diff --git a/src/layers/flights/motion.js b/src/layers/flights/motion.js
index ca7e9fe9d..14c828b54 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/motion.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/motion.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import {
   COURSE_HOLD_SPEED_MPS,
   lerpAngleDeg,
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ export function createMotion({
         continue;
       info.renderAltitudeM = lifted;
       flightState._cullPositions.delete(icao24); // above the ellipsoid now (or floors say otherwise next poll)
-      const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+      const position = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(
         info.rawLon,
         info.rawLat,
         lifted,
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ export function createMotion({
       const history = flightState._positionHistory.get(icao24);
       const newest = history?.[history.length - 1];
       if (newest)
-        newest.position = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(position, newest.position);
+        newest.position = geo.cartesian3.clone(position, newest.position);
       const bb = flightState._billboards.get(icao24);
       if (bb) bb.position = position;
     }
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ export function createMotion({
         flightState._drSpeedMps < COURSE_HOLD_SPEED_MPS;
       flightState._drExtrapolating = false;
       return position
-        ? Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(position, result || new Cesium.Cartesian3())
+        ? geo.cartesian3.clone(position, result || geo.cartesian3.create())
         : null;
     }
     const history = flightState._positionHistory.get(icao24);
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ export function createMotion({
       return null;
     }
 
-    const out = result || new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+    const out = result || geo.cartesian3.create();
     // Render one poll interval behind real time so we interpolate between
     // two KNOWN fixes whenever possible (see RENDER_DELAY_SEC rationale).
     const renderTime = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ export function createMotion({
         // a slow turner's nose advances continuously through the segment instead
         // of snapping once per poll. Helicopters always use the reported track
         // (rotorcraft chords are noise-dominated at their typical speeds).
-        const chordLenM = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(a.position, b.position);
+        const chordLenM = geo.cartesian3.distance(a.position, b.position);
         const segSpeed =
           span > 0 ? chordLenM / span : (info && info.velocity) || 0;
         const fallbackTrack = (info && info.true_track) || 0;
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ export function createMotion({
         flightState._drSpeedMps = segSpeed;
         flightState._drCourseHold = segSpeed < COURSE_HOLD_SPEED_MPS;
         flightState._drExtrapolating = false;
-        return Cesium.Cartesian3.lerp(a.position, b.position, t, out);
+        return geo.cartesian3.lerp(a.position, b.position, t, out);
       }
     }
 
@@ -274,24 +275,24 @@ export function createMotion({
     flightState._drExtrapolating = true;
     if (speed === 0 || dt === 0) {
       flightState._drCourseDeg = heading;
-      return Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(fix.position, out);
+      return geo.cartesian3.clone(fix.position, out);
     }
     // Constant-rate-turn arc (straight line when turnRateDps ≈ 0) — a plane in a
     // standard-rate turn is ~90° of arc wrong per 30 s if extrapolated straight.
     arcOffsetEnu(speed, heading, turnRateDps, dt, flightState._scratchArc);
     flightState._drCourseDeg = flightState._scratchArc.endCourseDeg;
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromElements(
+    geo.cartesian3.fromElements(
       flightState._scratchArc.east,
       flightState._scratchArc.north,
       0,
       flightState._scratchOffset,
     );
-    const enu = Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(
+    const enu = geo.transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(
       fix.position,
-      Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+      geo.ellipsoid.WGS84,
       flightState._scratchEnu,
     );
-    return Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(enu, flightState._scratchOffset, out);
+    return geo.matrix4.multiplyByPoint(enu, flightState._scratchOffset, out);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -320,7 +321,7 @@ export function createMotion({
     const camera = flightState._viewer?.camera;
     const scene = flightState._viewer?.scene;
     if (!camera?.positionWC || !position || !scene) return 28;
-    const rangeM = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(camera.positionWC, position);
+    const rangeM = geo.cartesian3.distance(camera.positionWC, position);
     if (parts.rendering._modelOwnsVisual(icao24)) {
       const spec = parts.rendering._modelSpec(
         flightState.records.data.get(icao24)?.klass,
@@ -398,9 +399,9 @@ export function createMotion({
       const speed = (info && info.velocity) || 0;
       // Plausible single-frame motion (m): real velocity × frame Δt, ×4 slack + 25 m base.
       const plausible = speed * dtSec * 4 + 25;
-      if (Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(raw, flightState._drPrevRaw) > plausible) {
+      if (geo.cartesian3.distance(raw, flightState._drPrevRaw) > plausible) {
         // Discontinuity — re-anchor so the DISPLAYED position stays continuous, then decay.
-        Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(
+        geo.cartesian3.subtract(
           flightState._drPrevDisplay,
           raw,
           flightState._drCorrection,
@@ -408,19 +409,19 @@ export function createMotion({
         flightState._drCorrectionStartMs = nowMs;
       }
     } else {
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromElements(0, 0, 0, flightState._drCorrection);
+      geo.cartesian3.fromElements(0, 0, 0, flightState._drCorrection);
       flightState._drCorrectionStartMs = nowMs - DR_CORRECTION_MS; // fully decayed
     }
 
