From daed0be99a03d8f416c59617f77c7cea455616eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: daikaginza <daika.ginza@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Sep 2026 14:17:20 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 001/262] feat(server): compress the cached OpenSky snapshot
 for clients that accept gzip

The ~860 KB snapshot is held for an adaptive 9-300 s TTL and was served as
identity bytes to every request; no response in server/ set Content-Encoding or
Vary. Gzip it once per refresh beside the cached body, off the event loop, and
return the body and the header that names it together so the two can never
disagree. Live against an anonymous snapshot: 874,002 B to 258,012 B, 3.39x,
decompressing byte-identical to the uncompressed response.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                    |   1 +
 scripts/package-boundaries.json          |   1 +
 server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js     |  91 ++++++++++++----
 server/providers/common/compress.js      |  94 +++++++++++++++++
 src/tooling/liveProviders.test.mjs       | 113 +++++++++++++++++++-
 src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs | 129 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 405 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 server/providers/common/compress.js
 create mode 100644 src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 22ce1eb3b..a03d2bd5d 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -4072,6 +4072,7 @@ are omitted rather than framing the wrong part of the globe.
 - `/api/overpass` is bounded by body/response caps, per-client/global rate limits, concurrency limits, operator-configured upstreams, in-flight dedupe, cache bounds, and static validation that every selector is spatially bounded.
 - `/api/military-installations` uses an independent limiter with the same 90-per-client/300-global one-minute bounds, so viewport installation refreshes never consume `/api/overpass` annotation capacity.
 - `/api/route` proxies bounded OSRM route requests for annotation routes, with profile allowlisting, distance caps, response caps, caching, and sanitized "no route found" errors.
+- `/api/opensky` negotiates response encoding. The cached global snapshot and the regional adsb.lol fallback are each gzipped once per refresh, so a client that offers gzip receives roughly 860 KB as 250 KB and one that does not receives the same bytes uncompressed; both answers carry `Vary: Accept-Encoding`. Bodies the proxy does not cache — auth failures, cooldown notices — are never sent under a cached response's encoding.
 - Track endpoints: `/api/ais-live/track?mmsi=` (server-accumulated ring buffers; sub-route handled before the rows snapshot), `/api/opensky-track?icao24=` (OAuth, 60s cache, sanitized errors, independent OpenSky credit bucket), `/api/adsblol/trace?hex=` (60s cache, 5MB cap, ODbL attribution required in UI).
 - Realtime debug logs redact API keys, bearer tokens, client secrets, and image data URLs before writing to disk; request bodies are size-capped.
 - `/api/realtime/debug-log` enforces an always-on 120-per-client/400-global one-minute limiter (not the opt-in `GEV_RATELIMIT_OPENAI_PER_MIN` bucket the cost-bearing OpenAI routes share), appends asynchronously through a serialized queue, and rotates `realtime-conversations.jsonl` at 32 MB keeping one prior generation, so the sink is bounded at twice that regardless of session length. A malformed record answers 400 and a failed write 500, both with a fixed message.
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 276b9e0db..363966ba9 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
     "exports": ["./server/providers/live"],
     "modules": [
       "server/providers/live.js",
+      "server/providers/common/compress.js",
       "server/providers/common/http.js",
       "server/providers/common/query.js",
       "server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js",
diff --git a/server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js b/server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js
index 612d01e11..a37315b9d 100644
--- a/server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js
+++ b/server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { normalizeAdsbLolPointResponse } from '../../../src/data/adsbLolFallback.js';
+import { encodedBody, gzipBody } from '../common/compress.js';
 import {
   coalesceProxyRequest,
   readResponseJsonCapped,
@@ -15,6 +16,12 @@ let _openskyTokenExpiry = 0;
 let _openskyTokenPromise = null;
 /** @type {string|null} Cached upstream response body (JSON text). */
 let _openskyCacheBody = null;
+/**
+ * @type {Buffer|null} Gzip of `_openskyCacheBody`, written in the same step as
+ * the body it encodes so the two can never describe different snapshots. Null
+ * whenever the cached body is too small to be worth a frame.
+ */
+let _openskyCacheGzip = null;
 /** @type {number} HTTP status of the cached response. */
 let _openskyCacheStatus = 0;
 /** @type {number} Epoch-ms when the response was cached. */
@@ -271,8 +278,13 @@ async function fetchAdsbLolPointFallback(req) {
           ADSBLOL_POINT_MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES,
         );
         const normalized = normalizeAdsbLolPointResponse(payload);
+        const body = JSON.stringify(normalized);
         const record = {
-          body: JSON.stringify(normalized),
+          body,
+          // Compressed with the body it belongs to, so a cache entry served
+          // many times pays for the frame once. Entries are bounded by
+          // ADSBLOL_POINT_CACHE_MAX, so the extra residency is bounded too.
+          gzip: await gzipBody(body),
           cachedAt: Date.now(),
           count: normalized.states.length,
         };
@@ -301,6 +313,7 @@ async function fetchAdsbLolPointFallback(req) {
 async function serveAdsbLolPointFallback(req, res, requestedMode, reason) {
   const fallback = await fetchAdsbLolPointFallback(req);
   if (!fallback) return false;
+  const encoded = encodedBody(req, fallback.body, fallback.gzip);
   res.writeHead(200, {
     ...buildOpenSkyHeaders({
       cacheStatus: fallback.cacheStatus,
@@ -311,8 +324,9 @@ async function serveAdsbLolPointFallback(req, res, requestedMode, reason) {
     'X-Flight-Source': 'adsb.lol',
     'X-Flight-Coverage': `${ADSBLOL_POINT_RADIUS_NM}nm regional fallback`,
     'X-Flight-Count': String(fallback.count),
+    ...encoded.headers,
   });
-  res.end(fallback.body);
+  res.end(encoded.body);
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -380,9 +394,13 @@ export function openSkyProxy() {
             reason: 'cached',
           };
           const isStale = now - _openskyCacheTime >= _openskyTtlMs;
-          res.writeHead(
-            _openskyCacheStatus || 200,
-            buildOpenSkyHeaders({
+          const encoded = encodedBody(
+            req,
+            _openskyCacheBody,
+            _openskyCacheGzip,
+          );
+          res.writeHead(_openskyCacheStatus || 200, {
+            ...buildOpenSkyHeaders({
               cacheStatus: isStale ? 'STALE' : 'HIT',
               requestedMode: cachedMeta.requestedMode || requestedMode,
               usedMode: cachedMeta.usedMode || 'unknown',
@@ -396,8 +414,9 @@ export function openSkyProxy() {
                 ? (_openskyCooldownUntil - now) / 1000
                 : undefined,
             }),
-          );
-          res.end(_openskyCacheBody);
+            ...encoded.headers,
+          });
+          res.end(encoded.body);
           return;
         }
         // Cooling down with nothing cached (cold start into a rate limit):
@@ -507,7 +526,12 @@ export function openSkyProxy() {
         ) {
           // Keep the last global snapshot available as a fail-soft cache,
           // but do not label or render it as a fresh live result.
+          // The frame is built before either slot is written so the two are
+          // always published together: a request arriving mid-refresh reads the
+          // previous body with the previous body's frame, never a mismatch.
+          const frame = await gzipBody(body);
           _openskyCacheBody = body;
+          _openskyCacheGzip = frame;
           _openskyCacheStatus = upstream.status;
           _openskyCacheTime = now;
           _openskyCacheSourceEpochMs = sourceEpochMs;
@@ -532,9 +556,13 @@ export function openSkyProxy() {
           // Serve the last-good body instead of the 429 when we have one —
           // the layer keeps rendering (STALE-cued) instead of dying.
           if (_openskyCacheBody && _openskyCacheStatus === 200) {
-            res.writeHead(
-              200,
-              buildOpenSkyHeaders({
+            const encoded = encodedBody(
+              req,
+              _openskyCacheBody,
+              _openskyCacheGzip,
+            );
+            res.writeHead(200, {
+              ...buildOpenSkyHeaders({
                 cacheStatus: 'STALE',
                 requestedMode,
                 usedMode,
@@ -542,8 +570,9 @@ export function openSkyProxy() {
                 staleSeconds: (now - _openskyCacheTime) / 1000,
                 retryAfterSeconds: cooldownMs / 1000,
               }),
-            );
-            res.end(_openskyCacheBody);
+              ...encoded.headers,
+            });
+            res.end(encoded.body);
             return;
           }
         }
@@ -616,7 +645,10 @@ export function openSkyProxy() {
         // Only cache successful responses — error responses (401/403/429/5xx)
         // should not be served from cache on subsequent requests
         if (upstream.ok) {
+          // Published as a pair, for the reason given at the other cache fill.
+          const frame = await gzipBody(body);
           _openskyCacheBody = body;
+          _openskyCacheGzip = frame;
           _openskyCacheStatus = upstream.status;
           _openskyCacheTime = now;
           _openskyCacheSourceEpochMs = sourceEpochMs;
@@ -635,16 +667,26 @@ export function openSkyProxy() {
           _openskyCooldownUntil = 0;
         }
 
-        res.writeHead(
-          upstream.status,
-          buildOpenSkyHeaders({
+        // Only the branch above caches, so the gzip slot belongs to this body
+        // only when this body is the one it just stored. An error response
+        // (401/403/429/5xx) is not cached and must not borrow the previous
+        // snapshot's frame — identity comparison, not `upstream.ok`, because it
+        // stays correct if the caching condition above ever changes.
+        const encoded = encodedBody(
+          req,
+          body,
+          _openskyCacheBody === body ? _openskyCacheGzip : null,
+        );
+        res.writeHead(upstream.status, {
+          ...buildOpenSkyHeaders({
             cacheStatus: 'MISS',
             requestedMode,
             usedMode,
             reason,
           }),
-        );
-        res.end(body);
+          ...encoded.headers,
+        });
+        res.end(encoded.body);
       } catch (e) {
         console.error('[OpenSky Proxy]', e.message);
         if (_openskyCacheBody) {
@@ -655,17 +697,22 @@ export function openSkyProxy() {
             usedMode: 'unknown',
             reason: 'cached_stale',
           };
-          res.writeHead(
-            _openskyCacheStatus || 200,
-            buildOpenSkyHeaders({
+          const encoded = encodedBody(
+            req,
+            _openskyCacheBody,
+            _openskyCacheGzip,
+          );
+          res.writeHead(_openskyCacheStatus || 200, {
+            ...buildOpenSkyHeaders({
               cacheStatus: 'STALE',
               requestedMode:
                 cachedMeta.requestedMode || OPENSKY_AUTH_MODE_DEFAULT,
               usedMode: cachedMeta.usedMode || 'unknown',
               reason: cachedMeta.reason || 'cached_stale',
             }),
-          );
-          res.end(_openskyCacheBody);
+            ...encoded.headers,
+          });
+          res.end(encoded.body);
           return;
         }
         const requestedMode = normalizeOpenSkyAuthMode(
diff --git a/server/providers/common/compress.js b/server/providers/common/compress.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d93b3594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/common/compress.js
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+import { gzip } from 'node:zlib';
+import { promisify } from 'node:util';
+
+const gzipAsync = promisify(gzip);
+
+/**
+ * Response compression for proxies that already hold a whole body in memory.
+ *
+ * Deliberately not a middleware. Two response paths in this tree must never be
+ * wrapped: `cctv/media.js` streams a piped body and answers byte-range requests
+ * with 206, and `wind/gfs.js` also serves ranges — a wrapper that buffered or
+ * re-encoded those would break playback and range semantics. Seven providers
+ * additionally forward an upstream `content-type` verbatim, including already
+ * compressed binary formats that gzip would only make larger.
+ *
+ * So compression is opt-in at the call site, for bodies the proxy holds and
+ * knows to be text. The failure mode of forgetting a site is a response that is
+ * merely uncompressed, never a corrupt one — but only as long as the encoded
+ * body and its `Content-Encoding` are chosen together, which is why
+ * `encodedBody` returns both rather than exposing them separately.
+ */
+
+/** Below this, a gzip frame costs more than the bytes it saves. */
+const MIN_COMPRESSED_BYTES = 1024;
+
+/**
+ * Whether the client offered gzip in `Accept-Encoding`.
+ *
+ * Anything this cannot read confidently — a missing header, a malformed
+ * quality value, the `x-gzip` alias — reads as "no", because the fallback is an
+ * identity response every client can decode.
+ *
+ * @param {import('node:http').IncomingMessage} request
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function acceptsGzip(request) {
+  const header = request?.headers?.['accept-encoding'];
+  if (typeof header !== 'string') return false;
+  return header.split(',').some((part) => {
+    const [token, ...parameters] = part.split(';');
+    if (token.trim().toLowerCase() !== 'gzip') return false;
+    // `q=0` is the one way a client can name an encoding and still refuse it
+    // (RFC 9110 section 12.4.2).
+    const quality = parameters
+      .map((parameter) => parameter.trim().toLowerCase())
+      .find((parameter) => parameter.startsWith('q='));
+    return quality === undefined || Number.parseFloat(quality.slice(2)) > 0;
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gzip a body once, for callers that cache it and serve it many times.
+ *
+ * OpenSky's snapshot is ~860 KB and is held for the cache TTL, so this is paid
+ * per refresh rather than per request. It runs off the event loop on purpose:
+ * on that snapshot the synchronous call stalls every other in-flight request by
+ * 11 ms, while this stalls them by under 1 ms and costs the caller — which is
+ * already waiting on an upstream fetch — about 5 ms more of its own latency.
+ *
+ * Returns null when the body is too small to be worth a frame, so callers can
+ * store the result directly and treat null as "serve identity".
+ *
+ * @param {string|Buffer} body - the exact bytes the identity response sends.
+ * @returns {Promise<Buffer|null>}
+ */
+export async function gzipBody(body) {
+  if (body == null) return null;
+  const raw = Buffer.isBuffer(body) ? body : Buffer.from(String(body));
+  if (raw.byteLength < MIN_COMPRESSED_BYTES) return null;
+  const compressed = await gzipAsync(raw);
+  return compressed.byteLength < raw.byteLength ? compressed : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pick the body to send and the headers that describe it, together.
+ *
+ * `Vary: Accept-Encoding` is set on both branches, not only the compressed one:
+ * a cache that stored an identity response without it would later hand those
+ * bytes to a client that asked for gzip, and vice versa.
+ *
+ * @param {import('node:http').IncomingMessage} request
+ * @param {string|Buffer} identity - the uncompressed body.
+ * @param {Buffer|null} compressed - `gzipBody(identity)`, or null.
+ * @returns {{body: string|Buffer, headers: Record<string,string>}}
+ */
+export function encodedBody(request, identity, compressed) {
+  if (compressed && acceptsGzip(request)) {
+    return {
+      body: compressed,
+      headers: { 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', Vary: 'Accept-Encoding' },
+    };
+  }
+  return { body: identity, headers: { Vary: 'Accept-Encoding' } };
+}
diff --git a/src/tooling/liveProviders.test.mjs b/src/tooling/liveProviders.test.mjs
index 38953eff9..94bbb6a27 100644
--- a/src/tooling/liveProviders.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/liveProviders.test.mjs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { once } from 'node:events';
+import { gunzipSync } from 'node:zlib';
 import { WebSocketServer } from 'ws';
 import { setTimeout as delay } from 'node:timers/promises';
 import * as providers from '../../server/providers/live.js';
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ function install(plugin, preview = false) {
       },
     },
   });
-  return async (route, url = '/', method = 'GET') => {
+  return async (route, url = '/', method = 'GET', headers = {}) => {
     assert.ok(routes.has(route), `registered route: ${route}`);
     const response = {
       statusCode: 200,
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ function install(plugin, preview = false) {
         this.body = body;
       },
     };
-    await routes.get(route)({ url, method }, response);
+    await routes.get(route)({ url, method, headers }, response);
     return response;
   };
 }
@@ -381,3 +382,111 @@ test('track backfill proxy returns 502 on an oversized upstream body and caches
   assert.equal(res2.statusCode, 502);
   assert.equal(callCount, 1);
 });
+
+test('the OpenSky snapshot is compressed for clients that ask, and an error body never inherits the cached frame', async (t) => {
+  environment(t, {
+    OPENSKY_AUTH_MODE: 'anon',
+    OPENSKY_CLIENT_ID: undefined,
+    OPENSKY_CLIENT_SECRET: undefined,
+    OPENSKY_USERNAME: undefined,
+    OPENSKY_PASSWORD: undefined,
+  });
+  let now = Date.now();
+  t.mock.method(Date, 'now', () => now);
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'error', () => {});
+
+  let upstreamStatus = 200;
+  let snapshotAgeMs = 0;
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url) => {
+    if (url.includes('/lat/'))
+      return Response.json({
+        now: now / 1000,
+        ac: Array.from({ length: 200 }, (_, index) => ({
+          hex: `abc${index}`,
+          lat: 30,
+          lon: -97,
+          alt_baro: 10000,
+        })),
+      });
+    assert.ok(url.includes('/states/'), `unexpected upstream call: ${url}`);
+    if (upstreamStatus !== 200)
+      return new Response('{"error":"upstream"}', { status: upstreamStatus });
+    const sourceSeconds = Math.floor((now - snapshotAgeMs) / 1000);
+    // A healthy credit budget, so the proxy keeps its 9 s base TTL and the
+    // clock advances below are unambiguously past it.
+    return Response.json(
+      {
+        time: sourceSeconds,
+        states: Array.from({ length: 200 }, (_, index) => [
+          `abc${index}`,
+          'CALLSIGN',
+          'United States',
+          sourceSeconds,
+          -97.7,
+          30.1,
+          10000,
+        ]),
+      },
+      { headers: { 'x-rate-limit-remaining': '4000' } },
+    );
+  });
+
+  // A module instance of its own: the snapshot cache, its frame and the
+  // adaptive TTL are module state, and this test reasons about all three.
+  const isolated = await import(
+    `../../server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js?compression=${now}`
+  );
+  const states = install(isolated.openSkyProxy());
+  const compressed = await states('/api/opensky', '/', 'GET', {
+    'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
+  });
+  assert.equal(compressed.statusCode, 200);
+  assert.equal(compressed.headers['content-encoding'], 'gzip');
+  assert.equal(compressed.headers.vary, 'Accept-Encoding');
+  assert.ok(Buffer.isBuffer(compressed.body));
+
+  // Same snapshot from cache, this time to a client that offered nothing: the
+  // identity bytes, and the compressed frame above must decode to exactly them.
+  const identity = await states('/api/opensky');
+  assert.equal(identity.headers['x-opensky-cache'], 'HIT');
+  assert.equal(identity.headers['content-encoding'], undefined);
+  assert.equal(identity.headers.vary, 'Accept-Encoding');
+  assert.equal(gunzipSync(compressed.body).toString(), identity.body);
+
+  // A client that names gzip and refuses it with q=0 is a non-gzip client.
+  const refused = await states('/api/opensky', '/', 'GET', {
+    'accept-encoding': 'gzip;q=0',
+  });
+  assert.equal(refused.headers['content-encoding'], undefined);
+  assert.equal(refused.body, identity.body);
+
+  // An upstream rejection is not cached, so it has no frame of its own. It must
+  // not be sent under the previous snapshot's Content-Encoding.
+  upstreamStatus = 403;
+  now += 60000; // past the 9 s base TTL this fresh instance starts with
+  const rejected = await states('/api/opensky', '/', 'GET', {
+    'accept-encoding': 'gzip',
+  });
+  assert.equal(rejected.statusCode, 403);
+  assert.equal(rejected.headers['content-encoding'], undefined);
+  assert.ok(JSON.parse(rejected.body).error, 'a readable error body');
+
+  // The regional fallback is a fifth body this route can answer with. It is
+  // cached the same way and so it negotiates the same way: a snapshot too old
+  // to serve hands the request to adsb.lol, compressed.
+  upstreamStatus = 200;
+  snapshotAgeMs = 3600000;
+  now += 60000;
+  const regional = await states('/api/opensky', '?lat=30&lon=-97', 'GET', {
+    'accept-encoding': 'gzip',
+  });
+  assert.equal(regional.statusCode, 200);
+  assert.equal(regional.headers['x-flight-source'], 'adsb.lol');
+  assert.equal(regional.headers['content-encoding'], 'gzip');
+  assert.equal(regional.headers.vary, 'Accept-Encoding');
+  assert.equal(
+    JSON.parse(gunzipSync(regional.body).toString()).states.length,
+    200,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs b/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92fee57a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { gunzipSync } from 'node:zlib';
+import {
+  acceptsGzip,
+  encodedBody,
+  gzipBody,
+} from '../../server/providers/common/compress.js';
+
+/** A request shaped like the one Node hands a middleware. */
+function request(acceptEncoding) {
+  return {
+    url: '/api/opensky',
+    method: 'GET',
+    headers:
+      acceptEncoding === undefined ? {} : { 'accept-encoding': acceptEncoding },
+  };
+}
+
+/** Repetitive JSON, the shape of an actual snapshot body. */
+function snapshotBody(states = 200) {
+  return JSON.stringify({
+    time: 1700000000,
+    states: Array.from({ length: states }, (_, index) => [
+      `abc${index}`,
+      'CALLSIGN',
+      'United States',
+      1700000000,
+      30.1,
+      -97.7,
+      10000,
+    ]),
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Deterministic high-entropy bytes. Random data would do, but a seeded sequence
+ * keeps the "gzip made it bigger" assertion from depending on luck.
+ */
+function incompressibleBytes(length) {
+  const bytes = Buffer.alloc(length);
+  let state = 123456789;
+  for (let index = 0; index < length; index += 1) {
+    state = (state * 1103515245 + 12345) % 2147483648;
+    bytes[index] = (state >>> 16) & 0xff;
+  }
+  return bytes;
+}
+
+test('accept-encoding is read the way clients actually write it', () => {
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip')), true);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip, deflate, br')), true);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('br;q=1.0, gzip;q=0.8')), true);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('GZIP')), true);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request(' gzip ')), true);
+
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('br, deflate')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('identity')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request(undefined)), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip({}), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(undefined), false);
+
+  // A quality of zero names gzip and refuses it (RFC 9110 section 12.4.2),
+  // and an unreadable quality falls back to the encoding every client accepts.
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0.000')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=bogus')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0.001')), true);
+
+  // `gzip` is not matched as a substring of a neighbouring token.
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('x-gzip')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzipped')), false);
+});
+
+test('a body is only compressed when compression pays for itself', async () => {
+  assert.equal(await gzipBody(null), null);
+  assert.equal(await gzipBody(undefined), null);
+  assert.equal(await gzipBody(''), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    await gzipBody('{"states":[]}'),
+    null,
+    'below the frame threshold',
+  );
+  assert.equal(await gzipBody(Buffer.alloc(1023, 'a')), null, 'one byte short');
+
+  const identity = snapshotBody();
+  assert.ok(identity.length > 1024, 'fixture is worth compressing');
+  const compressed = await gzipBody(identity);
+  assert.ok(Buffer.isBuffer(compressed));
+  assert.ok(compressed.byteLength < Buffer.byteLength(identity));
+  assert.equal(gunzipSync(compressed).toString(), identity);
+
+  // Buffers are accepted as-is, and data that gzip cannot shrink is refused
+  // rather than served as a larger response.
+  assert.ok((await gzipBody(Buffer.from(identity))) !== null);
+  assert.equal(await gzipBody(incompressibleBytes(4096)), null);
+});
+
+test('the encoded body and the header that names it are chosen together', async () => {
+  const identity = snapshotBody();
+  const compressed = await gzipBody(identity);
+
+  const negotiated = encodedBody(request('gzip'), identity, compressed);
+  assert.equal(negotiated.body, compressed);
+  assert.equal(negotiated.headers['Content-Encoding'], 'gzip');
+  assert.equal(negotiated.headers.Vary, 'Accept-Encoding');
+  assert.equal(gunzipSync(negotiated.body).toString(), identity);
+
+  // Offered but not wanted: identity bytes, and no Content-Encoding to
+  // contradict them.
+  const refused = encodedBody(request('br'), identity, compressed);
+  assert.equal(refused.body, identity);
+  assert.equal(refused.headers['Content-Encoding'], undefined);
+  assert.equal(refused.headers.Vary, 'Accept-Encoding');
+
+  // Wanted but not available: same answer.
+  const unavailable = encodedBody(request('gzip'), identity, null);
+  assert.equal(unavailable.body, identity);
+  assert.equal(unavailable.headers['Content-Encoding'], undefined);
+
+  // Vary is on both branches: without it a shared cache could hand a stored
+  // response to a client whose Accept-Encoding it was not selected for.
+  assert.equal(unavailable.headers.Vary, 'Accept-Encoding');
+  assert.equal(
+    encodedBody(request(undefined), identity, compressed).headers.Vary,
+    'Accept-Encoding',
+  );
+});

From 47b13ab18e4cafc961f049fd361cb0ed29fe51b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: daikaginza <daika.ginza@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Sep 2026 14:18:09 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 002/262] docs(changelog): note OpenSky snapshot compression
 (#795)

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 58103d04d..aa36408a4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 # Changelog
 
+- The live flight snapshot is compressed on the wire. `/api/opensky` gzips its
+  cached global snapshot and its regional adsb.lol fallback once per upstream
+  refresh and serves that frame to clients offering gzip — roughly 860 KB
+  becomes roughly 258 KB — while a client that offers nothing receives the same
+  bytes uncompressed. Both answers carry `Vary: Accept-Encoding`, and a response
+  the proxy does not cache, such as an auth failure, is never sent under a
+  cached snapshot's encoding (daikaginza, #795).
+
 - Public Overpass instances are no longer used by default. Street Traffic
   roads come from TomTom flow tiles, OpenFreeMap vector tiles, or both, chosen
   on the layer row (TomTom / OSM / Hybrid) or with `?trafficRoads=`. With a

From e7dd71e9bcdd836e046aba84ba98d5889d482025 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: daikaginza <daika.ginza@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Sep 2026 11:13:36 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 003/262] fix(server): read the whole q value, not a numeric
 prefix
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Number.parseFloat accepts any valid numeric prefix, so `gzip;q=1oops` read as 1
and the out-of-range `gzip;q=2` was accepted — both contradicting the comment
two lines above, which promises that a quality this cannot read confidently
fails closed. Matching the qvalue grammar of RFC 9110 section 12.4.2 makes the
code do what it already claimed to do.

Thanks to kvnloo for catching it on review.
---
 server/providers/common/compress.js      | 21 +++++++++++++++------
 src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs | 17 ++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/server/providers/common/compress.js b/server/providers/common/compress.js
index 7d93b3594..ebf736eda 100644
--- a/server/providers/common/compress.js
+++ b/server/providers/common/compress.js
@@ -23,12 +23,20 @@ const gzipAsync = promisify(gzip);
 /** Below this, a gzip frame costs more than the bytes it saves. */
 const MIN_COMPRESSED_BYTES = 1024;
 
+/**
+ * The `qvalue` grammar of RFC 9110 section 12.4.2: zero to three decimals
+ * below one, or one with only zeros after it. Matching the whole token rather
+ * than parsing a numeric prefix is what makes `q=1oops` and the out-of-range
+ * `q=2` unreadable instead of quietly rounding to something acceptable.
+ */
+const QVALUE = /^(?:0(?:\.\d{0,3})?|1(?:\.0{0,3})?)$/;
+
 /**
  * Whether the client offered gzip in `Accept-Encoding`.
  *
- * Anything this cannot read confidently — a missing header, a malformed
- * quality value, the `x-gzip` alias — reads as "no", because the fallback is an
- * identity response every client can decode.
+ * Anything this cannot read confidently — a missing header, a malformed or
+ * out-of-range quality value, the `x-gzip` alias — reads as "no", because the
+ * fallback is an identity response every client can decode.
  *
  * @param {import('node:http').IncomingMessage} request
  * @returns {boolean}
@@ -39,12 +47,13 @@ export function acceptsGzip(request) {
   return header.split(',').some((part) => {
     const [token, ...parameters] = part.split(';');
     if (token.trim().toLowerCase() !== 'gzip') return false;
-    // `q=0` is the one way a client can name an encoding and still refuse it
-    // (RFC 9110 section 12.4.2).
     const quality = parameters
       .map((parameter) => parameter.trim().toLowerCase())
       .find((parameter) => parameter.startsWith('q='));
-    return quality === undefined || Number.parseFloat(quality.slice(2)) > 0;
+    if (quality === undefined) return true;
+    // `q=0` is the one way a client can name an encoding and still refuse it.
+    const value = quality.slice(2);
+    return QVALUE.test(value) && Number(value) > 0;
   });
 }
 
diff --git a/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs b/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs
index 92fee57a3..c5c70dae7 100644
--- a/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs
@@ -61,12 +61,23 @@ test('accept-encoding is read the way clients actually write it', () => {
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip({}), false);
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(undefined), false);
 
-  // A quality of zero names gzip and refuses it (RFC 9110 section 12.4.2),
-  // and an unreadable quality falls back to the encoding every client accepts.
+  // A quality of zero names gzip and refuses it (RFC 9110 section 12.4.2).
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0')), false);
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0.000')), false);
-  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=bogus')), false);
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0.001')), true);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=1')), true);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=1.000')), true);
+
+  // A quality that is not a whole `qvalue` is unreadable, not a number with
+  // trailing noise: the grammar allows three decimals and a ceiling of 1, so
+  // these must not round into acceptance.
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=bogus')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=1oops')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0.5abc')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=2')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=1.5')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0.0001')), false);
+  assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=')), false);
 
   // `gzip` is not matched as a substring of a neighbouring token.
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('x-gzip')), false);

From 28f3243090fe2aa766d9df2f096e095811f04ac0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin Rajan <7121943+kvnloo@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:20:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 004/262] feat(cyclones): publish explicit selection to shared
 context

---
 scripts/package-boundaries.json    |  2 +
 src/app/constructCatalog.js        |  4 +-
 src/app/layers/cyclones.js         | 11 +++++
 src/layers/cyclones/index.js       | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs | 72 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 5 files changed, 138 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/app/layers/cyclones.js

diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 276b9e0db..93bdcf7e1 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -1340,6 +1340,7 @@
       "src/app/layers/alprCameras.js",
       "src/app/layers/bikeshare.js",
       "src/app/layers/cctv.js",
+      "src/app/layers/cyclones.js",
       "src/app/layers/earthquakes.js",
       "src/app/layers/firms.js",
       "src/app/layers/flights.js",
@@ -2075,6 +2076,7 @@
       "src/app/layers/alprCameras.js",
       "src/app/layers/bikeshare.js",
       "src/app/layers/cctv.js",
+      "src/app/layers/cyclones.js",
       "src/app/layers/earthquakes.js",
       "src/app/layers/firms.js",
       "src/app/layers/flights.js",
diff --git a/src/app/constructCatalog.js b/src/app/constructCatalog.js
index 7ed03d0d2..0437e1749 100644
--- a/src/app/constructCatalog.js
+++ b/src/app/constructCatalog.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { createWeatherClock } from '../layers/weather/clock.js';
 import { createWeatherLayer } from '../layers/weather/index.js';
-import { createCyclonesLayer } from '../layers/cyclones/index.js';
+import { createApplicationCyclones } from './layers/cyclones.js';
 import { createWindLayer } from '../layers/wind/index.js';
 import { createLayerCatalog } from './catalog.js';
 import { LAYER_STATE_REGISTRY } from '../data/layerState.js';
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ export function createApplicationCatalog({
           id: 'weather-lightning',
           clock: weatherClock,
         }),
-        createCyclonesLayer({ feed: sources.cyclones }),
+        createApplicationCyclones({ feed: sources.cyclones }),
         ...createInfrastructureLayers(localGeoJsonServices),
         createApplicationCables({ source: sources.cables }),
         createApplicationFirms({
diff --git a/src/app/layers/cyclones.js b/src/app/layers/cyclones.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d671a11eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/layers/cyclones.js
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import { createCyclonesLayer } from '../../layers/cyclones/index.js';
+import * as context from '../../data/contextStore.js';
+
+/** Wire cyclone selection into the application shared-context owner. */
+export function createApplicationCyclones(options) {
+  const browserContext = typeof window !== 'undefined' ? { context } : {};
+  return createCyclonesLayer({
+    ...browserContext,
+    ...options,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
index 666614176..2738bebe0 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
   feed,
   hitTestOverlay = hitTestWorldOverlay,
   overlayHost,
+  context = null,
   cesium = Cesium,
   createRendering = createCycloneRendering,
   matchMedia = globalThis.matchMedia?.bind(globalThis),
@@ -52,6 +53,8 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
     selectedId = null,
     selectionIntent = 'auto',
     navigationGeneration = 0,
+    selectedContextStormId = null,
+    selectedContextEntity = null,
     clickHandler = null,
     removeClickCapture = null;
   let enabled = false,
@@ -62,6 +65,46 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
   const notify = () => listener?.();
   const selected = () =>
     snapshot?.storms.find((storm) => storm.id === selectedId) || null;
+
+  function clearSelectedContext() {
+    context?.removeEntityContextsForLayer?.('weather-cyclones');
+    selectedContextStormId = null;
+    selectedContextEntity = null;
+  }
+
+  function publishSelectedContext({ announce = false } = {}) {
+    const storm = selected();
+    if (!storm || !context) {
+      if (!storm) clearSelectedContext();
+      return null;
+    }
+    selectedContextEntity ||= { show: true };
+    const record = context.registerEntityContext?.(selectedContextEntity, {
+      id: `cyclone:${storm.id}`,
+      layerId: 'weather-cyclones',
+      layerName: 'Cyclone advisories',
+      source: 'NOAA NHC / CPHC',
+      label: `Cyclone · ${storm.name}`,
+      latitude: storm.position.latitude,
+      longitude: storm.position.longitude,
+      properties: {
+        classification: storm.classification,
+        basin: storm.basin,
+        advisoryNumber: storm.advisoryNumber,
+        issuedAt: storm.issuedAt,
+        positionAt: storm.positionAt,
+        windKt: storm.windKt,
+        pressureHpa: storm.pressureHpa,
+        movement: storm.movement,
+        advisoryUrl: storm.advisoryUrl,
+      },
+    });
+    if (!record) return null;
+    selectedContextStormId = storm.id;
+    if (announce) context.selectEntityContext?.(selectedContextEntity);
+    return record;
+  }
+
   function select(id) {
     if (selectedId !== id) ++navigationGeneration;
     selectedId = id;
@@ -206,6 +249,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
       selectedId = null;
       selectionIntent = 'auto';
       ++navigationGeneration;
+      clearSelectedContext();
       rendering?.clear();
     },
     async update(_viewer, { signal } = {}) {
@@ -229,6 +273,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
           snapshot = next;
           selectedId = null;
           ++navigationGeneration;
+          clearSelectedContext();
           error = next.reason || 'Cyclone advisories unavailable';
           return true;
         }
@@ -251,6 +296,10 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
               : snapshot.storms[0]?.id || null,
           );
         else rendering.setSelection(selectedId);
+        if (selectedContextStormId) {
+          if (selectedId === selectedContextStormId) publishSelectedContext();
+          else clearSelectedContext();
+        }
         return true;
       } catch (cause) {
         if (controller.signal.aborted || request !== controller) return false;
@@ -260,6 +309,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
         snapshot = null;
         selectedId = null;
         ++navigationGeneration;
+        clearSelectedContext();
         return true;
       } finally {
         signal?.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
@@ -275,6 +325,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
       if (params.clear === true || params.stormId === null) {
         selectionIntent = 'cleared';
         select(null);
+        clearSelectedContext();
         notify();
       } else if (
         typeof params.stormId === 'string' &&
@@ -282,6 +333,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
       ) {
         selectionIntent = 'user';
         select(params.stormId);
+        publishSelectedContext({ announce: true });
         notify();
       }
       const storm = selected();
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
index 4127871f4..7d796bef7 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ test('a click on a storm card or lead-hour label selects that storm without pick
 });
 function harness(
   feed = { getSnapshot: async () => snapshot() },
-  { reducedMotion = false } = {},
+  { reducedMotion = false, context = null } = {},
 ) {
   const applied = [],
     navigation = [],
@@ -368,6 +368,7 @@ function harness(
   };
   const layer = createCyclonesLayer({
     feed,
+    context,
     createRendering: () => rendering,
     matchMedia: () => ({ matches: reducedMotion }),
     openLink: (url) => opened.push(url),
@@ -401,6 +402,75 @@ function harness(
     },
   };
 }
+test('explicit cyclone selection publishes shared context without auto-claiming it', async () => {
+  let next = snapshot([storm(), storm('ep162026')]);
+  const records = new Map();
+  let selectedContext = null;
+  let selectedEvents = 0;
+  const context = {
+    registerEntityContext(entity, metadata) {
+      entity.__gevContextId = metadata.id;
+      const record = { ...metadata, entity };
+      records.set(metadata.id, record);
+      return record;
+    },
+    selectEntityContext(entity) {
+      selectedContext = records.get(entity.__gevContextId) || null;
+      selectedEvents += 1;
+      return selectedContext;
+    },
+    removeEntityContextsForLayer(layerId) {
+      for (const [id, record] of records) {
+        if (record.layerId === layerId) records.delete(id);
+      }
+      if (selectedContext?.layerId === layerId) selectedContext = null;
+    },
+  };
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => next }, { context });
+  h.layer.enable();
+  await h.layer.update();
+
+  assert.equal(
+    selectedEvents,
+    0,
+    'the automatic first-storm row selection must not claim shared context',
+  );
+  assert.equal(records.size, 0);
+
+  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep162026' });
+  assert.equal(selectedEvents, 1);
+  assert.equal(selectedContext?.layerId, 'weather-cyclones');
+  assert.equal(selectedContext?.source, 'NOAA NHC / CPHC');
+  assert.equal(selectedContext?.label, 'Cyclone · Another system');
+  assert.equal(selectedContext?.latitude, 15.5);
+  assert.equal(selectedContext?.longitude, -125.8);
+  assert.equal(selectedContext?.properties.advisoryNumber, '10');
+
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(
+    selectedEvents,
+    1,
+    'refresh updates the selected record without re-announcing the click',
+  );
+
+  next = snapshot([storm()]);
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(
+    selectedContext,
+    null,
+    'a vanished user-selected storm must clear instead of transferring context to the fallback row',
+  );
+  assert.equal(records.size, 0);
+
+  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
+  assert.equal(selectedEvents, 2);
+  h.layer.setParams({ clear: true });
+  assert.equal(selectedContext, null);
+  assert.equal(records.size, 0);
+
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
 test('refresh preserves selection intent, including explicit clears and missing storms', async () => {
   let next = snapshot([storm(), storm('ep162026')]);
   const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => next });

From 81f49406b80f2f4c8076ed739360f79ab2e2c34f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Wilmer Alzate <wilmeralzateroman@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Sep 2026 12:31:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 005/262] perf(flights): skip dead-reckoning contacts that stay
 behind the horizon

The fleet tick dead-reckoned, floored and distance-tested every contact on
every ~80 ms tick, then hid the ones behind the horizon. The worldwide feed
carries ~13k contacts; zoomed in, well under 1% are on screen, so nearly all
of that work produced a hidden billboard.

A contact that is already hidden and still behind the horizon at its last
position now re-reckons only on its turn in a staggered one-in-12-ticks
rotation (about once a second, HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS). Anything that
position puts in view, and any contact with a fleet model, takes the full
pass immediately, so on-screen behaviour is unchanged. Hidden-inclusive
proximity queries (getNearby includeHidden, getAllPositions) read positions
at most about a second old, well inside the 30 s poll's uncertainty.

Measured in Chrome on a Radeon 780M, ~12.9k contacts, 56 on screen over
Colombia at 4 km, same view before and after:
  fleet tick   7.66 -> 2.03 ms/frame, longest tick 50.9 -> ~16 ms
  frame        20.6 -> 14.0 ms, 42.9 -> 57.8 FPS
Teleporting the camera to Madrid showed 975 contacts within 100 ms.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  7 ++++
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  2 +-
 scripts/format-scope.json                     |  1 +
 .../flights/hiddenContactRotation.test.mjs    | 42 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/flights/policy.js                  | 31 ++++++++++++++
 src/layers/flights/rendering.js               | 24 +++++++++++
 src/layers/flights/state.js                   |  4 ++
 7 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/layers/flights/hiddenContactRotation.test.mjs

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 58103d04d..4cc44d40c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 # Changelog
 
+- Stop dead-reckoning every flight hidden behind the horizon on every fleet
+  tick. With the worldwide feed (~13k contacts, ~56 on screen over Colombia at
+  4 km), the fleet pass drops from 7.7 ms to 2.0 ms per frame and its longest
+  tick from 51 ms to about 16 ms; the scene goes from 43 to 58 FPS. Hidden
+  contacts re-reckon about once a second, staggered, and appear as soon as
+  their position is in view.
+
 - Public Overpass instances are no longer used by default. Street Traffic
   roads come from TomTom flow tiles, OpenFreeMap vector tiles, or both, chosen
   on the layer row (TomTom / OSM / Hybrid) or with `?trafficRoads=`. With a
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 22ce1eb3b..ee4269a63 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -3469,7 +3469,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 
 ### Motion & Symbology Correctness (June 10, 2026)
 
-- **Flights (commercial + military)** render one poll interval behind real time (30s/15s) and interpolate between two known feed-stamped fixes (OpenSky `time_position`; adsb.lol `receipt − seen_pos`). The display latency is an intentional product decision — do not "fix" it away. The whole fleet dead-reckons at ~12Hz (1m² write gating); aircraft get a 3-poll grace period (faded icon) before removal. When a position epoch pauses, both layers coast for at least 60 seconds of contact grace with an absolute five-minute ceiling. Source backoff marks each contact and the cockpit `STALE`; the cockpit then holds the exact layer position instead of continuing inertial flight. Repeated-position kinematic changes create a forward-only synthetic fix rather than mutating history, and grounded history is lifted only when no owned 3D model already controls its datum. A nominally successful worldwide OpenSky response whose own snapshot epoch is more than two minutes old prefers the existing 250-nm viewport-scoped adsb.lol fallback and labels the source/coverage accordingly when that upstream is available. If the fallback is also unavailable, the layer's freshness/error fields use the source epoch—never the cache receipt time—so the UI reports an old snapshot rather than “just now.”
+- **Flights (commercial + military)** render one poll interval behind real time (30s/15s) and interpolate between two known feed-stamped fixes (OpenSky `time_position`; adsb.lol `receipt − seen_pos`). The display latency is an intentional product decision — do not "fix" it away. The fleet dead-reckons at ~12Hz (1m² write gating); a contact already hidden behind the horizon whose last position still is re-reckons on a staggered one-in-12-ticks rotation (about once a second) instead, so the worldwide feed's ~13k contacts no longer cost a full pass when well under 1% are on screen. Anything that position puts in view, and any contact with a fleet model, takes the full pass immediately, and hidden-inclusive proximity queries read positions at most about a second old; aircraft get a 3-poll grace period (faded icon) before removal. When a position epoch pauses, both layers coast for at least 60 seconds of contact grace with an absolute five-minute ceiling. Source backoff marks each contact and the cockpit `STALE`; the cockpit then holds the exact layer position instead of continuing inertial flight. Repeated-position kinematic changes create a forward-only synthetic fix rather than mutating history, and grounded history is lifted only when no owned 3D model already controls its datum. A nominally successful worldwide OpenSky response whose own snapshot epoch is more than two minutes old prefers the existing 250-nm viewport-scoped adsb.lol fallback and labels the source/coverage accordingly when that upstream is available. If the fallback is also unavailable, the layer's freshness/error fields use the source epoch—never the cache receipt time—so the UI reports an old snapshot rather than “just now.”
 - **World-space headings at every angle** (`src/data/iconOrientation.js`): aircraft/vessel icon rotation uses the camera right/up basis per tick (alignedAxis always ZERO), which is exact at screen center and for orthographic/nadir views and remains stable through >180° tracked orbits. Perspective rays vary across the viewport, so off-center contacts at oblique pitch can diverge from an exact finite-difference window projection; a regression test pins that known regime, and field evidence decides whether to adopt exact projection with the basis method as fallback. Fleet rotations refresh on camera-pose change; tracked entities per frame. Billboards are horizon-culled via a shared EllipsoidalOccluder.
 - **Military/OpenSky reconciliation** (`src/data/militaryRegistry.js`): known-military ICAOs render amber in the flights layer (60s self-poll of the cached mil endpoint when the military layer is off) and are suppressed there while the military layer renders them.
 - **Satellites**: 838-sat core catalog (stations/visual/GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/GEO), tracking lands ~726km out via `viewFrom` (tracked entity owns a point graphic so the tracking camera engages), rings realign via primitive modelMatrix (no per-second rebuild flicker), optional `setParams({catalog:'dense'})` Starlink mode.
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index cd836a5cb..a12d5124f 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -308,6 +308,7 @@
   "src/layers/flights/tracking.js",
   "src/layers/flights/rendering.js",
   "src/layers/flights/testing.js",
+  "src/layers/flights/hiddenContactRotation.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/flights/evidence.js",
   "src/layers/flights/ingestion.js",
   "src/layers/flights/queries.js",
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/hiddenContactRotation.test.mjs b/src/layers/flights/hiddenContactRotation.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23e81c45b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/flights/hiddenContactRotation.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  FLEET_DR_INTERVAL_MS,
+  HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_INTERVAL_MS,
+  HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS,
+  hiddenContactDrPhase,
+} from './policy.js';
+
+// Contacts hidden behind the horizon re-reckon on one fleet tick per rotation
+// instead of every tick. Their positions still feed hidden-inclusive proximity
+// queries, so the rotation must reach every contact about once a second, and
+// it must spread them across ticks so no single tick carries the whole fleet.
+
+const icao = (n) => n.toString(16).padStart(6, '0');
+
+test('the rotation revisits each hidden contact about once a second', () => {
+  const periodMs = HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS * FLEET_DR_INTERVAL_MS;
+  assert.ok(HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS > 1);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(periodMs - HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_INTERVAL_MS) <= FLEET_DR_INTERVAL_MS,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a contact keeps the same slot, inside the rotation', () => {
+  for (let n = 0; n < 500; n++) {
+    const phase = hiddenContactDrPhase(icao(n * 7919));
+    assert.ok(Number.isInteger(phase));
+    assert.ok(phase >= 0 && phase < HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS);
+    assert.equal(hiddenContactDrPhase(icao(n * 7919)), phase);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a worldwide fleet is spread evenly enough that no tick carries a burst', () => {
+  const fleet = 13000;
+  const perSlot = new Array(HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS).fill(0);
+  // Real ICAO24 addresses cluster by national block; sample several blocks.
+  for (let n = 0; n < fleet; n++)
+    perSlot[hiddenContactDrPhase(icao(0x0a0000 + n * 53))]++;
+  const fair = fleet / HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS;
+  for (const count of perSlot) assert.ok(count < fair * 1.5, `${count} > 1.5×`);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/policy.js b/src/layers/flights/policy.js
index f8358c98f..04313c367 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/policy.js
@@ -200,6 +200,37 @@ export const FLEET_DR_INTERVAL_MS = 80;
 
 export const ROTATION_REFRESH_MS = 1000;
 
+/**
+ * @constant {number} Dead-reckoning cadence (ms) for contacts hidden behind the
+ * horizon. The worldwide feed carries ~13k contacts and a zoomed-in view shows
+ * well under 1% of them; the rest still need positions for hidden-inclusive
+ * proximity queries, but ~1 s old (≈250 m for an airliner) is well inside the
+ * 30 s poll's own uncertainty. Each hidden contact is re-reckoned on one tick in
+ * every HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS, staggered by id so no tick carries them all.
+ */
+
+export const HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_INTERVAL_MS = 1000;
+
+export const HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS = Math.max(
+  1,
+  Math.round(HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_INTERVAL_MS / FLEET_DR_INTERVAL_MS),
+);
+
+/**
+ * Stable slot in [0, HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS) for a contact id, so each hidden
+ * contact re-reckons on the same tick of every rotation.
+ * @param {string} id Contact id (ICAO24).
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+
+export function hiddenContactDrPhase(id) {
+  const text = String(id);
+  let hash = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++)
+    hash = (hash * 31 + text.charCodeAt(i)) >>> 0;
+  return hash % HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS;
+}
+
 /** Max course slew (deg/s) — well above real turns (≤4°/s), hides fix-boundary
  *  steps. Scaled down toward COURSE_MIN_DPS at low speed (courseSlewCapDps). */
 
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/rendering.js b/src/layers/flights/rendering.js
index 44e1b02c3..2048128dd 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/rendering.js
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ import {
   COURSE_SLEW_DT_MAX_SEC,
   ROTATION_REFRESH_MS,
   COURSE_MAX_DPS,
+  HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS,
+  hiddenContactDrPhase,
 } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createRendering({
@@ -811,6 +813,12 @@ export function createRendering({
     }
   }
 
+  /** The contact's hidden-rotation slot, cached on its billboard. */
+  function _hiddenDrPhase(bb, icao24) {
+    bb._gevHiddenDrPhase ??= hiddenContactDrPhase(icao24);
+    return bb._gevHiddenDrPhase;
+  }
+
   function _fleetTick() {
     if (
       !flightState._viewer ||
@@ -931,9 +939,25 @@ export function createRendering({
       for (const icao of toRelease) _releaseModel(icao);
     }
 
+    const hiddenDrPhase = flightState._fleetTickSeq++ % HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS;
+
     for (const [icao24, bb] of flightState._billboards) {
       if (icao24 === flightState._trackedIcao) continue; // tracked entity owns its own motion
 
+      // A contact still behind the horizon at its last position would only be
+      // re-reckoned to be hidden again, so off its turn it keeps that position
+      // (see HIDDEN_CONTACT_DR_TICKS). Anything the stale position puts in view,
+      // and any contact with a fleet model, takes the full pass below at once.
+      if (
+        !bb.show &&
+        _hiddenDrPhase(bb, icao24) !== hiddenDrPhase &&
+        !flightState._models.has(icao24) &&
+        !occluder.isPointVisible(
+          flightState._cullPositions.get(icao24) || bb.position,
+        )
+      )
+        continue;
+
       const info = flightState.records.data.get(icao24);
 
       const dr = parts.motion._deadReckon(icao24, flightState._scratchFleetPos);
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/state.js b/src/layers/flights/state.js
index 2978ceba4..d1adec064 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/state.js
@@ -204,6 +204,10 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
 
   flightState._lastFleetTickMs = 0;
 
+  /** @type {number} Fleet ticks run; selects which hidden contacts re-reckon */
+
+  flightState._fleetTickSeq = 0;
+
   /** @type {string} Camera pose signature at the last rotation pass */
 
   flightState._lastCamPoseSig = '';

From aa745bcee5c4f76353c9426fb9055cb5737f0fc0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Trygve Hemminghytt <274629477+trygvehhh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Oct 2026 04:02:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 006/262] data: refresh Norway datacenters from Geofabrik
 extract

Add a maintainer script that merges a pinned, MD5-verified Geofabrik Norway
extract (osmium tags-filter telecom/building=data_center) into the bundled
datacenter layer. Only features inside the Geofabrik Norway boundary are
touched; unchanged features keep their original line.

norway-261005 (OSM 2026-10-05) adds Troll Housing (w1551029155) and updates
tags on four existing features. Provenance is recorded in the dataset README
and the bundled count moves from 4,351 to 4,352.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   6 +
 DATA_SOURCES.md                               |   2 +-
 README.md                                     |   2 +-
 docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md                 |   2 +-
 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py           | 196 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/infrastructure.test.mjs              |   2 +-
 src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md     |  16 +-
 .../datacenters/datacenters.geojsonl          |   9 +-
 8 files changed, 226 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b433f8c06..031e36751 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+- Refresh Norway's datacenters from a Geofabrik OpenStreetMap extract
+  (2026-10-05). Troll Housing joins the layer (4,352 features) and four
+  Norwegian sites pick up current OSM tags; no site moved or was removed.
+  `scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py` reproduces or `--verify`s the merge,
+  touching only features inside Geofabrik's Norway boundary, and the dataset
+  README records the extract, checksum and filter.
 - Add Norway's road cameras from Statens vegvesen as a CCTV pack. The camera
   list is one keyless GeoJSON request to the agency's OGC API view of its
   DATEX 3.1 CCTV table, so no DATEX account is needed. Every working camera
diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 734e35a69..b4f0dc0cc 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ The [Bhote Koshi event pack](public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/README.md), under `p
 
 | Dataset                                                                     | Folder                            | License                                                                                                   | Commercial use?                                  | Attribution                                                                 |
 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| **Datacenters** (4,351) | `datacenters/` | **ODbL 1.0** (OpenStreetMap extract) | ✅ (attribution + share-alike on data) | © OpenStreetMap contributors (shared credit) |
+| **Datacenters** (4,352) | `datacenters/` | **ODbL 1.0** (OpenStreetMap extract) | ✅ (attribution + share-alike on data) | © OpenStreetMap contributors (shared credit) |
 | **Dams** (704) | `dams/` | **ODbL 1.0** (OpenInfraMap / OSM extract) | ✅ (attribution + share-alike on data) | © OpenStreetMap contributors (shared credit) + Open Infrastructure Map |
 | **Military area names** (36,466) | `osm_military_names/` | **ODbL 1.0** (OpenStreetMap, via Overture Maps) | ✅ (attribution + share-alike on data) | © OpenStreetMap contributors (shared credit) + Overture Maps Foundation |
 | **TeleGeography Submarine Cable Map** (712 cables + 1,917 landing points)   | `telegeography_submarine_cables/` | **CC BY-NC-SA 3.0**                                                                                       | ❌ **NonCommercial — remove for commercial use** | "© TeleGeography — submarinecablemap.com"                                   |
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 724ea18cb..0500645af 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ In the app, **Data Layers** groups them as Movement, Cameras, Infrastructure, Ev
 
 _The Space Missions layer replaying a Falcon 9 ascent — labeled `RECONSTRUCTED ESTIMATE`, scrubbable 0.25×–4×._
 
-**Also on the globe:** neighborhood overlays · an optional cockpit WX cloud effect. **Bundled static infrastructure:** Datacenters (4,351), Dams (704), and Submarine Cables (712).
+**Also on the globe:** neighborhood overlays · an optional cockpit WX cloud effect. **Bundled static infrastructure:** Datacenters (4,352), Dams (704), and Submarine Cables (712).
 
 ![Diving into the Bahamas and revealing labeled submarine cable routes beneath the globe](docs/media/09-undersea-cables.gif)
 
diff --git a/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md b/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md
index 76567e605..1166a9e69 100644
--- a/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md
+++ b/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md
@@ -58,6 +58,6 @@ factory and supplies its existing functions. Other consumers should use the pack
 exports, which do not import standalone application globals.
 
 Dataset files and source/license notices remain under `src/data/local_data/`.
-Their input counts are 4,351 datacenter features and 704 dam features. Cesium may
+Their input counts are 4,352 datacenter features and 704 dam features. Cesium may
 expand multipart geometries into multiple entities; entity and stem counts are
 different measurements. This change does not refresh or relicense the datasets.
diff --git a/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py b/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01a891a8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Maintainer-only Norway refresh of the bundled datacenter extract (osmium-tool).
+
+Downloads a pinned Geofabrik Norway extract, verifies its MD5, filters
+telecom=data_center / building=data_center with osmium, and merges the result
+into datacenters.geojsonl: features inside the Geofabrik Norway boundary are
+added, updated or removed; every other line is kept byte-for-byte.
+"""
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+import math
+from pathlib import Path
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import urllib.request
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+EXTRACT = 'norway-261005'
+GEOFABRIK = 'https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/'
+DATASET = ROOT / 'src/data/local_data/datacenters/datacenters.geojsonl'
+CONTACT_TAGS = {'email', 'phone', 'fax', 'mobile', 'whatsapp', 'contact:email', 'contact:phone',
+                'contact:fax', 'contact:mobile', 'contact:whatsapp'}
+SAME_GEOMETRY_METERS = 0.05
+
+
+def fetch(url, target):
+    if not target.exists():
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response, open(str(target) + '.part', 'wb') as out:
+            shutil.copyfileobj(response, out)
+        Path(str(target) + '.part').rename(target)
+    return target
+
+
+def md5(path):
+    digest = hashlib.md5()
+    with open(path, 'rb') as handle:
+        for block in iter(lambda: handle.read(1 << 20), b''):
+            digest.update(block)
+    return digest.hexdigest()
+
+
+def read_poly(path):
+    """Geofabrik .poly -> list of (ring, is_hole)."""
+    rings, ring, hole = [], None, False
+    for raw in path.read_text().splitlines()[1:]:
+        line = raw.strip()
+        if ring is None:
+            if line and line != 'END':
+                ring, hole = [], line.startswith('!')
+        elif line == 'END':
+            rings.append((ring, hole))
+            ring = None
+        elif line:
+            lon, lat = (float(v) for v in line.split())
+            ring.append((lon, lat))
+    return rings
+
+
+def inside(rings, lon, lat):
+    def in_ring(ring):
+        hit = False
+        for (x1, y1), (x2, y2) in zip(ring, ring[1:] + ring[:1]):
+            if (y1 > lat) != (y2 > lat) and lon < x1 + (lat - y1) * (x2 - x1) / (y2 - y1):
+                hit = not hit
+        return hit
+    return any(in_ring(r) for r, h in rings if not h) and not any(in_ring(r) for r, h in rings if h)
+
+
+def points(coordinates):
+    if isinstance(coordinates[0], (int, float)):
+        return [coordinates]
+    return [p for part in coordinates for p in points(part)]
+
+
+def osm_key(feature):
+    osm_id = feature['properties']['osm_id']
+    if osm_id < 0:
+        return 'r%d' % -osm_id
+    return ('n' if feature['geometry']['type'] == 'Point' else 'w') + str(osm_id)
+
+
+def export(osmium, pbf, cache):
+    filtered = cache / (EXTRACT + '-datacenters.osm.pbf')
+    exported = cache / (EXTRACT + '-datacenters.geojsonseq')
+    subprocess.run([osmium, 'tags-filter', '-O', '-o', str(filtered), str(pbf),
+                    'nwr/telecom=data_center', 'nwr/building=data_center'], check=True)
+    subprocess.run([osmium, 'export', '-O', '-f', 'geojsonseq', '--add-unique-id=type_id',
+                    '-o', str(exported), str(filtered)], check=True)
+    fresh = {}
+    for line in exported.read_text().splitlines():
+        line = line.lstrip('\x1e').strip()
+        if not line:
+            continue
+        feature = json.loads(line)
+        tags = {k: v for k, v in feature['properties'].items() if k not in CONTACT_TAGS}
+        if tags.get('telecom') != 'data_center' and tags.get('building') != 'data_center':
+            continue  # untagged member ways exported only for geometry
+        key = feature['id']
+        geometry = feature['geometry']
+        if key[0] == 'a':  # osmium area id: way * 2 or relation * 2 + 1
+            number = int(key[1:])
+            key = ('w%d' % (number // 2)) if number % 2 == 0 else ('r%d' % (number // 2))
+            if key[0] == 'r':
+                tags = {**tags, 'type': 'multipolygon'}
+            if geometry['type'] == 'MultiPolygon' and len(geometry['coordinates']) == 1:
+                geometry = {'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': geometry['coordinates'][0]}
+        elif key in fresh or geometry['type'] == 'LineString':
+            continue  # closed ways are taken from their area export
+        fresh[key] = {'geometry': geometry, 'tags': tags}
+    return fresh
+
+
+def same_geometry(old, new):
+    """Same type and vertex set within tolerance; ring start and winding may differ."""
+    if old['type'] != new['type']:
+        return False
+    a, b = points(old['coordinates']), points(new['coordinates'])
+    if len(a) != len(b):
+        return False
+
+    def meters(p, q):
+        dx = (p[0] - q[0]) * 111320 * math.cos(math.radians(p[1]))
+        return math.hypot(dx, (p[1] - q[1]) * 110540)
+    return all(min(meters(p, q) for q in b) <= SAME_GEOMETRY_METERS for p in a) and \
+        all(min(meters(q, p) for p in a) <= SAME_GEOMETRY_METERS for q in b)
+
+
+def feature_line(key, sequence, fresh):
+    osm_id = int(key[1:]) * (-1 if key[0] == 'r' else 1)
+    feature = {'id': osm_id, 'type': 'Feature', 'geometry': fresh['geometry'],
+               'properties': {'id': sequence, 'tags': fresh['tags'], 'type': 'data_center',
+                              'osm_id': osm_id}}
+    return json.dumps(feature, separators=(',', ':'), ensure_ascii=False)
+
+
+def merge(lines, fresh, rings):
+    out, seen, sequence = [], set(), 0
+    report = {'kept': 0, 'updated': [], 'removed': [], 'added': []}
+    for line in lines:
+        feature = json.loads(line)
+        sequence = max(sequence, feature['properties']['id'])
+        key = osm_key(feature)
+        if key in fresh:
+            seen.add(key)
+            old_tags = feature['properties']['tags']
+            if old_tags == fresh[key]['tags'] and same_geometry(feature['geometry'], fresh[key]['geometry']):
+                out.append(line)
+                report['kept'] += 1
+            else:
+                out.append(feature_line(key, feature['properties']['id'], fresh[key]))
+                report['updated'].append(key)
+            continue
+        lon, lat = points(feature['geometry']['coordinates'])[0][:2]
+        if inside(rings, lon, lat):
+            report['removed'].append(key)
+            continue
+        out.append(line)
+    for key in sorted(set(fresh) - seen, key=lambda k: (k[0], int(k[1:]))):
+        sequence += 1
+        out.append(feature_line(key, sequence, fresh[key]))
+        report['added'].append(key)
+    if len({osm_key(json.loads(line)) for line in out}) != len(out):
+        raise ValueError('Duplicate OSM identity')
+    return out, report
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument('--cache', type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument('--osmium', default=shutil.which('osmium') or 'osmium')
+    parser.add_argument('--verify', action='store_true')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    args.cache.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    pbf = fetch(GEOFABRIK + EXTRACT + '.osm.pbf', args.cache / (EXTRACT + '.osm.pbf'))
+    expected = fetch(GEOFABRIK + EXTRACT + '.osm.pbf.md5',
+                     args.cache / (EXTRACT + '.osm.pbf.md5')).read_text().split()[0]
+    actual = md5(pbf)
+    if actual != expected:
+        raise RuntimeError('MD5 mismatch for %s: %s != %s' % (pbf.name, actual, expected))
+    rings = read_poly(fetch(GEOFABRIK + 'norway.poly', args.cache / 'norway.poly'))
+    fresh = export(args.osmium, pbf, args.cache)
+    current = [line for line in DATASET.read_text().splitlines() if line.strip()]
+    merged, report = merge(current, fresh, rings)
+    payload = '\n'.join(merged) + '\n'
+    if args.verify:
+        if payload != DATASET.read_text():
+            raise SystemExit('datacenters.geojsonl is not the %s merge' % EXTRACT)
+    else:
+        DATASET.write_text(payload)
+    print(json.dumps({'extract': EXTRACT, 'md5': actual, 'norway': len(fresh),
+                      'features': len(merged), **report}))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/src/data/infrastructure.test.mjs b/src/data/infrastructure.test.mjs
index 45fb3d317..c7f1b5a23 100644
--- a/src/data/infrastructure.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/infrastructure.test.mjs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ test('infrastructure factory preserves identity and creates independent state wi
 
 test('dataset URLs still name the complete bundled sources', () => {
   for (const [file, count] of [
-    ['datacenters', 4351],
+    ['datacenters', 4352],
     ['dams', 704],
   ]) {
     const lines = readFileSync(
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
index 454a15007..ef0720ae4 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ layer.
 
 - Source: OpenStreetMap contributors
 - License: Open Database License (ODbL) 1.0
-- Feature count: 4,351
+- Feature count: 4,352
 - Runtime file: `datacenters.geojsonl`
 
 The public-release snapshot removes contact-oriented tags such as email, phone,
@@ -16,3 +16,17 @@ ODbL 1.0 with the required OpenStreetMap attribution.
 
 The original extraction date and query were not recorded alongside this
 snapshot. Future refreshes should record both before replacing the file.
+
+## Norway refresh
+
+Features inside the Geofabrik Norway boundary (`norway.poly`, which includes
+Svalbard) were refreshed separately, so this file mixes two vintages: Norway
+reflects OSM as of the extract below, everything else the original snapshot.
+
+- Extract: Geofabrik `norway-261005.osm.pbf`, OSM data
+  2026-10-05T20:21:35Z, MD5 `1d2cfdeb98980fce11b8891d0f9146c0`
+- Filter: `osmium tags-filter nwr/telecom=data_center nwr/building=data_center`
+- Contact tags are dropped as above; unchanged features keep their original
+  line, so geometry is only rewritten when tags or vertices actually changed.
+- Rebuild or check: `python3 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py --cache <dir>`
+  (add `--verify` to check without writing; requires `osmium-tool`)
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/datacenters.geojsonl b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/datacenters.geojsonl
index f7f5fc89f..b02bd57b3 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/datacenters.geojsonl
+++ b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/datacenters.geojsonl
@@ -3770,15 +3770,15 @@
 {"id":939340882,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[21.021364183,52.315373019],[21.02232433,52.315435883],[21.022363641,52.315209656],[21.021403578,52.315146875],[21.021364183,52.315373019]]]},"properties":{"id":11407,"tags":{"name":"T-Mobile Warszawa-Szlachecka","telecom":"data_center","building":"office","building:levels":"3"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":939340882}}
 {"id":1005973518,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[21.021325375,52.315595978],[21.022285857,52.315658423],[21.02232433,52.315435883],[21.021364183,52.315373019],[21.021325375,52.315595978]]]},"properties":{"id":11976,"tags":{"telecom":"data_center","building":"office","building:levels":"3"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":1005973518}}
 {"id":1156823776,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[21.115130857,52.235385942],[21.115189866,52.236349777],[21.115232027,52.236667954],[21.115818174,52.237174556],[21.116175578,52.237468677],[21.117262124,52.236985628],[21.11728157,52.236976576],[21.117262795,52.236960985],[21.117340495,52.236926033],[21.117360276,52.2369433],[21.117447532,52.236904491],[21.11804097,52.236654459],[21.118030996,52.236645742],[21.118041054,52.236641719],[21.116603055,52.235624072],[21.116518984,52.235676375],[21.115986231,52.235696659],[21.115954966,52.235361551],[21.115130857,52.235385942]]]},"properties":{"id":15342,"tags":{"name":"Atman Data Center Warsaw-1","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://www.atman.pl"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":1156823776}}
-{"id":7405586142,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[5.598350034,58.860111293]},"properties":{"id":24849,"tags":{"name":"Maan Group","telecom":"data_center","operator":"Privat"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":7405586142}}
+{"id":7405586142,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[5.5983501,58.8601113]},"properties":{"id":24849,"tags":{"name":"Maan Group","opening_hours":"24/7","operator":"Privat","telecom":"data_center"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":7405586142}}
 {"id":481615983,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[9.572510149,56.481777951],[9.574069938,56.484921751],[9.57465357,56.48483349],[9.574639572,56.484805243],[9.574700676,56.484795939],[9.574714925,56.484824857],[9.575298557,56.484736595],[9.57454888,56.483225422],[9.574609229,56.483216369],[9.574510155,56.483016629],[9.574449722,56.483025849],[9.573738769,56.481592795],[9.573155137,56.481680972],[9.573170643,56.481712321],[9.573109539,56.481721625],[9.573093781,56.48168969],[9.572510149,56.481777951]]]},"properties":{"id":7881,"tags":{"telecom":"data_center","building":"data_center","operator":"Apple","wikidata":"Q19721053","wikipedia":"en:Foulum Data Center","description":"Apple Datacenter"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":481615983}}
 {"id":618756435,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[10.500360092,57.318668738],[10.500399236,57.318671672],[10.500382891,57.318734871],[10.500552038,57.318744175],[10.500545249,57.318787677],[10.500501495,57.318785666],[10.500458999,57.318957746],[10.500970295,57.31899647],[10.501009187,57.318847189],[10.501084959,57.318852888],[10.50111966,57.318719197],[10.500843896,57.318698159],[10.500865521,57.318615178],[10.500859235,57.318614759],[10.500869461,57.318575699],[10.500954537,57.318582153],[10.501022347,57.31832223],[10.500736691,57.318300437],[10.500669133,57.318559689],[10.500674162,57.318560025],[10.500664272,57.318598498],[10.500383981,57.318577124],[10.500360092,57.318668738]]]},"properties":{"id":8842,"tags":{"ref":"AAL01-01","name":"Prime Data Centers - Saeby Campus AAL01","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://primedatacenters.com/locations/saeby/","building":"industrial","operator":"Prime Data Centers"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":618756435}}
-{"id":-14367602,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[11.002243225,59.633471864],[11.003903261,59.633446551],[11.007046726,59.633399696],[11.006983443,59.632420941],[11.006982772,59.63227057],[11.006911023,59.632265289],[11.006852936,59.632253973],[11.006765848,59.632228576],[11.00671782,59.632205275],[11.006119687,59.632213573],[11.006119352,59.632202592],[11.006118933,59.63219245],[11.005930424,59.632194378],[11.005923635,59.632120869],[11.005980799,59.632120031],[11.005979542,59.632104524],[11.005977027,59.63206865],[11.00597225,59.631998242],[11.005412171,59.632035541],[11.005286945,59.632043839],[11.00527848,59.632044342],[11.003707962,59.632147272],[11.003107483,59.63219178],[11.002741864,59.632235533],[11.002729375,59.63223788],[11.002345987,59.632309294],[11.002308352,59.632316251],[11.002302066,59.632477351],[11.002277088,59.632913881],[11.002243225,59.633471864]]]},"properties":{"id":107,"tags":{"name":"STACK Infrastructure OSL04","type":"multipolygon","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://www.stackinfra.com","operator":"Stack Infrastructure","operator:wikidata":"Q115477173"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":-14367602}}
+{"id":-14367602,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[11.0022433,59.6334719],[11.0022771,59.6329139],[11.0023021,59.6324774],[11.0023084,59.6323163],[11.002346,59.6323093],[11.0027294,59.6322379],[11.0027419,59.6322356],[11.0031075,59.6321918],[11.003708,59.6321473],[11.0052785,59.6320444],[11.005287,59.6320439],[11.0054122,59.6320356],[11.0059723,59.6319983],[11.0059771,59.6320687],[11.0059796,59.6321046],[11.0059808,59.6321201],[11.0059237,59.6321209],[11.0059305,59.6321944],[11.006119,59.6321925],[11.0061194,59.6322026],[11.0061197,59.6322136],[11.0067179,59.6322053],[11.0067659,59.6322286],[11.006853,59.632254],[11.0069111,59.6322653],[11.0069828,59.6322706],[11.0069835,59.632421],[11.0070468,59.6333997],[11.0039033,59.6334466],[11.0022433,59.6334719]]]},"properties":{"id":107,"tags":{"landuse":"industrial","name":"STACK Infrastructure OSL04","operator":"Stack Infrastructure","operator:wikidata":"Q115477173","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://www.stackinfra.com","type":"multipolygon"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":-14367602}}
 {"id":1028687251,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[11.004111886,59.632578437],[11.004142983,59.633037262],[11.004275166,59.633034999],[11.004274998,59.63303173],[11.00505133,59.633019157],[11.005056443,59.633099372],[11.005224416,59.63309669],[11.005190637,59.632562344],[11.005060885,59.632564439],[11.005060969,59.632567457],[11.004587978,59.632575419],[11.00458538,59.632536527],[11.004459819,59.632538623],[11.004462418,59.632576844],[11.004242476,59.6325807],[11.004242141,59.632576174],[11.004111886,59.632578437]]]},"properties":{"id":12226,"tags":{"building":"data_center","ref:bygningsnr":"300783262"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":1028687251}}
 {"id":1164840308,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[11.002600126,59.632599392],[11.002631223,59.633058217],[11.00276349,59.633055954],[11.002763238,59.633052685],[11.00353957,59.633040196],[11.003544683,59.633120327],[11.00371274,59.633117645],[11.003678961,59.632583382],[11.003549042,59.632585478],[11.003549293,59.632588495],[11.003076135,59.632596458],[11.00307362,59.632557566],[11.002948143,59.632559661],[11.002950657,59.632597883],[11.002730716,59.632601571],[11.002730465,59.632597129],[11.002600126,59.632599392]]]},"properties":{"id":15459,"tags":{"building":"data_center","ref:bygningsnr":"300783262"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":1164840308}}
 {"id":1164840309,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[11.005613672,59.632723444],[11.005644769,59.633182269],[11.005776951,59.633179922],[11.005776784,59.633176737],[11.006553199,59.633164164],[11.006558229,59.633244463],[11.006726286,59.633241781],[11.006692423,59.632707351],[11.006562671,59.632709446],[11.006562839,59.632712464],[11.006089764,59.632720426],[11.006087166,59.632681534],[11.005961772,59.632683797],[11.005964287,59.632721851],[11.005744262,59.632725623],[11.005743927,59.632721181],[11.005613672,59.632723444]]]},"properties":{"id":15460,"tags":{"building":"data_center","ref:bygningsnr":"300783262"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":1164840309}}
-{"id":935092287,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[10.991467366,59.759024056],[10.992780978,59.759406942],[10.992773937,59.759423957],[10.992948197,59.759474248],[10.993073842,59.759363859],[10.993022293,59.759348939],[10.993291688,59.759112653],[10.993128827,59.759065547],[10.993181885,59.759019027],[10.993083062,59.758990445],[10.992976947,59.759083484],[10.992845519,59.759045346],[10.992813584,59.759073342],[10.9927876,59.759065798],[10.993409789,59.758524243],[10.99263002,59.758297094],[10.991938848,59.758898663],[10.991693594,59.758827165],[10.991467366,59.759024056]]]},"properties":{"id":11377,"tags":{"name":"Green Mountain Ytre Enebakk","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://greenmountain.no/","building":"warehouse","ref:bygningsnr":"300752944"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":935092287}}
-{"id":1161764012,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[10.992826324,59.757448761],[10.994530281,59.757601396],[10.994634888,59.757303168],[10.992928332,59.757152545],[10.992826324,59.757448761]]]},"properties":{"id":15426,"tags":{"name":"Green Mountain Ytre Enebakk","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://greenmountain.no/","building":"industrial"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":1161764012}}
+{"id":935092287,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[10.9914674,59.7590241],[10.9916936,59.7588272],[10.9919389,59.7588987],[10.9926301,59.7582971],[10.9934098,59.7585243],[10.9927876,59.7590658],[10.9928136,59.7590734],[10.9928456,59.7590454],[10.992977,59.7590835],[10.9930831,59.7589905],[10.9931819,59.7590191],[10.9931289,59.7590656],[10.9932917,59.7591127],[10.9930223,59.759349],[10.9930739,59.7593639],[10.9929482,59.7594743],[10.992774,59.759424],[10.992781,59.759407],[10.9914674,59.7590241]]]},"properties":{"id":11377,"tags":{"building":"warehouse","name":"Green Mountain Ytre Enebakk","ref:bygningsnr":"300752944","source":"Norway Orthophoto 2024;https://greenmountain.no/data-center/osl1-enebakk/","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://greenmountain.no/"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":935092287}}
+{"id":1161764012,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[10.9928264,59.7574488],[10.9929284,59.7571526],[10.9946349,59.7573032],[10.9945303,59.7576014],[10.9928264,59.7574488]]]},"properties":{"id":15426,"tags":{"building":"industrial","name":"Green Mountain Ytre Enebakk","source":"Norway Orthophoto 2024;https://greenmountain.no/data-center/osl1-enebakk/","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://greenmountain.no/"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":1161764012}}
 {"id":30724580,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[10.808790995,59.924984985],[10.808893925,59.925031923],[10.80893793,59.92500594],[10.808982941,59.925025972],[10.809042955,59.92501298],[10.809083943,59.925031923],[10.809012948,59.925077856],[10.80926583,59.925189755],[10.80955115,59.925025972],[10.809676543,59.925081293],[10.81032899,59.924701928],[10.809890365,59.924508138],[10.80982155,59.924515347],[10.809691631,59.924457847],[10.808820667,59.924557592],[10.809099365,59.924699581],[10.808806418,59.924865291],[10.808918149,59.924914828],[10.808875988,59.924937962],[10.808790995,59.924984985]]]},"properties":{"id":261,"tags":{"name":"Stack Infrastructure OSLO1A","telecom":"data_center","building":"office","operator":"Stack Infrastructure","ref:bygningsnr":"80877293","building:levels":"4","operator:wikidata":"Q115477173"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":30724580}}
 {"id":80871917,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[10.83408892,59.938588981],[10.834305927,59.938720996],[10.834575992,59.938720996],[10.834574987,59.938736],[10.834581943,59.938736922],[10.834579932,59.938771958],[10.834736925,59.938771958],[10.834734997,59.93893792],[10.836717988,59.938944961],[10.836717988,59.938983937],[10.836817984,59.938983937],[10.83681899,59.938944961],[10.836844974,59.938944961],[10.836846985,59.938774976],[10.836841956,59.938774976],[10.836842962,59.938744968],[10.836849919,59.938744968],[10.836851931,59.938653941],[10.836683957,59.938652935],[10.836684125,59.938640278],[10.836686975,59.938414973],[10.83490297,59.938406926],[10.834899953,59.938646984],[10.834812949,59.938645978],[10.83481496,59.938551933],[10.834579932,59.938550927],[10.834580938,59.938564925],[10.834567946,59.938564925],[10.834567946,59.938551933],[10.834089926,59.938549922],[10.83408892,59.938588981]]]},"properties":{"id":1464,"tags":{"name":"Bulk Data Centers Oslo Internet Exchange","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://bulkinfrastructure.com/data-centers/locations/os-ix","building":"industrial","ref:bygningsnr":"80709943"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":80871917}}
 {"id":12158409495,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[9.689363435,62.59439936]},"properties":{"id":28723,"tags":{"name":"VisBook AS","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://visbook.com/"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":12158409495}}
@@ -4349,3 +4349,4 @@
 {"id":540895898,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[101.71747909,56.303855963],[101.71782015,56.304420065],[101.721113819,56.303806929],[101.720772759,56.303242994],[101.71747909,56.303855963]]]},"properties":{"id":8271,"tags":{"name":"Битривер Рус","name:en":"Bitriver Rus","name:ru":"Битривер Рус","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://bitriver.farm/","building":"data_center"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":540895898}}
 {"id":1082803064,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[123.948021193,47.340264299],[123.948354625,47.340268239],[123.948490663,47.340269831],[123.948488568,47.340349292],[123.948809762,47.340353064],[123.948811942,47.340267485],[123.948918643,47.340268658],[123.948922918,47.340137817],[123.948023959,47.340126082],[123.948021193,47.340264299]]]},"properties":{"id":13377,"tags":{"name":"联通云数据中心·齐齐哈尔","name:en":"Unicom Data Center of Qiqihar","name:zh":"联通云数据中心·齐齐哈尔","telecom":"data_center","building":"yes","name:zh-Hans":"联通云数据中心·齐齐哈尔","name:zh-Hant":"聯通雲數據中心·齊齊哈爾"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":1082803064}}
 {"id":442479059,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[142.76019226,46.910096898],[142.760192427,46.910325724],[142.760447656,46.910328155],[142.760460397,46.910102263],[142.76019226,46.910096898]]]},"properties":{"id":7471,"tags":{"telecom":"data_center","building":"yes"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":442479059}}
+{"id":1551029155,"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"Polygon","coordinates":[[[7.1069147,62.8627625],[7.1071207,62.8621617],[7.1075917,62.8616616],[7.1088647,62.8620476],[7.1106308,62.862645],[7.1098655,62.8632827],[7.1089604,62.8630042],[7.1086734,62.8632156],[7.1069147,62.8627625]]]},"properties":{"id":29471,"tags":{"layer":"-1","loc_name":"Troll Housing Klempertåsen","name":"Troll Housing","operator":"Troll Housing AS","telecom":"data_center","website":"https://www.trollhousing.no/"},"type":"data_center","osm_id":1551029155}}

From 5b5d942d95dddd56b3bacb465c69098913688d1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Trygve Hemminghytt <274629477+trygvehhh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Oct 2026 22:23:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 007/262] fix(data): make the Norway datacenter script portable
 and re-runnable

Read and write files as UTF-8 with LF line endings so the script and
--verify work on Windows, where the default codec is cp1252 (thanks to
quanticsoul4772 for the report). Geofabrik keeps only its newest dated
extract, so --extract now defaults to the current one and accepts a dated
name for --verify while it is listed; the dataset README says so. Downloads
time out instead of hanging.
---
 CHANGELOG.md                              |  1 +
 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py       | 52 +++++++++++++++--------
 src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md |  8 +++-
 3 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 20a9da4e6..067ca16b6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@
   `scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py` reproduces or `--verify`s the merge,
   touching only features inside Geofabrik's Norway boundary, and the dataset
   README records the extract, checksum and filter.
+
 - Add a keyless Air quality layer to the Weather group, with Environment and
   Climate Change Canada's AQHI as the first registered provider. Readings carry
   `{ provider, scale, value, band }` so another network can be added without
diff --git a/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py b/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
index 01a891a8b..687395f7b 100644
--- a/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
+++ b/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Maintainer-only Norway refresh of the bundled datacenter extract (osmium-tool).
 
-Downloads a pinned Geofabrik Norway extract, verifies its MD5, filters
+Downloads a dated Geofabrik Norway extract, verifies its MD5, filters
 telecom=data_center / building=data_center with osmium, and merges the result
 into datacenters.geojsonl: features inside the Geofabrik Norway boundary are
 added, updated or removed; every other line is kept byte-for-byte.
+
+Geofabrik keeps only its newest dated extract, so --extract defaults to the
+current one and a recorded extract can be re-verified only while it is listed.
 """
 import argparse
 import hashlib
@@ -16,17 +19,28 @@ import subprocess
 import urllib.request
 
 ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
-EXTRACT = 'norway-261005'
 GEOFABRIK = 'https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/'
 DATASET = ROOT / 'src/data/local_data/datacenters/datacenters.geojsonl'
 CONTACT_TAGS = {'email', 'phone', 'fax', 'mobile', 'whatsapp', 'contact:email', 'contact:phone',
                 'contact:fax', 'contact:mobile', 'contact:whatsapp'}
 SAME_GEOMETRY_METERS = 0.05
+TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 60
+
+
+def latest_extract():
+    """Resolve norway-latest to the dated name Geofabrik redirects it to."""
+    request = urllib.request.Request(GEOFABRIK + 'norway-latest.osm.pbf', method='HEAD')
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=TIMEOUT_SECONDS) as response:
+        name = response.geturl().rsplit('/', 1)[-1]
+    if not name.startswith('norway-') or not name.endswith('.osm.pbf') or name == 'norway-latest.osm.pbf':
+        raise RuntimeError('Unexpected Geofabrik latest target: %s' % name)
+    return name[:-len('.osm.pbf')]
 
 
 def fetch(url, target):
     if not target.exists():
-        with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response, open(str(target) + '.part', 'wb') as out:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=TIMEOUT_SECONDS) as response, \
+                open(str(target) + '.part', 'wb') as out:
             shutil.copyfileobj(response, out)
         Path(str(target) + '.part').rename(target)
     return target
@@ -43,7 +57,7 @@ def md5(path):
 def read_poly(path):
     """Geofabrik .poly -> list of (ring, is_hole)."""
     rings, ring, hole = [], None, False
-    for raw in path.read_text().splitlines()[1:]:
+    for raw in path.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines()[1:]:
         line = raw.strip()
         if ring is None:
             if line and line != 'END':
@@ -80,15 +94,15 @@ def osm_key(feature):
     return ('n' if feature['geometry']['type'] == 'Point' else 'w') + str(osm_id)
 
 
-def export(osmium, pbf, cache):
-    filtered = cache / (EXTRACT + '-datacenters.osm.pbf')
-    exported = cache / (EXTRACT + '-datacenters.geojsonseq')
+def export(osmium, pbf, cache, extract):
+    filtered = cache / (extract + '-datacenters.osm.pbf')
+    exported = cache / (extract + '-datacenters.geojsonseq')
     subprocess.run([osmium, 'tags-filter', '-O', '-o', str(filtered), str(pbf),
                     'nwr/telecom=data_center', 'nwr/building=data_center'], check=True)
     subprocess.run([osmium, 'export', '-O', '-f', 'geojsonseq', '--add-unique-id=type_id',
                     '-o', str(exported), str(filtered)], check=True)
     fresh = {}
-    for line in exported.read_text().splitlines():
+    for line in exported.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines():
         line = line.lstrip('\x1e').strip()
         if not line:
             continue
@@ -169,26 +183,30 @@ def main():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
     parser.add_argument('--cache', type=Path, required=True)
     parser.add_argument('--osmium', default=shutil.which('osmium') or 'osmium')
+    parser.add_argument('--extract', default='latest',
+                        help="dated Geofabrik name such as norway-261005, or 'latest'")
     parser.add_argument('--verify', action='store_true')
     args = parser.parse_args()
     args.cache.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    pbf = fetch(GEOFABRIK + EXTRACT + '.osm.pbf', args.cache / (EXTRACT + '.osm.pbf'))
-    expected = fetch(GEOFABRIK + EXTRACT + '.osm.pbf.md5',
-                     args.cache / (EXTRACT + '.osm.pbf.md5')).read_text().split()[0]
+    extract = latest_extract() if args.extract == 'latest' else args.extract
+    pbf = fetch(GEOFABRIK + extract + '.osm.pbf', args.cache / (extract + '.osm.pbf'))
+    expected = fetch(GEOFABRIK + extract + '.osm.pbf.md5',
+                     args.cache / (extract + '.osm.pbf.md5')).read_text(encoding='utf-8').split()[0]
     actual = md5(pbf)
     if actual != expected:
         raise RuntimeError('MD5 mismatch for %s: %s != %s' % (pbf.name, actual, expected))
     rings = read_poly(fetch(GEOFABRIK + 'norway.poly', args.cache / 'norway.poly'))
-    fresh = export(args.osmium, pbf, args.cache)
-    current = [line for line in DATASET.read_text().splitlines() if line.strip()]
+    fresh = export(args.osmium, pbf, args.cache, extract)
+    current = [line for line in DATASET.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines() if line.strip()]
     merged, report = merge(current, fresh, rings)
     payload = '\n'.join(merged) + '\n'
     if args.verify:
-        if payload != DATASET.read_text():
-            raise SystemExit('datacenters.geojsonl is not the %s merge' % EXTRACT)
+        if payload != DATASET.read_text(encoding='utf-8'):
+            raise SystemExit('datacenters.geojsonl is not the %s merge' % extract)
     else:
-        DATASET.write_text(payload)
-    print(json.dumps({'extract': EXTRACT, 'md5': actual, 'norway': len(fresh),
+        with open(DATASET, 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline='\n') as handle:
+            handle.write(payload)
+    print(json.dumps({'extract': extract, 'md5': actual, 'norway': len(fresh),
                       'features': len(merged), **report}))
 
 
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
index ef0720ae4..8b803dcc7 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
@@ -28,5 +28,9 @@ reflects OSM as of the extract below, everything else the original snapshot.
 - Filter: `osmium tags-filter nwr/telecom=data_center nwr/building=data_center`
 - Contact tags are dropped as above; unchanged features keep their original
   line, so geometry is only rewritten when tags or vertices actually changed.
-- Rebuild or check: `python3 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py --cache <dir>`
-  (add `--verify` to check without writing; requires `osmium-tool`)
+- Refresh: `python3 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py --cache <dir>` uses
+  Geofabrik's current Norway extract and prints the dated name it used; record
+  that name, its OSM timestamp and MD5 here. Requires `osmium-tool`.
+- Check: add `--extract <dated name> --verify` to compare without writing.
+  Geofabrik keeps only its newest dated extract, so a recorded extract can be
+  re-verified only while it is still listed; the MD5 above identifies it.

From a803be1af273051738e633e778ca04fce1ae0387 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin Rajan <7121943+kvnloo@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Oct 2026 23:01:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 008/262] fix(cyclones): evict prior shared selection on storm
 switch
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Regression: explicit storm A→B→A keeps one active record.
Reviewer finding: quanticsoul4772 (#847).
---
 changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md |  4 ++++
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                       |  5 +++++
 src/layers/cyclones/index.js                |  6 +++++-
 src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs          | 20 +++++++++++++++-----
 4 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md b/changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2f58ca71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Explicit cyclone selections publish only the currently selected NHC/CPHC
+  storm into shared context. Switching storms evicts the previous identity
+  instead of leaving stale coordinates active (kvnloo, #847; reviewed by
+  quanticsoul4772).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 22ce1eb3b..8e2662bf4 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -218,6 +218,11 @@ not storm size or the full hazard area. Successful empty and unavailable states
 are distinct. One owned native Cesium data source preserves polygon holes and
 geographic seams and releases on disable; forecast animation is not implied.
 Cyclone markers, labels, tracks and cones are hidden beyond the horizon on every map source.
+Explicit cyclone selections publish one shared `weather-cyclones` record
+with official advisory provenance and source position. Switching storms removes
+the prior record; automatic row selection never claims global context, and
+refreshes do not re-announce selection. Clearing or losing an explicitly selected
+storm removes shared context rather than assigning a fallback.
 Consult the linked official advisory for safety decisions.
 
 Voice and HUD snapshots reuse the existing feedState classifier. Analyst follow-ups retain their original data provenance; current-view results append provenance without replacing legacy fields. HUD context and deterministic telemetry include non-nominal feed state.
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
index 2738bebe0..ae4e5175a 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
@@ -79,8 +79,12 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
       return null;
     }
     selectedContextEntity ||= { show: true };
+    const contextId = `cyclone:${storm.id}`;
+    context.removeEntityContextsForLayer?.('weather-cyclones', {
+      retainIds: new Set([contextId]),
+    });
     const record = context.registerEntityContext?.(selectedContextEntity, {
-      id: `cyclone:${storm.id}`,
+      id: contextId,
       layerId: 'weather-cyclones',
       layerName: 'Cyclone advisories',
       source: 'NOAA NHC / CPHC',
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
index 7d796bef7..d1b7fefd4 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
@@ -419,11 +419,13 @@ test('explicit cyclone selection publishes shared context without auto-claiming
       selectedEvents += 1;
       return selectedContext;
     },
-    removeEntityContextsForLayer(layerId) {
+    removeEntityContextsForLayer(layerId, { retainIds } = {}) {
       for (const [id, record] of records) {
-        if (record.layerId === layerId) records.delete(id);
+        if (record.layerId === layerId && !retainIds?.has(id))
+          records.delete(id);
       }
-      if (selectedContext?.layerId === layerId) selectedContext = null;
+      if (selectedContext && !records.has(selectedContext.id))
+        selectedContext = null;
     },
   };
   const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => next }, { context });
@@ -446,10 +448,18 @@ test('explicit cyclone selection publishes shared context without auto-claiming
   assert.equal(selectedContext?.longitude, -125.8);
   assert.equal(selectedContext?.properties.advisoryNumber, '10');
 
+  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
+  assert.deepEqual([...records.keys()], ['cyclone:ep152026']);
+  assert.equal(selectedContext?.id, 'cyclone:ep152026');
+  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep162026' });
+  assert.deepEqual([...records.keys()], ['cyclone:ep162026']);
+  assert.equal(selectedContext?.id, 'cyclone:ep162026');
+  assert.equal(selectedEvents, 3, 'each explicit storm switch announces once');
+
   await h.layer.update();
   assert.equal(
     selectedEvents,
-    1,
+    3,
     'refresh updates the selected record without re-announcing the click',
   );
 
@@ -463,7 +473,7 @@ test('explicit cyclone selection publishes shared context without auto-claiming
   assert.equal(records.size, 0);
 
   h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
-  assert.equal(selectedEvents, 2);
+  assert.equal(selectedEvents, 4);
   h.layer.setParams({ clear: true });
   assert.equal(selectedContext, null);
   assert.equal(records.size, 0);

From 3a7c7b7c6a9c1c2a126bb6c415386f6016a2cdec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin Rajan <7121943+kvnloo@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2026 03:36:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 009/262] fix(cyclones): keep selected names source-owned for
 i18n

---
 src/layers/cyclones/index.js | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
index 2529b98e0..66bf13bbd 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
@@ -111,7 +111,9 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
       layerId: 'weather-cyclones',
       layerName: 'Cyclone advisories',
       source: 'NOAA NHC / CPHC',
-      label: `Cyclone · ${storm.name}`,
+      // Layer identity is already carried separately. Keep source names literal
+      // rather than adding an untranslated user-facing prefix.
+      label: storm.name,
       latitude: storm.position.latitude,
       longitude: storm.position.longitude,
       properties: {

From 0e2ae76f0ab0f75df72010c1c6ae41c3c052b505 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kevin Rajan <7121943+kvnloo@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Oct 2026 03:36:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 010/262] test(cyclones): assert source-owned context label

---
 src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
index 06342464b..f7cbcdc12 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ test('explicit cyclone selection publishes shared context without auto-claiming
   assert.equal(selectedEvents, 1);
   assert.equal(selectedContext?.layerId, 'weather-cyclones');
   assert.equal(selectedContext?.source, 'NOAA NHC / CPHC');
-  assert.equal(selectedContext?.label, 'Cyclone · Another system');
+  assert.equal(selectedContext?.label, 'Another system');
   assert.equal(selectedContext?.latitude, 15.5);
   assert.equal(selectedContext?.longitude, -125.8);
   assert.equal(selectedContext?.properties.advisoryNumber, '10');

From 69777700674fa5f4dfcc3729a553b96a9a91ffe0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: daikaginza <daika.ginza@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2026 13:36:42 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 011/262] docs(changelog): move the entry into a changelog.d
 fragment

Main now takes pending entries as changelog.d/<pr>-<slug>.md
files (#787), so the entry leaves CHANGELOG.md for changelog.d/795-opensky-compress-cached-body.md.
---
 changelog.d/795-opensky-compress-cached-body.md | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/795-opensky-compress-cached-body.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/795-opensky-compress-cached-body.md b/changelog.d/795-opensky-compress-cached-body.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0bbadbed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/795-opensky-compress-cached-body.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+- The live flight snapshot is compressed on the wire. `/api/flights` gzips its
+  cached global snapshot and its regional adsb.lol fallback once per upstream
+  refresh and serves that frame to clients offering gzip — roughly 860 KB
+  becomes roughly 258 KB — while a client that offers nothing receives the same
+  bytes uncompressed. Both answers carry `Vary: Accept-Encoding`, and a response
+  the proxy does not cache, such as an auth failure, is never sent under a
+  cached snapshot's encoding (daikaginza, #795).

From 4318f51de4114bfb68137ff48bedd070b976f771 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Trygve Hemminghytt <274629477+trygvehhh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2026 20:03:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 012/262] docs: move the changelog entry to changelog.d

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  | 7 -------
 changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md | 6 ++++++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a285bc555..98d32365f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -284,13 +284,6 @@
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
-- Refresh Norway's datacenters from a Geofabrik OpenStreetMap extract
-  (2026-10-05). Troll Housing joins the layer (4,352 features) and four
-  Norwegian sites pick up current OSM tags; no site moved or was removed.
-  `scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py` reproduces or `--verify`s the merge,
-  touching only features inside Geofabrik's Norway boundary, and the dataset
-  README records the extract, checksum and filter.
-
 - Add a keyless Air quality layer to the Weather group, with Environment and
   Climate Change Canada's AQHI as the first registered provider. Readings carry
   `{ provider, scale, value, band }` so another network can be added without
diff --git a/changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md b/changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48a019605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+- Refresh Norway's datacenters from a Geofabrik OpenStreetMap extract
+  (2026-10-05). Troll Housing joins the layer (4,352 features) and four
+  Norwegian sites pick up current OSM tags; no site moved or was removed.
+  `scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py` reproduces or `--verify`s the merge,
+  touching only features inside Geofabrik's Norway boundary, and the dataset
+  README records the extract, checksum and filter (trygvehhh, #953).

From b358b5dba176e744fa53de73074a0b242b768a4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Said Turksever <28983926+asturksever@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Oct 2026 14:17:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 013/262] fix(cyclones): distinguish deliberate clears from
 feed eviction

---
 changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md |  6 +--
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                       |  2 +
 src/layers/cyclones/index.js                | 18 ++++---
 src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs          | 59 +++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md b/changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md
index a2f58ca71..24edf2ebb 100644
--- a/changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md
+++ b/changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 - Explicit cyclone selections publish only the currently selected NHC/CPHC
-  storm into shared context. Switching storms evicts the previous identity
-  instead of leaving stale coordinates active (kvnloo, #847; reviewed by
-  quanticsoul4772).
+  storm into shared context. Switching storms removes the previous identity
+  without a false eviction event. Deliberate clears remain distinct from feed
+  disappearance (kvnloo, #847; reviewed by quanticsoul4772).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 42ebf7555..9d6680086 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -394,6 +394,8 @@ with official advisory provenance and source position. Switching storms removes
 the prior record; automatic row selection never claims global context, and
 refreshes do not re-announce selection. Clearing or losing an explicitly selected
 storm removes shared context rather than assigning a fallback.
+Deliberate clear/disable reports `deliberate`; feed disappearance reports
+`evicted`. Switching storms selects the replacement before pruning the old record.
 Consult the linked official advisory for safety decisions.
 
 Voice and HUD snapshots reuse the existing feedState classifier. Analyst follow-ups retain their original data provenance; current-view results append provenance without replacing legacy fields. HUD context and deterministic telemetry include non-nominal feed state.
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
index 66bf13bbd..1b45265c5 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
@@ -89,7 +89,9 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
   const notify = () => listener?.();
   const selected = () =>
     snapshot?.storms.find((storm) => storm.id === selectedId) || null;
-  function clearSelectedContext() {
+  function clearSelectedContext({ evicted = false } = {}) {
+    if (!evicted)
+      context?.clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer?.('weather-cyclones');
     context?.removeEntityContextsForLayer?.('weather-cyclones');
     selectedContextStormId = null;
     selectedContextEntity = null;
@@ -98,14 +100,11 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
   function publishSelectedContext({ announce = false } = {}) {
     const storm = selected();
     if (!storm || !context) {
-      if (!storm) clearSelectedContext();
+      if (!storm) clearSelectedContext({ evicted: true });
       return null;
     }
     selectedContextEntity ||= { show: true };
     const contextId = `cyclone:${storm.id}`;
-    context.removeEntityContextsForLayer?.('weather-cyclones', {
-      retainIds: new Set([contextId]),
-    });
     const record = context.registerEntityContext?.(selectedContextEntity, {
       id: contextId,
       layerId: 'weather-cyclones',
@@ -131,6 +130,9 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
     if (!record) return null;
     selectedContextStormId = storm.id;
     if (announce) context.selectEntityContext?.(selectedContextEntity);
+    context.removeEntityContextsForLayer?.('weather-cyclones', {
+      retainIds: new Set([contextId]),
+    });
     return record;
   }
 
@@ -302,7 +304,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
           snapshot = next;
           selectedId = null;
           ++navigationGeneration;
-          clearSelectedContext();
+          clearSelectedContext({ evicted: true });
           error = next.reason || ADVISORIES_UNAVAILABLE;
           return true;
         }
@@ -327,7 +329,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
         else rendering.setSelection(selectedId);
         if (selectedContextStormId) {
           if (selectedId === selectedContextStormId) publishSelectedContext();
-          else clearSelectedContext();
+          else clearSelectedContext({ evicted: true });
         }
         return true;
       } catch (cause) {
@@ -338,7 +340,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
         snapshot = null;
         selectedId = null;
         ++navigationGeneration;
-        clearSelectedContext();
+        clearSelectedContext({ evicted: true });
         return true;
       } finally {
         signal?.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
index f7cbcdc12..f1c7656b1 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   isPointerFree,
 } from '../../data/inputOwnership.js';
 import { isOwnedByOtherLayer } from '../../data/pickRegistry.js';
+import * as contextStore from '../../data/contextStore.js';
 
 const time = '2026-09-16T03:00:00.000Z';
 const storm = (id = 'ep152026') => ({
@@ -481,6 +482,64 @@ test('explicit cyclone selection publishes shared context without auto-claiming
   h.layer.destroy();
 });
 
+test('shared cyclone context distinguishes switches, deliberate clears and feed eviction', async (t) => {
+  const previousWindow = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(globalThis, 'window');
+  const host = new EventTarget();
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'window', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: host,
+  });
+  let h;
+  t.after(() => {
+    try {
+      h?.layer.destroy();
+    } finally {
+      if (previousWindow)
+        Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'window', previousWindow);
+      else delete globalThis.window;
+    }
+  });
+  const events = [];
+  host.addEventListener('gev:entity-selected', ({ detail }) =>
+    events.push(['selected', detail.id]),
+  );
+  host.addEventListener('gev:entity-selection-cleared', ({ detail }) =>
+    events.push(['cleared', detail.reason]),
+  );
+  let next = snapshot([storm(), storm('ep162026')]);
+  h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => next }, { context: contextStore });
+  h.layer.enable();
+  await h.layer.update();
+  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
+  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep162026' });
+  assert.deepEqual(events, [
+    ['selected', 'cyclone:ep152026'],
+    ['selected', 'cyclone:ep162026'],
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...contextStore.getContextStore().entities.keys()],
+    ['cyclone:ep162026'],
+  );
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(events.length, 2, 'refresh must not announce selection');
+
+  h.layer.setParams({ clear: true });
+  assert.deepEqual(events.at(-1), ['cleared', 'deliberate']);
+  assert.equal(contextStore.getContextStore().entities.size, 0);
+
+  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep162026' });
+  next = snapshot([storm()]);
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.deepEqual(events.at(-1), ['cleared', 'evicted']);
+  assert.equal(contextStore.getContextStore().entities.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(contextStore.getContextStore().selectedEntityId, null);
+
+  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.deepEqual(events.at(-1), ['cleared', 'deliberate']);
+  assert.equal(contextStore.getContextStore().entities.size, 0);
+});
+
 test('refresh preserves selection intent, including explicit clears and missing storms', async () => {
   let next = snapshot([storm(), storm('ep162026')]);
   const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => next });

From 25ec9e10a35ea3b850d078b9d3de36735078899d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bassem chagra <chagra.bassem@yahoo.fr>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2026 16:53:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 014/262] feat(cctv): vendor the Bosch MIC PTZ datasheet
 records the Amsterdam register names

Adds MIC-7522-Z30B, MIC-7502-Z30B and MIC-7130-PB4 (MIC IP starlight 7000
HD) from the CCTV Camera Database v2.29.0 model-enrichment extract. Colour
siblings (B/G/W) share one datasheet, so they and the register's x wildcard
(MIC-7522-Z30x) are aliases of one record. The MIC datasheets state FOV
without an axis, so these records add specs but no horizontal FOV range.
Refreshes the dataset size in the module header and DATA_SOURCES.md.
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                     |  7 +--
 src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js       | 67 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs | 28 ++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 6d2ee498b..a9d676c85 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ The [Bhote Koshi event pack](public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/README.md), under `p
 | **Yale Bright Star Catalogue** (9,096 stars, sky background)                | `sky/`                            | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Yale Bright Star Catalogue (Hoffleit & Warren, via CDS)" (courtesy credit) |
 | **ESO Milky Way panorama** (eso0932a, blurred cube map, sky background)     | `sky/`                            | **CC BY 4.0**                                                                                             | ✅ (attribution; changes stated)                 | "ESO/S. Brunier"                                                            |
 | **CCTV ground heights** (3,445 cameras)                                     | `cctv_ground_heights/`            | Precomputed camera placement heights, aligned to work with Google Photorealistic 3D Tiles (folder README) | —                                                | —                                                                           |
-| **CCTV Camera Database** model-enrichment extract v2.26.0 (17 camera-model records) | `src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js` | **CC0-1.0** (public domain dedication) | ✅ (no restrictions) | "Specs: cctv-database.com" (courtesy — not legally required) |
+| **CCTV Camera Database** model-enrichment extract v2.26.0 + v2.29.0 (20 camera-model records) | `src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js` | **CC0-1.0** (public domain dedication) | ✅ (no restrictions) | "Specs: cctv-database.com" (courtesy — not legally required) |
 
 ### ⚠️ TeleGeography is bundled but NonCommercial
 
@@ -236,11 +236,12 @@ fixtures retain their provenance in `src/data/fixtures/README.md`.
 
 ### CCTV Camera Database (`src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js`)
 
-The CCTV layer's hardware-model specs are a small verbatim extract (v2.26.0) of the
+The CCTV layer's hardware-model specs are a small verbatim extract (v2.26.0, plus the Bosch MIC
+records from v2.29.0) of the
 [CCTV Camera Database](https://github.com/ch-bas/cctv-camera-database), an open dataset of
 camera models transcribed from manufacturer datasheets, dedicated to the public domain under
 **CC0-1.0**. Only the records for hardware that the integrated public catalogs name (King
-County, Sarasota County and Sioux Falls) are bundled, compiled into the module. Nothing is
+County, Sarasota County, Sioux Falls and the City of Amsterdam register) are bundled, compiled into the module. Nothing is
 fetched at runtime. The records describe camera products (optics, resolution, night vision)
 only, never endpoints, stream paths or access data. CC0 requires no attribution; the CCTV HUD
 credits it anyway as `SPECS: CCTV-DATABASE.COM` beside any spec line it renders.
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
index 2d93166a7..89fcf58d2 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
@@ -14,18 +14,25 @@
  *
  * Spec records are vendored verbatim from the CCTV Camera Database
  * (https://github.com/ch-bas/cctv-camera-database, CC0-1.0) — an open dataset
- * of 28,000+ camera models transcribed from manufacturer datasheets (84% with
- * FOV, as of v2.26.0). This module vendors the records that the currently integrated public
+ * of 29,000+ camera models transcribed from manufacturer datasheets (76% with
+ * FOV, as of v2.29.0). This module vendors the records that the currently integrated public
  * catalogs publish hardware for — King County WA (Cohu, Bosch AUTODOME, Axis
  * Q6135-LE), plus the Bosch AUTODOME and Axis PTZ/multisensor models that
- * appear in Sarasota County FL and Sioux Falls SD open data; packs that
- * publish other hardware models can grow it, or vendor the full extract.
+ * appear in Sarasota County FL and Sioux Falls SD open data, and the Bosch MIC
+ * PTZs in the City of Amsterdam camera register; packs that publish other
+ * hardware models can grow it, or vendor the full extract.
  *
  * Scope guardrail: records describe camera PRODUCTS (optics, resolution,
  * night vision) — never endpoints, stream paths, or access/config data.
  */
 
-/** Verbatim records from the dataset's model-enrichment extract (v2.26.0). */
+/**
+ * Verbatim records from the dataset's model-enrichment extract (v2.26.0; the
+ * Bosch MIC records from v2.29.0). Bosch MIC order codes end in a colour
+ * letter (B black, G grey, W white) on one shared datasheet; those siblings,
+ * and the `x` wildcard registries write for the colour letter, are listed as
+ * aliases of the one vendored record.
+ */
 const RECORDS = [
   {
     id: 'axis-q6135-le',
@@ -264,6 +271,56 @@ const RECORDS = [
     autotracking: true,
     environment: ['outdoor'],
   },
+  {
+    id: 'bosch-mic-7130-pb4',
+    brand: 'Bosch',
+    model: 'MIC-7130-PB4',
+    type: 'ptz',
+    url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/bosch-mic-7130-pb4/',
+    aliases: [
+      'MIC IP starlight 7000 HD',
+      'MIC-7130-PG4',
+      'MIC-7130-PW4',
+      'MIC-7130-Px4',
+    ],
+    fov_deg: '2.1-59',
+    resolution: { mp: 1, w: 1280, h: 720, label: '720p' },
+    ptz: true,
+    autotracking: true,
+    varifocal: true,
+    environment: ['outdoor'],
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'bosch-mic-7502-z30b',
+    brand: 'Bosch',
+    model: 'MIC-7502-Z30B',
+    type: 'ptz',
+    url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/bosch-mic-7502-z30b/',
+    aliases: ['MIC-7502-Z30G', 'MIC-7502-Z30W', 'MIC-7502-Z30x'],
+    fov_deg: '2.3-63.7',
+    resolution: { mp: 2.13, w: 1920, h: 1080, label: '1080p' },
+    ptz: true,
+    autotracking: true,
+    varifocal: true,
+    night_vision: { type: 'color' },
+    environment: ['outdoor'],
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'bosch-mic-7522-z30b',
+    brand: 'Bosch',
+    model: 'MIC-7522-Z30B',
+    type: 'ptz',
+    url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/bosch-mic-7522-z30b/',
+    aliases: ['MIC-7522-Z30G', 'MIC-7522-Z30W', 'MIC-7522-Z30x'],
+    fov_deg: '2.1-58.3',
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
+    resolution: { mp: 2, w: 1920, h: 1080, label: '1080p HD' },
+    ptz: true,
+    varifocal: true,
+    night_vision: { type: 'color' },
+    environment: ['outdoor'],
+    ndaa_compliant: true,
+  },
   {
     id: 'cohu-3920-idome',
     brand: 'Cohu',
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs
index 9fbdb00dd..852c6ad64 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs
@@ -245,6 +245,34 @@ test('King County snapshot model strings still resolve', () => {
   );
 });
 
+test('Amsterdam camera register model strings resolve', () => {
+  // The register writes the Bosch MIC colour letter as `x`.
+  assert.equal(
+    lookupModelSpec('Bosch MIC-7522-Z30x')?.id,
+    'bosch-mic-7522-z30b',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    lookupModelSpec('Bosch MIC-7502-Z30x')?.id,
+    'bosch-mic-7502-z30b',
+  );
+  assert.equal(lookupModelSpec('Bosch MIC-7130-Px4')?.id, 'bosch-mic-7130-pb4');
+  assert.equal(lookupModelSpec('MIC-7522-Z30W')?.id, 'bosch-mic-7522-z30b');
+  // Its ANPR units are not in the table: unknown, never a guess.
+  assert.equal(lookupModelSpec('CSG-8800'), null);
+  // The MIC and AUTODOME starlight 7000 HD (code-less names, so the brand
+  // is needed) stay apart.
+  assert.equal(
+    lookupModelSpec('MIC IP starlight 7000 HD', 'Bosch')?.id,
+    'bosch-mic-7130-pb4',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    lookupModelSpec('AUTODOME IP starlight 7000 HD', 'Bosch')?.id,
+    'bosch-autodome-ip-starlight-7000-hd',
+  );
+  // The MIC datasheets state FOV without an axis, so no horizontal range.
+  assert.equal(horizontalFovRangeDeg(lookupModelSpec('MIC-7522-Z30B')), null);
+});
+
 test('catalog never overwrites an explicit FOV or a curated pose', () => {
   const [explicit, curated, cohu, pelco] =
     browserCatalog().buildCatalogFromSources([

From 6a7597d344960f7495fb3bdee2b34eed0a917c17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bassem chagra <chagra.bassem@yahoo.fr>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2026 17:01:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 015/262] docs(changelog): fragment for #1319

---
 changelog.d/1319-cctv-bosch-mic-specs.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1319-cctv-bosch-mic-specs.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1319-cctv-bosch-mic-specs.md b/changelog.d/1319-cctv-bosch-mic-specs.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf1bd0b7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1319-cctv-bosch-mic-specs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Vendor the Bosch MIC PTZ datasheet records that the City of Amsterdam camera
+  register names (MIC-7522, MIC-7502, MIC-7130), with the register's `x` colour
+  wildcard as an alias, from the CCTV Camera Database v2.29.0 (ch-bas, #1319).

From dec6cb937ec290d514f2c44d8cdb87a1b4f7fba7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Said Turksever <asturksever@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2026 23:27:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 016/262] test(cctv): verify Bosch MIC aliases and preserve
 estimated optics

---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                     | 10 ++++---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md               |  4 +++
 src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js       | 20 +++++++-------
 src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index a9d676c85..1602cfa49 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -236,13 +236,15 @@ fixtures retain their provenance in `src/data/fixtures/README.md`.
 
 ### CCTV Camera Database (`src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js`)
 
-The CCTV layer's hardware-model specs are a small verbatim extract (v2.26.0, plus the Bosch MIC
+The CCTV layer's hardware-model specs are a small extract (v2.26.0, plus the Bosch MIC
 records from v2.29.0) of the
 [CCTV Camera Database](https://github.com/ch-bas/cctv-camera-database), an open dataset of
 camera models transcribed from manufacturer datasheets, dedicated to the public domain under
-**CC0-1.0**. Only the records for hardware that the integrated public catalogs name (King
-County, Sarasota County, Sioux Falls and the City of Amsterdam register) are bundled, compiled into the module. Nothing is
-fetched at runtime. The records describe camera products (optics, resolution, night vision)
+**CC0-1.0**. Only the records for hardware named by the integrated public catalogs (King
+County, Sarasota County and Sioux Falls), plus the City of Amsterdam register proposed
+in [#251](https://github.com/bilawalsidhu/gods-eye-view/pull/251), are bundled, compiled into the module. Nothing is
+fetched at runtime. The MIC specification fields are unchanged; product titles are shortened
+to model codes and colour aliases are added locally. The records describe camera products (optics, resolution, night vision)
 only, never endpoints, stream paths or access data. CC0 requires no attribution; the CCTV HUD
 credits it anyway as `SPECS: CCTV-DATABASE.COM` beside any spec line it renders.
 
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index a9db91490..13174d759 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -4585,6 +4585,10 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
   multi-sensor datasheets publish a capability range, not the lens's current zoom, so those
   cameras keep their estimate and show `SPEC FOV min–max° (CAPABILITY)` beside it. Public
   camera state carries `fovSource`, `specFovMinDeg`, `specFovMaxDeg` and `spec` (#452).
+  The table also includes Bosch MIC-7130, MIC-7502 and MIC-7522 records for the Amsterdam
+  register proposed in #251, including its `x` colour aliases (#1319). Their axis-less
+  datasheet FOV does not supply a horizontal capability range or replace the estimated
+  FOV. Adding these records does not enable the proposed source pack.
 - **FIRMS**: no ground clamping (zero 3D-tiles height sampling), ≤18 screen-decluttered ambient labels, click-to-inspect detail card, 2.5k/3k sprite budgets viewport-clipped by FRP.
 - **CCTV v2 foundation:** a pitched
   frustum wireframe (4 corner rays + far-cap rectangle) with a monitor plane at the frustum's
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
index 89fcf58d2..ba6702584 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
@@ -12,24 +12,26 @@
  * Cameras without an identified model are untouched — unknown never implies
  * anything.
  *
- * Spec records are vendored verbatim from the CCTV Camera Database
+ * Specification fields are vendored from the CCTV Camera Database
  * (https://github.com/ch-bas/cctv-camera-database, CC0-1.0) — an open dataset
  * of 29,000+ camera models transcribed from manufacturer datasheets (76% with
- * FOV, as of v2.29.0). This module vendors the records that the currently integrated public
+ * FOV, as of v2.29.0). This module vendors records that the integrated public
  * catalogs publish hardware for — King County WA (Cohu, Bosch AUTODOME, Axis
  * Q6135-LE), plus the Bosch AUTODOME and Axis PTZ/multisensor models that
- * appear in Sarasota County FL and Sioux Falls SD open data, and the Bosch MIC
- * PTZs in the City of Amsterdam camera register; packs that publish other
- * hardware models can grow it, or vendor the full extract.
+ * appear in Sarasota County FL and Sioux Falls SD open data, plus the Bosch MIC
+ * PTZs for the City of Amsterdam camera register proposed in #251; packs that
+ * publish other hardware models can grow it, or vendor the full extract.
  *
  * Scope guardrail: records describe camera PRODUCTS (optics, resolution,
  * night vision) — never endpoints, stream paths, or access/config data.
  */
 
 /**
- * Verbatim records from the dataset's model-enrichment extract (v2.26.0; the
- * Bosch MIC records from v2.29.0). Bosch MIC order codes end in a colour
- * letter (B black, G grey, W white) on one shared datasheet; those siblings,
+ * Records from the dataset's model-enrichment extract (v2.26.0; the Bosch MIC
+ * records from v2.29.0). MIC specification fields are unchanged; product
+ * titles are shortened to model codes and colour aliases are added locally.
+ * Bosch MIC order codes end in a colour letter (B black, G grey, W white)
+ * on one shared datasheet; those siblings,
  * and the `x` wildcard registries write for the colour letter, are listed as
  * aliases of the one vendored record.
  */
@@ -488,7 +490,7 @@ const NAME_INDEX = RECORDS.flatMap((record) => {
  * guesses).
  * @param {string} model - Hardware model as named by a source pack or seed.
  * @param {string} [manufacturer] - The source's manufacturer, when published.
- * @returns {Object|null} The verbatim spec record, or null when unknown.
+ * @returns {Object|null} The matched spec record, or null when unknown.
  */
 export function lookupModelSpec(model, manufacturer) {
   const query = words(model).map(stripVariantSuffix);
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs
index 852c6ad64..d76f37c24 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs
@@ -273,6 +273,47 @@ test('Amsterdam camera register model strings resolve', () => {
   assert.equal(horizontalFovRangeDeg(lookupModelSpec('MIC-7522-Z30B')), null);
 });
 
+test('Bosch MIC colour aliases resolve without accepting unknown variants', () => {
+  for (const [pattern, id] of [
+    ['MIC-7130-P?4', 'bosch-mic-7130-pb4'],
+    ['MIC-7502-Z30?', 'bosch-mic-7502-z30b'],
+    ['MIC-7522-Z30?', 'bosch-mic-7522-z30b'],
+  ]) {
+    for (const colour of ['B', 'G', 'W', 'x']) {
+      const model = pattern.replace('?', colour);
+      assert.equal(lookupModelSpec(model)?.id, id, model);
+      assert.equal(lookupModelSpec(`bosch ${model.toLowerCase()}`)?.id, id);
+      assert.equal(lookupModelSpec(model, 'Bosch')?.id, id);
+      assert.equal(lookupModelSpec(model, 'Axis'), null);
+      assert.equal(lookupModelSpec(`${model}-UNKNOWN`), null);
+    }
+    assert.equal(lookupModelSpec(pattern.replace('?', 'R')), null);
+  }
+});
+
+test('Bosch MIC catalog enrichment preserves estimated and explicit optics', () => {
+  for (const model of [
+    'Bosch MIC-7130-Px4',
+    'Bosch MIC-7502-Z30x',
+    'Bosch MIC-7522-Z30x',
+  ]) {
+    for (const pose of [{}, { fovDeg: 44 }, { poseSource: 'curated' }]) {
+      const [camera] = browserCatalog().buildCatalogFromSources([
+        { id: 'amsterdam-mic', lat: 52.37, lon: 4.9, model, ...pose },
+      ]);
+      assert.ok(camera.spec, model);
+      assert.equal(camera.fovDeg, pose.fovDeg ?? 74, model);
+      assert.equal(camera.fovSource, undefined);
+      assert.equal(camera.specFovMinDeg, undefined);
+      assert.equal(camera.specFovMaxDeg, undefined);
+      assert.equal(horizontalFovRangeDeg(camera.spec), null);
+      assert.equal(fixedHorizontalFovDeg(camera.spec), null);
+      assert.equal(specFovCapabilityToken(camera), null);
+      assert.match(specSummary(camera.spec), /^Bosch MIC-.* · PTZ$/);
+    }
+  }
+});
+
 test('catalog never overwrites an explicit FOV or a curated pose', () => {
   const [explicit, curated, cohu, pelco] =
     browserCatalog().buildCatalogFromSources([

From 38d29f2beb22b5200b794751b32f1f21a0409e25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Oct 2026 13:09:32 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 017/262] feat(fires): FRP intensity filter, confidence switch
 and six-stop color ramp (HAL-676)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Color every FIRMS detection by fire radiative power on the Portolan
cold → hot ramp (blue · teal · lime · amber · orange · red at
0 · 5 · 20 · 50 · 100 · 300 MW), replacing the three warm stops that
made a 2 MW and a 40 MW fire look alike. Heat cells, glow sprites and
card accents all read the same ramp (src/data/firmsIntensity.js).

Add a minimum-FRP log slider whose track is painted with the ramp (so
it doubles as the legend), an All / Nominal+ / High confidence switch
and an "N of M shown" counter to the Active Fires row. The filter runs
once in ingestion.applyFilter(), so markers, cards, heat cells, the
context store, the top-fires query and the analyst records all see one
set. Default is 0 MW / All: many of the strongest fires are rated low.

Persist both options in the layer state (token w: minFrp `f`,
confidence `c`), including the short share codec, and give the agent's
get_active_fires tool matching min_frp_mw / confidence arguments.

