
+  );

  assert.equal(borderFill.show.getValue(), true);
  assert.equal(incident.contentAlpha(), 1);
  assert.equal(kathmandu.title, 'KATHMANDU');
  assert.equal(bhaktapur.title, 'BHAKTAPUR');
  assert.equal(dhulikhel.title, 'DHULIKHEL');
-  assert.ok([kathmandu, bhaktapur, dhulikhel].every(({ variant, anchorDot }) => (
-    variant === 'label' && anchorDot === true
-  )));
+  assert.ok(
+    [kathmandu, bhaktapur, dhulikhel].every(
+      ({ variant, anchorDot }) => variant === 'label' && anchorDot === true,
+    ),
+  );
  assert.equal(kathmandu.sourceAlpha(), 0);
  assert.equal(bhaktapur.sourceAlpha(), 0);
  assert.equal(dhulikhel.sourceAlpha(), 0);
@@ -591,7 +845,9 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator keeps the regional context settled while nearby cities
  nowMs = 1300;
  assert.equal(dhulikhel.sourceAlpha(), 1);
  assert.equal(layer.getStats().coverage, 'Bhote Koshi · Nearby cities');
-  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_CITY_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION });
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), {
+    presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_CITY_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION,
+  });
  await layer.destroy();
 });

@@ -608,15 +864,17 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator degrades to labels when the regional boundary is unava
  });
  try {
    await layer.enable(viewer);
-    const ids = viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map((entity) => entity.id);
+    const ids = viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map(
+      (entity) => entity.id,
+    );
    assert.ok(ids.includes('nepal-context-halo'));
    assert.ok(ids.includes('bhote-koshi-incident-halo'));
    assert.equal(ids.includes('bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu'), false);
    assert.equal(ids.includes('nepal-border-highlight'), false);
-    assert.deepEqual(overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries.map(({ id }) => id), [
-      'nepal-context-callout',
-      'bhote-koshi-incident-callout',
-    ]);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries.map(({ id }) => id),
+      ['nepal-context-callout', 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout'],
+    );
    assert.equal(layer.getStats().status, 'degraded');
  } finally {
    console.warn = originalWarn;
@@ -628,7 +886,9 @@ test('Bhote Koshi regional locator waits for its boundary before starting the fu
  const viewer = viewerFixture();
  const overlayHost = overlayHostFixture();
  let releaseBoundary;
-  const boundary = new Promise((resolve) => { releaseBoundary = resolve; });
+  const boundary = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    releaseBoundary = resolve;
+  });
  const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
    boundaryResolver: async () => boundary,
    requestRender() {},
@@ -638,23 +898,42 @@ test('Bhote Koshi regional locator waits for its boundary before starting the fu

  const enabling = layer.enable(viewer);
  assert.ok(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('nepal-context-halo'));
-  assert.equal(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('nepal-border-highlight'), undefined);
-  assert.equal(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-incident-halo'), undefined);
+  assert.equal(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('nepal-border-highlight'),
+    undefined,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-incident-halo'),
+    undefined,
+  );
  assert.equal(overlayHost._test.publications.length, 1);
-  assert.deepEqual(overlayHost._test.publications[0].entries.map(({ id }) => id), [
-    'nepal-context-callout',
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    overlayHost._test.publications[0].entries.map(({ id }) => id),
+    ['nepal-context-callout'],
+  );

-  releaseBoundary({ ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30]] });
+  releaseBoundary({
+    ring: [
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [88, 30],
+      [80, 30],
+    ],
+  });
  await enabling;
-  assert.ok(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-incident-halo'));
+  assert.ok(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-incident-halo'),
+  );
  assert.ok(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('nepal-border-highlight'));
-  assert.equal(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu'), undefined);
+  assert.equal(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu'),
+    undefined,
+  );
  assert.equal(overlayHost._test.publications.length, 2);
-  assert.deepEqual(overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries.map(({ id }) => id), [
-    'nepal-context-callout',
-    'bhote-koshi-incident-callout',
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries.map(({ id }) => id),
+    ['nepal-context-callout', 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout'],
+  );
  await layer.destroy();
 });

@@ -662,7 +941,9 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator cancels a stale boundary resolution and removes its su
  const viewer = viewerFixture();
  const controller = new AbortController();
  let releaseBoundary;
-  const boundary = new Promise((resolve) => { releaseBoundary = resolve; });
+  const boundary = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    releaseBoundary = resolve;
+  });
  const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
    boundaryResolver: async () => boundary,
    requestRender() {},
@@ -670,7 +951,13 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator cancels a stale boundary resolution and removes its su
  });
  const enabling = layer.enable(viewer, { signal: controller.signal });
  controller.abort();
-  releaseBoundary({ ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30]] });
+  releaseBoundary({
+    ring: [
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [88, 30],
+    ],
+  });
  await assert.rejects(enabling, (error) => error?.name === 'AbortError');
  assert.equal(viewer._test.removed.length, 1);
 });
@@ -27,6 +27,13 @@ import {
  createApplicationDirectionsLayer,
 } from './directions.js';
 import { GROUND_FLOOR_LIFT_M } from './groundFloor.js';
+import { instructionFor } from './routeSteps.js';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  directionsInstruction,
+  routeDistanceText,
+  routeDurationText,
+} from '../layers/directions/index.js';
 import {
  claimPointer,
  isPointerFree,
@@ -222,10 +229,10 @@ test('stats guide the user, show progress, and summarize a route honestly', () =
    lastUpdate: 5,
  });
  assert.equal(ready.count, 3);
-  assert.equal(ready.coverage, '21 km · 25 min · Drive');
+  assert.equal(ready.coverage, '21\u00a0km · 25\u00a0min · Drive');
  assert.equal(
    ready.loadingLabel,
-    '21 km · 25 min · Drive',
+    '21\u00a0km · 25\u00a0min · Drive',
    'the summary is the row detail line',
  );
  assert.equal(ready.loading, undefined);
@@ -249,7 +256,7 @@ test('step cards name the maneuver, its leg, and what comes next', () => {
  const copy = directionsStepCopy(route.steps, 1);
  assert.equal(copy.title, 'Turn right onto Kansakoulukatu');
  assert.deepEqual(copy.details, [
-    'Step 2 of 3 · then 240 m · 39 s',
+    'Step 2 of 3 · then 240\u00a0m · 39\u00a0s',
    'Then: Arrive at your destination',
  ]);
  const last = directionsStepCopy(route.steps, 2);
@@ -354,7 +361,7 @@ test('the turn-by-turn list is ordered, labelled, and highlights the flown step'
  );
  assert.deepEqual(
    list.items.map((item) => item.lead),
-    ['8 m', '240 m', '0 m'],
+    ['8\u00a0m', '240\u00a0m', '0\u00a0m'],
  );
  assert.deepEqual(
    list.items.map((item) => item.params),
@@ -773,3 +780,90 @@ test('the refusal reaches the app toast, and a successful arming says nothing',
  assert.equal(toasts.length, 1, 'a successful arming is silent');
  assert.equal(pointerOwner(), DIRECTIONS_POINTER_OWNER);
 });
+
+test('maneuvers are phrased on the page, in English word for word as the proxy does', () => {
+  const types = [
+    'depart',
+    'arrive',
+    'turn',
+    'new name',
+    'continue',
+    'end of road',
+    'fork',
+    'merge',
+    'on ramp',
+    'off ramp',
+    'roundabout',
+    'rotary',
+    'roundabout turn',
+    'exit roundabout',
+    'exit rotary',
+    'use lane',
+    'notification',
+    'something new',
+  ];
+  const modifiers = [
+    null,
+    'left',
+    'right',
+    'slight left',
+    'slight right',
+    'sharp left',
+    'sharp right',
+    'straight',
+    'uturn',
+  ];
+  const roads = [
+    { name: '', ref: null },
+    { name: 'Congress Avenue', ref: null },
+    { name: 'Mannerheimintie', ref: 'E12' },
+    { name: '', ref: 'I 35' },
+  ];
+  for (const type of types)
+    for (const modifier of modifiers)
+      for (const road of roads)
+        for (const exit of [null, 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22]) {
+          const step = { type, modifier, exit, ...road };
+          assert.equal(
+            directionsInstruction(step),
+            instructionFor(step),
+            JSON.stringify(step),
+          );
+        }
+  // An older payload without a maneuver type keeps the proxy's sentence.
+  assert.equal(
+    directionsInstruction({ instruction: 'Head out on Kaivokatu' }),
+    'Head out on Kaivokatu',
+  );
+});
+
+test('route numbers follow the page language and never break from their unit', (t) => {
+  t.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(8.4), '8\u00a0m');
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(236), '240\u00a0m');
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(1500), '1.5\u00a0km');
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(2_345_000), '2345\u00a0km');
+  assert.equal(routeDurationText(39), '39\u00a0s');
+  assert.equal(routeDurationText(3900), '1\u00a0h\u00a05\u00a0min');
+  assert.equal(routeDurationText(7200), '2\u00a0h');
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(-1), '');
+  assert.equal(routeDurationText(Number.NaN), '');
+
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(1500), '1,5\u00a0км');
+  assert.equal(routeDurationText(240), '4\u00a0мин');
+  assert.equal(
+    directionsInstruction({
+      type: 'turn',
+      modifier: 'right',
+      name: 'East 7th Street',
+    }),
+    'Поверните направо на East 7th Street',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    directionsInstruction({ type: 'roundabout', exit: 2, name: '' }),
+    'На кольце сверните на 2-й съезд',
+  );
+  const list = directionsStepList({ route });
+  assert.equal(list.items[1].lead, '240\u00a0м');
+});
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Marks restore labels for i18n extraction; shareRestoration translates them.
+// Kept local so this module stays free of the i18n import.
+const msg = (text) => text;
 import { normalizeIdSwitches, patchRequestedIdSwitches } from './idSwitches.js';
 import reservationRows from './layerStateTokenReservations.json' with { type: 'json' };

@@ -458,19 +461,19 @@ export const SHARE_TRACKING_RESTORE_POLICIES = Object.freeze({
    optionOwner: 'flights',
    optionKey: 'selectedFlightsTrackingId',
    expiryWindowMs: 90_000,
-    label: 'flight',
+    label: msg('flight'),
  }),
  military: Object.freeze({
    optionOwner: 'flights',
    optionKey: 'selectedMilitaryTrackingId',
    expiryWindowMs: 45_000,
-    label: 'military flight',
+    label: msg('military flight'),
  }),
  satellites: Object.freeze({
    optionOwner: 'satellites',
    optionKey: 'selectedSatTrackingId',
    expiryWindowMs: 300_000,
-    label: 'satellite',
+    label: msg('satellite'),
  }),
 });

@@ -26,47 +26,47 @@ import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 */
 export const SATELLITE_CLASSES = Object.freeze({
  station: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'STATION',
+    label: 'STATION', // i18n-ignore: English token; shown through CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS
    // Warm white — "crewed", and the brightest class in the sky. Deliberately
    // NOT amber: 40-48deg amber is the app's known-military convention
    // (flights.js MIL_TINT / militaryFlights.js MIL_ICON_COLOR) and must not
    // leak into another domain. Slightly warm so it also separates from the
    // pure white the civilian air fleet draws in.
    color: '#fff6e5',
-    blurb: 'Crewed stations and their visiting vehicles',
+    blurb: 'Crewed stations and their visiting vehicles', // i18n-ignore: shown through CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS
  }),
  nav: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'NAV',
+    label: 'NAV', // i18n-ignore: English token; shown through CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS
    // Cyan — the strongest accent goes to the class users actually name
    // ("how many GPS satellites are up?"). Takes over the slot the catch-all
    // VISUAL group used to occupy, so this adds no new hue to the app.
    color: '#4fd8ff',
-    blurb: 'GNSS navigation — GPS, GLONASS, Galileo',
+    blurb: 'GNSS navigation — GPS, GLONASS, Galileo', // i18n-ignore: shown through CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS
  }),
  geo: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'GEO',
+    label: 'GEO', // i18n-ignore: English token; shown through CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS
    // Violet, unchanged. Already the app's "space" semantic (the detection
    // overlay paints the SAT tier #bda4ff), and the geostationary belt draws
    // as one clean equatorial ring at globe scale.
    color: '#c89bff',
-    blurb: 'Geostationary belt — comms and weather, fixed over the equator',
+    blurb: 'Geostationary belt — comms and weather, fixed over the equator', // i18n-ignore: shown through CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS
  }),
  visual: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'VISUAL',
+    label: 'VISUAL', // i18n-ignore: English token; shown through CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS
    // Muted blue-gray. This is the catch-all bucket, so it gives up the bright
    // cyan it used to hold and recedes behind the three classes that mean
    // something. Still well clear of the dense shell by luminance.
    color: '#9fb3c4',
-    blurb: 'Brightest naked-eye objects — CelesTrak visual group',
+    blurb: 'Brightest naked-eye objects — CelesTrak visual group', // i18n-ignore: shown through CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS
  }),
  comms: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'COMMS',
+    label: 'COMMS', // i18n-ignore: English token; shown through CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS
    // Dim slate — thousands of these appear in DENSE mode. They must read as
    // texture behind the core catalog, never compete with it. Rec.601 luma
    // ~0.40 against VISUAL's ~0.69 keeps the two separable even when the
    // NVG/FLIR shaders collapse the scene to a single channel.
    color: '#54697f',
-    blurb: 'Broadband constellation shell — shown only in DENSE mode',
+    blurb: 'Broadband constellation shell — shown only in DENSE mode', // i18n-ignore: shown through CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS
  }),
 });

@@ -167,9 +167,14 @@ export function satelliteClassColor(group) {
 * @param {{ isIss?: boolean }} [options] Whether this is the ISS.
 * @returns {string} Display label.
 */
-export function satelliteClassLabel(group, { isIss = false } = {}) {
+export function satelliteClassLabel(
+  group,
+  { isIss = false, localize = true } = {},
+) {
  const { klass, subtype } = satelliteClassOf(group, { isIss });
-  const base = t(CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS[klass].label);
+  // localize: false keeps the English label for data the AI tools query.
+  const label = CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS[klass].label;
+  const base = localize ? t(label) : label;
  return subtype ? `${base} · ${subtype}` : base;
 }

@@ -52,13 +52,23 @@ test('dismissal is session-scoped; only the checkbox suppresses durably', () =>
  rememberFirstRunSessionDismissed(session);
  assert.equal(session.read(), 'dismissed');
  // Gone for THIS session...
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({ storage, sessionStorageRef: session, location: { search: '' } }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage,
+      sessionStorageRef: session,
+      location: { search: '' },
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
  // ...and back in the next one, because sessionStorage did not survive it.
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    storage,
-    sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
-    location: { search: '' },
-  }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage,
+      sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
+      location: { search: '' },
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
  // Session dismissal must never have written the durable key.
  assert.equal(storage.read(), null);
 });
@@ -67,43 +77,65 @@ test('the checkbox writes and clears durable suppression, and a storage reset un
  const storage = memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_STORAGE_KEY);
  setFirstRunSuppressed(true, storage);
  assert.equal(storage.read(), 'suppressed');
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    storage,
-    sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
-    location: { search: '' },
-  }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage,
+      sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
+      location: { search: '' },
+    }),
+    false,
+  );

  // Unticking before dismissing takes the suppression back.
  setFirstRunSuppressed(false, storage);
  assert.equal(storage.read(), null);
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    storage,
-    sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
-    location: { search: '' },
-  }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage,
+      sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
+      location: { search: '' },
+    }),
+    true,
+  );

  // A cleared/hard-reset profile shows it again — an accepted, documented cost.
  setFirstRunSuppressed(true, storage);
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    storage: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_STORAGE_KEY),
-    sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
-    location: { search: '' },
-  }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_STORAGE_KEY),
+      sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
+      location: { search: '' },
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
 });

 test('welcome params work in both directions and outrank both suppressions', () => {
  const suppressed = memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_STORAGE_KEY, 'suppressed');
  const dismissed = memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY, 'dismissed');
  // ?welcome=1 replays past the checkbox AND past a session dismissal.
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    storage: suppressed, sessionStorageRef: dismissed, location: { search: '?welcome=1' },
-  }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage: suppressed,
+      sessionStorageRef: dismissed,
+      location: { search: '?welcome=1' },
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
  // ?welcome=0 suppresses a session that would otherwise see it.
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({ ...fresh(), location: { search: '?welcome=0' } }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({ ...fresh(), location: { search: '?welcome=0' } }),
+    false,
+  );
  // A share link outranks everything, including the replay hatch.
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    hasShareState: true, ...fresh(), location: { search: '?welcome=1' },
-  }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      hasShareState: true,
+      ...fresh(),
+      location: { search: '?welcome=1' },
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
 });

 test('a share link never sees the launcher — its author already chose the view', () => {
@@ -112,11 +144,20 @@ test('a share link never sees the launcher — its author already chose the view

 test('privacy-restricted storage fails open and every write stays best-effort', () => {
  const blocked = {
-    getItem: () => { throw new Error('blocked'); },
-    setItem: () => { throw new Error('blocked'); },
-    removeItem: () => { throw new Error('blocked'); },
+    getItem: () => {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+    setItem: () => {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+    removeItem: () => {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
  };
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({ storage: blocked, sessionStorageRef: blocked }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({ storage: blocked, sessionStorageRef: blocked }),
+    true,
+  );
  assert.doesNotThrow(() => setFirstRunSuppressed(true, blocked));
  assert.doesNotThrow(() => rememberFirstRunSessionDismissed(blocked));
 });
@@ -128,10 +169,15 @@ test('a THROWING storage getter still fails open — Safari private mode', () =>
  // before the function body starts, so the SecurityError escapes every
  // try/catch in the module and the launcher silently never appears.
  const saved = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(globalThis, 'localStorage');
-  const savedSession = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(globalThis, 'sessionStorage');
+  const savedSession = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(
+    globalThis,
+    'sessionStorage',
+  );
  const hostile = {
    configurable: true,
-    get() { throw new Error('SecurityError: The operation is insecure.'); },
+    get() {
+      throw new Error('SecurityError: The operation is insecure.');
+    },
  };
  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'localStorage', hostile);
  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'sessionStorage', hostile);
@@ -152,16 +198,22 @@ test('a THROWING storage getter still fails open — Safari private mode', () =>
  } finally {
    if (saved) Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'localStorage', saved);
    else delete globalThis.localStorage;
-    if (savedSession) Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'sessionStorage', savedSession);
+    if (savedSession)
+      Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'sessionStorage', savedSession);
    else delete globalThis.sessionStorage;
  }
 });

 test('no storage is touched from a default parameter position', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  // Comments stripped first: the block explaining this very defect quotes the
  // bad pattern, and matching prose instead of code would make the pin a liar.
-  const code = module.replace(/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//g, '').replace(/^\s*\/\/.*$/gm, '');
+  const code = module
+    .replace(/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//g, '')
+    .replace(/^\s*\/\/.*$/gm, '');
  assert.doesNotMatch(
    code,
    /=\s*globalThis\.(local|session)Storage/,
@@ -169,14 +221,24 @@ test('no storage is touched from a default parameter position', () => {
  );
  // The only reads of the global areas live inside the guarded resolver.
  const globalReads = [...code.matchAll(/globalThis\.(local|session)Storage/g)];
-  assert.equal(globalReads.length, 2, 'exactly two global storage reads, both in resolveStore');
-  const resolver = code.slice(code.indexOf('function resolveStore'), code.indexOf('function readStored'));
+  assert.equal(
+    globalReads.length,
+    2,
+    'exactly two global storage reads, both in resolveStore',
+  );
+  const resolver = code.slice(
+    code.indexOf('function resolveStore'),
+    code.indexOf('function readStored'),
+  );
  assert.equal(
    [...resolver.matchAll(/globalThis\.(local|session)Storage/g)].length,
    2,
    'both global storage reads must be inside resolveStore, inside its try',
  );
-  assert.match(resolver, /try \{[\s\S]*globalThis\.sessionStorage[\s\S]*\} catch/);
+  assert.match(
+    resolver,
+    /try \{[\s\S]*globalThis\.sessionStorage[\s\S]*\} catch/,
+  );
  assert.match(code, /function readStored\(kind, injected, key\)/);
  assert.match(code, /function writeStored\(kind, injected, key, value\)/);
 });
@@ -184,33 +246,52 @@ test('no storage is touched from a default parameter position', () => {
 // ── ESC arbitration: one surface, one key, never an invisible handler ────────

 test('the JS and CSS lists of screen-claiming surfaces stay in step', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  const css = readStylesheet(new URL('../style.css', import.meta.url));

-  assert.deepEqual(
-    [...EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES].sort(),
-    ['cockpit-mode', 'recording-mode', 'scene-playback-mode', 'ui-clean-view'],
-  );
+  assert.deepEqual([...EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES].sort(), [
+    'cockpit-mode',
+    'recording-mode',
+    'scene-playback-mode',
+    'ui-clean-view',
+  ]);
  // A surface that hides the card in CSS but is missing from the JS list would
  // leave an invisible launcher holding the ESC handler — blocker 2 exactly.
  const hideRule = css.slice(
    css.indexOf('body.ui-clean-view #first-run-launcher'),
-    css.indexOf('display: none', css.indexOf('body.ui-clean-view #first-run-launcher')),
+    css.indexOf(
+      'display: none',
+      css.indexOf('body.ui-clean-view #first-run-launcher'),
+    ),
  );
-  const inCss = [...hideRule.matchAll(/body\.([a-z-]+) #first-run-launcher/g)].map((m) => m[1]);
+  const inCss = [
+    ...hideRule.matchAll(/body\.([a-z-]+) #first-run-launcher/g),
+  ].map((m) => m[1]);
  assert.deepEqual(
    inCss.sort(),
    [...EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES].sort(),
    'every screen-claiming surface must appear in BOTH lists',
  );
-  assert.match(module, /export const EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES = Object\.freeze\(\[/);
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /export const EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES = Object\.freeze\(\[/,
+  );
 });

 test('exclusiveSurfaceActive reads the live body classes', () => {
-  const make = (classes) => ({ body: { classList: { contains: (name) => classes.includes(name) } } });
+  const make = (classes) => ({
+    body: { classList: { contains: (name) => classes.includes(name) } },
+  });
  assert.equal(exclusiveSurfaceActive(make([])), false);
  for (const name of EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES) {
-    assert.equal(exclusiveSurfaceActive(make([name])), true, `${name} must count as exclusive`);
+    assert.equal(
+      exclusiveSurfaceActive(make([name])),
+      true,
+      `${name} must count as exclusive`,
+    );
  }
  assert.equal(exclusiveSurfaceActive(make(['some-other-class'])), false);
  assert.equal(exclusiveSurfaceActive(undefined), false);
@@ -218,14 +299,25 @@ test('exclusiveSurfaceActive reads the live body classes', () => {
 });

 test('the key handler refuses to act for a card that is not really on screen', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  assert.match(module, /isActive: \(\) => !closing && isTopmost\(\)/);
  // Real visibility, not just the class: the class survives while CSS hides the
  // card, which is precisely how a Scene left an invisible ESC handler armed.
  assert.match(module, /const isTopmost = \(\) =>\s*root\.isConnected/);
-  assert.match(module, /&&\s*root\.getClientRects\(\)\.length > 0 &&\s*!coveredByOverlay\(\);/);
-  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const handler = keyboard.slice(keyboard.indexOf('const onKeyDown = (event) => {'));
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /&&\s*root\.getClientRects\(\)\.length > 0 &&\s*!coveredByOverlay\(\);/,
+  );
+  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const handler = keyboard.slice(
+    keyboard.indexOf('const onKeyDown = (event) => {'),
+  );
  assert.match(
    handler.slice(0, handler.indexOf("if (event.key === 'Escape')")),
    /!isActive\(\)/,
@@ -234,7 +326,10 @@ test('the key handler refuses to act for a card that is not really on screen', (
 });

 test('an overlay with NO class to watch still disarms the launcher', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  const css = readStylesheet(new URL('../style.css', import.meta.url));

  // The repro, pinned as the stacking it actually is: the attribution lightbox
@@ -242,7 +337,10 @@ test('an overlay with NO class to watch still disarms the launcher', () => {
  // keeps its box, so getClientRects() alone called it visible, ESC dismissed a
  // buried launcher and wrote the session flag while the lightbox stayed open.
  const overlay = css.slice(css.indexOf('.cesium-credit-lightbox-overlay {'));
-  assert.match(overlay.slice(0, overlay.indexOf('}')), /z-index: 200 !important/);
+  assert.match(
+    overlay.slice(0, overlay.indexOf('}')),
+    /z-index: 200 !important/,
+  );
  const launcher = css.slice(css.indexOf('#first-run-launcher {'));
  assert.match(launcher.slice(0, launcher.indexOf('}')), /z-index: 175/);

@@ -259,14 +357,26 @@ test('an overlay with NO class to watch still disarms the launcher', () => {

  // ...and every inconclusive answer is UNCOVERED, so a guard added to stop the
  // launcher acting under an overlay can never become why ESC stopped working.
-  assert.match(covered, /if \(typeof documentRef\.elementFromPoint !== 'function'\) return false;/);
-  assert.match(covered, /if \(!\(rect\.width > 0 && rect\.height > 0\)\) return false;/);
+  assert.match(
+    covered,
+    /if \(typeof documentRef\.elementFromPoint !== 'function'\) return false;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    covered,
+    /if \(!\(rect\.width > 0 && rect\.height > 0\)\) return false;/,
+  );
  assert.match(covered, /\} catch \{\s*\n\s*return false;\s*\n\s*\}/);
 });

 test('one ESC does one thing — the radio disclosure stops the launcher outright', () => {
-  const ui = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/radioBindings.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const ui = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/radioBindings.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );

  // stopPropagation() does NOT stop later listeners on the SAME document, so the
  // disclosure's earlier capture handler closed the disclosure and the launcher
@@ -276,30 +386,45 @@ test('one ESC does one thing — the radio disclosure stops the launcher outrigh
  const claim = radioEsc.slice(0, radioEsc.indexOf('setRadioDisclosure(false'));
  assert.match(claim, /event\.preventDefault\(\);/);
  assert.match(claim, /event\.stopImmediatePropagation\(\);/);
-  assert.doesNotMatch(claim, /event\.stopPropagation\(\);/,
-    'the plain form leaves the launcher listening and is the defect itself');
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    claim,
+    /event\.stopPropagation\(\);/,
+    'the plain form leaves the launcher listening and is the defect itself',
+  );

  // Belt on the launcher side: a key another surface already marked is not ours,
  // whether or not that surface remembered to silence us.
-  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const handler = keyboard.slice(keyboard.indexOf('const onKeyDown = (event) => {'));
+  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const handler = keyboard.slice(
+    keyboard.indexOf('const onKeyDown = (event) => {'),
+  );
  assert.match(
    handler.slice(0, handler.indexOf("if (event.key === 'Escape')")),
    /event\.defaultPrevented\) return;/,
-    'a marked key must be somebody else\'s key',
+    "a marked key must be somebody else's key",
  );
 });

 test('a refused write takes the tick back instead of promising "never again"', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );

  // The write stays best-effort; the OUTCOME is now reported, because a box left
  // ticked after a refused write tells the visitor the launcher is gone for good
  // while it is already guaranteed to return next session.
  const blocked = {
    getItem: () => null,
-    setItem: () => { throw new Error('blocked'); },
-    removeItem: () => { throw new Error('blocked'); },
+    setItem: () => {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+    removeItem: () => {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
  };
  assert.equal(setFirstRunSuppressed(true, blocked), false);
  assert.equal(setFirstRunSuppressed(false, blocked), false);
@@ -318,13 +443,26 @@ test('a refused write takes the tick back instead of promising "never again"', (
    module.indexOf('const onSuppressChange = (event) => {'),
    module.indexOf('  const keyboard = createSurfaceKeyboard({'),
  );
-  assert.match(handler, /if \(setFirstRunSuppressed\(wanted, storage\)\) return;/);
-  assert.match(handler, /box\.checked = !wanted;/, 'a refused write must revert the tick');
+  assert.match(
+    handler,
+    /if \(setFirstRunSuppressed\(wanted, storage\)\) return;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    handler,
+    /box\.checked = !wanted;/,
+    'a refused write must revert the tick',
+  );
 });

 test('a surface class that never clears is an ACCEPTED no-show, not a timer', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const state = fs.readFileSync(new URL('../docs/CURRENT-STATE.md', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const state = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('../docs/CURRENT-STATE.md', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );

  // A "reveal anyway after N seconds" would trade a benign no-show for the card
  // punching through a recording in progress — recordings run long, and none of
@@ -336,33 +474,65 @@ test('a surface class that never clears is an ACCEPTED no-show, not a timer', ()
    module.indexOf('ACCEPTED, DELIBERATELY NOT TIMED OUT'),
    module.indexOf('  const onViewportResize'),
  );
-  assert.ok(accepted.length > 0, 'the acceptance must be written where the next editor will read it');
-  assert.match(accepted, /const syncToExclusiveSurfaces = \(\) => \{/,
-    'the pin must cover the function the note governs, not just the note');
-  assert.doesNotMatch(accepted, /setTimeout|setInterval/,
-    'the acceptance is the decision NOT to time this out');
+  assert.ok(
+    accepted.length > 0,
+    'the acceptance must be written where the next editor will read it',
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    accepted,
+    /const syncToExclusiveSurfaces = \(\) => \{/,
+    'the pin must cover the function the note governs, not just the note',
+  );
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    accepted,
+    /setTimeout|setInterval/,
+    'the acceptance is the decision NOT to time this out',
+  );
  assert.match(accepted, /docs\/CURRENT-STATE\.md/);
-  assert.match(state, /a surface class that never clears means no launcher for that page/i);
+  assert.match(
+    state,
+    /a surface class that never clears means no launcher for that page/i,
+  );
 });

 test('the scroll fade only appears when the list really overflows', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  const css = readStylesheet(new URL('../style.css', import.meta.url));
  // A fade on a card where all five tiles fit promises a sixth mission that does
  // not exist, which is worse than no affordance at all.
-  assert.match(module, /const overflows = choiceList\.scrollHeight > choiceList\.clientHeight \+ 1;/);
-  assert.match(module, /choiceList\.dataset\.scrollable = String\(overflows\);/);
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /const overflows = choiceList\.scrollHeight > choiceList\.clientHeight \+ 1;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /choiceList\.dataset\.scrollable = String\(overflows\);/,
+  );
  // ...and the CSS must be gated on that flag, never on the media query alone.
-  assert.match(css, /\.first-run-choices\[data-scrollable='true'\] \{[\s\S]*?mask-image/);
-  const bareFade = css.match(/^\s*\.first-run-choices \{[\s\S]*?\n\}/m)?.[0] || '';
-  assert.doesNotMatch(bareFade, /mask-image/, 'the fade must never apply unconditionally');
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /\.first-run-choices\[data-scrollable='true'\] \{[\s\S]*?mask-image/,
+  );
+  const bareFade =
+    css.match(/^\s*\.first-run-choices \{[\s\S]*?\n\}/m)?.[0] || '';
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    bareFade,
+    /mask-image/,
+    'the fade must never apply unconditionally',
+  );
  // Rotating a phone changes which tiles fit, so it re-measures.
  assert.match(module, /addEventListener\?\.\('resize', onViewportResize\)/);
  assert.match(module, /removeEventListener\?\.\('resize', onViewportResize\)/);
 });

 test('the launcher yields on engage and waits when a surface is already up', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  // Both directions from one observer: yield if it is up and something takes
  // the screen; wait to reveal if something already has it.
  assert.match(
@@ -375,19 +545,28 @@ test('the launcher yields on engage and waits when a surface is already up', ()
  // not see a new hold because of onboarding chrome.
  assert.match(module, /attributes: true,\s*attributeFilter: \['class'\]/);
  assert.match(module, /surfaceObserver\?\.disconnect\(\)/);
-  assert.doesNotMatch(module, /setInterval|requestAnimationFrame\(function poll/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    module,
+    /setInterval|requestAnimationFrame\(function poll/,
+  );
 });