     const elapsed = nowMs - flightState._drCorrectionStartMs;
     const factor =
       elapsed >= DR_CORRECTION_MS ? 0 : 1 - elapsed / DR_CORRECTION_MS;
-    let display = Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
+    let display = geo.cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
       flightState._drCorrection,
       factor,
       flightState._trackedPosHolder,
     );
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.add(raw, display, display);
+    geo.cartesian3.add(raw, display, display);
     // Same display floor the fleet pass applies — otherwise selecting a correctly
     // floored grounded billboard swapped it for an unfloored tracked entity and
     // dropped the cyan target back under the mesh. Applied HERE, at the single
@@ -439,8 +440,8 @@ export function createMotion({
       nowMs,
     );
 
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(raw, flightState._drPrevRaw);
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(display, flightState._drPrevDisplay);
+    geo.cartesian3.clone(raw, flightState._drPrevRaw);
+    geo.cartesian3.clone(display, flightState._drPrevDisplay);
     flightState._drPrevMs = nowMs;
     flightState._drReconcileValid = true;
     flightState._cachedDRPosition = display;
@@ -530,7 +531,7 @@ export function createMotion({
       !parts.rendering._modelOwnsVisual(flightState._trackedIcao)
     )
       return null;
-    return Cesium.Matrix4.getTranslation(
+    return geo.matrix4.getTranslation(
       flightState._trackedModel.modelMatrix,
       flightState._scratchTrailClip,
     );
@@ -767,7 +768,7 @@ export function createMotion({
       state.probeMs = null; // re-ground may probe immediately
       state.out = null;
       state.effectiveM = null;
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO, state.in); // invalidate the memo
+      geo.cartesian3.clone(geo.cartesian3.ZERO, state.in); // invalidate the memo
     } else if (_seedExpired(state, nowMs)) {
       flightState._displayFloorState.delete(icao24); // airborne long enough to be anywhere
     }
@@ -832,22 +833,22 @@ export function createMotion({
       return pos;
     }
     const state = flightState._displayFloorState.get(icao24);
-    const carto = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(
+    const carto = geo.cartographic.fromCartesian(
       pos,
-      Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+      geo.ellipsoid.WGS84,
       flightState._scratchDisplayCarto,
     );
     // Boundary hysteresis: a position jittering across a cell edge would flip
     // floors at fleet-tick rate (see stickyFloorCell).
     const cell = stickyFloorCell(
-      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
-      Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
+      geo.math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
+      geo.math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
       state?.cell,
     );
     const floor = cachedGroundFloor(cell.lat, cell.lon);
     const next = state || {
       cell,
-      in: new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      in: geo.cartesian3.create(),
       out: null,
       effectiveM: null,
       heldM: null,
@@ -943,25 +944,25 @@ export function createMotion({
     if (
       state &&
       state.effectiveM === effective &&
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.equals(pos, state.in)
+      geo.cartesian3.equals(pos, state.in)
     ) {
       return state.out || pos;
     }
     const lifted = displayFloorHeightM(carto.height, effective);
     next.cell = cell;
     next.effectiveM = effective;
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(pos, next.in);
+    geo.cartesian3.clone(pos, next.in);
     if (lifted == null) {
       next.out = null;
     } else {
       // The cache OWNS its output: returning a shared scratch would let the next
       // contact in the fleet loop overwrite a position already handed out.
-      next.out = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(
+      next.out = geo.cartesian3.fromRadians(
         carto.longitude,
         carto.latitude,
         lifted,
-        Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
-        next.out || new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+        geo.ellipsoid.WGS84,
+        next.out || geo.cartesian3.create(),
       );
     }
     if (!state) flightState._displayFloorState.set(icao24, next);
@@ -1044,13 +1045,13 @@ export function createMotion({
         flightState._drCourseDeg != null
           ? flightState._drCourseDeg
           : info.true_track || 0;
-      const c = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(
+      const c = geo.cartographic.fromCartesian(
         dr,
-        Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+        geo.ellipsoid.WGS84,
         flightState._scratchCorridorCarto,
       );
-      const lat = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.latitude);
-      const lon = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(c.longitude);
+      const lat = geo.math.toDegrees(c.latitude);
+      const lon = geo.math.toDegrees(c.longitude);
       const cells = corridorFloorCells(
         corridorPathLatLon({
           extrapolating,
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/queries.js b/src/layers/flights/queries.js
index 5b64b2247..bd47e82cd 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/queries.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { approxDistanceKm as _approxDistanceKm } from './recordPolicy.js';
 import { displayedKinematics } from '../../data/motionModel.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { isExplicitLayerStateOrigin } from '../../data/layerState.js';
 import { modelVisualAnchor } from '../../data/modelVisualAnchor.js';
 import {
@@ -141,18 +142,18 @@ export function createQueries({
       reportedSpeedMps: info?.velocity,
       reportedTrackDeg: info?.true_track,
     });
-    const carto = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(
+    const carto = geo.cartographic.fromCartesian(
       basePos,
-      Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+      geo.ellipsoid.WGS84,
       flightState._scratchCarto,
     );
     if (!carto) return null;
     return {
       icao24,
       callsign: String(info?.callsign || '').trim() || null,
-      position: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(basePos),
-      latitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
-      longitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
+      position: geo.cartesian3.clone(basePos),
+      latitude: geo.math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
+      longitude: geo.math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
       // The cockpit instrument reports aviation altitude, not the Cesium
       // ellipsoid height of the camera/ground-clamped render position. The
       // latter can be slightly negative over terrain near the surface.
@@ -430,7 +431,7 @@ export function createQueries({
           object = {
             sourceId: icao24,
             type: 'AIR',
-            _weldPos: new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+            _weldPos: geo.cartesian3.create(),
           };
           flightState._detectionObjects.set(icao24, object);
         }
@@ -453,7 +454,7 @@ export function createQueries({
                 Number.isFinite(model.computedScale)
                   ? model.computedScale
                   : spec.scale,
-                object._weldPos || (object._weldPos = new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
+                object._weldPos || (object._weldPos = geo.cartesian3.create()),
               )
             : bb.position;
         if (!pos) continue;
@@ -572,7 +573,7 @@ export function createQueries({
         const pos = trackedPos || bb.position;
         if (!pos) continue;
 
