perf(weather): apply the infrared cloud key in the shell's shader

On the 3D Tiles host each Satellite clouds image (4096x2048 for the
regional product and for every detail window) was drawn to a canvas, read
back, given its transparency curve on the page and written back. The
lookup table halved that pass; this removes it. The shell's material now
samples the image as it was decoded and applies the same curve (brightest
channel, 2.2 power, smoothstep 0.40-0.70) in its fragment shader, scaled
by a strength uniform.

The shell's image cache no longer keys on the infrared mode, so changing
the filter strength sets one uniform: no fetch, no decode and no second
33 MB canvas per mode. Globe hosts keep the per-pixel transfer for their
draped imagery.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.2 <[email protected]>

docs/CURRENT-STATE.md

@@ -891,9 +891,11 @@ image proxy accepts `bbox=west,south,east,north` for every product: inside the
 product bounds, 2:1 within 1 %, rounded to 0.25°, up to 4096×2048 (the
 default), cached by product, time, size and bbox. Diagnostics report
 `shell.detail` (`bbox`, `size`, `ready`, `enabled`).
-Clouds only applies a soft brightness ramp to decoded pixels once, using
+Clouds only applies a soft brightness ramp, using
 Cesium's sRGB-to-linear conversion (`channel ** 2.2`) and smoothstep from 0.40
-to 0.70. The old 0.55 threshold is the ramp midpoint. RGB and source alpha are
+to 0.70. Globe hosts apply it to decoded pixels once; a shell applies the same
+ramp in its fragment shader from a strength uniform, so its images are drawn
+as decoded and a strength change neither fetches nor rewrites an image. The old 0.55 threshold is the ramp midpoint. RGB and source alpha are
 preserved in Full image mode; both modes use the chosen layer opacity. This
 is a display filter, not a cloud mask. The cloud-filter slider is a continuous
 0–100% strength: 0% is Full, 100% is the existing Clouds only key, and
@@ -909,13 +911,13 @@ and processes it before staging. Globe hosts crop that canvas into 256 px tiles
 to maximum level 3 on a geographic 2×1 root grid bounded to the manifest extent,
 avoiding request-dependent contrast seams.
 On globe hosts, regional infrared retains network tiles and processes each
-decoded tile once; shells process each whole frame once.
+decoded tile once; shells never read a frame's pixels back.
 Exact-time tile and image responses are immutable for 24 hours; manifests and
 errors remain uncached. Each globe renderer retains up to 6 processed global
 mosaics in a least-recently-used cache keyed by observation time and infrared
 mode (up to 48 MiB of canvas pixels). Each shell keeps decoded full-extent and
 detail images in one least-recently-used cache bounded at 128 MiB, keyed by
-time, mode and window: the shown frame and the warmed next frame, each
+time and window: the shown frame and the warmed next frame, each
 full-extent and detail; nothing older survives them. Disable clears the caches.
 Cache hits skip
 fetch/decode and report `mosaic.cached: true` with zero decode time.

src/layers/weather/infraredAlpha.js

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 export const INFRARED_ALPHA_T0 = 0.4;
 export const INFRARED_ALPHA_T1 = 0.7;
 
-function infraredAmount(strength) {
+/** How much of the cloud key applies, 0–1, for a display mode or a 0–100
+ * strength. The weather shell passes it to its fragment shader. */
+export function infraredAmount(strength) {
   return strength === 'full'
     ? 0
     : strength === 'filtered' || !Number.isFinite(strength)

src/layers/weather/infraredImage.js

@@ -38,7 +38,15 @@ function applyInfraredTransfer(context, canvas, mode) {
 
 /** Draw pixels a frame source supplied into a new canvas, with the display
  * transfer for infrared products, and release them. They must be `size`. */
-function drawSuppliedImage(pixels, product, mode, size, signal, createCanvas) {
+function drawSuppliedImage(
+  pixels,
+  product,
+  mode,
+  size,
+  signal,
+  createCanvas,
+  transfer,
+) {
   try {
     signal.throwIfAborted();
     const { width, height } = weatherPixelSize(pixels);
@@ -49,7 +57,7 @@ function drawSuppliedImage(pixels, product, mode, size, signal, createCanvas) {
     texture.height = height;
     const context = texture.getContext('2d');
     drawWeatherPixels(context, pixels);
-    if (product === 'clouds' || product === 'clouds-regional')
+    if (transfer && (product === 'clouds' || product === 'clouds-regional'))
       applyInfraredTransfer(context, texture, mode);
     return texture;
   } finally {
@@ -89,7 +97,8 @@ export function decodeInfraredImage(blob, signal) {
 }
 