Layer panel gains generic `slider` and `segmented` row descriptors
(src/ui/rowFilterControls.js). New strings in es / ru / zh-CN.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 scripts/format-scope.json          |   6 +-
 scripts/package-boundaries.json    |  17 +++
 src/data/firmsCards.test.mjs       |  22 ++-
 src/data/firmsIntensity.js         | 209 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs   | 207 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/firmsLabels.js            |  23 ++--
 src/data/firmsLabels.test.mjs      |  15 ++-
 src/data/layerState.js             |  21 ++-
 src/data/layerState.test.mjs       |  83 +++++++++++-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json           |  14 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json           |  14 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json        |  14 +-
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json      |   5 +-
 src/layers/firms/ingestion.js      |  32 ++++-
 src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js      |   4 +
 src/layers/firms/model.js          |  57 +++++---
 src/layers/firms/policy.js         |  19 ++-
 src/layers/firms/queries.js        | 142 +++++++++++++++++++-
 src/layers/firms/rendering.js      |   5 +-
 src/layers/firms/state.js          |  28 ++++
 src/share/viewCodec.js             |   1 +
 src/tools/queries/hazards.js       |  64 ++++++++-
 src/tools/queries/hazards.test.mjs |  36 +++++
 src/ui/layerPanel.js               |  54 +++++++-
 src/ui/rowFilterControls.js        | 169 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/rowFilterControls.test.mjs  | 207 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/styles/radio.css            | 102 ++++++++++++++
 27 files changed, 1500 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/data/firmsIntensity.js
 create mode 100644 src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/rowFilterControls.js
 create mode 100644 src/ui/rowFilterControls.test.mjs

diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index ee23b8b6a..c7ae4e3cf 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -1117,5 +1117,9 @@
   "src/testSupport/shareViewFixtures.mjs",
   "src/ui/shareLinks.test.mjs",
   "src/ui/shareButton.test.mjs",
-  "src/share/shareLinkPath.test.mjs"
+  "src/share/shareLinkPath.test.mjs",
+  "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
+  "src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs",
+  "src/ui/rowFilterControls.js",
+  "src/ui/rowFilterControls.test.mjs"
 ]
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index b42d90fdc..ca2ecb542 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -495,6 +495,8 @@
       "src/ui/railCards.js",
       "src/ui/railCardBlocks.js",
       "src/ui/slider.js",
+      "src/ui/rowFilterControls.js",
+      "src/ui/segmentedControl.js",
       "src/ui/chipGroup.js",
       "src/ui/rowList.js",
       "src/ui/railTimeline.js",
@@ -670,6 +672,7 @@
       "src/data/detectionPolicy.js",
       "src/data/installationFeedback.js",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
       "src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
@@ -734,6 +737,7 @@
       "src/ui/effects.js",
       "src/ui/frameRateMonitor.js",
       "src/ui/layerPanel.js",
+      "src/ui/rowFilterControls.js",
       "src/ui/weatherPanel.js",
       "src/ui/railCards.js",
       "src/ui/railCardBlocks.js",
@@ -954,6 +958,7 @@
       "src/data/contactMatch.js",
       "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/modelVisualAnchor.js",
@@ -1007,6 +1012,7 @@
       "src/data/contactMatch.js",
       "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/modelVisualAnchor.js",
@@ -1052,6 +1058,7 @@
       "src/data/contactMatch.js",
       "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
       "src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
@@ -1136,6 +1143,7 @@
     "exports": ["./layers/firms"],
     "modules": [
       "src/data/firmsAdapt.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/firmsLabels.js",
       "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/layers/firms/anchors.js",
@@ -1525,6 +1533,7 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/radioCountry.js",
@@ -1848,6 +1857,7 @@
       "src/data/fireAnchors.js",
       "src/data/firmsAdapt.js",
       "src/data/firmsHeatmap.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/firmsLabels.js",
       "src/data/flights.js",
       "src/data/flowMatch.js",
@@ -2259,6 +2269,7 @@
       "src/ui/effects.js",
       "src/ui/frameRateMonitor.js",
       "src/ui/layerPanel.js",
+      "src/ui/rowFilterControls.js",
       "src/ui/weatherPanel.js",
       "src/ui/railCards.js",
       "src/ui/railCardBlocks.js",
@@ -2687,6 +2698,7 @@
       "src/data/detectionDraw.js",
       "src/data/detectionPolicy.js",
       "src/data/firmsAdapt.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/firmsLabels.js",
       "src/data/flowMatch.js",
       "src/data/focusDeemphasis.js",
@@ -3283,6 +3295,7 @@
       "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/data/installationFeedback.js",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
       "src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
@@ -3899,6 +3912,7 @@
       "src/styles/surveillance.js",
       "src/styles/thermal.js",
       "src/view/index.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
@@ -3975,6 +3989,8 @@
       "src/tools/queries/brief.js",
       "src/tools/queries/maritime.js",
       "src/tools/queries/share.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
+      "src/data/firmsAdapt.js",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/vesselTypes.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
@@ -4107,6 +4123,7 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/view/index.js",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
+      "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json"
     ],
diff --git a/src/data/firmsCards.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsCards.test.mjs
index a0ee83c01..f82b8da80 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsCards.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsCards.test.mjs
@@ -68,11 +68,27 @@ test('buildFireCard: power that rounds to 10 MW drops the decimal', () => {
   assert.equal(selected.title, 'FIRE · 10 MW');
 });
 
-test('buildFireCard: SNPP satellite code renders as SNPP, weak fire is not red', () => {
+test('buildFireCard: SNPP satellite code renders as SNPP, weak fire is blue', () => {
   const card = buildFireCard({ fire: fire({ satellite: 'N', frp: 0.8, confidence: 0.3 }), position: {} }, NOW);
   assert.match(card.details[0], /SNPP$/);
   assert.equal(card.title, '▲ 0.8 MW');
-  assert.notEqual(card.accent, accentForSeverity('red'));
+  assert.equal(card.accent, accentForSeverity('blue'));
+});
+
+test('buildFireCard: accent steps through the FRP ramp at 5 · 20 · 50 · 100 · 300 MW', () => {
+  const accentAt = (frp) =>
+    buildFireCard({ fire: fire({ frp }), position: {} }, NOW).accent;
+  assert.equal(accentAt(4.9), accentForSeverity('blue'));
+  assert.equal(accentAt(5), accentForSeverity('teal'));
+  assert.equal(accentAt(20), accentForSeverity('lime'));
+  assert.equal(accentAt(50), accentForSeverity('amber'));
+  assert.equal(accentAt(100), accentForSeverity('orange'));
+  assert.equal(accentAt(300), accentForSeverity('red'));
+  // Confidence never moves the color: a low-confidence 864 MW fire stays red.
+  assert.equal(
+    buildFireCard({ fire: fire({ frp: 864, confidence: 0.3 }), position: {} }, NOW).accent,
+    accentForSeverity('red'),
+  );
 });
 
 test('buildSelectedFireCard: full detail card with coords, selected flag, no fade', () => {
@@ -125,7 +141,7 @@ test('buildCellCard: singular noun and missing-age omission', () => {
   const card = buildCellCard(candidate, NOW);
   assert.equal(card.title, '1 FIRE');
   assert.equal(card.details[0], 'max 9.9 MW');
-  assert.equal(card.accent, accentForSeverity('yellow'), 'missing accent defaults to yellow');
+  assert.equal(card.accent, accentForSeverity('blue'), 'missing accent defaults to the coldest stop');
 });
 
 test('FIRMS host policy keeps ambient cards bounded and selected cards protected', () => {
diff --git a/src/data/firmsIntensity.js b/src/data/firmsIntensity.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..417566346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/firmsIntensity.js
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+/**
+ * @module firmsIntensity
+ * @description Fire intensity policy shared by the Active Fires layer and the
+ * agent fire tool: the six-stop cold → hot FRP color ramp, the log-scale
+ * slider that doubles as its legend, and the one filter every consumer
+ * (markers, cards, heat cells, the top-fires query, `get_active_fires`) runs
+ * before anything is rendered or selected. Pure — no Cesium, no DOM.
+ *
+ * Hue order follows the Portolan FIRMS explorer (`FRP_RAMP`, stepped, not
+ * interpolated). The thresholds are GEV's own, set on a real week's
+ * percentiles so every color appears: Portolan's 0/10/50/200/500/1000 MW
+ * leaves one red fire a week (HAL-675).
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Stepped FRP ramp, coldest first. A detection takes the LAST stop whose
+ * `minFrp` it reaches. Names key the glow-sprite cache and the card accents.
+ */
+export const FRP_RAMP = Object.freeze([
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'blue', minFrp: 0, hex: '#4a5bd4' }),
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'teal', minFrp: 5, hex: '#39a0a8' }),
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'lime', minFrp: 20, hex: '#c9cf4a' }),
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'amber', minFrp: 50, hex: '#f2b134' }),
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'orange', minFrp: 100, hex: '#e8722c' }),
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'red', minFrp: 300, hex: '#d1382a' }),
+]);
+
+/** Slider ticks: the ramp thresholds, so slider, legend and markers agree. */
+export const FRP_SLIDER_TICKS = Object.freeze(
+  FRP_RAMP.map((stop) => stop.minFrp),
+);
+
+/** Minimum-FRP values the share codec accepts, in whole megawatts. */
+export const MIN_FRP_MW_MIN = 0;
+export const MIN_FRP_MW_MAX = 10_000;
+
+/** Confidence switch positions; VIIRS reports only low / nominal / high. */
+export const FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES = Object.freeze(['all', 'nominal', 'high']);
+
+/**
+ * Normalized-confidence floor for a switch position. The thresholds match
+ * `confidenceBucket` in the layer model (0.3 / 0.6 / 0.9 after firmsAdapt).
+ */
+const CONFIDENCE_FLOOR = Object.freeze({ all: 0, nominal: 0.45, high: 0.75 });
+
+export const DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER = Object.freeze({
+  minFrp: 0,
+  confidence: 'all',
+});
+
+/**
+ * The ramp stop for a fire radiative power.
+ * @param {number} frp Megawatts; non-finite or negative reads as 0.
+ * @returns {{name: string, minFrp: number, hex: string}}
+ */
+export function frpRampStop(frp) {
+  const value = Number.isFinite(frp) ? Math.max(0, frp) : 0;
+  let stop = FRP_RAMP[0];
+  for (const candidate of FRP_RAMP) {
+    if (value >= candidate.minFrp) stop = candidate;
+    else break;
+  }
+  return stop;
+}
+
+/** `#rrggbb` → `[r, g, b]` in 0..255. */
+export function hexToRgb(hex) {
+  const text = String(hex).replace('#', '');
+  return [0, 2, 4].map((offset) =>
+    Number.parseInt(text.slice(offset, offset + 2), 16),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Log-scale slider axis: position 0 means "no minimum" (0 MW), and the rest
+ * of the track runs 1 MW → SLIDER_MAX_MW logarithmically. The axis floor is 1
+ * MW because the median detection is ~6 MW and a sub-megawatt floor hides
+ * nothing worth a tick.
+ */
+export const SLIDER_MAX_MW = 1000;
+const LOG_MAX = Math.log10(SLIDER_MAX_MW);
+
+/**
+ * Track position in 0..1 for a minimum FRP.
+ * @param {number} minFrp Megawatts.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function sliderPositionForFrp(minFrp) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(minFrp) || minFrp < 1) return 0;
+  return Math.min(1, Math.log10(minFrp) / LOG_MAX);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Minimum FRP for a track position, rounded to whole megawatts so a slider
+ * value and its share-link form are the same number.
+ * @param {number} position 0..1.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function frpForSliderPosition(position) {
+  const p = Number.isFinite(position) ? Math.max(0, Math.min(1, position)) : 0;
+  if (p <= 0) return 0;
+  const frp = Math.pow(10, p * LOG_MAX);
+  return Math.max(1, Math.round(frp));
+}
+
+/**
+ * CSS `linear-gradient` painting the stepped ramp along the log axis, so the
+ * slider track IS the legend: the color under the thumb is the color of the
+ * weakest fire still shown.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function rampTrackGradient() {
+  const parts = [];
+  FRP_RAMP.forEach((stop, index) => {
+    const start = sliderPositionForFrp(stop.minFrp) * 100;
+    const next = FRP_RAMP[index + 1];
+    const end = next ? sliderPositionForFrp(next.minFrp) * 100 : 100;
+    parts.push(`${stop.hex} ${start.toFixed(2)}% ${end.toFixed(2)}%`);
+  });
+  return `linear-gradient(90deg, ${parts.join(', ')})`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Minimum FRP → whole megawatts inside the codec bounds, or null.
+ * @param {*} value
+ * @returns {?number}
+ */
+export function normalizeMinFrp(value) {
+  const number =
+    typeof value === 'number'
+      ? value
+      : typeof value === 'string' && value.trim() !== ''
+        ? Number(value)
+        : NaN;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(number)) return null;
+  const rounded = Math.round(number);
+  return rounded >= MIN_FRP_MW_MIN && rounded <= MIN_FRP_MW_MAX
+    ? rounded
+    : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Confidence mode → one of FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES, or null.
+ * @param {*} value
+ * @returns {?string}
+ */
+export function normalizeConfidenceMode(value) {
+  const text = String(value ?? '')
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase();
+  return FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES.includes(text) ? text : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sanitize a partial filter against the current one; unknown or invalid
+ * fields keep their current value.
+ * @param {Object} [params]
+ * @param {{minFrp: number, confidence: string}} [current]
+ * @returns {{minFrp: number, confidence: string}}
+ */
+export function normalizeFireFilter(
+  params = {},
+  current = DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER,
+) {
+  const minFrp = normalizeMinFrp(params?.minFrp);
+  const confidence = normalizeConfidenceMode(params?.confidence);
+  return {
+    minFrp: minFrp === null ? current.minFrp : minFrp,
+    confidence: confidence === null ? current.confidence : confidence,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether one fire passes the filter. `confidence` is the normalized 0..1
+ * value firmsAdapt produces; `frp` is megawatts.
+ * @param {{frp: number, confidence: number}} fire
+ * @param {{minFrp: number, confidence: string}} filter
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function firePassesFilter(fire, filter = DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER) {
+  const frp = Number.isFinite(fire?.frp) ? fire.frp : 0;
+  if (frp < (filter.minFrp || 0)) return false;
+  const floor = CONFIDENCE_FLOOR[filter.confidence] ?? 0;
+  if (floor <= 0) return true;
+  const confidence = Number.isFinite(fire?.confidence) ? fire.confidence : 0;
+  return confidence >= floor;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The fires that pass the filter, in input order. Returns the SAME array when
+ * the filter is the default, so callers can tell "nothing hidden" cheaply.
+ * @template T
+ * @param {Array<T>} fires Internal records (normalized confidence).
+ * @param {{minFrp: number, confidence: string}} filter
+ * @returns {Array<T>}
+ */
+export function filterFires(fires, filter = DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(fires)) return [];
+  if (isDefaultFireFilter(filter)) return fires;
+  return fires.filter((fire) => firePassesFilter(fire, filter));
+}
+
+/** True when the filter hides nothing. */
+export function isDefaultFireFilter(filter) {
+  return (
+    !(filter?.minFrp > 0) &&
+    (filter?.confidence === 'all' || filter?.confidence == null)
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..558068e67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER,
+  FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES,
+  FRP_RAMP,
+  FRP_SLIDER_TICKS,
+  filterFires,
+  firePassesFilter,
+  frpForSliderPosition,
+  frpRampStop,
+  hexToRgb,
+  isDefaultFireFilter,
+  normalizeConfidenceMode,
+  normalizeFireFilter,
+  normalizeMinFrp,
+  rampTrackGradient,
+  sliderPositionForFrp,
+} from './firmsIntensity.js';
+
+test('the ramp has six cold → hot stops at 0 · 5 · 20 · 50 · 100 · 300 MW in Portolan hue order', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    FRP_RAMP.map((stop) => [stop.name, stop.minFrp, stop.hex]),
+    [
+      ['blue', 0, '#4a5bd4'],
+      ['teal', 5, '#39a0a8'],
+      ['lime', 20, '#c9cf4a'],
+      ['amber', 50, '#f2b134'],
+      ['orange', 100, '#e8722c'],
+      ['red', 300, '#d1382a'],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual([...FRP_SLIDER_TICKS], [0, 5, 20, 50, 100, 300]);
+  assert.ok(Object.isFrozen(FRP_RAMP));
+});
+
+test('a detection takes the last stop it reaches; garbage reads as 0 MW', () => {
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(0).name, 'blue');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(4.99).name, 'blue');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(5).name, 'teal');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(19.9).name, 'teal');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(20).name, 'lime');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(50).name, 'amber');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(100).name, 'orange');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(299.9).name, 'orange');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(300).name, 'red');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(1246).name, 'red');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(NaN).name, 'blue');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(-3).name, 'blue');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(undefined).name, 'blue');
+});
+
+test('hex stops convert to the "r, g, b" accents the cards paint', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(hexToRgb('#4a5bd4'), [74, 91, 212]);
+  assert.deepEqual(hexToRgb('d1382a'), [209, 56, 42]);
+});
+
+test('the log slider pins 0 MW at the left and runs 1 → 1000 MW; values round-trip', () => {
+  assert.equal(sliderPositionForFrp(0), 0);
+  assert.equal(sliderPositionForFrp(0.5), 0);
+  assert.equal(sliderPositionForFrp(1), 0);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(sliderPositionForFrp(10) - 1 / 3) < 1e-9);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(sliderPositionForFrp(100) - 2 / 3) < 1e-9);
+  assert.equal(sliderPositionForFrp(1000), 1);
+  assert.equal(sliderPositionForFrp(5000), 1, 'clamped past the axis end');
+  assert.equal(frpForSliderPosition(0), 0);
+  assert.equal(frpForSliderPosition(1), 1000);
+  assert.equal(frpForSliderPosition(-1), 0);
+  assert.equal(frpForSliderPosition(2), 1000);
+  for (const frp of FRP_SLIDER_TICKS) {
+    assert.equal(
+      frpForSliderPosition(sliderPositionForFrp(frp)),
+      frp,
+      `tick ${frp} MW round-trips through the axis`,
+    );
+  }
+  // Ticks spread along the track instead of bunching at one end.
+  const positions = FRP_SLIDER_TICKS.map(sliderPositionForFrp);
+  for (let i = 1; i < positions.length; i += 1) {
+    assert.ok(positions[i] - positions[i - 1] >= 0.09, `tick gap ${i}`);
+  }
+});
+
+test('the track gradient is the stepped ramp on the log axis, so it doubles as the legend', () => {
+  const gradient = rampTrackGradient();
+  assert.match(gradient, /^linear-gradient\(90deg, /);
+  assert.match(gradient, /#4a5bd4 0\.00% 23\.3\d%/);
+  assert.match(gradient, /#39a0a8 23\.3\d% 43\.3\d%/);
+  assert.match(gradient, /#d1382a 82\.5\d% 100\.00%\)$/);
+  assert.equal(gradient.match(/#/g).length, FRP_RAMP.length);
+});
+
+test('minimum FRP normalizes to whole megawatts inside the codec bounds', () => {
+  assert.equal(normalizeMinFrp(0), 0);
+  assert.equal(normalizeMinFrp(19.6), 20);
+  assert.equal(normalizeMinFrp('100'), 100);
+  assert.equal(normalizeMinFrp(10000), 10000);
+  assert.equal(normalizeMinFrp(10001), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeMinFrp(-1), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeMinFrp('abc'), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeMinFrp(''), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeMinFrp(null), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeMinFrp(NaN), null);
+});
+
+test('confidence modes are exactly all / nominal / high', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual([...FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES], ['all', 'nominal', 'high']);
+  assert.equal(normalizeConfidenceMode(' High '), 'high');
+  assert.equal(normalizeConfidenceMode('nominal'), 'nominal');
+  assert.equal(normalizeConfidenceMode('low'), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeConfidenceMode(0.9), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeConfidenceMode(undefined), null);
+});
+
+test('a partial filter patches the current one and invalid fields keep their value', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeFireFilter(), DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER);
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeFireFilter({ minFrp: 20 }), {
+    minFrp: 20,
+    confidence: 'all',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    normalizeFireFilter(
+      { confidence: 'high' },
+      { minFrp: 50, confidence: 'all' },
+    ),
+    { minFrp: 50, confidence: 'high' },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    normalizeFireFilter(
+      { minFrp: 'nope', confidence: 'medium' },
+      { minFrp: 50, confidence: 'nominal' },
+    ),
+    { minFrp: 50, confidence: 'nominal' },
+  );
+  assert.equal(isDefaultFireFilter(DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER), true);
+  assert.equal(isDefaultFireFilter({ minFrp: 0, confidence: 'all' }), true);
+  assert.equal(isDefaultFireFilter({ minFrp: 1, confidence: 'all' }), false);
+  assert.equal(isDefaultFireFilter({ minFrp: 0, confidence: 'high' }), false);
+});
+
+test('the filter keeps a fire at or above the floor and at or above the confidence mode', () => {
+  const low = { frp: 864, confidence: 0.3 };
+  const nominal = { frp: 20, confidence: 0.6 };
+  const high = { frp: 2, confidence: 0.9 };
+  assert.equal(firePassesFilter(low), true, 'default shows everything');
+  assert.equal(
+    firePassesFilter(nominal, { minFrp: 20, confidence: 'all' }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    firePassesFilter(nominal, { minFrp: 21, confidence: 'all' }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    firePassesFilter(low, { minFrp: 0, confidence: 'nominal' }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    firePassesFilter(nominal, { minFrp: 0, confidence: 'nominal' }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    firePassesFilter(high, { minFrp: 0, confidence: 'nominal' }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    firePassesFilter(nominal, { minFrp: 0, confidence: 'high' }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(firePassesFilter(high, { minFrp: 0, confidence: 'high' }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    firePassesFilter(high, { minFrp: 5, confidence: 'high' }),
+    false,
+  );
+  // Missing numbers read as 0, never as a pass-through.
+  assert.equal(firePassesFilter({}, { minFrp: 1, confidence: 'all' }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    firePassesFilter({ frp: 10 }, { minFrp: 0, confidence: 'nominal' }),
+    false,
+  );
+});
+
+test('filterFires returns the same array for the default filter and preserves order otherwise', () => {
+  const fires = [
+    { frp: 864, confidence: 0.3 },
+    { frp: 20, confidence: 0.6 },
+    { frp: 2, confidence: 0.9 },
+    { frp: 120, confidence: 0.9 },
+  ];
+  assert.equal(filterFires(fires), fires);
+  assert.equal(filterFires(fires, { minFrp: 0, confidence: 'all' }), fires);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    filterFires(fires, { minFrp: 20, confidence: 'all' }).map((f) => f.frp),
+    [864, 20, 120],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    filterFires(fires, { minFrp: 0, confidence: 'high' }).map((f) => f.frp),
+    [2, 120],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    filterFires(fires, { minFrp: 100, confidence: 'nominal' }).map(
+      (f) => f.frp,
+    ),
+    [120],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(filterFires(null, { minFrp: 1, confidence: 'all' }), []);
+});
diff --git a/src/data/firmsLabels.js b/src/data/firmsLabels.js
index b9e9d1765..3af6a15a5 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsLabels.js
+++ b/src/data/firmsLabels.js
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
  * dedicated card canvas moved into the shared world-overlay host.
  */
 
+import { FRP_RAMP, hexToRgb } from './firmsIntensity.js';
+
 /** Shipped ambient FIRMS card ceiling. Selected fires bypass this cohort. */
 export const FIRMS_AMBIENT_COHORT_LIMIT = 18;
 export const FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 'firms';
@@ -23,20 +25,23 @@ export function fireDetectionKey(fire) {
   return `firms:${lat}:${lon}:${acq}:${source}`;
 }
 
-/** Severity accent palette — matches the FIRMS glow-sprite color stops. */
-const ACCENT_RGB = Object.freeze({
-  red: '224, 82, 82',
-  orange: '240, 178, 62',
-  yellow: '244, 227, 108',
-});
+/**
+ * Severity accent palette — the FIRMS glow-sprite color stops (the six-stop
+ * FRP ramp in firmsIntensity.js) as "r, g, b" strings for card accents.
+ */
+const ACCENT_RGB = Object.freeze(
+  Object.fromEntries(
+    FRP_RAMP.map((stop) => [stop.name, hexToRgb(stop.hex).join(', ')]),
+  ),
+);
 
 /**
- * Severity stop name → "r, g, b" accent string (defaults to yellow).
- * @param {string} stopName - 'red' | 'orange' | 'yellow'.
+ * Severity stop name → "r, g, b" accent string (defaults to the coldest stop).
+ * @param {string} stopName - A FRP_RAMP stop name ('blue' … 'red').
  * @returns {string}
  */
 export function accentForSeverity(stopName) {
-  return ACCENT_RGB[stopName] || ACCENT_RGB.yellow;
+  return ACCENT_RGB[stopName] || ACCENT_RGB[FRP_RAMP[0].name];
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/data/firmsLabels.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsLabels.test.mjs
index 8573d7330..62234bb2d 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsLabels.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsLabels.test.mjs
@@ -9,11 +9,16 @@ import {
   formatFrpMw,
 } from './firmsLabels.js';
 
-test('FIRMS formatting helpers retain the shipped severity palette', () => {
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('red'), '224, 82, 82');
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('orange'), '240, 178, 62');
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('yellow'), '244, 227, 108');
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('chartreuse'), accentForSeverity('yellow'));
+test('FIRMS card accents are the six FRP ramp stops, coldest as the fallback', () => {
+  // Portolan hue order; blue #4a5bd4 … red #d1382a (HAL-675).
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('blue'), '74, 91, 212');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('teal'), '57, 160, 168');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('lime'), '201, 207, 74');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('amber'), '242, 177, 52');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('orange'), '232, 114, 44');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('red'), '209, 56, 42');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('yellow'), accentForSeverity('blue'));
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('chartreuse'), accentForSeverity('blue'));
 });
 
 test('FIRMS power that rounds to 10 MW drops the decimal', () => {
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.js b/src/data/layerState.js
index 089c8c08b..c68a67e67 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.js
+++ b/src/data/layerState.js
@@ -298,6 +298,20 @@ function satelliteFilterOption() {
 }
 
 const OPTION_GROUPS = Object.freeze({
+  // Active Fires intensity filter (HAL-676). `minFrp` is whole megawatts on
+  // the codec side; the panel's log slider rounds to it. Both default to
+  // "show everything": many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence.
+  // The bounds and modes mirror MIN_FRP_MW_MAX / FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES in
+  // firmsIntensity.js (pinned by layerState.test); spelled out here because
+  // this file runs in isolation in the token-ledger tests.
+  'local-firms': Object.freeze([
+    boundedIntegerOption('minFrp', 'f', 0, { min: 0, max: 10000 }),
+    enumOption('confidence', 'c', 'all', ['all', 'nominal', 'high'], {
+      all: 'a',
+      nominal: 'n',
+      high: 'h',
+    }),
+  ]),
   traffic: Object.freeze([
     enumOption('roadMode', 'r', null, ['tomtom', 'osm', 'hybrid'], {
       tomtom: 't',
@@ -621,7 +635,12 @@ export const LAYER_STATE_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     token: 'd',
     disposition: 'enabled-only',
   }),
-  Object.freeze({ id: 'local-firms', token: 'w', disposition: 'enabled-only' }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    id: 'local-firms',
+    token: 'w',
+    disposition: 'enabled+options',
+    optionOwner: 'local-firms',
+  }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'military',
     token: 'm',
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
index d05fb9a95..d343fe20f 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import radioLayer from './radio.js';
 import { stampInitialShareGesture } from '../navigationPolicy.js';
 import { MAX_SINCE_DAYS } from '../layers/streetLevel/policy.js';
 import { SINCE_STOPS } from '../ui/streetLevelPresentation.js';
+import { FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES, MIN_FRP_MW_MAX } from './firmsIntensity.js';
 
 function deferred() {
   let resolve;
@@ -2984,9 +2985,89 @@ test('Clear All cancels a saved restore still waiting to start', async () => {
   gate.resolve();
   const results = await restore;
   for (const id of ['earthquakes', 'flights']) {
-    assert.equal(results.find((result) => result.layerId === id).succeeded, false);
+    assert.equal(
+      results.find((result) => result.layerId === id).succeeded,
+      false,
+    );
   }
   assert.deepEqual([...manager.getEnabledLayerIds()], []);
   assert.equal(enabledLayerParam(sink), '');
   coordinator.destroy();
 });
+
+/** Active Fires options decoded from a v2 link with these `lo` assignments. */
+function firmsOptions(lo) {
+  const params = new URLSearchParams([
+    ['v', '2'],
+    ['l', 'w'],
+  ]);
+  if (lo) params.set('lo', lo);
+  return decodeLayerStateParams(params).options['local-firms'];
+}
+
+test('Active Fires: the intensity filter rides share token w and round-trips', () => {
+  const state = createDefaultLayerState();
+  assert.deepEqual(state.options['local-firms'], {
+    minFrp: 0,
+    confidence: 'all',
+  });
+  state.enabledLayerIds = ['local-firms'];
+  state.options['local-firms'] = { minFrp: 20, confidence: 'high' };
+  const encoded = encode(state);
+  assert.equal(new URLSearchParams(encoded).get('l'), 'w');
+  // Other owners write their own explicit defaults into `lo` too (flights 3D,
+  // wind overlay); the fire assignments ride beside them.
+  const assignments = new URLSearchParams(encoded).get('lo').split('_');
+  assert.ok(assignments.includes('w.f.20'), assignments.join(' '));
+  assert.ok(assignments.includes('w.c.h'), assignments.join(' '));
+  const decoded = decodeLayerStateParams(new URLSearchParams(encoded));
+  assert.deepEqual(decoded.options['local-firms'], {
+    minFrp: 20,
+    confidence: 'high',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    parseStoredLayerState(serializeStoredLayerState(state)).options[
+      'local-firms'
+    ],
+    state.options['local-firms'],
+  );
+  // Defaults are omitted from the link: a plain `l=w` is "show everything".
+  const plain = createDefaultLayerState();
+  plain.enabledLayerIds = ['local-firms'];
+  assert.equal(
+    new URLSearchParams(encode(plain))
+      .get('lo')
+      .split('_')
+      .filter((assignment) => assignment.startsWith('w.')).length,
+    0,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(firmsOptions(''), { minFrp: 0, confidence: 'all' });
+});
+
+test('Active Fires: the codec accepts whole megawatts in bounds and the three confidence codes', () => {
+  // The codec spells its bounds out (it runs in isolation in the ledger
+  // tests); they must stay the layer's.
+  assert.equal(MIN_FRP_MW_MAX, 10000);
+  assert.deepEqual([...FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES], ['all', 'nominal', 'high']);
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.f.300').minFrp, 300);
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.f.10000').minFrp, 10000);
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.f.10001').minFrp, 0, 'out of bounds → default');
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.f.-5').minFrp, 0);
+  assert.equal(
+    firmsOptions('w.f.2.5').minFrp,
+    0,
+    'a third segment is rejected',
+  );
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.c.a').confidence, 'all');
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.c.n').confidence, 'nominal');
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.c.h').confidence, 'high');
+  assert.equal(
+    firmsOptions('w.c.x').confidence,
+    'all',
+    'unknown code → default',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(firmsOptions('w.c.n_w.f.5'), {
+    minFrp: 5,
+    confidence: 'nominal',
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 0285917b0..ffee7fb87 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3001,5 +3001,17 @@
   "Your choice applies now, but could not be saved.": "Tu elección se aplica ahora, pero no se pudo guardar.",
   "Voice replies appear here.": "Las respuestas de voz aparecen aquí.",
   "Preview is off.": "La vista previa está desactivada.",
-  "Automatic stop is unavailable for this voice connection.": "La parada automática no está disponible para esta conexión de voz."
+  "Automatic stop is unavailable for this voice connection.": "La parada automática no está disponible para esta conexión de voz.",
+  "fire confidence filter|All": "Todas",
+  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "Nominal+",
+  "fire confidence filter|High": "Alta",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Todas las detecciones — muchos de los incendios más intensos tienen confianza baja",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Detecciones de confianza nominal y alta",
+  "High confidence detections only": "Solo detecciones de confianza alta",
+  "Min FRP": "FRP mín.",
+  "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Potencia radiativa mínima del fuego, en megavatios",
+  "{value} MW": "{value} MW",
+  "fire intensity filter|All": "Todo",
+  "Detection confidence": "Confianza de la detección",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} de {total} mostrados"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index b1c1be229..1cd88757d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3070,5 +3070,17 @@
   "Your choice applies now, but could not be saved.": "Ваш выбор применён, но сохранить его не удалось.",
   "Voice replies appear here.": "Здесь появляются голосовые ответы.",
   "Preview is off.": "Предпросмотр отключён.",
-  "Automatic stop is unavailable for this voice connection.": "Автоматическая остановка недоступна для этого голосового подключения."
+  "Automatic stop is unavailable for this voice connection.": "Автоматическая остановка недоступна для этого голосового подключения.",
+  "fire confidence filter|All": "Все",
+  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "Средняя+",
+  "fire confidence filter|High": "Высокая",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Все детекции — у многих сильнейших пожаров достоверность низкая",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Детекции средней и высокой достоверности",
+  "High confidence detections only": "Только детекции высокой достоверности",
+  "Min FRP": "Мин. FRP",
+  "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Минимальная мощность излучения пожара, мегаватты",
+  "{value} MW": "{value} МВт",
+  "fire intensity filter|All": "Все",
+  "Detection confidence": "Достоверность детекции",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "показано {shown} из {total}"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 9bf76700c..3044c45f8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2863,5 +2863,17 @@
   "{count} placemarks": {
     "other": "{count} 个地标"
   },
-  "S2 Underground publishes these KMZ products to GitHub. New uploads are detected within seconds and replace the previous edition automatically. Click a marker for its report.": "S2 Underground 在 GitHub 发布这些 KMZ 产品。新上传的内容会在数秒内被检测到，并自动替换旧版本。点击标记查看报告。"
+  "S2 Underground publishes these KMZ products to GitHub. New uploads are detected within seconds and replace the previous edition automatically. Click a marker for its report.": "S2 Underground 在 GitHub 发布这些 KMZ 产品。新上传的内容会在数秒内被检测到，并自动替换旧版本。点击标记查看报告。",
+  "fire confidence filter|All": "全部",
+  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "标称+",
+  "fire confidence filter|High": "高",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "所有检测——许多最强的火点置信度为低",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "标称和高置信度的检测",
+  "High confidence detections only": "仅高置信度的检测",
+  "Min FRP": "最小 FRP",
+  "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "最小火辐射功率（兆瓦）",
+  "{value} MW": "{value} MW",
+  "fire intensity filter|All": "全部",
+  "Detection confidence": "检测置信度",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "显示 {shown} / {total}"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index 05f5d3dee..5f1b14f8a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@
     "WX",
     "audio {state}",
     "dB",
+    "fire confidence filter|Nominal+",
     "fire confidence|nominal",
     "ft",
     "hPa",
@@ -120,6 +121,7 @@
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
+    "{value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
@@ -168,9 +170,9 @@
     "MM",
     "NVG",
     "REC",
-    "SRC {value}",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "S2 · {name}",
+    "SRC {value}",
     "Sentinel-2",
     "Techno",
     "Trance",
@@ -195,6 +197,7 @@
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/S",
+    "{value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js b/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
index 494ab5f1e..215c35da3 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { adaptFirmsRecords } from '../../data/firmsAdapt.js';
 import { fireDetectionKey } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
+import { filterFires } from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
 import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export function createIngestion({
@@ -40,12 +41,13 @@ export function createIngestion({
       layerState._stale = Boolean(payload?.stale);
       const previousSelection = layerState._selectedFire;
       layerState._selectedFire = null;
-      layerState._fires = adaptFirmsRecords(payload?.fires);
-      layerState._cellCacheByGrid.clear(); // aggregation is per-dataset — new fires, new cells
-      layerState._firesByFrp = [...layerState._fires].sort(
+      layerState._allFires = adaptFirmsRecords(payload?.fires);
+      // Sorted once per payload; applyFilter only filters, so a slider drag
+      // over 200k detections never re-sorts.
+      layerState._allFiresByFrp = [...layerState._allFires].sort(
         (a, b) => b.frp - a.frp,
       );
-      layerState._count = layerState._fires.length;
+      applyFilter();
       // Data age, not response age: a stale proxy payload truthfully reads old.
       layerState._lastUpdate = Number.isFinite(payload?.fetchedAt)
         ? payload.fetchedAt
@@ -65,6 +67,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
       }
       components.rendering.renderCurrentLod(true);
       if (reselected) components.selection.selectFire(reselected, false);
+      layerState._rowControlsListener?.();
     } catch (error) {
       if (
         request.signal.aborted ||
@@ -83,6 +86,25 @@ export function createIngestion({
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Run the intensity filter over the loaded payload. This is the ONE place
+   * the shown set is derived: `_fires` / `_firesByFrp` feed markers, cards,
+   * heat cells, the context store, the top-fires query and the analyst
+   * records, so none of them can disagree about which fires exist. Cells are
+   * aggregated per shown set, so the cache goes with it.
+   */
+
+  function applyFilter() {
+    layerState._fires = filterFires(layerState._allFires, layerState._filter);
+    layerState._cellCacheByGrid.clear();
+    layerState._firesByFrp = filterFires(
+      layerState._allFiresByFrp,
+      layerState._filter,
+    );
+    layerState._count = layerState._fires.length;
+    layerState._totalCount = layerState._allFires.length;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Find the record in the freshly-loaded set matching a previous selection.
    * Identity is the detection itself (lat/lon/acquisition time) — indices
@@ -109,5 +131,5 @@ export function createIngestion({
     },
   };
 
-  return { loadHeatmap, findMatchingFire, methods };
+  return { loadHeatmap, applyFilter, findMatchingFire, methods };
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
index 7e0b42a00..1138504dd 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
@@ -91,10 +91,14 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       components.rendering.removeDetectionCollections(viewer);
       components.selection.clearContextRegistrations();
       clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer(id);
+      layerState._allFires = [];
+      layerState._allFiresByFrp = [];
       layerState._fires = [];
       layerState._firesByFrp = [];
       layerState._cellCacheByGrid.clear();
       layerState._count = 0;
+      layerState._totalCount = 0;
+      layerState._rowControlsListener = null;
       layerState._cellCount = 0;
       layerState._lastUpdate = null;
       layerState._keyRequired = false;
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/model.js b/src/layers/firms/model.js
index 14b875bf8..a90066cc6 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/model.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   accentForSeverity,
   formatFrpMw,
 } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
+import { FRP_RAMP, frpRampStop } from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
 import {
   VIEW_PADDING,
   DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS,
@@ -119,27 +120,42 @@ export function createModel({
     );
   }
 
-  function heatColor(value, alpha) {
-    if (value > 0.72) return Cesium.Color.RED.withAlpha(alpha);
-    if (value > 0.42) return Cesium.Color.ORANGE.withAlpha(alpha);
-    return Cesium.Color.YELLOW.withAlpha(alpha);
+  /**
+   * The ramp stop for a fire radiative power (stepped, coldest first).
+   * Intensity alone drives the color: confidence feeds the card text and the
+   * switch, brightness is unreliable (saturates at 367 K) — see HAL-675.
+   * @param {number} frp - Megawatts.
+   * @returns {{name: string, minFrp: number, color: Cesium.Color}}
+   */
+
+  function frpColorStop(frp) {
+    const name = frpRampStop(frp).name;
+    return (
+      DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS.find((stop) => stop.name === name) ||
+      DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS[0]
+    );
   }
 
   /**
-   * Pick a sprite color stop from FRP + confidence, reusing the same
-   * yellow → orange → red thresholds as the aggregated heat cells.
+   * Fill color for an aggregated heat cell: the ramp color of its strongest
+   * detection, so cells, markers and the slider legend read on one scale.
+   * @param {number} maxFrp - Strongest FRP in the cell, megawatts.
+   * @param {number} alpha - Fill alpha (heat-normalized by the caller).
+   * @returns {Cesium.Color}
+   */
+
+  function heatColor(maxFrp, alpha) {
+    return frpColorStop(maxFrp).color.withAlpha(alpha);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Pick a sprite color stop for one detection from its FRP on the shared ramp.
    * @param {Object} fire - Detection record.
    * @returns {{name: string, color: Cesium.Color}}
    */
 
   function detectionColorStop(fire) {
-    const heat = Math.min(
-      1,
-      Math.sqrt(Math.max(0, fire.frp) / 150) * 0.85 + fire.confidence * 0.15,
-    );
-    if (heat > 0.72) return DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS[0];
-    if (heat > 0.42) return DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS[1];
-    return DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS[2];
+    return frpColorStop(fire?.frp);
   }
 
   /** FRP → core marker pixel size, clamped to 8..28px. */
@@ -418,7 +434,7 @@ export function createModel({
       position: candidate.position,
       cullPosition: candidate.cullPosition || candidate.position,
       gapPx: 10,
-      accent: candidate.accent || accentForSeverity('yellow'),
+      accent: candidate.accent || accentForSeverity(FRP_RAMP[0].name),
       title: `${cell.count} ${noun}`,
       details: [parts.join(' · ')],
       selected: false,
@@ -460,16 +476,14 @@ export function createModel({
   }
 
   /**
-   * Heat-normalized cell score → severity accent, mirroring heatColor's
-   * red/orange/yellow thresholds.
-   * @param {number} normalized - 0..1 normalized heat score.
+   * Cell card accent: the ramp stop of the cell's strongest detection,
+   * mirroring heatColor.
+   * @param {number} maxFrp - Strongest FRP in the cell, megawatts.
    * @returns {string} "r, g, b" accent string.
    */
 
-  function cellAccent(normalized) {
-    if (normalized > 0.72) return accentForSeverity('red');
-    if (normalized > 0.42) return accentForSeverity('orange');
-    return accentForSeverity('yellow');
+  function cellAccent(maxFrp) {
+    return accentForSeverity(frpColorStop(maxFrp).name);
   }
 
   /** Coordinate line like "30.512°N 75.831°E". */
@@ -576,6 +590,7 @@ export function createModel({
     cellIntersectsBounds,
     heatScore,
     heatColor,
+    frpColorStop,
     detectionColorStop,
     frpPixelSize,
     sizeBucket,
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/policy.js b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
index 673aab871..18ea88238 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { FIRMS_AMBIENT_COHORT_LIMIT } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
+import { FRP_RAMP } from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 
 /** Client poll interval; the proxy's 30 min TTL is what guards upstream quota. */
@@ -88,10 +89,16 @@ export const CULL_LIFT_THRESHOLD_M = 10;
 
 export const CULL_LIFT_M = 12;
 
-/** Color stops shared by cell heat fills and detection glow sprites. */
+/**
+ * Color stops shared by cell heat fills and detection glow sprites: the
+ * six-stop cold → hot FRP ramp (firmsIntensity.js), coldest first, as Cesium
+ * colors. Stop names key the glow-sprite cache and the card accents.
+ */
 
-export const DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS = [
-  { name: 'red', color: Cesium.Color.RED },
-  { name: 'orange', color: Cesium.Color.ORANGE },
-  { name: 'yellow', color: Cesium.Color.YELLOW },
-];
+export const DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS = FRP_RAMP.map((stop) =>
+  Object.freeze({
+    name: stop.name,
+    minFrp: stop.minFrp,
+    color: Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(stop.hex),
+  }),
+);
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/queries.js b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
index 5f663cc97..220012133 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 import { fireDetectionKey } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
-import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES,
+  FRP_SLIDER_TICKS,
+  firePassesFilter,
+  frpForSliderPosition,
+  normalizeFireFilter,
+  rampTrackGradient,
+  sliderPositionForFrp,
+} from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS } from './policy.js';
 
+/** Slider resolution: whole-percent positions along the log axis. */
+const SLIDER_STEPS = 1000;
+
 export function createQueries({
   layerState,
   services,
@@ -11,6 +23,25 @@ export function createQueries({
 }) {
   const { id, name, icon, source } = config;
 
+  /** Whole-megawatt label for a slider value or tick ("0", "20", "1 000"). */
+  function frpLabel(frp) {
+    return formatNumber(frp, { maximumFractionDigits: 0 });
+  }
+
+  const confidenceLabels = () => ({
+    all: t('All', { context: 'fire confidence filter' }),
+    nominal: t('Nominal+', { context: 'fire confidence filter' }),
+    high: t('High', { context: 'fire confidence filter' }),
+  });
+
+  const confidenceTitles = () => ({
+    all: t(
+      'Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence',
+    ),
+    nominal: t('Nominal and high confidence detections'),
+    high: t('High confidence detections only'),
+  });
+
   const methods = {
     /** Return the selected detection as a plain record for application consumers. */
     getSelectedInfo() {
@@ -51,6 +82,109 @@ export function createQueries({
     // not this interval — is what protects the upstream FIRMS quota).
     updateInterval: REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS,
 
+    /**
+     * The intensity filter as layer options (share token `w`, owner
+     * `local-firms` in layerState.js).
+     * @returns {{minFrp: number, confidence: string}}
+     */
+    getParams() {
+      return { ...layerState._filter };
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Apply a (partial) intensity filter. Invalid fields keep their current
+     * value. The filter runs in one place (ingestion.applyFilter) and the LOD
+     * rebuild re-derives markers, cells, cards and context registrations from
+     * the shown set; a selected fire that no longer passes is deselected.
+     * @param {{minFrp?: number, confidence?: string}} params
+     * @returns {boolean} True — the request is always accepted.
+     */
+    setParams(params = {}) {
+      const next = normalizeFireFilter(params, layerState._filter);
+      if (
+        next.minFrp === layerState._filter.minFrp &&
+        next.confidence === layerState._filter.confidence
+      )
+        return true;
+      layerState._filter = next;
+      if (!layerState._allFires.length) return true;
+      components.ingestion.applyFilter();
+      if (
+        layerState._selectedFire &&
+        !firePassesFilter(layerState._selectedFire, next)
+      ) {
+        components.selection.clearFireSelection();
+      }
+      if (layerState._enabled) components.rendering.renderCurrentLod(true);
+      layerState._rowControlsListener?.();
+      return true;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Row controls under the Active Fires row: the log-scale minimum-FRP
+     * slider whose track is painted with the intensity ramp (so it doubles as
+     * the legend), the All / Nominal+ / High confidence switch, and the
+     * "N of M shown" counter.
+     */
+    getRowControls() {
+      const { minFrp, confidence } = layerState._filter;
+      const labels = confidenceLabels();
+      const titles = confidenceTitles();
+      const shown = layerState._count;
+      const total = layerState._totalCount;
+      return {
+        slider: {
+          id: 'min-frp',
+          label: t('Min FRP'),
+          ariaLabel: t('Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts'),
+          valueText:
+            minFrp > 0
+              ? t('{value} MW', { value: frpLabel(minFrp) })
+              : t('All', { context: 'fire intensity filter' }),
+          min: 0,
+          max: SLIDER_STEPS,
+          step: 1,
+          value: Math.round(sliderPositionForFrp(minFrp) * SLIDER_STEPS),
+          track: rampTrackGradient(),
+          ticks: FRP_SLIDER_TICKS.map((frp) => ({
+            at: sliderPositionForFrp(frp),
+            label: frpLabel(frp),
+          })),
+          params: (value) => ({
+            minFrp: frpForSliderPosition(Number(value) / SLIDER_STEPS),
+          }),
+        },
+        segmented: {
+          id: 'confidence',
+          ariaLabel: t('Detection confidence'),
+          options: FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES.map((mode) => ({
+            id: `confidence-${mode}`,
+            label: labels[mode],
+            title: titles[mode],
+            active: mode === confidence,
+            params: { confidence: mode },
+          })),
+        },
+        info: total
+          ? t('{shown} of {total} shown', {
+              shown: formatNumber(shown),
+              total: formatNumber(total),
+            })
+          : '',
+      };
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Install the panel's "row controls changed" callback: a load or a filter
+     * change moves the counter, and nothing else repaints the row before the
+     * next scheduled refresh.
+     * @param {(() => void)|null} listener
+     */
+    setRowControlsListener(listener) {
+      layerState._rowControlsListener =
+        typeof listener === 'function' ? listener : null;
+    },
+
     /**
      * Layer stats for the data panel. Degraded feed states surface through
      * `error` (established qa-failstate pattern: a dead feed must never look
@@ -84,7 +218,9 @@ export function createQueries({
         });
       }
       return {
+        // Shown (filtered) detections; `total` is the loaded payload.
         count: layerState._count,
+        total: layerState._totalCount,
         cells: layerState._cellCount,
         lastUpdate: layerState._lastUpdate,
         loading: layerState._loading,
@@ -176,8 +312,12 @@ export function createQueries({
     _bindInteractionForTest(viewer, fires = []) {
       layerState._viewer = viewer;
       layerState._enabled = true;
+      layerState._allFires = fires;
+      layerState._allFiresByFrp = [...fires];
       layerState._fires = fires;
       layerState._firesByFrp = [...fires];
+      layerState._count = fires.length;
+      layerState._totalCount = fires.length;
       layerState._pickIndexById.clear();
       layerState._labelLodDistance = 1e7;
       layerState._labelCandidates = fires.map((fire) => {
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
index 8ae445f91..757fd4cf7 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ export function createRendering({
       const score = components.model.heatScore(cell);
       const normalized = Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(score / maxScore));
       const alpha = 0.16 + normalized * 0.5;
-      const color = components.model.heatColor(normalized, alpha);
+      const color = components.model.heatColor(cell.maxFrp, alpha);
       const centerLon = cell.lonCell + lod.gridDegrees / 2;
       const centerLat = cell.latCell + lod.gridDegrees / 2;
       const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(centerLon, centerLat, 0);
@@ -170,13 +170,12 @@ export function createRendering({
       });
 
       // Cells arrive heat-sorted, so candidate order doubles as label priority.
-      // Accent is resolved here because `normalized` only exists in this walk.
       layerState._labelCandidates.push({
         position,
         cullPosition: components.model.cellCullPosition(centerLon, centerLat),
         fire: null,
         cell,
-        accent: components.model.cellAccent(normalized),
+        accent: components.model.cellAccent(cell.maxFrp),
       });
     }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/state.js b/src/layers/firms/state.js
index 48ae11db2..d84ee2026 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/state.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER } from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
 
 export function createFirmsState({ services, config }) {
   const layerState = {};
@@ -39,12 +40,39 @@ export function createFirmsState({ services, config }) {
 
   layerState._error = null;
 
+  /** Every adapted detection in the current payload, before the filter. */
+
+  layerState._allFires = [];
+
+  /** `_allFires` sorted by FRP descending, once per payload. */
+
+  layerState._allFiresByFrp = [];
+
+  /**
+   * The detections that pass the intensity filter — the ONLY set rendering,
+   * selection, cells, the top-fires query and the analyst records ever walk.
+   */
+
   layerState._fires = [];
 
   layerState._firesByFrp = [];
 
+  /** Shown (filtered) detection count. */
+
   layerState._count = 0;
 
+  /** Loaded detection count before the filter ("N of M shown"). */
+
+  layerState._totalCount = 0;
+
+  /** Minimum FRP (MW) and confidence mode; see firmsIntensity.js. */
+
+  layerState._filter = { ...DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER };
+
+  /** Panel callback: repaint the row controls (counter) after a load. */
+
+  layerState._rowControlsListener = null;
+
   layerState._cellCount = 0;
 
   layerState._lastUpdate = null;
diff --git a/src/share/viewCodec.js b/src/share/viewCodec.js
index 84ba8fbc1..18f64e0aa 100644
--- a/src/share/viewCodec.js
+++ b/src/share/viewCodec.js
@@ -255,6 +255,7 @@ export const SHARE_VIEW_FLAGS = freezeAll([
  * written explicitly.
  */
 export const SHARE_VIEW_LAYER_OPTION_ABSENT = Object.freeze({
+  'local-firms': Object.freeze({ minFrp: 0, confidence: 'all' }),
   traffic: Object.freeze({ roadMode: null }),
   'weather-lightning': Object.freeze({ opacity: 'strong' }),
   'weather-radar': Object.freeze({ opacity: 'strong' }),
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/hazards.js b/src/tools/queries/hazards.js
index 2b11c639c..e671db426 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/hazards.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/hazards.js
@@ -4,6 +4,14 @@ import { suggestView } from '../views.js';
 import { defineTool, ToolError } from '../catalog.js';
 import { AREA_SCHEMA, areaContains, resolveArea } from '../area.js';
 import { LIMIT_SCHEMA, capRows, countNoun, isoTime } from '../results.js';
+import {
+  FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES,
+  MIN_FRP_MW_MAX,
+  MIN_FRP_MW_MIN,
+  firePassesFilter,
+  normalizeFireFilter,
+} from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
+import { normalizeConfidence } from '../../data/firmsAdapt.js';
 
 function acquiredMsUtc(acqDate, acqTime) {
   if (typeof acqDate !== 'string' || !/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/.test(acqDate))
@@ -87,10 +95,30 @@ export const getActiveFires = defineTool({
   title: 'Active fires',
   description:
     'Satellite fire detections from NASA FIRMS in the last 24 hours within an ' +
-    'area, most intense (fire radiative power) first.',
+    'area, most intense (fire radiative power) first. Optionally limited to a ' +
+    'minimum fire radiative power in megawatts and a confidence level — the ' +
+    "same filter as the Active Fires layer's intensity controls.",
   inputSchema: {
     type: 'object',
-    properties: { area: AREA_SCHEMA, limit: LIMIT_SCHEMA },
+    properties: {
+      area: AREA_SCHEMA,
+      min_frp_mw: {
+        type: 'number',
+        minimum: MIN_FRP_MW_MIN,
+        maximum: MIN_FRP_MW_MAX,
+        description:
+          'Hide detections weaker than this fire radiative power (MW). ' +
+          'A typical detection is ~6 MW; 20 MW keeps the top tenth, 100 MW the top percent.',
+      },
+      confidence: {
+        type: 'string',
+        enum: [...FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES],
+        description:
+          '"all" (default), "nominal" (nominal and high), or "high". Many of the ' +
+          'strongest fires are rated low confidence, so prefer "all" unless asked.',
+      },
+      limit: LIMIT_SCHEMA,
+    },
     required: ['area'],
     additionalProperties: false,
   },
@@ -103,9 +131,31 @@ export const getActiveFires = defineTool({
         'unavailable',
         'Fire detections need a NASA FIRMS key configured for this server',
       );
+    const filter = normalizeFireFilter({
+      minFrp: args.min_frp_mw,
+      confidence: args.confidence,
+    });
     const fires = snapshot.fires
-      .filter((fire) => areaContains(area, fire))
+      .filter(
+        (fire) =>
+          areaContains(area, fire) &&
+          firePassesFilter(
+            {
+              frp: Number(fire.frp),
+              confidence: normalizeConfidence(fire.confidence),
+            },
+            filter,
+          ),
+      )
       .sort((a, b) => (b.frp ?? 0) - (a.frp ?? 0));
+    const filterNotes = [
+      ...(filter.minFrp > 0 ? [`≥ ${filter.minFrp} MW`] : []),
+      ...(filter.confidence !== 'all'
+        ? [
+            `${filter.confidence === 'high' ? 'high' : 'nominal or high'} confidence`,
+          ]
+        : []),
+    ];
     const result = capRows(fires, args.limit);
     // The proxy serves its last good snapshot when a refresh fails, and marks
     // satellites whose download failed.
@@ -119,10 +169,16 @@ export const getActiveFires = defineTool({
     ];
     return {
       summary:
-        `${countNoun(fires.length, 'fire detection')} in ${area.label} in the last 24 hours` +
+        `${countNoun(fires.length, 'fire detection')}` +
+        (filterNotes.length ? ` (${filterNotes.join(', ')})` : '') +
+        ` in ${area.label} in the last 24 hours` +
         (notes.length ? ` (${notes.join('; ')}).` : '.'),
       data: {
         view: suggestView(services, { area, layers: ['local-firms'] }),
+        filter: {
+          min_frp_mw: filter.minFrp,
+          confidence: filter.confidence,
+        },
         stale,
         missing_sources: missing,
         fetched_at: isoTime(snapshot.fetchedAt),
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/hazards.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/hazards.test.mjs
index fa17158dd..c1d3eb43a 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/hazards.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/hazards.test.mjs
@@ -44,3 +44,39 @@ test('fire acquisition timestamps preserve valid leap days and UTC times', async
     assert.equal(result.data.rows[0].acquired, expected);
   }
 });
+
+const WEEK = [
+  { lat: 24.1, lon: 121.1, frp: 864, confidence: 'l', acqDate: '2026-10-01', acqTime: '0100' },
+  { lat: 24.2, lon: 121.2, frp: 120, confidence: 'h', acqDate: '2026-10-01', acqTime: '0100' },
+  { lat: 24.3, lon: 121.3, frp: 20, confidence: 'n', acqDate: '2026-10-01', acqTime: '0100' },
+  { lat: 24.4, lon: 121.4, frp: 2, confidence: 'h', acqDate: '2026-10-01', acqTime: '0100' },
+  { lat: 30, lon: 100, frp: 500, confidence: 'h', acqDate: '2026-10-01', acqTime: '0100' },
+];
+const TAIWAN = { area: { bbox: [120, 23, 122, 25] } };
+
+test('get_active_fires shows every detection by default and reports the filter it used', async () => {
+  const result = await catalogWith(WEEK).call('get_active_fires', TAIWAN);
+  assert.deepEqual(result.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw), [864, 120, 20, 2]);
+  assert.deepEqual(result.data.filter, { min_frp_mw: 0, confidence: 'all' });
+  assert.match(result.summary, /^4 fire detections in /);
+});
+
+test('get_active_fires applies the same minimum-FRP and confidence filter as the layer', async () => {
+  const catalog = catalogWith(WEEK);
+  const strong = await catalog.call('get_active_fires', { ...TAIWAN, min_frp_mw: 20 });
+  assert.deepEqual(strong.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw), [864, 120, 20]);
+  assert.match(strong.summary, /^3 fire detections \(≥ 20 MW\) in /);
+
+  const nominal = await catalog.call('get_active_fires', { ...TAIWAN, confidence: 'nominal' });
+  assert.deepEqual(nominal.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw), [120, 20, 2], 'the 864 MW low-confidence fire drops');
+  assert.match(nominal.summary, /\(nominal or high confidence\)/);
+
+  const both = await catalog.call('get_active_fires', {
+    ...TAIWAN,
+    min_frp_mw: 19.6,
+    confidence: 'high',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(both.data.rows.map((row) => row.frp_mw), [120]);
+  assert.deepEqual(both.data.filter, { min_frp_mw: 20, confidence: 'high' });
+  assert.match(both.summary, /\(≥ 20 MW, high confidence\)/);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel.js b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
index 18b71dabf..dc6566848 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { syncChipGroup } from './chipGroup.js';
+import { syncSegmentedGroup, syncSliderBlock } from './rowFilterControls.js';
 import { syncRowList } from './rowList.js';
 import { layerFeedState } from '../data/feedState.js';
 export { layerFeedState } from '../data/feedState.js';
@@ -388,18 +389,42 @@ export class LayerPanel {
           const controls = document.createElement('div');
           controls.className = 'data-toggle-controls';
           this._bind(controls, 'click', (event) => {
-            const button = event.target?.closest?.('.data-toggle-chip');
+            const button =
+              event.target?.closest?.('.data-toggle-chip') ||
+              event.target?.closest?.('.data-toggle-segment');
             if (!button || button.disabled) return;
             // Re-read the live descriptor rather than trusting the rendered
             // chip, so a stale row can never apply an inverted toggle.
-            const chip = this._rowControlsFor(layer.id)?.chips?.find(
-              (entry) => entry.id === button.dataset.chipId,
-            );
+            const live = this._rowControlsFor(layer.id);
+            const chip =
+              live?.chips?.find(
+                (entry) => entry.id === button.dataset.chipId,
+              ) ||
+              live?.segmented?.options?.find(
+                (entry) => entry.id === button.dataset.chipId,
+              );
             if (!chip || chip.disabled || !this.isEnabled(layer.id)) return;
             if (typeof chip.onClick === 'function') chip.onClick();
             else if (chip.params)
               this.setLayerParams(layer.id, chip.params, { origin: 'user' });
           });
+          // A row slider (e.g. the Active Fires minimum-FRP filter) maps its
+          // position to params through the live descriptor on every tick.
+          this._bind(controls, 'input', (event) => {
+            const input = event.target;
+            if (!input?.matches?.('.data-toggle-slider-input')) return;
+            const slider = this._rowControlsFor(layer.id)?.slider;
+            if (
+              !slider ||
+              slider.id !== input.dataset.sliderId ||
+              typeof slider.params !== 'function' ||
+              !this.isEnabled(layer.id)
+            )
+              return;
+            this.setLayerParams(layer.id, slider.params(input.value), {
+              origin: 'user',
+            });
+          });
           row.appendChild(controls);
           // An ordered list below the chips, for a layer whose row carries a
           // sequence (turn-by-turn directions). Its own delegated listener, its
@@ -521,13 +546,30 @@ export class LayerPanel {
     const chips = controls?.chips || [];
     const legend = controls?.legend || [];
     const infoText = controls?.info;
+    const slider = controls?.slider || null;
+    const segmented = controls?.segmented || null;
     this._syncRowList(listContainer, controls?.list || null);
-    container.hidden = chips.length === 0 && legend.length === 0 && !infoText;
+    container.hidden =
+      chips.length === 0 &&
+      legend.length === 0 &&
+      !infoText &&
+      !slider &&
+      !segmented;
 
     const info = container._rowControlsInfo || null;
     const firstLegend = container.querySelector('.data-toggle-legend-item');
 
-    syncChipGroup(container, chips, { before: firstLegend || info });
+    // Order: chips, switch, slider, legend, info.
+    syncSegmentedGroup(container, segmented, { before: firstLegend || info });
+    const switchNode = container.querySelector('.data-toggle-segmented');
+    syncSliderBlock(container, slider, {
+      before: switchNode?.nextSibling || firstLegend || info,
+    });
+    const firstControl =
+      switchNode || container.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider');
+    syncChipGroup(container, chips, {
+      before: firstControl || firstLegend || info,
+    });
 
     const legendSignature = JSON.stringify(
       legend.map(({ label, color, count, blurb }) => [
diff --git a/src/ui/rowFilterControls.js b/src/ui/rowFilterControls.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0299d24b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/rowFilterControls.js
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+import { createSlider } from './slider.js';
+import { syncSegmentedControl } from './segmentedControl.js';
+
+const set = (node, key, value) => {
+  if (node[key] !== value) node[key] = value;
+};
+const attribute = (node, key, value) => {
+  if (node.getAttribute(key) !== value) node.setAttribute(key, value);
+};
+// Custom properties need setProperty; test fixtures carry a plain style bag.
+const styleVar = (node, name, value) => {
+  if (typeof node.style?.setProperty === 'function') {
+    if (value) node.style.setProperty(name, value);
+    else node.style.removeProperty(name);
+  } else if (node.style) node.style[name] = value || '';
+};
+
+/**
+ * Reconcile a layer row's quantitative slider block in place (keyed by the
+ * descriptor id), so a refresh triggered by the slider's own input never
+ * replaces the node under the pointer. The caller owns dispatch: it listens
+ * for `input` on the row container and reads `.data-toggle-slider-input`.
+ *
+ * Descriptor: `{ id, label, ariaLabel, valueText, min, max, step, value,
+ * track, ticks: [{ at, label }] }` — `track` is a CSS background painting the
+ * runnable track (a color ramp doubles as the legend), `at` is 0..1.
+ * @param {HTMLElement} container The row's `.data-toggle-controls` node.
+ * @param {?object} slider Descriptor, or null to remove the block.
+ * @param {{before?: ?Node}} [options] Insertion anchor for a new block.
+ * @returns {?HTMLElement} The block, when rendered.
+ */
+export function syncSliderBlock(container, slider, { before = null } = {}) {
+  if (!container) return null;
+  const document = container.ownerDocument ?? globalThis.document;
+  const existing = [...container.children].find(
+    (node) => node.dataset?.sliderId,
+  );
+  if (!slider) {
+    existing?.remove();
+    return null;
+  }
+  let block = existing;
+  if (!block || block.dataset.sliderId !== slider.id) {
+    existing?.remove();
+    block = document.createElement('div');
+    block.className = 'data-toggle-slider';
+    block.dataset.sliderId = slider.id;
+    const head = document.createElement('div');
+    head.className = 'data-toggle-slider-head';
+    const label = document.createElement('span');
+    label.className = 'data-toggle-slider-label';
+    const value = document.createElement('span');
+    value.className = 'data-toggle-slider-value gev-slider-value';
+    head.append(label, value);
+    const input = createSlider({
+      documentRef: document,
+      className: 'data-toggle-slider-input',
+      min: slider.min,
+      max: slider.max,
+      step: slider.step,
+      value: slider.value,
+    });
+    input.dataset.sliderId = slider.id;
+    const ticks = document.createElement('div');
+    ticks.className = 'data-toggle-slider-ticks';
+    block.append(head, input, ticks);
+    block._parts = { label, value, input, ticks };
+    container.insertBefore(block, before);
+  }
+  const { label, value, input, ticks } = block._parts;
+  set(label, 'textContent', slider.label ?? '');
+  set(value, 'textContent', slider.valueText ?? '');
+  set(input, 'min', String(slider.min));
+  set(input, 'max', String(slider.max));
+  set(input, 'step', String(slider.step ?? 1));
+  // Never move the thumb under an active drag: the layer's rounded value can
+  // sit a hair off the pointer, and a refresh runs on every input tick.
+  if (document.activeElement !== input)
+    set(input, 'value', String(slider.value));
+  if (slider.ariaLabel) attribute(input, 'aria-label', slider.ariaLabel);
+  if (slider.valueText) attribute(input, 'aria-valuetext', slider.valueText);
+  const track = slider.track || '';
+  if ((block.dataset.track || '') !== track) {
+    styleVar(input, '--slider-track', track);
+    block.dataset.track = track;
+  }
+  const signature = JSON.stringify(slider.ticks || []);
+  if (block.dataset.ticks !== signature) {
+    for (const node of [...ticks.children]) node.remove();
+    for (const tick of slider.ticks || []) {
+      const node = document.createElement('span');
+      node.className = 'data-toggle-slider-tick';
+      styleVar(node, '--at', `${(tick.at * 100).toFixed(2)}%`);
+      node.textContent = tick.label;
+      ticks.appendChild(node);
+    }
+    block.dataset.ticks = signature;
+  }
+  return block;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reconcile a one-of-many switch (`.gev-segmented` radiogroup) in place.
+ * Buttons carry `data-chip-id` like chips so the row's delegated click handler
+ * can resolve them; the caller matches `.data-toggle-segment`.
+ *
+ * Descriptor: `{ id, ariaLabel, options: [{ id, label, title, active,
+ * disabled, params }] }`.
+ * @param {HTMLElement} container The row's `.data-toggle-controls` node.
+ * @param {?object} segmented Descriptor, or null to remove the group.
+ * @param {{before?: ?Node}} [options] Insertion anchor for a new group.
+ * @returns {?HTMLElement} The group, when rendered.
+ */
+export function syncSegmentedGroup(
+  container,
+  segmented,
+  { before = null } = {},
+) {
+  if (!container) return null;
+  const document = container.ownerDocument ?? globalThis.document;
+  const existing = [...container.children].find(
+    (node) => node.dataset?.segmentedId,
+  );
+  if (!segmented) {
+    existing?.remove();
+    return null;
+  }
+  let group = existing;
+  if (!group || group.dataset.segmentedId !== segmented.id) {
+    existing?.remove();
+    group = document.createElement('div');
+    group.className = 'gev-segmented data-toggle-segmented';
+    group.dataset.segmentedId = segmented.id;
+    group.setAttribute('role', 'radiogroup');
+    container.insertBefore(group, before);
+  }
+  if (segmented.ariaLabel) attribute(group, 'aria-label', segmented.ariaLabel);
+  const stale = new Map();
+  for (const node of [...group.children])
+    if (node.dataset?.chipId) stale.set(node.dataset.chipId, node);
+  const ordered = [];
+  for (const option of segmented.options || []) {
+    let button = stale.get(option.id);
+    stale.delete(option.id);
+    if (!button) {
+      button = document.createElement('button');
+      button.type = 'button';
+      button.className = 'gev-segment data-toggle-segment';
+      button.dataset.chipId = option.id;
+      button.setAttribute('role', 'radio');
+    }
+    set(button, 'textContent', option.label);
+    set(button, 'title', option.title || '');
+    set(button, 'disabled', Boolean(option.disabled));
+    ordered.push(button);
+  }
+  for (const node of stale.values()) node.remove();
+  ordered.forEach((node, index) => {
+    if (group.children[index] !== node)
+      group.insertBefore(node, group.children[index] || null);
+  });
+  const active = (segmented.options || []).find((option) => option.active);
+  syncSegmentedControl(ordered, active?.id, {
+    valueOf: (button) => button.dataset.chipId,
+    activeClass: 'active',
+    rovingFocus: true,
+  });
+  return group;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/rowFilterControls.test.mjs b/src/ui/rowFilterControls.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cc8fb1d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/rowFilterControls.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { syncSegmentedGroup, syncSliderBlock } from './rowFilterControls.js';
+import { railFixture } from './railTestFixture.mjs';
+
+const sliderDescriptor = (overrides = {}) => ({
+  id: 'min-frp',
+  label: 'MIN FRP',
+  ariaLabel: 'Minimum fire radiative power',
+  valueText: 'All',
+  min: 0,
+  max: 1000,
+  step: 1,
+  value: 0,
+  track: 'linear-gradient(90deg, #4a5bd4 0% 23%, #d1382a 82% 100%)',
+  ticks: [
+    { at: 0, label: '0' },
+    { at: 0.233, label: '5' },
+    { at: 0.826, label: '300' },
+  ],
+  params: (value) => ({ minFrp: Number(value) }),
+  ...overrides,
+});
+
+const segmentedDescriptor = (active = 'all') => ({
+  id: 'confidence',
+  ariaLabel: 'Detection confidence',
+  options: ['all', 'nominal', 'high'].map((mode) => ({
+    id: `confidence-${mode}`,
+    label: mode.toUpperCase(),
+    title: `${mode} title`,
+    active: mode === active,
+    params: { confidence: mode },
+  })),
+});
+
+test('the slider block renders label, value, painted track and ticks, and is reconciled in place', () => {
+  const f = railFixture();
+  const container = f.document.createElement('div');
+  const block = syncSliderBlock(container, sliderDescriptor());
+  assert.equal(block.className, 'data-toggle-slider');
+  assert.equal(block.dataset.sliderId, 'min-frp');
+  const input = block.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider-input');
+  assert.equal(input.type, 'range');
+  assert.equal(input.max, '1000');
+  assert.equal(input.value, '0');
+  assert.equal(
+    input.getAttribute('aria-label'),
+    'Minimum fire radiative power',
+  );
+  assert.equal(input.getAttribute('aria-valuetext'), 'All');
+  assert.match(input.style['--slider-track'], /^linear-gradient/);
+  assert.equal(
+    block.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider-label').textContent,
+    'MIN FRP',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    block.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider-value').textContent,
+    'All',
+  );
+  const ticks = block.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider-ticks');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ticks.children.map((node) => [node.textContent, node.style['--at']]),
+    [
+      ['0', '0.00%'],
+      ['5', '23.30%'],
+      ['300', '82.60%'],
+    ],
+  );
+
+  const again = syncSliderBlock(
+    container,
+    sliderDescriptor({ value: 434, valueText: '20 MW' }),
+  );
+  assert.equal(again, block, 'same node — a refresh never drops the thumb');
+  assert.equal(input.value, '434');
+  assert.equal(
+    block.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider-value').textContent,
+    '20 MW',
+  );
+  assert.equal(container.children.length, 1);
+
+  // A thumb under the pointer is never moved by a refresh.
+  input.focus();
+  syncSliderBlock(container, sliderDescriptor({ value: 0 }));
+  assert.equal(input.value, '434');
+
+  syncSliderBlock(container, null);
+  assert.equal(container.children.length, 0);
+});
+
+test('the segmented group is a radiogroup whose active option reads checked, reconciled by id', () => {
+  const f = railFixture();
+  const container = f.document.createElement('div');
+  const group = syncSegmentedGroup(container, segmentedDescriptor('all'));
+  assert.equal(group.getAttribute('role'), 'radiogroup');
+  assert.equal(group.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Detection confidence');
+  assert.ok(group.className.split(' ').includes('gev-segmented'));
+  const buttons = group.children;
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    buttons.map((b) => [
+      b.dataset.chipId,
+      b.textContent,
+      b.getAttribute('aria-checked'),
+      b.getAttribute('tabindex'),
+    ]),
+    [
+      ['confidence-all', 'ALL', 'true', '0'],
+      ['confidence-nominal', 'NOMINAL', 'false', '-1'],
+      ['confidence-high', 'HIGH', 'false', '-1'],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.equal(buttons[0].getAttribute('role'), 'radio');
+  assert.equal(buttons[1].title, 'nominal title');
+
+  syncSegmentedGroup(container, segmentedDescriptor('high'));
+  assert.equal(group.children[0], buttons[0], 'buttons are reused');
+  assert.equal(buttons[0].getAttribute('aria-checked'), 'false');
+  assert.equal(buttons[2].getAttribute('aria-checked'), 'true');
+  assert.ok(buttons[2].classList.contains('active'));
+  assert.equal(container.children.length, 1);
+
+  syncSegmentedGroup(container, null);
+  assert.equal(container.children.length, 0);
+});
+
+test('a layer row dispatches slider input and switch clicks as user params', async () => {
+  const { LayerPanel } = await import('./layerPanel.js');
+  const f = railFixture();
+  const previousDocument = globalThis.document;
+  globalThis.document = f.document;
+  const calls = [];
+  let controls = {
+    slider: sliderDescriptor(),
+    segmented: segmentedDescriptor('all'),
+    info: '12 of 40 shown',
+  };
+  const panel = new LayerPanel({
+    getLayers: () => [
+      {
+        id: 'local-firms',
+        name: 'Active Fires',
+        icon: '▲',
+        source: 'NASA FIRMS',
+        enabled: true,
+        showInTogglePanel: true,
+        stats: {},
+      },
+    ],
+    isEnabled: () => true,
+    setEnabled: () => {},
+    setLayerParams: (...args) => calls.push(args),
+    hasRowControls: () => true,
+    subscribeRowControls: () => {},
+    getRowControls: () => controls,
+  });
+  try {
+    panel.mount(f.container);
+    const row = f.find((n) => n.dataset.layerId === 'local-firms');
+    const container = row.querySelector('.data-toggle-controls');
+    assert.equal(container.hidden, false);
+    assert.equal(
+      row.querySelector('.data-toggle-controls-info').textContent,
+      '12 of 40 shown',
+    );
+    // Order: switch, slider, info.
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      container.children.map((node) => node.className.split(' ')[0]),
+      ['gev-segmented', 'data-toggle-slider', 'data-toggle-controls-info'],
+    );
+
+    const input = row.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider-input');
+    input.value = '434';
+    const inputEvent = new Event('input');
+    Object.defineProperty(inputEvent, 'target', { value: input });
+    container.dispatchEvent(inputEvent);
+    assert.deepEqual(calls.at(-1), [
+      'local-firms',
+      { minFrp: 434 },
+      { origin: 'user' },
+    ]);
+
+    const high = row
+      .querySelector('.data-toggle-segmented')
+      .children.find((b) => b.dataset.chipId === 'confidence-high');
+    high.click();
+    assert.deepEqual(calls.at(-1), [
+      'local-firms',
+      { confidence: 'high' },
+      { origin: 'user' },
+    ]);
+
+    // A stale descriptor never applies: the live one decides.
+    controls = { ...controls, segmented: segmentedDescriptor('high') };
+    // The fixture DOM has no attribute selectors, so sync the row directly.
+    panel._syncRowControls(container, { id: 'local-firms', enabled: true });
+    assert.equal(high.getAttribute('aria-checked'), 'true');
+    assert.equal(
+      row.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider-input'),
+      input,
+      'the slider survives a refresh',
+    );
+  } finally {
+    panel.destroy();
+    globalThis.document = previousDocument;
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/radio.css b/src/ui/styles/radio.css
index 483321992..5047ae6f4 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/radio.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/radio.css
@@ -1035,6 +1035,108 @@ html:not([lang='en']) .data-row-list-text {
   padding-top: 3px;
   overflow-wrap: anywhere;
 }
+
+/* Optional per-layer one-of-many switch (Active Fires confidence). The shared
+   .gev-segmented surface, sized to the chip row. */
+.data-toggle-controls .data-toggle-segmented {
+  flex-basis: 100%;
+  max-width: 220px;
+}
+
+.data-toggle-controls .data-toggle-segment {
+  min-height: 20px;
+  padding: 3px 6px;
+  font-size: 8px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.8px;
+}
+
+/* Optional per-layer quantitative slider (Active Fires minimum FRP). The
+   track is painted by the layer (`--slider-track`, a stepped color ramp), so
+   the slider doubles as the marker legend; ticks sit under their thresholds. */
+.data-toggle-slider {
+  flex-basis: 100%;
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 2px;
+  padding-top: 2px;
+}
+
+.data-toggle-slider-head {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  align-items: baseline;
+  gap: 8px;
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 8px;
+  letter-spacing: 1.2px;
+  color: var(--text-dim);
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+
+.data-toggle-slider-value {
+  min-width: 0;
+  font-size: 9px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
+  text-transform: none;
+}
+
+.data-toggle-slider-input {
+  height: 14px;
+}
+
+.data-toggle-slider-input::-webkit-slider-runnable-track {
+  height: 5px;
+  border-radius: 3px;
+  background: var(--slider-track, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08));
+  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);
+}
+
+.data-toggle-slider-input::-moz-range-track,
+.data-toggle-slider-input::-moz-range-progress {
+  height: 5px;
+  border-radius: 3px;
+  background: var(--slider-track, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08));
+}
+
+.data-toggle-slider-input::-webkit-slider-thumb {
+  width: 11px;
+  height: 11px;
+  margin-top: -3px;
+  background: var(--text-primary);
+  box-shadow:
+    0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6),
+    0 0 6px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);
+}
+
+.data-toggle-slider-input::-moz-range-thumb {
+  width: 11px;
+  height: 11px;
+  background: var(--text-primary);
+  box-shadow:
+    0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6),
+    0 0 6px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);
+}
+
+.data-toggle-slider-ticks {
+  position: relative;
+  height: 10px;
+  margin: 0 5px;
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 7px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.4px;
+  color: var(--text-dim);
+}
+
+.data-toggle-slider-tick {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  left: var(--at);
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.data-toggle-slider-tick:first-child {
+  transform: none;
+}
 /* ── Local RTL-SDR card (FM + Local ADS-B receiver) ── */
 .sdr-radio-card {
   display: grid;

From 22a87500c6b3296da1003a4101ca0ed80ba1f992 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Oct 2026 18:30:58 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 018/262] docs(fires): current-state note and changelog
 fragment for the intensity filter (#1426)

Describe the six-stop FRP ramp, the slider / confidence switch / counter,
the single filter point, the share-token options and the tool arguments in
docs/CURRENT-STATE.md, and add changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md as
CONTRIBUTING asks for runtime changes.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md |  8 ++++++++
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fad9051e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+- Color every Active Fires detection by fire radiative power on a six-stop
+  cold → hot ramp (blue · teal · lime · amber · orange · red at 0 · 5 · 20 ·
+  50 · 100 · 300 MW), and add a log-scale minimum-FRP slider whose track is the
+  ramp, an All / Nominal+ / High confidence switch and an "N of M shown"
+  counter to the layer row. The filter applies once before rendering, so
+  markers, cards, heat cells, context and the top-fires query agree; share
+  links keep it (`w` token: `f`, `c`), and `get_active_fires` takes matching
+  `min_frp_mw` and `confidence` arguments. Default 0 MW / All (gekh, #1426).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 0cb46940c..61699bda9 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2054,6 +2054,30 @@ Generated style sliders use the same name as their visible parameter label.
 The first-run suppression checkbox keeps its native wrapping label, so its
 accessible name remains "Don't show this again". Control behavior is unchanged.
 
+## Active Fires intensity filter and color ramp
+
+Every FIRMS detection is colored by fire radiative power on a six-stop cold →
+hot ramp: blue from 0 MW, teal from 5, lime from 20, amber from 50, orange from
+100 and red from 300 MW (`FRP_RAMP` in `src/data/firmsIntensity.js`). Heat
+cells, glow sprites and card accents read the same ramp; confidence and
+brightness do not affect the color.
+
+The Active Fires row carries a minimum-FRP slider on a log scale whose track is
+painted with the ramp and ticked at the same six values, an All / Nominal+ /
+High confidence switch, and an "N of M shown" counter. The default is 0 MW and
+All, because many of the strongest detections are rated low confidence. The
+filter runs once in `ingestion.applyFilter()` before rendering, so markers,
+cards, heat cells, the shared context store, the top-fires query and the
+analyst records all see one filtered set; a selected fire that no longer passes
+is deselected. The layer state keeps both options under the `w` (`local-firms`)
+share token as `f` (whole megawatts, 0–10,000) and `c` (`a`, `n`, `h`),
+including the short share codec; a link without them restores the defaults.
+
+The `get_active_fires` tool accepts its own `min_frp_mw` and `confidence`
+(`all`, `nominal`, `high`) arguments, independent of the panel's setting, and
+names the applied criteria in its notes. Stale-snapshot and missing-source
+reporting are unchanged.
+
 ## FIRMS source status
 
 The FIRMS CSV parser rejects impossible acquisition calendar dates before the proxy filters records to the trailing 24 hours, while retaining valid UTC acquisition times.

From 1dad6b658a77b80465204cd10c5247cb4c2c084c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Oct 2026 18:50:03 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 019/262] feat(fires): caption the confidence switch and name
 the slider "Fire intensity (FRP)"
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

The switch had no visible word saying what ALL / NOMINAL+ / HIGH refer to,
and "Min FRP" assumed the reader knows the acronym. The segmented row
descriptor gains an optional visible `label` (a caption above the group);
the fires row uses "Confidence" and "Fire intensity (FRP)", and the slider
value reads "≥ N MW" so the threshold is still clear. Locales updated.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md             |  7 ++++---
 src/i18n/locales/es.json          |  5 +++--
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json          |  5 +++--
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json       |  5 +++--
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json     |  4 ++--
 src/layers/firms/queries.js       |  5 +++--
 src/ui/rowFilterControls.js       | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/ui/rowFilterControls.test.mjs | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/ui/styles/radio.css           | 10 ++++++++++
 9 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 61699bda9..2132a910f 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2062,9 +2062,10 @@ hot ramp: blue from 0 MW, teal from 5, lime from 20, amber from 50, orange from
 cells, glow sprites and card accents read the same ramp; confidence and
 brightness do not affect the color.
 
-The Active Fires row carries a minimum-FRP slider on a log scale whose track is
-painted with the ramp and ticked at the same six values, an All / Nominal+ /
-High confidence switch, and an "N of M shown" counter. The default is 0 MW and
+The Active Fires row carries a "Fire intensity (FRP)" slider on a log scale
+whose track is painted with the ramp and ticked at the same six values (its
+value reads "All" or "≥ N MW"), a "Confidence" switch with All / Nominal+ /
+High, and an "N of M shown" counter. The default is 0 MW and
 All, because many of the strongest detections are rated low confidence. The
 filter runs once in `ingestion.applyFilter()` before rendering, so markers,
 cards, heat cells, the shared context store, the top-fires query and the
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index ffee7fb87..babea8bfb 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3008,9 +3008,10 @@
   "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Todas las detecciones — muchos de los incendios más intensos tienen confianza baja",
   "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Detecciones de confianza nominal y alta",
   "High confidence detections only": "Solo detecciones de confianza alta",
-  "Min FRP": "FRP mín.",
+  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "Intensidad (FRP)",
+  "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
+  "Confidence": "Confianza",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Potencia radiativa mínima del fuego, en megavatios",
-  "{value} MW": "{value} MW",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Todo",
   "Detection confidence": "Confianza de la detección",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} de {total} mostrados"
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 1cd88757d..6289ad38c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3077,9 +3077,10 @@
   "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Все детекции — у многих сильнейших пожаров достоверность низкая",
   "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Детекции средней и высокой достоверности",
   "High confidence detections only": "Только детекции высокой достоверности",
-  "Min FRP": "Мин. FRP",
+  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "Интенсивность (FRP)",
+  "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} МВт",
+  "Confidence": "Достоверность",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Минимальная мощность излучения пожара, мегаватты",
-  "{value} MW": "{value} МВт",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Все",
   "Detection confidence": "Достоверность детекции",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "показано {shown} из {total}"
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 3044c45f8..110f7a77c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2870,9 +2870,10 @@
   "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "所有检测——许多最强的火点置信度为低",
   "Nominal and high confidence detections": "标称和高置信度的检测",
   "High confidence detections only": "仅高置信度的检测",
-  "Min FRP": "最小 FRP",
+  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "火势强度 (FRP)",
+  "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
+  "Confidence": "置信度",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "最小火辐射功率（兆瓦）",
-  "{value} MW": "{value} MW",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "全部",
   "Detection confidence": "检测置信度",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "显示 {shown} / {total}"
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index 5f1b14f8a..5d0313965 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
-    "{value} MW",
+    "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/S",
-    "{value} MW",
+    "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/queries.js b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
index 220012133..44ce8573d 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
@@ -135,11 +135,11 @@ export function createQueries({
       return {
         slider: {
           id: 'min-frp',
-          label: t('Min FRP'),
+          label: t('Fire intensity (FRP)'),
           ariaLabel: t('Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts'),
           valueText:
             minFrp > 0
-              ? t('{value} MW', { value: frpLabel(minFrp) })
+              ? t('≥ {value} MW', { value: frpLabel(minFrp) })
               : t('All', { context: 'fire intensity filter' }),
           min: 0,
           max: SLIDER_STEPS,
@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@ export function createQueries({
         },
         segmented: {
           id: 'confidence',
+          label: t('Confidence'),
           ariaLabel: t('Detection confidence'),
           options: FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES.map((mode) => ({
             id: `confidence-${mode}`,
diff --git a/src/ui/rowFilterControls.js b/src/ui/rowFilterControls.js
index b0299d24b..87a3e0bc6 100644
--- a/src/ui/rowFilterControls.js
+++ b/src/ui/rowFilterControls.js
@@ -104,8 +104,9 @@ export function syncSliderBlock(container, slider, { before = null } = {}) {
  * Buttons carry `data-chip-id` like chips so the row's delegated click handler
  * can resolve them; the caller matches `.data-toggle-segment`.
  *
- * Descriptor: `{ id, ariaLabel, options: [{ id, label, title, active,
- * disabled, params }] }`.
+ * Descriptor: `{ id, label, ariaLabel, options: [{ id, label, title, active,
+ * disabled, params }] }` — `label` is an optional visible caption above the
+ * buttons (the group itself is a flex item, so the caption is a sibling).
  * @param {HTMLElement} container The row's `.data-toggle-controls` node.
  * @param {?object} segmented Descriptor, or null to remove the group.
  * @param {{before?: ?Node}} [options] Insertion anchor for a new group.
@@ -121,19 +122,38 @@ export function syncSegmentedGroup(
   const existing = [...container.children].find(
     (node) => node.dataset?.segmentedId,
   );
+  const existingCaption = [...container.children].find(
+    (node) => node.dataset?.segmentedCaptionFor,
+  );
   if (!segmented) {
     existing?.remove();
+    existingCaption?.remove();
     return null;
   }
   let group = existing;
   if (!group || group.dataset.segmentedId !== segmented.id) {
     existing?.remove();
+    existingCaption?.remove();
     group = document.createElement('div');
     group.className = 'gev-segmented data-toggle-segmented';
     group.dataset.segmentedId = segmented.id;
     group.setAttribute('role', 'radiogroup');
     container.insertBefore(group, before);
   }
+  let caption = [...container.children].find(
+    (node) => node.dataset?.segmentedCaptionFor === segmented.id,
+  );
+  if (segmented.label) {
+    if (!caption) {
+      caption = document.createElement('span');
+      caption.className = 'data-toggle-segmented-label';
+      caption.dataset.segmentedCaptionFor = segmented.id;
+      container.insertBefore(caption, group);
+    }
+    set(caption, 'textContent', segmented.label);
+  } else {
+    caption?.remove();
+  }
   if (segmented.ariaLabel) attribute(group, 'aria-label', segmented.ariaLabel);
   const stale = new Map();
   for (const node of [...group.children])
diff --git a/src/ui/rowFilterControls.test.mjs b/src/ui/rowFilterControls.test.mjs
index 9cc8fb1d4..ac5d2c1d0 100644
--- a/src/ui/rowFilterControls.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/rowFilterControls.test.mjs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ const sliderDescriptor = (overrides = {}) => ({
 
 const segmentedDescriptor = (active = 'all') => ({
   id: 'confidence',
+  label: 'Confidence',
   ariaLabel: 'Detection confidence',
   options: ['all', 'nominal', 'high'].map((mode) => ({
     id: `confidence-${mode}`,
@@ -96,6 +97,9 @@ test('the segmented group is a radiogroup whose active option reads checked, rec
   assert.equal(group.getAttribute('role'), 'radiogroup');
   assert.equal(group.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Detection confidence');
   assert.ok(group.className.split(' ').includes('gev-segmented'));
+  const caption = container.children[container.children.indexOf(group) - 1];
+  assert.equal(caption.className, 'data-toggle-segmented-label');
+  assert.equal(caption.textContent, 'Confidence');
   const buttons = group.children;
   assert.deepEqual(
     buttons.map((b) => [
@@ -118,10 +122,18 @@ test('the segmented group is a radiogroup whose active option reads checked, rec
   assert.equal(buttons[0].getAttribute('aria-checked'), 'false');
   assert.equal(buttons[2].getAttribute('aria-checked'), 'true');
   assert.ok(buttons[2].classList.contains('active'));
+  assert.equal(container.children.length, 2, 'caption and group');
+
+  syncSegmentedGroup(container, { ...segmentedDescriptor('high'), label: '' });
+  assert.equal(
+    container.querySelector('.data-toggle-segmented-label'),
+    null,
+    'an empty label removes the caption',
+  );
   assert.equal(container.children.length, 1);
 
   syncSegmentedGroup(container, null);
-  assert.equal(container.children.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(container.children.length, 0, 'null removes group and caption');
 });
 
 test('a layer row dispatches slider input and switch clicks as user params', async () => {
@@ -163,10 +175,15 @@ test('a layer row dispatches slider input and switch clicks as user params', asy
       row.querySelector('.data-toggle-controls-info').textContent,
       '12 of 40 shown',
     );
-    // Order: switch, slider, info.
+    // Order: switch caption, switch, slider, info.
     assert.deepEqual(
       container.children.map((node) => node.className.split(' ')[0]),
-      ['gev-segmented', 'data-toggle-slider', 'data-toggle-controls-info'],
+      [
+        'data-toggle-segmented-label',
+        'gev-segmented',
+        'data-toggle-slider',
+        'data-toggle-controls-info',
+      ],
     );
 
     const input = row.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider-input');
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/radio.css b/src/ui/styles/radio.css
index 5047ae6f4..e005c5288 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/radio.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/radio.css
@@ -1043,6 +1043,16 @@ html:not([lang='en']) .data-row-list-text {
   max-width: 220px;
 }
 
+.data-toggle-segmented-label {
+  flex-basis: 100%;
+  padding-top: 2px;
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 8px;
+  letter-spacing: 1.2px;
+  color: var(--text-dim);
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+
 .data-toggle-controls .data-toggle-segment {
   min-height: 20px;
   padding: 3px 6px;

From 887b261195fe4a425e9cd8dfdd5027172b7c5342 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Oct 2026 19:19:40 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 020/262] fix(fires): paint aggregated heat cells warm by
 density, not by strongest FRP
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Coloring each far-zoom cell with the ramp stop of its strongest detection
turned a burning region into a blue / teal / lime mosaic: neighbouring
cells flipped hue on one outlier and the cold stops did not read as fire.
Cells say where it burns, so they go back to the heat-normalized score
(density, night share, max FRP) on the warm end of the ramp — lime, amber,
red — with the cell card accent matching. Single detections keep the full
six-stop FRP ramp.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md |  3 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     |  9 ++++--
 src/layers/firms/model.js                 | 37 +++++++++++++++++------
 src/layers/firms/rendering.js             |  5 +--
 4 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
index fad9051e9..09e3c3a7d 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
   cold → hot ramp (blue · teal · lime · amber · orange · red at 0 · 5 · 20 ·
   50 · 100 · 300 MW), and add a log-scale minimum-FRP slider whose track is the
   ramp, an All / Nominal+ / High confidence switch and an "N of M shown"
-  counter to the layer row. The filter applies once before rendering, so
+  counter to the layer row. Far-zoom heat cells keep a warm density fill
+  (lime · amber · red). The filter applies once before rendering, so
   markers, cards, heat cells, context and the top-fires query agree; share
   links keep it (`w` token: `f`, `c`), and `get_active_fires` takes matching
   `min_frp_mw` and `confidence` arguments. Default 0 MW / All (gekh, #1426).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 2132a910f..7e29d8675 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2058,9 +2058,12 @@ accessible name remains "Don't show this again". Control behavior is unchanged.
 
 Every FIRMS detection is colored by fire radiative power on a six-stop cold →
 hot ramp: blue from 0 MW, teal from 5, lime from 20, amber from 50, orange from
-100 and red from 300 MW (`FRP_RAMP` in `src/data/firmsIntensity.js`). Heat
-cells, glow sprites and card accents read the same ramp; confidence and
-brightness do not affect the color.
+100 and red from 300 MW (`FRP_RAMP` in `src/data/firmsIntensity.js`). Glow
+sprites and fire-card accents read that ramp; confidence and brightness do
+not affect the color. Aggregated heat cells (far zoom) instead take the warm
+end of the ramp — lime, amber or red — from their heat-normalized score
+(density, night share and strongest FRP), so a region reads as one field
+rather than a per-cell mosaic; the cell card's accent matches its fill.
 
 The Active Fires row carries a "Fire intensity (FRP)" slider on a log scale
 whose track is painted with the ramp and ticked at the same six values (its
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/model.js b/src/layers/firms/model.js
index a90066cc6..83f573c98 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/model.js
@@ -137,15 +137,33 @@ export function createModel({
   }
 
   /**
-   * Fill color for an aggregated heat cell: the ramp color of its strongest
-   * detection, so cells, markers and the slider legend read on one scale.
-   * @param {number} maxFrp - Strongest FRP in the cell, megawatts.
+   * Severity stop for an aggregated heat cell from its heat-normalized score
+   * (density, night share and strongest FRP together). Cells say *where* it
+   * burns, so they stay on the warm end of the ramp — lime, amber, red — and
+   * read as one field instead of a per-cell mosaic; the cold stops belong to
+   * single detections, which say *how hard* each one burns.
+   * @param {number} normalized - 0..1 heat score (sqrt-normalized to the view).
+   * @returns {{name: string, minFrp: number, color: Cesium.Color}}
+   */
+
+  function cellColorStop(normalized) {
+    const name =
+      normalized > 0.72 ? 'red' : normalized > 0.42 ? 'amber' : 'lime';
+    return (
+      DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS.find((stop) => stop.name === name) ||
+      DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS[0]
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fill color for an aggregated heat cell.
+   * @param {number} normalized - 0..1 heat score (see {@link cellColorStop}).
    * @param {number} alpha - Fill alpha (heat-normalized by the caller).
    * @returns {Cesium.Color}
    */
 
-  function heatColor(maxFrp, alpha) {
-    return frpColorStop(maxFrp).color.withAlpha(alpha);
+  function heatColor(normalized, alpha) {
+    return cellColorStop(normalized).color.withAlpha(alpha);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -476,14 +494,14 @@ export function createModel({
   }
 
   /**
-   * Cell card accent: the ramp stop of the cell's strongest detection,
+   * Cell card accent: the warm severity stop of the cell's heat score,
    * mirroring heatColor.
-   * @param {number} maxFrp - Strongest FRP in the cell, megawatts.
+   * @param {number} normalized - 0..1 heat score.
    * @returns {string} "r, g, b" accent string.
    */
 
-  function cellAccent(maxFrp) {
-    return accentForSeverity(frpColorStop(maxFrp).name);
+  function cellAccent(normalized) {
+    return accentForSeverity(cellColorStop(normalized).name);
   }
 
   /** Coordinate line like "30.512°N 75.831°E". */
@@ -590,6 +608,7 @@ export function createModel({
     cellIntersectsBounds,
     heatScore,
     heatColor,
+    cellColorStop,
     frpColorStop,
     detectionColorStop,
     frpPixelSize,
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
index 757fd4cf7..8ae445f91 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ export function createRendering({
       const score = components.model.heatScore(cell);
       const normalized = Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(score / maxScore));
       const alpha = 0.16 + normalized * 0.5;
-      const color = components.model.heatColor(cell.maxFrp, alpha);
+      const color = components.model.heatColor(normalized, alpha);
       const centerLon = cell.lonCell + lod.gridDegrees / 2;
       const centerLat = cell.latCell + lod.gridDegrees / 2;
       const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(centerLon, centerLat, 0);
@@ -170,12 +170,13 @@ export function createRendering({
       });
 
       // Cells arrive heat-sorted, so candidate order doubles as label priority.
+      // Accent is resolved here because `normalized` only exists in this walk.
       layerState._labelCandidates.push({
         position,
         cullPosition: components.model.cellCullPosition(centerLon, centerLat),
         fire: null,
         cell,
-        accent: components.model.cellAccent(cell.maxFrp),
+        accent: components.model.cellAccent(normalized),
       });
     }
 

From 6d6ad20ad3d171ade71911b9542d94d72855194d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quanticsoul4772 <71096528+quanticsoul4772@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 00:41:30 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 021/262] fix(infrastructure): ground-sample only stem bases
 the camera sees

scene.sampleHeight reads only surface rendered for the current view. For a
data centre or dam base outside the frustum or over the horizon it read
through the Earth (about -6,344 km over Ashburn on Esri), failed the 9,000 m
check and retried every 2 s indefinitely, one offscreen render per record.
Over Ashburn that held rest frames at 58-589 ms. Unseen bases are now
skipped without being stamped, so each is sampled on the first walk that
sees it, and they no longer arm the retry render.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md          |  4 ++-
 src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs | 53 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/data/localGeojsonCore.js   | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 09ae87f1a..e5202e55c 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1959,7 +1959,9 @@ during continuous motion. Disable/re-enable resets selection cleanly.
 Close-up stem sizing uses camera-to-feature distance without a 5 km minimum.
 Unchanged overlay entries do not request another frame; moved positions,
 changed membership and re-enabling still publish. Ground sampling waits for
-visible globe tiles to settle and uses valid loaded terrain as a floor while
+visible globe tiles to settle, samples only markers whose base is in the
+camera's view and above the horizon (an unseen base reads through the Earth
+and would retry every 2 s), and uses valid loaded terrain as a floor while
 retaining rooftop and below-sea-level elevations. A hidden globe does not
 constrain photoreal geometry, and retry work remains bounded. Already sampled
 nearby markers follow higher settled terrain on existing bounded walks, without
diff --git a/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs b/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
index 13cde65a5..89de41529 100644
--- a/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@ async function createRealLocalLayerHarness({
   globalThis.window = { dispatchEvent() {} };
   let sampleHeightImpl = sampleHeight;
   const sampleCalls = { count: 0 };
+  // The camera frustum, reduced to the one answer ground sampling asks of it.
+  let baseVisibility = Cesium.Intersect.INSIDE;
   const overlayHost = {
     setVisible: (...args) => hostCalls.push(['visible', ...args]),
     setEntries: (...args) => hostCalls.push(['entries', ...args]),
@@ -107,7 +109,14 @@ async function createRealLocalLayerHarness({
     },
     camera: {
       positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.695, 30.205, 100_000),
-      frustum: { fov: Math.PI / 3 },
+      directionWC: new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      upWC: new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      frustum: {
+        fov: Math.PI / 3,
+        computeCullingVolume: () => ({
+          computeVisibility: () => baseVisibility,
+        }),
+      },
       moveEnd,
       flyTo() {},
     },
@@ -151,6 +160,10 @@ async function createRealLocalLayerHarness({
     sampleCalls,
     /** Swap scene.sampleHeight mid-test (e.g. tiles finally arrive). */
     setSampleHeight(next) { sampleHeightImpl = next; },
+    /** Put the feature's base inside (true) or outside the camera frustum. */
+    setBaseInView(inView) {
+      baseVisibility = inView ? Cesium.Intersect.INSIDE : Cesium.Intersect.OUTSIDE;
+    },
     cleanup() {
       if (originalWindow === undefined) delete globalThis.window;
       else globalThis.window = originalWindow;
@@ -736,6 +749,44 @@ test('ground sampling waits for visible globe tiles before caching a height', as
   assert.ok(Math.abs(baseHeightM(env) - 117) < 0.01);
 });
 
+test('an unseen base is not sampled and arms no retry until it is in view', async (t) => {
+  // Out of view the scene has no surface under the base, so the depth sample
+  // would pass through the Earth (about -6,344 km) and fail on every retry.
+  const env = await createRealLocalLayerHarness({
+    sampleHeightSupported: true, sampleHeight: () => 117,
+  });
+  _resetRenderGovernorForTest();
+  const governorScene = { renders: 0, requestRender() { this.renders += 1; } };
+  installRenderGovernor({ scene: governorScene });
+  governorScene.renders = 0; // discard the governor's own install settling frame
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const clock = installFakeClock(t);
+  t.after(() => {
+    env.layer.destroy(env.viewer);
+    env.cleanup();
+    _resetRenderGovernorForTest();
+  });
+  env.viewer.scene.globe = { show: true, tilesLoaded: true, getHeight: () => 117 };
+  setCameraAltitude(env, 20_000);
+  env.setBaseInView(false);
+  runArmedRetryChain(env, t, clock, 5);
+  assert.equal(env.sampleCalls.count, 0, 'an off-screen base must not be sampled');
+  assert.equal(governorScene.renders, 0, 'an off-screen base must not keep a parked camera rendering');
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(baseHeightM(env)) < 0.01);
+
+  // In the frustum but over the horizon: 50 m up, about 67 km away.
+  env.setBaseInView(true);
+  env.viewer.camera.positionWC = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.0, 30.205, 50);
+  runArmedRetryChain(env, t, clock, 5);
+  assert.equal(env.sampleCalls.count, 0, 'a base over the horizon must not be sampled');
+  assert.equal(governorScene.renders, 0);
+
+  setCameraAltitude(env, 20_000);
+  env.preRender.raise();
+  assert.equal(env.sampleCalls.count, 1, 'the base is sampled on the first walk that sees it');
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(baseHeightM(env) - 117) < 0.01);
+});
+
 test('settled terrain refinement lifts an already sampled stem without another GPU sample', async (t) => {
   const env = await createRealLocalLayerHarness({
     sampleHeightSupported: true, sampleHeight: () => 117,
diff --git a/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js b/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
index 1d04fa46c..9d97df61c 100644
--- a/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
+++ b/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
@@ -1000,9 +1000,9 @@ export function createLocalGeoJsonLayer(
             // governor the retry's preRender never arrives on a parked camera
             // and the stem stays at ellipsoid height (buried/floating) until
             // the user happens to move. Schedule the frame the retry needs.
-            // Gated on a sampleable scene and in-range records only, so a far
-            // camera (or a keyless scene) stays fully idle; the distance is
-            // only computed for still-unsampled stems.
+            // Gated on a sampleable scene and in-range, in-view records only,
+            // so a far camera (or a keyless scene) stays fully idle; the
+            // distance is only computed for still-unsampled stems.
             if (
               canSampleGround &&
               !record.groundSampled &&
@@ -1010,7 +1010,8 @@ export function createLocalGeoJsonLayer(
               Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(
                 viewer.camera.positionWC,
                 record.base,
-              ) < GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_DISTANCE_M
+              ) < GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_DISTANCE_M &&
+              groundSampleInView(viewer, record)
             ) {
               groundRetryPending = true;
             }
@@ -1130,9 +1131,44 @@ function refreshLocalTerrainFloor(viewer, record) {
   return true;
 }
 
+const groundSampleSphere = new Cesium.BoundingSphere(
+  new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  1,
+);
+
+const groundSampleOccluder = new Cesium.EllipsoidalOccluder(
+  Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+);
+
+/**
+ * Whether the camera sees the record's base: inside the view frustum and
+ * above the horizon. scene.sampleHeight reads only surface rendered for the
+ * current view, so a sample of an unseen base passes through the Earth (about
+ * -6,344 km near Ashburn on Esri) and fails on every 2 s retry, each one a
+ * full offscreen render: 110 unseen data centres there held the page near 2 s
+ * a frame indefinitely. An unseen base keeps its stem at the unsampled height
+ * and is sampled on the first walk that sees it.
+ */
+function groundSampleInView(viewer, record) {
+  const camera = viewer.camera;
+  const culling = camera.frustum.computeCullingVolume(
+    camera.positionWC,
+    camera.directionWC,
+    camera.upWC,
+  );
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(record.base, groundSampleSphere.center);
+  if (
+    culling.computeVisibility(groundSampleSphere) === Cesium.Intersect.OUTSIDE
+  )
+    return false;
+  groundSampleOccluder.cameraPosition = camera.positionWC;
+  return groundSampleOccluder.isPointVisible(record.base);
+}
+
 function sampleLocalGroundHeight(viewer, record, now) {
   if (record.groundSampled || !viewer.scene.sampleHeightSupported) return false;
   if (now - record.lastGroundSampleMs < GROUND_SAMPLE_RETRY_MS) return false;
+  if (!groundSampleInView(viewer, record)) return false;
   record.lastGroundSampleMs = now;
   const globe = viewer.scene.globe;
   if (globe?.show && globe.tilesLoaded === false) return false;

From 189b30b5459a1a476fed3833325d2f460ce07862 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quanticsoul4772 <71096528+quanticsoul4772@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 00:43:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 022/262] docs(changelog): add the infrastructure
 ground-sampling entry

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 changelog.d/1464-infrastructure-ground-sample-in-view.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1464-infrastructure-ground-sample-in-view.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1464-infrastructure-ground-sample-in-view.md b/changelog.d/1464-infrastructure-ground-sample-in-view.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ab5d1d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1464-infrastructure-ground-sample-in-view.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Ground-sample Data Centers and Dams markers only when the camera sees their
+  base. An off-screen base read through the Earth and retried every 2 s, which
+  held the page near 2 s a frame over Ashburn, Virginia on the Esri map
+  (quanticsoul4772, #1464).

From ecc0ced47c4f765627910bf089e303251cd5e9b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quanticsoul4772 <71096528+quanticsoul4772@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 01:25:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 023/262] fix(infrastructure): test the ground, not the
 ellipsoid, for in-view sampling

An unsampled base sits at ellipsoid height 0. Over high terrain seen at an
angle that point projects below the screen while the ground above it is in
view, so the gate skipped ground the camera could see and never sampled it.
The gate now tests loaded globe terrain when there is some, and otherwise
the whole span of heights a sample can accept (0 to 9,000 m).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 ...64-infrastructure-ground-sample-in-view.md |  6 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  8 ++-
 src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs                | 58 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/localGeojsonCore.js                  | 49 +++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1464-infrastructure-ground-sample-in-view.md b/changelog.d/1464-infrastructure-ground-sample-in-view.md
index 8ab5d1d88..b563c86b4 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1464-infrastructure-ground-sample-in-view.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1464-infrastructure-ground-sample-in-view.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-- Ground-sample Data Centers and Dams markers only when the camera sees their
-  base. An off-screen base read through the Earth and retried every 2 s, which
-  held the page near 2 s a frame over Ashburn, Virginia on the Esri map
+- Ground-sample Data Centers and Dams markers only when the camera sees the
+  ground under them. Unseen ground read through the Earth and retried every
+  2 s; over Ashburn, Virginia on the Esri map, slow frames reached 2 s
   (quanticsoul4772, #1464).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index e5202e55c..065d67112 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1959,9 +1959,11 @@ during continuous motion. Disable/re-enable resets selection cleanly.
 Close-up stem sizing uses camera-to-feature distance without a 5 km minimum.
 Unchanged overlay entries do not request another frame; moved positions,
 changed membership and re-enabling still publish. Ground sampling waits for
-visible globe tiles to settle, samples only markers whose base is in the
-camera's view and above the horizon (an unseen base reads through the Earth
-and would retry every 2 s), and uses valid loaded terrain as a floor while
+visible globe tiles to settle, samples only markers whose ground is in the
+camera's view and above the horizon (unseen ground reads through the Earth
+and would retry every 2 s; until it is seen, a stem keeps its unsampled
+height, which can show for a stem whose base is just off screen), and uses
+valid loaded terrain as a floor while
 retaining rooftop and below-sea-level elevations. A hidden globe does not
 constrain photoreal geometry, and retry work remains bounded. Already sampled
 nearby markers follow higher settled terrain on existing bounded walks, without
diff --git a/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs b/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
index 89de41529..1c47cb8c1 100644
--- a/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
@@ -787,6 +787,64 @@ test('an unseen base is not sampled and arms no retry until it is in view', asyn
   assert.ok(Math.abs(baseHeightM(env) - 117) < 0.01);
 });
 
+for (const [label, globe] of [
+  ['loaded terrain', { show: true, tilesLoaded: true, getHeight: () => 2_500 }],
+  ['a hidden globe', { show: false, tilesLoaded: true, getHeight: () => undefined }],
+]) {
+  test(`high ground in view is sampled with ${label} although its unsampled base projects off screen`, async (t) => {
+    // A base on 2,500 m terrain, seen from 3 km away at a shallow angle: its
+    // ellipsoid-height point is far below the bottom of the screen.
+    const env = await createRealLocalLayerHarness({
+      sampleHeightSupported: true, sampleHeight: () => 2_500,
+    });
+    const clock = installFakeClock(t);
+    t.after(() => { env.layer.destroy(env.viewer); env.cleanup(); });
+    env.viewer.scene.globe = globe;
+    const entity = env.dataSources[0].entities.values[0];
+    const base = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(entity.__localBaseCartesian);
+    const ground = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(base.longitude, base.latitude, 2_500);
+    const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(
+      base.longitude,
+      base.latitude - 3_000 / 6_371_000,
+      2_500 + 1_000,
+    );
+    const direction = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(ground, position, new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    );
+    const right = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(
+        direction,
+        Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.geodeticSurfaceNormal(position),
+        new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      ),
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    );
+    const up = Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(right, direction, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+    const frustum = new Cesium.PerspectiveFrustum({
+      fov: Math.PI / 3,
+      aspectRatio: 800 / 600,
+      near: 1,
+      far: 1e8,
+    });
+    Object.assign(env.viewer.camera, {
+      positionWC: position,
+      directionWC: direction,
+      upWC: up,
+      frustum,
+    });
+    const offScreen = frustum
+      .computeCullingVolume(position, direction, up)
+      .computeVisibility(new Cesium.BoundingSphere(entity.__localBaseCartesian, 1));
+    assert.equal(offScreen, Cesium.Intersect.OUTSIDE, 'precondition: the ellipsoid-height base is off screen');
+
+    clock.advance(2_100);
+    env.preRender.raise();
+    assert.equal(env.sampleCalls.count, 1, 'the ground in view is sampled');
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(baseHeightM(env) - 2_500) < 0.01);
+  });
+}
+
 test('settled terrain refinement lifts an already sampled stem without another GPU sample', async (t) => {
   const env = await createRealLocalLayerHarness({
     sampleHeightSupported: true, sampleHeight: () => 117,
diff --git a/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js b/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
index 9d97df61c..ec8fc824e 100644
--- a/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
+++ b/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
@@ -1140,29 +1140,60 @@ const groundSampleOccluder = new Cesium.EllipsoidalOccluder(
   Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
 );
 
+const groundSampleCarto = new Cesium.Cartographic();
+const groundSampleTop = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+
 /**
- * Whether the camera sees the record's base: inside the view frustum and
- * above the horizon. scene.sampleHeight reads only surface rendered for the
- * current view, so a sample of an unseen base passes through the Earth (about
- * -6,344 km near Ashburn on Esri) and fails on every 2 s retry, each one a
- * full offscreen render: 110 unseen data centres there held the page near 2 s
- * a frame indefinitely. An unseen base keeps its stem at the unsampled height
- * and is sampled on the first walk that sees it.
+ * Whether the camera can see the ground under the record: inside the view
+ * frustum and above the horizon. scene.sampleHeight reads only surface
+ * rendered for the current view, so a sample of unseen ground passes through
+ * the Earth (about -6,344 km near Ashburn on Esri) and fails on every 2 s
+ * retry, each one a full offscreen render; 110 unseen data centres there held
+ * rest frames at 58-589 ms. Unsampled bases sit on the ellipsoid, so the test
+ * uses loaded globe terrain when there is some, and otherwise every height a
+ * sample can accept (0 to GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M): high ground in
+ * view is never mistaken for an unseen base. Unseen ground is sampled on the
+ * first walk that sees it.
  */
 function groundSampleInView(viewer, record) {
   const camera = viewer.camera;
+  const globe = viewer.scene.globe;
+  const terrain = globe?.show ? globe.getHeight?.(record.carto) : undefined;
+  const known =
+    Number.isFinite(terrain) &&
+    Math.abs(terrain) <= GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M;
+  const span = GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M / 2;
+  groundSampleCarto.longitude = record.carto.longitude;
+  groundSampleCarto.latitude = record.carto.latitude;
+  groundSampleCarto.height = known ? terrain : span;
+  Cesium.Cartographic.toCartesian(
+    groundSampleCarto,
+    Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+    groundSampleSphere.center,
+  );
+  groundSampleSphere.radius = known ? 1 : span;
   const culling = camera.frustum.computeCullingVolume(
     camera.positionWC,
     camera.directionWC,
     camera.upWC,
   );
-  Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(record.base, groundSampleSphere.center);
   if (
     culling.computeVisibility(groundSampleSphere) === Cesium.Intersect.OUTSIDE
   )
     return false;
+  // The highest ground the sample could find is the last to drop below the
+  // horizon.
+  if (!known) groundSampleCarto.height = GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M;
   groundSampleOccluder.cameraPosition = camera.positionWC;
-  return groundSampleOccluder.isPointVisible(record.base);
+  return groundSampleOccluder.isPointVisible(
+    known
+      ? groundSampleSphere.center
+      : Cesium.Cartographic.toCartesian(
+          groundSampleCarto,
+          Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+          groundSampleTop,
+        ),
+  );
 }
 
 function sampleLocalGroundHeight(viewer, record, now) {

From f392eecbd969a0f8941b6ee2748bc58362a51865 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quanticsoul4772 <71096528+quanticsoul4772@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 01:47:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 024/262] fix(infrastructure): test ground below 0 m and
 unknown terrain correctly

The ellipsoidal horizon test hid ground below the ellipsoid (low-geoid
coasts, the Dead Sea) from a camera near it, so it is now tested at 0 m.
With the globe hidden the ground is tested as the vertical from 0 to
9,000 m against the frustum planes, in place of a 4.5 km sphere that let
in much unseen ground.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md          |  11 +--
 src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs | 128 +++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/data/localGeojsonCore.js   |  77 +++++++++++---------
 3 files changed, 130 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 065d67112..4815e0fd1 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1959,11 +1959,12 @@ during continuous motion. Disable/re-enable resets selection cleanly.
 Close-up stem sizing uses camera-to-feature distance without a 5 km minimum.
 Unchanged overlay entries do not request another frame; moved positions,
 changed membership and re-enabling still publish. Ground sampling waits for
-visible globe tiles to settle, samples only markers whose ground is in the
-camera's view and above the horizon (unseen ground reads through the Earth
-and would retry every 2 s; until it is seen, a stem keeps its unsampled
-height, which can show for a stem whose base is just off screen), and uses
-valid loaded terrain as a floor while
+visible globe tiles to settle, and skips markers whose ground the camera
+cannot see (unseen ground reads through the Earth and would retry every 2 s).
+Ground is tested at loaded globe terrain, or across 0-9,000 m when the globe
+is hidden, so photoreal views skip only ground well out of view. Until it is
+seen, a stem keeps its unsampled height, which can show for a stem whose base
+is just off screen. Sampling uses valid loaded terrain as a floor while
 retaining rooftop and below-sea-level elevations. A hidden globe does not
 constrain photoreal geometry, and retry work remains bounded. Already sampled
 nearby markers follow higher settled terrain on existing bounded walks, without
diff --git a/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs b/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
index 1c47cb8c1..3e104592f 100644
--- a/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
@@ -113,8 +113,13 @@ async function createRealLocalLayerHarness({
       upWC: new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
       frustum: {
         fov: Math.PI / 3,
+        // No planes: everything is in view. One plane no point satisfies:
+        // nothing is.
         computeCullingVolume: () => ({
-          computeVisibility: () => baseVisibility,
+          planes:
+            baseVisibility === Cesium.Intersect.OUTSIDE
+              ? [new Cesium.Cartesian4(0, 0, 0, -1)]
+              : [],
         }),
       },
       moveEnd,
@@ -787,64 +792,95 @@ test('an unseen base is not sampled and arms no retry until it is in view', asyn
   assert.ok(Math.abs(baseHeightM(env) - 117) < 0.01);
 });
 
-for (const [label, globe] of [
-  ['loaded terrain', { show: true, tilesLoaded: true, getHeight: () => 2_500 }],
-  ['a hidden globe', { show: false, tilesLoaded: true, getHeight: () => undefined }],
+/**
+ * Give the harness a real Cesium camera `southM` metres south of the base at
+ * `cameraM` metres above the ellipsoid, looking at the base's ground at
+ * `groundM` (or directly away from it).
+ */
+function aimRealCamera(env, { groundM, cameraM, southM, away = false }) {
+  const entity = env.dataSources[0].entities.values[0];
+  const base = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(entity.__localBaseCartesian);
+  const ground = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(base.longitude, base.latitude, groundM);
+  const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(
+    base.longitude,
+    base.latitude - southM / 6_371_000,
+    cameraM,
+  );
+  const direction = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(
+    away
+      ? Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(position, ground, new Cesium.Cartesian3())
+      : Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(ground, position, new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  const right = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(
+      direction,
+      Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.geodeticSurfaceNormal(position),
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    ),
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  const up = Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(right, direction, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  const frustum = new Cesium.PerspectiveFrustum({
+    fov: Math.PI / 3,
+    aspectRatio: 800 / 600,
+    near: 1,
+    far: 1e8,
+  });
+  Object.assign(env.viewer.camera, {
+    positionWC: position,
+    directionWC: direction,
+    upWC: up,
+    frustum,
+  });
+  return frustum
+    .computeCullingVolume(position, direction, up)
+    .computeVisibility(new Cesium.BoundingSphere(entity.__localBaseCartesian, 1));
+}
+
+const loadedTerrain = (height) => ({ show: true, tilesLoaded: true, getHeight: () => height });
+const hiddenGlobe = { show: false, tilesLoaded: true, getHeight: () => undefined };
+
+for (const { label, globe, groundM, cameraM, southM, baseOffScreen } of [
+  // 2,500 m terrain from 3 km away at a shallow angle: the ellipsoid-height
+  // base is far below the bottom of the screen.
+  { label: 'high ground with loaded terrain', globe: loadedTerrain(2_500), groundM: 2_500, cameraM: 3_500, southM: 3_000, baseOffScreen: true },
+  { label: 'high ground under a hidden globe', globe: hiddenGlobe, groundM: 2_500, cameraM: 3_500, southM: 3_000, baseOffScreen: true },
+  // A low-geoid coast (about -63 m near Mumbai) from a camera 50 m above the
+  // ellipsoid: the ellipsoidal horizon would hide the ground itself.
+  { label: 'ground below the ellipsoid', globe: loadedTerrain(-63), groundM: -63, cameraM: 50, southM: 2_000, baseOffScreen: false },
 ]) {
-  test(`high ground in view is sampled with ${label} although its unsampled base projects off screen`, async (t) => {
-    // A base on 2,500 m terrain, seen from 3 km away at a shallow angle: its
-    // ellipsoid-height point is far below the bottom of the screen.
+  test(`${label} in view is sampled`, async (t) => {
     const env = await createRealLocalLayerHarness({
-      sampleHeightSupported: true, sampleHeight: () => 2_500,
+      sampleHeightSupported: true, sampleHeight: () => groundM,
     });
     const clock = installFakeClock(t);
     t.after(() => { env.layer.destroy(env.viewer); env.cleanup(); });
     env.viewer.scene.globe = globe;
-    const entity = env.dataSources[0].entities.values[0];
-    const base = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(entity.__localBaseCartesian);
-    const ground = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(base.longitude, base.latitude, 2_500);
-    const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(
-      base.longitude,
-      base.latitude - 3_000 / 6_371_000,
-      2_500 + 1_000,
-    );
-    const direction = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(ground, position, new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
-    );
-    const right = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(
-        direction,
-        Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.geodeticSurfaceNormal(position),
-        new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
-      ),
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
-    );
-    const up = Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(right, direction, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
-    const frustum = new Cesium.PerspectiveFrustum({
-      fov: Math.PI / 3,
-      aspectRatio: 800 / 600,
-      near: 1,
-      far: 1e8,
-    });
-    Object.assign(env.viewer.camera, {
-      positionWC: position,
-      directionWC: direction,
-      upWC: up,
-      frustum,
-    });
-    const offScreen = frustum
-      .computeCullingVolume(position, direction, up)
-      .computeVisibility(new Cesium.BoundingSphere(entity.__localBaseCartesian, 1));
-    assert.equal(offScreen, Cesium.Intersect.OUTSIDE, 'precondition: the ellipsoid-height base is off screen');
+    const baseVisibility = aimRealCamera(env, { groundM, cameraM, southM });
+    if (baseOffScreen)
+      assert.equal(baseVisibility, Cesium.Intersect.OUTSIDE, 'precondition: the ellipsoid-height base is off screen');
 
     clock.advance(2_100);
     env.preRender.raise();
     assert.equal(env.sampleCalls.count, 1, 'the ground in view is sampled');
-    assert.ok(Math.abs(baseHeightM(env) - 2_500) < 0.01);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(baseHeightM(env) - groundM) < 0.01);
   });
 }
 
+test('under a hidden globe, ground behind the camera is not sampled', async (t) => {
+  const env = await createRealLocalLayerHarness({
+    sampleHeightSupported: true, sampleHeight: () => 2_500,
+  });
+  const clock = installFakeClock(t);
+  t.after(() => { env.layer.destroy(env.viewer); env.cleanup(); });
+  env.viewer.scene.globe = hiddenGlobe;
+  aimRealCamera(env, { groundM: 2_500, cameraM: 3_500, southM: 3_000, away: true });
+  clock.advance(2_100);
+  env.preRender.raise();
+  assert.equal(env.sampleCalls.count, 0);
+});
+
 test('settled terrain refinement lifts an already sampled stem without another GPU sample', async (t) => {
   const env = await createRealLocalLayerHarness({
     sampleHeightSupported: true, sampleHeight: () => 117,
diff --git a/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js b/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
index ec8fc824e..596b78ed9 100644
--- a/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
+++ b/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
@@ -1131,17 +1131,25 @@ function refreshLocalTerrainFloor(viewer, record) {
   return true;
 }
 
-const groundSampleSphere = new Cesium.BoundingSphere(
-  new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
-  1,
-);
-
 const groundSampleOccluder = new Cesium.EllipsoidalOccluder(
   Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
 );
 
 const groundSampleCarto = new Cesium.Cartographic();
-const groundSampleTop = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+const groundSampleLow = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+const groundSampleHigh = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+
+/** The record's vertical at `height` metres above the ellipsoid. */
+function groundSamplePoint(record, height, result) {
+  groundSampleCarto.longitude = record.carto.longitude;
+  groundSampleCarto.latitude = record.carto.latitude;
+  groundSampleCarto.height = height;
+  return Cesium.Cartographic.toCartesian(
+    groundSampleCarto,
+    Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+    result,
+  );
+}
 
 /**
  * Whether the camera can see the ground under the record: inside the view
@@ -1150,10 +1158,10 @@ const groundSampleTop = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
  * the Earth (about -6,344 km near Ashburn on Esri) and fails on every 2 s
  * retry, each one a full offscreen render; 110 unseen data centres there held
  * rest frames at 58-589 ms. Unsampled bases sit on the ellipsoid, so the test
- * uses loaded globe terrain when there is some, and otherwise every height a
- * sample can accept (0 to GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M): high ground in
- * view is never mistaken for an unseen base. Unseen ground is sampled on the
- * first walk that sees it.
+ * uses loaded globe terrain when there is some. Otherwise (a hidden globe) it
+ * tests the vertical from 0 to GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M, every height a
+ * sample can accept, so high ground in view is never mistaken for an unseen
+ * base. Unseen ground is sampled on the first walk that sees it.
  */
 function groundSampleInView(viewer, record) {
   const camera = viewer.camera;
@@ -1162,37 +1170,36 @@ function groundSampleInView(viewer, record) {
   const known =
     Number.isFinite(terrain) &&
     Math.abs(terrain) <= GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M;
-  const span = GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M / 2;
-  groundSampleCarto.longitude = record.carto.longitude;
-  groundSampleCarto.latitude = record.carto.latitude;
-  groundSampleCarto.height = known ? terrain : span;
-  Cesium.Cartographic.toCartesian(
-    groundSampleCarto,
-    Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
-    groundSampleSphere.center,
-  );
-  groundSampleSphere.radius = known ? 1 : span;
-  const culling = camera.frustum.computeCullingVolume(
+  const low = groundSamplePoint(record, known ? terrain : 0, groundSampleLow);
+  const high = known
+    ? low
+    : groundSamplePoint(
+        record,
+        GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M,
+        groundSampleHigh,
+      );
+  // The vertical is unseen only when both ends are outside the same plane.
+  const { planes } = camera.frustum.computeCullingVolume(
     camera.positionWC,
     camera.directionWC,
     camera.upWC,
   );
-  if (
-    culling.computeVisibility(groundSampleSphere) === Cesium.Intersect.OUTSIDE
-  )
-    return false;
-  // The highest ground the sample could find is the last to drop below the
-  // horizon.
-  if (!known) groundSampleCarto.height = GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M;
+  for (const plane of planes) {
+    if (
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(plane, low) + plane.w < 0 &&
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(plane, high) + plane.w < 0
+    )
+      return false;
+  }
+  // The ellipsoidal occluder hides every point below the ellipsoid from a
+  // camera near it, so ground below 0 m (low-geoid coasts, the Dead Sea) is
+  // tested at 0 m; unknown ground at the top of the vertical.
+  const horizonHeight = known
+    ? Math.max(terrain, 0)
+    : GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M;
   groundSampleOccluder.cameraPosition = camera.positionWC;
   return groundSampleOccluder.isPointVisible(
-    known
-      ? groundSampleSphere.center
-      : Cesium.Cartographic.toCartesian(
-          groundSampleCarto,
-          Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
-          groundSampleTop,
-        ),
+    groundSamplePoint(record, horizonHeight, groundSampleHigh),
   );
 }
 

From b778a43f1d7538a10d29f89b0611c29e3dabfe6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:05:14 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 025/262] feat(fires): Snap Map-style heat raster and its globe
 imagery drape

Detections are binned on a 2048x1024 equirectangular grid weighted
1 + log10(1 + FRP), Gaussian-blurred (longitude wraps), normalized on a log
scale against the 99.5th percentile and mapped blue -> red with an alpha
ramp that is fully transparent below the floor. heatImagery drapes the bytes
as one full-globe SingleTileImageryProvider on the active imagery host.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js           | 176 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs     |  73 +++++++++++
 src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js       |  71 +++++++++++
 src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs |  87 +++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 407 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
 create mode 100644 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs

diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52a020671
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+/**
+ * Snap Map–style heat raster for the Active Fires far-zoom bands: detections
+ * are binned on an equirectangular grid (row 0 = north, column 0 = 180°W),
+ * blurred, normalized on a log scale and mapped through HEAT_PALETTE. Pure:
+ * no Cesium, no DOM, so the whole pipeline is unit-tested in node.
+ */
+
+/** Below this normalized heat nothing is painted: empty land stays empty. */
+export const HEAT_FLOOR = 0.03;
+
+export const HEAT_PALETTE = Object.freeze([
+  { at: 0.0, rgb: [43, 108, 255], alpha: 0 },
+  { at: 0.08, rgb: [43, 108, 255], alpha: 0.35 },
+  { at: 0.25, rgb: [25, 195, 255], alpha: 0.55 },
+  { at: 0.45, rgb: [47, 224, 122], alpha: 0.65 },
+  { at: 0.65, rgb: [245, 230, 66], alpha: 0.75 },
+  { at: 0.82, rgb: [255, 138, 31], alpha: 0.82 },
+  { at: 1.0, rgb: [255, 42, 26], alpha: 0.88 },
+]);
+
+export function heatColorAt(t) {
+  if (!(t > HEAT_FLOOR)) return [0, 0, 0, 0];
+  const v = Math.min(1, t);
+  let i = 1;
+  while (i < HEAT_PALETTE.length - 1 && HEAT_PALETTE[i].at < v) i += 1;
+  const a = HEAT_PALETTE[i - 1];
+  const b = HEAT_PALETTE[i];
+  const k = (v - a.at) / (b.at - a.at || 1);
+  const mix = (p, q) => Math.round(p + (q - p) * k);
+  return [
+    mix(a.rgb[0], b.rgb[0]),
+    mix(a.rgb[1], b.rgb[1]),
+    mix(a.rgb[2], b.rgb[2]),
+    Math.round((a.alpha + (b.alpha - a.alpha) * k) * 255),
+  ];
+}
+
+const defaultWeight = (fire) =>
+  1 + Math.log10(1 + Math.max(0, Number(fire.frp) || 0));
+
+export function binFires(fires, { width, height, weight = defaultWeight }) {
+  const grid = new Float32Array(width * height);
+  for (const fire of fires) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(fire.lat) || !Number.isFinite(fire.lon)) continue;
+    const x = Math.min(
+      width - 1,
+      Math.max(0, Math.floor(((fire.lon + 180) / 360) * width)),
+    );
+    const y = Math.min(
+      height - 1,
+      Math.max(0, Math.floor(((90 - fire.lat) / 180) * height)),
+    );
+    grid[y * width + x] += weight(fire);
+  }
+  return grid;
+}
+
+function kernel(sigma) {
+  const radius = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(sigma * 3));
+  const k = new Float32Array(radius * 2 + 1);
+  let sum = 0;
+  for (let i = -radius; i <= radius; i++) {
+    k[i + radius] = Math.exp(-(i * i) / (2 * sigma * sigma));
+    sum += k[i + radius];
+  }
+  for (let i = 0; i < k.length; i++) k[i] /= sum;
+  return { k, radius };
+}
+
+export function blurGaussian(grid, width, height, sigma) {
+  const { k, radius } = kernel(sigma);
+  const tmp = new Float32Array(grid.length);
+  const out = new Float32Array(grid.length);
+  for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+    const row = y * width;
+    for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+      const v = grid[row + x];
+      if (v === 0) continue;
+      for (let i = -radius; i <= radius; i++) {
+        const xx = (((x + i) % width) + width) % width; // longitude wraps
+        tmp[row + xx] += v * k[i + radius];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  for (let y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+    for (let x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+      const v = tmp[y * width + x];
+      if (v === 0) continue;
+      for (let i = -radius; i <= radius; i++) {
+        const yy = Math.min(height - 1, Math.max(0, y + i)); // poles clamp
+        out[yy * width + x] += v * k[i + radius];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+/** Bins of the log-density histogram used to find the reference quantile. */
+const QUANTILE_BINS = 4096;
+
+/**
+ * The p-quantile of the non-zero values, from a histogram of log1p(value):
+ * one linear pass instead of sorting ~350k burning pixels (a sort cost
+ * 200 ms+ and dominated the build). Bin width on the log axis is
+ * max/4096, far finer than the 256-step palette it feeds.
+ */
+function percentileOfNonZero(values, p) {
+  let count = 0;
+  let max = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+    const v = values[i];
+    if (v > 0) {
+      count += 1;
+      if (v > max) max = v;
+    }
+  }
+  if (!count) return 0;
+  const logMax = Math.log1p(max);
+  const bins = new Uint32Array(QUANTILE_BINS);
+  const toBin = (QUANTILE_BINS - 1) / logMax;
+  for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+    const v = values[i];
+    if (v > 0) bins[Math.floor(Math.log1p(v) * toBin)] += 1;
+  }
+  const target = Math.floor(p * (count - 1));
+  let seen = 0;
+  for (let b = 0; b < QUANTILE_BINS; b++) {
+    seen += bins[b];
+    if (seen > target) return Math.expm1((b + 1) / toBin);
+  }
+  return max;
+}
+
+/** HEAT_PALETTE sampled at 256 steps, so the per-pixel walk is one lookup. */
+const LUT_STEPS = 256;
+let paletteLut = null;
+function heatLut() {
+  if (!paletteLut) {
+    paletteLut = new Uint8ClampedArray(LUT_STEPS * 4);
+    for (let i = 0; i < LUT_STEPS; i++) {
+      paletteLut.set(heatColorAt(i / (LUT_STEPS - 1)), i * 4);
+    }
+  }
+  return paletteLut;
+}
+
+export function buildHeatRaster(
+  fires,
+  { width, height, sigmaPx, percentile = 0.995 },
+) {
+  const density = blurGaussian(
+    binFires(fires, { width, height }),
+    width,
+    height,
+    sigmaPx,
+  );
+  const reference = percentileOfNonZero(density, percentile);
+  const rgba = new Uint8ClampedArray(width * height * 4);
+  if (reference > 0) {
+    const lut = heatLut();
+    const scale = (LUT_STEPS - 1) / Math.log1p(reference);
+    for (let i = 0; i < density.length; i++) {
+      const d = density[i];
+      if (d <= 0) continue;
+      const step = Math.min(LUT_STEPS - 1, Math.round(Math.log1p(d) * scale));
+      const l = step * 4;
+      if (lut[l + 3] === 0) continue;
+      const o = i * 4;
+      rgba[o] = lut[l];
+      rgba[o + 1] = lut[l + 1];
+      rgba[o + 2] = lut[l + 2];
+      rgba[o + 3] = lut[l + 3];
+    }
+  }
+  return { width, height, rgba, reference };
+}
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..704c83427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  HEAT_PALETTE,
+  heatColorAt,
+  binFires,
+  blurGaussian,
+  buildHeatRaster,
+} from './firmsHeatRaster.js';
+
+const fire = (lat, lon, frp = 10) => ({ lat, lon, frp });
+
+test('palette runs cold to hot and starts fully transparent', () => {
+  assert.equal(HEAT_PALETTE[0].at, 0);
+  assert.equal(HEAT_PALETTE.at(-1).at, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(heatColorAt(0), [0, 0, 0, 0]);
+  assert.equal(heatColorAt(0.01)[3], 0, 'below the floor nothing is painted');
+  const low = heatColorAt(0.15);
+  const high = heatColorAt(1);
+  assert.ok(low[2] > low[0], 'low heat is blue');
+  assert.ok(high[0] > high[2], 'the core is red');
+  assert.ok(high[3] > low[3], 'hotter is more opaque');
+});
+
+test('binFires drops each detection into its equirectangular pixel', () => {
+  const grid = binFires([fire(89.9, -179.9, 0), fire(-89.9, 179.9, 0)], {
+    width: 4,
+    height: 2,
+  });
+  assert.equal(grid[0], 1, 'north-west corner');
+  assert.equal(grid[7], 1, 'south-east corner');
+  assert.equal(
+    grid.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0),
+    2,
+  );
+});
+
+test('binFires weights strong fires slightly more', () => {
+  const grid = binFires([fire(0.1, 0.1, 999)], { width: 4, height: 2 });
+  assert.ok(grid[2] > 3 && grid[2] < 5, String(grid[2]));
+});
+
+test('blurGaussian keeps mass and wraps across the antimeridian', () => {
+  const w = 16;
+  const h = 8;
+  const grid = new Float32Array(w * h);
+  grid[3 * w + 0] = 1;
+  const out = blurGaussian(grid, w, h, 1.5);
+  const sum = out.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(sum - 1) < 1e-3, `mass ${sum}`);
+  assert.ok(out[3 * w + (w - 1)] > 0, 'spills to the east edge');
+});
+
+test('buildHeatRaster is transparent where there are no fires', () => {
+  const r = buildHeatRaster([fire(40, -120), fire(40.1, -120.1)], {
+    width: 360,
+    height: 180,
+    sigmaPx: 2,
+  });
+  assert.equal(r.rgba.length, 360 * 180 * 4);
+  const alphaAt = (lat, lon) => {
+    const x = Math.floor(((lon + 180) / 360) * 360);
+    const y = Math.floor(((90 - lat) / 180) * 180);
+    return r.rgba[(y * 360 + x) * 4 + 3];
+  };
+  assert.ok(alphaAt(40, -120) > 0, 'blob over the fires');
+  assert.equal(alphaAt(-30, 60), 0, 'empty far away');
+});
+
+test('buildHeatRaster with no fires is fully transparent', () => {
+  const r = buildHeatRaster([], { width: 8, height: 4, sigmaPx: 1 });
+  assert.ok(r.rgba.every((v) => v === 0));
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2f99fbe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/**
+ * Drapes the Active Fires heat raster over the globe as one full-extent
+ * imagery tile on the active imagery host (globe or 3D-tiles), like the wind
+ * layer's scalar field. Owns the canvas and the imagery layer; nothing else
+ * in the fires layer touches imagery.
+ */
+
+const defaultCanvas = (width, height) => {
+  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+  canvas.width = width;
+  canvas.height = height;
+  return canvas;
+};
+
+export function createHeatImagery({
+  cesium,
+  getHost,
+  createCanvas = defaultCanvas,
+}) {
+  let raster = null;
+  let layer = null;
+  let collection = null;
+  let show = true;
+
+  function detach() {
+    if (layer && collection) collection.remove(layer, true);
+    layer = null;
+    collection = null;
+  }
+
+  function attach() {
+    detach();
+    if (!raster) return;
+    const host = getHost?.() ?? { collection: null, kind: 'none' };
+    if (!host.collection) return;
+    const canvas = createCanvas(raster.width, raster.height);
+    const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
+    const image = ctx.createImageData(raster.width, raster.height);
+    image.data.set(raster.rgba);
+    ctx.putImageData(image, 0, 0);
+    const provider = new cesium.SingleTileImageryProvider({
+      url: canvas.toDataURL('image/png'),
+      tileWidth: raster.width,
+      tileHeight: raster.height,
+      rectangle: cesium.Rectangle.MAX_VALUE,
+    });
+    collection = host.collection;
+    layer = collection.addImageryProvider(provider);
+    layer.show = show;
+    collection.raiseToTop?.(layer);
+  }
+
+  return {
+    setRaster(next) {
+      raster = next;
+      attach();
+    },
+    setShow(value) {
+      show = Boolean(value);
+      if (layer) layer.show = show;
+    },
+    rehome() {
+      const host = getHost?.();
+      if ((host?.collection ?? null) !== collection) attach();
+    },
+    destroy() {
+      detach();
+      raster = null;
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fca7b97f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createHeatImagery } from './heatImagery.js';
+
+function harness() {
+  const layers = [];
+  const removed = [];
+  const collection = {
+    addImageryProvider(provider) {
+      const layer = { provider, show: true, alpha: 1 };
+      layers.push(layer);
+      return layer;
+    },
+    remove(layer, destroy) {
+      layers.splice(layers.indexOf(layer), 1);
+      removed.push({ layer, destroy });
+    },
+    raiseToTop() {},
+  };
+  let host = { collection, kind: 'globe' };
+  const cesium = {
+    Rectangle: { MAX_VALUE: { max: true } },
+    SingleTileImageryProvider: class {
+      constructor(options) {
+        this.options = options;
+      }
+    },
+  };
+  const createCanvas = (w, h) => ({
+    width: w,
+    height: h,
+    getContext: () => ({
+      createImageData: (cw, ch) => ({
+        data: new Uint8ClampedArray(cw * ch * 4),
+      }),
+      putImageData() {},
+    }),
+    toDataURL: () => 'data:image/png;base64,AAAA',
+  });
+  const imagery = createHeatImagery({
+    cesium,
+    getHost: () => host,
+    createCanvas,
+  });
+  return { imagery, layers, removed, collection, setHost: (h) => (host = h) };
+}
+
+const raster = { width: 4, height: 2, rgba: new Uint8ClampedArray(32) };
+
+test('setRaster drapes one full-globe tile and replaces it on the next build', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.imagery.setRaster(raster);
+  assert.equal(h.layers.length, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.layers[0].provider.options.rectangle, { max: true });
+  assert.equal(h.layers[0].provider.options.tileWidth, 4);
+  h.imagery.setRaster(raster);
+  assert.equal(h.layers.length, 1, 'never two heat layers');
+  assert.equal(h.removed[0].destroy, true);
+});
+
+test('setShow toggles without rebuilding', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.imagery.setRaster(raster);
+  const layer = h.layers[0];
+  h.imagery.setShow(false);
+  assert.equal(layer.show, false);
+  h.imagery.setShow(true);
+  assert.equal(h.layers[0], layer);
+  assert.equal(layer.show, true);
+});
+
+test('no imagery host keeps nothing draped; rehome brings it back', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.setHost({ collection: null, kind: 'none' });
+  h.imagery.setRaster(raster);
+  assert.equal(h.layers.length, 0);
+  h.setHost({ collection: h.collection, kind: 'globe' });
+  h.imagery.rehome();
+  assert.equal(h.layers.length, 1);
+});
+
+test('destroy removes the layer', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.imagery.setRaster(raster);
+  h.imagery.destroy();
+  assert.equal(h.layers.length, 0);
+});

From de87aaf86acfbf3fd358833c6478e93d9718d3f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:11:32 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 026/262] feat(fires): far zoom shows a Snap Map-style heatmap
 instead of heat squares

The global and regional LOD bands drape the heat raster on the active
imagery host and draw no rectangle entities; the 2/1 degree aggregation now
only feeds the "N FIRES" cards, whose accent is the strongest fire's FRP
color. Markers below ~750 km hide the heatmap, as do disable and destroy.
A stale raster is rebuilt immediately on first paint and with a 150 ms
trailing debounce afterwards, so a slider drag does not re-encode on every
step. The shell hands the layer its imagery host, so the heatmap follows
globe and 3D-tiles map stacks.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs |  75 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js    |   4 +
 src/layers/firms/ingestion.js      |   7 +-
 src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js      |  24 ++++++
 src/layers/firms/model.js          |  48 ++----------
 src/layers/firms/policy.js         |  32 ++++++--
 src/layers/firms/queries.js        |  15 +++-
 src/layers/firms/rendering.js      | 119 +++++++++++++++++++----------
 src/layers/firms/state.js          |  19 +++++
 src/ui/layerBindings.js            |   6 ++
 10 files changed, 257 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
index d735df3f8..39f0382c8 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
@@ -392,3 +392,78 @@ test('disable cancels a pending source and a late response cannot repopulate the
     assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().loading, false);
   } finally { h.layer.destroy(h.viewer); h.cleanup(); }
 });
+
+test('far zoom drapes one heatmap and draws no rectangles; markers and disable hide it', () => {
+  // A canvas stub for the heat drape and the detection glow sprites.
+  const priorDocument = globalThis.document;
+  const restoreDocument = () => {
+    if (priorDocument === undefined) delete globalThis.document;
+    else globalThis.document = priorDocument;
+  };
+  globalThis.document = {
+    createElement: () => ({
+      getContext: () => ({
+        createImageData: (w, hh) => ({
+          data: new Uint8ClampedArray(w * hh * 4),
+        }),
+        putImageData() {},
+        createRadialGradient: () => ({ addColorStop() {} }),
+        fillRect() {},
+      }),
+      toDataURL: () => 'data:image/png;base64,AAAA',
+    }),
+  };
+  const h = harness({
+    fires: [makeFire(), makeFire({ index: 8, lat: 30.6, lon: -98.3, frp: 12 })],
+    withDataSource: true,
+    cameraPosition: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-98, 30, 12_000_000),
+  });
+  const added = [];
+  const removed = [];
+  h.viewer.scene.primitives = {
+    add() {},
+    remove() {},
+    raiseToTop() {},
+    contains: () => true,
+  };
+  h.viewer.scene.frameState = { mode: Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D };
+  try {
+    const collection = {
+      addImageryProvider: (provider) => {
+        const layer = { provider, show: true };
+        added.push(layer);
+        return layer;
+      },
+      remove: (layer, destroy) => removed.push({ layer, destroy }),
+      raiseToTop() {},
+    };
+    h.layer.attachShellServices({
+      imageryHost: () => ({ kind: 'globe', collection }),
+    });
+    h.layer._renderLodForTest('global');
+    assert.equal(added.length, 1, 'one heat imagery layer');
+    assert.equal(added[0].show, true);
+    assert.equal(h.layer._entityCountForTest(), 0, 'no rectangle entities');
+    assert.ok(h.published.length > 0, 'the far band still paints cards');
+
+    h.layer._renderLodForTest('regional');
+    assert.equal(added.length, 1, 'switching far bands reuses the raster');
+
+    h.layer._renderLodForTest('close');
+    assert.equal(added[0].show, false, 'the markers band hides the heatmap');
+
+    h.layer._renderLodForTest('global');
+    assert.equal(added[0].show, true);
+    h.layer.disable();
+    assert.equal(added[0].show, false, 'disable hides the heatmap');
+
+    h.layer.destroy(h.viewer);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      removed.map((entry) => [entry.layer, entry.destroy]),
+      [[added[0], true]],
+    );
+  } finally {
+    h.cleanup();
+    restoreDocument();
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js
index f2f99fbe6..31fbf1f69 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ export function createHeatImagery({
       raster = next;
       attach();
     },
+    /** True once a raster was handed over (painted or waiting for a host). */
+    hasRaster() {
+      return raster !== null;
+    },
     setShow(value) {
       show = Boolean(value);
       if (layer) layer.show = show;
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js b/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
index 215c35da3..cb9dbd72f 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
@@ -89,14 +89,15 @@ export function createIngestion({
   /**
    * Run the intensity filter over the loaded payload. This is the ONE place
    * the shown set is derived: `_fires` / `_firesByFrp` feed markers, cards,
-   * heat cells, the context store, the top-fires query and the analyst
-   * records, so none of them can disagree about which fires exist. Cells are
-   * aggregated per shown set, so the cache goes with it.
+   * the heatmap, the context store, the top-fires query and the analyst
+   * records, so none of them can disagree about which fires exist. Cells and
+   * the heat raster are built per shown set, so their caches go with it.
    */
 
   function applyFilter() {
     layerState._fires = filterFires(layerState._allFires, layerState._filter);
     layerState._cellCacheByGrid.clear();
+    layerState._heatRaster = null;
     layerState._firesByFrp = filterFires(
       layerState._allFiresByFrp,
       layerState._filter,
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
index 1138504dd..72434ad46 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
+import { LOD_LEVELS } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createLifecycle({
   layerState,
@@ -14,6 +15,20 @@ export function createLifecycle({
   const { id, overlayHost } = config;
 
   const methods = {
+    /**
+     * Shell services: `imageryHost()` resolves where draped imagery goes on
+     * the active map stack (globe or 3D tiles, src/maps/imageryHost.js). The
+     * heatmap moves with it; without a host it drapes on viewer.imageryLayers.
+     * @param {{imageryHost?: () => {collection: ?Object, kind: string}}|null} services
+     */
+    attachShellServices(services) {
+      layerState._imageryHost =
+        typeof services?.imageryHost === 'function'
+          ? services.imageryHost
+          : null;
+      layerState._heatImagery?.rehome();
+    },
+
     init(viewer) {
       if (layerState._destroyed) return;
       layerState._viewer = viewer;
@@ -40,6 +55,8 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         layerState._billboards.show = true;
       }
       overlayHost.setVisible(FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, true);
+      if (LOD_LEVELS[layerState._currentLodIndex]?.mode === 'heat')
+        layerState._heatImagery?.setShow(true);
       components.viewport.installLodWatcher();
       components.viewport.installMoveEndWatcher();
       components.selection.installClickHandler();
@@ -64,6 +81,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       components.selection.clearFireSelection();
       if (layerState._dataSource) layerState._dataSource.show = false;
       if (layerState._billboards) layerState._billboards.show = false;
+      layerState._heatImagery?.setShow(false);
       overlayHost.clearSource(FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID);
       overlayHost.setVisible(FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, false);
       clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer(id);
@@ -96,6 +114,12 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._fires = [];
       layerState._firesByFrp = [];
       layerState._cellCacheByGrid.clear();
+      clearTimeout(layerState._heatRebuildTimer);
+      layerState._heatRebuildTimer = null;
+      layerState._heatImagery?.destroy();
+      layerState._heatImagery = null;
+      layerState._heatRaster = null;
+      layerState._imageryHost = null;
       layerState._count = 0;
       layerState._totalCount = 0;
       layerState._rowControlsListener = null;
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/model.js b/src/layers/firms/model.js
index 83f573c98..c3d3be71a 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/model.js
@@ -136,36 +136,6 @@ export function createModel({
     );
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Severity stop for an aggregated heat cell from its heat-normalized score
-   * (density, night share and strongest FRP together). Cells say *where* it
-   * burns, so they stay on the warm end of the ramp — lime, amber, red — and
-   * read as one field instead of a per-cell mosaic; the cold stops belong to
-   * single detections, which say *how hard* each one burns.
-   * @param {number} normalized - 0..1 heat score (sqrt-normalized to the view).
-   * @returns {{name: string, minFrp: number, color: Cesium.Color}}
-   */
-
-  function cellColorStop(normalized) {
-    const name =
-      normalized > 0.72 ? 'red' : normalized > 0.42 ? 'amber' : 'lime';
-    return (
-      DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS.find((stop) => stop.name === name) ||
-      DETECTION_COLOR_STOPS[0]
-    );
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Fill color for an aggregated heat cell.
-   * @param {number} normalized - 0..1 heat score (see {@link cellColorStop}).
-   * @param {number} alpha - Fill alpha (heat-normalized by the caller).
-   * @returns {Cesium.Color}
-   */
-
-  function heatColor(normalized, alpha) {
-    return cellColorStop(normalized).color.withAlpha(alpha);
-  }
-
   /**
    * Pick a sprite color stop for one detection from its FRP on the shared ramp.
    * @param {Object} fire - Detection record.
@@ -432,8 +402,8 @@ export function createModel({
 
   /**
    * Card model for an aggregated heat cell, e.g. title "14 FIRES", detail
-   * "max 210 MW · new 3h". Accent comes from the candidate (heat-normalized
-   * score is only known at renderCells time). Exported for unit tests.
+   * "max 210 MW · new 3h". Accent comes from the candidate (renderHeat sets
+   * it with {@link cellCardAccent}). Exported for unit tests.
    * @param {{cell: Object, position: Cesium.Cartesian3, accent: string}} candidate
    * @param {number} nowMs - Current epoch milliseconds.
    * @returns {Object} firmsLabels entry.
@@ -494,14 +464,14 @@ export function createModel({
   }
 
   /**
-   * Cell card accent: the warm severity stop of the cell's heat score,
-   * mirroring heatColor.
-   * @param {number} normalized - 0..1 heat score.
+   * Cell card accent: the cell's strongest fire on the FRP ramp, the same
+   * color its markers take once the camera is close enough to show them.
+   * @param {{maxFrp?: number}} cell - Aggregated cell.
    * @returns {string} "r, g, b" accent string.
    */
 
-  function cellAccent(normalized) {
-    return accentForSeverity(cellColorStop(normalized).name);
+  function cellCardAccent(cell) {
+    return accentForSeverity(frpColorStop(cell?.maxFrp ?? 0).name);
   }
 
   /** Coordinate line like "30.512°N 75.831°E". */
@@ -607,8 +577,6 @@ export function createModel({
     boundsContainPoint,
     cellIntersectsBounds,
     heatScore,
-    heatColor,
-    cellColorStop,
     frpColorStop,
     detectionColorStop,
     frpPixelSize,
@@ -623,7 +591,7 @@ export function createModel({
     buildFireCard,
     buildCellCard,
     applyFirmsOverlayPolicy,
-    cellAccent,
+    cellCardAccent,
     formatLatLon,
     formatFrp,
     formatAge,
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/policy.js b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
index 18ea88238..eb235bc81 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 export const REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS = 600_000;
 
 /**
- * LOD bands keyed by camera height. `cells` bands render aggregated
- * ground-clamped heat rectangles; `detections` bands (< ~750km plus the
- * local band) render individual fire detections as glow-sprite billboards.
+ * LOD bands keyed by camera height. `heat` bands (above ~3,000 km) drape a
+ * Snap Map–style heatmap over the globe (firmsHeatRaster.js); their
+ * `gridDegrees` aggregation only feeds the "N FIRES" cards. `detections`
+ * bands render individual fire detections as glow-sprite billboards.
  * Labels in every band go through the shared screen-space greedy declutter
  * (hard cap MAX_AMBIENT_LABELS) — there are no per-band label knobs.
  */
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ export const LOD_LEVELS = [
   {
     id: 'global',
     minHeight: 9000000,
-    mode: 'cells',
+    mode: 'heat',
     gridDegrees: 2.0,
     maxCells: 1800,
     labelDistance: 12000000,
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ export const LOD_LEVELS = [
   {
     id: 'regional',
     minHeight: 3000000,
-    mode: 'cells',
+    mode: 'heat',
     gridDegrees: 1.0,
     maxCells: 3600,
     labelDistance: 8500000,
@@ -47,6 +48,25 @@ export const LOD_LEVELS = [
   },
 ];
 
+/**
+ * Global heat raster for the `heat` bands: ≈0.18° per pixel, Gaussian σ in
+ * pixels. Built once per data refresh or filter change, never per camera move.
+ */
+
+export const HEAT_RASTER = Object.freeze({
+  width: 2048,
+  height: 1024,
+  sigmaPx: 3,
+});
+
+/**
+ * Trailing delay before a stale heatmap is rebuilt while one is already on
+ * screen: a slider drag fires many filter changes, and a build plus PNG
+ * encode costs a few hundred milliseconds. The first paint is immediate.
+ */
+
+export const HEAT_REBUILD_MS = 150;
+
 export const LOD_CHECK_MS = 650;
 
 /** +/-10% hysteresis on LOD band edges so slow zooms don't thrash rebuilds. */
@@ -90,7 +110,7 @@ export const CULL_LIFT_THRESHOLD_M = 10;
 export const CULL_LIFT_M = 12;
 
 /**
- * Color stops shared by cell heat fills and detection glow sprites: the
+ * Color stops for detection glow sprites and card accents: the
  * six-stop cold → hot FRP ramp (firmsIntensity.js), coldest first, as Cesium
  * colors. Stop names key the glow-sprite cache and the card accents.
  */
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/queries.js b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
index 44ce8573d..797734597 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
   sliderPositionForFrp,
 } from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
 import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
-import { REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS } from './policy.js';
+import { LOD_LEVELS, REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS } from './policy.js';
 
 /** Slider resolution: whole-percent positions along the log axis. */
 const SLIDER_STEPS = 1000;
@@ -309,6 +309,19 @@ export function createQueries({
       return result;
     },
 
+    /** Test seam: render one named LOD band against a near-global view. */
+    _renderLodForTest(lodId) {
+      const lod = LOD_LEVELS.find((level) => level.id === lodId);
+      if (lod.mode === 'detections')
+        components.rendering.renderDetections(lod, null);
+      else components.rendering.renderHeat(lod, null);
+    },
+
+    /** Test seam: entities drawn by the layer's data source. */
+    _entityCountForTest() {
+      return layerState._dataSource?.entities?.values?.length ?? 0;
+    },
+
     /** Test seam that binds the production click path and indexes. */
     _bindInteractionForTest(viewer, fires = []) {
       layerState._viewer = viewer;
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
index 8ae445f91..84a6eed36 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
 import { horizonOccluder } from '../../data/iconOrientation.js';
-import { LOD_LEVELS, CONTEXT_TOP_N } from './policy.js';
+import { buildHeatRaster } from '../../data/firmsHeatRaster.js';
+import {
+  LOD_LEVELS,
+  CONTEXT_TOP_N,
+  HEAT_RASTER,
+  HEAT_REBUILD_MS,
+} from './policy.js';
+import { createHeatImagery } from './heatImagery.js';
 
 export function createRendering({
   layerState,
@@ -29,8 +36,11 @@ export function createRendering({
       !layerState._dataSource ||
       !layerState._fires.length ||
       !layerState._viewer
-    )
+    ) {
+      // A filter that leaves nothing shown must not leave the old heat behind.
+      if (!layerState._fires.length) layerState._heatImagery?.setShow(false);
       return false;
+    }
     const lodIndex = components.viewport.selectLodIndex(
       components.viewport.cameraHeight(),
     );
@@ -54,7 +64,7 @@ export function createRendering({
     if (lod.mode === 'detections') {
       renderDetections(lod, bounds);
     } else {
-      renderCells(aggregateFires(lod, bounds), lod, bounds);
+      renderHeat(lod, bounds);
     }
     return true;
   }
@@ -118,65 +128,89 @@ export function createRendering({
     return clipped;
   }
 
+  /** The heat imagery adapter, created on first use. */
+
+  function heatImagery() {
+    if (!layerState._heatImagery) {
+      layerState._heatImagery = createHeatImagery({
+        cesium: Cesium,
+        getHost: () =>
+          layerState._imageryHost?.() ?? {
+            collection: layerState._viewer?.imageryLayers ?? null,
+            kind: 'globe',
+          },
+      });
+    }
+    return layerState._heatImagery;
+  }
+
+  /** Build the heat raster from the shown set and drape it. */
+
+  function rebuildHeatRaster() {
+    clearTimeout(layerState._heatRebuildTimer);
+    layerState._heatRebuildTimer = null;
+    if (layerState._destroyed) return;
+    layerState._heatRaster = buildHeatRaster(layerState._fires, HEAT_RASTER);
+    heatImagery().setRaster(layerState._heatRaster);
+  }
+
   /**
-   * Render aggregated heat cells (global/regional bands) as ground-clamped
-   * rectangles. Cell labels do NOT live on the entities anymore — they go
-   * through the same unclamped, screen-space-decluttered label pipeline as
-   * detections (see {@link rebuildAmbientLabels}).
-   * @param {Array<Object>} cells - Aggregated cells, heat-sorted descending.
+   * Make sure the draped heatmap matches the shown set. The first paint is
+   * immediate; later rebuilds (filter drags, refreshes) trail by
+   * HEAT_REBUILD_MS and keep the previous heatmap on screen meanwhile.
+   */
+
+  function ensureHeatRaster() {
+    if (layerState._heatRaster) return;
+    if (!heatImagery().hasRaster()) {
+      rebuildHeatRaster();
+      return;
+    }
+    clearTimeout(layerState._heatRebuildTimer);
+    layerState._heatRebuildTimer = setTimeout(
+      rebuildHeatRaster,
+      HEAT_REBUILD_MS,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Far bands (global/regional): a Snap Map–style heatmap draped over the
+   * globe, transparent where nothing burns, plus the decluttered "N FIRES"
+   * cards from the coarse aggregation. No entities and no sprites are drawn;
+   * cards go through the same screen-space label pipeline as detections
+   * (see {@link rebuildAmbientLabels}).
    * @param {Object} lod - Active LOD descriptor.
    * @param {?Object} bounds - Padded view bounds in degrees, or null.
    */
 
-  function renderCells(cells, lod, bounds) {
+  function renderHeat(lod, bounds) {
     ensureDetectionCollections();
     layerState._dataSource.entities.removeAll();
     if (layerState._billboards) layerState._billboards.removeAll();
     layerState._pickIndexById.clear();
     layerState._cullPositions.length = 0;
-    layerState._cellCount = cells.length;
-    const maxScore = Math.max(1, ...cells.map(components.model.heatScore));
 
+    const imagery = heatImagery();
+    // The map stack may have changed since the last far render.
+    imagery.rehome();
+    ensureHeatRaster();
+    imagery.setShow(layerState._enabled);
+
+    const cells = aggregateFires(lod, bounds);
+    layerState._cellCount = cells.length;
     layerState._labelCandidates = [];
     layerState._labelLodDistance = lod.labelDistance;
 
+    // Cells arrive heat-sorted, so candidate order doubles as label priority.
     for (const cell of cells) {
-      const score = components.model.heatScore(cell);
-      const normalized = Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(score / maxScore));
-      const alpha = 0.16 + normalized * 0.5;
-      const color = components.model.heatColor(normalized, alpha);
       const centerLon = cell.lonCell + lod.gridDegrees / 2;
       const centerLat = cell.latCell + lod.gridDegrees / 2;
-      const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(centerLon, centerLat, 0);
-
-      layerState._dataSource.entities.add({
-        rectangle: {
-          coordinates: Cesium.Rectangle.fromDegrees(
-            cell.lonCell,
-            cell.latCell,
-            cell.lonCell + lod.gridDegrees,
-            cell.latCell + lod.gridDegrees,
-          ),
-          material: new Cesium.ColorMaterialProperty(color),
-          heightReference: Cesium.HeightReference.CLAMP_TO_GROUND,
-        },
-        position,
-        properties: {
-          count: cell.count,
-          intensity: score,
-          maxFrp: cell.maxFrp,
-          night: cell.night,
-        },
-      });
-
-      // Cells arrive heat-sorted, so candidate order doubles as label priority.
-      // Accent is resolved here because `normalized` only exists in this walk.
       layerState._labelCandidates.push({
-        position,
+        position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(centerLon, centerLat, 0),
         cullPosition: components.model.cellCullPosition(centerLon, centerLat),
         fire: null,
         cell,
-        accent: components.model.cellAccent(normalized),
+        accent: components.model.cellCardAccent(cell),
       });
     }
 
@@ -202,6 +236,7 @@ export function createRendering({
    */
 
   function renderDetections(lod, bounds) {
+    layerState._heatImagery?.setShow(false);
     ensureDetectionCollections();
     layerState._dataSource.entities.removeAll();
     if (!layerState._billboards) return;
@@ -345,7 +380,7 @@ export function createRendering({
   return {
     renderCurrentLod,
     aggregateFires,
-    renderCells,
+    renderHeat,
     renderDetections,
     ensureDetectionCollections,
     removeDetectionCollections,
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/state.js b/src/layers/firms/state.js
index d84ee2026..9a0b031b2 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/state.js
@@ -131,6 +131,25 @@ export function createFirmsState({ services, config }) {
 
   layerState._cellCacheByGrid = new Map();
 
+  /**
+   * Heat raster for the far bands (firmsHeatRaster.js); null = stale, rebuilt
+   * on the next far render. Cleared with the cell cache on every new shown set.
+   */
+
+  layerState._heatRaster = null;
+
+  /** Pending debounced heat rebuild (see HEAT_REBUILD_MS). */
+
+  layerState._heatRebuildTimer = null;
+
+  /** Imagery adapter (heatImagery.js), created on the first far render. */
+
+  layerState._heatImagery = null;
+
+  /** Shell-provided imagery host resolver; falls back to viewer.imageryLayers. */
+
+  layerState._imageryHost = null;
+
   /** Camera idle snapshot so the throttled LOD check is ~free when parked. */
 
   layerState._camSnapValid = false;
diff --git a/src/ui/layerBindings.js b/src/ui/layerBindings.js
index fb8f29119..60128f8e0 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerBindings.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerBindings.js
@@ -141,6 +141,12 @@ export class LayerBindings {
       });
       this._weatherShellModules.push(layer);
     }
+    // Active Fires drapes its far-zoom heatmap on the same imagery host.
+    const fires = this._dataManager?.layers?.get('local-firms')?.module;
+    if (typeof fires?.attachShellServices === 'function') {
+      fires.attachShellServices({ imageryHost: this.services.imageryHost });
+      this._weatherShellModules.push(fires);
+    }
   }
 
   _persistAwarenessSelection(event, cleared = false) {

From 52e428955f4c56249bec1573a542169026561ed2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:17:06 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 027/262] docs(fires): describe the far-zoom heatmap

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md |  6 +++---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     | 19 ++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
index 09e3c3a7d..188f964ad 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
   cold → hot ramp (blue · teal · lime · amber · orange · red at 0 · 5 · 20 ·
   50 · 100 · 300 MW), and add a log-scale minimum-FRP slider whose track is the
   ramp, an All / Nominal+ / High confidence switch and an "N of M shown"
-  counter to the layer row. Far-zoom heat cells keep a warm density fill
-  (lime · amber · red). The filter applies once before rendering, so
-  markers, cards, heat cells, context and the top-fires query agree; share
+  counter to the layer row. Far zoom shows a Snap Map–style heatmap instead
+  of squares, empty where nothing burns. The filter applies once before
+  rendering, so markers, cards, the heatmap, context and the top-fires query agree; share
   links keep it (`w` token: `f`, `c`), and `get_active_fires` takes matching
   `min_frp_mw` and `confidence` arguments. Default 0 MW / All (gekh, #1426).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 7e29d8675..336b32132 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2060,10 +2060,19 @@ Every FIRMS detection is colored by fire radiative power on a six-stop cold →
 hot ramp: blue from 0 MW, teal from 5, lime from 20, amber from 50, orange from
 100 and red from 300 MW (`FRP_RAMP` in `src/data/firmsIntensity.js`). Glow
 sprites and fire-card accents read that ramp; confidence and brightness do
-not affect the color. Aggregated heat cells (far zoom) instead take the warm
-end of the ramp — lime, amber or red — from their heat-normalized score
-(density, night share and strongest FRP), so a region reads as one field
-rather than a per-cell mosaic; the cell card's accent matches its fill.
+not affect the color.
+
+At far zoom (camera above ~3,000 km) the layer drapes a Snap Map–style
+heatmap instead of individual markers: the shown detections are binned on a
+global 2048 × 1024 grid, each weighted `1 + log10(1 + FRP)`, Gaussian-blurred,
+normalized on a log scale against the 99.5th percentile and mapped from blue
+through cyan, green, yellow and orange to red. Nothing is painted where
+nothing burns (`src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js`). It is one full-globe imagery
+tile on the active imagery host (`src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js`), rebuilt
+on each data refresh or filter change (the first paint at once, later ones
+150 ms after the last change) and hidden once markers take over below
+~750 km. "N FIRES" cards from a 2° / 1° aggregation still label the hottest
+areas; their accent is the strongest fire's FRP color.
 