-        const distance = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(center, pos);
+        const distance = geo.cartesian3.distance(center, pos);
         if (distance > maxRange) continue;
 
         const info = flightState.records.data.get(icao24);
@@ -653,9 +654,9 @@ export function createQueries({
       for (const [icao24, bb] of flightState._billboards) {
         const pos = bb.position;
         if (!pos) continue;
-        const carto = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(
+        const carto = geo.cartographic.fromCartesian(
           pos,
-          Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+          geo.ellipsoid.WGS84,
           flightState._scratchCarto,
         );
         if (!carto) continue;
@@ -664,8 +665,8 @@ export function createQueries({
           id: icao24, // identity (trackById resolves this)
           label: _contactLabel(icao24, info),
           position: pos,
-          latitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
-          longitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
+          latitude: geo.math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
+          longitude: geo.math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
           altitudeM: carto.height,
           airline: info?.airline ?? null,
           typeName: info?.typeName ?? null,
@@ -864,7 +865,7 @@ export function createQueries({
           described.callsign ||
           _toCleanText(described.registration) ||
           described.icao24,
-        position: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(described.position),
+        position: geo.cartesian3.clone(described.position),
       };
     },
 
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/snapshotRenderer.js b/src/layers/flights/snapshotRenderer.js
index e0c4b202d..c66e9ec3b 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/snapshotRenderer.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/snapshotRenderer.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { cyberSonarBaseAlpha } from '../../cyberSonar.js';
 import {
   turnRateFromFixHistory,
@@ -33,10 +34,10 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
     const viewerCarto =
       (viewer || flightState._viewer)?.camera?.positionCartographic || null;
     const viewerLatDeg = viewerCarto
-      ? Cesium.Math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.latitude)
+      ? geo.math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.latitude)
       : null;
     const viewerLonDeg = viewerCarto
-      ? Cesium.Math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.longitude)
+      ? geo.math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.longitude)
       : null;
     const floorWarmPoints = [];
 