 /** Fetch one capped whole-extent frame, or a `bbox` detail window of it, and draw
- * it into a canvas. Infrared frames get the display transfer; a canvas also keeps
+ * it into a canvas. Infrared frames get the display transfer unless `transfer`
+ * is false, for a caller that applies it when drawing; a canvas also keeps
  * Cesium's texture row order, which an ImageBitmap upload would not. The decoded
  * image is always released. With a `frameSource` that has `getImage`, the host
  * supplies the decoded pixels instead and nothing is fetched or decoded here. */
@@ -108,6 +117,7 @@ export async function acquireWeatherImage(
     now = () => performance.now(),
     onFetched = () => {},
     frameSource = null,
+    transfer = true,
   },
 ) {
   if (frameSource?.getImage) {
@@ -128,6 +138,7 @@ export async function acquireWeatherImage(
       size,
       signal,
       createCanvas,
+      transfer,
     );
     return { texture, decodeMs: now() - started };
   }
@@ -148,7 +159,7 @@ export async function acquireWeatherImage(
     if (image.width !== size.width || image.height !== size.height)
       throw new Error('Invalid weather image dimensions');
     let texture;
-    if (product === 'clouds' || product === 'clouds-regional')
+    if (transfer && (product === 'clouds' || product === 'clouds-regional'))
       texture = processInfraredImage(image, mode, createCanvas);
     else {
       texture = createCanvas();

src/layers/weather/infraredImage.test.mjs

@@ -48,6 +48,53 @@ test('the transfer is applied to the canvas pixels in place, with no copy writte
   assert.deepEqual([...read.data], [194, 0, 0, 98]);
 });
 
+test('with transfer off an infrared frame is drawn and never read back', async () => {
+  const drawn = [];
+  const createCanvas = () => {
+    const output = {};
+    output.getContext = () => ({
+      drawImage: (image) => drawn.push(image),
+      getImageData: () => {
+        throw new Error('the frame was read back on the page');
+      },
+      putImageData: () => {
+        throw new Error('the frame was rewritten on the page');
+      },
+    });
+    return output;
+  };
+  const size = { width: 4096, height: 2048 };
+  const image = { ...size, close() {} };
+  const options = {
+    signal: new AbortController().signal,
+    mode: 'filtered',
+    size,
+    maxBytes: 1024,
+    createCanvas,
+    transfer: false,
+  };
+  const fetched = await acquireWeatherImage(
+    'clouds-regional',
+    '2026-09-15T20:00:00.000Z',
+    {
+      ...options,
+      fetchImpl: async () => ({
+        ok: true,
+        headers: new Headers(),
+        arrayBuffer: async () => new ArrayBuffer(1),
+      }),
+      decodeImage: async () => image,
+    },
+  );
+  assert.equal(fetched.texture.width, 4096);
+  const supplied = { ...size };
+  await acquireWeatherImage('clouds-regional', '2026-09-15T20:00:00.000Z', {
+    ...options,
+    frameSource: { getImage: async () => supplied },
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(drawn, [image, supplied]);
+});
+
 test('decoded pixels are processed once on a same-sized canvas', () => {
   const image = { width: 1, height: 1 };
   const output = processInfraredImage(image, 'filtered', canvas);