 The Active Fires row carries a "Fire intensity (FRP)" slider on a log scale
 whose track is painted with the ramp and ticked at the same six values (its
@@ -2071,7 +2080,7 @@ value reads "All" or "≥ N MW"), a "Confidence" switch with All / Nominal+ /
 High, and an "N of M shown" counter. The default is 0 MW and
 All, because many of the strongest detections are rated low confidence. The
 filter runs once in `ingestion.applyFilter()` before rendering, so markers,
-cards, heat cells, the shared context store, the top-fires query and the
+cards, the heatmap, the shared context store, the top-fires query and the
 analyst records all see one filtered set; a selected fire that no longer passes
 is deselected. The layer state keeps both options under the `w` (`local-firms`)
 share token as `f` (whole megawatts, 0–10,000) and `c` (`a`, `n`, `h`),

From 2c422d2f3820707cf86de8c0f0618d57aade8a84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:26:23 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 028/262] build(boundaries): register the fires heat raster and
 imagery modules

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 scripts/package-boundaries.json | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 17772b58e..894e70a68 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -1174,6 +1174,7 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/data/firmsAdapt.js",
       "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
+      "src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js",
       "src/data/firmsLabels.js",
       "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/layers/firms/anchors.js",
@@ -1185,6 +1186,7 @@
       "src/layers/firms/policy.js",
       "src/layers/firms/queries.js",
       "src/layers/firms/rendering.js",
+      "src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js",
       "src/layers/firms/selection.js",
       "src/layers/firms/source.js",
       "src/layers/firms/state.js",
@@ -1916,6 +1918,7 @@
       "src/data/firmsAdapt.js",
       "src/data/firmsHeatmap.js",
       "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
+      "src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js",
       "src/data/firmsLabels.js",
       "src/data/flights.js",
       "src/data/flowMatch.js",
@@ -2076,6 +2079,7 @@
       "src/layers/firms/policy.js",
       "src/layers/firms/queries.js",
       "src/layers/firms/rendering.js",
+      "src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js",
       "src/layers/firms/selection.js",
       "src/layers/firms/source.js",
       "src/layers/firms/state.js",
@@ -2760,6 +2764,7 @@
       "src/data/detectionPolicy.js",
       "src/data/firmsAdapt.js",
       "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
+      "src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js",
       "src/data/firmsLabels.js",
       "src/data/flowMatch.js",
       "src/data/focusDeemphasis.js",
@@ -2890,6 +2895,7 @@
       "src/layers/firms/policy.js",
       "src/layers/firms/queries.js",
       "src/layers/firms/rendering.js",
+      "src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js",
       "src/layers/firms/selection.js",
       "src/layers/firms/source.js",
       "src/layers/firms/state.js",

From d32a4f62d33ef6dfe78d8e2b6f9373625c14e8e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:36:09 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 029/262] i18n(zh-Hant): fire filter strings follow zh-CN
 wording (s2tw)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index c71924233..9dadb3a50 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2868,16 +2868,16 @@
   "routing busy — too many routes at once": "路線服務繁忙：同時請求的路線過多",
   "route proxy error": "路線代理出錯",
   "fire confidence filter|All": "全部",
-  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "中+",
+  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "標稱+",
   "fire confidence filter|High": "高",
-  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "所有探測——許多最強的火點可信度為低",
-  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "中、高可信度的探測",
-  "High confidence detections only": "僅高可信度的探測",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "所有檢測——許多最強的火點置信度為低",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "標稱和高置信度的檢測",
+  "High confidence detections only": "僅高置信度的檢測",
   "Fire intensity (FRP)": "火勢強度 (FRP)",
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
-  "Confidence": "可信度",
-  "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "最小火輻射功率（百萬瓦）",
+  "Confidence": "置信度",
+  "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "最小火輻射功率（兆瓦）",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "全部",
-  "Detection confidence": "探測可信度",
+  "Detection confidence": "檢測置信度",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "顯示 {shown} / {total}"
 }

From bef47ee7c7cca963c3eeb145da5aad0bb08263bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 18:25:33 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 030/262] fix(fires): weight the far-zoom heatmap by fire
 radiative power

Heat was a detection count, so raising the minimum-FRP slider removed most
detections and the hot spots faded to blue even where strong fires still
burned. Each detection now adds its FRP in megawatts (0.5 MW floor), so weak
fires carry little heat and filtering them out keeps strong-fire areas hot.
On the live payload, hot spots that stay yellow or hotter at >=100 MW rise
from 7% to 17% and their median heat from 0.10 to 0.38.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md             |  4 +++-
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js       | 11 ++++++++++-
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 3 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index b34636004..1bd9c82cd 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2096,7 +2096,9 @@ not affect the color.
 
 At far zoom (camera above ~3,000 km) the layer drapes a Snap Map–style
 heatmap instead of individual markers: the shown detections are binned on a
-global 2048 × 1024 grid, each weighted `1 + log10(1 + FRP)`, Gaussian-blurred,
+global 2048 × 1024 grid, each weighted by its FRP in megawatts (so heat is
+radiated power, and raising the FRP slider does not dim areas where strong fires
+burn), Gaussian-blurred,
 normalized on a log scale against the 99.5th percentile and mapped from blue
 through cyan, green, yellow and orange to red. Nothing is painted where
 nothing burns (`src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js`). It is one full-globe imagery
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
index 52a020671..516c7676f 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
@@ -35,8 +35,17 @@ export function heatColorAt(t) {
   ];
 }
 
+/** Weight of a detection with no or zero FRP, in megawatts. */
+export const HEAT_MIN_WEIGHT_MW = 0.5;
+
+/**
+ * Heat is radiated power, not a head count: each detection adds its FRP in
+ * megawatts. Weak fires carry little power, so raising the minimum-FRP slider
+ * removes most detections without dimming the areas where strong fires burn
+ * (a count-based heat collapsed there and the hot spots faded).
+ */
 const defaultWeight = (fire) =>
-  1 + Math.log10(1 + Math.max(0, Number(fire.frp) || 0));
+  Math.max(HEAT_MIN_WEIGHT_MW, Number(fire.frp) || 0);
 
 export function binFires(fires, { width, height, weight = defaultWeight }) {
   const grid = new Float32Array(width * height);
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
index 704c83427..2b51785e6 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import {
+  HEAT_MIN_WEIGHT_MW,
   HEAT_PALETTE,
   heatColorAt,
   binFires,
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ test('palette runs cold to hot and starts fully transparent', () => {
 });
 
 test('binFires drops each detection into its equirectangular pixel', () => {
-  const grid = binFires([fire(89.9, -179.9, 0), fire(-89.9, 179.9, 0)], {
+  const grid = binFires([fire(89.9, -179.9, 1), fire(-89.9, 179.9, 1)], {
     width: 4,
     height: 2,
   });
@@ -35,9 +36,33 @@ test('binFires drops each detection into its equirectangular pixel', () => {
   );
 });
 
-test('binFires weights strong fires slightly more', () => {
-  const grid = binFires([fire(0.1, 0.1, 999)], { width: 4, height: 2 });
-  assert.ok(grid[2] > 3 && grid[2] < 5, String(grid[2]));
+test('binFires weights each detection by its radiative power', () => {
+  const grid = binFires(
+    [fire(0.1, 0.1, 250), fire(0.2, 0.2, 0), fire(0.3, 0.3, Number.NaN)],
+    { width: 4, height: 2 },
+  );
+  assert.equal(grid[2], 250 + 2 * HEAT_MIN_WEIGHT_MW);
+});
+
+test('filtering out weak fires keeps a strong fire hot', () => {
+  const strong = fire(0.1, 0.1, 300);
+  const weak = Array.from({ length: 40 }, () => fire(0.1, 0.1, 2));
+  const reference = Array.from({ length: 10 }, () => fire(20.1, 20.1, 100));
+  const options = { width: 360, height: 180, sigmaPx: 2 };
+  const pixel = ((90 - 0.1) | 0) * 360 + ((0.1 + 180) | 0);
+  const red = (r) => r.rgba[pixel * 4];
+  const alpha = (r) => r.rgba[pixel * 4 + 3];
+  const unfiltered = buildHeatRaster([strong, ...weak, ...reference], options);
+  const filtered = buildHeatRaster([strong, ...reference], options);
+  assert.ok(alpha(filtered) > 0);
+  assert.ok(
+    alpha(filtered) >= alpha(unfiltered) * 0.9,
+    `alpha ${alpha(unfiltered)} -> ${alpha(filtered)}`,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    red(filtered) >= red(unfiltered) * 0.9,
+    `red ${red(unfiltered)} -> ${red(filtered)}`,
+  );
 });
 
 test('blurGaussian keeps mass and wraps across the antimeridian', () => {

From a4c7b20ca825a731531b61fc2935f1a47621248a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Itallo=20Brand=C3=A3o?=
 <45429643+IMBrandao@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 16:11:10 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 031/262] feat(transit): add Rio de Janeiro buses and BRT (SMTR
 GTFS-RT, CC BY 4.0)

Register Rio's two keyless GTFS-Realtime VehiclePositions feeds from the
city transport secretariat (SMTR): municipal buses (SPPO) and the
Mobi-Rio BRT, the Transit layer's first Latin American region.

Both feeds publish Position.speed in km/h instead of m/s. A new optional
registry field, speedUnit: 'kmh', makes buildTransitSnapshot convert it
once, so every speedMps consumer stays correct and other feeds are
untouched.

Document the source in DATA_SOURCES.md and update the region lists in
README.md and docs/CURRENT-STATE.md.

Refs #1480

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                |  3 +-
 README.md                      |  2 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md          |  8 ++++--
 src/data/transitFeeds.js       | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/transitProxy.js       | 21 +++++++++++++-
 src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs | 26 ++++++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 147 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index e31d0d3f0..2b989c509 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ How to read this:
 | **Barrie Transit** (myridebarrie.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, Barrie ON | Barrie Transit realtime data, published by the City of Barrie under a licence accepted by use of the data. The licence is revocable and requires no attribution. | Courtesy credit to the City of Barrie (the licence requires none, and its trademark clause is broad) |
 | **YRT/Viva** (rtu.york.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, York Region ON | York Region Transit realtime data, first-party York Region infrastructure under the YRT Open Data Licence v2.0, which permits commercial use and makes attribution optional. Viva route ids are named by colour from York Region’s published GTFS. | "Contains public transit Information made available under YRT’s Open Data Licence" — the licence’s own wording, given though not required |
 | **Burlington Transit** (opendata.burlington.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, Burlington ON | Burlington Transit realtime data under the City of Burlington Open Data Terms of Use, which permit any lawful purpose. The terms are revocable and must travel with the data, so the credit links them. Route ids are internal keys and are joined to the City’s published GTFS. | Credit to the City of Burlington plus a link to its Open Data Terms of Use, which the licence requires |
+| **SMTR Rio de Janeiro** (dados.mobilidade.rio) | Transit layer live vehicles, Rio de Janeiro: municipal buses (SPPO) and the Mobi-Rio BRT, as two feeds | CC BY 4.0, stated on both data.rio catalog pages. Keyless GTFS-Realtime published by the Secretaria Municipal de Transportes, labelled beta, with a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute. Speeds arrive in km/h rather than m/s and are converted by the proxy. Route ids are internal keys and are shown raw. | Attribution to SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro under CC BY 4.0 |
 | **Radio Browser**                                                     | Geolocated internet-radio station directory and station-level tags                                                                  | Public-domain directory data under PDDL 1.0; individual broadcaster stream terms apply                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | "Radio Browser" plus a link to the selected broadcaster                                                                                     |
 | **Re:Earth Terrain** (Mapterhorn)                                     | Terrain (keyless globe stacks — OSM etc. — + `/api/terrain/heights` ellipsoidal-height lookups)                                     | Terrain mesh: CC BY 4.0; geoid: EGM2008 (NGA, public domain)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | "Terrain (keyless globe stacks): Re:Earth Terrain / Mapterhorn (CC BY 4.0) / EGM2008 (NGA)"                                                 |
 | **OSRM on the FOSSGIS routing servers** (`routing.openstreetmap.de`) | Street-following routes for the Directions layer and voice route annotations, via `/api/route` | [FOSSGIS routing usage policy](https://routing.openstreetmap.de/about.html): "Display the required attribution and display a link to 'fix the map'", "Use a valid user agent and, if applicable, a correct referrer", "One request per second max", "No scraping, no heavy usage". The full policy is the German [FOSSGIS Nutzungsbedingungen](https://www.fossgis.de/arbeitsgruppen/osm-server/nutzungsbedingungen/); FOSSGIS also states that the server may be embedded in your own pages but "eine gewerbliche Nutzung ist nur mit Einschränkungen erlaubt" (commercial use only with restrictions). Route data derives from OpenStreetMap (ODbL 1.0) | "Routing: OSRM on the FOSSGIS servers" + a "fix the map" link — shown in the Data attribution popover |
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 - **NYC DOT Traffic Management Center cameras.** Off by default. NYC DOT's [developer data feeds page](https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/datafeeds.shtml) asks developers who want the camera feed to contact `tmcdot@dot.nyc.gov` and sign a data-sharing agreement. This project does not hold one that covers downstream installations, so the pack loads only when an operator who holds their own agreement sets `CCTV_NYC_ENABLED=1`; with the flag unset, empty or any other value, the server makes no request to NYC DOT. The endpoint needs no key. The camera list is the public `webcams.nyctmc.org/api/cameras` catalog (~980 cameras across the five boroughs); frames are stills at `webcams.nyctmc.org/api/cameras/<uuid>/image`, synthesized from a validated UUID rather than taken from the payload, and only that host is registered. Cameras the feed reports as offline are dropped. The catalog publishes no camera facing, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence and are corrected with the in-app calibration gizmo. Once enabled, the 250 cameras nearest the borough cores load; `CCTV_NYC_MAX_SOURCES` (8–400) changes the cap. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. NYC DOT asks every application that uses its data to carry its disclaimer; it is registered verbatim in the Data attribution popover.
 - **City of Toronto RESCU cameras.** Keyless. The camera list is the City's public `tmcearthcameras.json` on `opendata.toronto.ca` (dataset "Traffic Cameras", Transportation Services), served as JSONP and unwrapped with an anchored pattern. This is the municipal network the Ontario 511 pack does not carry: downtown arterials plus the Gardiner, DVP, Allen and Lake Shore. The list publishes no frame URL, so frame URLs are BUILT from the documented `CameraImages/loc####.jpg` convention and a strictly-digits camera number, pinning the frame proxy to the portal origin by construction; the list fetch refuses redirects and bounds the body it buffers. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. The dataset publishes no camera facing: the `D1`-`D4` fields are the directions of the *comparison* images (static reference stills captured in 2016 under a different path), not a bearing for the live pan-tilt-zoom frame, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence and are corrected with the in-app calibration gizmo. A camera that is temporarily out of service still answers 200 with a byte-identical "Image Unavailable" placeholder rather than an error (about 6% of the network at any moment), so such a camera reads as healthy; the frame it shows is the agency's, not a synthesized one. The licence requires the attribution statement above. Disable with `CCTV_TORONTO_ENABLED=0`.
 - **Camera frame content.** Public camera frames can contain people, vehicles and license plates, and the camera layer does nothing with them beyond putting them on the map. A successful upstream response is relayed as the provider served it: nothing in the camera pipeline blurs, redacts, enhances or restores it, and nothing there runs face, plate or object detection or otherwise recognises or classifies what is in the picture. (The ALPR layer described below maps where plate-reader cameras are, from locations contributors tagged in OpenStreetMap; it reads nothing from any camera frame.) When an upstream has no frame for a camera, what you see instead is a Google Street View still or the app's own placeholder card; the panel's source badge names which of them you are looking at, and a refresh that fails after a frame has arrived leaves the last good picture on screen rather than replacing it. The browser resamples each frame for display: onto a fixed 1920x1080 surface for the camera's projection plane in the scene, and onto a 192x108 canvas for the small ambient card. That scaling is the only change made to the picture, and the only pixels the camera layer reads back are a 64x36 downscale hashed to tell whether the picture has changed. Live streams are piped through; the still path reads the image into memory to pass it on — TxDOT wraps its JPEG in a JSON envelope, which is decoded there — and no frame is written to disk (the disk cache, `.gev-cache/`, holds feed JSON for other layers and never camera imagery). Outside that pipeline, the voice assistant is the one feature that sends imagery anywhere: when it answers a question about what is in view it may attach a downscaled screenshot of the rendered scene — including any camera plane on screen — to the request it sends to the voice model. Frames are fetched only from server-registered camera URLs — a client cannot hand the proxy a URL (see [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md)). What the app does stays inside the line README draws: no named-person search, no face recognition, no tracking individuals.
-- **Transit (GTFS-Realtime).** The proxy requests only registered operator feeds, validates redirects, bounds responses, and uses conditional requests, short snapshot caching and failure backoff. All sixteen registered regions are live-enabled; each can be disabled independently. Vehicles use delayed playback between reports, with report age and waiting states shown separately. Session-local selected trails are available for every feed. MBTA additionally retains up to 15 minutes of recently observed positions in the running proxy, so available history can survive a browser reload; server restart clears it. History reads never fetch upstream, and other feeds have no proxy retention. Nothing is archived to disk or collected in the background. Operator text credits are included as a courtesy and do not imply endorsement. Heights are aligned to work with Google 3D tiles; subway markers are shown at street level because these feeds do not supply depth. The TTC feed is BusTime, the surface system: it carries buses and streetcars and no subway at all. About four in ten of its vehicles report no route at all (unassigned or deadheading), and those are shown with the feed default rather than a route-established mode. It sends no ETag or Last-Modified, so its conditional requests fall through to the ordinary snapshot cache. Three Golden Horseshoe neighbours run alongside it — MiWay, Hamilton HSR and Durham Region Transit — each bus-only and each polled only near its own region. Durham Region Transit publishes no bearing on any vehicle, so those sprites take their heading from observed movement like any other feed that omits it. Guelph, Kingston and Barrie extend the same pattern eastward and north. Hamilton, Guelph, Burlington and YRT publish route ids that are not the number on the vehicle, so those entries carry a route-name table taken from each operator’s own published GTFS; any id missing from a table renders unchanged rather than blank. A label is never invented: YRT runs a route `9101` that appears nowhere in its published routes, so it stays as the feed sends it. Burlington’s is the one that cannot be shortcut: `351` is route 1 while `3510` is route 10, so the table is a real join rather than a trimmed prefix. GO Transit / Metrolinx is deliberately absent: its REALTIME feed requires an API key issued by manual review, which the keyless admission rule excludes (its static schedule download is keyless, but carries no vehicle positions). Barrie and YRT/Viva each invite acceptance of their licence through a form, and each licence also states that using the data is itself acceptance; this deployment relies on that clause, which is recorded in both entries. Grand River Transit in Waterloo is absent for a different reason: it answers, but its feed header was months stale and it publishes no per-vehicle timestamps, so it would render vehicles that look live and are not. Ottawa’s OC Transpo falls to the same keyless admission rule as GO Transit — its realtime feed requires an API key. London Transit and Thunder Bay Transit publish vehicle positions over plain HTTP with no HTTPS endpoint available. Every other Ontario system — Brampton, Oakville, Niagara, Milton, Windsor, Greater Sudbury, UP Express and a dozen smaller operators — publishes static GTFS schedules only, with no realtime vehicle positions to register. Between the nine included and these exclusions, every Ontario realtime vehicle-position feed catalogued in the Mobility Database is accounted for.
+- **Transit (GTFS-Realtime).** The proxy requests only registered operator feeds, validates redirects, bounds responses, and uses conditional requests, short snapshot caching and failure backoff. All eighteen registered feeds, covering seventeen regions, are live-enabled; each can be disabled independently. Vehicles use delayed playback between reports, with report age and waiting states shown separately. Session-local selected trails are available for every feed. MBTA additionally retains up to 15 minutes of recently observed positions in the running proxy, so available history can survive a browser reload; server restart clears it. History reads never fetch upstream, and other feeds have no proxy retention. Nothing is archived to disk or collected in the background. Operator text credits are included as a courtesy and do not imply endorsement. Heights are aligned to work with Google 3D tiles; subway markers are shown at street level because these feeds do not supply depth. The TTC feed is BusTime, the surface system: it carries buses and streetcars and no subway at all. About four in ten of its vehicles report no route at all (unassigned or deadheading), and those are shown with the feed default rather than a route-established mode. It sends no ETag or Last-Modified, so its conditional requests fall through to the ordinary snapshot cache. Three Golden Horseshoe neighbours run alongside it — MiWay, Hamilton HSR and Durham Region Transit — each bus-only and each polled only near its own region. Durham Region Transit publishes no bearing on any vehicle, so those sprites take their heading from observed movement like any other feed that omits it. Guelph, Kingston and Barrie extend the same pattern eastward and north. Hamilton, Guelph, Burlington and YRT publish route ids that are not the number on the vehicle, so those entries carry a route-name table taken from each operator’s own published GTFS; any id missing from a table renders unchanged rather than blank. A label is never invented: YRT runs a route `9101` that appears nowhere in its published routes, so it stays as the feed sends it. Burlington’s is the one that cannot be shortcut: `351` is route 1 while `3510` is route 10, so the table is a real join rather than a trimmed prefix. GO Transit / Metrolinx is deliberately absent: its REALTIME feed requires an API key issued by manual review, which the keyless admission rule excludes (its static schedule download is keyless, but carries no vehicle positions). Barrie and YRT/Viva each invite acceptance of their licence through a form, and each licence also states that using the data is itself acceptance; this deployment relies on that clause, which is recorded in both entries. Grand River Transit in Waterloo is absent for a different reason: it answers, but its feed header was months stale and it publishes no per-vehicle timestamps, so it would render vehicles that look live and are not. Ottawa’s OC Transpo falls to the same keyless admission rule as GO Transit — its realtime feed requires an API key. London Transit and Thunder Bay Transit publish vehicle positions over plain HTTP with no HTTPS endpoint available. Every other Ontario system — Brampton, Oakville, Niagara, Milton, Windsor, Greater Sudbury, UP Express and a dozen smaller operators — publishes static GTFS schedules only, with no realtime vehicle positions to register. Between the nine included and these exclusions, every Ontario realtime vehicle-position feed catalogued in the Mobility Database is accounted for.
 - **Radio Browser.** `/api/radio/stations` discovers official API mirrors, makes bounded and coalesced healthy/geolocated HTTPS-station queries, caches the normalized public-domain directory for 45 minutes, and may serve the last good catalog for up to seven days during an outage. Refreshes must meet minimum accepted-query and station coverage before replacing a warm catalog; schema-valid responses whose rows all fail the product's health policy do not count as successful queries. A usable partial cold catalog is explicitly `DEGRADED`, and non-array or empty successful payloads are rejected atomically. Individual structurally malformed rows are skipped rather than failing the whole query; the response carries their bounded `rejectedStationCount` (at most 10,000), which the client adds to its own rejected rows and reports as degraded coverage without discarding the accepted generation. Every directory and click-count request rejects redirects, validates all resolved addresses as globally routable (including reserved/documentation IPv4 and special/non-global IPv6 exclusions), and pins the TLS connection to a validated address. Only MP3/AAC non-HLS directory rows with public HTTPS stream targets are returned; favicons are intentionally omitted. Pressing play connects one browser audio element directly to the selected broadcaster and calls the directory's click counter through known-ID-only `POST /api/radio/click/:uuid`. GEV never proxies, caches, records, bundles, or redistributes audio. Radio Browser supplies station-level tags, not dependable current-song or upcoming-program metadata, so Radio filtering never claims either. Direct playback exposes the listener's IP address to the broadcaster, whose own stream terms apply.
 - **TomTom Traffic.** Optional and BYOK: without `TOMTOM_API_KEY` the traffic layer runs its built-in simulation and no TomTom data (or attribution) appears. With a key, flow vector tiles are fetched through the server-side `/api/tomtom` proxy (120 s cache + a daily tile-budget governor — `TOMTOM_DAILY_TILE_BUDGET`, default 6,000 — sized so a 31-day month stays inside TomTom's 200K monthly free allowance; still a configurable application safety ceiling, not a guarantee; TomTom's [current pricing](https://docs.tomtom.com/pricing/) lists 200K free tile requests per month) and the "Traffic flow data © TomTom" credit is registered in the Data attribution popover the moment live mode activates. TomTom data is served live and cached only transiently (≤120 s TTL under `.gev-cache/`, gitignored) — it is not bundled or redistributed. One 23 KB point-in-time tile snapshot is committed as a decode-test fixture (`src/data/fixtures/`, © TomTom, never served to the app).
 - **Routing (OSRM / FOSSGIS).** `/api/route` proxies the public OSRM instances FOSSGIS e.V. runs for the OpenStreetMap community (car, bike, foot profiles). They are keyless and intended for fair, interactive use — the proxy rate-limits clients (60/min, 200/min total), caps route span and response size, caches each route for 10 minutes, and identifies itself in the User-Agent. Heavy or automated use must run its own OSRM. Routes are computed from OpenStreetMap data (ODbL); the Directions layer and voice routes never redistribute them. A route the router cannot find is reported as such; the Directions layer draws nothing in that case, and voice routes fall back to a clearly labeled straight line.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 745bec3d8..965c0e283 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ Twenty layers and map sources. **Eighteen have a keyless path.** Some offer addi
 | 📷 **Mapped ALPR Cameras**  | License-plate-reader camera locations tagged by OpenStreetMap contributors, loaded one city-sized view at a time, with **SHOW NEAREST**. Locations and tags only: no plate data, no video                                                                                                                                                                                           | OpenStreetMap (incl. DeFlock mapping)   | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 📷 **Street Level**         | Street-level photos behind one panel, one chip per provider: coverage on the streets, image cones, an embedded viewer with full-screen **EXPAND**. Mapillary, Google Street View, KartaView and Panoramax | Mapillary · Google · KartaView · Panoramax | 🟢 KartaView, Panoramax · 🟡 Mapillary token · 🔴 Google Maps key |
 | 📻 **Radio**                | Geolocated world radio with an **analog tuner** — drag the needle across up to 750 stations and the globe flies to each broadcaster                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | Radio Browser / broadcasters            | 🟢                                                                                                  |
-| 🚌 **Transit**              | Live buses, trams, metros, trains and ferries with delayed playback between reports, selected-vehicle trails, and mode-coloured DETECT labels — Boston, Austin, Minneapolis, Helsinki, the Netherlands, Norway, South East Queensland, and nine in Ontario: Toronto (surface vehicles; the subway publishes no positions), Mississauga, Hamilton, Durham Region, York Region, Guelph, Burlington, Barrie and Kingston                                                                                                                                               | Operator GTFS-Realtime feeds            | 🟢                                                                                                  |
+| 🚌 **Transit**              | Live buses, trams, metros, trains and ferries with delayed playback between reports, selected-vehicle trails, and mode-coloured DETECT labels — Boston, Austin, Minneapolis, Helsinki, the Netherlands, Norway, South East Queensland, Rio de Janeiro (buses and BRT), and nine in Ontario: Toronto (surface vehicles; the subway publishes no positions), Mississauga, Hamilton, Durham Region, York Region, Guelph, Burlington, Barrie and Kingston                                                                                                                                               | Operator GTFS-Realtime feeds            | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🚲 **Bikeshare**            | Live station availability                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | GBFS                                    | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🧭 **Directions**           | Click A and B on the globe for a street-following drive, walk or cycle route draped on the terrain with turn-by-turn steps — then FLY the camera along it. No key, no geocoder, no mic                                                                                                                                                                                              | OSRM on FOSSGIS servers (OpenStreetMap) | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🔥 **Active Fires**         | Live NASA FIRMS detections, trailing 24h                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | NASA FIRMS                              | 🟡                                                                                                  |
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 966bb3878..2adac270e 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -4295,11 +4295,13 @@ Transit is off by default, and share links use token `j`. The movement panel ord
 places Transit directly after Street Traffic and before Bike Share. Cameras and
 utilities retain their own groups. The layer polls
 registered feeds near the camera every 15 seconds, below a 3,000 km altitude
-gate. Sixteen keyless regions are available: Boston, Austin, Minneapolis–St Paul,
-Helsinki, the Netherlands, Norway, South East Queensland, and nine in
+gate. Seventeen keyless regions are available: Boston, Austin, Minneapolis–St Paul,
+Helsinki, the Netherlands, Norway, South East Queensland, Rio de Janeiro
+(municipal buses and the Mobi-Rio BRT, two feeds), and nine in
 Ontario — Toronto (TTC surface vehicles; the subway publishes no
 positions), MiWay, Hamilton HSR, Durham Region, YRT/Viva, Guelph,
-Burlington, Barrie and Kingston. Mode silhouettes
+Burlington, Barrie and Kingston. Rio's feeds publish speed in km/h, which
+the proxy converts to m/s before any card reads it. Mode silhouettes
 identify buses, trams, subways, trains, ferries and unclassified vehicles.
 
 Retained transit history uses the same outlier quarantine as live observations and
diff --git a/src/data/transitFeeds.js b/src/data/transitFeeds.js
index b8476a6ee..e871a2e89 100644
--- a/src/data/transitFeeds.js
+++ b/src/data/transitFeeds.js
@@ -385,7 +385,12 @@ function burlingtonRouteLabel(routeId) {
  *   url: string, headers?: Record<string, string>,
  *   license: string, licenseUrl: string, attribution: string,
  *   defaultMode: string, routeMode?: (routeId: string|null) => string,
+ *   speedUnit?: 'kmh',
  * }>>}
+ *
+ * `speedUnit: 'kmh'` marks a feed that publishes `Position.speed` in km/h
+ * instead of the m/s the spec requires; the proxy converts it before anything
+ * downstream reads `speedMps`.
  */
 export const TRANSIT_FEED_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
   Object.freeze({
@@ -729,6 +734,51 @@ export const TRANSIT_FEED_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     defaultMode: 'bus',
     routeLabel: burlingtonRouteLabel,
   }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    id: 'smtr-rio-onibus',
+    name: 'Rio buses (SPPO)',
+    operator: 'Secretaria Municipal de Transportes (SMTR), Rio de Janeiro',
+    region: 'Rio de Janeiro, RJ',
+    // Every vehicle in a 2026-10-29 snapshot, from Santa Cruz in the west to
+    // the Zona Sul, sat within 31 km of this point.
+    center: Object.freeze({ lat: -22.92, lon: -43.42 }),
+    loadRadiusKm: 45,
+    url: 'https://dados.mobilidade.rio/gtfs/realtime/onibus/vehicle-positions',
+    license: 'CC BY 4.0',
+    licenseUrl:
+      'https://www.data.rio/documents/997bc16cc4344a5cb0e48ab06cbdfd1f',
+    attribution: 'SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro (CC BY 4.0)',
+    defaultEnabled: true,
+    terms: Object.freeze({
+      quote:
+        'This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License',
+      note: 'The data.rio catalog page labels the feed [beta] and states a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute behind a 10-second cache, which the 15-second proxy TTL stays inside. It is the named replacement for the JSON GPS endpoints SMTR deprecated on 2026-10-07 and says it will switch off by 2026-11-30. SMTR relays the concessionaires’ ITS data and repairs trips with its own matching; the page places accuracy with the suppliers. Speeds arrive in km/h, not m/s (a 2026-10-29 snapshot peaked at 89), hence `speedUnit`. Route ids are internal keys: `O0313AAA0A` carried service 313 in the same day’s JSON feed. They are shown raw until a published table is joined.',
+    }),
+    defaultMode: 'bus',
+    speedUnit: 'kmh',
+  }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    id: 'smtr-rio-brt',
+    name: 'Mobi-Rio BRT',
+    operator:
+      'Secretaria Municipal de Transportes (SMTR), Rio de Janeiro, for the Mobi-Rio BRT fleet',
+    region: 'Rio de Janeiro, RJ',
+    center: Object.freeze({ lat: -22.92, lon: -43.42 }),
+    loadRadiusKm: 45,
+    url: 'https://dados.mobilidade.rio/gtfs/realtime/brt/vehicle-positions',
+    license: 'CC BY 4.0',
+    licenseUrl:
+      'https://www.data.rio/documents/8bb196cc02174d25b77437bb2f6443d4',
+    attribution: 'SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro (CC BY 4.0)',
+    defaultEnabled: true,
+    terms: Object.freeze({
+      quote:
+        'This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License',
+      note: 'Same catalog terms, [beta] label and gateway limits as the bus feed. The fleet is operated by Mobi-Rio and tracked by SONDA, whose data SMTR relays. Speeds are km/h here too (peak 62 in the same snapshot). Route ids are opaque (`20000461130`) and are shown raw.',
+    }),
+    defaultMode: 'bus',
+    speedUnit: 'kmh',
+  }),
 ]);
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs b/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
index fd990af45..51903b7db 100644
--- a/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
@@ -482,3 +482,46 @@ test('Burlington is live and carries its terms link, which its licence requires'
   assert.match(bur.licenseUrl, /Open%20Data%20Terms%20of%20Use\.pdf$/);
   assert.match(bur.url, /^https:\/\//, 'port 80 has no listener at all');
 });
+
+test('Rio buses and BRT cover the city from Centro to Santa Cruz, and not São Paulo', () => {
+  const ids = (lat, lon) =>
+    transitFeedsInRange(lat, lon).map((feed) => feed.id);
+  for (const [place, lat, lon] of [
+    ['Centro', -22.9068, -43.1729],
+    ['Barra da Tijuca', -23.0004, -43.3659],
+    ['Santa Cruz', -22.9194, -43.6847],
+  ]) {
+    assert.ok(
+      ids(lat, lon).includes('smtr-rio-onibus'),
+      `buses reach ${place}`,
+    );
+    assert.ok(ids(lat, lon).includes('smtr-rio-brt'), `BRT reaches ${place}`);
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ids(-23.5505, -46.6333).filter((id) => id.startsWith('smtr-rio')),
+    [],
+    'São Paulo, 360 km away, never polls Rio',
+  );
+});
+
+test('Rio feeds are CC BY 4.0, live, and declare the km/h speeds they publish', () => {
+  for (const id of ['smtr-rio-onibus', 'smtr-rio-brt']) {
+    const feed = getTransitFeed(id);
+    assert.equal(feed.defaultEnabled, true, `${id} is live`);
+    assert.equal(feed.license, 'CC BY 4.0');
+    assert.match(feed.licenseUrl, /^https:\/\/www\.data\.rio\/documents\//);
+    assert.match(feed.attribution, /Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro/);
+    assert.equal(feed.speedUnit, 'kmh', `${id} publishes km/h`);
+    assert.equal(transitModeFor(feed, null), 'bus');
+  }
+  const sources = readFileSync(
+    new URL('../../DATA_SOURCES.md', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    sources
+      .split('\n')
+      .some((line) => line.startsWith('| **SMTR Rio de Janeiro')),
+    'Rio has a DATA_SOURCES row',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/data/transitProxy.js b/src/data/transitProxy.js
index 458240e9d..2923c9c32 100644
--- a/src/data/transitProxy.js
+++ b/src/data/transitProxy.js
@@ -224,6 +224,25 @@ export function repairVehicleTimestamps(vehicles, headerTimestamp, fetchedAtS) {
   });
 }
 
+/**
+ * Bring a feed's speeds to the m/s the spec requires. A feed registered with
+ * `speedUnit: 'kmh'` publishes km/h in `Position.speed`, and read as m/s a
+ * 44 km/h bus would be reported at 158 km/h. Converting here, once, keeps every
+ * consumer of `speedMps` honest without each one knowing about the feed.
+ *
+ * @param {object} feed Registry entry.
+ * @param {object[]} vehicles Normalized vehicle records.
+ * @returns {object[]}
+ */
+export function normalizeFeedSpeeds(feed, vehicles) {
+  if (feed?.speedUnit !== 'kmh') return vehicles;
+  return vehicles.map((vehicle) =>
+    Number.isFinite(vehicle.speedMps)
+      ? { ...vehicle, speedMps: vehicle.speedMps / 3.6 }
+      : vehicle,
+  );
+}
+
 /**
  * Decode upstream bytes into the JSON snapshot the browser consumes.
  *
@@ -257,7 +276,7 @@ export function buildTransitSnapshot(feed, bytes, now = Date.now()) {
     truncated: decoded.truncated,
     count: decoded.vehicles.length,
     vehicles: repairVehicleTimestamps(
-      decoded.vehicles,
+      normalizeFeedSpeeds(feed, decoded.vehicles),
       decoded.timestamp,
       Math.floor(now / 1000),
     ),
diff --git a/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs b/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs
index dea10ab25..445e658f2 100644
--- a/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs
@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ function encodeFeed({
     const position = new PbfWriter();
     position.writeFloatField(1, entity.lat);
     position.writeFloatField(2, entity.lon);
+    if (entity.speed != null) position.writeFloatField(5, entity.speed);
     vehicle.writeBytesField(2, position.finish());
     if (entity.timestamp) vehicle.writeVarintField(5, entity.timestamp);
     const descriptor = new PbfWriter();
@@ -284,6 +285,31 @@ test('the snapshot builder fills timestamps from the header it decoded', () => {
   assert.equal(snapshot.feedTimestamp, 1_700_000_000);
 });
 
+test('a feed that publishes km/h has its speeds converted to m/s, and only that feed', () => {
+  // Rio's SMTR feeds put km/h in Position.speed; read as m/s, a 36 km/h bus
+  // would be reported at 130 km/h.
+  const bytes = encodeFeed({
+    entities: [
+      { id: 'moving', lat: -22.9, lon: -43.2, speed: 36 },
+      { id: 'still', lat: -22.9, lon: -43.2, speed: 0 },
+      { id: 'silent', lat: -22.9, lon: -43.2 },
+    ],
+  });
+  const rio = buildTransitSnapshot(getTransitFeed('smtr-rio-onibus'), bytes, 1);
+  const speeds = Object.fromEntries(
+    rio.vehicles.map((vehicle) => [vehicle.id, vehicle.speedMps]),
+  );
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(speeds.moving - 10) < 1e-6, '36 km/h is 10 m/s');
+  assert.equal(speeds.still, 0);
+  assert.equal(speeds.silent, null, 'an absent speed stays absent');
+  const mbta = buildTransitSnapshot(getTransitFeed('mbta'), bytes, 1);
+  assert.equal(
+    mbta.vehicles.find((vehicle) => vehicle.id === 'moving').speedMps,
+    36,
+    'a spec-conforming feed is left alone',
+  );
+});
+
 test('conditional-request validators and gzip ride along with feed identification', () => {
   const entur = getTransitFeed('entur-norway');
   const plain = transitUpstreamHeaders(entur);

From 53d30c9e80d765b14eb2a2c35a957168cad2bf4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Itallo=20Brand=C3=A3o?=
 <45429643+IMBrandao@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 16:30:47 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 032/262] docs(changelog): add fragment for #1481

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md b/changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62b4ede04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Add Rio de Janeiro to the Transit layer: municipal buses and the Mobi-Rio BRT
+  from SMTR's keyless GTFS-Realtime feeds (CC BY 4.0), the layer's first Latin
+  American region. A feed that publishes speed in km/h declares
+  `speedUnit: 'kmh'` and the proxy converts it to m/s (IMBrandao, #1481).

From 096383b43266fb6b13d3cc471be4b80f74f7876a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Oct 2026 21:00:13 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 033/262] Translate the fire filter strings into de, fr and ja

---
 src/i18n/locales/de.json      | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json      | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json      | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json |  3 +++
 4 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 8e383aded..f18b5ca67 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -2926,5 +2926,18 @@
   "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "Fehlerhafter Wirbelsturm-Snapshot",
   "STALE · Roads: {source} · Flow: cached TomTom tiles": "VERALTET · Straßen: {source} · Verkehrsfluss: TomTom-Kacheln aus dem Cache",
   "routing busy — too many routes at once": "Routing-Dienst ausgelastet – zu viele Routen gleichzeitig",
-  "route proxy error": "Fehler des Routen-Proxys"
+  "route proxy error": "Fehler des Routen-Proxys",
+  "fire confidence filter|All": "Alle",
+  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "Mittel+",
+  "fire confidence filter|High": "Hoch",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Alle Erkennungen — viele der stärksten Brände haben eine niedrige Konfidenz",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Erkennungen mit mittlerer und hoher Konfidenz",
+  "High confidence detections only": "Nur Erkennungen mit hoher Konfidenz",
+  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "Intensität (FRP)",
+  "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
+  "Confidence": "Konfidenz",
+  "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Minimale Strahlungsleistung des Brandes in Megawatt",
+  "fire intensity filter|All": "Alle",
+  "Detection confidence": "Konfidenz der Erkennung",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} von {total} angezeigt"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 931e7c3ff..59641d143 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -2996,5 +2996,18 @@
   "ESC to dismiss": "ESC pour fermer",
   "Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.": "Astuce : le bouton GEV MIC du dock permet de parler à la carte.",
   "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "Instantané cyclonique mal formé",
-  "Cyclone request timed out": "Délai dépassé pour la requête cyclonique"
+  "Cyclone request timed out": "Délai dépassé pour la requête cyclonique",
+  "fire confidence filter|All": "Toutes",
+  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "Nominale+",
+  "fire confidence filter|High": "Élevée",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Toutes les détections — beaucoup des feux les plus intenses ont une confiance faible",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Détections de confiance nominale et élevée",
+  "High confidence detections only": "Détections de confiance élevée uniquement",
+  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "Intensité (FRP)",
+  "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
+  "Confidence": "Confiance",
+  "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Puissance radiative minimale du feu, en mégawatts",
+  "fire intensity filter|All": "Toutes",
+  "Detection confidence": "Confiance de la détection",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} sur {total} affichées"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 5a48dc886..85757c1dd 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2856,5 +2856,18 @@
   "routing busy — too many routes at once": "ルート検索サービスが混雑しています。同時に要求されたルートが多すぎます",
   "route proxy error": "ルート検索プロキシでエラーが発生しました",
   "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "サイクロンのスナップショットの形式が不正です",
-  "Cyclone request timed out": "サイクロンのリクエストがタイムアウトしました"
+  "Cyclone request timed out": "サイクロンのリクエストがタイムアウトしました",
+  "fire confidence filter|All": "すべて",
+  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "中以上",
+  "fire confidence filter|High": "高",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "すべての検知 — 最も強い火災の多くは信頼度が低と判定されています",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "信頼度が中・高の検知",
+  "High confidence detections only": "信頼度が高の検知のみ",
+  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "強度（FRP）",
+  "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
+  "Confidence": "信頼度",
+  "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "火災放射強度の最小値（メガワット）",
+  "fire intensity filter|All": "すべて",
+  "Detection confidence": "検知の信頼度",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "{total}件中{shown}件を表示"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index dd0df9990..390b56e58 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔN",
     "Ⅱ PAUSE",
+    "≥ {value} MW",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "es": [
@@ -469,6 +470,7 @@
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
     "Ⅱ PAUSE",
+    "≥ {value} MW",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "it": [
@@ -688,6 +690,7 @@
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
+    "≥ {value} MW",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "pt": [

From 0c4da3cdb27c0eda490954d8581079809cf3ae32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 1 Nov 2026 21:47:32 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 034/262] Keep one world clock that every timed layer reads

Core told time eight ways: Date.now() in most layers, JulianDate.now() for
flights and military, Cesium's clock frozen at page load for the sky, the
weather clock for observed imagery. They now read one clock,
src/time/worldClock.js, exported as ./time.

Live is a mode, not a timestamp: while live the clock is the wall clock,
so every layer draws as before. Away from live only the layers that follow
the clock move with it. The weather products follow it, as they followed
the weather transport; a host opts others in with follow(id).

- The weather clock takes its time from the world clock and drives its
  replay, stepping its frames as before.
- Satellites, launches, flights and military (still 30 s and 15 s behind),
  transit, GNSS, Recent Imagery, street level, the HUD and the celestial
  ring read worldTimeFor(id). Cadences stay on the wall clock.
- Cesium's sky (stars, sun, moon, atmosphere, lighting) draws at the world
  time each frame instead of the moment the page loaded.
- Weather frames and satellites declare coverage() for a host's timeline.
---
 package.json                             |   1 +
 scripts/package-boundaries.json          |  40 ++-
 src/app/constructCatalog.js              |   3 +-
 src/app/layers/gnss.js                   |   6 +-
 src/app/layers/recentImagery.js          |   4 +
 src/app/scene.js                         |   8 +
 src/celestialRing.js                     |  15 +-
 src/hud.js                               |  13 +-
 src/layers/flights/motion.js             |   5 +-
 src/layers/flights/motion.test.mjs       |  14 +-
 src/layers/flights/rendering.js          |   3 +-
 src/layers/flights/state.js              |   3 +
 src/layers/flights/tracking.js           |   3 +-
 src/layers/gnss/index.js                 |   4 +-
 src/layers/launches/launchPad.js         |   2 +-
 src/layers/launches/model.js             |   2 +-
 src/layers/launches/orbitRendering.js    |   2 +-
 src/layers/launches/rendering.js         |   4 +-
 src/layers/launches/state.js             |   9 +
 src/layers/military/motion.js            |   5 +-
 src/layers/military/state.js             |   3 +
 src/layers/military/tracking.js          |   3 +-
 src/layers/satellites/catalog.js         |   4 +-
 src/layers/satellites/controls.js        |   5 +-
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js       |   2 +-
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs |   1 +
 src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js       |  26 +-
 src/layers/satellites/orbits.js          |   6 +-
 src/layers/satellites/policy.js          |   2 +
 src/layers/satellites/records.js         |   2 +-
 src/layers/satellites/rendering.js       |   6 +-
 src/layers/satellites/state.js           |   5 +
 src/layers/satellites/tracking.js        |   7 +-
 src/layers/streetLevel/index.js          |   8 +-
 src/layers/transit/lifecycle.test.mjs    |   1 +
 src/layers/transit/rendering.js          |  12 +-
 src/layers/transit/state.js              |   3 +
 src/layers/weather/clock.js              | 127 ++++++++--
 src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs        | 176 +++++++++++++
 src/time/julian.js                       |  13 +
 src/time/viewerClock.js                  |  46 ++++
 src/time/worldClock.js                   | 308 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/time/worldClock.test.mjs             | 254 +++++++++++++++++++
 43 files changed, 1091 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/time/julian.js
 create mode 100644 src/time/viewerClock.js
 create mode 100644 src/time/worldClock.js
 create mode 100644 src/time/worldClock.test.mjs

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 7dda05144..44debccb2 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@
     "./infrastructure/lod": "./src/data/localGeojsonLod.js",
     "./application": "./src/app/application.js",
     "./application/viewer": "./src/app/viewer.js",
+    "./time": "./src/time/worldClock.js",
     "./build/vite": {
       "node": "./build/vite.js"
     },
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index c8783bde9..b6ba070e2 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -145,10 +145,16 @@
       "src/ui/views/panels/GlobeCompass.vue",
       "src/ui/stores/recording.js",
       "src/ui/styleParameters.js",
-      "src/ui/i18n.js"
+      "src/ui/i18n.js",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js"
     ],
     "external": ["vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n"]
   },
+  "time": {
+    "exports": ["./time"],
+    "modules": ["src/time/worldClock.js"],
+    "external": []
+  },
   "viewer": {
     "exports": ["./application/viewer"],
     "modules": [
@@ -1308,7 +1314,9 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
-      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js",
+      "src/time/julian.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1363,7 +1371,9 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js",
+      "src/time/julian.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1547,7 +1557,8 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
-      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "satellite.js"]
   },
@@ -1587,7 +1598,8 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1904,7 +1916,8 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
-      "src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/policy.js"
+      "src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/policy.js",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "pbf", "@mapbox/vector-tile", "mapillary-js"]
   },
@@ -3138,7 +3151,10 @@
       "src/ui/kit/UiBadge.vue",
       "src/ui/stores/globeActions.js",
       "src/ui/stores/recording.js",
-      "src/ui/i18n.js"
+      "src/ui/i18n.js",
+      "src/time/viewerClock.js",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js",
+      "src/time/julian.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -3734,7 +3750,9 @@
       "src/layers/wind/inspectionMarker.js",
       "src/ui/stores/bhoteKoshiPanel.js",
       "src/hudReadouts.js",
-      "src/ui/i18n.js"
+      "src/ui/i18n.js",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js",
+      "src/time/julian.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -4389,7 +4407,8 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "egm96-universal", "pbf"]
   },
@@ -4440,7 +4459,8 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "pbf"]
   },
diff --git a/src/app/constructCatalog.js b/src/app/constructCatalog.js
index 198f91dff..7ffc08fa3 100644
--- a/src/app/constructCatalog.js
+++ b/src/app/constructCatalog.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { resolveCatalogSources } from './sourceComposition.js';
 import { createWeatherClock } from '../layers/weather/clock.js';
+import { worldClock } from '../time/worldClock.js';
 import { createWeatherLayer } from '../layers/weather/index.js';
 import { createCyclonesLayer } from '../layers/cyclones/index.js';
 import { createWindLayer } from '../layers/wind/index.js';
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ export function createApplicationCatalog({
   const sourceComposition = resolveCatalogSources(sources);
   sources = sourceComposition.sources;
   const militaryRegistry = createMilitaryRegistry();
-  const weatherClock = createWeatherClock();
+  const weatherClock = createWeatherClock({ world: worldClock });
   const dispose = () => {
     signal.removeEventListener('abort', dispose);
     militaryRegistry.dispose();
diff --git a/src/app/layers/gnss.js b/src/app/layers/gnss.js
index 46983953b..72071e86a 100644
--- a/src/app/layers/gnss.js
+++ b/src/app/layers/gnss.js
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 import { createGnssIntegrityLayer } from '../../layers/gnss/index.js';
+import { worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
 /** Wire the adsb.lol GNSS navigation-integrity layer into the application catalog. */
 export function createApplicationGnssIntegrity(options) {
-  return createGnssIntegrityLayer(options);
+  return createGnssIntegrityLayer({
+    worldNow: worldTimeFor('gnss-integrity'),
+    ...options,
+  });
 }
diff --git a/src/app/layers/recentImagery.js b/src/app/layers/recentImagery.js
index cc4659727..6a730bc7c 100644
--- a/src/app/layers/recentImagery.js
+++ b/src/app/layers/recentImagery.js
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ import { createRecentImageryLayer } from '../../layers/recentImagery/index.js';
 import { createRecentImageryRenderer } from '../../layers/recentImagery/rendering.js';
 import { createThumbnailLoader } from '../../layers/recentImagery/thumbnails.js';
 import { governorRequestRender } from '../../renderGovernor.js';
+import { worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
+
+const imageryTime = worldTimeFor('recent-imagery');
 
 /** Construct imagery presentation over one explicitly supplied acquisition source. */
 export function createApplicationRecentImagery({ source }) {
@@ -15,5 +18,6 @@ export function createApplicationRecentImagery({ source }) {
     thumbnails: createThumbnailLoader({
       requestThumbnail: (...args) => source.getThumbnail(...args),
     }),
+    now: () => new Date(imageryTime()),
   });
 }
diff --git a/src/app/scene.js b/src/app/scene.js
index 1455b8268..50695f68c 100644
--- a/src/app/scene.js
+++ b/src/app/scene.js
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ import {
   governorRequestRender,
 } from '../renderGovernor.js';
 import { describeError } from './errors.js';
+import { worldClock, worldTimeFor } from '../time/worldClock.js';
+import { followWorldTime } from '../time/viewerClock.js';
 import { onLocaleChange, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /** Construct the application globe using the caller's local configuration. */
@@ -58,6 +60,12 @@ export async function createApplicationScene({
     if (!viewer.isDestroyed()) viewer.destroy();
   });
   defer(installTrackpadPinchZoom(viewer));
+  defer(
+    followWorldTime(viewer, worldTimeFor('sky'), {
+      subscribe: worldClock.subscribe,
+      requestRender: () => governorRequestRender('world-time'),
+    }),
+  );
   registerDataCredits(viewer, credits);
   configureCreditKeyboardAccess(document);
   defer(onLocaleChange(() => configureCreditKeyboardAccess(document)));
diff --git a/src/celestialRing.js b/src/celestialRing.js
index c031593d4..f470e7d18 100644
--- a/src/celestialRing.js
+++ b/src/celestialRing.js
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { governorRequestRender } from './renderGovernor.js';
+import { worldClock, worldTimeFor } from './time/worldClock.js';
+
+// The ring shows the sun and moon at the time the sky is drawn.
+const skyTime = worldTimeFor('sky');
 
 /** Outer edge of the existing NVG/FLIR keyhole in normalized shader space. */
 export const KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS = 1.05;
@@ -445,6 +449,12 @@ export class CelestialRing {
       if (typeof document !== 'undefined' && document.hidden) return;
       governorRequestRender('celestial-ephemeris');
     }, 60_000);
+    // A jump in the world time moves the sun and moon at once.
+    this._skyDate = new Date();
+    this._skyTime = new Cesium.JulianDate();
+    this._unsubscribeWorldTime = worldClock.subscribe(() => {
+      this._ephemerisDirty = true;
+    });
     this.setEnabled(this.enabled);
   }
 
@@ -801,7 +811,8 @@ export class CelestialRing {
       return;
     }
 
-    const time = Cesium.JulianDate.now();
+    this._skyDate.setTime(skyTime());
+    const time = Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(this._skyDate, this._skyTime);
     if (!this._updateEphemeris(time)) return;
     this._present({ ephemerisUpdates: String(this._ephemerisUpdateCount) });
     const camera = this.viewer.camera;
@@ -890,6 +901,8 @@ export class CelestialRing {
       clearInterval(this._ephemerisTimer);
       this._ephemerisTimer = null;
     }
+    this._unsubscribeWorldTime?.();
+    this._unsubscribeWorldTime = null;
     if (this._removePostRender) this._removePostRender();
     this._removePostRender = null;
     if (this._shown()) {
diff --git a/src/hud.js b/src/hud.js
index 80ef5e6f8..d74b05878 100644
--- a/src/hud.js
+++ b/src/hud.js
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { greatCircleKm } from './geoDistance.js';
 import { forward as toMGRS } from 'mgrs';
 import { CITY_POIS } from './cityPois.js';
+import { worldTimeFor } from './time/worldClock.js';
+
+// The HUD stamps its readouts with the world time; its sun is the sky's.
+const hudTime = worldTimeFor('hud');
+const skyTime = worldTimeFor('sky');
 import { composeLocalityTag } from './hudLocality.js';
 import { hudQuantity, LOCALIZED_LOCALITY } from './hudLocalityFormat.js';
 import {
@@ -385,11 +390,11 @@ export class IntelHUD {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Format the current wall-clock time as a UTC Zulu string.
+   * Format the HUD's world time as a UTC Zulu string.
    * @returns {string} Timestamp in `YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SSZ` format.
    */
   _formatUTC() {
-    const now = new Date();
+    const now = new Date(hudTime());
     const y = now.getUTCFullYear();
     const mo = String(now.getUTCMonth() + 1).padStart(2, '0');
     const d = String(now.getUTCDate()).padStart(2, '0');
@@ -491,7 +496,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
     readouts.alt = `ALT: ${Math.round(altMslM)}m   SUN: ${sunEl.toFixed(1)}° EL`;
 
     // Collection timestamp
-    const now = new Date();
+    const now = new Date(hudTime());
     const h = String(now.getUTCHours()).padStart(2, '0');
     const m = String(now.getUTCMinutes()).padStart(2, '0');
     const s = String(now.getUTCSeconds()).padStart(2, '0');
@@ -598,7 +603,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
    * @returns {number} Estimated sun elevation in degrees (negative = below horizon).
    */
   _estimateSunElevation(lat, lon) {
-    const now = new Date();
+    const now = new Date(skyTime());
     // Approximate local solar time by shifting UTC hours by longitude offset
     const hours = now.getUTCHours() + now.getUTCMinutes() / 60 + lon / 15;
     const solarNoon = 12;
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/motion.js b/src/layers/flights/motion.js
index b66775f1e..a14c8c4ac 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/motion.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/motion.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { julianAt } from '../../time/julian.js';
 import {
   COURSE_HOLD_SPEED_MPS,
   lerpAngleDeg,
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ export function createMotion({
     const renderTime =
       sampledRenderTime ??
       Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(
-        Cesium.JulianDate.now(flightState._scratchRenderTime),
+        julianAt(flightState.now(), flightState._scratchRenderTime),
         -RENDER_DELAY_SEC,
         flightState._scratchRenderTime,
       );
@@ -332,7 +333,7 @@ export function createMotion({
     const history = flightState._positionHistory.get(flightState._trackedIcao);
     if (!history || history.length === 0) return true;
     const renderTime = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(
-      Cesium.JulianDate.now(),
+      julianAt(flightState.now()),
       -RENDER_DELAY_SEC,
       flightState._scratchWarmupTime,
     );
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/motion.test.mjs b/src/layers/flights/motion.test.mjs
index dcb809d86..dd7a0ab03 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/motion.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/flights/motion.test.mjs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ function fixture() {
     _scratchArc: {},
     _scratchOffset: new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
     _scratchRenderTime: new Cesium.JulianDate(),
+    now: Date.now,
   };
   const motion = createMotion({
     flightState,
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ test('fleet render time is shared without resampling or mutating the supplied in
   assert.ok(Cesium.JulianDate.equals(renderTime, savedTime));
 });
 
-test('tracked callers still sample a fresh delayed time without a fleet epoch', (t) => {
+test('tracked callers still sample a fresh delayed time without a fleet epoch', () => {
   const { flightState, motion } = fixture();
   const start = Cesium.JulianDate.fromIso8601('2026-10-24T12:00:00Z');
   const history = [
@@ -156,10 +157,11 @@ test('tracked callers still sample a fresh delayed time without a fleet epoch',
   flightState.records.data.set('tracked', { velocity: 100, true_track: 90 });
   flightState._positionHistory.set('tracked', history);
   let elapsed = 60;
-  const spy = t.mock.method(Cesium.JulianDate, 'now', (result) => {
-    assert.equal(result, flightState._scratchRenderTime);
-    return Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(start, elapsed, result);
-  });
+  let reads = 0;
+  flightState.now = () => {
+    reads += 1;
+    return Cesium.JulianDate.toDate(start).getTime() + elapsed * 1000;
+  };
   const out = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
   close(
     motion._deadReckon('tracked', out),
@@ -180,5 +182,5 @@ test('tracked callers still sample a fresh delayed time without a fleet epoch',
       new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
     ),
   );
-  assert.equal(spy.mock.callCount(), 2);
+  assert.equal(reads, 2);
 });
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/rendering.js b/src/layers/flights/rendering.js
index d4075a565..f14870590 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/rendering.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { julianAt } from '../../time/julian.js';
 import { cyberSonarBaseAlpha } from '../../cyberSonar.js';
 import { selectModelEligible } from '../../data/modelEligibility.js';
 import { civilAircraftModelSpec } from './modelSpec.js';
@@ -863,7 +864,7 @@ export function createRendering({
     flightState._lastFleetTickMs = nowMs;
     // Every contact in this pass shares the same delayed display instant.
     const renderTime = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(
-      Cesium.JulianDate.now(flightState._scratchFleetRenderTime),
+      julianAt(flightState.now(), flightState._scratchFleetRenderTime),
       -RENDER_DELAY_SEC,
       flightState._scratchFleetRenderTime,
     );
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/state.js b/src/layers/flights/state.js
index b297d5a9d..d87eaf880 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/state.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { FlightRecords } from './records.js';
 import { createFlightFeed } from './ingestion.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 import { ENRICH_AMBIENT_BUDGET_CEIL } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
@@ -12,6 +13,8 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
     ...services.groundFloor,
   });
   flightState._cullPositions = new Map();
+  /** The time contacts are drawn behind by the render delay, in epoch ms. */
+  flightState.now = worldTimeFor('flights');
 
   /** Per-class model spec. Hangar-fleet classes (CLASS_MODEL_REAL) ship GLBs
    *  vertex-baked to real-world METERS in the airplane.glb axis convention, so
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/tracking.js b/src/layers/flights/tracking.js
index dde8f4f95..c9569a914 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/tracking.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { julianAt } from '../../time/julian.js';
 import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { unitLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 import { nextCockpitNearContacts } from '../../data/cockpitAirLod.js';
@@ -382,7 +383,7 @@ export function createTracking({
     // would draw the trail in front of the plane. They join the trail via _appendTrailFix
     // as they age past the delay.
     const seedRenderTime = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(
-      Cesium.JulianDate.now(),
+      julianAt(flightState.now()),
       -RENDER_DELAY_SEC,
       flightState._scratchWarmupTime,
     );
diff --git a/src/layers/gnss/index.js b/src/layers/gnss/index.js
index ba0e9ff5d..7a9087998 100644
--- a/src/layers/gnss/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/gnss/index.js
@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ export function createGnssIntegrityLayer({
   source,
   viewAnchor = defaultGnssViewAnchor,
   now = () => Date.now(),
+  // The end of the window shown; retries and receipt times stay on `now`.
+  worldNow = now,
   monotonicNow = () => performance.now(),
   windowMs: requestedWindowMs,
 } = {}) {
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ export function createGnssIntegrityLayer({
 
   /** Age the store without new evidence, so expired cells leave the globe. */
   function expire() {
-    pruneGnssObservations(_observations, now(), { windowMs });
+    pruneGnssObservations(_observations, worldNow(), { windowMs });
     _cells = binGnssCells(_observations);
     render();
   }
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/launchPad.js b/src/layers/launches/launchPad.js
index f0a87ce6a..9fd438762 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/launchPad.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/launchPad.js
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ export function createLaunchPad({
         }
         const nowMs = Date.now();
         if (nowMs - layerState._lastMissionRingRotationMs >= 1000) {
-          layerState._missionRingDate.setTime(nowMs);
+          layerState._missionRingDate.setTime(layerState.orbitNow());
           parts.orbitRendering.updateMissionOrbitPrimitiveFrames(
             layerState._missionRingDate,
           );
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/model.js b/src/layers/launches/model.js
index 5697e07e8..f9d712246 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/model.js
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    * @returns {Array<object>}
    */
 
-  function normalizeRocketLaunches(payload, now = new Date()) {
+  function normalizeRocketLaunches(payload, now = new Date(layerState.now())) {
     const launches = Array.isArray(payload) ? payload : payload?.results;
     if (!Array.isArray(launches)) return [];
     const cutoff = now.getTime() - WINDOW_DAYS * 86400000;
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/orbitRendering.js b/src/layers/launches/orbitRendering.js
index d907904eb..b9a6cab09 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/orbitRendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/orbitRendering.js
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ export function createOrbitRendering({
     collection.show = missionOrbitPrimitiveVisible(launch.id);
     orbitFrameModelMatrix(
       satelliteTrack.gmstAtBake,
-      new Date(),
+      new Date(layerState.orbitNow()),
       collection.modelMatrix,
     );
     layerState._viewer.scene.primitives.add(collection);
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/rendering.js b/src/layers/launches/rendering.js
index 6379e78e1..52eb39961 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/rendering.js
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ export function createRendering({
         orbitCurrent.latitude,
         orbitCurrent.altitude,
       );
-      const liveTime = new Date();
+      const liveTime = new Date(layerState.orbitNow());
       const liveTelemetry = { speedMps: null };
       layerState._satelliteTelemetry.set(launch.id, liveTelemetry);
       let liveFrameNumber = -1;
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ export function createRendering({
           layerState._viewer?.scene?.frameState?.frameNumber ?? -1;
         if (frameNumber !== -1 && frameNumber === liveFrameNumber) return;
         liveFrameNumber = frameNumber;
-        const nowMs = Date.now();
+        const nowMs = layerState.orbitNow();
         liveTime.setTime(nowMs);
         if (satelliteTrack) {
           const propagated =
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/state.js b/src/layers/launches/state.js
index b2c4d266b..469013da7 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/state.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
 export function createState({ services }) {
   const { setOverlayEntries, setOverlaySourceVisible, clearOverlaySource } =
@@ -147,6 +148,14 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state._missionRingDate = new Date(0);
 
+  /** The time the launch window ends at, in epoch ms. */
+
+  state.now = worldTimeFor('rocket-launches');
+
+  /** A launched mission's satellite flies on the satellites layer's time. */
+
+  state.orbitNow = worldTimeFor('satellites');
+
   state._missionOrbitPatternRegistered = false;
 
   state._pathDistanceCache = new WeakMap();
diff --git a/src/layers/military/motion.js b/src/layers/military/motion.js
index 27489400b..a13508e54 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/motion.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/motion.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { julianAt } from '../../time/julian.js';
 import {
   lerpAngleDeg,
   speedRamp,
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ export function createMotion({
     // Render one poll interval behind real time so we interpolate between
     // two KNOWN fixes whenever possible (see RENDER_DELAY_SEC rationale).
     const renderTime = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(
-      Cesium.JulianDate.now(),
+      julianAt(flightState.now()),
       -RENDER_DELAY_SEC,
       flightState._scratchRenderTime,
     );
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ export function createMotion({
     const history = flightState._positionHistory.get(flightState._trackedIcao);
     if (!history || history.length === 0) return true;
     const renderTime = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(
-      Cesium.JulianDate.now(),
+      julianAt(flightState.now()),
       -RENDER_DELAY_SEC,
       flightState._scratchWarmupTime,
     );
diff --git a/src/layers/military/state.js b/src/layers/military/state.js
index f1a2d691f..f27595d2b 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/state.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { MilitaryFlightRecords } from './records.js';
 import { createMilitaryFeed } from './ingestion.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
 export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
   const { createGroundSnap } = services.groundSnap;
@@ -11,6 +12,8 @@ export function createFlightState({ source, services }) {
     ...services.groundFloor,
   });
   flightState._cullPositions = new Map();
+  /** The time contacts are drawn behind by the render delay, in epoch ms. */
+  flightState.now = worldTimeFor('military');
 
   /** Per-class model spec for THIS layer (2026-08-16, owner playtest ask:
    *  military contacts should read as their WEIGHT CLASS, always in this layer's
diff --git a/src/layers/military/tracking.js b/src/layers/military/tracking.js
index 8c9723176..d90d43c35 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/tracking.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { julianAt } from '../../time/julian.js';
 import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { nextCockpitNearContacts } from '../../data/cockpitAirLod.js';
 import { aircraftIcon, TRACKED_ICON_PX } from '../../data/aircraftIcons.js';
@@ -499,7 +500,7 @@ export function createTracking({
     // newest ~RENDER_DELAY_SEC of fixes are AHEAD of the displayed icon; including them
     // would draw the trail in front of the plane. They join via _appendTrailFix as they age.
     const seedRenderTime = Cesium.JulianDate.addSeconds(
-      Cesium.JulianDate.now(),
+      julianAt(flightState.now()),
       -RENDER_DELAY_SEC,
       flightState._scratchWarmupTime,
     );
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
index 097d9e3be..c5c1aaa75 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ export function createCatalog({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       1,
       Math.ceil(layerState._denseIds.length / DENSE_REFRESH_FRAMES),
     );
-    const now = new Date();
+    const now = new Date(layerState.now());
     for (let i = 0; i < perFrame; i++) {
       if (layerState._denseCursor >= layerState._denseIds.length)
         layerState._denseCursor = 0;
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ export function createCatalog({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
       const entries = parts.orbits.parseTLE(text);
       const style = POINT_STYLES.dense;
-      const now = new Date();
+      const now = new Date(layerState.now());
       let added = 0;
 
       for (let start = 0; start < entries.length; start += DENSE_CREATE_CHUNK) {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
index f3327b332..bb33a0c40 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
@@ -190,7 +190,10 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       if (noradId === null) return null;
 
       const sat = layerState._catalog.get(noradId);
-      const pos = parts.orbits.propagatePosition(sat.satrec, new Date());
+      const pos = parts.orbits.propagatePosition(
+        sat.satrec,
+        new Date(layerState.now()),
+      );
       if (!pos) return null;
 
       return {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index 01653611c..3db7d7471 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
         layerState._denseLoadToken++; // cancel any in-flight dense load against the old catalog
         parts.labels._syncIssOverlay();
 
-        const now = new Date();
+        const now = new Date(layerState.now());
 
         // Process all TLE entries in CATALOG_GROUPS order
         const allEntries = [];
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
index 313d999ee..d08f8b7a8 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ function ingestionFor(catalogText) {
     _denseLoadToken: 0,
     _catalogRevision: 0,
     _params: { catalog: 'core', showOrbits: false },
+    now: Date.now,
   };
   const parts = {
     orbits: {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
index 642a6879f..896f2fe96 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { ISS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID } from './policy.js';
+import { ISS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, SATELLITE_COVERAGE_MS } from './policy.js';
+import { worldClock } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
 export function createLifecycle({
   state: layerState,
@@ -8,6 +9,26 @@ export function createLifecycle({
   source,
 }) {
   const { clearFocusTarget } = services.focus;
+  // While on with a catalog, satellites can be shown at any time in reach of
+  // their element sets.
+  let releaseCoverage = null;
+  const coverWorldTime = () => {
+    releaseCoverage ??= worldClock.register({
+      id: 'satellites',
+      coverage: () => {
+        if (!layerState._catalog.size) return null;
+        const now = worldClock.wallNow();
+        return {
+          start: now - SATELLITE_COVERAGE_MS,
+          end: now + SATELLITE_COVERAGE_MS,
+        };
+      },
+    });
+  };
+  const uncoverWorldTime = () => {
+    releaseCoverage?.();
+    releaseCoverage = null;
+  };
   const { holdContinuousRender, releaseContinuousRender } = services.render;
   const { registerPickOwner, unregisterPickOwner } = services.picking;
 
@@ -64,6 +85,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
 
     enable(viewer) {
       layerState._enabled = true;
+      coverWorldTime();
       holdContinuousRender('satellites'); // per-frame animator (perf wave 2)
       if (layerState._pointCollection)
         layerState._pointCollection.show =
@@ -98,6 +120,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       parts.catalog._abortActiveUpdates();
       parts.tracking._cancelPendingTrackingRestore();
       layerState._enabled = false;
+      uncoverWorldTime();
       releaseContinuousRender('satellites');
       if (layerState._pointCollection) layerState._pointCollection.show = false;
       for (const path of layerState._orbitPaths.values())
@@ -125,6 +148,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       parts.catalog._abortActiveUpdates();
       releaseContinuousRender('satellites'); // direct-destroy path (perf wave 2 fix)
       layerState._enabled = false;
+      uncoverWorldTime();
       parts.tracking._clearTracking();
       parts.tracking._cancelPendingTrackingRestore();
       if (layerState._clickHandler) {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js b/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js
index 0e4461e85..37a56d106 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ export function createOrbits({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     lonDeg,
     minElevDeg = 10,
     requireVisible = false,
-    fromMs = Date.now(),
+    fromMs = layerState.now(),
   }) {
     return getNextSatellitePass(ISS_NORAD, {
       latDeg,
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ export function createOrbits({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       lonDeg,
       minElevDeg = 10,
       requireVisible = false,
-      fromMs = Date.now(),
+      fromMs = layerState.now(),
     },
   ) {
     const id = Number(noradId);
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ export function createOrbits({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   }
 
   function orbitTrackFromRecord(name, satrec) {
-    const referenceDate = new Date();
+    const referenceDate = new Date(layerState.now());
     const current = propagatePosition(satrec, referenceDate);
     if (!current) return null;
     return {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/policy.js b/src/layers/satellites/policy.js
index e7ea5456d..a6bfef8fe 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/policy.js
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ export const ORBIT_PATH_STEPS = 180;
 // points per orbital path
 
 export const POSITION_UPDATE_MS = 1000;
+/** How far either side of now SGP4 on current element sets stays meaningful. */
+export const SATELLITE_COVERAGE_MS = 14 * 24 * 3_600_000;
 // re-propagate every 1s (SGP4 is smooth at this rate)
 
 export const RING_ROTATION_MS = 1000;
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/records.js b/src/layers/satellites/records.js
index d4fb4d076..9f99d6b0d 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/records.js
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ export function createRecords({ state, parts }) {
     const limit = Number.isFinite(maxCount)
       ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(maxCount))
       : 2000;
-    const now = new Date();
+    const now = new Date(state.now());
     const result = [];
     const emit = (noradId, sat) => {
       if (result.length >= limit) return false;
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js b/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
index 08e4396bc..e722ce7c2 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ export function createRendering({
     const sat = layerState._catalog.get(noradId);
     if (!sat || !layerState._viewer) return;
 
-    const bakeDate = new Date();
+    const bakeDate = new Date(layerState.now());
     const basePositions = parts.orbits.computeOrbitPath(sat.satrec, bakeDate);
     if (basePositions.length < 2) return;
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ export function createRendering({
    */
 
   function _propagateAll() {
-    const now = new Date();
+    const now = new Date(layerState.now());
     let updated = 0;
 
     for (const [noradId, sat] of layerState._catalog) {
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ export function createRendering({
       layerState._params.showOrbits &&
       now - layerState._lastRingRotation >= RING_ROTATION_MS
     ) {
-      _updateOrbitPathRotations(new Date(now));
+      _updateOrbitPathRotations(new Date(layerState.now()));
       layerState._lastRingRotation = now;
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/state.js b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
index 50a127b54..44e004476 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
 export function createState({ services }) {
   const { setOverlayEntries, setOverlaySourceVisible, clearOverlaySource } =
@@ -151,6 +152,10 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state._trackedFrameNowForTest = null;
 
+  /** The time satellites are propagated to, in epoch ms. */
+
+  state.now = worldTimeFor('satellites');
+
   // Scratch variables
 
   state._scratchCartesian = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
index 2b2624ff7..7353d92c8 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         sat.satrec,
         layerState._trackedFrameNowForTest
           ? new Date(layerState._trackedFrameNowForTest())
-          : new Date(),
+          : new Date(layerState.now()),
       );
       if (!pos) return layerState._trackedFrameGeo; // propagation hiccup — keep last good sample
       layerState._trackedFrameGeo = pos;
@@ -434,7 +434,10 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     // Comfortable tracking landing: ~726 km back for LEO (user-validated
     // "slightly zoomed out" framing — no stutter, label reads cleanly), scaled
     // up for MEO/GEO so the camera doesn't land on top of a high-orbit dot.
-    const initialPos = parts.orbits.propagatePosition(sat.satrec, new Date());
+    const initialPos = parts.orbits.propagatePosition(
+      sat.satrec,
+      new Date(layerState.now()),
+    );
     const viewScale =
       initialPos && initialPos.altitude > HIGH_ORBIT_ALTITUDE_M
         ? TRACK_VIEW_FROM_HIGH_SCALE
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
index 1f7b0f7f0..e7303523e 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { createSelection } from './selection.js';
 import { createViewerHost } from './viewerHost.js';
 import { filtersOf, requiresKeyIdFor, validateProviders } from './registry.js';
 import { normalizeFilter, resolveFilter, sameFilter } from './filter.js';
+import { worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 import { decodeParams, encodeParams } from './params.js';
 import {
   composeUIState,
@@ -41,6 +42,9 @@ const GROUND_RETRY_MS = 1000;
  * a time.
  * @param {{providers: Array<import('./registry.js').StreetLevelProvider>, services?: object}} options
  */
+// "Since N days" counts back from the world time.
+const streetLevelTime = worldTimeFor(STREET_LEVEL_LAYER_ID);
+
 export function createStreetLevelLayer({
   providers: definitions,
   services = {},
@@ -93,7 +97,7 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
     return Object.freeze({
       services: state.services,
       /** Resolved against now, so "since N days" keeps up with the clock. */
-      getFilter: () => resolveFilter(state.filter),
+      getFilter: () => resolveFilter(state.filter, streetLevelTime()),
       /** The layer and this provider's switch are both on. */
       isActive: () => state.enabled && entry.on,
       notify,
@@ -356,7 +360,7 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
     const filter = normalizeFilter(next, state.filter);
     if (sameFilter(filter, state.filter)) return;
     state.filter = filter;
-    const resolved = resolveFilter(filter);
+    const resolved = resolveFilter(filter, streetLevelTime());
     for (const entry of state.providers.values())
       entry.instance.setFilter(resolved);
     notify();
diff --git a/src/layers/transit/lifecycle.test.mjs b/src/layers/transit/lifecycle.test.mjs
index ea547f85d..d1c14dd64 100644
--- a/src/layers/transit/lifecycle.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/transit/lifecycle.test.mjs
@@ -3927,6 +3927,7 @@ test('parked transit reprojects held and reported courses at the bounded camera
     _rotationRevision: -1,
     _cameraRevision: 0,
     _rotationDirty: false,
+    now: () => Date.now(),
   };
   const noop = () => {};
   const rendering = createRendering({
diff --git a/src/layers/transit/rendering.js b/src/layers/transit/rendering.js
index 2309978a5..f3868444a 100644
--- a/src/layers/transit/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/transit/rendering.js
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ export function createRendering({ state, services, parts }) {
   }
   function sampleIdle(entry) {
     if (!state._moving.has(entry)) {
-      updatePlayback(entry, Date.now(), performance.now());
+      updatePlayback(entry, state.now(), performance.now());
       placeSample(entry);
     }
   }
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ export function createRendering({ state, services, parts }) {
           () => {
             entry.wakeTimer = null;
             if (!state._enabled || !state._vehicles.has(entry.key)) return;
-            updatePlayback(entry, Date.now(), performance.now());
+            updatePlayback(entry, state.now(), performance.now());
             placeSample(entry);
             schedulePlayback(entry);
             syncRenderHold();
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ export function createRendering({ state, services, parts }) {
     )
       return;
     if (!state._enabled) return;
-    const now = Date.now();
+    const now = state.now();
     if (state._vehicles.size === 0) {
       state._moving.clear();
       syncRenderHold();
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ export function createRendering({ state, services, parts }) {
     }
 
     parts.trails.update();
-    refreshRotations(now);
+    refreshRotations(Date.now());
     const selected = state._vehicles.get(state._selectedKey);
     if (selected && state._visible.has(selected)) {
       selected.marker.rotation = Number.isFinite(selected.courseDeg)
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ export function createRendering({ state, services, parts }) {
       const noSample = !entry.sample || !Number.isFinite(entry.sample.lat);
       if (entry.track?.count && (!state._visible.has(entry) || noSample)) {
         entry.sample ||= {};
-        updatePlayback(entry, now, performance.now());
+        updatePlayback(entry, state.now(), performance.now());
       }
       sphere.center =
         state._visible.has(entry) || !entry.sample
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ export function createRendering({ state, services, parts }) {
   }
   function resumePlayback() {
     if (!state._enabled) return;
-    const now = Date.now(),
+    const now = state.now(),
       mono = performance.now();
     const entries = new Set(state._visible);
     const selected = state._vehicles.get(state._selectedKey);
diff --git a/src/layers/transit/state.js b/src/layers/transit/state.js
index 75b13d84b..5bb152015 100644
--- a/src/layers/transit/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/transit/state.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { createHistoryBudget } from '../../data/contactPlayback.js';
+import { worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
 /**
  * One Transit layer's mutable scene state. Every field lives on the instance,
@@ -14,6 +15,8 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   const state = {};
   state._historyBudget = createHistoryBudget();
+  /** The time vehicles play back behind by their display delay, in epoch ms. */
+  state.now = worldTimeFor('transit');
 
   state.DEFAULT_OVERLAY_HOST = Object.freeze({
     setEntries: setOverlayEntries,
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/clock.js b/src/layers/weather/clock.js
index a758dddd2..9e2d5a96f 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/clock.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/clock.js
@@ -1,19 +1,35 @@
+import { createWorldClock } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
+
 export const RADAR_MAX_GAP_MS = 30 * 60_000;
 export const REGIONAL_INFRARED_MAX_GAP_MS = 30 * 60_000;
 export const GLOBAL_INFRARED_MAX_GAP_MS = 3 * 60 * 60_000;
 export const LIGHTNING_MAX_GAP_MS = 30 * 60_000;
 
-/** Transient observed time. Products must honor the signal before installing a frame. */
+/**
+ * Transient observed time. Products must honor the signal before installing a
+ * frame. Its time is the world clock's: latest while the world is live,
+ * history at the world's time otherwise. Replay steps the observed frames and
+ * moves the world clock as it goes, as the world clock's driver.
+ */
 export function createWeatherClock({
   now = Date.now,
   setTimeout = globalThis.setTimeout,
   clearTimeout = globalThis.clearTimeout,
+  world = createWorldClock({ now }),
 } = {}) {
   const registry = new Map();
   const listeners = new Set();
   let mode = 'latest';
   let target = null;
   let playing = false;
+  // The world time last applied; while this clock moves the world, the
+  // transition its move started.
+  let seen = 'latest';
+  let moving = false;
+  let moved = null;
+  const releases = new Map();
+  // Attached at the end, once the API exists.
+  let driver = null;
   let generation = 0;
   let timer = null;
   let pending = null;
@@ -65,11 +81,32 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     timer = null;
   };
   const canPlay = () => getTimeline().length >= 2;
+  const stopPlaying = () => {
+    if (!playing) return;
+    playing = false;
+    driver?.driven(false);
+  };
+  // Move the world clock; the change comes back through followWorld. Returns
+  // the transition the move started, if it started one.
+  const move = (fn) => {
+    const outer = [moving, moved];
+    moving = true;
+    moved = null;
+    try {
+      fn();
+      return moved;
+    } finally {
+      [moving, moved] = outer;
+    }
+  };
+  const selections = () =>
+    [...registry.values()].map(({ product }) => selectedFor(product)).join();
+  let applied = null;
   function schedule() {
     cancelTimer();
     if (!playing || destroyed || pending) return;
     if (!canPlay()) {
-      playing = false;
+      stopPlaying();
       notify();
       return;
     }
@@ -92,7 +129,8 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     if (destroyed) return Promise.resolve(false);
     cancelTimer();
     const owner = ++generation;
-    if (!canPlay()) playing = false;
+    if (!canPlay()) stopPlaying();
+    applied = selections();
     for (const entry of registry.values()) entry.controller?.abort();
     // Start all products together; a rejection must not skip the settle barrier.
     const tasks = [...registry.values()].map((entry) => {
@@ -107,12 +145,13 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     const result = Promise.allSettled(tasks).then(() => {
       if (destroyed || owner !== generation) return false;
       pending = null;
-      if (!canPlay()) playing = false;
+      if (!canPlay()) stopPlaying();
       notify();
       schedule();
       return true;
     });
     pending = result;
+    if (moving) moved ??= result;
     notify();
     return result;
   }
@@ -123,11 +162,14 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
         throw new Error(`Duplicate weather product: ${product.id}`);
       const entry = { product, controller: null };
       registry.set(product.id, entry);
+      releases.set(product.id, world.hold(product.id));
       void api.refresh();
       return () => {
         if (registry.get(product.id) !== entry) return;
         entry.controller?.abort();
         registry.delete(product.id);
+        releases.get(product.id)?.();
+        releases.delete(product.id);
         void api.refresh();
       };
     },
@@ -140,9 +182,11 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
       const normalized = new Date(time).toISOString();
       if (mode === 'history' && target === normalized)
         return pending ?? Promise.resolve(true);
-      mode = 'history';
-      target = normalized;
-      return transition();
+      return (
+        move(() => world.seek(Date.parse(normalized))) ??
+        pending ??
+        Promise.resolve(true)
+      );
     },
     step(direction) {
       if (destroyed || ![-1, 1].includes(direction))
@@ -159,10 +203,9 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     },
     latest() {
       if (destroyed) return Promise.resolve(false);
-      mode = 'latest';
-      target = null;
-      playing = false;
-      return transition();
+      stopPlaying();
+      if (mode === 'latest') return transition();
+      return move(() => world.goLive()) ?? pending ?? Promise.resolve(true);
     },
     play() {
       if (destroyed || playing || !canPlay())
@@ -170,18 +213,28 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
       playing = true;
       if (mode === 'latest') {
         const timeline = getTimeline();
-        return api.setTarget(
-          timeline.findLast((time) => Date.parse(time) <= now()) ?? timeline[0],
+        const start =
+          timeline.findLast((time) => Date.parse(time) <= now()) ?? timeline[0];
+        // Playing and at the first frame in one move of the world.
+        return (
+          move(() => driver.driven(true, Date.parse(start))) ??
+          pending ??
+          Promise.resolve(true)
         );
       }
+      driver.driven(true);
       notify();
       schedule();
       return pending ?? Promise.resolve(true);
     },
     pause() {
       cancelTimer();
-      if (!playing) return;
-      playing = false;
+      if (!playing) {
+        // The world may be playing on its own; a pause or step here holds it.
+        if (world.isPlaying()) world.pause();
+        return;
+      }
+      stopPlaying();
       notify();
     },
     togglePlay() {
@@ -190,7 +243,7 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     refresh() {
       if (destroyed) return Promise.resolve(false);
       if (!canPlay()) {
-        playing = false;
+        stopPlaying();
         cancelTimer();
       }
       if (mode === 'history') return transition();
@@ -204,15 +257,55 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     },
     destroy() {
       if (destroyed) return;
+      stopPlaying();
       destroyed = true;
       ++generation;
-      playing = false;
       cancelTimer();
+      unfollowWorld();
+      uncover();
+      // The last weather clock leaves the world live, as a new one expects.
+      if (driver.detach() === 0) world.goLive();
+      for (const release of releases.values()) release();
+      releases.clear();
       for (const entry of registry.values()) entry.controller?.abort();
       registry.clear();
       listeners.clear();
       pending = null;
     },
   };
+  // Follow the world clock. A move of this clock's own always applies; one
+  // from elsewhere (a host's seek, continuous play) applies only when it
+  // changes the mode or a product's frame.
+  function followWorld(state) {
+    if (destroyed) return;
+    const nextMode = state.live ? 'latest' : 'history';
+    const nextTarget = state.live
+      ? null
+      : new Date(Math.floor(state.timeMs)).toISOString();
+    const key = nextTarget ?? 'latest';
+    if (key === seen) return;
+    seen = key;
+    const modeChanged = nextMode !== mode;
+    mode = nextMode;
+    target = nextTarget;
+    if (moving || modeChanged || selections() !== applied) void transition();
+    else notify();
+  }
+  const unfollowWorld = world.subscribe(followWorld);
+  // The observed frames this clock can show, for a host's timeline.
+  const uncover = world.register({
+    id: 'weather',
+    coverage: () => {
+      const marks = getTimeline().map((time) => Date.parse(time));
+      return marks.length
+        ? { start: marks[0], end: marks.at(-1), marks }
+        : null;
+    },
+  });
+  driver = world.attachDriver({
+    play: () => (canPlay() ? void api.play() : false),
+    pause: () => api.pause(),
+  });
+  followWorld(world.getState());
   return api;
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs b/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
index 24bd124b8..9561c10c7 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   GLOBAL_INFRARED_MAX_GAP_MS,
   LIGHTNING_MAX_GAP_MS,
 } from './clock.js';
+import { createWorldClock } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
 const time = (minutes) =>
   new Date(Date.UTC(2026, 8, 21, 12, minutes)).toISOString();
@@ -37,7 +38,15 @@ function harness(t) {
   let at = Date.parse(time(20));
   const timers = new Map();
   let id = 0;
+  let mono = 0;
+  const world = createWorldClock({
+    now: () => at,
+    monotonicNow: () => mono,
+    setInterval: () => 0,
+    clearInterval() {},
+  });
   const clock = createWeatherClock({
+    world,
     now: () => at,
     setTimeout(fn, delay) {
       timers.set(++id, { fn, due: at + delay });
@@ -50,9 +59,11 @@ function harness(t) {
   t.after(() => clock.destroy());
   return {
     clock,
+    world,
     timers,
     tick(ms) {
       at += ms;
+      mono += ms;
       for (const [id, timer] of [...timers]) {
         if (timer.due > at) continue;
         timers.delete(id);
@@ -275,3 +286,168 @@ test('registration joins history; unregister and destroy abort work and release
   assert.deepEqual(clock.getTimeline(), []);
   assert.equal(await clock.setTarget(time(5)), false);
 });
+
+test('the weather time is the world time, both ways', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world } = harness(t);
+  const radar = product('radar', [0, 10, 20]);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  assert.equal(world.follows('radar'), true);
+  await clock.setTarget(time(10));
+  assert.equal(world.isLive(), false);
+  assert.equal(world.now(), Date.parse(time(10)));
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(3)));
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(clock.getState().target, time(3));
+  assert.equal(radar.shown, time(0));
+  world.goLive();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(clock.getState().mode, 'latest');
+  assert.equal(radar.shown, time(20));
+});
+
+test('world play and pause drive the weather replay', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world, tick } = harness(t);
+  const radar = product('radar', [0, 10, 20]);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(0)));
+  await flush();
+  world.play();
+  assert.equal(clock.getState().playing, true);
+  assert.equal(world.isPlaying(), true);
+  tick(2000);
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(radar.shown, time(10));
+  assert.equal(world.now(), Date.parse(time(10)));
+  world.pause();
+  assert.equal(clock.getState().playing, false);
+  clock.play();
+  assert.equal(world.isPlaying(), true);
+  clock.pause();
+  assert.equal(world.isPlaying(), false);
+  clock.play();
+  world.goLive();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(clock.getState().playing, false);
+  assert.equal(clock.getState().mode, 'latest');
+});
+
+test('a moving world re-applies frames only when a product changes frame', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world } = harness(t);
+  const radar = product('radar', [0, 10, 20]);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(0)));
+  await flush();
+  const applied = radar.calls.length;
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(0)) + 60_000);
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(radar.calls.length, applied);
+  assert.equal(
+    clock.getState().target,
+    new Date(Date.parse(time(1))).toISOString(),
+  );
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(11)));
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(radar.calls.length, applied + 1);
+  assert.equal(radar.shown, time(10));
+});
+
+test('a world without frames to step plays on its own', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world, tick } = harness(t);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(0)));
+  world.play();
+  assert.equal(clock.getState().playing, false);
+  tick(1000);
+  assert.equal(world.now(), Date.parse(time(0)) + 1000);
+});
+
+function worldAt(at) {
+  return createWorldClock({
+    now: () => at,
+    monotonicNow: () => 0,
+    setInterval: () => 0,
+    clearInterval() {},
+  });
+}
+
+test('weather clocks sharing a world hand play over, and the last leaves it live', async () => {
+  const world = worldAt(Date.parse(time(20)));
+  const a = createWeatherClock({ world, now: () => Date.parse(time(20)) });
+  const b = createWeatherClock({ world, now: () => Date.parse(time(20)) });
+  const radarA = product('radar', [0, 10, 20]);
+  const radarB = product('radar', [0, 10, 20]);
+  a.register(radarA);
+  b.register(radarB);
+  await a.play();
+  assert.equal(world.isPlaying(), true);
+  world.pause();
+  assert.equal(a.getState().playing, false);
+  assert.equal(world.isPlaying(), false);
+  await a.play();
+  world.goLive();
+  assert.equal(a.getState().playing, false);
+  b.destroy();
+  assert.equal(world.follows('radar'), true);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(0)));
+  world.play();
+  assert.equal(a.getState().playing, true);
+  a.destroy();
+  assert.equal(world.follows('radar'), false);
+  assert.equal(world.isLive(), true);
+  assert.equal(world.isPlaying(), false);
+});
+
+test('pausing from inside the first playing notice stops the world too', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world } = harness(t);
+  clock.register(product('radar', [0, 10, 20]));
+  const off = clock.subscribe((state) => {
+    if (state.playing) {
+      off();
+      clock.pause();
+    }
+  });
+  await clock.play();
+  assert.equal(clock.getState().playing, false);
+  assert.equal(world.isPlaying(), false);
+});
+
+test('a step holds a world that was playing on its own', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world } = harness(t);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(0)));
+  world.play();
+  clock.register(product('radar', [0, 10, 20]));
+  await clock.step(1);
+  assert.equal(world.isPlaying(), false);
+  assert.equal(world.now(), Date.parse(time(10)));
+});
+
+test('a target superseded from a listener resolves false', async (t) => {
+  const { clock } = harness(t);
+  const radar = product('radar', [0, 10, 20]);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  await flush();
+  let redirected = false;
+  clock.subscribe((state) => {
+    if (state.target === time(0) && !redirected) {
+      redirected = true;
+      void clock.setTarget(time(10));
+    }
+  });
+  assert.equal(await clock.setTarget(time(0)), false);
+  assert.equal(radar.shown, time(10));
+});
+
+test('the observed frames are the world clock coverage, while registered', (t) => {
+  const { clock, world } = harness(t);
+  assert.equal(world.coverage(), null);
+  const radar = product('radar', [0, 10]);
+  const unregister = clock.register(radar);
+  clock.register(product('lightning', [5]));
+  assert.deepEqual(world.coverage(), {
+    start: Date.parse(time(0)),
+    end: Date.parse(time(10)),
+    marks: [0, 5, 10].map((m) => Date.parse(time(m))),
+  });
+  unregister();
+  clock.destroy();
+  assert.equal(world.coverage(), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/time/julian.js b/src/time/julian.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b63a53621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/time/julian.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+
+const scratch = new Date();
+
+/**
+ * Epoch ms as a Cesium JulianDate, like `JulianDate.now(result)` for any time.
+ * @param {number} ms
+ * @param {Cesium.JulianDate} [result]
+ */
+export function julianAt(ms, result) {
+  scratch.setTime(ms);
+  return Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(scratch, result);
+}
diff --git a/src/time/viewerClock.js b/src/time/viewerClock.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4c456d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/time/viewerClock.js
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+
+/**
+ * Draw Cesium's sky at the world time: the sun, moon, stars, atmosphere and
+ * the lighting on the tiles all read `frameState.time`, which Cesium takes
+ * from its own clock. That clock never animates in GEV, so before this the
+ * sky stayed at the moment the page loaded.
+ *
+ * Each frame's time is set in `preUpdate`, before the scene stamps the frame
+ * with it, so the sky is drawn at the same moment the layers read that frame.
+ * The clock's `currentTime` follows too, for anything that samples it.
+ * @param {Cesium.Viewer} viewer
+ * @param {() => number} readTime Epoch ms the sky is drawn at.
+ * @param {{subscribe?: Function, requestRender?: () => void}} [options]
+ *   A world clock to hear moves from, so a resting scene repaints when the
+ *   world time jumps.
+ * @returns {() => void} Stop following.
+ */
+export function followWorldTime(
+  viewer,
+  readTime,
+  { subscribe, requestRender = () => viewer.scene.requestRender() } = {},
+) {
+  const date = new Date();
+  const removePreUpdate = viewer.scene.preUpdate.addEventListener(
+    (_scene, time) => {
+      date.setTime(readTime());
+      const clock = viewer.clock;
+      Cesium.JulianDate.fromDate(date, clock.currentTime);
+      // The frame's own time: Cesium stamps the frame with this object next.
+      if (time) Cesium.JulianDate.clone(clock.currentTime, time);
+    },
+  );
+  let last = readTime();
+  const unsubscribe =
+    subscribe?.(() => {
+      const next = readTime();
+      if (next === last) return;
+      last = next;
+      requestRender();
+    }) ?? (() => {});
+  return () => {
+    removePreUpdate();
+    unsubscribe();
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.js b/src/time/worldClock.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..446318a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.js
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+/**
+ * The world's one time, in epoch ms. Every layer that draws something at a
+ * moment reads it here instead of calling `Date.now()` itself, so layers can
+ * never disagree about when the world is.
+ *
+ * Live is a mode, not a timestamp: while live the clock is the wall clock and
+ * every layer behaves as it would reading `Date.now()`. Away from live the
+ * clock holds a cursor, fixed or playing. Only the layers that follow the clock
+ * (`follow(id)`) move with the cursor; the rest keep reading the live edge
+ * through `timeFor(id)`, so a host opts layers in one at a time.
+ *
+ * Playback is continuous (`cursor + elapsed × rate`) unless a driver takes
+ * it: weather replay steps its observed frames itself and moves the clock as
+ * it goes, so play and pause hand over to it. Several drivers may be attached;
+ * play goes to the newest that can play, pause to the one playing.
+ */
+
+/** The span a JS Date can hold, either side of 1970. */
+const MAX_DATE_MS = 8.64e15;
+
+/** Whether `ms` is a time the world clock can hold. */
+export const isWorldTime = (ms) =>
+  Number.isFinite(ms) && Math.abs(ms) <= MAX_DATE_MS;
+
+/** How often subscribers hear of a continuously playing cursor. */
+export const WORLD_CLOCK_TICK_MS = 250;
+
+/**
+ * @param {{now?: () => number, monotonicNow?: () => number,
+ *   setInterval?: typeof globalThis.setInterval,
+ *   clearInterval?: typeof globalThis.clearInterval}} [options]
+ */
+export function createWorldClock({
+  // Read at each call, so a stand-in for Date.now (a test's, a harness's)
+  // reaches every layer as it did when they called Date.now themselves.
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+  monotonicNow = () => globalThis.performance.now(),
+  setInterval = globalThis.setInterval,
+  clearInterval = globalThis.clearInterval,
+} = {}) {
+  const listeners = new Set();
+  // Layers a host follows, and layers a part of the app holds following.
+  const following = new Set();
+  const holds = new Map();
+  const readers = new Map();
+  const sources = new Set();
+  const drivers = [];
+  let live = true;
+  // The cursor while fixed; while playing continuously, the cursor at `anchorMono`.
+  let cursorMs = null;
+  let anchorMono = 0;
+  let rate = 1;
+  let playing = false;
+  // The driver handle stepping the clock, or null.
+  let active = null;
+  let ticker = null;
+  let notifying = 0;
+
+  const continuous = () => playing && !active;
+  const isFollowed = (id) => following.has(id) || (holds.get(id) ?? 0) > 0;
+  const followedIds = () => [
+    ...new Set([...following, ...[...holds.keys()].filter(isFollowed)]),
+  ];
+  const time = () => {
+    if (live) return now();
+    if (continuous()) return cursorMs + (monotonicNow() - anchorMono) * rate;
+    return cursorMs;
+  };
+  const getState = () =>
+    Object.freeze({
+      live,
+      timeMs: time(),
+      playing,
+      rate,
+      following: followedIds(),
+    });
+  // Each listener hears the state as it is when called. A change made from
+  // inside a listener notifies everyone afresh, and the outer round stops, so
+  // nobody is left holding a state that has since changed.
+  const notify = () => {
+    const round = ++notifying;
+    for (const listener of [...listeners]) {
+      if (round !== notifying) return;
+      if (!listeners.has(listener)) continue;
+      try {
+        listener(getState());
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.error('World clock listener failed', error);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+  const syncTicker = () => {
+    if (continuous() && listeners.size) {
+      ticker ??= setInterval(notify, WORLD_CLOCK_TICK_MS);
+    } else if (ticker !== null) {
+      clearInterval(ticker);
+      ticker = null;
+    }
+  };
+  const changed = () => {
+    syncTicker();
+    notify();
+  };
+  // Freeze a continuously playing cursor where it is.
+  const settle = () => {
+    if (continuous()) cursorMs = time();
+    anchorMono = monotonicNow();
+  };
+
+  const api = {
+    /** The live edge: the wall clock, whatever the cursor does. */
+    wallNow: () => now(),
+    /** The world time: the wall clock while live, else the cursor. */
+    now: time,
+    isLive: () => live,
+    isPlaying: () => playing,
+    getRate: () => rate,
+
+    /** Hold the world at `ms`; a playing clock plays on from there. */
+    seek(ms) {
+      if (!isWorldTime(ms)) throw new TypeError('World time must be epoch ms');
+      if (!live && cursorMs === ms && !continuous()) return;
+      live = false;
+      cursorMs = ms;
+      anchorMono = monotonicNow();
+      changed();
+    },
+    /** Back to the wall clock; playback stops. */
+    goLive() {
+      if (live && !playing) return;
+      const stepping = active;
+      live = true;
+      cursorMs = null;
+      playing = false;
+      active = null;
+      // Its driven(false) finds nothing left to stop.
+      stepping?.driver.pause();
+      changed();
+    },
+    /** Play from the cursor (from now, when live). */
+    play({ rate: nextRate } = {}) {
+      if (nextRate !== undefined) api.setRate(nextRate);
+      if (playing) return;
+      for (let index = drivers.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
+        if (drivers[index].driver.play() !== false) return;
+      }
+      if (live) {
+        live = false;
+        cursorMs = now();
+      }
+      playing = true;
+      anchorMono = monotonicNow();
+      changed();
+    },
+    pause() {
+      if (!playing) return;
+      if (active) {
+        active.driver.pause();
+        return;
+      }
+      settle();
+      playing = false;
+      changed();
+    },
+    togglePlay() {
+      return playing ? api.pause() : api.play();
+    },
+    /** Simulated ms per real ms for continuous playback. */
+    setRate(nextRate) {
+      if (!Number.isFinite(nextRate) || nextRate <= 0)
+        throw new RangeError('World clock rate must be positive');
+      if (nextRate === rate) return;
+      settle();
+      rate = nextRate;
+      changed();
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Offer a stepping player. The driver moves the clock with `seek()` and
+     * reports through its handle's `driven(playing, atMs?)`; its `play()`
+     * returns false when it cannot play, and the clock tries an older driver
+     * or plays continuously instead.
+     * @param {{play: () => (boolean|void), pause: () => void}} driver
+     * @returns {{driven: (playing: boolean, atMs?: number) => void,
+     *   detach: () => number}} `detach()` returns how many drivers remain.
+     */
+    attachDriver(driver) {
+      const handle = {
+        driver,
+        /** This driver started stepping (at `atMs`, if given) or stopped. */
+        driven(isPlaying, atMs) {
+          if (!drivers.includes(handle)) return;
+          if (!isPlaying) {
+            if (active !== handle) return;
+            active = null;
+            playing = false;
+            changed();
+            return;
+          }
+          // A continuous run hands over where it is; another driver stops.
+          settle();
+          const previous = active;
+          active = handle;
+          playing = true;
+          live = false;
+          if (Number.isFinite(atMs)) cursorMs = atMs;
+          else cursorMs ??= now();
+          anchorMono = monotonicNow();
+          if (previous && previous !== handle) previous.driver.pause();
+          changed();
+        },
+        detach() {
+          const index = drivers.indexOf(handle);
+          if (index < 0) return drivers.length;
+          handle.driven(false);
+          drivers.splice(index, 1);
+          return drivers.length;
+        },
+      };
+      drivers.push(handle);
+      return handle;
+    },
+
+    /** Let layer `id` move with the cursor instead of reading the live edge. */
+    follow(id, on = true) {
+      if (on === following.has(id)) return;
+      if (on) following.add(id);
+      else following.delete(id);
+      changed();
+    },
+    /**
+     * Keep layer `id` following until the returned release is called, however
+     * many parts of the app hold it.
+     */
+    hold(id) {
+      const was = isFollowed(id);
+      holds.set(id, (holds.get(id) ?? 0) + 1);
+      if (!was) changed();
+      let held = true;
+      return () => {
+        if (!held) return;
+        held = false;
+        const count = holds.get(id) - 1;
+        if (count > 0) holds.set(id, count);
+        else holds.delete(id);
+        if (!isFollowed(id)) changed();
+      };
+    },
+    follows: isFollowed,
+    /**
+     * The time layer `id` draws at: the cursor when it follows the clock,
+     * otherwise the live edge.
+     * @returns {() => number}
+     */
+    timeFor(id) {
+      let reader = readers.get(id);
+      if (!reader) {
+        reader = () => (isFollowed(id) ? time() : now());
+        readers.set(id, reader);
+      }
+      return reader;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * A layer's span of time it can show, for a host's timeline; null while
+     * it has none (off, or nothing loaded). Returns the unregister.
+     * @param {{id: string, coverage: () => ({start: number, end: number, marks?: number[]} | null)}} source
+     */
+    register(source) {
+      // Each registration is its own, even under a shared id.
+      const entry = { source };
+      sources.add(entry);
+      return () => sources.delete(entry);
+    },
+    /** The union of the registered sources' coverage, or null with none. */
+    coverage() {
+      let start = Infinity;
+      let end = -Infinity;
+      const marks = new Set();
+      for (const { source } of sources) {
+        const span = source.coverage();
+        if (!span || !(span.end >= span.start)) continue;
+        start = Math.min(start, span.start);
+        end = Math.max(end, span.end);
+        for (const mark of span.marks ?? []) marks.add(mark);
+      }
+      if (start > end) return null;
+      return { start, end, marks: [...marks].sort((a, b) => a - b) };
+    },
+
+    getState,
+    subscribe(listener) {
+      listeners.add(listener);
+      syncTicker();
+      return () => {
+        listeners.delete(listener);
+        syncTicker();
+      };
+    },
+  };
+  return api;
+}
+
+/** The page's world clock. Layers, the sky and a host all read this one. */
+export const worldClock = createWorldClock();
+
+/** The time layer `id` draws at on the page's clock. */
+export const worldTimeFor = (id) => worldClock.timeFor(id);
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a954f60fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createWorldClock, WORLD_CLOCK_TICK_MS } from './worldClock.js';
+
+function fakeTime() {
+  const t = {
+    wall: Date.UTC(2026, 10, 1, 12),
+    mono: 1_000,
+    timers: new Map(),
+    nextId: 1,
+    advance(ms) {
+      t.wall += ms;
+      t.mono += ms;
+    },
+    options: {
+      now: () => t.wall,
+      monotonicNow: () => t.mono,
+      setInterval: (fn, ms) => {
+        const id = t.nextId++;
+        t.timers.set(id, { fn, ms });
+        return id;
+      },
+      clearInterval: (id) => t.timers.delete(id),
+    },
+  };
+  return t;
+}
+
+test('live is the wall clock for every layer', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  assert.equal(clock.isLive(), true);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), t.wall);
+  t.advance(5_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), t.wall);
+  assert.equal(clock.timeFor('flights')(), t.wall);
+  clock.follow('flights');
+  assert.equal(clock.timeFor('flights')(), t.wall);
+});
+
+test('away from live only following layers move with the cursor', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  const satellites = clock.timeFor('satellites');
+  const flights = clock.timeFor('flights');
+  clock.follow('satellites');
+  const past = t.wall - 3_600_000;
+  clock.seek(past);
+  assert.equal(clock.isLive(), false);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), past);
+  assert.equal(satellites(), past);
+  assert.equal(flights(), t.wall);
+  assert.equal(clock.timeFor('satellites'), satellites);
+  clock.goLive();
+  assert.equal(satellites(), t.wall);
+});
+
+test('continuous play advances the cursor at the rate and pause holds it', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  const start = t.wall - 60_000;
+  clock.seek(start);
+  clock.play({ rate: 60 });
+  t.advance(1_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), start + 60_000);
+  clock.setRate(120);
+  t.advance(1_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), start + 180_000);
+  clock.pause();
+  t.advance(1_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), start + 180_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.isPlaying(), false);
+});
+
+test('play from live starts at now, and goLive returns to the wall clock', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  const from = t.wall;
+  clock.play({ rate: 2 });
+  assert.equal(clock.isLive(), false);
+  t.advance(1_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), from + 2_000);
+  clock.goLive();
+  assert.equal(clock.isPlaying(), false);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), t.wall);
+});
+
+test('subscribers hear changes, and ticks only while playing continuously', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  const states = [];
+  const off = clock.subscribe((state) => states.push(state));
+  clock.seek(t.wall - 1_000);
+  assert.equal(states.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(states[0].live, false);
+  assert.equal(t.timers.size, 0);
+  clock.play();
+  assert.equal(t.timers.size, 1);
+  assert.equal([...t.timers.values()][0].ms, WORLD_CLOCK_TICK_MS);
+  clock.pause();
+  assert.equal(t.timers.size, 0);
+  clock.play();
+  off();
+  assert.equal(t.timers.size, 0);
+});
+
+test('a driver takes play and pause, and moves the clock with seek', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  const calls = [];
+  const handle = clock.attachDriver({
+    play() {
+      calls.push('play');
+      handle.driven(true, t.wall - 10_000);
+    },
+    pause() {
+      calls.push('pause');
+      handle.driven(false);
+    },
+  });
+  clock.play();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['play']);
+  assert.equal(clock.isPlaying(), true);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), t.wall - 10_000);
+  const at = clock.now();
+  t.advance(5_000);
+  // Stepped, not continuous: the cursor waits for the driver.
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), at);
+  clock.pause();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['play', 'pause']);
+  assert.equal(clock.isPlaying(), false);
+  clock.play();
+  clock.goLive();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['play', 'pause', 'play', 'pause']);
+  assert.equal(clock.isLive(), true);
+  assert.equal(clock.isPlaying(), false);
+  assert.equal(handle.detach(), 0);
+  clock.play();
+  assert.equal(calls.length, 4);
+  t.advance(1_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), t.wall);
+});
+
+test('play goes to the newest driver that can play, pause to the one playing', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  const calls = [];
+  const driver = (name, canPlay) => {
+    const handle = clock.attachDriver({
+      play() {
+        if (!canPlay()) return false;
+        calls.push(`${name} play`);
+        handle.driven(true);
+      },
+      pause() {
+        calls.push(`${name} pause`);
+        handle.driven(false);
+      },
+    });
+    return handle;
+  };
+  let bCanPlay = false;
+  const a = driver('a', () => true);
+  const b = driver('b', () => bCanPlay);
+  clock.seek(t.wall - 1_000);
+  clock.play();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['a play']);
+  // b starting takes over from a.
+  bCanPlay = true;
+  b.driven(true);
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['a play', 'a pause']);
+  clock.pause();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['a play', 'a pause', 'b pause']);
+  assert.equal(clock.isPlaying(), false);
+  // A detached driver stops, and the other one plays next.
+  clock.play();
+  assert.equal(b.detach(), 1);
+  assert.equal(clock.isPlaying(), false);
+  clock.play();
+  assert.equal(calls.at(-1), 'a play');
+  assert.equal(a.detach(), 0);
+  assert.equal(clock.isPlaying(), false);
+});
+
+test('a listener that changes the clock leaves nobody with a stale state', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  const seen = [];
+  clock.subscribe((state) => {
+    if (state.timeMs === 0) clock.seek(1_000);
+  });
+  clock.subscribe((state) => seen.push(state.timeMs));
+  clock.seek(0);
+  assert.deepEqual(seen, [1_000]);
+});
+
+test('holds keep a layer following until every holder releases it', () => {
+  const clock = createWorldClock(fakeTime().options);
+  const first = clock.hold('radar');
+  const second = clock.hold('radar');
+  first();
+  first();
+  assert.equal(clock.follows('radar'), true);
+  second();
+  assert.equal(clock.follows('radar'), false);
+  clock.follow('radar');
+  const third = clock.hold('radar');
+  third();
+  assert.equal(clock.follows('radar'), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(clock.getState().following, ['radar']);
+});
+
+test('a driver that cannot play leaves continuous playback', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  clock.attachDriver({ play: () => false, pause() {} });
+  clock.seek(t.wall - 10_000);
+  clock.play();
+  assert.equal(clock.isPlaying(), true);
+  t.advance(1_000);
+  // Wall and cursor moved the same second at rate 1.
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), t.wall - 10_000);
+});
+
+test('coverage is the union of the registered sources', () => {
+  const clock = createWorldClock(fakeTime().options);
+  assert.equal(clock.coverage(), null);
+  const off = clock.register({
+    id: 'radar',
+    coverage: () => ({ start: 100, end: 200, marks: [100, 150, 200] }),
+  });
+  clock.register({ id: 'satellites', coverage: () => ({ start: 50, end: 180 }) });
+  clock.register({ id: 'empty', coverage: () => null });
+  assert.deepEqual(clock.coverage(), {
+    start: 50,
+    end: 200,
+    marks: [100, 150, 200],
+  });
+  off();
+  assert.deepEqual(clock.coverage(), { start: 50, end: 180, marks: [] });
+});
+
+test('seek refuses anything but epoch ms and rate must be positive', () => {
+  const clock = createWorldClock(fakeTime().options);
+  assert.throws(() => clock.seek(Number.NaN), TypeError);
+  assert.throws(() => clock.setRate(0), RangeError);
+});
+
+test('seek refuses a time no Date can hold', () => {
+  const clock = createWorldClock(fakeTime().options);
+  assert.throws(() => clock.seek(8.8e15), TypeError);
+  clock.seek(-8.64e15);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), -8.64e15);
+});

From 32ec6ed436498d7d0f0f60c15c93fe30aaeba118 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 1 Nov 2026 21:50:09 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 035/262] Share links carry the world time when made away from
 live

Field 28, worldTime, holds the world time of a link made away from live:
zigzag seconds since 2026-01-01, like field 8, but it may lie ahead of the
link's creation (a forecast moment). Opening such a link pauses the world
clock at that time; a link without it leaves the clock alone, so a page
opens live and Back or Forward does not stop a replay. Times no JS Date
can hold are dropped.
---
 docs/SHARE-LINK-FORMAT.md         |  5 +++++
 scripts/package-boundaries.json   |  9 ++++++---
 src/layers/weather/index.js       |  3 ++-
 src/share/viewCodec.js            | 16 ++++++++++++++--
 src/share/viewCodec.test.mjs      | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/sharelink.js                  | 13 +++++++++++--
 src/sharelink.navigation.test.mjs | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/shareRestoration.js        | 12 ++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/SHARE-LINK-FORMAT.md b/docs/SHARE-LINK-FORMAT.md
index 5728d1ec3..bf69653f9 100644
--- a/docs/SHARE-LINK-FORMAT.md
+++ b/docs/SHARE-LINK-FORMAT.md
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ probability of about 255 in 256 (many of them already fail as base64url).
 | 25  | `scopeFeatherPct`            | uint  | 100         | 0–200                                                             |
 | 26  | `scopeTerminusPct`           | uint  | none        | 94–100; absent is the adaptive terminus                           |
 | 27  | `styleParams`                | LEN   | style       | packed `(token, value × 100)` pairs                               |
+| 28  | `worldTime`                  | epoch | none (live) | zigzag seconds since 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z                         |
 
 Field 1 absent means `thing` when field 13 is present and `place` otherwise,
 so v1 never writes it; a later view kind writes its code.
@@ -132,6 +133,10 @@ style also extends the pinned style-defaults table.
 `hudVariant` code 1 (`operator`) is retired: the app no longer offers that
 layout and restores it as `tactical`. The code stays reserved.
 
+Field 28 is the world time the link was made at, written only when it was away
+from live. A link without it opens live. Unlike field 8 it may lie ahead of the
+link's creation (a forecast moment), and it opens paused at that time.
+
 Flag bits (field 9): 0 `bloom`, 1 `sharpen`, 2 `hudVisible`, 3
 `celestialRing` (each defaulting by style), 4 `scopeEnabled` (default on).
 