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
           floorWarmPoints,
         },
       );
-      const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+      const position = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(
         meta.rawLon,
         meta.rawLat,
         meta.renderAltitudeM,
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
       flightState._cullPositions.set(
         icao24,
         meta.renderAltitudeM < 10
-          ? Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(meta.rawLon, meta.rawLat, 12)
+          ? geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(meta.rawLon, meta.rawLat, 12)
           : null,
       );
       const isTracked = icao24 === flightState._trackedIcao;
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
         history.push({
           time: fixTime,
           epochMs: fixEpochMs,
-          position: position.clone(),
+          position: geo.cartesian3.clone(position),
           velocity: meta.velocity,
           track: meta.true_track,
         });
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
         // Round 2 (owner): ground traffic appends too — taxi history stays
         // live after touchdown (grounded flights positions are already
         // surface-clamped via the surfaceM chain, so the ground leg drapes).
-        if (isTracked) tracking._appendTrailFix(position.clone());
+        if (isTracked) tracking._appendTrailFix(geo.cartesian3.clone(position));
       } else {
         const modelOwnsGroundVisual = rendering._modelOwnsVisual(icao24);
         if (!modelOwnsGroundVisual) {
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
             meta.turnRateDps = turnRateFromFixHistory(history);
             if (isTracked)
               tracking._appendTrailFix(
-                Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(synthetic.position),
+                geo.cartesian3.clone(synthetic.position),
               );
           }
         }
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
         // lifted onto the floor under that delayed position. Creating it at
         // the raw fix drew it ahead until the next fleet tick snapped it back;
         // skipping the floor started a taxiing contact low and then raised it.
-        const delayed = motion._deadReckon(icao24, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+        const delayed = motion._deadReckon(icao24, geo.cartesian3.create());
         const displayed =
           (delayed &&
             motion._floorGroundedDisplayPosition(
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ export function createFlightSnapshotRenderer({
           scale: rendering._fleetBillboardScale(icao24, meta.klass),
           // Screen-projected rotation lands on the next fleet tick.
           rotation: 0,
-          alignedAxis: Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO,
+          alignedAxis: geo.cartesian3.ZERO,
           color: isTracked
             ? Cesium.Color.CYAN
             : rendering._fleetBillboardColor(icao24),
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/state.js b/src/layers/flights/state.js
index 2978ceba4..f4777d002 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/state.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { FlightRecords } from './records.js';
 import { createFlightFeed } from './ingestion.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { ENRICH_AMBIENT_BUDGET_CEIL } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   flightState._groundSnap = createGroundSnap();
 
-  flightState._scratchGroundCarto = new Cesium.Cartographic();
+  flightState._scratchGroundCarto = geo.cartographic.create();
 
-  flightState._scratchGroundPos = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchGroundPos = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   /** @type {Cesium.PrimitiveCollection|null} */
 
@@ -84,10 +85,10 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   flightState._scratchModelHpr = new Cesium.HeadingPitchRoll(0, 0, 0);
 
-  flightState._scratchModelMtx = new Cesium.Matrix4();
+  flightState._scratchModelMtx = geo.matrix4.create();
 
   flightState._scratchModelBS = new Cesium.BoundingSphere(
-    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    geo.cartesian3.create(),
     1.0,
   );
   // frustum-visibility test
@@ -238,25 +239,25 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
   // Scratch (reusable) variables — avoid per-frame heap allocation
   // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-  flightState._scratchOffset = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchOffset = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
-  flightState._scratchCarto = new Cesium.Cartographic();
+  flightState._scratchCarto = geo.cartographic.create();
 
-  flightState._scratchEnu = new Cesium.Matrix4();
+  flightState._scratchEnu = geo.matrix4.create();
 
   flightState._scratchArc = { east: 0, north: 0, endCourseDeg: 0 };
 
   flightState._scratchRenderTime = new Cesium.JulianDate();
 
-  flightState._scratchFleetPos = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchFleetPos = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
-  flightState._scratchSonarScreen = new Cesium.Cartesian2();
+  flightState._scratchSonarScreen = geo.cartesian2.create();
 
-  flightState._scratchDrRaw = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchDrRaw = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   flightState._scratchWarmupTime = new Cesium.JulianDate();
 
-  flightState._trackedPosHolder = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._trackedPosHolder = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // Per-frame cache for the tracked entity's dead-reckoned position.
@@ -341,13 +342,13 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   flightState._enrichAmbientRefillAnchorMs = 0;
 
-  flightState._drCorrection = new Cesium.Cartesian3(0, 0, 0);
+  flightState._drCorrection = geo.cartesian3.create(0, 0, 0);
 
   flightState._drCorrectionStartMs = 0;
 
-  flightState._drPrevRaw = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._drPrevRaw = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
-  flightState._drPrevDisplay = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._drPrevDisplay = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   flightState._drPrevMs = 0;
 
@@ -359,18 +360,18 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   /** @type {Cesium.Cartesian3} Scratch for the tracked model's rendered translation. */
 
-  flightState._trackedVisualPos = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._trackedVisualPos = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
-  flightState._trackedTrailPos = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._trackedTrailPos = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   /** Scratch for the tracked model's world-space origin (the envelope centre). */
 
-  flightState._scratchTrailClip = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchTrailClip = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   /** Scratch for the shortened trail-head start. Owned by the head-segment
    *  callback alone, so nothing else can overwrite it mid-frame. */
 