 // ── Per-mission behavior ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────

-function missionSpy({ contextOk = true, layerResult = () => true, globe = async () => ({ ok: true }) } = {}) {
+function missionSpy({
+  contextOk = true,
+  layerResult = () => true,
+  globe = async () => ({ ok: true }),
+} = {}) {
  const calls = { contextModes: [], layerIds: [], globeFlights: 0 };
  return {
    calls,
    deps: {
      setContextMode: async (mode) => {
        calls.contextModes.push(mode);
-        return contextOk ? { ok: true, mode } : { ok: false, failedLayerIds: ['rocket-launches'] };
+        return contextOk
+          ? { ok: true, mode }
+          : { ok: false, failedLayerIds: ['rocket-launches'] };
      },
      setLayerEnabled: async (layerId) => {
        calls.layerIds.push(layerId);
@@ -408,14 +587,23 @@ test('the menu is the four owner-ordered missions', () => {
  // went is the one-click globe-scale dump. Restoring the tile needs the
  // globe-LOD declutter first.
  assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS), [
-    'contacts', 'space-missions', 'environmental', 'explore',
+    'contacts',
+    'space-missions',
+    'environmental',
+    'explore',
  ]);
-  assert.equal(FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS.infrastructure, undefined,
-    'the infrastructure mission must be gone, not dormant');
+  assert.equal(
+    FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS.infrastructure,
+    undefined,
+    'the infrastructure mission must be gone, not dormant',
+  );
 });

 test('Live Contacts and Space Missions go through the one setContextMode facade', async () => {
-  for (const [choice, mode] of [['contacts', 'contacts'], ['space-missions', 'space-missions']]) {
+  for (const [choice, mode] of [
+    ['contacts', 'contacts'],
+    ['space-missions', 'space-missions'],
+  ]) {
    const spy = missionSpy();
    const outcome = await runFirstRunChoice(choice, spy.deps);
    assert.equal(outcome.ok, true);
@@ -445,8 +633,14 @@ test('the tile is the FULLY CONFIGURED experience: quakes and fires together', (
  // that row into LOAD FAILED — a defect in the shared state machine, ledgered
  // post-launch, and the note must stay where the next editor will read it
  // rather than being re-discovered as a launcher bug.
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const table = module.slice(module.indexOf('  environmental: Object.freeze({'), module.indexOf('  explore:'));
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const table = module.slice(
+    module.indexOf('  environmental: Object.freeze({'),
+    module.indexOf('  explore:'),
+  );
  assert.match(table, /KEY REQUIRED/);
  assert.match(table, /src\/loadingFeedback\.js/);
  assert.match(table, /LEDGERED post-launch/);
@@ -461,7 +655,10 @@ test('every visitor gets the same tile — there is no degraded keyless variant'
  assert.equal(outcome.ok, true);
  assert.deepEqual(outcome.failedLayerIds, []);
  assert.deepEqual(spy.calls.layerIds, ['earthquakes', 'local-firms']);
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  assert.doesNotMatch(
    module.slice(module.indexOf('export async function runFirstRunChoice')),
    /FIRMS_MAP_KEY|hasKey|keyless\s*\?/,
@@ -476,16 +673,31 @@ test('a refused layer fails the mission by name, and a stalled flight never does
  assert.deepEqual(outcome.failedLayerIds, ['earthquakes']);

  // The globe flight is framing. A cancelled or throwing flight is not a failure.
-  const flightDown = missionSpy({ globe: () => { throw new Error('cancelled'); } });
-  assert.equal((await runFirstRunChoice('environmental', flightDown.deps)).ok, true);
+  const flightDown = missionSpy({
+    globe: () => {
+      throw new Error('cancelled');
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    (await runFirstRunChoice('environmental', flightDown.deps)).ok,
+    true,
+  );
 });

 test('Explore manually touches nothing at all, and an unknown choice is inert', async () => {
  const spy = missionSpy();
  assert.equal((await runFirstRunChoice('explore', spy.deps)).ok, true);
-  assert.deepEqual(spy.calls, { contextModes: [], layerIds: [], globeFlights: 0 });
+  assert.deepEqual(spy.calls, {
+    contextModes: [],
+    layerIds: [],
+    globeFlights: 0,
+  });
  assert.equal((await runFirstRunChoice('nope', spy.deps)).ok, false);
-  assert.deepEqual(spy.calls, { contextModes: [], layerIds: [], globeFlights: 0 });
+  assert.deepEqual(spy.calls, {
+    contextModes: [],
+    layerIds: [],
+    globeFlights: 0,
+  });
 });

 test('a failed Context mission reports the layers the facade named', async () => {
@@ -500,14 +712,22 @@ test('the fires/quakes tile name is switchable from one constant', () => {
  assert.equal(environmentalLabel('EARTH_WATCH').title, 'EARTH WATCH');
  assert.equal(environmentalLabel('ACTIVE_EVENTS').title, 'ACTIVE EVENTS');
  assert.equal(environmentalLabel('nonsense').title, 'ENVIRONMENTAL');
-  assert.equal(environmentalLabel().title, environmentalLabel(ENVIRONMENTAL_LABEL_CHOICE).title);
+  assert.equal(
+    environmentalLabel().title,
+    environmentalLabel(ENVIRONMENTAL_LABEL_CHOICE).title,
+  );
 });

 // ── Defaults interplay: what a mission is allowed to persist ─────────────────

 test('no mission writes a preference the visitor did not choose by picking it', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const code = module.slice(module.indexOf('export function shouldShowFirstRun'));
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const code = module.slice(
+    module.indexOf('export function shouldShowFirstRun'),
+  );

  // Layer enables ARE durable in this app and a mission tile IS that choice, so
  // they run at the same origin a click on those rows uses.
@@ -528,22 +748,45 @@ test('no mission writes a preference the visitor did not choose by picking it',
    '_setModels3dParams',
    'setFeather',
  ]) {
-    assert.doesNotMatch(code, new RegExp(forbidden), `a mission must never touch ${forbidden}`);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(
+      code,
+      new RegExp(forbidden),
+      `a mission must never touch ${forbidden}`,
+    );
  }

  // The only durable panel write is the Context reveal, and only on the Context
  // missions — the globe missions open no panel at all.
  const panelWrites = code.match(/setPanelCollapsed/g) || [];
-  assert.equal(panelWrites.length, 1, 'exactly one panel reveal, on the Context path');
-  const contextPath = code.slice(code.indexOf('setContextMode: async (mode)'), code.indexOf('setLayerEnabled:'));
-  assert.match(contextPath, /result\?\.ok[\s\S]*?setPanelCollapsed\?\.\('global-context-panel', false, \{\s*explicit: true,?\s*\}\)/);
+  assert.equal(
+    panelWrites.length,
+    1,
+    'exactly one panel reveal, on the Context path',
+  );
+  const contextPath = code.slice(
+    code.indexOf('setContextMode: async (mode)'),
+    code.indexOf('setLayerEnabled:'),
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    contextPath,
+    /result\?\.ok[\s\S]*?setPanelCollapsed\?\.\('global-context-panel', false, \{\s*explicit: true,?\s*\}\)/,
+  );
 });

 test('the decision table is written down where the next editor will read it', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  assert.match(module, /MISSION → APP STATE, AND WHAT IT IS ALLOWED TO PERSIST/);
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /MISSION → APP STATE, AND WHAT IT IS ALLOWED TO PERSIST/,
+  );
  for (const row of ['TOUCHED, DURABLE', 'TOUCHED, SESSION', 'NOT TOUCHED']) {
-    assert.ok(module.includes(row), `decision table is missing its "${row}" rows`);
+    assert.ok(
+      module.includes(row),
+      `decision table is missing its "${row}" rows`,
+    );
  }
  assert.match(module, /SHOW POLICY/);
 });
@@ -551,56 +794,109 @@ test('the decision table is written down where the next editor will read it', ()
 // ── Markup, startup ordering, accessibility ─────────────────────────────────

 test('markup, startup ordering and accessibility remain pinned', () => {
-  const html = expandApplicationHtml(fs.readFileSync(new URL('../index.html', import.meta.url), 'utf8'));
-  const startup = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./app/startupChrome.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const html = expandApplicationHtml(
+    fs.readFileSync(new URL('../index.html', import.meta.url), 'utf8'),
+  );
+  const startup = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./app/startupChrome.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  const css = readStylesheet(new URL('../style.css', import.meta.url));

-  assert.match(html, /id="first-run-launcher" role="dialog"[^>]*aria-labelledby="first-run-title"[^>]*hidden/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /id="first-run-launcher" role="dialog"[^>]*aria-labelledby="first-run-title"[^>]*hidden/,
+  );
  assert.equal((html.match(/data-first-run-choice=/g) || []).length, 4);
-  assert.match(html, /data-first-run-status[^>]*role="status"[^>]*aria-live="polite"/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /data-first-run-status[^>]*role="status"[^>]*aria-live="polite"/,
+  );
  assert.match(html, /<input type="checkbox" data-first-run-suppress \/>/);
  assert.match(html, /<strong data-first-run-environmental-title>/);
  // Subcopy must name BOTH feeds the tile turns on — a tile that promised only
  // half of what it does is the defect this replaced. Only the VISIBLE <small>
  // text counts; the comment beside it naturally says the words too.
-  const envTile = html.slice(html.indexOf('data-first-run-choice="environmental"'));
-  const visible = envTile.slice(envTile.indexOf('<small>'), envTile.indexOf('</small>'));
+  const envTile = html.slice(
+    html.indexOf('data-first-run-choice="environmental"'),
+  );
+  const visible = envTile.slice(
+    envTile.indexOf('<small>'),
+    envTile.indexOf('</small>'),
+  );
  assert.match(visible, /earthquakes/i);
-  assert.match(visible, /fires?/i, 'the tile must promise the fires it enables');
+  assert.match(
+    visible,
+    /fires?/i,
+    'the tile must promise the fires it enables',
+  );

  // The card's one persuasive line is OWNER-AUTHORED and pinned verbatim,
  // unspaced em dash included. This is copy, not prose to be improved in a
  // passing edit — changing it needs the owner, not a nicer-sounding rewrite.
  assert.ok(
-    html.includes('<p id="first-run-description">It feels like a forbidden cockpit'
-      + '—then you realize the sources are public and the data is real.</p>'),
+    html.includes(
+      '<p id="first-run-description" data-i18n-runtime>It feels like a forbidden cockpit' +
+        '—then you realize the sources are public and the data is real.</p>',
+    ),
    'the owner-authored first-run line must ship exactly as written',
  );

  // Menu order is the owner's, read straight off the markup.
-  const order = [...html.matchAll(/data-first-run-choice="([a-z-]+)"/g)].map((match) => match[1]);
-  assert.deepEqual(order, ['contacts', 'space-missions', 'environmental', 'explore']);
-  assert.doesNotMatch(html, /data-first-run-choice="infrastructure"/,
-    'the removed tile must leave no markup behind');
+  const order = [...html.matchAll(/data-first-run-choice="([a-z-]+)"/g)].map(
+    (match) => match[1],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(order, [
+    'contacts',
+    'space-missions',
+    'environmental',
+    'explore',
+  ]);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    html,
+    /data-first-run-choice="infrastructure"/,
+    'the removed tile must leave no markup behind',
+  );

  assert.match(startup, /styleManager\.initialRestorePromise/);
-  assert.ok(startup.indexOf("loadingScreen.classList.add('hidden')") < startup.indexOf("loadingScreen.addEventListener('transitionend', revealFirstRun"));
-  assert.match(startup, /initializeWelcome\?\.\(\{ styleManager, dataManager \}\)/);
+  assert.ok(
+    startup.indexOf("loadingScreen.classList.add('hidden')") <
+      startup.indexOf(
+        "loadingScreen.addEventListener('transitionend', revealFirstRun",
+      ),
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    startup,
+    /initializeWelcome\?\.\(\{ styleManager, dataManager \}\)/,
+  );

  assert.match(css, /body\.ui-clean-view #first-run-launcher/);
  assert.match(css, /body\.recording-mode #first-run-launcher/);
  // Scoped, not a bare search: style.css has other reduced-motion blocks, and
  // matching one of THOSE would let the launcher's own opt-out be deleted.
-  const reducedMotion = [...css.matchAll(/@media \(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce\) \{([\s\S]*?)\n\}/g)]
-    .map((match) => match[1]);
+  const reducedMotion = [
+    ...css.matchAll(
+      /@media \(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce\) \{([\s\S]*?)\n\}/g,
+    ),
+  ].map((match) => match[1]);
  assert.ok(
-    reducedMotion.some((block) => block.includes('#first-run-launcher') && block.includes('.first-run-choices')),
+    reducedMotion.some(
+      (block) =>
+        block.includes('#first-run-launcher') &&
+        block.includes('.first-run-choices'),
+    ),
    'the launcher must keep its OWN prefers-reduced-motion block, covering the card and the scrolling list',
  );
  // The card must be click-through until revealed and again while it fades out.
-  const base = css.slice(css.indexOf('#first-run-launcher {'), css.indexOf('#first-run-launcher.visible'));
+  const base = css.slice(
+    css.indexOf('#first-run-launcher {'),
+    css.indexOf('#first-run-launcher.visible'),
+  );
  assert.match(base, /pointer-events: none/);
-  assert.match(css, /#first-run-launcher\.visible \{[\s\S]*?pointer-events: auto/);
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /#first-run-launcher\.visible \{[\s\S]*?pointer-events: auto/,
+  );
  // The card is a flex column so its mission list can scroll on a short
  // viewport — and an AUTHOR `display` on this id outranks the UA's
  // `[hidden] { display: none }`, which would strand the card in the
@@ -616,13 +912,22 @@ test('markup, startup ordering and accessibility remain pinned', () => {
 });

 test('the launcher keeps focus, restores it, and never disables the focused button', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  // aria-disabled, never the `disabled` property: disabling a focused button
  // drops the keyboard to <body> and strands the visitor outside the launcher.
-  assert.match(module, /button\.setAttribute\('aria-disabled', String\(next\)\)/);
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /button\.setAttribute\('aria-disabled', String\(next\)\)/,
+  );
  assert.doesNotMatch(module, /button\.disabled = /);
  // Tab is confined to the launcher, and ESC always releases it.
-  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  assert.match(module, /keyboard\.activate\(\)/);
  assert.match(module, /keyboard\.deactivate\(\{ restoreFocus \}\)/);
  assert.match(keyboard, /event\.key !== 'Tab'/);
@@ -633,7 +938,10 @@ test('the launcher keeps focus, restores it, and never disables the focused butt
 });

 test('the DISPLAY rail starts collapsed on a first run, and a stored choice wins', () => {
-  const ui = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/panelPositionControls.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const ui = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/panelPositionControls.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  // The rail opened by default to advertise HUD / DETECT / 3D. Those default ON
  // now, so it was opening to offer controls for things already happening —
  // while competing with the mission card for the one first impression there is.
@@ -644,7 +952,11 @@ test('the DISPLAY rail starts collapsed on a first run, and a stored choice wins
  );
  // The first-run default may only apply when NOTHING is stored: a visitor who
  // opened the rail keeps it open, and one who closed it keeps it closed.
-  const block = ui.slice(ui.indexOf('stored = localStorage.getItem(this._panelCollapseStorageKey(panelId))'));
+  const block = ui.slice(
+    ui.indexOf(
+      'stored = localStorage.getItem(this._panelCollapseStorageKey(panelId))',
+    ),
+  );
  const guard = block.slice(0, block.indexOf('panelEl.classList.toggle'));
  assert.match(guard, /if \(stored === '1'\) collapsed = true;/);
  assert.match(guard, /if \(stored === '0'\) collapsed = false;/);
@@ -661,9 +973,17 @@ test('the voice TOOL SCHEMA matches the pinned contract — the mission mapping
  // Canonical serialization pins every tool name, description, property and
  // ordering while allowing source formatting. Derived from the unchanged
  // release schema before formatting (the previous source-byte pin passed).
-  const legacyTools = structuredClone(GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS).filter((tool) => tool.name !== 'set_cyber_sonar');
-  const hudLayout = legacyTools.find((tool) => tool.name === 'set_hud').parameters.properties.layout;
-  assert.deepEqual(hudLayout.enum, ['tactical', 'operator', 'minimal', 'cyber']);
+  const legacyTools = structuredClone(GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS).filter(
+    (tool) => tool.name !== 'set_cyber_sonar',
+  );
+  const hudLayout = legacyTools.find((tool) => tool.name === 'set_hud')
+    .parameters.properties.layout;
+  assert.deepEqual(hudLayout.enum, [
+    'tactical',
+    'operator',
+    'minimal',
+    'cyber',
+  ]);
  // Cyber deliberately adds one layout; first-run missions still change no tools.
  hudLayout.enum = hudLayout.enum.filter((layout) => layout !== 'cyber');
  const block = JSON.stringify(legacyTools);
@@ -680,7 +1000,10 @@ test('the voice TOOL SCHEMA matches the pinned contract — the mission mapping
    'b316ca2e67848eb565b6847ac044a19d1465d8ef8252a5dfbd7d947a2a36d5ed',
    'the first-run missions must ride EXISTING tools: no schema edit, no cache bust',
  );
-  const instructions = fs.readFileSync(new URL('../server/providers/openai/instructions.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const instructions = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('../server/providers/openai/instructions.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );

  // ...and the mapping that makes them reachable by voice is one instruction
  // string, whose rollback is deleting that string. Anchored to a LIVE array
@@ -691,23 +1014,39 @@ test('the voice TOOL SCHEMA matches the pinned contract — the mission mapping
    /\n\s+'NAMED VIEWS are shorthand/,
    'the mission mapping must be an active instruction entry, not commented out',
  );
-  const mapping = instructions.slice(instructions.indexOf('NAMED VIEWS are shorthand'));
+  const mapping = instructions.slice(
+    instructions.indexOf('NAMED VIEWS are shorthand'),
+  );
  const paragraph = mapping.slice(0, mapping.indexOf("',\n"));
  for (const layerId of [
-    'local-datacenters', 'local-dams', 'telegeography-submarine-cables', 'local-firms', 'earthquakes',
+    'local-datacenters',
+    'local-dams',
+    'telegeography-submarine-cables',
+    'local-firms',
+    'earthquakes',
  ]) {
-    assert.ok(paragraph.includes(layerId), `mapping must name the existing ${layerId} enum value`);
+    assert.ok(
+      paragraph.includes(layerId),
+      `mapping must name the existing ${layerId} enum value`,
+    );
  }
  assert.ok(paragraph.includes('zoom_to_globe'));
  assert.ok(paragraph.includes('set_layer_visibility'));
 });

 test('every layer a mission drives is already in the shipped set_layer_visibility enum', () => {
-  const tool = GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS.find(tool => tool.name === 'set_layer_visibility');
+  const tool = GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS.find(
+    (tool) => tool.name === 'set_layer_visibility',
+  );
  const allowedLayers = tool.parameters.properties.layerId.enum;
-  const missionLayerIds = Object.values(FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS).flatMap((mission) => mission.layerIds || []);
+  const missionLayerIds = Object.values(FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS).flatMap(
+    (mission) => mission.layerIds || [],
+  );
  assert.ok(missionLayerIds.length > 0);
  for (const layerId of missionLayerIds) {
-    assert.ok(allowedLayers.includes(layerId), `${layerId} must already be an allowed enum value`);
+    assert.ok(
+      allowedLayers.includes(layerId),
+      `${layerId} must already be an allowed enum value`,
+    );
  }
 });
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import { getBasemapLabelContext } from './voice/gevActions.js';
 import {
  hudSummaryMatchesProvenance,
  hudSummaryLayerContext,
-  hudTelemetryProvenanceTag,
+  hudTelemetryProvenance,
  isHudSummaryUnconfigured,
 } from './hudSummaryResponse.js';
 import {
@@ -35,7 +35,9 @@ import {
  DEFAULT_HUD_LAYOUT,
  normalizeHudLayout,
 } from './hudLayouts.js';
-import { t } from './i18n/index.js';
+import { formatNumber, msg, t } from './i18n/index.js';
+import { unitLabel } from './ui/unitLabels.js';
+import { localizeLayerName } from './ui/layerPanel.js';

 /** Color palettes keyed by shader mode; applied as CSS custom properties. */
 const HUD_COLORS = {
@@ -61,6 +63,110 @@ const HUD_COLORS = {
  },
 };

+/**
+ * Mode names shown for each style. Same English as STYLE_STATUS_LABELS in
+ * ui/visualPresets.js, so the top-left mode and the dock's active style
+ * translate alike.
+ */
+const MODE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  normal: msg('NORMAL'),
+  retro: msg('CRT'),
+  surveillance: msg('NVG'),
+  thermal: msg('FLIR'),
+  anime: msg('ANIME'),
+  noir: msg('NOIR'),
+  snow: msg('SNOW'),
+});
+
+/** Region ids from _regionLabel() and the name shown for each. */
+const REGION_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  ARCTIC: msg('ARCTIC'),
+  ANTARCTIC: msg('ANTARCTIC'),
+  'NORTH AMERICA': msg('NORTH AMERICA'),
+  'SOUTH AMERICA': msg('SOUTH AMERICA'),
+  EUROPE: msg('EUROPE'),
+  AFRICA: msg('AFRICA'),
+  ASIA: msg('ASIA'),
+  OCEANIA: msg('OCEANIA'),
+  'NORTHERN OCEANIC GRID': msg('NORTHERN OCEANIC GRID'),
+  'SOUTHERN OCEANIC GRID': msg('SOUTHERN OCEANIC GRID'),
+});
+
+/** Feed-state ids from hudTelemetryProvenance() and the word shown for each. */
+const FEED_STATE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  loading: msg('LOADING'),
+  degraded: msg('DEGRADED'),
+  stale: msg('STALE'),
+  partial: msg('PARTIAL'),
+  fallback: msg('FALLBACK'),
+  unavailable: msg('UNAVAILABLE'),
+});
+
+/**
+ * The summary's feed-state suffix in the active language, e.g.
+ * `UNAVAILABLE: LIVE AIS VESSELS`. State ids and layer names stay English in
+ * layer data; only this line translates them.
+ */
+function localizedProvenanceTag(provenance) {
+  if (!provenance) return null;
+  const state = FEED_STATE_LABELS[provenance.state]
+    ? t(FEED_STATE_LABELS[provenance.state])
+    : provenance.state.toUpperCase();
+  if (!provenance.names.length) return state;
+  return t('{state} {layers}', {
+    state,
+    layers: provenance.names
+      .map((name) => localizeLayerName(name).toUpperCase())
+      .join('/'),
+  });
+}
+
+/** The name shown for a _viewBand() id. */
+function viewBandLabel(band) {
+  switch (band) {
+    case 'STREET':
+      return t('STREET', { context: 'view band' });
+    case 'CITY':
+      return t('CITY', { context: 'view band' });
+    case 'METRO':
+      return t('METRO', { context: 'view band' });
+    case 'REGIONAL':
+      return t('REGIONAL', { context: 'view band' });
+    default:
+      return t('GLOBAL', { context: 'view band' });
+  }
+}
+
+/** An upper-case HUD quantity such as `13KM` / `13КМ`, in the active language. */
+function hudQuantity(value, unit, digits = 0) {
+  const number = formatNumber(value, {
+    useGrouping: false,
+    minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+    maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+  });
+  return `${number}${unitLabel(unit).toUpperCase()}`;
+}
+
+/** One hemisphere-tagged coordinate, e.g. `21.33N` / `21,33С`. */
+function hudCoordinate(value, positive, negative) {
+  return `${hudQuantity(Math.abs(value), '', 2)}${value >= 0 ? positive : negative}`;
+}
+
+/** The summary's locality line in the active language (see hudLocality.js). */
+const LOCALIZED_LOCALITY = Object.freeze({
+  near: ({ poi, city, distKm }) =>
+    t('NEAR {poi} ({city}) {distance}', {
+      poi,
+      city,
+      distance: hudQuantity(Math.round(distKm), 'km'),
+    }),
+  sector: ({ latDeg, lonDeg }) =>
+    t('SECTOR {lat} {lon}', {
+      lat: hudCoordinate(latDeg, t('N'), t('S')),
+      lon: hudCoordinate(lonDeg, t('E'), t('W')),
+    }),
+});
+
 /** Shader modes that automatically show the HUD overlay. */
 const MILITARY_STYLES = new Set(['retro', 'surveillance', 'thermal']);

@@ -186,6 +292,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
    this._el = document.getElementById('intel-hud');
    if (!this._el) return;

+    // i18n-ignore: sensor readout codes (MGRS, GSD, NIIRS, ONA, BAND…) and a classification banner; translated parts use t()
    this._el.innerHTML = `
      <div class="hud-sonar" aria-hidden="true"></div>

@@ -200,7 +307,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
        <div class="hud-content">
          <div class="hud-classification">TOP SECRET // SI-TK // NOFORN</div>
          <div class="hud-system">${this._missionId}  ${this._sensorId}</div>
-          <div class="hud-mode" id="hud-mode">NORMAL</div>
+          <div class="hud-mode" id="hud-mode">${t(MODE_LABELS.normal)}</div>
          <div class="hud-summary-wrap">
            <div class="hud-summary-label">${t('SUMMARY')}</div>
            <div class="hud-summary" id="hud-summary">${t('Awaiting telemetry...')}</div>
@@ -228,7 +335,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
        <div class="hud-content" style="text-align:right">
          <div id="hud-gsd">GSD: --m  NIIRS: --</div>
          <div id="hud-alt">ALT: --m   SUN: --° EL</div>
-          <div id="hud-ais-vessel" class="hud-ais-vessel">AIS: --</div>
+          <div id="hud-ais-vessel" class="hud-ais-vessel">${t('AIS: --')}</div>
        </div>
        <div class="hud-bracket">┘</div>
      </div>
@@ -356,9 +463,11 @@ export class IntelHUD {
      const formatted = this._formatMGRS(mgrsStr);
      mgrsLabel = formatted;
      const el = document.getElementById('hud-mgrs');
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor readout codes, same in every language
      if (el) el.textContent = `MGRS: ${formatted}`;
    } catch {
      const el = document.getElementById('hud-mgrs');
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor readout codes, same in every language
      if (el) el.textContent = 'MGRS: ---';
    }

@@ -367,6 +476,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
    if (llEl) llEl.textContent = `${latDMS} ${lonDMS}`;
    const bottomEl = document.getElementById('hud-bottom-line');
    if (bottomEl) {
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor readout codes, same in every language
      bottomEl.textContent = `MGRS: ${mgrsLabel}  LAT: ${latDMS}  LON: ${lonDMS}`;
    }

@@ -382,6 +492,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
    );
    const gsdEl = document.getElementById('hud-gsd');
    if (gsdEl)
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor readout codes, same in every language
      gsdEl.textContent = `GSD: ${gsd.toFixed(2)}m  NIIRS: ${niirs.toFixed(1)}`;

    // Altitude — reported as height above MEAN SEA LEVEL. `altM` is the raw
@@ -394,6 +505,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
    const altMslM = ellipsoidalToMslDisplayM(altM, geoidN);
    const sunEl = this._estimateSunElevation(latDeg, lonDeg);
    if (altEl)
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor readout codes, same in every language
      altEl.textContent = `ALT: ${Math.round(altMslM)}m   SUN: ${sunEl.toFixed(1)}° EL`;

    // Collection timestamp
@@ -403,6 +515,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
      const h = String(now.getUTCHours()).padStart(2, '0');
      const m = String(now.getUTCMinutes()).padStart(2, '0');
      const s = String(now.getUTCSeconds()).padStart(2, '0');
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor readout codes, same in every language
      collEl.textContent = `COLL: ${h}:${m}:${s}Z`;
    }

@@ -411,6 +524,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
    const pitchDeg = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(camera.pitch);
    const ona = Math.max(0, 90 + pitchDeg);
    const onaEl = document.getElementById('hud-ona');
+    // i18n-ignore: sensor readout codes, same in every language
    if (onaEl) onaEl.textContent = `ONA: ${ona.toFixed(1)}°`;

    // `altM` stays the raw ellipsoidal camera height the sensor model reads
@@ -638,7 +752,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
    if (!m) return t('Awaiting telemetry...');

    const modeEl = document.getElementById('hud-mode');
-    const modeLabel = modeEl?.textContent || 'NORMAL';
+    const modeLabel = modeEl?.textContent || t(MODE_LABELS.normal);
    const region = this._regionLabel(m.latDeg, m.lonDeg);
    const nearest = this._nearestKnownPoint(m.latDeg, m.lonDeg);
    const band = this._viewBand(m.altM);
@@ -650,20 +764,41 @@ export class IntelHUD {
    // together, so they must never disagree. The view band above deliberately
    // keeps the ellipsoidal height: its thresholds were tuned against it.
    const altDisplayM = Number.isFinite(m.altMslM) ? m.altMslM : m.altM;
+    // Display only: the AI summary request carries its own context, so this
+    // line is built in the active language.
    const altTag =
      altDisplayM >= 1000
-        ? `${(altDisplayM / 1000).toFixed(1)}KM`
-        : `${Math.round(altDisplayM)}M`;
+        ? hudQuantity(altDisplayM / 1000, 'km', 1)
+        : hudQuantity(Math.round(altDisplayM), 'm');
    const winTag = window
-      ? `${Math.max(1, Math.round(window.widthKm))}x${Math.max(1, Math.round(window.heightKm))}KM`
-      : 'N/A';
+      ? `${hudQuantity(Math.max(1, Math.round(window.widthKm)), '')}x${hudQuantity(Math.max(1, Math.round(window.heightKm)), 'km')}`
+      : t('N/A');
    // NEAR the nearest catalogued POI at metro range; otherwise the lat/lon sector.
-    const localityTag = composeLocalityTag(nearest, m.latDeg, m.lonDeg);
+    const localityTag = composeLocalityTag(
+      nearest,
+      m.latDeg,
+      m.lonDeg,
+      LOCALIZED_LOCALITY,
+    );

-    const provenance = hudTelemetryProvenanceTag(
-      this._dataManager?.getAll?.() || [],
+    const provenance = localizedProvenanceTag(
+      hudTelemetryProvenance(this._dataManager?.getAll?.() || []),
+    );
+    // ALT, SUN and ONA are sensor codes, as in the corner readouts.
+    const line = t(
+      '{mode} {band} {locality} | {region} | ALT {alt} | WINDOW {window} | SUN {sun}° | ONA {ona}° | {zone}',
+      {
+        mode: modeLabel,
+        band: viewBandLabel(band),
+        locality: localityTag,
+        region: REGION_LABELS[region] ? t(REGION_LABELS[region]) : region,
+        alt: altTag,
+        window: winTag,
+        sun: formatNumber(Math.round(m.sunEl)),
+        ona: formatNumber(Math.round(m.ona)),
+        zone: localTag,
+      },
    );
-    const line = `${modeLabel} ${band} ${localityTag} | ${region} | ALT ${altTag} | WINDOW ${winTag} | SUN ${m.sunEl.toFixed(0)}° | ONA ${m.ona.toFixed(0)}° | ${localTag}`;
    return provenance ? `${line} | ${provenance}` : line;
  }

@@ -819,8 +954,9 @@ export class IntelHUD {
    // Update mode label
    const modeEl = document.getElementById('hud-mode');
    if (modeEl) {
-      const modeNames = { surveillance: 'NVG', thermal: 'FLIR', retro: 'CRT' };
-      modeEl.textContent = modeNames[styleName] || styleName.toUpperCase();
+      modeEl.textContent = MODE_LABELS[styleName]
+        ? t(MODE_LABELS[styleName])
+        : styleName.toUpperCase();
    }
    // Update color scheme
    const colors = HUD_COLORS[styleName] || HUD_COLORS._default;
@@ -23,6 +23,17 @@
 */
 export const NEAR_POI_MAX_KM = 150;