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index b6ba070e2..00f369e40 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -1105,7 +1105,8 @@
       "src/ui/kit/UiBadge.vue",
       "src/ui/stores/globeActions.js",
       "src/ui/stores/recording.js",
-      "src/ui/i18n.js"
+      "src/ui/i18n.js",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n"]
   },
@@ -3890,7 +3891,8 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -4580,7 +4582,8 @@
       "src/data/detectionPolicy.js",
       "src/scopeMaskPolicy.js",
       "src/i18n/marker.js",
-      "src/visualStylePolicy.js"
+      "src/visualStylePolicy.js",
+      "src/time/worldClock.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/index.js b/src/layers/weather/index.js
index e318e3087..4ccfdef6e 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/index.js
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ const utc = (value) =>
     : t('Unavailable');
 
 /** A per-application observation layer, using the existing layer lifecycle and
- * row controls. History is transient: shared links always open latest imagery. */
+ * row controls. Its time is the world clock's, so a link made away from live
+ * opens its imagery at that time; one made live opens the latest. */
 export function createWeatherLayer({
   feed,
   clock,
diff --git a/src/share/viewCodec.js b/src/share/viewCodec.js
index b72f79d34..5b54d8f2d 100644
--- a/src/share/viewCodec.js
+++ b/src/share/viewCodec.js
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import {
 } from '../data/detectionPolicy.js';
 import { clampScopeFeatherPct } from '../scopeMaskPolicy.js';
 import { VIEW_STYLES } from '../view/index.js';
+import { isWorldTime } from '../time/worldClock.js';
 import { RETIRED_STYLES } from '../visualStylePolicy.js';
 import {
   GLOBAL_POST_DEFAULTS,
@@ -373,6 +374,7 @@ export const SHARE_VIEW_FIELDS = freezeAll([
   { number: 25, key: 'scopeFeatherPct', type: 'uint', default: 100 },
   { number: 26, key: 'scopeTerminusPct', type: 'uint', default: null },
   { number: 27, key: 'styleParams', type: 'bytes', default: BY_STYLE },
+  { number: 28, key: 'worldTime', type: 'epoch', default: null },
 ]);
 const FIELD_BY_KEY = new Map(SHARE_VIEW_FIELDS.map((f) => [f.key, f]));
 const fieldNumber = (key) => FIELD_BY_KEY.get(key).number;
@@ -732,6 +734,9 @@ export function normalizeShareViewState(input = {}) {
     : null;
   state.panelState = normalizePanelState(source.panelState);
   state.sharedAtMs = epochMsOr(source.sharedAtMs);
+  state.worldTime = isWorldTime(source.worldTime)
+    ? Math.floor(source.worldTime / 1000) * 1000
+    : null;
   let view = normalizeView(source.view);
   if (state.layerState) view = liftTrackedEntity(state.layerState, view);
   if (view.kind === 'thing') {
@@ -948,8 +953,9 @@ export function encodeShareView(input) {
           writer.sintField(field.number, signedAngle(state[field.key]));
         break;
       case 'sharedAtMs':
-        if (state.sharedAtMs !== null)
-          writer.sintField(field.number, epochSeconds(state.sharedAtMs));
+      case 'worldTime':
+        if (state[field.key] !== null)
+          writer.sintField(field.number, epochSeconds(state[field.key]));
         break;
       case 'flags': {
         let bits = 0;
@@ -1347,6 +1353,12 @@ export function decodeShareView(code, { nowMs = Date.now() } = {}) {
       raw.sharedAtMs =
         createdAtS >= 1 && Number.isSafeInteger(ms) && ms <= nowMs ? ms : null;
     }
+    // The world time the link was made at, when it was away from live. It
+    // may lie ahead of the link's creation (a forecast) or of now.
+    if (get('worldTime')) {
+      const ms = (SHARE_VIEW_EPOCH_S + unz(get('worldTime').varint)) * 1000;
+      raw.worldTime = isWorldTime(ms) ? ms : null;
+    }
 
     if (get('layerState'))
       raw.layerState = decodeLayers(
diff --git a/src/share/viewCodec.test.mjs b/src/share/viewCodec.test.mjs
index 6cc6fd9b1..f9fd81d38 100644
--- a/src/share/viewCodec.test.mjs
+++ b/src/share/viewCodec.test.mjs
@@ -361,6 +361,7 @@ test('every registered field round-trips at once', () => {
       })),
     },
     sharedAtMs: NOW_MS,
+    worldTime: NOW_MS - 6 * 3_600_000,
   };
   // A thing view derives its camera (roll 0), so the camera fields are
   // checked on the same state as a place view.
@@ -501,6 +502,7 @@ test('the field registry is well formed and permanent', () => {
       [25, 'scopeFeatherPct', 100],
       [26, 'scopeTerminusPct', null],
       [27, 'styleParams', BY_STYLE],
+      [28, 'worldTime', null],
     ],
   );
   assert.deepEqual(
@@ -1338,3 +1340,22 @@ test('a layer option filed under a mirror layer is ignored', () => {
     { scope: 'layer-option', code: `${military}.${layerTokenNumber('m')}` },
   ]);
 });
+
+test('the world time is written only away from live, and may lie ahead', () => {
+  const at = (worldTime) =>
+    decodeShareView(encodeShareView({ sharedAtMs: NOW_MS, worldTime }), {
+      nowMs: NOW_MS,
+    }).state.worldTime;
+  assert.equal(at(null), null);
+  assert.equal(at(NOW_MS - 3_600_000), NOW_MS - 3_600_000);
+  // A forecast moment ahead of the link's creation is kept.
+  assert.equal(at(NOW_MS + 86_400_000), NOW_MS + 86_400_000);
+  // Before the 2026 epoch too: the field is zigzag.
+  assert.equal(at(Date.UTC(2024, 0, 1)), Date.UTC(2024, 0, 1));
+  // Past what a Date can hold: dropped, so the link opens live.
+  assert.equal(at(8.8e15), null);
+  assert.ok(
+    encodeShareView({ sharedAtMs: NOW_MS, worldTime: NOW_MS - 1000 }).length >
+      encodeShareView({ sharedAtMs: NOW_MS }).length,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/sharelink.js b/src/sharelink.js
index 4a0291a84..fcef04ea5 100644
--- a/src/sharelink.js
+++ b/src/sharelink.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   normalizeAllocationStrategy,
 } from './data/detectionPolicy.js';
 import { clampScopeTerminusPct } from './scopeMask.js';
+import { worldClock as pageWorldClock } from './time/worldClock.js';
 import { clampScopeFeatherPct } from './scopeMaskPolicy.js';
 import {
   decodeLayerStateParams,
@@ -68,9 +69,11 @@ export class ShareLinkManager {
       isNavigationCurrent,
       cancelOwnedNavigation,
       initialShareCode = null,
+      worldClock = pageWorldClock,
     } = {},
   ) {
     this.viewer = viewer;
+    this._worldClock = worldClock;
     // A host may hand over the share code to open instead of the address.
     this._initialShareCode =
       typeof initialShareCode === 'string' ? initialShareCode : null;
@@ -163,8 +166,9 @@ export class ShareLinkManager {
 
   /**
    * The restore state for a share code, in the long form's parsed shape plus
-   * `shareView` (what the view follows, with its offset and last-known fix),
-   * or null when the code is refused.
+   * `shareView` (what the view follows, with its offset and last-known fix)
+   * and `worldTime` (null when the link was made live), or null when the
+   * code is refused.
    */
   _parseShareCode(code) {
     const result = decodeShareView(code);
@@ -174,6 +178,7 @@ export class ShareLinkManager {
     }
     const state = toLegacyShareState(result.state);
     state.shareView = result.state.view;
+    state.worldTime = result.state.worldTime;
     return state;
   }
 
@@ -592,6 +597,10 @@ export class ShareLinkManager {
     // that state in the share format.
     const state = fromLegacyShareState(this._parseShareHash(params.toString()));
     state.sharedAtMs = Math.floor(nowMs / 1000) * 1000;
+    // Away from live, the link opens at the same world time.
+    state.worldTime = this._worldClock.isLive()
+      ? null
+      : Math.floor(this._worldClock.now() / 1000) * 1000;
     let subject = null;
     try {
       subject = this._followSubjectProvider?.({ nowMs }) ?? null;
diff --git a/src/sharelink.navigation.test.mjs b/src/sharelink.navigation.test.mjs
index e4e70b629..e486ba58d 100644
--- a/src/sharelink.navigation.test.mjs
+++ b/src/sharelink.navigation.test.mjs
@@ -423,3 +423,28 @@ test('the layer coordinator replaces in-flight share layers with the navigated s
   );
   coordinator.destroy();
 });
+
+test('a link made away from live carries its world time to the page that opens it', (t) => {
+  installTab(t, SHARE_A);
+  const worldTime = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 30, 6, 15, 42);
+  const sharer = new ShareLinkManager(fakeViewer(), {
+    worldClock: { isLive: () => false, now: () => worldTime + 400 },
+  });
+  const link = sharer.buildLink({ nowMs: Date.UTC(2026, 10, 1) });
+  sharer.destroy();
+  const code = new URL(link).pathname.split('/').at(-1);
+  const opener = new ShareLinkManager(fakeViewer(), { initialShareCode: code });
+  assert.equal(opener.parseInitialHash().worldTime, worldTime);
+  opener.destroy();
+
+  const live = new ShareLinkManager(fakeViewer(), {
+    worldClock: { isLive: () => true, now: () => worldTime },
+  });
+  const liveCode = new URL(live.buildLink()).pathname.split('/').at(-1);
+  live.destroy();
+  const liveOpener = new ShareLinkManager(fakeViewer(), {
+    initialShareCode: liveCode,
+  });
+  assert.equal(liveOpener.parseInitialHash().worldTime, null);
+  liveOpener.destroy();
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/shareRestoration.js b/src/ui/shareRestoration.js
index 12f09c18b..9fc4c6f45 100644
--- a/src/ui/shareRestoration.js
+++ b/src/ui/shareRestoration.js
@@ -4,6 +4,16 @@ import { canPresentDeferredStatusNotice } from '../loadingFeedback.js';
 import { t, msg, formatDate } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { SHARE_VIEW_ENTITY_KINDS } from '../share/follow.js';
 import { UiLifetime } from './uiLifetime.js';
+import { isWorldTime, worldClock } from '../time/worldClock.js';
+
+// A link made away from live opens at its world time, paused. One without a
+// world time leaves the clock as it is: a page opens live, and Back or Forward
+// through long-form hashes (which never carry one) does not stop a replay.
+function applySharedWorldTime(state) {
+  if (!isWorldTime(state?.worldTime)) return;
+  worldClock.pause();
+  worldClock.seek(state.worldTime);
+}
 
 /** How long a shared vessel may take to appear in the vessel feed. */
 export const SHARED_VESSEL_WAIT_MS = 120_000;
@@ -146,6 +156,7 @@ export class ShareRestoration {
       : Promise.resolve({ status: 'not-requested', share: null, layers: [] });
     if (savedState) {
       this._hasShareState = true;
+      applySharedWorldTime(savedState);
       // Reserve camera authority now; the delayed mesh-friendly flight may
       // run only if no newer user, voice, or tracking navigation has won.
       this._initialShareNavigationGeneration =
@@ -301,6 +312,7 @@ export class ShareRestoration {
       layers: [],
     });
     this._initialShareState = state;
+    applySharedWorldTime(state);
     this._initialShareSelectionSuperseded = false;
     this._hasShareState = true;
     this._navigatedShareRestoreActive = true;

From 434fc9602d1cbd06238391754687aa35673fba70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 1 Nov 2026 21:55:33 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 036/262] Show a basic timeline while the world time is away
 from live

A bar above the command dock, like a video player's: play and pause on
the left, the world time's date and time in UTC beside it, and Live to
return. It stays hidden while live, so Core looks as before until weather
history is scrubbed or replayed, a host moves the clock, or a link made
away from live is opened. Adds the pause and play_arrow glyphs and the
strings in every catalog.
---
 index.html                                 |  2 +-
 scripts/package-boundaries.json            |  5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                   |  5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                   |  5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                   |  5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                   |  5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                   |  5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                   |  5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                   |  5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                   |  5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                   |  5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                |  5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json              |  5 +-
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json              |  1 +
 src/ui/panelLayoutController.js            |  2 +
 src/ui/stores/worldTime.js                 | 29 ++++++++++
 src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css           | 62 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/views/SceneChromeView.vue           |  2 +
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs | 45 ++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue      | 34 ++++++++++++
 style.css                                  |  1 +
 21 files changed, 225 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
 create mode 100644 src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
 create mode 100644 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue

diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 803bc2417..b563cf718 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
        with the sources: src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs fails when a source
        names a glyph this list is missing, because a missing glyph does not draw
        a box — the ligature never forms and the element renders the literal word. -->
-  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&icon_names=adjust,arrow_drop_down,arrow_forward,arrow_left,arrow_right,bolt,chevron_left,chevron_right,close,close_fullscreen,dark_mode,draw,east,flare,flight,layers,layers_clear,light_mode,local_fire_department,more_horiz,movie,my_location,navigation,normal,on,open_in_full,partly_cloudy_day,public,radar,radio,right_panel_close,right_panel_open,rocket_launch,satellite_alt,search,settings,skip_next,skip_previous,streetview,tune,upload_file,videocam,view_in_ar,visibility,visibility_off" rel="stylesheet" />
+  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&icon_names=adjust,arrow_drop_down,arrow_forward,arrow_left,arrow_right,bolt,chevron_left,chevron_right,close,close_fullscreen,dark_mode,draw,east,flare,flight,layers,layers_clear,light_mode,local_fire_department,more_horiz,movie,my_location,navigation,normal,on,open_in_full,partly_cloudy_day,pause,play_arrow,public,radar,radio,right_panel_close,right_panel_open,rocket_launch,satellite_alt,search,settings,skip_next,skip_previous,streetview,tune,upload_file,videocam,view_in_ar,visibility,visibility_off" rel="stylesheet" />
 </head>
 <body>
   <div class="gev-view" data-gev-view="scene-chrome"></div>
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 00f369e40..389adde77 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -146,7 +146,10 @@
       "src/ui/stores/recording.js",
       "src/ui/styleParameters.js",
       "src/ui/i18n.js",
-      "src/time/worldClock.js"
+      "src/time/worldClock.js",
+      "src/ui/kit/UiIcon.vue",
+      "src/ui/stores/worldTime.js",
+      "src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue"
     ],
     "external": ["vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n"]
   },
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 3dd0b6d73..69ae84544 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3218,5 +3218,8 @@
   "Load scenes from an exported JSON file": "تحميل المشاهد من ملف JSON مُصدَّر",
   "Download the timing log of the last play": "تنزيل سجل توقيت آخر تشغيل",
   "Edit anchors, data packs and shot details": "تعديل نقاط الارتكاز وحزم البيانات وتفاصيل اللقطة",
-  "Download this scene as JSON or an asset bundle": "تنزيل هذا المشهد بصيغة JSON أو حزمة موارد"
+  "Download this scene as JSON or an asset bundle": "تنزيل هذا المشهد بصيغة JSON أو حزمة موارد",
+  "World time": "وقت العالم",
+  "Back to live": "العودة إلى البث المباشر",
+  "Live": "مباشر"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 144617819..da1bebb4a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -2938,5 +2938,8 @@
   "Left panels": "Linke Panels",
   "Right panels": "Rechte Panels",
   "CONFIRMED": "BESTÄTIGT",
-  "PAD / RTLS": "STARTPLATZ / RTLS"
+  "PAD / RTLS": "STARTPLATZ / RTLS",
+  "World time": "Weltzeit",
+  "Back to live": "Zurück zu live",
+  "Live": "Live"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index e1d21a5c7..f592a72c5 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3008,5 +3008,8 @@
   "Edit anchors, data packs and shot details": "Edita anclas, paquetes de datos y detalles de los planos",
   "Download this scene as JSON or an asset bundle": "Descarga esta escena como JSON o como paquete de recursos",
   "Left panels": "Paneles izquierdos",
-  "Right panels": "Paneles derechos"
+  "Right panels": "Paneles derechos",
+  "World time": "Hora mundial",
+  "Back to live": "Volver al directo",
+  "Live": "En directo"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 4a6987fad..4d7289ff7 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3008,5 +3008,8 @@
   "Left panels": "Panneaux de gauche",
   "Right panels": "Panneaux de droite",
   "CONFIRMED": "CONFIRMÉE",
-  "PAD / RTLS": "PAS DE TIR / RTLS"
+  "PAD / RTLS": "PAS DE TIR / RTLS",
+  "World time": "Heure du monde",
+  "Back to live": "Revenir au direct",
+  "Live": "Direct"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 1cf792029..065137689 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3008,5 +3008,8 @@
   "Left panels": "Pannelli a sinistra",
   "Right panels": "Pannelli a destra",
   "CONFIRMED": "CONFERMATA",
-  "PAD / RTLS": "SITO DI LANCIO / RTLS"
+  "PAD / RTLS": "SITO DI LANCIO / RTLS",
+  "World time": "Ora del mondo",
+  "Back to live": "Torna alla diretta",
+  "Live": "Diretta"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index df96321e3..3ff743076 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2868,5 +2868,8 @@
   "Left panels": "左パネル",
   "Right panels": "右パネル",
   "CONFIRMED": "確認済み",
-  "PAD / RTLS": "射場 / RTLS"
+  "PAD / RTLS": "射場 / RTLS",
+  "World time": "世界時刻",
+  "Back to live": "ライブに戻る",
+  "Live": "ライブ"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index b4326fc74..455515ab2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3008,5 +3008,8 @@
   "Left panels": "Painéis à esquerda",
   "Right panels": "Painéis à direita",
   "CONFIRMED": "CONFIRMADA",
-  "PAD / RTLS": "PLATAFORMA / RTLS"
+  "PAD / RTLS": "PLATAFORMA / RTLS",
+  "World time": "Hora do mundo",
+  "Back to live": "Voltar ao vivo",
+  "Live": "Ao vivo"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 7bd1ea870..90099d66c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3078,5 +3078,8 @@
   "Edit anchors, data packs and shot details": "Изменить якоря, пакеты данных и параметры кадров",
   "Download this scene as JSON or an asset bundle": "Скачать эту сцену в формате JSON или архивом ресурсов",
   "Left panels": "Левые панели",
-  "Right panels": "Правые панели"
+  "Right panels": "Правые панели",
+  "World time": "Мировое время",
+  "Back to live": "Вернуться к прямому эфиру",
+  "Live": "Сейчас"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index fbe8a6d3f..6ca398f07 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3078,5 +3078,8 @@
   "Left panels": "Ліві панелі",
   "Right panels": "Праві панелі",
   "CONFIRMED": "ПІДТВЕРДЖЕНО",
-  "PAD / RTLS": "МІСЦЕ ЗАПУСКУ / RTLS"
+  "PAD / RTLS": "МІСЦЕ ЗАПУСКУ / RTLS",
+  "World time": "Світовий час",
+  "Back to live": "Повернутися до прямого ефіру",
+  "Live": "Зараз"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index ffdd8a4b4..019e97701 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2868,5 +2868,8 @@
   "Edit anchors, data packs and shot details": "编辑锚点、数据包和镜头详情",
   "Download this scene as JSON or an asset bundle": "将此场景下载为 JSON 或资源包",
   "Left panels": "左侧面板",
-  "Right panels": "右侧面板"
+  "Right panels": "右侧面板",
+  "World time": "世界时间",
+  "Back to live": "返回实时",
+  "Live": "实时"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index c7b0bb5eb..3e41803e6 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2868,5 +2868,8 @@
   "Edit anchors, data packs and shot details": "編輯錨點、數據包和鏡頭詳情",
   "Download this scene as JSON or an asset bundle": "將此場景下載為 JSON 或資源包",
   "Left panels": "左側面板",
-  "Right panels": "右側面板"
+  "Right panels": "右側面板",
+  "World time": "世界時間",
+  "Back to live": "返回即時",
+  "Live": "即時"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index 1cbf64140..a4edfe8d6 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@
     "Landsat 8/9",
     "Latin",
     "Layout",
+    "Live",
     "London",
     "Los Angeles",
     "MIL",
diff --git a/src/ui/panelLayoutController.js b/src/ui/panelLayoutController.js
index dddedf575..ee0d5541b 100644
--- a/src/ui/panelLayoutController.js
+++ b/src/ui/panelLayoutController.js
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ const LEFT_STACK_OBSTACLE_SELECTOR = [
   '#gev-voice-control',
   '#pp-toggles',
   '#param-slider-panel',
+  '#world-timeline',
 ].join(', ');
 /**
  * Fixed UI regions that can occupy the right control lane. Runtime rectangle
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ const RIGHT_STACK_OBSTACLE_SELECTOR = [
   '#cesium-credits .cesium-credit-textContainer',
   '#command-dock',
   '#gev-voice-control',
+  '#world-timeline',
 ].join(', ');
 export class PanelLayoutController {
   constructor({
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8169982f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { defineStore } from 'pinia';
+import { onScopeDispose, shallowRef } from 'vue';
+import { worldClock } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
+
+/**
+ * The world clock as the timeline shows it: `{live, playing, timeMs}`. It
+ * follows the page's world clock, which tells it of every move, and of the
+ * time a few times a second while it plays on its own.
+ */
+export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
+  const read = (state = worldClock.getState()) =>
+    Object.freeze({
+      live: state.live,
+      playing: state.playing,
+      timeMs: state.timeMs,
+    });
+  const time = shallowRef(read());
+  onScopeDispose(
+    worldClock.subscribe((state) => {
+      time.value = read(state);
+    }),
+  );
+
+  return {
+    time,
+    togglePlay: () => worldClock.togglePlay(),
+    goLive: () => worldClock.goLive(),
+  };
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b791b9520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/* ── World timeline ─────────────────────────── */
+/* Shown while the world time is away from live, centred above the dock. */
+#world-timeline {
+  position: fixed;
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 7rem);
+  left: 50%;
+  z-index: 146;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+  max-width: calc(100vw - 32px);
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  padding: 4px 6px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
+  border-radius: 10px;
+  background: var(--glass-bg);
+  backdrop-filter: blur(24px) saturate(1.4);
+  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(24px) saturate(1.4);
+  box-shadow: 0 8px 28px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+}
+
+body.ui-clean-view #world-timeline,
+body.recording-mode #world-timeline {
+  bottom: 2vh;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-play,
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-live {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  min-width: 32px;
+  height: 32px;
+  padding: 0 8px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(123, 189, 211, 0.28);
+  border-radius: 8px;
+  background: rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.08);
+  color: var(--text-primary);
+  font: inherit;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-play:hover,
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-live:hover {
+  background: rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.18);
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-live {
+  font-size: 11px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-time {
+  overflow: hidden;
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/views/SceneChromeView.vue b/src/ui/views/SceneChromeView.vue
index f77dad3d2..32900f42a 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/SceneChromeView.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/SceneChromeView.vue
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import ScreenAnnotations from './panels/ScreenAnnotations.vue';
 import AwarenessDirection from './panels/AwarenessDirection.vue';
 import UiButton from '../kit/UiButton.vue';
 import GlobeActions from './panels/GlobeActions.vue';
+import WorldTimeline from './panels/WorldTimeline.vue';
 
 // The ACTIVE STYLE corner shows the style VisualSettings publishes.
 const { style } = storeToRefs(useDisplayStore());
@@ -117,4 +118,5 @@ const vToastText = {
   <MissionReplayOverlay />
   <ScreenAnnotations />
   <AwarenessDirection />
+  <WorldTimeline />
 </template>
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fc35c5c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// The world timeline shows the world time while it is away from live, with
+// play and pause on the left and the way back to live on the right.
+import '../../../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createApp, nextTick } from 'vue';
+import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
+import { worldClock } from '../../../time/worldClock.js';
+import WorldTimeline from './WorldTimeline.vue';
+
+test('the timeline shows away from live and plays, pauses and goes back', async (t) => {
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  const app = createApp(WorldTimeline).use(createPinia());
+  app.mount(document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div')));
+  t.after(() => {
+    app.unmount();
+    worldClock.goLive();
+  });
+  const bar = () => document.getElementById('world-timeline');
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(bar(), null, 'hidden while live');
+
+  const at = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 30, 6, 15, 42);
+  worldClock.seek(at);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(bar());
+  const time = bar().querySelector('time');
+  assert.equal(time.getAttribute('datetime'), new Date(at).toISOString());
+  assert.match(time.textContent, /UTC$/);
+  const play = bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-play');
+  assert.equal(play.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Play');
+
+  play.click();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isPlaying(), true);
+  assert.equal(play.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Pause');
+  play.click();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isPlaying(), false);
+
+  bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-live').click();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isLive(), true);
+  assert.equal(bar(), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33026f2a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<script setup>
+import { computed } from 'vue';
+import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia';
+import { formatDate, t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
+import { useWorldTimeStore } from '../../stores/worldTime.js';
+import UiButton from '../../kit/UiButton.vue';
+import UiIcon from '../../kit/UiIcon.vue';
+
+// The world time while it is away from live: what is playing, or where it
+// was paused, with play and pause on the left and the way back to live on
+// the right. Live, the bar stays hidden.
+const store = useWorldTimeStore();
+const { time } = storeToRefs(store);
+
+const DATE_TIME = Object.freeze({
+  dateStyle: 'medium',
+  timeStyle: 'medium',
+  timeZone: 'UTC',
+});
+const readout = computed(() =>
+  Number.isFinite(time.value.timeMs)
+    ? `${formatDate(time.value.timeMs, DATE_TIME)} UTC`
+    : '',
+);
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <div v-if="!time.live" id="world-timeline" role="group" :aria-label="t('World time')"
+    ><UiButton class="world-timeline-play" :label="time.playing ? t('Pause') : t('Play')" @click="store.togglePlay()"
+      ><UiIcon :name="time.playing ? 'pause' : 'play_arrow'" :size="20" /></UiButton
+    ><time class="world-timeline-time" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off">{{ readout }}</time
+    ><UiButton class="world-timeline-live" :label="t('Back to live')" @click="store.goLive()">{{ t('Live') }}</UiButton
+  ></div>
+</template>
diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
index 7229ab02f..1def60bb3 100644
--- a/style.css
+++ b/style.css
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 @import './src/ui/styles/provider-settings.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/locale-picker.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/weather.css';
+@import './src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/panel-surfaces.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/segmented-control.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/kit.css';

From 690a6637e26513cb95fd003e22048a1dc8b4836f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 1 Nov 2026 22:36:45 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 037/262] Show the timeline only while a layer with time to
 show is on

The bar now needs more than the world clock being away from live: a layer
that moves with the clock must be on with time to show. In Core that is
weather radar, satellite or lightning with frames; a host adds layers by
following them. Turning the last one off hides the bar; turning it back
on brings it back.

The world clock reports this as `supported` in its state. Weather products
register their frames as coverage one by one, suspended or not, so the way
back to live stays on screen with reduced motion. Weather refreshes and
satellite catalog changes tell the clock their coverage may have changed.
A coverage that throws counts as none, and the clock reads its state once
per notification round.
---
 src/layers/satellites/catalog.js           |  2 +
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js         |  1 +
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs   |  1 +
 src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js         |  9 ++++-
 src/layers/satellites/state.js             |  6 ++-
 src/layers/weather/clock.js                | 42 +++++++++++++++------
 src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs          | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/time/worldClock.js                     | 37 ++++++++++++++++--
 src/time/worldClock.test.mjs               | 35 +++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/stores/worldTime.js                 |  5 ++-
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs | 42 +++++++++++++++++++--
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue      |  6 ++-
 12 files changed, 205 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
index c5c1aaa75..32e420a04 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@ export function createCatalog({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
       layerState._count = layerState._points.size;
       layerState._catalogRevision++;
+      layerState.coverageChanged();
       layerState._denseStatus = 'ready';
       console.log(
         `[Data:Satellites] Dense catalog: +${added} ${DENSE_GROUP_PATH} (points only)`,
@@ -231,6 +232,7 @@ export function createCatalog({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     layerState._denseCursor = 0;
     layerState._count = layerState._points.size;
     layerState._catalogRevision++;
+    layerState.coverageChanged();
   }
   return {
     _abortActiveUpdates,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index 3db7d7471..b02f8371a 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -170,6 +170,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
         layerState._coreStale = coreStale;
         layerState._count = layerState._points.size;
         layerState._catalogRevision++;
+        layerState.coverageChanged();
         layerState._lastUpdate = Date.now();
         layerState._lastPropagation = Date.now();
         layerState._lastTrackingRefreshOutcome = {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
index d08f8b7a8..663541c9c 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ function ingestionFor(catalogText) {
     _catalogRevision: 0,
     _params: { catalog: 'core', showOrbits: false },
     now: Date.now,
+    coverageChanged() {},
   };
   const parts = {
     orbits: {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
index 896f2fe96..b12600c10 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ export function createLifecycle({
   // their element sets.
   let releaseCoverage = null;
   const coverWorldTime = () => {
-    releaseCoverage ??= worldClock.register({
+    if (releaseCoverage) return;
+    const release = worldClock.register({
       id: 'satellites',
       coverage: () => {
         if (!layerState._catalog.size) return null;
@@ -24,6 +25,10 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         };
       },
     });
+    // Registering tells the world's listeners, which may turn the layer off
+    // (or off and on, registering again) before this returns.
+    if (layerState._enabled && !releaseCoverage) releaseCoverage = release;
+    else release();
   };
   const uncoverWorldTime = () => {
     releaseCoverage?.();
@@ -67,6 +72,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._denseStatus = 'idle';
       layerState._denseError = null;
       layerState._catalogRevision++;
+      layerState.coverageChanged();
 
       // Point primitives for satellite dots
       layerState._pointCollection = new Cesium.PointPrimitiveCollection();
@@ -185,6 +191,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._denseStatus = 'idle';
       layerState._denseError = null;
       layerState._catalogRevision++;
+      layerState.coverageChanged();
       layerState._rowControlsListener = null;
       layerState._count = 0;
       layerState._lastUpdate = null;
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/state.js b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
index 44e004476..8464fb275 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
+import { worldClock, worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
 export function createState({ services }) {
   const { setOverlayEntries, setOverlaySourceVisible, clearOverlaySource } =
@@ -156,6 +156,10 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state.now = worldTimeFor('satellites');
 
+  /** The catalog changed, so the time satellites can be shown at may have. */
+
+  state.coverageChanged = () => worldClock.coverageChanged();
+
   // Scratch variables
 
   state._scratchCartesian = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/clock.js b/src/layers/weather/clock.js
index 9e2d5a96f..67973bf94 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/clock.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/clock.js
@@ -162,7 +162,34 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
         throw new Error(`Duplicate weather product: ${product.id}`);
       const entry = { product, controller: null };
       registry.set(product.id, entry);
-      releases.set(product.id, world.hold(product.id));
+      // The product moves with the world clock, and its frames are time the
+      // world clock's timeline can show while it is on, suspended or not, so
+      // the way back to live stays on screen. Both calls notify the world's
+      // listeners, which may destroy this clock: the release is in place
+      // first, and anything acquired after a destroy is let go at once.
+      let unhold = null;
+      let uncover = null;
+      const release = () => {
+        uncover?.();
+        unhold?.();
+        uncover = unhold = null;
+      };
+      releases.set(product.id, release);
+      unhold = world.hold(product.id);
+      if (!destroyed)
+        uncover = world.register({
+          id: product.id,
+          coverage: () => {
+            const marks = timesFor(product).map((time) => Date.parse(time));
+            return marks.length
+              ? { start: marks[0], end: marks.at(-1), marks }
+              : null;
+          },
+        });
+      if (destroyed) {
+        release();
+        return () => {};
+      }
       void api.refresh();
       return () => {
         if (registry.get(product.id) !== entry) return;
@@ -242,6 +269,8 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     },
     refresh() {
       if (destroyed) return Promise.resolve(false);
+      // New frames, or products added or dropped.
+      world.coverageChanged();
       if (!canPlay()) {
         stopPlaying();
         cancelTimer();
@@ -262,7 +291,6 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
       ++generation;
       cancelTimer();
       unfollowWorld();
-      uncover();
       // The last weather clock leaves the world live, as a new one expects.
       if (driver.detach() === 0) world.goLive();
       for (const release of releases.values()) release();
@@ -292,16 +320,6 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     else notify();
   }
   const unfollowWorld = world.subscribe(followWorld);
-  // The observed frames this clock can show, for a host's timeline.
-  const uncover = world.register({
-    id: 'weather',
-    coverage: () => {
-      const marks = getTimeline().map((time) => Date.parse(time));
-      return marks.length
-        ? { start: marks[0], end: marks.at(-1), marks }
-        : null;
-    },
-  });
   driver = world.attachDriver({
     play: () => (canPlay() ? void api.play() : false),
     pause: () => api.pause(),
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs b/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
index 9561c10c7..c803e5d72 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
@@ -436,9 +436,10 @@ test('a target superseded from a listener resolves false', async (t) => {
   assert.equal(radar.shown, time(10));
 });
 
-test('the observed frames are the world clock coverage, while registered', (t) => {
+test('each product’s frames are world clock coverage, and support the timeline while shown', (t) => {
   const { clock, world } = harness(t);
   assert.equal(world.coverage(), null);
+  assert.equal(world.getState().supported, false);
   const radar = product('radar', [0, 10]);
   const unregister = clock.register(radar);
   clock.register(product('lightning', [5]));
@@ -447,7 +448,48 @@ test('the observed frames are the world clock coverage, while registered', (t) =
     end: Date.parse(time(10)),
     marks: [0, 5, 10].map((m) => Date.parse(time(m))),
   });
+  assert.equal(world.getState().supported, true);
   unregister();
+  assert.deepEqual(world.coverage().marks, [Date.parse(time(5))]);
   clock.destroy();
   assert.equal(world.coverage(), null);
+  assert.equal(world.getState().supported, false);
+});
+
+test('a suspended product keeps its coverage, so the way back to live stays', (t) => {
+  const { clock, world } = harness(t);
+  const radar = product('radar', [0, 10]);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  radar.suspended = true;
+  void clock.refresh();
+  assert.equal(world.getState().supported, true);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    world.coverage().marks,
+    [0, 10].map((m) => Date.parse(time(m))),
+  );
+});
+
+test('new frames reach the world clock through refresh', (t) => {
+  const { clock, world } = harness(t);
+  const radar = product('radar', []);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  const supported = [];
+  world.subscribe((state) => supported.push(state.supported));
+  assert.equal(world.getState().supported, false);
+  radar.times = [time(0)];
+  void clock.refresh();
+  assert.equal(supported.at(-1), true);
+});
+
+test('a clock destroyed while it registers a product lets go of it', (t) => {
+  const { clock, world } = harness(t);
+  const off = world.subscribe(() => {
+    off();
+    clock.destroy();
+  });
+  const unregister = clock.register(product('radar', [0, 10]));
+  unregister();
+  assert.equal(world.follows('radar'), false);
+  assert.equal(world.coverage(), null);
+  assert.equal(world.getState().supported, false);
 });
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.js b/src/time/worldClock.js
index 446318a43..b50d8f5a4 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.js
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.js
@@ -61,6 +61,25 @@ export function createWorldClock({
   const followedIds = () => [
     ...new Set([...following, ...[...holds.keys()].filter(isFollowed)]),
   ];
+  // A host's coverage that throws counts as none, so it cannot break the
+  // listeners every state reaches.
+  const spanOf = (source) => {
+    let span;
+    try {
+      span = source.coverage();
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`World time coverage failed: ${source.id}`, error);
+      return null;
+    }
+    return span && span.end >= span.start ? span : null;
+  };
+  // Whether a layer that moves with the clock has time to show: only then is
+  // there anything for a timeline to play.
+  const isSupported = () => {
+    for (const { source } of sources)
+      if (isFollowed(source.id) && spanOf(source)) return true;
+    return false;
+  };
   const time = () => {
     if (live) return now();
     if (continuous()) return cursorMs + (monotonicNow() - anchorMono) * rate;
@@ -73,17 +92,20 @@ export function createWorldClock({
       playing,
       rate,
       following: followedIds(),
+      supported: isSupported(),
     });
   // Each listener hears the state as it is when called. A change made from
   // inside a listener notifies everyone afresh, and the outer round stops, so
   // nobody is left holding a state that has since changed.
+  // A round's state is read once: any change made during it starts a new one.
   const notify = () => {
     const round = ++notifying;
+    let state = null;
     for (const listener of [...listeners]) {
       if (round !== notifying) return;
       if (!listeners.has(listener)) continue;
       try {
-        listener(getState());
+        listener((state ??= getState()));
       } catch (error) {
         console.error('World clock listener failed', error);
       }
@@ -270,16 +292,23 @@ export function createWorldClock({
       // Each registration is its own, even under a shared id.
       const entry = { source };
       sources.add(entry);
-      return () => sources.delete(entry);
+      changed();
+      return () => {
+        if (sources.delete(entry)) changed();
+      };
     },
+    /** A source's coverage changed (frames loaded, the layer paused). */
+    coverageChanged: () => changed(),
+    /** Whether a followed layer has time to show; see getState().supported. */
+    isSupported,
     /** The union of the registered sources' coverage, or null with none. */
     coverage() {
       let start = Infinity;
       let end = -Infinity;
       const marks = new Set();
       for (const { source } of sources) {
-        const span = source.coverage();
-        if (!span || !(span.end >= span.start)) continue;
+        const span = spanOf(source);
+        if (!span) continue;
         start = Math.min(start, span.start);
         end = Math.max(end, span.end);
         for (const mark of span.marks ?? []) marks.add(mark);
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
index a954f60fd..99d81084f 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
@@ -252,3 +252,38 @@ test('seek refuses a time no Date can hold', () => {
   clock.seek(-8.64e15);
   assert.equal(clock.now(), -8.64e15);
 });
+
+test('only a followed layer with time to show supports the timeline', () => {
+  const clock = createWorldClock(fakeTime().options);
+  let span = null;
+  const states = [];
+  clock.subscribe((state) => states.push(state.supported));
+  const off = clock.register({ id: 'satellites', coverage: () => span });
+  span = { start: 0, end: 10 };
+  clock.coverageChanged();
+  assert.equal(clock.isSupported(), false, 'covered but not followed');
+  clock.follow('satellites');
+  assert.equal(clock.isSupported(), true);
+  assert.equal(states.at(-1), true);
+  span = null;
+  clock.coverageChanged();
+  assert.equal(states.at(-1), false);
+  span = { start: 0, end: 10 };
+  off();
+  assert.equal(clock.isSupported(), false);
+  assert.equal(states.at(-1), false);
+});
+
+test('a coverage that throws counts as none', (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'error', () => {});
+  const clock = createWorldClock(fakeTime().options);
+  clock.follow('broken');
+  clock.register({
+    id: 'broken',
+    coverage() {
+      throw new Error('no');
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(clock.getState().supported, false);
+  assert.equal(clock.coverage(), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
index 8169982f3..1c39fbe66 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ import { onScopeDispose, shallowRef } from 'vue';
 import { worldClock } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
 /**
- * The world clock as the timeline shows it: `{live, playing, timeMs}`. It
+ * The world clock as the timeline shows it: `{live, playing, timeMs,
+ * supported}`, where `supported` says a layer that moves with the clock has
+ * time to show. It
  * follows the page's world clock, which tells it of every move, and of the
  * time a few times a second while it plays on its own.
  */
@@ -13,6 +15,7 @@ export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
       live: state.live,
       playing: state.playing,
       timeMs: state.timeMs,
+      supported: state.supported,
     });
   const time = shallowRef(read());
   onScopeDispose(
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
index 0fc35c5c2..2a10d06b3 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
 import { worldClock } from '../../../time/worldClock.js';
 import WorldTimeline from './WorldTimeline.vue';
 
-test('the timeline shows away from live and plays, pauses and goes back', async (t) => {
+function mount(t) {
   document.body.replaceChildren();
   const app = createApp(WorldTimeline).use(createPinia());
   app.mount(document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div')));
@@ -16,11 +16,33 @@ test('the timeline shows away from live and plays, pauses and goes back', async
     app.unmount();
     worldClock.goLive();
   });
-  const bar = () => document.getElementById('world-timeline');
+  return () => document.getElementById('world-timeline');
+}
+
+// A layer that moves with the clock and has an hour of frames.
+function supportingLayer(t, at) {
+  const release = worldClock.hold('test-radar');
+  const unregister = worldClock.register({
+    id: 'test-radar',
+    coverage: () => ({ start: at - 3_600_000, end: at }),
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    unregister();
+    release();
+  });
+  return () => {
+    unregister();
+    release();
+  };
+}
+
+test('the timeline shows away from live and plays, pauses and goes back', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const at = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 30, 6, 15, 42);
+  supportingLayer(t, at);
   await nextTick();
   assert.equal(bar(), null, 'hidden while live');
 
-  const at = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 30, 6, 15, 42);
   worldClock.seek(at);
   await nextTick();
   assert.ok(bar());
@@ -43,3 +65,17 @@ test('the timeline shows away from live and plays, pauses and goes back', async
   assert.equal(worldClock.isLive(), true);
   assert.equal(bar(), null);
 });
+
+test('the timeline hides while no layer with time to show is on', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const at = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 30, 6, 15, 42);
+  worldClock.seek(at);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(bar(), null, 'away from live, but nothing to play');
+  const remove = supportingLayer(t, at);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(bar());
+  remove();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(bar(), null, 'the layer went off');
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
index 33026f2a1..ea1da1fc3 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ import UiIcon from '../../kit/UiIcon.vue';
 
 // The world time while it is away from live: what is playing, or where it
 // was paused, with play and pause on the left and the way back to live on
-// the right. Live, the bar stays hidden.
+// the right. It shows only while a layer that moves with the clock (weather
+// radar, satellite or lightning, or one a host follows) is on with time to
+// show; live, or with none on, the bar stays hidden.
 const store = useWorldTimeStore();
 const { time } = storeToRefs(store);
 
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ const readout = computed(() =>
 </script>
 
 <template>
-  <div v-if="!time.live" id="world-timeline" role="group" :aria-label="t('World time')"
+  <div v-if="!time.live && time.supported" id="world-timeline" role="group" :aria-label="t('World time')"
     ><UiButton class="world-timeline-play" :label="time.playing ? t('Pause') : t('Play')" @click="store.togglePlay()"
       ><UiIcon :name="time.playing ? 'pause' : 'play_arrow'" :size="20" /></UiButton
     ><time class="world-timeline-time" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off">{{ readout }}</time

From 3534398771b9bc192543357c9396a638b62c7d97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 1 Nov 2026 22:53:51 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 038/262] Move satellites, launches and the sky with the world
 time

Layers whose data has a time of its own follow the page's world clock from
the start; live feeds such as flights, military, vessels and transit stay
live. Launches register the span of the launches loaded, so turning them on
brings up the timeline. Each timed layer registers its coverage once and
reports none while off, telling the clock after each step has settled. The
launch feed keeps its own window, and an orbit ring is drawn again once the
world time has moved far from when it was drawn.
---
 src/data/rocketLaunches.test.mjs      | 14 +++++++++
 src/layers/launches/controls.js       |  2 +-
 src/layers/launches/ingestion.js      |  1 +
 src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js      | 18 +++++++++++
 src/layers/launches/model.js          |  2 +-
 src/layers/launches/state.js          |  6 +++-
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js    |  2 +-
 src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js    | 44 ++++++++++-----------------
 src/layers/satellites/policy.js       |  7 +++++
 src/layers/satellites/rendering.js    | 18 +++++++++--
 src/time/worldClock.js                | 24 +++++++++++----
 src/time/worldClock.test.mjs          | 18 +++++++++++
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue |  6 ++--
 src/voice/analystAccessors.test.mjs   |  6 ++--
 14 files changed, 123 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/data/rocketLaunches.test.mjs b/src/data/rocketLaunches.test.mjs
index f94273d4e..b5af3c48a 100644
--- a/src/data/rocketLaunches.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/rocketLaunches.test.mjs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { gstime } from 'satellite.js';
+import { worldClock } from '../time/worldClock.js';
 import { createModel } from '../layers/launches/model.js';
 import rocketLaunchesLayer, {
   _setRocketMissionOverlayHostForTest,
@@ -1228,7 +1229,11 @@ test('real mission build, select, refresh, deselect, disable, and destroy paths
     rocketLaunchesLayer.init(viewer);
     initialized = true;
     await rocketLaunchesLayer.enable();
+    assert.equal(worldClock.coverage(), null, 'nothing loaded, no time to show');
     await rocketLaunchesLayer.update();
+    const at = Date.parse(launchTime);
+    assert.deepEqual(worldClock.coverage(), { start: at, end: at, marks: [at] });
+    assert.equal(worldClock.isSupported(), true, 'loaded launches bring up the timeline');
 
     const entities = dataSources[0].entities.values;
     assert.ok(entities.length >= 7, 'runtime guard requires the populated mission build path');
@@ -1367,6 +1372,7 @@ test('real mission build, select, refresh, deselect, disable, and destroy paths
     assert.equal(deselectedPublication[2][0].protected, false);
 
     await rocketLaunchesLayer.disable();
+    assert.equal(worldClock.coverage(), null, 'off, launches show no time');
     assert.deepEqual(hostCalls.slice(-4), [
       ['clear', ROCKET_MISSION_AMBIENT_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID],
       ['visible', ROCKET_MISSION_AMBIENT_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, false],
@@ -1488,3 +1494,11 @@ test('missing payload details stay unknown without inventing mass or classificat
   const [launch] = normalizeRocketLaunches([{ id: 'missing', pad: { latitude: 1, longitude: 2 }, net: '2026-07-20T10:00:00Z' }], NOW);
   assert.deepEqual(launch.payloads, []);
 });
+
+test('away from live the feed keeps its own window of launches', (t) => {
+  t.after(() => worldClock.goLive());
+  worldClock.seek(Date.now() - 20 * 86_400_000);
+  const net = new Date(Date.now() - 86_400_000).toISOString();
+  const launches = normalizeRocketLaunches([{ id: 'recent', pad: { latitude: 1, longitude: 2 }, net }]);
+  assert.deepEqual(launches.map((launch) => launch.id), ['recent']);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/controls.js b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
index b0dc035cb..586376bb3 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
      */
     getAnalystRecords(maxCount = Infinity) {
       if (!layerState._enabled) return [];
-      const now = Date.now();
+      const now = layerState.now();
       const text = (v) => (typeof v === 'string' && v.trim() ? v.trim() : null);
       const result = [];
       for (const launch of layerState._launches || []) {
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js b/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
index bd1529c0b..ebadde642 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
@@ -222,6 +222,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
       layerState._lastUpdate = Date.now();
       layerState._lastError = null;
       layerState._stale = stale === true;
+      layerState.coverageChanged();
     } catch (error) {
       if (layerState._enabled && token === layerState._lifecycleToken) {
         layerState._lastError = error.message;
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
index ca36a87ec..52999e0c6 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { isPointerFree } from '../../data/inputOwnership.js';
+import { worldClock } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
 const HOVER_PICK_INTERVAL_MS = 120;
 
@@ -119,6 +120,21 @@ export function createLifecycle({
 }) {
   const { holdContinuousRender, releaseContinuousRender } = services.render;
   let hover = null;
+  // While on, the launches loaded span the time from the first to the last,
+  // each one a mark. Registered once; off, the layer has no time to show, and
+  // each step tells the clock once it has settled.
+  worldClock.register({
+    id: 'rocket-launches',
+    coverage: () => {
+      if (!layerState._enabled) return null;
+      const marks = layerState._launches
+        .map((launch) => Date.parse(launch.launchTime))
+        .filter(Number.isFinite)
+        .sort((a, b) => a - b);
+      if (!marks.length) return null;
+      return { start: marks[0], end: marks.at(-1), marks };
+    },
+  });
 
   const methods = {
     init(viewer) {
@@ -194,6 +210,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         }
         throw error;
       }
+      layerState.coverageChanged();
     },
 
     async _enableBody() {
@@ -231,6 +248,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       parts.overlays.clearMissionOverlaySources();
       await parts.ingestion.restoreSatelliteDependency();
       parts.panel.renderMissionPanel();
+      layerState.coverageChanged();
     },
 
     async destroy(viewer) {
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/model.js b/src/layers/launches/model.js
index f9d712246..5697e07e8 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/model.js
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    * @returns {Array<object>}
    */
 
-  function normalizeRocketLaunches(payload, now = new Date(layerState.now())) {
+  function normalizeRocketLaunches(payload, now = new Date()) {
     const launches = Array.isArray(payload) ? payload : payload?.results;
     if (!Array.isArray(launches)) return [];
     const cutoff = now.getTime() - WINDOW_DAYS * 86400000;
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/state.js b/src/layers/launches/state.js
index 469013da7..59d32bea7 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/state.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
+import { worldClock, worldTimeFor } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
 export function createState({ services }) {
   const { setOverlayEntries, setOverlaySourceVisible, clearOverlaySource } =
@@ -156,6 +156,10 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state.orbitNow = worldTimeFor('satellites');
 
+  /** The launches loaded changed, and with them the time they cover. */
+
+  state.coverageChanged = () => worldClock.coverageChanged();
+
   state._missionOrbitPatternRegistered = false;
 
   state._pathDistanceCache = new WeakMap();
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index b02f8371a..289505cf7 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -170,7 +170,6 @@ export function createIngestion({
         layerState._coreStale = coreStale;
         layerState._count = layerState._points.size;
         layerState._catalogRevision++;
-        layerState.coverageChanged();
         layerState._lastUpdate = Date.now();
         layerState._lastPropagation = Date.now();
         layerState._lastTrackingRefreshOutcome = {
@@ -194,6 +193,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
         // the rebuild must not block on that.
         void parts.tracking._reconcileTrackedSubjectContext();
         parts.tracking._applyPendingTrackingRestore();
+        layerState.coverageChanged();
       } catch (e) {
         if (updateSignal.aborted || e?.name === 'AbortError') {
           throw new DOMException('Satellite update aborted', 'AbortError');
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
index b12600c10..27af96f29 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
@@ -10,30 +10,19 @@ export function createLifecycle({
 }) {
   const { clearFocusTarget } = services.focus;
   // While on with a catalog, satellites can be shown at any time in reach of
-  // their element sets.
-  let releaseCoverage = null;
-  const coverWorldTime = () => {
-    if (releaseCoverage) return;
-    const release = worldClock.register({
-      id: 'satellites',
-      coverage: () => {
-        if (!layerState._catalog.size) return null;
-        const now = worldClock.wallNow();
-        return {
-          start: now - SATELLITE_COVERAGE_MS,
-          end: now + SATELLITE_COVERAGE_MS,
-        };
-      },
-    });
-    // Registering tells the world's listeners, which may turn the layer off
-    // (or off and on, registering again) before this returns.
-    if (layerState._enabled && !releaseCoverage) releaseCoverage = release;
-    else release();
-  };
-  const uncoverWorldTime = () => {
-    releaseCoverage?.();
-    releaseCoverage = null;
-  };
+  // their element sets. Registered once; off, the layer has no time to show,
+  // and each step tells the clock once it has settled.
+  worldClock.register({
+    id: 'satellites',
+    coverage: () => {
+      if (!layerState._enabled || !layerState._catalog.size) return null;
+      const now = worldClock.wallNow();
+      return {
+        start: now - SATELLITE_COVERAGE_MS,
+        end: now + SATELLITE_COVERAGE_MS,
+      };
+    },
+  });
   const { holdContinuousRender, releaseContinuousRender } = services.render;
   const { registerPickOwner, unregisterPickOwner } = services.picking;
 
@@ -91,7 +80,6 @@ export function createLifecycle({
 
     enable(viewer) {
       layerState._enabled = true;
-      coverWorldTime();
       holdContinuousRender('satellites'); // per-frame animator (perf wave 2)
       if (layerState._pointCollection)
         layerState._pointCollection.show =
@@ -120,13 +108,13 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         );
       }
       parts.tracking._applyPendingTrackingRestore();
+      layerState.coverageChanged();
     },
 
     disable(viewer) {
       parts.catalog._abortActiveUpdates();
       parts.tracking._cancelPendingTrackingRestore();
       layerState._enabled = false;
-      uncoverWorldTime();
       releaseContinuousRender('satellites');
       if (layerState._pointCollection) layerState._pointCollection.show = false;
       for (const path of layerState._orbitPaths.values())
@@ -148,13 +136,13 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         layerState._preRenderListener();
         layerState._preRenderListener = null;
       }
+      layerState.coverageChanged();
     },
 
     destroy(viewer) {
       parts.catalog._abortActiveUpdates();
       releaseContinuousRender('satellites'); // direct-destroy path (perf wave 2 fix)
       layerState._enabled = false;
-      uncoverWorldTime();
       parts.tracking._clearTracking();
       parts.tracking._cancelPendingTrackingRestore();
       if (layerState._clickHandler) {
@@ -191,7 +179,6 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._denseStatus = 'idle';
       layerState._denseError = null;
       layerState._catalogRevision++;
-      layerState.coverageChanged();
       layerState._rowControlsListener = null;
       layerState._count = 0;
       layerState._lastUpdate = null;
@@ -207,6 +194,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         failedGroups: [],
       };
       layerState._viewer = null;
+      layerState.coverageChanged();
     },
   };
 
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/policy.js b/src/layers/satellites/policy.js
index a6bfef8fe..a7eecbbf2 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/policy.js
@@ -30,6 +30,13 @@ export const ORBIT_PATH_STEPS = 180;
 export const POSITION_UPDATE_MS = 1000;
 /** How far either side of now SGP4 on current element sets stays meaningful. */
 export const SATELLITE_COVERAGE_MS = 14 * 24 * 3_600_000;
+
+/**
+ * How far the world time may move from when an orbit ring was drawn before it
+ * is drawn again: the Earth's turn is followed exactly, but the orbit's plane
+ * drifts a few degrees a day.
+ */
+export const ORBIT_REBAKE_MS = 30 * 60_000;
 // re-propagate every 1s (SGP4 is smooth at this rate)
 
 export const RING_ROTATION_MS = 1000;
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js b/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
index e722ce7c2..98da8d3d7 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { gstime } from 'satellite.js';
-import { ISS_NORAD, POSITION_UPDATE_MS, RING_ROTATION_MS } from './policy.js';
+import {
+  ISS_NORAD,
+  ORBIT_REBAKE_MS,
+  POSITION_UPDATE_MS,
+  RING_ROTATION_MS,
+} from './policy.js';
 
 export function createRendering({
   state: layerState,
@@ -75,6 +80,8 @@ export function createRendering({
 
     layerState._orbitPaths.set(noradId, {
       primitive,
+      color: pathColor,
+      bakeMs: bakeDate.getTime(),
       // Same Date object as computeOrbitPath's internal fixedGmst → identical
       // GMST value (gstime is pure), so delta starts at exactly 0 and the
       // initial identity modelMatrix is correct until the first ring tick.
@@ -113,8 +120,15 @@ export function createRendering({
   function _updateOrbitPathRotations(nowDate) {
     if (layerState._orbitPaths.size === 0) return;
 
-    for (const path of layerState._orbitPaths.values()) {
+    for (const [noradId, path] of [...layerState._orbitPaths]) {
       if (!path.primitive) continue;
+      // The rotation keeps the ring under the dot for minutes; the plane
+      // itself precesses, so a world time moved far from the bake re-bakes.
+      if (Math.abs(nowDate.getTime() - path.bakeMs) > ORBIT_REBAKE_MS) {
+        _hideOrbitPath(noradId);
+        _showOrbitPath(noradId, path.color);
+        continue;
+      }
       parts.orbits.orbitFrameModelMatrix(
         path.gmstAtBake,
         nowDate,
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.js b/src/time/worldClock.js
index b50d8f5a4..a875ddd2f 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.js
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.js
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@
  * Live is a mode, not a timestamp: while live the clock is the wall clock and
  * every layer behaves as it would reading `Date.now()`. Away from live the
  * clock holds a cursor, fixed or playing. Only the layers that follow the clock
- * (`follow(id)`) move with the cursor; the rest keep reading the live edge
- * through `timeFor(id)`, so a host opts layers in one at a time.
+ * move with the cursor; the rest keep reading the live edge through
+ * `timeFor(id)`. On the page's clock the layers whose data has a time of its
+ * own (the sky, satellites, launches and weather) follow it; live feeds such
+ * as flights and vessels have no time to move to and stay live.
  *
  * Playback is continuous (`cursor + elapsed × rate`) unless a driver takes
  * it: weather replay steps its observed frames itself and moves the clock as
@@ -28,7 +30,9 @@ export const WORLD_CLOCK_TICK_MS = 250;
 /**
  * @param {{now?: () => number, monotonicNow?: () => number,
  *   setInterval?: typeof globalThis.setInterval,
- *   clearInterval?: typeof globalThis.clearInterval}} [options]
+ *   clearInterval?: typeof globalThis.clearInterval,
+ *   follow?: Iterable<string>}} [options] `follow` lists the layers that
+ *   move with the cursor from the start.
  */
 export function createWorldClock({
   // Read at each call, so a stand-in for Date.now (a test's, a harness's)
@@ -37,10 +41,11 @@ export function createWorldClock({
   monotonicNow = () => globalThis.performance.now(),
   setInterval = globalThis.setInterval,
   clearInterval = globalThis.clearInterval,
+  follow = [],
 } = {}) {
   const listeners = new Set();
   // Layers a host follows, and layers a part of the app holds following.
-  const following = new Set();
+  const following = new Set(follow);
   const holds = new Map();
   const readers = new Map();
   const sources = new Set();
@@ -330,8 +335,15 @@ export function createWorldClock({
   return api;
 }
 
-/** The page's world clock. Layers, the sky and a host all read this one. */
-export const worldClock = createWorldClock();
+/**
+ * The page's world clock. Layers, the sky and a host all read this one. The
+ * sky, satellites (and the launched missions flying on their time) and
+ * launches have a time of their own and move with it; weather holds each
+ * product it shows.
+ */
+export const worldClock = createWorldClock({
+  follow: ['sky', 'satellites', 'rocket-launches'],
+});
 
 /** The time layer `id` draws at on the page's clock. */
 export const worldTimeFor = (id) => worldClock.timeFor(id);
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
index 99d81084f..c116ce27c 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
@@ -55,6 +55,24 @@ test('away from live only following layers move with the cursor', () => {
   assert.equal(satellites(), t.wall);
 });
 
+test('layers named at creation follow from the start', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock({ ...t.options, follow: ['satellites'] });
+  clock.seek(t.wall - 1_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.timeFor('satellites')(), t.wall - 1_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.timeFor('flights')(), t.wall);
+  clock.follow('satellites', false);
+  assert.equal(clock.follows('satellites'), false);
+});
+
+test('the page clock moves the layers with a time of their own', async () => {
+  const { worldClock } = await import('./worldClock.js');
+  for (const id of ['sky', 'satellites', 'rocket-launches'])
+    assert.equal(worldClock.follows(id), true, id);
+  for (const id of ['flights', 'military', 'vessels', 'transit'])
+    assert.equal(worldClock.follows(id), false, id);
+});
+
 test('continuous play advances the cursor at the rate and pause holds it', () => {
   const t = fakeTime();
   const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
index ea1da1fc3..91b6676db 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import UiIcon from '../../kit/UiIcon.vue';
 
 // The world time while it is away from live: what is playing, or where it
 // was paused, with play and pause on the left and the way back to live on
-// the right. It shows only while a layer that moves with the clock (weather
-// radar, satellite or lightning, or one a host follows) is on with time to
-// show; live, or with none on, the bar stays hidden.
+// the right. It shows only while a layer with a time of its own (weather,
+// satellites, launches, or one a host follows) is on with time to show; live,
+// or with only live feeds such as flights on, the bar stays hidden.
 const store = useWorldTimeStore();
 const { time } = storeToRefs(store);
 
diff --git a/src/voice/analystAccessors.test.mjs b/src/voice/analystAccessors.test.mjs
index bd8ac611a..4d9abe453 100644
--- a/src/voice/analystAccessors.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/analystAccessors.test.mjs
@@ -74,9 +74,11 @@ test('bikeshare stations join coordinates from station information', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(methods.getAnalystRecords(), []);
 });
 
-test('launches carry time and hours until launch', () => {
-  const at = Date.now() + 5 * 3_600_000;
+test('launches carry time and hours until launch at the world time', () => {
+  const now = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 1);
+  const at = now + 5 * 3_600_000;
   const state = {
+    now: () => now,
     _enabled: true,
     _launches: [
       {

From 9faec3028ed2f2d55de51e1b60097cb8b2e22fb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 1 Nov 2026 23:17:53 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 039/262] Show the world time on the HUD clock

The HUD's UTC and collection readouts follow the world clock with the sky,
so away from live they read the time the globe is drawn at.
---
 src/time/worldClock.js       | 8 ++++----
 src/time/worldClock.test.mjs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.js b/src/time/worldClock.js
index a875ddd2f..a9be9296d 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.js
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.js
@@ -337,12 +337,12 @@ export function createWorldClock({
 
 /**
  * The page's world clock. Layers, the sky and a host all read this one. The
- * sky, satellites (and the launched missions flying on their time) and
- * launches have a time of their own and move with it; weather holds each
- * product it shows.
+ * sky and the HUD's clock show the world time; satellites (and the launched
+ * missions flying on their time) and launches have a time of their own and
+ * move with it; weather holds each product it shows.
  */
 export const worldClock = createWorldClock({
-  follow: ['sky', 'satellites', 'rocket-launches'],
+  follow: ['sky', 'hud', 'satellites', 'rocket-launches'],
 });
 
 /** The time layer `id` draws at on the page's clock. */
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
index c116ce27c..19bc8ba93 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ test('layers named at creation follow from the start', () => {
 
 test('the page clock moves the layers with a time of their own', async () => {
   const { worldClock } = await import('./worldClock.js');
-  for (const id of ['sky', 'satellites', 'rocket-launches'])
+  for (const id of ['sky', 'hud', 'satellites', 'rocket-launches'])
     assert.equal(worldClock.follows(id), true, id);
   for (const id of ['flights', 'military', 'vessels', 'transit'])
     assert.equal(worldClock.follows(id), false, id);

From 48093108b1cea4ab3e31c344736973e2406f7b55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 1 Nov 2026 23:37:12 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 040/262] Make the world timeline a scrubber under the dock

The timeline shows whenever a layer with time to show is on, live or not.
Its track runs over the time those layers cover, reaching to now, with a
tick for each launch or frame and a handle to drag; arrows step between the
ticks, and a scrub to now goes live. The bar sits along the bottom of the
screen, and the dock and everything anchored above it rise by its height;
clean view, recording and the cockpit put it away with the dock.
---
 src/creditAttribution.test.mjs             |  58 +++++--
 src/ui/cyberTheme.test.mjs                 |   8 +-
 src/ui/mobileShell.test.mjs                |   2 +-
 src/ui/stores/worldTime.js                 |  69 ++++++--
 src/ui/styles/cockpit.css                  |   4 +-
 src/ui/styles/command-dock-compact.css     |   6 +-
 src/ui/styles/command-dock-trays.css       |  12 +-
 src/ui/styles/command-dock.css             |  17 +-
 src/ui/styles/cyber.css                    |  10 +-
 src/ui/styles/mobile-shell.css             |   6 +-
 src/ui/styles/responsive.css               |   2 +-
 src/ui/styles/status.css                   |   2 +-
 src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css           | 176 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs |  81 +++++++++-
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue      |  73 ++++++++-
 15 files changed, 445 insertions(+), 81 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/creditAttribution.test.mjs b/src/creditAttribution.test.mjs
index 3032a25fe..39fd5b8f2 100644
--- a/src/creditAttribution.test.mjs
+++ b/src/creditAttribution.test.mjs
@@ -229,13 +229,30 @@ const GUARDED_PROPS = new Set([
 
 // Custom properties allowed inside a modelled offset. Each is a pinned-tray
 // stack height, proven non-negative below, so evaluating them at 0 is a
-// conservative floor rather than a guess.
+// conservative floor rather than a guess. The world timeline's lift raises
+// the dock, its trays and the credit together, so it moves no gap either.
 const VETTED_VARS = new Set([
   '--dock-pinned-stack-height',
   '--dock-lower-pinned-height',
   '--dock-location-pinned-height',
   '--dock-presets-pinned-height',
+  '--world-timeline-lift',
 ]);
+// Custom properties CSS sets to a fixed length besides their 0 default. The
+// clearance checks run at each length CSS gives them, not only at 0.
+const FIXED_LENGTH_VARS = new Set(['--world-timeline-lift']);
+const LIFTS_PX = [0, 50, 80];
+let liftPx = 0;
+function eachLift(check) {
+  for (const lift of LIFTS_PX) {
+    liftPx = lift;
+    try {
+      check(lift);
+    } finally {
+      liftPx = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
 
 /** Rules whose final compound targets a modelled element (pseudo-elements aside). */
 function ownBoxEntries() {
@@ -315,6 +332,7 @@ function toPx(value, viewportHeight, where) {
     if (term.startsWith('var(')) {
       const name = term.slice(4, term.lastIndexOf(')')).split(',')[0].trim();
       assert.ok(VETTED_VARS.has(name), `unvetted custom property ${name} in ${where}: "${value}"`);
+      if (name === '--world-timeline-lift') total += liftPx;
       continue; // proven non-negative; 0 is the conservative floor
     }
     assert.match(term, /^-?[\d.]+(px|rem|vh)$/, `unmodelled length term "${term}" in ${where}: "${value}"`);
@@ -444,7 +462,8 @@ test('custom properties inside modelled offsets are provably non-negative', () =
   assert.ok(declared.length >= VETTED_VARS.size, 'every vetted custom property needs a CSS default');
   for (const decl of declared) {
     assert.doesNotMatch(decl.value, /-\s*\d/, `${decl.prop} has a negative CSS default: ${decl.value}`);
-    assert.match(decl.value, /^(0|0px)$/, `${decl.prop} default is not a vetted shape: ${decl.value}`);
+    const shape = FIXED_LENGTH_VARS.has(decl.prop) ? /^(0|\d+px)$/ : /^(0|0px)$/;
+    assert.match(decl.value, shape, `${decl.prop} default is not a vetted shape: ${decl.value}`);
   }
   const layout = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/panelLayoutController.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
   const start = layout.indexOf('_updateCommandDockTrayStack() {');
@@ -517,16 +536,18 @@ test('every open dock tray clears the required credit at every modelled viewport
   // number: the dock is anchored at 2vh down to 721px and re-anchors to a flat
   // 8px at 720px, while the credit keeps its 2vh base throughout.
   const failures = [];
-  for (const scenario of TRAY_SCENARIOS) {
-    for (const width of WIDTHS.filter((w) => w <= 900)) {
-      for (const height of HEIGHTS) {
-        const clearance = trayBottomPx(scenario, width, height) - creditTopPx(width, height);
-        if (clearance < MIN_CLEARANCE_PX) {
-          failures.push(`${scenario.name} @ ${width}x${height}: ${clearance.toFixed(1)}px`);
+  eachLift((lift) => {
+    for (const scenario of TRAY_SCENARIOS) {
+      for (const width of WIDTHS.filter((w) => w <= 900)) {
+        for (const height of HEIGHTS) {
+          const clearance = trayBottomPx(scenario, width, height) - creditTopPx(width, height);
+          if (clearance < MIN_CLEARANCE_PX) {
+            failures.push(`${scenario.name} @ ${width}x${height} lift ${lift}: ${clearance.toFixed(1)}px`);
+          }
         }
       }
     }
-  }
+  });
   assert.deepEqual(failures, [], `a dock tray re-enters the credit band:\n  ${failures.join('\n  ')}\n`);
 });
 
@@ -566,21 +587,24 @@ test('the full-width context rail clears the required credit at every modelled v
       'none',
       `at ${width}px the rail is height-capped, so its bottom anchor no longer decides its floor`,
     );
-    for (const height of HEIGHTS) {
-      const rail = resolve(['#right-context-rail'], 'bottom', width, 'context rail');
-      const clearance = toPx(rail.decl.value, height, 'rail bottom') - creditTopPx(width, height);
-      if (clearance < MIN_CLEARANCE_PX) failures.push(`${width}x${height}: ${clearance.toFixed(1)}px`);
-    }
+    eachLift((lift) => {
+      for (const height of HEIGHTS) {
+        const rail = resolve(['#right-context-rail'], 'bottom', width, 'context rail');
+        const clearance = toPx(rail.decl.value, height, 'rail bottom') - creditTopPx(width, height);
+        if (clearance < MIN_CLEARANCE_PX) failures.push(`${width}x${height} lift ${lift}: ${clearance.toFixed(1)}px`);
+      }
+    });
   }
   assert.deepEqual(failures, [], `context rail re-enters the credit band at ${failures.join(', ')}`);
 });
 
 test('the dock anchor changes at 720px — the 2vh cancellation is band-limited', () => {
-  assert.equal(resolve(['#command-dock'], 'bottom', 800, 'dock').decl.value, '2vh');
-  assert.equal(resolve(['#command-dock'], 'bottom', 720, 'dock').decl.value, '8px');
+  const lift = 'var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px)';
+  assert.equal(resolve(['#command-dock'], 'bottom', 800, 'dock').decl.value, `calc(2vh + ${lift})`);
+  assert.equal(resolve(['#command-dock'], 'bottom', 720, 'dock').decl.value, `calc(8px + ${lift})`);
   assert.equal(
     resolve(CREDIT_SELECTORS, 'bottom', 720, 'credit').decl.value,
-    'calc(2vh + 5rem)',
+    `calc(2vh + 5rem + ${lift})`,
     'the credit keeps its 2vh base below 720px — that asymmetry is the whole hazard',
   );
 });
diff --git a/src/ui/cyberTheme.test.mjs b/src/ui/cyberTheme.test.mjs
index db468d84c..5f69f2e84 100644
--- a/src/ui/cyberTheme.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cyberTheme.test.mjs
@@ -434,12 +434,12 @@ test('Cyber lower-left telemetry tracks the credit anchor with clearance for its
     cyberStyles,
     /#intel-hud\[data-variant='cyber'\] \.hud-bottom-left/,
   );
-  const offset = telemetry.match(/bottom:\s*calc\(2vh \+ ([\d.]+)rem\);/);
+  const offset = telemetry.match(/bottom:\s*calc\(2vh \+ ([\d.]+)rem \+ var\(--world-timeline-lift, 0px\)\);/);
   assert.ok(offset, 'telemetry must retain the attribution viewport anchor');
   const credits = read('./styles/command-dock-trays.css');
   const creditOffsets = [
     ...credits.matchAll(
-      /#cesium-credits\s*\{[^}]*bottom:\s*calc\(2vh \+ ([\d.]+)rem\);/g,
+      /#cesium-credits\s*\{[^}]*bottom:\s*calc\(2vh \+ ([\d.]+)rem \+ var\(--world-timeline-lift, 0px\)\);/g,
     ),
   ];
   assert.ok(creditOffsets.length > 0);
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ test('the Display selector, voice schema and final stylesheet expose Cyber', ()
   );
   assert.match(
     cyberStyles,
-    /#left-panel-stack \{[\s\S]*?top: var\(--cyber-left-rail-top\) !important;[\s\S]*?bottom: calc\(2vh \+ 13rem\);/,
+    /#left-panel-stack \{[\s\S]*?top: var\(--cyber-left-rail-top\) !important;[\s\S]*?bottom: calc\(2vh \+ 13rem \+ var\(--world-timeline-lift, 0px\)\);/,
   );
   assert.match(
     cyberStyles,
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ test('the Display selector, voice schema and final stylesheet expose Cyber', ()
     cyberStyles,
     /#right-context-rail:has\(> \[data-panel-id\]:not\(\.collapsed, \[hidden\]\)\) \{\s*border-inline-end-color:/,
   );
-  assert.match(cyberStyles, /bottom: calc\(2vh \+ 13rem\);/);
+  assert.match(cyberStyles, /bottom: calc\(2vh \+ 13rem \+ var\(--world-timeline-lift, 0px\)\);/);
   assert.doesNotMatch(cyberStyles, /NAV 01  \/\/  COMMAND BUS  \/\/  VIS 03/);
   assert.match(cyberStyles, /data-layer-id='satellites'/);
   assert.match(cyberStyles, /#search-toggle::before/);
diff --git a/src/ui/mobileShell.test.mjs b/src/ui/mobileShell.test.mjs
index 61d098bf2..d782f7192 100644
--- a/src/ui/mobileShell.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/mobileShell.test.mjs
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ test('the phone shell keeps the required attribution visible', () => {
   };
   const lift = (block) =>
     Number(
-      /bottom: calc\(var\(--mobile-tab-space\) \+ (\d+)px\)/.exec(block)?.[1],
+      /bottom: calc\(var\(--mobile-tab-space\) \+ (\d+)px \+ var\(--world-timeline-lift, 0px\)\)/.exec(block)?.[1],
     );
   const z = (block) => Number(/z-index: (\d+);/.exec(block)?.[1]);
   const idleCredit = rule(
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
index 1c39fbe66..62fb4528c 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
@@ -2,31 +2,82 @@ import { defineStore } from 'pinia';
 import { onScopeDispose, shallowRef } from 'vue';
 import { worldClock } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
+/** How often a shown timeline moves its readout and its end on with now. */
+const LIVE_TICK_MS = 1000;
+/** A scrub this close to now, as a share of the track, is a scrub to live. */
+const LIVE_EDGE = 0.005;
+/** The least that counts as at now, past the readout's own second. */
+const LIVE_EDGE_MS = 5000;
+
 /**
  * The world clock as the timeline shows it: `{live, playing, timeMs,
- * supported}`, where `supported` says a layer that moves with the clock has
- * time to show. It
- * follows the page's world clock, which tells it of every move, and of the
- * time a few times a second while it plays on its own.
+ * supported, span}`, where `supported` says a layer that moves with the clock
+ * has time to show and `span` is the stretch the timeline runs over: the
+ * time those layers cover, reaching to now and to the world time, with their
+ * marks. It follows the page's world clock, which tells it of every move, and
+ * of the time a few times a second while it plays on its own. While a
+ * timeline shows, it reads the clock each second itself, so live and the
+ * track's end keep up with now.
  */
 export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
+  const spanOf = (state) => {
+    if (!state.supported) return null;
+    const coverage = worldClock.coverage();
+    if (!coverage) return null;
+    const now = worldClock.wallNow();
+    return Object.freeze({
+      start: Math.min(coverage.start, now, state.timeMs),
+      end: Math.max(coverage.end, now, state.timeMs),
+      marks: coverage.marks,
+    });
+  };
   const read = (state = worldClock.getState()) =>
     Object.freeze({
       live: state.live,
       playing: state.playing,
       timeMs: state.timeMs,
       supported: state.supported,
+      span: spanOf(state),
     });
   const time = shallowRef(read());
-  onScopeDispose(
-    worldClock.subscribe((state) => {
-      time.value = read(state);
-    }),
-  );
+  let ticker = null;
+  const syncTicker = () => {
+    // Playing, the clock tells of the time itself.
+    const ticking = Boolean(time.value.span) && !time.value.playing;
+    if (ticking && ticker === null)
+      ticker = setInterval(() => {
+        time.value = read();
+      }, LIVE_TICK_MS);
+    else if (!ticking && ticker !== null) {
+      clearInterval(ticker);
+      ticker = null;
+    }
+  };
+  const unsubscribe = worldClock.subscribe((state) => {
+    time.value = read(state);
+    syncTicker();
+  });
+  syncTicker();
+  onScopeDispose(() => {
+    unsubscribe();
+    if (ticker !== null) clearInterval(ticker);
+    ticker = null;
+  });
 
   return {
     time,
     togglePlay: () => worldClock.togglePlay(),
     goLive: () => worldClock.goLive(),
+    /** Scrub to `ms`: playback stops where the hand puts it; at now, live. */
+    scrub(ms) {
+      const span = time.value.span;
+      const edge = span ? (span.end - span.start) * LIVE_EDGE : 0;
+      if (Math.abs(ms - worldClock.wallNow()) <= Math.max(LIVE_EDGE_MS, edge)) {
+        worldClock.goLive();
+        return;
+      }
+      worldClock.pause();
+      worldClock.seek(ms);
+    },
   };
 });
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
index f0bff14d0..aa7d8e469 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ html:not([lang='en']) .cockpit-roll-token.is-separator {
   position: fixed;
   z-index: 146;
   right: 36px;
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 4.5rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 4.5rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   display: grid;
   gap: 6px;
 }
@@ -2044,7 +2044,7 @@ body.cockpit-mode #intel-hud .hud-right-edge {
 @media (max-width: 760px) {
   #view-switcher {
     right: 16px;
-    bottom: 16px;
+    bottom: calc(16px + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   }
   body.cockpit-mode #view-switcher {
     right: auto;
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/command-dock-compact.css b/src/ui/styles/command-dock-compact.css
index 821877002..c0f3e5f34 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/command-dock-compact.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/command-dock-compact.css
@@ -377,15 +377,15 @@
 
 /* Compact dock clearance keeps the reference-like low profile. */
 body:not(.ui-clean-view):not(.recording-mode) #cesium-credits {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 4.7rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 4.7rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 #intel-hud[data-variant='minimal'] .hud-bottom-left {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 5.4rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 5.4rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 #intel-hud[data-variant='minimal'] .hud-bottom-bar {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 8.9rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 8.9rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 @media (max-width: 900px) {
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/command-dock-trays.css b/src/ui/styles/command-dock-trays.css
index ecc6bc432..f9035da2c 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/command-dock-trays.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/command-dock-trays.css
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ body:not(.ui-clean-view):not(.recording-mode):has(
   )
   #cesium-credits {
   right: auto;
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 5rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 5rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   left: 1.5rem;
   width: auto !important;
   max-width: calc(100vw - 3rem);
@@ -464,21 +464,21 @@ body:not(.ui-clean-view):not(.recording-mode):has(
 
 #intel-hud[data-variant='tactical'] .hud-bottom-left,
 #intel-hud[data-variant='tactical'] .hud-bottom-right {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 6.5rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 6.5rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 #intel-hud[data-variant='minimal'] .hud-bottom-left {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 5.4rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 5.4rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 :root[data-scope-mask='off']
   #intel-hud[data-variant='minimal']
   .hud-bottom-left {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 6.5rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 6.5rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 #intel-hud[data-variant='minimal'] .hud-bottom-bar {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 9rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 9rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 @media (max-width: 900px) {
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ body:not(.ui-clean-view):not(.recording-mode):has(
       #intel-hud[data-variant='minimal'].active
     )
     #cesium-credits {
-    bottom: calc(2vh + 5rem);
+    bottom: calc(2vh + 5rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
     left: 0.75rem;
     max-width: calc(100vw - 1.5rem);
   }
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/command-dock.css b/src/ui/styles/command-dock.css
index 3c6c8e531..808b5f480 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/command-dock.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/command-dock.css
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 #command-dock {
   position: fixed;
   right: auto;
-  bottom: 2vh;
+  /* Above the world timeline while it shows (world-timeline.css). */
+  bottom: calc(2vh + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   left: 50%;
   z-index: 145;
   display: grid;
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@
 
 /* Keep required map attribution clear of the full-width command surface. */
 body:not(.ui-clean-view):not(.recording-mode) #cesium-credits {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 7rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 7rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 body:not(.ui-clean-view):not(.recording-mode):has(
@@ -244,11 +245,11 @@ body.recording-mode #cesium-credits {
 }
 
 #intel-hud[data-variant='minimal'] .hud-bottom-left {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 7.5rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 7.5rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 #intel-hud[data-variant='minimal'] .hud-bottom-bar {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 11.5rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 11.5rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 @media (max-width: 980px) {
@@ -275,21 +276,21 @@ body.recording-mode #cesium-credits {
   }
 
   body:not(.ui-clean-view):not(.recording-mode) #cesium-credits {
-    bottom: calc(2vh + 9.5rem);
+    bottom: calc(2vh + 9.5rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   }
 
   #intel-hud[data-variant='minimal'] .hud-bottom-left {
-    bottom: calc(2vh + 12rem);
+    bottom: calc(2vh + 12rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   }
 
   #intel-hud[data-variant='minimal'] .hud-bottom-bar {
-    bottom: calc(2vh + 16rem);
+    bottom: calc(2vh + 16rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   }
 }
 
 @media (max-width: 720px) {
   #command-dock {
-    bottom: 8px;
+    bottom: calc(8px + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   }
 
   #command-dock .location-search-wrap {
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cyber.css b/src/ui/styles/cyber.css
index 40a3b6cea..1cb522cbd 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cyber.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cyber.css
@@ -1572,7 +1572,7 @@
 }
 
 #intel-hud[data-variant='cyber'] .hud-bottom-bar {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 9.8rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 9.8rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   width: min(48vw, 680px);
 }
 
@@ -1583,13 +1583,13 @@
 
 #intel-hud[data-variant='cyber'] .hud-bottom-left,
 #intel-hud[data-variant='cyber'] .hud-bottom-right {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 6.5rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 6.5rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 /* Attribution's logo row extends above its text baseline. Reserve the whole
    row plus a gap above the dock-relative 2vh + 5rem credit position. */
 #intel-hud[data-variant='cyber'] .hud-bottom-left {
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 7.75rem);
+  bottom: calc(2vh + 7.75rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 #intel-hud[data-variant='cyber'] .hud-corner {
@@ -1634,7 +1634,7 @@
      below its 650px threshold. Keep the left rail inside the same telemetry
      and attribution-safe floor while its panel bodies take over scrolling. */
   :root[data-ui-theme='cyber'] #left-panel-stack {
-    bottom: calc(2vh + 13rem);
+    bottom: calc(2vh + 13rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   }
 }
 
@@ -1657,7 +1657,7 @@
     /* The stack holds still, so its rail needs no offset (leftPanelRail.js). */
     --panel-stack-top-pinned: 1;
     top: var(--cyber-left-rail-top) !important;
-    bottom: calc(2vh + 13rem);
+    bottom: calc(2vh + 13rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
     inset-inline-start: calc(54px + var(--panel-rail-clearance));
     width: 300px;
     padding-inline-start: 10px;
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/mobile-shell.css b/src/ui/styles/mobile-shell.css
index b8574092f..03076264b 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/mobile-shell.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/mobile-shell.css
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ body.mobile-shell #command-dock {
   /* The dock's tray rules size voice by this basis; a column makes it a height. */
   --dock-voice-width: auto;
   top: auto;
-  bottom: calc(var(--mobile-tab-space) + 10px);
+  bottom: calc(var(--mobile-tab-space) + 10px + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   display: flex;
   flex-direction: column;
   align-items: center;
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ body.mobile-shell #command-dock #gev-voice-control {
 body.mobile-shell:not(.recording-mode):not(.cockpit-mode):not(.ui-clean-view)
   #cesium-credits {
   right: auto;
-  bottom: calc(var(--mobile-tab-space) + 106px) !important;
+  bottom: calc(var(--mobile-tab-space) + 106px + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px)) !important;
   left: 10px;
   max-width: calc(100vw - 20px);
   transform-origin: left bottom;
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ body.mobile-shell[data-mobile-sheet]:not(.recording-mode):not(
 /* The view switcher clears the tab bar and the voice bar, opposite the credit. */
 body.mobile-shell:not(.cockpit-mode) #view-switcher {
   right: 12px;
-  bottom: calc(var(--mobile-tab-space) + 106px);
+  bottom: calc(var(--mobile-tab-space) + 106px + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
 }
 
 body.mobile-shell #corner-actions {
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/responsive.css b/src/ui/styles/responsive.css
index 98aa06ed4..3f7b5fb25 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/responsive.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/responsive.css
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
        drawn straight over the notice. Track the credit's own anchor instead
        and the 12px of clear air holds regardless of height; the rail already
        scrolls (overflow-y below), so it loses reach, not content. */
-    bottom: calc(2vh + 7.5rem);
+    bottom: calc(2vh + 7.5rem + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
     left: 16px;
     width: auto;
     max-height: none;
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/status.css b/src/ui/styles/status.css
index bba1ef788..404b9cd2c 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/status.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/status.css
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ html:not([lang='en']) #global-loading-detail {
 /* ── Toast Notification ──────────────────────── */
 #toast {
   position: fixed;
-  bottom: 100px;
+  bottom: calc(100px + var(--world-timeline-lift, 0px));
   left: 50%;
   transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(20px);
   z-index: 200;
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
index b791b9520..e7560a467 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
@@ -1,14 +1,37 @@
 /* ── World timeline ─────────────────────────── */
-/* Shown while the world time is away from live, centred above the dock. */
+/* Shown while a layer with time to show is on, centred along the bottom of
+   the screen; the command dock and what sits above it rise by its height. */
+:root {
+  --world-timeline-lift: 0px;
+}
+
+body:has(#world-timeline) {
+  --world-timeline-lift: 50px;
+}
+
+/* Clean view, recording and the cockpit put the dock away; the bar goes too. */
+body.ui-clean-view,
+body.recording-mode,
+body.cockpit-mode {
+  --world-timeline-lift: 0px !important;
+}
+
+body.ui-clean-view #world-timeline,
+body.recording-mode #world-timeline,
+body.cockpit-mode #world-timeline {
+  display: none;
+}
+
 #world-timeline {
   position: fixed;
-  bottom: calc(2vh + 7rem);
+  bottom: 2vh;
   left: 50%;
   z-index: 146;
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
   gap: 10px;
-  max-width: calc(100vw - 32px);
+  width: min(820px, calc(100vw - 24px));
+  height: 42px;
   box-sizing: border-box;
   padding: 4px 6px;
   border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
@@ -20,11 +43,6 @@
   transform: translateX(-50%);
 }
 
-body.ui-clean-view #world-timeline,
-body.recording-mode #world-timeline {
-  bottom: 2vh;
-}
-
 #world-timeline .world-timeline-play,
 #world-timeline .world-timeline-live {
   display: inline-flex;
@@ -46,6 +64,13 @@ body.recording-mode #world-timeline {
   background: rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.18);
 }
 
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-live.is-live {
+  border-color: rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.6);
+  background: rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.2);
+  color: var(--accent);
+  cursor: default;
+}
+
 #world-timeline .world-timeline-live {
   font-size: 11px;
   letter-spacing: 0.08em;
@@ -60,3 +85,138 @@ body.recording-mode #world-timeline {
   text-overflow: ellipsis;
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-edge {
+  flex: none;
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 11px;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+/* The track: ticks for each launch or frame, the elapsed fill, and a native
+   range input on top for dragging and the keyboard. */
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-track {
+  position: relative;
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+  min-width: 80px;
+  height: 24px;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-track::before {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 50%;
+  right: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  height: 4px;
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(123, 189, 211, 0.22);
+  content: '';
+  transform: translateY(-50%);
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-fill {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 50%;
+  left: 0;
+  height: 4px;
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: var(--accent);
+  opacity: 0.7;
+  transform: translateY(-50%);
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-tick {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 50%;
+  width: 2px;
+  height: 12px;
+  margin-left: -1px;
+  border-radius: 1px;
+  background: rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.75);
+  transform: translateY(-50%);
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  margin: 0;
+  background: transparent;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  appearance: none;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub::-webkit-slider-runnable-track {
+  height: 100%;
+  background: transparent;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub::-moz-range-track {
+  background: transparent;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub::-webkit-slider-thumb {
+  width: 14px;
+  height: 14px;
+  margin-top: 5px;
+  border: 2px solid var(--accent);
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: #031018;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 8px rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.6);
+  appearance: none;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub::-moz-range-thumb {
+  width: 12px;
+  height: 12px;
+  border: 2px solid var(--accent);
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: #031018;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub:focus-visible {
+  outline: 1px solid var(--accent);
+  outline-offset: 2px;
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 720px) {
+  #world-timeline {
+    bottom: 8px;
+  }
+}
+
+/* On phones the bar sits just above the tab bar, under the voice dock, with
+   the track on a row of its own beneath play, the time and live. */
+body.mobile-shell:has(#world-timeline) {
+  --world-timeline-lift: 80px;
+}
+
+body.mobile-shell #world-timeline {
+  bottom: calc(var(--mobile-tab-space) + 6px);
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  row-gap: 4px;
+  height: auto;
+}
+
+body.mobile-shell #world-timeline .world-timeline-time {
+  flex: 1 1 0;
+}
+
+body.mobile-shell #world-timeline .world-timeline-track {
+  order: 1;
+  flex-basis: 100%;
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 640px) {
+  #world-timeline .world-timeline-edge {
+    display: none;
+  }
+
+  #world-timeline .world-timeline-time {
+    font-size: 11px;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
index 2a10d06b3..60a73540b 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-// The world timeline shows the world time while it is away from live, with
-// play and pause on the left and the way back to live on the right.
+// The world timeline shows the world time while a layer with time to show is
+// on, with play and pause on the left and the way back to live on the right.
 import '../../../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
@@ -7,13 +7,17 @@ import { createApp, nextTick } from 'vue';
 import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
 import { worldClock } from '../../../time/worldClock.js';
 import WorldTimeline from './WorldTimeline.vue';
+import { useWorldTimeStore } from '../../stores/worldTime.js';
 
 function mount(t) {
   document.body.replaceChildren();
-  const app = createApp(WorldTimeline).use(createPinia());
+  const pinia = createPinia();
+  const app = createApp(WorldTimeline).use(pinia);
   app.mount(document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div')));
   t.after(() => {
     app.unmount();
+    // The store outlives the view; dispose it with its clock subscription.
+    useWorldTimeStore(pinia).$dispose();
     worldClock.goLive();
   });
   return () => document.getElementById('world-timeline');
@@ -36,12 +40,15 @@ function supportingLayer(t, at) {
   };
 }
 
-test('the timeline shows away from live and plays, pauses and goes back', async (t) => {
+test('the timeline shows live, and plays, pauses and goes back', async (t) => {
   const bar = mount(t);
   const at = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 30, 6, 15, 42);
   supportingLayer(t, at);
   await nextTick();
-  assert.equal(bar(), null, 'hidden while live');
+  assert.ok(bar(), 'shown while live');
+  const live = bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-live');
+  assert.equal(live.disabled, true, 'already live');
+  assert.equal(live.getAttribute('aria-pressed'), 'true');
 
   worldClock.seek(at);
   await nextTick();
@@ -60,15 +67,19 @@ test('the timeline shows away from live and plays, pauses and goes back', async
   await nextTick();
   assert.equal(worldClock.isPlaying(), false);
 
+  assert.equal(bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-live').disabled, false);
   bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-live').click();
   await nextTick();
   assert.equal(worldClock.isLive(), true);
-  assert.equal(bar(), null);
+  assert.ok(bar(), 'still shown, live');
+  assert.equal(bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-live').disabled, true);
 });
 
 test('the timeline hides while no layer with time to show is on', async (t) => {
   const bar = mount(t);
   const at = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 30, 6, 15, 42);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(bar(), null, 'live, nothing to play');
   worldClock.seek(at);
   await nextTick();
   assert.equal(bar(), null, 'away from live, but nothing to play');
@@ -79,3 +90,61 @@ test('the timeline hides while no layer with time to show is on', async (t) => {
   await nextTick();
   assert.equal(bar(), null, 'the layer went off');
 });
+
+test('the track runs over the time the layers show, to now, and scrubs', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const now = Date.now();
+  const at = now - 2 * 86_400_000;
+  const release = worldClock.hold('test-launches');
+  const unregister = worldClock.register({
+    id: 'test-launches',
+    coverage: () => ({ start: at - 86_400_000, end: at, marks: [at - 86_400_000, at] }),
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    unregister();
+    release();
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  const input = bar().querySelector('input[type=range]');
+  assert.equal(Number(input.min), at - 86_400_000);
+  assert.ok(Number(input.max) >= now, 'reaches to now');
+  assert.equal(bar().querySelectorAll('.world-timeline-tick').length, 2);
+
+  worldClock.play();
+  input.value = String(at);
+  input.dispatchEvent(new Event('input'));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isPlaying(), false, 'a scrub stops playback');
+  assert.equal(worldClock.now(), at);
+  assert.equal(bar().querySelector('time').getAttribute('datetime'), new Date(at).toISOString());
+
+  input.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'ArrowLeft' }));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.now(), at - 86_400_000, 'the arrow goes to the previous mark');
+  input.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'ArrowRight' }));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.now(), at, 'and back to the next');
+
+  input.value = String(Date.now() + 2_000);
+  input.dispatchEvent(new Event('input'));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isLive(), true, 'a scrub to now goes live');
+
+  // A layer that reaches ahead of now, as satellites do.
+  const holdAhead = worldClock.hold('test-ahead');
+  const unregisterAhead = worldClock.register({
+    id: 'test-ahead',
+    coverage: () => ({ start: now, end: now + 3 * 86_400_000 }),
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    unregisterAhead();
+    holdAhead();
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  const ahead = Date.now() + 86_400_000;
+  input.value = String(ahead);
+  input.dispatchEvent(new Event('input'));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isLive(), false, 'a scrub past now stays there');
+  assert.equal(worldClock.now(), ahead);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
index 91b6676db..1c4a8bdc0 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@ import { useWorldTimeStore } from '../../stores/worldTime.js';
 import UiButton from '../../kit/UiButton.vue';
 import UiIcon from '../../kit/UiIcon.vue';
 
-// The world time while it is away from live: what is playing, or where it
-// was paused, with play and pause on the left and the way back to live on
-// the right. It shows only while a layer with a time of its own (weather,
-// satellites, launches, or one a host follows) is on with time to show; live,
-// or with only live feeds such as flights on, the bar stays hidden.
+// The world timeline: play and pause on the left, the time, a track across
+// the stretch the layers on can show (each launch or frame a tick) with a
+// handle to scrub, and the way back to live on the right, lit while live. It
+// shows while a layer with a time of its own (weather, satellites, launches,
+// or one a host follows) is on with time to show; with only live feeds such
+// as flights on, the bar stays hidden.
 const store = useWorldTimeStore();
 const { time } = storeToRefs(store);
 
@@ -19,18 +20,76 @@ const DATE_TIME = Object.freeze({
   timeStyle: 'medium',
   timeZone: 'UTC',
 });
+const EDGE_DATE = Object.freeze({
+  month: 'short',
+  day: 'numeric',
+  timeZone: 'UTC',
+});
+// The keyboard's fallback step, as a share of the track, with no mark to go to.
+const KEY_STEP = 0.01;
+const PAGE_STEP = 0.1;
+
 const readout = computed(() =>
   Number.isFinite(time.value.timeMs)
     ? `${formatDate(time.value.timeMs, DATE_TIME)} UTC`
     : '',
 );
+const span = computed(() => time.value.span);
+const at = computed(() => {
+  const { start, end } = span.value;
+  return Math.min(end, Math.max(start, time.value.timeMs));
+});
+const place = (ms) => {
+  const { start, end } = span.value;
+  return end > start ? ((ms - start) / (end - start)) * 100 : 100;
+};
+const ticks = computed(() =>
+  span.value.marks.map((mark) => `${place(mark)}%`),
+);
+const scrub = (event) => store.scrub(Number(event.target.value));
+// Arrows go to the previous or next mark (a launch, a frame), or a step along
+// the track; Page keys take a tenth of it; Home and End go to its ends.
+const onKey = (event) => {
+  const { start, end, marks } = span.value;
+  const now = at.value;
+  const length = end - start;
+  let to = null;
+  if (event.key === 'ArrowLeft' || event.key === 'ArrowDown')
+    to = marks.findLast((mark) => mark < now) ?? now - length * KEY_STEP;
+  else if (event.key === 'ArrowRight' || event.key === 'ArrowUp')
+    to = marks.find((mark) => mark > now) ?? now + length * KEY_STEP;
+  else if (event.key === 'PageDown') to = now - length * PAGE_STEP;
+  else if (event.key === 'PageUp') to = now + length * PAGE_STEP;
+  else if (event.key === 'Home') to = start;
+  else if (event.key === 'End') to = end;
+  if (to === null) return;
+  event.preventDefault();
+  store.scrub(Math.min(end, Math.max(start, to)));
+};
 </script>
 
 <template>
-  <div v-if="!time.live && time.supported" id="world-timeline" role="group" :aria-label="t('World time')"
+  <div v-if="time.supported && time.span" id="world-timeline" role="group" :aria-label="t('World time')"
     ><UiButton class="world-timeline-play" :label="time.playing ? t('Pause') : t('Play')" @click="store.togglePlay()"
       ><UiIcon :name="time.playing ? 'pause' : 'play_arrow'" :size="20" /></UiButton
     ><time class="world-timeline-time" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off">{{ readout }}</time
-    ><UiButton class="world-timeline-live" :label="t('Back to live')" @click="store.goLive()">{{ t('Live') }}</UiButton
+    ><span class="world-timeline-edge">{{ formatDate(span.start, EDGE_DATE) }}</span
+    ><div class="world-timeline-track"
+      ><span v-for="(left, index) in ticks" :key="index" class="world-timeline-tick" :style="{ left }" aria-hidden="true"></span
+      ><span class="world-timeline-fill" :style="{ width: `${place(at)}%` }" aria-hidden="true"></span
+      ><input
+        class="world-timeline-scrub"
+        type="range"
+        :aria-label="t('World time')"
+        :aria-valuetext="readout"
+        :min="span.start"
+        :max="span.end"
+        step="any"
+        :value="at"
+        @input="scrub"
+        @keydown="onKey"
+    /></div
+    ><span class="world-timeline-edge">{{ formatDate(span.end, EDGE_DATE) }}</span
+    ><UiButton class="world-timeline-live" :label="time.live ? t('Live') : t('Back to live')" :pressed="time.live" pressed-class="is-live" :disabled="time.live" @click="store.goLive()">{{ t('Live') }}</UiButton
   ></div>
 </template>

From 18d55f58b9a756cb758996eb2593e6b2967a956d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 13:48:28 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 041/262] Color fires from ember to white-hot instead of blue
 to red

About 90% of detections are under 20 MW, so the old blue and teal
stops painted most of the map in cold colors that do not read as fire.
The ramp now runs ember, red, flame, orange, gold and white-hot at the
same thresholds, each stop lighter than the one below, so the brightest
marks are the strongest fires. The heatmap uses the same colors.
---
 changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md | 12 ++---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     | 17 ++++---
 src/data/firmsCards.test.mjs              | 26 +++++-----
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js               | 18 ++++---
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs         | 10 ++--
 src/data/firmsIntensity.js                | 27 +++++-----
 src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs          | 62 ++++++++++++++---------
 src/data/firmsLabels.js                   |  4 +-
 src/data/firmsLabels.test.mjs             | 20 ++++----
 src/layers/firms/model.js                 |  2 +-
 src/layers/firms/policy.js                |  2 +-
 src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs      |  2 +-
 12 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
index 188f964ad..c1d06643e 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 - Color every Active Fires detection by fire radiative power on a six-stop
-  cold → hot ramp (blue · teal · lime · amber · orange · red at 0 · 5 · 20 ·
-  50 · 100 · 300 MW), and add a log-scale minimum-FRP slider whose track is the
-  ramp, an All / Nominal+ / High confidence switch and an "N of M shown"
-  counter to the layer row. Far zoom shows a Snap Map–style heatmap instead
-  of squares, empty where nothing burns. The filter applies once before
-  rendering, so markers, cards, the heatmap, context and the top-fires query agree; share
+  ember → white-hot ramp (ember · red · flame · orange · gold · white-hot at
+  0 · 5 · 20 · 50 · 100 · 300 MW, brighter as power rises), and add a
+  log-scale minimum-FRP slider whose track is the ramp, an All / Nominal+ /
+  High confidence switch and an "N of M shown" counter to the layer row. Far
+  zoom shows a Snap Map–style heatmap in the same colors instead of squares,
+  empty where nothing burns. The filter applies once before rendering, so markers, cards, the heatmap, context and the top-fires query agree; share
   links keep it (`w` token: `f`, `c`), and `get_active_fires` takes matching
   `min_frp_mw` and `confidence` arguments. Default 0 MW / All (gekh, #1426).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index a7d941001..5644960bc 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2175,19 +2175,22 @@ accessible name remains "Don't show this again". Control behavior is unchanged.
 
 ## Active Fires intensity filter and color ramp
 
-Every FIRMS detection is colored by fire radiative power on a six-stop cold →
-hot ramp: blue from 0 MW, teal from 5, lime from 20, amber from 50, orange from
-100 and red from 300 MW (`FRP_RAMP` in `src/data/firmsIntensity.js`). Glow
-sprites and fire-card accents read that ramp; confidence and brightness do
-not affect the color.
+Every FIRMS detection is colored by fire radiative power on a six-stop ember →
+white-hot ramp: dark ember from 0 MW, red from 5, flame from 20, orange from
+50, gold from 100 and pale white-hot from 300 MW (`FRP_RAMP` in
+`src/data/firmsIntensity.js`). Each stop is lighter than the one below and
+none is a cold hue, so the brightest marks are the strongest fires; ~90% of
+detections are under 20 MW and stay dim red. Glow sprites and fire-card
+accents read that ramp; confidence and brightness do not affect the color.
 
 At far zoom (camera above ~3,000 km) the layer drapes a Snap Map–style
 heatmap instead of individual markers: the shown detections are binned on a
 global 2048 × 1024 grid, each weighted by its FRP in megawatts (so heat is
 radiated power, and raising the FRP slider does not dim areas where strong fires
 burn), Gaussian-blurred,
-normalized on a log scale against the 99.5th percentile and mapped from blue
-through cyan, green, yellow and orange to red. Nothing is painted where
+normalized on a log scale against the 99.5th percentile and mapped through the
+same colors, from a faint ember edge through red, orange and gold to a pale
+white-hot core. Nothing is painted where
 nothing burns (`src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js`). It is one full-globe imagery
 tile on the active imagery host (`src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js`), rebuilt
 on each data refresh or filter change (the first paint at once, later ones
diff --git a/src/data/firmsCards.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsCards.test.mjs
index d0ca7bd70..9d6157324 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsCards.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsCards.test.mjs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ test('buildFireCard: title carries FRP, detail carries conf/age/satellite', () =
   assert.equal(card.details.length, 1);
   assert.equal(card.details[0], 'high · 2h · N20');
   assert.equal(card.selected, false);
-  assert.equal(card.accent, accentForSeverity('red'), 'FRP 1520 is red-hot');
+  assert.equal(card.accent, accentForSeverity('white-hot'), 'FRP 1520 is white-hot');
   assert.deepEqual(card.position, { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 }, 'uses the candidate position untouched');
 });
 
@@ -69,26 +69,26 @@ test('buildFireCard: power that rounds to 10 MW drops the decimal', () => {
   assert.equal(selected.title, 'FIRE · 10 MW');
 });
 
-test('buildFireCard: SNPP satellite code renders as SNPP, weak fire is blue', () => {
+test('buildFireCard: SNPP satellite code renders as SNPP, weak fire is an ember', () => {
   const card = buildFireCard({ fire: fire({ satellite: 'N', frp: 0.8, confidence: 0.3 }), position: {} }, NOW);
   assert.match(card.details[0], /SNPP$/);
   assert.equal(card.title, '▲ 0.8 MW');
-  assert.equal(card.accent, accentForSeverity('blue'));
+  assert.equal(card.accent, accentForSeverity('ember'));
 });
 
 test('buildFireCard: accent steps through the FRP ramp at 5 · 20 · 50 · 100 · 300 MW', () => {
   const accentAt = (frp) =>
     buildFireCard({ fire: fire({ frp }), position: {} }, NOW).accent;
-  assert.equal(accentAt(4.9), accentForSeverity('blue'));
-  assert.equal(accentAt(5), accentForSeverity('teal'));
-  assert.equal(accentAt(20), accentForSeverity('lime'));
-  assert.equal(accentAt(50), accentForSeverity('amber'));
-  assert.equal(accentAt(100), accentForSeverity('orange'));
-  assert.equal(accentAt(300), accentForSeverity('red'));
+  assert.equal(accentAt(4.9), accentForSeverity('ember'));
+  assert.equal(accentAt(5), accentForSeverity('red'));
+  assert.equal(accentAt(20), accentForSeverity('flame'));
+  assert.equal(accentAt(50), accentForSeverity('orange'));
+  assert.equal(accentAt(100), accentForSeverity('gold'));
+  assert.equal(accentAt(300), accentForSeverity('white-hot'));
   // Confidence never moves the color: a low-confidence 864 MW fire stays red.
   assert.equal(
     buildFireCard({ fire: fire({ frp: 864, confidence: 0.3 }), position: {} }, NOW).accent,
-    accentForSeverity('red'),
+    accentForSeverity('white-hot'),
   );
 });
 
@@ -109,12 +109,12 @@ test('buildCellCard: plural noun, max FRP and newest age, accent passthrough', (
   const candidate = {
     cell: { count: 14, maxFrp: 210.4, newestAcqMs: NOW - 3 * H, night: 2 },
     position: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 },
-    accent: accentForSeverity('orange'),
+    accent: accentForSeverity('gold'),
   };
   const card = buildCellCard(candidate, NOW);
   assert.equal(card.title, '14 FIRES');
   assert.equal(card.details[0], 'max 210 MW · new 3h');
-  assert.equal(card.accent, accentForSeverity('orange'));
+  assert.equal(card.accent, accentForSeverity('gold'));
 });
 
 test('buildCellCard: the count picks the plural form of the language', () => {
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ test('buildCellCard: singular noun and missing-age omission', () => {
   const card = buildCellCard(candidate, NOW);
   assert.equal(card.title, '1 FIRE');
   assert.equal(card.details[0], 'max 9.9 MW');
-  assert.equal(card.accent, accentForSeverity('blue'), 'missing accent defaults to the coldest stop');
+  assert.equal(card.accent, accentForSeverity('ember'), 'missing accent defaults to the weakest stop');
 });
 
 test('FIRMS host policy keeps ambient cards bounded and selected cards protected', () => {
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
index 516c7676f..985699d7e 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
@@ -8,14 +8,18 @@
 /** Below this normalized heat nothing is painted: empty land stays empty. */
 export const HEAT_FLOOR = 0.03;
 
+/**
+ * The FRP marker ramp as a continuous glow: faint ember at the edges, a
+ * pale white-hot core where the most power burns.
+ */
 export const HEAT_PALETTE = Object.freeze([
-  { at: 0.0, rgb: [43, 108, 255], alpha: 0 },
-  { at: 0.08, rgb: [43, 108, 255], alpha: 0.35 },
-  { at: 0.25, rgb: [25, 195, 255], alpha: 0.55 },
-  { at: 0.45, rgb: [47, 224, 122], alpha: 0.65 },
-  { at: 0.65, rgb: [245, 230, 66], alpha: 0.75 },
-  { at: 0.82, rgb: [255, 138, 31], alpha: 0.82 },
-  { at: 1.0, rgb: [255, 42, 26], alpha: 0.88 },
+  { at: 0.0, rgb: [158, 42, 27], alpha: 0 },
+  { at: 0.08, rgb: [158, 42, 27], alpha: 0.35 },
+  { at: 0.25, rgb: [210, 64, 31], alpha: 0.55 },
+  { at: 0.45, rgb: [240, 106, 40], alpha: 0.65 },
+  { at: 0.65, rgb: [251, 154, 46], alpha: 0.75 },
+  { at: 0.82, rgb: [253, 200, 74], alpha: 0.82 },
+  { at: 1.0, rgb: [255, 243, 176], alpha: 0.9 },
 ]);
 
 export function heatColorAt(t) {
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
index 2b51785e6..a5cf7eccf 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
@@ -11,16 +11,20 @@ import {
 
 const fire = (lat, lon, frp = 10) => ({ lat, lon, frp });
 
-test('palette runs cold to hot and starts fully transparent', () => {
+test('palette runs ember to white-hot and starts fully transparent', () => {
   assert.equal(HEAT_PALETTE[0].at, 0);
   assert.equal(HEAT_PALETTE.at(-1).at, 1);
   assert.deepEqual(heatColorAt(0), [0, 0, 0, 0]);
   assert.equal(heatColorAt(0.01)[3], 0, 'below the floor nothing is painted');
   const low = heatColorAt(0.15);
   const high = heatColorAt(1);
-  assert.ok(low[2] > low[0], 'low heat is blue');
-  assert.ok(high[0] > high[2], 'the core is red');
+  assert.ok(low[0] > low[1] && low[1] > low[2], 'low heat is an ember red');
+  assert.ok(high[1] > low[1] && high[2] > low[2], 'the core is paler');
   assert.ok(high[3] > low[3], 'hotter is more opaque');
+  for (let i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
+    const [r, , b] = heatColorAt(i / 100);
+    assert.ok(r >= b, `no cold hue at ${i}%`);
+  }
 });
 
 test('binFires drops each detection into its equirectangular pixel', () => {
diff --git a/src/data/firmsIntensity.js b/src/data/firmsIntensity.js
index 417566346..0b14dd3bd 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsIntensity.js
+++ b/src/data/firmsIntensity.js
@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
 /**
  * @module firmsIntensity
  * @description Fire intensity policy shared by the Active Fires layer and the
- * agent fire tool: the six-stop cold → hot FRP color ramp, the log-scale
+ * agent fire tool: the six-stop ember → white-hot FRP color ramp, the log-scale
  * slider that doubles as its legend, and the one filter every consumer
  * (markers, cards, heat cells, the top-fires query, `get_active_fires`) runs
  * before anything is rendered or selected. Pure — no Cesium, no DOM.
  *
- * Hue order follows the Portolan FIRMS explorer (`FRP_RAMP`, stepped, not
- * interpolated). The thresholds are GEV's own, set on a real week's
- * percentiles so every color appears: Portolan's 0/10/50/200/500/1000 MW
- * leaves one red fire a week (HAL-675).
+ * The ramp (`FRP_RAMP`, stepped, not interpolated) runs like a fire cooling
+ * down: a dim ember for weak fires through red, orange and gold to a pale
+ * white-hot core, lightness rising with power, so the brightest marks are the
+ * strongest fires. No cold hues: ~90% of detections are under 20 MW and a
+ * blue start painted most of the map blue. The thresholds are GEV's own, set
+ * on a real week's percentiles so every color appears: Portolan's
+ * 0/10/50/200/500/1000 MW leaves one hottest fire a week (HAL-675).
  */
 
 /**
- * Stepped FRP ramp, coldest first. A detection takes the LAST stop whose
+ * Stepped FRP ramp, weakest first. A detection takes the LAST stop whose
  * `minFrp` it reaches. Names key the glow-sprite cache and the card accents.
  */
 export const FRP_RAMP = Object.freeze([
-  Object.freeze({ name: 'blue', minFrp: 0, hex: '#4a5bd4' }),
-  Object.freeze({ name: 'teal', minFrp: 5, hex: '#39a0a8' }),
-  Object.freeze({ name: 'lime', minFrp: 20, hex: '#c9cf4a' }),
-  Object.freeze({ name: 'amber', minFrp: 50, hex: '#f2b134' }),
-  Object.freeze({ name: 'orange', minFrp: 100, hex: '#e8722c' }),
-  Object.freeze({ name: 'red', minFrp: 300, hex: '#d1382a' }),
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'ember', minFrp: 0, hex: '#9e2a1b' }),
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'red', minFrp: 5, hex: '#d2401f' }),
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'flame', minFrp: 20, hex: '#f06a28' }),
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'orange', minFrp: 50, hex: '#fb9a2e' }),
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'gold', minFrp: 100, hex: '#fdc84a' }),
+  Object.freeze({ name: 'white-hot', minFrp: 300, hex: '#fff3b0' }),
 ]);
 
 /** Slider ticks: the ramp thresholds, so slider, legend and markers agree. */
diff --git a/src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs
index 558068e67..c1d22948b 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsIntensity.test.mjs
@@ -18,40 +18,54 @@ import {
   sliderPositionForFrp,
 } from './firmsIntensity.js';
 
-test('the ramp has six cold → hot stops at 0 · 5 · 20 · 50 · 100 · 300 MW in Portolan hue order', () => {
+test('the ramp has six ember → white-hot stops at 0 · 5 · 20 · 50 · 100 · 300 MW', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(
     FRP_RAMP.map((stop) => [stop.name, stop.minFrp, stop.hex]),
     [
-      ['blue', 0, '#4a5bd4'],
-      ['teal', 5, '#39a0a8'],
-      ['lime', 20, '#c9cf4a'],
-      ['amber', 50, '#f2b134'],
-      ['orange', 100, '#e8722c'],
-      ['red', 300, '#d1382a'],
+      ['ember', 0, '#9e2a1b'],
+      ['red', 5, '#d2401f'],
+      ['flame', 20, '#f06a28'],
+      ['orange', 50, '#fb9a2e'],
+      ['gold', 100, '#fdc84a'],
+      ['white-hot', 300, '#fff3b0'],
     ],
   );
   assert.deepEqual([...FRP_SLIDER_TICKS], [0, 5, 20, 50, 100, 300]);
   assert.ok(Object.isFrozen(FRP_RAMP));
 });
 
+test('every stop is warm and each is lighter than the one below', () => {
+  const luma = ([r, g, b]) => 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b;
+  let previous = -1;
+  for (const stop of FRP_RAMP) {
+    const rgb = hexToRgb(stop.hex);
+    assert.ok(rgb[0] >= rgb[2], `${stop.name} has no cold hue`);
+    assert.ok(
+      luma(rgb) > previous,
+      `${stop.name} is lighter than the stop below`,
+    );
+    previous = luma(rgb);
+  }
+});
+
 test('a detection takes the last stop it reaches; garbage reads as 0 MW', () => {
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(0).name, 'blue');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(4.99).name, 'blue');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(5).name, 'teal');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(19.9).name, 'teal');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(20).name, 'lime');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(50).name, 'amber');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(100).name, 'orange');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(299.9).name, 'orange');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(300).name, 'red');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(1246).name, 'red');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(NaN).name, 'blue');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(-3).name, 'blue');
-  assert.equal(frpRampStop(undefined).name, 'blue');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(0).name, 'ember');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(4.99).name, 'ember');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(5).name, 'red');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(19.9).name, 'red');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(20).name, 'flame');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(50).name, 'orange');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(100).name, 'gold');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(299.9).name, 'gold');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(300).name, 'white-hot');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(1246).name, 'white-hot');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(NaN).name, 'ember');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(-3).name, 'ember');
+  assert.equal(frpRampStop(undefined).name, 'ember');
 });
 
 test('hex stops convert to the "r, g, b" accents the cards paint', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual(hexToRgb('#4a5bd4'), [74, 91, 212]);
+  assert.deepEqual(hexToRgb('#9e2a1b'), [158, 42, 27]);
   assert.deepEqual(hexToRgb('d1382a'), [209, 56, 42]);
 });
 
@@ -84,9 +98,9 @@ test('the log slider pins 0 MW at the left and runs 1 → 1000 MW; values round-
 test('the track gradient is the stepped ramp on the log axis, so it doubles as the legend', () => {
   const gradient = rampTrackGradient();
   assert.match(gradient, /^linear-gradient\(90deg, /);
-  assert.match(gradient, /#4a5bd4 0\.00% 23\.3\d%/);
-  assert.match(gradient, /#39a0a8 23\.3\d% 43\.3\d%/);
-  assert.match(gradient, /#d1382a 82\.5\d% 100\.00%\)$/);
+  assert.match(gradient, /#9e2a1b 0\.00% 23\.3\d%/);
+  assert.match(gradient, /#d2401f 23\.3\d% 43\.3\d%/);
+  assert.match(gradient, /#fff3b0 82\.5\d% 100\.00%\)$/);
   assert.equal(gradient.match(/#/g).length, FRP_RAMP.length);
 });
 
diff --git a/src/data/firmsLabels.js b/src/data/firmsLabels.js
index 3af6a15a5..bf97982c2 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsLabels.js
+++ b/src/data/firmsLabels.js
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ const ACCENT_RGB = Object.freeze(
 );
 
 /**
- * Severity stop name → "r, g, b" accent string (defaults to the coldest stop).
- * @param {string} stopName - A FRP_RAMP stop name ('blue' … 'red').
+ * Severity stop name → "r, g, b" accent string (defaults to the weakest stop).
+ * @param {string} stopName - A FRP_RAMP stop name ('ember' … 'white-hot').
  * @returns {string}
  */
 export function accentForSeverity(stopName) {
diff --git a/src/data/firmsLabels.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsLabels.test.mjs
index 62234bb2d..a141d0d17 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsLabels.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsLabels.test.mjs
@@ -9,16 +9,16 @@ import {
   formatFrpMw,
 } from './firmsLabels.js';
 
-test('FIRMS card accents are the six FRP ramp stops, coldest as the fallback', () => {
-  // Portolan hue order; blue #4a5bd4 … red #d1382a (HAL-675).
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('blue'), '74, 91, 212');
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('teal'), '57, 160, 168');
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('lime'), '201, 207, 74');
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('amber'), '242, 177, 52');
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('orange'), '232, 114, 44');
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('red'), '209, 56, 42');
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('yellow'), accentForSeverity('blue'));
-  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('chartreuse'), accentForSeverity('blue'));
+test('FIRMS card accents are the six FRP ramp stops, weakest as the fallback', () => {
+  // Ember #9e2a1b … white-hot #fff3b0, lightness rising with power.
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('ember'), '158, 42, 27');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('red'), '210, 64, 31');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('flame'), '240, 106, 40');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('orange'), '251, 154, 46');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('gold'), '253, 200, 74');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('white-hot'), '255, 243, 176');
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('blue'), accentForSeverity('ember'));
+  assert.equal(accentForSeverity('chartreuse'), accentForSeverity('ember'));
 });
 
 test('FIRMS power that rounds to 10 MW drops the decimal', () => {
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/model.js b/src/layers/firms/model.js
index 330d237e1..aefb94b21 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/model.js
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ export function createModel({
   }
 
   /**
-   * The ramp stop for a fire radiative power (stepped, coldest first).
+   * The ramp stop for a fire radiative power (stepped, weakest first).
    * Intensity alone drives the color: confidence feeds the card text and the
    * switch, brightness is unreliable (saturates at 367 K) — see HAL-675.
    * @param {number} frp - Megawatts.
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/policy.js b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
index eb235bc81..faa55bbc3 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ export const CULL_LIFT_M = 12;
 
 /**
  * Color stops for detection glow sprites and card accents: the
- * six-stop cold → hot FRP ramp (firmsIntensity.js), coldest first, as Cesium
+ * six-stop ember → white-hot FRP ramp (firmsIntensity.js), weakest first, as Cesium
  * colors. Stop names key the glow-sprite cache and the card accents.
  */
 
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs b/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
index 5e1d543d0..966c41cb6 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ const fireRow = (value, active = 'all') => ({
       max: 1000,
       step: 1,
       value,
-      track: 'linear-gradient(90deg, #4a5bd4, #d1382a)',
+      track: 'linear-gradient(90deg, #9e2a1b, #fff3b0)',
       ticks: [
         { at: 0, label: '0' },
         { at: 0.5, label: '30' },

From 314292a006e6fda186f55c8434c9fdf97ff2cb54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 14:10:57 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 042/262] Brighten the heatmap edge so weak fire regions stay
 visible

The heat scale is set by the hottest regions, so most of the world sits
at the low end. The ember edge was a dark red at 35% opacity and nearly
vanished into forest and savanna imagery: over the Americas the spots
were there but hard to see. The edge is now a bright red starting at
58% opacity, which reads at least as well as the old blue did.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md             |  5 +++--
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js       | 21 ++++++++++++---------
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs |  3 ++-
 3 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 5644960bc..dabc074ae 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2189,8 +2189,9 @@ global 2048 × 1024 grid, each weighted by its FRP in megawatts (so heat is
 radiated power, and raising the FRP slider does not dim areas where strong fires
 burn), Gaussian-blurred,
 normalized on a log scale against the 99.5th percentile and mapped through the
-same colors, from a faint ember edge through red, orange and gold to a pale
-white-hot core. Nothing is painted where
+same hues, from a bright red edge through orange and gold to a pale
+white-hot core. The edge starts more than half opaque, so regions far below
+the hottest ones still read over forest and savanna imagery. Nothing is painted where
 nothing burns (`src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js`). It is one full-globe imagery
 tile on the active imagery host (`src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js`), rebuilt
 on each data refresh or filter change (the first paint at once, later ones
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
index 985699d7e..f6aadff3b 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
@@ -9,17 +9,20 @@
 export const HEAT_FLOOR = 0.03;
 
 /**
- * The FRP marker ramp as a continuous glow: faint ember at the edges, a
- * pale white-hot core where the most power burns.
+ * The FRP marker ramp as a continuous glow, from a red edge through orange
+ * and gold to a pale white-hot core. The edge is a bright red, not the
+ * markers' dark ember, and starts more than half opaque: most of the world
+ * sits low on a scale set by the hottest regions, and a dark translucent red
+ * vanishes into forest and savanna imagery.
  */
 export const HEAT_PALETTE = Object.freeze([
-  { at: 0.0, rgb: [158, 42, 27], alpha: 0 },
-  { at: 0.08, rgb: [158, 42, 27], alpha: 0.35 },
-  { at: 0.25, rgb: [210, 64, 31], alpha: 0.55 },
-  { at: 0.45, rgb: [240, 106, 40], alpha: 0.65 },
-  { at: 0.65, rgb: [251, 154, 46], alpha: 0.75 },
-  { at: 0.82, rgb: [253, 200, 74], alpha: 0.82 },
-  { at: 1.0, rgb: [255, 243, 176], alpha: 0.9 },
+  { at: 0.0, rgb: [232, 58, 30], alpha: 0 },
+  { at: 0.08, rgb: [232, 58, 30], alpha: 0.58 },
+  { at: 0.25, rgb: [242, 86, 34], alpha: 0.7 },
+  { at: 0.45, rgb: [248, 122, 40], alpha: 0.76 },
+  { at: 0.65, rgb: [252, 166, 52], alpha: 0.82 },
+  { at: 0.82, rgb: [254, 208, 92], alpha: 0.87 },
+  { at: 1.0, rgb: [255, 245, 190], alpha: 0.92 },
 ]);
 
 export function heatColorAt(t) {
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
index a5cf7eccf..25c8b61fb 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ test('palette runs ember to white-hot and starts fully transparent', () => {
   assert.equal(heatColorAt(0.01)[3], 0, 'below the floor nothing is painted');
   const low = heatColorAt(0.15);
   const high = heatColorAt(1);
-  assert.ok(low[0] > low[1] && low[1] > low[2], 'low heat is an ember red');
+  assert.ok(low[0] > low[1] && low[1] > low[2], 'low heat is red');
+  assert.ok(low[3] >= 0.5 * 255, 'low heat stays visible on any imagery');
   assert.ok(high[1] > low[1] && high[2] > low[2], 'the core is paler');
   assert.ok(high[3] > low[3], 'hotter is more opaque');
   for (let i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {

From ed2aaa2c50d89cb65a6cc5c88bbbd79052dd9e5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: InoukT <inouktd1@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 09:58:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 043/262] fix(cctv): add Taiwan Highway Bureau fallback

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md                 |   2 +-
 DATA_SOURCES.md                 |   2 +-
 docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md        | 133 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md           |  20 +---
 server/providers/cctv/media.js  | 169 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 server/providers/cctv/taiwan.js | 171 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs     | 156 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/cctvTaiwan.test.mjs    |  90 ++++++++++++++++-
 8 files changed, 704 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index d8e569d3a..197ae7b6d 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ prints anything; never fix that by renaming or deleting PR A's published token.
 
 The highest-leverage places to jump in:
 
-- **🌆 Add a CCTV source pack.** Austin is the reference camera source. Adding another city means a clean public camera catalog with coordinates, attribution, and server-registered frame URLs (the proxy only fetches registered URLs — never client-supplied ones, see [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md)). City packs are the best first lane.
+- **🌆 Add a CCTV source pack.** Austin is the reference camera source. Follow the [CCTV integration workflow](docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md) for source review, provider registration, proxy security, tests, and attribution. The proxy only fetches server-registered URLs — never client-supplied ones; see [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md).
 - **🛰️ Add or improve a data layer.** Layer factories live in `src/layers/<family>/`, with source, record, controller and renderer owners implementing the layer interface (`init/enable/disable/update/destroy/getStats`, optional `getDetectableObjects`/`getStats`). Use an existing layer as a template, and see [Adding a new layer](#adding-a-new-layer) for what the PR needs.
 - **🎙️ Extend voice control.** Voice arguments are defined in `src/voice/actionSchemas.js`, with server-side descriptions in `server/providers/openai/tools.js` and client-side execution in `src/voice/gevActions.js`. Keep the tool surface tight and the responses honest (confirm only what actually happened).
 - **🎨 Add a visual style.** Styles are GLSL post-process shaders in `src/styles/`.
diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index a4035f175..0d4c1ad9c 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
   **Quebec is thinly represented**, and that is upstream rather than a filter here: the province runs its own Info-Smog program, so only a handful of Quebec stations appear in ECCC's national feed. The reporting station count also varies hour to hour as stations report or fall silent.
 
 - **Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo (Lithuania).** Public road-camera catalogs and periodically updated still images from [Eismoinfo](https://eismoinfo.lt/), credited to Via Lietuva / eismoinfo.lt in the app. **Off by default.** The camera endpoints are the eismoinfo.lt website backend and are not among the services listed in Via Lietuva's [open-data statement](https://eismoinfo.lt/eismoinfo-backend/content?id=44), whose conditions are attribution and reuse on the same terms. Until the statement is confirmed to cover the camera photos, the pack loads only when an operator sets `CCTV_LITHUANIA_ENABLED=1`; with the flag unset, empty or any other value, the server makes no request to Eismoinfo. `eismoinfo-backend/camera-info-table` is joined by ID to `layer-static-features/VKR`. Without `lks=true`, the latter returns WGS84 `[latitude, longitude]`; the table's `x/y` instead use LKS-94 metres. Only the official HTTPS `/eismoinfo-backend/image-provider/camera/last?id=…` image endpoint is registered. Catalogs use the shared 15-minute cache; frames are fetched on demand and never bundled or archived. These are periodic snapshots, not continuous video. Camera headings are low-confidence estimates. No API key is required. `CCTV_LITHUANIA_MAX_SOURCES` defaults to 400.
-- **Freeway Bureau, MOTC (Taiwan).** National freeway cameras from the Freeway Bureau's keyless [CCTV static table](https://tisvcloud.freeway.gov.tw/history/motc20/CCTV.xml) in the MOTC 2.0 standard, refreshed daily and fetched at runtime (never bundled). Freeway Bureau traffic data is published under the [Open Government Data License, Taiwan (Version 1.0)](https://data.gov.tw/license), which permits reuse, including commercial reuse, with attribution; the app credits the Freeway Bureau, MOTC, names the dataset and links the licence, as its attribution exhibit asks. The table publishes each camera's MJPEG stream on one of four official camera servers (`cctvn`, `cctvn5`, `cctvc`, `cctvs` under `freeway.gov.tw`). The frame proxy relays single images, so each published stream URL is mapped to the same server's single-JPEG path for the same camera number (`/abs2mjpg/bmjpg` → `/abs2mjpg/jpg`, `/live-view/mjpg/video.cgi` → `/live-view/jpg/image.cgi`); only those exact HTTPS pairs are registered, and the still path is not itself listed in the table. These are on-demand snapshots, not continuous video. Camera headings are low-confidence estimates. No API key is required. The table host does not answer from some networks outside Taiwan (the camera servers do); there the pack is empty, logs one warning and retries hourly. On by default; `CCTV_TAIWAN_ENABLED=0` skips the pack, and `CCTV_TAIWAN_MAX_SOURCES` defaults to 600 (bounded to 1–2000).
+- **Freeway Bureau and Highway Bureau, MOTC (Taiwan).** National freeway cameras use the Freeway Bureau’s keyless [MOTC 2.0 CCTV table](https://tisvcloud.freeway.gov.tw/history/motc20/CCTV.xml), refreshed daily and fetched at runtime (never bundled). Freeway Bureau data follows the [Open Government Data License, Taiwan v1.0](https://data.gov.tw/license); the app credits the Bureau, names the dataset and links the licence. If that catalog is unreachable and no last-good source list exists, the app falls back to the Highway Bureau’s free [provincial-road CCTV XML feed](https://thbapp.thb.gov.tw/opendata/), with attribution as requested by the Bureau. Its MJPEG streams are accepted only from cctv-ss01 through cctv-ss08.thb.gov.tw over HTTPS; the frame proxy extracts one bounded JPEG per request. This fallback covers provincial roads, not national freeways. Neither feed requires an API key. CCTV_TAIWAN_ENABLED=0 disables both; CCTV_TAIWAN_MAX_SOURCES defaults to 600 (bounded to 1–2000).
 
 - **Google Maps Platform.** You supply your own API key and are bound by [Google's ToS](https://cloud.google.com/maps-platform/terms). Google Maps Content (tiles, geocodes, places) **may not be cached, stored, rehosted, or committed** — this app only ever uses it live, which is the compliant pattern. The "Google" attribution is displayed on the globe and must stay visible. Restrict your key (see [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md)).
 - **OpenSky Network.** Its license is **non-commercial**, and operational use of the REST API in a live product can require a prior written agreement with OpenSky — even for non-profit/government use. If you deploy this commercially, contact OpenSky for your own terms. The flights layer is a toggle and runs anonymously by default.
diff --git a/docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md b/docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cd81f837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+# CCTV integration workflow
+
+Use this workflow when adding a camera provider or repairing an existing feed.
+The CCTV layer gets its catalog and media through the local server; keep
+provider-specific network access and URL policy on the server side.
+
+## 1. Check the source before coding
+
+- Identify the catalog endpoint and the actual frame or live-media endpoint.
+  They may be different hosts or use different formats.
+- Read the provider's license, terms, attribution, rate limits, and access
+  requirements. Publicly reachable data is not automatically licensed for
+  reuse. Record whether the app may display it and whether any use is
+  restricted.
+- Prefer a public, keyless feed. If credentials are required, keep them in a
+  server-only environment variable; never put a secret in browser code or a
+  Vite-exposed variable. If access terms require an agreement or remain
+  unconfirmed, make the pack opt-in and ensure it makes no request by default.
+- Confirm the feed can be fetched from the app's Node server environment. A URL
+  opening in a browser does not prove the server can reach it, and browser CORS
+  behavior does not diagnose a server-side fetch.
+- Treat camera directories and aggregators such as [TW Live](https://tw.live/)
+  as discovery aids. Trace each listing to the original agency or camera owner;
+  their data and media terms govern reuse. For example, SkylineWebcams says
+  only camera hosts may embed its live feed and its terms restrict copying or
+  retransmitting footage, so do not proxy its stream without written
+  authorization ([FAQ](https://www.skylinewebcams.com/support/faq.html),
+  [terms](https://www.skylinewebcams.com/en/terms-of-use.html)).
+- Decide whether the provider supplies still snapshots or continuous video.
+  Prefer stills unless live video is necessary and supported by the existing
+  proxy path.
+
+## 2. Add and register the provider pack
+
+Use the smallest existing provider as a template. Current owners are:
+
+- `server/providers/cctv/sources.js` for standard open-data loaders.
+- `server/providers/cctv/<provider>.js` for a provider with its own parser,
+  fallback, or more involved URL policy.
+- `server/providers/cctv/catalog.js` to import the loader and add it to
+  `LIVE_PACKS`. Each pack is independently gated and the shared catalog cap
+  allocates space across packs.
+- `server/providers/cctv/constants.js` for provider endpoints, caps, and
+  timeouts.
+
+Return normalized camera records with stable unique IDs, readable names,
+`city`/`cityId`, provider attribution, valid `lat`/`lon`, and the correct
+`feedType`. Include camera heading only when the source actually provides a
+bearing; descriptive direction text is not a numeric heading. Mark uncertain
+heading data with the existing low-confidence conventions. Set `sourceKind` so
+health and source diagnostics identify the provider. Apply a bounded per-pack
+camera limit and geographic filtering where appropriate; avoid one provider
+silently consuming the whole shared catalog cap.
+
+Camera coordinates need their own verification. Prefer the original provider's
+camera coordinates, then corroborate them against its location description,
+route/mile marker, or official map. An aggregator's map dot, a town/county name,
+or a geocoded attraction name is not a precise camera position. Do not pin a
+camera to a city center or nearby landmark; if its actual location cannot be
+verified, leave it out until it can. For manually curated coordinates, record
+the evidence in the provider data or an adjacent comment. For example, TW Live
+camera pages identify the originating agency; use that agency's catalog for
+the camera point when available.
+
+If the source becomes opt-in, use the catalog's opt-in gate (`envOptIn`) and
+document the flag and reason in `DATA_SOURCES.md`. Otherwise use the normal
+enabled-by-default flag pattern and document how to disable the pack.
+
+## 3. Keep frame and media requests server-registered
+
+The browser should request the local `/api/cctv/frame/:id` or
+`/api/cctv/media/:id` endpoint. Do not pass an arbitrary upstream URL from the
+browser, and do not fetch an unvalidated URL supplied by a catalog record.
+Every provider must have a server-side rule that pins frame and media URLs to
+the expected scheme, host, and path; use HTTPS where the provider supports it.
+Use `pinnedCameraUrl()` for URLs that belong under a fixed provider directory,
+or a stricter provider-specific validator when hosts or paths vary. Register
+any new permitted image/media origin in the existing
+`server/providers/cctv` media policy.
+
+Catalog and media loaders must also:
+
+- refuse unsafe schemes, credentials, unexpected ports, redirects outside the
+  registered origin/path, and malformed identifiers;
+- set request deadlines and cap catalog and buffered frame bodies;
+- parse only the expected format and validate coordinates before returning a
+  camera;
+- handle offline cameras and partial provider failures without failing the
+  entire merged catalog; and
+- avoid persistent frame storage unless the provider's terms explicitly allow
+  it and the design has been reviewed.
+
+For live media, use the existing media proxy and supported feed type (`mjpeg`,
+`mp4`, `webm`, or `hls`) rather than adding a direct browser stream. Validate
+the upstream content type and bound or cancel streams according to the
+existing proxy behavior. Read [SECURITY.md](../SECURITY.md) before changing
+URL validation, redirects, or proxy behavior.
+
+## 4. Add focused regression coverage
+
+Add provider tests under `src/data/` following the existing CCTV test naming
+and fixtures. Cover at least:
+
+- representative valid catalog rows and their normalized output;
+- missing or invalid IDs, coordinates, and frame URLs;
+- duplicate records and the pack's cap/filter behavior;
+- unsafe host/path, credentials, and redirect cases;
+- timeout, oversized, malformed, and unavailable upstream responses; and
+- the frame or live-media content type the provider actually serves.
+
+Use `src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs` for shared proxy/media behavior and
+`src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs` for shared catalog allocation. Run the
+focused provider and proxy tests, then the standard checks from
+[CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md) that apply to the change. For runtime
+verification, inspect `/api/cctv/sources`, `/api/cctv/health`, and the camera's
+`/api/cctv/frame/:id` or `/api/cctv/stream/:id` response locally. Confirm a
+successful frame is from the upstream camera by checking its content type and
+`X-CCTV-Source`; a fallback image is not proof that the upstream feed works.
+
+## 5. Update source documentation and submit
+
+- Add the provider, endpoint, terms/license, required attribution, key status,
+  caching behavior, and any restrictions to `DATA_SOURCES.md`.
+- Update the CCTV source section in `docs/CURRENT-STATE.md` when runtime
+  behavior, flags, caps, or fallback behavior changes.
+- Register in-app attribution through the existing source/provider credit
+  fields; update `src/data/dataCredits.js` when the source needs a layer-level
+  credit.
+- Add the required `changelog.d/<pr-number>-<slug>.md` entry for a runtime
+  change, and include the source, license, attribution, key/runtime-fetch
+  details, and verification evidence in the PR description.
+- For a new layer, also follow the camera/source requirements in the
+  [new-layer PR checklist](../CONTRIBUTING.md#adding-a-new-layer).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 84d42cb7b..9dbb20ce9 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1341,24 +1341,8 @@ video; camera poses use the existing low-confidence heading prior.
 