-  flightState._scratchTrailHead = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchTrailHead = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   /** Hysteresis latch for the tracked contact's zoom regime, plus the selection it
    *  belongs to. Scoped per selection so a NEW target re-evaluates against the ENTER
@@ -388,7 +389,7 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   /** @type {Cesium.Cartographic} Scratch for the grounded display-floor read. */
 
-  flightState._scratchDisplayCarto = new Cesium.Cartographic();
+  flightState._scratchDisplayCarto = geo.cartographic.create();
 
   /** @type {Map<string, {cell: {lat: number, lon: number}, effectiveM: number|null,
    *  in: Cesium.Cartesian3, out: Cesium.Cartesian3|null, heldM: number|null,
@@ -415,11 +416,11 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   /** @type {Cesium.Cartographic} Scratch for the corridor's display-end read. */
 
-  flightState._scratchCorridorCarto = new Cesium.Cartographic();
+  flightState._scratchCorridorCarto = geo.cartographic.create();
 
   /** @type {Cesium.Cartesian3} Scratch for the corridor's dead-reckon probe. */
 
-  flightState._scratchCorridorPos = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchCorridorPos = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   /** IR hot-target mode (owner playtest 2026-08-16): the NVG/FLIR post-styles
    *  map LUMINANCE, so mid-gray textured models read cold and vanish into
diff --git a/src/layers/localAdsb/motion.js b/src/layers/localAdsb/motion.js
index 279bef6d3..eb54806ea 100644
--- a/src/layers/localAdsb/motion.js
+++ b/src/layers/localAdsb/motion.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import {
   COURSE_HOLD_SPEED_MPS,
   TURN_MIN_SPEED_MPS,
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ const COAST_MAXIMUM_SEC = 60;
 const KT_TO_MPS = 1852 / 3600;
 const EARTH_RADIUS_M = 6_371_008.8;
 const DEG = Math.PI / 180;
-const _chordFrom = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
-const _chordTo = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+const _chordFrom = geo.cartesian3.create();
+const _chordTo = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
 function finite(value) {
   return Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null;
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ function telemetryTime(record) {
 }
 
 function chordCourse(from, to) {
-  Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(from.lon, from.lat, 0, undefined, _chordFrom);
-  Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(to.lon, to.lat, 0, undefined, _chordTo);
+  geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(from.lon, from.lat, 0, undefined, _chordFrom);
+  geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(to.lon, to.lat, 0, undefined, _chordTo);
   return courseBetweenCartesians(_chordFrom, _chordTo);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/military/motion.js b/src/layers/military/motion.js
index 27489400b..c5f5f3507 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/motion.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/motion.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import {
   lerpAngleDeg,
   speedRamp,
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ export function createMotion({
       return null;
     }
 
-    const out = result || new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+    const out = result || geo.cartesian3.create();
     // Render one poll interval behind real time so we interpolate between
     // two KNOWN fixes whenever possible (see RENDER_DELAY_SEC rationale).
     const renderTime = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ export function createMotion({
         // a slow turner's nose advances continuously through the segment instead
         // of snapping once per poll. Helicopters always use the reported track
         // (rotorcraft chords are noise-dominated at their typical speeds).
-        const chordLenM = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(a.position, b.position);
+        const chordLenM = geo.cartesian3.distance(a.position, b.position);
         const segSpeed =
           span > 0 ? chordLenM / span : (info && info.speedMps) || 0;
         const fallbackTrack = (info && info.track) || 0;
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ export function createMotion({
             : trackCourse;
         flightState._drSpeedMps = segSpeed;
         flightState._drCourseHold = segSpeed < COURSE_HOLD_SPEED_MPS;
-        return Cesium.Cartesian3.lerp(a.position, b.position, t, out);
+        return geo.cartesian3.lerp(a.position, b.position, t, out);
       }
     }
 