src/layers/weather/shellRendering.js

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 import { acquireWeatherImage } from './infraredImage.js';
+import {
+  INFRARED_ALPHA_T0,
+  INFRARED_ALPHA_T1,
+  infraredAmount,
+} from './infraredAlpha.js';
 import { imageryHostStatus } from './imageryHost.js';
 import { WEATHER_DETAIL_SIZE, WEATHER_IMAGE_SIZES } from './source.js';
 import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
@@ -36,6 +41,10 @@ const LIFT_STEP = 500;
 // draw nothing until the full-extent image has arrived, and sample the detail
 // image only once it has arrived. The window is west, south, east, north in the
 // full-extent image's texture coordinates.
+// `infrared` is how much of the cloud key applies, 0–1 (infraredAlpha.js has
+// the same curve for the globe's draped imagery). It is applied here, to the
+// image as it was decoded, so a 4096×2048 frame is never read back and
+// rewritten on the page, and a strength change is one uniform, not a new image.
 const MATERIAL_SOURCE = `czm_material czm_getMaterial(czm_materialInput materialInput)
 {
   czm_material material = czm_getDefaultMaterial(materialInput);
@@ -46,7 +55,8 @@ const MATERIAL_SOURCE = `czm_material czm_getMaterial(czm_materialInput material
   float useDetail = inside * step(1.5, float(detailDimensions.x));
   vec4 c = mix(coarse, texture(detail, clamp(dst, 0.0, 1.0)), useDetail);
   material.diffuse = czm_gammaCorrect(c.rgb);
-  material.alpha = c.a * alpha * step(1.5, float(imageDimensions.x));
+  float key = smoothstep(${INFRARED_ALPHA_T0.toFixed(4)}, ${INFRARED_ALPHA_T1.toFixed(4)}, pow(max(c.r, max(c.g, c.b)), 2.2));
+  material.alpha = c.a * mix(1.0, key, infrared) * alpha * step(1.5, float(imageDimensions.x));
   return material;
 }
 `;
@@ -63,6 +73,7 @@ function registerMaterial(cesium) {
         image: cesium.Material.DefaultImageId,
         detail: cesium.Material.DefaultImageId,
         alpha: 1,
+        infrared: 0,
         window: { type: 'vec4', x: 0, y: 0, z: -1, w: -1 },
       },
       // Diffuse and alpha share these samples, so one source, not components.
@@ -245,6 +256,12 @@ export function createShellSurface({
       material.uniforms.alpha = value;
       scene.requestRender();
     },
+    /** How much of the infrared cloud key applies, 0–1. */
+    setInfrared(value) {
+      if (destroyed || material.uniforms.infrared === value) return;
+      material.uniforms.infrared = value;
+      scene.requestRender();
+    },
     /** Draw `next` inside `rect` (west, south, east, north in the full-extent
      * image's texture coordinates, 0–1); null clears it. In the same window only
      * the image changes, and Cesium keeps drawing the previous texture until
@@ -438,10 +455,11 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
   const visible = () => !hidden && !suspended();
   const boundsKey = ({ west, south, east, north }) =>
     `${west},${south},${east},${north}`;
-  const cacheKey = (time, mode, box = null) =>
+  // One image per time and window: the infrared mode is a uniform, not pixels.
-    `${time}|${infrared ? mode : 'none'}${box ? `|${boundsKey(box)}` : ''}`;
+  const cacheKey = (time, box = null) =>
+    box ? `${time}|${boundsKey(box)}` : time;
   const wantedDetail = () =>
-    current && view ? cacheKey(current.time, current.infrared, view) : null;
+    current && view ? cacheKey(current.time, view) : null;
 