 ## Taiwan CCTV source pack
 
-The CCTV catalog includes Taiwan national freeway cameras from the Freeway
-Bureau, MOTC. One keyless request reads the daily MOTC 2.0 `CCTV.xml` table
-(~1,800 cameras); the request refuses redirects, has a 15-second deadline and a
-6 MiB response cap, and uses the shared 15-minute cache and fair catalog
-allocation. A failed download serves the last good table (up to a day old),
-or an empty pack, and is not retried for an hour: the catalog host does not
-answer from some networks outside Taiwan, and without the backoff every refresh
-there would wait out the connect timeout. The table
-publishes MJPEG stream URLs; each is mapped to the same camera server's
-single-JPEG path for the same camera number, and only those exact HTTPS pairs
-on the four `freeway.gov.tw` camera servers are registered with the frame
-proxy. Camera keys come from the server and camera number, because published
-CCTV IDs contain Chinese place names and a few repeat across cameras. Poses use
-the low-confidence heading prior. `CCTV_TAIWAN_ENABLED=0` disables the pack;
-`CCTV_TAIWAN_MAX_SOURCES` sets its cap (default 600, bounded to 1–2000), and
-`CCTV_TAIWAN_URL` overrides the table URL.
-Gate: `src/data/cctvTaiwan.test.mjs`.
-
+The CCTV catalog includes Taiwan national freeway cameras from the Freeway Bureau, MOTC. The app first reads the daily MOTC 2.0 CCTV.xml table with a keyless HTTPS request, a 15-second deadline, a 6 MiB response cap, and the shared 15-minute cache. If that catalog is unreachable and no last-good source list exists, the loader uses the Highway Bureau’s public provincial-road CCTV XML feed at https://cctv-maintain.thb.gov.tw/opendataCCTVs.xml. The fallback is capped by the same Taiwan source limit and hourly retry backoff; its MJPEG feeds are restricted to the eight cctv-ss01 through cctv-ss08.thb.gov.tw HTTPS servers. The frame proxy returns one bounded JPEG from each stream, not an unbounded video response. The Highway Bureau open-data page states XML downloads are free and asks users to attribute the source; the app credits Highway Bureau, MOTC. These are provincial-road cameras, not a replacement for the national freeway cameras. CCTV_TAIWAN_ENABLED=0 disables both feeds; CCTV_TAIWAN_MAX_SOURCES sets the shared cap (default 600, bounded to 1–2000), and CCTV_TAIWAN_URL overrides the Freeway Bureau table URL.
+Gate: src/data/cctvTaiwan.test.mjs and src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs.
 ## DriveBC CCTV source pack
 
 The CCTV catalog adds DriveBC highway cameras for British Columbia alongside the
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/media.js b/server/providers/cctv/media.js
index 7f89f2ae1..dcb8e4d83 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/media.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/media.js
@@ -621,6 +621,151 @@ export function cctvUpstreamUserAgent(url) {
   }
 }
 
+/** Read one bounded JPEG part from an open MJPEG response, then stop the stream. */
+async function readFirstMjpegFrame(upstream, maxBytes) {
+  const mediaType = cctvLiveMediaType(
+    'mjpeg',
+    upstream.headers.get('content-type'),
+  );
+  const boundary = parseMediaType(mediaType)?.params.get('boundary') || '';
+  if (
+    !boundary ||
+    !upstream.body ||
+    !Number.isSafeInteger(maxBytes) ||
+    maxBytes < 4
+  ) {
+    try {
+      await upstream.body?.cancel();
+    } catch {
+      /* no-op */
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const nextBoundary = Buffer.from('\r\n--' + boundary, 'latin1');
+  const opening = Buffer.from('--' + boundary + '\r\n', 'latin1');
+  const headerTerminator = Buffer.from('\r\n\r\n', 'ascii');
+  const jpegStart = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8]);
+  const jpegEnd = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd9]);
+  const maxHeaderBytes = 8 * 1024;
+  const maxBufferedBytes =
+    opening.length + headerTerminator.length + maxHeaderBytes + maxBytes;
+  let reader;
+  let buffer = Buffer.alloc(0);
+  let parsedHeaders = false;
+  let bodyStart = -1;
+  let declaredLength = null;
+
+  try {
+    reader = upstream.body.getReader();
+    for (;;) {
+      const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+      if (done) return null;
+
+      const chunk = Buffer.from(value);
+      const room = Math.max(0, maxBufferedBytes - buffer.length);
+      const included = chunk.subarray(0, room);
+      const overflow = included.length < chunk.length;
+      buffer = Buffer.concat(
+        [buffer, included],
+        buffer.length + included.length,
+      );
+
+      if (buffer.length < opening.length) {
+        if (overflow) return null;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (!buffer.subarray(0, opening.length).equals(opening)) return null;
+
+      if (!parsedHeaders) {
+        const headerEnd = buffer.indexOf(headerTerminator, opening.length);
+        if (headerEnd < 0) {
+          if (buffer.length - opening.length > maxHeaderBytes || overflow)
+            return null;
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (headerEnd - opening.length > maxHeaderBytes) return null;
+
+        const headerText = buffer
+          .subarray(opening.length, headerEnd)
+          .toString('latin1');
+        const headers = new Map();
+        for (const line of headerText.split('\r\n')) {
+          const colon = line.indexOf(':');
+          if (colon <= 0) return null;
+          const name = line.slice(0, colon).trim().toLowerCase();
+          if (!name || headers.has(name)) return null;
+          headers.set(name, line.slice(colon + 1).trim());
+        }
+        if (cctvRasterImageType(headers.get('content-type')) !== 'image/jpeg')
+          return null;
+
+        const length = headers.get('content-length');
+        if (length !== undefined) {
+          if (!/^\d+$/.test(length)) return null;
+          declaredLength = Number(length);
+          if (
+            !Number.isSafeInteger(declaredLength) ||
+            declaredLength < jpegStart.length + jpegEnd.length ||
+            declaredLength > maxBytes
+          )
+            return null;
+        }
+        bodyStart = headerEnd + headerTerminator.length;
+        parsedHeaders = true;
+      }
+
+      const available = buffer.length - bodyStart;
+      if (declaredLength !== null) {
+        const nextPart = buffer.indexOf(nextBoundary, bodyStart);
+        if (nextPart >= bodyStart && nextPart - bodyStart < declaredLength)
+          return null;
+        if (available >= declaredLength) {
+          const frame = buffer.subarray(bodyStart, bodyStart + declaredLength);
+          if (
+            frame.subarray(0, jpegStart.length).equals(jpegStart) &&
+            frame.subarray(-jpegEnd.length).equals(jpegEnd)
+          )
+            return Buffer.from(frame);
+          return null;
+        }
+      } else if (available >= jpegStart.length) {
+        const frameStart = buffer.subarray(
+          bodyStart,
+          bodyStart + jpegStart.length,
+        );
+        if (!frameStart.equals(jpegStart)) return null;
+        const nextPart = buffer.indexOf(nextBoundary, bodyStart);
+        const end = buffer.indexOf(jpegEnd, bodyStart + jpegStart.length);
+        if (
+          nextPart >= bodyStart &&
+          (end < 0 || end + jpegEnd.length > nextPart)
+        )
+          return null;
+        if (end >= 0) {
+          const frameLength = end + jpegEnd.length - bodyStart;
+          if (frameLength > maxBytes) return null;
+          return Buffer.from(buffer.subarray(bodyStart, end + jpegEnd.length));
+        }
+        if (available > maxBytes) return null;
+      }
+      if (overflow) return null;
+    }
+  } finally {
+    if (reader) {
+      try {
+        await reader.cancel();
+      } catch {
+        /* already closed or aborted */
+      }
+      try {
+        reader.releaseLock();
+      } catch {
+        /* already released */
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
 /**
  * Fetch one upstream CCTV image within the frame-refresh budget.
  *
@@ -660,10 +805,7 @@ export async function fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
       fetchImpl,
     );
     if (!upstream) return null;
-    const contentType = cctvRasterImageType(
-      upstream.headers.get('content-type'),
-    );
-    if (!upstream.ok || !contentType) {
+    if (!upstream.ok) {
       try {
         await upstream.body?.cancel();
       } catch {
@@ -671,9 +813,24 @@ export async function fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
       }
       return null;
     }
-    const body = await readCappedResponseBytes(upstream, maxBytes);
+    const upstreamType = upstream.headers.get('content-type');
+    const contentType = cctvRasterImageType(upstreamType);
+    if (contentType) {
+      const body = await readCappedResponseBytes(upstream, maxBytes);
+      if (!body) return null;
+      return { ok: true, body, contentType };
+    }
+    if (!cctvLiveMediaType('mjpeg', upstreamType)) {
+      try {
+        await upstream.body?.cancel();
+      } catch {
+        /* no-op */
+      }
+      return null;
+    }
+    const body = await readFirstMjpegFrame(upstream, maxBytes);
     if (!body) return null;
-    return { ok: true, body, contentType };
+    return { ok: true, body, contentType: 'image/jpeg' };
   } catch {
     return null;
   } finally {
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/taiwan.js b/server/providers/cctv/taiwan.js
index a14aabf9a..e24f015b1 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/taiwan.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/taiwan.js
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ import { readResponseTextCapped } from '../common/http.js';
  * standard, published keyless and refreshed daily (~1,800 cameras). */
 export const TAIWAN_FREEWAY_CCTV_URL =
   'https://tisvcloud.freeway.gov.tw/history/motc20/CCTV.xml';
+export const TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_CCTV_URL =
+  'https://cctv-maintain.thb.gov.tw/opendataCCTVs.xml';
 /** The whole network is ~1.2 MB. */
 export const TAIWAN_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES = 6 * 1024 * 1024;
 const DEFAULT_TAIWAN_MAX_SOURCES = 600;
@@ -35,6 +37,16 @@ const STREAM_TO_FRAME = new Map([
 ]);
 
 const DIRECTIONS = { N: 'N', S: 'S', E: 'E', W: 'W' };
+const TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_CAMERA_HOSTS = new Set([
+  'cctv-ss01.thb.gov.tw',
+  'cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw',
+  'cctv-ss03.thb.gov.tw',
+  'cctv-ss04.thb.gov.tw',
+  'cctv-ss05.thb.gov.tw',
+  'cctv-ss06.thb.gov.tw',
+  'cctv-ss07.thb.gov.tw',
+  'cctv-ss08.thb.gov.tw',
+]);
 
 /** Prioritization anchors, north to south, so a cap keeps the whole island
  * rather than only greater Taipei. */
@@ -211,6 +223,74 @@ export function taiwanCameraToSource(row) {
   };
 }
 
+/**
+ * One Highway Bureau row -> a source whose first MJPEG frame is served as a
+ * snapshot by the existing camera-frame proxy.
+ *
+ * @param {object} row - Output of parseTaiwanCctvXml.
+ * @returns {?object}
+ */
+export function taiwanHighwayCameraToSource(row) {
+  if (!row || typeof row !== 'object') return null;
+  const { lat, lon } = row;
+  if (!isLikelyTaiwanCoordinate(lat, lon)) return null;
+
+  let url;
+  try {
+    url = new URL(String(row.streamUrl ?? ''));
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+  if (
+    url.protocol !== 'https:' ||
+    url.username ||
+    url.password ||
+    url.port ||
+    url.search ||
+    url.hash ||
+    !TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_CAMERA_HOSTS.has(url.hostname) ||
+    !/^\/[A-Za-z0-9._+~-]{1,100}$/.test(url.pathname) ||
+    url.pathname.includes('..')
+  )
+    return null;
+
+  const rawId = String(row.cctvId ?? '').trim();
+  if (!/^[A-Za-z0-9-]{1,80}$/.test(rawId)) return null;
+  const cameraId = 'tw-thb-' + rawId.toLowerCase();
+  const road = String(row.roadName ?? '').trim();
+  const direction = DIRECTIONS[String(row.direction ?? '').trim()] || '';
+  const mile = String(row.mile ?? '').trim();
+  const section = [row.sectionStart, row.sectionEnd]
+    .map((part) => String(part ?? '').trim())
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .join('→');
+  const name =
+    (road || mile || section
+      ? [road, direction, mile, section].filter(Boolean).join(' ')
+      : '') || rawId;
+
+  return {
+    id: cameraId,
+    name: name.slice(0, 160),
+    city: 'Taiwan / 臺灣',
+    cityId: 'taiwan',
+    provider: 'Highway Bureau, MOTC',
+    lat,
+    lon,
+    headingDeg: fallbackHeadingFromId(cameraId),
+    headingConfidence: 'low',
+    pitchDeg: -18,
+    fovDeg: 44,
+    rangeM: 145,
+    mountHeightM: 8,
+    feedType: 'mjpeg',
+    url: url.href,
+    snapshotUrl: url.href,
+    sourceKind: 'taiwan-highway-motc',
+    license: 'Highway Bureau, MOTC open data',
+    code: cameraDisplayCode((road + ' ' + mile).trim().toUpperCase() || rawId),
+  };
+}
 let lastGood = null;
 let lastGoodAt = 0;
 let retryAfter = 0;
@@ -237,6 +317,49 @@ function taiwanSourceCap() {
     : DEFAULT_TAIWAN_MAX_SOURCES;
 }
 
+/** Fetch the public provincial-road CCTV table as a no-key fallback. */
+async function loadTaiwanHighwaySources() {
+  const signal = AbortSignal.timeout(CCTV_SOURCE_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS);
+  const response = await fetch(TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_CCTV_URL, {
+    headers: { Accept: 'application/xml,text/xml' },
+    redirect: 'manual',
+    signal,
+  });
+  if (!response.ok) {
+    await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
+    throw new Error(
+      response.status >= 300 && response.status < 400
+        ? 'Highway Bureau catalog redirected; redirects are not followed'
+        : 'Highway Bureau catalog HTTP ' + response.status,
+    );
+  }
+  const xml = await readResponseTextCapped(
+    response,
+    TAIWAN_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES,
+    signal,
+  );
+  const cameras = new Map();
+  for (const row of parseTaiwanCctvXml(xml)) {
+    const camera = taiwanHighwayCameraToSource(row);
+    if (camera && !cameras.has(camera.id)) cameras.set(camera.id, camera);
+  }
+  if (!cameras.size)
+    throw new Error('no usable Highway Bureau cameras in the table');
+  const sources = prioritizeSources(
+    [...cameras.values()],
+    taiwanSourceCap(),
+    ANCHORS,
+  );
+  console.log(
+    '[CCTV] Loaded Taiwan Highway Bureau fallback: ' +
+      cameras.size +
+      ' (using ' +
+      sources.length +
+      ')',
+  );
+  return sources;
+}
+
 /**
  * Fetch Taiwan Freeway Bureau cameras from the keyless MOTC 2.0 XML table.
  * One bounded request per shared catalog refresh. A failed download serves the
@@ -262,7 +385,7 @@ export async function loadTaiwanSources() {
       throw new Error(
         response.status >= 300 && response.status < 400
           ? 'catalog redirected; redirects are not followed'
-          : `HTTP ${response.status}`,
+          : 'HTTP ' + response.status,
       );
     }
     const xml = await readResponseTextCapped(
@@ -282,7 +405,11 @@ export async function loadTaiwanSources() {
       ANCHORS,
     );
     console.log(
-      `[CCTV] Loaded Taiwan camera sources: ${cameras.size} (using ${sources.length})`,
+      '[CCTV] Loaded Taiwan camera sources: ' +
+        cameras.size +
+        ' (using ' +
+        sources.length +
+        ')',
     );
     lastGood = sources;
     lastGoodAt = Date.now();
@@ -291,13 +418,37 @@ export async function loadTaiwanSources() {
   } catch (error) {
     retryAfter = Date.now() + TAIWAN_RETRY_AFTER_FAILURE_MS;
     const fallback = fallbackSources();
-    console.warn(
-      `[CCTV] Taiwan camera download failed (${error?.message || error}); ` +
-        (fallback.length
-          ? `serving the last good ${fallback.length} cameras`
-          : 'no Taiwan cameras') +
-        ', next attempt in 1 h',
-    );
-    return fallback;
+    if (fallback.length) {
+      console.warn(
+        '[CCTV] Taiwan Freeway camera download failed (' +
+          (error?.message || error) +
+          '); serving the last good ' +
+          fallback.length +
+          ' cameras, next attempt in 1 h',
+      );
+      return fallback;
+    }
+    try {
+      const sources = await loadTaiwanHighwaySources();
+      lastGood = sources;
+      lastGoodAt = Date.now();
+      console.warn(
+        '[CCTV] Taiwan Freeway camera download failed (' +
+          (error?.message || error) +
+          '); using ' +
+          sources.length +
+          ' Highway Bureau cameras as fallback, next attempt in 1 h',
+      );
+      return sources;
+    } catch (fallbackError) {
+      console.warn(
+        '[CCTV] Taiwan Freeway camera download failed (' +
+          (error?.message || error) +
+          '); Highway Bureau fallback failed (' +
+          (fallbackError?.message || fallbackError) +
+          '); no Taiwan cameras, next attempt in 1 h',
+      );
+      return [];
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs
index f197c9a97..979a18ded 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs
@@ -313,3 +313,159 @@ test('CCTV upstream frame fetch accepts only raster image types and sends their
     assert.equal(state.cancelled, true, `${contentType}: body cancelled`);
   }
 });
+
+function multipartResponse(contentType, chunks, { onCancel = () => {} } = {}) {
+  let nextChunk = 0;
+  const body = new ReadableStream(
+    {
+      pull(controller) {
+        if (nextChunk >= chunks.length) {
+          controller.close();
+          return;
+        }
+        controller.enqueue(chunks[nextChunk++]);
+      },
+      cancel() {
+        onCancel();
+      },
+    },
+    { highWaterMark: 0 },
+  );
+  return new Response(body, {
+    status: 200,
+    headers: { 'Content-Type': contentType },
+  });
+}
+
+function jpegPart(boundary, body, contentType = 'image/jpeg', length = body.length) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    Buffer.from(
+      '--' +
+        boundary +
+        '\r\nContent-Type: ' +
+        contentType +
+        '\r\nContent-Length: ' +
+        length +
+        '\r\n\r\n',
+    ),
+    body,
+    Buffer.from('\r\n'),
+  ]);
+}
+
+test('CCTV upstream frame fetch extracts only the first JPEG from MJPEG', async () => {
+  const boundary = 'DIGIEVER';
+  const first = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8, 0x11, 0x22, 0xff, 0xd9]);
+  const second = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8, 0x33, 0x44, 0xff, 0xd9]);
+  for (const type of [
+    'multipart/x-mixed-replace; boundary=DIGIEVER',
+    'multipart/x-mixed-replace; boundary="DIGIEVER"',
+  ]) {
+    let cancelled = false;
+    const result = await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
+      'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+020',
+      {
+        maxBytes: 1024,
+        fetchImpl: async () =>
+          multipartResponse(
+            type,
+            [
+              jpegPart(boundary, first),
+              jpegPart(boundary, second),
+              Buffer.from('--' + boundary + '--\r\n'),
+            ],
+            { onCancel: () => { cancelled = true; } },
+          ),
+      },
+    );
+    assert.equal(result?.contentType, 'image/jpeg', type);
+    assert.deepEqual(result?.body, first, type);
+    assert.equal(cancelled, true, type);
+  }
+});
+
+test('CCTV upstream frame fetch rejects malformed and non-JPEG MJPEG parts', async () => {
+  const jpeg = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8, 0x01, 0x02, 0xff, 0xd9]);
+  for (const [type, chunks] of [
+    ['multipart/x-mixed-replace', []],
+    [
+      'multipart/x-mixed-replace; boundary=DIGIEVER',
+      [jpegPart('DIGIEVER', jpeg, 'image/png')],
+    ],
+  ]) {
+    let cancelled = false;
+    const result = await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
+      'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+020',
+      {
+        fetchImpl: async () =>
+          multipartResponse(type, chunks, { onCancel: () => { cancelled = true; } }),
+      },
+    );
+    assert.equal(result, null, type);
+    assert.equal(cancelled, true, type);
+  }
+});
+
+test('CCTV upstream frame fetch rejects truncated or oversized MJPEG parts', async () => {
+  const boundary = 'DIGIEVER';
+  const full = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8, 0x01, 0x02, 0xff, 0xd9]);
+  const truncated = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8, 0x01, 0x02]);
+  for (const [chunks, maxBytes] of [
+    [jpegPart(boundary, truncated, 'image/jpeg', full.length), 1024],
+    [jpegPart(boundary, full), 5],
+  ]) {
+    let cancelled = false;
+    const result = await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
+      'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+020',
+      {
+        maxBytes,
+        fetchImpl: async () =>
+          multipartResponse(
+            'multipart/x-mixed-replace; boundary=' + boundary,
+            [chunks],
+            { onCancel: () => { cancelled = true; } },
+          ),
+      },
+    );
+    assert.equal(result, null);
+    assert.equal(cancelled, true);
+  }
+});
+
+test('CCTV upstream frame fetch does not cross into a later part when the first JPEG is truncated', async () => {
+  const boundary = 'DIGIEVER';
+  const truncated = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8, 0x01, 0x02]);
+  const valid = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8, 0x03, 0x04, 0xff, 0xd9]);
+  const wire = Buffer.concat([
+    Buffer.from(
+      '--' + boundary + '\r\nContent-Type: image/jpeg\r\n\r\n',
+    ),
+    truncated,
+    Buffer.from(
+      '\r\n--' +
+        boundary +
+        '\r\nContent-Type: image/jpeg\r\nContent-Length: ' +
+        valid.length +
+        '\r\n\r\n',
+    ),
+    valid,
+    Buffer.from('\r\n--' + boundary + '--\r\n'),
+  ]);
+  let cancelled = false;
+
+  const result = await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
+    'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+020',
+    {
+      maxBytes: 1024,
+      fetchImpl: async () =>
+        multipartResponse(
+          'multipart/x-mixed-replace; boundary=' + boundary,
+          [wire],
+          { onCancel: () => { cancelled = true; } },
+        ),
+    },
+  );
+
+  assert.equal(result, null);
+  assert.equal(cancelled, true);
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/data/cctvTaiwan.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvTaiwan.test.mjs
index 4794f11a8..d1d52e190 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvTaiwan.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvTaiwan.test.mjs
@@ -182,6 +182,86 @@ test('loader deduplicates cameras that share a camera number', async (t) => {
   ]);
 });
 
+test('falls back to Highway Bureau MJPEG cameras when the Freeway catalog fails', async (t) => {
+  const highwayUrl = 'https://cctv-maintain.thb.gov.tw/opendataCCTVs.xml';
+  const requests = [];
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url, options) => {
+    const href = String(url);
+    requests.push(href);
+    assert.equal(options.redirect, 'manual');
+    if (href === TAIWAN_FREEWAY_CCTV_URL)
+      return new Response('', { status: 503 });
+    if (href === highwayUrl) {
+      return new Response(
+        cctvXml(
+          block({
+            id: 'CCTV-14-0620-009-002',
+            stream: 'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw:443/T62-9K+020',
+            lat: '24.9967',
+            lon: '121.4521',
+          }),
+        ),
+        { headers: { 'content-type': 'application/xml' } },
+      );
+    }
+    throw new Error('Unexpected Taiwan feed URL: ' + href);
+  });
+
+  const sources = await loadTaiwanSources();
+
+  assert.deepEqual(requests, [TAIWAN_FREEWAY_CCTV_URL, highwayUrl]);
+  assert.equal(sources.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(sources[0].id, 'tw-thb-cctv-14-0620-009-002');
+  assert.equal(sources[0].cityId, 'taiwan');
+  assert.equal(sources[0].provider, 'Highway Bureau, MOTC');
+  assert.equal(sources[0].feedType, 'mjpeg');
+  assert.equal(sources[0].sourceKind, 'taiwan-highway-motc');
+  assert.equal(new URL(sources[0].url).hostname, 'cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw');
+  assert.equal(new URL(sources[0].url).pathname, '/T62-9K+020');
+});
+
+test('the Highway Bureau fallback registers only approved HTTPS camera servers', async (t) => {
+  const highwayUrl = 'https://cctv-maintain.thb.gov.tw/opendataCCTVs.xml';
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url) => {
+    if (String(url) === TAIWAN_FREEWAY_CCTV_URL)
+      return new Response('', { status: 503 });
+    if (String(url) === highwayUrl) {
+      return new Response(
+        cctvXml(
+          block({
+            id: 'CCTV-14-0620-009-001',
+            stream: 'https://cctv-ss09.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+019',
+          }),
+          block({
+            id: 'CCTV-14-0620-009-003',
+            stream: 'http://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+021',
+          }),
+          block({
+            id: 'CCTV-14-0620-009-004',
+            stream: 'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw:8443/T62-9K+022',
+          }),
+          block({
+            id: 'CCTV-14-0620-009-002',
+            stream: 'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw:443/T62-9K+020',
+          }),
+        ),
+        { headers: { 'content-type': 'application/xml' } },
+      );
+    }
+    throw new Error('Unexpected Taiwan feed URL: ' + String(url));
+  });
+
+  const sources = await loadTaiwanSources();
+
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    sources.map((source) => source.id),
+    ['tw-thb-cctv-14-0620-009-002'],
+  );
+});
 test('a redirected or failed catalog contributes an empty pack', async (t) => {
   t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
   for (const status of [302, 503]) {
@@ -214,13 +294,17 @@ test('the Taiwan pack is in the catalog by default', async (t) => {
   );
 });
 
-test('CCTV_TAIWAN_ENABLED=0 makes no Freeway Bureau request', async (t) => {
+test('CCTV_TAIWAN_ENABLED=0 makes no Taiwan catalog request', async (t) => {
   const { requested, sources } = await runCatalogWithTaiwanFlag(t, '0');
   assert.ok(requested.length > 0, 'the other packs still refreshed');
   assert.equal(
     requested.some((href) => href.includes('freeway.gov.tw')),
     false,
   );
+  assert.equal(
+    requested.some((href) => href.includes('cctv-maintain.thb.gov.tw')),
+    false,
+  );
   assert.ok(!sources.some((c) => c.cityId === 'taiwan'));
 });
 
@@ -250,12 +334,12 @@ test('a failed download is not retried until the backoff ends', async (t) => {
   t.mock.method(Date, 'now', () => 1_000_000);
   assert.deepEqual(await loadTaiwanSources(), []);
   assert.deepEqual(await loadTaiwanSources(), []);
-  assert.equal(calls, 1, 'the second refresh made no request');
+  assert.equal(calls, 2, 'the second refresh made no request');
   Date.now.mock.mockImplementation(
     () => 1_000_000 + TAIWAN_RETRY_AFTER_FAILURE_MS + 1,
   );
   await loadTaiwanSources();
-  assert.equal(calls, 2, 'the backoff ends after an hour');
+  assert.equal(calls, 4, 'the backoff ends after an hour');
 });
 
 test('a failed download serves the last good table', async (t) => {

From 16965c4fbcf242afb6393a9bd31fb268961b2867 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: InoukT <inouktd1@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 10:00:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 044/262] docs(changelog): add Taiwan CCTV fallback entry

---
 changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md b/changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41c3d044b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Add a keyless Highway Bureau fallback for Taiwan CCTV when the Freeway Bureau
+  catalog is unavailable, keeping official camera coordinates and serving
+  bounded snapshots from MJPEG feeds (InoukT, #1506).

From 0aa54dfa97d9f2eb09ac062bfaa52689163d933f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 07:21:01 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 045/262] Bring launches up as the world time passes them, and
 play the whole track

Away from live, a launch shows from its lift-off on: its marker, label,
paths and orbit stay hidden while the world time is before it, so scrubbing
or playing brings the launches up in the order they flew. The selected
mission stays whenever it flies, and live shows every launch as before.

Play on the timeline runs the whole track in about a minute, from its start
when at live, and runs the clock itself past weather's own replay. It goes
live when it reaches now, or holds at an end that lies ahead of now. Going
live puts the rate back to 1.
---
 src/layers/launches/orbitRendering.js      |   3 +
 src/layers/launches/overlays.js            |   5 +-
 src/layers/launches/rendering.js           |  47 ++++++++--
 src/layers/launches/state.js               |  20 ++++
 src/layers/launches/worldTime.test.mjs     | 102 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/time/worldClock.js                     |  14 ++-
 src/time/worldClock.test.mjs               |  14 +++
 src/ui/stores/worldTime.js                 |  76 +++++++++++++--
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs |  70 ++++++++++++++
 9 files changed, 326 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/layers/launches/worldTime.test.mjs

diff --git a/src/layers/launches/orbitRendering.js b/src/layers/launches/orbitRendering.js
index b9a6cab09..f02494fff 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/orbitRendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/orbitRendering.js
@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@ export function createOrbitRendering({
     return Boolean(
       layerState._enabled &&
       layerState._dataSource?.show &&
+      !layerState.launchHidden(
+        layerState._missionOverlayRecords.get(launchId)?.launch,
+      ) &&
       (!layerState._selectedLaunchId ||
         layerState._selectedLaunchId === launchId),
     );
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/overlays.js b/src/layers/launches/overlays.js
index 4b246e702..50c9f91e2 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/overlays.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/overlays.js
@@ -411,8 +411,11 @@ export function createOverlays({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       false,
     );
     layerState._selectedMissionOverlayTimeText = null;
+    const records = [...layerState._missionOverlayRecords.values()].filter(
+      (record) => !layerState.launchHidden(record.launch),
+    );
     const entries = selectRocketMissionMarkerOverlayCohort(
-      Array.from(layerState._missionOverlayRecords.values(), (record) => {
+      records.map((record) => {
         const entry = createRocketMissionMarkerOverlayEntry(
           record.launch,
           record.anchorPosition,
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/rendering.js b/src/layers/launches/rendering.js
index 52eb39961..2ea0b86d5 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/rendering.js
@@ -22,6 +22,25 @@ export function createRendering({
     if (current !== next) graphic.show = next;
   }
 
+  // Away from live, a launch shows from its lift-off on, so scrubbing the
+  // world time forward brings the launches up in the order they flew. The
+  // selected mission stays, whenever it flies.
+  function syncPendingLaunches() {
+    const pending = new Set();
+    for (const { launch } of layerState._missionOverlayRecords.values()) {
+      if (layerState.launchHidden(launch)) pending.add(launch.id);
+    }
+    const previous = layerState._pendingLaunchIds;
+    if (
+      pending.size === previous.size &&
+      [...pending].every((id) => previous.has(id))
+    )
+      return;
+    layerState._pendingLaunchIds = pending;
+    parts.overlays.syncMissionOverlayEntries();
+    parts.orbitRendering.syncMissionOrbitPrimitiveVisibility();
+  }
+
   function updateMissionFrame() {
     if (
       !layerState._enabled ||
@@ -31,6 +50,7 @@ export function createRendering({
       parts.overlays.hideReplayVehicleOverlay();
       return;
     }
+    syncPendingLaunches();
     parts.panel.updateMissionTelemetry();
     const time = Cesium.JulianDate.now(layerState._declutterTime);
     layerState._declutterOccluder.cameraPosition =
@@ -39,21 +59,28 @@ export function createRendering({
     parts.overlays.refreshSelectedMissionOverlayText();
     for (const entity of layerState._dataSource.entities.values) {
       if (!entity.show) continue;
-      if (!entity.position) continue;
       const id = parts.selection.entityLaunchId(entity);
       if (!id) continue;
+      const pending = layerState._pendingLaunchIds.has(id);
+      if (entity.polyline)
+        setGraphicVisibility(entity.polyline, !pending, time);
+      if (!entity.position) continue;
       const position = entity.position.getValue(time);
-      let horizonVisible = Boolean(
-        position && layerState._declutterOccluder.isPointVisible(position),
-      );
+      let horizonVisible =
+        !pending &&
+        Boolean(
+          position && layerState._declutterOccluder.isPointVisible(position),
+        );
       const launchAnchor = entity.id.startsWith('rocket-launch:');
       if (launchAnchor) {
-        horizonVisible = parts.overlays.missionAnchorVisible(
-          layerState._viewer.scene.camera.positionWC,
-          position,
-          id,
-          layerState._selectedLaunchId,
-        );
+        horizonVisible =
+          !pending &&
+          parts.overlays.missionAnchorVisible(
+            layerState._viewer.scene.camera.positionWC,
+            position,
+            id,
+            layerState._selectedLaunchId,
+          );
         // Keep entity.show reserved for mission-selection isolation. Horizon
         // state is applied to the individual graphics below so a rear-side
         // anchor remains eligible for reevaluation as the camera moves.
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/state.js b/src/layers/launches/state.js
index 59d32bea7..a2f0dfa66 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/state.js
@@ -160,6 +160,26 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state.coverageChanged = () => worldClock.coverageChanged();
 
+  /**
+   * Whether a launch has yet to lift off at the world time. While live none
+   * has, so the layer shows every launch in its window as it always did.
+   */
+
+  state.launchPending = (launch) => {
+    if (worldClock.isLive()) return false;
+    const launchMs = Date.parse(launch?.launchTime);
+    return Number.isFinite(launchMs) && launchMs > state.now();
+  };
+
+  /** Whether a launch is hidden for lifting off after the world time. */
+
+  state.launchHidden = (launch) =>
+    launch?.id !== state._selectedLaunchId && state.launchPending(launch);
+
+  /** The launches hidden at the last frame, by id, to spot a change. */
+
+  state._pendingLaunchIds = new Set();
+
   state._missionOrbitPatternRegistered = false;
 
   state._pathDistanceCache = new WeakMap();
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/worldTime.test.mjs b/src/layers/launches/worldTime.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d351c92b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/launches/worldTime.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Away from live, a launch shows from its lift-off on, so scrubbing the world
+// time brings the launches up in the order they flew.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { worldClock } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
+import { createState } from './state.js';
+import { createRendering } from './rendering.js';
+import { createSelection } from './selection.js';
+
+const noop = () => {};
+const LAUNCH_MS = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 20, 12);
+
+function scene(t) {
+  t.after(() => worldClock.goLive());
+  const state = createState({
+    services: {
+      overlays: {
+        setOverlayEntries: noop,
+        setOverlaySourceVisible: noop,
+        clearOverlaySource: noop,
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const launch = {
+    id: 'ceres-1',
+    launchTime: new Date(LAUNCH_MS).toISOString(),
+  };
+  state._enabled = true;
+  state._dataSource = new Cesium.CustomDataSource('launches');
+  state._viewer = {
+    scene: { camera: { positionWC: new Cesium.Cartesian3(2e7, 0, 0) } },
+  };
+  state._missionOverlayRecords.set(launch.id, { launch });
+  const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 0);
+  const anchor = state._dataSource.entities.add({
+    id: `rocket-launch:${launch.id}`,
+    position,
+    point: { pixelSize: 5 },
+  });
+  const path = state._dataSource.entities.add({
+    id: `rocket-transfer:${launch.id}`,
+    polyline: { positions: [position, Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(1, 1)] },
+  });
+  const syncs = { labels: 0, orbits: 0 };
+  const parts = {
+    panel: { updateMissionTelemetry: noop },
+    overlays: {
+      hideReplayVehicleOverlay: noop,
+      updateReplayVehicleOverlay: noop,
+      refreshSelectedMissionOverlayText: noop,
+      missionAnchorVisible: () => true,
+      syncMissionOverlayEntries: () => syncs.labels++,
+    },
+    orbitRendering: {
+      syncMissionOrbitPrimitiveVisibility: () => syncs.orbits++,
+    },
+  };
+  const services = {
+    geometry: { getKeyholeGeometry: noop },
+    satellites: {},
+  };
+  parts.selection = createSelection({ state, services, parts });
+  const rendering = createRendering({ state, services, parts });
+  const shown = () => {
+    rendering.updateMissionFrame();
+    const time = Cesium.JulianDate.now();
+    return {
+      marker: anchor.point.show.getValue(time),
+      path: path.polyline.show?.getValue(time) ?? true,
+    };
+  };
+  return { state, launch, syncs, shown };
+}
+
+test('live shows every launch in the window, lifted off or not', (t) => {
+  const { state, launch, shown } = scene(t);
+  assert.equal(state.launchPending(launch), false);
+  assert.deepEqual(shown(), { marker: true, path: true });
+});
+
+test('away from live a launch shows from its lift-off on', (t) => {
+  const { state, launch, syncs, shown } = scene(t);
+  worldClock.seek(LAUNCH_MS - 60_000);
+  assert.equal(state.launchPending(launch), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(shown(), { marker: false, path: false });
+  assert.deepEqual(syncs, { labels: 1, orbits: 1 }, 'its label and orbit go');
+  shown();
+  assert.deepEqual(syncs, { labels: 1, orbits: 1 }, 'once, not each frame');
+
+  worldClock.seek(LAUNCH_MS);
+  assert.equal(state.launchPending(launch), false);
+  assert.deepEqual(shown(), { marker: true, path: true });
+  assert.deepEqual(syncs, { labels: 2, orbits: 2 });
+});
+
+test('the selected mission stays whenever it flies', (t) => {
+  const { state, launch, shown } = scene(t);
+  state._selectedLaunchId = launch.id;
+  worldClock.seek(LAUNCH_MS - 60_000);
+  assert.deepEqual(shown(), { marker: true, path: true });
+});
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.js b/src/time/worldClock.js
index a9be9296d..68fa976fa 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.js
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.js
@@ -152,23 +152,27 @@ export function createWorldClock({
       anchorMono = monotonicNow();
       changed();
     },
-    /** Back to the wall clock; playback stops. */
+    /** Back to the wall clock; playback stops and its rate goes back to 1. */
     goLive() {
-      if (live && !playing) return;
+      if (live && !playing && rate === 1) return;
       const stepping = active;
       live = true;
       cursorMs = null;
       playing = false;
       active = null;
+      rate = 1;
       // Its driven(false) finds nothing left to stop.
       stepping?.driver.pause();
       changed();
     },
-    /** Play from the cursor (from now, when live). */
-    play({ rate: nextRate } = {}) {
+    /**
+     * Play from the cursor (from now, when live). A driver steps it unless
+     * `continuous`, which runs the cursor at the rate past every driver.
+     */
+    play({ rate: nextRate, continuous: runOn = false } = {}) {
       if (nextRate !== undefined) api.setRate(nextRate);
       if (playing) return;
-      for (let index = drivers.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
+      for (let index = drivers.length - 1; !runOn && index >= 0; index -= 1) {
         if (drivers[index].driver.play() !== false) return;
       }
       if (live) {
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
index 19bc8ba93..0e7a544a3 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
@@ -305,3 +305,17 @@ test('a coverage that throws counts as none', (t) => {
   assert.equal(clock.getState().supported, false);
   assert.equal(clock.coverage(), null);
 });
+
+test('continuous play runs past every driver, and live resets the rate', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  const calls = [];
+  clock.attachDriver({ play: () => calls.push('play'), pause() {} });
+  clock.seek(t.wall - 60_000);
+  clock.play({ rate: 30, continuous: true });
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, []);
+  t.advance(1_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), t.wall - 61_000 + 30_000);
+  clock.goLive();
+  assert.equal(clock.getRate(), 1);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
index 62fb4528c..bec2a6a82 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ const LIVE_TICK_MS = 1000;
 const LIVE_EDGE = 0.005;
 /** The least that counts as at now, past the readout's own second. */
 const LIVE_EDGE_MS = 5000;
+/** How long play takes to run the whole track, in real ms. */
+const PLAY_THROUGH_MS = 60_000;
 
 /**
  * The world clock as the timeline shows it: `{live, playing, timeMs,
@@ -20,17 +22,55 @@ const LIVE_EDGE_MS = 5000;
  * track's end keep up with now.
  */
 export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
-  const spanOf = (state) => {
-    if (!state.supported) return null;
+  // The time the layers cover, reaching to now.
+  const reach = () => {
     const coverage = worldClock.coverage();
     if (!coverage) return null;
     const now = worldClock.wallNow();
-    return Object.freeze({
-      start: Math.min(coverage.start, now, state.timeMs),
-      end: Math.max(coverage.end, now, state.timeMs),
+    return {
+      start: Math.min(coverage.start, now),
+      end: Math.max(coverage.end, now),
       marks: coverage.marks,
+    };
+  };
+  const spanOf = (state) => {
+    if (!state.supported) return null;
+    const covered = reach();
+    if (!covered) return null;
+    return Object.freeze({
+      start: Math.min(covered.start, state.timeMs),
+      end: Math.max(covered.end, state.timeMs),
+      marks: covered.marks,
     });
   };
+  const nearNow = (ms, span) =>
+    Math.abs(ms - worldClock.wallNow()) <=
+    Math.max(LIVE_EDGE_MS, span ? (span.end - span.start) * LIVE_EDGE : 0);
+  // Whether the track ends at now (and moves on with it), not past it.
+  const endsAtNow = (covered) =>
+    covered.end - worldClock.wallNow() <= LIVE_EDGE_MS;
+  // Play stops at the end of the track: at now it goes live, past now (a
+  // satellite's future) it holds there.
+  let stopping = false;
+  const stopAtEnd = (state) => {
+    if (stopping || !state.playing || state.live || !state.supported)
+      return false;
+    const covered = reach();
+    if (!covered || state.timeMs < covered.end) return false;
+    stopping = true;
+    try {
+      if (endsAtNow(covered)) worldClock.goLive();
+      else {
+        // Back to the end first, so nothing hears the overshoot as paused.
+        worldClock.seek(covered.end);
+        worldClock.pause();
+        worldClock.seek(covered.end);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      stopping = false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  };
   const read = (state = worldClock.getState()) =>
     Object.freeze({
       live: state.live,
@@ -54,6 +94,7 @@ export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
     }
   };
   const unsubscribe = worldClock.subscribe((state) => {
+    if (stopAtEnd(state)) return;
     time.value = read(state);
     syncTicker();
   });
@@ -66,13 +107,30 @@ export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
 
   return {
     time,
-    togglePlay: () => worldClock.togglePlay(),
+    /**
+     * Play runs the whole track in about a minute, from the start when it is
+     * at its end (at live, say), as a video plays again from the top. It runs
+     * the clock itself, past weather's own replay: weather follows the time
+     * frame by frame like every other layer the track covers.
+     */
+    togglePlay() {
+      const { playing, live, timeMs, span } = time.value;
+      if (playing) return worldClock.pause();
+      const covered = reach();
+      if (!span || !covered) return worldClock.play({ rate: 1 });
+      const length = span.end - span.start;
+      if (live || timeMs >= covered.end - LIVE_EDGE_MS)
+        worldClock.seek(span.start);
+      // An end at now moves on with it, so play outruns it by the track.
+      const rate = endsAtNow(covered)
+        ? 1 + length / PLAY_THROUGH_MS
+        : Math.max(1, length / PLAY_THROUGH_MS);
+      worldClock.play({ rate, continuous: true });
+    },
     goLive: () => worldClock.goLive(),
     /** Scrub to `ms`: playback stops where the hand puts it; at now, live. */
     scrub(ms) {
-      const span = time.value.span;
-      const edge = span ? (span.end - span.start) * LIVE_EDGE : 0;
-      if (Math.abs(ms - worldClock.wallNow()) <= Math.max(LIVE_EDGE_MS, edge)) {
+      if (nearNow(ms, time.value.span)) {
         worldClock.goLive();
         return;
       }
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
index 60a73540b..1d495d9a2 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
@@ -148,3 +148,73 @@ test('the track runs over the time the layers show, to now, and scrubs', async (
   assert.equal(worldClock.isLive(), false, 'a scrub past now stays there');
   assert.equal(worldClock.now(), ahead);
 });
+
+test('play runs the whole track in a minute, from the start when at live', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const now = Date.now();
+  const start = now - 10 * 86_400_000;
+  const release = worldClock.hold('test-launches');
+  const unregister = worldClock.register({
+    id: 'test-launches',
+    coverage: () => ({ start, end: now - 86_400_000 }),
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    unregister();
+    release();
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  // Weather's replay stepping its own frames does not take the track's play.
+  const stepped = [];
+  const driver = worldClock.attachDriver({
+    play: () => stepped.push('play'),
+    pause: () => stepped.push('pause'),
+  });
+  t.after(() => driver.detach());
+  bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-play').click();
+  worldClock.pause();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.deepEqual(stepped, []);
+  const rate = worldClock.getRate();
+  assert.ok(worldClock.now() - start < rate * 1_000, 'from the start of the track');
+  // The end is now and moves on with it: play outruns it by the track.
+  const length = Date.now() - start;
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(rate - (1 + length / 60_000)) < rate * 0.01, 'a minute end to end');
+  worldClock.play({ continuous: true });
+
+  // Playing on to now goes live.
+  worldClock.seek(Date.now() + 1_000);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isLive(), true);
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isPlaying(), false);
+  assert.equal(worldClock.getRate(), 1, 'live plays at the rate of the world');
+});
+
+test('play holds at the end of a track that reaches past now', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const now = Date.now();
+  // An hour ahead is within the track's share of now, but still ahead of it.
+  const end = now + 3_600_000;
+  const release = worldClock.hold('test-ahead');
+  const unregister = worldClock.register({
+    id: 'test-ahead',
+    coverage: () => ({ start: now - 10 * 86_400_000, end }),
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    unregister();
+    release();
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  // Paused just past now, play plays on rather than from the top.
+  worldClock.seek(Date.now() + 1_000);
+  await nextTick();
+  const from = worldClock.now();
+  bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-play').click();
+  worldClock.pause();
+  assert.ok(worldClock.now() >= from, 'plays on from where it was');
+  worldClock.play();
+  worldClock.seek(end + 60_000);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isPlaying(), false);
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isLive(), false);
+  assert.equal(worldClock.now(), end);
+});

From e7973e81cf08fcebc011178d762a48de0b27b2cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 07:27:53 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 046/262] Stop zooming out while the globe is still in view

Cesium sets no limit, so zooming out left the globe a speck among the stars.
On the globe a hand now stops zooming out where the globe spans 30% of the
screen's height, which follows the screen's shape as the app's own
whole-globe view does. A camera already past it, after a flight or a turned
screen, stops there rather than jumping in at the next zoom. Flat maps keep
zooming out unlimited.
---
 src/app/viewer.js       | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/app/viewer.test.mjs | 73 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 116 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/app/viewer.test.mjs

diff --git a/src/app/viewer.js b/src/app/viewer.js
index c8b841352..96c9851d9 100644
--- a/src/app/viewer.js
+++ b/src/app/viewer.js
@@ -2,6 +2,48 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { applyModelAtmosphereWorkaround } from './atmosphereCompat.js';
 import { StarrySky } from '../sky/starrySky.js';
 
+/**
+ * At the farthest a hand can zoom out, the globe is this share of the
+ * screen's height across. Cesium sets no limit, so zooming on left the globe
+ * a speck among the stars.
+ */
+const MIN_GLOBE_SHARE = 0.3;
+
+/**
+ * The farthest a hand can zoom out, in metres above the ellipsoid, for a
+ * vertical field of view. It follows the screen's shape, as the app's own
+ * whole-globe view does, so that view always lies within it.
+ * @param {number} fovy Vertical field of view, radians.
+ */
+export function zoomOutLimit(fovy) {
+  const radius = Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.maximumRadius;
+  const angular = Math.atan(MIN_GLOBE_SHARE * Math.tan(fovy / 2));
+  return radius / Math.sin(angular) - radius;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Hold a hand's zoom out to `zoomOutLimit` on the globe, each frame, since the
+ * field of view follows the screen's shape. The limit never sits below the
+ * camera: one already past it (a flight, a screen turned) stops there rather
+ * than jumping in at the next zoom. Flat maps keep Cesium's own, unlimited.
+ * @returns {() => void} Stop limiting.
+ */
+export function limitZoomOut(viewer) {
+  const { scene, camera } = viewer;
+  return scene.preRender.addEventListener(() => {
+    const controller = scene.screenSpaceCameraController;
+    const fovy = camera.frustum.fovy;
+    if (scene.mode !== Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D || !Number.isFinite(fovy)) {
+      controller.maximumZoomDistance = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+      return;
+    }
+    controller.maximumZoomDistance = Math.max(
+      zoomOutLimit(fovy),
+      camera.positionCartographic?.height ?? 0,
+    );
+  });
+}
+
 const PINCH_ZOOM_MULTIPLIER = 8;
 const MAX_PINCH_PIXEL_DELTA = 120;
 
@@ -142,6 +184,7 @@ export function createApplicationViewer({ container, creditContainer }) {
     // required on touch-first screens. Mouse/trackpad sensitivity stays native.
     if (globalThis.matchMedia?.('(pointer: coarse)').matches)
       viewer.scene.screenSpaceCameraController.zoomFactor *= 3;
+    limitZoomOut(viewer);
     // Before any tile builds a draw command: Cesium's per-vertex model
     // atmosphere fails to LINK on Apple's Metal backend and kills the
     // render loop. See app/atmosphereCompat.js.
diff --git a/src/app/viewer.test.mjs b/src/app/viewer.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94d80e20a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/viewer.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// A hand zooming out stops while the globe is still a fair share of the
+// screen, on any screen's shape, rather than leaving it a speck.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { limitZoomOut, zoomOutLimit } from './viewer.js';
+
+// The share of the screen's height the globe spans from `altitude`.
+function globeShare(altitude, fovy) {
+  const radius = Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.maximumRadius;
+  const angular = Math.asin(radius / (radius + altitude));
+  return Math.tan(angular) / Math.tan(fovy / 2);
+}
+
+test("zooming out stops with the globe 30% of the screen's height across", () => {
+  for (const fovy of [Math.PI / 3, 0.4, 0.2]) {
+    const limit = zoomOutLimit(fovy);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(globeShare(limit, fovy) - 0.3) < 1e-9, `fovy ${fovy}`);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a wide screen, whose view is narrower, may zoom out farther', () => {
+  assert.ok(zoomOutLimit(0.4) > zoomOutLimit(Math.PI / 3));
+  assert.ok(zoomOutLimit(Math.PI / 3) > 20_000_000, 'past the views a link opens');
+});
+
+function fakeViewer({ fovy = Math.PI / 3, height = 10_000_000 } = {}) {
+  const scene = {
+    mode: Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D,
+    preRender: new Cesium.Event(),
+    screenSpaceCameraController: { maximumZoomDistance: Infinity },
+  };
+  const camera = {
+    frustum: { fovy },
+    positionCartographic: { height },
+  };
+  return { scene, camera };
+}
+
+test('the limit follows the screen, and holds a camera already past it', () => {
+  const viewer = fakeViewer();
+  const controller = viewer.scene.screenSpaceCameraController;
+  const stop = limitZoomOut(viewer);
+  viewer.scene.preRender.raiseEvent();
+  assert.equal(controller.maximumZoomDistance, zoomOutLimit(Math.PI / 3));
+
+  // A wider screen narrows the view, and the globe may go farther.
+  viewer.camera.frustum.fovy = 0.4;
+  viewer.scene.preRender.raiseEvent();
+  assert.equal(controller.maximumZoomDistance, zoomOutLimit(0.4));
+
+  // Flown past it, the next zoom out stops there instead of jumping in.
+  viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = zoomOutLimit(0.4) * 2;
+  viewer.scene.preRender.raiseEvent();
+  assert.equal(controller.maximumZoomDistance, zoomOutLimit(0.4) * 2);
+
+  stop();
+  viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 0;
+  viewer.scene.preRender.raiseEvent();
+  assert.equal(controller.maximumZoomDistance, zoomOutLimit(0.4) * 2);
+});
+
+test('flat maps keep zooming out unlimited', () => {
+  const viewer = fakeViewer();
+  const controller = viewer.scene.screenSpaceCameraController;
+  limitZoomOut(viewer);
+  viewer.scene.preRender.raiseEvent();
+  assert.ok(Number.isFinite(controller.maximumZoomDistance));
+  viewer.scene.mode = Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE2D;
+  viewer.camera.frustum = {};
+  viewer.scene.preRender.raiseEvent();
+  assert.equal(controller.maximumZoomDistance, Infinity);
+});

From d04e30450272aa9545ab8031408ccc25bbf7b0c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 07:41:50 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 047/262] Choose how fast the world timeline plays

A speed menu beside play offers real time, an hour, a day or a week a
second, a day a second to start with. A speed chosen while playing applies
at once; chosen while weather's own replay steps its frames, it takes
playback over from where it is. Play starts again from the top only at live
or at the very end, so a pause just before the end plays on. On phones the
menu sits beside the track, a full-size target.
---
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                   |  6 +-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                   |  6 +-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                   |  6 +-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                   |  6 +-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                   |  6 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                   |  6 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                   |  6 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                   |  6 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                   |  6 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                |  6 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json              |  6 +-
 src/time/worldClock.js                     |  2 +
 src/ui/stores/worldTime.js                 | 45 +++++++----
 src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css           | 12 ++-
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs | 89 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue      | 12 ++-
 16 files changed, 194 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 69ae84544..b25dc7319 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3221,5 +3221,9 @@
   "Download this scene as JSON or an asset bundle": "تنزيل هذا المشهد بصيغة JSON أو حزمة موارد",
   "World time": "وقت العالم",
   "Back to live": "العودة إلى البث المباشر",
-  "Live": "مباشر"
+  "Live": "مباشر",
+  "1 h/s": "ساعة/ث",
+  "1 d/s": "يوم/ث",
+  "1 wk/s": "أسبوع/ث",
+  "Play speed": "سرعة التشغيل"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index da1bebb4a..d4d0e6949 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -2941,5 +2941,9 @@
   "PAD / RTLS": "STARTPLATZ / RTLS",
   "World time": "Weltzeit",
   "Back to live": "Zurück zu live",
-  "Live": "Live"
+  "Live": "Live",
+  "1 h/s": "1 Std./s",
+  "1 d/s": "1 Tag/s",
+  "1 wk/s": "1 Wo./s",
+  "Play speed": "Wiedergabegeschwindigkeit"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index f592a72c5..d27be0acd 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3011,5 +3011,9 @@
   "Right panels": "Paneles derechos",
   "World time": "Hora mundial",
   "Back to live": "Volver al directo",
-  "Live": "En directo"
+  "Live": "En directo",
+  "1 h/s": "1 h/s",
+  "1 d/s": "1 d/s",
+  "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
+  "Play speed": "Velocidad de reproducción"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 4d7289ff7..8b225e347 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3011,5 +3011,9 @@
   "PAD / RTLS": "PAS DE TIR / RTLS",
   "World time": "Heure du monde",
   "Back to live": "Revenir au direct",
-  "Live": "Direct"
+  "Live": "Direct",
+  "1 h/s": "1 h/s",
+  "1 d/s": "1 j/s",
+  "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
+  "Play speed": "Vitesse de lecture"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 065137689..29f832bcc 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3011,5 +3011,9 @@
   "PAD / RTLS": "SITO DI LANCIO / RTLS",
   "World time": "Ora del mondo",
   "Back to live": "Torna alla diretta",
-  "Live": "Diretta"
+  "Live": "Diretta",
+  "1 h/s": "1 h/s",
+  "1 d/s": "1 g/s",
+  "1 wk/s": "1 sett/s",
+  "Play speed": "Velocità di riproduzione"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 3ff743076..efbf7d3a2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2871,5 +2871,9 @@
   "PAD / RTLS": "射場 / RTLS",
   "World time": "世界時刻",
   "Back to live": "ライブに戻る",
-  "Live": "ライブ"
+  "Live": "ライブ",
+  "1 h/s": "1時間/秒",
+  "1 d/s": "1日/秒",
+  "1 wk/s": "1週間/秒",
+  "Play speed": "再生速度"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 455515ab2..7606a3069 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3011,5 +3011,9 @@
   "PAD / RTLS": "PLATAFORMA / RTLS",
   "World time": "Hora do mundo",
   "Back to live": "Voltar ao vivo",
-  "Live": "Ao vivo"
+  "Live": "Ao vivo",
+  "1 h/s": "1 h/s",
+  "1 d/s": "1 d/s",
+  "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
+  "Play speed": "Velocidade de reprodução"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 90099d66c..b79bcc88c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3081,5 +3081,9 @@
   "Right panels": "Правые панели",
   "World time": "Мировое время",
   "Back to live": "Вернуться к прямому эфиру",
-  "Live": "Сейчас"
+  "Live": "Сейчас",
+  "1 h/s": "1 ч/с",
+  "1 d/s": "1 дн/с",
+  "1 wk/s": "1 нед/с",
+  "Play speed": "Скорость воспроизведения"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 6ca398f07..fda4b5a9b 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3081,5 +3081,9 @@
   "PAD / RTLS": "МІСЦЕ ЗАПУСКУ / RTLS",
   "World time": "Світовий час",
   "Back to live": "Повернутися до прямого ефіру",
-  "Live": "Зараз"
+  "Live": "Зараз",
+  "1 h/s": "1 год/с",
+  "1 d/s": "1 дн/с",
+  "1 wk/s": "1 тиж/с",
+  "Play speed": "Швидкість відтворення"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 019e97701..fc5101fa8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2871,5 +2871,9 @@
   "Right panels": "右侧面板",
   "World time": "世界时间",
   "Back to live": "返回实时",
-  "Live": "实时"
+  "Live": "实时",
+  "1 h/s": "1 小时/秒",
+  "1 d/s": "1 天/秒",
+  "1 wk/s": "1 周/秒",
+  "Play speed": "播放速度"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index 3e41803e6..3411c3838 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2871,5 +2871,9 @@
   "Right panels": "右側面板",
   "World time": "世界時間",
   "Back to live": "返回即時",
-  "Live": "即時"
+  "Live": "即時",
+  "1 h/s": "1 小時/秒",
+  "1 d/s": "1 天/秒",
+  "1 wk/s": "1 週/秒",
+  "Play speed": "播放速度"
 }
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.js b/src/time/worldClock.js
index 68fa976fa..f9c16c5d8 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.js
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.js
@@ -96,6 +96,8 @@ export function createWorldClock({
       timeMs: time(),
       playing,
       rate,
+      // A driver steps the clock, at its own pace rather than the rate.
+      stepping: Boolean(active),
       following: followedIds(),
       supported: isSupported(),
     });
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
index bec2a6a82..46c620ab6 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
@@ -8,12 +8,17 @@ const LIVE_TICK_MS = 1000;
 const LIVE_EDGE = 0.005;
 /** The least that counts as at now, past the readout's own second. */
 const LIVE_EDGE_MS = 5000;
-/** How long play takes to run the whole track, in real ms. */
-const PLAY_THROUGH_MS = 60_000;
+/** The speeds play offers, in world ms per real ms. */
+export const WORLD_TIME_SPEEDS = Object.freeze({
+  real: 1,
+  hour: 3_600,
+  day: 86_400,
+  week: 604_800,
+});
 
 /**
- * The world clock as the timeline shows it: `{live, playing, timeMs,
- * supported, span}`, where `supported` says a layer that moves with the clock
+ * The world clock as the timeline shows it: `{live, playing, stepping,
+ * timeMs, supported, span}`, where `supported` says a layer that moves with the clock
  * has time to show and `span` is the stretch the timeline runs over: the
  * time those layers cover, reaching to now and to the world time, with their
  * marks. It follows the page's world clock, which tells it of every move, and
@@ -75,11 +80,14 @@ export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
     Object.freeze({
       live: state.live,
       playing: state.playing,
+      stepping: state.stepping,
       timeMs: state.timeMs,
       supported: state.supported,
       span: spanOf(state),
     });
   const time = shallowRef(read());
+  const speed = shallowRef('day');
+  const rate = () => WORLD_TIME_SPEEDS[speed.value];
   let ticker = null;
   const syncTicker = () => {
     // Playing, the clock tells of the time itself.
@@ -108,8 +116,8 @@ export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
   return {
     time,
     /**
-     * Play runs the whole track in about a minute, from the start when it is
-     * at its end (at live, say), as a video plays again from the top. It runs
+     * Play runs the track at the speed chosen, from the start when it is at
+     * its end (at live, say), as a video plays again from the top. It runs
      * the clock itself, past weather's own replay: weather follows the time
      * frame by frame like every other layer the track covers.
      */
@@ -117,15 +125,24 @@ export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
       const { playing, live, timeMs, span } = time.value;
       if (playing) return worldClock.pause();
       const covered = reach();
-      if (!span || !covered) return worldClock.play({ rate: 1 });
-      const length = span.end - span.start;
-      if (live || timeMs >= covered.end - LIVE_EDGE_MS)
+      if (span && covered && (live || timeMs >= covered.end))
         worldClock.seek(span.start);
-      // An end at now moves on with it, so play outruns it by the track.
-      const rate = endsAtNow(covered)
-        ? 1 + length / PLAY_THROUGH_MS
-        : Math.max(1, length / PLAY_THROUGH_MS);
-      worldClock.play({ rate, continuous: true });
+      worldClock.play({ rate: rate(), continuous: true });
+    },
+    speed,
+    /**
+     * Choose how fast play runs; playing, it changes at once. Weather's own
+     * replay steps at its own pace, so a speed chosen while it plays takes
+     * playback over from where it is.
+     */
+    setSpeed(next) {
+      if (!Object.hasOwn(WORLD_TIME_SPEEDS, next)) return;
+      speed.value = next;
+      const { playing, stepping } = worldClock.getState();
+      if (!playing) return;
+      if (!stepping) return worldClock.setRate(rate());
+      worldClock.pause();
+      worldClock.play({ rate: rate(), continuous: true });
     },
     goLive: () => worldClock.goLive(),
     /** Scrub to `ms`: playback stops where the hand puts it; at now, live. */
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
index e7560a467..0ae69baf4 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
@@ -77,6 +77,10 @@ body.cockpit-mode #world-timeline {
   text-transform: uppercase;
 }
 
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-speed {
+  flex: none;
+}
+
 #world-timeline .world-timeline-time {
   overflow: hidden;
   font-family: var(--font-mono);
@@ -206,9 +210,15 @@ body.mobile-shell #world-timeline .world-timeline-time {
   flex: 1 1 0;
 }
 
+/* The speed sits on the track's row, a full-size target beside it. */
 body.mobile-shell #world-timeline .world-timeline-track {
   order: 1;
-  flex-basis: 100%;
+  flex: 1 1 calc(100% - 96px);
+}
+
+body.mobile-shell #world-timeline .world-timeline-speed {
+  order: 2;
+  height: 32px;
 }
 
 @media (max-width: 640px) {
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
index 1d495d9a2..251ede717 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ test('the track runs over the time the layers show, to now, and scrubs', async (
   assert.equal(worldClock.now(), ahead);
 });
 
-test('play runs the whole track in a minute, from the start when at live', async (t) => {
+test('play runs a day a second, from the start of the track when at live', async (t) => {
   const bar = mount(t);
   const now = Date.now();
   const start = now - 10 * 86_400_000;
@@ -176,9 +176,7 @@ test('play runs the whole track in a minute, from the start when at live', async
   assert.deepEqual(stepped, []);
   const rate = worldClock.getRate();
   assert.ok(worldClock.now() - start < rate * 1_000, 'from the start of the track');
-  // The end is now and moves on with it: play outruns it by the track.
-  const length = Date.now() - start;
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(rate - (1 + length / 60_000)) < rate * 0.01, 'a minute end to end');
+  assert.equal(rate, 86_400, 'a day a second');
   worldClock.play({ continuous: true });
 
   // Playing on to now goes live.
@@ -218,3 +216,86 @@ test('play holds at the end of a track that reaches past now', async (t) => {
   assert.equal(worldClock.isLive(), false);
   assert.equal(worldClock.now(), end);
 });
+
+test('the speed chosen sets how fast play runs, at once while playing', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const now = Date.now();
+  const release = worldClock.hold('test-launches');
+  const unregister = worldClock.register({
+    id: 'test-launches',
+    coverage: () => ({ start: now - 10 * 86_400_000, end: now - 86_400_000 }),
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    unregister();
+    release();
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  const select = bar().querySelector('select.world-timeline-speed');
+  assert.equal(select.value, 'day');
+  select.value = 'week';
+  select.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
+  await nextTick();
+  bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-play').click();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.getRate(), 604_800, 'a week a second');
+  select.value = 'hour';
+  select.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isPlaying(), true);
+  assert.equal(worldClock.getRate(), 3_600, 'changed while playing');
+  select.value = 'real';
+  select.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.getRate(), 1, 'the world as it goes');
+});
+
+test('a speed chosen while weather replay steps takes playback over', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const at = Date.now() - 3_600_000;
+  supportingLayer(t, at);
+  const calls = [];
+  const driver = worldClock.attachDriver({
+    play() {
+      calls.push('play');
+      driver.driven(true, at - 600_000);
+    },
+    pause() {
+      calls.push('pause');
+      driver.driven(false);
+    },
+  });
+  t.after(() => driver.detach());
+  worldClock.play();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.getState().stepping, true);
+  const select = bar().querySelector('select.world-timeline-speed');
+  select.value = 'hour';
+  select.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['play', 'pause']);
+  assert.equal(worldClock.getState().stepping, false);
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isPlaying(), true);
+  assert.equal(worldClock.getRate(), 3_600);
+  assert.ok(worldClock.now() - (at - 600_000) < 3_600 * 1_000, 'on from where it was');
+  worldClock.pause();
+});
+
+test('paused just before the end, play carries on rather than restarting', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const now = Date.now();
+  const end = now + 86_400_000;
+  const release = worldClock.hold('test-ahead');
+  const unregister = worldClock.register({
+    id: 'test-ahead',
+    coverage: () => ({ start: now - 86_400_000, end }),
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    unregister();
+    release();
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  worldClock.seek(end - 4_000);
+  await nextTick();
+  bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-play').click();
+  worldClock.pause();
+  assert.ok(worldClock.now() >= end - 4_000, 'not back to the start');
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
index 1c4a8bdc0..0cedda02d 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { formatDate, t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
 import { useWorldTimeStore } from '../../stores/worldTime.js';
 import UiButton from '../../kit/UiButton.vue';
 import UiIcon from '../../kit/UiIcon.vue';
+import UiSelect from '../../kit/UiSelect.js';
 
 // The world timeline: play and pause on the left, the time, a track across
 // the stretch the layers on can show (each launch or frame a tick) with a
@@ -13,7 +14,13 @@ import UiIcon from '../../kit/UiIcon.vue';
 // or one a host follows) is on with time to show; with only live feeds such
 // as flights on, the bar stays hidden.
 const store = useWorldTimeStore();
-const { time } = storeToRefs(store);
+const { time, speed } = storeToRefs(store);
+const speeds = computed(() => [
+  { value: 'real', label: '1×' },
+  { value: 'hour', label: t('1 h/s') },
+  { value: 'day', label: t('1 d/s') },
+  { value: 'week', label: t('1 wk/s') },
+]);
 
 const DATE_TIME = Object.freeze({
   dateStyle: 'medium',
@@ -72,7 +79,8 @@ const onKey = (event) => {
   <div v-if="time.supported && time.span" id="world-timeline" role="group" :aria-label="t('World time')"
     ><UiButton class="world-timeline-play" :label="time.playing ? t('Pause') : t('Play')" @click="store.togglePlay()"
       ><UiIcon :name="time.playing ? 'pause' : 'play_arrow'" :size="20" /></UiButton
-    ><time class="world-timeline-time" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off">{{ readout }}</time
+    ><UiSelect class="gev-field gev-field--compact world-timeline-speed" :aria-label="t('Play speed')" :title="t('Play speed')" :options="speeds" :model-value="speed" @update:model-value="store.setSpeed($event)"
+    /><time class="world-timeline-time" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off">{{ readout }}</time
     ><span class="world-timeline-edge">{{ formatDate(span.start, EDGE_DATE) }}</span
     ><div class="world-timeline-track"
       ><span v-for="(left, index) in ticks" :key="index" class="world-timeline-tick" :style="{ left }" aria-hidden="true"></span

From 056b3b58c6afbef5a5d5a5b3155bd8a4eb2a8a70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 08:03:46 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 048/262] Wait for each frame while the world timeline plays,
 and quiet the bar

Play no longer runs ahead of the data. The world clock gains a wait, which
holds continuous play where it is while a layer loads what the time needs,
and a gate, which keeps play from passing a time a layer has yet to load.
Weather gates play at its next frame and waits there until the frame shows,
so every frame is seen however fast play runs; it waits no more than eight
seconds on a frame that never comes, and takes a wait only when its frames
change. Play pressed while a frame loads waits for it too. A scrub still
drops what loads and moves on.

The bar loses its long date and the dates at its ends: the time rides in a
bubble over the handle, which pulses while play waits, and the bar runs
left to right in every language. Play starts at real time.
---
 src/creditAttribution.test.mjs             |   2 +-
 src/layers/weather/clock.js                |  60 ++++++++-
 src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs          | 147 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/time/worldClock.js                     |  48 ++++++-
 src/time/worldClock.test.mjs               |  34 +++++
 src/ui/stores/worldTime.js                 |   5 +-
 src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css           |  68 ++++++----
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs |   6 +-
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue      |  27 ++--
 9 files changed, 357 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/creditAttribution.test.mjs b/src/creditAttribution.test.mjs
index 39fd5b8f2..dafc51df1 100644
--- a/src/creditAttribution.test.mjs
+++ b/src/creditAttribution.test.mjs
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ const VETTED_VARS = new Set([
 // Custom properties CSS sets to a fixed length besides their 0 default. The
 // clearance checks run at each length CSS gives them, not only at 0.
 const FIXED_LENGTH_VARS = new Set(['--world-timeline-lift']);
-const LIFTS_PX = [0, 50, 80];
+const LIFTS_PX = [0, 66, 80];
 let liftPx = 0;
 function eachLift(check) {
   for (const lift of LIFTS_PX) {
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/clock.js b/src/layers/weather/clock.js
index 67973bf94..21a081b48 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/clock.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/clock.js
@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ export const RADAR_MAX_GAP_MS = 30 * 60_000;
 export const REGIONAL_INFRARED_MAX_GAP_MS = 30 * 60_000;
 export const GLOBAL_INFRARED_MAX_GAP_MS = 3 * 60 * 60_000;
 export const LIGHTNING_MAX_GAP_MS = 30 * 60_000;
+/** The longest play waits on a frame before it goes on without it. */
+export const PLAY_WAIT_MS = 8_000;
+
+let clocks = 0;
 
 /**
  * Transient observed time. Products must honor the signal before installing a
@@ -33,6 +37,30 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
   let generation = 0;
   let timer = null;
   let pending = null;
+  // This clock's name on the world, for its holds and its gate.
+  const holdId = `weather:${++clocks}`;
+  // While the world plays, the hold on it as frames for its time load, and
+  // the timer that lets play go on should a frame never come.
+  let waiting = null;
+  let waitTimer = null;
+  const stopWaiting = () => {
+    const release = waiting;
+    waiting = null;
+    if (waitTimer !== null) clearTimeout(waitTimer);
+    waitTimer = null;
+    release?.();
+  };
+  const startWaiting = () => {
+    if (waiting || destroyed || !registry.size) return;
+    waiting = world.wait(holdId);
+    waitTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+      waitTimer = null;
+      stopWaiting();
+    }, PLAY_WAIT_MS);
+  };
+  // Playing on its own, the world waits for frames as they load.
+  const worldPlaysOn = (state = world.getState()) =>
+    state.playing && !state.live && !state.stepping;
   let destroyed = false;
   const timesFor = (product) =>
     [...new Set(product.getTimes())]
@@ -130,7 +158,13 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     cancelTimer();
     const owner = ++generation;
     if (!canPlay()) stopPlaying();
+    // Playing, the world waits for new frames; a later move takes over the
+    // wait, and a scrub (not playing) drops what loads and moves on. A refresh
+    // that shows the same frames does not hold play.
+    const framesChange = selections() !== applied;
     applied = selections();
+    stopWaiting();
+    if (framesChange && worldPlaysOn()) startWaiting();
     for (const entry of registry.values()) entry.controller?.abort();
     // Start all products together; a rejection must not skip the settle barrier.
     const tasks = [...registry.values()].map((entry) => {
@@ -144,6 +178,7 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     });
     const result = Promise.allSettled(tasks).then(() => {
       if (destroyed || owner !== generation) return false;
+      stopWaiting();
       pending = null;
       if (!canPlay()) stopPlaying();
       notify();
@@ -269,8 +304,10 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     },
     refresh() {
       if (destroyed) return Promise.resolve(false);
-      // New frames, or products added or dropped.
+      // New frames, or products added or dropped, and with them the next.
       world.coverageChanged();
+      gated = undefined;
+      gateNext(world.getState());
       if (!canPlay()) {
         stopPlaying();
         cancelTimer();
@@ -289,6 +326,8 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
       stopPlaying();
       destroyed = true;
       ++generation;
+      stopWaiting();
+      world.gate(holdId, null);
       cancelTimer();
       unfollowWorld();
       // The last weather clock leaves the world live, as a new one expects.
@@ -306,6 +345,11 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
   // changes the mode or a product's frame.
   function followWorld(state) {
     if (destroyed) return;
+    gateNext(state);
+    // Play pressed while a frame still loads waits for it too.
+    const playsOn = worldPlaysOn(state);
+    if (playsOn && !playedOn && pending) startWaiting();
+    playedOn = playsOn;
     const nextMode = state.live ? 'latest' : 'history';
     const nextTarget = state.live
       ? null
@@ -319,6 +363,20 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     if (moving || modeChanged || selections() !== applied) void transition();
     else notify();
   }
+  // Playing on its own, the world stops at each next frame to load it rather
+  // than run past frames between its ticks.
+  let gated = null;
+  let playedOn = false;
+  function gateNext(state) {
+    const next = worldPlaysOn(state)
+      ? (getTimeline()
+          .map((time) => Date.parse(time))
+          .find((time) => time > Math.floor(state.timeMs)) ?? null)
+      : null;
+    if (next === gated) return;
+    gated = next;
+    world.gate(holdId, next);
+  }
   const unfollowWorld = world.subscribe(followWorld);
   driver = world.attachDriver({
     play: () => (canPlay() ? void api.play() : false),
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs b/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
index c803e5d72..55b79a87b 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   REGIONAL_INFRARED_MAX_GAP_MS,
   GLOBAL_INFRARED_MAX_GAP_MS,
   LIGHTNING_MAX_GAP_MS,
+  PLAY_WAIT_MS,
 } from './clock.js';
 import { createWorldClock } from '../../time/worldClock.js';
 
@@ -493,3 +494,149 @@ test('a clock destroyed while it registers a product lets go of it', (t) => {
   assert.equal(world.coverage(), null);
   assert.equal(world.getState().supported, false);
 });
+
+test('playing, the world waits for each frame; a scrub drops it and moves on', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world, tick } = harness(t);
+  const radar = product('radar', [0, 10, 20]);
+  const loads = [];
+  radar.apply = (selected, { signal }) =>
+    new Promise((resolve) => {
+      loads.push({ selected, signal, done: () => resolve(true) });
+    });
+  clock.register(radar);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(9)));
+  await flush();
+  loads.at(-1).done();
+  await flush();
+  world.play({ rate: 60, continuous: true });
+  tick(2_000);
+  // Into the next frame (the page's ticker tells of it): the world holds
+  // there while it loads.
+  world.coverageChanged();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(loads.at(-1).selected, time(10));
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, true);
+  const held = world.now();
+  tick(5_000);
+  assert.equal(world.now(), held, 'held while the frame loads');
+  loads.at(-1).done();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false);
+  tick(1_000);
+  assert.equal(world.now(), held + 60_000, 'and plays on once it shows');
+
+  // A scrub aborts what loads and loads where the hand is, with no wait.
+  world.pause();
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(20)));
+  await flush();
+  const scrubbed = loads.at(-1);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(0)));
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(scrubbed.signal.aborted, true);
+  assert.equal(loads.at(-1).selected, time(0));
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false);
+});
+
+// A radar whose frames load only when the test says.
+function slowRadar(minutes) {
+  const radar = product('radar', minutes);
+  radar.loads = [];
+  radar.apply = (selected, { signal }) =>
+    new Promise((resolve) => {
+      radar.loads.push({
+        selected,
+        signal,
+        done() {
+          radar.shown = selected;
+          resolve(true);
+        },
+      });
+    });
+  return radar;
+}
+
+test('play stops at the next frame, not past it, until it shows', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world, tick } = harness(t);
+  const radar = slowRadar([0, 10, 20]);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(1)));
+  await flush();
+  radar.loads.at(-1).done();
+  await flush();
+  world.play({ rate: 3_600, continuous: true });
+  world.coverageChanged();
+  tick(1_000);
+  assert.equal(
+    world.now(),
+    Date.parse(time(10)),
+    'an hour on, but held at the frame',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a frame that never comes holds play only so long', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world, tick } = harness(t);
+  const radar = slowRadar([0, 10, 20]);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(9)));
+  await flush();
+  radar.loads.at(-1).done();
+  await flush();
+  world.play({ rate: 60, continuous: true });
+  tick(2_000);
+  world.coverageChanged();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, true);
+  tick(PLAY_WAIT_MS);
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false, 'play goes on without it');
+});
+
+test('play pressed while a frame loads waits for it; a refresh does not', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world } = harness(t);
+  const radar = slowRadar([0, 10, 20]);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(5)));
+  await flush();
+  world.play({ continuous: true });
+  assert.equal(
+    world.getState().buffering,
+    true,
+    'waits for the frame in flight',
+  );
+  radar.loads.at(-1).done();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false);
+  void clock.refresh();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false, 'the same frames, no hold');
+  radar.loads.at(-1).done();
+});
+
+test('weather clocks sharing a world gate it each on their own', async (t) => {
+  let mono = 0;
+  const world = createWorldClock({
+    now: () => Date.parse(time(30)),
+    monotonicNow: () => mono,
+    setInterval: () => 0,
+    clearInterval() {},
+  });
+  const a = createWeatherClock({ world, now: () => Date.parse(time(30)) });
+  const b = createWeatherClock({ world, now: () => Date.parse(time(30)) });
+  t.after(() => {
+    a.destroy();
+    b.destroy();
+  });
+  a.register(product('radar', [0, 10]));
+  b.register(product('clouds', [0, 15]));
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(1)));
+  await flush();
+  world.play({ rate: 3_600, continuous: true });
+  world.coverageChanged();
+  b.destroy();
+  world.coverageChanged();
+  mono += 1_000;
+  assert.equal(
+    world.now(),
+    Date.parse(time(10)),
+    'the other clock’s gate stays',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.js b/src/time/worldClock.js
index f9c16c5d8..7d493bbc7 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.js
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.js
@@ -60,8 +60,13 @@ export function createWorldClock({
   let active = null;
   let ticker = null;
   let notifying = 0;
+  // Layers loading what the cursor needs; continuous play holds while any is.
+  const waits = new Map();
+  // Times continuous play may not pass yet, by layer: each one's next frame.
+  const gates = new Map();
 
   const continuous = () => playing && !active;
+  const buffering = () => waits.size > 0;
   const isFollowed = (id) => following.has(id) || (holds.get(id) ?? 0) > 0;
   const followedIds = () => [
     ...new Set([...following, ...[...holds.keys()].filter(isFollowed)]),
@@ -87,8 +92,11 @@ export function createWorldClock({
   };
   const time = () => {
     if (live) return now();
-    if (continuous()) return cursorMs + (monotonicNow() - anchorMono) * rate;
-    return cursorMs;
+    if (!continuous() || buffering()) return cursorMs;
+    let at = cursorMs + (monotonicNow() - anchorMono) * rate;
+    for (const gate of gates.values())
+      if (gate >= cursorMs) at = Math.min(at, gate);
+    return at;
   };
   const getState = () =>
     Object.freeze({
@@ -98,6 +106,8 @@ export function createWorldClock({
       rate,
       // A driver steps the clock, at its own pace rather than the rate.
       stepping: Boolean(active),
+      // Playing, but held while a layer loads what the cursor needs.
+      buffering: continuous() && buffering(),
       following: followedIds(),
       supported: isSupported(),
     });
@@ -198,6 +208,40 @@ export function createWorldClock({
     togglePlay() {
       return playing ? api.pause() : api.play();
     },
+    /**
+     * Hold continuous play where it is while layer `id` loads what the cursor
+     * needs, as a video waits on its buffer; play goes on once every hold is
+     * released. A seek still moves the cursor. Returns the release. Neither
+     * tells listeners (play's own ticks do), so a layer can take and release a
+     * hold mid-change without anyone moving the clock under it.
+     */
+    wait(id) {
+      settle();
+      waits.set(id, (waits.get(id) ?? 0) + 1);
+      let held = true;
+      return () => {
+        if (!held) return;
+        held = false;
+        const count = waits.get(id) - 1;
+        if (count > 0) {
+          waits.set(id, count);
+          return;
+        }
+        waits.delete(id);
+        // Play goes on from where it held, not from where it would have been.
+        if (!buffering()) anchorMono = monotonicNow();
+      };
+    },
+    /**
+     * Keep continuous play from passing `ms` (null lifts it): the time layer
+     * `id` shows next, which it has yet to load. Play stops there, to wait on
+     * the load as it starts, rather than rush past frames between ticks.
+     */
+    gate(id, ms) {
+      settle();
+      if (ms === null || ms === undefined) gates.delete(id);
+      else if (isWorldTime(ms)) gates.set(id, ms);
+    },
     /** Simulated ms per real ms for continuous playback. */
     setRate(nextRate) {
       if (!Number.isFinite(nextRate) || nextRate <= 0)
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
index 0e7a544a3..8b5154854 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
@@ -319,3 +319,37 @@ test('continuous play runs past every driver, and live resets the rate', () => {
   clock.goLive();
   assert.equal(clock.getRate(), 1);
 });
+
+test('continuous play holds while a layer waits, and goes on from there', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  const start = t.wall - 600_000;
+  clock.seek(start);
+  clock.play({ rate: 60, continuous: true });
+  t.advance(1_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), start + 60_000);
+  const release = clock.wait('radar');
+  const other = clock.wait('clouds');
+  assert.equal(clock.getState().buffering, true);
+  t.advance(5_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), start + 60_000, 'held while loading');
+  release();
+  release();
+  t.advance(1_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), start + 60_000, 'held until every layer is ready');
+  other();
+  assert.equal(clock.getState().buffering, false);
+  t.advance(1_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), start + 120_000, 'on from where it held');
+});
+
+test('a seek still moves a waiting clock', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const clock = createWorldClock(t.options);
+  clock.seek(t.wall - 600_000);
+  clock.play({ continuous: true });
+  const release = clock.wait('radar');
+  clock.seek(t.wall - 60_000);
+  assert.equal(clock.now(), t.wall - 60_000);
+  release();
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
index 46c620ab6..ea73e262f 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export const WORLD_TIME_SPEEDS = Object.freeze({
 
 /**
  * The world clock as the timeline shows it: `{live, playing, stepping,
- * timeMs, supported, span}`, where `supported` says a layer that moves with the clock
+ * buffering, timeMs, supported, span}`, where `supported` says a layer that moves with the clock
  * has time to show and `span` is the stretch the timeline runs over: the
  * time those layers cover, reaching to now and to the world time, with their
  * marks. It follows the page's world clock, which tells it of every move, and
@@ -81,12 +81,13 @@ export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
       live: state.live,
       playing: state.playing,
       stepping: state.stepping,
+      buffering: state.buffering,
       timeMs: state.timeMs,
       supported: state.supported,
       span: spanOf(state),
     });
   const time = shallowRef(read());
-  const speed = shallowRef('day');
+  const speed = shallowRef('real');
   const rate = () => WORLD_TIME_SPEEDS[speed.value];
   let ticker = null;
   const syncTicker = () => {
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
index 0ae69baf4..0fd12fe28 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@
   --world-timeline-lift: 0px;
 }
 
+/* The bar and the time's bubble over its handle. */
 body:has(#world-timeline) {
-  --world-timeline-lift: 50px;
+  --world-timeline-lift: 66px;
 }
 
 /* Clean view, recording and the cockpit put the dock away; the bar goes too. */
@@ -22,7 +23,10 @@ body.cockpit-mode #world-timeline {
   display: none;
 }
 
+/* Time runs left to right in every language, so the handle, the fill, the
+   ticks and the bubble agree under a right-to-left page too. */
 #world-timeline {
+  direction: ltr;
   position: fixed;
   bottom: 2vh;
   left: 50%;
@@ -81,21 +85,43 @@ body.cockpit-mode #world-timeline {
   flex: none;
 }
 
+/* The time rides over the handle. It slides across itself as the handle
+   crosses the track (its start at the handle at the track's start, its end at
+   the end), so however wide its date it stays within the track. */
 #world-timeline .world-timeline-time {
-  overflow: hidden;
-  font-family: var(--font-mono);
-  font-size: 13px;
-  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
-  text-overflow: ellipsis;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-#world-timeline .world-timeline-edge {
-  flex: none;
-  color: var(--text-secondary);
+  --inset: 0px;
+  position: absolute;
+  bottom: calc(100% + 6px);
+  left: calc(var(--inset) + (100% - var(--inset)) * var(--at));
+  padding: 2px 8px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.4);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  background: var(--glass-bg);
+  color: var(--text-primary);
   font-family: var(--font-mono);
   font-size: 11px;
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
   white-space: nowrap;
+  transform: translateX(calc(var(--at) * -100%));
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+/* Playing, held while a layer loads the time's data. */
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-time.is-buffering {
+  animation: world-timeline-buffering 1s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
+}
+
+@keyframes world-timeline-buffering {
+  to {
+    opacity: 0.45;
+  }
+}
+
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  #world-timeline .world-timeline-time.is-buffering {
+    animation: none;
+    opacity: 0.6;
+  }
 }
 
 /* The track: ticks for each launch or frame, the elapsed fill, and a native
@@ -194,7 +220,7 @@ body.cockpit-mode #world-timeline {
 }
 
 /* On phones the bar sits just above the tab bar, under the voice dock, with
-   the track on a row of its own beneath play, the time and live. */
+   the track and the speed on a row of their own beneath play and live. */
 body.mobile-shell:has(#world-timeline) {
   --world-timeline-lift: 80px;
 }
@@ -206,8 +232,9 @@ body.mobile-shell #world-timeline {
   height: auto;
 }
 
+/* The bubble rises into the first row, clear of play on its left. */
 body.mobile-shell #world-timeline .world-timeline-time {
-  flex: 1 1 0;
+  --inset: 48px;
 }
 
 /* The speed sits on the track's row, a full-size target beside it. */
@@ -216,17 +243,12 @@ body.mobile-shell #world-timeline .world-timeline-track {
   flex: 1 1 calc(100% - 96px);
 }
 
+body.mobile-shell #world-timeline .world-timeline-live {
+  margin-inline-start: auto;
+}
+
 body.mobile-shell #world-timeline .world-timeline-speed {
   order: 2;
   height: 32px;
 }
 
-@media (max-width: 640px) {
-  #world-timeline .world-timeline-edge {
-    display: none;
-  }
-
-  #world-timeline .world-timeline-time {
-    font-size: 11px;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
index 251ede717..746158ddb 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ test('the track runs over the time the layers show, to now, and scrubs', async (
   assert.equal(worldClock.now(), ahead);
 });
 
-test('play runs a day a second, from the start of the track when at live', async (t) => {
+test('play runs in real time, from the start of the track when at live', async (t) => {
   const bar = mount(t);
   const now = Date.now();
   const start = now - 10 * 86_400_000;
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ test('play runs a day a second, from the start of the track when at live', async
   assert.deepEqual(stepped, []);
   const rate = worldClock.getRate();
   assert.ok(worldClock.now() - start < rate * 1_000, 'from the start of the track');
-  assert.equal(rate, 86_400, 'a day a second');
+  assert.equal(rate, 1, 'real time to start with');
   worldClock.play({ continuous: true });
 
   // Playing on to now goes live.
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ test('the speed chosen sets how fast play runs, at once while playing', async (t
   });
   await nextTick();
   const select = bar().querySelector('select.world-timeline-speed');
-  assert.equal(select.value, 'day');
+  assert.equal(select.value, 'real');
   select.value = 'week';
   select.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
   await nextTick();
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
index 0cedda02d..e56737fda 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ import UiButton from '../../kit/UiButton.vue';
 import UiIcon from '../../kit/UiIcon.vue';
 import UiSelect from '../../kit/UiSelect.js';
 
-// The world timeline: play and pause on the left, the time, a track across
-// the stretch the layers on can show (each launch or frame a tick) with a
-// handle to scrub, and the way back to live on the right, lit while live. It
+// The world timeline: play and pause and the speed on the left, a track
+// across the stretch the layers on can show (each launch or frame a tick)
+// with a handle to scrub and the time in a bubble over it, and the way back
+// to live on the right, lit while live. It
 // shows while a layer with a time of its own (weather, satellites, launches,
 // or one a host follows) is on with time to show; with only live feeds such
 // as flights on, the bar stays hidden.
@@ -27,11 +28,18 @@ const DATE_TIME = Object.freeze({
   timeStyle: 'medium',
   timeZone: 'UTC',
 });
-const EDGE_DATE = Object.freeze({
+// The bubble over the handle: the date and the minute, kept short.
+const BUBBLE_DATE = Object.freeze({
   month: 'short',
   day: 'numeric',
   timeZone: 'UTC',
 });
+const BUBBLE_TIME = Object.freeze({
+  hour: '2-digit',
+  minute: '2-digit',
+  hourCycle: 'h23',
+  timeZone: 'UTC',
+});
 // The keyboard's fallback step, as a share of the track, with no mark to go to.
 const KEY_STEP = 0.01;
 const PAGE_STEP = 0.1;
@@ -41,6 +49,11 @@ const readout = computed(() =>
     ? `${formatDate(time.value.timeMs, DATE_TIME)} UTC`
     : '',
 );
+const bubble = computed(() =>
+  Number.isFinite(time.value.timeMs)
+    ? `${formatDate(time.value.timeMs, BUBBLE_DATE)} · ${formatDate(time.value.timeMs, BUBBLE_TIME)} UTC`
+    : '',
+);
 const span = computed(() => time.value.span);
 const at = computed(() => {
   const { start, end } = span.value;
@@ -80,9 +93,8 @@ const onKey = (event) => {
     ><UiButton class="world-timeline-play" :label="time.playing ? t('Pause') : t('Play')" @click="store.togglePlay()"
       ><UiIcon :name="time.playing ? 'pause' : 'play_arrow'" :size="20" /></UiButton
     ><UiSelect class="gev-field gev-field--compact world-timeline-speed" :aria-label="t('Play speed')" :title="t('Play speed')" :options="speeds" :model-value="speed" @update:model-value="store.setSpeed($event)"
-    /><time class="world-timeline-time" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off">{{ readout }}</time
-    ><span class="world-timeline-edge">{{ formatDate(span.start, EDGE_DATE) }}</span
-    ><div class="world-timeline-track"
+    /><div class="world-timeline-track"
+      ><time class="world-timeline-time" :class="{ 'is-buffering': time.buffering }" :style="{ '--at': place(at) / 100 }" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off">{{ bubble }}</time
       ><span v-for="(left, index) in ticks" :key="index" class="world-timeline-tick" :style="{ left }" aria-hidden="true"></span
       ><span class="world-timeline-fill" :style="{ width: `${place(at)}%` }" aria-hidden="true"></span
       ><input
@@ -97,7 +109,6 @@ const onKey = (event) => {
         @input="scrub"
         @keydown="onKey"
     /></div
-    ><span class="world-timeline-edge">{{ formatDate(span.end, EDGE_DATE) }}</span
     ><UiButton class="world-timeline-live" :label="time.live ? t('Live') : t('Back to live')" :pressed="time.live" pressed-class="is-live" :disabled="time.live" @click="store.goLive()">{{ t('Live') }}</UiButton
   ></div>
 </template>

From ad171f2854704b2cee1e50b457a96c0adde71e84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 22:43:51 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 049/262] Draw each far-zoom fire as a marker-sized heat spot

The heat raster was 2048 px wide with a 3 px blur, so every fire spread
over ~200 km and the far-zoom map read as clouds next to the markers.
Double the grid to ~10 km per pixel and blur by one pixel: a lone fire
is now a spot about as wide as its marker at the 3,000 km hand-off.
---
 changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md |  2 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     |  5 +++--
 src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs     | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/firms/policy.js                | 13 +++++++-----
 4 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
index c1d06643e..4c02ccf20 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@
   log-scale minimum-FRP slider whose track is the ramp, an All / Nominal+ /
   High confidence switch and an "N of M shown" counter to the layer row. Far
   zoom shows a Snap Map–style heatmap in the same colors instead of squares,
-  empty where nothing burns. The filter applies once before rendering, so markers, cards, the heatmap, context and the top-fires query agree; share
+  one marker-sized spot per fire, empty where nothing burns. The filter applies once before rendering, so markers, cards, the heatmap, context and the top-fires query agree; share
   links keep it (`w` token: `f`, `c`), and `get_active_fires` takes matching
   `min_frp_mw` and `confidence` arguments. Default 0 MW / All (gekh, #1426).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index dabc074ae..5be2a98dc 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2185,9 +2185,10 @@ accents read that ramp; confidence and brightness do not affect the color.
 
 At far zoom (camera above ~3,000 km) the layer drapes a Snap Map–style
 heatmap instead of individual markers: the shown detections are binned on a
-global 2048 × 1024 grid, each weighted by its FRP in megawatts (so heat is
+global 4096 × 2048 grid (≈10 km per pixel), each weighted by its FRP in megawatts (so heat is
 radiated power, and raising the FRP slider does not dim areas where strong fires
-burn), Gaussian-blurred,
+burn), Gaussian-blurred by one pixel so each fire stays a spot about the size
+of its marker,
 normalized on a log scale against the 99.5th percentile and mapped through the
 same hues, from a bright red edge through orange and gold to a pale
 white-hot core. The edge starts more than half opaque, so regions far below
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs
index 0fca7b97f..4b6403298 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { createHeatImagery } from './heatImagery.js';
+import { buildHeatRaster } from '../../data/firmsHeatRaster.js';
+import { HEAT_RASTER } from './policy.js';
 
 function harness() {
   const layers = [];
@@ -85,3 +87,26 @@ test('destroy removes the layer', () => {
   h.imagery.destroy();
   assert.equal(h.layers.length, 0);
 });
+
+test('the shipped raster paints a lone weak fire as a marker-sized spot', () => {
+  // A hot cluster elsewhere sets the scale, as Africa does on real data.
+  const fires = [{ lat: 0, lon: 0, frp: 5 }];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
+    fires.push({ lat: -10 + (i % 5) * 0.1, lon: 25 + i * 0.05, frp: 300 });
+  }
+  const r = buildHeatRaster(fires, HEAT_RASTER);
+  const y = Math.floor((90 / 180) * r.height);
+  const painted = [];
+  for (let x = 0; x < r.width; x++) {
+    const lon = ((x + 0.5) / r.width) * 360 - 180;
+    if (Math.abs(lon) < 5 && r.rgba[(y * r.width + x) * 4 + 3] > 0) {
+      painted.push(x);
+    }
+  }
+  const kmPerPx = 40075 / r.width;
+  assert.ok(painted.length > 0, 'the weak fire still shows');
+  assert.ok(
+    painted.length * kmPerPx <= 80,
+    `spot ${Math.round(painted.length * kmPerPx)} km wide`,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/policy.js b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
index faa55bbc3..9de42cfa4 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
@@ -49,14 +49,17 @@ export const LOD_LEVELS = [
 ];
 
 /**
- * Global heat raster for the `heat` bands: ≈0.18° per pixel, Gaussian σ in
- * pixels. Built once per data refresh or filter change, never per camera move.
+ * Global heat raster for the `heat` bands: ≈0.09° (≈10 km) per pixel and a
+ * one-pixel Gaussian σ, so a lone fire is a spot about as wide as its marker
+ * at the 3,000 km hand-off and neighbours merge only when they really touch
+ * (2048 px with σ 3 smeared each fire over ~200 km). Built once per data
+ * refresh or filter change, never per camera move.
  */
 
 export const HEAT_RASTER = Object.freeze({
-  width: 2048,
-  height: 1024,
-  sigmaPx: 3,
+  width: 4096,
+  height: 2048,
+  sigmaPx: 1,
 });
 
 /**

From 5ab8ddb4ca3cd848017bc3435ff3784c4bf53c31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 23:12:38 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 050/262] Double the far-zoom heat spots so they read as spots

At 10 km per pixel each fire was a marker-sized spot that faded into the
imagery from the globe view. A 2048 px grid with the same one-pixel blur
makes every spot exactly twice as wide (~60 km for a lone weak fire),
still separate, and the build is three times faster.
---
 changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md |  2 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     |  6 +++---
 src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs     |  4 ++--
 src/layers/firms/policy.js                | 15 ++++++++-------
 4 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
index 4c02ccf20..6f2d11a33 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@
   log-scale minimum-FRP slider whose track is the ramp, an All / Nominal+ /
   High confidence switch and an "N of M shown" counter to the layer row. Far
   zoom shows a Snap Map–style heatmap in the same colors instead of squares,
-  one marker-sized spot per fire, empty where nothing burns. The filter applies once before rendering, so markers, cards, the heatmap, context and the top-fires query agree; share
+  one distinct spot per fire, empty where nothing burns. The filter applies once before rendering, so markers, cards, the heatmap, context and the top-fires query agree; share
   links keep it (`w` token: `f`, `c`), and `get_active_fires` takes matching
   `min_frp_mw` and `confidence` arguments. Default 0 MW / All (gekh, #1426).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 5be2a98dc..4d1b69849 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2185,10 +2185,10 @@ accents read that ramp; confidence and brightness do not affect the color.
 
 At far zoom (camera above ~3,000 km) the layer drapes a Snap Map–style
 heatmap instead of individual markers: the shown detections are binned on a
-global 4096 × 2048 grid (≈10 km per pixel), each weighted by its FRP in megawatts (so heat is
+global 2048 × 1024 grid (≈20 km per pixel), each weighted by its FRP in megawatts (so heat is
 radiated power, and raising the FRP slider does not dim areas where strong fires
-burn), Gaussian-blurred by one pixel so each fire stays a spot about the size
-of its marker,
+burn), Gaussian-blurred by one pixel so each fire stays a distinct spot about
+twice the size of its marker,
 normalized on a log scale against the 99.5th percentile and mapped through the
 same hues, from a bright red edge through orange and gold to a pale
 white-hot core. The edge starts more than half opaque, so regions far below
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs
index 4b6403298..5543a0691 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ test('destroy removes the layer', () => {
   assert.equal(h.layers.length, 0);
 });
 
-test('the shipped raster paints a lone weak fire as a marker-sized spot', () => {
+test('the shipped raster paints a lone weak fire as a distinct spot', () => {
   // A hot cluster elsewhere sets the scale, as Africa does on real data.
   const fires = [{ lat: 0, lon: 0, frp: 5 }];
   for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ test('the shipped raster paints a lone weak fire as a marker-sized spot', () =>
   const kmPerPx = 40075 / r.width;
   assert.ok(painted.length > 0, 'the weak fire still shows');
   assert.ok(
-    painted.length * kmPerPx <= 80,
+    painted.length * kmPerPx <= 100,
     `spot ${Math.round(painted.length * kmPerPx)} km wide`,
   );
 });
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/policy.js b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
index 9de42cfa4..2af5d9f5c 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
@@ -49,16 +49,17 @@ export const LOD_LEVELS = [
 ];
 
 /**
- * Global heat raster for the `heat` bands: ≈0.09° (≈10 km) per pixel and a
- * one-pixel Gaussian σ, so a lone fire is a spot about as wide as its marker
- * at the 3,000 km hand-off and neighbours merge only when they really touch
- * (2048 px with σ 3 smeared each fire over ~200 km). Built once per data
- * refresh or filter change, never per camera move.
+ * Global heat raster for the `heat` bands: ≈0.18° (≈20 km) per pixel and a
+ * one-pixel Gaussian σ, so a lone fire is a distinct spot about twice as wide
+ * as its marker at the 3,000 km hand-off and still reads from the
+ * whole-globe view; neighbours merge only when they nearly touch (σ 3 here
+ * smeared each fire over ~200 km). Built once per data refresh or filter
+ * change, never per camera move.
  */
 
 export const HEAT_RASTER = Object.freeze({
-  width: 4096,
-  height: 2048,
+  width: 2048,
+  height: 1024,
   sigmaPx: 1,
 });
 

From 09d833ed960bdd82ac831b6d149c0d466782300e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 13:17:06 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 051/262] Add the changelog entry for the world clock and
 timeline

---
 changelog.d/1512-world-clock-timeline.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1512-world-clock-timeline.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1512-world-clock-timeline.md b/changelog.d/1512-world-clock-timeline.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a43231150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1512-world-clock-timeline.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- One world clock now drives everything with a time of its own: the sky,
+  the HUD clock, satellites, launches and weather. A timeline along the
+  bottom of the screen, shown while one of those layers is on, plays, pauses
+  and scrubs it, with a tick for each launch or frame and a way back to
+  live. Share links made away from live carry the time (samehkhamis, #1512).

From 497016b0848f32affbc4dcb53b55da7b0881ff3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 13:17:28 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 052/262] Add the changelog entry for launches, speed and
 buffering on the timeline

---
 changelog.d/1513-timeline-launches-speed-buffering.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1513-timeline-launches-speed-buffering.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1513-timeline-launches-speed-buffering.md b/changelog.d/1513-timeline-launches-speed-buffering.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4663019b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1513-timeline-launches-speed-buffering.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- The timeline brings launches up as the time passes them, offers play
+  speeds from real time to a week a second, and waits on each weather frame
+  until it loads instead of running past it. The time now rides in a bubble
+  over the handle. Zooming out on the globe stops while the globe is still in
+  view instead of leaving it a speck (samehkhamis, #1513).

From 287c881c17b88ae84916c007970e06ddd317e123 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 13:53:08 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 053/262] Zoom the timeline track around the handle

With layers of very different reach on together, a month of launches and
a few hours of lightning, the short-range ticks were crushed at the end of
the one shared track. Scroll or pinch on the track now zooms it around the
handle, plus and minus zoom from the keyboard, and zero or a double-click
shows it all again. Everything still plays together; zooming only changes
what the track shows, and the view follows the handle as it plays, steps or
is left behind by now. A scrub's live edge goes by the stretch shown, so a
zoomed track can land minutes from now, and a double-click or pinch puts
back the time its first press moved.
---
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                   |   3 +-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                   |   3 +-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                   |   3 +-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                   |   3 +-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                   |   3 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                   |   3 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                   |   3 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                   |   3 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                   |   3 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                |   3 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json              |   3 +-
 src/ui/stores/worldTime.js                 |  16 +-
 src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css           |  13 ++
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs | 112 ++++++++++++++
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue      | 161 +++++++++++++++++++--
 15 files changed, 303 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index ce7902009..3715c31b0 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3230,5 +3230,6 @@
   "1 h/s": "ساعة/ث",
   "1 d/s": "يوم/ث",
   "1 wk/s": "أسبوع/ث",
-  "Play speed": "سرعة التشغيل"
+  "Play speed": "سرعة التشغيل",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "مرّر أو اقرص للتكبير · انقر نقرًا مزدوجًا لرؤية الكل"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index ae988568d..ec76e1298 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -2950,5 +2950,6 @@
   "1 h/s": "1 Std./s",
   "1 d/s": "1 Tag/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 Wo./s",
-  "Play speed": "Wiedergabegeschwindigkeit"
+  "Play speed": "Wiedergabegeschwindigkeit",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Scrollen oder mit zwei Fingern zoomen · Doppelklick zeigt alles"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index ad207bdb0..81f0e6403 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3020,5 +3020,6 @@
   "1 h/s": "1 h/s",
   "1 d/s": "1 d/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
-  "Play speed": "Velocidad de reproducción"
+  "Play speed": "Velocidad de reproducción",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Desplaza o pellizca para ampliar · doble clic para verlo todo"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 3345cf46b..c95e70e93 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3020,5 +3020,6 @@
   "1 h/s": "1 h/s",
   "1 d/s": "1 j/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
-  "Play speed": "Vitesse de lecture"
+  "Play speed": "Vitesse de lecture",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Faites défiler ou pincez pour zoomer · double-clic pour tout voir"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 4c1717f5b..47145cc25 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3020,5 +3020,6 @@
   "1 h/s": "1 h/s",
   "1 d/s": "1 g/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sett/s",
-  "Play speed": "Velocità di riproduzione"
+  "Play speed": "Velocità di riproduzione",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Scorri o pizzica per lo zoom · doppio clic per vedere tutto"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index fd70f8541..fc4ad110b 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2880,5 +2880,6 @@
   "1 h/s": "1時間/秒",
   "1 d/s": "1日/秒",
   "1 wk/s": "1週間/秒",
-  "Play speed": "再生速度"
+  "Play speed": "再生速度",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "スクロールまたはピンチでズーム · ダブルクリックで全体表示"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 3b9a03e29..c01472e42 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3020,5 +3020,6 @@
   "1 h/s": "1 h/s",
   "1 d/s": "1 d/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
-  "Play speed": "Velocidade de reprodução"
+  "Play speed": "Velocidade de reprodução",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Role ou faça pinça para ampliar · clique duplo para ver tudo"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index c4b0e2046..83d18b2d2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3090,5 +3090,6 @@
   "1 h/s": "1 ч/с",
   "1 d/s": "1 дн/с",
   "1 wk/s": "1 нед/с",
-  "Play speed": "Скорость воспроизведения"
+  "Play speed": "Скорость воспроизведения",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Прокрутите или сведите пальцы для масштаба · двойной щелчок — показать всё"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 1bad7daa6..ab598a937 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3090,5 +3090,6 @@
   "1 h/s": "1 год/с",
   "1 d/s": "1 дн/с",
   "1 wk/s": "1 тиж/с",
-  "Play speed": "Швидкість відтворення"
+  "Play speed": "Швидкість відтворення",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Прокрутіть або зведіть пальці для масштабу · подвійне клацання — показати все"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index ec77d015d..cb34c135d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2880,5 +2880,6 @@
   "1 h/s": "1 小时/秒",
   "1 d/s": "1 天/秒",
   "1 wk/s": "1 周/秒",
-  "Play speed": "播放速度"
+  "Play speed": "播放速度",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "滚动或双指缩放 · 双击查看全部"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index 7753a6f95..7d82fbcd9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2880,5 +2880,6 @@
   "1 h/s": "1 小時/秒",
   "1 d/s": "1 天/秒",
   "1 wk/s": "1 週/秒",
-  "Play speed": "播放速度"
+  "Play speed": "播放速度",
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "捲動或雙指縮放 · 按兩下查看全部"
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
index ea73e262f..35cad2edc 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
       marks: covered.marks,
     });
   };
-  const nearNow = (ms, span) =>
+  const nearNow = (ms, length) =>
     Math.abs(ms - worldClock.wallNow()) <=
-    Math.max(LIVE_EDGE_MS, span ? (span.end - span.start) * LIVE_EDGE : 0);
+    Math.max(LIVE_EDGE_MS, length * LIVE_EDGE);
   // Whether the track ends at now (and moves on with it), not past it.
   const endsAtNow = (covered) =>
     covered.end - worldClock.wallNow() <= LIVE_EDGE_MS;
@@ -146,9 +146,15 @@ export const useWorldTimeStore = defineStore('gev-world-time', () => {
       worldClock.play({ rate: rate(), continuous: true });
     },
     goLive: () => worldClock.goLive(),
-    /** Scrub to `ms`: playback stops where the hand puts it; at now, live. */
-    scrub(ms) {
-      if (nearNow(ms, time.value.span)) {
+    /**
+     * Scrub to `ms`: playback stops where the hand puts it; at now, live.
+     * How near now counts as now goes by `length`, the stretch the track
+     * shows, all of the span unless it is zoomed.
+     */
+    scrub(ms, length) {
+      const span = time.value.span;
+      length ??= span ? span.end - span.start : 0;
+      if (nearNow(ms, length)) {
         worldClock.goLive();
         return;
       }
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
index 0fd12fe28..f6c379e8e 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
@@ -128,11 +128,24 @@ body.cockpit-mode #world-timeline {
    range input on top for dragging and the keyboard. */
 #world-timeline .world-timeline-track {
   position: relative;
+  /* Two fingers pinch the track, not the page. */
+  touch-action: none;
   flex: 1 1 auto;
   min-width: 80px;
   height: 24px;
 }
 
+/* Zoomed, the track's ends fade, as it goes on past them. */
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-track.is-zoomed::before {
+  background: linear-gradient(
+    90deg,
+    transparent,
+    rgba(123, 189, 211, 0.22) 12px,
+    rgba(123, 189, 211, 0.22) calc(100% - 12px),
+    transparent
+  );
+}
+
 #world-timeline .world-timeline-track::before {
   position: absolute;
   top: 50%;
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
index 746158ddb..06301f3a2 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
@@ -299,3 +299,115 @@ test('paused just before the end, play carries on rather than restarting', async
   worldClock.pause();
   assert.ok(worldClock.now() >= end - 4_000, 'not back to the start');
 });
+
+test('the track zooms around the handle, follows it, and shows it all again', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const now = Date.now();
+  const start = now - 26 * 86_400_000;
+  const release = worldClock.hold('test-launches');
+  const unregister = worldClock.register({
+    id: 'test-launches',
+    // A month of launches and three hours of lightning, sharing one track.
+    coverage: () => ({
+      start,
+      end: now,
+      marks: [start, now - 3 * 3_600_000, now - 2 * 3_600_000, now - 3_600_000],
+    }),
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    unregister();
+    release();
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  const track = bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-track');
+  const input = bar().querySelector('input[type=range]');
+  const length = () => Number(input.max) - Number(input.min);
+  const full = length();
+  assert.equal(bar().querySelectorAll('.world-timeline-tick').length, 4);
+
+  // Live, the handle is at the end: zooming in keeps the view on now.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+    track.dispatchEvent(new WheelEvent('wheel', { deltaY: -200, cancelable: true }));
+    await nextTick();
+  }
+  assert.ok(length() < full / 100, 'zoomed in');
+  assert.ok(Number(input.max) >= now, 'still ending at now');
+  assert.equal(track.classList.contains('is-zoomed'), true);
+  assert.equal(bar().querySelectorAll('.world-timeline-tick').length, 3, 'only the ticks in view');
+
+  // A seek off the view takes the view along.
+  worldClock.seek(start + 86_400_000);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(Number(input.min) <= start + 86_400_000 && Number(input.max) >= start + 86_400_000);
+  assert.ok(length() < full / 100, 'at the same zoom');
+
+  // Minus widens, zero and a double-click show it all.
+  input.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: '-' }));
+  await nextTick();
+  input.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: '0' }));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(length() - full) < 1_000, 'all of it');
+  input.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: '+' }));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(length() < full);
+  track.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('dblclick'));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(track.classList.contains('is-zoomed'), false);
+});
+
+test('zoomed, a scrub near now stays off live, and the view keeps a still handle', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const now = Date.now();
+  const start = now - 26 * 86_400_000;
+  let end = now;
+  const release = worldClock.hold('test-launches');
+  const unregister = worldClock.register({
+    id: 'test-launches',
+    coverage: () => ({ start, end, marks: [start, now - 3_600_000] }),
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    unregister();
+    release();
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  const track = bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-track');
+  const input = bar().querySelector('input[type=range]');
+  // Ten notches of a line-mode wheel, as Firefox sends them.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+    track.dispatchEvent(new WheelEvent('wheel', { deltaY: -12, deltaMode: 1, cancelable: true }));
+    await nextTick();
+  }
+  assert.ok(Number(input.max) - Number(input.min) < 6 * 3_600_000, 'lines zoom like pixels');
+  // A sideways swipe leaves the zoom alone.
+  const sideways = new WheelEvent('wheel', { deltaX: 50, deltaY: 1, cancelable: true });
+  track.dispatchEvent(sideways);
+  assert.equal(sideways.defaultPrevented, false);
+
+  // Twenty minutes back is near now on a month, not on a few hours.
+  input.value = String(now - 20 * 60_000);
+  input.dispatchEvent(new Event('input'));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.isLive(), false);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(worldClock.now() - (now - 20 * 60_000)) < 1_000);
+
+  // The span running on past the paused handle takes the view back to it.
+  end = now + 86_400_000;
+  worldClock.coverageChanged();
+  await nextTick();
+  const at = worldClock.now();
+  assert.ok(Number(input.min) <= at && Number(input.max) >= at, 'handle in view');
+
+  // With a modifier, plus is the browser's zoom.
+  const browserZoom = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: '+', ctrlKey: true, cancelable: true });
+  input.dispatchEvent(browserZoom);
+  assert.equal(browserZoom.defaultPrevented, false);
+
+  // A double-click puts back the time its first press moved.
+  track.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('mousedown', { bubbles: true }));
+  input.value = String(at - 3_600_000);
+  input.dispatchEvent(new Event('input'));
+  track.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('dblclick', { bubbles: true }));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(track.classList.contains('is-zoomed'), false);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(worldClock.now() - at) < 1_000, 'time as it was');
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
index e56737fda..9588b7e64 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <script setup>
-import { computed } from 'vue';
+import { computed, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue';
 import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia';
 import { formatDate, t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
 import { useWorldTimeStore } from '../../stores/worldTime.js';
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ import UiSelect from '../../kit/UiSelect.js';
 // The world timeline: play and pause and the speed on the left, a track
 // across the stretch the layers on can show (each launch or frame a tick)
 // with a handle to scrub and the time in a bubble over it, and the way back
-// to live on the right, lit while live. It
-// shows while a layer with a time of its own (weather, satellites, launches,
+// to live on the right, lit while live. Scrolling or pinching the track
+// zooms it around the handle; a double-click shows it all again. It shows
+// while a layer with a time of its own (weather, satellites, launches,
 // or one a host follows) is on with time to show; with only live feeds such
 // as flights on, the bar stays hidden.
 const store = useWorldTimeStore();
@@ -43,6 +44,13 @@ const BUBBLE_TIME = Object.freeze({
 // The keyboard's fallback step, as a share of the track, with no mark to go to.
 const KEY_STEP = 0.01;
 const PAGE_STEP = 0.1;
+// Zooming: the shortest stretch the track narrows to, the step a key or a
+// notch of the wheel takes, and how far a wheel's pixel of scroll zooms.
+const MIN_VIEW_MS = 5 * 60_000;
+const ZOOM_STEP = 1.5;
+const WHEEL_ZOOM = 0.0025;
+// Two presses this close are a double-click.
+const DOUBLE_PRESS_MS = 500;
 
 const readout = computed(() =>
   Number.isFinite(time.value.timeMs)
@@ -55,24 +63,144 @@ const bubble = computed(() =>
     : '',
 );
 const span = computed(() => time.value.span);
+// Where the handle is, or null with no track.
 const at = computed(() => {
+  if (!span.value) return null;
   const { start, end } = span.value;
   return Math.min(end, Math.max(start, time.value.timeMs));
 });
-const place = (ms) => {
+
+// The track shows the whole span, or zoomed, a stretch of it: `length` long,
+// ending at `end`, or at the span's end (and so at now) while `end` is null.
+// Everything still plays together; zooming only changes what the track shows.
+const zoom = shallowRef(null);
+const view = computed(() => {
+  if (!span.value) return null;
   const { start, end } = span.value;
+  const length = zoom.value?.length;
+  if (!length || length >= end - start) return { start, end };
+  const viewEnd = Math.min(end, Math.max(start + length, zoom.value.end ?? end));
+  return { start: viewEnd - length, end: viewEnd };
+});
+const zoomed = computed(() => zoom.value !== null);
+const viewLength = () => view.value.end - view.value.start;
+// Narrow or widen the view to `length`, keeping the handle where it is on it.
+function zoomTo(length) {
+  const { start, end } = span.value;
+  const next = Math.max(MIN_VIEW_MS, length);
+  if (next >= end - start) {
+    zoom.value = null;
+    return;
+  }
+  const { start: from, end: to } = view.value;
+  const share = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, (at.value - from) / (to - from)));
+  const viewStart = Math.max(start, at.value - share * next);
+  const viewEnd = viewStart + next;
+  zoom.value = { length: next, end: viewEnd >= end ? null : viewEnd };
+}
+const zoomBy = (factor) => zoomTo(viewLength() * factor);
+// The view keeps the handle on it: playing or stepping off it, or left behind
+// as now moves the view on, the view goes to the handle. The span narrowing to
+// the zoom or less, or going, lets go of the zoom.
+watch([at, view], ([ms, shownView]) => {
+  if (!zoom.value) return;
+  if (ms === null || zoom.value.length >= span.value.end - span.value.start) {
+    zoom.value = null;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (ms >= shownView.start && ms <= shownView.end) return;
+  const length = zoom.value.length;
+  const viewEnd = ms + length / 2;
+  zoom.value = { length, end: viewEnd >= span.value.end ? null : viewEnd };
+});
+// A wheel's lines and pages, in pixels.
+const WHEEL_UNITS = [1, 16, 400];
+const onWheel = (event) => {
+  // A sideways swipe is not a zoom.
+  if (Math.abs(event.deltaY) <= Math.abs(event.deltaX)) return;
+  event.preventDefault();
+  const pixels = event.deltaY * (WHEEL_UNITS[event.deltaMode] ?? 1);
+  zoomBy(Math.exp(pixels * WHEEL_ZOOM));
+};
+// The input takes a press before it can tell a double-click or a pinch, so
+// both put the time back where it was before their first touch.
+let before = null;
+let pressedAt = -Infinity;
+const onPress = (event) => {
+  if (event.timeStamp - pressedAt > DOUBLE_PRESS_MS)
+    before = { live: time.value.live, timeMs: time.value.timeMs };
+  pressedAt = event.timeStamp;
+};
+const restore = () => {
+  if (!before) return;
+  if (before.live) store.goLive();
+  else store.scrub(before.timeMs, 0);
+};
+const showAll = () => {
+  restore();
+  zoom.value = null;
+};
+// Two fingers on the track pinch it, and the first finger stops scrubbing.
+let pinch = null;
+const spread = (touches) =>
+  Math.hypot(
+    touches[0].clientX - touches[1].clientX,
+    touches[0].clientY - touches[1].clientY,
+  );
+const onTouchStart = (event) => {
+  if (event.touches.length === 1) onPress(event);
+  if (event.touches.length !== 2) return;
+  restore();
+  pinch = { spread: spread(event.touches), length: viewLength() };
+};
+const onTouchMove = (event) => {
+  if (!pinch || event.touches.length !== 2) return;
+  event.preventDefault();
+  const now = spread(event.touches);
+  if (now > 0) zoomTo((pinch.length * pinch.spread) / now);
+};
+const onTouchEnd = (event) => {
+  if (event.touches.length === 0) pinch = null;
+};
+
+const place = (ms) => {
+  const { start, end } = view.value;
   return end > start ? ((ms - start) / (end - start)) * 100 : 100;
 };
-const ticks = computed(() =>
-  span.value.marks.map((mark) => `${place(mark)}%`),
+const ticks = computed(() => {
+  const { start, end } = view.value;
+  return span.value.marks
+    .filter((mark) => mark >= start && mark <= end)
+    .map((mark) => `${place(mark)}%`);
+});
+const shown = computed(() =>
+  Math.min(view.value.end, Math.max(view.value.start, at.value)),
 );
-const scrub = (event) => store.scrub(Number(event.target.value));
+const scrub = (event) => {
+  // A pinch only zooms; the input goes back to the handle.
+  if (pinch) {
+    event.target.value = shown.value;
+    return;
+  }
+  store.scrub(Number(event.target.value), viewLength());
+};
 // Arrows go to the previous or next mark (a launch, a frame), or a step along
-// the track; Page keys take a tenth of it; Home and End go to its ends.
+// the track as shown; Page keys take a tenth of it; Home and End go to the
+// ends of all of it. Plus and minus zoom, and zero shows it all; with a
+// modifier they are the browser's own zoom.
+const ZOOM_KEYS = ['+', '=', '-', '0'];
 const onKey = (event) => {
+  if (ZOOM_KEYS.includes(event.key)) {
+    if (event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey || event.altKey) return;
+    event.preventDefault();
+    if (event.key === '-') zoomBy(ZOOM_STEP);
+    else if (event.key === '0') zoom.value = null;
+    else zoomBy(1 / ZOOM_STEP);
+    return;
+  }
   const { start, end, marks } = span.value;
   const now = at.value;
-  const length = end - start;
+  const length = viewLength();
   let to = null;
   if (event.key === 'ArrowLeft' || event.key === 'ArrowDown')
     to = marks.findLast((mark) => mark < now) ?? now - length * KEY_STEP;
@@ -84,7 +212,7 @@ const onKey = (event) => {
   else if (event.key === 'End') to = end;
   if (to === null) return;
   event.preventDefault();
-  store.scrub(Math.min(end, Math.max(start, to)));
+  store.scrub(Math.min(end, Math.max(start, to)), length);
 };
 </script>
 
@@ -93,20 +221,21 @@ const onKey = (event) => {
     ><UiButton class="world-timeline-play" :label="time.playing ? t('Pause') : t('Play')" @click="store.togglePlay()"
       ><UiIcon :name="time.playing ? 'pause' : 'play_arrow'" :size="20" /></UiButton
     ><UiSelect class="gev-field gev-field--compact world-timeline-speed" :aria-label="t('Play speed')" :title="t('Play speed')" :options="speeds" :model-value="speed" @update:model-value="store.setSpeed($event)"
-    /><div class="world-timeline-track"
-      ><time class="world-timeline-time" :class="{ 'is-buffering': time.buffering }" :style="{ '--at': place(at) / 100 }" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off">{{ bubble }}</time
+    /><div class="world-timeline-track" :class="{ 'is-zoomed': zoomed }" :title="t('Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all')" @wheel="onWheel" @mousedown="onPress" @dblclick="showAll" @touchstart="onTouchStart" @touchmove="onTouchMove" @touchend="onTouchEnd" @touchcancel="onTouchEnd"
+      ><time class="world-timeline-time" :class="{ 'is-buffering': time.buffering }" :style="{ '--at': place(shown) / 100 }" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off">{{ bubble }}</time
       ><span v-for="(left, index) in ticks" :key="index" class="world-timeline-tick" :style="{ left }" aria-hidden="true"></span
-      ><span class="world-timeline-fill" :style="{ width: `${place(at)}%` }" aria-hidden="true"></span
+      ><span class="world-timeline-fill" :style="{ width: `${place(shown)}%` }" aria-hidden="true"></span
       ><input
         class="world-timeline-scrub"
         type="range"
         :aria-label="t('World time')"
         :aria-valuetext="readout"
-        :min="span.start"
-        :max="span.end"
+        :min="view.start"
+        :max="view.end"
         step="any"
-        :value="at"
+        :value="shown"
         @input="scrub"
+        aria-keyshortcuts="+ - 0"
         @keydown="onKey"
     /></div
     ><UiButton class="world-timeline-live" :label="time.live ? t('Live') : t('Back to live')" :pressed="time.live" pressed-class="is-live" :disabled="time.live" @click="store.goLive()">{{ t('Live') }}</UiButton

From 4fc9722356d7bf8a0194e5f7ff6c52f636060fa3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 15:11:47 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 054/262] Show a spinner by the time while play waits on data

Play holds while a layer loads the frame for its time, and the bar's only
sign of it was a faint pulse, so a stopped handle read as a stall. The
bubble now shows a small spinner beside the time while play is held. It
comes on once a hold lasts long enough to notice and stays through a run of
slow frames, so neither a quick frame nor the gaps between frames flash it.
---
 src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css           | 25 +++++++++++++------
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue      | 28 +++++++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
index f6c379e8e..2eeea8504 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
@@ -106,21 +106,32 @@ body.cockpit-mode #world-timeline {
   pointer-events: none;
 }
 
-/* Playing, held while a layer loads the time's data. */
-#world-timeline .world-timeline-time.is-buffering {
-  animation: world-timeline-buffering 1s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
+/* Playing, held while a layer loads the time's data: a spinner by the time. */
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-time.is-waiting {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
 }
 
-@keyframes world-timeline-buffering {
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-spinner {
+  width: 10px;
+  height: 10px;
+  border: 2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
+  border-top-color: var(--accent);
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  animation: world-timeline-spin 0.9s linear infinite;
+}
+
+@keyframes world-timeline-spin {
   to {
-    opacity: 0.45;
+    transform: rotate(360deg);
   }
 }
 
 @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
-  #world-timeline .world-timeline-time.is-buffering {
+  #world-timeline .world-timeline-spinner {
     animation: none;
-    opacity: 0.6;
+    border-color: var(--accent);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
index 06301f3a2..40e7d3ad1 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
@@ -411,3 +411,32 @@ test('zoomed, a scrub near now stays off live, and the view keeps a still handle
   assert.equal(track.classList.contains('is-zoomed'), false);
   assert.ok(Math.abs(worldClock.now() - at) < 1_000, 'time as it was');
 });
+
+test('play held for a layer to load shows a spinner once the hold lasts', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const at = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 30, 6, 15, 42);
+  supportingLayer(t, at);
+  worldClock.seek(at - 1_800_000);
+  worldClock.play({ continuous: true });
+  await nextTick();
+  const bubble = () => bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-time');
+  const release = worldClock.wait('test-radar');
+  t.after(release);
+  // A clock tick (a quarter second) tells of the hold; the spinner waits on.
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 250));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(bubble().querySelector('.world-timeline-spinner'), null, 'not for a quick frame');
+  // The clock tells of the hold on its next tick, and the bar shows it after.
+  const until = async (shown) => {
+    for (let waited = 0; waited < 3_000; waited += 50) {
+      if (Boolean(bubble().querySelector('.world-timeline-spinner')) === shown) return true;
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 50));
+      await nextTick();
+    }
+    return false;
+  };
+  assert.ok(await until(true), 'spinner once the hold lasts');
+  assert.match(bubble().textContent, /UTC$/, 'the time stays');
+  release();
+  assert.ok(await until(false), 'gone once play goes on');
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
index 9588b7e64..40baecaae 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <script setup>
-import { computed, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue';
+import { computed, onBeforeUnmount, shallowRef, watch } from 'vue';
 import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia';
 import { formatDate, t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
 import { useWorldTimeStore } from '../../stores/worldTime.js';
@@ -62,6 +62,29 @@ const bubble = computed(() =>
     ? `${formatDate(time.value.timeMs, BUBBLE_DATE)} · ${formatDate(time.value.timeMs, BUBBLE_TIME)} UTC`
     : '',
 );
+// Play held while a layer loads the time's data shows a spinner by the time,
+// once the hold lasts long enough to notice, so a quick frame does not flash
+// it, and until play has run a while, so a run of slow frames keeps it still.
+const WAIT_SHOWN_MS = 300;
+const WAIT_HIDDEN_MS = 500;
+const waiting = shallowRef(false);
+let waitTimer = null;
+watch(
+  () => time.value.buffering,
+  (buffering) => {
+    clearTimeout(waitTimer);
+    waitTimer = null;
+    if (buffering === waiting.value) return;
+    waitTimer = setTimeout(
+      () => {
+        waitTimer = null;
+        waiting.value = buffering;
+      },
+      buffering ? WAIT_SHOWN_MS : WAIT_HIDDEN_MS,
+    );
+  },
+);
+onBeforeUnmount(() => clearTimeout(waitTimer));
 const span = computed(() => time.value.span);
 // Where the handle is, or null with no track.
 const at = computed(() => {
@@ -222,7 +245,8 @@ const onKey = (event) => {
       ><UiIcon :name="time.playing ? 'pause' : 'play_arrow'" :size="20" /></UiButton
     ><UiSelect class="gev-field gev-field--compact world-timeline-speed" :aria-label="t('Play speed')" :title="t('Play speed')" :options="speeds" :model-value="speed" @update:model-value="store.setSpeed($event)"
     /><div class="world-timeline-track" :class="{ 'is-zoomed': zoomed }" :title="t('Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all')" @wheel="onWheel" @mousedown="onPress" @dblclick="showAll" @touchstart="onTouchStart" @touchmove="onTouchMove" @touchend="onTouchEnd" @touchcancel="onTouchEnd"
-      ><time class="world-timeline-time" :class="{ 'is-buffering': time.buffering }" :style="{ '--at': place(shown) / 100 }" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off">{{ bubble }}</time
+      ><time class="world-timeline-time" :class="{ 'is-waiting': waiting }" :style="{ '--at': place(shown) / 100 }" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off"
+        ><span v-if="waiting" class="world-timeline-spinner" aria-hidden="true"></span>{{ bubble }}</time
       ><span v-for="(left, index) in ticks" :key="index" class="world-timeline-tick" :style="{ left }" aria-hidden="true"></span
       ><span class="world-timeline-fill" :style="{ width: `${place(shown)}%` }" aria-hidden="true"></span
       ><input

From 8eab6a76a88029c12de83d4fc6384bf3c0d44df3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 16:13:27 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 055/262] Drag the timeline along, and play through it smoothly

The zoomed track now drags: the handle still drags the time, while the
track around it drags the view along (or the time, with all of it shown),
a tap goes to the time under it, two fingers pinch it, and a sideways swipe
or a shift-wheel drags it too, the same with a mouse, a trackpad or a
finger. A view dragged off the handle stays put until the time moves.

Play moved in steps: the world clock told of its time four times a second,
so the handle and the globe jumped, and play stopped at every weather frame
while it drew, loaded ahead or not. The clock now tells of its time each
animation frame, and play no longer waits on the frame it is at: that
frame loads as play goes on, and play holds only at the next frame while
the one before it still loads. Weather loads its next frame ahead while the
world plays too, tells its listeners of frames as they change rather than
every frame, and the sun and moon move on each minute of world time.
---
 src/celestialRing.js                       |  13 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                   |   2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                   |   2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                   |   2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                   |   2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                   |   2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                   |   2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                   |   2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                   |   2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                   |   2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                |   2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json              |   2 +-
 src/layers/weather/clock.js                |  56 ++++--
 src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs          | 165 ++++++++++++------
 src/layers/weather/index.js                |   5 +-
 src/time/worldClock.js                     |  28 ++-
 src/time/worldClock.test.mjs               |  34 ++++
 src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css           |  49 +++++-
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs | 108 +++++++++++-
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue      | 191 +++++++++++++++------
 20 files changed, 534 insertions(+), 137 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/celestialRing.js b/src/celestialRing.js
index f470e7d18..525ded44e 100644
--- a/src/celestialRing.js
+++ b/src/celestialRing.js
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ export const KEYHOLE_LABEL_FEATHER_MAX_RATIO = 0.4;
  */
 export const KEYHOLE_OUTSIDE_OPACITY_DEFAULT = 0.01;
 
+// How far the world time moves before the sun and moon move with it: a
+// minute moves the sun a quarter of a degree.
+const EPHEMERIS_WORLD_STEP_MS = 60_000;
 const RING_INSET_PX = 11;
 const MARKER_INSET_PX = 36;
 const COLLIDING_MARKER_EXTRA_INSET_PX = 32;
@@ -452,7 +455,15 @@ export class CelestialRing {
     // A jump in the world time moves the sun and moon at once.
     this._skyDate = new Date();
     this._skyTime = new Cesium.JulianDate();
-    this._unsubscribeWorldTime = worldClock.subscribe(() => {
+    // Played through, the sky moves on each minute of world time it passes.
+    this._ephemerisWorldMs = null;
+    this._unsubscribeWorldTime = worldClock.subscribe(({ timeMs }) => {
+      if (
+        this._ephemerisWorldMs !== null &&
+        Math.abs(timeMs - this._ephemerisWorldMs) < EPHEMERIS_WORLD_STEP_MS
+      )
+        return;
+      this._ephemerisWorldMs = timeMs;
       this._ephemerisDirty = true;
     });
     this.setEnabled(this.enabled);
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 3715c31b0..045eb805a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3231,5 +3231,5 @@
   "1 d/s": "يوم/ث",
   "1 wk/s": "أسبوع/ث",
   "Play speed": "سرعة التشغيل",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "مرّر أو اقرص للتكبير · انقر نقرًا مزدوجًا لرؤية الكل"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "مرّر أو اقرص للتكبير، واسحب للتنقل · انقر نقرًا مزدوجًا لرؤية الكل"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index ec76e1298..70aa6ab52 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -2951,5 +2951,5 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 Tag/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 Wo./s",
   "Play speed": "Wiedergabegeschwindigkeit",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Scrollen oder mit zwei Fingern zoomen · Doppelklick zeigt alles"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Scrollen oder mit zwei Fingern zoomen, ziehen zum Verschieben · Doppelklick zeigt alles"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 81f0e6403..668727f02 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3021,5 +3021,5 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 d/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
   "Play speed": "Velocidad de reproducción",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Desplaza o pellizca para ampliar · doble clic para verlo todo"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Desplaza o pellizca para ampliar, arrastra para moverte · doble clic para verlo todo"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index c95e70e93..3c4d7b29b 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3021,5 +3021,5 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 j/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
   "Play speed": "Vitesse de lecture",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Faites défiler ou pincez pour zoomer · double-clic pour tout voir"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Faites défiler ou pincez pour zoomer, glissez pour vous déplacer · double-clic pour tout voir"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 47145cc25..e351e1ab5 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3021,5 +3021,5 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 g/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sett/s",
   "Play speed": "Velocità di riproduzione",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Scorri o pizzica per lo zoom · doppio clic per vedere tutto"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Scorri o pizzica per lo zoom, trascina per spostarti · doppio clic per vedere tutto"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index fc4ad110b..a7df054cd 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2881,5 +2881,5 @@
   "1 d/s": "1日/秒",
   "1 wk/s": "1週間/秒",
   "Play speed": "再生速度",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "スクロールまたはピンチでズーム · ダブルクリックで全体表示"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "スクロールまたはピンチでズーム、ドラッグで移動 · ダブルクリックで全体表示"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index c01472e42..ba3a5f551 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3021,5 +3021,5 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 d/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
   "Play speed": "Velocidade de reprodução",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Role ou faça pinça para ampliar · clique duplo para ver tudo"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Role ou faça pinça para ampliar, arraste para se mover · clique duplo para ver tudo"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 83d18b2d2..8648bc37d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3091,5 +3091,5 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 дн/с",
   "1 wk/s": "1 нед/с",
   "Play speed": "Скорость воспроизведения",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Прокрутите или сведите пальцы для масштаба · двойной щелчок — показать всё"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Прокрутите или сведите пальцы для масштаба, перетащите для перемещения · двойной щелчок — показать всё"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index ab598a937..0a3872414 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3091,5 +3091,5 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 дн/с",
   "1 wk/s": "1 тиж/с",
   "Play speed": "Швидкість відтворення",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "Прокрутіть або зведіть пальці для масштабу · подвійне клацання — показати все"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Прокрутіть або зведіть пальці для масштабу, перетягніть для переміщення · подвійне клацання — показати все"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index cb34c135d..394df0057 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2881,5 +2881,5 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 天/秒",
   "1 wk/s": "1 周/秒",
   "Play speed": "播放速度",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "滚动或双指缩放 · 双击查看全部"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "滚动或双指缩放，拖动以移动 · 双击查看全部"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index 7d82fbcd9..21018551c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2881,5 +2881,5 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 天/秒",
   "1 wk/s": "1 週/秒",
   "Play speed": "播放速度",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all": "捲動或雙指縮放 · 按兩下查看全部"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "捲動或雙指縮放，拖曳以移動 · 按兩下查看全部"
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/clock.js b/src/layers/weather/clock.js
index 21a081b48..7384935b0 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/clock.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/clock.js
@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ export const GLOBAL_INFRARED_MAX_GAP_MS = 3 * 60 * 60_000;
 export const LIGHTNING_MAX_GAP_MS = 30 * 60_000;
 /** The longest play waits on a frame before it goes on without it. */
 export const PLAY_WAIT_MS = 8_000;
+// Playing on its own, the world does not wait on the frame it is at: that
+// frame loads as play goes on. Play holds only at the next frame while the
+// one before it still loads, then goes on to it once it shows, so every frame
+// shows, play stops only for a load that is slow, and a frame loaded ahead
+// costs play nothing.
 
 let clocks = 0;
 
@@ -39,10 +44,12 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
   let pending = null;
   // This clock's name on the world, for its holds and its gate.
   const holdId = `weather:${++clocks}`;
-  // While the world plays, the hold on it as frames for its time load, and
-  // the timer that lets play go on should a frame never come.
+  // While the world plays, the hold on it at the next frame as the one before
+  // it loads, and the timer that lets play go on should that frame never
+  // come; and whether the move to the next frame waits on it.
   let waiting = null;
   let waitTimer = null;
+  let deferred = false;
   const stopWaiting = () => {
     const release = waiting;
     waiting = null;
@@ -56,6 +63,8 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     waitTimer = setTimeout(() => {
       waitTimer = null;
       stopWaiting();
+      // The frame that never came gives way to the one play is at.
+      if (deferred) void transition();
     }, PLAY_WAIT_MS);
   };
   // Playing on its own, the world waits for frames as they load.
@@ -93,6 +102,9 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     mode,
     target,
     playing,
+    // Frames come on one after another: this clock replays them, or the world
+    // plays on through them, so the next is worth loading ahead.
+    advancing: playing || worldPlaysOn(),
     timeline: getTimeline(),
     products: [...registry.values()].map(({ product }) => ({
       id: product.id,
@@ -158,13 +170,10 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
     cancelTimer();
     const owner = ++generation;
     if (!canPlay()) stopPlaying();
-    // Playing, the world waits for new frames; a later move takes over the
-    // wait, and a scrub (not playing) drops what loads and moves on. A refresh
-    // that shows the same frames does not hold play.
-    const framesChange = selections() !== applied;
+    // A scrub drops what loads and moves on; play goes on as this loads.
     applied = selections();
+    deferred = false;
     stopWaiting();
-    if (framesChange && worldPlaysOn()) startWaiting();
     for (const entry of registry.values()) entry.controller?.abort();
     // Start all products together; a rejection must not skip the settle barrier.
     const tasks = [...registry.values()].map((entry) => {
@@ -183,6 +192,8 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
       if (!canPlay()) stopPlaying();
       notify();
       schedule();
+      // Play held at the next frame for this one goes on to it.
+      if (deferred) void transition();
       return true;
     });
     pending = result;
@@ -346,22 +357,43 @@ export function createWeatherClock({
   function followWorld(state) {
     if (destroyed) return;
     gateNext(state);
-    // Play pressed while a frame still loads waits for it too.
+    // Play starting or stopping changes whether the next frame loads ahead.
     const playsOn = worldPlaysOn(state);
-    if (playsOn && !playedOn && pending) startWaiting();
+    const playChanged = playsOn !== playedOn;
     playedOn = playsOn;
     const nextMode = state.live ? 'latest' : 'history';
     const nextTarget = state.live
       ? null
       : new Date(Math.floor(state.timeMs)).toISOString();
     const key = nextTarget ?? 'latest';
-    if (key === seen) return;
+    if (key === seen) {
+      if (playChanged) notify();
+      return;
+    }
     seen = key;
     const modeChanged = nextMode !== mode;
     mode = nextMode;
     target = nextTarget;
-    if (moving || modeChanged || selections() !== applied) void transition();
-    else notify();
+    if (!moving && !modeChanged && selections() === applied) {
+      // Back at the frame that loads, play need not hold for it.
+      if (deferred) {
+        deferred = false;
+        stopWaiting();
+      }
+      // Played through, the time moves each frame with nothing new to show:
+      // listeners hear of the frames as they change.
+      if (!playsOn || playChanged) notify();
+      return;
+    }
+    // Playing on into the next frame while the one before it loads, the
+    // world holds here until that one shows.
+    if (!moving && !modeChanged && pending && playsOn) {
+      deferred = true;
+      startWaiting();
+      notify();
+      return;
+    }
+    void transition();
   }
   // Playing on its own, the world stops at each next frame to load it rather
   // than run past frames between its ticks.
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs b/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
index 55b79a87b..dd2535ffc 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/weather/clock.test.mjs
@@ -495,48 +495,6 @@ test('a clock destroyed while it registers a product lets go of it', (t) => {
   assert.equal(world.getState().supported, false);
 });
 
-test('playing, the world waits for each frame; a scrub drops it and moves on', async (t) => {
-  const { clock, world, tick } = harness(t);
-  const radar = product('radar', [0, 10, 20]);
-  const loads = [];
-  radar.apply = (selected, { signal }) =>
-    new Promise((resolve) => {
-      loads.push({ selected, signal, done: () => resolve(true) });
-    });
-  clock.register(radar);
-  world.seek(Date.parse(time(9)));
-  await flush();
-  loads.at(-1).done();
-  await flush();
-  world.play({ rate: 60, continuous: true });
-  tick(2_000);
-  // Into the next frame (the page's ticker tells of it): the world holds
-  // there while it loads.
-  world.coverageChanged();
-  await flush();
-  assert.equal(loads.at(-1).selected, time(10));
-  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, true);
-  const held = world.now();
-  tick(5_000);
-  assert.equal(world.now(), held, 'held while the frame loads');
-  loads.at(-1).done();
-  await flush();
-  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false);
-  tick(1_000);
-  assert.equal(world.now(), held + 60_000, 'and plays on once it shows');
-
-  // A scrub aborts what loads and loads where the hand is, with no wait.
-  world.pause();
-  world.seek(Date.parse(time(20)));
-  await flush();
-  const scrubbed = loads.at(-1);
-  world.seek(Date.parse(time(0)));
-  await flush();
-  assert.equal(scrubbed.signal.aborted, true);
-  assert.equal(loads.at(-1).selected, time(0));
-  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false);
-});
-
 // A radar whose frames load only when the test says.
 function slowRadar(minutes) {
   const radar = product('radar', minutes);
@@ -573,6 +531,61 @@ test('play stops at the next frame, not past it, until it shows', async (t) => {
   );
 });
 
+test('playing, a frame loads as play goes on, and play holds at the next until it shows', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world, tick } = harness(t);
+  const radar = slowRadar([0, 10, 20, 30]);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(9)));
+  await flush();
+  radar.loads.at(-1).done();
+  await flush();
+  world.play({ rate: 60, continuous: true });
+  // Into the next frame (the page's frames tell of it): it loads as play goes on.
+  tick(2_000);
+  world.coverageChanged();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(radar.loads.at(-1).selected, time(10));
+  assert.equal(
+    world.getState().buffering,
+    false,
+    'no hold for the frame play is at',
+  );
+  // At the frame after while that one still loads, play holds there.
+  tick(10_000);
+  world.coverageChanged();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(world.now(), Date.parse(time(20)));
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, true);
+  assert.equal(
+    radar.loads.at(-1).selected,
+    time(10),
+    'the frame before still loads',
+  );
+  tick(5_000);
+  assert.equal(world.now(), Date.parse(time(20)), 'held while it loads');
+  radar.loads.at(-1).done();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(
+    radar.loads.at(-1).selected,
+    time(20),
+    'and on to the next once it shows',
+  );
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false);
+  tick(1_000);
+  assert.equal(world.now(), Date.parse(time(20)) + 60_000);
+
+  // A scrub aborts what loads and loads where the hand is, with no wait.
+  world.pause();
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(30)));
+  await flush();
+  const scrubbed = radar.loads.at(-1);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(0)));
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(scrubbed.signal.aborted, true);
+  assert.equal(radar.loads.at(-1).selected, time(0));
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false);
+});
+
 test('a frame that never comes holds play only so long', async (t) => {
   const { clock, world, tick } = harness(t);
   const radar = slowRadar([0, 10, 20]);
@@ -585,26 +598,58 @@ test('a frame that never comes holds play only so long', async (t) => {
   tick(2_000);
   world.coverageChanged();
   await flush();
+  tick(10_000);
+  world.coverageChanged();
+  await flush();
   assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, true);
+  const stuck = radar.loads.at(-1);
   tick(PLAY_WAIT_MS);
+  await flush();
   assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false, 'play goes on without it');
+  assert.equal(stuck.signal.aborted, true);
+  assert.equal(radar.loads.at(-1).selected, time(20), 'loading where play is');
 });
 
-test('play pressed while a frame loads waits for it; a refresh does not', async (t) => {
+test('held at the next frame, a scrub back to the one loading lets play go', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world, tick } = harness(t);
+  const radar = slowRadar([0, 10, 20]);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(9)));
+  await flush();
+  radar.loads.at(-1).done();
+  await flush();
+  world.play({ rate: 60, continuous: true });
+  tick(2_000);
+  world.coverageChanged();
+  await flush();
+  tick(10_000);
+  world.coverageChanged();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, true);
+  world.pause();
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(11)));
+  await flush();
+  world.play({ rate: 60, continuous: true });
+  assert.equal(
+    world.getState().buffering,
+    false,
+    'no hold for the frame it is at',
+  );
+  const at = world.now();
+  tick(1_000);
+  assert.equal(world.now(), at + 60_000);
+});
+
+test('a frame in flight as play starts loads as it goes on; a refresh does not hold', async (t) => {
   const { clock, world } = harness(t);
   const radar = slowRadar([0, 10, 20]);
   clock.register(radar);
   world.seek(Date.parse(time(5)));
   await flush();
   world.play({ continuous: true });
-  assert.equal(
-    world.getState().buffering,
-    true,
-    'waits for the frame in flight',
-  );
+  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false);
   radar.loads.at(-1).done();
   await flush();
-  assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false);
   void clock.refresh();
   await flush();
   assert.equal(world.getState().buffering, false, 'the same frames, no hold');
@@ -640,3 +685,25 @@ test('weather clocks sharing a world gate it each on their own', async (t) => {
     'the other clock’s gate stays',
   );
 });
+
+test('played through, listeners hear of frames as they change, and of play stopping', async (t) => {
+  const { clock, world, tick } = harness(t);
+  const radar = product('radar', [0, 10, 20]);
+  clock.register(radar);
+  world.seek(Date.parse(time(1)));
+  await flush();
+  world.play({ rate: 60, continuous: true });
+  await flush();
+  const heard = [];
+  clock.subscribe((state) => heard.push(state));
+  // Seconds of world time within one frame: nothing new to show.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+    tick(100);
+    world.coverageChanged();
+  }
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(heard.length, 0);
+  world.pause();
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(heard.at(-1)?.advancing, false, 'heard play stop');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/index.js b/src/layers/weather/index.js
index 4ccfdef6e..fb1447827 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/index.js
@@ -109,7 +109,8 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
   const notify = () => listener?.();
   const shownTime = () => (noFrame ? null : rendering?.getDiagnostics().time);
   const unsubscribeClock = clock?.subscribe(() => {
-    if (!clock.getState().playing || suspended()) rendering?.cancelPrefetch?.();
+    if (!clock.getState().advancing || suspended())
+      rendering?.cancelPrefetch?.();
     notify();
   });
   const observationDelayed = () =>
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
     if (
       !enabled ||
       suspended() ||
-      !(clock ? clock.getState().playing : playing)
+      !(clock ? clock.getState().advancing : playing)
     )
       return;
     const times = manifest?.times ?? [];
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.js b/src/time/worldClock.js
index 7d493bbc7..edfe4c283 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.js
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.js
@@ -24,15 +24,21 @@ const MAX_DATE_MS = 8.64e15;
 export const isWorldTime = (ms) =>
   Number.isFinite(ms) && Math.abs(ms) <= MAX_DATE_MS;
 
-/** How often subscribers hear of a continuously playing cursor. */
+/**
+ * How often subscribers hear of a continuously playing cursor with no
+ * animation frames to go by; with them, they hear of it every frame.
+ */
 export const WORLD_CLOCK_TICK_MS = 250;
 
 /**
  * @param {{now?: () => number, monotonicNow?: () => number,
  *   setInterval?: typeof globalThis.setInterval,
  *   clearInterval?: typeof globalThis.clearInterval,
+ *   requestFrame?: typeof globalThis.requestAnimationFrame | null,
+ *   cancelFrame?: typeof globalThis.cancelAnimationFrame | null,
  *   follow?: Iterable<string>}} [options] `follow` lists the layers that
- *   move with the cursor from the start.
+ *   move with the cursor from the start. Playing, the clock tells its
+ *   listeners of the time each animation frame, or each tick without frames.
  */
 export function createWorldClock({
   // Read at each call, so a stand-in for Date.now (a test's, a harness's)
@@ -41,6 +47,8 @@ export function createWorldClock({
   monotonicNow = () => globalThis.performance.now(),
   setInterval = globalThis.setInterval,
   clearInterval = globalThis.clearInterval,
+  requestFrame = globalThis.requestAnimationFrame?.bind(globalThis) ?? null,
+  cancelFrame = globalThis.cancelAnimationFrame?.bind(globalThis) ?? null,
   follow = [],
 } = {}) {
   const listeners = new Set();
@@ -128,11 +136,23 @@ export function createWorldClock({
       }
     }
   };
+  // Playing, the time moves on smoothly: each frame, so the timeline and the
+  // globe move with it and a layer's next frame is met as it comes, or each
+  // tick where there are no frames.
+  const frames = Boolean(requestFrame && cancelFrame);
+  const frame = () => {
+    ticker = requestFrame(frame);
+    notify();
+  };
   const syncTicker = () => {
     if (continuous() && listeners.size) {
-      ticker ??= setInterval(notify, WORLD_CLOCK_TICK_MS);
+      if (ticker === null)
+        ticker = frames
+          ? requestFrame(frame)
+          : setInterval(notify, WORLD_CLOCK_TICK_MS);
     } else if (ticker !== null) {
-      clearInterval(ticker);
+      if (frames) cancelFrame(ticker);
+      else clearInterval(ticker);
       ticker = null;
     }
   };
diff --git a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
index 8b5154854..f81fa85a9 100644
--- a/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
+++ b/src/time/worldClock.test.mjs
@@ -353,3 +353,37 @@ test('a seek still moves a waiting clock', () => {
   assert.equal(clock.now(), t.wall - 60_000);
   release();
 });
+
+test('playing, listeners hear of the time every animation frame', () => {
+  const t = fakeTime();
+  const frames = new Map();
+  let nextFrame = 1;
+  const clock = createWorldClock({
+    ...t.options,
+    requestFrame: (fn) => {
+      frames.set(nextFrame, fn);
+      return nextFrame++;
+    },
+    cancelFrame: (id) => frames.delete(id),
+  });
+  const heard = [];
+  clock.subscribe((state) => heard.push(state.timeMs));
+  const start = t.wall - 60_000;
+  clock.seek(start);
+  clock.play({ rate: 60 });
+  assert.equal(t.timers.size, 0, 'no ticks with frames to go by');
+  assert.equal(frames.size, 1);
+  const runFrame = () => {
+    const [[id, fn]] = frames;
+    frames.delete(id);
+    fn();
+  };
+  heard.length = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+    t.advance(16);
+    runFrame();
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(heard, [start + 960, start + 1_920, start + 2_880]);
+  clock.pause();
+  assert.equal(frames.size, 0);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
index 2eeea8504..f644f8543 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/world-timeline.css
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ body.cockpit-mode #world-timeline {
   /* Two fingers pinch the track, not the page. */
   touch-action: none;
   flex: 1 1 auto;
+  cursor: pointer;
   min-width: 80px;
   height: 24px;
 }
@@ -193,6 +194,17 @@ body.cockpit-mode #world-timeline {
   pointer-events: none;
 }
 