@@ -181,24 +182,24 @@ export function createMotion({
     flightState._drCourseHold = speed < COURSE_HOLD_SPEED_MPS;
     if (speed === 0 || dt === 0) {
       flightState._drCourseDeg = heading;
-      return Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(fix.position, out);
+      return geo.cartesian3.clone(fix.position, out);
     }
     // Constant-rate-turn arc (straight line when turnRateDps ≈ 0) — a plane in a
     // standard-rate turn is ~90° of arc wrong per 30 s if extrapolated straight.
     arcOffsetEnu(speed, heading, turnRateDps, dt, flightState._scratchArc);
     flightState._drCourseDeg = flightState._scratchArc.endCourseDeg;
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromElements(
+    geo.cartesian3.fromElements(
       flightState._scratchArc.east,
       flightState._scratchArc.north,
       0,
       flightState._scratchOffset,
     );
-    const enu = Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(
+    const enu = geo.transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(
       fix.position,
-      Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+      geo.ellipsoid.WGS84,
       flightState._scratchEnu,
     );
-    return Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(enu, flightState._scratchOffset, out);
+    return geo.matrix4.multiplyByPoint(enu, flightState._scratchOffset, out);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -226,7 +227,7 @@ export function createMotion({
     const camera = flightState._viewer?.camera;
     const scene = flightState._viewer?.scene;
     if (!camera?.positionWC || !position || !scene) return 28;
-    const rangeM = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(camera.positionWC, position);
+    const rangeM = geo.cartesian3.distance(camera.positionWC, position);
     if (parts.rendering._modelOwnsVisual(icao24)) {
       const spec = parts.rendering._modelSpec(
         flightState.records.data.get(icao24)?.klass,
@@ -305,9 +306,9 @@ export function createMotion({
       const speed = (info && info.speedMps) || 0;
       // Plausible single-frame motion (m): real velocity × frame Δt, ×4 slack + 25 m base.
       const plausible = speed * dtSec * 4 + 25;
-      if (Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(raw, flightState._drPrevRaw) > plausible) {
+      if (geo.cartesian3.distance(raw, flightState._drPrevRaw) > plausible) {
         // Discontinuity — re-anchor so the DISPLAYED position stays continuous, then decay.
-        Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(
+        geo.cartesian3.subtract(
           flightState._drPrevDisplay,
           raw,
           flightState._drCorrection,
@@ -315,22 +316,22 @@ export function createMotion({
         flightState._drCorrectionStartMs = nowMs;
       }
     } else {
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromElements(0, 0, 0, flightState._drCorrection);
+      geo.cartesian3.fromElements(0, 0, 0, flightState._drCorrection);
       flightState._drCorrectionStartMs = nowMs - DR_CORRECTION_MS; // fully decayed
     }
 
     const elapsed = nowMs - flightState._drCorrectionStartMs;
     const factor =
       elapsed >= DR_CORRECTION_MS ? 0 : 1 - elapsed / DR_CORRECTION_MS;
-    const display = Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
+    const display = geo.cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
       flightState._drCorrection,
       factor,
       flightState._trackedPosHolder,
     );
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.add(raw, display, display);
+    geo.cartesian3.add(raw, display, display);
 
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(raw, flightState._drPrevRaw);
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(display, flightState._drPrevDisplay);
+    geo.cartesian3.clone(raw, flightState._drPrevRaw);
+    geo.cartesian3.clone(display, flightState._drPrevDisplay);
     flightState._drPrevMs = nowMs;
     flightState._drReconcileValid = true;
     flightState._cachedDRPosition = display;
@@ -409,7 +410,7 @@ export function createMotion({
       !parts.rendering._modelOwnsVisual(flightState._trackedIcao)
     )
       return null;
-    return Cesium.Matrix4.getTranslation(
+    return geo.matrix4.getTranslation(
       flightState._trackedModel.modelMatrix,
       flightState._scratchTrailClip,
     );
diff --git a/src/layers/military/queries.js b/src/layers/military/queries.js
index 421e9804d..f96b1fed7 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/queries.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { displayedKinematics } from '../../data/motionModel.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { isExplicitLayerStateOrigin } from '../../data/layerState.js';
 import { aircraftIncludedInNearby } from '../../data/aircraftNearbyPolicy.js';
 import { modelVisualAnchor } from '../../data/modelVisualAnchor.js';
@@ -102,9 +103,9 @@ export function createQueries({
       reportedSpeedMps: info?.speedMps,
       reportedTrackDeg: info?.track,
     });
-    const carto = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(
+    const carto = geo.cartographic.fromCartesian(
       basePos,
-      Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+      geo.ellipsoid.WGS84,
       flightState._scratchCarto,
     );
     if (!carto) return null;
@@ -115,9 +116,9 @@ export function createQueries({
       // getTrackedSubject and the voice narration can read it straight off the
       // descriptor instead of reaching back into `_flightData`.
       registration: _toCleanText(info?.registration) || null,
-      position: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(basePos),
-      latitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
-      longitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
+      position: geo.cartesian3.clone(basePos),
+      latitude: geo.math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
+      longitude: geo.math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
       // Keep the cockpit readout on the reported aviation altitude. Render
       // terrain height is a separate visual datum and may be below zero.
       altitudeM: Number.isFinite(info?.altitudeM)
@@ -360,7 +361,7 @@ export function createQueries({
         const pos = trackedPos || bb.position;
         if (!pos) continue;
 