+/**
+ * The English locality line. The HUD passes its own formatter so the page
+ * shows it in the active language; this default stays i18n-free.
+ */
+const ENGLISH_LOCALITY = Object.freeze({
+  near: ({ poi, city, distKm }) =>
+    `NEAR ${poi} (${city}) ${Math.round(distKm)}KM`,
+  sector: ({ latDeg, lonDeg }) =>
+    `SECTOR ${coordinateTag(latDeg, 'N', 'S')} ${coordinateTag(lonDeg, 'E', 'W')}`,
+});
+
 /**
 * Format one hemisphere-tagged coordinate, e.g. `21.33N` / `157.80W`.
 * @param {number} value Signed decimal degrees.
@@ -42,13 +53,24 @@ function coordinateTag(value, positive, negative) {
 *   catalogue is empty.
 * @param {number} latDeg Camera latitude in decimal degrees.
 * @param {number} lonDeg Camera longitude in decimal degrees.
+ * @param {{near: Function, sector: Function}} [format] Builds the line from
+ *   `{ poi, city, distKm }` (names upper-cased) or `{ latDeg, lonDeg }`.
 * @returns {string} `NEAR <POI> (<CITY>) <N>KM` within the bound (inclusive),
 *   otherwise `SECTOR <lat> <lon>`.
 */
-export function composeLocalityTag(nearest, latDeg, lonDeg) {
+export function composeLocalityTag(
+  nearest,
+  latDeg,
+  lonDeg,
+  format = ENGLISH_LOCALITY,
+) {
  const distKm = Number(nearest?.distKm);
  if (nearest && Number.isFinite(distKm) && distKm <= NEAR_POI_MAX_KM) {
-    return `NEAR ${String(nearest.poi).toUpperCase()} (${String(nearest.city).toUpperCase()}) ${Math.round(distKm)}KM`;
+    return format.near({
+      poi: String(nearest.poi).toUpperCase(),
+      city: String(nearest.city).toUpperCase(),
+      distKm,
+    });
  }
-  return `SECTOR ${coordinateTag(latDeg, 'N', 'S')} ${coordinateTag(lonDeg, 'E', 'W')}`;
+  return format.sector({ latDeg, lonDeg });
 }
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ test('the NEAR bound is metro scale, not continental', () => {

 test('a landmark under the camera reads NEAR', () => {
  assert.equal(
-    composeLocalityTag({ ...ALCATRAZ, distKm: 2.4 }, 37.8267, -122.4230),
+    composeLocalityTag({ ...ALCATRAZ, distKm: 2.4 }, 37.8267, -122.423),
    'NEAR ALCATRAZ ISLAND (SAN FRANCISCO) 2KM',
  );
  assert.equal(
@@ -40,20 +40,42 @@ test('the field failures now fall through to the SECTOR readout', () => {
 });

 test('the boundary is pinned on both sides, inclusive at the bound', () => {
-  const at = composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM }, 40, -78);
-  assert.match(at, /^NEAR LINCOLN MEMORIAL/, 'exactly at the bound still reads NEAR');
+  const at = composeLocalityTag(
+    { ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM },
+    40,
+    -78,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    at,
+    /^NEAR LINCOLN MEMORIAL/,
+    'exactly at the bound still reads NEAR',
+  );

-  const just_under = composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM - 0.1 }, 40, -78);
+  const just_under = composeLocalityTag(
+    { ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM - 0.1 },
+    40,
+    -78,
+  );
  assert.match(just_under, /^NEAR LINCOLN MEMORIAL/);

-  const just_over = composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM + 0.1 }, 40, -78);
+  const just_over = composeLocalityTag(
+    { ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM + 0.1 },
+    40,
+    -78,
+  );
  assert.match(just_over, /^SECTOR /, 'one step past the bound falls through');
 });

 test('southern and western hemispheres carry the right suffixes', () => {
  // Rio and Honolulu — the two the fallback already handled correctly in the field.
-  assert.equal(composeLocalityTag(null, -22.9068, -43.1729), 'SECTOR 22.91S 43.17W');
-  assert.equal(composeLocalityTag(null, 21.3069, -157.8583), 'SECTOR 21.31N 157.86W');
+  assert.equal(
+    composeLocalityTag(null, -22.9068, -43.1729),
+    'SECTOR 22.91S 43.17W',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    composeLocalityTag(null, 21.3069, -157.8583),
+    'SECTOR 21.31N 157.86W',
+  );
 });

 // The tests above all pass against a hud.js that still computes the tag inline —
@@ -72,7 +94,9 @@ test('hud.js actually composes its summary through this helper', () => {
    'hud.js must import composeLocalityTag from ./hudLocality.js',
  );
  assert.equal(
-    has(/const localityTag = composeLocalityTag\(nearest, m\.latDeg, m\.lonDeg\);/),
+    has(
+      /const localityTag = composeLocalityTag\(\s*nearest,\s*m\.latDeg,\s*m\.lonDeg,\s*LOCALIZED_LOCALITY,?\s*\);/,
+    ),
    true,
    '_composeSummary must build its locality tag through composeLocalityTag()',
  );
@@ -91,6 +115,24 @@ test('hud.js actually composes its summary through this helper', () => {
 test('a missing or malformed nearest POI never crashes the summary', () => {
  assert.match(composeLocalityTag(null, 0, 0), /^SECTOR /);
  assert.match(composeLocalityTag(undefined, 0, 0), /^SECTOR /);
-  assert.match(composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN, distKm: NaN }, 10, 10), /^SECTOR /);
+  assert.match(
+    composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN, distKm: NaN }, 10, 10),
+    /^SECTOR /,
+  );
  assert.match(composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN }, 10, 10), /^SECTOR /);
 });
+
+test('a formatter builds the line from the same parts', () => {
+  const format = {
+    near: ({ poi, city, distKm }) => `near:${poi}|${city}|${distKm}`,
+    sector: ({ latDeg, lonDeg }) => `sector:${latDeg}|${lonDeg}`,
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    composeLocalityTag({ ...ALCATRAZ, distKm: 2.4 }, 37.8, -122.4, format),
+    'near:ALCATRAZ ISLAND|SAN FRANCISCO|2.4',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    composeLocalityTag(null, 21.3, -157.8, format),
+    'sector:21.3|-157.8',
+  );
+});
@@ -83,12 +83,14 @@ export function hudSummaryLayerContext(layers = [], options) {
 }

 /**
- * Deterministic telemetry suffix when an enabled feed is not nominal.
+ * The feed state and up to two layer names for the HUD telemetry suffix when
+ * an enabled feed is not nominal. Values stay English (`state` is a feed-state
+ * id, `names` are `layer.name`); the HUD translates them for display.
 * @param {Array<object>} [layers]
 * @param {{ now?: number }} [options]
- * @returns {string|null}
+ * @returns {{ state: string, names: string[] }|null}
 */
-export function hudTelemetryProvenanceTag(layers = [], options) {
+export function hudTelemetryProvenance(layers = [], options) {
  const snapshots = layerSnapshots(layers, options).filter((s) => s.enabled);
  const envelope = feedProvenanceEnvelope(snapshots, options);
  if (!envelope.overall || envelope.overall === 'nominal') return null;
@@ -96,9 +98,9 @@ export function hudTelemetryProvenanceTag(layers = [], options) {
    .filter(
      (s) => s.feedState && s.feedState !== 'nominal' && s.feedState !== 'off',
    )
-    .map((s) => String(s.name || s.id || 'LAYER').toUpperCase())
+    .map((s) => String(s.name || s.id || 'LAYER'))
    .slice(0, 2);
-  return `${envelope.overall.toUpperCase()}${names.length ? ` ${names.join('/')}` : ''}`;
+  return { state: envelope.overall, names };
 }

 /** Require the supplied non-nominal state before showing an AI summary. */
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
  HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS,
  HUD_SUMMARY_UNCONFIGURED_CODE,
  hudSummaryLayerContext,
-  hudTelemetryProvenanceTag,
+  hudTelemetryProvenance,
  isHudSummaryUnconfigured,
  keylessHudSummaryResponse,
 } from './hudSummaryResponse.js';
@@ -30,7 +30,10 @@ function installOpenAiRoutes() {
  return routes;
 }

-function invokeRoute(handler, { method = 'GET', url = '/', remoteAddress = '127.0.0.1' } = {}) {
+function invokeRoute(
+  handler,
+  { method = 'GET', url = '/', remoteAddress = '127.0.0.1' } = {},
+) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    const headers = new Map();
    const req = {
@@ -71,33 +74,54 @@ test('builds an HTTP-success capability response only for a blank key', () => {
 test('recognizes only the exact deliberate no-key fallback response', () => {
  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD), true);
  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(503, UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
-    ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
-    error: 'provider failed',
-  }), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
-    ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
-    summary: 'Unexpected provider output',
-  }), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
-    ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
-    configured: true,
-  }), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
-    ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
-    unexpected: true,
-  }), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
-    code: HUD_SUMMARY_UNCONFIGURED_CODE,
-  }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
+      ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
+      error: 'provider failed',
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
+      ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
+      summary: 'Unexpected provider output',
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
+      ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
+      configured: true,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
+      ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
+      unexpected: true,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
+      code: HUD_SUMMARY_UNCONFIGURED_CODE,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
 });

 test('does not hide real provider and HTTP failures', () => {
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(502, {
-    code: HUD_SUMMARY_UNCONFIGURED_CODE,
-  }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(502, {
+      code: HUD_SUMMARY_UNCONFIGURED_CODE,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(503, UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, { error: 'provider failed' }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, { error: 'provider failed' }),
+    false,
+  );
 });

 test('the installed keyless HUD route stays successful after the voice quota is exhausted', async () => {
@@ -121,14 +145,18 @@ test('the installed keyless HUD route stays successful after the voice quota is
    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 2; attempt += 1) {
      const response = await invokeRoute(hud, { method: 'POST' });
      assert.equal(response.statusCode, 200);
-      assert.equal(response.headers['content-type'], 'application/json; charset=utf-8');
+      assert.equal(
+        response.headers['content-type'],
+        'application/json; charset=utf-8',
+      );
      assert.equal(response.headers['cache-control'], 'no-store');
      assert.deepEqual(response.body, UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD);
    }
  } finally {
    if (previousKey === undefined) delete process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY;
    else process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY = previousKey;
-    if (previousLimit === undefined) delete process.env.GEV_RATELIMIT_OPENAI_PER_MIN;
+    if (previousLimit === undefined)
+      delete process.env.GEV_RATELIMIT_OPENAI_PER_MIN;
    else process.env.GEV_RATELIMIT_OPENAI_PER_MIN = previousLimit;
  }
 });
@@ -140,7 +168,12 @@ test('HUD summary context and telemetry tag carry chip-identical feed-state', ()
      id: 'flights',
      name: 'Live Flights',
      enabled: true,
-      stats: { stale: true, count: 12, lastUpdate: now - 240_000, source: 'OpenSky Network' },
+      stats: {
+        stale: true,
+        count: 12,
+        lastUpdate: now - 240_000,
+        source: 'OpenSky Network',
+      },
    },
    {
      id: 'earthquakes',
@@ -153,27 +186,66 @@ test('HUD summary context and telemetry tag carry chip-identical feed-state', ()
  assert.deepEqual(context.enabledLayerLabels, ['Live Flights']);
  assert.equal(context.enabledLayers[0].feedState, 'stale');
  assert.equal(context.feedProvenance.overall, 'stale');
-  assert.equal(hudTelemetryProvenanceTag(layers, { now }), 'STALE LIVE FLIGHTS');
-  assert.equal(hudTelemetryProvenanceTag([{
-    id: 'flights', name: 'Live Flights', enabled: true, stats: { count: 4, lastUpdate: now },
-  }], { now }), null);
+  assert.deepEqual(hudTelemetryProvenance(layers, { now }), {
+    state: 'stale',
+    names: ['Live Flights'],
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    hudTelemetryProvenance(
+      [
+        {
+          id: 'flights',
+          name: 'Live Flights',
+          enabled: true,
+          stats: { count: 4, lastUpdate: now },
+        },
+      ],
+      { now },
+    ),
+    null,
+  );
 });

 test('HUD summary instructions require non-nominal feedState in the five words', () => {
-  assert.match(HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS, /five words MUST include that feedState token/);
-  assert.match(HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS, /STALE, DEGRADED, FALLBACK, LOADING, or UNAVAILABLE/);
+  assert.match(
+    HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS,
+    /five words MUST include that feedState token/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS,
+    /STALE, DEGRADED, FALLBACK, LOADING, or UNAVAILABLE/,
+  );
  assert.match(HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS, /feedProvenance/);
 });

 test('the HUD proxy uses the shared provenance instructions', () => {
-  const local = readFileSync(new URL('../server/providers/openai/hud-summary.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const local = readFileSync(
+    new URL('../server/providers/openai/hud-summary.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
  assert.match(local, /HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS/);
  assert.doesNotMatch(local, /enabled-layer text labels/);
 });

 test('AI summaries missing a non-nominal provenance token fall back deterministically', async () => {
-  const { hudSummaryMatchesProvenance } = await import('./hudSummaryResponse.js');
-  assert.equal(hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin flights operating normally today', { overall: 'stale' }), false);
-  assert.equal(hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin stale flights over downtown', { overall: 'stale' }), true);
-  assert.equal(hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin flights operating normally today', { overall: 'nominal' }), true);
+  const { hudSummaryMatchesProvenance } =
+    await import('./hudSummaryResponse.js');
+  assert.equal(
+    hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin flights operating normally today', {
+      overall: 'stale',
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin stale flights over downtown', {
+      overall: 'stale',
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin flights operating normally today', {
+      overall: 'nominal',
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
 });
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import {
  checkCatalog,
  extractMessages,
+  findUnmarked,
  readCatalog,
  shippedLocales,
+  unmarkedMarkup,
+  unmarkedScript,
 } from '../../scripts/i18n.mjs';
 import { LOCALES } from './locale.js';

@@ -32,6 +35,13 @@ for (const locale of shippedLocales()) {
  });
 }

+test('every UI string is marked for translation or kept on purpose (npm run i18n)', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    findUnmarked().map(({ where, text }) => `${where}  ${text}`),
+    [],
+  );
+});
+
 test('checkCatalog reports missing, stale, placeholder and plural problems', () => {
  const fixture = new Map([
    ['Saved {name}', { plural: false }],
@@ -55,3 +65,74 @@ test('checkCatalog reports missing, stale, placeholder and plural problems', ()
  assert.deepEqual(result.stale, ['Removed']);
  assert.equal(result.errors.length, 2);
 });
+
+test('checkCatalog reports a translation left in English unless it is allowed', () => {
+  const fixture = new Map([
+    ['Bloom', { plural: false }],
+    ['HDG', { plural: false }],
+    ['voice|READY', { plural: false }],
+    ['{state} · {source}', { plural: false }],
+  ]);
+  const catalog = {
+    Bloom: 'Bloom',
+    HDG: 'HDG',
+    'voice|READY': 'READY',
+    '{state} · {source}': '{state} · {source}',
+  };
+  const errors = (allowed) =>
+    checkCatalog('es', catalog, fixture, new Set(allowed)).errors;
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    errors([]).map((error) => error.split(' is still English')[0]),
+    ['"Bloom"', '"HDG"', '"voice|READY"'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(errors(['Bloom', 'HDG', 'voice|READY']), []);
+});
+
+test('unmarkedMarkup finds text and attributes without data-i18n*', () => {
+  const texts = (html) => unmarkedMarkup('f.html', html).map((f) => f.text);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('<span>Close</span>'), ['Close']);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('<span data-i18n>Close</span>'), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('<button title="Pin it">x</button>'), [
+    'title="Pin it"',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts('<button title="Pin it" data-i18n-title>x</button>'),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts('<select translate="no"><option>0.9 dB</option></select>'),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('<b data-i18n-runtime><i>OFF</i></b>'), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts('<span class="material-symbols-outlined">public</span>'),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('<!-- Note --><span>— 42 —</span>'), []);
+});
+
+test('unmarkedScript finds literals that reach the page without t/tn/msg', () => {
+  const texts = (js) => unmarkedScript('f.js', js).map((f) => f.text);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.textContent = 'Saved';"), ['Saved']);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.textContent = t('Saved');"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.textContent = on ? 'On air' : 'Off air';"), [
+    'On air',
+    'Off air',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.setAttribute('aria-label', `Open ${name}`);"), [
+    'Open',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts("const row = { label: msg('Wind'), id: 'wind' };"),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("const row = { label: 'Wind' };"), ['Wind']);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.textContent = labelFor('flights');"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.className = 'is-active';"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.title = mode === 'Auto mode' ? a : b;"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("// el.textContent = 'Old copy';"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts("// i18n-ignore: product name\nel.textContent = 'OpenSky';"),
+    [],
+  );
+});
@@ -130,6 +130,12 @@ test('tn() picks English and Russian plural forms', () => {
  assert.match(label(21), / 21 КЛЮЧ(?![А-ЯЁ])/);
 });

+test('t() context separates identical English with different meanings', () => {
+  assert.equal(t('CLEAR', { context: 'action' }), 'CLEAR');
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.notEqual(t('CLEAR', { context: 'action' }), t('CLEAR'));
+});
+
 test('msg() returns its text unchanged', () => {
  assert.equal(msg('Live Flights'), 'Live Flights');
 });
@@ -182,6 +188,31 @@ test('applyDocumentTranslations translates opted-in text and attributes in place
  assert.equal(unknown.textContent, 'No such message');
 });

+test('persistLocaleAndReload keeps the choice in ?lang when storage is blocked', () => {
+  const calls = [];
+  const location = {
+    href: 'https://gev.local/?x=1#scene=a',
+    assign: (url) => calls.push(['assign', url]),
+    reload: () => calls.push(['reload']),
+  };
+  const history = {
+    replaceState: (_s, _t, url) => calls.push(['replace', url]),
+  };
+  const storage = {
+    setItem() {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    persistLocaleAndReload('ru', { location, history, storage }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [
+    ['replace', 'https://gev.local/?x=1&lang=ru#scene=a'],
+    ['reload'],
+  ]);
+});
+
 test('persistLocaleAndReload stores the choice, keeps the hash, strips ?lang', () => {
  const storage = memoryStorage();
  const calls = [];
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //   t('Save keys')                                   → 'Сохранить ключи'
 //   t('Cleared {name}', { name })                    → named interpolation
 //   tn(count, '{count} camera', '{count} cameras')   → plural by Intl.PluralRules
+//   t('CLEAR', { context: 'action' })                → same English, own entry
 //   msg('Live Flights')                              → marks a string kept in data
 //                                                      for a later t(); returns it as is
 //
@@ -76,11 +77,13 @@ function lookup(text) {
 /**
 * Translate English source text into the active locale.
 * @param {string} text English text, e.g. 'Hold Space to talk'
- * @param {object} [values] Named interpolation values
+ * @param {object} [values] Named interpolation values. `context` tells
+ *   apart identical English with different meanings: t('CLEAR', { context:
+ *   'action' }) is the catalog entry "action|CLEAR"; English is unchanged.
 * @returns {string}
 */
 export function t(text, values) {
-  const entry = lookup(text);
+  const entry = lookup(values?.context ? `${values.context}|${text}` : text);
  return interpolate(typeof entry === 'string' ? entry : text, values);
 }

@@ -106,6 +109,18 @@ export function tn(count, one, other, values) {
  return interpolate(pattern, { ...values, count });
 }

+/**
+ * Translate text that may be ours or may come from a provider: a catalog
+ * entry is used when there is one, anything else shows as given, without a
+ * missing-translation warning.
+ */
+export function translateKnown(text) {
+  const catalog = CATALOGS[currentLocale];
+  if (!catalog || typeof text !== 'string') return text;
+  const entry = catalog[text];
+  return typeof entry === 'string' ? entry : text;
+}
+
 /** Mark English text that is stored in data and translated later by t(). */
 export function msg(text) {
  return text;
@@ -149,6 +164,32 @@ export function formatDate(value, options) {
  return cachedFormatter('date', Intl.DateTimeFormat, options).format(value);
 }

+const UTC_DAY_MONTH = Object.freeze({
+  day: '2-digit',
+  month: '2-digit',
+  timeZone: 'UTC',
+});
+
+/**
+ * The UTC day and month of a time, for "MM-DD HH:MM UTC" readouts: "10-13" in
+ * English (as before), "13.10" in Russian, "13/10" in Spanish, never read as a
+ * range. Takes an ISO string (its date part is used as written) or a time.
+ * @param {string|number|Date} value
+ * @returns {string} '' when the value is not a time.
+ */
+export function formatUtcDayMonth(value) {
+  const written =
+    typeof value === 'string' ? /^(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})/.exec(value) : null;
+  const time = written
+    ? Date.UTC(Number(written[1]), Number(written[2]) - 1, Number(written[3]))
+    : new Date(value).getTime();
+  if (!Number.isFinite(time)) return '';
+  if (currentLocale === 'en') return new Date(time).toISOString().slice(5, 10);
+  return cachedFormatter('date', Intl.DateTimeFormat, UTC_DAY_MONTH).format(
+    time,
+  );
+}
+
 /**
 * Locale-aware relative time (Intl.RelativeTimeFormat), e.g.
 * formatRelativeTime(-5, 'minute') → '5 minutes ago' / '5 минут назад'.
@@ -209,7 +250,7 @@ export function applyDocumentTranslations(doc) {
 /**
 * Persist a locale choice, then reload preserving window.location.hash exactly
 * and stripping ?lang from the search string, so the override is one-shot.
- * Storage is best-effort: where it is blocked the choice will not survive.
+ * Where storage is blocked, ?lang carries the choice instead.
 * @returns {boolean} true when a reload was triggered.
 */
 export function persistLocaleAndReload(
@@ -221,12 +262,14 @@ export function persistLocaleAndReload(
  } = {},
 ) {
  const normalized = normalizeLocale(locale) || DEFAULT_LOCALE;
-  writeStoredLocale(normalized, storage);
+  const stored = writeStoredLocale(normalized, storage);
  if (!location || typeof location.assign !== 'function') return false;
  let target = location.href;
  try {
+    // Without storage the choice only survives in the URL, so keep it there.
    const url = new URL(location.href);
-    url.searchParams.delete('lang');
+    if (stored) url.searchParams.delete('lang');
+    else url.searchParams.set('lang', normalized);
    target = url.href;
  } catch {
    // Keep the current href.
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+{
+  "es": [
+    "AIS: --",
+    "AIS: {name}",
+    "ANIME",
+    "ASIA",
+    "AUTO",
+    "Ambient",
+    "Anime",
+    "BRG {value}°",
+    "BRG —",
+    "Blues",
+    "CAL {value}",
+    "CAL · {badge}",
+    "CCTV",
+    "CRS {value}°",
+    "CRT",
+    "Country",
+    "DEST ---°",
+    "DEST {bearing}",
+    "Dance",
+    "ENE",
+    "ERROR",
+    "ESE",
+    "Error: {message}",
+    "FLIR",
+    "FLT",
+    "FM MHZ",
+    "FOV",
+    "FOV {value}°",
+    "FT",
+    "Folk",
+    "Funk",
+    "GEO",
+    "GOOGLE STREET VIEW",
+    "Global",
+    "Global · 60°S–60°N",
+    "Google Street View",
+    "HDG",
+    "HDG {value}°",
+    "Hip-Hop",
+    "House",
+    "Indie",
+    "Ironbow",
+    "Jazz",
+    "LOCAL",
+    "Landsat 8/9",
+    "MIC",
+    "MIL",
+    "MINI",
+    "MM",
+    "MONITOR",
+    "MSG/S",
+    "Metal",
+    "NAV",
+    "NE",
+    "NNE",
+    "NOIR",
+    "NORMAL",
+    "NVG",
+    "Noir",
+    "Normal",
+    "POS: {time}Z",
+    "Plan",
+    "Pop",
+    "Punk",
+    "R&B",
+    "RADIO",
+    "RANGE",
+    "REC",
+    "Radio",
+    "Reggae",
+    "Rock",
+    "SAR",
+    "SE",
+    "SECTOR {lat} {lon}",
+    "SIG",
+    "SRC {value}",
+    "SSE",
+    "STD",
+    "Sector",
+    "Sonar",
+    "Soul",
+    "Techno",
+    "Trance",
+    "VISUAL",
+    "VS",
+    "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "WX",
+    "audio {state}",
+    "dB",
+    "fire confidence|nominal",
+    "ft",
+    "hPa",
+    "installation class|BASE",
+    "km",
+    "km/h",
+    "min",
+    "mini",
+    "mph",
+    "nominal",
+    "panel",
+    "view band|GLOBAL",
+    "voice|ERROR",
+    "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
+    "{value} KM",
+    "{value} KM/H",
+    "{value} KM/S",
+    "ΔE",
+    "ΔN",
+    "▲ {frp} MW"
+  ],
+  "ru": [
+    "AIS: --",
+    "AIS: {name}",
+    "CCTV",
+    "CRT",
+    "FLIR",
+    "GEO",
+    "Ironbow",
+    "Landsat 8/9",
+    "NAV",
+    "NVG",
+    "R&B",
+    "REC",
+    "VS",
+    "WHOT/BHOT"
+  ]
+}
@@ -128,12 +128,17 @@ function updateCloudVoiceAuthControl(auth, busy = false) {
  const state = auth.querySelector('.key-setup-cloud-auth-state');
  const toggle = auth.querySelector('[data-cloud-voice-auth-toggle]');
  state.textContent =
-    mode === 'oauth' ? 'VOICE AUTH · CHATGPT OAUTH' : 'VOICE AUTH · API KEY';
-  toggle.textContent = mode === 'oauth' ? 'USE API KEY' : 'USE CHATGPT OAUTH';
+    mode === 'oauth'
+      ? t('VOICE AUTH · CHATGPT OAUTH')
+      : t('VOICE AUTH · API KEY');
+  toggle.textContent =
+    mode === 'oauth' ? t('USE API KEY') : t('USE CHATGPT OAUTH');
  toggle.title =
    mode === 'oauth'
-      ? 'Use OPENAI_API_KEY for the next cloud voice session'
-      : 'Use the signed-in local ChatGPT/Codex OAuth session for the next cloud voice session';
+      ? t('Use OPENAI_API_KEY for the next cloud voice session')
+      : t(
+          'Use the signed-in local ChatGPT/Codex OAuth session for the next cloud voice session',
+        );
  // Keep the control focusable while the delegated handler blocks repeats.
  toggle.setAttribute('aria-disabled', String(busy));
 }
@@ -153,21 +158,22 @@ function buildRow(documentRef, key) {
  led.className = 'key-setup-led';
  led.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
  const title = documentRef.createElement('strong');
-  title.textContent = key.title;
+  title.textContent = key.title; // i18n-ignore: provider product name
  const tier = documentRef.createElement('span');
  tier.className = 'key-setup-tier';
  tier.textContent = TIER_DOTS[key.tier] || '';
  tier.title =
    key.tier === 'metered'
-      ? 'Metered — a billing-enabled account'
-      : 'Free key — register, paste, done';
+      ? t('Metered — a billing-enabled account')
+      : t('Free key — register, paste, done');
  head.append(led, title, tier);
  if (key.clientExposed) {
    const exposed = documentRef.createElement('span');
    exposed.className = 'key-setup-exposed';
-    exposed.textContent = 'browser-side';
-    exposed.title =
-      'This key runs in the browser by design — restrict it at the provider (see SECURITY.md)';
+    exposed.textContent = t('browser-side');
+    exposed.title = t(
+      'This key runs in the browser by design — restrict it at the provider (see SECURITY.md)',
+    );
    head.append(exposed);
  }
  if (external) {
@@ -175,9 +181,10 @@ function buildRow(documentRef, key) {
    // facts this panel reports, never values it rewrites or deletes.
    const badge = documentRef.createElement('span');
    badge.className = 'key-setup-external';
-    badge.textContent = 'configured externally';
-    badge.title =
-      'Supplied by your environment, Keychain, or launcher — change it where it was set';
+    badge.textContent = t('configured externally');
+    badge.title = t(
+      'Supplied by your environment, Keychain, or launcher — change it where it was set',
+    );
    head.append(badge);
  }
  const get = documentRef.createElement('a');
@@ -185,7 +192,7 @@ function buildRow(documentRef, key) {
  get.href = key.getUrl;
  get.target = '_blank';
  get.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
-  get.textContent = key.set ? 'MANAGE ↗' : 'GET KEY ↗';
+  get.textContent = key.set ? t('MANAGE ↗') : t('GET KEY ↗');
  head.append(get);

  const unlocks = documentRef.createElement('p');
@@ -206,8 +213,8 @@ function buildRow(documentRef, key) {
      input.dataset.envVar = envVar;
      input.setAttribute('aria-label', envVar);
      input.placeholder = key.set
-        ? `${envVar} saved — paste to replace`
-        : `paste ${envVar}`;
+        ? t('{envVar} saved — paste to replace', { envVar })
+        : t('paste {envVar}', { envVar });
      fields.append(input);
    }
    if (key.managed === 'file') {
@@ -328,7 +335,9 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
    if (disposed) return;
    status = nextStatus;
    chipLabel.textContent = keySetupChipLabel(status);
-    chip.title = `Project keys: ${keySetupChipLabel(status)}`;
+    chip.title = t('Project keys: {status}', {
+      status: keySetupChipLabel(status),
+    });
    chip.setAttribute('aria-label', chip.title);
    // Fully powered is the owner's clean screen: the chip retires. The dialog
    // stays reachable this session (and via ?setup=1) to swap or verify keys.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const msg = (text) => text;
 export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'google-maps',
-    title: 'GOOGLE MAPS',
+    title: 'GOOGLE MAPS', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
    unlocks: msg('The photorealistic 3D planet, place search + Street View'),
    getUrl: 'https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/tile/get-api-key',
    envVars: Object.freeze(['GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY']),
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
  }),
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'google-maps-server',
-    title: 'GOOGLE MAPS — SERVER',
+    title: 'GOOGLE MAPS — SERVER', // i18n-ignore: provider product name; row is hidden
    unlocks: msg(
      'Places context + Street View fallback; optional separate key',
    ),
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
  }),
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'openai',
-    title: 'OPENAI',
+    title: 'OPENAI', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
    unlocks: msg('Voice control — API key or ChatGPT OAuth'),
    getUrl: 'https://platform.openai.com/api-keys',
    envVars: Object.freeze(['OPENAI_API_KEY']),
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
  }),
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'aisstream',
-    title: 'AISSTREAM',
+    title: 'AISSTREAM', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
    unlocks: msg('Live ships, worldwide'),
    getUrl: 'https://aisstream.io',
    envVars: Object.freeze(['AISSTREAM_API_KEY']),
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
  }),
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'firms',
-    title: 'NASA FIRMS',
+    title: 'NASA FIRMS', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
    unlocks: msg('Live active-fire detections'),
    getUrl: 'https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/api/map_key/',
    envVars: Object.freeze(['FIRMS_MAP_KEY']),
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
  }),
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'tomtom',
-    title: 'TOMTOM',
+    title: 'TOMTOM', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
    unlocks: msg('Real live traffic (keyless runs a simulation)'),
    getUrl: 'https://my.tomtom.com/keys',
    envVars: Object.freeze(['TOMTOM_API_KEY']),
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
  }),
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'cesium-ion',
-    title: 'CESIUM ION',
+    title: 'CESIUM ION', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
    unlocks: msg('Bing imagery map stacks + world terrain'),
    getUrl: 'https://ion.cesium.com/tokens',
    envVars: Object.freeze(['CESIUM_ION_TOKEN']),
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
  }),
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'opensky',
-    title: 'OPENSKY',
+    title: 'OPENSKY', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
    unlocks: msg('More flight-polling credits (anonymous works without)'),
    getUrl: 'https://opensky-network.org',
    envVars: Object.freeze(['OPENSKY_CLIENT_ID', 'OPENSKY_CLIENT_SECRET']),
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
  }),
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'mapillary',
-    title: 'MAPILLARY',
+    title: 'MAPILLARY', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
    unlocks: msg(
      'Street-level imagery and coverage in the Street Level layer. Free: register an app in the Mapillary developer dashboard and paste its Client Token',
    ),
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
  }),
  Object.freeze({
    id: 'launch-library',
-    title: 'LAUNCH LIBRARY',
+    title: 'LAUNCH LIBRARY', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
    unlocks: msg('Higher space-missions request allowance'),
    getUrl: 'https://thespacedevs.com',
    envVars: Object.freeze(['LL2_API_TOKEN']),
@@ -394,28 +394,6 @@ export function keySetupWithAlternatives(requirement, alternatives = []) {
  return requirement ? `${requirement}, ${offer}` : offer.replace(/^or l/, 'L');
 }