+/* Zoomed, the track drags along. */
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-track.is-zoomed {
+  cursor: grab;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-track.is-zoomed:active {
+  cursor: grabbing;
+}
+
+/* Only the handle takes the pointer as a slider; the track around it takes
+   taps, drags and pinches itself. */
 #world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub {
   position: absolute;
   inset: 0;
@@ -200,8 +212,29 @@ body.cockpit-mode #world-timeline {
   height: 100%;
   margin: 0;
   background: transparent;
-  cursor: pointer;
   appearance: none;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub::-webkit-slider-thumb {
+  cursor: ew-resize;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub::-moz-range-thumb {
+  cursor: ew-resize;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+
+/* The time dragged off the track: the handle waits at its edge, unseen. */
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub.is-off-view::-webkit-slider-thumb {
+  opacity: 0;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+#world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub.is-off-view::-moz-range-thumb {
+  opacity: 0;
+  pointer-events: none;
 }
 
 #world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub::-webkit-slider-runnable-track {
@@ -232,6 +265,20 @@ body.cockpit-mode #world-timeline {
   background: #031018;
 }
 
+/* A finger needs a bigger handle. */
+@media (pointer: coarse) {
+  #world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub::-webkit-slider-thumb {
+    width: 22px;
+    height: 22px;
+    margin-top: 1px;
+  }
+
+  #world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub::-moz-range-thumb {
+    width: 20px;
+    height: 20px;
+  }
+}
+
 #world-timeline .world-timeline-scrub:focus-visible {
   outline: 1px solid var(--accent);
   outline-offset: 2px;
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
index 40e7d3ad1..3725d9abc 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
@@ -378,10 +378,6 @@ test('zoomed, a scrub near now stays off live, and the view keeps a still handle
     await nextTick();
   }
   assert.ok(Number(input.max) - Number(input.min) < 6 * 3_600_000, 'lines zoom like pixels');
-  // A sideways swipe leaves the zoom alone.
-  const sideways = new WheelEvent('wheel', { deltaX: 50, deltaY: 1, cancelable: true });
-  track.dispatchEvent(sideways);
-  assert.equal(sideways.defaultPrevented, false);
 
   // Twenty minutes back is near now on a month, not on a few hours.
   input.value = String(now - 20 * 60_000);
@@ -403,7 +399,8 @@ test('zoomed, a scrub near now stays off live, and the view keeps a still handle
   assert.equal(browserZoom.defaultPrevented, false);
 
   // A double-click puts back the time its first press moved.
-  track.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('mousedown', { bubbles: true }));
+  track.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerdown', { bubbles: true, pointerId: 1 }));
+  track.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent('pointerup', { bubbles: true, pointerId: 1 }));
   input.value = String(at - 3_600_000);
   input.dispatchEvent(new Event('input'));
   track.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('dblclick', { bubbles: true }));
@@ -440,3 +437,104 @@ test('play held for a layer to load shows a spinner once the hold lasts', async
   release();
   assert.ok(await until(false), 'gone once play goes on');
 });
+
+test('the track drags along, a tap goes to its time, and the handle waits off it', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const now = Date.now();
+  const start = now - 26 * 86_400_000;
+  const release = worldClock.hold('test-launches');
+  const unregister = worldClock.register({
+    id: 'test-launches',
+    coverage: () => ({ start, end: now, marks: [start] }),
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    unregister();
+    release();
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  const track = bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-track');
+  const input = bar().querySelector('input[type=range]');
+  // A 1000 px track from x = 0.
+  Object.defineProperty(track, 'clientWidth', { value: 1_000 });
+  track.getBoundingClientRect = () => ({ left: 0, width: 1_000, top: 0, height: 24 });
+  const press = (type, clientX, pointerId = 1) =>
+    track.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent(type, { bubbles: true, clientX, pointerId }));
+  const view = () => ({ min: Number(input.min), max: Number(input.max) });
+
+  // All of it shown, a tap goes to the time under it.
+  press('pointerdown', 500);
+  press('pointerup', 500);
+  await nextTick();
+  const middle = start + (now - start) / 2;
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(worldClock.now() - middle) < 60_000, 'went to the middle');
+
+  // Zoomed to a day around it, dragging right by half the track goes back half a day.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
+    input.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: '+' }));
+    await nextTick();
+  }
+  const before = view();
+  const day = before.max - before.min;
+  press('pointerdown', 600, 2);
+  press('pointermove', 700, 2);
+  press('pointermove', 1_100, 2);
+  press('pointerup', 1_100, 2);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(view().max - (before.max - day / 2)) < 1_000, 'dragged half a view');
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(worldClock.now() - middle) < 60_000, 'a drag leaves the time');
+
+  // Dragged off the handle, it waits unseen at the edge; a sideways swipe drags too.
+  track.dispatchEvent(new WheelEvent('wheel', { deltaX: -2_000, deltaY: 0, cancelable: true }));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(view().max < worldClock.now(), 'the handle is past the view');
+  assert.equal(input.classList.contains('is-off-view'), true);
+  // Moving the time takes the view back to it.
+  input.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: 'PageUp' }));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(input.classList.contains('is-off-view'), false);
+});
+
+test('a pinch measures from where the fingers are, and a lifted finger ends it', async (t) => {
+  const bar = mount(t);
+  const now = Date.now();
+  const start = now - 26 * 86_400_000;
+  const release = worldClock.hold('test-launches');
+  const unregister = worldClock.register({
+    id: 'test-launches',
+    coverage: () => ({ start, end: now, marks: [start] }),
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    unregister();
+    release();
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  const track = bar().querySelector('.world-timeline-track');
+  const input = bar().querySelector('input[type=range]');
+  Object.defineProperty(track, 'clientWidth', { value: 1_000 });
+  track.getBoundingClientRect = () => ({ left: 0, width: 1_000, top: 0, height: 24 });
+  const on = (target, type, clientX, pointerId) =>
+    target.dispatchEvent(new PointerEvent(type, { bubbles: true, clientX, pointerId }));
+  const length = () => Number(input.max) - Number(input.min);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    input.dispatchEvent(new KeyboardEvent('keydown', { key: '+' }));
+    await nextTick();
+  }
+  const before = length();
+  // A finger on the handle moves before the second comes down.
+  on(input, 'pointerdown', 300, 1);
+  on(input, 'pointermove', 500, 1);
+  on(track, 'pointerdown', 700, 2);
+  on(input, 'pointermove', 500, 1);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(length() - before) < 1_000, 'no zoom from a stale finger');
+  on(track, 'pointermove', 900, 2);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(length() < before, 'spread apart, it zooms in');
+  // One finger up: the other moving does nothing, and throws nothing.
+  const zoomedTo = length();
+  on(track, 'pointerup', 900, 2);
+  on(input, 'pointermove', 100, 1);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(length() - zoomedTo) < 1_000);
+  on(input, 'pointercancel', 100, 1);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
index 40baecaae..a58e22139 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ import UiSelect from '../../kit/UiSelect.js';
 // across the stretch the layers on can show (each launch or frame a tick)
 // with a handle to scrub and the time in a bubble over it, and the way back
 // to live on the right, lit while live. Scrolling or pinching the track
-// zooms it around the handle; a double-click shows it all again. It shows
+// zooms it around the handle, dragging it moves along it, and a double-click
+// shows it all again. It shows
 // while a layer with a time of its own (weather, satellites, launches,
 // or one a host follows) is on with time to show; with only live feeds such
 // as flights on, the bar stays hidden.
@@ -107,46 +108,76 @@ const view = computed(() => {
 });
 const zoomed = computed(() => zoom.value !== null);
 const viewLength = () => view.value.end - view.value.start;
-// Narrow or widen the view to `length`, keeping the handle where it is on it.
-function zoomTo(length) {
+// Show `length` of the span ending at `viewEnd`, held to the span.
+function showView(length, viewEnd) {
   const { start, end } = span.value;
-  const next = Math.max(MIN_VIEW_MS, length);
-  if (next >= end - start) {
-    zoom.value = null;
+  if (length >= end - start) {
+    showWhole();
     return;
   }
+  const clamped = Math.min(end, Math.max(start + length, viewEnd));
+  zoom.value = { length, end: clamped >= end ? null : clamped };
+}
+// Narrow or widen the view to `length`, keeping the handle where it is on it,
+// or with the handle off it, the middle.
+function zoomTo(length) {
   const { start: from, end: to } = view.value;
-  const share = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, (at.value - from) / (to - from)));
-  const viewStart = Math.max(start, at.value - share * next);
-  const viewEnd = viewStart + next;
-  zoom.value = { length: next, end: viewEnd >= end ? null : viewEnd };
+  const pivot = offView(at.value) ? (from + to) / 2 : at.value;
+  const share = (pivot - from) / (to - from);
+  const next = Math.max(MIN_VIEW_MS, length);
+  showView(next, pivot + (1 - share) * next);
 }
 const zoomBy = (factor) => zoomTo(viewLength() * factor);
-// The view keeps the handle on it: playing or stepping off it, or left behind
-// as now moves the view on, the view goes to the handle. The span narrowing to
-// the zoom or less, or going, lets go of the zoom.
-watch([at, view], ([ms, shownView]) => {
-  if (!zoom.value) return;
-  if (ms === null || zoom.value.length >= span.value.end - span.value.start) {
-    zoom.value = null;
-    return;
-  }
-  if (ms >= shownView.start && ms <= shownView.end) return;
-  const length = zoom.value.length;
-  const viewEnd = ms + length / 2;
-  zoom.value = { length, end: viewEnd >= span.value.end ? null : viewEnd };
+// A view dragged off the handle stays where it was put while the handle only
+// creeps on with now; playing or a move of the handle takes it back.
+let panned = false;
+const follow = (ms) => {
+  panned = false;
+  showView(zoom.value.length, ms + zoom.value.length / 2);
+};
+const offView = (ms) => ms < view.value.start || ms > view.value.end;
+const showWhole = () => {
+  zoom.value = null;
+  panned = false;
+};
+// The span narrowing to the zoom or less, or going, lets go of the zoom.
+watch(span, (next) => {
+  if (zoom.value && (!next || zoom.value.length >= next.end - next.start))
+    showWhole();
 });
+watch(at, (ms) => {
+  if (!zoom.value || ms === null || !offView(ms)) return;
+  if (panned && time.value.live && !time.value.playing) return;
+  follow(ms);
+});
+// Left behind as now moves the view on, the handle takes the view back.
+watch(view, () => {
+  if (zoom.value && !panned && at.value !== null && offView(at.value))
+    follow(at.value);
+});
+const pan = (ms) => {
+  panned = true;
+  showView(zoom.value.length, view.value.end + ms);
+};
 // A wheel's lines and pages, in pixels.
 const WHEEL_UNITS = [1, 16, 400];
 const onWheel = (event) => {
-  // A sideways swipe is not a zoom.
-  if (Math.abs(event.deltaY) <= Math.abs(event.deltaX)) return;
+  const unit = WHEEL_UNITS[event.deltaMode] ?? 1;
+  const sideways = Math.abs(event.deltaX) > Math.abs(event.deltaY);
+  // A sideways swipe, or a wheel with shift, drags; a wheel zooms.
+  if (sideways || event.shiftKey) {
+    if (!zoom.value) return;
+    event.preventDefault();
+    const width = event.currentTarget.clientWidth;
+    const pixels = (sideways ? event.deltaX : event.deltaY) * unit;
+    if (width > 0) pan((pixels / width) * viewLength());
+    return;
+  }
   event.preventDefault();
-  const pixels = event.deltaY * (WHEEL_UNITS[event.deltaMode] ?? 1);
-  zoomBy(Math.exp(pixels * WHEEL_ZOOM));
+  zoomBy(Math.exp(event.deltaY * unit * WHEEL_ZOOM));
 };
-// The input takes a press before it can tell a double-click or a pinch, so
-// both put the time back where it was before their first touch.
+// A double-click starts with presses that move the time, so it puts back the
+// time from before its first; so does a pinch, which may start on the handle.
 let before = null;
 let pressedAt = -Infinity;
 const onPress = (event) => {
@@ -161,29 +192,83 @@ const restore = () => {
 };
 const showAll = () => {
   restore();
-  zoom.value = null;
+  showWhole();
 };
-// Two fingers on the track pinch it, and the first finger stops scrubbing.
-let pinch = null;
-const spread = (touches) =>
-  Math.hypot(
-    touches[0].clientX - touches[1].clientX,
-    touches[0].clientY - touches[1].clientY,
-  );
-const onTouchStart = (event) => {
-  if (event.touches.length === 1) onPress(event);
-  if (event.touches.length !== 2) return;
-  restore();
-  pinch = { spread: spread(event.touches), length: viewLength() };
+
+// The handle drags the time. The rest of the track takes the pointer: a tap
+// goes to the time under it, a drag drags a zoomed track along (or the time,
+// with all of it shown), and two fingers pinch it.
+const DRAG_PX = 4;
+const pointers = new Map();
+let gesture = null;
+const timeAt = (clientX, track) => {
+  const { left, width } = track.getBoundingClientRect();
+  const share = width > 0 ? Math.min(1, Math.max(0, (clientX - left) / width)) : 1;
+  return view.value.start + share * viewLength();
 };
-const onTouchMove = (event) => {
-  if (!pinch || event.touches.length !== 2) return;
-  event.preventDefault();
-  const now = spread(event.touches);
-  if (now > 0) zoomTo((pinch.length * pinch.spread) / now);
+// Whether the first finger has moved the time, for a pinch to put it back.
+let movedTime = false;
+const onPointerDown = (event) => {
+  // Only the main button: a right-click is for the menu.
+  if (event.button > 0) return;
+  const onHandle = event.target instanceof HTMLInputElement;
+  pointers.set(event.pointerId, { x: event.clientX, onHandle });
+  if (pointers.size === 1) {
+    onPress(event);
+    movedTime = onHandle;
+    // The keys zoom and step the track as soon as it is touched.
+    if (!onHandle)
+      event.currentTarget.querySelector('input')?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
+  }
+  if (pointers.size === 2) {
+    const [a, b] = [...pointers.values()];
+    if (movedTime) restore();
+    gesture = {
+      kind: 'pinch',
+      spread: Math.abs(a.x - b.x),
+      length: viewLength(),
+    };
+    return;
+  }
+  if (onHandle || pointers.size !== 1) return;
+  // The drag goes on past the track's ends; without the capture, to them.
+  try {
+    event.currentTarget.setPointerCapture?.(event.pointerId);
+  } catch {
+    // A pointer the page no longer knows of drags no further than the track.
+  }
+  gesture = { kind: 'press', x: event.clientX, end: view.value.end };
 };
-const onTouchEnd = (event) => {
-  if (event.touches.length === 0) pinch = null;
+const onPointerMove = (event) => {
+  const pointer = pointers.get(event.pointerId);
+  if (!pointer) return;
+  pointer.x = event.clientX;
+  if (!gesture) return;
+  const track = event.currentTarget;
+  if (gesture.kind === 'pinch') {
+    const [a, b] = [...pointers.values()];
+    const spreadNow = Math.abs(a.x - b.x);
+    if (spreadNow > 0) zoomTo((gesture.length * gesture.spread) / spreadNow);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (gesture.kind === 'press') {
+    if (Math.abs(event.clientX - gesture.x) < DRAG_PX) return;
+    gesture.kind = zoom.value ? 'pan' : 'scrub';
+    movedTime = gesture.kind === 'scrub';
+  }
+  if (gesture.kind === 'pan') {
+    if (!track.clientWidth) return;
+    panned = true;
+    const moved = ((gesture.x - event.clientX) / track.clientWidth) * viewLength();
+    showView(zoom.value.length, gesture.end + moved);
+  } else store.scrub(timeAt(event.clientX, track), viewLength());
+};
+const onPointerUp = (event) => {
+  if (!pointers.delete(event.pointerId)) return;
+  if (gesture?.kind === 'press' && event.type === 'pointerup')
+    store.scrub(timeAt(event.clientX, event.currentTarget), viewLength());
+  // A finger lifted from a pinch ends it; the other one moves nothing.
+  gesture = null;
 };
 
 const place = (ms) => {
@@ -199,9 +284,10 @@ const ticks = computed(() => {
 const shown = computed(() =>
   Math.min(view.value.end, Math.max(view.value.start, at.value)),
 );
+const handleOff = computed(() => at.value !== shown.value);
 const scrub = (event) => {
   // A pinch only zooms; the input goes back to the handle.
-  if (pinch) {
+  if (gesture?.kind === 'pinch') {
     event.target.value = shown.value;
     return;
   }
@@ -217,7 +303,7 @@ const onKey = (event) => {
     if (event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey || event.altKey) return;
     event.preventDefault();
     if (event.key === '-') zoomBy(ZOOM_STEP);
-    else if (event.key === '0') zoom.value = null;
+    else if (event.key === '0') showWhole();
     else zoomBy(1 / ZOOM_STEP);
     return;
   }
@@ -244,13 +330,14 @@ const onKey = (event) => {
     ><UiButton class="world-timeline-play" :label="time.playing ? t('Pause') : t('Play')" @click="store.togglePlay()"
       ><UiIcon :name="time.playing ? 'pause' : 'play_arrow'" :size="20" /></UiButton
     ><UiSelect class="gev-field gev-field--compact world-timeline-speed" :aria-label="t('Play speed')" :title="t('Play speed')" :options="speeds" :model-value="speed" @update:model-value="store.setSpeed($event)"
-    /><div class="world-timeline-track" :class="{ 'is-zoomed': zoomed }" :title="t('Scroll or pinch to zoom · double-click to see it all')" @wheel="onWheel" @mousedown="onPress" @dblclick="showAll" @touchstart="onTouchStart" @touchmove="onTouchMove" @touchend="onTouchEnd" @touchcancel="onTouchEnd"
+    /><div class="world-timeline-track" :class="{ 'is-zoomed': zoomed }" :title="t('Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all')" @wheel="onWheel" @dblclick="showAll" @pointerdown="onPointerDown" @pointermove="onPointerMove" @pointerup="onPointerUp" @pointercancel="onPointerUp"
       ><time class="world-timeline-time" :class="{ 'is-waiting': waiting }" :style="{ '--at': place(shown) / 100 }" :datetime="new Date(time.timeMs).toISOString()" aria-live="off"
         ><span v-if="waiting" class="world-timeline-spinner" aria-hidden="true"></span>{{ bubble }}</time
       ><span v-for="(left, index) in ticks" :key="index" class="world-timeline-tick" :style="{ left }" aria-hidden="true"></span
       ><span class="world-timeline-fill" :style="{ width: `${place(shown)}%` }" aria-hidden="true"></span
       ><input
         class="world-timeline-scrub"
+        :class="{ 'is-off-view': handleOff }"
         type="range"
         :aria-label="t('World time')"
         :aria-valuetext="readout"

From 3cecc8efbe4f9d20dd200317f7980f1afe3d8adf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 16:47:35 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 056/262] Offer a minute a second as a play speed

Between real time and an hour a second there was nothing to watch a few
minutes of weather or a launch play out at. The speed menu now offers a
minute a second as its second choice.
---
 changelog.d/1513-timeline-launches-speed-buffering.md | 10 ++++++----
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                              |  3 ++-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                              |  3 ++-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                              |  3 ++-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                              |  3 ++-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                              |  3 ++-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                              |  3 ++-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                              |  3 ++-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                              |  3 ++-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                              |  3 ++-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                           |  3 ++-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json                         |  3 ++-
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json                         |  4 ++++
 src/ui/stores/worldTime.js                            |  1 +
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs            |  8 ++++++++
 src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue                 |  1 +
 16 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1513-timeline-launches-speed-buffering.md b/changelog.d/1513-timeline-launches-speed-buffering.md
index f4663019b..e84d8e205 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1513-timeline-launches-speed-buffering.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1513-timeline-launches-speed-buffering.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 - The timeline brings launches up as the time passes them, offers play
-  speeds from real time to a week a second, and waits on each weather frame
-  until it loads instead of running past it. The time now rides in a bubble
-  over the handle. Zooming out on the globe stops while the globe is still in
-  view instead of leaving it a speck (samehkhamis, #1513).
+  speeds from real time to a week a second, and plays smoothly, holding only
+  when the next weather frame has yet to load, with a spinner by the time
+  while it waits. The time rides in a bubble over the handle. The track zooms
+  with a scroll or a pinch, drags along, and goes to the time under a tap, on
+  a phone as on a desktop. Zooming out on the globe stops while the globe is
+  still in view instead of leaving it a speck (samehkhamis, #1513).
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 045eb805a..7b48aedb3 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3231,5 +3231,6 @@
   "1 d/s": "يوم/ث",
   "1 wk/s": "أسبوع/ث",
   "Play speed": "سرعة التشغيل",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "مرّر أو اقرص للتكبير، واسحب للتنقل · انقر نقرًا مزدوجًا لرؤية الكل"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "مرّر أو اقرص للتكبير، واسحب للتنقل · انقر نقرًا مزدوجًا لرؤية الكل",
+  "1 min/s": "دقيقة/ث"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 70aa6ab52..8433bce66 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -2951,5 +2951,6 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 Tag/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 Wo./s",
   "Play speed": "Wiedergabegeschwindigkeit",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Scrollen oder mit zwei Fingern zoomen, ziehen zum Verschieben · Doppelklick zeigt alles"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Scrollen oder mit zwei Fingern zoomen, ziehen zum Verschieben · Doppelklick zeigt alles",
+  "1 min/s": "1 Min./s"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 668727f02..dec285ed3 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3021,5 +3021,6 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 d/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
   "Play speed": "Velocidad de reproducción",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Desplaza o pellizca para ampliar, arrastra para moverte · doble clic para verlo todo"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Desplaza o pellizca para ampliar, arrastra para moverte · doble clic para verlo todo",
+  "1 min/s": "1 min/s"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 3c4d7b29b..497318857 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3021,5 +3021,6 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 j/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
   "Play speed": "Vitesse de lecture",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Faites défiler ou pincez pour zoomer, glissez pour vous déplacer · double-clic pour tout voir"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Faites défiler ou pincez pour zoomer, glissez pour vous déplacer · double-clic pour tout voir",
+  "1 min/s": "1 min/s"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index e351e1ab5..16c129e66 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3021,5 +3021,6 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 g/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sett/s",
   "Play speed": "Velocità di riproduzione",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Scorri o pizzica per lo zoom, trascina per spostarti · doppio clic per vedere tutto"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Scorri o pizzica per lo zoom, trascina per spostarti · doppio clic per vedere tutto",
+  "1 min/s": "1 min/s"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index a7df054cd..439dc191b 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2881,5 +2881,6 @@
   "1 d/s": "1日/秒",
   "1 wk/s": "1週間/秒",
   "Play speed": "再生速度",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "スクロールまたはピンチでズーム、ドラッグで移動 · ダブルクリックで全体表示"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "スクロールまたはピンチでズーム、ドラッグで移動 · ダブルクリックで全体表示",
+  "1 min/s": "1分/秒"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index ba3a5f551..63e646a5a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3021,5 +3021,6 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 d/s",
   "1 wk/s": "1 sem/s",
   "Play speed": "Velocidade de reprodução",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Role ou faça pinça para ampliar, arraste para se mover · clique duplo para ver tudo"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Role ou faça pinça para ampliar, arraste para se mover · clique duplo para ver tudo",
+  "1 min/s": "1 min/s"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 8648bc37d..4d93f71d9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3091,5 +3091,6 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 дн/с",
   "1 wk/s": "1 нед/с",
   "Play speed": "Скорость воспроизведения",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Прокрутите или сведите пальцы для масштаба, перетащите для перемещения · двойной щелчок — показать всё"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Прокрутите или сведите пальцы для масштаба, перетащите для перемещения · двойной щелчок — показать всё",
+  "1 min/s": "1 мин/с"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 0a3872414..525405323 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3091,5 +3091,6 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 дн/с",
   "1 wk/s": "1 тиж/с",
   "Play speed": "Швидкість відтворення",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Прокрутіть або зведіть пальці для масштабу, перетягніть для переміщення · подвійне клацання — показати все"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "Прокрутіть або зведіть пальці для масштабу, перетягніть для переміщення · подвійне клацання — показати все",
+  "1 min/s": "1 хв/с"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 394df0057..192f17d26 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2881,5 +2881,6 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 天/秒",
   "1 wk/s": "1 周/秒",
   "Play speed": "播放速度",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "滚动或双指缩放，拖动以移动 · 双击查看全部"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "滚动或双指缩放，拖动以移动 · 双击查看全部",
+  "1 min/s": "1 分钟/秒"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index 21018551c..5c9292f3a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2881,5 +2881,6 @@
   "1 d/s": "1 天/秒",
   "1 wk/s": "1 週/秒",
   "Play speed": "播放速度",
-  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "捲動或雙指縮放，拖曳以移動 · 按兩下查看全部"
+  "Scroll or pinch to zoom, drag to move along · double-click to see it all": "捲動或雙指縮放，拖曳以移動 · 按兩下查看全部",
+  "1 min/s": "1 分鐘/秒"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index de1b51e8b..d383f1b68 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -203,6 +203,7 @@
     "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "es": [
+    "1 min/s",
     "1090 MHz",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AIS: --",
@@ -331,6 +332,7 @@
     "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "fr": [
+    "1 min/s",
     "1090 MHz",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "ALTITUDE",
@@ -512,6 +514,7 @@
     "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "it": [
+    "1 min/s",
     "1090 MHz",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AFRICA",
@@ -732,6 +735,7 @@
     "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "pt": [
+    "1 min/s",
     "1090 MHz",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AIS: --",
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
index 35cad2edc..80f51ac71 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/worldTime.js
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ const LIVE_EDGE_MS = 5000;
 /** The speeds play offers, in world ms per real ms. */
 export const WORLD_TIME_SPEEDS = Object.freeze({
   real: 1,
+  minute: 60,
   hour: 3_600,
   day: 86_400,
   week: 604_800,
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
index 3725d9abc..073d6f95e 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.test.mjs
@@ -232,6 +232,10 @@ test('the speed chosen sets how fast play runs, at once while playing', async (t
   await nextTick();
   const select = bar().querySelector('select.world-timeline-speed');
   assert.equal(select.value, 'real');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...select.options].map((option) => option.value),
+    ['real', 'minute', 'hour', 'day', 'week'],
+  );
   select.value = 'week';
   select.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
   await nextTick();
@@ -242,6 +246,10 @@ test('the speed chosen sets how fast play runs, at once while playing', async (t
   await nextTick();
   assert.equal(worldClock.isPlaying(), true);
   assert.equal(worldClock.getRate(), 3_600, 'changed while playing');
+  select.value = 'minute';
+  select.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(worldClock.getRate(), 60, 'a minute a second');
   select.value = 'real';
   select.dispatchEvent(new Event('change'));
   await nextTick();
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
index a58e22139..866380638 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ const store = useWorldTimeStore();
 const { time, speed } = storeToRefs(store);
 const speeds = computed(() => [
   { value: 'real', label: '1×' },
+  { value: 'minute', label: t('1 min/s') },
   { value: 'hour', label: t('1 h/s') },
   { value: 'day', label: t('1 d/s') },
   { value: 'week', label: t('1 wk/s') },

From fa4ce4b2a5f4dda628745d5e39452e1fb8247037 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: InoukT <inouktd1@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2026 22:57:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 057/262] feat(cctv): add Quebec, Ottawa, and World feeds

---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                               |     5 +
 README.md                                     |     2 +-
 .../1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md      |     9 +-
 config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json  | 38338 ++++++++++++++++
 docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md                      |    33 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |    68 +-
 index.html                                    |     2 +-
 public/quebec-cameras.json                    |     1 +
 public/quebec511-camera-preview.html          |   151 +
 scripts/package-boundaries.json               |    11 +-
 server/providers/cctv.js                      |   149 +-
 server/providers/cctv/cap.js                  |    45 +-
 server/providers/cctv/catalog.js              |    30 +-
 server/providers/cctv/constants.js            |    31 +-
 server/providers/cctv/media.js                |     8 +
 server/providers/cctv/normalize.js            |     4 +
 server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js               |   119 +
 server/providers/cctv/quebec.js               |   127 +
 server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js         |   138 +
 src/data/cctvCalgary.test.mjs                 |     4 +-
 src/data/cctvDriveBcSource.test.mjs           |     2 +
 src/data/cctvHk.test.mjs                      |     4 +-
 src/data/cctvNyc.test.mjs                     |     4 +-
 src/data/cctvOttawa.test.mjs                  |   200 +
 src/data/cctvToronto.test.mjs                 |     4 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                      |     5 +
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                      |     5 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                      |     5 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                      |     5 +
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                      |     5 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                      |     5 +
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                      |     5 +
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                      |     5 +
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                      |     5 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                   |     5 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json                 |     5 +
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json                 |    44 +-
 src/layers/cctv/cards.js                      |     8 +-
 src/layers/cctv/catalog.js                    |     5 +
 src/layers/cctv/frames.js                     |    13 +-
 src/layers/cctv/hover.js                      |     5 +-
 src/layers/cctv/model.js                      |    22 +-
 src/layers/cctv/presentation.js               |    23 +-
 src/layers/cctv/projection.js                 |     3 +
 src/layers/cctv/rendering.js                  |     9 +-
 src/layers/cctv/rendering.test.mjs            |     7 +-
 src/layers/cctv/selection.js                  |     6 +
 src/layers/cctv/selection.test.mjs            |    54 +
 src/layers/cctv/state.js                      |     4 +
 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.css        |   114 +
 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.js         |   319 +
 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.test.mjs   |   136 +
 src/ui/applicationShell.js                    |     1 +
 src/ui/cctvControls.js                        |     5 +
 src/ui/cctvPresentation.js                    |    22 +-
 src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js                   |   389 +
 src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.test.mjs             |    71 +
 src/ui/styles/quebecCctvOverlay.css           |    98 +
 style.css                                     |     1 +
 59 files changed, 40815 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json
 create mode 100644 public/quebec-cameras.json
 create mode 100644 public/quebec511-camera-preview.html
 create mode 100644 server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js
 create mode 100644 server/providers/cctv/quebec.js
 create mode 100644 server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js
 create mode 100644 src/data/cctvOttawa.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/cctv/selection.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.css
 create mode 100644 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.js
 create mode 100644 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js
 create mode 100644 src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/styles/quebecCctvOverlay.css

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 5cac67401..d1ec14392 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 
 - **Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo (Lithuania).** Public road-camera catalogs and periodically updated still images from [Eismoinfo](https://eismoinfo.lt/), credited to Via Lietuva / eismoinfo.lt in the app. **Off by default.** The camera endpoints are the eismoinfo.lt website backend and are not among the services listed in Via Lietuva's [open-data statement](https://eismoinfo.lt/eismoinfo-backend/content?id=44), whose conditions are attribution and reuse on the same terms. Until the statement is confirmed to cover the camera photos, the pack loads only when an operator sets `CCTV_LITHUANIA_ENABLED=1`; with the flag unset, empty or any other value, the server makes no request to Eismoinfo. `eismoinfo-backend/camera-info-table` is joined by ID to `layer-static-features/VKR`. Without `lks=true`, the latter returns WGS84 `[latitude, longitude]`; the table's `x/y` instead use LKS-94 metres. Only the official HTTPS `/eismoinfo-backend/image-provider/camera/last?id=…` image endpoint is registered. Catalogs use the shared 15-minute cache; frames are fetched on demand and never bundled or archived. These are periodic snapshots, not continuous video. Camera headings are low-confidence estimates. No API key is required. `CCTV_LITHUANIA_MAX_SOURCES` defaults to 400.
 - **Freeway Bureau and Highway Bureau, MOTC (Taiwan).** National freeway cameras use the Freeway Bureau’s keyless [MOTC 2.0 CCTV table](https://tisvcloud.freeway.gov.tw/history/motc20/CCTV.xml), refreshed daily and fetched at runtime (never bundled). Freeway Bureau data follows the [Open Government Data License, Taiwan v1.0](https://data.gov.tw/license); the app credits the Bureau, names the dataset and links the licence. If that catalog is unreachable and no last-good source list exists, the app falls back to the Highway Bureau’s free [provincial-road CCTV XML feed](https://thbapp.thb.gov.tw/opendata/), with attribution as requested by the Bureau. Its MJPEG streams are accepted only from cctv-ss01 through cctv-ss08.thb.gov.tw over HTTPS; the frame proxy extracts one bounded JPEG per request. This fallback covers provincial roads, not national freeways. Neither feed requires an API key. CCTV_TAIWAN_ENABLED=0 disables both; CCTV_TAIWAN_MAX_SOURCES defaults to 600 (bounded to 1–2000).
+- **Québec CCTV (MTQ / Québec 511, Montréal and scenic links).** `public/quebec-cameras.json` contains 680 MTQ positions from the official georeferenced WFS (CC BY 4.0), 426 Montréal camera locations derived from OSM (ODbL 1.0), and 14 scenic records with per-row provenance and accuracy. The 680 MTQ cameras play the operator's five-second MP4 clip directly in the browser from `www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=<id>&format=mp4`; Québec 511 refreshes those clips every few minutes. A second browser request supplies an approximate map still. The app does not proxy, store, or read video pixels, and no camera images are bundled. Montréal and scenic entries have provider-page links rather than direct frame URLs; their source-page terms apply. The video remains hosted by Québec 511 under its service terms. No API key is required; `CCTV_QUEBEC_ENABLED=0` disables the pack.
 
 - **Google Maps Platform.** You supply your own API key and are bound by [Google's ToS](https://cloud.google.com/maps-platform/terms). Google Maps Content (tiles, geocodes, places) **may not be cached, stored, rehosted, or committed** — this app only ever uses it live, which is the compliant pattern. The "Google" attribution is displayed on the globe and must stay visible. Restrict your key (see [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md)).
 - **OpenSky Network.** Its license is **non-commercial**, and operational use of the REST API in a live product can require a prior written agreement with OpenSky — even for non-profit/government use. If you deploy this commercially, contact OpenSky for your own terms. The flights layer is a toggle and runs anonymously by default.
@@ -162,6 +163,8 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 - **DelDOT live video cameras.** The keyless `tmc.deldot.gov/json/videocamera.json` catalog supplies active cameras and official `https://video.deldot.gov/live/…/playlist.m3u8` links. The local server transiently buffers bounded MPEG-TS segments in memory and deletes them on session release or idle expiry. No recordings are retained. `CCTV_DELDOT_ENABLED=0` disables the pack. Public availability is not a blanket redistribution license; deployment beyond personal local viewing needs confirmation of applicable DelDOT terms.
 - **Fintraffic weathercams.** The camera list is one keyless GeoJSON request to `tie.digitraffic.fi/api/weathercam/v1/stations` (809 stations / 2,275 presets), sent with the `Digitraffic-User: gods-eye-view` header the service asks clients to identify themselves with and with gzip; frames are stills on `weathercam.digitraffic.fi`, refreshed on each station's 600 s collection interval, which is also the client's ambient-still refresh cadence for this pack (the active camera keeps the usual 10-second refresh). One preset (a fixed camera view) is one camera; stations not `GATHERING` and presets not `inCollection` are dropped. Attribution is required by the CC BY 4.0 licence and is registered in the Data attribution popover. `CCTV_FINTRAFFIC_ENABLED=0` is the kill switch.
 - **DriveBC highway cameras.** The camera list comes from the keyless `https://www.drivebc.ca/api/webcams/` endpoint served by the DriveBC.ca site ([bcgov/DriveBC.ca](https://github.com/bcgov/DriveBC.ca)); frames come from `https://www.drivebc.ca/images/<id>.jpg`, built from the numeric camera id. DataBC's [DriveBC HighwayCams](https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/bc-highwaycams) catalogue entry publishes the same cameras under the Open Government Licence – British Columbia, but its CSV still lists the retired `images.drivebc.ca` frame URLs, which now return a placeholder. The licence's attribution statement is required and is registered in the Data attribution popover. By default the 250 cameras nearest Vancouver and Victoria load; `CCTV_DRIVEBC_MAX_SOURCES` changes the cap and `CCTV_DRIVEBC_ENABLED=0` turns the pack off. Some cameras in the feed are supplied by partners (TransLink, the City of Vancouver, the City of Surrey, Parks Canada / Alberta Motor Association and others); the feed's per-camera credit is carried onto the camera record and shown beside the provider in the CCTV panel.
+- **City of Ottawa traffic cameras.** The keyless `traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera_list` JSON supplies an id, coordinates, an English/French description and a type; frames are city-served JPEG stills built from the id at `traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=<id>`, and only that directory is pinned. MTO cameras carried on the city feed keep their owner as a per-camera credit. The feed publishes no bearing, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence, and no status field, so a camera the city takes offline still registers. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored. The city publishes no explicit reuse licence for this feed; deployment beyond personal local viewing needs confirmation of applicable terms. `CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES` caps the pack (default 250, nearest downtown) and `CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=0` turns it off.
+- **World cams image subset.** The normal CCTV catalog adds 166 Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration cameras, 1,176 Oregon TripCheck stills, and 1,054 MLIT river cameras from the curated `config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` export; disable it with `CCTV_WORLD_CAMERAS_ENABLED=0`. The server validates and pins each image URL to its provider path. [Vegagerðin's data-service licence](https://www.vegagerdin.is/vegagerdin/gagnasafn/vefthjonustur/terms-and-conditions) permits reuse with attribution but excludes third-party rights; [ODOT allows TripCheck image use and requests credit](https://www.tripcheck.com/Pages/Frequently-Asked-Questions); MLIT's [site terms](https://www.river.go.jp/kawabou/kwb_apend/html/caution.html) are CC BY-compatible with attribution and warn against high-volume/periodic collection, so those frames refresh at ten minutes per camera. Images are not bundled or persisted; a bounded 32 MB in-memory cache reuses them until the per-source cadence. The 249 NZTA Journey Planner rows are excluded because its [website terms prohibit scraping](https://www.journeys.nzta.govt.nz/about-this-site/terms-of-use); use an authorized API feed or obtain permission before adding those rows.
 - **TxDOT ITS cameras.** The catalog comes from the keyless `its.txdot.gov/its/DistrictIts/GetCctvStatusListByDistrict` endpoint, one call per district. Frames come from the per-camera `GetCctvSnapshotByIcdId` endpoint, which answers JSON carrying a base64 JPEG rather than an image body; the proxy decodes it only for responses from the official TxDOT origin and validates the JPEG header before serving. Only cameras reporting `Device Online` are registered. Districts default to Austin and San Antonio (`CCTV_TXDOT_DISTRICTS`; 25 codes exist statewide); `CCTV_TXDOT_MAX_SOURCES` caps the pack and `CCTV_TXDOT_ENABLED=0` turns it off. Frames are fetched live at request time and are never stored or redistributed.
 - **Tallinn ristmikud.** Intersection camera stills are fetched live from `ristmikud.tallinn.ee` (`/last/camNNN.jpg`). The curated catalog (`config/cctv_sources.tallinn.json`) supplies coordinates and heading priors; only server-registered ristmikud HTTPS URLs are proxied. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. Disable with `CCTV_TALLINN_ENABLED=0`.
 - **Tarktee / Transpordiamet.** Estonia road-weather camera locations and current JPEG URLs come from keyless DATEX2 endpoints on `tarktee.transpordiamet.ee` (`/api/v1/datex/roadCameraLocations` + `roadCameraImages`). Frame URLs rotate with each capture; the 15-minute CCTV source cache refreshes them. Only `https://tarktee.transpordiamet.ee/images/…` URLs are registered. Disable with `CCTV_TARKTEE_ENABLED=0`.
@@ -203,6 +206,8 @@ The [Bhote Koshi event pack](public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/README.md), under `p
 | **Datacenters** (4,351) | `datacenters/` | **ODbL 1.0** (OpenStreetMap extract) | ✅ (attribution + share-alike on data) | © OpenStreetMap contributors (shared credit) |
 | **Dams** (704) | `dams/` | **ODbL 1.0** (OpenInfraMap / OSM extract) | ✅ (attribution + share-alike on data) | © OpenStreetMap contributors (shared credit) + Open Infrastructure Map |
 | **Military area names** (36,466) | `osm_military_names/` | **ODbL 1.0** (OpenStreetMap, via Overture Maps) | ✅ (attribution + share-alike on data) | © OpenStreetMap contributors (shared credit) + Overture Maps Foundation |
+| **Québec CCTV source catalog** (1,120 locations) | `public/quebec-cameras.json` | Mixed: MTQ locations CC BY 4.0; Montréal camera nodes ODbL 1.0; scenic records retain per-record provenance. No video files are bundled or cached. | Location data is per-record; video remains hosted by Québec 511 and its platform terms apply; scenic source pages may have separate terms | MTQ / Données Québec CC BY 4.0; © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL); scenic operator and position source shown in the selected-camera panel |
+| **World camera image subset** (2,396 locations) | `config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` | Mixed: Vegagerðin open-government licence, ODOT TripCheck public images, and MLIT site content compatible with CC BY 4.0. Frames are not bundled or persisted; the server holds a bounded in-memory cache. | Per-source terms apply; NZTA Journey Planner web-cache rows are excluded | Vegagerðin, Oregon Department of Transportation, and Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) |
 | **TeleGeography Submarine Cable Map** (712 cables + 1,917 landing points)   | `telegeography_submarine_cables/` | **CC BY-NC-SA 3.0**                                                                                       | ❌ **NonCommercial — remove for commercial use** | "© TeleGeography — submarinecablemap.com"                                   |
 | **Natural Earth physical regions** (1,046 land + 292 marine named polygons) | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
 | **DataSF Analysis Neighborhoods** (41 SF neighborhood polygons)             | `neighborhoods/`                  | **PDDL 1.0** (public domain)                                                                              | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "City & County of San Francisco — DataSF" (courtesy — not legally required) |
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0dfb73e89..db284186e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ Twenty layers and map sources. **Eighteen have a keyless path.** Some offer addi
 | 🌍 **Earthquakes**          | Global seismic activity, last 24h                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | USGS                                    | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | ◍ **Air quality**           | Live AQHI on the published 1–10+ health-risk scale, with a Weather-panel card showing the band legend and the highest readings in view. **Canada only** — ECCC is the first registered provider | ECCC MSC GeoMet                          | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🚗 **Traffic**              | Simulated vehicles on OSM roads. With TomTom, live flow speeds drive the simulation and congestion colors below ~8 km; individual vehicle positions are not live observations                                                                                                                                                                                                       | TomTom + OSM                            | 🟢 simulation · 🟡 live flow speeds                                                                 |
-| 📹 **CCTV Mesh**            | ~4,000 public cameras (shared cap) projected _into_ the 3D space — Austin · Texas (TxDOT) · California (Caltrans) · London (TfL) · Ontario (511, free developer key) · Finland (Fintraffic) · British Columbia (DriveBC) · Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) · Delaware (DelDOT live video) · New South Wales (Live Traffic NSW) · Calgary · Norway (Statens vegvesen) · Toronto · King County (WA) · Washington (WSDOT) · Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) · Hong Kong (Transport Department) · Taiwan (Freeway Bureau, MOTC) · Italy (A22 Brennero motorway), plus opt-in New York City (NYC DOT TMC, needs your own NYC DOT agreement), opt-in Lithuania (Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo, photo licence unconfirmed) and opt-in Florida (FL511, individual personal use only; other use needs FDOT's written consent). Positions are published; poses are estimated priors **you calibrate by dragging a gizmo on the camera itself** | City APIs                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
+| 📹 **CCTV Mesh**            | ~7,516 camera locations (4,000 shared slots + 1,120 Québec + 2,396 World image feeds) projected _into_ the 3D space — Austin · Texas (TxDOT) · California (Caltrans) · London (TfL) · Ontario (511, free developer key) · Finland (Fintraffic) · British Columbia (DriveBC) · Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) · Delaware (DelDOT live video) · New South Wales (Live Traffic NSW) · Calgary · Norway (Statens vegvesen) · Toronto · King County (WA) · Washington (WSDOT) · Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) · Hong Kong (Transport Department) · Taiwan (Freeway Bureau, MOTC) · Québec (MTQ browser MP4, Montréal locations, regional webcams) · Iceland (Vegagerðin) · Oregon (TripCheck) · Japan (MLIT river cameras) · Italy (A22 Brennero motorway), plus opt-in New York City (NYC DOT TMC, needs your own NYC DOT agreement), opt-in Lithuania (Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo, photo licence unconfirmed) and opt-in Florida (FL511, individual personal use only; other use needs FDOT's written consent). Positions are published or attributed; poses are estimated priors **you calibrate by dragging a gizmo on the camera itself** | City APIs                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 📷 **Mapped ALPR Cameras**  | License-plate-reader camera locations tagged by OpenStreetMap contributors, loaded one city-sized view at a time, with **SHOW NEAREST**. Locations and tags only: no plate data, no video                                                                                                                                                                                           | OpenStreetMap (incl. DeFlock mapping)   | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 📷 **Street Level**         | Street-level photos behind one panel, one chip per provider: coverage on the streets, image cones, an embedded viewer with full-screen **EXPAND**. Mapillary, Google Street View, KartaView and Panoramax | Mapillary · Google · KartaView · Panoramax | 🟢 KartaView, Panoramax · 🟡 Mapillary token · 🔴 Google Maps key |
 | 📻 **Radio**                | Geolocated world radio with an **analog tuner** — drag the needle across up to 750 stations and the globe flies to each broadcaster                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | Radio Browser / broadcasters            | 🟢                                                                                                  |
diff --git a/changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md b/changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md
index 41c3d044b..ded0e9440 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
-- Add a keyless Highway Bureau fallback for Taiwan CCTV when the Freeway Bureau
-  catalog is unavailable, keeping official camera coordinates and serving
-  bounded snapshots from MJPEG feeds (InoukT, #1506).
+- Expand CCTV coverage with a keyless Taiwan Highway Bureau fallback, Québec
+  camera catalog and map preview, Ottawa traffic cameras, and 2,396 curated
+  image-backed cameras from Iceland, Oregon, and Japan (InoukT, #1506).
+- Keep Québec 511 video browser-only, enforce provider-specific frame refresh
+  limits, and report recognized MLIT maintenance images as degraded instead of
+  healthy camera snapshots.
diff --git a/config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json b/config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb3738ac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json
@@ -0,0 +1,38338 @@
+[
+  {
+    "id": "world-is-7075",
+    "name": "Almannaskarð - norður",
+    "city": "Iceland",
+    "cityId": "iceland",
+    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
+    "lat": 64.291877,
+    "lon": -15.028035,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
+    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
+    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
+    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_1.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_1.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-is-7076",
+    "name": "Almannaskarð - suður",
+    "city": "Iceland",
+    "cityId": "iceland",
+    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
+    "lat": 64.282717,
+    "lon": -15.039817,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
+    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
+    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
+    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_3.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_3.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-is-7185",
+    "name": "Almenningar",
+    "city": "Iceland",
+    "cityId": "iceland",
+    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
+    "lat": 66.158108,
+    "lon": -19.0424,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
+    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
+    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
+    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almenningar_1.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almenningar_1.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-is-7038",
+    "name": "Arnarneshæð",
+    "city": "Iceland",
+    "cityId": "iceland",
+    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
+    "lat": 64.099812,
+    "lon": -21.916253,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
+    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
+    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
+    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/arnarneshaed_1.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/arnarneshaed_1.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-is-7143",
+    "name": "Arnarnesvegur",
+    "city": "Iceland",
+    "cityId": "iceland",
+    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
+    "lat": 64.088166,
+    "lon": -21.831622,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
+    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
+    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
+    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/arnarnesvegur_1.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/arnarnesvegur_1.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-is-7085",
+    "name": "BB-göng_BO",
+    "city": "Iceland",
+    "cityId": "iceland",
+    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
+    "lat": 66.072533,
+    "lon": -23.321167,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
+    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
+    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
+    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_5.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_5.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-is-7083",
+    "name": "BB-göng_BR",
+    "city": "Iceland",
+    "cityId": "iceland",
+    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
+    "lat": 66.028351,
+    "lon": -23.343915,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
+    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
+    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
+    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_1.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_1.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-is-7084",
+    "name": "BB-göng_TU",
+    "city": "Iceland",
+    "cityId": "iceland",
+    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
+    "lat": 66.0555,
+    "lon": -23.22625,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
+    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
+    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
+    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_3.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_3.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-is-7107",
+    "name": "Bakkaselsbrekka",
+    "city": "Iceland",
+    "cityId": "iceland",
+    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
+    "lat": 65.476392,
+    "lon": -18.665278,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
+    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
+    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
+    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bakkaselsbrekka_1.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bakkaselsbrekka_1.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-is-7027",
+    "name": "Biskupsháls",
+    "city": "Iceland",
+    "cityId": "iceland",
+    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
+    "lat": 65.561817,
+    "lon": -16.021983,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
+    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
+    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
+    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/biskupshals_1.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/biskupshals_1.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-is-7063",
+    "name": "Blikdalsá",
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+  {
+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257144",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257142",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257422",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257243",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257009",
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+  {
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+  {
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257345",
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+  {
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+  },
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257449",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257485",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257324",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257056",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257236",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257162",
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+  {
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+  {
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+  {
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+  {
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257262",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257263",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257403",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257394",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257319",
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+    "id": "world-jp-river-100257241",
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+  {
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+    "name": "OR132 Delta Hwy Near Woodfield                                                       ",
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+    "cityId": "oregon",
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+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-1082",
+    "name": "Washington County - Timber Rd at Railroad Ave",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.71979,
+    "lon": -123.29501,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Timber Rd at Railroad Ave_pid4545.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Timber Rd at Railroad Ave_pid4545.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-1007",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Rd at Boones Ferry Rd",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.38423,
+    "lon": -122.76422,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Rd at Boones Ferry Rd_pid4395.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Rd at Boones Ferry Rd_pid4395.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-1068",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 115th Ave",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.37106,
+    "lon": -122.79558,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 115th Ave_pid4517.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 115th Ave_pid4517.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-597",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 124th Ave",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.36926,
+    "lon": -122.80583,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 124th Ave_pid2864.JPG",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 124th Ave_pid2864.JPG",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-594",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 89th",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.38126,
+    "lon": -122.76792,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 89th_pid2868.JPG",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 89th_pid2868.JPG",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-595",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 95th",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.37894,
+    "lon": -122.77454,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 95th_pid2872.JPG",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at 95th_pid2872.JPG",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-729",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Avery St",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.37275,
+    "lon": -122.79221,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Avery St_pid3387.JPG",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Avery St_pid3387.JPG",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-598",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Baler Way",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.36781,
+    "lon": -122.83897,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Baler Way_pid2876.JPG",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Baler Way_pid2876.JPG",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-593",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Boones Ferry Rd",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.38137,
+    "lon": -122.76451,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Boones Ferry Rd_pid2880.JPG",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Boones Ferry Rd_pid2880.JPG",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-1480",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Langer Farms Pkwy",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.36761,
+    "lon": -122.83596,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Langer Farms Pkwy_pid5334.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Langer Farms Pkwy_pid5334.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-592",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Martinazzi Ave",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.38128,
+    "lon": -122.75924,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Martinazzi Ave_pid2884.JPG",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Martinazzi Ave_pid2884.JPG",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-731",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at OR99W",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.36999,
+    "lon": -122.84318,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at OR99W_pid3395.JPG",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at OR99W_pid3395.JPG",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-730",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Oregon St",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.36831,
+    "lon": -122.81632,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Oregon St_pid3391.JPG",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Oregon St_pid3391.JPG",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-596",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Teton Ave",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.37798,
+    "lon": -122.78228,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Teton Ave_pid2888.JPG",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Sherwood Rd at Teton Ave_pid2888.JPG",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-934",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Valley Hwy at 185th Ave",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.49412,
+    "lon": -122.8672,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Valley Hwy at 185th Ave_pid4213.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Valley Hwy at 185th Ave_pid4213.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-1002",
+    "name": "Washington County - Tualatin Valley Hwy at Murray Blvd",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.48954,
+    "lon": -122.82611,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Valley Hwy at Murray Blvd_pid4385.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Tualatin Valley Hwy at Murray Blvd_pid4385.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-868",
+    "name": "Washington County - Upper Boones Ferry Rd at Carman Dr",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.40521,
+    "lon": -122.74901,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Upper Boones Ferry Rd at Carman Dr_pid3935.JPG",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Upper Boones Ferry Rd at Carman Dr_pid3935.JPG",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-1479",
+    "name": "Washington County - Walker Rd at Meadow Dr",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 45.51341,
+    "lon": -122.82816,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Walker Rd at Meadow Dr_pid5332.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Walker Rd at Meadow Dr_pid5332.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "world-or-1267",
+    "name": "Yaquina Bay Newport (USCG)",
+    "city": "Oregon",
+    "cityId": "oregon",
+    "provider": "TripCheck (ODOT)",
+    "lat": 44.62413,
+    "lon": -124.06289,
+    "feedType": "image",
+    "sourceKind": "tripcheck-odot",
+    "license": "Oregon DOT TripCheck public CCTV inventory",
+    "credit": "Oregon Department of Transportation",
+    "url": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Yaquina Bay Newport USCG_pid4904.jpg",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Yaquina Bay Newport USCG_pid4904.jpg",
+    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
+  }
+]
diff --git a/docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md b/docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md
index 9cd81f837..ab3108da2 100644
--- a/docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md
+++ b/docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 # CCTV integration workflow
 
 Use this workflow when adding a camera provider or repairing an existing feed.
-The CCTV layer gets its catalog and media through the local server; keep
-provider-specific network access and URL policy on the server side.
+The CCTV catalog comes through the local server; media normally does too. Keep
+provider-specific URL policy on the server, including any validated browser-only
+media URL permitted by the exception below.
 
 ## 1. Check the source before coding
 
@@ -90,11 +91,23 @@ Catalog and media loaders must also:
 - avoid persistent frame storage unless the provider's terms explicitly allow
   it and the design has been reviewed.
 
-For live media, use the existing media proxy and supported feed type (`mjpeg`,
-`mp4`, `webm`, or `hls`) rather than adding a direct browser stream. Validate
-the upstream content type and bound or cancel streams according to the
-existing proxy behavior. Read [SECURITY.md](../SECURITY.md) before changing
-URL validation, redirects, or proxy behavior.
+For live media, prefer the existing proxy and supported feed type (`mjpeg`,
+`mp4`, `webm`, or `hls`). A direct browser-only video is a narrow fallback for
+a source whose terms allow embedding when the browser can play it but the app
+server cannot fetch it. Build its URL from a validated provider ID on the
+server; never accept a browser-supplied media URL. Render it in a native DOM
+`<video>` without `crossOrigin`, and do not read its pixels into canvas, WebGL,
+or a Cesium texture. If a map preview is needed, a second video request may be
+paused as a DOM overlay at the camera location; label it as an approximate
+still and scale it with map distance. If terms disallow embedding, use a source
+link instead. Read [SECURITY.md](../SECURITY.md) before changing URL
+validation, redirects, or proxy behavior.
+
+When an image provider sets a minimum refresh interval, enforce it at the
+server frame boundary as well as in the client. A bounded in-memory cache and
+single-flight request per camera prevent projection, panel, and re-selection
+paths from multiplying upstream requests; do not persist frames unless the
+provider's terms explicitly allow it.
 
 ## 4. Add focused regression coverage
 
@@ -109,8 +122,10 @@ and fixtures. Cover at least:
 - the frame or live-media content type the provider actually serves.
 
 Use `src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs` for shared proxy/media behavior and
-`src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs` for shared catalog allocation. Run the
-focused provider and proxy tests, then the standard checks from
+`src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs` for shared catalog allocation. For a
+browser-only source, verify native playback, denied canvas pixel access, the
+paused second-player overlay, and its cleanup separately from proxy tests. Run
+the focused provider and proxy tests, then the standard checks from
 [CONTRIBUTING.md](../CONTRIBUTING.md) that apply to the change. For runtime
 verification, inspect `/api/cctv/sources`, `/api/cctv/health`, and the camera's
 `/api/cctv/frame/:id` or `/api/cctv/stream/:id` response locally. Confirm a
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index df979911d..80b7bf7bf 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1322,9 +1322,10 @@ from the payload. There is no heading in the feed, so gizmos use the shared
 id-hash fallback at low confidence.
 
 Once enabled, the 250 cameras nearest the five borough cores load.
-`CCTV_NYC_MAX_SOURCES` sets the pack cap (8–400). The catalog-wide ceiling stays at 4,000 and is shared
-round-robin: no region is dropped outright, but when the packs together exceed
-the ceiling, adding a pack trims cameras from the largest packs.
+`CCTV_NYC_MAX_SOURCES` sets the pack cap (8–400). The default catalog limit is
+7,516: 4,000 shared round-robin slots, 1,120 reserved Québec locations, and
+2,396 reserved World image sources. Lower explicit `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` values
+are honored.
 
 ## City of Toronto RESCU CCTV source pack
 
@@ -1340,8 +1341,9 @@ cameras return a 200 "Image Unavailable" placeholder frame instead of an error.
 
 By default all ~336 cameras load, nearest downtown first.
 `CCTV_TORONTO_MAX_SOURCES` sets the pack cap (8–500) and
-`CCTV_TORONTO_ENABLED=0` turns the pack off. The pack shares the 4,000
-catalog-wide ceiling round-robin with the other packs.
+`CCTV_TORONTO_ENABLED=0` turns the pack off. The pack shares the default
+7,516-source catalog limit with the other packs; Québec and the World image
+pack have reserved slots and the remaining sources use round-robin allocation.
 
 ## Lithuania CCTV source pack
 
@@ -5019,8 +5021,9 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
   kill switch `CCTV_FINTRAFFIC_ENABLED=0`) are the fourth pack: one keyless GeoJSON station list
   covering the whole country, where one _preset_ (a station's fixed view) is one camera — 806
   GATHERING stations carry 2,256 in-collection presets, prioritized to 300 against seven anchors
-  on the main road spine. `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` is a 4,000 catalog-wide ceiling shared round-robin
-  across packs, so a lower global cap thins every region instead of starving the last pack.
+  on the main road spine. `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` defaults to 7,516: 4,000 shared
+  round-robin slots plus 3,516 reserved Québec and World image slots. Lower
+  caps fill reservations first; at 3,516 or less, no shared slots remain.
   ~1,100 cameras total, all RAW PRIOR poses, stills-first. The catalog lives for 15 minutes; once
   it expires, `/api/cctv` keeps answering from it while one background refresh reloads every
   pack, so only the very first load waits for the slowest pack (a live first load took about
@@ -6567,3 +6570,54 @@ the container healthy. Checks time out after 10 seconds, with a 30-second
 startup grace period and three consecutive failures before reporting unhealthy.
 This reports app HTTP availability, not individual provider health, and does not
 configure automatic restarts.
+
+## Québec CCTV integration
+
+The regular CCTV source loader reads `public/quebec-cameras.json` by default
+when `CCTV_QUEBEC_ENABLED` is not `0`. The pack contains 1,120 records: 680
+MTQ highway cameras, 426 Montréal OSM camera locations, and 14 scenic webcams.
+The default catalog limit is 7,516: it reserves all 1,120 Québec locations and
+2,396 World image feeds, and keeps 4,000 slots for the existing round-robin
+camera packs. A lower explicit `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` value is still honored and
+can trim the reserved packs if it is below their combined size.
+
+Selecting an MTQ camera opens the official Québec 511 MP4 in a floating native
+browser player and requests a second video for the paused map preview. The
+official feed is a five-second clip refreshed by Québec 511 every 2–4 minutes,
+not continuous live video; the browser player reloads every two minutes. The
+map preview is a DOM overlay attached to the camera's coordinates and scales
+down with camera distance. Neither video is read into a canvas or Cesium texture:
+Québec 511 does not grant localhost pixel access, and its MP4 is not available
+to the app's server proxy. Montréal and scenic entries are regular CCTV camera
+locations with per-camera source-page links, but no direct frame URLs; those
+show a location label and open the official/operator page. MTQ positions carry
+CC BY 4.0 attribution, Montréal positions are attributed to OpenStreetMap
+contributors under ODbL, and scenic rows retain their position accuracy and
+provenance. The one-camera `/quebec511-camera-preview.html` page remains for
+source review; Québec cameras now load through the normal CCTV layer.
+
+## World camera image feeds
+
+The default `world-cameras` pack reads only the checked-in, curated
+`config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` file. It adds 166 Vegagerðin,
+1,176 Oregon TripCheck, and 1,054 MLIT river cameras. Duplicate Canadian feeds
+are excluded because DriveBC, Ottawa, and Québec already have app packs. NZTA's
+249 rows are excluded because they were collected from a Journey Planner web
+cache whose current terms prohibit automated scraping; an authorized API feed
+or permission is required before adding them. The wider discovery export is
+not shipped with the app.
+
+The app validates and pins each still-image URL to its provider directory
+before the server proxy uses it. Iceland and Oregon frames refresh no faster
+than every five minutes; MLIT river frames refresh every ten minutes to reduce
+requests. Images are not persisted; the proxy reuses frames in a bounded 32 MB
+in-memory cache until their provider cadence. Set
+`CCTV_WORLD_CAMERAS_ENABLED=0` to disable the pack.
+
+Only the curated image-backed rows are bundled. Camera images are fetched from
+their registered providers at request time and are not included in this data
+file. The additive `/api/cctv/sources` metadata includes provider source links,
+browser-only media links, refresh cadence, and location provenance where
+available. When MLIT serves its recognized adjustment image, `/api/cctv/frame`
+returns a God’s Eye maintenance card and `/api/cctv/health` reports the camera
+as degraded with the provider-adjustment reason.
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 614ef389e..d184428e0 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
        with the sources: src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs fails when a source
        names a glyph this list is missing, because a missing glyph does not draw
        a box — the ligature never forms and the element renders the literal word. -->
-  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&icon_names=adjust,arrow_drop_down,arrow_forward,arrow_left,arrow_right,bolt,chevron_left,chevron_right,close,close_fullscreen,dark_mode,draw,east,flare,flight,handyman,layers,layers_clear,light_mode,local_fire_department,location_on,more_horiz,movie,my_location,navigation,normal,on,open_in_full,partly_cloudy_day,pentagon,public,radar,radio,right_panel_close,right_panel_open,rocket_launch,satellite_alt,search,settings,skip_next,skip_previous,streetview,timeline,tune,upload_file,videocam,view_in_ar,visibility,visibility_off" rel="stylesheet" />
+  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&icon_names=adjust,arrow_drop_down,arrow_forward,arrow_left,arrow_right,bolt,chevron_left,chevron_right,close,close_fullscreen,dark_mode,draw,east,flare,flight,handyman,layers,layers_clear,light_mode,local_fire_department,location_on,more_horiz,movie,my_location,navigation,normal,on,open_in_full,partly_cloudy_day,pentagon,public,radar,radio,right_panel_close,right_panel_open,rocket_launch,satellite_alt,search,settings,skip_next,skip_previous,streetview,timeline,traffic,tune,upload_file,videocam,view_in_ar,visibility,visibility_off" rel="stylesheet" />
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diff --git a/public/quebec-cameras.json b/public/quebec-cameras.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ded3c2e5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/quebec-cameras.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"source":"Revos addons/Qc cams/quebec_all_cameras.geojson","count":1120,"cameras":[{"id":"4103","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 117 à la jonction de la route 101 et à la hauteur du carrefour giratoire (Rouyn-Noranda)","nameEn":"Junction of route 117 and route 101 and at roundabout (Rouyn-Noranda)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Abitibi-Témiscamingue","lat":48.26461,"lon":-79.01808,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4103","notes":"Live since 2025/11/26"},{"id":"3820","kind":"traffic","name":"Aut. 20 à la hauteur de la montée Industrielle-et-Commerciale","nameEn":"Aut. 20 at montée Industrielle-et-Commerciale","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Bas-Saint-Laurent—Gaspésie—Îles-de-la-Madeleine","lat":48.43993,"lon":-68.47784,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3820","notes":"Live since 2018/12/12"},{"id":"3821","kind":"traffic","name":"Montée Industrielle-et-Commerciale à Rimouski","nameEn":"Montée Industrielle-et-Commerciale at Rimouski","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Bas-Saint-Laurent—Gaspésie—Îles-de-la-Madeleine","lat":48.44639,"lon":-68.48528,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3821","notes":"Live since 2018/12/12"},{"id":"3822","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 132 à la hauteur du Bic à la jonction de l'Aut. 20","nameEn":"Route 132 at Bic at the junction of Aut. 20","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Bas-Saint-Laurent—Gaspésie—Îles-de-la-Madeleine","lat":48.3775,"lon":-68.68694,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3822","notes":"Live since 2018/12/12"},{"id":"3834","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 132 à la hauteur de Saint-Fabien","nameEn":"Route 132 at Saint-Fabien","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - 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Quebec 511","region":"Chaudière-Appalaches","lat":46.74268,"lon":-71.28918,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3500","notes":"Live since 2011/10/31"},{"id":"4039","kind":"traffic","name":"Aut. 73 (direction sud) entre l’aut. 20 et le pont Risi (rivière Chaudière) à Lévis, secteur Saint-Nicolas","nameEn":"Aut. 73 (southward) between aut. 20 and pont Risi (rivière Chaudière) in Lévis, Saint-Nicolas sector","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Chaudière-Appalaches","lat":46.73156,"lon":-71.28077,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4039","notes":"Live since 2024/10/29"},{"id":"4040","kind":"traffic","name":"Aut. 73 (direction nord) entre le pont Risi et le pont Pierre-Laporte à Lévis, secteur Saint-Nicolas","nameEn":"Aut. 73 (northward) between pont Risi and pont Pierre-Laporte in Lévis, Saint-Nicolas sector","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Chaudière-Appalaches","lat":46.7388,"lon":-71.28672,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4040","notes":"Live since 2024/10/29"},{"id":"4009","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Sept-Îles (km 1008)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Sept-Îles (km 1008)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.21133,"lon":-66.29871,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4009","notes":"Live since 2024/04/12"},{"id":"4010","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Sept-Îles (km 1011)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Sept-Îles (km 1011)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.21489,"lon":-66.25459,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4010","notes":"Live since 2024/04/12"},{"id":"4011","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Maliotenam (boulevard des Forges)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Maliotenam (boulevard des Forges)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - 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Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.29289,"lon":-65.05647,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4038","notes":"Live since 2024/10/21"},{"id":"3958","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Sheldrake","nameEn":"Route 138 at Sheldrake","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.2681,"lon":-64.91156,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3958","notes":"Live since 2022/12/09"},{"id":"4118","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Rivière-au-Tonnerre (km 1126)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Rivière-au-Tonnerre (km 1126)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.27276,"lon":-64.74637,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4118","notes":"Live since 2026/06/29"},{"id":"4003","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Havre-St-Pierre (km 1200)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Havre-St-Pierre (km 1200)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.30359,"lon":-63.82434,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4003","notes":"Live since 2024/04/12"},{"id":"3936","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Havre-St-Pierre (km 1208)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Havre-St-Pierre (km 1208)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.2961,"lon":-63.74072,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3936","notes":"Live since 2022/07/04"},{"id":"4004","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Havre-St-Pierre (km 1225)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Havre-St-Pierre (km 1225)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.26443,"lon":-63.51336,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4004","notes":"Live since 2024/04/12"},{"id":"3937","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Baie-Johan-Beetz (km 1285)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Baie-Johan-Beetz (km 1285)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.2909,"lon":-62.8061,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3937","notes":"Live since 2022/07/04"},{"id":"4042","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur d’Aguanish (km 1347)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Aguanish (km 1347)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.22976,"lon":-62.0474,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4042","notes":"Live since 2024/11/06"},{"id":"4005","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur d'Aguanish (km 1353)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Aguanish (km 1353)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.23086,"lon":-61.97234,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4005","notes":"Live since 2024/04/12"},{"id":"3938","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur du Chemin du Cinquième (Natasquan km 1362)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Chemin du Cinquième (Natasquan km 1362)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.22281,"lon":-61.86425,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3938","notes":"Live since 2022/07/04"},{"id":"4006","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Natasquan (km 1383)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Natasquan (km 1383)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.14466,"lon":-61.71652,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4006","notes":"Live since 2024/04/12"},{"id":"3957","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Kegaska","nameEn":"Route 138 at Kegaska","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.16703,"lon":-61.45509,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3957","notes":"Live since 2022/12/09"},{"id":"4031","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de la route 389","nameEn":"Route 138 at route 389","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":49.21022,"lon":-68.23612,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4031","notes":"Live since 2024/09/18"},{"id":"3939","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de la Rue Mgr Labrie (Godbout km 826)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Rue Mgr Labrie (Godbout km 826)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":49.32777,"lon":-67.62513,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3939","notes":"Live since 2022/07/04"},{"id":"3940","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de la Côte du Smook (Baie-Trinité km 843)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Côte du Smook (Baie-Trinité km 843)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":49.38962,"lon":-67.51015,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3940","notes":"Live since 2022/07/04"},{"id":"3941","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de la Côte du Nadeau (Baie-Trinité km 849)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Côte du Nadeau (Baie-Trinité km 849)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":49.39411,"lon":-67.45159,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3941","notes":"Live since 2022/07/04"},{"id":"4007","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Port-Cartier (km 898)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Port-Cartier (km 898)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":49.72127,"lon":-67.1725,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4007","notes":"Live since 2024/04/12"},{"id":"3978","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de la route 385","nameEn":"Route 138 at route 385","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":48.75429,"lon":-69.08219,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3978","notes":"Live since 2023/07/10"},{"id":"3942","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de la Centrale de la Sainte-Marguerite-2 (Sept-Îles km 972)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Centrale de la Sainte-Marguerite-2 (Sept-Îles km 972)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.21681,"lon":-66.65594,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3942","notes":"Live since 2022/07/04"},{"id":"3943","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur du Poste Arnaud (Sept-Îles km 977)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Poste Arnaud (Sept-Îles km 977)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.19822,"lon":-66.58973,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3943","notes":"Live since 2022/07/04"},{"id":"3944","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de la Pointe Noire (Sept-Îles km 978)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Pointe Noire (Sept-Îles km 978)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.20541,"lon":-66.57463,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3944","notes":"Live since 2022/07/04"},{"id":"4008","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de Sept-Îles (boulevard Laure)","nameEn":"Route 138 at Sept-Îles (boulevard Laure)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":50.27258,"lon":-66.41239,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4008","notes":"Live since 2024/04/12"},{"id":"3979","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 172 à l’intersection de la route 138","nameEn":"Route 172 at route 138","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Côte-Nord","lat":48.1879,"lon":-69.69838,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3979","notes":"Live since 2023/07/10"},{"id":"3547","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 138 à la hauteur de la rue des Forgerons (Tadoussac)","nameEn":"Route 138 at rue des Forgerons (Tadoussac)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - 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Quebec 511","region":"Saguenay—Lac-Saint-Jean","lat":48.46602,"lon":-71.6787,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4076","notes":"Live since 2025/03/27"},{"id":"4077","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 170 à la hauteur du carrefour giratoire de Saint-Bruno (direction ouest)","nameEn":"Route 170 at Saint-Bruno roundabout (westward)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - Quebec 511","region":"Saguenay—Lac-Saint-Jean","lat":48.46602,"lon":-71.6787,"accuracyM":0,"positionSource":"MTQ georeferenced point (WFS, EPSG:4326, 5 decimals)","viewerUrl":"https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=4077","notes":"Live since 2025/03/27"},{"id":"4073","kind":"traffic","name":"Route 170 à la hauteur de Larouche (km 172)","nameEn":"Route 170 at Larouche (km 172)","category":"Highway traffic","operator":"Ministere des Transports et de la Mobilite durable (MTQ) - 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OSM ref 660"},{"id":"mtl-403","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Armand-Chaput et boulevard Henri-Bourassa Est","nameEn":"Avenue Armand-Chaput et boulevard Henri-Bourassa Est","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.65613,"lon":-73.528495,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/403","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 403"},{"id":"mtl-400","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Atwater et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Avenue Atwater et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.481239,"lon":-73.577968,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/400","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 400"},{"id":"mtl-639","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Atwater et rue Saint-Antoine","nameEn":"Avenue Atwater et rue Saint-Antoine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.485578,"lon":-73.580652,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/639","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 639"},{"id":"mtl-292","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Atwater et rue Saint-Jacques","nameEn":"Avenue Atwater et rue Saint-Jacques","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.483811,"lon":-73.579545,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/292","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 292"},{"id":"mtl-518","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Atwater et rue Sainte-Catherine","nameEn":"Avenue Atwater et rue Sainte-Catherine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.489305,"lon":-73.584504,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/518","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 518"},{"id":"mtl-500","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Atwater et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Avenue Atwater et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.491283,"lon":-73.587962,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/500","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 500"},{"id":"mtl-346","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Beaconsfield et rue Saint-Jacques","nameEn":"Avenue Beaconsfield et rue Saint-Jacques","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.464279,"lon":-73.615743,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/346","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 346"},{"id":"mtl-343","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Beaumont et avenue du Parc","nameEn":"Avenue Beaumont et avenue du Parc","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.529183,"lon":-73.617907,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/343","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 343"},{"id":"mtl-313","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Bernard et avenue du Parc","nameEn":"Avenue Bernard et avenue du Parc","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.523661,"lon":-73.605514,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/313","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 313"},{"id":"mtl-731","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Calixa, rue Panet et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Avenue Calixa, rue Panet et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.524617,"lon":-73.564961,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/731","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 731"},{"id":"mtl-381","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Cedar et chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges","nameEn":"Avenue Cedar et chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.494998,"lon":-73.591685,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/381","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 381"},{"id":"mtl-314","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et avenue Émile-Journault","nameEn":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et avenue Émile-Journault","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.555374,"lon":-73.637445,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/314","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 314"},{"id":"mtl-261","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et boulevard Crémazie inter. 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OSM ref 316"},{"id":"mtl-587","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et boulevard Saint-Joseph","nameEn":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et boulevard Saint-Joseph","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.530252,"lon":-73.584166,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/587","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 587"},{"id":"mtl-689","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue De Louvain","nameEn":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue De Louvain","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.55793,"lon":-73.646506,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/689","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 689"},{"id":"mtl-456","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Fleury","nameEn":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Fleury","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.561129,"lon":-73.657376,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/456","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 456"},{"id":"mtl-435","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Jacques-Casault","nameEn":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Jacques-Casault","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.551874,"lon":-73.630435,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/435","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 435"},{"id":"mtl-528","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Jarry","nameEn":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Jarry","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.54811,"lon":-73.624662,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/528","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 528"},{"id":"mtl-330","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Jean-Talon","nameEn":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Jean-Talon","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.542476,"lon":-73.61201,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/330","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 330"},{"id":"mtl-318","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Saint-Grégoire","nameEn":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Saint-Grégoire","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.53261,"lon":-73.590243,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/318","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 318"},{"id":"mtl-248","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Saint-Zotique","nameEn":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Saint-Zotique","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.539364,"lon":-73.605014,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/248","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 248"},{"id":"mtl-690","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Sauvé","nameEn":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Sauvé","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.559319,"lon":-73.651225,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/690","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 690"},{"id":"mtl-525","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Villeray","nameEn":"Avenue Christophe-Colomb et rue Villeray","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.545829,"lon":-73.619539,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/525","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 525"},{"id":"mtl-337","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue De Lorimier et avenue du Mont-Royal","nameEn":"Avenue De Lorimier et avenue du Mont-Royal","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.535168,"lon":-73.572449,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/337","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 337"},{"id":"mtl-577","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue De Lorimier et boulevard De Maisonneuve","nameEn":"Avenue De Lorimier et boulevard De Maisonneuve","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.525462,"lon":-73.551756,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/577","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 577"},{"id":"mtl-459","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue De Lorimier et boulevard René-Lévesque","nameEn":"Avenue De Lorimier et boulevard René-Lévesque","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.523538,"lon":-73.547728,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/459","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 459"},{"id":"mtl-309","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue De Lorimier et boulevard Rosemont","nameEn":"Avenue De Lorimier et boulevard Rosemont","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.543038,"lon":-73.589253,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/309","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 309"},{"id":"mtl-327","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue De Lorimier et boulevard Saint-Joseph","nameEn":"Avenue De Lorimier et boulevard Saint-Joseph","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.53747,"lon":-73.577386,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/327","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 327"},{"id":"mtl-277","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue De Lorimier et rue Notre-Dame / avenue Viger","nameEn":"Avenue De Lorimier et rue Notre-Dame / avenue Viger","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.522765,"lon":-73.545884,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/277","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 277"},{"id":"mtl-334","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue De Lorimier et rue Ontario","nameEn":"Avenue De Lorimier et rue Ontario","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.528074,"lon":-73.557381,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/334","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 334"},{"id":"mtl-336","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue De Lorimier et rue Rachel","nameEn":"Avenue De Lorimier et rue Rachel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.532774,"lon":-73.56737,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/336","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 336"},{"id":"mtl-352","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue De Lorimier et rue Saint-Zotique","nameEn":"Avenue De Lorimier et rue Saint-Zotique","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.547113,"lon":-73.597988,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/352","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 352"},{"id":"mtl-498","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue De Lorimier et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Avenue De Lorimier et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.530761,"lon":-73.563037,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/498","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 498"},{"id":"mtl-494","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Dollard et boulevard De La Vérendrye","nameEn":"Avenue Dollard et boulevard De La Vérendrye","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.423355,"lon":-73.622172,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/494","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 494"},{"id":"mtl-252","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Dollard et boulevard Newman","nameEn":"Avenue Dollard et boulevard Newman","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.430529,"lon":-73.634984,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/252","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 252"},{"id":"mtl-656","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Fairmount et rue Saint-Urbain","nameEn":"Avenue Fairmount et rue Saint-Urbain","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.522678,"lon":-73.595599,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/656","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 656"},{"id":"mtl-684","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue George-V et rue Victoria","nameEn":"Avenue George-V et rue Victoria","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.43903,"lon":-73.663476,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/684","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 684"},{"id":"mtl-612","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Girouard et avenue Notre-Dame-de-Grâce","nameEn":"Avenue Girouard et avenue Notre-Dame-de-Grâce","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.474951,"lon":-73.61741,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/612","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 612"},{"id":"mtl-364","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Girouard et chemin Upper-Lachine","nameEn":"Avenue Girouard et chemin Upper-Lachine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.470482,"lon":-73.607502,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/364","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 364"},{"id":"mtl-547","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Girouard et rue Saint-Jacques","nameEn":"Avenue Girouard et rue Saint-Jacques","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.469077,"lon":-73.604475,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/547","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 547"},{"id":"mtl-548","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Girouard et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Avenue Girouard et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.472529,"lon":-73.611987,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/548","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 548"},{"id":"mtl-676","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Greene et rue Saint-Jacques","nameEn":"Avenue Greene et rue Saint-Jacques","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.482676,"lon":-73.581408,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/676","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 676"},{"id":"mtl-388","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Greene et rue Sainte-Émilie —Sortie tunnel Atwater","nameEn":"Avenue Greene et rue Sainte-Émilie —Sortie tunnel Atwater","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.479652,"lon":-73.577845,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/388","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 388"},{"id":"mtl-347","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Haig et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Avenue Haig et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.577347,"lon":-73.515006,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/347","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 347"},{"id":"mtl-540","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Hébert et boulevard Henri-Bourassa","nameEn":"Avenue Hébert et boulevard Henri-Bourassa","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.596846,"lon":-73.641734,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/540","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 540"},{"id":"mtl-646","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Irwin et boulevard des Trinitaires","nameEn":"Avenue Irwin et boulevard des Trinitaires","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.446993,"lon":-73.604628,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/646","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 646"},{"id":"mtl-633","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Laurier et avenue du Parc","nameEn":"Avenue Laurier et avenue du Parc","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.519619,"lon":-73.595754,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/633","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 633"},{"id":"mtl-467","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Laurier et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Avenue Laurier et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.52304,"lon":-73.592797,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/467","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 467"},{"id":"mtl-596","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue McEachran et avenue Van Horne","nameEn":"Avenue McEachran et avenue Van Horne","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.518344,"lon":-73.616803,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/596","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 596"},{"id":"mtl-560","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Papineau et avenue Viger","nameEn":"Avenue Papineau et avenue Viger","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.52055,"lon":-73.547959,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/560","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 560"},{"id":"mtl-326","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Papineau et boulevard René-Lévesque","nameEn":"Avenue Papineau et boulevard René-Lévesque","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.52138,"lon":-73.54975,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/326","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 326"},{"id":"mtl-340","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Papineau et boulevard Rosemont","nameEn":"Avenue Papineau et boulevard Rosemont","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.540679,"lon":-73.591306,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/340","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 340"},{"id":"mtl-412","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Papineau et boulevard Saint-Joseph","nameEn":"Avenue Papineau et boulevard Saint-Joseph","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.535206,"lon":-73.579525,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/412","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 412"},{"id":"mtl-350","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Papineau et rue Rachel","nameEn":"Avenue Papineau et rue Rachel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.53055,"lon":-73.569497,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/350","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 350"},{"id":"mtl-468","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Papineau et rue Saint-Grégoire","nameEn":"Avenue Papineau et rue Saint-Grégoire","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.537887,"lon":-73.585298,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/468","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 468"},{"id":"mtl-298","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Papineau et rue Sauvé","nameEn":"Avenue Papineau et rue Sauvé","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.565702,"lon":-73.647589,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/298","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 298"},{"id":"mtl-590","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Papineau et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Avenue Papineau et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.528017,"lon":-73.563957,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/590","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 590"},{"id":"mtl-362","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Van Horne et avenue Victoria","nameEn":"Avenue Van Horne et avenue Victoria","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.494362,"lon":-73.637631,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/362","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 362"},{"id":"mtl-383","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue Van Horne et avenue Wiseman","nameEn":"Avenue Van Horne et avenue Wiseman","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.520376,"lon":-73.614989,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/383","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 383"},{"id":"mtl-286","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue de l'Hôtel-de-Ville et rue Saint-Antoine","nameEn":"Avenue de l'Hôtel-de-Ville et rue Saint-Antoine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.5088,"lon":-73.555806,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/286","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 286"},{"id":"mtl-430","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue de l'Église et boulevard De La Vérendrye","nameEn":"Avenue de l'Église et boulevard De La Vérendrye","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.463385,"lon":-73.581081,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/430","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 430"},{"id":"mtl-651","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue de l'Église et rue Laurendeau","nameEn":"Avenue de l'Église et rue Laurendeau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.463672,"lon":-73.587823,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/651","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 651"},{"id":"mtl-634","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue de l'Église et rue Saint-Patrick","nameEn":"Avenue de l'Église et rue Saint-Patrick","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.464685,"lon":-73.595249,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/634","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 634"},{"id":"mtl-287","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue des Pins et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Avenue des Pins et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.515053,"lon":-73.575108,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/287","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 287"},{"id":"mtl-624","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue des Pins et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Avenue des Pins et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.518884,"lon":-73.571756,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/624","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 624"},{"id":"mtl-249","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue des Pins et rue Saint-Urbain","nameEn":"Avenue des Pins et rue Saint-Urbain","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.513809,"lon":-73.576151,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/249","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 249"},{"id":"mtl-284","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue des Pins et rue University","nameEn":"Avenue des Pins et rue University","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.508203,"lon":-73.580116,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/284","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 284"},{"id":"mtl-273","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Docteur-Penfield et rue McTavish","nameEn":"Avenue du Docteur-Penfield et rue McTavish","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.504014,"lon":-73.578468,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/273","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 273"},{"id":"mtl-603","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Docteur-Penfield et rue de la Montagne","nameEn":"Avenue du Docteur-Penfield et rue de la Montagne","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.501234,"lon":-73.582,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/603","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 603"},{"id":"mtl-414","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et avenue Papineau","nameEn":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et avenue Papineau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.532927,"lon":-73.57457,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/414","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 414"},{"id":"mtl-455","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et avenue du Parc","nameEn":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et avenue du Parc","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.516725,"lon":-73.589318,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/455","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 455"},{"id":"mtl-648","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.520107,"lon":-73.58641,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/648","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 648"},{"id":"mtl-615","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et rue Resther","nameEn":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et rue Resther","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.525539,"lon":-73.581475,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/615","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 615"},{"id":"mtl-556","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.523917,"lon":-73.582905,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/556","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 556"},{"id":"mtl-366","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et rue Saint-Urbain","nameEn":"Avenue du Mont-Royal et rue Saint-Urbain","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.518903,"lon":-73.587458,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/366","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 366"},{"id":"mtl-618","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Parc et avenue Saint-Viateur","nameEn":"Avenue du Parc et avenue Saint-Viateur","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.522207,"lon":-73.602214,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/618","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 618"},{"id":"mtl-387","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Parc et avenue Van Horne","nameEn":"Avenue du Parc et avenue Van Horne","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.525753,"lon":-73.61021,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/387","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 387"},{"id":"mtl-550","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Parc et avenue des Pins","nameEn":"Avenue du Parc et avenue des Pins","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.51155,"lon":-73.577978,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/550","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 550"},{"id":"mtl-492","kind":"montreal","name":"Avenue du Parc et boulevard Saint-Joseph","nameEn":"Avenue du Parc et boulevard Saint-Joseph","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.518993,"lon":-73.594388,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/492","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 492"},{"id":"mtl-621","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Angrignon et rue Saint-Patrick","nameEn":"Boulevard Angrignon et rue Saint-Patrick","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.451543,"lon":-73.624369,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/621","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 621"},{"id":"mtl-443","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Angrignon — boulevard des Trinitaires et boulevard Newman","nameEn":"Boulevard Angrignon — boulevard des Trinitaires et boulevard Newman","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.447741,"lon":-73.609678,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/443","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 443"},{"id":"mtl-311","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Armand-Bombardier et boulevard Henri-Bourassa Est / boulevard Ray-Lawson","nameEn":"Boulevard Armand-Bombardier et boulevard Henri-Bourassa Est / boulevard Ray-Lawson","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.62527,"lon":-73.581505,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/311","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 311"},{"id":"mtl-444","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Armand-Bombardier et boulevard Maurice-Duplessis","nameEn":"Boulevard Armand-Bombardier et boulevard Maurice-Duplessis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.631474,"lon":-73.589489,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/444","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 444"},{"id":"mtl-544","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Armand-Bombardier et boulevard Perras","nameEn":"Boulevard Armand-Bombardier et boulevard Perras","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.638462,"lon":-73.596945,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/544","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 544"},{"id":"mtl-683","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Bishop-Power et boulevard Champlain","nameEn":"Boulevard Bishop-Power et boulevard Champlain","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.42922,"lon":-73.608623,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/683","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 683"},{"id":"mtl-457","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Cavendish et boulevard Thimens","nameEn":"Boulevard Cavendish et boulevard Thimens","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.502315,"lon":-73.706141,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/457","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 457"},{"id":"mtl-451","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Cavendish et boulevard de la Côte-Vertu","nameEn":"Boulevard Cavendish et boulevard de la Côte-Vertu","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.499046,"lon":-73.701806,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/451","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 451"},{"id":"mtl-416","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Cavendish et rue Griffith","nameEn":"Boulevard Cavendish et rue Griffith","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.490199,"lon":-73.692006,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/416","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 416"},{"id":"mtl-405","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Cavendish et rue Poirier","nameEn":"Boulevard Cavendish et rue Poirier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.505326,"lon":-73.711322,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/405","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 405"},{"id":"mtl-369","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Cavendish et rue Saint-Jacques","nameEn":"Boulevard Cavendish et rue Saint-Jacques","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.461501,"lon":-73.624143,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/369","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 369"},{"id":"mtl-485","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Cavendish et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Boulevard Cavendish et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.463849,"lon":-73.628884,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/485","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 485"},{"id":"mtl-477","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Champlain et rue de l'Église","nameEn":"Boulevard Champlain et rue de l'Église","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.463298,"lon":-73.578924,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/477","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 477"},{"id":"mtl-308","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Crémazie Sud et avenue Papineau","nameEn":"Boulevard Crémazie Sud et avenue Papineau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.554015,"lon":-73.621461,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/308","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 308"},{"id":"mtl-379","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Crémazie et avenue Christophe-Colomb","nameEn":"Boulevard Crémazie et avenue Christophe-Colomb","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.550219,"lon":-73.629339,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/379","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 379"},{"id":"mtl-267","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Crémazie et avenue Papineau inter. Nord-Ouest","nameEn":"Boulevard Crémazie et avenue Papineau inter. Nord-Ouest","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.554411,"lon":-73.622821,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/267","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 267"},{"id":"mtl-262","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Crémazie et boulevard Saint-Laurent inter. Nord-Est","nameEn":"Boulevard Crémazie et boulevard Saint-Laurent inter. Nord-Est","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.542428,"lon":-73.64139,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/262","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 262"},{"id":"mtl-265","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Crémazie et boulevard Saint-Michel inter. Nord-Ouest","nameEn":"Boulevard Crémazie et boulevard Saint-Michel inter. Nord-Ouest","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.562419,"lon":-73.607413,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/265","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 265"},{"id":"mtl-619","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Crémazie et rue D'Iberville inter. Sud","nameEn":"Boulevard Crémazie et rue D'Iberville inter. Sud","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.558171,"lon":-73.612275,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/619","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 619"},{"id":"mtl-353","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Crémazie et rue Lajeunesse inter. Sud","nameEn":"Boulevard Crémazie et rue Lajeunesse inter. Sud","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.546327,"lon":-73.637656,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/353","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 353"},{"id":"mtl-354","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Crémazie et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Boulevard Crémazie et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.54547,"lon":-73.639042,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/354","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 354"},{"id":"mtl-378","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Crémazie et rue Saint-Hubert inter. Nord","nameEn":"Boulevard Crémazie et rue Saint-Hubert inter. Nord","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.549197,"lon":-73.635337,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/378","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 378"},{"id":"mtl-289","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard De La Rousselière et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Boulevard De La Rousselière et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.669367,"lon":-73.505071,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/289","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 289"},{"id":"mtl-644","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard De La Vérendrye et avenue Woodland","nameEn":"Boulevard De La Vérendrye et avenue Woodland","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.453263,"lon":-73.583712,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/644","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 644"},{"id":"mtl-645","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard De La Vérendrye et boulevard des Trinitaires","nameEn":"Boulevard De La Vérendrye et boulevard des Trinitaires","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.445266,"lon":-73.592636,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/645","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 645"},{"id":"mtl-396","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard De Maisonneuve et boulevard Robert-Bourassa","nameEn":"Boulevard De Maisonneuve et boulevard Robert-Bourassa","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.504036,"lon":-73.571569,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/396","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 396"},{"id":"mtl-393","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard De Maisonneuve et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Boulevard De Maisonneuve et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.51061,"lon":-73.565341,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/393","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 393"},{"id":"mtl-406","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard De Maisonneuve et rue Peel","nameEn":"Boulevard De Maisonneuve et rue Peel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.500881,"lon":-73.574707,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/406","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 406"},{"id":"mtl-501","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Décarie et avenue Royalmount / rue de la Savane","nameEn":"Boulevard Décarie et avenue Royalmount / rue de la Savane","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.498766,"lon":-73.660714,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/501","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 501"},{"id":"mtl-419","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Décarie et avenue Van Horne inter. Est","nameEn":"Boulevard Décarie et avenue Van Horne inter. Est","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.489678,"lon":-73.64213,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/419","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 419"},{"id":"mtl-256","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Décarie et avenue Van Horne inter. Ouest","nameEn":"Boulevard Décarie et avenue Van Horne inter. Ouest","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.489333,"lon":-73.642375,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/256","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 256"},{"id":"mtl-370","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Décarie et avenue de Monkland inter. Ouest","nameEn":"Boulevard Décarie et avenue de Monkland inter. Ouest","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.478433,"lon":-73.620243,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/370","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 370"},{"id":"mtl-620","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Décarie et boulevard De Maisonneuve","nameEn":"Boulevard Décarie et boulevard De Maisonneuve","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.472892,"lon":-73.605672,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/620","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 620"},{"id":"mtl-283","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Décarie et chemin Queen-Mary inter. Ouest","nameEn":"Boulevard Décarie et chemin Queen-Mary inter. Ouest","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.483512,"lon":-73.629225,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/283","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 283"},{"id":"mtl-599","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Décarie et rue Jean-Talon O","nameEn":"Boulevard Décarie et rue Jean-Talon O","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.494253,"lon":-73.653327,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/599","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 599"},{"id":"mtl-399","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Décarie et rue Jean-Talon inter.Est (rue des Jockeys)","nameEn":"Boulevard Décarie et rue Jean-Talon inter.Est (rue des Jockeys)","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.494632,"lon":-73.65284,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/399","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 399"},{"id":"mtl-626","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Décarie et rue Saint-Jacques","nameEn":"Boulevard Décarie et rue Saint-Jacques","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.471011,"lon":-73.601342,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/626","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 626"},{"id":"mtl-301","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Décarie et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Boulevard Décarie et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.474307,"lon":-73.608825,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/301","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 301"},{"id":"mtl-466","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Gaétan-Laberge et rue Gilberte-Dubé","nameEn":"Boulevard Gaétan-Laberge et rue Gilberte-Dubé","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.470379,"lon":-73.561976,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/466","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 466"},{"id":"mtl-638","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Georges-Vanier et rue Saint-Antoine","nameEn":"Boulevard Georges-Vanier et rue Saint-Antoine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.488948,"lon":-73.576972,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/638","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 638"},{"id":"mtl-471","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Gouin et Sortie A-13 (int. Est) boulevard Pitfield","nameEn":"Boulevard Gouin et Sortie A-13 (int. Est) boulevard Pitfield","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.507891,"lon":-73.760108,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/471","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 471"},{"id":"mtl-250","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Gouin et boulevard Jacques-Bizard","nameEn":"Boulevard Gouin et boulevard Jacques-Bizard","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.485008,"lon":-73.864886,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/250","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 250"},{"id":"mtl-390","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Gouin et boulevard Laurentien","nameEn":"Boulevard Gouin et boulevard Laurentien","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.529688,"lon":-73.723316,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/390","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 390"},{"id":"mtl-475","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Gouin et boulevard des Sources","nameEn":"Boulevard Gouin et boulevard des Sources","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.508566,"lon":-73.82166,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/475","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 475"},{"id":"mtl-295","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Gouin et rue Lachapelle","nameEn":"Boulevard Gouin et rue Lachapelle","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.531252,"lon":-73.721791,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/295","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 295"},{"id":"mtl-401","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Gouin et rue Lajeunesse","nameEn":"Boulevard Gouin et rue Lajeunesse","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.556008,"lon":-73.671055,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/401","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 401"},{"id":"mtl-317","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa Est et boulevard Rodolphe-Forget","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa Est et boulevard Rodolphe-Forget","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.636231,"lon":-73.56522,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/317","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 317"},{"id":"mtl-322","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa Est et rue Renaude-Lapointe","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa Est et rue Renaude-Lapointe","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.6138,"lon":-73.5991,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/322","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 322"},{"id":"mtl-495","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa N-O et boulevard Pie-IX","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa N-O et boulevard Pie-IX","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.595767,"lon":-73.642934,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/495","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 495"},{"id":"mtl-537","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa S-E et boulevard Pie-IX","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa S-E et boulevard Pie-IX","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.595894,"lon":-73.642276,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/537","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 537"},{"id":"mtl-380","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et avenue De Lorimier","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et avenue De Lorimier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.573682,"lon":-73.656737,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/380","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 380"},{"id":"mtl-673","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et avenue Larose","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et avenue Larose","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.580764,"lon":-73.651607,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/673","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 673"},{"id":"mtl-424","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et avenue O'Brien","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et avenue O'Brien","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.52657,"lon":-73.697734,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/424","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 424"},{"id":"mtl-497","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et avenue Papineau","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et avenue Papineau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.570146,"lon":-73.658213,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/497","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 497"},{"id":"mtl-415","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Langelier","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Langelier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.610665,"lon":-73.60793,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/415","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 415"},{"id":"mtl-476","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Léger","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Léger","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.599958,"lon":-73.639145,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/476","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 476"},{"id":"mtl-355","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Marcel-Laurin","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Marcel-Laurin","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.52218,"lon":-73.707555,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/355","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 355"},{"id":"mtl-657","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Métropolitain","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Métropolitain","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.660908,"lon":-73.516241,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/657","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 657"},{"id":"mtl-515","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Rivière-des-Prairies","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Rivière-des-Prairies","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.643554,"lon":-73.553999,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/515","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 515"},{"id":"mtl-667","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Rolland","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Rolland","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.609101,"lon":-73.612744,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/667","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 667"},{"id":"mtl-288","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Saint-Jean-Baptiste","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Saint-Jean-Baptiste","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.652355,"lon":-73.536228,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/288","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 288"},{"id":"mtl-377","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.550332,"lon":-73.670922,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/377","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 377"},{"id":"mtl-437","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Saint-Michel","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Saint-Michel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.583921,"lon":-73.650325,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/437","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 437"},{"id":"mtl-302","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Thimens","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et boulevard Thimens","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.505173,"lon":-73.740921,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/302","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 302"},{"id":"mtl-325","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et rue Lajeunesse","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et rue Lajeunesse","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.555229,"lon":-73.668202,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/325","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 325"},{"id":"mtl-649","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et rue Meilleur","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et rue Meilleur","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.543372,"lon":-73.675269,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/649","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 649"},{"id":"mtl-363","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et rue Saint-Hubert","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et rue Saint-Hubert","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.55837,"lon":-73.667148,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/363","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 363"},{"id":"mtl-458","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et rue Valiquette","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Bourassa et rue Valiquette","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.499785,"lon":-73.748255,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/458","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 458"},{"id":"mtl-685","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Henri-Duhamel et boulevard Lasalle","nameEn":"Boulevard Henri-Duhamel et boulevard Lasalle","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.472301,"lon":-73.569545,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/685","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 685"},{"id":"mtl-434","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Industriel — rue de Port-Royal et boulevard Saint-Michel","nameEn":"Boulevard Industriel — rue de Port-Royal et boulevard Saint-Michel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.575987,"lon":-73.636518,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/434","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 434"},{"id":"mtl-440","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Jacques-Bizard et boulevard de Pierrefonds","nameEn":"Boulevard Jacques-Bizard et boulevard de Pierrefonds","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.482296,"lon":-73.862293,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/440","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 440"},{"id":"mtl-504","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Keller et boulevard Laurentien","nameEn":"Boulevard Keller et boulevard Laurentien","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.524998,"lon":-73.712163,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/504","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 504"},{"id":"mtl-307","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Lacordaire et boulevard Lavoisier","nameEn":"Boulevard Lacordaire et boulevard Lavoisier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.593216,"lon":-73.602041,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/307","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 307"},{"id":"mtl-506","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Lacordaire et boulevard Robert","nameEn":"Boulevard Lacordaire et boulevard Robert","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.587432,"lon":-73.597024,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/506","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 506"},{"id":"mtl-665","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Lacordaire et rue Saint-Zotique","nameEn":"Boulevard Lacordaire et rue Saint-Zotique","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.581642,"lon":-73.569113,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/665","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 665"},{"id":"mtl-329","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Langelier et boulevard Rosemont","nameEn":"Boulevard Langelier et boulevard Rosemont","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.586503,"lon":-73.554624,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/329","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 329"},{"id":"mtl-446","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Louis-Hippolyte-La Fontaine et boulevard Maurice-Duplessis côté Est","nameEn":"Boulevard Louis-Hippolyte-La Fontaine et boulevard Maurice-Duplessis côté Est","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.622811,"lon":-73.603831,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/446","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 446"},{"id":"mtl-445","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Louis-Hippolyte-La Fontaine et boulevard Perras","nameEn":"Boulevard Louis-Hippolyte-La Fontaine et boulevard Perras","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.629828,"lon":-73.611407,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/445","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 445"},{"id":"mtl-356","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Marcel-Laurin et boulevard Poirier","nameEn":"Boulevard Marcel-Laurin et boulevard Poirier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.517484,"lon":-73.699941,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/356","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 356"},{"id":"mtl-361","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Marcel-Laurin et boulevard Thimens","nameEn":"Boulevard Marcel-Laurin et boulevard Thimens","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.513124,"lon":-73.692902,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/361","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 361"},{"id":"mtl-672","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Marcel-Laurin et rue Saint-Louis","nameEn":"Boulevard Marcel-Laurin et rue Saint-Louis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.504338,"lon":-73.67727,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/672","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 672"},{"id":"mtl-668","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Maurice-Duplessis et boulevard Rolland","nameEn":"Boulevard Maurice-Duplessis et boulevard Rolland","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.614951,"lon":-73.619035,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/668","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 668"},{"id":"mtl-661","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Maurice-Duplessis et boulevard Saint-Jean-Baptiste","nameEn":"Boulevard Maurice-Duplessis et boulevard Saint-Jean-Baptiste","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.659315,"lon":-73.541867,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/661","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 661"},{"id":"mtl-342","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Maurice-Duplessis et boulevard de la Rivière-des-Prairies","nameEn":"Boulevard Maurice-Duplessis et boulevard de la Rivière-des-Prairies","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.650755,"lon":-73.561507,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/342","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 342"},{"id":"mtl-348","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Monk et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Boulevard Monk et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.466513,"lon":-73.600103,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/348","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 348"},{"id":"mtl-312","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Monk et rue Saint-Patrick","nameEn":"Boulevard Monk et rue Saint-Patrick","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.46285,"lon":-73.597689,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/312","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 312"},{"id":"mtl-341","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Perras et boulevard Rodolphe-Forget","nameEn":"Boulevard Perras et boulevard Rodolphe-Forget","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.649362,"lon":-73.578991,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/341","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 341"},{"id":"mtl-258","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Pie-IX et boulevard Rosemont","nameEn":"Boulevard Pie-IX et boulevard Rosemont","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.560682,"lon":-73.57368,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/258","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 258"},{"id":"mtl-394","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Pie-IX et boulevard Saint-Joseph","nameEn":"Boulevard Pie-IX et boulevard Saint-Joseph","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.557132,"lon":-73.56256,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/394","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 394"},{"id":"mtl-266","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Pie-IX et rue Prieur","nameEn":"Boulevard Pie-IX et rue Prieur","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.588202,"lon":-73.634472,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/266","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 266"},{"id":"mtl-345","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Pie-IX et rue Sherbrooke int. N","nameEn":"Boulevard Pie-IX et rue Sherbrooke int. N","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.554698,"lon":-73.554818,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/345","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 345"},{"id":"mtl-539","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Pie-IX et rue d'Amos","nameEn":"Boulevard Pie-IX et rue d'Amos","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.594408,"lon":-73.641141,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/539","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 539"},{"id":"mtl-715","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Pierrefonds et boulevard St-Jean","nameEn":"Boulevard Pierrefonds et boulevard St-Jean","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.491918,"lon":-73.851881,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/715","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 715"},{"id":"mtl-452","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Poirier et boulevard Thimens","nameEn":"Boulevard Poirier et boulevard Thimens","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.494808,"lon":-73.724094,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/452","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 452"},{"id":"mtl-305","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard René-Lévesque et boulevard Robert-Bourassa","nameEn":"Boulevard René-Lévesque et boulevard Robert-Bourassa","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.502034,"lon":-73.567227,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/305","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 305"},{"id":"mtl-392","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard René-Lévesque et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Boulevard René-Lévesque et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.50883,"lon":-73.561582,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/392","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 392"},{"id":"mtl-640","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard René-Lévesque et rue Saint-Marc","nameEn":"Boulevard René-Lévesque et rue Saint-Marc","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.491058,"lon":-73.577636,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/640","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 640"},{"id":"mtl-470","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Robert et rue Viau","nameEn":"Boulevard Robert et rue Viau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.584407,"lon":-73.604961,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/470","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 470"},{"id":"mtl-642","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Robert-Bourassa et rue Sainte-Catherine","nameEn":"Boulevard Robert-Bourassa et rue Sainte-Catherine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.503177,"lon":-73.569807,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/642","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 642"},{"id":"mtl-276","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Rosemont / avenue Van Horne et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Boulevard Rosemont / avenue Van Horne et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.531042,"lon":-73.598501,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/276","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 276"},{"id":"mtl-320","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Rosemont et boulevard Saint-Michel","nameEn":"Boulevard Rosemont et boulevard Saint-Michel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.553225,"lon":-73.580398,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/320","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 320"},{"id":"mtl-278","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Rosemont et rue Viau","nameEn":"Boulevard Rosemont et rue Viau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.56923,"lon":-73.566266,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/278","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 278"},{"id":"mtl-300","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Saint-Jean-Baptiste et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Boulevard Saint-Jean-Baptiste et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.643784,"lon":-73.513875,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/300","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 300"},{"id":"mtl-291","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Saint-Joseph et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Boulevard Saint-Joseph et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.522389,"lon":-73.591336,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/291","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 291"},{"id":"mtl-304","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Saint-Joseph et boulevard Saint-Michel","nameEn":"Boulevard Saint-Joseph et boulevard Saint-Michel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.54952,"lon":-73.56825,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/304","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 304"},{"id":"mtl-617","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Saint-Joseph et rue Saint-Urbain","nameEn":"Boulevard Saint-Joseph et rue Saint-Urbain","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.521178,"lon":-73.592417,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/617","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 617"},{"id":"mtl-409","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Saint-Laurent et avenue Viger","nameEn":"Boulevard Saint-Laurent et avenue Viger","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.507537,"lon":-73.558709,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/409","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 409"},{"id":"mtl-524","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Saint-Laurent et rue Saint-Zotique","nameEn":"Boulevard Saint-Laurent et rue Saint-Zotique","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.531866,"lon":-73.612119,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/524","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 524"},{"id":"mtl-296","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Saint-Laurent et rue Sauvé","nameEn":"Boulevard Saint-Laurent et rue Sauvé","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.546978,"lon":-73.659836,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/296","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 296"},{"id":"mtl-503","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Saint-Laurent et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Boulevard Saint-Laurent et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.512499,"lon":-73.569435,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/503","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 503"},{"id":"mtl-564","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Saint-Michel / Rue Davidson et Rue Rachel","nameEn":"Boulevard Saint-Michel / Rue Davidson et Rue Rachel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.547019,"lon":-73.55964,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/564","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 564"},{"id":"mtl-671","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Saint-Michel et rue Saint-Zotique","nameEn":"Boulevard Saint-Michel et rue Saint-Zotique","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.556195,"lon":-73.590087,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/671","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 671"},{"id":"mtl-538","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue et rue Saint-Jacques","nameEn":"Boulevard Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue et rue Saint-Jacques","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.455556,"lon":-73.631597,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/538","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 538"},{"id":"mtl-439","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Shevchenko et boulevard De La Vérendrye","nameEn":"Boulevard Shevchenko et boulevard De La Vérendrye","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.430057,"lon":-73.609728,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/439","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 439"},{"id":"mtl-658","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de La Rousselière et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Boulevard de La Rousselière et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.667561,"lon":-73.494369,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/658","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 658"},{"id":"mtl-433","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de Pierrefonds et boulevard Saint-Charles","nameEn":"Boulevard de Pierrefonds et boulevard Saint-Charles","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.468831,"lon":-73.875595,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/433","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 433"},{"id":"mtl-429","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de Pierrefonds et boulevard des Sources","nameEn":"Boulevard de Pierrefonds et boulevard des Sources","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.50677,"lon":-73.819915,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/429","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 429"},{"id":"mtl-510","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et avenue Beaumont","nameEn":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et avenue Beaumont","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.523401,"lon":-73.623293,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/510","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 510"},{"id":"mtl-517","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et boulevard Crémazie N","nameEn":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et boulevard Crémazie N","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.531164,"lon":-73.649801,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/517","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 517"},{"id":"mtl-376","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et boulevard Crémazie inter. Sud","nameEn":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et boulevard Crémazie inter. Sud","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.530407,"lon":-73.647366,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/376","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 376"},{"id":"mtl-428","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et boulevard Gouin","nameEn":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et boulevard Gouin","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.543403,"lon":-73.70314,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/428","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 428"},{"id":"mtl-263","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et boulevard Henri-Bourassa","nameEn":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et boulevard Henri-Bourassa","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.534293,"lon":-73.680889,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/263","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 263"},{"id":"mtl-368","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et rue De Salaberry","nameEn":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et rue De Salaberry","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.54075,"lon":-73.695765,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/368","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 368"},{"id":"mtl-508","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et rue Jean-Talon","nameEn":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et rue Jean-Talon","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.524218,"lon":-73.625887,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/508","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 508"},{"id":"mtl-264","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et rue Sauvé","nameEn":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et rue Sauvé","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.535647,"lon":-73.665623,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/264","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 264"},{"id":"mtl-371","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et rue de Louvain","nameEn":"Boulevard de l'Acadie et rue de Louvain","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.534418,"lon":-73.66067,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/371","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 371"},{"id":"mtl-674","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de l'Assomption et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Boulevard de l'Assomption et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.570497,"lon":-73.550994,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/674","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 674"},{"id":"mtl-611","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de la Côte-Vertu et avenue O'Brien","nameEn":"Boulevard de la Côte-Vertu et avenue O'Brien","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.515787,"lon":-73.680626,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/611","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 611"},{"id":"mtl-610","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de la Côte-Vertu et avenue Sainte-Croix","nameEn":"Boulevard de la Côte-Vertu et avenue Sainte-Croix","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.516183,"lon":-73.680113,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/610","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 610"},{"id":"mtl-360","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard de la Côte-Vertu et boulevard Marcel-Laurin","nameEn":"Boulevard de la Côte-Vertu et boulevard Marcel-Laurin","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.510058,"lon":-73.688014,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/360","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 360"},{"id":"mtl-257","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard des Grandes-Prairies et boulevard Pie-IX","nameEn":"Boulevard des Grandes-Prairies et boulevard Pie-IX","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.581645,"lon":-73.625682,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/257","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 257"},{"id":"mtl-365","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard des Grandes-Prairies et boulevard Viau","nameEn":"Boulevard des Grandes-Prairies et boulevard Viau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.590286,"lon":-73.618036,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/365","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 365"},{"id":"mtl-529","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard l'Acadie et rue Jarry","nameEn":"Boulevard l'Acadie et rue Jarry","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.527648,"lon":-73.6379,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/529","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 529"},{"id":"mtl-584","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit et avenue Louis Colin","nameEn":"Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit et avenue Louis Colin","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.503262,"lon":-73.618883,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/584","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 584"},{"id":"mtl-552","kind":"montreal","name":"Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit et avenue Vincent d'Indy","nameEn":"Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit et avenue Vincent d'Indy","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.510174,"lon":-73.612193,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/552","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 552"},{"id":"mtl-597","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin Bates et avenue Wilderton","nameEn":"Chemin Bates et avenue Wilderton","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.513393,"lon":-73.631281,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/597","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 597"},{"id":"mtl-251","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin Queen-Mary et avenue Victoria","nameEn":"Chemin Queen-Mary et avenue Victoria","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.488622,"lon":-73.624781,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/251","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 251"},{"id":"mtl-516","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-Saint-Luc et Rue Ellerdale / Avenue Fielding","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-Saint-Luc et Rue Ellerdale / Avenue Fielding","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.476786,"lon":-73.636536,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/516","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 516"},{"id":"mtl-282","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-Saint-Luc et boulevard Décarie inter. Est","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-Saint-Luc et boulevard Décarie inter. Est","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.480932,"lon":-73.62255,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/282","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 282"},{"id":"mtl-404","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-Saint-Luc et boulevard Décarie inter. Ouest","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-Saint-Luc et boulevard Décarie inter. Ouest","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.480568,"lon":-73.622883,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/404","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 404"},{"id":"mtl-675","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-Saint-Paul et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-Saint-Paul et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.469324,"lon":-73.593342,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/675","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 675"},{"id":"mtl-583","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et avenue Decelles","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et avenue Decelles","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.500673,"lon":-73.625668,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/583","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 583"},{"id":"mtl-447","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et avenue Laurier","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et avenue Laurier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.516024,"lon":-73.598947,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/447","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 447"},{"id":"mtl-594","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et avenue McEachran","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et avenue McEachran","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.514671,"lon":-73.608991,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/594","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 594"},{"id":"mtl-598","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et avenue Victoria","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et avenue Victoria","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.492354,"lon":-73.633124,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/598","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 598"},{"id":"mtl-585","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et avenue Vincent-d'Indy","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et avenue Vincent-d'Indy","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.511737,"lon":-73.615489,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/585","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 585"},{"id":"mtl-425","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et boulevard Décarie inter. Est","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et boulevard Décarie inter. Est","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.487522,"lon":-73.637277,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/425","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 425"},{"id":"mtl-423","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et boulevard Décarie inter. Ouest","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine et boulevard Décarie inter. Ouest","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.487163,"lon":-73.637613,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/423","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 423"},{"id":"mtl-453","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-de-Liesse et avenue Sainte-Croix","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-de-Liesse et avenue Sainte-Croix","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.507954,"lon":-73.663212,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/453","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 453"},{"id":"mtl-293","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges / boulevard Laird et rue Jean-Talon","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges / boulevard Laird et rue Jean-Talon","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.505379,"lon":-73.642317,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/293","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 293"},{"id":"mtl-294","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et Le Boulevard","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et Le Boulevard","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.49537,"lon":-73.59613,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/294","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 294"},{"id":"mtl-385","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et avenue Van Horne","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et avenue Van Horne","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.500857,"lon":-73.632176,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/385","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 385"},{"id":"mtl-562","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et boulevard Édouard-Montpetit","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et boulevard Édouard-Montpetit","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.497235,"lon":-73.624313,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/562","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 562"},{"id":"mtl-413","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et chemin Queen-Mary","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et chemin Queen-Mary","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.49502,"lon":-73.619034,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/413","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 413"},{"id":"mtl-546","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.498641,"lon":-73.627461,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/546","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 546"},{"id":"mtl-270","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et rue Guy / rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges et rue Guy / rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.496536,"lon":-73.581761,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/270","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 270"},{"id":"mtl-643","kind":"montreal","name":"Chemin des Moulins et rue des Irlandais","nameEn":"Chemin des Moulins et rue des Irlandais","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.489114,"lon":-73.545704,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/643","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 643"},{"id":"mtl-520","kind":"montreal","name":"Place D'Armes et rue Saint-Jacques E","nameEn":"Place D'Armes et rue Saint-Jacques E","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.505186,"lon":-73.55746,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/520","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 520"},{"id":"mtl-521","kind":"montreal","name":"Place D'Armes et rue Saint-Jacques O","nameEn":"Place D'Armes et rue Saint-Jacques O","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.504786,"lon":-73.55746,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/521","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 521"},{"id":"mtl-391","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Alphonse-D.-Roy et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Rue Alphonse-D.-Roy et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.536438,"lon":-73.541563,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/391","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 391"},{"id":"mtl-613","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Amherst et boulevard De Maisonneuve","nameEn":"Rue Amherst et boulevard De Maisonneuve","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.518128,"lon":-73.558543,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/613","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 613"},{"id":"mtl-631","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Amherst et boulevard René-Lévesque","nameEn":"Rue Amherst et boulevard René-Lévesque","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.516439,"lon":-73.554824,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/631","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 631"},{"id":"mtl-581","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Amherst et rue Ontario","nameEn":"Rue Amherst et rue Ontario","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.520215,"lon":-73.562956,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/581","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 581"},{"id":"mtl-614","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Amherst et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue Amherst et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.521356,"lon":-73.565547,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/614","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 614"},{"id":"mtl-418","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Antoine-Faucon et boulevard Saint-Charles","nameEn":"Rue Antoine-Faucon et boulevard Saint-Charles","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.460375,"lon":-73.866268,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/418","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 418"},{"id":"mtl-389","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Beaubien et avenue Christophe-Colomb","nameEn":"Rue Beaubien et avenue Christophe-Colomb","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.537804,"lon":-73.601537,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/389","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 389"},{"id":"mtl-384","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Beaubien et avenue Papineau","nameEn":"Rue Beaubien et avenue Papineau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.543159,"lon":-73.596666,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/384","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 384"},{"id":"mtl-275","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Beaubien et avenue du Parc","nameEn":"Rue Beaubien et avenue du Parc","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.526914,"lon":-73.6128,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/275","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 275"},{"id":"mtl-664","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Beaubien et boulevard Langelier","nameEn":"Rue Beaubien et boulevard Langelier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.58846,"lon":-73.560505,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/664","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 664"},{"id":"mtl-398","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Beaubien et rue D'Iberville","nameEn":"Rue Beaubien et rue D'Iberville","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.548973,"lon":-73.591567,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/398","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 398"},{"id":"mtl-246","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Beaubien et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Rue Beaubien et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.534048,"lon":-73.605036,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/246","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 246"},{"id":"mtl-551","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Beaubien et rue Viau","nameEn":"Rue Beaubien et rue Viau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.571139,"lon":-73.572272,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/551","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 551"},{"id":"mtl-522","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bernard et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Rue Bernard et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.527356,"lon":-73.602252,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/522","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 522"},{"id":"mtl-732","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Berri et avenue Mont-Royal","nameEn":"Rue Berri et avenue Mont-Royal","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.524982,"lon":-73.581966,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/732","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 732"},{"id":"mtl-591","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Berri et avenue Viger","nameEn":"Rue Berri et avenue Viger","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.51251,"lon":-73.554997,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/591","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 591"},{"id":"mtl-541","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Berri et avenue du Mont-Royal","nameEn":"Rue Berri et avenue du Mont-Royal","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.524966,"lon":-73.582055,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/541","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 541"},{"id":"mtl-271","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Berri et boulevard De Maisonneuve","nameEn":"Rue Berri et boulevard De Maisonneuve","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.515331,"lon":-73.561086,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/271","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 271"},{"id":"mtl-549","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Berri et boulevard Henri-Bourassa","nameEn":"Rue Berri et boulevard Henri-Bourassa","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.554502,"lon":-73.668643,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/549","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 549"},{"id":"mtl-509","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Berri et boulevard Rene-Levesque","nameEn":"Rue Berri et boulevard Rene-Levesque","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.513593,"lon":-73.5574,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/509","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 509"},{"id":"mtl-622","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Berri et rue Cherrier","nameEn":"Rue Berri et rue Cherrier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.519079,"lon":-73.569247,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/622","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 622"},{"id":"mtl-595","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Berri et rue Ontario","nameEn":"Rue Berri et rue Ontario","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.517033,"lon":-73.56479,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/595","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 595"},{"id":"mtl-479","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Berri et rue Saint-Antoine","nameEn":"Rue Berri et rue Saint-Antoine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.512139,"lon":-73.553772,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/479","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 479"},{"id":"mtl-681","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Berri et rue Sauvé","nameEn":"Rue Berri et rue Sauvé","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.550819,"lon":-73.655953,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/681","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 681"},{"id":"mtl-426","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bossuet et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Rue Bossuet et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.568004,"lon":-73.522424,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/426","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 426"},{"id":"mtl-450","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bourgoin et boulevard de la Côte-Vertu","nameEn":"Rue Bourgoin et boulevard de la Côte-Vertu","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.504672,"lon":-73.694793,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/450","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 450"},{"id":"mtl-332","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bridge et rue Mill","nameEn":"Rue Bridge et rue Mill","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.486849,"lon":-73.552307,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/332","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 332"},{"id":"mtl-534","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bridge et rue Saint-Patrick","nameEn":"Rue Bridge et rue Saint-Patrick","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.487561,"lon":-73.559513,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/534","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 534"},{"id":"mtl-449","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bridge et rue Wellington","nameEn":"Rue Bridge et rue Wellington","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.487318,"lon":-73.557333,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/449","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 449"},{"id":"mtl-323","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bridge et rue des Irlandais","nameEn":"Rue Bridge et rue des Irlandais","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.487137,"lon":-73.545421,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/323","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 323"},{"id":"mtl-427","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bélanger et avenue Christophe-Colomb","nameEn":"Rue Bélanger et avenue Christophe-Colomb","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.540901,"lon":-73.608466,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/427","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 427"},{"id":"mtl-666","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bélanger et boulevard Lacordaire","nameEn":"Rue Bélanger et boulevard Lacordaire","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.582792,"lon":-73.572586,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/666","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 666"},{"id":"mtl-670","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bélanger et boulevard Pie-IX","nameEn":"Rue Bélanger et boulevard Pie-IX","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.565028,"lon":-73.587446,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/670","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 670"},{"id":"mtl-247","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bélanger et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Rue Bélanger et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.537142,"lon":-73.611929,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/247","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 247"},{"id":"mtl-663","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Bélanger et rue Viau","nameEn":"Rue Bélanger et rue Viau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.573495,"lon":-73.579887,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/663","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 663"},{"id":"mtl-319","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Chabanel et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Rue Chabanel et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.544424,"lon":-73.651038,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/319","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 319"},{"id":"mtl-344","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Champdoré et boulevard Saint-Michel","nameEn":"Rue Champdoré et boulevard Saint-Michel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.574089,"lon":-73.632947,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/344","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 344"},{"id":"mtl-641","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Charlevoix et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Rue Charlevoix et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.482647,"lon":-73.575674,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/641","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 641"},{"id":"mtl-650","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Charlevoix et rue Wellington","nameEn":"Rue Charlevoix et rue Wellington","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.474155,"lon":-73.561562,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/650","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 650"},{"id":"mtl-324","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Charon et rue Wellington","nameEn":"Rue Charon et rue Wellington","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.479237,"lon":-73.558815,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/324","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 324"},{"id":"mtl-623","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Cherrier et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Rue Cherrier et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.518183,"lon":-73.570221,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/623","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 623"},{"id":"mtl-647","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Cherrier/Montcalm et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue Cherrier/Montcalm et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.522566,"lon":-73.565768,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/647","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 647"},{"id":"mtl-375","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Crescent et boulevard De Maisonneuve","nameEn":"Rue Crescent et boulevard De Maisonneuve","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.498054,"lon":-73.577488,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/375","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 375"},{"id":"mtl-436","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Curatteau et rue Hochelaga","nameEn":"Rue Curatteau et rue Hochelaga","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.590746,"lon":-73.525683,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/436","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 436"},{"id":"mtl-333","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Curatteau et rue Tellier","nameEn":"Rue Curatteau et rue Tellier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.589239,"lon":-73.52014,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/333","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 333"},{"id":"mtl-338","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue D'Iberville et avenue du Mont-Royal","nameEn":"Rue D'Iberville et avenue du Mont-Royal","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.539041,"lon":-73.568751,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/338","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 338"},{"id":"mtl-563","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue D'Iberville et boulevard Rosemont","nameEn":"Rue D'Iberville et boulevard Rosemont","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.546507,"lon":-73.58625,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/563","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 563"},{"id":"mtl-565","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue D'Iberville et boulevard Saint-Joseph","nameEn":"Rue D'Iberville et boulevard Saint-Joseph","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.541155,"lon":-73.573707,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/565","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 565"},{"id":"mtl-543","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue D'Iberville et rue Jarry","nameEn":"Rue D'Iberville et rue Jarry","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.559074,"lon":-73.613779,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/543","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 543"},{"id":"mtl-669","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue D'Iberville et rue Masson","nameEn":"Rue D'Iberville et rue Masson","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.543051,"lon":-73.578202,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/669","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 669"},{"id":"mtl-335","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue D'Iberville et rue Sainte-Catherine","nameEn":"Rue D'Iberville et rue Sainte-Catherine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.529433,"lon":-73.546048,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/335","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 335"},{"id":"mtl-527","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue D'Iberville et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue D'Iberville et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.535923,"lon":-73.56134,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/527","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 527"},{"id":"mtl-310","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Damien-Gauthier et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue Damien-Gauthier et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.684018,"lon":-73.499961,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/310","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 310"},{"id":"mtl-574","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Davidson et rue Sainte-Catherine","nameEn":"Rue Davidson et rue Sainte-Catherine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.541144,"lon":-73.539933,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/574","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 574"},{"id":"mtl-580","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Davidson et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue Davidson et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.545954,"lon":-73.556026,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/580","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 580"},{"id":"mtl-533","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue De Bleury et avenue Viger","nameEn":"Rue De Bleury et avenue Viger","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.503828,"lon":-73.561695,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/533","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 533"},{"id":"mtl-331","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue De Bleury et avenue du Parc — rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue De Bleury et avenue du Parc — rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.508361,"lon":-73.571275,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/331","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 331"},{"id":"mtl-382","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue De Bleury et rue Sainte-Catherine","nameEn":"Rue De Bleury et rue Sainte-Catherine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.506304,"lon":-73.566929,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/382","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 382"},{"id":"mtl-682","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue De Boucherville et bretelle Sherbrooke (accès bus)","nameEn":"Rue De Boucherville et bretelle Sherbrooke (accès bus)","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.592818,"lon":-73.535994,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/682","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 682"},{"id":"mtl-245","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue De Boucherville et place Curatteau inter. Est","nameEn":"Rue De Boucherville et place Curatteau inter. Est","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.594213,"lon":-73.540199,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/245","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 245"},{"id":"mtl-438","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue De Boucherville et place Curatteau inter. Ouest","nameEn":"Rue De Boucherville et place Curatteau inter. 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OSM ref 357"},{"id":"mtl-281","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue De Salaberry et Bretelle est A-15","nameEn":"Rue De Salaberry et Bretelle est A-15","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.536516,"lon":-73.701471,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/281","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 281"},{"id":"mtl-303","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Denis-Papin et boulevard Saint-Michel","nameEn":"Rue Denis-Papin et boulevard Saint-Michel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.569064,"lon":-73.621525,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/303","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 303"},{"id":"mtl-280","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Dickson et avenue Souligny","nameEn":"Rue Dickson et avenue Souligny","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.568309,"lon":-73.53407,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/280","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 280"},{"id":"mtl-285","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Dickson et rue Hochelaga","nameEn":"Rue Dickson et rue Hochelaga","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.569876,"lon":-73.538079,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/285","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 285"},{"id":"mtl-499","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Dickson et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Rue Dickson et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.564972,"lon":-73.523543,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/499","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 499"},{"id":"mtl-733","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Dickson et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue Dickson et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.573464,"lon":-73.548975,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/733","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 733"},{"id":"mtl-339","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Everett et avenue De Lorimier","nameEn":"Rue Everett et avenue De Lorimier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.551803,"lon":-73.608465,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/339","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 339"},{"id":"mtl-572","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Fairmount et avenue du Parc","nameEn":"Rue Fairmount et avenue du Parc","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.52044,"lon":-73.5976,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/572","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 572"},{"id":"mtl-526","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Fleury et avenue Papineau","nameEn":"Rue Fleury et avenue Papineau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.568107,"lon":-73.653389,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/526","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 526"},{"id":"mtl-243","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Fleury et boulevard Saint-Michel","nameEn":"Rue Fleury et boulevard Saint-Michel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.57975,"lon":-73.643708,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/243","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 243"},{"id":"mtl-502","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Frontenac / rue D'Iberville et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Rue Frontenac / rue D'Iberville et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.528801,"lon":-73.544451,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/502","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 502"},{"id":"mtl-575","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Frontenac et boulevard De Maisonneuve","nameEn":"Rue Frontenac et boulevard De Maisonneuve","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.53062,"lon":-73.547027,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/575","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 575"},{"id":"mtl-507","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Frontenac et rue Hochelaga","nameEn":"Rue Frontenac et rue Hochelaga","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.535534,"lon":-73.558603,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/507","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 507"},{"id":"mtl-570","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Frontenac et rue Rachel","nameEn":"Rue Frontenac et rue Rachel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.537393,"lon":-73.563013,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/570","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 570"},{"id":"mtl-567","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Fullum et avenue du Mont-Royal","nameEn":"Rue Fullum et avenue du Mont-Royal","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.537511,"lon":-73.57021,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/567","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 567"},{"id":"mtl-566","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Fullum et boulevard Saint-Joseph","nameEn":"Rue Fullum et boulevard Saint-Joseph","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.539782,"lon":-73.575082,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/566","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 566"},{"id":"mtl-569","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Fullum et rue Rachel","nameEn":"Rue Fullum et rue Rachel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.53512,"lon":-73.565137,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/569","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 569"},{"id":"mtl-463","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Gilberte-Dubé et rue Wellington","nameEn":"Rue Gilberte-Dubé et rue Wellington","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.471087,"lon":-73.563911,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/463","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 463"},{"id":"mtl-555","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Gilford et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Rue Gilford et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.525285,"lon":-73.585819,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/555","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 555"},{"id":"mtl-374","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Guy et boulevard De Maisonneuve","nameEn":"Rue Guy et boulevard De Maisonneuve","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.495681,"lon":-73.579323,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/374","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 374"},{"id":"mtl-321","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Guy et boulevard René-Lévesque","nameEn":"Rue Guy et boulevard René-Lévesque","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.493812,"lon":-73.575023,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/321","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 321"},{"id":"mtl-630","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Guy et rue Saint-Antoine","nameEn":"Rue Guy et rue Saint-Antoine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.49254,"lon":-73.572299,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/630","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 630"},{"id":"mtl-600","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Guy et rue Sainte-Catherine","nameEn":"Rue Guy et rue Sainte-Catherine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.495037,"lon":-73.577838,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/600","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 600"},{"id":"mtl-351","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Hochelaga et boulevard Pie-IX","nameEn":"Rue Hochelaga et boulevard Pie-IX","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.552372,"lon":-73.548182,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/351","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 351"},{"id":"mtl-531","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Hochelaga et rue Viau","nameEn":"Rue Hochelaga et rue Viau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.561485,"lon":-73.542433,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/531","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 531"},{"id":"mtl-519","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Honoré-Beaugrand et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Rue Honoré-Beaugrand et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.588482,"lon":-73.508728,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/519","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 519"},{"id":"mtl-395","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Honoré-Beaugrand et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue Honoré-Beaugrand et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.596488,"lon":-73.535028,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/395","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 395"},{"id":"mtl-269","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Hutchison et rue Jean-Talon","nameEn":"Rue Hutchison et rue Jean-Talon","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.529665,"lon":-73.622665,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/269","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 269"},{"id":"mtl-505","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jarry et avenue Querbes","nameEn":"Rue Jarry et avenue Querbes","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.531996,"lon":-73.635317,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/505","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 505"},{"id":"mtl-513","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jarry et boulevard Lacordaire","nameEn":"Rue Jarry et boulevard Lacordaire","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.583661,"lon":-73.591798,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/513","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 513"},{"id":"mtl-473","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jarry et boulevard Langelier","nameEn":"Rue Jarry et boulevard Langelier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.594873,"lon":-73.581622,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/473","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 473"},{"id":"mtl-359","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jarry et boulevard Pie-IX","nameEn":"Rue Jarry et boulevard Pie-IX","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.571515,"lon":-73.602629,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/359","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 359"},{"id":"mtl-297","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jarry et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Rue Jarry et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.538915,"lon":-73.631331,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/297","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 297"},{"id":"mtl-480","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jarry et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Rue Jarry et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.542727,"lon":-73.629281,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/480","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 480"},{"id":"mtl-469","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jarry et rue Viau","nameEn":"Rue Jarry et rue Viau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.577611,"lon":-73.597297,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/469","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 469"},{"id":"mtl-315","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jean-Talon et avenue Papineau","nameEn":"Rue Jean-Talon et avenue Papineau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.547942,"lon":-73.607055,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/315","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 315"},{"id":"mtl-472","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jean-Talon et boulevard Lacordaire","nameEn":"Rue Jean-Talon et boulevard Lacordaire","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.583124,"lon":-73.580692,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/472","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 472"},{"id":"mtl-432","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jean-Talon et boulevard Langelier","nameEn":"Rue Jean-Talon et boulevard Langelier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.592032,"lon":-73.575064,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/432","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 432"},{"id":"mtl-906-019","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jean-Talon et boulevard Pie-IX","nameEn":"Rue Jean-Talon et boulevard Pie-IX","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.566553,"lon":-73.591346,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/253","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 906-019"},{"id":"mtl-349","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jean-Talon et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Rue Jean-Talon et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.534686,"lon":-73.618273,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/349","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 349"},{"id":"mtl-373","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jean-Talon et boulevard Saint-Michel","nameEn":"Rue Jean-Talon et boulevard Saint-Michel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.558835,"lon":-73.598354,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/373","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 373"},{"id":"mtl-431","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jean-Talon et rue Viau","nameEn":"Rue Jean-Talon et rue Viau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.574923,"lon":-73.584483,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/431","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 431"},{"id":"mtl-606","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jean-Talon et rue Victoria","nameEn":"Rue Jean-Talon et rue Victoria","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.498963,"lon":-73.647977,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/606","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 606"},{"id":"mtl-605","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jean-Talon et rue de la Savane","nameEn":"Rue Jean-Talon et rue de la Savane","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.500459,"lon":-73.646616,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/605","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 605"},{"id":"mtl-686","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jeanne-Mance et avenue du Président-Kennedy","nameEn":"Rue Jeanne-Mance et avenue du Président-Kennedy","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.508377,"lon":-73.568711,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/686","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 686"},{"id":"mtl-410","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Jeanne-Mance et boulevard René-Lévesque","nameEn":"Rue Jeanne-Mance et boulevard René-Lévesque","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.506166,"lon":-73.563946,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/410","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 410"},{"id":"mtl-259","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue La Fontaine et avenue Papineau","nameEn":"Rue La Fontaine et avenue Papineau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.524616,"lon":-73.556833,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/259","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 259"},{"id":"mtl-462","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Lachapelle et rue De Salaberry","nameEn":"Rue Lachapelle et rue De Salaberry","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.526465,"lon":-73.71427,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/462","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 462"},{"id":"mtl-279","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Lacordaire et boulevard Rosemont","nameEn":"Rue Lacordaire et boulevard Rosemont","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.578564,"lon":-73.559882,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/279","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 279"},{"id":"mtl-491","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Lacordaire et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue Lacordaire et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.574699,"lon":-73.54811,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/491","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 491"},{"id":"mtl-367","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Lajeunesse et rue Sauvé","nameEn":"Rue Lajeunesse et rue Sauvé","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.55152,"lon":-73.655503,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/367","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 367"},{"id":"mtl-442","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Lapierre et boulevard De La Vérendrye","nameEn":"Rue Lapierre et boulevard De La Vérendrye","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.434416,"lon":-73.60305,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/442","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 442"},{"id":"mtl-420","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Lapierre et boulevard Newman","nameEn":"Rue Lapierre et boulevard Newman","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.439434,"lon":-73.622241,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/420","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 420"},{"id":"mtl-589","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Laurier et avenue Papineau N","nameEn":"Rue Laurier et avenue Papineau N","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.53604,"lon":-73.581339,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/589","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 589"},{"id":"mtl-536","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Legendre et avenue Papineau","nameEn":"Rue Legendre et avenue Papineau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.560872,"lon":-73.636353,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/536","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 536"},{"id":"mtl-593","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue McGill et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Rue McGill et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.500961,"lon":-73.559555,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/593","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 593"},{"id":"mtl-386","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Meilleur et rue Sauvé","nameEn":"Rue Meilleur et rue Sauvé","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.540267,"lon":-73.664264,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/386","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 386"},{"id":"mtl-629","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Mill et rue Riverside","nameEn":"Rue Mill et rue Riverside","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.490968,"lon":-73.551667,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/629","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 629"},{"id":"mtl-254","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Notre-Dame / rue Victoria et boulevard Saint-Joseph","nameEn":"Rue Notre-Dame / rue Victoria et boulevard Saint-Joseph","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.440946,"lon":-73.65133,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/254","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 254"},{"id":"mtl-545","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Notre-Dame et Place D'Armes E","nameEn":"Rue Notre-Dame et Place D'Armes E","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.504927,"lon":-73.556645,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/545","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 545"},{"id":"mtl-408","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Notre-Dame et avenue Papineau","nameEn":"Rue Notre-Dame et avenue Papineau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.520192,"lon":-73.547006,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/408","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 408"},{"id":"mtl-464","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Notre-Dame et avenue Saint-Pierre","nameEn":"Rue Notre-Dame et avenue Saint-Pierre","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.442294,"lon":-73.64702,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/464","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 464"},{"id":"mtl-496","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Notre-Dame et boulevard Pie-IX","nameEn":"Rue Notre-Dame et boulevard Pie-IX","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.547768,"lon":-73.533388,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/496","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 496"},{"id":"mtl-659","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Notre-Dame et boulevard Saint-Jean-Baptiste","nameEn":"Rue Notre-Dame et boulevard Saint-Jean-Baptiste","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.639946,"lon":-73.490247,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/659","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 659"},{"id":"mtl-489","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Notre-Dame et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Rue Notre-Dame et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.506231,"lon":-73.555483,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/489","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 489"},{"id":"mtl-474","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Notre-Dame et rue Peel","nameEn":"Rue Notre-Dame et rue Peel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.495428,"lon":-73.563001,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/474","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 474"},{"id":"mtl-441","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Notre-Dame et rue Viau","nameEn":"Rue Notre-Dame et rue Viau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.556703,"lon":-73.527889,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/441","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 441"},{"id":"mtl-573","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Ontario et avenue Papineau","nameEn":"Rue Ontario et avenue Papineau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.525874,"lon":-73.559422,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/573","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 573"},{"id":"mtl-680","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Ontario et boulevard Pie-IX","nameEn":"Rue Ontario et boulevard Pie-IX","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.5503,"lon":-73.541226,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/680","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 680"},{"id":"mtl-272","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Peel et avenue des Pins","nameEn":"Rue Peel et avenue des Pins","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.504544,"lon":-73.581955,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/272","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 272"},{"id":"mtl-602","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Peel et rue Sainte-Catherine","nameEn":"Rue Peel et rue Sainte-Catherine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.50002,"lon":-73.572905,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/602","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 602"},{"id":"mtl-601","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Peel et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue Peel et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.501823,"lon":-73.576577,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/601","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 601"},{"id":"mtl-358","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Peel et rue Wellington","nameEn":"Rue Peel et rue Wellington","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.493308,"lon":-73.557426,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/358","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 358"},{"id":"mtl-608","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Peel et rue William","nameEn":"Rue Peel et rue William","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.49478,"lon":-73.561338,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/608","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 608"},{"id":"mtl-402","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Rachel et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Rue Rachel et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.518016,"lon":-73.581703,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/402","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 402"},{"id":"mtl-553","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Rachel et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Rue Rachel et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.521812,"lon":-73.578181,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/553","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 553"},{"id":"mtl-372","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Rose-de-Lima et rue Saint-Antoine","nameEn":"Rue Rose-de-Lima et rue Saint-Antoine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.482249,"lon":-73.585125,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/372","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 372"},{"id":"mtl-582","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Roy et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Rue Roy et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.519247,"lon":-73.572585,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/582","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 582"},{"id":"mtl-592","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Saint-Antoine et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Rue Saint-Antoine et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.506897,"lon":-73.55728,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/592","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 592"},{"id":"mtl-532","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Saint-Antoine et rue du Square-Victoria O","nameEn":"Rue Saint-Antoine et rue du Square-Victoria O","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.501394,"lon":-73.561934,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/532","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 532"},{"id":"mtl-260","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Saint-Denis et boulevard Saint-Joseph","nameEn":"Rue Saint-Denis et boulevard Saint-Joseph","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.526233,"lon":-73.587898,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/260","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 260"},{"id":"mtl-654","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Saint-Denis et rue Saint-Grégoire","nameEn":"Rue Saint-Denis et rue Saint-Grégoire","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.528644,"lon":-73.593214,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/654","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 654"},{"id":"mtl-557","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Saint-Denis et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue Saint-Denis et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.516906,"lon":-73.567417,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/557","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 557"},{"id":"mtl-241","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Saint-Donat et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue Saint-Donat et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.600983,"lon":-73.532344,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/241","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 241"},{"id":"mtl-687","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Saint-Grégoire et rue Saint-Hubert","nameEn":"Rue Saint-Grégoire et rue Saint-Hubert","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.53078,"lon":-73.591944,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/687","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 687"},{"id":"mtl-628","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Saint-Patrick et rue Thomas-Keefer","nameEn":"Rue Saint-Patrick et rue Thomas-Keefer","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.47786,"lon":-73.574217,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/628","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 628"},{"id":"mtl-655","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Saint-Urbain et rue Saint-Viateur","nameEn":"Rue Saint-Urbain et rue Saint-Viateur","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.524629,"lon":-73.599979,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/655","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 655"},{"id":"mtl-411","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Saint-Urbain et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue Saint-Urbain et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.511114,"lon":-73.570035,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/411","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 411"},{"id":"mtl-554","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Sainte-Catherine et rue Saint-Denis","nameEn":"Rue Sainte-Catherine et rue Saint-Denis","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.513728,"lon":-73.560462,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/554","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 554"},{"id":"mtl-678","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Sainte-Catherine et rue Saint-Urbain","nameEn":"Rue Sainte-Catherine et rue Saint-Urbain","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.508731,"lon":-73.564811,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/678","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 678"},{"id":"mtl-328","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Sherbrooke et Place Versailles","nameEn":"Rue Sherbrooke et Place Versailles","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.590846,"lon":-73.538378,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/328","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 328"},{"id":"mtl-512","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Sherbrooke et boulevard du Tricentenaire","nameEn":"Rue Sherbrooke et boulevard du Tricentenaire","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.65279,"lon":-73.510756,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/512","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 512"},{"id":"mtl-306","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Sherbrooke et rue Viau","nameEn":"Rue Sherbrooke et rue Viau","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.565573,"lon":-73.554487,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/306","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 306"},{"id":"mtl-407","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue Sherbrooke et rue du Trianon","nameEn":"Rue Sherbrooke et rue du Trianon","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.589865,"lon":-73.538976,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/407","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 407"},{"id":"mtl-586","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de Bellechasse et boulevard Saint-Laurent","nameEn":"Rue de Bellechasse et boulevard Saint-Laurent","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.528832,"lon":-73.605353,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/586","notes":"Camera type: fixed; OSM ref 586"},{"id":"mtl-679","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de Brébeuf et avenue Laurier","nameEn":"Rue de Brébeuf et avenue Laurier","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.532414,"lon":-73.584747,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/679","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 679"},{"id":"mtl-588","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de Brébeuf et avenue du Mont-Royal","nameEn":"Rue de Brébeuf et avenue du Mont-Royal","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.529267,"lon":-73.578016,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/588","notes":"Camera type: panning; OSM ref 588"},{"id":"mtl-616","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de Brébeuf et rue Saint-Grégoire","nameEn":"Rue de Brébeuf et rue Saint-Grégoire","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.534248,"lon":-73.58869,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/616","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 616"},{"id":"mtl-625","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de Charleroi et boulevard Pie-IX","nameEn":"Rue de Charleroi et boulevard Pie-IX","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.592694,"lon":-73.639221,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/625","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 625"},{"id":"mtl-653","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de La Roche et rue Rachel","nameEn":"Rue de La Roche et rue Rachel","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.526401,"lon":-73.573466,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/653","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 653"},{"id":"mtl-636","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de l'Église et rue de Verdun","nameEn":"Rue de l'Église et rue de Verdun","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.462979,"lon":-73.571346,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/636","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 636"},{"id":"mtl-635","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de la Cathédrale et rue Saint-Antoine","nameEn":"Rue de la Cathédrale et rue Saint-Antoine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.497518,"lon":-73.566025,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/635","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 635"},{"id":"mtl-397","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de la Commune et rue McGill","nameEn":"Rue de la Commune et rue McGill","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.498767,"lon":-73.55287,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/397","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 397"},{"id":"mtl-609","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de la Gauchetière et rue Mansfield","nameEn":"Rue de la Gauchetière et rue Mansfield","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.498964,"lon":-73.566667,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/609","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 609"},{"id":"mtl-454","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de la Montagne et boulevard René-Lévesque","nameEn":"Rue de la Montagne et boulevard René-Lévesque","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.496601,"lon":-73.572332,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/454","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 454"},{"id":"mtl-290","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de la Montagne et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Rue de la Montagne et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.492951,"lon":-73.564772,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/290","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 290"},{"id":"mtl-274","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de la Montagne et rue Saint-Antoine","nameEn":"Rue de la Montagne et rue Saint-Antoine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.495071,"lon":-73.569161,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/274","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 274"},{"id":"mtl-604","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de la Montagne et rue Sainte-Catherine","nameEn":"Rue de la Montagne et rue Sainte-Catherine","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.497881,"lon":-73.575033,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/604","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 604"},{"id":"mtl-558","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de la Montagne et rue Sherbrooke","nameEn":"Rue de la Montagne et rue Sherbrooke","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.499665,"lon":-73.578709,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/558","notes":"Camera type: dome; OSM ref 558"},{"id":"mtl-607","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue de la Montagne et rue Wellington","nameEn":"Rue de la Montagne et rue Wellington","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.491752,"lon":-73.558308,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/607","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 607"},{"id":"mtl-448","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue des Futailles et rue Notre-Dame","nameEn":"Rue des Futailles et rue Notre-Dame","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.580899,"lon":-73.511893,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/448","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 448"},{"id":"mtl-417","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue du Collège et boulevard Marcel-Laurin","nameEn":"Rue du Collège et boulevard Marcel-Laurin","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.50531,"lon":-73.680214,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/417","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 417"},{"id":"mtl-530","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue du Fort et boulevard René-Lévesque","nameEn":"Rue du Fort et boulevard René-Lévesque","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.490131,"lon":-73.578721,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/530","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 530"},{"id":"mtl-242","kind":"montreal","name":"Rue du Fort-Lorette et boulevard Henri-Bourassa","nameEn":"Rue du Fort-Lorette et boulevard Henri-Bourassa","category":"City traffic camera","operator":"Ville de Montréal","region":"Montréal","lat":45.567797,"lon":-73.659736,"accuracyM":15,"positionSource":"OSM node (camera mapped from imagery)","viewerUrl":"https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/242","notes":"Camera type: n/a; OSM ref 242"},{"id":"web-1","kind":"webcam","name":"Tremblant - Place des Voyageurs","nameEn":"Tremblant - Place des Voyageurs","category":"Ski resort","operator":"Station Mont-Tremblant","region":"Laurentides","lat":46.20973,"lon":-74.58592,"accuracyM":30,"positionSource":"OSM pedestrian square (Place des Voyageurs)","viewerUrl":"https://www.tremblant.ca/fr-CA/montagne-village/webcams","notes":"Multiple PTZ cams: summit, village, Versant Sud."},{"id":"web-2","kind":"webcam","name":"Mont-Sainte-Anne","nameEn":"Mont-Sainte-Anne","category":"Ski resort","operator":"Mont-Sainte-Anne","region":"Capitale-Nationale","lat":47.08772,"lon":-70.92607,"accuracyM":150,"positionSource":"OSM sports centre","viewerUrl":"https://www.mont-sainte-anne.com/webcams/","notes":"Base and summit cams, winter and summer."},{"id":"web-3","kind":"webcam","name":"Le Massif de Charlevoix","nameEn":"Le Massif de Charlevoix","category":"Ski resort","operator":"Le Massif de Charlevoix","region":"Capitale-Nationale","lat":47.4167,"lon":-70.5833,"accuracyM":1000,"positionSource":"Ski sector (operator/Wikipedia coordinate)","viewerUrl":"https://www.lemassif.com/fr/montagne/ete/meteo-et-webcams","notes":"Sector-level position; cams span summit to riverside base."},{"id":"web-4","kind":"webcam","name":"Bromont, montagne d'experiences","nameEn":"Bromont, montagne d'experiences","category":"Ski resort","operator":"Bromont","region":"Monteregie","lat":45.30091,"lon":-72.63717,"accuracyM":150,"positionSource":"OSM ski sports centre","viewerUrl":"https://www.bromontmontagne.com/webcams/","notes":"Several versant cams."},{"id":"web-5","kind":"webcam","name":"Mont-Orford","nameEn":"Mont-Orford","category":"Ski resort","operator":"Ski Mont-Orford","region":"Estrie","lat":45.31703,"lon":-72.22118,"accuracyM":150,"positionSource":"OSM ski sports centre","viewerUrl":"https://www.orford.com/webcams/","notes":"Base and summit cams."},{"id":"web-6","kind":"webcam","name":"Sommet Saint-Sauveur","nameEn":"Sommet Saint-Sauveur","category":"Ski resort","operator":"Les Sommets","region":"Laurentides","lat":45.88206,"lon":-74.14393,"accuracyM":150,"positionSource":"OSM winter-sports area","viewerUrl":"https://www.sommets.com/fr/webcams/","notes":"Group page also covers Avila, Gabriel, Olympia, Edelweiss."},{"id":"web-7","kind":"webcam","name":"Parc national de la Jacques-Cartier - vallee","nameEn":"Parc national de la Jacques-Cartier - vallee","category":"National park","operator":"Sepaq","region":"Capitale-Nationale","lat":47.29296,"lon":-71.34717,"accuracyM":3000,"positionSource":"Park boundary centroid","viewerUrl":"https://www.sepaq.com/pq/jac/webcam.dot","notes":"Still image refreshed every 15 min; park-level position."},{"id":"web-8","kind":"webcam","name":"Parc national de la Gaspesie - Mont Albert","nameEn":"Parc national de la Gaspesie - Mont Albert","category":"National park","operator":"Sepaq / Tourisme Gaspesie","region":"Gaspesie","lat":48.92,"lon":-66.46,"accuracyM":500,"positionSource":"Summit area (OSM/Wikipedia)","viewerUrl":"https://www.skaping.com/tourisme-gaspesie/parc-national-mont-albert","notes":"4K live cam on the Mont Albert massif."},{"id":"web-9","kind":"webcam","name":"Pont Samuel-De Champlain","nameEn":"Pont Samuel-De Champlain","category":"Bridge","operator":"Les Ponts Jacques Cartier et Champlain Inc.","region":"Monteregie / Montreal","lat":45.46854,"lon":-73.5064,"accuracyM":50,"positionSource":"OSM bridge way","viewerUrl":"https://www.pontsamueldechamplain.ca/circulation/","notes":"Live cameras on the bridge and approaches."},{"id":"web-10","kind":"webcam","name":"Pont Jacques-Cartier","nameEn":"Pont Jacques-Cartier","category":"Bridge","operator":"Les Ponts Jacques Cartier et Champlain Inc.","region":"Montreal","lat":45.52322,"lon":-73.54799,"accuracyM":50,"positionSource":"OSM bridge way","viewerUrl":"https://jacquescartierchamplain.ca/fr/circulation-routiere/pont-jacques-cartier/","notes":"Live cams both directions plus approach roads."},{"id":"web-11","kind":"webcam","name":"Port de Montreal - Grand Quai","nameEn":"Port de Montreal - Grand Quai","category":"Port","operator":"Administration portuaire de Montreal","region":"Montreal","lat":45.501,"lon":-73.554,"accuracyM":100,"positionSource":"Grand Quai landmark","viewerUrl":"https://www.port-montreal.com/en/goods/real-time/cameras","notes":"Port activity cams, images refresh every 30 s."},{"id":"web-12","kind":"webcam","name":"Port de Quebec","nameEn":"Port de Quebec","category":"Port","operator":"Port de Quebec","region":"Capitale-Nationale","lat":46.81918,"lon":-71.20735,"accuracyM":150,"positionSource":"OSM marina","viewerUrl":"https://camstreamer.com/live/stream/458330628-port-de-quebec-public","notes":"Live harbour view toward the Chateau Frontenac."},{"id":"web-13","kind":"webcam","name":"Montreal skyline - Mont-Royal","nameEn":"Montreal skyline - Mont-Royal","category":"City","operator":"EarthCam","region":"Montreal","lat":45.50859,"lon":-73.58971,"accuracyM":200,"positionSource":"Mont-Royal peak (OSM)","viewerUrl":"https://www.earthcam.com/canada/montreal/","notes":"Panoramic city cam from the mountain."},{"id":"web-14","kind":"webcam","name":"Montreal-Trudeau (YUL) runway 06L/24R","nameEn":"Montreal-Trudeau (YUL) runway 06L/24R","category":"Airport","operator":"AirLive / planespotting","region":"Montreal","lat":45.4706,"lon":-73.7408,"accuracyM":300,"positionSource":"Aerodrome reference point","viewerUrl":"https://cam.airlive.net/yul/","notes":"Third-party 24/7 runway cam, not an ADM feed."}]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/public/quebec511-camera-preview.html b/public/quebec511-camera-preview.html
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+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <meta name="color-scheme" content="dark" />
+    <title>Québec 511 · Camera 3735 preview</title>
+    <style>
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+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <main>
+      <p class="eyebrow">God’s Eye View · Single-camera preview</p>
+      <h1>Route 136 at Rue Panet</h1>
+      <p class="meta">MTQ camera 3735 · Montréal · 45.51651, −73.55020</p>
+
+      <section class="player" aria-label="Québec 511 camera video">
+        <video controls autoplay muted playsinline preload="metadata">
+          <source
+            src="https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=3735&format=mp4"
+            type="video/mp4"
+          />
+          Your browser cannot play this Québec 511 camera feed.
+        </video>
+      </section>
+
+      <p class="notice">
+        This page plays the official feed in the browser. God’s Eye shows a
+        separate paused browser video at the camera’s map position; Québec 511
+        does not grant pixel access, so it is not a Cesium texture. Location
+        data: Ministère des Transports et de la Mobilité durable,
+        <a
+          href="https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/camera-de-circulation"
+          >Caméra de circulation (CC BY 4.0)</a
+        >.
+      </p>
+
+      <a class="source-link" href="/?welcome=0">
+        Open God’s Eye CCTV cameras <span aria-hidden="true">↗</span>
+      </a>
+      <br />
+      <a
+        class="source-link"
+        href="https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3735"
+        target="_blank"
+        rel="noopener noreferrer"
+      >
+        Open official Québec 511 viewer <span aria-hidden="true">↗</span>
+      </a>
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 9146a4fff..e4ae79b52 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -341,6 +341,9 @@
       "server/providers/cctv/catalog.js",
       "server/providers/cctv/lithuania.js",
       "server/providers/cctv/taiwan.js",
+      "server/providers/cctv/quebec.js",
+      "server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js",
+      "server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js",
       "server/providers/cctv/constants.js",
       "server/providers/cctv/media.js",
       "server/providers/cctv/normalize.js",
@@ -754,6 +757,7 @@
   "cctv-controls": {
     "exports": ["./ui/cctv"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/data/headingDegrees.js",
       "src/ui/cctv.js",
       "src/ui/cctvBindings.js",
@@ -762,6 +766,7 @@
       "src/ui/cctvFrames.js",
       "src/ui/cctvVideo.js",
       "src/ui/cctvPresentation.js",
+      "src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js",
       "src/i18n/index.js",
       "src/i18n/locale.js",
       "src/i18n/locales/ar.json",
@@ -781,7 +786,7 @@
       "src/ui/stores/status.js",
       "src/ui/i18n.js"
     ],
-    "external": ["vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n"]
+    "external": ["vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n", "cesium"]
   },
   "context-controls": {
     "exports": ["./ui/context", "./ui/context/policy"],
@@ -951,6 +956,8 @@
       "src/ui/cctvFrames.js",
       "src/ui/cctvVideo.js",
       "src/ui/cctvPresentation.js",
+      "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
+      "src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js",
       "src/ui/clearLayersControl.js",
       "src/ui/cockpit.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js",
@@ -1131,6 +1138,7 @@
       "src/ui/styles/layers.css",
       "src/ui/styles/radio.css",
       "src/ui/styles/cctv.css",
+      "src/ui/styles/quebecCctvOverlay.css",
       "src/ui/styles/scenes.css",
       "src/ui/styles/bhote-koshi.css",
       "src/ui/styles/recording.css",
@@ -2714,6 +2722,7 @@
       "src/ui/cctvFrames.js",
       "src/ui/cctvVideo.js",
       "src/ui/cctvPresentation.js",
+      "src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js",
       "src/ui/clearLayersControl.js",
       "src/ui/cockpit.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js",
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv.js b/server/providers/cctv.js
index a977f4e75..1657aedbc 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { createCctvCatalog } from './cctv/catalog.js';
+import { quebec511VideoUrl } from './cctv/quebec.js';
 import { normalizeFeedType, isVideoFeedType } from './cctv/normalize.js';
 import {
   buildSyntheticCctvSvg,
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ import { sanitizeCctvRangeHeader } from './cctv/range.js';
 import { admitSameSiteKeyless } from './common/same-site.js';
 import { PROXY_SIGNALS } from '../../src/localRequestGate.mjs';
 import { createHlsPuller } from './cctv/stream.js';
+import { isMlitRiverAdjustmentImage } from './cctv/worldCameras.js';
 import { googleServerApiKey } from './places/google-key.js';
 export { CCTV_FRAME_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS, fetchCctvImageFromUpstream };
 /**
@@ -43,6 +45,105 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
   const HEALTH_MAX_ENTRIES = CCTV_MAX_SOURCES_CEILING;
   /** Live HLS strategies (see ./cctv/stream.js). Shared across dev and preview. */
   const puller = createHlsPuller();
+  /** Bounded transient image reuse keeps World providers inside their cadence. */
+  const WORLD_FRAME_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES = 128;
+  const WORLD_FRAME_CACHE_MAX_ENTRY_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
+  const WORLD_FRAME_CACHE_MAX_BYTES = 32 * 1024 * 1024;
+  const worldFrameCache = new Map();
+  const worldFrameInflight = new Map();
+  const worldFrameNextAllowedAt = new Map();
+  let worldFrameCacheBytes = 0;
+
+  function getWorldFrameCache(cameraId) {
+    const entry = worldFrameCache.get(cameraId);
+    if (!entry) return null;
+    worldFrameCache.delete(cameraId);
+    worldFrameCache.set(cameraId, entry);
+    return entry;
+  }
+
+  function storeWorldFrame(cameraId, image) {
+    if (
+      !Buffer.isBuffer(image?.body) ||
+      image.body.length > WORLD_FRAME_CACHE_MAX_ENTRY_BYTES
+    )
+      return;
+    const previous = worldFrameCache.get(cameraId);
+    if (previous) worldFrameCacheBytes -= previous.body.length;
+    const entry = {
+      body: image.body,
+      contentType: image.contentType,
+      fetchedAt: Date.now(),
+    };
+    worldFrameCache.delete(cameraId);
+    worldFrameCache.set(cameraId, entry);
+    worldFrameCacheBytes += entry.body.length;
+    while (
+      worldFrameCache.size > WORLD_FRAME_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES ||
+      worldFrameCacheBytes > WORLD_FRAME_CACHE_MAX_BYTES
+    ) {
+      const oldestId = worldFrameCache.keys().next().value;
+      const oldest = worldFrameCache.get(oldestId);
+      worldFrameCache.delete(oldestId);
+      worldFrameCacheBytes -= oldest.body.length;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function fetchWorldCameraFrame(source, cameraId, frameUrl) {
+    const cached = getWorldFrameCache(cameraId);
+    const rawRefreshMs = Number(source?.frameRefreshMs);
+    const refreshMs =
+      Number.isFinite(rawRefreshMs) && rawRefreshMs > 0
+        ? rawRefreshMs
+        : 5 * 60 * 1000;
+    const now = Date.now();
+    if (cached && now - cached.fetchedAt < refreshMs) {
+      return { ok: true, ...cached, cached: true };
+    }
+
+    const inflight = worldFrameInflight.get(cameraId);
+    if (inflight) return inflight;
+    const nextAllowedAt = worldFrameNextAllowedAt.get(cameraId) || 0;
+    if (now < nextAllowedAt) {
+      return cached
+        ? {
+            ok: true,
+            body: cached.body,
+            contentType: cached.contentType,
+            stale: true,
+          }
+        : null;
+    }
+    worldFrameNextAllowedAt.delete(cameraId);
+    worldFrameNextAllowedAt.set(cameraId, now + refreshMs);
+    while (worldFrameNextAllowedAt.size > 4096) {
+      worldFrameNextAllowedAt.delete(
+        worldFrameNextAllowedAt.keys().next().value,
+      );
+    }
+    let request;
+    request = fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(frameUrl)
+      .then((image) => {
+        if (image?.ok) {
+          storeWorldFrame(cameraId, image);
+          return image;
+        }
+        return cached
+          ? {
+              ok: true,
+              body: cached.body,
+              contentType: cached.contentType,
+              stale: true,
+            }
+          : image;
+      })
+      .finally(() => {
+        if (worldFrameInflight.get(cameraId) === request)
+          worldFrameInflight.delete(cameraId);
+      });
+    worldFrameInflight.set(cameraId, request);
+    return request;
+  }
 