-        const distance = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(center, pos);
+        const distance = geo.cartesian3.distance(center, pos);
         if (distance > maxRange) continue;
 
         const info = flightState.records.data.get(icao24);
@@ -444,7 +445,7 @@ export function createQueries({
             sourceId: icao24,
             type: 'AIR',
             tier: 'military',
-            _weldPos: new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+            _weldPos: geo.cartesian3.create(),
           };
           flightState._detectionObjects.set(icao24, object);
         }
@@ -464,7 +465,7 @@ export function createQueries({
                 Number.isFinite(model.computedScale)
                   ? model.computedScale
                   : spec.scale,
-                object._weldPos || (object._weldPos = new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
+                object._weldPos || (object._weldPos = geo.cartesian3.create()),
               )
             : bb.position;
         if (!pos) continue;
@@ -590,9 +591,9 @@ export function createQueries({
       for (const [icao24, bb] of flightState._billboards) {
         const pos = bb.position;
         if (!pos) continue;
-        const carto = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(
+        const carto = geo.cartographic.fromCartesian(
           pos,
-          Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+          geo.ellipsoid.WGS84,
           flightState._scratchCarto,
         );
         if (!carto) continue;
@@ -606,8 +607,8 @@ export function createQueries({
             _toCleanText(info?.registration) ||
             icao24,
           position: pos,
-          latitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
-          longitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
+          latitude: geo.math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
+          longitude: geo.math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
           altitudeM: carto.height,
         });
         if (result.length >= limit) break;
@@ -782,7 +783,7 @@ export function createQueries({
         // Same label chain as getNearby/getDetectableObjects: a callsign-less
         // contact reads as its registration, never as the raw ICAO hex.
         label: described.callsign || described.registration || described.icao24,
-        position: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(described.position),
+        position: geo.cartesian3.clone(described.position),
       };
     },
 
diff --git a/src/layers/military/snapshotRenderer.js b/src/layers/military/snapshotRenderer.js
index 8d1d9392b..c6f55c93e 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/snapshotRenderer.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/snapshotRenderer.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { CLASS_SCALE_2D } from '../../data/aircraftClass.js';
 import {
   turnRateFromFixHistory,
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
             : false,
         },
       );
-      const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+      const position = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(
         meta.rawLon,
         meta.rawLat,
         meta.renderAltitudeM,
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
       flightState._cullPositions.set(
         icao24,
         meta.renderAltitudeM < 10
-          ? Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(meta.rawLon, meta.rawLat, 12)
+          ? geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(meta.rawLon, meta.rawLat, 12)
           : null,
       );
       const isTracked = icao24 === flightState._trackedIcao;
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
         history.push({
           time: fixTime,
           epochMs: fixEpochMs,
-          position: position.clone(),
+          position: geo.cartesian3.clone(position),
           velocity: meta.speedMps,
           track: meta.track,
         });
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
         // (owner): ground traffic appends too — taxi history stays live
         // after touchdown; _appendTrailFix floors grounded positions at
         // the surface so the ground leg drapes instead of diving.
-        if (isTracked) tracking._appendTrailFix(position.clone());
+        if (isTracked) tracking._appendTrailFix(geo.cartesian3.clone(position));
       } else {
         const modelOwnsGroundVisual = rendering._modelOwnsVisual(icao24);
         if (!modelOwnsGroundVisual) {
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
             meta.turnRateDps = turnRateFromFixHistory(history);
             if (isTracked)
               tracking._appendTrailFix(
-                Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(synthetic.position),
+                geo.cartesian3.clone(synthetic.position),
               );
           }
         }
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
         // projected back to that delayed time. Creating it at the raw fix drew
         // it ahead until the next fleet tick snapped it back.
         const displayed =
-          motion._deadReckon(icao24, new Cesium.Cartesian3()) || position;
+          motion._deadReckon(icao24, geo.cartesian3.create()) || position;
         const bb = flightState._billboardCollection.add({
           position: displayed,
           image: aircraftIcon(rendering._iconKind(icao24, meta.klass)),
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
             (meta.onGround ? GROUND_SCALE : 1),
           // Screen-projected rotation lands on the next fleet tick.
           rotation: 0,
-          alignedAxis: Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO,
+          alignedAxis: geo.cartesian3.ZERO,
           color: isTracked ? TRACKED_ICON_COLOR : MIL_ICON_COLOR,
           sizeInMeters: false,
           scaleByDistance: rendering._normalBillboardScaleByDistance(),
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
         continue;
       info.renderAltitudeM = lifted;
       flightState._cullPositions.delete(icao24);
-      const liftedPos = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+      const liftedPos = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(
         info.rawLon,
         info.rawLat,
         lifted,
@@ -225,7 +226,7 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
       const hist = flightState._positionHistory.get(icao24);
       const newest = hist?.[hist.length - 1];
       if (newest)
-        newest.position = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(liftedPos, newest.position);
+        newest.position = geo.cartesian3.clone(liftedPos, newest.position);
       const bbStale = flightState._billboards.get(icao24);
       if (bbStale) bbStale.position = liftedPos;
     }
@@ -242,10 +243,10 @@ export function createMilitarySnapshotRenderer({
           flightState._trackedModel,
         ].filter(Boolean),
         viewerLat: viewerCarto
-          ? Cesium.Math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.latitude)
+          ? geo.math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.latitude)
           : undefined,
         viewerLon: viewerCarto
-          ? Cesium.Math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.longitude)
+          ? geo.math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.longitude)
           : undefined,
       });
     }
diff --git a/src/layers/military/state.js b/src/layers/military/state.js
index f1a2d691f..74a5d0cdc 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/state.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { MilitaryFlightRecords } from './records.js';
 import { createMilitaryFeed } from './ingestion.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 
 export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
   const { createGroundSnap } = services.groundSnap;
@@ -28,9 +29,9 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   flightState._groundSnap = createGroundSnap();
 