-/**
- * Alternative sources plus the registry name of the key each would use, as
- * machine values for presentation layers that localize the guidance sentence
- * themselves (this module also runs in node-side key-setup builds, which stay
- * English).
- * @param {Array<{label: string, requiresKeyId?: string|null}>} [alternatives]
- * @returns {Array<{label: string, name: string|null}>}
- */
-export function keySetupAlternativeKeyNames(alternatives = []) {
-  return alternatives.map(({ label, requiresKeyId }) => {
-    const entry = KEY_SETUP_KEYS.find(
-      (candidate) => candidate.id === requiresKeyId,
-    );
-    const name = entry
-      ? entry.title
-          .toLowerCase()
-          .replace(/\b\w/g, (letter) => letter.toUpperCase())
-      : null;
-    return { label, name };
-  });
-}
-
 /**
 * Decide whether a live provider value belongs to a source outside the store
 * Provider Settings is allowed to edit. `wasExternalAtBoot` carries source
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import {
  alprCreditMarkup,
 } from './model.js';
 import { createAlprPresentation } from './presentation.js';
+import { t, tn, msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';

 /**
 * Own one layer's requests, records, display and viewer subscriptions.
@@ -293,7 +294,8 @@ export function createAlprCamerasLayer({ source, services } = {}) {
    id: LAYER_ID,
    name: 'ALPR Cameras',
    icon: '📷',
-    source: source.label || 'Mapped camera locations',
+    // English in layer state; the layer row translates it.
+    source: source.label || msg('Mapped camera locations'),
    updateInterval: 0,
    statsRefreshInterval: 1000,
    init(viewer) {
@@ -372,10 +374,12 @@ export function createAlprCamerasLayer({ source, services } = {}) {
        chips: [
          {
            id: 'find-camera',
-            label: 'SHOW NEAREST',
+            label: t('SHOW NEAREST'),
            title: state.viewer?.trackedEntity
-              ? 'Stop following the current object before navigating to a camera'
-              : 'Move to the nearest loaded camera and show its details',
+              ? t(
+                  'Stop following the current object before navigating to a camera',
+                )
+              : t('Move to the nearest loaded camera and show its details'),
            disabled:
              !state.enabled || !count || Boolean(state.viewer?.trackedEntity),
            onClick: focusNearest,
@@ -383,11 +387,12 @@ export function createAlprCamerasLayer({ source, services } = {}) {
        ],
        legend: [
          {
-            label: 'Camera badges',
+            label: t('Camera badges'),
            color: ALPR_COLOR,
            count,
-            blurb:
+            blurb: t(
              'Cyan cameras turn coral when selected. Wedges illustrate mapped direction, not measured coverage. Nearby cameras may be outside the screen.',
+            ),
          },
        ],
      };
@@ -428,11 +433,18 @@ export function createAlprCamerasLayer({ source, services } = {}) {
        count: state.dataSource?.entities.values.length || 0,
        countLabel:
          state.enabled && !state.noCoverage && state.status !== 'zoom-in'
-            ? `${state.dataSource?.entities.values.length || 0} nearby${
-                Number.isInteger(state.onScreen)
-                  ? ` · ${state.onScreen} on screen`
-                  : ''
-              }`
+            ? Number.isInteger(state.onScreen)
+              ? tn(
+                  state.dataSource?.entities.values.length || 0,
+                  '{count} nearby · {onScreen} on screen',
+                  '{count} nearby · {onScreen} on screen',
+                  { onScreen: state.onScreen },
+                )
+              : tn(
+                  state.dataSource?.entities.values.length || 0,
+                  '{count} nearby',
+                  '{count} nearby',
+                )
            : '',
        noCoverage: Boolean(state.noCoverage),
        lastUpdate: state.lastUpdate,
@@ -451,20 +463,22 @@ export function createAlprCamerasLayer({ source, services } = {}) {
          : 0,
        loadingLabel: state.loading
          ? state.retrying
-            ? 'retrying mapped ALPR cameras'
-            : 'loading mapped ALPR cameras'
+            ? t('retrying mapped ALPR cameras')
+            : t('loading mapped ALPR cameras')
          : state.noCoverage
-            ? 'No ALPR data for this area — US and Canada only'
+            ? t('No ALPR data for this area — US and Canada only')
            : state.status === 'zoom-in'
-              ? 'Zoom in to load mapped cameras'
+              ? t('Zoom in to load mapped cameras')
              : [
-                  state.stale ? 'Showing cached locations' : '',
+                  state.stale ? t('Showing cached locations') : '',
                  state.saturated || state.renderSaturated
-                    ? 'Coverage limited — zoom in'
+                    ? t('Coverage limited — zoom in')
+                    : '',
+                  state.status === 'empty'
+                    ? t('No ALPR data for this area')
                    : '',
-                  state.status === 'empty' ? 'No ALPR data for this area' : '',
                  state.status === 'ready' && state.onScreen === 0
-                    ? 'None on screen — nearby cameras are outside the view'
+                    ? t('None on screen — nearby cameras are outside the view')
                    : '',
                ]
                  .filter(Boolean)
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
  MARKER_SCALE_BY_DISTANCE,
 } from './policy.js';
 import { boxContains } from './model.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { createAlprFloorResolver } from './floors.js';
 import { createAlprOverlay } from './overlay.js';
 import {
@@ -451,7 +452,7 @@ export function createAlprPresentation({ state, services, source }) {
        layerName: 'ALPR Cameras',
        source:
          source.attribution?.description || source.label || 'Camera source',
-        label: 'ALPR camera',
+        label: t('ALPR camera'),
        latitude: record.latitude,
        longitude: record.longitude,
        properties: {
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ import {
 } from '../../sources/vectorTiles.js';
 import { buildOverpassQuery, normalizeAlprNode } from './records.js';
 import { decodeAlprTile } from './tileRecords.js';
+// Marks text for i18n extraction; the UI translates it with t(). Kept local
+// because AI tool services import this module outside the browser.
+const msg = (text) => text;

 /**
 * Finest attributed extract zoom whose tiles for `box` fit the per-view cap,
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@ export function createAlprTileSource({
      for (const source of sources) source.clear();
      precision.clear();
    },
-    label: 'OpenStreetMap · community mapped',
+    label: msg('OpenStreetMap · community mapped'),
    attribution: {
      name: 'OpenStreetMap',
      description: '© OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL',
@@ -260,7 +263,7 @@ export function createOverpassAlprSource({
  }
  return {
    fetch: fetchAlprNodes,
-    label: 'OpenStreetMap · community mapped',
+    label: msg('OpenStreetMap · community mapped'),
    attribution: {
      name: 'OpenStreetMap',
      description: 'OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL 1.0; community mapped)',
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import {
  formatAwarenessLabel,
-  formatAwarenessDistance,
  AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
 } from '../../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
-import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatNumber, t, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 import { AWARENESS_PAGE_SIZE, AWARENESS_PAGE_ROTATE_MS } from './policy.js';

 /** Format a cohort total without presenting a retained cap as exact. */
@@ -15,6 +15,33 @@ export function formatAwarenessCount(summary = {}) {
    : count;
 }

+/** The count as the panel shows it, in the UI language. */
+function presentAwarenessCount(summary = {}) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(summary.count)) return '?';
+  const count = formatNumber(summary.count);
+  return summary.complete === false || summary.truncated === true
+    ? t('At least {count}', { count })
+    : count;
+}
+
+/** A distance as the panel shows it: 850 m, 4.6 km, 120 km, in the UI language. */
+function presentAwarenessDistance(meters) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(meters) || meters < 0) return '—';
+  if (meters < 1000) return formatQuantity(Math.round(meters), 'm');
+  const digits = meters < 10000 ? 1 : 0;
+  return formatQuantity(meters / 1000, 'km', {
+    minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+    maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+  });
+}
+
+/** The cohort's reason, kept English in data, shown in the UI language. */
+function presentAwarenessReason(summary = {}) {
+  return summary.reasonTemplate
+    ? t(summary.reasonTemplate, summary.reasonValues)
+    : translateKnown(summary.reason || '');
+}
+
 export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
  function ensurePanel() {
    if (layerState.panel) return layerState.panel;
@@ -71,7 +98,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {

  function rowHtml(cohort) {
    const summary = cohort.summary;
-    const count = formatAwarenessCount(summary);
+    const count = presentAwarenessCount(summary);
    const page = layerState.cohortPages.get(cohort.id) || 0;
    const nearest = summary.nearest
      .slice(page, page + AWARENESS_PAGE_SIZE)
@@ -79,10 +106,10 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
        const label = formatAwarenessLabel(item);
        const targetId = item.icao24 || item.mmsi || item.id;
        if (!targetId) {
-          return `<li><span class="military-awareness-target unavailable" aria-label="${t('Unavailable')}">${escapeHtml(label)} <span>${formatAwarenessDistance(item.distanceM)}</span></span></li>`;
+          return `<li><span class="military-awareness-target unavailable" aria-label="${t('Unavailable')}">${escapeHtml(label)} <span>${presentAwarenessDistance(item.distanceM)}</span></span></li>`;
        }
        const accessibleLabel = label === '—' ? t('Unavailable') : label;
-        return `<li><button type="button" class="military-awareness-target" data-awareness-layer="${escapeHtml(cohort.id)}" data-awareness-id="${escapeHtml(targetId)}" aria-label="${escapeHtml(t('Focus {label}', { label: accessibleLabel }))}">${escapeHtml(label)} <span>${formatAwarenessDistance(item.distanceM)}</span></button>${namedAreasHtml(item.memberNames)}</li>`;
+        return `<li><button type="button" class="military-awareness-target" data-awareness-layer="${escapeHtml(cohort.id)}" data-awareness-id="${escapeHtml(targetId)}" aria-label="${escapeHtml(t('Focus {label}', { label: accessibleLabel }))}">${escapeHtml(label)} <span>${presentAwarenessDistance(item.distanceM)}</span></button>${namedAreasHtml(item.memberNames)}</li>`;
      })
      .join('');
    const pageCount = Math.max(
@@ -96,7 +123,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    const coverage = cohort.coverage ? ` · ${escapeHtml(cohort.coverage)}` : '';
    return `<section class="military-awareness-row ${summary.relationship.toLowerCase()}">
    <div><strong>${escapeHtml(cohort.label)}</strong><b aria-live="polite">${count}${pageLabel}</b></div>
-    <small>${escapeHtml(cohort.source)}${coverage} · ${escapeHtml(summary.reason)}</small>
+    <small>${escapeHtml(cohort.source)}${coverage} · ${escapeHtml(presentAwarenessReason(summary))}</small>
    ${nearest ? `<ul>${nearest}</ul>` : ''}
  </section>`;
  }
@@ -176,7 +203,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {

  function namedAreasHtml(names) {
    return names?.length
-      ? `<details class="military-awareness-names"><summary>Named areas (${names.length})</summary><div>${names.map((name) => escapeHtml(name)).join('<br>')}</div></details>`
+      ? `<details class="military-awareness-names"><summary>${escapeHtml(t('Named areas ({n})', { n: formatNumber(names.length) }))}</summary><div>${names.map((name) => escapeHtml(name)).join('<br>')}</div></details>`
      : '';
  }

@@ -184,7 +211,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    if (!layerState.enabled || !layerState.results) return hidePanel();
    const panel = ensurePanel();
    const { subject, cohorts } = layerState.results;
-    const markup = `<div class="military-awareness-subject">${escapeHtml(subject.label)} · ${formatAwarenessDistance(AWARENESS_RADIUS_M)} FLIGHT / VESSEL WINDOW</div>
+    const markup = `<div class="military-awareness-subject">${escapeHtml(subject.label)} · ${escapeHtml(t('{distance} FLIGHT / VESSEL WINDOW', { distance: presentAwarenessDistance(AWARENESS_RADIUS_M) }))}</div>
    ${namedAreasHtml(subject.memberNames)}
    ${navigationControlsHtml()}
    ${cohorts.map(rowHtml).join('')}
@@ -1,4 +1,17 @@
 import { AWARENESS_RADIUS_M } from '../../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
+
+// The reason stays English for the voice analyst; the Contacts panel shows it
+// in the UI language from `reasonTemplate`. Kept local so this module stays
+// free of the i18n import.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+const fillTemplate = (template, values = {}) =>
+  template.replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g, (_, name) => String(values[name]));
+const withReason = (summary, template, values) => ({
+  ...summary,
+  reason: fillTemplate(template, values),
+  reasonTemplate: template,
+  reasonValues: values,
+});
 import { DEPENDENCIES, AWARENESS_QUERY_LIMIT } from './policy.js';

 export function createQueries({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
@@ -119,19 +132,20 @@ export function createQueries({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    // A subject window is its own bounded area: name it instead of the viewport.
    if (coverage?.kind === 'subject' && Number.isFinite(coverage.radiusM)) {
      const km = Math.round(coverage.radiusM / 1000);
-      return {
-        ...summary,
-        reason: summary.count
-          ? `mapped matches within ${km} km of the subject`
-          : `none mapped within ${km} km; not a complete 250 km survey`,
-      };
+      return withReason(
+        summary,
+        summary.count
+          ? msg('mapped matches within {km} km of the subject')
+          : msg('none mapped within {km} km; not a complete 250 km survey'),
+        { km },
+      );
    }
-    return {
-      ...summary,
-      reason: summary.count
-        ? 'mapped matches from the loaded viewport'
-        : 'viewport feed is not a complete 250 km survey',
-    };
+    return withReason(
+      summary,
+      summary.count
+        ? msg('mapped matches from the loaded viewport')
+        : msg('viewport feed is not a complete 250 km survey'),
+    );
  }

  /**
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'nyc-midtown-w',
    cityId: 'nyc',
    poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'Midtown West @ 34th',
+    label: 'Midtown West @ 34th', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 120,
    offsetEastM: -70,
    headingDeg: 206,
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'nyc-wtc-n',
    cityId: 'nyc',
    poiIndex: 2,
-    label: 'WTC North Plaza',
+    label: 'WTC North Plaza', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 95,
    offsetEastM: 34,
    headingDeg: 164,
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'nyc-times-square-ne',
    cityId: 'nyc',
    poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'Times Sq Northeast',
+    label: 'Times Sq Northeast', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 230,
    offsetEastM: 120,
    headingDeg: 218,
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'sf-market-5th',
    cityId: 'sf',
    poiIndex: 2,
-    label: 'Market & 5th',
+    label: 'Market & 5th', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: -160,
    offsetEastM: 80,
    headingDeg: 320,
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'sf-financial-district',
    cityId: 'sf',
    poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'SF Financial Core',
+    label: 'SF Financial Core', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 110,
    offsetEastM: 52,
    headingDeg: 205,
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'tokyo-shibuya-scramble',
    cityId: 'tokyo',
    poiIndex: 4,
-    label: 'Shibuya Crossing',
+    label: 'Shibuya Crossing', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 180,
    offsetEastM: 46,
    headingDeg: 18,
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'tokyo-ginza-core',
    cityId: 'tokyo',
    poiIndex: 0,
-    label: 'Ginza Core',
+    label: 'Ginza Core', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: -180,
    offsetEastM: 150,
    headingDeg: 245,
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'tokyo-asakusa-n',
    cityId: 'tokyo',
    poiIndex: 3,
-    label: 'Asakusa North Gate',
+    label: 'Asakusa North Gate', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 110,
    offsetEastM: -65,
    headingDeg: 192,
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'london-city-a1',
    cityId: 'london',
    poiIndex: 4,
-    label: 'City Cluster A1',
+    label: 'City Cluster A1', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 80,
    offsetEastM: 65,
    headingDeg: 220,
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'london-soho-core',
    cityId: 'london',
    poiIndex: 2,
-    label: 'Soho Core',
+    label: 'Soho Core', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 210,
    offsetEastM: 120,
    headingDeg: 206,
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'paris-rivoli',
    cityId: 'paris',
    poiIndex: 4,
-    label: 'Rue de Rivoli',
+    label: 'Rue de Rivoli', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 55,
    offsetEastM: 85,
    headingDeg: 248,
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'paris-champs-n',
    cityId: 'paris',
    poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'Champs-Élysées North',
+    label: 'Champs-Élysées North', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 130,
    offsetEastM: -38,
    headingDeg: 175,
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'dc-mall-center',
    cityId: 'dc',
    poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'National Mall Center',
+    label: 'National Mall Center', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 120,
    offsetEastM: 20,
    headingDeg: 258,
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'dc-pentagon-s',
    cityId: 'dc',
    poiIndex: 3,
-    label: 'Pentagon South',
+    label: 'Pentagon South', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: -100,
    offsetEastM: 92,
    headingDeg: 14,
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'dubai-difc-loop',
    cityId: 'dubai',
    poiIndex: 4,
-    label: 'DIFC Loop',
+    label: 'DIFC Loop', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: 92,
    offsetEastM: -45,
    headingDeg: 196,
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'dubai-downtown-east',
    cityId: 'dubai',
    poiIndex: 0,
-    label: 'Downtown East',
+    label: 'Downtown East', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: -130,
    offsetEastM: 190,
    headingDeg: 322,
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'austin-congress-s',
    cityId: 'austin',
    poiIndex: 0,
-    label: 'Congress Southbound',
+    label: 'Congress Southbound', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: -165,
    offsetEastM: 40,
    headingDeg: 12,
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
    id: 'austin-downtown-west',
    cityId: 'austin',
    poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'Downtown West',
+    label: 'Downtown West', // i18n-ignore: camera name
    offsetNorthM: -120,
    offsetEastM: -160,
    headingDeg: 120,
@@ -14,23 +14,32 @@ import {
  CYCLONE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
  cycloneStormIdFromEntryId,
 } from './labels.js';
+import { formatUtcDayMonth, t, tn, msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';

+// "10-12 15:00 UTC" never breaks across lines: no-break spaces, and a word
+// joiner after the hyphen (JetBrains Mono has no U+2011 non-breaking hyphen).
 const utc = (value) =>
-  value ? `${value.slice(5, 16).replace('T', ' ')} UTC` : 'Unavailable';
-const COVERAGE =
-  'Atlantic and eastern/central North Pacific; not worldwide cyclone coverage.';
+  value
+    ? `${formatUtcDayMonth(value).replace('-', '-\u2060')}\u00a0${value.slice(11, 16)}\u00a0UTC`
+    : t('Unavailable');
+const COVERAGE = msg(
+  'Atlantic and eastern/central North Pacific; not worldwide cyclone coverage.',
+);
 const CLASSIFICATION_NAMES = Object.freeze({
-  PTC: 'Potential tropical cyclone',
-  HU: 'Hurricane',
-  TS: 'Tropical storm',
-  TD: 'Tropical depression',
-  SS: 'Subtropical storm',
-  SD: 'Subtropical depression',
+  PTC: msg('Potential tropical cyclone'),
+  HU: msg('Hurricane'),
+  TS: msg('Tropical storm'),
+  TD: msg('Tropical depression'),
+  SS: msg('Subtropical storm'),
+  SD: msg('Subtropical depression'),
 });
 const classificationName = (code) =>
-  Object.hasOwn(CLASSIFICATION_NAMES, code) ? CLASSIFICATION_NAMES[code] : code;
+  Object.hasOwn(CLASSIFICATION_NAMES, code)
+    ? t(CLASSIFICATION_NAMES[code])
+    : code;
 const number = (value, unit) =>
-  value === null ? 'Unavailable' : `${value} ${unit}`;
+  value === null ? t('Unavailable') : formatQuantity(value, unit);

 /** Advisory status and coherent forecast geometry; selected through the shared row list. */
 export function createCyclonesLayer({
@@ -316,41 +325,68 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
      const geometry =
        storm &&
        (coherentCycloneGeometry(storm)
-          ? 'Track and cone match this advisory'
+          ? t('Track and cone match this advisory')
          : storm.geometryStatus === 'pending'
-            ? `Track/cone awaiting advisory ${storm.advisoryNumber}`
-            : 'Track/cone unavailable');
+            ? t('Track/cone awaiting advisory {number}', {
+                number: storm.advisoryNumber,
+              })
+            : t('Track/cone unavailable'));
      const status =
        error ||
        (snapshot?.stale
-          ? 'Cached advisory · stale source'
+          ? t('Cached advisory · stale source')
          : loading
-            ? 'Loading advisories…'
+            ? t('Loading advisories…')
            : storm && !coherentCycloneGeometry(storm)
              ? geometry
              : null);
+      const stormCount = snapshot?.storms.length || 0;
+      const activeStorms = tn(
+        stormCount,
+        '{count} active storm',
+        '{count} active storms',
+      );
+      const position = storm
+        ? t('Position as of {time}', { time: utc(storm.positionAt) })
+        : '';
+      const intensity = storm
+        ? t('Maximum sustained wind: {wind} · Pressure: {pressure}', {
+            wind: number(storm.windKt, 'kt'),
+            pressure: number(storm.pressureHpa, 'hPa'),
+          })
+        : '';
      const detail = storm
-        ? `${storm.name} · ${classificationName(storm.classification)} · Advisory ${storm.advisoryNumber} · issued ${utc(storm.issuedAt)}`
+        ? t('{name} · {classification} · Advisory {number} · issued {time}', {
+            name: storm.name,
+            classification: classificationName(storm.classification),
+            number: storm.advisoryNumber,
+            time: utc(storm.issuedAt),
+          })
        : empty
-          ? 'No active NHC/CPHC systems'
-          : snapshot?.storms.length
-            ? `${snapshot.storms.length} active storm${snapshot.storms.length === 1 ? '' : 's'}`
+          ? t('No active NHC/CPHC systems')
+          : stormCount
+            ? activeStorms
            : loading
-              ? 'Loading advisories…'
-              : 'Advisories unavailable';
+              ? t('Loading advisories…')
+              : t('Advisories unavailable');
      const controls = {
        readout: true,
        summary: {
-          label: 'Cyclones · NHC / CPHC',
-          coverage: 'Atlantic · E/C Pacific',
-          compact: snapshot?.storms.length
-            ? `${snapshot.storms.length} active storm${snapshot.storms.length === 1 ? '' : 's'}${storm ? ` · ${storm.name} selected` : ''}`
+          label: t('Cyclones · NHC / CPHC'),
+          coverage: t('Atlantic · E/C Pacific'),
+          compact: stormCount
+            ? storm
+              ? t('{storms} · {name} selected', {
+                  storms: activeStorms,
+                  name: storm.name,
+                })
+              : activeStorms
            : detail,
          actions: storm?.advisoryUrl
            ? [
                {
                  id: 'advisory',
-                  label: 'Official advisory ↗',
+                  label: t('Official advisory ↗'),
                  href: storm.advisoryUrl,
                },
              ]
@@ -360,12 +396,12 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
            ? [
                {
                  id: 'position',
-                  text: `Position as of ${utc(storm.positionAt)}`,
+                  text: position,
                  muted: true,
                },
                {
                  id: 'intensity',
-                  text: `Maximum sustained wind: ${number(storm.windKt, 'kt')} · Pressure: ${number(storm.pressureHpa, 'hPa')}`,
+                  text: intensity,
                },
                { id: 'geometry', text: geometry, muted: true },
              ]
@@ -375,12 +411,12 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
          units: 'kt',
        },
        list: {
-          ariaLabel: 'Active NHC and CPHC cyclone advisories',
+          ariaLabel: t('Active NHC and CPHC cyclone advisories'),
          items: (snapshot?.storms || []).map((item, index) => ({
            id: item.id,
            ordinal: index + 1,
            lead: item.basin,
-            text: `${item.name} · ${classificationName(item.classification)} · ${item.windKt === null ? 'Wind unavailable' : `${item.windKt} kt`}`,
+            text: `${item.name} · ${classificationName(item.classification)} · ${item.windKt === null ? t('Wind unavailable') : formatQuantity(item.windKt, 'kt')}`,
            active: item.id === selectedId,
            params: { stormId: item.id, focus: true },
          })),
@@ -388,15 +424,22 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
        chips: [],
        legend: storm
          ? [
-              { label: 'Advisory center / forecast track', color: '#7fe6ed' },
-              { label: 'Center-track uncertainty cone', color: '#7fe6ed44' },
+              {
+                label: t('Advisory center / forecast track'),
+                color: '#7fe6ed',
+              },
+              {
+                label: t('Center-track uncertainty cone'),
+                color: '#7fe6ed44',
+              },
            ]
          : [],
        info: storm
-          ? `${detail}\nPosition as of ${utc(storm.positionAt)}\nMaximum sustained wind: ${number(storm.windKt, 'kt')} · Pressure: ${number(storm.pressureHpa, 'hPa')}\n${geometry}${status && status !== geometry ? '\n' + status : ''}\n${snapshot.coverage}`
-          : `${detail}${status ? '\n' + status : ''}\n${snapshot?.coverage || COVERAGE}`,
-        infoTitle:
+          ? `${detail}\n${position}\n${intensity}\n${geometry}${status && status !== geometry ? '\n' + status : ''}\n${snapshot.coverage}`
+          : `${detail}${status ? '\n' + status : ''}\n${snapshot?.coverage || t(COVERAGE)}`,
+        infoTitle: t(
          'Select a storm on the map, or choose a storm in the list to select it and move the camera. Click empty map space to clear the selection. NOAA NHC/CPHC advisory context. The cone describes forecast center-track uncertainty, not storm size or the full hazard area. Forecast point labels are source lead hours, not times computed from advisory issuance. Geometry follows the surface; height is not weather altitude. Consult the official advisory.',
+        ),
      };
      return controls;
    },
@@ -565,7 +565,9 @@ test('advisory selection uses accessible row descriptors and shared camera hando
    1,
  );
  assert.equal(controls.summary.status, 'Track/cone awaiting advisory 10');
-  assert.match(controls.info, /09-16 03:00 UTC/);
+  // No line break inside the date: a word joiner holds the hyphen.
+  assert.match(controls.info, /issued 09-\u206016\u00a003:00\u00a0UTC/);
+  assert.match(controls.info, /: 25\u00a0kt · .*: 1006\u00a0hPa/);
  assert.match(controls.infoTitle, /not storm size/);
  assert.match(controls.infoTitle, /follows the surface/);
  assert.equal(controls.list.items[1].params.focus, true);
@@ -17,10 +17,9 @@
 */

 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import {
-  formatRouteDistance,
-  formatRouteDuration,
-} from '../../data/routeSteps.js';
+import { roadLabel } from '../../data/routeSteps.js';
+import { t, msg, formatNumber } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';

 export const DIRECTIONS_STEP_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 'directions-step';
 export const DIRECTIONS_STEP_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS = Object.freeze({
@@ -31,9 +30,9 @@ export const DIRECTIONS_STEP_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS = Object.freeze({

 /** Travel modes, keyed by the `/api/route` profile name. */
 export const DIRECTIONS_MODES = Object.freeze({
-  car: Object.freeze({ chip: 'DRIVE', word: 'Drive', icon: '🚗' }),
-  foot: Object.freeze({ chip: 'WALK', word: 'Walk', icon: '🚶' }),
-  bike: Object.freeze({ chip: 'BIKE', word: 'Bike', icon: '🚲' }),
+  car: Object.freeze({ chip: msg('DRIVE'), word: msg('Drive'), icon: '🚗' }),
+  foot: Object.freeze({ chip: msg('WALK'), word: msg('Walk'), icon: '🚶' }),
+  bike: Object.freeze({ chip: msg('BIKE'), word: msg('Bike'), icon: '🚲' }),
 });
 export const DEFAULT_DIRECTIONS_MODE = 'car';

@@ -68,6 +67,270 @@ export const STEP_ANCHOR_FAST_ATTEMPTS = 5;
 /** How often the row repaints the highlighted step while FLY is running (ms). */
 export const FLIGHT_PROGRESS_MS = 250;