   /** Update the health entry for a camera, evicting the oldest entry if at capacity. */
   const setHealth = (cameraId, patch) => {
@@ -164,6 +265,7 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
               provider: source.provider,
               lat: source.lat,
               lon: source.lon,
+              frameRefreshMs: source.frameRefreshMs,
               headingDeg: source.headingDeg,
               headingConfidence: source.headingConfidence || '',
               pitchDeg: source.pitchDeg,
@@ -174,6 +276,13 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
               feedType: normalizeFeedType(source.feedType),
               sourceKind:
                 source.sourceKind || (source.url ? 'configured' : 'fallback'),
+              sourceUrl: source.sourceUrl || '',
+              browserMediaUrl:
+                source.sourceKind === 'quebec-511-browser'
+                  ? quebec511VideoUrl(source.id)
+                  : '',
+              accuracyM: source.accuracyM,
+              positionSource: source.positionSource || '',
               poseSource: source.poseSource,
               model: source.model || '',
               manufacturer: source.manufacturer || '',
@@ -526,15 +635,45 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
             : '');
 
         const upstreamImage =
-          source?.sourceKind === 'txdot-its'
-            ? await fetchTxdotSnapshot(upstreamCandidate)
-            : await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(upstreamCandidate);
+          source?.pack === 'world-cameras'
+            ? await fetchWorldCameraFrame(source, cameraId, upstreamCandidate)
+            : source?.sourceKind === 'txdot-its'
+              ? await fetchTxdotSnapshot(upstreamCandidate)
+              : await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(upstreamCandidate);
+        if (
+          source?.sourceKind === 'mlit-river' &&
+          isMlitRiverAdjustmentImage(upstreamImage)
+        ) {
+          const svg = buildSyntheticCctvSvg({
+            cameraId,
+            label,
+            city,
+            status: 'CAMERA UNDER ADJUSTMENT',
+          });
+          setHealth(cameraId, {
+            status: 'degraded',
+            sourceKind: 'snapshot',
+            label: source.provider || 'MLIT river cameras',
+            message: 'Provider camera under adjustment',
+          });
+          res.writeHead(200, {
+            'Content-Type': 'image/svg+xml',
+            'Cache-Control': 'no-store',
+            'X-CCTV-Source': 'provider-maintenance',
+          });
+          res.end(svg);
+          return;
+        }
         if (upstreamImage?.ok) {
           setHealth(cameraId, {
-            status: 'ok',
+            status: upstreamImage.stale ? 'degraded' : 'ok',
             sourceKind: 'snapshot',
             label: source?.provider || 'Configured source',
-            message: 'Upstream snapshot active',
+            message: upstreamImage.stale
+              ? 'Serving last snapshot; refresh failed'
+              : upstreamImage.cached
+                ? 'Cached snapshot active'
+                : 'Upstream snapshot active',
           });
           res.writeHead(200, {
             'Content-Type': upstreamImage.contentType,
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/cap.js b/server/providers/cctv/cap.js
index f0659e255..d59f9701c 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/cap.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/cap.js
@@ -40,30 +40,53 @@ export function allocateSourceCap(packs, maxCount) {
       owner.set(source.id, { pack: pack.name, source });
     }
   }
-  const lanes = packs.map((pack) => ({
-    name: pack.name,
+  const lanes = packs.map((pack) => {
     // Only the record that WON its id (the last occurrence anywhere, so also
     // the last within this pack) takes a lane slot; earlier duplicates never
     // count against the cap.
-    queue: pack.sources.filter(
+    const queue = pack.sources.filter(
       (source) => source?.id && owner.get(source.id)?.source === source,
-    ),
-    next: 0,
-    kept: 0,
-  }));
+    );
+    return {
+      name: pack.name,
+      queue,
+      reserved: Math.max(
+        0,
+        Math.min(queue.length, Math.floor(Number(pack.reservedCount) || 0)),
+      ),
+      next: 0,
+      kept: 0,
+    };
+  });
   const total = lanes.reduce((sum, lane) => sum + lane.queue.length, 0);
   const limit = Math.min(total, Math.max(0, Math.floor(maxCount)));
 
   const sources = [];
+  const reservedSources = [];
   if (limit >= total) {
     for (const lane of lanes) {
       sources.push(...lane.queue);
       lane.kept = lane.queue.length;
     }
   } else {
-    while (sources.length < limit) {
+    // Some complete regional catalogs are intentionally guaranteed. Consume
+    // their requested slots first, then distribute the remaining catalog
+    // capacity with the existing round-robin policy.
+    while (sources.length + reservedSources.length < limit) {
+      let tookReserved = false;
       for (const lane of lanes) {
-        if (sources.length >= limit) break;
+        if (sources.length + reservedSources.length >= limit) break;
+        if (lane.kept >= lane.reserved) continue;
+        reservedSources.push(lane.queue[lane.next]);
+        lane.next += 1;
+        lane.kept += 1;
+        tookReserved = true;
+      }
+      if (!tookReserved) break;
+    }
+    while (sources.length + reservedSources.length < limit) {
+      for (const lane of lanes) {
+        if (sources.length + reservedSources.length >= limit) break;
         if (lane.next >= lane.queue.length) continue;
         sources.push(lane.queue[lane.next]);
         lane.next += 1;
@@ -72,7 +95,9 @@ export function allocateSourceCap(packs, maxCount) {
     }
   }
   return {
-    sources,
+    // Keep the shared round-robin sequence first so the default active camera
+    // remains in its established region; guaranteed regional rows follow it.
+    sources: [...sources, ...reservedSources],
     packs: lanes.map((lane) => ({
       name: lane.name,
       offered: lane.queue.length,
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/catalog.js b/server/providers/cctv/catalog.js
index 1ab6b6aa2..b0ca7eab8 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/catalog.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/catalog.js
@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
-import { DEFAULT_CCTV_SOURCE_FILE, CCTV_SOURCE_CACHE_MS } from './constants.js';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_CCTV_SOURCE_FILE,
+  CCTV_SOURCE_CACHE_MS,
+  WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT,
+} from './constants.js';
 import { allocateSourceCap, resolveCatalogCap } from './cap.js';
 import { loadGroundHeights, joinGroundHeights } from './groundHeights.js';
 import { cameraRegion, normalizeSourceItem } from './normalize.js';
 import { loadLithuaniaSources } from './lithuania.js';
+import { loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData } from './ottawa.js';
+import { loadQuebecSources, QUEBEC_CAMERA_SOURCE_COUNT } from './quebec.js';
 import { loadTaiwanSources } from './taiwan.js';
+import { loadWorldCameraSources } from './worldCameras.js';
 import {
   loadAustinSourcesFromOpenData,
   loadCaltransSourcesFromOpenData,
@@ -74,6 +81,11 @@ const LIVE_PACKS = [
     enabled: () => envEnabled('CCTV_DRIVEBC_ENABLED'),
     load: loadDriveBcSourcesFromOpenData,
   },
+  {
+    name: 'ottawa',
+    enabled: () => envEnabled('CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED'),
+    load: loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData,
+  },
   {
     name: 'txdot',
     enabled: () => envEnabled('CCTV_TXDOT_ENABLED'),
@@ -166,6 +178,18 @@ const LIVE_PACKS = [
     enabled: () => envEnabled('CCTV_TAIWAN_ENABLED'),
     load: loadTaiwanSources,
   },
+  {
+    name: 'quebec',
+    enabled: () => envEnabled('CCTV_QUEBEC_ENABLED'),
+    load: loadQuebecSources,
+    reservedCount: QUEBEC_CAMERA_SOURCE_COUNT,
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'world-cameras',
+    enabled: () => envEnabled('CCTV_WORLD_CAMERAS_ENABLED'),
+    load: loadWorldCameraSources,
+    reservedCount: WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT,
+  },
   {
     name: 'a22',
     enabled: () => envEnabled('CCTV_A22_ENABLED'),
@@ -310,7 +334,7 @@ export function createCctvCatalog({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
       : [];
     // Live packs first so file/env overrides win on duplicate IDs; each pack
     // keeps its own priority order and the catalog cap is shared fairly.
-    const normalizePack = (name, items) => ({
+    const normalizePack = (name, items, reservedCount = 0) => ({
       name,
       sources: items
         .filter((item) => item && typeof item === 'object')
@@ -320,6 +344,7 @@ export function createCctvCatalog({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
         ? items.available
         : items.length,
       region: items.region ?? null,
+      reservedCount,
     });
     const packs = [
       ...LIVE_PACKS.map((pack, index) =>
@@ -328,6 +353,7 @@ export function createCctvCatalog({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
           liveResults[index]?.status === 'fulfilled'
             ? liveResults[index].value
             : [],
+          pack.reservedCount,
         ),
       ),
       normalizePack('file', fromFile),
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/constants.js b/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
index 74711cb0c..d25364b46 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
@@ -5,15 +5,13 @@ export const DEFAULT_AUSTIN_ROWS_URL =
 /** Default cap on Austin cameras after distance-based prioritization. */
 export const DEFAULT_AUSTIN_MAX_SOURCES = 250;
 /**
- * Catalog-wide safety ceiling on served cameras. Each pack already caps
- * itself (nearest-to-anchor first); this bound only matters when the packs
- * together exceed it, and it is then filled round-robin across packs (see
- * cap.js) so no region is silently dropped. The default per-pack caps
- * together can exceed it, so a default install may be thinned evenly here.
+ * Catalog-wide default: preserve 4,000 shared slots and reserve 1,120 Québec
+ * plus 2,396 World image locations. Shared packs still split their slots
+ * round-robin (see cap.js).
  */
-export const DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES = 4000;
+export const DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES = 7516;
 /** Hard upper bound for CCTV_MAX_SOURCES; also sizes the health map. */
-export const CCTV_MAX_SOURCES_CEILING = 5000;
+export const CCTV_MAX_SOURCES_CEILING = 8000;
 /** Reference point for Austin camera prioritization (Congress & 6th). */
 export const AUSTIN_DOWNTOWN = { lat: 30.2672, lon: -97.7431 };
 /** Caltrans CCTV: one JSON feed per district, identical schema statewide. */
@@ -197,6 +195,25 @@ export const DRIVEBC_ANCHORS = [
   { lat: 49.2827, lon: -123.1207 }, // Vancouver
   { lat: 48.4284, lon: -123.3656 }, // Victoria
 ];
+/** City of Ottawa traffic cameras: keyless JSON list, city-served JPEG stills. */
+export const OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL = 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera_list';
+/** Frame for one camera; the city serves the still on its own map path. */
+export const OTTAWA_IMAGE_URL = (id) =>
+  `https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=${encodeURIComponent(id)}`;
+/** Pinned frame directory, for redirect containment in the media proxy. */
+export const OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN = 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/';
+export const DEFAULT_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES = 250;
+/** Prioritization anchor: downtown Ottawa (Parliament Hill). */
+export const OTTAWA_ANCHORS = [{ lat: 45.4215, lon: -75.6972 }];
+/** Direct still-image directories from the World cams add-on's eligible packs. */
+export const VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN =
+  'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/';
+export const TRIPCHECK_IMAGE_ORIGIN =
+  'https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/';
+export const MLIT_RIVER_IMAGE_ORIGIN = 'https://cam.river.go.jp/cam/now/';
+export const DEFAULT_WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_FILE =
+  'config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json';
+export const WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT = 2396;
 /** Tallinn intersection cameras: curated catalog + public stills on ristmikud.tallinn.ee. */
 export const DEFAULT_TALLINN_SOURCE_FILE = 'config/cctv_sources.tallinn.json';
 export const DEFAULT_TALLINN_MAX_SOURCES = 255;
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/media.js b/server/providers/cctv/media.js
index dcb8e4d83..22ac4fe7d 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/media.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/media.js
@@ -10,8 +10,12 @@ import {
   CCTV_MEDIA_MAX_BODY_BYTES,
   HK_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   KING_COUNTY_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  MLIT_RIVER_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  TRIPCHECK_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   NSW_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   NSW_IMAGE_USER_AGENT,
+  VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TALLINN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TARKTEE_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TFL_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
@@ -525,11 +529,15 @@ for (const prefix of [
   TARKTEE_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   ...WARENDORF_IMAGE_ORIGINS,
   NSW_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   CALGARY_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   HK_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   KING_COUNTY_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   WSDOT_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   A22_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  TRIPCHECK_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  MLIT_RIVER_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
 ]) {
   const host = new URL(prefix).hostname;
   CCTV_PINNED_PREFIXES_BY_HOST.set(host, [
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js b/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js
index a071d640c..3c62a2c10 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js
@@ -627,6 +627,10 @@ export function normalizeSourceItem(item) {
     feedType: normalizeFeedType(item.feedType || item.type || ''),
     url: typeof item.url === 'string' ? item.url : '',
     snapshotUrl: typeof item.snapshotUrl === 'string' ? item.snapshotUrl : '',
+    frameRefreshMs: toFiniteNumber(item.frameRefreshMs),
+    sourceUrl: typeof item.sourceUrl === 'string' ? item.sourceUrl : '',
+    accuracyM: toFiniteNumber(item.accuracyM),
+    positionSource: String(item.positionSource || ''),
     license: String(item.license || item.licenseNote || ''),
     // Per-camera attribution for feeds a partner supplies inside a pack
     // (DriveBC: TransLink, city cameras). Shown beside the provider.
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js b/server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53bb8353d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import {
+  CCTV_SOURCE_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  DEFAULT_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES,
+  OTTAWA_ANCHORS,
+  OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL,
+  OTTAWA_IMAGE_URL,
+} from './constants.js';
+import {
+  fallbackHeadingFromId,
+  prioritizeSources,
+  toFiniteNumber,
+} from './normalize.js';
+
+/**
+ * City of Ottawa envelope: Kanata to Orléans, Barrhaven to the river, with
+ * slack for the MTO cameras on the 416/417 that the city feed also carries.
+ */
+const OTTAWA_BOUNDS = Object.freeze({
+  minLat: 45.1,
+  maxLat: 45.65,
+  minLon: -76.2,
+  maxLon: -75.1,
+});
+
+/** Whether a point is inside the city feed's service area. */
+function isOttawaCoordinate(lat, lon) {
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(lat) &&
+    Number.isFinite(lon) &&
+    lat >= OTTAWA_BOUNDS.minLat &&
+    lat <= OTTAWA_BOUNDS.maxLat &&
+    lon >= OTTAWA_BOUNDS.minLon &&
+    lon <= OTTAWA_BOUNDS.maxLon
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Load the City of Ottawa's public traffic camera list.
+ *
+ * The keyless `camera_list` JSON publishes an id, coordinates, an English and
+ * French description, and a `type`; frames are JPEG stills built from the id
+ * on the city's own image path. The feed carries no bearing, no elevation and
+ * no status field, so headings use the same deterministic low-confidence
+ * fallback as the other heading-less packs and the client's ground snap
+ * refines the elevation prior.
+ *
+ * @returns {Promise<Array<object>>} Cameras nearest downtown first, or [] on
+ *   any upstream or payload failure.
+ */
+export async function loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData() {
+  try {
+    const resp = await fetch(OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL, {
+      headers: { Accept: 'application/json' },
+      signal: AbortSignal.timeout(CCTV_SOURCE_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS),
+    });
+    if (!resp.ok) {
+      console.warn('[CCTV] Ottawa camera download failed:', resp.status);
+      return [];
+    }
+    const rows = await resp.json();
+    if (!Array.isArray(rows)) return [];
+
+    const cameras = [];
+    for (const row of rows) {
+      const id = toFiniteNumber(row?.id);
+      if (!Number.isSafeInteger(id) || id <= 0) continue;
+      const lat = toFiniteNumber(row?.latitude);
+      const lon = toFiniteNumber(row?.longitude);
+      if (!isOttawaCoordinate(lat, lon)) continue;
+
+      const cameraId = `ottawa-${id}`;
+      const imageUrl = OTTAWA_IMAGE_URL(id);
+      const type = String(row?.type || '').trim();
+      cameras.push({
+        id: cameraId,
+        name: String(row?.description || '').trim() || `Ottawa camera ${id}`,
+        city: 'Ottawa',
+        cityId: 'ottawa',
+        provider: 'City of Ottawa',
+        lat,
+        lon,
+        headingDeg: fallbackHeadingFromId(cameraId),
+        headingConfidence: 'low',
+        pitchDeg: -18,
+        fovDeg: 44,
+        rangeM: 145,
+        mountHeightM: 8,
+        groundElevationM: 0,
+        feedType: 'image',
+        url: imageUrl,
+        snapshotUrl: imageUrl,
+        sourceKind: 'ottawa-traffic',
+        license: 'City of Ottawa public traffic camera feed',
+        credit:
+          type === 'MTO'
+            ? 'Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) camera'
+            : '',
+      });
+    }
+
+    const maxRaw = Number(
+      process.env.CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES || DEFAULT_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES,
+    );
+    const maxCount = Number.isFinite(maxRaw)
+      ? Math.max(8, Math.min(500, Math.floor(maxRaw)))
+      : DEFAULT_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES;
+    const prioritized = prioritizeSources(cameras, maxCount, OTTAWA_ANCHORS);
+    console.log(
+      `[CCTV] Loaded Ottawa camera sources: ${cameras.length} published (using nearest ${prioritized.length})`,
+    );
+    return prioritized;
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.warn(
+      '[CCTV] Ottawa camera download error:',
+      error?.message || error,
+    );
+    return [];
+  }
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/quebec.js b/server/providers/cctv/quebec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03fa3bb24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/quebec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { cameraDisplayCode, fallbackHeadingFromId } from './normalize.js';
+
+const QUEBEC_CATALOG_PATH = 'public/quebec-cameras.json';
+export const QUEBEC_CAMERA_SOURCE_COUNT = 1120;
+
+/** Build the direct browser-only MP4 URL for one namespaced MTQ camera id. */
+export function quebec511VideoUrl(cameraId) {
+  const match = /^qc-511-(\d+)$/.exec(String(cameraId || ''));
+  return match
+    ? `https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=${match[1]}&format=mp4`
+    : '';
+}
+
+function safeViewerUrl(value) {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(String(value || ''));
+    return url.protocol === 'https:' && !url.username && !url.password
+      ? url.href
+      : '';
+  } catch {
+    return '';
+  }
+}
+
+function sourceId(camera) {
+  const id = String(camera?.id || '').trim();
+  if (camera?.kind === 'traffic' && /^\d+$/.test(id)) return `qc-511-${id}`;
+  if (camera?.kind === 'montreal' && /^mtl-\d+(?:-\d+)*$/.test(id))
+    return `qc-mtl-${id.slice(4)}`;
+  if (camera?.kind === 'webcam' && /^web-\d+$/.test(id))
+    return `qc-web-${id.slice(4)}`;
+  return '';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read the checked-in, no-key Québec location catalog and adapt it to the
+ * regular CCTV source schema. MTQ video stays browser-only; other rows link to
+ * their operator page because this dataset has no direct image URL for them.
+ */
+export function loadQuebecSources({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
+  const filename = path.resolve(sourceRoot, QUEBEC_CATALOG_PATH);
+  let cameras;
+  try {
+    const payload = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8'));
+    cameras = Array.isArray(payload?.cameras) ? payload.cameras : [];
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.warn('[CCTV] Québec camera catalog unavailable:', error?.message);
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  const sources = [];
+  const seen = new Set();
+  for (const camera of cameras) {
+    const id = sourceId(camera);
+    const lat = Number(camera.lat);
+    const lon = Number(camera.lon);
+    if (
+      !id ||
+      seen.has(id) ||
+      !Number.isFinite(lat) ||
+      !Number.isFinite(lon) ||
+      lat < 44.9 ||
+      lat > 62.6 ||
+      lon < -79.9 ||
+      lon > -57.1
+    )
+      continue;
+    seen.add(id);
+
+    const name = String(camera.nameEn || camera.name || id).trim();
+    const isTraffic = camera.kind === 'traffic';
+    const isMontreal = camera.kind === 'montreal';
+    const sourceKind = isTraffic
+      ? 'quebec-511-browser'
+      : isMontreal
+        ? 'quebec-montreal-osm'
+        : 'quebec-webcam-link';
+    const provider = isTraffic
+      ? 'Québec 511 / MTQ'
+      : isMontreal
+        ? 'Ville de Montréal / OpenStreetMap'
+        : String(camera.operator || 'Québec webcam');
+
+    sources.push({
+      id,
+      name: name.slice(0, 180),
+      city: String(camera.region || 'Québec'),
+      cityId: 'quebec',
+      provider,
+      lat,
+      lon,
+      headingDeg: fallbackHeadingFromId(id),
+      headingConfidence: 'low',
+      pitchDeg: -18,
+      fovDeg: 74,
+      rangeM: 400,
+      mountHeightM: 8,
+      groundElevationM: 0,
+      feedType: 'image',
+      // No frame URL is registered: 511 denies the server-side media proxy,
+      // while the browser can play its MP4 in the dedicated DOM overlay.
+      url: '',
+      snapshotUrl: '',
+      sourceKind,
+      sourceUrl: safeViewerUrl(camera.viewerUrl),
+      accuracyM: Number.isFinite(Number(camera.accuracyM))
+        ? Number(camera.accuracyM)
+        : null,
+      positionSource: String(camera.positionSource || ''),
+      license: isTraffic
+        ? 'Données Québec / MTQ, CC BY 4.0'
+        : isMontreal
+          ? 'OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0'
+          : 'Operator terms apply; location provenance shown per camera',
+      credit: isTraffic
+        ? 'MTQ · CC BY 4.0'
+        : isMontreal
+          ? 'OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL'
+          : provider,
+      code: cameraDisplayCode(name.toUpperCase()),
+    });
+  }
+
+  return sources;
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js b/server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4614ef9c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_FILE,
+  MLIT_RIVER_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  TRIPCHECK_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT,
+} from './constants.js';
+import { pinnedCameraUrl } from './normalize.js';
+
+const SOURCE_POLICIES = Object.freeze({
+  'vegagerdin-road': {
+    idPrefix: 'world-is-',
+    origin: VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+    bounds: [63, 68, -26, -12],
+    filename: /^\/vgdata\/vefmyndavelar\/[^/]+\.jpg$/i,
+    frameRefreshMs: 5 * 60 * 1000,
+  },
+  'tripcheck-odot': {
+    idPrefix: 'world-or-',
+    origin: TRIPCHECK_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+    bounds: [41, 47, -125, -116],
+    filename: /^\/roadcams\/cams\/[^/]+\.jpe?g$/i,
+    frameRefreshMs: 5 * 60 * 1000,
+  },
+  'mlit-river': {
+    idPrefix: 'world-jp-river-',
+    origin: MLIT_RIVER_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+    bounds: [24, 46, 122, 154],
+    filename: /^\/cam\/now\/\d+\.jpg$/i,
+    // The provider asks clients to avoid frequent repeated image collection.
+    frameRefreshMs: 10 * 60 * 1000,
+  },
+});
+
+// MLIT currently serves this fixed JPEG on cameras whose images are paused
+// for maintenance (verified against two Yamagata cameras on 2026-11-02).
+const MLIT_ADJUSTMENT_IMAGE_SHA256 =
+  'dbd2c3790eb75edf9ca44162f7979f2a3799090e23f2c5142f63211a035cb191';
+
+export function isMlitRiverAdjustmentImage(image) {
+  return (
+    image?.ok === true &&
+    Buffer.isBuffer(image.body) &&
+    createHash('sha256').update(image.body).digest('hex') ===
+      MLIT_ADJUSTMENT_IMAGE_SHA256
+  );
+}
+
+function safeFrameUrl(value, policy) {
+  const normalized = pinnedCameraUrl(value, policy.origin);
+  if (!normalized) return '';
+  const url = new URL(normalized);
+  return !url.search && !url.hash && policy.filename.test(url.pathname)
+    ? url.href
+    : '';
+}
+
+function inBounds(lat, lon, [minLat, maxLat, minLon, maxLon]) {
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(lat) &&
+    Number.isFinite(lon) &&
+    lat >= minLat &&
+    lat <= maxLat &&
+    lon >= minLon &&
+    lon <= maxLon
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Load only the new image-backed networks from the add-on export. Existing
+ * Canadian networks, Québec entries, JMA placeholder images, and NZTA's
+ * scraped Journey Planner rows are deliberately excluded.
+ */
+export function loadWorldCameraSources({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
+  const filename = path.resolve(sourceRoot, DEFAULT_WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_FILE);
+  let rows;
+  try {
+    const payload = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8'));
+    rows = Array.isArray(payload) ? payload : [];
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.warn('[CCTV] World camera catalog unavailable:', error?.message);
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  const seen = new Set();
+  const sources = [];
+  for (const row of rows) {
+    const sourceKind = String(row?.sourceKind || '');
+    const policy = SOURCE_POLICIES[sourceKind];
+    if (!policy) continue;
+
+    const id = String(row.id || '').trim();
+    const lat = Number(row.lat);
+    const lon = Number(row.lon);
+    const url = safeFrameUrl(row.url || row.snapshotUrl, policy);
+    const snapshotUrl = safeFrameUrl(row.snapshotUrl || row.url, policy);
+    if (
+      !id.startsWith(policy.idPrefix) ||
+      seen.has(id) ||
+      !inBounds(lat, lon, policy.bounds) ||
+      !url ||
+      !snapshotUrl ||
+      url !== snapshotUrl
+    )
+      continue;
+    seen.add(id);
+    sources.push({
+      id,
+      name: String(row.name || id)
+        .trim()
+        .slice(0, 180),
+      city: String(row.city || row.country || 'World'),
+      cityId: String(row.cityId || ''),
+      provider: String(row.provider || 'World traffic camera'),
+      lat,
+      lon,
+      headingDeg: Number.isFinite(Number(row.headingDeg))
+        ? Number(row.headingDeg)
+        : undefined,
+      headingConfidence: String(row.headingConfidence || 'low'),
+      feedType: 'image',
+      sourceKind,
+      url,
+      snapshotUrl,
+      frameRefreshMs: policy.frameRefreshMs,
+      license: String(row.license || ''),
+      credit: String(row.credit || row.provider || ''),
+    });
+  }
+
+  console.log(
+    `[CCTV] Loaded World camera image sources: ${sources.length}/${WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT}`,
+  );
+  return sources;
+}
diff --git a/src/data/cctvCalgary.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvCalgary.test.mjs
index 1295c536b..0224e88d9 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvCalgary.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvCalgary.test.mjs
@@ -384,6 +384,6 @@ test('CCTV_CALGARY_ENABLED=0 keeps the lane from being loaded at all', async (t)
   }
 });
 
-test('the shipped catalog ceiling is not raised to make room for this pack', () => {
-  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 4000);
+test('the default catalog preserves shared, Québec, and World image slots', () => {
+  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 7516);
 });
diff --git a/src/data/cctvDriveBcSource.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvDriveBcSource.test.mjs
index 63988de5e..399c3e75b 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvDriveBcSource.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvDriveBcSource.test.mjs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   DEFAULT_ONTARIO_MAX_SOURCES,
   DEFAULT_FINTRAFFIC_MAX_SOURCES,
   DEFAULT_TXDOT_MAX_SOURCES,
+  DEFAULT_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES,
   DEFAULT_TALLINN_MAX_SOURCES,
   DEFAULT_TARKTEE_MAX_SOURCES,
   DEFAULT_NSW_MAX_SOURCES,
@@ -231,6 +232,7 @@ test('default caps of the original packs fit inside the default catalog cap', ()
     DEFAULT_ONTARIO_MAX_SOURCES +
     DEFAULT_FINTRAFFIC_MAX_SOURCES +
     DEFAULT_DRIVEBC_MAX_SOURCES +
+    DEFAULT_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES +
     DEFAULT_TXDOT_MAX_SOURCES +
     DEFAULT_TALLINN_MAX_SOURCES +
     DEFAULT_TARKTEE_MAX_SOURCES +
diff --git a/src/data/cctvHk.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvHk.test.mjs
index ecdff231f..63c486c32 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvHk.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvHk.test.mjs
@@ -396,8 +396,8 @@ test('CCTV_HK_ENABLED=0 keeps the lane from being loaded at all', async (t) => {
   }
 });
 
-test('the shipped catalog ceiling is not raised to make room for this pack', () => {
-  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 4000);
+test('the default catalog preserves shared, Québec, and World image slots', () => {
+  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 7516);
 });
 
 test('the HK pack default sits above the full TD catalog and anchors the New Territories', () => {
diff --git a/src/data/cctvNyc.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvNyc.test.mjs
index e96755f5a..2c49d559a 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvNyc.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvNyc.test.mjs
@@ -375,8 +375,8 @@ for (const [label, flag] of [
   });
 }
 
-test('the shipped catalog ceiling is not raised to make room for this pack', () => {
-  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 4000);
+test('the default catalog preserves shared, Québec, and World image slots', () => {
+  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 7516);
   assert.equal(DEFAULT_NYC_MAX_SOURCES, 250);
 });
 
diff --git a/src/data/cctvOttawa.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvOttawa.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25c8e8201
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/cctvOttawa.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { createCctvCatalog } from '../../server/providers/cctv/catalog.js';
+import {
+  OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL,
+  OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+} from '../../server/providers/cctv/constants.js';
+import {
+  fallbackHeadingFromId,
+  pinnedCameraUrl,
+} from '../../server/providers/cctv/normalize.js';
+import { loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData } from '../../server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js';
+
+/** Set (or, for `undefined`, delete) environment variables for one test. */
+function withEnv(t, env) {
+  for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(env)) {
+    const previous = process.env[name];
+    t.after(() => {
+      if (previous === undefined) delete process.env[name];
+      else process.env[name] = previous;
+    });
+    if (value === undefined) delete process.env[name];
+    else process.env[name] = value;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Silence the loader's progress and failure logging. */
+function quiet(t) {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+}
+
+/** One `/map/camera_list` row carrying the fields the loader reads. */
+function ottawaRow(id, lat, lon, overrides = {}) {
+  return {
+    id,
+    number: 2000 + id,
+    description: `Camera ${id}`,
+    descriptionFr: `Caméra ${id}`,
+    type: 'City',
+    latitude: lat,
+    longitude: lon,
+    ...overrides,
+  };
+}
+
+test('Ottawa loader keeps in-city cameras and builds frame URLs from the id', async (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  withEnv(t, { CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES: undefined });
+  const requested = [];
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url) => {
+    requested.push(String(url));
+    return Response.json([
+      ottawaRow(309, 45.341343, -75.81467, {
+        description: '(MTO) Hwy 416 NB ramp to Hwy 417 East',
+        type: 'MTO',
+      }),
+      ottawaRow(1, 45.4215, -75.6972, {
+        description: 'Bank St at Somerset St',
+        type: 'City',
+      }),
+      ottawaRow(0, 45.4215, -75.6972),
+      ottawaRow(-3, 45.4215, -75.6972),
+      ottawaRow(7, null, -75.7),
+      ottawaRow(8, 45.4, null),
+      ottawaRow(9, 43.6532, -79.3832, { description: 'Toronto' }),
+      ottawaRow(10, 45.9, -75.7),
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  const cameras = await loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData();
+
+  assert.deepEqual(requested, [OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL]);
+  assert.deepEqual(cameras.map((camera) => camera.id).sort(), [
+    'ottawa-1',
+    'ottawa-309',
+  ]);
+
+  const mto = cameras.find((camera) => camera.id === 'ottawa-309');
+  const city = cameras.find((camera) => camera.id === 'ottawa-1');
+  assert.equal(mto.url, 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=309');
+  assert.equal(mto.snapshotUrl, mto.url);
+  assert.equal(mto.name, '(MTO) Hwy 416 NB ramp to Hwy 417 East');
+  assert.equal(mto.city, 'Ottawa');
+  assert.equal(mto.provider, 'City of Ottawa');
+  assert.equal(mto.feedType, 'image');
+  assert.equal(mto.sourceKind, 'ottawa-traffic');
+  assert.equal(mto.headingConfidence, 'low');
+  assert.equal(
+    mto.headingDeg,
+    fallbackHeadingFromId('ottawa-309'),
+    'the feed publishes no bearing, so the id-hash fallback is deterministic',
+  );
+  assert.match(mto.license, /City of Ottawa/);
+  assert.equal(
+    mto.credit,
+    'Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) camera',
+    'a provincial camera carried on the city feed names its owner',
+  );
+  assert.equal(city.credit, '', 'a city camera carries no partner credit');
+});
+
+test('Ottawa loader keeps the cameras nearest downtown under its cap', async (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  withEnv(t, { CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES: '8' });
+  const rows = [
+    // Far suburbs come first in payload order, so only distance can drop them.
+    ...[45.55, 45.54, 45.53, 45.52].map((lat, i) =>
+      ottawaRow(100 + i, lat, -76.1),
+    ),
+    ...[45.42, 45.421, 45.422, 45.423, 45.424, 45.425, 45.426, 45.427].map(
+      (lat, i) => ottawaRow(200 + i, lat, -75.7),
+    ),
+  ];
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => Response.json(rows));
+
+  const cameras = await loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData();
+
+  assert.equal(cameras.length, 8);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    cameras.map((camera) => camera.id).filter((id) => /^ottawa-10\d$/.test(id)),
+    [],
+    'the far-suburb cameras are the ones dropped',
+  );
+});
+
+test('Ottawa loader fails soft on HTTP errors, unexpected payloads and network errors', async (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  let respond;
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', (...args) => respond(...args));
+  for (respond of [
+    async () => new Response('unavailable', { status: 503 }),
+    async () => Response.json({ cameras: [] }),
+    async () => {
+      throw new TypeError('fetch failed');
+    },
+  ]) {
+    assert.deepEqual(await loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
+  }
+});
+
+test('CCTV catalog merges Ottawa cameras and CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=0 skips the request', async (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const sourceRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gev-cctv-ottawa-'));
+  t.after(() => fs.rmSync(sourceRoot, { recursive: true, force: true }));
+  withEnv(t, {
+    CCTV_SOURCES_FILE: undefined,
+    CCTV_SOURCES_JSON: undefined,
+    CCTV_FORCE_AUSTIN: undefined,
+    CCTV_PREFER_AUSTIN: undefined,
+    CCTV_MAX_SOURCES: undefined,
+    CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED: undefined,
+    CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES: undefined,
+  });
+  const requested = [];
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url) => {
+    requested.push(String(url));
+    // Every other live pack is down; only Ottawa answers.
+    return String(url) === OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL
+      ? Response.json([ottawaRow(1, 45.4215, -75.6972)])
+      : new Response('unavailable', { status: 503 });
+  });
+
+  const sources = await createCctvCatalog({ sourceRoot })();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    sources.map((source) => source.id),
+    ['ottawa-1'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(sources[0].url, 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=1');
+
+  process.env.CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED = '0';
+  requested.length = 0;
+  assert.deepEqual(await createCctvCatalog({ sourceRoot })(), []);
+  assert.ok(requested.length > 0, 'the other live packs still load');
+  assert.equal(
+    requested.includes(OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL),
+    false,
+    'a disabled pack makes no request',
+  );
+});
+
+test('Ottawa frames stay inside the city image directory', () => {
+  assert.ok(
+    pinnedCameraUrl(
+      'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=309',
+      OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+    ),
+  );
+  for (const url of [
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca.evil.test/map/camera?id=309',
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/other/camera?id=309',
+    'https://user:pass@traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=309',
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca:8443/map/camera?id=309',
+    'http://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=309',
+  ])
+    assert.equal(pinnedCameraUrl(url, OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN), null, url);
+});
diff --git a/src/data/cctvToronto.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvToronto.test.mjs
index c2e3c0e1d..7b7a73261 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvToronto.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvToronto.test.mjs
@@ -418,6 +418,6 @@ test('CCTV_TORONTO_ENABLED=0 keeps the lane from being loaded at all', async (t)
   }
 });
 
-test('the shipped catalog ceiling is not raised to make room for this pack', () => {
-  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 4000);
+test('the default catalog preserves shared, Québec, and World image slots', () => {
+  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 7516);
 });
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 4db92b946..7fc6f1143 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
+  "Close camera preview": "إغلاق معاينة الكاميرا",
+  "Refresh map still": "تحديث صورة الخريطة الثابتة",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "تستخدم صورة الخريطة طلبًا منفصلًا وقد تعرض لحظة مختلفة.",
   "NO PLACE LEFT BEHIND": "لا مكان يُترك خلفنا",
   "Initializing photorealistic world...": "جارٍ تهيئة العالم الواقعي…",
   "Configuring viewer...": "جارٍ إعداد العارض…",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index f00dee276..d1c0329b9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
+  "Close camera preview": "Kameravorschau schließen",
+  "Refresh map still": "Kartenstandbild aktualisieren",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Das Kartenstandbild wird separat abgerufen und kann einen anderen Moment zeigen.",
   "Flying to Austin, TX...": "Flug nach Austin, TX...",
   "Restoring shared view...": "Geteilte Ansicht wird wiederhergestellt...",
   "Configuring viewer...": "Viewer wird konfiguriert...",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 73cdf626d..a774a8b28 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
+  "Close camera preview": "Cerrar vista previa de la cámara",
+  "Refresh map still": "Actualizar imagen fija del mapa",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "La imagen del mapa usa una solicitud independiente y puede mostrar otro momento.",
   "NO PLACE LEFT BEHIND": "NINGÚN RINCÓN SIN VIGILAR",
   "Initializing photorealistic world...": "Inicializando el mundo fotorrealista...",
   "Configuring viewer...": "Configurando el visor...",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 1ae2e0053..767f5f299 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
+  "Close camera preview": "Fermer l’aperçu de la caméra",
+  "Refresh map still": "Actualiser l’image fixe sur la carte",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "L’image fixe de la carte utilise une requête distincte et peut montrer un autre moment.",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "Choisissez une forme, puis cliquez sur la carte.",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Enter pour poser l'épingle, Esc pour annuler.",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "Cliquez à l'endroit où poser l'épingle.",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 6d7e2df76..92709237a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
+  "Close camera preview": "Chiudi anteprima della telecamera",
+  "Refresh map still": "Aggiorna immagine fissa sulla mappa",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "L’immagine sulla mappa usa una richiesta separata e può mostrare un momento diverso.",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "Scegli una forma, poi fai clic sulla mappa.",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Premi Enter per posizionare il segnaposto, Esc per annullare.",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "Fai clic dove va il segnaposto.",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 575dc5deb..078a4657e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
+  "Close camera preview": "カメラのプレビューを閉じる",
+  "Refresh map still": "地図上の静止画を更新",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地図上の静止画は別のリクエストで取得されるため、異なる時点を表示する場合があります。",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "図形を選んでから、地図をクリックしてください。",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Enterでピンを配置、Escでキャンセル。",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "ピンを置く場所をクリックしてください。",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 1819e09a3..c89cd6760 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
+  "Close camera preview": "Fechar prévia da câmera",
+  "Refresh map still": "Atualizar imagem fixa no mapa",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "A imagem no mapa usa uma solicitação separada e pode mostrar outro momento.",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "Escolha uma forma e clique no mapa.",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Enter para colocar o marcador, Esc para cancelar.",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "Clique onde o marcador deve ficar.",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 1627c2d30..4d03fcea4 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
+  "Close camera preview": "Закрыть просмотр камеры",
+  "Refresh map still": "Обновить кадр на карте",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Кадр на карте запрашивается отдельно и может показывать другой момент.",
   "Flying to Austin, TX...": "Перелёт в Остин, Техас...",
   "Restoring shared view...": "Восстановление общего вида...",
   "Initializing systems...": "Инициализация систем...",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 03f00b097..ce367503a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
+  "Close camera preview": "Закрити перегляд камери",
+  "Refresh map still": "Оновити кадр на карті",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Кадр на карті запитується окремо та може показувати інший момент.",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "Виберіть фігуру й клацніть на карті.",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Enter — поставити мітку, Esc — скасувати.",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "Клацніть там, де має бути мітка.",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 48eb06e18..aca9e984d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
+  "Close camera preview": "关闭摄像头预览",
+  "Refresh map still": "刷新地图静止画面",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地图静止画面通过单独的请求获取，可能显示不同的时刻。",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "先选择形状，再在地图上点击。",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "按 Enter 放置图钉，按 Esc 取消。",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "点击图钉的放置位置。",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index 2e8c94ad6..a851ec8cd 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 {
+  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
+  "Close camera preview": "關閉攝影機預覽",
+  "Refresh map still": "重新整理地圖靜態畫面",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地圖靜態畫面使用獨立請求，顯示的時間可能不同。",
   "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "先選擇形狀，再在地圖上點擊。",
   "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "按 Enter 放置圖釘，按 Esc 取消。",
   "Click where the pin goes.": "點擊圖釘的放置位置。",
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index e83d3febd..9cca705e2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@
     "dB",
     "hPa",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
   ],
   "de": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -199,7 +201,9 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔN",
     "Ⅱ PAUSE",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
   ],
   "es": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -327,7 +331,9 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
   ],
   "fr": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -508,7 +514,9 @@
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
     "Ⅱ PAUSE",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
   ],
   "it": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -679,7 +687,9 @@
     "{value} conf",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
   ],
   "ja": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -728,7 +738,9 @@
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
   ],
   "pt": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -857,7 +869,9 @@
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
   ],
   "ru": [
     "AIS: --",
@@ -875,7 +889,9 @@
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "S2 · {name}",
     "VS",
-    "WHOT/BHOT"
+    "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
   ],
   "uk": [
     "AIS: --",
@@ -888,7 +904,9 @@
     "NVG",
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
-    "WHOT/BHOT"
+    "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
   ],
   "zh-CN": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -945,7 +963,9 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
   ],
   "zh-Hant": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -1002,6 +1022,8 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
+    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
   ]
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/cards.js b/src/layers/cctv/cards.js
index 04b8fb86f..fcef8fe57 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/cards.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/cards.js
@@ -132,9 +132,11 @@ export function createCards({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
           record.camera.lon,
         ),
         inView,
-        isVideo: parts.model.isVideoFeedType(
-          parts.model.normalizeFeedType(record.camera.feedType),
-        ),
+        // Québec's browser-only sources have no registered frame endpoint;
+        // keep them out of still-card fill just like video feeds.
+        isVideo:
+          parts.model.isVideoFeedCamera(record.camera) ||
+          parts.model.isBrowserOverlayCamera(record.camera),
         sx,
         sy,
       });
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/catalog.js b/src/layers/cctv/catalog.js
index 110c03bd3..82758bcc4 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/catalog.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/catalog.js
@@ -237,9 +237,14 @@ export function createCatalog({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         groundElevationM,
         absoluteHeightM: groundElevationM + mountHeightM,
         pitchDeg,
+        frameRefreshMs: parts.model.safeNumber(source.frameRefreshMs, NaN),
         license: String(source.license || source.licenseNote || ''),
         credit: String(source.credit || ''),
         code: String(source.code || ''),
+        sourceUrl: String(source.sourceUrl || ''),
+        browserMediaUrl: String(source.browserMediaUrl || ''),
+        accuracyM: parts.model.safeNumber(source.accuracyM, NaN),
+        positionSource: String(source.positionSource || ''),
         // Shipped precompute (see server/providers/cctv/groundHeights.js).
         groundHeights:
           source.groundHeights && typeof source.groundHeights === 'object'
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/frames.js b/src/layers/cctv/frames.js
index 0c1812127..aab106e64 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/frames.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/frames.js
@@ -255,11 +255,20 @@ export function createFrames({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     // clears this latch so the next normal tick can refresh.
     if (runtime.imageLoading) return;
     const now = Date.now();
-    const refreshMs =
+    const defaultRefreshMs =
       record.camera.id === layerState._activeCameraId
         ? PROJECTION_ACTIVE_REFRESH_MS
         : PROJECTION_IDLE_REFRESH_MS;
-    if (!force && now - runtime.lastImageRefreshAt < refreshMs) return;
+    const sourceRefreshMs = parts.model.safeNumber(
+      record.camera.frameRefreshMs,
+      0,
+    );
+    const refreshMs = Math.max(defaultRefreshMs, sourceRefreshMs);
+    const sinceLastRefresh = now - runtime.lastImageRefreshAt;
+    // Forced activation may skip the normal active interval, but it cannot
+    // bypass a provider's explicit minimum between image requests.
+    if (sourceRefreshMs > 0 && sinceLastRefresh < sourceRefreshMs) return;
+    if (!force && sinceLastRefresh < refreshMs) return;
     runtime.lastImageRefreshAt = now;
 
     const frameUrl = frameUrlFor(record.camera, refreshMs);
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/hover.js b/src/layers/cctv/hover.js
index cdd3375bf..3ca4c83f9 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/hover.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/hover.js
@@ -49,9 +49,8 @@ export function createHover({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       !!record &&
       cameraId !== layerState._activeCameraId &&
       !layerState._cardIds.has(cameraId) &&
-      !parts.model.isVideoFeedType(
-        parts.model.normalizeFeedType(record.camera.feedType),
-      );
+      !parts.model.isBrowserOverlayCamera(record.camera) &&
+      !parts.model.isVideoFeedCamera(record.camera);
     if (eligible) {
       cancelHoverRelease();
       layerState._hoverCardId = cameraId;
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/model.js b/src/layers/cctv/model.js
index 3354e0d43..f6680558b 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/model.js
@@ -96,6 +96,19 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     return feedType === 'mp4' || feedType === 'hls' || feedType === 'webm';
   }
 
+  /** A browser-only source still counts as live-capable for map icon/LOD policy. */
+  function isVideoFeedCamera(camera) {
+    return (
+      isVideoFeedType(normalizeFeedType(camera?.feedType)) ||
+      Boolean(camera?.browserMediaUrl)
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Québec source pages and browser-played MP4s use the DOM overlay path. */
+  function isBrowserOverlayCamera(camera) {
+    return String(camera?.sourceKind || '').startsWith('quebec-');
+  }
+
   /**
    * Coerces a value to a finite number or returns the fallback.
    *
@@ -447,7 +460,12 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   function projectionLoopIsNeeded() {
     if (!layerState._enabled || !layerState._viewer) return false;
-    if (layerState._showProjection && parts.selection.getActiveRecord())
+    const active = parts.selection.getActiveRecord();
+    if (
+      layerState._showProjection &&
+      active &&
+      !isBrowserOverlayCamera(active.camera)
+    )
       return true;
     return focusPassIsNeeded(
       getFocusTarget(),
@@ -553,6 +571,8 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     angularDeltaAbs,
     normalizeFeedType,
     isVideoFeedType,
+    isVideoFeedCamera,
+    isBrowserOverlayCamera,
     safeNumber,
     headingFromId,
     quantize,
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/presentation.js b/src/layers/cctv/presentation.js
index fb0ac21ef..f23c00733 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/presentation.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/presentation.js
@@ -160,9 +160,14 @@ export function createPresentation({
     const camera = record.camera;
     const health = layerState._healthById.get(camera.id) || null;
     const isActive = camera.id === resolvedActiveId;
-    const refreshMs = isActive
+    const defaultRefreshMs = isActive
       ? ACTIVE_FRAME_REFRESH_MS
       : IDLE_FRAME_REFRESH_MS;
+    const sourceRefreshMs = Number(camera.frameRefreshMs);
+    const refreshMs =
+      Number.isFinite(sourceRefreshMs) && sourceRefreshMs > 0
+        ? Math.max(defaultRefreshMs, sourceRefreshMs)
+        : defaultRefreshMs;
     return {
       id: camera.id,
       name: camera.name,
@@ -192,13 +197,18 @@ export function createPresentation({
       mountHeightM: camera.mountHeightM,
       active: isActive,
       feedType: camera.feedType,
+      sourceUrl: camera.sourceUrl || '',
+      browserMediaUrl: camera.browserMediaUrl || '',
+      accuracyM: Number.isFinite(camera.accuracyM) ? camera.accuracyM : null,
+      positionSource: camera.positionSource || '',
       isVideo:
-        parts.model.isVideoFeedType(camera.feedType) &&
+        parts.model.isVideoFeedCamera(camera) &&
         record.projection?.mode !== 'image',
-      sourceKind:
-        health?.sourceKind ||
-        camera.sourceKind ||
-        (camera.feedConfigured ? 'configured' : 'seed'),
+      sourceKind: camera.sourceKind?.startsWith('quebec-')
+        ? camera.sourceKind
+        : health?.sourceKind ||
+          camera.sourceKind ||
+          (camera.feedConfigured ? 'configured' : 'seed'),
       sourceStatus: health?.status || 'unknown',
       sourceMessage: health?.message || '',
       sourceLabel: health?.label || camera.provider || '',
@@ -276,6 +286,7 @@ export function createPresentation({
         hoverId: layerState._hoverCardId,
       },
       activeCameraId: activeId,
+      activeCameraReselection: layerState._activeCameraReselection,
       activeCamera: active ? getPublicCameraState(active, activeId) : null,
       cameraIndex: cameraIndex(),
       summary: buildSummaryText(),
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/projection.js b/src/layers/cctv/projection.js
index e32db4fd4..19290584b 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/projection.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/projection.js
@@ -171,6 +171,9 @@ export function createProjection({
 
   function createProjectionRuntime(record) {
     if (!layerState._viewer) return null;
+    // Québec 511 denies CORS pixel access; Québec map previews are native DOM
+    // videos positioned over the globe, never Cesium video textures.
+    if (parts.model.isBrowserOverlayCamera(record.camera)) return null;
     const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
     canvas.width = PROJECTION_CANVAS_WIDTH;
     canvas.height = PROJECTION_CANVAS_HEIGHT;
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/rendering.js b/src/layers/cctv/rendering.js
index 4b6f215e4..dde6e2973 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/rendering.js
@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@ export function createRendering({
   function cameraColorFor(record) {
     if (record.camera.id === layerState._activeCameraId)
       return ACTIVE_CAMERA_COLOR;
-    if (parts.model.isVideoFeedType(record.camera.feedType))
-      return LIVE_CAMERA_COLOR;
+    if (parts.model.isVideoFeedCamera(record.camera)) return LIVE_CAMERA_COLOR;
     return IDLE_CAMERA_COLOR;
   }
 
@@ -405,8 +404,9 @@ export function createRendering({
       if (
         layerState._enabled &&
         isActive &&
+        !parts.model.isBrowserOverlayCamera(record.camera) &&
         (layerState._showProjection ||
-          parts.model.isVideoFeedType(record.camera.feedType))
+          parts.model.isVideoFeedCamera(record.camera))
       ) {
         parts.projection.ensureProjectionRuntime(record);
       }
@@ -416,7 +416,8 @@ export function createRendering({
       const planeShowing = !!(
         layerState._enabled &&
         layerState._showProjection &&
-        isActive
+        isActive &&
+        !parts.model.isBrowserOverlayCamera(record.camera)
       );
 
       const inVisibleSet = coverageVisible.has(record.camera.id);
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/rendering.test.mjs b/src/layers/cctv/rendering.test.mjs
index c4b490dd2..e242d61a5 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/rendering.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/rendering.test.mjs
@@ -56,7 +56,12 @@ test('focus de-emphasis fades each icon from its own color', () => {
   const { refreshCctvFocusStyles } = createRendering({
     state,
     services: { focus },
-    parts: { model: { isVideoFeedType } },
+    parts: {
+      model: {
+        isVideoFeedCamera: (camera) =>
+          isVideoFeedType(camera.feedType) || Boolean(camera.browserMediaUrl),
+      },
+    },
     source: {},
   });
 
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/selection.js b/src/layers/cctv/selection.js
index c86425fd0..bf98819dd 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/selection.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/selection.js
@@ -79,6 +79,12 @@ export function createSelection({
         record,
       )
     ) {
+      // Browser-only feeds have a separate player; a reselect retries it
+      // without re-running activation or touching the projection geometry.
+      if (parts.model.isBrowserOverlayCamera(record.camera)) {
+        layerState._activeCameraReselection += 1;
+        parts.presentation.notifyListeners();
+      }
       return CCTV_ACTIVATION_RESULT.UNCHANGED;
     }
     layerState._activeCameraId = cameraId;
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/selection.test.mjs b/src/layers/cctv/selection.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92ee53670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/selection.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { CCTV_ACTIVATION_RESULT } from '../../cctvFocusRequest.js';
+import { createSelection } from './selection.js';
+
+function makeSelection(sourceKind) {
+  const camera = { id: 'same-camera', sourceKind };
+  const record = { camera };
+  const state = {
+    _activeCameraId: camera.id,
+    _activeCameraReselection: 0,
+    _recordById: new Map([[camera.id, record]]),
+  };
+  let notifications = 0;
+  const selection = createSelection({
+    state,
+    services: {
+      activation: { CCTV_ACTIVATION_RESULT },
+      picking: { resolvePickId: () => null },
+    },
+    parts: {
+      model: {
+        cctvRecordNeedsActivation: () => false,
+        isBrowserOverlayCamera: (value) =>
+          String(value?.sourceKind || '').startsWith('quebec-'),
+      },
+      presentation: { notifyListeners: () => notifications++ },
+    },
+    source: {},
+  });
+  return { selection, state, notifications: () => notifications };
+}
+
+test('same-camera selection does not notify or mutate snapshot-feed state', () => {
+  const fixture = makeSelection('tripcheck-odot');
+
+  assert.equal(
+    fixture.selection.setActiveCamera('same-camera'),
+    CCTV_ACTIVATION_RESULT.UNCHANGED,
+  );
+  assert.equal(fixture.state._activeCameraReselection, 0);
+  assert.equal(fixture.notifications(), 0);
+});
+
+test('same-camera selection notifies browser-overlay feeds so playback can retry', () => {
+  const fixture = makeSelection('quebec-511-browser');
+
+  assert.equal(
+    fixture.selection.setActiveCamera('same-camera'),
+    CCTV_ACTIVATION_RESULT.UNCHANGED,
+  );
+  assert.equal(fixture.state._activeCameraReselection, 1);
+  assert.equal(fixture.notifications(), 1);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/state.js b/src/layers/cctv/state.js
index 78c2b8fa9..c8d882e87 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/state.js
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   layerState._activeCameraId = null;
 
+  // Advances when a user reselects the already-active camera. The geometry
+  // activation remains a no-op, but browser-only camera UI can retry playback.
+  layerState._activeCameraReselection = 0;
+
   layerState._coverageMode = 'on';
   // 'off' | 'on' (wireframes) | 'viewshed' (color-coded volumes)
 
diff --git a/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.css b/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4110599b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.css
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+.qc-preview-panel {
+  position: fixed;
+  z-index: 2000;
+  top: 80px;
+  right: 24px;
+  width: min(360px, calc(100vw - 32px));
+  overflow: hidden;
+  border: 1px solid #3eabbc;
+  border-radius: 8px;
+  background: #071117;
+  color: #e6f8fb;
+  box-shadow: 0 12px 36px #000a;
+  font: 12px/1.4 sans-serif;
+}
+.qc-preview-header {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  padding: 8px 10px;
+  cursor: move;
+  touch-action: none;
+}
+.qc-preview-panel button {
+  border: 1px solid #43818d;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  padding: 4px 8px;
+  background: #102830;
+  color: inherit;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.qc-preview-panel button:focus-visible {
+  outline: 2px solid #82e9f7;
+  outline-offset: 2px;
+}
+.qc-preview-live {
+  display: block;
+  width: 100%;
+  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
+  background: #000;
+}
+.qc-preview-panel .qc-preview-live[hidden],
+.qc-preview-marker video[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+.qc-preview-panel select {
+  display: block;
+  width: calc(100% - 20px);
+  margin: 0 10px 8px;
+  border: 1px solid #43818d;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  padding: 6px 8px;
+  background: #102830;
+  color: inherit;
+}
+.qc-preview-coordinates {
+  margin: 0 10px 8px;
+  color: #a9c5ca;
+  font:
+    10px/1.4 'Cascadia Code',
+    Consolas,
+    monospace;
+}
+.qc-preview-panel .qc-preview-live[hidden],
+.qc-preview-marker video[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+.qc-preview-actions {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 8px;
+  padding: 8px 10px 0;
+}
+.qc-preview-panel p {
+  margin: 8px 10px 10px;
+  color: #a9c5ca;
+}
+.qc-preview-panel a {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin: 0 10px 10px;
+  color: #82e9f7;
+}
+.qc-preview-marker {
+  position: fixed;
+  z-index: 500;
+  width: 160px;
+  transform: translate(-50%, -100%) scale(var(--qc-preview-scale, 1));
+  transform-origin: 50% 100%;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  padding: 3px;
+  border: 1px solid #65d7e7;
+  background: #071117;
+  color: #d8f9ff;
+  font: 10px/1.3 sans-serif;
+}
+.qc-preview-marker[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+.qc-preview-marker video {
+  display: block;
+  width: 100%;
+  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
+  background: #000;
+}
+.qc-preview-marker span {
+  display: block;
+  padding: 3px;
+}
+.qc-preview-marker-link-only {
+  width: max-content;
+  max-width: 220px;
+}
+.qc-preview-marker-link-only {
+  width: max-content;
+  max-width: 220px;
+}
diff --git a/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.js b/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..856e2155c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.js
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { horizonOccluder } from '../data/iconOrientation.js';
+import { msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+const CAMERA_ORIGIN = 'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx';
+// i18n-ignore: provider and licence labels are required source attribution.
+const MTQ_ATTRIBUTION = msg('MTQ · CC BY 4.0');
+// i18n-ignore: OpenStreetMap credit is shown in its standard form.
+const OSM_ATTRIBUTION = msg('OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL');
+
+function directVideoUrl(camera) {
+  return camera.kind === 'traffic' && /^\d+$/.test(camera.id)
+    ? `${CAMERA_ORIGIN}?id=${camera.id}&format=mp4`
+    : '';
+}
+
+function safeViewerUrl(value) {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(String(value || ''));
+    return url.protocol === 'https:' && !url.username && !url.password
+      ? url.href
+      : '';
+  } catch {
+    return '';
+  }
+}
+
+/** Install the opt-in Québec camera browser preview and return its cleanup. */
+export function installQuebecCameraPreview(
+  viewer,
+  { initialId = '3735', fetchImpl = globalThis.fetch } = {},
+) {
+  const panel = document.createElement('section');
+  panel.className = 'qc-preview-panel';
+  panel.setAttribute('role', 'dialog');
+  panel.setAttribute('aria-label', t('CCTV camera'));
+
+  const header = document.createElement('header');
+  header.className = 'qc-preview-header';
+  const title = document.createElement('strong');
+  const close = document.createElement('button');
+  close.type = 'button';
+  close.textContent = '×';
+  close.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Close camera preview'));
+  header.append(title, close);
+
+  const select = document.createElement('select');
+  select.setAttribute('aria-label', t('CCTV camera'));
+  const coordinates = document.createElement('p');
+  coordinates.className = 'qc-preview-coordinates';
+  const live = document.createElement('video');
+  live.className = 'qc-preview-live';
+  live.controls = true;
+  live.setAttribute('aria-label', t('CCTV camera'));
+  live.autoplay = true;
+  live.muted = true;
+  live.loop = true;
+  live.playsInline = true;
+
+  const actions = document.createElement('div');
+  actions.className = 'qc-preview-actions';
+  const fly = document.createElement('button');
+  fly.type = 'button';
+  fly.textContent = t('FOCUS');
+  const refresh = document.createElement('button');
+  refresh.type = 'button';
+  refresh.textContent = t('Refresh map still');
+  actions.append(fly, refresh);
+  const note = document.createElement('p');
+  const source = document.createElement('a');
+  source.target = '_blank';
+  source.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
+  const viewerLink = document.createElement('a');
+  viewerLink.target = '_blank';
+  viewerLink.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
+  viewerLink.textContent = t("Open this image on the provider's site");
+  panel.append(
+    header,
+    select,
+    coordinates,
+    live,
+    actions,
+    note,
+    source,
+    viewerLink,
+  );
+
+  const marker = document.createElement('div');
+  marker.className = 'qc-preview-marker';
+  marker.hidden = true;
+  const still = document.createElement('video');
+  still.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
+  still.muted = true;
+  still.playsInline = true;
+  still.preload = 'auto';
+  const label = document.createElement('span');
+  marker.append(still, label);
+  document.body.append(panel, marker);
+
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  let disposed = false;
+  let selected = null;
+  let cameraPosition = null;
+  let mapStillUrl = '';
+  const cameraData = [];
+
+  function setMedia(video, url) {
+    if (video.src === url) return;
+    video.pause();
+    video.removeAttribute('src');
+    if (!url) {
+      video.load();
+      return;
+    }
+    video.src = url;
+    video.load();
+  }
+
+  function refreshStill() {
+    if (!mapStillUrl) return;
+    still.load();
+    void still.play().catch(() => {});
+  }
+
+  function useCamera(camera) {
+    selected = camera;
+    cameraPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(camera.lon, camera.lat, 10);
+    const mediaUrl = directVideoUrl(camera);
+    const viewerUrl = safeViewerUrl(camera.viewerUrl);
+    title.textContent = camera.nameEn || camera.name;
+    select.value = camera.id;
+    // i18n-ignore: coordinates, accuracy and provenance are camera data.
+    coordinates.textContent = `${camera.lat.toFixed(camera.kind === 'traffic' ? 5 : 6)}, ${camera.lon.toFixed(camera.kind === 'traffic' ? 5 : 6)} · ${camera.accuracyM ? `±${camera.accuracyM} m` : camera.positionSource}`;
+    live.hidden = !mediaUrl;
+    refresh.hidden = !mediaUrl;
+    still.hidden = !mediaUrl;
+    if (mediaUrl) {
+      note.textContent = t(
+        'The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.',
+      );
+      setMedia(live, mediaUrl);
+      live.play().catch(() => {});
+      if (mapStillUrl !== mediaUrl) {
+        mapStillUrl = mediaUrl;
+        setMedia(still, mediaUrl);
+        refreshStill();
+      }
+      // i18n-ignore: this suffix is provider-provided location provenance.
+      label.textContent = `${t('PREVIEW')} · ${camera.positionSource}`;
+      marker.classList.remove('qc-preview-marker-link-only');
+    } else {
+      note.textContent = viewerUrl
+        ? t("Open this image on the provider's site")
+        : t('Source unavailable');
+      setMedia(live, '');
+      setMedia(still, '');
+      mapStillUrl = '';
+      // i18n-ignore: camera names and accuracy are supplied as catalog data.
+      label.textContent = camera.accuracyM
+        ? `${camera.name} · ±${camera.accuracyM} m`
+        : camera.name;
+      marker.classList.add('qc-preview-marker-link-only');
+    }
+
+    const osmPosition =
+      camera.kind === 'montreal' ||
+      /openstreetmap|\bosm\b/i.test(camera.positionSource);
+    const attribution =
+      camera.kind === 'traffic'
+        ? t('Source: {label}', { label: MTQ_ATTRIBUTION })
+        : osmPosition
+          ? t('Source: {label}', { label: OSM_ATTRIBUTION })
+          : t('Source: {label}', {
+              label: camera.operator || camera.positionSource || t('Source'),
+            });
+    source.textContent = attribution;
+    const attributionUrl =
+      camera.kind === 'traffic'
+        ? 'https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/camera-de-circulation'
+        : osmPosition
+          ? 'https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright'
+          : viewerUrl;
+    source.href = attributionUrl || '#';
+    source.hidden = !attributionUrl;
+    viewerLink.href = viewerUrl || '#';
+    viewerLink.hidden = !viewerUrl;
+    updateMarker();
+  }
+
+  function updateMarker() {
+    if (!selected || !cameraPosition) {
+      marker.hidden = true;
+      return;
+    }
+    const canvas = viewer.scene.canvas;
+    const point = viewer.scene.cartesianToCanvasCoordinates(cameraPosition);
+    const visible =
+      point &&
+      horizonOccluder(viewer.camera).isPointVisible(cameraPosition) &&
+      point.x >= 0 &&
+      point.y >= 0 &&
+      point.x <= canvas.clientWidth &&
+      point.y <= canvas.clientHeight;
+    marker.hidden = !visible;
+    if (!visible) return;
+    const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+    marker.style.left = `${rect.left + point.x}px`;
+    marker.style.top = `${rect.top + point.y}px`;
+    const distance = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(
+      viewer.camera.positionWC,
+      cameraPosition,
+    );
+    marker.style.setProperty(
+      '--qc-preview-scale',
+      String(Math.min(1, 600 / Math.max(1, distance))),
+    );
+  }
+
+  select.addEventListener('change', () => {
+    const camera = cameraData.find((item) => item.id === select.value);
+    if (camera) useCamera(camera);
+  });
+  still.addEventListener('loadeddata', () => still.pause());
+  still.addEventListener('error', () => {
+    label.textContent = t('Source unavailable');
+  });
+  live.addEventListener('error', () => {
+    note.textContent = t('Source unavailable');
+  });
+  refresh.addEventListener('click', refreshStill);
+  fly.addEventListener('click', () => {
+    if (!selected) return;
+    viewer.camera.flyTo({
+      destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+        selected.lon,
+        selected.lat,
+        600,
+      ),
+      orientation: { heading: 0, pitch: Cesium.Math.toRadians(-90), roll: 0 },
+      duration: 1.5,
+    });
+  });
+
+  header.addEventListener('pointerdown', (event) => {
+    if (event.target.closest('button')) return;
+    const rect = panel.getBoundingClientRect();
+    const offsetX = event.clientX - rect.left;
+    const offsetY = event.clientY - rect.top;
+    header.setPointerCapture(event.pointerId);
+    const move = (moveEvent) => {
+      panel.style.left = `${Math.max(0, Math.min(window.innerWidth - panel.offsetWidth, moveEvent.clientX - offsetX))}px`;
+      panel.style.top = `${Math.max(0, Math.min(window.innerHeight - panel.offsetHeight, moveEvent.clientY - offsetY))}px`;
+      panel.style.right = 'auto';
+    };
+    const stop = () => {
+      header.removeEventListener('pointermove', move);
+      header.removeEventListener('pointerup', stop);
+      header.removeEventListener('pointercancel', stop);
+    };
+    header.addEventListener('pointermove', move);
+    header.addEventListener('pointerup', stop);
+    header.addEventListener('pointercancel', stop);
+  });
+
+  const removeRender = viewer.scene.postRender.addEventListener(updateMarker);
+  const ready = (async () => {
+    try {
+      const response = await fetchImpl('/quebec-cameras.json', {
+        signal: controller.signal,
+      });
+      if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`Camera list HTTP ${response.status}`);
+      const payload = await response.json();
+      const cameras = Array.isArray(payload?.cameras) ? payload.cameras : [];
+      if (!cameras.length) throw new Error('Empty Québec camera list');
+      cameraData.push(...cameras);
+      // i18n-ignore: these group names are provider/source categories.
+      for (const kind of ['traffic', 'montreal', 'webcam']) {
+        const group = document.createElement('optgroup');
+        group.label =
+          kind === 'traffic'
+            ? 'MTQ / Québec 511'
+            : kind === 'montreal'
+              ? 'Montréal / OpenStreetMap'
+              : 'Scenic webcams';
+        for (const camera of cameras.filter((item) => item.kind === kind)) {
+          const option = document.createElement('option');
+          option.value = camera.id;
+          // i18n-ignore: camera names and regions are provider catalog data.
+          option.textContent = `${camera.nameEn || camera.name} · ${camera.region || camera.category}`;
+          group.append(option);
+        }
+        if (group.children.length) select.append(group);
+      }
+      const chosen =
+        cameras.find((camera) => camera.id === initialId) ||
+        cameras.find((camera) => camera.id === '3735') ||
+        cameras[0];
+      useCamera(chosen);
+    } catch {
+      if (!disposed) note.textContent = t('Source unavailable');
+    }
+  })();
+
+  const dispose = () => {
+    if (disposed) return;
+    disposed = true;
+    controller.abort();
+    removeRender();
+    for (const video of [live, still]) {
+      video.pause();
+      video.removeAttribute('src');
+      video.load();
+    }
+    panel.remove();
+    marker.remove();
+  };
+  close.addEventListener('click', dispose);
+  return { dispose, ready };
+}
diff --git a/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.test.mjs b/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d09d0beba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { Window } from 'happy-dom';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { installQuebecCameraPreview } from './quebecCameraPreview.js';
+
+test('Québec preview selects direct-feed and viewer-only cameras and scales the map card', async () => {
+  const window = new Window({ url: 'http://localhost:4173/?qc-preview=all' });
+  const previousWindow = globalThis.window;
+  const previousDocument = globalThis.document;
+  globalThis.window = window;
+  globalThis.document = window.document;
+  window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.load = function () {};
+  window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.play = function () {
+    return Promise.resolve();
+  };
+  window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.pause = function () {
+    this.dataset.paused = 'yes';
+  };
+  let removed = 0;
+  let destination;
+  let render;
+  let point = { x: 200, y: 150 };
+  const viewer = {
+    camera: {
+      positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-73.5502, 45.51651, 1000),
+      flyTo: (options) => {
+        destination = options.destination;
+      },
+    },
+    scene: {
+      canvas: {
+        clientWidth: 800,
+        clientHeight: 600,
+        getBoundingClientRect: () => ({ left: 30, top: 40 }),
+      },
+      cartesianToCanvasCoordinates: () => point,
+      postRender: {
+        addEventListener: (callback) => {
+          render = callback;
+          return () => {
+            removed++;
+          };
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  const cameras = [
+    {
+      id: '3735',
+      kind: 'traffic',
+      name: 'Route 136 at rue Panet',
+      nameEn: 'Route 136 at rue Panet',
+      lat: 45.51651,
+      lon: -73.5502,
+      viewerUrl:
+        'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3735',
+      positionSource: 'MTQ WFS',
+      accuracyM: null,
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'mtl-465',
+      kind: 'montreal',
+      name: '1re Avenue / Sortie A-20',
+      lat: 45.44462,
+      lon: -73.663552,
+      viewerUrl: 'https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/465',
+      positionSource: 'OSM node',
+      accuracyM: 15,
+    },
+  ];
+  try {
+    const preview = installQuebecCameraPreview(viewer, {
+      initialId: '3735',
+      fetchImpl: async () => ({ ok: true, json: async () => ({ cameras }) }),
+    });
+    await preview.ready;
+    const videos = [...window.document.querySelectorAll('video')];
+    assert.equal(videos.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(
+      videos[0].src,
+      'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=3735&format=mp4',
+    );
+    assert.equal(videos[1].src, videos[0].src);
+    assert.equal(videos[0].hidden, false);
+    assert.match(
+      window.document.querySelector('.qc-preview-coordinates').textContent,
+      /45\.51651, -73\.55020/,
+    );
+    videos[1].dispatchEvent(new window.Event('loadeddata'));
+    assert.equal(videos[1].dataset.paused, 'yes');
+
+    const marker = window.document.querySelector('.qc-preview-marker');
+    assert.equal(marker.hidden, false);
+    assert.equal(marker.style.left, '230px');
+    assert.equal(marker.style.top, '190px');
+    const nearScale = Number(
+      marker.style.getPropertyValue('--qc-preview-scale'),
+    );
+    viewer.camera.positionWC = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+      -73.5502,
+      45.51651,
+      80000,
+    );
+    render();
+    assert.ok(
+      Number(marker.style.getPropertyValue('--qc-preview-scale')) < nearScale,
+    );
+
+    const select = window.document.querySelector('select');
+    select.value = 'mtl-465';
+    select.dispatchEvent(new window.Event('change'));
+    assert.equal(videos[0].hidden, true);
+    assert.equal(videos[1].hidden, true);
+    assert.match(
+      window.document.querySelectorAll(
+        '.qc-preview-panel a[target="_blank"]',
+      )[1].href,
+      /ville\.montreal\.qc\.ca/,
+    );
+    window.document.querySelector('.qc-preview-actions button').click();
+    assert.ok(destination);
+
+    point = { x: -1, y: 150 };
+    render();
+    assert.equal(marker.hidden, true);
+    window.document.querySelector('.qc-preview-header button').click();
+    preview.dispose();
+    assert.equal(removed, 1);
+    assert.equal(window.document.querySelectorAll('video').length, 0);
+  } finally {
+    globalThis.window = previousWindow;
+    globalThis.document = previousDocument;
+    window.close();
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/applicationShell.js b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
index c3ad27c14..d322aaec4 100644
--- a/src/ui/applicationShell.js
+++ b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
@@ -1139,6 +1139,7 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
         _cctvSummary: this._cctvSummary,
       },
       cctv: cctvLayer,
+      viewer: this.viewer,
       actions: {
         isEnabled: () => this._dataManager?.isEnabled('cctv'),
         setParams: (params, options) =>
diff --git a/src/ui/cctvControls.js b/src/ui/cctvControls.js
index bf0242fba..4e8911695 100644
--- a/src/ui/cctvControls.js
+++ b/src/ui/cctvControls.js
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import { useCctvStore } from './stores/cctv.js';
 import { useStatusStore } from './stores/status.js';
 import { applicationPinia } from './vueRuntime.js';
 import { onLocaleChange } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { createQuebecCctvOverlay } from './quebecCctvOverlay.js';
 
 /**
  * Own camera-panel interaction and presentation; receive the camera port and
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ export class CctvControls {
   constructor({
     elements,
     cctv,
+    viewer = null,
     actions,
     store = useCctvStore(applicationPinia()),
     statusStore = useStatusStore(applicationPinia()),
@@ -42,11 +44,13 @@ export class CctvControls {
     this.store = store;
     this.statusStore = statusStore;
     this.cctv = cctv;
+    this._quebecCctvOverlay = createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer);
     this.actions = actions;
     this.destroyed = false;
     this.listeners = new AbortController();
     this._cctvUnsubscribe = null;
     this._cctvState = null;
+    this._lastQuebecSelectionRevision = null;
     this._cctvSummaryTypingTimer = null;
     this._lastCctvSummaryText = '';
     this._lastSeenCctvActiveId = null;
@@ -146,6 +150,7 @@ export class CctvControls {
     if (this.destroyed) return;
     this.destroyed = true;
     this._offLocale();
+    this._quebecCctvOverlay?.dispose();
     this._cctvVideoSurface?.stop();
     this._videoVisibilityObserver?.disconnect();
     this._actionGeneration++;
diff --git a/src/ui/cctvPresentation.js b/src/ui/cctvPresentation.js
index 2d5b398cc..7eab9bc2d 100644
--- a/src/ui/cctvPresentation.js
+++ b/src/ui/cctvPresentation.js
@@ -154,6 +154,20 @@ export function _renderCctvState(state) {
   const enabled = !!state?.enabled && !!this.actions.isEnabled();
   const activeId = state?.activeCameraId || '';
   const activeCamera = state?.activeCamera || null;
+  const selectionRevision = Number(state?.activeCameraReselection);
+  const reselected =
+    this._lastQuebecSelectionRevision !== null &&
+    Number.isFinite(selectionRevision) &&
+    selectionRevision !== this._lastQuebecSelectionRevision;
+  this._lastQuebecSelectionRevision = Number.isFinite(selectionRevision)
+    ? selectionRevision
+    : null;
+  const isQuebecCamera =
+    enabled && activeCamera?.sourceKind?.startsWith('quebec-');
+  this._quebecCctvOverlay?.setCamera(isQuebecCamera ? activeCamera : null, {
+    reselected,
+  });
+  if (this._cctvFrameWrap) this._cctvFrameWrap.hidden = Boolean(isQuebecCamera);
 
   // Auto-expand the panel when the active camera CHANGES to a new non-null
   // id while the layer is enabled. Covers click-on-globe, panel controls,
@@ -241,7 +255,8 @@ export function _renderCctvState(state) {
 
   this.store.publish(presentCctvPanel(state, enabled));
 
-  const liveIntent = enabled && !!activeCamera?.isVideo;
+  const liveIntent =
+    enabled && !!activeCamera?.isVideo && !activeCamera?.browserMediaUrl;
   this.store.setLive(liveIntent);
   if (this._cctvVideo) {
     const visible =
@@ -261,8 +276,9 @@ export function _renderCctvState(state) {
   }
 
   if (this._cctvFrame && !liveIntent) {
-    const nextSrc = enabled ? activeCamera?.frameUrl : null;
-    const nextCameraId = enabled ? activeCamera?.id || '' : '';
+    const nextSrc = enabled && !isQuebecCamera ? activeCamera?.frameUrl : null;
+    const nextCameraId =
+      enabled && !isQuebecCamera ? activeCamera?.id || '' : '';
     const cameraChanged = this._frame.cameraId !== nextCameraId;
     const frameLoading = this._frame.loading;
     // A same-camera refresh waits for the current image to settle. Replacing
diff --git a/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js b/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3a25330e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { horizonOccluder } from '../data/iconOrientation.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+function isQuebecCamera(camera) {
+  return String(camera?.sourceKind || '').startsWith('quebec-');
+}
+
+function safeSourceUrl(value) {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(String(value || ''));
+    return url.protocol === 'https:' && !url.username && !url.password
+      ? url.href
+      : '';
+  } catch {
+    return '';
+  }
+}
+
+function safeMediaUrl(value) {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(String(value || ''));
+    if (
+      url.protocol !== 'https:' ||
+      url.hostname !== 'www.quebec511.info' ||
+      url.username ||
+      url.password ||
+      url.pathname !== '/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx' ||
+      url.searchParams.get('format') !== 'mp4' ||
+      !/^\d+$/.test(url.searchParams.get('id') || '')
+    )
+      return '';
+    return url.href;
+  } catch {
+    return '';
+  }
+}
+
+function setMedia(video, url) {
+  const current = video.currentSrc || video.src;
+  if (current === url) return;
+  video.pause();
+  video.removeAttribute('src');
+  if (!url) {
+    video.load();
+    return;
+  }
+  video.src = url;
+  video.load();
+}
+
+function mediaRefreshUrl(value) {
+  const url = new URL(value);
+  url.searchParams.set('_', String(Date.now()));
+  return url.href;
+}
+
+/** Attach the active Québec source to a floating browser player and map preview. */
+export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
+  if (!viewer?.scene || typeof document === 'undefined') return null;
+
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  const { signal } = controller;
+  const panel = document.createElement('section');
+  panel.className = 'qci-panel';
+  panel.hidden = true;
+  panel.setAttribute('role', 'dialog');
+  panel.setAttribute('aria-label', t('CCTV camera'));
+
+  const header = document.createElement('header');
+  header.className = 'qci-header';
+  const title = document.createElement('strong');
+  const close = document.createElement('button');
+  close.type = 'button';
+  close.textContent = '×';
+  close.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Close camera preview'));
+  header.append(title, close);
+
+  const coordinates = document.createElement('p');
+  coordinates.className = 'qci-coordinates';
+  const credit = document.createElement('p');
+  credit.className = 'qci-credit';
+  const live = document.createElement('video');
+  live.className = 'qci-live';
+  live.controls = true;
+  live.muted = true;
+  live.autoplay = true;
+  live.loop = true;
+  live.playsInline = true;
+  live.setAttribute('aria-label', t('CCTV camera'));
+
+  const actions = document.createElement('div');
+  actions.className = 'qci-actions';
+  const refresh = document.createElement('button');
+  refresh.type = 'button';
+  refresh.textContent = t('Refresh map still');
+  actions.append(refresh);
+  const note = document.createElement('p');
+  note.className = 'qci-note';
+  const sourceLink = document.createElement('a');
+  sourceLink.target = '_blank';
+  sourceLink.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
+  sourceLink.textContent = t("Open this image on the provider's site");
+  panel.append(header, coordinates, credit, live, actions, note, sourceLink);
+
+  const marker = document.createElement('div');
+  marker.className = 'qci-marker';
+  marker.hidden = true;
+  const still = document.createElement('video');
+  still.className = 'qci-marker-still';
+  still.muted = true;
+  still.playsInline = true;
+  still.preload = 'auto';
+  still.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
+  const markerLabel = document.createElement('span');
+  markerLabel.className = 'qci-marker-label';
+  marker.append(still, markerLabel);
+  document.body.append(panel, marker);
+
+  let selected = null;
+  let selectedPosition = null;
+  let closedWindowCameraId = null;
+  let selectedMediaUrl = '';
+  let mediaRefreshTimer = 0;
+  let liveUnavailable = false;
+  let stillUnavailable = false;
+
+  function markerLabelText(camera, hasMedia) {
+    return hasMedia
+      ? `${t('PREVIEW')} · ${camera.positionSource || camera.name}`
+      : Number.isFinite(camera.accuracyM) && camera.accuracyM > 0
+        ? `${camera.name} · ±${Math.round(camera.accuracyM)} m`
+        : camera.name;
+  }
+
+  function markLiveUnavailable() {
+    liveUnavailable = true;
+    note.textContent = t('Source unavailable');
+    note.hidden = false;
+  }
+
+  function markStillUnavailable() {
+    stillUnavailable = true;
+    markerLabel.textContent = t('Source unavailable');
+  }
+
+  function stopMediaRefresh() {
+    clearInterval(mediaRefreshTimer);
+    mediaRefreshTimer = 0;
+  }
+
+  function startMediaRefresh() {
+    stopMediaRefresh();
+    if (!selectedMediaUrl) return;
+    mediaRefreshTimer = window.setInterval(
+      () => {
+        if (document.hidden || closedWindowCameraId === selected?.id) return;
+        setMedia(live, mediaRefreshUrl(selectedMediaUrl));
+        void live.play().catch(markLiveUnavailable);
+        refreshStill();
+      },
+      2 * 60 * 1000,
+    );
+  }
+
+  function refreshStill() {
+    if (!selectedMediaUrl) return;
+    setMedia(still, '');
+    setMedia(still, mediaRefreshUrl(selectedMediaUrl));
+    void still.play().catch(markStillUnavailable);
+  }
+
+  function setCamera(camera, { reselected = false } = {}) {
+    if (!isQuebecCamera(camera)) {
+      selected = null;
+      selectedPosition = null;
+      closedWindowCameraId = null;
+      selectedMediaUrl = '';
+      liveUnavailable = false;
+      stillUnavailable = false;
+      stopMediaRefresh();
+      panel.hidden = true;
+      marker.hidden = true;
+      setMedia(live, '');
+      setMedia(still, '');
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const changed = selected?.id !== camera.id;
+    if (changed || reselected) closedWindowCameraId = null;
+    selected = camera;
+    selectedPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+      Number(camera.lon),
+      Number(camera.lat),
+      Number(camera.elevationM) || 10,
+    );
+    if (closedWindowCameraId === camera.id && !reselected) {
+      panel.hidden = true;
+      updateMarker();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const mediaUrl = safeMediaUrl(camera.browserMediaUrl);
+    const sourceUrl = safeSourceUrl(camera.sourceUrl);
+    if (changed || mediaUrl !== selectedMediaUrl) {
+      liveUnavailable = false;
+      stillUnavailable = false;
+    }
+    title.textContent = camera.name || t('CCTV camera');
+    coordinates.textContent = [
+      `${Number(camera.lat).toFixed(5)}, ${Number(camera.lon).toFixed(5)}`,
+      Number.isFinite(camera.accuracyM) && camera.accuracyM > 0
+        ? `±${Math.round(camera.accuracyM)} m`
+        : '',
+      camera.positionSource || '',
+    ]
+      .filter(Boolean)
+      .join(' · ');
+    credit.textContent = camera.credit || camera.provider || '';
+    credit.hidden = !credit.textContent;
+    live.hidden = !mediaUrl;
+    refresh.hidden = !mediaUrl;
+    actions.hidden = !mediaUrl;
+    note.hidden = !mediaUrl;
+    note.textContent = mediaUrl
+      ? liveUnavailable
+        ? t('Source unavailable')
+        : t(
+            'The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.',
+          )
+      : sourceUrl
+        ? ''
+        : t('Source unavailable');
+    note.hidden = !note.textContent;
+    sourceLink.href = sourceUrl || '#';
+    sourceLink.hidden = !sourceUrl;
+    markerLabel.textContent = stillUnavailable
+      ? t('Source unavailable')
+      : markerLabelText(camera, mediaUrl);
+    marker.classList.toggle('qci-marker-link-only', !mediaUrl);
+    still.hidden = !mediaUrl;
+    panel.hidden = false;
+
+    if (changed || mediaUrl !== selectedMediaUrl) {
+      selectedMediaUrl = mediaUrl;
+      setMedia(live, mediaUrl);
+      setMedia(still, mediaUrl);
+      if (mediaUrl) {
+        void live.play().catch(markLiveUnavailable);
+        void still.play().catch(markStillUnavailable);
+        startMediaRefresh();
+      } else {
+        stopMediaRefresh();
+      }
+    } else if (reselected && mediaUrl) {
+      if (live.error || live.networkState === 3 || live.readyState < 2) {
+        setMedia(live, mediaRefreshUrl(mediaUrl));
+      }
+      if (live.paused) void live.play().catch(markLiveUnavailable);
+      startMediaRefresh();
+      if (still.error || still.networkState === 3 || still.readyState < 2)
+        refreshStill();
+    }
+    updateMarker();
+  }
+
+  function updateMarker() {
+    if (!selected || !selectedPosition) {
+      marker.hidden = true;
+      return;
+    }
+    const canvas = viewer.scene.canvas;
+    const point = viewer.scene.cartesianToCanvasCoordinates(selectedPosition);
+    const visible =
+      point &&
+      horizonOccluder(viewer.camera).isPointVisible(selectedPosition) &&
+      point.x >= 0 &&
+      point.y >= 0 &&
+      point.x <= canvas.clientWidth &&
+      point.y <= canvas.clientHeight;
+    marker.hidden = !visible;
+    if (!visible) return;
+    const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+    marker.style.left = `${rect.left + point.x}px`;
+    marker.style.top = `${rect.top + point.y}px`;
+    const distance = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(
+      viewer.camera.positionWC,
+      selectedPosition,
+    );
+    marker.style.setProperty(
+      '--qci-scale',
+      String(Math.min(1, 600 / Math.max(1, distance))),
+    );
+  }
+
+  still.addEventListener(
+    'loadeddata',
+    () => {
+      stillUnavailable = false;
+      if (selected)
+        markerLabel.textContent = markerLabelText(
+          selected,
+          Boolean(selectedMediaUrl),
+        );
+      still.pause();
+    },
+    { signal },
+  );
+  still.addEventListener('error', markStillUnavailable, { signal });
+  live.addEventListener('error', markLiveUnavailable, { signal });
+  live.addEventListener(
+    'loadeddata',
+    () => {
+      liveUnavailable = false;
+      note.textContent = t(
+        'The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.',
+      );
+      note.hidden = false;
+    },
+    { signal },
+  );
+  refresh.addEventListener('click', refreshStill, { signal });
+  close.addEventListener(
+    'click',
+    () => {
+      closedWindowCameraId = selected?.id || null;
+      panel.hidden = true;
+      live.pause();
+      stopMediaRefresh();
+      // The floating player closes independently; keep the paused map still.
+      updateMarker();
+    },
+    { signal },
+  );
+  header.addEventListener(
+    'pointerdown',
+    (event) => {
+      if (event.target.closest('button')) return;
+      const rect = panel.getBoundingClientRect();
+      const offsetX = event.clientX - rect.left;
+      const offsetY = event.clientY - rect.top;
+      header.setPointerCapture(event.pointerId);
+      const move = (moveEvent) => {
+        panel.style.left = `${Math.max(0, Math.min(window.innerWidth - panel.offsetWidth, moveEvent.clientX - offsetX))}px`;
+        panel.style.top = `${Math.max(0, Math.min(window.innerHeight - panel.offsetHeight, moveEvent.clientY - offsetY))}px`;
+        panel.style.right = 'auto';
+      };
+      const stop = () => {
+        header.removeEventListener('pointermove', move);
+        header.removeEventListener('pointerup', stop);
+        header.removeEventListener('pointercancel', stop);
+      };
+      header.addEventListener('pointermove', move, { signal });
+      header.addEventListener('pointerup', stop, { once: true, signal });
+      header.addEventListener('pointercancel', stop, { once: true, signal });
+    },
+    { signal },
+  );
+  document.addEventListener(
+    'visibilitychange',
+    () => {
+      if (!selectedMediaUrl) return;
+      if (document.hidden) {
+        live.pause();
+        still.pause();
+      } else if (closedWindowCameraId !== selected?.id) {
+        void live.play().catch(markLiveUnavailable);
+        refreshStill();
+      }
+    },
+    { signal },
+  );
+
+  const removeRender = viewer.scene.postRender.addEventListener(updateMarker);
+  return {
+    setCamera,
+    dispose() {
+      controller.abort();
+      stopMediaRefresh();
+      removeRender();
+      setMedia(live, '');
+      setMedia(still, '');
+      panel.remove();
+      marker.remove();
+      selected = null;
+      selectedPosition = null;
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.test.mjs b/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd963bafc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { Window } from 'happy-dom';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createQuebecCctvOverlay } from './quebecCctvOverlay.js';
+
+test('routine same-camera updates keep Québec feed errors visible until recovery', async () => {
+  const window = new Window({ url: 'http://localhost:4173/' });
+  const previousWindow = globalThis.window;
+  const previousDocument = globalThis.document;
+  globalThis.window = window;
+  globalThis.document = window.document;
+  window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.load = function () {};
+  window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.play = function () {
+    return Promise.resolve();
+  };
+  window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.pause = function () {};
+  window.setInterval = () => 0;
+  const viewer = {
+    camera: {
+      positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-73.5502, 45.51651, 1000),
+    },
+    scene: {
+      canvas: { clientWidth: 800, clientHeight: 600 },
+      cartesianToCanvasCoordinates: () => null,
+      postRender: { addEventListener: () => () => {} },
+    },
+  };
+  let overlay;
+
+  try {
+    overlay = createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer);
+    const camera = {
+      id: 'qc-511-3735',
+      sourceKind: 'quebec-511-browser',
+      name: 'Route 136 at rue Panet',
+      lat: 45.51651,
+      lon: -73.5502,
+      positionSource: 'MTQ georeferenced point',
+      browserMediaUrl:
+        'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=3735&format=mp4',
+      sourceUrl:
+        'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3735',
+    };
+    overlay.setCamera(camera);
+    const [live, still] = window.document.querySelectorAll('video');
+    live.dispatchEvent(new window.Event('error'));
+    still.dispatchEvent(new window.Event('error'));
+
+    overlay.setCamera({ ...camera });
+
+    assert.equal(window.document.querySelector('.qci-note').textContent, 'Source unavailable');
+    assert.equal(window.document.querySelector('.qci-marker-label').textContent, 'Source unavailable');
+
+    live.dispatchEvent(new window.Event('loadeddata'));
+    still.dispatchEvent(new window.Event('loadeddata'));
+    assert.match(
+      window.document.querySelector('.qci-note').textContent,
+      /separate request/,
+    );
+    assert.match(
+      window.document.querySelector('.qci-marker-label').textContent,
+      /^PREVIEW ·/,
+    );
+  } finally {
+    overlay?.dispose();
+    globalThis.window = previousWindow;
+    globalThis.document = previousDocument;
+    window.close();
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/quebecCctvOverlay.css b/src/ui/styles/quebecCctvOverlay.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22c4a6e89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/styles/quebecCctvOverlay.css
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+.qci-panel {
+  position: fixed;
+  z-index: 2000;
+  top: 80px;
+  right: 24px;
+  width: min(360px, calc(100vw - 32px));
+  overflow: hidden;
+  border: 1px solid #3eabbc;
+  border-radius: 8px;
+  background: #071117;
+  color: #e6f8fb;
+  box-shadow: 0 12px 36px #000a;
+  font: 12px/1.4 sans-serif;
+}
+.qci-panel[hidden],
+.qci-live[hidden],
+.qci-note[hidden],
+.qci-panel a[hidden],
+.qci-marker[hidden],
+.qci-marker-still[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+.qci-header {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  padding: 8px 10px;
+  cursor: move;
+  touch-action: none;
+}
+.qci-panel button {
+  border: 1px solid #43818d;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  padding: 4px 8px;
+  background: #102830;
+  color: inherit;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.qci-panel button:focus-visible {
+  outline: 2px solid #82e9f7;
+  outline-offset: 2px;
+}
+.qci-coordinates,
+.qci-credit,
+.qci-note {
+  margin: 0 10px 8px;
+  color: #a9c5ca;
+  font: 10px/1.45 'Cascadia Code', Consolas, monospace;
+}
+.qci-credit {
+  color: #7fc7d2;
+}
+.qci-live {
+  display: block;
+  width: 100%;
+  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
+  background: #000;
+}
+.qci-actions {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 8px;
+  padding: 8px 10px 0;
+}
+.qci-actions[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+.qci-panel a {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin: 0 10px 10px;
+  color: #82e9f7;
+}
+.qci-marker {
+  position: fixed;
+  z-index: 500;
+  width: 160px;
+  transform: translate(-50%, -100%) scale(var(--qci-scale, 1));
+  transform-origin: 50% 100%;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  padding: 3px;
+  border: 1px solid #65d7e7;
+  background: #071117;
+  color: #d8f9ff;
+  font: 10px/1.3 sans-serif;
+}
+.qci-marker-still {
+  display: block;
+  width: 100%;
+  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
+  background: #000;
+}
+.qci-marker-label {
+  display: block;
+  padding: 3px;
+}
+.qci-marker-link-only {
+  width: max-content;
+  max-width: 220px;
+}
diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
index 7229ab02f..184422557 100644
--- a/style.css
+++ b/style.css
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 @import './src/ui/styles/layers.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/radio.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/cctv.css';
+@import './src/ui/styles/quebecCctvOverlay.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/street-level.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/scenes.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/bhote-koshi.css';

From ef5c034dc9391f139918c5f3ca03f04e1fd014d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 14:39:02 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 058/262] Linearly bin fires so weak heat spots stay round

Dropping each detection whole into its nearest pixel snapped spots by up
to half a pixel and left weak lone fires as squares or plus signs once
thresholded. Share each detection's weight between the four nearest pixel
centres instead (linear binning, Wand 1994): spots sit at the true
position and blur round, at the same build cost.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md             |  4 ++-
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js       | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs | 25 +++++++++++++++----
 3 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 4d1b69849..73ea42a0f 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2184,7 +2184,9 @@ detections are under 20 MW and stay dim red. Glow sprites and fire-card
 accents read that ramp; confidence and brightness do not affect the color.
 
 At far zoom (camera above ~3,000 km) the layer drapes a Snap Map–style
-heatmap instead of individual markers: the shown detections are binned on a
+heatmap instead of individual markers: the shown detections are linearly binned
+(each detection's weight shared between the four nearest pixel centres, so spots
+sit at the true position and stay round) on a
 global 2048 × 1024 grid (≈20 km per pixel), each weighted by its FRP in megawatts (so heat is
 radiated power, and raising the FRP slider does not dim areas where strong fires
 burn), Gaussian-blurred by one pixel so each fire stays a distinct spot about
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
index f6aadff3b..6704cf6e2 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 /**
  * Snap Map–style heat raster for the Active Fires far-zoom bands: detections
- * are binned on an equirectangular grid (row 0 = north, column 0 = 180°W),
- * blurred, normalized on a log scale and mapped through HEAT_PALETTE. Pure:
- * no Cesium, no DOM, so the whole pipeline is unit-tested in node.
+ * are linearly binned on an equirectangular grid (row 0 = north, column
+ * 0 = 180°W), blurred, normalized on a log scale and mapped through
+ * HEAT_PALETTE. Pure: no Cesium, no DOM, so the whole pipeline is unit-tested
+ * in node.
  */
 
 /** Below this normalized heat nothing is painted: empty land stays empty. */
@@ -54,19 +55,35 @@ export const HEAT_MIN_WEIGHT_MW = 0.5;
 const defaultWeight = (fire) =>
   Math.max(HEAT_MIN_WEIGHT_MW, Number(fire.frp) || 0);
 
+/**
+ * Linear binning (Wand 1994): each detection's weight is shared between the
+ * four pixel centres around it in proportion to closeness, instead of
+ * dropping whole into one pixel. Spots then sit at the true position rather
+ * than snapping by up to half a pixel (~10 km), and a lone weak fire blurs
+ * into a round spot instead of a square or a plus sign. Longitude wraps;
+ * rows beyond the poles fold back onto the edge row.
+ */
 export function binFires(fires, { width, height, weight = defaultWeight }) {
   const grid = new Float32Array(width * height);
+  const row = (y) => Math.min(height - 1, Math.max(0, y)) * width;
+  const col = (x) => ((x % width) + width) % width;
   for (const fire of fires) {
     if (!Number.isFinite(fire.lat) || !Number.isFinite(fire.lon)) continue;
-    const x = Math.min(
-      width - 1,
-      Math.max(0, Math.floor(((fire.lon + 180) / 360) * width)),
-    );
-    const y = Math.min(
-      height - 1,
-      Math.max(0, Math.floor(((90 - fire.lat) / 180) * height)),
-    );
-    grid[y * width + x] += weight(fire);
+    const fx = ((fire.lon + 180) / 360) * width - 0.5;
+    const fy = ((90 - fire.lat) / 180) * height - 0.5;
+    const x0 = Math.floor(fx);
+    const y0 = Math.floor(fy);
+    const tx = fx - x0;
+    const ty = fy - y0;
+    const w = weight(fire);
+    const top = row(y0);
+    const bottom = row(y0 + 1);
+    const left = col(x0);
+    const right = col(x0 + 1);
+    grid[top + left] += w * (1 - tx) * (1 - ty);
+    grid[top + right] += w * tx * (1 - ty);
+    grid[bottom + left] += w * (1 - tx) * ty;
+    grid[bottom + right] += w * tx * ty;
   }
   return grid;
 }
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
index 25c8b61fb..754493754 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
@@ -28,22 +28,37 @@ test('palette runs ember to white-hot and starts fully transparent', () => {
   }
 });
 
-test('binFires drops each detection into its equirectangular pixel', () => {
-  const grid = binFires([fire(89.9, -179.9, 1), fire(-89.9, 179.9, 1)], {
+test('binFires puts a detection at a pixel centre wholly in that pixel', () => {
+  // 4×2 grid: pixel centres at lon −135/−45/45/135, lat ±45.
+  const grid = binFires([fire(45, -135, 1), fire(-45, 135, 1)], {
     width: 4,
     height: 2,
   });
-  assert.equal(grid[0], 1, 'north-west corner');
-  assert.equal(grid[7], 1, 'south-east corner');
+  assert.equal(grid[0], 1, 'north-west pixel');
+  assert.equal(grid[7], 1, 'south-east pixel');
   assert.equal(
     grid.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0),
     2,
   );
 });
 
+test('binFires shares a detection between the pixels around it', () => {
+  const between = binFires([fire(45, 0, 1)], { width: 4, height: 2 });
+  assert.equal(between[1], 0.5, 'half to the pixel west of it');
+  assert.equal(between[2], 0.5, 'half to the pixel east of it');
+  const quarter = binFires([fire(45, -112.5, 1)], { width: 4, height: 2 });
+  assert.equal(quarter[0], 0.75, 'closer centre takes more');
+  assert.equal(quarter[1], 0.25);
+  const wrapped = binFires([fire(45, 180, 1)], { width: 4, height: 2 });
+  assert.equal(wrapped[3], 0.5, 'the antimeridian wraps');
+  assert.equal(wrapped[0], 0.5);
+  const polar = binFires([fire(90, -135, 1)], { width: 4, height: 2 });
+  assert.equal(polar[0], 1, 'beyond the last row folds back onto it');
+});
+
 test('binFires weights each detection by its radiative power', () => {
   const grid = binFires(
-    [fire(0.1, 0.1, 250), fire(0.2, 0.2, 0), fire(0.3, 0.3, Number.NaN)],
+    [fire(45, 45, 250), fire(45, 45, 0), fire(45, 45, Number.NaN)],
     { width: 4, height: 2 },
   );
   assert.equal(grid[2], 250 + 2 * HEAT_MIN_WEIGHT_MW);

From 31393696734d6a66fe7533bd58ec2261ec594299 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 14:56:40 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 059/262] Add a heatmap spot size slider to the Active Fires
 row
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

A ½×–4× slider (log2 axis, 5 % steps, default 1×) under the intensity
filter sets how large far-zoom heat spots are. It scales the grid, not
the blur: 2× is a 1024 × 512 grid with the same one-pixel blur, so each
spot grows exactly and weak lone fires don't fade as they widen. A change
rebuilds only the heatmap. Share links keep it as w.s (percent, 50–400).
The layer row now takes a list of sliders.
---
 changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md |   9 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     |  13 ++-
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js               |  64 +++++++++++
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs         |  61 +++++++++++
 src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs        |  63 +++++++++++
 src/data/layerState.js                    |   5 +-
 src/data/layerState.test.mjs              |  32 +++++-
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                  |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                  |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                  |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                  |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                  |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                  |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                  |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                  |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                  |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json               |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json             |   3 +
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json             |  15 ++-
 src/layers/firms/queries.js               | 128 +++++++++++++++-------
 src/layers/firms/rendering.js             |  12 +-
 src/layers/firms/state.js                 |   5 +
 src/share/viewCodec.js                    |   6 +-
 src/ui/layerPanel.js                      |  19 ++--
 src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue           |   9 +-
 src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs      |  66 +++++++----
 26 files changed, 449 insertions(+), 91 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
index 6f2d11a33..2126e3c7f 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
   log-scale minimum-FRP slider whose track is the ramp, an All / Nominal+ /
   High confidence switch and an "N of M shown" counter to the layer row. Far
   zoom shows a Snap Map–style heatmap in the same colors instead of squares,
-  one distinct spot per fire, empty where nothing burns. The filter applies once before rendering, so markers, cards, the heatmap, context and the top-fires query agree; share
-  links keep it (`w` token: `f`, `c`), and `get_active_fires` takes matching
-  `min_frp_mw` and `confidence` arguments. Default 0 MW / All (gekh, #1426).
+  one distinct spot per fire, empty where nothing burns, with a ½×–4× spot
+  size slider. The filter applies once before rendering, so markers, cards,
+  the heatmap, context and the top-fires query agree; share links keep the
+  filter and the spot size (`w` token: `f`, `c`, `s`), and `get_active_fires`
+  takes matching `min_frp_mw` and `confidence` arguments. Default 0 MW / All
+  / 1× (gekh, #1426).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 73ea42a0f..4b06c30d5 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2205,14 +2205,19 @@ areas; their accent is the strongest fire's FRP color.
 The Active Fires row carries a "Fire intensity (FRP)" slider on a log scale
 whose track is painted with the ramp and ticked at the same six values (its
 value reads "All" or "≥ N MW"), a "Confidence" switch with All / Nominal+ /
-High, and an "N of M shown" counter. The default is 0 MW and
+High, a "Heatmap spot size" slider (½× to 4× on a log2 axis, 5 % steps,
+default 1×) and an "N of M shown" counter. The spot size scales the heat
+grid rather than the blur (2× is a 1024 × 512 grid with the same one-pixel
+blur), so every spot grows exactly and weak lone fires do not fade as they
+widen; changing it rebuilds only the heatmap, not the shown set. The default is 0 MW and
 All, because many of the strongest detections are rated low confidence. The
 filter runs once in `ingestion.applyFilter()` before rendering, so markers,
 cards, the heatmap, the shared context store, the top-fires query and the
 analyst records all see one filtered set; a selected fire that no longer passes
-is deselected. The layer state keeps both options under the `w` (`local-firms`)
-share token as `f` (whole megawatts, 0–10,000) and `c` (`a`, `n`, `h`),
-including the short share codec; a link without them restores the defaults.
+is deselected. The layer state keeps the options under the `w` (`local-firms`)
+share token as `f` (whole megawatts, 0–10,000), `c` (`a`, `n`, `h`) and `s`
+(spot size in percent, 50–400), including the short share codec; a link
+without them restores the defaults.
 