-  flightState._scratchGroundCarto = new Cesium.Cartographic();
+  flightState._scratchGroundCarto = geo.cartographic.create();
 
-  flightState._scratchGroundPos = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchGroundPos = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   /** @type {Cesium.PrimitiveCollection|null} */
 
@@ -81,10 +82,10 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   flightState._scratchModelHpr = new Cesium.HeadingPitchRoll(0, 0, 0);
 
-  flightState._scratchModelMtx = new Cesium.Matrix4();
+  flightState._scratchModelMtx = geo.matrix4.create();
 
   flightState._scratchModelBS = new Cesium.BoundingSphere(
-    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    geo.cartesian3.create(),
     1.0,
   );
   // frustum-visibility test
@@ -215,25 +216,25 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   // -- Scratch variables (reused each frame to avoid GC pressure) --
 
-  flightState._scratchOffset = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchOffset = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
-  flightState._scratchCarto = new Cesium.Cartographic();
+  flightState._scratchCarto = geo.cartographic.create();
 
-  flightState._scratchEnu = new Cesium.Matrix4();
+  flightState._scratchEnu = geo.matrix4.create();
 
   flightState._scratchArc = { east: 0, north: 0, endCourseDeg: 0 };
 
   flightState._scratchRenderTime = new Cesium.JulianDate();
 
-  flightState._scratchFleetPos = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchFleetPos = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
-  flightState._scratchSonarScreen = new Cesium.Cartesian2();
+  flightState._scratchSonarScreen = geo.cartesian2.create();
 
-  flightState._scratchDrRaw = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchDrRaw = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   flightState._scratchWarmupTime = new Cesium.JulianDate();
 
-  flightState._trackedPosHolder = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._trackedPosHolder = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   // -- Per-frame dead-reckoning cache for the tracked entity --
   /** @type {Cesium.Cartesian3|null} Cached DR position for the current render frame */
@@ -285,13 +286,13 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   flightState._displayCourse = new Map();
 
-  flightState._drCorrection = new Cesium.Cartesian3(0, 0, 0);
+  flightState._drCorrection = geo.cartesian3.create(0, 0, 0);
 
   flightState._drCorrectionStartMs = 0;
 
-  flightState._drPrevRaw = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._drPrevRaw = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
-  flightState._drPrevDisplay = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._drPrevDisplay = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   flightState._drPrevMs = 0;
 
@@ -303,18 +304,18 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   /** @type {Cesium.Cartesian3} Scratch for the tracked model's rendered translation. */
 
-  flightState._trackedVisualPos = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._trackedVisualPos = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
-  flightState._trackedTrailPos = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._trackedTrailPos = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   /** Scratch for the tracked model's world-space origin (the envelope centre). */
 
-  flightState._scratchTrailClip = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchTrailClip = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   /** Scratch for the shortened trail-head start. Owned by the head-segment
    *  callback alone, so nothing else can overwrite it mid-frame. */
 
-  flightState._scratchTrailHead = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  flightState._scratchTrailHead = geo.cartesian3.create();
 
   /** Hysteresis latch for the tracked contact's zoom regime, plus the selection it
    *  belongs to. Scoped per selection so a NEW target re-evaluates against the ENTER
@@ -350,6 +351,6 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   /** @type {Cesium.Cartographic} Scratch for _trailFloorPosition (per-frame safe). */
 
-  flightState._scratchTrailCarto = new Cesium.Cartographic();
+  flightState._scratchTrailCarto = geo.cartographic.create();
   return flightState;
 }