+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Display text: distances, durations and maneuvers in the page's language.
+// The proxy's English `instruction` stays the machine value; the row and the
+// cards phrase each step from its OSRM type/modifier/road instead.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Localized "850 m", "1.2 km", "21 km" (the rounding of `formatRouteDistance`
+ * in src/data/routeSteps.js); number and unit never break apart.
+ * @param {number} meters
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function routeDistanceText(meters) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(meters) || meters < 0) return '';
+  if (meters < 100) return formatQuantity(Math.round(meters), 'm');
+  if (meters < 1000) return formatQuantity(Math.round(meters / 10) * 10, 'm');
+  const km = meters / 1000;
+  return km < 10
+    ? formatQuantity(km, 'km', {
+        minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+        maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+      })
+    : formatQuantity(Math.round(km), 'km');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Localized "40 s", "12 min", "1 h 5 min" (the rounding of
+ * `formatRouteDuration` in src/data/routeSteps.js); never broken apart.
+ * @param {number} seconds
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function routeDurationText(seconds) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(seconds) || seconds < 0) return '';
+  if (seconds < 60) return formatQuantity(Math.round(seconds), 's');
+  const minutes = Math.round(seconds / 60);
+  if (minutes < 60) return formatQuantity(minutes, 'min');
+  const hours = formatQuantity(Math.floor(minutes / 60), 'h');
+  const rest = minutes % 60;
+  return rest ? `${hours}\u00a0${formatQuantity(rest, 'min')}` : hours;
+}
+
+/** "left", "slightly right", … as it reads inside a maneuver sentence. */
+function directionWord(modifier) {
+  switch (modifier) {
+    case 'left':
+      return t('left', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'right':
+      return t('right', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'slight left':
+      return t('slightly left', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'slight right':
+      return t('slightly right', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'sharp left':
+      return t('sharply left', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'sharp right':
+      return t('sharply right', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'straight':
+      return t('straight', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'uturn':
+      return t('around', { context: 'direction' });
+    default:
+      return modifier;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The side to keep at a fork. English reuses the turn words; a language may
+ * need another form here ("держитесь левее", not "держитесь налево").
+ */
+function forkWord(modifier) {
+  switch (modifier) {
+    case 'left':
+      return t('left', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'right':
+      return t('right', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'slight left':
+      return t('slightly left', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'slight right':
+      return t('slightly right', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'sharp left':
+      return t('sharply left', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'sharp right':
+      return t('sharply right', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'straight':
+      return t('straight', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    default:
+      return directionWord(modifier);
+  }
+}
+
+/** The lane to use, as an adjective where a language needs one ("левую полосу"). */
+function laneWord(modifier) {
+  switch (modifier) {
+    case 'left':
+      return t('left', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'right':
+      return t('right', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'slight left':
+      return t('slightly left', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'slight right':
+      return t('slightly right', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'sharp left':
+      return t('sharply left', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'sharp right':
+      return t('sharply right', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'straight':
+      return t('straight', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    default:
+      return directionWord(modifier);
+  }
+}
+
+/** "1st", "2nd", … for a roundabout exit. */
+function exitOrdinal(exit) {
+  const number = formatNumber(exit);
+  switch (new Intl.PluralRules('en', { type: 'ordinal' }).select(exit)) {
+    case 'one':
+      return t('{number}st', { context: 'ordinal', number });
+    case 'two':
+      return t('{number}nd', { context: 'ordinal', number });
+    case 'few':
+      return t('{number}rd', { context: 'ordinal', number });
+    default:
+      return t('{number}th', { context: 'ordinal', number });
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * One maneuver in the page's language, from the step's OSRM type, modifier,
+ * exit and road. English matches `instructionFor` in src/data/routeSteps.js
+ * word for word. A step without a type (an older payload) keeps the proxy's
+ * English instruction.
+ * @param {{type?:string, modifier?:string|null, exit?:number|null, name?:string, ref?:string|null, instruction?:string}} step
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function directionsInstruction(step) {
+  const type =
+    typeof step?.type === 'string' ? step.type.trim().toLowerCase() : '';
+  if (!type)
+    return typeof step?.instruction === 'string' ? step.instruction : '';
+  const modifier =
+    typeof step.modifier === 'string' ? step.modifier.trim().toLowerCase() : '';
+  const road = roadLabel(step);
+  const direction = directionWord(modifier);
+  const values = { road, direction };
+  switch (type) {
+    case 'depart':
+      return road ? t('Head out on {road}', values) : t('Head out');
+    case 'arrive':
+      if (modifier === 'left')
+        return t('Arrive at your destination, on the left');
+      if (modifier === 'right')
+        return t('Arrive at your destination, on the right');
+      return t('Arrive at your destination');
+    case 'turn':
+      if (modifier === 'uturn')
+        return road
+          ? t('Make a U-turn onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Make a U-turn');
+      if (modifier === 'straight')
+        return road
+          ? t('Continue straight onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Continue straight');
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('Turn {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Turn {direction}', values);
+      return road
+        ? t('Turn onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Turn', { context: 'maneuver' });
+    case 'continue':
+      if (modifier === 'uturn')
+        return road
+          ? t('Make a U-turn onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Make a U-turn');
+      if (direction && modifier !== 'straight')
+        return road
+          ? t('Continue {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Continue {direction}', values);
+      return road
+        ? t('Continue straight onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Continue straight');
+    case 'end of road':
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('At the end of the road, turn {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('At the end of the road, turn {direction}', values);
+      return road
+        ? t('At the end of the road, continue onto {road}', values)
+        : t('At the end of the road, continue');
+    case 'fork':
+      if (direction) {
+        const fork = { road, direction: forkWord(modifier) };
+        return road
+          ? t('Keep {direction} at the fork onto {road}', fork)
+          : t('Keep {direction} at the fork', fork);
+      }
+      return road
+        ? t('Continue at the fork onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Continue at the fork');
+    case 'merge':
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('Merge {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Merge {direction}', values);
+      return road
+        ? t('Merge onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Merge', { context: 'maneuver' });
+    case 'on ramp':
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('Take the ramp on the {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Take the ramp on the {direction}', values);
+      return road ? t('Take the ramp onto {road}', values) : t('Take the ramp');
+    case 'off ramp':
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('Take the exit on the {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Take the exit on the {direction}', values);
+      return road ? t('Take the exit onto {road}', values) : t('Take the exit');
+    case 'roundabout':
+    case 'rotary':
+      if (Number.isInteger(step.exit) && step.exit >= 1) {
+        const exit = exitOrdinal(step.exit);
+        return road
+          ? t('At the roundabout, take the {exit} exit onto {road}', {
+              exit,
+              road,
+            })
+          : t('At the roundabout, take the {exit} exit', { exit });
+      }
+      return road
+        ? t('Enter the roundabout onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Enter the roundabout');
+    case 'roundabout turn':
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('At the roundabout, turn {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('At the roundabout, turn {direction}', values);
+      return road
+        ? t('At the roundabout, continue onto {road}', values)
+        : t('At the roundabout, continue');
+    case 'exit roundabout':
+    case 'exit rotary':
+      return road
+        ? t('Exit the roundabout onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Exit the roundabout');
+    case 'use lane':
+      if (direction) {
+        const lane = { road, direction: laneWord(modifier) };
+        return road
+          ? t('Use the {direction} lane onto {road}', lane)
+          : t('Use the {direction} lane', lane);
+      }
+      return road
+        ? t('Continue onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Continue', { context: 'maneuver' });
+    default:
+      return road
+        ? t('Continue onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Continue', { context: 'maneuver' });
+  }
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Pure helpers (exported for tests)
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -107,32 +370,35 @@ export function directionsRowControls(state) {
  const routing = status === 'routing';
  const chips = Object.entries(DIRECTIONS_MODES).map(([id, spec]) => ({
    id: `mode-${id}`,
-    label: spec.chip,
+    label: t(spec.chip),
    active: mode === id,
    state: mode === id ? 'active' : 'idle',
-    title: `${spec.word} — reroute for ${spec.word.toLowerCase()}`,
+    title: t('{mode} — reroute for {modeLower}', {
+      mode: t(spec.word),
+      modeLower: t(spec.word).toLowerCase(),
+    }),
    params: { mode: id },
  }));
  chips.push({
    id: 'set-a',
-    label: armed === 'a' ? 'CLICK MAP' : a ? 'A ✓' : 'SET A',
+    label: armed === 'a' ? t('CLICK MAP') : a ? 'A ✓' : t('SET A'),
    active: armed === 'a',
    state: armed === 'a' ? 'active' : 'idle',
    title:
      armed === 'a'
-        ? 'Click a spot on the globe to place A (click again to cancel)'
-        : 'Then click the globe to place the start',
+        ? t('Click a spot on the globe to place A (click again to cancel)')
+        : t('Then click the globe to place the start'),
    params: { arm: armed === 'a' ? null : 'a' },
  });
  chips.push({
    id: 'set-b',
-    label: armed === 'b' ? 'CLICK MAP' : b ? 'B ✓' : 'SET B',
+    label: armed === 'b' ? t('CLICK MAP') : b ? 'B ✓' : t('SET B'),
    active: armed === 'b',
    state: armed === 'b' ? 'active' : 'idle',
    title:
      armed === 'b'
-        ? 'Click a spot on the globe to place B (click again to cancel)'
-        : 'Then click the globe to place the destination',
+        ? t('Click a spot on the globe to place B (click again to cancel)')
+        : t('Then click the globe to place the destination'),
    params: { arm: armed === 'b' ? null : 'b' },
  });
  chips.push({
@@ -140,26 +406,28 @@ export function directionsRowControls(state) {
    label: '⇄',
    disabled: !(a && b) || routing,
    state: 'idle',
-    title: 'Swap A and B',
+    title: t('Swap A and B'),
    params: { swap: true },
  });
  const flying = Number.isInteger(flightStep);
  chips.push({
    id: 'fly',
-    label: routing ? 'FLY ···' : flying ? 'FLYING' : 'FLY',
+    label: routing ? t('FLY ···') : flying ? t('FLYING') : t('FLY'),
    disabled: !route || routing,
    busy: routing || flying,
    active: flying,
    state: routing || flying ? 'loading' : 'idle',
-    title: route ? 'Fly the camera along the route' : 'Place A and B first',
+    title: route
+      ? t('Fly the camera along the route')
+      : t('Place A and B first'),
    params: { fly: true },
  });
  chips.push({
    id: 'clear',
-    label: 'CLEAR',
+    label: t('CLEAR', { context: 'action' }),
    disabled: !a && !b && !route,
    state: 'idle',
-    title: 'Remove the route and both markers',
+    title: t('Remove the route and both markers'),
    params: { clear: true },
  });
  return {
@@ -179,8 +447,8 @@ export function directionsRowControls(state) {
 */
 export const POINTER_TOOL_EXITS = Object.freeze({
  draw: Object.freeze({
-    name: 'Draw',
-    leave: 'press Escape twice to leave Draw',
+    name: msg('Draw'),
+    leave: msg('press Escape twice to leave Draw'),
  }),
 });

@@ -201,9 +469,16 @@ export function pointerBlockedMessage(owner, which) {
  if (!id || id === DIRECTIONS_POINTER_OWNER) return null;
  const endpoint = which === 'b' ? 'B' : 'A';
  const known = POINTER_TOOL_EXITS[id];
-  const name = known?.name || id;
-  const leave = known?.leave || `turn ${name} off`;
-  return `${name} is active — ${leave}, then set ${endpoint}`;
+  if (!known)
+    return t('{name} is active — turn {name} off, then set {endpoint}', {
+      name: id,
+      endpoint,
+    });
+  return t('{name} is active — {leave}, then set {endpoint}', {
+    name: t(known.name),
+    leave: t(known.leave),
+    endpoint,
+  });
 }

 /**
@@ -272,8 +547,8 @@ export function directionsStepList({
  const items = steps.map((step, index) => ({
    id: `step-${index}`,
    ordinal: index + 1,
-    lead: formatRouteDistance(step.distanceM) || '—',
-    text: step.instruction,
+    lead: routeDistanceText(step.distanceM) || '—',
+    text: directionsInstruction(step),
    active: index === active,
    current: Number.isInteger(flightStep) && index === flightStep,
    params: { step: index },
@@ -285,13 +560,15 @@ export function directionsStepList({
      id: 'step-truncated',
      ordinal: items.length + 1,
      lead: '',
-      text: `Only the first ${steps.length} turns of this route are shown`,
+      text: t('Only the first {count} turns of this route are shown', {
+        count: steps.length,
+      }),
      active: false,
      current: false,
      disabled: true,
    });
  }
-  return { ariaLabel: 'Turn-by-turn directions', items };
+  return { ariaLabel: t('Turn-by-turn directions'), items };
 }

 /**
@@ -331,12 +608,13 @@ export function directionsStats(state) {
    armed,
    pointerBlocked,
  } = state;
-  const source = 'OSM routing';
+  // English in layer state; the layer row translates it.
+  const source = 'OSM routing'; // i18n-ignore: source name, translated by layerPanel
  if (pointerBlocked) {
    return {
      count: route?.steps.length || 0,
      lastUpdate,
-      error: 'Another map tool is using clicks — close it, then SET A again',
+      error: t('Another map tool is using clicks — close it, then SET A again'),
      status: 'empty',
      source,
    };
@@ -347,7 +625,7 @@ export function directionsStats(state) {
      lastUpdate,
      error: null,
      loading: true,
-      loadingLabel: 'Routing…',
+      loadingLabel: t('Routing…'),
      source,
    };
  }
@@ -355,7 +633,7 @@ export function directionsStats(state) {
    return {
      count: 0,
      lastUpdate,
-      error: error || 'No route found',
+      error: error || t('No route found'),
      status: 'empty',
      source,
    };
@@ -364,10 +642,17 @@ export function directionsStats(state) {
  // set (not only while loading), so the route summary and the placement
  // guidance ride on it; `coverage` carries the same text for stats readers.
  if (route) {
-    const word = DIRECTIONS_MODES[mode]?.word || mode;
-    const summary =
-      `${formatRouteDistance(route.distanceM)} · ${formatRouteDuration(route.durationS)} · ${word}` +
-      (route.stepsTruncated ? ` · first ${route.steps.length} turns` : '');
+    const spec = DIRECTIONS_MODES[mode];
+    const word = spec ? t(spec.word) : mode;
+    const values = {
+      distance: routeDistanceText(route.distanceM),
+      duration: routeDurationText(route.durationS),
+      mode: word,
+      count: route.steps.length,
+    };
+    const summary = route.stepsTruncated
+      ? t('{distance} · {duration} · {mode} · first {count} turns', values)
+      : t('{distance} · {duration} · {mode}', values);
    return {
      count: route.steps.length,
      lastUpdate,
@@ -378,10 +663,13 @@ export function directionsStats(state) {
    };
  }
  let coverage;
-  if (armed) coverage = `Click the globe to place ${armed.toUpperCase()}`;
-  else if (a && !b) coverage = 'SET B, then click the globe';
-  else if (!a && b) coverage = 'SET A, then click the globe';
-  else coverage = 'SET A, then click the globe';
+  if (armed)
+    coverage = t('Click the globe to place {endpoint}', {
+      endpoint: armed.toUpperCase(),
+    });
+  else if (a && !b) coverage = t('SET B, then click the globe');
+  else if (!a && b) coverage = t('SET A, then click the globe');
+  else coverage = t('SET A, then click the globe');
  return {
    count: 0,
    lastUpdate,
@@ -403,14 +691,23 @@ export function directionsStepCopy(steps, index) {
  const step = steps[index];
  const details = [];
  const leg = [];
-  if (step.distanceM > 0) leg.push(formatRouteDistance(step.distanceM));
-  if (step.durationS > 0) leg.push(formatRouteDuration(step.durationS));
+  if (step.distanceM > 0) leg.push(routeDistanceText(step.distanceM));
+  if (step.durationS > 0) leg.push(routeDurationText(step.durationS));
+  const position = { step: index + 1, total: steps.length };
  details.push(
-    `Step ${index + 1} of ${steps.length}${leg.length ? ` · then ${leg.join(' · ')}` : ''}`,
+    leg.length
+      ? t('Step {step} of {total} · then {leg}', {
+          ...position,
+          leg: leg.join(' · '),
+        })
+      : t('Step {step} of {total}', position),
  );
  const next = steps[index + 1];
-  if (next) details.push(`Then: ${next.instruction}`);
-  return { title: step.instruction, details };
+  if (next)
+    details.push(
+      t('Then: {instruction}', { instruction: directionsInstruction(next) }),
+    );
+  return { title: directionsInstruction(step), details };
 }

 /**
@@ -819,10 +1116,10 @@ export function createDirectionsLayer({ services, source }) {
        _status = 'error';
        _error =
          payload?.error === 'no route found'
-            ? 'No route found between A and B'
+            ? t('No route found between A and B')
            : payload?.error
-              ? `Routing failed: ${payload.error}`
-              : 'No route found between A and B';
+              ? t('Routing failed: {error}', { error: payload.error })
+              : t('No route found between A and B');
        return;
      }
      _route = route;
@@ -839,10 +1136,10 @@ export function createDirectionsLayer({ services, source }) {
      // happened instead.
      _error =
        error?.name === 'AbortError'
-          ? 'Routing timed out'
+          ? t('Routing timed out')
          : error?.name === 'TypeError'
-            ? 'Routing unavailable — no response from the routing service'
-            : error?.message || 'Routing unavailable';
+            ? t('Routing unavailable — no response from the routing service')
+            : error?.message || t('Routing unavailable');
    } finally {
      clearTimeout(timer);
      if (_routeAbort === controller) _routeAbort = null;
@@ -1037,7 +1334,7 @@ export function createDirectionsLayer({ services, source }) {
      [
        {
          type: 'route',
-          label: 'Directions',
+          label: t('Directions'),
          path: _route.geometry.map(([lon, lat]) => ({ lon, lat, height: 0 })),
        },
      ],
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
  satelliteShortName,
  fireDetectionKey,
@@ -332,11 +332,11 @@ export function createModel({
  function buildSelectedFireCard(fire, nowMs) {
    const meta = [
      t('{value} conf', {
-        value: confidenceBucket(fire.confidence),
+        value: confidenceLabel(confidenceBucket(fire.confidence)),
      }),
    ];
    if (fire.acqMs > 0) {
-      const age = formatAge(nowMs - fire.acqMs);
+      const age = formatAgeLabel(nowMs - fire.acqMs);
      if (age) meta.push(t('{value} ago', { value: age }));
    }
    const sat = satelliteShortName(fire.satellite);
@@ -351,10 +351,10 @@ export function createModel({
      cullPosition: fireCullPosition(fire),
      gapPx: frpPixelSize(fire.frp),
      accent: accentForSeverity(detectionColorStop(fire).name),
-      title: t('FIRE · {frp} MW', { frp: formatFrp(fire.frp) }),
+      title: t('FIRE · {frp} MW', { frp: formatFrpLabel(fire.frp) }),
      details: [
        meta.join(' · '),
-        formatLatLon(fire.lat, fire.lon) +
+        formatLatLonLabel(fire.lat, fire.lon) +
          (fire.night ? ` · ${t('NIGHT')}` : ''),
      ],
      selected: true,
@@ -374,9 +374,9 @@ export function createModel({

  function buildFireCard(candidate, nowMs) {
    const fire = candidate.fire;
-    const meta = [confidenceBucket(fire.confidence)];
+    const meta = [confidenceLabel(confidenceBucket(fire.confidence))];
    if (fire.acqMs > 0) {
-      const age = formatAge(nowMs - fire.acqMs);
+      const age = formatAgeLabel(nowMs - fire.acqMs);
      if (age) meta.push(age);
    }
    const sat = satelliteShortName(fire.satellite) || fire.sensor;
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ export function createModel({
      cullPosition: candidate.cullPosition || candidate.position,
      gapPx: frpPixelSize(fire.frp),
      accent: accentForSeverity(detectionColorStop(fire).name),
-      title: t('▲ {frp} MW', { frp: formatFrp(fire.frp) }),
+      title: t('▲ {frp} MW', { frp: formatFrpLabel(fire.frp) }),
      details: [meta.join(' · ')],
      selected: false,
      priority: Number(fire.frp) || 0,
@@ -407,9 +407,9 @@ export function createModel({
  function buildCellCard(candidate, nowMs) {
    const cell = candidate.cell;
    const noun = cell.count === 1 ? t('FIRE') : t('FIRES');
-    const parts = [t('max {value} MW', { value: formatFrp(cell.maxFrp) })];
+    const parts = [t('max {value} MW', { value: formatFrpLabel(cell.maxFrp) })];
    if (cell.newestAcqMs > 0) {
-      const age = formatAge(nowMs - cell.newestAcqMs);
+      const age = formatAgeLabel(nowMs - cell.newestAcqMs);
      if (age) parts.push(t('new {value}', { value: age }));
    }
    return {
@@ -483,6 +483,37 @@ export function createModel({
    return frp >= 10 ? frp.toFixed(0) : frp.toFixed(1);
  }

+  /** formatFrp for a card, with the locale's decimal separator ("4,9"). */
+
+  function formatFrpLabel(frp) {
+    const digits = frp >= 10 ? 0 : 1;
+    return formatNumber(frp, {
+      minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+      maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+      useGrouping: false,
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** formatLatLon for a card: "8,389° ю. ш. 44,162° з. д." in Russian. */
+
+  function formatLatLonLabel(lat, lon) {
+    const amount = (value) =>
+      formatNumber(Math.abs(value), {
+        minimumFractionDigits: 3,
+        maximumFractionDigits: 3,
+        useGrouping: false,
+      });
+    const latPart =
+      lat >= 0
+        ? t('{value}°N', { value: amount(lat) })
+        : t('{value}°S', { value: amount(lat) });
+    const lonPart =
+      lon >= 0
+        ? t('{value}°E', { value: amount(lon) })
+        : t('{value}°W', { value: amount(lon) });
+    return `${latPart} ${lonPart}`;
+  }
+
  /** Millisecond delta → "<1h" / "Xh" / "Xd", or '' for invalid input. */

  function formatAge(deltaMs) {
@@ -503,6 +534,32 @@ export function createModel({
    return t('{count}h ago', { count: Math.round(minutes / 60) });
  }

+  /** A confidence bucket as a card shows it, in the UI language. */
+
+  function confidenceLabel(bucket) {
+    switch (bucket) {
+      case 'high':
+        return t('high', { context: 'fire confidence' });
+      case 'nominal':
+        return t('nominal', { context: 'fire confidence' });
+      case 'low':
+        return t('low', { context: 'fire confidence' });
+      default:
+        return bucket;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** formatAge for a card: "<1h", "24h", "3d" in the UI language ("24 ч"). */
+
+  function formatAgeLabel(deltaMs) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(deltaMs) || deltaMs < 0) return '';
+    const hours = deltaMs / 3600000;
+    if (hours < 1) return t('<1h', { context: 'age' });
+    if (hours < 48)
+      return t('{count}h', { context: 'age', count: Math.round(hours) });
+    return t('{count}d', { context: 'age', count: Math.round(hours / 24) });
+  }
+
  /** Normalized 0..1 confidence → low/nominal/high display bucket. */

  function confidenceBucket(confidence) {
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ export function createQueries({
      if (!fire) return null;
      return {
        id: fireDetectionKey(fire),
-        label: `Fire · FRP ${components.model.formatFrp(fire.frp)} MW`,
+        label: t('Fire · FRP {frp} MW', {
+          frp: components.model.formatFrp(fire.frp),
+        }),
        latitude: fire.lat,
        longitude: fire.lon,
        frp: fire.frp,
@@ -115,7 +117,9 @@ export function createQueries({
        latitude: strongest.lat,
        longitude: strongest.lon,
        frp: strongest.frp,
-        label: `Fire · FRP ${components.model.formatFrp(strongest.frp)} MW`,
+        label: t('Fire · FRP {frp} MW', {
+          frp: components.model.formatFrp(strongest.frp),
+        }),
      };
    },

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { isPointerFree } from '../../data/inputOwnership.js';
 import { CONTEXT_TOP_N } from './policy.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';

 export function createSelection({
  layerState,
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ export function createSelection({
    requestWorldFocus({
      kind: 'fire',
      id: fireDetectionKey(fire),
-      label: 'FIRE',
+      label: t('FIRE'),
      position: components.model.firePosition(fire),
    });
  }
@@ -192,7 +193,9 @@ export function createSelection({
      layerName: name,
      source: 'NASA FIRMS',
      dataSource: layerState._dataSource,
-      label: `Fire · FRP ${components.model.formatFrp(fire.frp)} MW`,
+      label: t('Fire · FRP {frp} MW', {
+        frp: components.model.formatFrp(fire.frp),
+      }),
      latitude: fire.lat,
      longitude: fire.lon,
      properties: {
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { unitLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 import { nextCockpitNearContacts } from '../../data/cockpitAirLod.js';
 import { trackedModelZoomActive } from '../../data/trackedModelRegime.js';
 import {
@@ -752,8 +753,15 @@ export function createTracking({
    // the tail number rather than raw hex.
    const cs = parts.queries._contactLabel(icao24, info);
    const altFt = Math.round((info.altitude || 0) * 3.28084);
-    const fl = altFt >= 18000 ? `FL${Math.round(altFt / 100)}` : `${altFt} ft`;
-    const spd = info.velocity ? `${Math.round(info.velocity * 1.944)} kts` : '';
+    // Flight levels are an aviation code; feet and knots read in the active
+    // language ("0 фт · 1 уз").
+    const quantity = (value, unit) =>
+      `${formatNumber(value, { useGrouping: false })} ${unitLabel(unit)}`;
+    const fl =
+      altFt >= 18000 ? `FL${Math.round(altFt / 100)}` : quantity(altFt, 'ft');
+    const spd = info.velocity
+      ? quantity(Math.round(info.velocity * 1.944), 'kts')
+      : '';
    const stale =
      flightState.records.missingPolls.get(icao24) || flightState.feed._backoff
        ? t('STALE')
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
+/**
+ * An installation class as a map card shows it: AIRFIELD, NAVAL BASE…, in
+ * the UI language. The class itself stays an English identifier in data.
+ * @param {string} klass
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function installationClassLabel(klass) {
+  const key = String(klass || 'installation');
+  switch (key) {
+    case 'airfield':
+      return t('AIRFIELD', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'naval_base':
+      return t('NAVAL BASE', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'range':
+      return t('RANGE', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'military_land':
+      return t('MILITARY LAND', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'base':
+      return t('BASE', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'places_candidate':
+      return t('PLACES CANDIDATE', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'installation':
+      return t('INSTALLATION', { context: 'installation class' });
+    default:
+      return key.replaceAll('_', ' ').toUpperCase();
+  }
+}
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { installationClassLabel } from './classLabel.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import {
  MILITARY_LABEL_CAP,
@@ -177,9 +178,7 @@ export function createNamedMarkers({ state, services, parts, overlayHost }) {
      marker.entry.selected = record.id === state.selectedId;
      marker.entry.details = marker.entry.selected
        ? [
-            String(record.class || 'installation')
-              .replaceAll('_', ' ')
-              .toUpperCase(),
+            installationClassLabel(record.class),
            ...(record.memberNames || []).slice(0, 3),
          ]
        : [];
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { installationClassLabel } from './classLabel.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { LAYER_ID, MAX_RENDERED, COLOR_BY_CLASS } from './policy.js';
@@ -273,9 +274,7 @@ export function createRendering({
      entity.gevLabelModel = {
        title: record.name || t('MAPPED INSTALLATION'),
        details: [
-          String(record.class || 'installation')
-            .replaceAll('_', ' ')
-            .toUpperCase(),
+          installationClassLabel(record.class),
          ...(record.memberNames || []).slice(0, 3),
        ],
        accent: COLOR_BY_CLASS[record.class] || '#9ca6b0',
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    layerState._missionPanel.className = 'context-space-mission-detail';
    layerState._missionPanel.setAttribute(
      'aria-label',
-      t('SELECTED SPACE MISSION'),
+      t('Selected Space Mission'),
    );
    layerState._missionPanel.innerHTML = `<div class="space-mission-view-header"><span>${t('SELECTED SPACE MISSION')}</span><button type="button" data-mission-close title="${t('Show all missions')}" aria-label="${t('Deselect mission')}">×</button></div><div class="space-mission-detail"><strong data-mission-title>${t('MISSION')}</strong><span data-mission-field data-mission-provider></span><span data-mission-field>${t('STATUS · ')}<b data-mission-status></b></span><span data-mission-field>${t('LAUNCH SITE · ')}<b data-mission-site></b></span><span data-mission-field>${t('LAUNCH TIME · ')}<b data-mission-time></b></span><span data-mission-field>${t('ORBIT · ')}<b data-mission-orbit></b></span><span>${t('ASCENT PATH · ')}<b data-mission-ascent-source></b></span><span data-mission-field>${t('CURRENT DISTANCE FROM EARTH · ')}<b data-mission-distance></b></span><span data-mission-field>${t('SATELLITE SPEED · ')}<b data-mission-speed></b></span></div><section class="mission-data-section"><h4>${t('PAYLOAD')}</h4><div class="mission-table-scroll"><table class="mission-data-table"><thead><tr><th>${t('NAME')}</th><th>${t('TYPE')}</th><th>${t('DESTINATION')}</th></tr></thead><tbody data-mission-payloads></tbody></table></div></section><section class="mission-data-section" data-mission-stages-section><h4>${t('STAGE / RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY')}</h4><div class="mission-table-scroll"><table class="mission-data-table"><thead><tr><th>${t('STAGE')}</th><th>${t('STATUS')}</th><th>${t('FINAL POSITION')}</th></tr></thead><tbody data-mission-stages></tbody></table></div></section><div class="mission-replay-speed-control"><div class="mission-replay-speed-header"><label for="space-mission-replay-speed">${t('REPLAY SPEED')}</label><output class="gev-slider-value" for="space-mission-replay-speed" data-mission-replay-speed-output>1×</output></div><input id="space-mission-replay-speed" class="gev-quantitative-slider" type="range" min="0.25" max="4" step="0.25" value="1" data-mission-replay-speed aria-label="${t('Replay speed multiplier')}"><div class="mission-replay-speed-scale" aria-hidden="true"><span>0.25×</span><span>1×</span><span>4×</span></div></div><div class="mission-action-row"><button type="button" class="mission-focus-button" data-mission-focus>${t('FOCUS')}</button><button type="button" class="mission-replay-button" data-mission-replay aria-pressed="false">${t('REPLAY ASCENT')}</button></div><div class="space-mission-nav"><button type="button" class="mission-nav-button" data-mission-prev title="${t('Previous mission')}"><span aria-hidden="true">‹</span> ${t('PREV')}</button><span class="mission-nav-index" data-mission-index>—</span><button type="button" class="mission-nav-button" data-mission-next title="${t('Next mission')}">${t('NEXT')} <span aria-hidden="true">›</span></button></div><button type="button" class="panel-layer-toggle" data-mission-show-all>${t('SHOW ALL / DESELECT')}</button>`;
    layerState._missionPanel
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
  inciwebNodeId,
  isCurrentPublication,
 } from './inciweb.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 export { normalizeFirePerimeterSnapshot } from './records.js';
 export { createWfigsPerimeterSource } from './source.js';
 export * from './cards.js';
@@ -414,10 +415,10 @@ export function createFirePerimetersLayer({

    getRowControls() {
      const bands = [
-        { label: 'Not contained or unknown', color: containmentAccent(0) },
-        { label: 'Under 50% contained', color: containmentAccent(1) },
-        { label: '50–99% contained', color: containmentAccent(50) },
-        { label: 'Fully contained', color: containmentAccent(100) },
+        { label: t('Not contained or unknown'), color: containmentAccent(0) },
+        { label: t('Under 50% contained'), color: containmentAccent(1) },
+        { label: t('50–99% contained'), color: containmentAccent(50) },
+        { label: t('Fully contained'), color: containmentAccent(100) },
      ];
      return {
        chips: [],
@@ -428,8 +429,9 @@ export function createFirePerimetersLayer({
          ).length,
          ...(index === 0
            ? {
-                blurb:
+                blurb: t(
                  'Colour shows reported containment. Perimeters are simplified to about 100 m.',
+                ),
              }
            : {}),
        })),
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ export function createCategories({
  function buildRadioCategories(stations) {
    const rows = Array.isArray(stations) ? stations : [];
    const categories = [
-      { id: 'all', label: t('All') },
+      { id: 'all', label: t('All', { context: 'radio tag' }) },
      { id: 'news', label: t('News') },
      { id: 'talk', label: t('Talk') },
      { id: 'weather', label: t('Weather / Emergency') },
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ export function createCategories({
    for (const [genre, label] of MUSIC_GENRES) {
      const id = `genre:${genre}`;
      if (rows.some((station) => stationMatchesRadioCategory(station, id))) {
-        categories.push({ id, label });
+        categories.push({ id, label: t(label) });
      }
    }
    categories.push({ id: 'other', label: t('Other') });
@@ -1,8 +1,30 @@
 import {
  RADIO_CATEGORY_COLORS,
-  RADIO_CLUSTER_LABELS,
  RADIO_MARKER_CATEGORY_ORDER,
 } from './policy.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
+/** Short uppercase category word on a cluster badge, in the page language. */
+function radioClusterLabel(categoryId) {
+  switch (categoryId) {
+    case 'news':
+      return t('NEWS', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'talk':
+      return t('TALK', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'weather':
+      return t('WEATHER', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'public-safety':
+      return t('SAFETY', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'aviation-marine':
+      return t('AIR / SEA', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'traffic-transit':
+      return t('TRANSIT', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'music':
+      return t('MUSIC', { context: 'radio' });
+    default:
+      return t('OTHER', { context: 'radio' });
+  }
+}

 export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
  /** Return the shared CSS color for a canonical or detected-genre category. */
@@ -18,7 +40,7 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
  function radioClusterBadgeText(categoryId = 'other', count = 0) {
    const normalized = String(categoryId || 'other');
    const canonical = normalized.startsWith('genre:') ? 'music' : normalized;
-    const label = RADIO_CLUSTER_LABELS[canonical] || RADIO_CLUSTER_LABELS.other;
+    const label = radioClusterLabel(canonical);
    const stationCount = Math.max(0, Math.floor(Number(count) || 0));
    return `${stationCount} ${label}`;
  }
@@ -62,32 +62,36 @@ export const DEFAULT_RADIO_FILTER = 'all';

 export const GLOBAL_RADIO_ALTITUDE_M = 2_000_000;

+// Genre labels are marked for i18n extraction; categories.js translates them.
+// Kept local so this module stays free of the i18n import.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 export const MUSIC_GENRES = Object.freeze([
-  ['alternative', 'Alternative'],
-  ['ambient', 'Ambient'],
-  ['blues', 'Blues'],
-  ['classical', 'Classical'],
-  ['country', 'Country'],
-  ['dance', 'Dance'],
-  ['electronic', 'Electronic'],
-  ['folk', 'Folk'],
-  ['funk', 'Funk'],
-  ['hip hop', 'Hip-Hop'],
-  ['house', 'House'],
-  ['indie', 'Indie'],
-  ['jazz', 'Jazz'],
-  ['latin', 'Latin'],
-  ['metal', 'Metal'],
-  ['oldies', 'Oldies'],
-  ['pop', 'Pop'],
-  ['punk', 'Punk'],
-  ['r&b', 'R&B'],
-  ['reggae', 'Reggae'],
-  ['rock', 'Rock'],
-  ['soul', 'Soul'],
-  ['techno', 'Techno'],
-  ['trance', 'Trance'],
-  ['world', 'World'],
+  ['alternative', msg('Alternative')],
+  ['ambient', msg('Ambient')],
+  ['blues', msg('Blues')],
+  ['classical', msg('Classical')],
+  ['country', msg('Country')],
+  ['dance', msg('Dance')],
+  ['electronic', msg('Electronic')],
+  ['folk', msg('Folk')],
+  ['funk', msg('Funk')],
+  ['hip hop', msg('Hip-Hop')],
+  ['house', msg('House')],
+  ['indie', msg('Indie')],
+  ['jazz', msg('Jazz')],
+  ['latin', msg('Latin')],
+  ['metal', msg('Metal')],
+  ['oldies', msg('Oldies')],
+  ['pop', msg('Pop')],
+  ['punk', msg('Punk')],
+  ['r&b', msg('R&B')],
+  ['reggae', msg('Reggae')],
+  ['rock', msg('Rock')],
+  ['soul', msg('Soul')],
+  ['techno', msg('Techno')],
+  ['trance', msg('Trance')],
+  ['world', msg('World')],
 ]);

 export const CATEGORY_MATCHERS = Object.freeze({
@@ -127,17 +131,6 @@ export const RADIO_CATEGORY_COLORS = Object.freeze({
  other: '#9aa7b3',
 });