   function evict(keep = []) {
     const kept = new Set([...keep, current?.key, detail?.key]);
@@ -454,12 +472,11 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
   }
   async function acquire(
     time,
-    mode,
     signal,
     { box = null, keep = [], onFetched } = {},
   ) {
     signal.throwIfAborted();
-    const key = cacheKey(time, mode, box);
+    const key = cacheKey(time, box);
     const entry = images.get(key);
     if (entry) {
       images.delete(key);
@@ -468,7 +485,8 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
     }
     const result = await acquireWeatherImage(product, time, {
       signal,
-      mode,
+      // The surface's shader applies the infrared transfer.
+      transfer: false,
       size: box ? detailSize : size,
       bbox: box,
       maxBytes: MAX_IMAGE_BYTES,
@@ -564,9 +582,7 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
     const job = { key, box: view, controller: new AbortController() };
     detailJob = job;
     job.timeout = setTimeout(() => job.controller.abort(), timeoutMs);
-    void acquire(current.time, current.infrared, job.controller.signal, {
+    void acquire(current.time, job.controller.signal, { box: view })
-      box: view,
-    })
       .then(({ texture }) => installDetail(job, texture))
       .catch(() => failDetail(job));
   }
@@ -661,6 +677,7 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
       loadMs: now() - frame.startedAt,
     };
     surface.setAlpha(alpha);
+    surface.setInfrared(infrared ? infraredAmount(frame.infrared) : 0);
     applyVisibility();
     lastError = null;
     evict();
@@ -715,7 +732,7 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
       return changed;
     },
     cancelPrefetch,
-    async prefetch(snapshot, time, { infrared: mode = 'filtered' } = {}) {
+    async prefetch(snapshot, time) {
       let job;
       try {
         if (
@@ -729,8 +746,8 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
         // Warm the next frame's detail window too while the window stays put.
         const box =
           view && viewBounds === boundsKey(snapshot.bounds) ? view : null;
-        const coarse = cacheKey(time, mode);
+        const coarse = cacheKey(time);
-        const key = box ? cacheKey(time, mode, box) : coarse;
+        const key = box ? cacheKey(time, box) : coarse;
         if (prefetchJob?.key === key || prefetchedKey === key) return false;
         cancelPrefetch();
         job = { key, controller: new AbortController() };
@@ -739,8 +756,8 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
         job.timeout = setTimeout(() => job.controller.abort(), timeoutMs);
         // Both images at once: one after the other would outlast playback's step.
         await Promise.all([
-          acquire(time, mode, signal, { keep: box ? [key] : [] }),
+          acquire(time, signal, { keep: box ? [key] : [] }),
-          box ? acquire(time, mode, signal, { box, keep: [coarse] }) : null,
+          box ? acquire(time, signal, { box, keep: [coarse] }) : null,
         ]);
         signal.throwIfAborted();
         if (prefetchJob === job) prefetchedKey = key;
@@ -782,7 +799,7 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
         infrared: mode,
         bounds,
         product: snapshot.product,
-        key: cacheKey(time, mode),
+        key: cacheKey(time),
         mosaic: { fetched: false, decodeMs: null, cached: false },
         controller: new AbortController(),
         startedAt: now(),
@@ -797,7 +814,7 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
       });
       watch(frame, signal);
       frame.timeout = setTimeout(() => fail(frame), timeoutMs);
-      void acquire(time, mode, frame.controller.signal, {
+      void acquire(time, frame.controller.signal, {
         onFetched: () => {
           frame.mosaic.fetched = true;
         },

src/layers/weather/shellRendering.test.mjs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
   WEATHER_SHELL_HEIGHTS,
 } from './shellRendering.js';
 import { NO_IMAGERY_HOST } from './imageryHost.js';
+import { INFRARED_ALPHA_T0, INFRARED_ALPHA_T1 } from './infraredAlpha.js';
 import {
   createShellCesium,
   createShellScene,
@@ -147,12 +148,13 @@ test('surface builds a flat raised rectangle drawn in primitive order without de
     image: Cesium.Material.DefaultImageId,
     detail: Cesium.Material.DefaultImageId,
     alpha: 1,
+    infrared: 0,
     window: { type: 'vec4', x: 0, y: 0, z: -1, w: -1 },
   });
   const { source } = template.fabric;
   assert.match(
     source,
-    /material\.alpha = c\.a \* alpha \* step\(1\.5, float\(imageDimensions\.x\)\);/,
+    /material\.alpha = c\.a \* mix\(1\.0, key, infrared\) \* alpha \* step\(1\.5, float\(imageDimensions\.x\)\);/,
     'nothing draws before the full-extent image',
   );
   assert.match(
@@ -373,6 +375,7 @@ test('real Cesium builds the two-texture material, the opaque-pass appearance an
     /uniform sampler2D image_\d+;/,
     /uniform sampler2D detail_\d+;/,
     /uniform float alpha_\d+;/,
+    /uniform float infrared_\d+;/,
     /uniform vec4 window_\d+;/,
     /uniform ivec3 imageDimensions_\d+;/,
     /uniform ivec3 detailDimensions_\d+;/,
@@ -384,9 +387,16 @@ test('real Cesium builds the two-texture material, the opaque-pass appearance an
   assert.match(shader, /step\(1\.5, float\(detailDimensions_\d+\.x\)\)/);
   assert.match(
     shader,
-    /material\.alpha = c\.a \* alpha_\d+ \* step\(1\.5, float\(imageDimensions_\d+\.x\)\);/,
+    /material\.alpha = c\.a \* mix\(1\.0, key, infrared_\d+\) \* alpha_\d+ \* step\(1\.5, float\(imageDimensions_\d+\.x\)\);/,
     'the uniform is renamed, the material field is not',
   );
+  // The cloud key the globe's draped imagery gets from infraredAlpha.js:
+  // brightest channel, 2.2 power, the shared thresholds.
+  assert.ok(
+    shader.includes(
+      `float key = smoothstep(${INFRARED_ALPHA_T0.toFixed(4)}, ${INFRARED_ALPHA_T1.toFixed(4)}, pow(max(c.r, max(c.g, c.b)), 2.2));`,
+    ),
+  );
   assert.match(shader, /float useDetail = inside \* step/, 'locals keep names');
   const detail = { width: 4096, height: 2048 };
   surface.setDetail(detail, { west: 0.1, south: 0.2, east: 0.3, north: 0.4 });
@@ -743,12 +753,12 @@ test('prefetch warms a decoded frame without staging and cancels cleanly', async
   h.shell.clear();
 });
 