-export const RADIO_CLUSTER_LABELS = Object.freeze({
-  news: 'NEWS',
-  talk: 'TALK',
-  weather: 'WEATHER',
-  'public-safety': 'SAFETY',
-  'aviation-marine': 'AIR / SEA',
-  'traffic-transit': 'TRANSIT',
-  music: 'MUSIC',
-  other: 'OTHER',
-});
-
 export const RADIO_MARKER_CATEGORY_ORDER = Object.freeze([
  'news',
  'public-safety',
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/**
+ * Recent Imagery text in the page's language: days, metres and the focused
+ * day's readout. The model (`model.js`) stays English and i18n-free because AI
+ * tool services import it outside the browser; this module is page-only.
+ */
+import { formatDate, formatRelativeTime, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
+import { dayTime } from './model.js';
+
+const SHORT_DAY = Object.freeze({
+  month: 'short',
+  day: 'numeric',
+  timeZone: 'UTC',
+});
+const LONG_DAY = Object.freeze({ ...SHORT_DAY, year: 'numeric' });
+
+/** `Sep 18` / `18 сент.` for a `YYYY-MM-DD` day, in the page's language. */
+export function displayDay(day, options = SHORT_DAY) {
+  const time = dayTime(day);
+  return time === null ? '' : formatDate(time, options);
+}
+
+/** `30 m` / `30 м`, number and unit kept together. */
+export const displayMetres = (value) => formatQuantity(value, 'm');
+
+/** The readout's words in the page's language; the model keeps them English. */
+export const READOUT_WORDS = Object.freeze({
+  date: (day) => displayDay(day, LONG_DAY),
+  daysAgo: (delta) => formatRelativeTime(delta > 0 ? -delta : 0, 'day'),
+  // "Sentinel-2" never breaks at its hyphen: a word joiner follows it
+  // (JetBrains Mono has no U+2011 non-breaking hyphen).
+  sensor: (sensor) =>
+    t(sensor).replace(/(?<=[\p{L}\p{N}])-(?=[\p{L}\p{N}])/gu, '-\u2060'),
+  metres: displayMetres,
+  overview: () => t('overview'),
+  cloud: (cloud) => {
+    if (!cloud) return t('cloud unknown');
+    const min = Math.round(cloud.min);
+    const max = Math.round(cloud.max);
+    return min === max
+      ? t('{percent}% scene cloud', { percent: min })
+      : t('{min}–{max}% scene cloud', { min, max });
+  },
+});
@@ -28,11 +28,12 @@ import {
  parseCandidateKey,
  quantizeBox,
  rankLatest,
-  shortDay,
  utcDay,
  validateBox,
  viewTooLargeMessage,
 } from './model.js';
+import { msg, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { READOUT_WORDS, displayDay, displayMetres } from './display.js';

 /**
 * Quiet time after the last arrow key before the focused day previews, so a
@@ -46,10 +47,11 @@ export const SPLIT_PUBLISH_MS = 400;
 /** The three modes, in share-link order (`m` = index). */
 export const MODES = Object.freeze(['image', 'basemap', 'ab']);

-const COMPARISON_IN_USE = 'Comparison in use by another scene';
-const COMPARISON_UNAVAILABLE = 'Esri map unavailable · no swipe';
-const COMPARISON_NEEDS_GLOBE = 'Swipe needs a globe map';
-const ESRI_KEPT = 'Imagery stays on Esri · CLEAR to use Google 3D';
+const COMPARISON_IN_USE = msg('Comparison in use by another scene');
+// Kept English in the snapshot (AI tools read it); the card translates them.
+const COMPARISON_UNAVAILABLE = msg('Esri map unavailable · no swipe');
+const COMPARISON_NEEDS_GLOBE = msg('Swipe needs a globe map');
+const ESRI_KEPT = msg('Imagery stays on Esri · CLEAR to use Google 3D');
 /** ZOOM IN's flight time, in seconds. */
 const ZOOM_FIT_SECONDS = 1.2;
 const DEFAULT_SPLIT = 0.5;
@@ -748,15 +750,21 @@ export function createRecentImageryLayer({

  function notes() {
    const out = [];
-    if (_truncated) out.push('Catalog truncated · a newer clear day may exist');
+    if (_truncated)
+      out.push(t('Catalog truncated · a newer clear day may exist'));
    for (const error of _catalogErrors) {
      const label = PRODUCTS[error.product]?.label || error.product;
-      out.push(`${label} catalog unavailable · ${error.message}`);
+      out.push(
+        t('{label} catalog unavailable · {detail}', {
+          label,
+          detail: error.message,
+        }),
+      );
    }
    const today = utcDay(now());
    const viirsToday = candidateFor(`VIIRS:${today}`);
    if (viirsToday?.availability === 'unknown' && _sources.viirs)
-      out.push('Daily overview for today may still be empty until the pass');
+      out.push(t('Daily overview for today may still be empty until the pass'));
    return out;
  }

@@ -767,7 +775,7 @@ export function createRecentImageryLayer({
      key: key || null,
      candidate: candidateFor(key),
      label: parsed
-        ? `${shortDay(parsed.day)} · ${PRODUCTS[parsed.product].name} · ${PRODUCTS[parsed.product].resolutionM} m`
+        ? `${displayDay(parsed.day)} · ${t(PRODUCTS[parsed.product].name)} · ${displayMetres(PRODUCTS[parsed.product].resolutionM)}`
        : null,
      sourceOff,
      drapable: drapable(candidateFor(key)),
@@ -1227,7 +1235,7 @@ export function createRecentImageryLayer({
        _alpha = 1;
        for (const slotId of SLOT_IDS) renderer.setAlpha(slotId, 1);
      }
-      _notice = 'Box and images cleared';
+      _notice = msg('Box and images cleared');
      syncRender();
      publish([...BOX_EDGES, 'a', 'b', 'split']);
      notify();
@@ -1276,7 +1284,9 @@ export function createRecentImageryLayer({
        candidates,
        focusIndex,
        focus,
-        readout: focus ? formatCandidateReadout(focus, now()) : '',
+        readout: focus
+          ? formatCandidateReadout(focus, now(), READOUT_WORDS)
+          : '',
        recommended: ranked.candidate
          ? { key: ranked.candidate.key, reason: ranked.reason }
          : null,
@@ -1329,17 +1339,18 @@ export function createRecentImageryLayer({
        chips: [
          {
            id: 'hls',
-            label: 'MORE DETAIL · 30 m',
+            label: t('MORE DETAIL · 30 m'),
            active: _sources.hls,
-            title: 'Sentinel-2 and Landsat via HLS, 30 m, every 2–6 days',
+            title: t('Sentinel-2 and Landsat via HLS, 30 m, every 2–6 days'),
            params: { hls: !_sources.hls },
          },
          {
            id: 'viirs',
-            label: 'DAILY OVERVIEW · 250 m',
+            label: t('DAILY OVERVIEW · 250 m'),
            active: _sources.viirs,
-            title:
+            title: t(
              'VIIRS daily mosaic, 250 m, follows broad changes; little detail under 25 km',
+            ),
            params: { viirs: !_sources.viirs },
          },
        ],
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ test('a valid box searches and previews the START HERE day alone in IMAGE mode',
  assert.equal(snapshot.focus.key, S18, 'focus starts on it');
  assert.equal(snapshot.preview.key, S18);
  assert.equal(snapshot.preview.slot, 'a');
-  assert.equal(snapshot.preview.label, 'Sep 18 · Sentinel-2 · 30 m');
+  assert.equal(snapshot.preview.label, 'Sep 18 · Sentinel-2 · 30\u00a0m');
  assert.equal(snapshot.candidates[1].preview, true);
  const none = {
    key: null,
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+// Marks text for i18n extraction; the UI translates it with t(). Kept local
+// because AI tool services import this module outside the browser.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /**
 * Pure domain model for the Recent Imagery layer: products, the selection box,
 * per-day candidates, ranking and the keyless URL builders. No DOM, no Cesium,
@@ -29,10 +33,10 @@ const MONTHS = 'Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec'.split(' ');
 */
 export const PRODUCTS = Object.freeze({
  S30: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'HLS S30',
-    name: 'Sentinel-2',
+    label: 'HLS S30', // i18n-ignore: product code
+    name: msg('Sentinel-2'),
    source: 'hls',
-    sensor: 'Sentinel-2 via HLS',
+    sensor: msg('Sentinel-2 via HLS'),
    resolutionM: 30,
    gibsLayer: 'HLS_S30_Nadir_BRDF_Adjusted_Reflectance',
    maxLevel: 12,
@@ -41,10 +45,10 @@ export const PRODUCTS = Object.freeze({
    overview: false,
  }),
  L30: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'HLS L30',
-    name: 'Landsat 8/9',
+    label: 'HLS L30', // i18n-ignore: product code
+    name: msg('Landsat 8/9'),
    source: 'hls',
-    sensor: 'Landsat 8/9 via HLS',
+    sensor: msg('Landsat 8/9 via HLS'),
    resolutionM: 30,
    gibsLayer: 'HLS_L30_Nadir_BRDF_Adjusted_Reflectance',
    maxLevel: 12,
@@ -53,8 +57,8 @@ export const PRODUCTS = Object.freeze({
    overview: false,
  }),
  VIIRS: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'VIIRS',
-    name: 'Daily overview',
+    label: 'VIIRS', // i18n-ignore: product code
+    name: msg('Daily overview'),
    source: 'viirs',
    sensor: 'VIIRS NOAA-21',
    resolutionM: 250,
@@ -262,6 +266,11 @@ export function utcDay(value) {
    : null;
 }

+/** UTC midnight of a `YYYY-MM-DD` day in epoch ms, for locale formatting; null otherwise. */
+export function dayTime(day) {
+  return isValidDay(day) ? Date.parse(`${day}T00:00:00Z`) : null;
+}
+
 /** `Sep 18` for a `YYYY-MM-DD` day; '' otherwise. */
 export function shortDay(day) {
  const match = /^\d{4}-(\d{2})-(\d{2})$/.exec(String(day || ''));
@@ -479,15 +488,14 @@ export function rankLatest(
  return { candidate: null, reason: null, certain };
 }

-function daysAgoLabel(day, now) {
+/** Whole UTC days from `day` to the day of `now`; null when either is invalid. */
+function daysBetween(day, now) {
  const today = utcDay(now);
  if (!today) return null;
-  const delta = Math.round(
+  return Math.round(
    (Date.parse(`${today}T00:00:00Z`) - Date.parse(`${day}T00:00:00Z`)) /
      DAY_MS,
  );
-  if (delta <= 0) return 'today';
-  return delta === 1 ? 'yesterday' : `${delta} days ago`;
 }

 function cloudLabel(cloud) {
@@ -497,18 +505,40 @@ function cloudLabel(cloud) {
  return min === max ? `${min}% scene cloud` : `${min}–${max}% scene cloud`;
 }

+/**
+ * The words of the readout. The page passes its own (translated, locale
+ * formatted) set; this module stays free of i18n because AI tool services
+ * import it outside the browser.
+ */
+const READOUT_WORDS = Object.freeze({
+  /** `Sep 18, 2026` for a valid `YYYY-MM-DD` day. */
+  date: (day) => {
+    const [y, m, d] = day.split('-').map(Number);
+    return `${MONTHS[m - 1]} ${d}, ${y}`;
+  },
+  /** Age in whole UTC days, 0 or less for today. */
+  daysAgo: (delta) =>
+    delta <= 0 ? 'today' : delta === 1 ? 'yesterday' : `${delta} days ago`,
+  sensor: (sensor) => sensor,
+  metres: (value) => `${value} m`,
+  overview: () => 'overview',
+  /** `{ min, max }` scene cloud in percent, or null. */
+  cloud: cloudLabel,
+});
+
 /**
 * One-line UTC readout, e.g.
 * `Sep 18, 2026 17:12Z · 3 days ago · Sentinel-2 via HLS · 30 m · 12% scene cloud`.
 * @param {object} candidate
 * @param {string | number | Date} [now]
+ * @param {Partial<typeof READOUT_WORDS>} [words] the page's localized words
 * @returns {string}
 */
-export function formatCandidateReadout(candidate, now = new Date()) {
+export function formatCandidateReadout(candidate, now = new Date(), words) {
  const product = PRODUCTS[candidate?.product];
-  if (!product || !candidate?.day) return '';
-  const [y, m, d] = candidate.day.split('-').map(Number);
-  let when = `${MONTHS[m - 1]} ${d}, ${y}`;
+  if (!product || !isValidDay(candidate?.day)) return '';
+  const say = words ? { ...READOUT_WORDS, ...words } : READOUT_WORDS;
+  let when = say.date(candidate.day);
  if (candidate.timeRange?.start) {
    const start = hhmm(candidate.timeRange.start);
    const end = candidate.timeRange.end ? hhmm(candidate.timeRange.end) : start;
@@ -518,11 +548,11 @@ export function formatCandidateReadout(candidate, now = new Date()) {
        : ` ${start}Z`;
  }
  const parts = [when];
-  const ago = daysAgoLabel(candidate.day, now);
-  if (ago) parts.push(ago);
-  parts.push(product.sensor, `${product.resolutionM} m`);
-  if (product.overview) parts.push('overview');
-  parts.push(cloudLabel(candidate.cloud));
+  const delta = daysBetween(candidate.day, now);
+  if (delta !== null) parts.push(say.daysAgo(delta));
+  parts.push(say.sensor(product.sensor), say.metres(product.resolutionM));
+  if (product.overview) parts.push(say.overview());
+  parts.push(say.cloud(candidate.cloud));
  return parts.join(' · ');
 }

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export function createLabels({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
      id: String(ISS_NORAD),
      position,
      variant: 'label',
-      title: 'ISS',
+      title: 'ISS', // i18n-ignore: satellite name, as in the satellite catalog
      accent: '#ff4444',
      priority: 1000,
      collisionGroup: 'ambient-label',
@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@ export function mapAnalystRecord(raw) {
    // Empty records stay class-less; the class table's fallback is VISUAL and
    // must not leak onto a row that has no satellite identity.
    satelliteClass:
-      noradId || group ? satelliteClassLabel(group, { isIss }) : null,
+      noradId || group
+        ? satelliteClassLabel(group, { isIss, localize: false })
+        : null,
    group,
  };
 }
@@ -239,7 +239,10 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
        name,
        operator: '',
        noradId: String(noradId),
-        class: satelliteClassLabel(sat.group, { isIss: noradId === ISS_NORAD }),
+        class: satelliteClassLabel(sat.group, {
+          isIss: noradId === ISS_NORAD,
+          localize: false,
+        }),
        altitude:
          altitudeKm === null ? '' : `${altitudeKm.toLocaleString('en-US')} km`,
      },
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import { cameraHeightAboveGround, viewCentre, whenIdle } from './view.js';
 import { createGroundClick, groundClickHeightOk } from './groundClick.js';
 import { createGroundCaster, nextSurfaceMode } from './groundCast.js';
 import { createMeshSampler } from './meshSampler.js';
+import { t, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';

 /** Above this camera height the ground under the camera is not worth fetching. */
 const SURFACE_WARM_BELOW_M = 6000;
@@ -335,7 +336,9 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
  }

  function unavailableReason(entry) {
-    return `${entry.def.name} needs the Google 3D map: choose it under MAP SOURCE`;
+    return t('{name} needs the Google 3D map: choose it under MAP SOURCE', {
+      name: translateKnown(entry.def.name),
+    });
  }

  /** One imagery source at a time: lighting a provider darkens the others. */
@@ -410,7 +413,9 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
  /** The hint a ground-click provider shows, or the provider's own. */
  function hintFor(entry, stats) {
    if (entry.def.groundClick && stats.hint && !state.groundClickReady)
-      return `zoom in to a street to open ${entry.def.name}`;
+      return t('zoom in to a street to open {name}', {
+        name: translateKnown(entry.def.name),
+      });
    return stats.hint || '';
  }

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { FOLLOW_MAP_STACK_ID } from '../../policy.js';
 import { createMapsLoader } from './mapsLoader.js';
+import { getLocale } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 import { createGoogleViewer } from './viewer.js';
 import {
  COLORS,
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ function settleWithin(promise, { ms, signal, loader }) {
 */
 export function createGoogleProvider({
  getApiKey,
-  loader = createMapsLoader({ getApiKey }),
+  loader = createMapsLoader({ getApiKey, getLanguage: getLocale }),
 }) {
  if (typeof getApiKey !== 'function')
    throw new TypeError('Google Street View needs getApiKey');
@@ -9,10 +9,13 @@ const READY_CALLBACK = '__gevGoogleMapsReady';
 const PAGE_LOAD = Symbol.for('gev.googleMapsLoad');

 /**
- * @param {{getApiKey: () => string|null|undefined, document?: Document, global?: object}} options
+ * @param {{getApiKey: () => string|null|undefined, getLanguage?: () => string|null|undefined, document?: Document, global?: object}} options
+ *   `getLanguage` names the UI language; Google's own controls (Terms,
+ *   Report a problem) follow it. English adds nothing, as before.
 */
 export function createMapsLoader({
  getApiKey,
+  getLanguage,
  document = globalThis.document,
  global = globalThis,
 }) {
@@ -53,12 +56,15 @@ export function createMapsLoader({
      };
      const script = document.createElement('script');
      script.async = true;
-      script.src = `${SCRIPT_ORIGIN}/maps/api/js?${new URLSearchParams({
+      const params = new URLSearchParams({
        key,
        v: 'weekly',
        loading: 'async',
        callback: READY_CALLBACK,
-      })}`;
+      });
+      const language = getLanguage?.();
+      if (language && language !== 'en') params.set('language', language);
+      script.src = `${SCRIPT_ORIGIN}/maps/api/js?${params}`;
      script.onerror = () => {
        if (global[PAGE_LOAD] === loading) delete global[PAGE_LOAD];
        script.remove();
@@ -142,3 +142,19 @@ test('a retried load still reports a refusal once, and the page handler once', a
  assert.deepEqual(heard, ['a']);
  assert.equal(before, 1);
 });
+
+test('Google controls follow the UI language; English adds no parameter', async () => {
+  const language = (locale) => {
+    const page = fakePage();
+    const loader = createMapsLoader({
+      getApiKey: () => 'k-1',
+      getLanguage: () => locale,
+      ...page,
+    });
+    void loader.importLibrary('streetView').catch(() => {});
+    return new URL(page.scripts[0].src).searchParams.get('language');
+  };
+  assert.equal(language('es'), 'es');
+  assert.equal(language('ru'), 'ru');
+  assert.equal(language('en'), null);
+});
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import { COLORS as SHARED_COLORS, PROVIDER_COLORS } from '../../policy.js';
+import { msg } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';

 export { NEAREST_RADIUS_M } from '../../policy.js';

 export const GOOGLE_PROVIDER_ID = 'google';
-export const GOOGLE_NAME = 'Google Street View';
-export const GOOGLE_LABEL = 'GOOGLE STREET VIEW';
+export const GOOGLE_NAME = msg('Google Street View');
+export const GOOGLE_LABEL = msg('GOOGLE STREET VIEW');
 /** The browser Maps key; Street View also needs the Maps JavaScript API on it. */
 export const GOOGLE_KEY_ID = 'google-maps';

@@ -19,8 +20,9 @@ export const GOOGLE_CREDIT_HTML =
  'Street View imagery © <a href="https://www.google.com/streetview/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google</a>';

 /** Shown when Google refuses the key (gm_authFailure). */
-export const KEY_REJECTED_MESSAGE =
-  'Google refused GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY for Street View — check that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for it and this site is an allowed referrer';
+export const KEY_REJECTED_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'Google refused GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY for Street View — check that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for it and this site is an allowed referrer',
+);

 /** Past these, a nearest lookup, an open or a details lookup has failed. */
 export const NEAREST_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000;
@@ -29,10 +31,11 @@ export const DETAILS_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000;
 /** Pause after a failed details lookup before a view event can retry. */
 export const DETAILS_RETRY_COOLDOWN_MS = 5_000;

-export const NO_ANSWER_MESSAGE =
-  'Street View did not answer — check the network, and that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY';
+export const NO_ANSWER_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'Street View did not answer — check the network, and that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY',
+);

-export const GROUND_CLICK_HINT = 'click a street to open Street View';
+export const GROUND_CLICK_HINT = msg('click a street to open Street View');

 /** Deep link to a panorama on Google Maps (Maps URLs). */
 export function streetViewUrl(panoId, { heading = 0, pitch = 0 } = {}) {
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
  PANO_FOV_DEFAULT_DEG,
  wrapDegrees,
 } from './panorama.js';
+import { t } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
  FLAT_FULL_SIZE,
  FLAT_VIEW_SIZE,
@@ -436,11 +437,11 @@ export function createKartaViewViewer({
    root.setAttribute('role', 'group');
    root.setAttribute(
      'aria-label',
-      'KartaView photo. ← and → step along the sequence. On a 360° photo, drag or use Shift+← →, ↑ ↓ to look around, and + − to zoom',
+      t('KartaView photo. ← and → step along the sequence. On a 360° photo, drag or use Shift+← →, ↑ ↓ to look around, and + − to zoom'),
    );
    picture = doc.createElement('img');
    picture.className = 'sl-kv-photo';
-    picture.alt = 'KartaView street-level photo';
+    picture.alt = t('KartaView street-level photo');
    picture.draggable = false;
    picture.hidden = true;
    canvas = makeCanvas(doc);
@@ -119,7 +119,11 @@ export function composeUIState({
        provider.groundClick !== true && provider.highlightsSequence !== false,
    )
  )
-    legend.push({ key: 'selected', label: t('Selected'), color: COLORS.selected });
+    legend.push({
+      key: 'selected',
+      label: t('Selected'),
+      color: COLORS.selected,
+    });
  return {
    enabled,
    groundClickReady: groundClickReady === true,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export function createBundledCableSource({
    return json;
  }
  return {
-    label: 'TeleGeography',
+    label: 'TeleGeography', // i18n-ignore: data provider name
    async fetch(signal) {
      const [cables, landingPoints] = await Promise.all([
        read(cableUrl(), signal),
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import {
  accentForVesselType,
-  normalizeVesselType,
+  displayVesselType,
 } from '../../data/vesselLabels.js';
-import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';

 export function createCards({
  vesselState,
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ export function createCards({
  /** Uppercased, card-width-bounded AIS type (empty string when unknown). */

  function vesselTypeShort(record) {
-    return normalizeVesselType(record.type).toUpperCase().slice(0, 14);
+    return displayVesselType(record.type).toUpperCase().slice(0, 14);
  }

  /**
@@ -160,11 +160,22 @@ export function createCards({
  }

  function formatSpeed(speed) {
-    return speed === null ? '--KT' : `${speed.toFixed(1)}KT`;
+    return t('{speed}KT', {
+      speed:
+        speed === null
+          ? '--'
+          : formatNumber(speed, {
+              minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+              maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+              useGrouping: false,
+            }),
+    });
  }

  function formatHeading(heading) {
-    return Number.isFinite(heading) ? `${Math.round(heading)}DEG` : '--DEG';
+    return t('{heading}DEG', {
+      heading: Number.isFinite(heading) ? Math.round(heading) : '--',
+    });
  }

  function formatPositionTime(record) {
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
 /** Resolve the visible surface that can own weather imagery without scene mutation. */
 export function resolveImageryHost({ viewer, tileset }) {
  if (viewer?.scene?.globe?.show === true)
@@ -7,7 +9,9 @@ export function resolveImageryHost({ viewer, tileset }) {
  return { collection: null, kind: 'none' };
 }

-export const NO_IMAGERY_HOST = 'Hidden by this map source · choose a globe map';
+export const NO_IMAGERY_HOST = msg(
+  'Hidden by this map source · choose a globe map',
+);

 /** Report imagery suspension without changing or detaching the resolved host. */
 export function imageryHostStatus(host) {
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import {
  GLOBAL_INFRARED_MAX_GAP_MS,
  LIGHTNING_MAX_GAP_MS,
 } from './clock.js';
+import { formatUtcDayMonth, t, msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatScaleLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';

 const STOPS = [
  [10, '#00ecec'],
@@ -29,7 +31,9 @@ const LIGHTNING_STOPS = [
  ['300+', '#00FF00'],
 ];
 const utc = (value) =>
-  value ? `${value.slice(5, 16).replace('T', ' ')} UTC` : 'Unavailable';
+  value
+    ? `${formatUtcDayMonth(value)} ${value.slice(11, 16)} UTC`
+    : t('Unavailable');

 /** A per-application observation layer, using the existing layer lifecycle and
 * row controls. History is transient: shared links always open latest imagery. */
@@ -227,12 +231,14 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
        rendering.setHidden?.(false);
        void warmNext(time);
      }
-      error = ok ? null : 'Frame unavailable; previous observation retained';
+      error = ok
+        ? null
+        : msg('Frame unavailable; previous observation retained');
      if (!ok) stop();
      return ok;
    } catch {
      if (owner === generation && !controller.signal.aborted) {
-        error = 'Weather imagery unavailable';
+        error = msg('Weather imagery unavailable');
        stop();
      }
      return false;
@@ -338,7 +344,9 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
        if (!enabled || controller.signal.aborted || request !== controller)
          return false;
        if (snapshot.unavailable) {
-          error = 'Weather source unavailable; previous observation retained';
+          error = msg(
+            'Weather source unavailable; previous observation retained',
+          );
          stop();
          return true;
        }
@@ -368,7 +376,7 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
        return !controller.signal.aborted && request === controller && enabled;
      } catch (cause) {
        if (controller.signal.aborted || request !== controller) return false;
-        error = cause?.message || 'Weather unavailable';
+        error = cause?.message || msg('Weather unavailable');
        stop();
        return true;
      } finally {
@@ -487,15 +495,23 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
        noFrame &&
        shared?.mode === 'history' &&
        shared.products.find((entry) => entry.id === id)?.selected === null
-          ? `No frame within ${maxGap() / 60_000 < 60 ? `${maxGap() / 60_000} min` : `${maxGap() / 3600_000} h`} of ${utc(shared.target)}`
+          ? maxGap() / 60_000 < 60
+            ? t('No frame within {gap} min of {time}', {
+                gap: maxGap() / 60_000,
+                time: utc(shared.target),
+              })
+            : t('No frame within {gap} h of {time}', {
+                gap: maxGap() / 3600_000,
+                time: utc(shared.target),
+              })
          : null;
      const time = shownTime();
      const relation =
        shared?.mode === 'history' && time
          ? Date.parse(time) === Date.parse(shared.target)
-            ? ' · synced'
+            ? 'synced'
            : Date.parse(time) < Date.parse(shared.target)
-              ? ' · nearest'
+              ? 'nearest'
              : ''
          : '';
      const times = manifest?.times || [];
@@ -508,9 +524,16 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
        age === null
          ? ''
          : age >= 60
-            ? `${Math.floor(age / 60)}h ${age % 60}m ago`
-            : `${age}m ago`;
+            ? t('{hours}h {minutes}m ago', {
+                hours: Math.floor(age / 60),
+                minutes: age % 60,
+              })
+            : t('{minutes}m ago', { minutes: age });
      const diagnostic = rendering?.getDiagnostics();
+      // Errors are stored in English (stats, diagnostics); shown translated.
+      const problem = error || diagnostic?.error;
+      const shownProblem = problem ? t(problem) : null;
+      const shownHost = hostStatus ? t(hostStatus) : null;
      const b = manifest?.bounds;
      const canvas = viewer?.scene?.canvas;
      const point =
@@ -535,49 +558,94 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
          lat < b.south ||
          lat > b.north ||
          (lightning && lon > 0 && lon < 110));
+      let detail = time
+        ? t('{state} · {time} · {lag}', {
+            state: followLatest ? t('Observed') : t('History'),
+            time: utc(time),
+            lag,
+          })
+        : missing
+          ? t('Observation unavailable')
+          : t('Waiting for observation');
+      if (relation === 'synced') detail = t('{detail} · synced', { detail });
+      else if (relation === 'nearest')
+        detail = t('{detail} · nearest', { detail });
+      const infoHeading = radar
+        ? t('RADAR REFLECTIVITY · dBZ')
+        : lightning
+          ? t('LIGHTNING DENSITY · 15 min accumulation')
+          : product === 'clouds'
+            ? t('GLOBAL INFRARED · hourly')
+            : t('GOES INFRARED · ~5 min');
+      const infoTime = time
+        ? `${t('{state}: {time}', {
+            state: followLatest ? t('Latest observation') : t('History'),
+            time: utc(time),
+          })}\n${[
+            lag,
+            current && !followLatest
+              ? t('frame {index}/{total}', {
+                  index: index + 1,
+                  total: times.length,
+                })
+              : '',
+            loading ? t('loading') : '',
+          ]
+            .filter(Boolean)
+            .join(' · ')}`
+        : [t('Observation: unavailable'), loading ? t('loading') : '']
+            .filter(Boolean)
+            .join(' · ');
+      const infoCoverage = radar
+        ? t('Contiguous US · gaps ≠ no rain')
+        : lightning
+          ? `${t('Americas + Pacific · not individual strikes')}\n${t('Color: strikes/km²/min ×10³')}`
+          : product === 'clouds'
+            ? t('60°S–60°N · typically 2–3 h delayed')
+            : t('North America · infrared imagery');
+      const infoMotion = motion?.matches
+        ? clock
+          ? t('Reduced motion · history playback unavailable')
+          : t('Reduced motion · manual history available')
+        : '';
      const controls = {
        readout: true,
        summary: {
          label: radar
-            ? 'Rain radar · US'
+            ? t('Rain radar · US')
            : lightning
-              ? 'Lightning density · 15 min'
-              : 'Satellite clouds',
+              ? t('Lightning density · 15 min')
+              : t('Satellite clouds'),
          coverage: radar
            ? 'CONUS'
            : lightning
-              ? 'Americas + Pacific'
+              ? t('Americas + Pacific')
              : product === 'clouds'
-                ? 'Global · 60°S–60°N'
-                : 'North America',
+                ? t('Global · 60°S–60°N')
+                : t('North America'),
          shownTime: time,
          maxGapMinutes: maxGap() / 60_000,
-          detail: time
-            ? `${followLatest ? 'Observed' : 'History'} · ${utc(time)} · ${lag}${relation}`
-            : missing
-              ? 'Observation unavailable'
-              : 'Waiting for observation',
+          detail,
          status:
            missing ||
-            hostStatus ||
-            error ||
-            diagnostic?.error ||
+            shownHost ||
+            shownProblem ||
            (observationDelayed()
-              ? 'Source observations delayed'
+              ? t('Source observations delayed')
              : manifest?.stale
-                ? 'Stale source'
+                ? t('Stale source')
                : loading
-                  ? 'Loading next frame…'
+                  ? t('Loading next frame…')
                  : outside
-                    ? 'Map center outside coverage'
+                    ? t('Map center outside coverage')
                    : null),
-          units: radar ? 'dBZ' : lightning ? 'strikes/km²/min ×10³' : '',
+          units: radar ? 'dBZ' : lightning ? t('strikes/km²/min ×10³') : '',
        },
        chips: [
          ...(satellite
            ? [
-                ['clouds-regional', 'N. America'],
-                ['clouds', 'Global'],
+                ['clouds-regional', t('N. America')],
+                ['clouds', t('Global')],
              ].map(([value, label]) => ({
                id: value,
                label,
@@ -585,43 +653,44 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
                params: { product: value },
                title:
                  value === 'clouds'
-                    ? 'Hourly global mosaic; usually 2–3 hours delayed'
-                    : 'GOES regional clouds; approximately 5-minute updates',
+                    ? t('Hourly global mosaic; usually 2–3 hours delayed')
+                    : t('GOES regional clouds; approximately 5-minute updates'),
              }))
            : []),
          ...(satellite
            ? [
                {
                  id: 'filtered',
-                  label: 'Clouds only',
+                  label: t('Clouds only'),
                  active: infrared === 'filtered',
                  params: { infrared: 'filtered' },
-                  title:
+                  title: t(
                    'Dim everything but the bright, cold cloud tops; a brightness filter, not a cloud mask',
+                  ),
                },
                {
                  id: 'full',
-                  label: 'Full',
+                  label: t('Full'),
                  active: infrared === 'full',
                  params: { infrared: 'full' },
-                  title: 'The complete infrared image at the chosen opacity',
+                  title: t('The complete infrared image at the chosen opacity'),
                },
              ]
            : []),
          ...['light', 'strong'].map((value) => ({
            id: `opacity-${value}`,
-            label: value === 'light' ? 'Soft' : 'Vivid',
+            label: value === 'light' ? t('Soft') : t('Vivid'),
            active: opacity === value,
            params: { opacity: value },
-            title: 'Image opacity; does not alter the observed values',
+            title: t('Image opacity; does not alter the observed values'),
          })),
          {
            id: 'coverage',
            label: radar
-              ? 'View US radar'
+              ? t('View US radar')
              : lightning
-                ? 'View Americas & Pacific'
-                : 'View coverage',
+                ? t('View Americas & Pacific')
+                : t('View coverage'),
            disabled: !manifest || !runNavigation,
            params: { focus: true },
          },
@@ -632,37 +701,47 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
                label: String(label),
                color,
                blurb: lightning
-                  ? `${label} strikes/km²/min ×10³ (15-minute density)`
-                  : `${label} dBZ radar reflectivity`,
+                  ? t('{value} strikes/km²/min ×10³ (15-minute density)', {
+                      value: formatScaleLabel(label),
+                    })
+                  : t('{value} dBZ radar reflectivity', {
+                      value: formatScaleLabel(label),
+                    }),
              }))
            : [],
        info: hostHidden
-          ? hostStatus
-          : `${radar ? 'RADAR REFLECTIVITY · dBZ' : lightning ? 'LIGHTNING DENSITY · 15 min accumulation' : product === 'clouds' ? 'GLOBAL INFRARED · hourly' : 'GOES INFRARED · ~5 min'}\n${time ? `${followLatest ? 'Latest observation' : 'History'}: ${utc(time)}\n${lag}${current && !followLatest ? ` · frame ${index + 1}/${times.length}` : ''}${loading ? ' · loading' : ''}` : `Observation: unavailable${loading ? ' · loading' : ''}`}${missing ? `\n${missing}` : ''}${manifest?.stale ? '\nSTALE · cached source metadata' : ''}${error || diagnostic?.error ? '\n' + (error || diagnostic.error) : ''}\n${radar ? 'Contiguous US · gaps ≠ no rain' : lightning ? 'Americas + Pacific · not individual strikes\nColor: strikes/km²/min ×10³' : product === 'clouds' ? '60°S–60°N · typically 2–3 h delayed' : 'North America · infrared imagery'}${outside ? '\nMap center is outside source coverage' : ''}${motion?.matches ? (clock ? '\nReduced motion · history playback unavailable' : '\nReduced motion · manual history available') : ''}`,
+          ? shownHost
+          : `${infoHeading}\n${infoTime}${missing ? `\n${missing}` : ''}${manifest?.stale ? `\n${t('STALE · cached source metadata')}` : ''}${shownProblem ? `\n${shownProblem}` : ''}\n${infoCoverage}${outside ? `\n${t('Map center is outside source coverage')}` : ''}${infoMotion ? `\n${infoMotion}` : ''}`,
        infoTitle: lightning
-          ? 'NOAA/NWS 15-minute lightning density derived from Vaisala NLDN/GLD360. Coverage 110°E across the Pacific/Americas to 0°, 25°S–80°N. Not a live strike count, global coverage or a safety warning.'
+          ? t(
+              'NOAA/NWS 15-minute lightning density derived from Vaisala NLDN/GLD360. Coverage 110°E across the Pacific/Americas to 0°, 25°S–80°N. Not a live strike count, global coverage or a safety warning.',
+            )
          : radar
-            ? 'NOAA MRMS radar echoes indicate precipitation patterns, not rain rate, a storm warning or a future forecast. Native source approximately 1 km; display is limited to level 6. Frames use exact advertised observation times.'
-            : 'GOES-19/18 longwave infrared Band 14 regional; NESDIS global longwave mosaic. Clouds only dims everything but bright, cold cloud tops; a brightness filter, not a cloud mask. Coverage and freshness differ by region.',
+            ? t(
+                'NOAA MRMS radar echoes indicate precipitation patterns, not rain rate, a storm warning or a future forecast. Native source approximately 1 km; display is limited to level 6. Frames use exact advertised observation times.',
+              )
+            : t(
+                'GOES-19/18 longwave infrared Band 14 regional; NESDIS global longwave mosaic. Clouds only dims everything but bright, cold cloud tops; a brightness filter, not a cloud mask. Coverage and freshness differ by region.',
+              ),
      };
      controls.summary.settings = [
        ...(satellite
          ? [
              {
                id: 'region',
-                label: 'REGION',
+                label: t('REGION'),
                chips: controls.chips.filter(({ params }) => params.product),
              },
              {
                id: 'image',
-                label: 'IMAGE',
+                label: t('IMAGE'),
                chips: controls.chips.filter(({ params }) => params.infrared),
              },
            ]
          : []),
        {
          id: 'opacity',
-          label: 'OPACITY',
+          label: t('OPACITY'),
          chips: controls.chips.filter(({ params }) => params.opacity),
        },
      ];
@@ -677,7 +756,7 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
    getStats() {
      return {
        count: shownTime() ? 1 : 0,
-        countLabel: isLatest() ? 'Observed' : 'History',
+        countLabel: isLatest() ? t('Observed') : t('History'),
        lastUpdate: shownTime() ? Date.parse(shownTime()) : null,
        loading,
        error: error || rendering?.getDiagnostics().error || null,
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { orderWeatherImagery } from './imageryOrder.js';
 import { imageryHostStatus } from './imageryHost.js';
 import { createRasterTileProvider } from './rasterTiles.js';
 import { createWeatherShell } from './shellRendering.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { readResponseBytesCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
 import {
  acquireInfraredMosaic,
@@ -294,7 +295,9 @@ function createGlobeRendering({
            );
          }
        } else {
-          lastError = 'Weather tiles unavailable · previous frame retained';
+          lastError = msg(
+            'Weather tiles unavailable · previous frame retained',
+          );
          remove(frame);
        }
        frame.resolve(ok);
@@ -413,7 +416,7 @@ function createGlobeRendering({
            return;
          }
          frame.failed = true;
-          lastError = 'Some weather tiles unavailable';
+          lastError = msg('Some weather tiles unavailable');
          onChange();
        });
        // A shown, transparent layer lets Cesium request staging tiles while the last
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { acquireWeatherImage } from './infraredImage.js';
 import { imageryHostStatus } from './imageryHost.js';
 import { WEATHER_DETAIL_SIZE, WEATHER_IMAGE_SIZES } from './source.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';

 /** Metres above the ellipsoid. Lower shells draw first, so lightning draws last. */
 export const WEATHER_SHELL_HEIGHTS = Object.freeze({
@@ -630,7 +631,7 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
    if (incoming !== frame) return;
    incoming = null;
    close(frame);
-    lastError = 'Weather tiles unavailable · previous frame retained';
+    lastError = msg('Weather tiles unavailable · previous frame retained');
    frame.resolve(false);
    scene.requestRender();
    onChange();
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ import { normalizeLongitude, sampleWind } from './model.js';
 /** Fixed physical scales shared by imagery and the field legend. */
 export const WIND_FIELDS = Object.freeze({
  speed: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'Wind speed',
+    label: 'Wind speed', // i18n-ignore: internal field name; the shown label comes from index.js
    units: 'm/s',
    min: 0,
    max: 30,
    stops: ['#133a67', '#2876a3', '#66c9d1', '#c8dfac', '#f1cf79', '#ee9761'],
  }),
  temperature: Object.freeze({
-    label: '2 m air temperature',
+    label: '2 m air temperature', // i18n-ignore: internal field name; the shown label comes from index.js
    units: '°C',
    min: -40,
    max: 50,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ export const WIND_FIELDS = Object.freeze({
    ],
  }),
  pressure: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'Mean sea-level pressure',
+    label: 'Mean sea-level pressure', // i18n-ignore: internal field name; the shown label comes from index.js
    units: 'hPa',
    min: 960,
    max: 1050,
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import {
  createWindInspectionMarker,
  WIND_UNITS,
 } from './inspection.js';
+import { t, msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { unitLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';

 /** Format a forecast timestamp explicitly in UTC. */
 export function formatWindValidTime(value) {
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ export function createWindLayer({
        return true;
      } catch (cause) {
        if (controller.signal.aborted || request !== controller) return false;
-        error = cause?.message || 'Wind source unavailable';
+        error = cause?.message || msg('Wind source unavailable');
        return true;
      } finally {
        signal?.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
@@ -242,7 +244,7 @@ export function createWindLayer({
    getRowControls() {
      const historyStatus =
        clock?.getState().mode === 'history'
-          ? 'Forecast · does not follow history'
+          ? t('Forecast · does not follow history')
          : null;
      const valid = formatWindValidTime(manifest?.cycle?.validIso);
      const run = formatWindValidTime(manifest?.cycle?.runIso);
@@ -258,13 +260,16 @@ export function createWindLayer({
        requestedScalar() !== 'none' &&
        manifest &&
        (!manifest.scalar || manifest.scalar.kind !== overlay);
+      // Stored in English for diagnostics; shown translated.
      const imageryError =
-        enabled && !loading ? diagnostic?.imageryError : null;
+        enabled && !loading && diagnostic?.imageryError
+          ? t(diagnostic.imageryError)
+          : null;
      const label = {
-        none: 'Wind motion',
-        speed: 'Wind speed',
-        pressure: 'Sea-level pressure',
-        temperature: 'Air temperature · 2 m',
+        none: t('Wind motion'),
+        speed: t('Wind speed'),
+        pressure: t('Sea-level pressure'),
+        temperature: t('Air temperature · 2 m'),
      }[overlay];
      const kind = ['temperature', 'pressure'].includes(overlay)
        ? overlay
@@ -290,60 +295,64 @@ export function createWindLayer({
        readout: true,
        summary: {
          label,
-          coverage: 'Global · 1° grid',
+          coverage: t('Global · 1° grid'),
          validTime: manifest?.cycle?.validIso,
          issuedTime: manifest?.cycle?.runIso,
-          detail: `${model === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF IFS' : 'GFS'} forecast · ${valid || 'Unavailable'}`,
+          detail: t('{model} forecast · {time}', {
+            model: model === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF IFS' : 'GFS',
+            time: valid || t('Unavailable'),
+          }),
          status: loading
-            ? 'Loading forecast'
+            ? t('Loading forecast')
            : preparing
-              ? 'Preparing flow'
-              : error ||
+              ? t('Preparing flow')
+              : (error && t(error)) ||
                manifest?.reason ||
                imageryError ||
-                (scalarMissing ? 'Selected field unavailable' : null) ||
-                (manifest?.stale ? 'Cached forecast · stale' : null),
+                (scalarMissing ? t('Selected field unavailable') : null) ||
+                (manifest?.stale ? t('Cached forecast · stale') : null),
          units: legendUnit,
        },
        chips: [
          ...['gfs', 'ifs'].map((value) => ({
            id: `model-${value}`,
-            label: value === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF' : 'GFS',
+            label: value === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF' : 'GFS', // i18n-ignore: forecast model names
            active: model === value,
            params: { model: value },
            title:
              value === 'ifs'
-                ? 'ECMWF IFS surface forecast'
-                : 'NOAA GFS surface forecast',
+                ? t('ECMWF IFS surface forecast')
+                : t('NOAA GFS surface forecast'),
          })),
          {
            id: 'motion',
            label: diagnostic?.reducedMotion
-              ? 'Reduced motion'
+              ? t('Reduced motion')
              : paused
-                ? 'Resume'
-                : 'Pause',
+                ? t('Resume')
+                : t('Pause'),
            active: motionPaused,
            disabled: Boolean(diagnostic?.reducedMotion),
            params: { paused: !paused },
-            title:
+            title: t(
              'Pause visual flow; forecast time does not advance with animation',
+            ),
          },
          ...['none', 'speed', 'pressure', 'temperature'].map((value) => ({
            id: `overlay-${value}`,
            label: {
-              none: 'None',
-              speed: 'Speed',
-              pressure: 'Pressure',
-              temperature: 'Temperature',
+              none: t('None'),
+              speed: t('Speed'),
+              pressure: t('Pressure'),
+              temperature: t('Temperature'),
            }[value],
            active: overlay === value,
            params: { overlay: value },
            title: {
-              none: 'Wind trails with no field shading',
-              speed: 'How hard the surface wind is blowing',
-              pressure: 'Sea-level air pressure: broad highs and lows',
-              temperature: 'Air temperature two meters above the surface',
+              none: t('Wind trails with no field shading'),
+              speed: t('How hard the surface wind is blowing'),
+              pressure: t('Sea-level air pressure: broad highs and lows'),
+              temperature: t('Air temperature two meters above the surface'),
            }[value],
          })),
          ...(speedLegendVisible ||
@@ -353,18 +362,19 @@ export function createWindLayer({
            : []
          ).map((value) => ({
            id: `units-${value}`,
-            label: value,
+            label: unitLabel(value),
            active: units === value,
            params: { units: value },
-            title: 'Wind speed units',
+            title: t('Wind speed units'),
          })),
          {
            id: 'read-wind',
-            label: 'Read wind at map center',
+            label: t('Read wind at map center'),
            params: { inspect: true },
            disabled: loading || !manifest?.u || manifest?.unavailable,
-            title:
+            title: t(
              'Read the forecast at the center of the map without changing selection',
+            ),
          },
        ],
        legend:
@@ -373,9 +383,14 @@ export function createWindLayer({
          (overlay === 'none' && !speedLegendVisible)
            ? []
            : legend,
-        info: `${model === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF IFS' : 'GFS'} forecast · ${label} (${legendUnit})${historyStatus ? `\n${historyStatus}` : ''}\nValid: ${valid || 'Unavailable'}${loading ? ' · loading' : preparing ? ' · preparing' : ''}\nIssued: ${run || 'Unavailable'}${manifest?.stale ? ' · STALE' : ''}${error ? '\n' + error : ''}${scalarMissing ? '\nSelected field unavailable · wind remains visible' : ''}${imageryError && !scalarMissing ? '\n' + imageryError + ' · wind remains visible' : ''}`,
-        infoTitle:
+        info: `${t('{model} forecast · {field} ({unit})', {
+          model: model === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF IFS' : 'GFS',
+          field: label,
+          unit: unitLabel(legendUnit),
+        })}${historyStatus ? `\n${historyStatus}` : ''}\n${t('Valid: {time}', { time: valid || t('Unavailable') })}${loading ? ` · ${t('loading')}` : preparing ? ` · ${t('preparing')}` : ''}\n${t('Issued: {time}', { time: run || t('Unavailable') })}${manifest?.stale ? ' · STALE' : ''}${error ? `\n${t(error)}` : ''}${scalarMissing ? `\n${t('Selected field unavailable · wind remains visible')}` : ''}${imageryError && !scalarMissing ? `\n${t('{error} · wind remains visible', { error: imageryError })}` : ''}`,
+        infoTitle: t(
          'Surface wind at 10 m. Approximately 1° global grid. Curves follow the 10 m wind field, lifted 12 km for visibility; display height is not weather altitude. View lighting is for readability. Animation shows flow through one fixed forecast; it does not advance time. Color fields drape the globe basemap or the active photorealistic 3D Tiles.',
+        ),
      };
      controls.summary.reading = reading;
      controls.summary.result = reading ? windReadingResult(reading) : null;
@@ -385,12 +400,12 @@ export function createWindLayer({
        chips: controls.chips.filter((chip) => chip.id.startsWith(prefix)),
      });
      controls.summary.settings = [
-        setting('model', 'MODEL', 'model-'),
-        setting('field', 'FIELD', 'overlay-'),
+        setting('model', t('MODEL'), 'model-'),
+        setting('field', t('FIELD'), 'overlay-'),
        ...(controls.chips.some(({ id }) => id.startsWith('units-'))
-          ? [{ id: 'units', label: 'UNITS', chips: windUnitChips(units) }]
+          ? [{ id: 'units', label: t('UNITS'), chips: windUnitChips(units) }]
          : []),
-        setting('motion', 'MOTION', 'motion'),
+        setting('motion', t('MOTION'), 'motion'),
      ];
      controls.summary.actions = controls.chips.filter(
        ({ id }) => id === 'read-wind',
@@ -425,7 +440,7 @@ export function createWindLayer({
          : null;
      return {
        ...windStats(manifest),
-        countLabel: 'Forecast',
+        countLabel: t('Forecast'),
        loading: loading || Boolean(preparing),
        model: model.toUpperCase(),
        overlay,
@@ -433,7 +448,7 @@ export function createWindLayer({
        stale: Boolean(manifest?.stale),
        source: model === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF IFS' : 'NOAA GFS',
        validTime:
-          formatWindValidTime(manifest?.cycle?.validIso) || 'Unavailable',
+          formatWindValidTime(manifest?.cycle?.validIso) || t('Unavailable'),
        error:
          error ||
          windStats(manifest).error ||
@@ -1,23 +1,27 @@
 import { sampleWind, windSpeed } from './model.js';
 import { sampleScalar } from './fields.js';

+// The reading stays English: AI tools read it too. Text is marked for i18n
+// extraction and translated where the WEATHER card shows it (presentation.js).
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 const DIRECTIONS = [
-  'N',
-  'NNE',
-  'NE',
-  'ENE',
-  'E',
-  'ESE',
-  'SE',
-  'SSE',
-  'S',
-  'SSW',
-  'SW',
-  'WSW',
-  'W',
-  'WNW',
-  'NW',
-  'NNW',
+  msg('N'),
+  msg('NNE'),
+  msg('NE'),
+  msg('ENE'),
+  msg('E'),
+  msg('ESE'),
+  msg('SE'),
+  msg('SSE'),
+  msg('S'),
+  msg('SSW'),
+  msg('SW'),
+  msg('WSW'),
+  msg('W'),
+  msg('WNW'),
+  msg('NW'),
+  msg('NNW'),
 ];
 export const WIND_UNITS = Object.freeze({
  'km/h': 3.6,
@@ -56,13 +60,14 @@ export function inspectWindAtCenter(
      ));
  if (!point || !snapshot?.u || !snapshot?.v)
    return {
-      coordinates: 'No surface reading',
-      wind: 'Aim the map center at Earth',
+      coordinates: msg('No surface reading'),
+      wind: msg('Aim the map center at Earth'),
      model,
      validTime,
      status,
-      explanation:
+      explanation: msg(
        'A location reading needs a loaded forecast and the Earth at the center of the view.',
+      ),
    };
  const location = cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(point, ellipsoid);
  const lon = cesium.Math.toDegrees(location.longitude);
@@ -87,11 +92,11 @@ export function inspectWindAtCenter(
    scalarKind: overlay,
    scalarLabel:
      overlay === 'speed'
-        ? 'Wind speed'
+        ? msg('Wind speed')
        : overlay === 'temperature'
-          ? 'Air temperature · 2 m'
+          ? msg('Air temperature · 2 m')
          : overlay === 'pressure'
-            ? 'Sea-level pressure'
+            ? msg('Sea-level pressure')
            : null,
    scalarValue:
      overlay === 'speed'
@@ -102,8 +107,9 @@ export function inspectWindAtCenter(
    model,
    validTime,
    status,
-    explanation:
+    explanation: msg(
      'Interpolated model forecast on an approximately 1° grid. Broad weather patterns, not a street-level measurement.',
+    ),
  };
 }

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import { formatWindSpeed, WIND_UNITS } from './inspection.js';
+import { formatNumber, formatUtcDayMonth, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity, unitLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';

 /** Reformat a captured sample; changing units never samples the map again. */
 export function formatWindReading(reading, units) {
@@ -19,36 +21,111 @@ export function formatWindReading(reading, units) {
 export function windUnitChips(units) {
  return Object.keys(WIND_UNITS).map((value) => ({
    id: `units-${value}`,
-    label: value,
+    label: unitLabel(value),
    active: units === value,
    params: { units: value },
-    title: 'Wind speed units',
+    title: t('Wind speed units'),
  }));
 }

+/** formatWindSpeed's value in the active language: "22,0 км/ч". */
+function displaySpeed(speed, units) {
+  const unit = Object.hasOwn(WIND_UNITS, units) ? units : 'km/h';
+  return formatQuantity(speed * WIND_UNITS[unit], unit, {
+    minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+    maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+  });
+}
+
+/** "1012.4 hPa" / "-3.0 °C" from the English reading, in the active language. */
+function displayScalar(reading) {
+  if (reading.scalarKind === 'speed' && Number.isFinite(reading.speed))
+    return displaySpeed(reading.speed, reading.units);
+  const match = /^(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?) (°C|hPa)$/.exec(reading.scalarValue);
+  if (!match) return reading.scalarValue;
+  const decimals = match[1].split('.')[1]?.length || 0;
+  return formatQuantity(Number(match[1]), match[2], {
+    minimumFractionDigits: decimals,
+    maximumFractionDigits: decimals,
+  });
+}
+
+/** The wind line in the active language; the reading itself stays English. */
+function windText(reading) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(reading.speed))
+    return reading.wind === 'Aim the map center at Earth'
+      ? t('Aim the map center at Earth')
+      : reading.wind;
+  const speed = displaySpeed(reading.speed, reading.units);
+  return reading.from === 'Calm'
+    ? `${speed}${t(' · calm')}`
+    : `${speed}${t(' from {direction}', { direction: t(reading.from) })}`;
+}
+
+/** "29.93°N · 97.74°W" from the English reading, in the active language. */
+function displayCoordinates(coordinates) {
+  const match = /^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)°([NS]) · (\d+(?:\.\d+)?)°([EW])$/.exec(
+    coordinates,
+  );
+  if (!match) return coordinates.replace(' · ', ' ');
+  const part = (value, hemisphere) => {
+    const decimals = value.split('.')[1]?.length || 0;
+    const amount = formatNumber(Number(value), {
+      minimumFractionDigits: decimals,
+      maximumFractionDigits: decimals,
+      useGrouping: false,
+    });
+    switch (hemisphere) {
+      case 'N':
+        return t('{value}°N', { value: amount });
+      case 'S':
+        return t('{value}°S', { value: amount });
+      case 'E':
+        return t('{value}°E', { value: amount });
+      default:
+        return t('{value}°W', { value: amount });
+    }
+  };
+  return `${part(match[1], match[2])} ${part(match[3], match[4])}`;
+}
+
+/** "2026-10-14 14:00 UTC" from the reading, as "10-14 14:00 UTC" / "14.10 …". */
+function displayValidTime(validTime) {
+  const match = /^(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}) (\d{2}:\d{2}) UTC$/.exec(validTime || '');
+  if (!match) return validTime?.replace(/^\d{4}-/, '');
+  return `${formatUtcDayMonth(match[1])} ${match[2]} UTC`;
+}
+
 /** Portable result block consumed by the WEATHER card. */
 export function windReadingResult(reading) {
+  const coordinates =
+    reading.coordinates === 'No surface reading'
+      ? t('No surface reading')
+      : displayCoordinates(reading.coordinates);
  return {
    id: 'reading',
-    label: `WIND AT ${reading.coordinates.replace(' · ', ' ')}`,
+    label: t('WIND AT {coordinates}', { coordinates }),
    lines: [
      {
        id: 'wind',
-        text: reading.wind,
+        text: windText(reading),
      },
      {
        id: 'meta',
-        text: `${reading.model} · valid ${reading.validTime?.replace(/^\d{4}-/, '')}`,
+        text: t('{model} · valid {time}', {
+          model: reading.model,
+          time: displayValidTime(reading.validTime),
+        }),
      },
      ...(reading.scalarValue
        ? [
            {
              id: 'scalar',
-              text: `${reading.scalarLabel} · ${reading.scalarValue}`,
+              text: `${t(reading.scalarLabel)} · ${displayScalar(reading)}`,
            },
          ]
        : []),
-      { id: 'explanation', text: reading.explanation },
+      { id: 'explanation', text: t(reading.explanation) },
    ],
    clear: { params: { inspect: false } },
  };
@@ -2,7 +2,16 @@ import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { formatWindReading, windReadingResult } from './presentation.js';

-const sample = { speed: 5, from: 'SW', coordinates: '41.9°N · 87.6°W', model: 'NOAA GFS', validTime: '2026-09-21 12:00 UTC', scalarLabel: 'Air temperature · 2 m', scalarValue: '12 °C', explanation: 'Interpolated model forecast.' };
+const sample = {
+  speed: 5,
+  from: 'SW',
+  coordinates: '41.9°N · 87.6°W',
+  model: 'NOAA GFS',
+  validTime: '2026-09-21 12:00 UTC',
+  scalarLabel: 'Air temperature · 2 m',
+  scalarValue: '12 °C',
+  explanation: 'Interpolated model forecast.',
+};
 test('captured reading reformats without changing its sample and produces a portable result block', () => {
  const reading = formatWindReading(sample, 'mph');
  assert.equal(reading.wind, '11.2 mph from SW');
@@ -11,12 +20,30 @@ test('captured reading reformats without changing its sample and produces a port
  assert.equal(sample.units, undefined);
  const section = windReadingResult(reading);
  assert.equal(section.id, 'reading');
-  assert.equal(section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'scalar').text, 'Air temperature · 2 m · 12 °C');
-  assert.equal(section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'wind').text, '11.2 mph from SW');
-  assert.equal(section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'meta').text, 'NOAA GFS · valid 09-21 12:00 UTC');
+  assert.equal(
+    section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'scalar').text,
+    'Air temperature · 2 m · 12\u00a0°C',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'wind').text,
+    '11.2\u00a0mph from SW',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'meta').text,
+    'NOAA GFS · valid 09-21 12:00 UTC',
+  );
  assert.equal(section.label, 'WIND AT 41.9°N 87.6°W');
  assert.deepEqual(section.clear.params, { inspect: false });
-  assert.equal(formatWindReading({ ...sample, from: 'Calm' }, 'm/s').wind, '5.0 m/s · calm');
+  assert.equal(
+    formatWindReading({ ...sample, from: 'Calm' }, 'm/s').wind,
+    '5.0 m/s · calm',
+  );
  assert.equal(formatWindReading(null, 'km/h'), null);
-  assert.equal(windReadingResult({ coordinates: 'No surface reading', wind: 'Unavailable' }).lines.some(({ id }) => id === 'scalar'), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    windReadingResult({
+      coordinates: 'No surface reading',
+      wind: 'Unavailable',
+    }).lines.some(({ id }) => id === 'scalar'),
+    false,
+  );
 });
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
 import { createWindRelief } from './relief.js';
 import { orderWeatherImagery } from '../weather/imageryOrder.js';
 import { NO_IMAGERY_HOST } from '../weather/imageryHost.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { createWindGpuRendering } from './gpuRendering.js';
 import { advectParticle, sampleWind } from './model.js';
 import {
@@ -344,7 +345,7 @@ export function createWindRendering({
        ? !cesium.Primitive
        : !collection || !cesium.SingleTileImageryProvider
    ) {
-      imageryError = 'Globe imagery unavailable';
+      imageryError = msg('Globe imagery unavailable');
      return;
    }
    try {
@@ -384,12 +385,12 @@ export function createWindRendering({
      imagery.alpha = overlay === 'temperature' ? 1 : 0.85;
      if (gpuActive) updateImageryFade(viewer.scene.camera, true);
      imageryErrorRemove = provider.errorEvent?.addEventListener(() => {
-        imageryError = 'Globe field image unavailable';
+        imageryError = msg('Globe field image unavailable');
      });
      viewer.scene?.requestRender?.();
    } catch {
      removeImagery();
-      imageryError = 'Globe field image unavailable';
+      imageryError = msg('Globe field image unavailable');
    }
  }

@@ -244,6 +244,7 @@ export function reduceTrafficSyncFeedback(
      // Neutral default: the layer always supplies its own LIVE/SIMULATED
      // label, and a fallback string must never claim a live feed on a
      // keyless build.
+      // i18n-ignore: portable node/browser status vocabulary; src/ui/shellFeedback.js translates it at the presentation boundary
      label: label || 'syncing road network',
      progressText: hasProgress ? `${progressPct}%` : '...',
    };
@@ -392,6 +393,7 @@ export function presentLoadingFeedback(state, summary, nowMs) {
    );
    return {
      state: 'retry',
+      // i18n-ignore: portable node/browser status vocabulary; src/ui/shellFeedback.js translates it at the presentation boundary
      label: (
        camera.cameraRetry.error || 'Overpass temporarily unavailable'
      ).toUpperCase(),
@@ -438,6 +440,7 @@ export function presentLoadingFeedback(state, summary, nowMs) {
  if (active.length === 1 && active[0].cameraRetry && !summary.disabling) {
    return {
      state: 'loading',
+      // i18n-ignore: portable node/browser status vocabulary; src/ui/shellFeedback.js translates it at the presentation boundary
      label: active[0].cameraRetry.retrying
        ? 'RETRYING ALPR CAMERAS'
        : 'FETCHING ALPR CAMERAS',
@@ -452,6 +455,7 @@ export function presentLoadingFeedback(state, summary, nowMs) {
  ) {
    return {
      state: 'loading',
+      // i18n-ignore: portable node/browser status vocabulary; src/ui/shellFeedback.js translates it at the presentation boundary
      label: active[0].installationRetry.retrying
        ? 'RETRYING MAPPED SITES'
        : 'FETCHING MAPPED SITES',
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ test('the ACTIVE STYLE indicator is written from the style name and nothing else
  assert.equal(writes.length, 1, 'the style indicator must have exactly one writer');
  assert.match(
    ui.slice(writes[0].index, writes[0].index + 160),
-    /this\._styleIndicator\.textContent =\s*displayNames\[styleName\] \|\| styleName\.toUpperCase\(\);/,
+    /this\._styleIndicator\.textContent = STYLE_STATUS_LABELS\[styleName\]\s*\?\s*t\(STYLE_STATUS_LABELS\[styleName\]\)\s*:\s*styleName\.toUpperCase\(\);/,
  );

  const handler = locationSearchHandler();
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { createStandaloneApplication } from './standalone/application.js';
 import { describeError } from './standalone/errors.js';
+import { t } from './i18n/index.js';

 const application = createStandaloneApplication({
  googleApiKey: import.meta.env.GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY,
@@ -10,7 +11,9 @@ const application = createStandaloneApplication({
 application.start().catch((error) => {
  console.error("God's Eye View initialization failed:", error);
  const loaderStatus = document.querySelector('#loading-screen .loader-status');
-  loaderStatus.textContent = `Error: ${describeError(error)}`;
+  loaderStatus.textContent = t('Error: {message}', {
+    message: describeError(error),
+  });
  loaderStatus.style.color = '#ff4444';
 });