-test('infrared frames get the display transfer; radar and lightning keep their pixels', async () => {
+test('infrared frames reach the shader as decoded, with the cloud key as a uniform; radar and lightning get none', async () => {
-  for (const [product, transfer] of [
+  for (const [product, amount] of [
-    ['clouds-regional', true],
+    ['clouds-regional', 1],
-    ['clouds', true],
+    ['clouds', 1],
-    ['radar', false],
+    ['radar', 0],
-    ['lightning', false],
+    ['lightning', 0],
   ]) {
     const h = harness({ product });
     const pending = h.shell.setFrame(snapshot(product), times[0]);
@@ -756,11 +766,10 @@ test('infrared frames get the display transfer; radar and lightning keep their p
     const image = h.material().uniforms.image;
     assert.equal(image.source, h.decoded[0], 'drawn into a canvas');
     assert.equal(h.decoded[0].closed, true);
-    assert.equal(image.pixels !== undefined, transfer, product);
+    assert.equal(image.pixels, undefined, `${product}: pixels never rewritten`);
-    if (transfer)
-      assert.deepEqual([...image.pixels], [194, 0, 0, 98], 'clouds only');
     h.render();
     assert.equal(await pending, true);
+    assert.equal(h.material().uniforms.infrared, amount, product);
     assert.equal(
       h.shell.getDiagnostics().height,
       WEATHER_SHELL_HEIGHTS[product],
@@ -769,20 +778,28 @@ test('infrared frames get the display transfer; radar and lightning keep their p
   }
 });
 
-test('an infrared mode change restages the same time with its own cached canvas', async () => {
+test('an infrared mode change is a uniform on the same image: no fetch, no new canvas', async () => {
   const h = harness({ product: 'clouds' });
   assert.equal(await show(h, times[0]), true);
-  const filtered = h.material().uniforms.image;
+  const image = h.material().uniforms.image;
+  assert.equal(h.material().uniforms.infrared, 1);
   assert.equal(await show(h, times[0]), true, 'same frame is a no-op');
   assert.equal(h.fetches.length, 1);
+  const renders = h.scene.renders;
   assert.equal(await show(h, times[0], { infrared: 'full' }), true);
-  const full = h.material().uniforms.image;
+  assert.equal(h.material().uniforms.image, image);
-  assert.notEqual(full, filtered);
+  assert.equal(h.material().uniforms.infrared, 0);
-  assert.deepEqual([...full.pixels], [194, 0, 0, 200]);
   assert.equal(h.shell.getDiagnostics().infrared, 'full');
+  assert.ok(h.scene.renders > renders, 'the new strength is drawn');
+  assert.equal(await show(h, times[0], { infrared: 40 }), true);
+  assert.equal(h.material().uniforms.infrared, 0.4);
+  assert.equal(h.shell.getDiagnostics().infrared, 40);
   assert.equal(await show(h, times[0], { infrared: 'filtered' }), true);
-  assert.equal(h.material().uniforms.image, filtered, 'cache hit');
+  assert.equal(h.material().uniforms.image, image);
-  assert.equal(h.fetches.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(h.material().uniforms.infrared, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.fetches.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.decoded.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.shell.getDiagnostics().cache.mosaics, 1);
   h.shell.clear();
 });