@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ test('the Visual Presets tray owns Map Source and the retired left panel is abse
  );
  assert.match(
    html,
-    /<section class="map-source-section"[\s\S]*?<div id="map-stack-chips" class="map-stack-chip-row" role="group" aria-label="Map source"><\/div>/,
+    /<section class="map-source-section"[\s\S]*?<div id="map-stack-chips" class="map-stack-chip-row" role="group" aria-label="Map source" data-i18n-aria-label><\/div>/,
  );
  assert.doesNotMatch(
    html,
@@ -14,7 +14,12 @@ import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 */
 export function photorealUnavailableReason(hasCredentials) {
  if (hasCredentials)
-    return "Google 3D tiles unavailable — check the key's API restrictions, quota, or network";
+    return t(
+      "Google 3D tiles unavailable — check the key's API restrictions, quota, or network",
+    );
  const envVars = keySetupRequirementEnvVars('google-maps');
-  return `${t('Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings', { envVars })} — or a Cesium ion token for the ion-hosted route`;
+  return t(
+    'Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings — or a Cesium ion token for the ion-hosted route',
+    { envVars },
+  );
 }
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 export const MAP_STACKS = [
  {
    id: 'photoreal',
-    label: 'Google 3D',
+    label: 'Google 3D', // i18n-ignore: imagery product name
    shortLabel: '3D',
    kind: 'photoreal',
    requiresIon: false,
  },
  {
    id: 'bing-aerial',
-    label: 'Bing Aerial',
+    label: 'Bing Aerial', // i18n-ignore: imagery product name
    shortLabel: 'Aerial',
    kind: 'ion',
    style: Cesium.IonWorldImageryStyle.AERIAL,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export const MAP_STACKS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'bing-labels',
-    label: 'Bing Labels',
+    label: 'Bing Labels', // i18n-ignore: imagery product name
    shortLabel: 'Labels',
    kind: 'ion',
    style: Cesium.IonWorldImageryStyle.AERIAL_WITH_LABELS,
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ export const MAP_STACKS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'esri-imagery',
-    label: 'Esri Satellite',
+    label: 'Esri Satellite', // i18n-ignore: imagery product name
    shortLabel: 'SAT',
    kind: 'esri-imagery',
    requiresIon: false,
  },
  {
    id: 'osm',
-    label: 'OSM',
+    label: 'OSM', // i18n-ignore: imagery product name
    shortLabel: 'OSM',
    kind: 'osm',
    requiresIon: false,
@@ -6,7 +6,13 @@
 */

 /** Guidance shown when the active map stack cannot host draped imagery. */
-export const NO_IMAGERY_HOST = 'Hidden by this map source · choose a globe map';
+// Marks text for i18n extraction without importing i18n here; the UI
+// translates it where it is shown.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
+export const NO_IMAGERY_HOST = msg(
+  'Hidden by this map source · choose a globe map',
+);

 /**
 * Resolve the imagery layer collection for the active map stack.
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import {
  placementVariants,
 } from './worldOverlayDraw.js';
 import { WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE } from './worldOverlayTokens.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';

 /**
 * @module worldOverlay
@@ -1269,7 +1270,7 @@ function ensureOverlayDom() {
    _accessibilityRoot.id = ACCESSIBILITY_ROOT_ID;
    _accessibilityRoot.className = 'world-overlay-accessibility';
    _accessibilityRoot.setAttribute('role', 'region');
-    _accessibilityRoot.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Visible map targets');
+    _accessibilityRoot.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Visible map targets'));
    document.body.appendChild(_accessibilityRoot);
  }
  _accessibilityList = document.getElementById(ACCESSIBILITY_LIST_ID);
@@ -2419,7 +2420,9 @@ function syncAccessibleActions() {
      if (!activate) return;
      const accepted = activate();
      if (accepted !== false && _accessibilityStatus) {
-        _accessibilityStatus.textContent = `Focusing ${item.label}`;
+        _accessibilityStatus.textContent = t('Focusing {label}', {
+          label: item.label,
+        });
      }
    });
    _accessibilityList.appendChild(button);
@@ -351,6 +351,7 @@ function buildWorkload(count) {
      id: `mover-${index}`,
      position: () => position,
      variant: 'label',
+      // i18n-ignore: synthetic allocation-benchmark fixture, not shown as UI
      title: `TRK ${1000 + index}`,
      details: [`ALT ${10_000 + index * 25}`],
      priority: index % 7,
@@ -461,6 +462,7 @@ function buildPhase3FirmsWorkload(count) {
          position,
          gapPx: 10,
          accent: '224, 82, 82',
+          // i18n-ignore: synthetic allocation-benchmark fixture, not shown as UI
          title: `▲ ${50 + fireIndex} MW`,
          details: ['high · 2h · N20'],
          selected: false,
@@ -551,6 +553,7 @@ function buildPhase3VesselsWorkload(count) {
          position,
          gapPx: 10,
          accent: '224, 82, 82',
+          // i18n-ignore: synthetic allocation-benchmark fixture, not shown as UI
          title: `▲ ${50 + fireIndex} MW`,
          details: ['high · 2h · N20'],
          selected: false,
@@ -570,6 +573,7 @@ function buildPhase3VesselsWorkload(count) {
        position,
        gapPx: selected ? 12 : 10,
        accent: '57, 213, 255',
+        // i18n-ignore: synthetic allocation-benchmark fixture, not shown as UI
        title: selected ? 'SELECTED VESSEL' : `VESSEL ${vesselIndex}`,
        details: selected
          ? ['CARGO · 14.5KT · 231°', 'MMSI 353136000 · POS: LIVE']
@@ -644,6 +648,7 @@ function buildPhase3TrackedWorkload(count) {
    gevTrackedId: 'flights:allocation-probe',
    gevDisplayPosition: selected.position,
    gevLabelModel: {
+      // i18n-ignore: synthetic allocation-benchmark fixture, not shown as UI
      title: 'ALLOC01',
      details: ['FL350 · 451 kts', 'TEST AIR · A320'],
      accent: '#39d0ff',
@@ -694,6 +699,7 @@ function buildPhase4CctvWorkload(count) {
    const entry = createCctvThumbnailOverlayEntry({
      id: active ? 'cctv:active' : `cctv:${index}`,
      position,
+      // i18n-ignore: synthetic allocation-benchmark fixture, not shown as UI
      title: active ? 'ACTIVE CAMERA' : `CAMERA ${index}`,
      frameSlot: slot,
      rank: index,
@@ -867,6 +873,7 @@ function buildPhase5CivilWorkload(count) {
  const entry = registration?.entries[0];
  if (!entry)
    throw new Error('phase5-civil requires the protected tracked entry');
+  // i18n-ignore: synthetic allocation-benchmark fixture, not shown as UI
  entry.title = 'ALLOC01 · FL350 · 451 kts';
  entry.details = ['TEST AIR · A320', 'AUS → LAX'];
  return workload;
@@ -881,6 +888,7 @@ function buildPhase5MilitaryWorkload(count) {
  if (!entry)
    throw new Error('phase5-military requires the protected tracked entry');
  entry.id = 'military:allocation-probe';
+  // i18n-ignore: synthetic allocation-benchmark fixture, not shown as UI
  entry.title = 'RCH451';
  entry.details = ['C17 · 05-8152', 'USAF · 28000 ft · 400 kt'];
  entry.accent = '#ffd166';
@@ -1067,6 +1075,7 @@ function appendSubmarineCableWorkload(workload, count) {
      id: `${kind}-reference-${index}-alloc`,
      kind,
      label:
+        // i18n-ignore: synthetic allocation-benchmark fixture, not shown as UI
        kind === 'cable' ? `Cable System ${index}` : `Landing Point ${index}`,
      tip: position,
      distanceM: 200_000 + index * 40_000,
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { renderPackGeometry } from './geometry.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';

 function caption(viewer, pack) {
  const card = document.createElement('section');
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ function caption(viewer, pack) {
  card.append(title);
  if (pack.attribution.url) {
    const link = document.createElement('a');
-    link.textContent = 'Source';
+    link.textContent = t('Source');
    link.href = pack.attribution.url;
    link.target = '_blank';
    link.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
@@ -23,10 +23,12 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import {
  SCENE_APPEND_RECIPES,
  SCENE_RECIPES,
+  displaySceneTitle,
+  displayShotTitle,
  getSceneAppendRecipeById,
 } from './recipes.js';
 import { sceneLayerPlan, sceneRequiresContextModeExit } from './scenePolicy.js';
-import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { t, tn } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { createSceneDataPacks } from './dataPacks/controller.js';
 import { createSceneInteractions } from './interactions.js';
 import { createSceneSharing } from './sharing.js';
@@ -66,26 +68,7 @@ import {
 // project titles, and voice-matching titles all stay English (keep-English
 // boundary + persisted data); only the presentation of an UNRENAMED built-in
 // localizes, so an operator's renamed scene is never masked by the catalog.
-const RECIPE_TITLE_KEYS = Object.freeze({
-  'flights-radar': msg('Global Flights Radar'),
-  'orbital-watch': msg('Orbital Watch'),
-  'thermal-threats': msg('Thermal Threat Board'),
-  'city-overload': msg('City Overload'),
-  'omniscience-pullback': msg('Omniscience Pullback'),
-});
-
-/**
- * Display title for a scene: the localized recipe name while the stored title
- * still matches the built-in verbatim, the stored title otherwise.
- * @param {{id?: string, title?: string}} scene
- * @returns {string}
- */
-function displaySceneTitle(scene) {
-  const key = RECIPE_TITLE_KEYS[scene?.id];
-  if (!key) return scene?.title || '';
-  const builtin = SCENE_RECIPES.find((recipe) => recipe.id === scene.id);
-  return scene.title === builtin?.title ? t(key) : scene.title;
-}
+// Recipe and built-in shot titles are marked with msg() in recipes.js.

 /** @constant {string} localStorage key for the serialized project */
 const STORAGE_KEY = 'godsEyeView.sceneProject.v2';
@@ -397,8 +380,8 @@ export class SceneDirector {
  _shotOutcome(type, scene, shot, index = scene.shots.indexOf(shot)) {
    if (type === 'shot-loaded')
      this._presentation.status = t('Loaded: {scene} / {shot}', {
-        scene: scene.title,
-        shot: shot.title,
+        scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+        shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title),
      });
    this._publish({
      type,
@@ -419,10 +402,15 @@ export class SceneDirector {
      subscribe: (listener) => this.subscribe(listener),
      read: () => ({
        // Scene titles surface in the panel through SceneControls; built-in
-        // recipe titles display their localized name until renamed by the user.
+        // recipe and shot titles display their localized name until renamed
+        // by the user. Shots keep the stored title for editing and matching.
        scenes: this._project.scenes.map((scene) => ({
          ...scene,
          title: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+          shots: scene.shots.map((shot) => ({
+            ...shot,
+            displayTitle: displayShotTitle(shot.title),
+          })),
        })),
        selectedSceneId: this._selectedSceneId,
        selectedShotId: this._selectedShotId,
@@ -519,6 +507,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {

    const scene = {
      id: uid('scene'),
+      // i18n-ignore: stored English, like normalizeProject; displaySceneTitle translates it.
      title: sceneName.trim() || `Scene ${this._project.scenes.length + 1}`,
      shots: [],
    };
@@ -797,7 +786,9 @@ export class SceneDirector {
            ));
      if (!inventoryMatches) {
        this._updateStatus(
-          `Cannot update ${recipe.title}: shot inventory changed`,
+          t('Cannot update {scene}: shot inventory changed', {
+            scene: t(recipe.title),
+          }),
        );
        return {
          appended: false,
@@ -828,7 +819,9 @@ export class SceneDirector {
        );
      if (!sourcePackMatches) {
        this._updateStatus(
-          `Cannot update ${recipe.title}: evidence beats changed`,
+          t('Cannot update {scene}: evidence beats changed', {
+            scene: t(recipe.title),
+          }),
        );
        return {
          appended: false,
@@ -851,7 +844,9 @@ export class SceneDirector {
    }));
    if (resolvedPatches.some(({ shot }) => !shot)) {
      this._updateStatus(
-        `Cannot update ${recipe.title}: shot bindings are incomplete`,
+        t('Cannot update {scene}: shot bindings are incomplete', {
+          scene: t(recipe.title),
+        }),
      );
      return {
        appended: false,
@@ -931,8 +926,18 @@ export class SceneDirector {
    if (announce) {
      this._updateStatus(
        marker
-          ? `Updated ${patchedShotCount} ${patchedShotCount === 1 ? 'shot' : 'shots'}: ${recipe.title}`
-          : `Appended ${appendedShots.length} shots: ${recipe.title}`,
+          ? tn(
+              patchedShotCount,
+              'Updated {count} shot: {scene}',
+              'Updated {count} shots: {scene}',
+              { scene: t(recipe.title) },
+            )
+          : tn(
+              appendedShots.length,
+              'Appended {count} shot: {scene}',
+              'Appended {count} shots: {scene}',
+              { scene: t(recipe.title) },
+            ),
      );
    }
    return {
@@ -961,9 +966,8 @@ export class SceneDirector {
    const shot = normalizeShot(
      {
        id: uid('shot'),
-        title: t('Shot {n}', {
-          n: scene.shots.length + 1,
-        }),
+        // i18n-ignore: stored English; displayShotTitle translates it when shown.
+        title: `Shot ${scene.shots.length + 1}`,
        durationSec: DEFAULT_SHOT_DURATION_SEC,
        holdSec: DEFAULT_HOLD_SEC,
        camera,
@@ -979,8 +983,8 @@ export class SceneDirector {
    this._shotOutcome('shot-captured', scene, shot);
    this._updateStatus(
      t('Captured: {scene} / {shot}', {
-        scene: scene.title,
-        shot: shot.title,
+        scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+        shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title),
      }),
    );
  }
@@ -1012,8 +1016,8 @@ export class SceneDirector {
    this._shotOutcome('shot-updated', scene, shot);
    this._updateStatus(
      t('Updated: {scene} / {shot}', {
-        scene: scene.title,
-        shot: shot.title,
+        scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+        shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title),
      }),
    );
  }
@@ -1121,7 +1125,11 @@ export class SceneDirector {
      const released = await this._releaseSceneLayers(previousScene, token);
      if (!released || token.cancelled) {
        if (!token.cancelled)
-          this._updateStatus(`Could not leave scene: ${previousScene.title}`);
+          this._updateStatus(
+            t('Could not leave scene: {scene}', {
+              scene: displaySceneTitle(previousScene),
+            }),
+          );
        return;
      }
      this._loadedSceneId = null;
@@ -1171,7 +1179,12 @@ export class SceneDirector {
        seeking: true,
      });
      if (this._loadAbort === controller) this._loadAbort = null;
-      this._updateStatus(`Seeked: ${scene.title} / ${shot.title}`);
+      this._updateStatus(
+        t('Seeked: {scene} / {shot}', {
+          scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+          shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title),
+        }),
+      );
      this._activateInteractions(scene, shot);
      return { started: true, shotId };
    }
@@ -1533,7 +1546,12 @@ export class SceneDirector {
      running: false,
      seeking: true,
    });
-    this._updateStatus(`Seeked: ${scene.title} / ${shot.title}`);
+    this._updateStatus(
+      t('Seeked: {scene} / {shot}', {
+        scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+        shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title),
+      }),
+    );
    return true;
  }

@@ -1807,6 +1825,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
    // Initialize telemetry accumulator for this run
    this._activeRun = {
      recipeId: `project-${PROJECT_VERSION}`,
+      // i18n-ignore: run telemetry record, downloaded as JSON
      title: 'Editable Scene Run',
      startedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
      estimatedDurationSec,
@@ -1950,7 +1969,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
    if (action.type === 'shot') {
      if (this._interactionTransitions >= 64) {
        this._updateStatus(
-          'Scene transition limit reached — load a shot to reset',
+          t('Scene transition limit reached — load a shot to reset'),
        );
        return false;
      }
@@ -1993,7 +2012,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
    try {
      payload = stringifySceneDocument(this._project);
    } catch (error) {
-      this._updateStatus(`Export failed: ${error.message}`);
+      this._updateStatus(t('Export failed: {error}', { error: error.message }));
      return;
    }
    // Trigger a browser download via a temporary anchor element
@@ -2066,7 +2085,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
      this._loadedSceneId = null;
      this._saveProject();
      this._publish({ type: 'project-imported', project });
-      this._updateStatus(`Imported ${file.name}`);
+      this._updateStatus(t('Imported {file}', { file: file.name }));
      return true;
    } catch (error) {
      if (
@@ -2077,8 +2096,8 @@ export class SceneDirector {
        return false;
      this._updateStatus(
        error instanceof SceneDocumentError
-          ? `Import failed: ${error.message}`
-          : 'Import failed (could not read JSON file)',
+          ? t('Import failed: {error}', { error: error.message })
+          : t('Import failed (could not read JSON file)'),
      );
    }
  }
@@ -2178,7 +2197,9 @@ export class SceneDirector {
    }

    if (refused.length) {
-      this._updateStatus(`Layers refused: ${refused.join(', ')}`);
+      this._updateStatus(
+        t('Layers refused: {layers}', { layers: refused.join(', ') }),
+      );
      this._logEvent('shot_layers_refused', { layerIds: [...refused] });
    }
    return { applied, refused, cancelled: false };
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { isPointerFree } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
 import { createInteractionSession } from '../director/interactions/session.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';

 /** Own the active shot's pick handler, accessible actions and plain-text feedback. */
 export function createSceneInteractions(
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ export function createSceneInteractions(
        card.append(text);
        if (item.action.url) {
          const link = document.createElement('a');
-          link.textContent = 'Source';
+          link.textContent = t('Source');
          link.style.color = '#6eeaff';
          link.href = item.action.url;
          link.target = '_blank';
@@ -60,8 +61,8 @@ export function createSceneInteractions(
    const ok = await session.dispatch(id);
    if (current && current === panel && status)
      status.textContent = ok
-        ? 'Action complete'
-        : 'Action unavailable or cancelled';
+        ? t('Action complete')
+        : t('Action unavailable or cancelled');
    return ok;
  }
  return {
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ export function createSceneInteractions(
      }
      panel = document.createElement('section');
      panel.dataset.directorInteractions = '';
-      panel.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Scene actions');
+      panel.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Scene actions'));
      Object.assign(panel.style, {
        position: 'absolute',
        left: '12px',
@@ -104,12 +105,13 @@ export function createSceneInteractions(
      });
      const owner = panel;
      const title = document.createElement('strong');
-      title.textContent = 'Scene actions';
+      title.textContent = t('Scene actions');
      panel.append(title);
      status = document.createElement('p');
      status.setAttribute('role', 'status');
-      status.textContent =
-        'Select a feature or use Tab and Enter to choose an action.';
+      status.textContent = t(
+        'Select a feature or use Tab and Enter to choose an action.',
+      );
      panel.append(status);
      for (const item of items) {
        const button = document.createElement('button');
@@ -157,7 +159,12 @@ export function createSceneInteractions(
            ? '2px solid #6eeaff'
            : '';
        }
-        status.textContent = `Selected feature: ${matches[0].target.featureId}. Choose an action.`;
+        status.textContent = t(
+          'Selected feature: {feature}. Choose an action.',
+          {
+            feature: matches[0].target.featureId,
+          },
+        );
        buttons.get(matches[0].id)?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
      }, Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK);
    },
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { SOURCE_PATH_BEAT_IDS } from '../data/bhoteKoshiShotPaths.js';
 const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
  {
    id: 'second-landslide',
+    // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
    title: 'Second landslide',
    lat: 28.399234,
    lon: 85.535806,
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'dhunche',
+    // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
    title: 'Dhunche',
    lat: 28.161431,
    lon: 85.324278,
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'mailung-upper-trishuli',
+    // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
    title: 'Mailung / Upper Trishuli bridge',
    lat: 28.140642,
    lon: 85.265996,
@@ -37,6 +40,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'mailung-bazzar',
+    // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
    title: 'Mailung Bazzar, Dandaguan',
    lat: 28.126526,
    lon: 85.248027,
@@ -47,6 +51,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'dandagaun',
+    // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
    title: 'Dandagaun, Rasuwa',
    lat: 28.124424,
    lon: 85.245154,
@@ -57,6 +62,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'dandagaun-viewpoint',
+    // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
    title: 'Dandagaun viewpoint restaurant',
    lat: 28.086663,
    lon: 85.229914,
@@ -67,6 +73,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'betrawati-bazaar',
+    // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
    title: 'Betrawati Bazaar',
    lat: 28.029827,
    lon: 85.227694,
@@ -77,6 +84,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'bhainse',
+    // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
    title: 'Bhainse',
    lat: 28.023087,
    lon: 85.229449,
@@ -87,6 +95,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'devighat-taadi-khola-bridge',
+    // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
    title: 'Devighat / Taadi Khola Bridge',
    lat: 27.921132,
    lon: 85.177113,
@@ -97,6 +106,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'charaudi',
+    // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
    title: 'Charaudi',
    lat: 27.865095,
    lon: 84.838424,
@@ -107,6 +117,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
  },
  {
    id: 'final-view',
+    // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
    title: 'Final view',
    lat: 28.0834,
    lon: 85.206,
@@ -340,6 +351,7 @@ export function expandNepalEvidencePack(base) {
    shotPatches: [
      ...(base.shotPatches || []),
      {
+        // i18n-ignore: shot title (mostly a place name), matched by title on upgrade
        title: 'Final view',
        layers: finalView.layers,
      },
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /** Connect the portable Director runner to the existing scene presentation. */
 import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { displaySceneTitle, displayShotTitle } from './recipes.js';

 export function createScenePlaybackAdapter(director, defaultShotDurationSec) {
  let timing;
@@ -19,8 +20,8 @@ export function createScenePlaybackAdapter(director, defaultShotDurationSec) {
        t('Running {index}/{total}: {scene} / {shot}', {
          index: index + 1,
          total,
-          scene: scene.title,
-          shot: shot.title,
+          scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+          shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title),
        }),
      );
      director._logEvent('shot_start', {
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ export function recipeToScene(recipe) {
    const mapStack = keyframe.mapStack || post.mapStack;
    return {
      id: uid('shot'),
+      // i18n-ignore: persisted fallback; legacy bootstrap matches 'Shot N'
      title: keyframe.title || `Shot ${idx + 1}`,
      durationSec: Math.max(
        0.2,
@@ -171,6 +172,7 @@ export function recipeToScene(recipe) {

  return {
    id: recipe.id || uid('scene'),
+    // i18n-ignore: persisted fallback; built-in titles display through director
    title: recipe.title || 'Untitled Scene',
    releaseLayerIds: [
      ...new Set(
@@ -225,6 +227,7 @@ export function normalizeShot(

  return {
    id: rawShot?.id || uid('shot'),
+    // i18n-ignore: persisted fallback; legacy bootstrap matches 'Shot N'
    title: rawShot?.title || `Shot ${index + 1}`,
    durationSec: Math.max(
      0.2,
@@ -349,6 +352,7 @@ export function normalizeProject(rawProject) {
      );
      return {
        id: scene?.id || uid('scene'),
+        // i18n-ignore: persisted fallback for a saved scene without a title
        title: scene?.title || `Scene ${sceneIdx + 1}`,
        ...(scene?.dataPacks ? { dataPacks: deepClone(scene.dataPacks) } : {}),
        ...(scene?.anchors ? { anchors: deepClone(scene.anchors) } : {}),
@@ -4,11 +4,12 @@
 */

 import { expandNepalEvidencePack } from './nepalEvidencePack.js';
+import { msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';

 const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
  id: 'bhote-koshi-nepal-evidence-pack',
  version: 12,
-  title: 'Bhote Koshi Evidence Sequence',
+  title: msg('Bhote Koshi Evidence Sequence'),
  style: 'normal',
  ui: { hidePanels: false, hudMode: 'full', safeFrame: '16:9' },
  layers: {
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
    fromShotTitles: ['Shot 1', 'Shot 2', 'Shot 3'],
    cameraPath: [
      {
+        // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
        title: 'Global Incident Context',
        lat: 27.5962,
        lon: 78.5718,
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
        },
      },
      {
+        // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
        title: 'Nepal-Focused Globe Rotation',
        lat: 28.7248,
        lon: 81.3226,
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
        },
      },
      {
+        // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
        title: 'Bhote Koshi Regional Approach',
        lat: 27.0354,
        lon: 84.6287,
@@ -77,6 +81,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
        },
      },
      {
+        // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
        title: 'Bhote Koshi Nearby Cities',
        lat: 27.891,
        lon: 85.428,
@@ -94,6 +99,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
        },
      },
      {
+        // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
        title: 'Bhote Koshi Incident Corridor',
        lat: 28.0529,
        lon: 85.2189,
@@ -111,6 +117,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
        },
      },
      {
+        // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
        title: 'Bhote Koshi Flood Path',
        lat: 28.1691,
        lon: 85.352,
@@ -128,6 +135,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
        },
      },
      {
+        // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
        title: 'Bhote Koshi Corridor Overview',
        lat: 27.8986,
        lon: 84.8723,
@@ -145,6 +153,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
        },
      },
      {
+        // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
        title: 'Bhote Koshi Upper Valley',
        lat: 28.4187,
        lon: 85.4341,
@@ -221,6 +230,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
  },
  shotPatches: [
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Global Incident Context',
      visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
      layers: {
@@ -236,6 +246,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Nepal-Focused Globe Rotation',
      visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
      layers: {
@@ -251,6 +262,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Bhote Koshi Regional Approach',
      visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
      layers: {
@@ -266,6 +278,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Bhote Koshi Nearby Cities',
      visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
      layers: {
@@ -281,6 +294,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Bhote Koshi Incident Corridor',
      camera: {
        lat: 28.0529,
@@ -305,6 +319,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Bhote Koshi Flood Path',
      visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
      layers: {
@@ -320,6 +335,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Bhote Koshi Corridor Overview',
      visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
      layers: {
@@ -335,6 +351,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Bhote Koshi Upper Valley',
      holdSec: 8,
      visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
@@ -357,6 +374,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Upper Valley Collapse',
      camera: {
        lat: 28.417,
@@ -380,24 +398,29 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Nepal-China Border Gate',
      visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Timure Evidence Cluster',
      visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Syabru Besi Passage',
      visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Bidur / Trishuli Consequence',
      visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
    },
  ],
  cameraPath: [
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Upper Valley Collapse',
      lat: 28.417,
      lon: 85.3937,
@@ -421,6 +444,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Debris-Dammed Lake',
      lat: 28.392914,
      lon: 85.570921,
@@ -444,6 +468,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Nepal-China Border Gate',
      mapStack: 'photoreal',
      lat: 28.316789,
@@ -474,6 +499,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Timure Evidence Cluster',
      mapStack: 'photoreal',
      lat: 28.285968,
@@ -502,6 +528,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Syabru Besi Passage',
      mapStack: 'photoreal',
      lat: 28.210306,
@@ -530,6 +557,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
      },
    },
    {
+      // i18n-ignore: shot title, matched by title when the recipe upgrades a saved project
      title: 'Bidur / Trishuli Consequence',
      mapStack: 'photoreal',
      lat: 27.981737,
@@ -569,7 +597,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_APPEND_RECIPE = BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE
 const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BOOTSTRAP_RECIPE = BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_APPEND_RECIPE
  ? Object.freeze({
      id: 'bhote-koshi-nepal-scene',
-      title: 'Nepal Flood Incident',
+      title: msg('Nepal Flood Incident'),
      durationSec: 15,
      style: BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_APPEND_RECIPE.style,
      ui: BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_APPEND_RECIPE.ui,
@@ -583,6 +611,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BOOTSTRAP_RECIPE = BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_APPEND_RECIPE
          .slice(0, 3)
          .map((keyframe, index) => ({
            ...keyframe,
+            // i18n-ignore: legacy shot titles the bootstrap matches verbatim
            title: `Shot ${index + 1}`,
          })),
    })
@@ -593,7 +622,7 @@ const EVENT_RECIPES = [BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BOOTSTRAP_RECIPE].filter(Boolean);
 const PUBLIC_SCENE_RECIPES = [
  {
    id: 'flights-radar',
-    title: 'Global Flights Radar',
+    title: msg('Global Flights Radar'),
    durationSec: 30,
    style: 'retro',
    ui: { hidePanels: true, hudMode: 'minimal', safeFrame: '16:9' },
@@ -663,7 +692,7 @@ const PUBLIC_SCENE_RECIPES = [
  },
  {
    id: 'orbital-watch',
-    title: 'Orbital Watch',
+    title: msg('Orbital Watch'),
    durationSec: 32,
    style: 'surveillance',
    ui: { hidePanels: true, hudMode: 'full', safeFrame: '16:9' },
@@ -741,7 +770,7 @@ const PUBLIC_SCENE_RECIPES = [
  },
  {
    id: 'thermal-threats',
-    title: 'Thermal Threat Board',
+    title: msg('Thermal Threat Board'),
    durationSec: 26,
    style: 'thermal',
    ui: { hidePanels: true, hudMode: 'full', safeFrame: '16:9' },
@@ -809,7 +838,7 @@ const PUBLIC_SCENE_RECIPES = [
  },
  {
    id: 'city-overload',
-    title: 'City Overload',
+    title: msg('City Overload'),
    durationSec: 30,
    style: 'surveillance',
    ui: { hidePanels: true, hudMode: 'minimal', safeFrame: '9:16' },
@@ -887,7 +916,7 @@ const PUBLIC_SCENE_RECIPES = [
  },
  {
    id: 'omniscience-pullback',
-    title: 'Omniscience Pullback',
+    title: msg('Omniscience Pullback'),
    durationSec: 36,
    style: 'retro',
    ui: { hidePanels: true, hudMode: 'full', safeFrame: '16:9' },
@@ -982,3 +1011,55 @@ export function getSceneRecipeById(id) {
 export function getSceneAppendRecipeById(id) {
  return SCENE_APPEND_RECIPES.find((recipe) => recipe.id === id) || null;
 }
+
+// Built-in shot titles stay English in recipes and saved projects (upgrades
+// and bindings match them verbatim). These are their display names; a title
+// the user typed shows as typed. Place names inside them stay Latin.
+const BUILTIN_SHOT_TITLES = new Set([
+  msg('Global Incident Context'),
+  msg('Nepal-Focused Globe Rotation'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Regional Approach'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Nearby Cities'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Incident Corridor'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Flood Path'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Corridor Overview'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Upper Valley'),
+  msg('Upper Valley Collapse'),
+  msg('Debris-Dammed Lake'),
+  msg('Nepal-China Border Gate'),
+  msg('Timure Evidence Cluster'),
+  msg('Syabru Besi Passage'),
+  msg('Bidur / Trishuli Consequence'),
+  msg('Second landslide'),
+  msg('Mailung / Upper Trishuli bridge'),
+  msg('Dandagaun viewpoint restaurant'),
+  msg('Devighat / Taadi Khola Bridge'),
+  msg('Final view'),
+]);
+
+/**
+ * Display title for a scene: the localized recipe name while the stored title
+ * still matches the built-in verbatim, the stored title otherwise.
+ * @param {{id?: string, title?: string}} scene
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function displaySceneTitle(scene) {
+  const builtin = SCENE_RECIPES.find((recipe) => recipe.id === scene?.id);
+  if (builtin?.title && scene.title === builtin.title) return t(builtin.title);
+  const title = scene?.title || '';
+  const numbered = /^Scene (\d+)$/.exec(title);
+  return numbered ? t('Scene {n}', { n: Number(numbered[1]) }) : title;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Display title for a shot: built-in titles and the numbered "Shot N"
+ * fallback localize; any other title shows as stored.
+ * @param {string} title
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function displayShotTitle(title) {
+  const text = typeof title === 'string' ? title : '';
+  if (BUILTIN_SHOT_TITLES.has(text)) return t(text);
+  const numbered = /^Shot (\d+)$/.exec(text);
+  return numbered ? t('Shot {n}', { n: Number(numbered[1]) }) : text;
+}