 The `get_active_fires` tool accepts its own `min_frp_mw` and `confidence`
 (`all`, `nominal`, `high`) arguments, independent of the panel's setting, and
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
index 6704cf6e2..85894b19e 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
@@ -43,6 +43,70 @@ export function heatColorAt(t) {
   ];
 }
 
+/**
+ * Spot size, in percent of the shipped size: the panel slider and share
+ * option `w.s`. Whole percents, half to four times.
+ */
+export const HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN = 50;
+export const HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX = 400;
+export const HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT = 100;
+
+/**
+ * Spot size → whole percent inside the bounds, or null.
+ * @param {*} value
+ * @returns {?number}
+ */
+export function normalizeHeatSpotSize(value) {
+  const number =
+    typeof value === 'number'
+      ? value
+      : typeof value === 'string' && value.trim() !== ''
+        ? Number(value)
+        : NaN;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(number)) return null;
+  const rounded = Math.round(number);
+  return rounded >= HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN && rounded <= HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX
+    ? rounded
+    : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The grid for a spot size. The same one-pixel blur on a grid that many
+ * times coarser (or finer) scales every spot exactly; widening the blur
+ * instead lowers each spot's peak, so weak lone fires faded as they grew.
+ * @param {{width: number, height: number, sigmaPx: number}} base Shipped grid.
+ * @param {number} spotSize Percent of the shipped size.
+ * @returns {{width: number, height: number, sigmaPx: number}}
+ */
+export function heatGridForSpotSize(base, spotSize) {
+  const percent = normalizeHeatSpotSize(spotSize) ?? HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+  const height = Math.round((base.height * HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT) / percent);
+  return { width: height * 2, height, sigmaPx: base.sigmaPx };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Slider axis for the spot size: log2, so ½× and 2× sit equally far from 1×.
+ * Values snap to 5 % steps, which is also their share-link form.
+ */
+const SPOT_LOG_MIN = Math.log2(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN / 100);
+const SPOT_LOG_SPAN = Math.log2(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX / 100) - SPOT_LOG_MIN;
+
+/** Track position in 0..1 for a spot size in percent. */
+export function sliderPositionForSpotSize(spotSize) {
+  const percent = normalizeHeatSpotSize(spotSize) ?? HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+  return (Math.log2(percent / 100) - SPOT_LOG_MIN) / SPOT_LOG_SPAN;
+}
+
+/** Spot size in percent for a track position in 0..1. */
+export function spotSizeForSliderPosition(position) {
+  const p = Number.isFinite(position) ? Math.max(0, Math.min(1, position)) : 0;
+  const percent = 100 * Math.pow(2, SPOT_LOG_MIN + p * SPOT_LOG_SPAN);
+  return Math.min(
+    HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX,
+    Math.max(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN, Math.round(percent / 5) * 5),
+  );
+}
+
 /** Weight of a detection with no or zero FRP, in megawatts. */
 export const HEAT_MIN_WEIGHT_MW = 0.5;
 
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
index 754493754..9fc0e02c8 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ import {
   binFires,
   blurGaussian,
   buildHeatRaster,
+  heatGridForSpotSize,
+  normalizeHeatSpotSize,
+  sliderPositionForSpotSize,
+  spotSizeForSliderPosition,
 } from './firmsHeatRaster.js';
 
 const fire = (lat, lon, frp = 10) => ({ lat, lon, frp });
@@ -116,3 +120,60 @@ test('buildHeatRaster with no fires is fully transparent', () => {
   const r = buildHeatRaster([], { width: 8, height: 4, sigmaPx: 1 });
   assert.ok(r.rgba.every((v) => v === 0));
 });
+
+test('a spot size scales the grid, not the blur', () => {
+  const base = { width: 2048, height: 1024, sigmaPx: 1 };
+  assert.deepEqual(heatGridForSpotSize(base, 100), base);
+  assert.deepEqual(heatGridForSpotSize(base, 200), {
+    width: 1024,
+    height: 512,
+    sigmaPx: 1,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(heatGridForSpotSize(base, 50), {
+    width: 4096,
+    height: 2048,
+    sigmaPx: 1,
+  });
+  const odd = heatGridForSpotSize(base, 150);
+  assert.equal(odd.width, odd.height * 2, 'the grid stays 2:1');
+  assert.deepEqual(heatGridForSpotSize(base, 9999), base, 'invalid → default');
+});
+
+test('twice the spot size paints a lone fire twice as wide', () => {
+  const base = { width: 2048, height: 1024, sigmaPx: 1 };
+  const fires = [fire(0, 0, 5)];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) fires.push(fire(-10, 25 + i * 0.05, 300));
+  const widthKm = (spotSize) => {
+    const r = buildHeatRaster(fires, heatGridForSpotSize(base, spotSize));
+    const y = Math.floor(r.height / 2);
+    let painted = 0;
+    for (let x = 0; x < r.width; x++) {
+      const lon = ((x + 0.5) / r.width) * 360 - 180;
+      if (Math.abs(lon) < 10 && r.rgba[(y * r.width + x) * 4 + 3] > 0) {
+        painted += 1;
+      }
+    }
+    return (painted * 40075) / r.width;
+  };
+  const ratio = widthKm(200) / widthKm(100);
+  assert.ok(ratio > 1.7 && ratio < 2.3, `ratio ${ratio.toFixed(2)}`);
+});
+
+test('the spot-size slider is log2 with 1x a third along and 5 % steps', () => {
+  assert.equal(sliderPositionForSpotSize(50), 0);
+  assert.equal(sliderPositionForSpotSize(400), 1);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(sliderPositionForSpotSize(100) - 1 / 3) < 1e-9);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(sliderPositionForSpotSize(200) - 2 / 3) < 1e-9);
+  assert.equal(spotSizeForSliderPosition(0), 50);
+  assert.equal(spotSizeForSliderPosition(1), 400);
+  assert.equal(spotSizeForSliderPosition(1 / 3), 100);
+  assert.equal(spotSizeForSliderPosition(-1), 50);
+  for (let i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
+    const percent = spotSizeForSliderPosition(i / 100);
+    assert.equal(percent % 5, 0, `${percent} at ${i}%`);
+    assert.equal(normalizeHeatSpotSize(percent), percent);
+  }
+  assert.equal(normalizeHeatSpotSize('150'), 150);
+  assert.equal(normalizeHeatSpotSize(49), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeHeatSpotSize(''), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
index 39f0382c8..cd901f729 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
@@ -467,3 +467,66 @@ test('far zoom drapes one heatmap and draws no rectangles; markers and disable h
     restoreDocument();
   }
 });
+
+test('the spot-size slider rebuilds only the heatmap, on a proportionally coarser grid', async () => {
+  const priorDocument = globalThis.document;
+  const grids = [];
+  globalThis.document = {
+    createElement: () => ({
+      getContext: () => ({
+        createImageData: (w, hh) => {
+          grids.push([w, hh]);
+          return { data: new Uint8ClampedArray(w * hh * 4) };
+        },
+        putImageData() {},
+        createRadialGradient: () => ({ addColorStop() {} }),
+        fillRect() {},
+      }),
+      toDataURL: () => 'data:image/png;base64,AAAA',
+    }),
+  };
+  const h = harness({
+    fires: [makeFire(), makeFire({ index: 8, lat: 30.6, lon: -98.3, frp: 12 })],
+    withDataSource: true,
+    cameraPosition: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-98, 30, 12_000_000),
+  });
+  h.viewer.scene.primitives = { add() {}, remove() {}, raiseToTop() {}, contains: () => true };
+  h.viewer.scene.frameState = { mode: Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D };
+  const collection = {
+    addImageryProvider: (provider) => ({ provider, show: true }),
+    remove() {},
+    raiseToTop() {},
+  };
+  try {
+    h.layer.attachShellServices({ imageryHost: () => ({ kind: 'globe', collection }) });
+    h.layer._renderLodForTest('global');
+    assert.deepEqual(grids.at(-1), [2048, 1024]);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      h.layer.getRowControls().sliders.map((slider) => slider.id),
+      ['min-frp', 'heat-spot-size'],
+    );
+    const spot = h.layer.getRowControls().sliders[1];
+    assert.equal(spot.valueText, '1×');
+    assert.deepEqual(spot.params(1000), { spotSize: 400 });
+
+    let repaints = 0;
+    h.layer.setRowControlsListener(() => repaints++);
+    h.layer.setParams({ spotSize: 200 });
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getParams().spotSize, 200);
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getParams().minFrp, 0, 'the filter is untouched');
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 2, 'every fire still shown');
+    assert.equal(repaints, 1, 'the row repaints its value');
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getRowControls().sliders[1].valueText, '2×');
+    // The rebuild trails a drag (HEAT_REBUILD_MS) and keeps the old drape meanwhile.
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 200));
+    assert.deepEqual(grids.at(-1), [1024, 512]);
+
+    h.layer.setParams({ spotSize: 'nope' });
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getParams().spotSize, 200, 'invalid input is ignored');
+  } finally {
+    h.layer.destroy(h.viewer);
+    h.cleanup();
+    if (priorDocument === undefined) delete globalThis.document;
+    else globalThis.document = priorDocument;
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.js b/src/data/layerState.js
index c68a67e67..a049a80c5 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.js
+++ b/src/data/layerState.js
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ function satelliteFilterOption() {
 }
 
 const OPTION_GROUPS = Object.freeze({
-  // Active Fires intensity filter (HAL-676). `minFrp` is whole megawatts on
+  // Active Fires intensity filter and heatmap spot size (HAL-676). `minFrp` is whole megawatts on
   // the codec side; the panel's log slider rounds to it. Both default to
   // "show everything": many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence.
   // The bounds and modes mirror MIN_FRP_MW_MAX / FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES in
@@ -311,6 +311,9 @@ const OPTION_GROUPS = Object.freeze({
       nominal: 'n',
       high: 'h',
     }),
+    // Heatmap spot size in percent; mirrors HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_* in
+    // firmsHeatRaster.js.
+    boundedIntegerOption('spotSize', 's', 100, { min: 50, max: 400 }),
   ]),
   traffic: Object.freeze([
     enumOption('roadMode', 'r', null, ['tomtom', 'osm', 'hybrid'], {
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
index 55d40dfe2..78b36c3a6 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@ import { stampInitialShareGesture } from '../navigationPolicy.js';
 import { MAX_SINCE_DAYS } from '../layers/streetLevel/policy.js';
 import { SINCE_STOPS } from '../ui/streetLevelPresentation.js';
 import { FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES, MIN_FRP_MW_MAX } from './firmsIntensity.js';
+import {
+  HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT,
+  HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX,
+  HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN,
+} from './firmsHeatRaster.js';
 
 function deferred() {
   let resolve;
@@ -3019,9 +3024,14 @@ test('Active Fires: the intensity filter rides share token w and round-trips', (
   assert.deepEqual(state.options['local-firms'], {
     minFrp: 0,
     confidence: 'all',
+    spotSize: 100,
   });
   state.enabledLayerIds = ['local-firms'];
-  state.options['local-firms'] = { minFrp: 20, confidence: 'high' };
+  state.options['local-firms'] = {
+    minFrp: 20,
+    confidence: 'high',
+    spotSize: 250,
+  };
   const encoded = encode(state);
   assert.equal(new URLSearchParams(encoded).get('l'), 'w');
   // Other owners write their own explicit defaults into `lo` too (flights 3D,
@@ -3029,10 +3039,12 @@ test('Active Fires: the intensity filter rides share token w and round-trips', (
   const assignments = new URLSearchParams(encoded).get('lo').split('_');
   assert.ok(assignments.includes('w.f.20'), assignments.join(' '));
   assert.ok(assignments.includes('w.c.h'), assignments.join(' '));
+  assert.ok(assignments.includes('w.s.250'), assignments.join(' '));
   const decoded = decodeLayerStateParams(new URLSearchParams(encoded));
   assert.deepEqual(decoded.options['local-firms'], {
     minFrp: 20,
     confidence: 'high',
+    spotSize: 250,
   });
   assert.deepEqual(
     parseStoredLayerState(serializeStoredLayerState(state)).options[
@@ -3050,7 +3062,11 @@ test('Active Fires: the intensity filter rides share token w and round-trips', (
       .filter((assignment) => assignment.startsWith('w.')).length,
     0,
   );
-  assert.deepEqual(firmsOptions(''), { minFrp: 0, confidence: 'all' });
+  assert.deepEqual(firmsOptions(''), {
+    minFrp: 0,
+    confidence: 'all',
+    spotSize: 100,
+  });
 });
 
 test('Active Fires: the codec accepts whole megawatts in bounds and the three confidence codes', () => {
@@ -3078,5 +3094,17 @@ test('Active Fires: the codec accepts whole megawatts in bounds and the three co
   assert.deepEqual(firmsOptions('w.c.n_w.f.5'), {
     minFrp: 5,
     confidence: 'nominal',
+    spotSize: 100,
   });
 });
+
+test('Active Fires: the codec accepts whole-percent spot sizes from half to four times', () => {
+  assert.equal(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN, 50);
+  assert.equal(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX, 400);
+  assert.equal(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT, 100);
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.s.50').spotSize, 50);
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.s.400').spotSize, 400);
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.s.45').spotSize, 100, 'out of bounds → default');
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.s.401').spotSize, 100);
+  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.s.x').spotSize, 100);
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 301b60207..47d3808cc 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3229,6 +3229,9 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "{value} MW على الأقل",
   "Confidence": "الثقة",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "الحد الأدنى للقدرة الإشعاعية للحريق، بالميغاواط",
+  "Heatmap spot size": "حجم بقع الخريطة الحرارية",
+  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "حجم بقع الخريطة الحرارية عند العرض البعيد",
+  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "الكل",
   "Detection confidence": "ثقة الرصد",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "المعروضة: {shown} من {total}"
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 92c843948..1449ad502 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -2949,6 +2949,9 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "Konfidenz",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Minimale Strahlungsleistung des Brandes in Megawatt",
+  "Heatmap spot size": "Fleckengröße der Heatmap",
+  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Fleckengröße der Heatmap in der Fernansicht",
+  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Alle",
   "Detection confidence": "Konfidenz der Erkennung",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} von {total} angezeigt"
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 3cc9f4456..ffbc0bceb 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -2992,6 +2992,9 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "Confianza",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Potencia radiativa mínima del fuego, en megavatios",
+  "Heatmap spot size": "Tamaño de las manchas del mapa de calor",
+  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Tamaño de las manchas del mapa de calor en la vista lejana",
+  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Todo",
   "Detection confidence": "Confianza de la detección",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} de {total} mostrados",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index a95b158c9..050a93b1c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3019,6 +3019,9 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "Confiance",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Puissance radiative minimale du feu, en mégawatts",
+  "Heatmap spot size": "Taille des taches de la carte de chaleur",
+  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Taille des taches de la carte de chaleur en vue éloignée",
+  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Toutes",
   "Detection confidence": "Confiance de la détection",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} sur {total} affichées"
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 74d9a4a39..bf3517df6 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3019,6 +3019,9 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "Confidenza",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Potenza radiativa minima dell'incendio, in megawatt",
+  "Heatmap spot size": "Dimensione delle macchie della mappa di calore",
+  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Dimensione delle macchie della mappa di calore nella vista da lontano",
+  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Tutti",
   "Detection confidence": "Confidenza del rilevamento",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} di {total} mostrati"
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index bc1477531..8f1c4dc6b 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2879,6 +2879,9 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "信頼度",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "火災放射強度の最小値（メガワット）",
+  "Heatmap spot size": "ヒートマップの点の大きさ",
+  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "遠景ヒートマップの点の大きさ",
+  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "すべて",
   "Detection confidence": "検知の信頼度",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{total}件中{shown}件を表示"
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 837cbad93..6df69f579 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3019,6 +3019,9 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "Confiança",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Potência radiativa mínima do fogo, em megawatts",
+  "Heatmap spot size": "Tamanho das manchas do mapa de calor",
+  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Tamanho das manchas do mapa de calor na vista distante",
+  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Todas",
   "Detection confidence": "Confiança da detecção",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} de {total} exibidas"
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index d457abd24..9afd7eb6c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3062,6 +3062,9 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} МВт",
   "Confidence": "Достоверность",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Минимальная мощность излучения пожара, мегаватты",
+  "Heatmap spot size": "Размер пятен тепловой карты",
+  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Размер пятен тепловой карты на дальнем масштабе",
+  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Все",
   "Detection confidence": "Достоверность детекции",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "показано {shown} из {total}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 3cf7e8f9e..83b9d5871 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3060,6 +3060,9 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} МВт",
   "Confidence": "Достовірність",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Мінімальна потужність випромінювання пожежі, мегавати",
+  "Heatmap spot size": "Розмір плям теплової карти",
+  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Розмір плям теплової карти на далекому масштабі",
+  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Усі",
   "Detection confidence": "Достовірність виявлення",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "показано {shown} з {total}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index e46c8882b..b0764c1e2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2852,6 +2852,9 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "置信度",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "最小火辐射功率（兆瓦）",
+  "Heatmap spot size": "热力图光斑大小",
+  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "远景热力图光斑大小",
+  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "全部",
   "Detection confidence": "检测置信度",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "显示 {shown} / {total}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index c534272b3..84aa385e7 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2879,6 +2879,9 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "置信度",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "最小火輻射功率（兆瓦）",
+  "Heatmap spot size": "熱力圖光斑大小",
+  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "遠景熱力圖光斑大小",
+  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "全部",
   "Detection confidence": "檢測置信度",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "顯示 {shown} / {total}"
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index 0061d2941..b1dc842a7 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
     "dB",
     "hPa",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
+    "{value}×",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "de": [
@@ -196,6 +197,7 @@
     "{value} KM DOWNRANGE",
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
+    "{value}×",
     "ΔN",
     "Ⅱ PAUSE",
     "≥ {value} MW",
@@ -325,6 +327,7 @@
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
+    "{value}×",
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
@@ -505,6 +508,7 @@
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
+    "{value}×",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
     "Ⅱ PAUSE",
@@ -677,6 +681,7 @@
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
     "{value} conf",
+    "{value}×",
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
@@ -727,6 +732,7 @@
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
     "{speed} kn",
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
+    "{value}×",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
     "≥ {value} MW",
@@ -861,6 +867,7 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔN",
     "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "{value}×",
     "≥ {value} MW"
   ],
   "ru": [
@@ -879,7 +886,8 @@
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "S2 · {name}",
     "VS",
-    "WHOT/BHOT"
+    "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "{value}×"
   ],
   "uk": [
     "AIS: --",
@@ -892,7 +900,8 @@
     "NVG",
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
-    "WHOT/BHOT"
+    "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "{value}×"
   ],
   "zh-CN": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -947,6 +956,7 @@
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/S",
+    "{value}×",
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
@@ -1005,6 +1015,7 @@
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/S",
+    "{value}×",
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/queries.js b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
index 797734597..b9577925e 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ import {
   rampTrackGradient,
   sliderPositionForFrp,
 } from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
+import {
+  normalizeHeatSpotSize,
+  sliderPositionForSpotSize,
+  spotSizeForSliderPosition,
+} from '../../data/firmsHeatRaster.js';
 import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { LOD_LEVELS, REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS } from './policy.js';
 
@@ -23,6 +28,16 @@ export function createQueries({
 }) {
   const { id, name, icon, source } = config;
 
+  /** Spot sizes marked under the spot-size slider, in percent. */
+  const SPOT_SIZE_TICKS = [50, 100, 200, 400];
+
+  /** Spot-size label for a percent ("0.5×", "1×", "1.5×"). */
+  function spotSizeLabel(percent) {
+    return t('{value}×', {
+      value: formatNumber(percent / 100, { maximumFractionDigits: 2 }),
+    });
+  }
+
   /** Whole-megawatt label for a slider value or tick ("0", "20", "1 000"). */
   function frpLabel(frp) {
     return formatNumber(frp, { maximumFractionDigits: 0 });
@@ -83,12 +98,12 @@ export function createQueries({
     updateInterval: REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS,
 
     /**
-     * The intensity filter as layer options (share token `w`, owner
-     * `local-firms` in layerState.js).
-     * @returns {{minFrp: number, confidence: string}}
+     * The intensity filter and the heatmap spot size as layer options (share
+     * token `w`, owner `local-firms` in layerState.js).
+     * @returns {{minFrp: number, confidence: string, spotSize: number}}
      */
     getParams() {
-      return { ...layerState._filter };
+      return { ...layerState._filter, spotSize: layerState._spotSize };
     },
 
     /**
@@ -96,24 +111,36 @@ export function createQueries({
      * value. The filter runs in one place (ingestion.applyFilter) and the LOD
      * rebuild re-derives markers, cells, cards and context registrations from
      * the shown set; a selected fire that no longer passes is deselected.
-     * @param {{minFrp?: number, confidence?: string}} params
+     * A spot-size change only marks the heat raster stale: the shown set,
+     * markers and cards stay as they are.
+     * @param {{minFrp?: number, confidence?: string, spotSize?: number}} params
      * @returns {boolean} True — the request is always accepted.
      */
     setParams(params = {}) {
       const next = normalizeFireFilter(params, layerState._filter);
-      if (
-        next.minFrp === layerState._filter.minFrp &&
-        next.confidence === layerState._filter.confidence
-      )
-        return true;
+      const spotSize =
+        normalizeHeatSpotSize(params?.spotSize) ?? layerState._spotSize;
+      const filterChanged =
+        next.minFrp !== layerState._filter.minFrp ||
+        next.confidence !== layerState._filter.confidence;
+      const spotChanged = spotSize !== layerState._spotSize;
+      if (!filterChanged && !spotChanged) return true;
       layerState._filter = next;
-      if (!layerState._allFires.length) return true;
-      components.ingestion.applyFilter();
-      if (
-        layerState._selectedFire &&
-        !firePassesFilter(layerState._selectedFire, next)
-      ) {
-        components.selection.clearFireSelection();
+      layerState._spotSize = spotSize;
+      if (!layerState._allFires.length) {
+        layerState._rowControlsListener?.();
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (filterChanged) {
+        components.ingestion.applyFilter();
+        if (
+          layerState._selectedFire &&
+          !firePassesFilter(layerState._selectedFire, next)
+        ) {
+          components.selection.clearFireSelection();
+        }
+      } else {
+        layerState._heatRaster = null;
       }
       if (layerState._enabled) components.rendering.renderCurrentLod(true);
       layerState._rowControlsListener?.();
@@ -123,8 +150,8 @@ export function createQueries({
     /**
      * Row controls under the Active Fires row: the log-scale minimum-FRP
      * slider whose track is painted with the intensity ramp (so it doubles as
-     * the legend), the All / Nominal+ / High confidence switch, and the
-     * "N of M shown" counter.
+     * the legend), the All / Nominal+ / High confidence switch, the far-zoom
+     * heatmap spot-size slider and the "N of M shown" counter.
      */
     getRowControls() {
       const { minFrp, confidence } = layerState._filter;
@@ -133,27 +160,48 @@ export function createQueries({
       const shown = layerState._count;
       const total = layerState._totalCount;
       return {
-        slider: {
-          id: 'min-frp',
-          label: t('Fire intensity (FRP)'),
-          ariaLabel: t('Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts'),
-          valueText:
-            minFrp > 0
-              ? t('≥ {value} MW', { value: frpLabel(minFrp) })
-              : t('All', { context: 'fire intensity filter' }),
-          min: 0,
-          max: SLIDER_STEPS,
-          step: 1,
-          value: Math.round(sliderPositionForFrp(minFrp) * SLIDER_STEPS),
-          track: rampTrackGradient(),
-          ticks: FRP_SLIDER_TICKS.map((frp) => ({
-            at: sliderPositionForFrp(frp),
-            label: frpLabel(frp),
-          })),
-          params: (value) => ({
-            minFrp: frpForSliderPosition(Number(value) / SLIDER_STEPS),
-          }),
-        },
+        sliders: [
+          {
+            id: 'min-frp',
+            label: t('Fire intensity (FRP)'),
+            ariaLabel: t('Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts'),
+            valueText:
+              minFrp > 0
+                ? t('≥ {value} MW', { value: frpLabel(minFrp) })
+                : t('All', { context: 'fire intensity filter' }),
+            min: 0,
+            max: SLIDER_STEPS,
+            step: 1,
+            value: Math.round(sliderPositionForFrp(minFrp) * SLIDER_STEPS),
+            track: rampTrackGradient(),
+            ticks: FRP_SLIDER_TICKS.map((frp) => ({
+              at: sliderPositionForFrp(frp),
+              label: frpLabel(frp),
+            })),
+            params: (value) => ({
+              minFrp: frpForSliderPosition(Number(value) / SLIDER_STEPS),
+            }),
+          },
+          {
+            id: 'heat-spot-size',
+            label: t('Heatmap spot size'),
+            ariaLabel: t('Far-zoom heatmap spot size'),
+            valueText: spotSizeLabel(layerState._spotSize),
+            min: 0,
+            max: SLIDER_STEPS,
+            step: 1,
+            value: Math.round(
+              sliderPositionForSpotSize(layerState._spotSize) * SLIDER_STEPS,
+            ),
+            ticks: SPOT_SIZE_TICKS.map((percent) => ({
+              at: sliderPositionForSpotSize(percent),
+              label: spotSizeLabel(percent),
+            })),
+            params: (value) => ({
+              spotSize: spotSizeForSliderPosition(Number(value) / SLIDER_STEPS),
+            }),
+          },
+        ],
         segmented: {
           id: 'confidence',
           label: t('Confidence'),
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
index 84a6eed36..dd91effec 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
 import { horizonOccluder } from '../../data/iconOrientation.js';
-import { buildHeatRaster } from '../../data/firmsHeatRaster.js';
+import {
+  buildHeatRaster,
+  heatGridForSpotSize,
+} from '../../data/firmsHeatRaster.js';
 import {
   LOD_LEVELS,
   CONTEXT_TOP_N,
@@ -144,13 +147,16 @@ export function createRendering({
     return layerState._heatImagery;
   }
 
-  /** Build the heat raster from the shown set and drape it. */
+  /** Build the heat raster from the shown set at the chosen spot size and drape it. */
 
   function rebuildHeatRaster() {
     clearTimeout(layerState._heatRebuildTimer);
     layerState._heatRebuildTimer = null;
     if (layerState._destroyed) return;
-    layerState._heatRaster = buildHeatRaster(layerState._fires, HEAT_RASTER);
+    layerState._heatRaster = buildHeatRaster(
+      layerState._fires,
+      heatGridForSpotSize(HEAT_RASTER, layerState._spotSize),
+    );
     heatImagery().setRaster(layerState._heatRaster);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/state.js b/src/layers/firms/state.js
index 9a0b031b2..349fcd375 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/state.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER } from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
+import { HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT } from '../../data/firmsHeatRaster.js';
 
 export function createFirmsState({ services, config }) {
   const layerState = {};
@@ -69,6 +70,10 @@ export function createFirmsState({ services, config }) {
 
   layerState._filter = { ...DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER };
 
+  /** Heatmap spot size, percent of the shipped size (firmsHeatRaster.js). */
+
+  layerState._spotSize = HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+
   /** Panel callback: repaint the row controls (counter) after a load. */
 
   layerState._rowControlsListener = null;
diff --git a/src/share/viewCodec.js b/src/share/viewCodec.js
index 8ac00f51b..8f556ea1e 100644
--- a/src/share/viewCodec.js
+++ b/src/share/viewCodec.js
@@ -252,7 +252,11 @@ export const SHARE_VIEW_FLAGS = freezeAll([
  * written explicitly.
  */
 export const SHARE_VIEW_LAYER_OPTION_ABSENT = Object.freeze({
-  'local-firms': Object.freeze({ minFrp: 0, confidence: 'all' }),
+  'local-firms': Object.freeze({
+    minFrp: 0,
+    confidence: 'all',
+    spotSize: 100,
+  }),
   traffic: Object.freeze({ roadMode: null }),
   'weather-lightning': Object.freeze({ opacity: 'strong' }),
   'weather-radar': Object.freeze({ opacity: 'strong' }),
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel.js b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
index 3d2f62b26..466817ec3 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ export class LayerPanel {
   }
 
   /**
-   * A layer's row chips, one-of-many switch, slider, color legend, info line
+   * A layer's row chips, one-of-many switch, sliders, color legend, info line
    * and ordered list. The block
    * is hidden while the layer is off (or while a dependency owner has
    * surrendered it), so a quiet row stays quiet. Chips and list items are
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ export class LayerPanel {
     }));
     const infoText = controls?.info ? String(controls.info) : '';
     const segmented = controls?.segmented || null;
-    const slider = controls?.slider || null;
+    const sliders = Array.isArray(controls?.sliders) ? controls.sliders : [];
     // The info line, once shown, stays in place and hides when empty.
     if (infoText) row.info = true;
     return {
@@ -465,10 +465,10 @@ export class LayerPanel {
         legend.length === 0 &&
         !infoText &&
         !segmented &&
-        !slider,
+        sliders.length === 0,
       chips,
       segmented,
-      slider,
+      sliders,
       legend,
       info: row.info
         ? { text: infoText, title: controls?.infoTitle || '' }
@@ -522,13 +522,10 @@ export class LayerPanel {
   // to params through the live descriptor on every tick.
   _moveSlider(id, sliderId, value, generation = this._generation) {
     if (this._destroyed || this._generation !== generation) return;
-    const slider = this._rowControlsFor(id)?.slider;
-    if (
-      !slider ||
-      slider.id !== sliderId ||
-      typeof slider.params !== 'function' ||
-      !this.isEnabled(id)
-    )
+    const slider = this._rowControlsFor(id)?.sliders?.find(
+      (entry) => entry.id === sliderId,
+    );
+    if (!slider || typeof slider.params !== 'function' || !this.isEnabled(id))
       return;
     this.setLayerParams(id, slider.params(value), { origin: 'user' });
   }
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue b/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue
index 5f5d7c97e..b8c272e24 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue
@@ -63,11 +63,10 @@ defineProps({
             :segmented="item.controls.segmented"
             :on-select="(optionId) => onChip(item.id, optionId)"
           /><RowSlider
-            v-if="item.controls.slider"
-            :slider="item.controls.slider"
-            :on-input="
-              (value) => onSlider(item.id, item.controls.slider.id, value)
-            "
+            v-for="slider in item.controls.sliders || []"
+            :key="slider.id"
+            :slider="slider"
+            :on-input="(value) => onSlider(item.id, slider.id, value)"
           /><span
             v-for="(entry, index) in item.controls.legend"
             :key="index"
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs b/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
index 966c41cb6..d635cb6be 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
@@ -66,28 +66,40 @@ const fireRow = (value, active = 'all') => ({
         active: mode === active,
       })),
     },
-    slider: {
-      id: 'min-frp',
-      label: 'Fire intensity (FRP)',
-      ariaLabel: 'Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts',
-      valueText: value ? `≥ ${value} MW` : 'All',
-      min: 0,
-      max: 1000,
-      step: 1,
-      value,
-      track: 'linear-gradient(90deg, #9e2a1b, #fff3b0)',
-      ticks: [
-        { at: 0, label: '0' },
-        { at: 0.5, label: '30' },
-      ],
-    },
+    sliders: [
+      {
+        id: 'min-frp',
+        label: 'Fire intensity (FRP)',
+        ariaLabel: 'Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts',
+        valueText: value ? `≥ ${value} MW` : 'All',
+        min: 0,
+        max: 1000,
+        step: 1,
+        value,
+        track: 'linear-gradient(90deg, #9e2a1b, #fff3b0)',
+        ticks: [
+          { at: 0, label: '0' },
+          { at: 0.5, label: '30' },
+        ],
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'heat-spot-size',
+        label: 'Heatmap spot size',
+        ariaLabel: 'Far-zoom heatmap spot size',
+        valueText: '1×',
+        min: 0,
+        max: 1000,
+        value: 333,
+        ticks: [{ at: 1 / 3, label: '1×' }],
+      },
+    ],
     legend: [],
     info: null,
     list: null,
   },
 });
 
-test('a row switch and slider render their markup and report choices', () => {
+test('a row switch and sliders render their markup and report choices', () => {
   document.body.replaceChildren();
   const container = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
   const chips = [];
@@ -115,8 +127,13 @@ test('a row switch and slider render their markup and report choices', () => {
   segments[1].click();
   assert.deepEqual(chips, [['fires', 'confidence-high']]);
 
-  const block = container.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider');
-  assert.equal(block.dataset.sliderId, 'min-frp');
+  const blocks = [...container.querySelectorAll('.data-toggle-slider')];
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    blocks.map((entry) => entry.dataset.sliderId),
+    ['min-frp', 'heat-spot-size'],
+    'sliders render in order, after the switch',
+  );
+  const [block, spotBlock] = blocks;
   assert.equal(
     block.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider-label').textContent,
     'Fire intensity (FRP)',
@@ -147,7 +164,18 @@ test('a row switch and slider render their markup and report choices', () => {
 
   input.value = '120';
   input.dispatchEvent(new Event('input', { bubbles: true }));
-  assert.deepEqual(moves, [['fires', 'min-frp', 120]]);
+  const spotInput = spotBlock.querySelector('input.data-toggle-slider-input');
+  assert.equal(
+    spotInput.getAttribute('aria-label'),
+    'Far-zoom heatmap spot size',
+  );
+  assert.equal(spotInput.style.getPropertyValue('--slider-track'), '');
+  spotInput.value = '700';
+  spotInput.dispatchEvent(new Event('input', { bubbles: true }));
+  assert.deepEqual(moves, [
+    ['fires', 'min-frp', 120],
+    ['fires', 'heat-spot-size', 700],
+  ]);
 
   // The refresh that tick triggers keeps the same nodes and updates the text.
   render(h(LayerRows, { items: [fireRow(120, 'high')], ...props }), container);

From 04d626a4b190149ffcb017290c5d9aa17d32748d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 15:02:42 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 060/262] fix(datacenters): preserve missing geometry and
 compare ring topology

---
 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py        | 64 ++++++++++++---
 src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs | 93 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md  |  4 +-
 3 files changed, 148 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs

diff --git a/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py b/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
index 687395f7b..03286b864 100644
--- a/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
+++ b/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 Downloads a dated Geofabrik Norway extract, verifies its MD5, filters
 telecom=data_center / building=data_center with osmium, and merges the result
 into datacenters.geojsonl: features inside the Geofabrik Norway boundary are
-added, updated or removed; every other line is kept byte-for-byte.
+added, updated or removed once no longer tagged; every other line is kept
+byte-for-byte.
 
 Geofabrik keeps only its newest dated extract, so --extract defaults to the
 current one and a recorded extract can be re-verified only while it is listed.
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ import math
 from pathlib import Path
 import shutil
 import subprocess
+import sys
 import urllib.request
 
 ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
@@ -95,10 +97,15 @@ def osm_key(feature):
 
 
 def export(osmium, pbf, cache, extract):
+    """Exported features by key, and the keys of every tagged object in the extract."""
     filtered = cache / (extract + '-datacenters.osm.pbf')
+    listed = cache / (extract + '-datacenters.opl')
     exported = cache / (extract + '-datacenters.geojsonseq')
     subprocess.run([osmium, 'tags-filter', '-O', '-o', str(filtered), str(pbf),
                     'nwr/telecom=data_center', 'nwr/building=data_center'], check=True)
+    subprocess.run([osmium, 'tags-filter', '-O', '-R', '-f', 'opl', '-o', str(listed), str(filtered),
+                    'nwr/telecom=data_center', 'nwr/building=data_center'], check=True)
+    tagged = {line.split(' ', 1)[0] for line in listed.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines() if line}
     subprocess.run([osmium, 'export', '-O', '-f', 'geojsonseq', '--add-unique-id=type_id',
                     '-o', str(exported), str(filtered)], check=True)
     fresh = {}
@@ -122,22 +129,48 @@ def export(osmium, pbf, cache, extract):
         elif key in fresh or geometry['type'] == 'LineString':
             continue  # closed ways are taken from their area export
         fresh[key] = {'geometry': geometry, 'tags': tags}
-    return fresh
+    return fresh, tagged
 
 
 def same_geometry(old, new):
-    """Same type and vertex set within tolerance; ring start and winding may differ."""
+    """Same type and rings within tolerance; ring start, winding and part or hole order may differ."""
     if old['type'] != new['type']:
         return False
-    a, b = points(old['coordinates']), points(new['coordinates'])
-    if len(a) != len(b):
-        return False
 
     def meters(p, q):
         dx = (p[0] - q[0]) * 111320 * math.cos(math.radians(p[1]))
         return math.hypot(dx, (p[1] - q[1]) * 110540)
-    return all(min(meters(p, q) for q in b) <= SAME_GEOMETRY_METERS for p in a) and \
-        all(min(meters(q, p) for p in a) <= SAME_GEOMETRY_METERS for q in b)
+
+    def same_line(a, b):
+        return len(a) == len(b) and all(meters(p, q) <= SAME_GEOMETRY_METERS for p, q in zip(a, b))
+
+    def same_ring(a, b):
+        a, b = a[:-1], b[:-1]  # closed rings repeat their first vertex
+        return len(a) == len(b) and \
+            any(same_line(a[i:] + a[:i], c) for c in (b, b[::-1]) for i in range(len(a)))
+
+    def same_parts(a, b, same):
+        rest = list(b)
+        for part in a:
+            match = next((i for i, other in enumerate(rest) if same(part, other)), None)
+            if match is None:
+                return False
+            rest.pop(match)
+        return not rest
+
+    def same_polygon(a, b):
+        return same_ring(a[0], b[0]) and same_parts(a[1:], b[1:], same_ring)
+
+    a, b = old['coordinates'], new['coordinates']
+    if old['type'] == 'Point':
+        return same_line([a], [b])
+    if old['type'] == 'LineString':
+        return same_line(a, b)
+    if old['type'] == 'Polygon':
+        return same_polygon(a, b)
+    if old['type'] == 'MultiPolygon':
+        return same_parts(a, b, same_polygon)
+    return a == b
 
 
 def feature_line(key, sequence, fresh):
@@ -148,9 +181,9 @@ def feature_line(key, sequence, fresh):
     return json.dumps(feature, separators=(',', ':'), ensure_ascii=False)
 
 
-def merge(lines, fresh, rings):
+def merge(lines, fresh, rings, tagged):
     out, seen, sequence = [], set(), 0
-    report = {'kept': 0, 'updated': [], 'removed': [], 'added': []}
+    report = {'kept': 0, 'updated': [], 'removed': [], 'added': [], 'unexported': []}
     for line in lines:
         feature = json.loads(line)
         sequence = max(sequence, feature['properties']['id'])
@@ -165,6 +198,10 @@ def merge(lines, fresh, rings):
                 out.append(feature_line(key, feature['properties']['id'], fresh[key]))
                 report['updated'].append(key)
             continue
+        if key in tagged:  # still tagged, but osmium built no usable geometry: keep the old line
+            report['unexported'].append(key)
+            out.append(line)
+            continue
         lon, lat = points(feature['geometry']['coordinates'])[0][:2]
         if inside(rings, lon, lat):
             report['removed'].append(key)
@@ -196,9 +233,12 @@ def main():
     if actual != expected:
         raise RuntimeError('MD5 mismatch for %s: %s != %s' % (pbf.name, actual, expected))
     rings = read_poly(fetch(GEOFABRIK + 'norway.poly', args.cache / 'norway.poly'))
-    fresh = export(args.osmium, pbf, args.cache, extract)
+    fresh, tagged = export(args.osmium, pbf, args.cache, extract)
     current = [line for line in DATASET.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines() if line.strip()]
-    merged, report = merge(current, fresh, rings)
+    merged, report = merge(current, fresh, rings, tagged)
+    if report['unexported']:
+        print('warning: kept the old line of tagged features osmium did not export: %s'
+              % ', '.join(report['unexported']), file=sys.stderr)
     payload = '\n'.join(merged) + '\n'
     if args.verify:
         if payload != DATASET.read_text(encoding='utf-8'):
diff --git a/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs b/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b7b7d5bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const SCRIPT = fileURLToPath(
+  new URL('../../scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py', import.meta.url),
+);
+
+function python(t, source) {
+  const result = spawnSync('python3', ['-c', source, SCRIPT], {
+    encoding: 'utf8',
+  });
+  if (result.error?.code === 'ENOENT') return t.skip('python3 is not installed');
+  assert.equal(result.status, 0, result.stderr);
+}
+
+test('Norway refresh compares rings, not vertex sets', (t) => {
+  python(
+    t,
+    String.raw`
+import runpy, sys
+same = runpy.run_path(sys.argv[1])['same_geometry']
+poly = lambda *rings: {'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': list(rings)}
+multi = lambda *polys: {'type': 'MultiPolygon', 'coordinates': [p['coordinates'] for p in polys]}
+a, b, c, d, e = [0, 0], [4, 0], [4, 4], [0, 4], [2, 1]
+assert not same(poly([a, b, c, d, e, a]), poly([a, b, e, c, d, a])), 'reordered edges'
+assert same(poly([a, b, c, d, e, a]), poly([c, b, a, e, d, c])), 'ring start and winding'
+assert same(poly([a, b, c, d, a]), poly([[0, 1e-7], b, c, d, [0, 1e-7]])), 'tolerance'
+outer = [[0, 0], [9, 0], [9, 9], [0, 9], [0, 0]]
+one, two = [[1, 1], [2, 1], [2, 2], [1, 1]], [[5, 5], [6, 5], [6, 6], [5, 5]]
+assert same(poly(outer, one, two), poly(outer, two, one)), 'hole order'
+assert not same(poly(outer, one), poly(one, outer)), 'outer and inner roles swapped'
+assert same(multi(poly(one), poly(two)), multi(poly(two), poly(one))), 'part order'
+p, q, r, s, u, v = [0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 1], [5, 5], [6, 5], [5, 6]
+assert not same(multi(poly([p, q, r, p]), poly([s, u, v, s])),
+                multi(poly([p, q, s, p]), poly([r, u, v, r]))), 'vertices moved between parts'
+`,
+  );
+});
+
+test('Norway refresh keeps a still-tagged feature osmium did not export', (t) => {
+  python(
+    t,
+    String.raw`
+import json, runpy, sys
+merge = runpy.run_path(sys.argv[1])['merge']
+square = [[[10, 60], [10.01, 60], [10.01, 60.01], [10, 60.01], [10, 60]]]
+def line(osm_id, sequence):
+    return json.dumps({'id': osm_id, 'type': 'Feature', 'geometry': {'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': square},
+                       'properties': {'id': sequence, 'tags': {'building': 'data_center'},
+                                      'type': 'data_center', 'osm_id': osm_id}})
+norway = [([(0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 80), (0, 80)], False)]
+lines = [line(7, 1), line(8, 2)]
+out, report = merge(lines, {}, norway, {'w7'})
+assert out == [lines[0]], out
+assert report['unexported'] == ['w7'] and report['removed'] == ['w8'], report
+`,
+  );
+});
+
+test('Norway refresh lists tagged objects apart from the exported geometry', (t) => {
+  python(
+    t,
+    String.raw`
+import json, runpy, subprocess, sys, tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+export = runpy.run_path(sys.argv[1])['export']
+tags = {'building': 'data_center'}
+ring = [[10, 60], [10.01, 60], [10.01, 60.01], [10, 60]]
+features = [
+    {'id': 'n1', 'properties': {'telecom': 'data_center'}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [10, 60]}},
+    {'id': 'w5', 'properties': tags, 'geometry': {'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates': ring}},
+    {'id': 'a10', 'properties': tags, 'geometry': {'type': 'MultiPolygon', 'coordinates': [[ring]]}},
+    {'id': 'w7', 'properties': tags, 'geometry': {'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates': ring[:3]}},
+]
+outputs = {
+    '.opl': 'n1 v1 Ttelecom=data_center x10 y60\nw5 v1 Tbuilding=data_center Nn2,n3,n4,n2\n'
+            'w7 v1 Tbuilding=data_center Nn2,n3,n4\nr9 v1 Ttelecom=data_center Mw8@outer\n',
+    '.geojsonseq': ''.join(chr(30) + json.dumps({'type': 'Feature', **f}) + '\n' for f in features),
+}
+def run(args, check=False):
+    target = Path(args[args.index('-o') + 1])
+    target.write_text(outputs.get(target.suffix, ''), encoding='utf-8')
+subprocess.run = run
+with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as cache:
+    fresh, tagged = export('osmium', Path(cache) / 'norway-test.osm.pbf', Path(cache), 'norway-test')
+assert sorted(fresh) == ['n1', 'w5'], fresh
+assert fresh['w5']['geometry'] == {'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': [ring]}, fresh['w5']
+assert tagged == {'n1', 'w5', 'w7', 'r9'}, tagged
+`,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
index 8b803dcc7..5a80df267 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ reflects OSM as of the extract below, everything else the original snapshot.
   2026-10-05T20:21:35Z, MD5 `1d2cfdeb98980fce11b8891d0f9146c0`
 - Filter: `osmium tags-filter nwr/telecom=data_center nwr/building=data_center`
 - Contact tags are dropped as above; unchanged features keep their original
-  line, so geometry is only rewritten when tags or vertices actually changed.
+  line, so geometry is only rewritten when tags or rings actually changed.
+  A feature is removed only once it is no longer tagged; one still tagged but
+  without an exportable geometry keeps its line and is reported as unexported.
 - Refresh: `python3 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py --cache <dir>` uses
   Geofabrik's current Norway extract and prints the dated name it used; record
   that name, its OSM timestamp and MD5 here. Requires `osmium-tool`.

From c68f167acb5b20c692aa0632b5de48c446b05e40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 15:07:00 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 061/262] fix(transit): count distinct coverage regions

---
 src/layers/transit/queries.js       |  7 ++++++-
 src/layers/transit/queries.test.mjs | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/layers/transit/queries.test.mjs

diff --git a/src/layers/transit/queries.js b/src/layers/transit/queries.js
index b86613160..dc3ea4d79 100644
--- a/src/layers/transit/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/transit/queries.js
@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ import {
 } from '../../data/transitFeeds.js';
 import { transitModeTier } from '../../data/transitPresetStyle.js';
 
+/** Regions, not feeds: one region can carry several feeds (Rio has two). */
+const TRANSIT_REGION_COUNT = new Set(
+  TRANSIT_ENABLED_FEEDS.map((feed) => feed.region),
+).size;
+
 /**
  * The registry entry behind a vehicle. Live feeds answer first so a feed the
  * session disabled stops supplying vocabulary; the registry is the fallback,
@@ -249,7 +254,7 @@ export function createQueries({ state, parts }) {
           // English data (the analyst's empty note to the model); the voice
           // card shows it through NOTE_PATTERNS (voice/resultDisplay.js).
           coverage: state._altitudeGateOpen
-            ? `No feed here yet · ${TRANSIT_ENABLED_FEEDS.length} regions available`
+            ? `No feed here yet · ${TRANSIT_REGION_COUNT} regions available`
             : `Fly below ${Math.round(ACTIVATION_ALTITUDE_M / 1000).toLocaleString('en-US')} km to a covered region`,
         };
       }
diff --git a/src/layers/transit/queries.test.mjs b/src/layers/transit/queries.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7ac1224c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/transit/queries.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createQueries } from './queries.js';
+import { TRANSIT_ENABLED_FEEDS } from '../../data/transitFeeds.js';
+
+test('the empty-coverage note counts regions, not feeds', () => {
+  const rio = TRANSIT_ENABLED_FEEDS.filter(
+    (feed) => feed.region === 'Rio de Janeiro, RJ',
+  );
+  assert.equal(rio.length, 2, 'Rio is one region with two feeds');
+  const regions = new Set(TRANSIT_ENABLED_FEEDS.map((feed) => feed.region));
+  assert.ok(regions.size < TRANSIT_ENABLED_FEEDS.length);
+
+  const stats = createQueries({
+    state: {
+      _activeFeeds: new Map(),
+      _vehicles: new Map(),
+      _enabled: true,
+      _altitudeGateOpen: true,
+    },
+    parts: {},
+  }).methods.getStats();
+  assert.equal(stats.status, 'zoom-in');
+  assert.equal(
+    stats.coverage,
+    `No feed here yet · ${regions.size} regions available`,
+  );
+});

From fae50c0791ddc7bf2e75b49bb22ae58326a012ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 15:08:36 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 062/262] fix(cctv): display colour-neutral Bosch MIC models

---
 src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js       | 24 ++++++++++++++++++------
 src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
index ba6702584..58734aa14 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@
  * Bosch MIC order codes end in a colour letter (B black, G grey, W white)
  * on one shared datasheet; those siblings,
  * and the `x` wildcard registries write for the colour letter, are listed as
- * aliases of the one vendored record.
+ * aliases of the one vendored record. Its `model` leaves the colour out, so
+ * the HUD never names a variant the source did not.
  */
 const RECORDS = [
   {
@@ -276,11 +277,12 @@ const RECORDS = [
   {
     id: 'bosch-mic-7130-pb4',
     brand: 'Bosch',
-    model: 'MIC-7130-PB4',
+    model: 'MIC-7130-P_4',
     type: 'ptz',
     url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/bosch-mic-7130-pb4/',
     aliases: [
       'MIC IP starlight 7000 HD',
+      'MIC-7130-PB4',
       'MIC-7130-PG4',
       'MIC-7130-PW4',
       'MIC-7130-Px4',
@@ -295,10 +297,15 @@ const RECORDS = [
   {
     id: 'bosch-mic-7502-z30b',
     brand: 'Bosch',
-    model: 'MIC-7502-Z30B',
+    model: 'MIC-7502-Z30',
     type: 'ptz',
     url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/bosch-mic-7502-z30b/',
-    aliases: ['MIC-7502-Z30G', 'MIC-7502-Z30W', 'MIC-7502-Z30x'],
+    aliases: [
+      'MIC-7502-Z30B',
+      'MIC-7502-Z30G',
+      'MIC-7502-Z30W',
+      'MIC-7502-Z30x',
+    ],
     fov_deg: '2.3-63.7',
     resolution: { mp: 2.13, w: 1920, h: 1080, label: '1080p' },
     ptz: true,
@@ -310,10 +317,15 @@ const RECORDS = [
   {
     id: 'bosch-mic-7522-z30b',
     brand: 'Bosch',
-    model: 'MIC-7522-Z30B',
+    model: 'MIC-7522-Z30',
     type: 'ptz',
     url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/bosch-mic-7522-z30b/',
-    aliases: ['MIC-7522-Z30G', 'MIC-7522-Z30W', 'MIC-7522-Z30x'],
+    aliases: [
+      'MIC-7522-Z30B',
+      'MIC-7522-Z30G',
+      'MIC-7522-Z30W',
+      'MIC-7522-Z30x',
+    ],
     fov_deg: '2.1-58.3',
     // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 2, w: 1920, h: 1080, label: '1080p HD' },
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs
index d76f37c24..d379479d0 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.test.mjs
@@ -291,6 +291,26 @@ test('Bosch MIC colour aliases resolve without accepting unknown variants', () =
   }
 });
 
+test('Bosch MIC HUD summary never names a colour the source did not', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    specSummary(lookupModelSpec('MIC-7522-Z30W')),
+    'Bosch MIC-7522-Z30 · 1080p HD · COLOR · PTZ',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    specSummary(lookupModelSpec('Bosch MIC-7522-Z30x')),
+    'Bosch MIC-7522-Z30 · 1080p HD · COLOR · PTZ',
+  );
+  for (const pattern of ['MIC-7130-P?4', 'MIC-7502-Z30?', 'MIC-7522-Z30?']) {
+    for (const colour of ['B', 'G', 'W', 'x']) {
+      const spec = lookupModelSpec(pattern.replace('?', colour));
+      const summary = specSummary(spec);
+      for (const other of ['B', 'G', 'W', 'x']) {
+        assert.ok(!summary.includes(pattern.replace('?', other)), summary);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+});
+
 test('Bosch MIC catalog enrichment preserves estimated and explicit optics', () => {
   for (const model of [
     'Bosch MIC-7130-Px4',

From 65f0467ad8955d6db2b02d27cbb2d8fb517ab0d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 15:10:15 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 063/262] fix(infrastructure): sample visible ground below the
 ellipsoid

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md          |  4 ++--
 src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs | 11 +++++++----
 src/data/localGeojsonCore.js   | 13 +++++++++----
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 718ba460e..9108ed50d 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2048,8 +2048,8 @@ Unchanged overlay entries do not request another frame; moved positions,
 changed membership and re-enabling still publish. Ground sampling waits for
 visible globe tiles to settle, and skips markers whose ground the camera
 cannot see (unseen ground reads through the Earth and would retry every 2 s).
-Ground is tested at loaded globe terrain, or across 0-9,000 m when the globe
-is hidden, so photoreal views skip only ground well out of view. Until it is
+Ground is tested at loaded globe terrain, or across -9,000 to 9,000 m when the
+globe is hidden, so photoreal views skip only ground well out of view. Until it is
 seen, a stem keeps its unsampled height, which can show for a stem whose base
 is just off screen. Sampling uses valid loaded terrain as a floor while
 retaining rooftop and below-sea-level elevations. A hidden globe does not
diff --git a/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs b/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
index 3e104592f..6eae458cb 100644
--- a/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/localGeojson.test.mjs
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ test('an unseen base is not sampled and arms no retry until it is in view', asyn
  * `cameraM` metres above the ellipsoid, looking at the base's ground at
  * `groundM` (or directly away from it).
  */
-function aimRealCamera(env, { groundM, cameraM, southM, away = false }) {
+function aimRealCamera(env, { groundM, cameraM, southM, away = false, fov = Math.PI / 3 }) {
   const entity = env.dataSources[0].entities.values[0];
   const base = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(entity.__localBaseCartesian);
   const ground = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(base.longitude, base.latitude, groundM);
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ function aimRealCamera(env, { groundM, cameraM, southM, away = false }) {
   );
   const up = Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(right, direction, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
   const frustum = new Cesium.PerspectiveFrustum({
-    fov: Math.PI / 3,
+    fov,
     aspectRatio: 800 / 600,
     near: 1,
     far: 1e8,
@@ -841,7 +841,10 @@ function aimRealCamera(env, { groundM, cameraM, southM, away = false }) {
 const loadedTerrain = (height) => ({ show: true, tilesLoaded: true, getHeight: () => height });
 const hiddenGlobe = { show: false, tilesLoaded: true, getHeight: () => undefined };
 
-for (const { label, globe, groundM, cameraM, southM, baseOffScreen } of [
+for (const { label, globe, groundM, cameraM, southM, fov, baseOffScreen } of [
+  // The Dead Sea (about -430 m) under a hidden globe, seen steeply down
+  // through a narrow view: both 0 m and 9,000 m above it are off screen.
+  { label: 'hidden-globe depression', globe: hiddenGlobe, groundM: -430, cameraM: 20, southM: 180, fov: Math.PI / 12, baseOffScreen: true },
   // 2,500 m terrain from 3 km away at a shallow angle: the ellipsoid-height
   // base is far below the bottom of the screen.
   { label: 'high ground with loaded terrain', globe: loadedTerrain(2_500), groundM: 2_500, cameraM: 3_500, southM: 3_000, baseOffScreen: true },
@@ -857,7 +860,7 @@ for (const { label, globe, groundM, cameraM, southM, baseOffScreen } of [
     const clock = installFakeClock(t);
     t.after(() => { env.layer.destroy(env.viewer); env.cleanup(); });
     env.viewer.scene.globe = globe;
-    const baseVisibility = aimRealCamera(env, { groundM, cameraM, southM });
+    const baseVisibility = aimRealCamera(env, { groundM, cameraM, southM, fov });
     if (baseOffScreen)
       assert.equal(baseVisibility, Cesium.Intersect.OUTSIDE, 'precondition: the ellipsoid-height base is off screen');
 
diff --git a/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js b/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
index 596b78ed9..811dfab57 100644
--- a/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
+++ b/src/data/localGeojsonCore.js
@@ -1159,9 +1159,10 @@ function groundSamplePoint(record, height, result) {
  * retry, each one a full offscreen render; 110 unseen data centres there held
  * rest frames at 58-589 ms. Unsampled bases sit on the ellipsoid, so the test
  * uses loaded globe terrain when there is some. Otherwise (a hidden globe) it
- * tests the vertical from 0 to GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M, every height a
- * sample can accept, so high ground in view is never mistaken for an unseen
- * base. Unseen ground is sampled on the first walk that sees it.
+ * tests the vertical across +/-GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M, every height a
+ * sample can accept, so high or below-ellipsoid ground in view is never
+ * mistaken for an unseen base. Unseen ground is sampled on the first walk that
+ * sees it.
  */
 function groundSampleInView(viewer, record) {
   const camera = viewer.camera;
@@ -1170,7 +1171,11 @@ function groundSampleInView(viewer, record) {
   const known =
     Number.isFinite(terrain) &&
     Math.abs(terrain) <= GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M;
-  const low = groundSamplePoint(record, known ? terrain : 0, groundSampleLow);
+  const low = groundSamplePoint(
+    record,
+    known ? terrain : -GROUND_SAMPLE_MAX_ABS_HEIGHT_M,
+    groundSampleLow,
+  );
   const high = known
     ? low
     : groundSamplePoint(

From 92666fdbafe61e81f52dfa481095e70cabb60d35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 15:10:20 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 064/262] fix(cyclones): preserve movement in selected voice
 context

---
 src/layers/cyclones/index.js       |  4 ++-
 src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
index 1b45265c5..ba7db3df6 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
@@ -123,7 +123,9 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
         positionAt: storm.positionAt,
         windKt: storm.windKt,
         pressureHpa: storm.pressureHpa,
-        movement: storm.movement,
+        // Flat scalars: the voice context summary drops nested objects.
+        movementDirectionDegrees: storm.movement?.directionDegrees,
+        movementSpeedKt: storm.movement?.speedKt,
         advisoryUrl: storm.advisoryUrl,
       },
     });
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
index f1c7656b1..406cdd257 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import {
 } from '../../data/inputOwnership.js';
 import { isOwnedByOtherLayer } from '../../data/pickRegistry.js';
 import * as contextStore from '../../data/contextStore.js';
+import { createGevActionRunner } from '../../voice/gevActions.js';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 
 const time = '2026-09-16T03:00:00.000Z';
 const storm = (id = 'ep152026') => ({
@@ -506,12 +508,56 @@ test('shared cyclone context distinguishes switches, deliberate clears and feed
   host.addEventListener('gev:entity-selection-cleared', ({ detail }) =>
     events.push(['cleared', detail.reason]),
   );
-  let next = snapshot([storm(), storm('ep162026')]);
+  // The voice runner reads the same store and bounds its basemap wait.
+  Object.assign(host, { setTimeout, clearTimeout });
+  const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-125.8, 15.5, 5_000_000);
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer: {
+      clock: { onTick: { addEventListener: () => () => {} } },
+      scene: { canvas: { addEventListener() {}, removeEventListener() {} } },
+      camera: {
+        moveEnd: { addEventListener() {} },
+        positionWC: position,
+        positionCartographic: Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position),
+        heading: 0,
+        pitch: 0,
+      },
+    },
+    styleManager: {},
+    dataManager: {
+      layers: new Map(),
+      isEnabled: (id) => id === 'weather-cyclones',
+      getAll: () => [],
+    },
+  });
+  const selectedProperties = async () => {
+    const result = await runner('get_entity_context', { scope: 'selected' });
+    assert.equal(result.scope, 'selected');
+    return result.selected.properties;
+  };
+  let next = snapshot([
+    { ...storm(), movement: { directionDegrees: 315, speedKt: 12 } },
+    { ...storm('ep162026'), movement: { directionDegrees: 0, speedKt: 0 } },
+  ]);
   h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => next }, { context: contextStore });
   h.layer.enable();
   await h.layer.update();
   h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
+  let properties = await selectedProperties();
+  assert.equal(
+    properties.movementDirectionDegrees,
+    '315',
+    'selected storm movement should survive voice summarization',
+  );
+  assert.equal(properties.movementSpeedKt, '12');
   h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep162026' });
+  properties = await selectedProperties();
+  assert.equal(
+    properties.movementDirectionDegrees,
+    '0',
+    'a due-north heading is a value, not a missing one',
+  );
+  assert.equal(properties.movementSpeedKt, '0', 'stationary is a value');
   assert.deepEqual(events, [
     ['selected', 'cyclone:ep152026'],
     ['selected', 'cyclone:ep162026'],

From 69152868e4eff63d17b8cbeef8bdffbd68e71c05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@Mac.mshome.net>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 16:42:18 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 065/262] Fix voice camera tilt from a top-down view

A voice fly-to frames a city top-down, at pitch -90. The tilt clamp
rejected any step that left the pitch below -89, so the first frame of
"tilt up" stopped the motion and "tilt down" was refused: from the view
voice lands on, no tilt ever moved the camera. A bare "tilt the camera"
also failed because tilt required a direction.

- Clamp tilt only in the direction of travel, so -90 can tilt up.
- Swing the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place
  stays centred and the heading is kept. A tracked view still tilts in
  place, and a pivot tilt yields when tracking takes the camera.
- Add an optional move_camera pitchDeg for "tilt 45 degrees"; a tilt
  with neither angle nor direction settles at -45 (oblique view).
- Re-derive the voice tool schema pins for the new argument and wording,
  and keep the Realtime prompt under its 52,000-character budget.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                       |   2 +-
 scripts/format-scope.json                   |   1 +
 server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js |   7 +-
 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs                     | 224 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/cameraVerbs.js                          | 163 ++++++++++++--
 src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs             |   7 +
 src/radioMarkup.test.mjs                    |   7 +-
 src/voice/actionSchemas.js                  |   5 +
 src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs            |  14 +-
 9 files changed, 403 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index be0718fd1..3c17ed79f 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5364,7 +5364,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair (the tracked view excepted, which tilts in place), so the place stays centred and the heading is kept; pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index 447dbf199..79117e775 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -1108,6 +1108,7 @@
   "scripts/qa-status-badges.mjs",
   "src/dockerTrustedPeers.test.mjs",
   "src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs",
+  "src/cameraTilt.test.mjs",
   "src/voice/globeResetConfirmation.test.mjs",
   "src/hudDms.test.mjs",
   "src/hudSummaryGate.test.mjs",
diff --git a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
index 23d5da9de..873a52c8a 100644
--- a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
+++ b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ export const ACTION_DESCRIPTIONS = {
       properties: {
         direction: {
           description:
-            'Required for pan/tilt/rotate; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
+            'Required for pan/rotate and a tilt nudge; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
           $position: 2,
         },
         mode: {
@@ -531,6 +531,11 @@ export const ACTION_DESCRIPTIONS = {
             'once = bounded eased nudge; continuous = until stop/manual input. rotate_globe defaults continuous; other motions default once.',
           $position: 2,
         },
+        pitchDeg: {
+          description:
+            'Tilt to this angle below the horizon (-45 oblique, -89 top-down). Bare tilt: -45.',
+          $position: 2,
+        },
       },
     },
   },
diff --git a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..babe95807
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import {
+  getActiveCameraMotion,
+  initCameraVerbs,
+  interruptCameraMotion,
+  moveCamera,
+} from './cameraVerbs.js';
+
+const radians = Cesium.Math.toRadians;
+const degrees = Cesium.Math.toDegrees;
+
+/** Real Cesium camera over London with no renderer: the voice fly-to frame. */
+function harness(
+  t,
+  { height = 4000, heading = 0, pitch = -90, pivot = true } = {},
+) {
+  const realPerformance = globalThis.performance;
+  let nowMs = 0;
+  globalThis.performance = { now: () => nowMs };
+  const canvas = Object.assign(new EventTarget(), {
+    clientWidth: 1280,
+    clientHeight: 800,
+    width: 1280,
+    height: 800,
+  });
+  const ellipsoid = Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84;
+  const scene = {
+    canvas,
+    drawingBufferWidth: 1280,
+    drawingBufferHeight: 800,
+    frameState: { mode: Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D },
+    mapProjection: new Cesium.GeographicProjection(ellipsoid),
+    globe: { ellipsoid },
+    mapMode2D: Cesium.MapMode2D.INFINITE_SCROLL,
+    mode: Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D,
+    pixelRatio: 1,
+    tweens: [],
+    requestRender() {},
+  };
+  const camera = new Cesium.Camera(scene);
+  scene.camera = camera;
+  camera.setView({
+    destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-0.1276, 51.5072, height),
+    orientation: { heading: radians(heading), pitch: radians(pitch), roll: 0 },
+  });
+  const viewer = {
+    camera,
+    scene,
+    trackedEntity: undefined,
+    trackedEntityChanged: new Cesium.Event(),
+    clock: { onTick: new Cesium.Event() },
+  };
+  // The app's view target: the ground point under the screen centre.
+  const viewTarget = () => {
+    const ray = new Cesium.Ray(camera.positionWC, camera.directionWC);
+    const hit = Cesium.IntersectionTests.rayEllipsoid(ray, ellipsoid);
+    return hit ? Cesium.Ray.getPoint(ray, hit.start) : undefined;
+  };
+  const target = viewTarget();
+  initCameraVerbs(viewer, pivot ? viewTarget : () => undefined);
+  t.after(() => {
+    interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup');
+    globalThis.performance = realPerformance;
+  });
+  const tick = (seconds = 1 / 30) => {
+    nowMs += seconds * 1000;
+    viewer.clock.onTick.raiseEvent(viewer.clock);
+  };
+  const finish = () => {
+    for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) tick();
+    assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'tilt must finish');
+  };
+  return { viewer, camera, target, tick, finish, viewTarget };
+}
+
+const pitchDeg = (camera) => degrees(camera.pitch);
+const headingDeg = (camera) =>
+  degrees(Cesium.Math.negativePiToPi(camera.heading));
+
+/** Metres between the original centre and the ground now under the crosshair. */
+function centreDrift(h) {
+  return Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(h.viewTarget(), h.target);
+}
+
+test('tilt up leaves a top-down view and keeps the place centred', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t);
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up' });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -75) < 0.5,
+    `pitch ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}`,
+  );
+  assert.ok(centreDrift(h) < 5, `centre drifted ${centreDrift(h)} m`);
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Matrix4.equals(h.camera.transform, Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY));
+});
+
+test('continuous tilt up from top-down keeps moving', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t);
+  assert.equal(
+    moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' }).ok,
+    true,
+  );
+  for (let i = 0; i < 30; i += 1) h.tick();
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion()?.kind, 'tilt');
+  assert.ok(pitchDeg(h.camera) > -82, `pitch ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}`);
+});
+
+test('a requested angle tilts to that pitch', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t);
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.direction, 'up');
+  assert.equal(result.pitchDeg, -45);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -45) < 0.5,
+    `pitch ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}`,
+  );
+  assert.ok(centreDrift(h) < 5, `centre drifted ${centreDrift(h)} m`);
+});
+
+test('a bare tilt settles on the default oblique angle', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t);
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt' });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.pitchDeg, -45);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -45) < 0.5);
+});
+
+test('a requested angle can tilt back down toward top-down', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { pitch: -30 });
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -80 });
+  assert.equal(result.direction, 'down');
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -80) < 0.5);
+});
+
+test('requested angles clamp to the tilt limits', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t);
+  assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -2 }).pitchDeg, -5);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -5) < 0.5);
+});
+
+test('a positive angle is read as the same angle below the horizon', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t);
+  assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: 45 }).pitchDeg, -45);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -45) < 0.5);
+});
+
+for (const pitch of ['', null, false, ' ', 'steep'])
+  test(`a blank or non-numeric angle ${JSON.stringify(pitch)} is ignored`, (t) => {
+    harness(t);
+    const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: pitch });
+    // No angle and no direction: the default oblique view, never the horizon.
+    assert.equal(result.pitchDeg, -45);
+  });
+
+test('a requested angle the camera already holds is a no-op', (t) => {
+  harness(t, { pitch: -45 });
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.unchanged, true);
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+});
+
+test('tilt down from top-down still refuses honestly', (t) => {
+  harness(t);
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'down' });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /straight down/);
+});
+
+test('a tilt up nudge stops at the horizon limit', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { pitch: -12 });
+  assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up' }).ok, true);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -5) < 0.5);
+});
+
+test('without a ground pivot a tilt still leaves top-down in place', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { pivot: false });
+  const before = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(h.camera.positionWC);
+  assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up' }).ok, true);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -75) < 0.5);
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(h.camera.positionWC, before) < 1e-6);
+});
+
+for (const heading of [0, 30, -120])
+  test(`tilt from top-down keeps the ${heading}° heading`, (t) => {
+    const h = harness(t, { heading, height: 67000 });
+    // Top-down float noise must not pick a new heading for the pivot.
+    assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 }).ok, true);
+    h.finish();
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(headingDeg(h.camera) - heading) < 1,
+      `heading ${headingDeg(h.camera)}`,
+    );
+    assert.ok(centreDrift(h) < 50, `centre drifted ${centreDrift(h)} m`);
+  });
+
+test('an oblique tilt keeps its heading toward the pivot', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { heading: 75, pitch: -60 });
+  assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -30 }).ok, true);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(headingDeg(h.camera) - 75) < 0.5);
+  assert.ok(centreDrift(h) < 5, `centre drifted ${centreDrift(h)} m`);
+});
+
+test('a pivoting tilt yields when tracking takes the camera', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t);
+  assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 }).ok, true);
+  h.tick();
+  const entity = { id: 'tracked' };
+  h.viewer.trackedEntity = entity;
+  h.viewer.trackedEntityChanged.raiseEvent(entity);
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index e037472cb..3898acaa7 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ const ONCE = {
 };
 const PITCH_MIN = Cesium.Math.toRadians(-89);
 const PITCH_MAX = Cesium.Math.toRadians(-5);
+/** A bare "tilt the camera" / "oblique view" settles here. */
+const TILT_DEFAULT_PITCH_DEG = -45;
+/** °/s for a tilt to a requested angle; short ones keep the once duration. */
+const TILT_TO_DEG_S = 30;
 
 /* ── Route dolly: cinematic tuning ──────────────────────────────────────────
  * Every knob an owner may want to retune lives in this block. The shaping is
@@ -1052,7 +1056,9 @@ export function interruptCameraMotion(reason = 'interrupt') {
   if (
     wasActive &&
     !tracking &&
-    (_active.kind === 'orbit' || _active.kind === 'route')
+    (_active.kind === 'orbit' ||
+      _active.kind === 'route' ||
+      (_active.kind === 'tilt' && _active.hpr))
   )
     clearLookAt();
   // Instant, not eased: the user grabbed the camera, or the flight is over.
@@ -1104,7 +1110,7 @@ function onTick() {
   let scale = 1;
   if (m.mode === 'once') {
     m.elapsed = (m.elapsed || 0) + dt;
-    const t = Math.min(1, m.elapsed / ONCE.durationS);
+    const t = Math.min(1, m.elapsed / (m.durationS || ONCE.durationS));
     scale = 1 - (1 - t) * (1 - t); // ease-out progress share
     if (t >= 1) {
       interruptCameraMotion('once-complete');
@@ -1173,18 +1179,13 @@ function onTick() {
       else if (m.direction === 'right') cam.moveRight(step);
       else if (m.direction === 'up') cam.moveUp(step);
       else cam.moveDown(step);
-    } else if (
-      m.kind === 'tilt' ||
-      m.kind === 'rotate' ||
-      m.kind === 'rotate_globe'
-    ) {
+    } else if (m.kind === 'tilt') {
+      tickTilt(cam, m, scale, dt);
+    } else if (m.kind === 'rotate' || m.kind === 'rotate_globe') {
       const degS = TILT_DEG_S[m.speed];
       const stepRad =
         m.mode === 'once'
-          ? Cesium.Math.toRadians(
-              m.kind === 'tilt' ? ONCE.tiltDeg : ONCE.rotateDeg,
-            ) *
-            (scale - (m.lastScale || 0))
+          ? Cesium.Math.toRadians(ONCE.rotateDeg) * (scale - (m.lastScale || 0))
           : Cesium.Math.toRadians(degS) * dt;
       m.lastScale = scale;
       if (m.kind === 'rotate_globe') {
@@ -1218,16 +1219,6 @@ function onTick() {
           return;
         }
         cam.rotate(m.rotationAxis, angle);
-      } else if (m.kind === 'tilt') {
-        const up = m.direction === 'up';
-        // Clamp pitch to [-89°, -5°]: never through the ground, never at the sky.
-        const next = cam.pitch + (up ? stepRad : -stepRad);
-        if (next > PITCH_MAX || next < PITCH_MIN) {
-          interruptCameraMotion('tilt-clamp');
-          return;
-        }
-        if (up) cam.lookUp(stepRad);
-        else cam.lookDown(stepRad);
       } else if (m.direction === 'left') cam.lookLeft(stepRad);
       else cam.lookRight(stepRad);
     } else if (m.kind === 'route') {
@@ -1252,6 +1243,67 @@ function onTick() {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * One frame of tilt. With a ground pivot the camera swings about it (lookAt),
+ * so the place under the crosshair stays centred; without one it looks up or
+ * down in place. Pitch is clamped to [-89°, -5°] only in the direction of
+ * travel: a top-down view sits at -90°, below the limit, and must still be
+ * able to tilt up out of it.
+ */
+function tickTilt(cam, m, scale, dt) {
+  let step;
+  if (m.mode === 'once') {
+    step = m.tiltRad * (scale - (m.lastScale || 0));
+    m.lastScale = scale;
+  } else {
+    step =
+      Cesium.Math.toRadians(TILT_DEG_S[m.speed]) *
+      dt *
+      (m.direction === 'up' ? 1 : -1);
+  }
+  const from = m.hpr ? m.hpr.pitch : cam.pitch;
+  const next = from + step;
+  const limited =
+    step > 0
+      ? Math.min(next, Math.max(from, PITCH_MAX))
+      : Math.max(next, Math.min(from, PITCH_MIN));
+  if (m.hpr) {
+    m.hpr.pitch = limited;
+    cam.lookAt(m.target, m.hpr);
+    // A once motion that just completed released the lookAt frame before
+    // this last step re-took it.
+    if (_active !== m) clearLookAt();
+  } else {
+    cam.lookUp(limited - from);
+  }
+  if (limited !== next) interruptCameraMotion('tilt-clamp');
+}
+
+/** Ground pivot for a tilt: heading, pitch and range in the target's own frame. */
+function tiltPivot(cam, target) {
+  const local = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(
+    Cesium.Matrix4.inverseTransformation(
+      Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(target),
+      new Cesium.Matrix4(),
+    ),
+    cam.positionWC,
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  const range = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(local);
+  if (!(range > 1) || local.z <= 0) return null;
+  // Near straight overhead the offset's heading is float noise (it flipped a
+  // north-up London view to south); keep the camera's own.
+  const heading =
+    Math.hypot(local.x, local.y) > range * 0.01
+      ? Math.atan2(-local.x, -local.y)
+      : cam.heading;
+  return new Cesium.HeadingPitchRange(
+    heading,
+    -Math.asin(Math.min(1, local.z / range)),
+    range,
+  );
+}
+
 /** Rigid origin-centred rotation stays outside the actual ellipsoid's bounding sphere. */
 function globeRotationHasClearance(position) {
   const ellipsoid = _viewer.scene.globe?.ellipsoid ?? Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84;
@@ -1421,6 +1473,9 @@ export function initCameraVerbs(
   _trackingRemover = viewer.trackedEntityChanged?.addEventListener((entity) => {
     if (entity && _active?.kind === 'rotate_globe')
       interruptCameraMotion('globe-camera-owner-changed');
+    // A pivoting tilt's lookAt would fight the follow camera every frame.
+    else if (entity && _active?.kind === 'tilt' && _active.hpr)
+      interruptCameraMotion('tilt-camera-owner-changed');
   });
   for (const rm of _inputRemovers) rm();
   _inputRemovers = [];
@@ -1472,9 +1527,32 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
       error: `Unknown motion "${args.motion}" — use orbit, pan, tilt, rotate, rotate_globe, or stop.`,
     };
   }
+  // Tilt to an angle: the one asked for, or a default oblique view when a
+  // bare "tilt the camera" names neither angle nor direction.
+  let tiltToPitch = null;
+  if (motion === 'tilt') {
+    // Only a real number or numeric text: Number('') and Number(null) are 0,
+    // which would swing the camera to the horizon.
+    const raw = args.pitchDeg;
+    const requested =
+      typeof raw === 'number' || (typeof raw === 'string' && raw.trim() !== '')
+        ? Number(raw)
+        : NaN;
+    // The camera never looks above the horizon, so a positive angle can only
+    // mean the same angle below it ("tilt 45 degrees" sent as 45).
+    if (Number.isFinite(requested))
+      tiltToPitch = Cesium.Math.clamp(
+        Cesium.Math.toRadians(-Math.abs(requested)),
+        PITCH_MIN,
+        PITCH_MAX,
+      );
+    else if (direction === null)
+      tiltToPitch = Cesium.Math.toRadians(TILT_DEFAULT_PITCH_DEG);
+  }
   if (
     motion !== 'orbit' &&
     motion !== 'rotate_globe' &&
+    tiltToPitch === null &&
     !['left', 'right', 'up', 'down'].includes(direction)
   ) {
     return {
@@ -1501,7 +1579,19 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
       error: 'rotate_globe needs left or right.',
     };
   }
-  if (motion === 'tilt') {
+  if (motion === 'tilt' && tiltToPitch !== null) {
+    if (
+      Math.abs(tiltToPitch - _viewer.camera.pitch) < Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)
+    ) {
+      return {
+        ok: true,
+        action: 'move_camera',
+        motion,
+        pitchDeg: Math.round(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(tiltToPitch)),
+        unchanged: true,
+      };
+    }
+  } else if (motion === 'tilt') {
     // Honest limits: at the clamp a tilt is a no-op — say so instead of
     // reporting success and letting the model gaslight itself (field test).
     const pitch = _viewer.camera.pitch;
@@ -1615,6 +1705,30 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
       speed,
       mode,
     };
+    if (motion === 'tilt') {
+      const cam = _viewer.camera;
+      // Swing about the ground under the crosshair so the place stays
+      // centred. The follow camera owns a tracked view's frame.
+      const target = _viewer.trackedEntity ? null : _getTarget?.(_viewer);
+      const pivot = target ? tiltPivot(cam, target) : null;
+      if (pivot) {
+        state.target = target;
+        state.hpr = pivot;
+      }
+      const from = pivot ? pivot.pitch : cam.pitch;
+      if (tiltToPitch !== null) {
+        state.mode = 'once';
+        state.direction = tiltToPitch > from ? 'up' : 'down';
+        state.tiltRad = tiltToPitch - from;
+        state.durationS = Math.max(
+          ONCE.durationS,
+          Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(state.tiltRad)) / TILT_TO_DEG_S,
+        );
+      } else {
+        state.tiltRad =
+          Cesium.Math.toRadians(ONCE.tiltDeg) * (direction === 'up' ? 1 : -1);
+      }
+    }
     if (motion === 'rotate_globe') {
       // Convert an inherited ground-target frame without changing the world
       // pose. Rotation must pivot about Earth, never the previous local target.
@@ -1699,7 +1813,10 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
       motion,
       direction: state.direction,
       speed,
-      mode,
+      mode: state.mode,
+      ...(tiltToPitch !== null && {
+        pitchDeg: Math.round(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(tiltToPitch)),
+      }),
     };
   };
   const preserveCameraFlight =
diff --git a/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs b/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
index 87229e5c5..9ca5262a4 100644
--- a/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
+++ b/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
@@ -1014,6 +1014,13 @@ test('the voice TOOL SCHEMA matches the pinned contract — the mission mapping
     'noir',
   ]);
   visualStyle.enum = [...visualStyle.enum, 'snow'];
+  // Tilt to an angle adds pitchDeg and rewords direction; restore
+  // the legacy camera fields to keep the pin.
+  const camera = legacyTools.find((tool) => tool.name === 'move_camera')
+    .parameters.properties;
+  delete camera.pitchDeg;
+  camera.direction.description =
+    'Required for pan/tilt/rotate; orbit/rotate_globe default right.';
   const block = JSON.stringify(legacyTools);
   // Re-derived for the voice layer manifest (generated layer enums, alias and
   // field hints), point-and-ask's pointer/referent arguments and the prompt
diff --git a/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs b/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs
index 74a44e77d..cfc2da5a7 100644
--- a/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs
+++ b/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs
@@ -225,10 +225,15 @@ test('no unchanged Realtime tool definition drifts silently', () => {
     camera.description,
     'Direct the camera like a drone operator: orbit the current view target, pan, tilt, or rotate — one bounded nudge (mode=once) or continuous motion until stopped (mode=continuous). Continuous motion also stops on any manual camera input or when a navigation tool runs. Say the RESULTING state when confirming ("Orbiting slowly"). Globe rotation (rotate_globe) spins Earth right continuously by default; explicit direction, mode and speed take precedence. It checks fit and may refuse.',
   );
+  // Tilt to an angle adds pitchDeg and says a tilt nudge needs a
+  // direction; check them, then restore the legacy fields for the pin.
   assert.equal(
     camera.parameters.properties.direction.description,
-    'Required for pan/tilt/rotate; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
+    'Required for pan/rotate and a tilt nudge; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
   );
+  assert.equal(camera.parameters.properties.pitchDeg.type, 'number');
+  assert.match(camera.parameters.properties.pitchDeg.description, /-45 oblique/);
+  delete camera.parameters.properties.pitchDeg;
   assert.equal(camera.parameters.properties.mode.description, 'once = bounded eased nudge; continuous = until stop/manual input. rotate_globe defaults continuous; other motions default once.');
   camera.parameters.properties.mode.description = 'once = bounded eased nudge (default); continuous = until stop/manual input.';
   camera.parameters.properties.motion.enum =
diff --git a/src/voice/actionSchemas.js b/src/voice/actionSchemas.js
index 9ec47028c..2b31c26d6 100644
--- a/src/voice/actionSchemas.js
+++ b/src/voice/actionSchemas.js
@@ -749,6 +749,11 @@ const schemas = [
           type: 'string',
           enum: ['once', 'continuous'],
         },
+        pitchDeg: {
+          type: 'number',
+          minimum: -90,
+          maximum: 90,
+        },
       },
       required: ['motion'],
     },
diff --git a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
index d15a7c25e..d7805e215 100644
--- a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ test('the complete Realtime tool payload pins the manifest-generated layer relea
     // Snow leaves the set_visual_style enum.
     // The Operator HUD layout leaves set_hud's layout enum.
     // The layer alias hint leaves out aliases the layer id already spells.
-    'dc2bac1be93a503dc88d637beea2f1bc457e1f9167422bd91548b44756a8aca5',
+    // move_camera tilt takes an optional pitchDeg angle.
+    '35261624ef8596608b80e2876f83760723ecf6592acc43fd77691cdb0a972608',
   );
 });
 
@@ -134,6 +135,8 @@ test('all legacy action arguments are byte-identical after removing the delibera
     'stop',
   ]);
   motion.enum = motion.enum.filter((value) => value !== 'rotate_globe');
+  // Tilt to an angle is additive.
+  delete property('move_camera').pitchDeg;
   const panels = property('set_panel_open').panelId;
   panels.enum = panels.enum.filter(
     (id) =>
@@ -272,3 +275,12 @@ test('direct voice timeout schema accepts None and exact integers, rejects malfo
   for (const minutes of [-1, 61, 1.5, '5'])
     assert.ok(validateArgs(tool.parameters, { minutes }).length > 0);
 });
+
+test('tilt accepts an angle with no direction', () => {
+  const schema = GEV_ACTION_SCHEMAS.find(
+    (tool) => tool.name === 'move_camera',
+  ).parameters;
+  assert.deepEqual(validateArgs(schema, { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 }), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(validateArgs(schema, { motion: 'tilt' }), []);
+  assert.ok(validateArgs(schema, { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: 120 }).length > 0);
+});

From 91a3f787d4bc4afd4495c5ff6a5b77e5d2bedd9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@Mac.mshome.net>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 16:42:39 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 066/262] Hold a voice tilt until its fly-to lands

"Fly to London and tilt the camera" reaches the app as two sibling tool
calls, and OpenAI runs them concurrently. The tilt's navigation step
cancelled the flight already in the air, so the camera tilted where it
was; when the place still needed a lookup, the late flight replaced the
tilt and London came out top-down.

The voice runner now tracks its latest flight. A tilt sent while that
flight is still looking up or flying waits for it to land (up to 30 s),
then tilts at the destination. If the flight is cancelled, finds nothing
or times out, the tilt is not run and says so.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md         |   2 +-
 src/voice/gevActions.js       |  90 +++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs | 123 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 207 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 3c17ed79f..2730ae8de 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5364,7 +5364,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair (the tracked view excepted, which tilts in place), so the place stays centred and the heading is kept; pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair (the tracked view excepted, which tilts in place), so the place stays centred and the heading is kept; pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. A voice tilt sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 30 s, so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the tilt is not run and says so. A tilt sent before its fly-to is not reordered. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index fbb6cc5ce..985dece53 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -276,6 +276,10 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
     ? { ...SPEECH_BUILDERS, ...speechBuilders }
     : SPEECH_BUILDERS;
   const _layerEnabledAt = new Map();
+  // The latest voice flight. A tilt in the same reply as "fly to X" waits for
+  // it to land: run at once, its navigation cancelled the flight, or the
+  // flight (still geocoding) then replaced the tilt.
+  let voiceFlight = null;
   let analystEngine;
   const resolveRegionRing = (name, signal) =>
     annotationResolver.resolveRegionRingForQuery(name, signal, placeSearch);
@@ -1103,7 +1107,10 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
           runOptions,
         );
       }
-      return flyToRequestedLocation(viewer, args, {
+      const flight = trackVoiceFlight();
+      voiceFlight = flight;
+      const flown = flyToRequestedLocation(viewer, args, {
+        onFlightEnd: flight.settle,
         onProgress: reportProgress,
         placeSearch,
         searchNavigation,
@@ -1131,6 +1138,14 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
           if (viewer.trackedEntity) stopAllTracking(viewer, dataManager);
         },
       });
+      // No flight started (not found, refused, cancelled): nothing to wait for.
+      flown.then(
+        (result) => {
+          if (result?.ok !== true) flight.settle('failed');
+        },
+        () => flight.settle('failed'),
+      );
+      return flown;
     }
 
     if (name === 'adjust_camera_zoom') {
@@ -1173,6 +1188,23 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
     }
 
     if (name === 'move_camera') {
+      if (
+        String(args.motion || '').toLowerCase() === 'tilt' &&
+        voiceFlight &&
+        !voiceFlight.done
+      ) {
+        const status = await waitForVoiceFlight(voiceFlight, runOptions.signal);
+        if (!current())
+          return { ok: false, action: 'move_camera', cancelled: true };
+        if (status !== 'arrived')
+          return {
+            ok: false,
+            action: 'move_camera',
+            motion: 'tilt',
+            error:
+              'Not run: the flight this tilt was waiting for did not arrive.',
+          };
+      }
       return moveCamera(args, (navigate, releaseOptions) =>
         runManagedVoiceNavigation(
           styleManager,
@@ -2690,6 +2722,42 @@ async function frameOverhead(viewer, dataManager, styleManager, args = {}) {
 }
 
 /** Run one validated voice camera mutation through the UI-owned authority seam. */
+/** A voice flight's end: 'arrived', 'cancelled' or 'failed', settled once. */
+function trackVoiceFlight() {
+  let resolve;
+  const flight = {
+    done: false,
+    ended: new Promise((settle) => {
+      resolve = settle;
+    }),
+    settle: (status) => {
+      if (flight.done) return;
+      flight.done = true;
+      resolve(status);
+    },
+  };
+  return flight;
+}
+
+/** Longest a tilt waits for a flight (geocode plus flight) before giving up. */
+const VOICE_FLIGHT_WAIT_MS = 30_000;
+
+/** Wait for a voice flight to end; 'timeout' or 'aborted' if it does not. */
+function waitForVoiceFlight(flight, signal) {
+  if (signal?.aborted) return Promise.resolve('aborted');
+  return new Promise((resolve) => {
+    const finish = (status) => {
+      clearTimeout(timer);
+      signal?.removeEventListener?.('abort', onAbort);
+      resolve(status);
+    };
+    const onAbort = () => finish('aborted');
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => finish('timeout'), VOICE_FLIGHT_WAIT_MS);
+    signal?.addEventListener?.('abort', onAbort, { once: true });
+    flight.ended.then(finish);
+  });
+}
+
 function runManagedVoiceNavigation(
   styleManager,
   noun,
@@ -3252,6 +3320,7 @@ async function flyToRequestedLocation(
     runImmediate = null,
     beginDeferred = null,
     reassertDeferred = null,
+    onFlightEnd = null,
   } = {},
 ) {
   const requestedRangeM = Number(args.rangeM);
@@ -3275,12 +3344,19 @@ async function flyToRequestedLocation(
           settleArrival = resolve;
         })
       : null;
-  const arrivalHooks = arrival
-    ? {
-        onComplete: () => settleArrival?.('arrived'),
-        onCancel: () => settleArrival?.('cancelled'),
-      }
-    : {};
+  const arrivalHooks =
+    arrival || onFlightEnd
+      ? {
+          onComplete: () => {
+            settleArrival?.('arrived');
+            onFlightEnd?.('arrived');
+          },
+          onCancel: () => {
+            settleArrival?.('cancelled');
+            onFlightEnd?.('cancelled');
+          },
+        }
+      : {};
   const afterArrival = async (result, label) => {
     if (!arrival || result?.ok !== true) return result;
     onProgress('fly', label);
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index f6bccdfa9..ddf29babe 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -217,6 +217,129 @@ test('dependent voice navigation waits for the destination viewport to arrive',
   assert.equal(result.arrived, true);
 });
 
+// "fly to London and tilt the camera" arrives as two sibling calls.
+// Run at once, the tilt's navigation cancelled the flight; with a geocoded
+// place, the late flight replaced the tilt.
+function tiltAfterFlightHarness() {
+  globalThis.window = globalThis.window || { clearTimeout, setTimeout, requestIdleCallback: null };
+  const harness = createVoiceNavigationHarness();
+  const { viewer, styleManager } = harness;
+  const flights = [];
+  viewer.camera.flyTo = (options) => {
+    harness.order.push('fly');
+    flights.push(options);
+  };
+  styleManager.runImmediateLocationNavigation = (navigate) => (
+    styleManager.runImmediateNavigation('location', navigate)
+  );
+  return { ...harness, flights };
+}
+
+const settledYet = (promise) => {
+  let settled = false;
+  promise.then(() => { settled = true; });
+  return () => settled;
+};
+
+test('a tilt in the same reply as a fly-to waits for the flight to land', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager, order, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  const fly = await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' });
+  assert.equal(fly.ok, true);
+  const tilt = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  const tiltDone = settledYet(tilt);
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal(tiltDone(), false, 'the tilt must wait while the camera flies');
+  assert.equal(
+    order.slice(order.indexOf('fly')).includes('cancel'),
+    false,
+    'the tilt must not cancel the flight',
+  );
+  flights[0].complete();
+  const result = await tilt;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.motion, 'tilt');
+});
+
+test('a tilt waits through a geocoded fly-to search, then for its flight', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  let finishSearch;
+  let landFlight;
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: (_viewer, query, options) => new Promise((resolve) => {
+      finishSearch = () => {
+        landFlight = options.onComplete;
+        resolve({ label: query, navigationMode: 'city-overview' });
+      };
+    }),
+  });
+  const fly = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Somewhere Far' });
+  const tilt = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  const tiltDone = settledYet(tilt);
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal(tiltDone(), false, 'the tilt must wait for the place lookup');
+  finishSearch();
+  assert.equal((await fly).ok, true);
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal(tiltDone(), false, 'the tilt must wait for the flight too');
+  landFlight();
+  assert.equal((await tilt).ok, true);
+});
+
+test('a tilt waiting on a flight that never lands is not run', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' });
+  const tilt = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  flights[0].cancel();
+  const result = await tilt;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /did not arrive/);
+});
+
+test('a tilt beside a fly-to that found nothing is not run', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: async () => null,
+  });
+  const fly = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Nowhere' });
+  const tilt = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  assert.equal((await fly).ok, false);
+  // Nothing flew: the tilt answers at once and honestly, never at the old view.
+  const result = await tilt;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /did not arrive/);
+  // A later, separate tilt is not held by the failed lookup.
+  assert.equal((await runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 })).ok, true);
+});
+
+test('a tilt with no voice flight pending runs at once', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' });
+  flights[0].complete();
+  const result = await runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+});
+
 test('nearest-aircraft voice action serializes layer enable, arrival, refresh, airborne query, and selection', async () => {
   globalThis.window = globalThis.window || { clearTimeout, setTimeout, requestIdleCallback: null };
   const { viewer, styleManager } = createVoiceNavigationHarness();

From 75000cf6a9f71fb8f534a47c5844160ce6b95e1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@Mac.mshome.net>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 16:42:50 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 067/262] Hold a voice orbit, pan or rotate until its fly-to
 lands

"Fly to Paris and orbit it" reaches the app as two sibling tool calls,
which OpenAI runs at once. With a place that needs a lookup, the orbit
started over the old view and the late flight then replaced it; with a
known place, pan and rotate cancelled the flight already in the air.

Orbit, pan and rotate now wait for a pending voice flight the same way
tilt does: up to 30 s, and not run (saying so) if the flight is
cancelled, finds nothing or times out. Stop and rotate_globe do not
wait. Orbit keeps its own arming for flights the voice runner does not
track.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md         |  2 +-
 src/cameraVerbs.js            |  8 +--
 src/voice/gevActions.js       | 24 ++++++---
 src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs | 93 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 2730ae8de..6f20b01ad 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5364,7 +5364,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair (the tracked view excepted, which tilts in place), so the place stays centred and the heading is kept; pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. A voice tilt sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 30 s, so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the tilt is not run and says so. A tilt sent before its fly-to is not reordered. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair (the tracked view excepted, which tilts in place), so the place stays centred and the heading is kept; pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 30 s, so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered. Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 3898acaa7..0b0f06792 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -1747,9 +1747,11 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
     }
     if (motion === 'orbit') {
       if (_viewer.scene.tweens.length > 0) {
-        // A camera flight is in progress ("fly to X and orbit it") — ALWAYS arm
-        // and capture at the destination; a target existing right now is
-        // meaningless (the globe is always under the crosshair).
+        // A camera flight is in progress — ALWAYS arm and capture at the
+        // destination; a target existing right now is meaningless (the globe
+        // is always under the crosshair). The voice runner already holds an
+        // orbit until its own fly-to lands; this covers any other
+        // flight.
         setActiveMotion({
           kind: 'orbit',
           direction: direction || 'right',
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index 985dece53..6d9411dfe 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -1188,8 +1188,9 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
     }
 
     if (name === 'move_camera') {
+      const motion = String(args.motion || '').toLowerCase();
       if (
-        String(args.motion || '').toLowerCase() === 'tilt' &&
+        VOICE_FLIGHT_WAITING_MOTIONS.has(motion) &&
         voiceFlight &&
         !voiceFlight.done
       ) {
@@ -1200,9 +1201,8 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
           return {
             ok: false,
             action: 'move_camera',
-            motion: 'tilt',
-            error:
-              'Not run: the flight this tilt was waiting for did not arrive.',
+            motion,
+            error: `Not run: the flight this ${motion} was waiting for did not arrive.`,
           };
       }
       return moveCamera(args, (navigate, releaseOptions) =>
@@ -2721,7 +2721,6 @@ async function frameOverhead(viewer, dataManager, styleManager, args = {}) {
   );
 }
 
-/** Run one validated voice camera mutation through the UI-owned authority seam. */
 /** A voice flight's end: 'arrived', 'cancelled' or 'failed', settled once. */
 function trackVoiceFlight() {
   let resolve;
@@ -2739,9 +2738,21 @@ function trackVoiceFlight() {
   return flight;
 }
 
-/** Longest a tilt waits for a flight (geocode plus flight) before giving up. */
+/** Longest a motion waits for a flight (geocode plus flight) before giving up. */
 const VOICE_FLIGHT_WAIT_MS = 30_000;
 
+/**
+ * Motions that act on the place the camera ends up at, so one sent beside a
+ * fly-to waits for it. Stop is not one, and rotate_globe turns the
+ * whole Earth from Globe View rather than at a place.
+ */
+const VOICE_FLIGHT_WAITING_MOTIONS = new Set([
+  'tilt',
+  'orbit',
+  'pan',
+  'rotate',
+]);
+
 /** Wait for a voice flight to end; 'timeout' or 'aborted' if it does not. */
 function waitForVoiceFlight(flight, signal) {
   if (signal?.aborted) return Promise.resolve('aborted');
@@ -2758,6 +2769,7 @@ function waitForVoiceFlight(flight, signal) {
   });
 }
 
+/** Run one validated voice camera mutation through the UI-owned authority seam. */
 function runManagedVoiceNavigation(
   styleManager,
   noun,
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index ddf29babe..ee078ac57 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -340,6 +340,99 @@ test('a tilt with no voice flight pending runs at once', async () => {
   assert.equal(result.ok, true);
 });
 
+// Orbit, pan and rotate also act at the place the camera ends up, so "fly to
+// Paris and orbit it" holds the orbit the same way.
+for (const motion of [
+  { motion: 'orbit' },
+  { motion: 'pan', direction: 'left' },
+  { motion: 'rotate', direction: 'right' },
+]) {
+  test(`${motion.motion} in the same reply as a fly-to waits for the flight to land`, async () => {
+    const { viewer, styleManager, order, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+    const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+      viewer,
+      styleManager,
+      dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    });
+    assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+    const moved = runner('move_camera', motion);
+    const movedDone = settledYet(moved);
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+    assert.equal(movedDone(), false, `the ${motion.motion} must wait while the camera flies`);
+    assert.equal(
+      order.slice(order.indexOf('fly')).includes('cancel'),
+      false,
+      `the ${motion.motion} must not cancel the flight`,
+    );
+    flights[0].complete();
+    const result = await moved;
+    assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+    assert.equal(result.motion, motion.motion);
+    interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup');
+  });
+
+  test(`${motion.motion} waits through a geocoded fly-to search, then for its flight`, async () => {
+    const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+    let finishSearch;
+    let landFlight;
+    const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+      viewer,
+      styleManager,
+      dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+      searchNavigation: (_viewer, query, options) => new Promise((resolve) => {
+        finishSearch = () => {
+          landFlight = options.onComplete;
+          resolve({ label: query, navigationMode: 'city-overview' });
+        };
+      }),
+    });
+    const fly = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Somewhere Far' });
+    const moved = runner('move_camera', motion);
+    const movedDone = settledYet(moved);
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+    assert.equal(movedDone(), false, `the ${motion.motion} must wait for the place lookup`);
+    assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'nothing moves before the flight');
+    finishSearch();
+    assert.equal((await fly).ok, true);
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+    assert.equal(movedDone(), false, `the ${motion.motion} must wait for the flight too`);
+    landFlight();
+    assert.equal((await moved).ok, true);
+    assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion()?.kind, motion.motion);
+    interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup');
+  });
+
+  test(`${motion.motion} waiting on a flight that never lands is not run`, async () => {
+    const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+    const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+      viewer,
+      styleManager,
+      dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    });
+    await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' });
+    const moved = runner('move_camera', motion);
+    flights[0].cancel();
+    const result = await moved;
+    assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+    assert.equal(result.motion, motion.motion);
+    assert.match(result.error, new RegExp(`this ${motion.motion} was waiting for did not arrive`));
+    assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+  });
+}
+
+test('stop does not wait for a voice flight', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' });
+  const result = await runner('move_camera', { motion: 'stop' });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.motion, 'stop');
+});
+
 test('nearest-aircraft voice action serializes layer enable, arrival, refresh, airborne query, and selection', async () => {
   globalThis.window = globalThis.window || { clearTimeout, setTimeout, requestIdleCallback: null };
   const { viewer, styleManager } = createVoiceNavigationHarness();

From 2ac73519ec71a5c54da96e3544f18d96985a35d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@Mac.mshome.net>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 16:43:01 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 068/262] Add changelog fragment for voice camera tilt (#1520)

---
 changelog.d/1520-voice-camera-tilt.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1520-voice-camera-tilt.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1520-voice-camera-tilt.md b/changelog.d/1520-voice-camera-tilt.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87d2aef3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1520-voice-camera-tilt.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- Voice "tilt the camera" works from the top-down view a fly-to lands on: the
+  camera swings about the place under the crosshair, keeps its heading, and can
+  tilt to a spoken angle ("tilt 45 degrees") or a default oblique view. A tilt,
+  orbit, pan or rotate said with a fly-to ("fly to Paris and orbit it") now
+  waits for the flight to land (Manjunath, @manjunath22466, #1520).

From 415f23739f7c81dc9f798fb5107f0e9e1044b2bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 16:26:55 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 069/262] Name the reporting provider in Contacts and Cockpit
 counts
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

The Cockpit Contact counts named fixed providers (OpenSky, adsb.lol,
AISStream) while the Layers panel and Contacts named the provider the last
snapshot reported, and the vessels layer kept that name out of getStats(),
so Contacts always said AISStream. Each cohort now carries the provider and
whether it answered as a fallback or from a stale snapshot, and both views
show it the way the Layers row does ("adsb.lol · FALLBACK").

Fixes HAL-721.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                  |  1 +
 scripts/package-boundaries.json        |  7 ++++
 src/layers/awareness/model.js          |  1 +
 src/layers/awareness/panel.js          |  3 +-
 src/layers/awareness/panel.test.mjs    | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/awareness/queries.test.mjs  | 26 +++++++++++++++
 src/layers/awareness/subject.js        | 12 +++++++
 src/layers/vessels/ownership.test.mjs  | 14 ++++++++
 src/layers/vessels/queries.js          |  2 ++
 src/ui/cockpitContext.js               |  3 ++
 src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs         | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitContextState.js          |  5 ++-
 src/ui/layerNames.js                   | 14 ++++++++
 src/ui/layerNames.test.mjs             | 17 ++++++++++
 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitContext.vue |  8 ++---
 15 files changed, 191 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/layers/awareness/panel.test.mjs

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 35d81dd05..9f5a40e63 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -4965,6 +4965,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - Enabled Data Layer controls report normalized feed health on the button (`LOADING`, `DEGRADED`, `STALE`, `FALLBACK`, or `UNAVAILABLE`) while the metadata line retains the source and reason. A partial CelesTrak group failure keeps the usable catalog and reports `DEGRADED`; a total outage keeps last-good catalog data visible but reports `UNAVAILABLE`.
 - On activation it focuses the nearest currently observed aircraft across the civilian and military feeds, with military winning an exact distance tie; if none are available, it focuses an observed AIS vessel. The aircraft search is deliberately uncapped and one refresh-tick retry handles initially empty feeds. This is an attention-priority navigation shortcut, not a high-risk, affiliation, or threat classification.
 - A selected aircraft, AIS vessel, or mapped installation gets a 250 km **context window** with nearby cohort counts, nearest examples, source labels, and stale/unavailable reasons. It emits `NEARBY` or `UNKNOWN`; no detection, engagement, affiliation, or sensor-activity conclusion is calculated.
+- Contacts rows and the Cockpit Contact counts name each cohort's provider as its layer row does: the source the last snapshot reported, marked `FALLBACK` or `STALE` in the same cases. A flight snapshot answered by the adsb.lol regional fallback reads `adsb.lol · FALLBACK` everywhere, never `OpenSky`.
 - For a selected live aircraft or vessel, the context window refreshes from the existing tracker/feed position every 750 ms, so nearest distances and cohort counts follow the subject without introducing a duplicate poll loop.
 - Aircraft cohort membership uses every locally loaded, selectable contact inside the 250 km window, including a plane hidden only by horizon culling or because its 3D model owns the visual. Counts and navigation therefore do not change with the current camera angle or billboard/model handoff.
 - Nearby examples in the context panel are focus controls: they use their owning layer's existing selection/tracking path, then frame that contact. Static-installation distances use ellipsoidal surface distance so the count matches the ground-projected context disk.
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 6d55213e7..f5529e731 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -871,6 +871,7 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js",
       "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
@@ -1713,6 +1714,10 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
+      "src/data/feedState.js",
+      "src/loadingFeedback.js",
+      "src/data/installationFeedback.js",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js",
       "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
@@ -3208,6 +3213,8 @@
   "application-layer-construction": {
     "exports": ["./application/layers"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/data/feedState.js",
+      "src/loadingFeedback.js",
       "src/sources/adsbFields.js",
       "src/data/headingDegrees.js",
       "src/data/distanceFormat.js",
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/model.js b/src/layers/awareness/model.js
index 1a399c5af..1ff2c93cf 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/model.js
@@ -196,6 +196,7 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         id: cohort.id,
         label: cohort.label,
         source: cohort.source,
+        sourceStatus: cohort.sourceStatus || null,
         coverage: cohort.coverage || null,
         relationship: cohort.summary.relationship,
         count: cohort.summary.count,
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/panel.js b/src/layers/awareness/panel.js
index c0c71ed01..5396a0390 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/panel.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/panel.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   t,
   translateKnown,
 } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { sourceStatusLabel } from '../../ui/layerNames.js';
 import { formatQuantity } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 import { AWARENESS_PAGE_SIZE, AWARENESS_PAGE_ROTATE_MS } from './policy.js';
 import { distanceParts } from '../../data/distanceFormat.js';
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, parts }) {
       relationship: summary.relationship.toLowerCase(),
       label: cohort.label,
       count: `${presentAwarenessCount(summary)}${pageLabel}`,
-      detail: `${cohort.source}${coverage} · ${presentAwarenessReason(summary)}`,
+      detail: `${sourceStatusLabel(cohort.source, cohort.sourceStatus)}${coverage} · ${presentAwarenessReason(summary)}`,
       nearest,
     };
   }
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/panel.test.mjs b/src/layers/awareness/panel.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eaaac70e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/panel.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createPanel } from './panel.js';
+
+test('a Contacts row names its provider as the Layers panel does, with its feed state', () => {
+  const cohort = (id, source, sourceStatus) => ({
+    id,
+    label: id,
+    source,
+    sourceStatus,
+    summary: { relationship: 'OBSERVED', count: 1, nearest: [], reason: 'observed' },
+  });
+  const state = {
+    enabled: true,
+    results: {
+      subject: { label: 'AFR38JF' },
+      cohorts: [
+        cohort('flights', 'adsb.lol', 'fallback'),
+        cohort('military', 'adsb.lol', null),
+        cohort('ais-live-vessels', 'Datalastic', 'stale'),
+      ],
+    },
+    cohortPages: new Map(),
+    panelListeners: new Set(),
+    panelSignature: '',
+    navigationIndex: 0,
+  };
+  const parts = {
+    navigation: { canNavigateNext: () => false },
+    rendering: { hideDirectionOverlay() {} },
+  };
+  createPanel({ state, parts }).renderResults();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    state.panelView.rows.map((row) => row.detail),
+    ['adsb.lol · FALLBACK · observed', 'adsb.lol · observed', 'Datalastic · STALE · observed'],
+  );
+  state.offPanelLocale?.();
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/queries.test.mjs b/src/layers/awareness/queries.test.mjs
index 04e8a8982..07686dcfc 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/queries.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/queries.test.mjs
@@ -81,3 +81,29 @@ test('Contacts excludes square corners and measures from the current moving subj
   assert.equal(moved.reason, 'mapped matches within 100 km of the subject');
   assert.deepEqual(installationState.contextAnchor, { latitude: 0, longitude: 0 });
 });
+
+test('Contacts cohorts carry the provider and whether it answered as a fallback or stale', () => {
+  const services = { installations: { getNearby: () => [], getStats: () => ({}) },
+    flights: { getNearby: () => [] }, military: { getNearby: () => [] }, vessels: { getNearby: () => [] } };
+  const parts = { navigation: { summarizeAwarenessCohortForNavigation: (items, source) =>
+    summarizeAwarenessCohort(items, source) } };
+  parts.queries = createQueries({ state: {}, services, parts });
+  const subjectOwner = createSubject({ state: {}, services, parts });
+  const states = {
+    // The OpenSky proxy answers from adsb.lol when OpenSky fails.
+    flights: { available: true, stats: { source: 'adsb.lol', coverage: '250nm regional fallback', count: 4, lastUpdate: 1 } },
+    military: { available: true, stats: { source: 'adsb.lol', fallback: false, count: 2, lastUpdate: 1 } },
+    'ais-live-vessels': { available: true, stats: { source: 'Datalastic', stale: true, count: 3, lastUpdate: 1 } },
+    'military-installations': { available: true, stats: { coverage: { kind: 'subject', radiusM: 100000 } } },
+  };
+  const { cohorts } = subjectOwner.evaluateSubject({
+    id: 'subject', layerId: 'flights', position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 0, 10000),
+  }, states);
+  const byId = Object.fromEntries(cohorts.map((cohort) => [cohort.id, cohort]));
+  assert.equal(byId.flights.source, 'adsb.lol');
+  assert.equal(byId.flights.sourceStatus, 'fallback');
+  assert.equal(byId.military.sourceStatus, null);
+  assert.equal(byId['ais-live-vessels'].source, 'Datalastic');
+  assert.equal(byId['ais-live-vessels'].sourceStatus, 'stale');
+  assert.equal(byId['military-installations'].sourceStatus, null);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/subject.js b/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
index 1baf54ec4..a555d332e 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   AWARENESS_RELATIONSHIP,
 } from '../../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { layerFeedState } from '../../data/feedState.js';
 import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   AWARENESS_QUERY_LIMIT,
@@ -52,6 +53,13 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const vesselsState = sourceStates['ais-live-vessels'];
     const installationsState = sourceStates['military-installations'];
     const evaluatedAt = Date.now();
+    // Whether the provider answered as a fallback or from a stale snapshot.
+    const sourceStatus = (sourceState) => {
+      const feedState = layerFeedState(sourceState.stats);
+      return feedState === 'fallback' || feedState === 'stale'
+        ? feedState
+        : null;
+    };
     const retainedProvenance = (id, label, sourceState, fallbackSource) => {
       const retainedSource = sourceState.stats.source || fallbackSource;
       return {
@@ -94,6 +102,7 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
           id: 'flights',
           label: t('Flights'),
           source: flightsState.stats.source || SOURCE_LABEL.flights,
+          sourceStatus: sourceStatus(flightsState),
           provenance: retainedProvenance(
             'flights',
             'Flights',
@@ -113,6 +122,7 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
           id: 'military',
           label: t('Military flights'),
           source: militaryState.stats.source || SOURCE_LABEL.military,
+          sourceStatus: sourceStatus(militaryState),
           provenance: retainedProvenance(
             'military',
             'Military flights',
@@ -132,6 +142,7 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
           id: 'ais-live-vessels',
           label: t('AIS vessels'),
           source: vesselsState.stats.source || SOURCE_LABEL['ais-live-vessels'],
+          sourceStatus: sourceStatus(vesselsState),
           provenance: retainedProvenance(
             'ais-live-vessels',
             'AIS vessels',
@@ -149,6 +160,7 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
           source:
             installationsState.stats.source ||
             SOURCE_LABEL['military-installations'],
+          sourceStatus: sourceStatus(installationsState),
           provenance: retainedProvenance(
             'military-installations',
             'Mapped installations',
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/ownership.test.mjs b/src/layers/vessels/ownership.test.mjs
index 4ef9b7525..a838a8099 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/ownership.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/ownership.test.mjs
@@ -409,3 +409,17 @@ test('empty coverage cannot hide stale, incomplete or rejected source data', asy
     assert.ok(layer.getStats().error, JSON.stringify(patch));
   }
 });
+
+test('vessel stats name the provider the last snapshot reported', async () => {
+  // HAL-721: Contacts named a fixed AIS provider while this layer showed the
+  // one its server reported.
+  const { layer } = setup({
+    label: 'Vessels',
+    async getSnapshot() {
+      return snapshot([observation('111')], { source: 'Datalastic' });
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().source, 'Vessels');
+  await layer.update();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().source, 'Datalastic');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
index c848acc2d..48ded012b 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
@@ -548,6 +548,8 @@ export function createQueries({
         // backing off, say how long until the next attempt instead of leaving
         // the user to guess whether anything is still happening.
         retryInSec: aisRetryInSec(),
+        // The provider the last snapshot named, as flights and military report it.
+        source: layer.source,
       };
     },
   };
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitContext.js b/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
index 1158c632b..ad73869db 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /** Contact readouts and nearby-signal presentation for the Cockpit controller. */
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { formatNumber, t, tn } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { sourceStatusLabel } from './layerNames.js';
 import { unitLabel } from './unitLabels.js';
 import {
   bearingBetweenCoordinates,
@@ -110,6 +111,8 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
     if (shown) {
       shown.count = cohort.count === null ? '?' : String(cohort.count);
       shown.unknown = cohort.relationship === 'UNKNOWN';
+      // The provider that answered, named as the Layers panel names it.
+      shown.source = sourceStatusLabel(cohort.source, cohort.sourceStatus);
     }
     if (cohort.count === null) unknownCount += 1;
     for (const item of cohort.nearest) nearest.push({ ...item, cohort });
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
index 47d3719c7..a8d6616d5 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
@@ -96,6 +96,13 @@ test('before the controller presents, the card shows the state it starts in', (t
     ),
     ['—', '—', '—', '—'],
   );
+  // No provider is named before a snapshot reports one.
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...document.querySelectorAll('[data-context-cohort] small')].map(
+      (source) => source.textContent,
+    ),
+    ['—', '—', '—', '—'],
+  );
   assert.equal(text('#cockpit-context-nearest-label'), 'NO AVAILABLE EXAMPLE');
   assert.equal(
     $('#cockpit-context-nearest-label').hasAttribute('aria-label'),
@@ -159,6 +166,45 @@ test('a snapshot fills the card and keeps classes other code sets', async (t) =>
   assert.equal(layouts.length, 1);
 });
 
+test('each count names the provider its snapshot reports, with its feed state', async (t) => {
+  // HAL-721: the counters named fixed providers while the layer and the
+  // Contacts list named the one that answered.
+  const reported = snapshot();
+  reported.cohorts[0].source = 'adsb.lol';
+  reported.cohorts[0].sourceStatus = 'fallback';
+  reported.cohorts[1].source = 'Plane Finder';
+  reported.cohorts.push(
+    {
+      id: 'ais-live-vessels',
+      label: 'AIS vessels',
+      source: 'Datalastic',
+      sourceStatus: 'stale',
+      count: 3,
+      relationship: 'OBSERVED',
+      nearest: [],
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'military-installations',
+      label: 'Mapped installations',
+      source: 'OpenStreetMap',
+      sourceStatus: null,
+      count: 0,
+      relationship: 'MAPPED',
+      nearest: [],
+    },
+  );
+  const { $, owner } = fixture(t, reported);
+  updateContext.call(owner, INFO, 0);
+  await nextTick();
+  const source = (id) => $(`[data-context-cohort="${id}"] small`);
+  assert.equal(source('flights').textContent, 'adsb.lol · FALLBACK');
+  assert.equal(source('military').textContent, 'Plane Finder');
+  assert.equal(source('ais-live-vessels').textContent, 'Datalastic · STALE');
+  assert.equal(source('military-installations').textContent, 'OpenStreetMap');
+  // The tile ellipsizes; the full name stays readable on hover.
+  assert.equal(source('flights').title, 'adsb.lol · FALLBACK');
+});
+
 test('a lost contact holds its readout behind the CONTACT LOST cue', async (t) => {
   const { $, text, owner, layouts } = fixture(t, snapshot());
   updateContext.call(owner, INFO, 0);
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitContextState.js b/src/ui/cockpitContextState.js
index dafffc11f..3c2db3c5a 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitContextState.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitContextState.js
@@ -25,7 +25,10 @@ export function createContextState() {
     canPrevious: true,
     canNext: true,
     cohorts: Object.fromEntries(
-      COCKPIT_CONTEXT_COHORTS.map((id) => [id, { count: '—', unknown: false }]),
+      COCKPIT_CONTEXT_COHORTS.map((id) => [
+        id,
+        { count: '—', unknown: false, source: '—' },
+      ]),
     ),
     nearest: { label: t('NO AVAILABLE EXAMPLE'), ariaLabel: null },
     distance: { text: '—', ariaLabel: null },
diff --git a/src/ui/layerNames.js b/src/ui/layerNames.js
index 2c918ad95..519b3e207 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerNames.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerNames.js
@@ -137,3 +137,17 @@ export function sourceLabel(source) {
     ? source.split(' · ').map(translateKnown).join(' · ')
     : translateKnown(source);
 }
+
+/**
+ * A provider name with the feed state it answered in, so a fallback or stale
+ * snapshot does not read as the live primary feed.
+ * @param {string} source English source name.
+ * @param {'fallback'|'stale'|null} status Feed state from `layerFeedState`.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function sourceStatusLabel(source, status) {
+  const name = sourceLabel(source);
+  if (status === 'fallback') return `${name} · ${t('FALLBACK')}`;
+  if (status === 'stale') return `${name} · ${t('STALE')}`;
+  return name;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/layerNames.test.mjs b/src/ui/layerNames.test.mjs
index df15c79bf..e1815e477 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerNames.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/layerNames.test.mjs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   LAYER_NAME_KEYS,
   PANEL_LABEL_KEYS,
   sourceLabel,
+  sourceStatusLabel,
 } from './layerNames.js';
 
 // Layers whose module name is a proper name and stays as it is in every
@@ -51,3 +52,19 @@ for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
     }
   });
 }
+
+test('a provider name carries the fallback or stale state it answered in', () => {
+  assert.equal(sourceStatusLabel('Plane Finder', null), 'Plane Finder');
+  assert.equal(sourceStatusLabel('adsb.lol', 'fallback'), 'adsb.lol · FALLBACK');
+  assert.equal(sourceStatusLabel('OpenSky Network', 'stale'), 'OpenSky Network · STALE');
+  setLocale('ru');
+  try {
+    assert.equal(
+      sourceStatusLabel('adsb.lol', 'fallback'),
+      `adsb.lol · ${t('FALLBACK')}`,
+    );
+    assert.notEqual(t('FALLBACK'), 'FALLBACK');
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitContext.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitContext.vue
index ed6df8362..2374deb3e 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitContext.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitContext.vue
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ const weatherLabel = computed(() =>
       <span class="cockpit-context-qualifier">{{ t('CONTEXT ONLY') }}</span>
     </header>
     <div class="cockpit-context-cohorts" role="list" :aria-label="t('Nearby cohort counts')">
-      <div v-class-toggle="{ unknown: c.cohorts.flights.unknown }" role="listitem" data-context-cohort="flights"><span>{{ t('FLT') }}</span><strong>{{ c.cohorts.flights.count }}</strong><small translate="no">OpenSky</small></div>
-      <div v-class-toggle="{ unknown: c.cohorts.military.unknown }" role="listitem" data-context-cohort="military"><span>{{ t('MIL') }}</span><strong>{{ c.cohorts.military.count }}</strong><small translate="no">adsb.lol</small></div>
-      <div v-class-toggle="{ unknown: c.cohorts['ais-live-vessels'].unknown }" role="listitem" data-context-cohort="ais-live-vessels"><span translate="no">AIS</span><strong>{{ c.cohorts['ais-live-vessels'].count }}</strong><small translate="no">AISStream</small></div>
-      <div v-class-toggle="{ unknown: c.cohorts['military-installations'].unknown }" role="listitem" data-context-cohort="military-installations"><span>{{ t('SITE') }}</span><strong>{{ c.cohorts['military-installations'].count }}</strong><small translate="no">OpenStreetMap</small></div>
+      <div v-class-toggle="{ unknown: c.cohorts.flights.unknown }" role="listitem" data-context-cohort="flights"><span>{{ t('FLT') }}</span><strong>{{ c.cohorts.flights.count }}</strong><small translate="no" :title="c.cohorts.flights.source">{{ c.cohorts.flights.source }}</small></div>
+      <div v-class-toggle="{ unknown: c.cohorts.military.unknown }" role="listitem" data-context-cohort="military"><span>{{ t('MIL') }}</span><strong>{{ c.cohorts.military.count }}</strong><small translate="no" :title="c.cohorts.military.source">{{ c.cohorts.military.source }}</small></div>
+      <div v-class-toggle="{ unknown: c.cohorts['ais-live-vessels'].unknown }" role="listitem" data-context-cohort="ais-live-vessels"><span translate="no">AIS</span><strong>{{ c.cohorts['ais-live-vessels'].count }}</strong><small translate="no" :title="c.cohorts['ais-live-vessels'].source">{{ c.cohorts['ais-live-vessels'].source }}</small></div>
+      <div v-class-toggle="{ unknown: c.cohorts['military-installations'].unknown }" role="listitem" data-context-cohort="military-installations"><span>{{ t('SITE') }}</span><strong>{{ c.cohorts['military-installations'].count }}</strong><small translate="no" :title="c.cohorts['military-installations'].source">{{ c.cohorts['military-installations'].source }}</small></div>
     </div>
     <div class="cockpit-context-nearest">
       <span id="cockpit-context-direction" v-class-toggle="{ unknown: c.direction.unknown }" class="material-symbols-outlined" :style="directionStyle" aria-hidden="true">navigation</span>

From 490c8d1769cc96fd9c93c4daff7986028e9a02e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 16:27:25 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 070/262] Add the changelog entry for #1521

---
 changelog.d/1521-provider-labels.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1521-provider-labels.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1521-provider-labels.md b/changelog.d/1521-provider-labels.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d921d9d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1521-provider-labels.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Name the provider that answered in the Cockpit Contact counts and the
+  Contacts list, as the Layers panel does, marked `FALLBACK` or `STALE` when
+  it is. The counts no longer read OpenSky while flights come from the adsb.lol
+  fallback, and vessels no longer always read AISStream (German, @gekh, #1521).

From 5c74b860b77aa83ddbc36fa87442d6db620d28bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 19:35:02 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 071/262] Address review: zoom, drag, clearance and pitchDeg
 for voice tilt

- A zoom during a pivoting tilt now scales the range the tilt holds,
  as it already did for orbit, instead of being undone on the next
  frame while reporting success. The zoom limits no longer move a view
  the wrong way: a zoom in leaves a view closer than 80 m in place, and
  a zoom out leaves an orbit beyond 5,000 km where it is.
- A grab, touch or wheel on the map while a voice fly-to is in flight
  drops the motion queued behind it. Cesium lands the flight anyway,
  so the orbit or tilt would otherwise take the camera back. Chained
  fly-tos in one reply keep the earliest snapshot.
- A pivot tilt toward the horizon stops lowering the camera at 150 m
  above the pivot and tilts the rest in place, so a close view no
  longer ends inside tiles or a hillside.
- pitchDeg is an absolute angle. A direction that contradicts it is
  refused, judged from the pitch the swing starts at, and the tool
  description says so.
---
 changelog.d/1520-voice-camera-tilt.md       |   3 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                       |   2 +-
 server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js |   2 +-
 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs                     | 146 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/cameraVerbs.js                          | 113 ++++++++++++---
 src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs            |   5 +-
 src/voice/gevActions.js                     |  22 ++-
 src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs               |  69 +++++++++
 8 files changed, 331 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1520-voice-camera-tilt.md b/changelog.d/1520-voice-camera-tilt.md
index 87d2aef3a..f46ae3c51 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1520-voice-camera-tilt.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1520-voice-camera-tilt.md
@@ -2,4 +2,5 @@
   camera swings about the place under the crosshair, keeps its heading, and can
   tilt to a spoken angle ("tilt 45 degrees") or a default oblique view. A tilt,
   orbit, pan or rotate said with a fly-to ("fly to Paris and orbit it") now
-  waits for the flight to land (Manjunath, @manjunath22466, #1520).
+  waits for the flight to land, and is dropped if you move the map meanwhile
+  (Manjunath, @manjunath22466, #1520).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 6f20b01ad..15aeddfec 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5364,7 +5364,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair (the tracked view excepted, which tilts in place), so the place stays centred and the heading is kept; pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 30 s, so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered. Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair (the tracked view excepted, which tilts in place), so the place stays centred and the heading is kept; pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit; a zoom in moves the camera along its view line and may take it below that height, as any zoom does, and the tilt then continues in place. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 30 s, so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, or the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered. Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
index 873a52c8a..c79511e14 100644
--- a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
+++ b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ export const ACTION_DESCRIPTIONS = {
         },
         pitchDeg: {
           description:
-            'Tilt to this angle below the horizon (-45 oblique, -89 top-down). Bare tilt: -45.',
+            'Absolute angle below the horizon, not a step (-45 oblique, -89 top-down). Bare tilt: -45.',
           $position: 2,
         },
       },
diff --git a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
index babe95807..d70b07cbb 100644
--- a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import {
+  adjustOrbitRange,
   getActiveCameraMotion,
   initCameraVerbs,
   interruptCameraMotion,
@@ -222,3 +223,148 @@ test('a pivoting tilt yields when tracking takes the camera', (t) => {
   h.viewer.trackedEntityChanged.raiseEvent(entity);
   assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
 });
+
+/** Metres between the camera and the point it pivots about. */
+const pivotRange = (h) =>
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(h.camera.positionWC, h.target);
+const heightM = (camera) =>
+  Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(camera.positionWC).height;
+
+test('a zoom during a pivoting tilt changes the range it holds', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t);
+  assert.equal(
+    moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' }).ok,
+    true,
+  );
+  h.tick();
+  const before = pivotRange(h);
+  assert.equal(adjustOrbitRange(0.5), true, 'the tilt must take the zoom');
+  for (let i = 0; i < 5; i += 1) h.tick();
+  // The next frame's lookAt must not put the old range back.
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pivotRange(h) - before / 2) < 1,
+    `range ${pivotRange(h)} m, wanted ${before / 2} m`,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a zoom with no pivot to hold is left to the camera', (t) => {
+  harness(t, { pivot: false });
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' });
+  assert.equal(adjustOrbitRange(0.5), false);
+});
+
+test('a pivot tilt toward the horizon keeps its clearance above the ground', (t) => {
+  // A close top-down view: swinging 250 m of range to -5° would end ~22 m up.
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 250 });
+  assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -5 }).ok, true);
+  let lowest = Infinity;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
+    h.tick();
+    lowest = Math.min(lowest, heightM(h.camera));
+  }
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'tilt must finish');
+  assert.ok(lowest > 149, `camera dropped to ${lowest} m`);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -5) < 0.5,
+    `pitch ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}`,
+  );
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Matrix4.equals(h.camera.transform, Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY));
+});
+
+test('a continuous tilt up from close in keeps its clearance', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 250 });
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
+    h.tick();
+    assert.ok(heightM(h.camera) > 149, `camera at ${heightM(h.camera)} m`);
+  }
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -5) < 0.5);
+});
+
+test('a city-scale pivot tilt keeps the place centred to the horizon limit', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t);
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -5 });
+  h.finish();
+  // 4 km of range clears the floor at every pitch: all pivot, no drift.
+  assert.ok(centreDrift(h) < 5, `centre drifted ${centreDrift(h)} m`);
+});
+
+test('pitchDeg against a contradicting direction is refused', (t) => {
+  harness(t, { pitch: -45 });
+  // "tilt down 10 degrees": -10° is an absolute angle, which is up from -45°.
+  const result = moveCamera({
+    motion: 'tilt',
+    direction: 'down',
+    pitchDeg: 10,
+  });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /absolute angle/);
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+});
+
+test('pitchDeg with a direction that agrees still tilts', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { pitch: -45 });
+  const result = moveCamera({
+    motion: 'tilt',
+    direction: 'down',
+    pitchDeg: -80,
+  });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.direction, 'down');
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -80) < 0.5);
+});
+
+test('the pitchDeg and direction check uses the pitch the swing starts from', (t) => {
+  // At regional range the Earth curves away: the pivot pitch is a degree or
+  // two shallower than the camera's (-30°), so -29° is still down from it.
+  harness(t, { height: 150000, pitch: -30 });
+  const up = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', pitchDeg: -29 });
+  assert.equal(up.ok, false);
+  assert.match(up.error, /tilts down, not up/);
+  const down = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'down', pitchDeg: -29 });
+  assert.equal(down.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(down.direction, 'down');
+});
+
+test('after a zoom in, a pivoting tilt never lowers the camera further', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 1000 });
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' });
+  while (pitchDeg(h.camera) < -30) h.tick();
+  adjustOrbitRange(1 / 2.4);
+  adjustOrbitRange(1 / 2.4);
+  h.tick();
+  const afterZoom = heightM(h.camera);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
+    h.tick();
+    assert.ok(
+      heightM(h.camera) > afterZoom - 1,
+      `camera fell from ${afterZoom} m to ${heightM(h.camera)} m`,
+    );
+  }
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -5) < 0.5);
+});
+
+test('a zoom in during a close pivot tilt never pushes the camera out', (t) => {
+  // 62 m of range, under the 80 m zoom floor.
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 40, pitch: -40 });
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'down', mode: 'continuous' });
+  h.tick();
+  const before = pivotRange(h);
+  assert.ok(before < 80, `range ${before} m`);
+  adjustOrbitRange(1 / 1.6);
+  h.tick();
+  assert.ok(pivotRange(h) <= before + 0.01, `range grew to ${pivotRange(h)} m`);
+});
+
+test('a zoom out during a far orbit never pulls the camera in', (t) => {
+  // 15,000 km up, beyond the 5,000 km zoom cap.
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 15_000_000 });
+  assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'orbit', mode: 'continuous' }).ok, true);
+  h.tick();
+  const before = pivotRange(h);
+  assert.ok(before > 5_000_000, `range ${before} m`);
+  assert.equal(adjustOrbitRange(2.4), true);
+  h.tick();
+  assert.ok(pivotRange(h) >= before - 1, `range fell to ${pivotRange(h)} m`);
+});
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 0b0f06792..7e94d0edf 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -52,6 +52,11 @@ const PITCH_MAX = Cesium.Math.toRadians(-5);
 const TILT_DEFAULT_PITCH_DEG = -45;
 /** °/s for a tilt to a requested angle; short ones keep the once duration. */
 const TILT_TO_DEG_S = 30;
+/**
+ * A pivoting tilt keeps the range, so its height above the pivot is
+ * range × sin|pitch|. It swings no lower than this; the rest tilts in place.
+ */
+const TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M = 150;
 
 /* ── Route dolly: cinematic tuning ──────────────────────────────────────────
  * Every knob an owner may want to retune lives in this block. The shaping is
@@ -970,6 +975,17 @@ let _trackingRemover = null;
 let _inputRemovers = [];
 /** Monotonic id for the motion currently running; 0 means "no motion". */
 let _motionSeq = 0;
+/** Canvas grabs, touches and wheel turns since load. */
+let _manualInputCount = 0;
+
+/**
+ * Lets a caller holding a motion back (behind a fly-to) see whether the user
+ * took the camera meanwhile; Cesium does not cancel a flight on input.
+ * @returns {number} Manual camera inputs so far.
+ */
+export function manualCameraInputCount() {
+  return _manualInputCount;
+}
 
 /**
  * Install a motion and stamp it with a fresh id. The id is what lets a caller
@@ -1248,7 +1264,8 @@ function onTick() {
  * so the place under the crosshair stays centred; without one it looks up or
  * down in place. Pitch is clamped to [-89°, -5°] only in the direction of
  * travel: a top-down view sits at -90°, below the limit, and must still be
- * able to tilt up out of it.
+ * able to tilt up out of it. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the
+ * camera, so it stops at TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M and the rest tilts in place.
  */
 function tickTilt(cam, m, scale, dt) {
   let step;
@@ -1261,24 +1278,58 @@ function tickTilt(cam, m, scale, dt) {
       dt *
       (m.direction === 'up' ? 1 : -1);
   }
-  const from = m.hpr ? m.hpr.pitch : cam.pitch;
-  const next = from + step;
-  const limited =
-    step > 0
-      ? Math.min(next, Math.max(from, PITCH_MAX))
-      : Math.max(next, Math.min(from, PITCH_MIN));
   if (m.hpr) {
+    const from = m.hpr.pitch;
+    const next = from + step;
+    const limited =
+      step > 0
+        ? Math.min(next, Math.max(from, tiltPivotPitchMax(m.hpr.range)))
+        : Math.max(next, Math.min(from, PITCH_MIN));
     m.hpr.pitch = limited;
     cam.lookAt(m.target, m.hpr);
     // A once motion that just completed released the lookAt frame before
     // this last step re-took it.
     if (_active !== m) clearLookAt();
-  } else {
-    cam.lookUp(limited - from);
+    if (limited === next) return;
+    if (step < 0 || limited >= PITCH_MAX) {
+      interruptCameraMotion('tilt-clamp');
+      return;
+    }
+    // Down to its clearance: let go of the pivot and tilt the rest in place,
+    // which keeps the height.
+    if (_active === m) clearLookAt();
+    m.hpr = null;
+    m.target = null;
+    step = next - limited;
   }
+  const from = cam.pitch;
+  const next = from + step;
+  const limited =
+    step > 0
+      ? Math.min(next, Math.max(from, PITCH_MAX))
+      : Math.max(next, Math.min(from, PITCH_MIN));
+  cam.lookUp(limited - from);
   if (limited !== next) interruptCameraMotion('tilt-clamp');
 }
 
+/** Shallowest pivot pitch that keeps the clearance at this range. */
+function tiltPivotPitchMax(range) {
+  return Math.min(
+    PITCH_MAX,
+    -Math.asin(Math.min(1, TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M / range)),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Where a tilt starts. It swings about the ground under the crosshair so the
+ * place stays centred; the follow camera owns a tracked view's frame.
+ */
+function tiltStartFrame(cam) {
+  const target = _viewer.trackedEntity ? null : _getTarget?.(_viewer);
+  const pivot = target ? tiltPivot(cam, target) : null;
+  return { target, pivot, from: pivot ? pivot.pitch : cam.pitch };
+}
+
 /** Ground pivot for a tilt: heading, pitch and range in the target's own frame. */
 function tiltPivot(cam, target) {
   const local = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(
@@ -1482,7 +1533,10 @@ export function initCameraVerbs(
   const canvas = viewer.scene.canvas;
   // ANY manual camera input reclaims control — the cancelFlight reflex.
   for (const evt of ['pointerdown', 'touchstart', 'wheel']) {
-    const h = () => interruptCameraMotion('manual-input');
+    const h = () => {
+      _manualInputCount += 1;
+      interruptCameraMotion('manual-input');
+    };
     canvas.addEventListener(evt, h, { passive: true });
     _inputRemovers.push(() => canvas.removeEventListener(evt, h));
   }
@@ -1580,9 +1634,10 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
     };
   }
   if (motion === 'tilt' && tiltToPitch !== null) {
-    if (
-      Math.abs(tiltToPitch - _viewer.camera.pitch) < Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)
-    ) {
+    // Judge from the pitch the motion will start at: the pivot's, which at
+    // regional range is a degree or two shallower than the camera's.
+    const { from } = tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera);
+    if (Math.abs(tiltToPitch - from) < Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)) {
       return {
         ok: true,
         action: 'move_camera',
@@ -1591,6 +1646,18 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
         unchanged: true,
       };
     }
+    // pitchDeg is an absolute angle, not a step: "tilt down 10 degrees" sent
+    // as {direction:'down', pitchDeg:10} would tilt up from -45°.
+    const towards = tiltToPitch > from ? 'up' : 'down';
+    if ((direction === 'up' || direction === 'down') && direction !== towards) {
+      const target = Math.round(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(tiltToPitch));
+      const now = Math.round(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(from));
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        action: 'move_camera',
+        error: `pitchDeg is an absolute angle, not a step: ${target}° from ${now}° tilts ${towards}, not ${direction}. Send direction alone for a nudge, or pitchDeg alone for an angle.`,
+      };
+    }
   } else if (motion === 'tilt') {
     // Honest limits: at the clamp a tilt is a no-op — say so instead of
     // reporting success and letting the model gaslight itself (field test).
@@ -1706,16 +1773,11 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
       mode,
     };
     if (motion === 'tilt') {
-      const cam = _viewer.camera;
-      // Swing about the ground under the crosshair so the place stays
-      // centred. The follow camera owns a tracked view's frame.
-      const target = _viewer.trackedEntity ? null : _getTarget?.(_viewer);
-      const pivot = target ? tiltPivot(cam, target) : null;
+      const { target, pivot, from } = tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera);
       if (pivot) {
         state.target = target;
         state.hpr = pivot;
       }
-      const from = pivot ? pivot.pitch : cam.pitch;
       if (tiltToPitch !== null) {
         state.mode = 'once';
         state.direction = tiltToPitch > from ? 'up' : 'down';
@@ -1833,14 +1895,19 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
 /**
  * Zoom while orbiting: scale the orbit RADIUS instead of letting the zoom
  * fight the per-frame lookAt (field test: "zoom out did literally nothing").
+ * A tilt swinging about its pivot holds a range the same way.
  * @param {number} factor  >1 zooms out (radius grows), <1 zooms in.
- * @returns {boolean} true when an orbit consumed the zoom.
+ * @returns {boolean} true when an orbit or pivoting tilt consumed the zoom.
  */
 export function adjustOrbitRange(factor) {
-  if (!_active || _active.kind !== 'orbit' || !_active.hpr) return false;
+  if (!_active || !['orbit', 'tilt'].includes(_active.kind) || !_active.hpr)
+    return false;
+  // The limits never move a view the wrong way: a zoom in leaves a closer
+  // view in place, and a zoom out leaves a farther one.
+  const range = _active.hpr.range;
   _active.hpr.range = Math.max(
-    80,
-    Math.min(5_000_000, _active.hpr.range * factor),
+    Math.min(80, range),
+    Math.min(Math.max(5_000_000, range), range * factor),
   );
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
index d7805e215..436828dba 100644
--- a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
@@ -49,8 +49,9 @@ test('the complete Realtime tool payload pins the manifest-generated layer relea
     // Snow leaves the set_visual_style enum.
     // The Operator HUD layout leaves set_hud's layout enum.
     // The layer alias hint leaves out aliases the layer id already spells.
-    // move_camera tilt takes an optional pitchDeg angle.
-    '35261624ef8596608b80e2876f83760723ecf6592acc43fd77691cdb0a972608',
+    // move_camera tilt takes an optional pitchDeg angle, described as
+    // absolute rather than a step.
+    '7258f48a19dead97d1a52cd897355ac84cb1f9077f1e8573fd64e3937660f5d0',
   );
 });
 
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index 6d9411dfe..07d0e4021 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ import {
   flyRoute,
   interruptCameraMotion,
   adjustOrbitRange,
+  manualCameraInputCount,
 } from '../cameraVerbs.js';
 import * as defaultFloorServices from '../data/groundFloor.js';
 import { isPickedWorldPosition } from '../data/scenePick.js';
@@ -1107,7 +1108,10 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
           runOptions,
         );
       }
-      const flight = trackVoiceFlight();
+      // Chained fly-tos in one reply: a grab during the earlier one counts.
+      const flight = trackVoiceFlight(
+        voiceFlight && !voiceFlight.done ? voiceFlight.inputCount : undefined,
+      );
       voiceFlight = flight;
       const flown = flyToRequestedLocation(viewer, args, {
         onFlightEnd: flight.settle,
@@ -1194,7 +1198,8 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
         voiceFlight &&
         !voiceFlight.done
       ) {
-        const status = await waitForVoiceFlight(voiceFlight, runOptions.signal);
+        const flight = voiceFlight;
+        const status = await waitForVoiceFlight(flight, runOptions.signal);
         if (!current())
           return { ok: false, action: 'move_camera', cancelled: true };
         if (status !== 'arrived')
@@ -1204,6 +1209,15 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
             motion,
             error: `Not run: the flight this ${motion} was waiting for did not arrive.`,
           };
+        // The flight lands even when the user grabs the globe mid-flight;
+        // the queued motion must not take the camera back from them.
+        if (manualCameraInputCount() !== flight.inputCount)
+          return {
+            ok: false,
+            action: 'move_camera',
+            motion,
+            error: `Not run: the user moved the camera during the flight, so the ${motion} was dropped.`,
+          };
       }
       return moveCamera(args, (navigate, releaseOptions) =>
         runManagedVoiceNavigation(
@@ -2722,10 +2736,12 @@ async function frameOverhead(viewer, dataManager, styleManager, args = {}) {
 }
 
 /** A voice flight's end: 'arrived', 'cancelled' or 'failed', settled once. */
-function trackVoiceFlight() {
+function trackVoiceFlight(inputCount = manualCameraInputCount()) {
   let resolve;
   const flight = {
     done: false,
+    // Manual input after this means the user took the camera mid-flight.
+    inputCount,
     ended: new Promise((settle) => {
       resolve = settle;
     }),
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index ee078ac57..d71892130 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -420,6 +420,75 @@ for (const motion of [
   });
 }
 
+// Cesium lands a flight even when the user grabs the globe mid-flight, so the
+// motion queued behind it must not then take the camera back.
+for (const motion of [
+  { motion: 'orbit' },
+  { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 },
+]) {
+  test(`${motion.motion} queued behind a fly-to is dropped when the user drags mid-flight`, async () => {
+    const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+    const canvasListeners = new Map();
+    viewer.scene.canvas.addEventListener = (type, listener) => {
+      canvasListeners.set(type, listener);
+    };
+    const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+      viewer,
+      styleManager,
+      dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    });
+    assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+    const moved = runner('move_camera', motion);
+    canvasListeners.get('pointerdown')();
+    flights[0].complete();
+    const result = await moved;
+    assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+    assert.equal(result.motion, motion.motion);
+    assert.match(result.error, /moved the camera during the flight/);
+    assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+  });
+}
+
+test('a drag during the first of two chained fly-tos still drops the queued motion', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const canvasListeners = new Map();
+  viewer.scene.canvas.addEventListener = (type, listener) => {
+    canvasListeners.set(type, listener);
+  };
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  canvasListeners.get('touchstart')();
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+  flights.at(-1).complete();
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /moved the camera during the flight/);
+});
+
+test('input before a fly-to does not drop the motion queued behind it', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const canvasListeners = new Map();
+  viewer.scene.canvas.addEventListener = (type, listener) => {
+    canvasListeners.set(type, listener);
+  };
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  canvasListeners.get('wheel')();
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+  flights[0].complete();
+  assert.equal((await moved).ok, true);
+  interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup');
+});
+
 test('stop does not wait for a voice flight', async () => {
   const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
   const runner = createGevActionRunner({

From ae55963a0e5638b0aa2e2a90d7a66d8f10a40597 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quanticsoul4772 <71096528+quanticsoul4772@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Oct 2026 07:10:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 072/262] fix(tools): wrap whole-degree headings at 360 to 0

The query tools rounded courses, headings, bearings and azimuths with
Number(value.toFixed(0)) and no wrap, so a direction of 359.5 degrees or
more came back as 360: find_vessel with course 359.7 and heading 359.6
returned course_deg 360 and heading_deg 360.

Round them through the shared roundHeadingDegrees helper the layers and
UI already use (src/data/headingDegrees.js), which wraps into 0 to 359:
course_deg and heading_deg (vessels), course_deg (aircraft), bearing_deg
(transit), heading_deg (cameras), and rise_azimuth_deg and azimuth_deg
(satellites). Other rounding is unchanged.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md               |  5 ++++-
 src/tools/queries/aviation.js       |  3 ++-
 src/tools/queries/aviation.test.mjs | 13 +++++++++++++
 src/tools/queries/maritime.js       |  5 +++--
 src/tools/queries/maritime.test.mjs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/tools/queries/media.js          |  3 ++-
 src/tools/queries/media.test.mjs    | 14 ++++++++++++++
 src/tools/queries/mobility.js       |  3 ++-
 src/tools/queries/mobility.test.mjs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 src/tools/queries/space.js          |  5 +++--
 src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs    | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 11 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 35d81dd05..35db1b1bb 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -204,7 +204,10 @@ perimeters, terrain height, military installations and map features, plus a
 combined situation brief, military awareness around a point, the app's heads-up display caption, and a link that
 opens the app over an area. Tools reuse the layers' portable source factories, take a
 shared `area` argument (place name, bounding box, or point and radius) and cap
-lists at 25 rows by default. `aircraft_in_area` and `vessels_in_area` can also
+lists at 25 rows by default. Vessel `course_deg` and `heading_deg`, aircraft
+`course_deg`, transit `bearing_deg`, camera `heading_deg` and satellite
+`rise_azimuth_deg` and `azimuth_deg` are whole degrees from 0 to 359; a
+direction of 359.5° or more reads 0 rather than 360. `aircraft_in_area` and `vessels_in_area` can also
 count every match by a field (`group_by`: airline, read from the ICAO
 designator in the callsign, or operator, country or type for aircraft; type or
 destination for ships; the ten largest groups, then other and unknown counts;
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/aviation.js b/src/tools/queries/aviation.js
index 153e36e03..7c988c5ea 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/aviation.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/aviation.js
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   numericSummary,
   thinEvenly,
 } from '../results.js';
+import { roundHeadingDegrees } from '../../data/headingDegrees.js';
 
 const ICAO24_SCHEMA = Object.freeze({
   type: 'string',
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ function aircraftRow(record, from) {
     altitude_m: round(record.baroAltitudeM ?? record.ellipsoidAltitudeM, 0),
     on_ground: record.onGround === true,
     speed_mps: round(record.speedMps, 1),
-    course_deg: round(record.courseDeg, 0),
+    course_deg: roundHeadingDegrees(record.courseDeg),
     vertical_rate_mps: round(record.verticalRateMps, 1),
     type_code: record.typeCode || null,
     registration: record.registration || null,
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/aviation.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/aviation.test.mjs
index 484719790..59a928672 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/aviation.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/aviation.test.mjs
@@ -146,6 +146,19 @@ test('the military feed is used on request and reported when missing', async ()
   );
 });
 
+test('an aircraft course that rounds to 360 reads as 0', async () => {
+  const catalog = composeCatalog({
+    tools: coreTools,
+    services: {
+      aircraft: feed([
+        record('ddd444', 37.6, -122.3, { callsign: 'N360', courseDeg: 359.6 }),
+      ]),
+    },
+  });
+  const result = await catalog.call('find_aircraft', { callsign: 'N360' });
+  assert.equal(result.data.rows[0].course_deg, 0);
+});
+
 test('aircraft are found by exactly one identifier across feeds', async () => {
   const catalog = composeCatalog({
     tools: coreTools,
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/maritime.js b/src/tools/queries/maritime.js
index 5798a0936..0e9d80373 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/maritime.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/maritime.js
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import {
   numericSummary,
   thinEvenly,
 } from '../results.js';
+import { roundHeadingDegrees } from '../../data/headingDegrees.js';
 import { normalizeVesselType } from '../../data/vesselTypes.js';
 
 const MMSI_SCHEMA = Object.freeze({
@@ -57,8 +58,8 @@ function vesselRow(record, from) {
     lat: round(record.latitude, 5),
     lon: round(record.longitude, 5),
     speed_mps: round(record.speedMps, 1),
-    course_deg: round(record.courseDeg, 0),
-    heading_deg: round(record.headingDeg, 0),
+    course_deg: roundHeadingDegrees(record.courseDeg),
+    heading_deg: roundHeadingDegrees(record.headingDeg),
     observed_at: isoTime(record.observedAtMs),
     ...(from ? { distance_km: round(distanceKm(from, point), 1) } : {}),
   };
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/maritime.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/maritime.test.mjs
index d86bdf352..f89e6bce3 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/maritime.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/maritime.test.mjs
@@ -351,6 +351,25 @@ test('find_vessel answers carry normalized types and destinations', async () =>
   );
 });
 
+test('a vessel course or heading that rounds to 360 reads as 0', async () => {
+  const catalog = composeCatalog({
+    tools: coreTools,
+    services: {
+      vessels: vessels({
+        records: [
+          vessel('366000003', 37.78, -122.4, {
+            courseDeg: 359.7,
+            headingDeg: 359.6,
+          }),
+        ],
+      }),
+    },
+  });
+  const [row] = (await catalog.call('find_vessel', { mmsi: '366000003' })).data
+    .rows;
+  assert.deepEqual([row.course_deg, row.heading_deg], [0, 0]);
+});
+
 test('a destination with no letters counts as unknown', async () => {
   const catalog = composeCatalog({
     tools: coreTools,
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/media.js b/src/tools/queries/media.js
index a03e88bb4..d154619db 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/media.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/media.js
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   resolveArea,
 } from '../area.js';
 import { LIMIT_SCHEMA, capRows, countNoun, toBase64 } from '../results.js';
+import { roundHeadingDegrees } from '../../data/headingDegrees.js';
 
 const FRAME_TYPES = new Set(['image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'image/webp']);
 const MAX_FRAME_BYTES = 3 * 1024 * 1024;
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ export const findCctvCameras = defineTool({
         provider: text(camera.provider),
         lat: round(camera.lat, 6),
         lon: round(camera.lon, 6),
-        heading_deg: round(camera.headingDeg, 0),
+        heading_deg: roundHeadingDegrees(camera.headingDeg),
         feed_type: text(camera.feedType),
         credit: text(camera.credit),
         distance_km: round(distanceKm(center, camera), 2),
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/media.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/media.test.mjs
index 28c037a57..f690966c5 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/media.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/media.test.mjs
@@ -77,6 +77,20 @@ test('cameras in an area are listed nearest first', async () => {
   assert.equal(result.data.rows[1].credit, null);
 });
 
+test('a camera heading that rounds to 360 reads as 0', async () => {
+  const source = {
+    async getCatalog() {
+      return { sources: [{ ...cameras[0], headingDeg: 359.6 }] };
+    },
+  };
+  const catalog = composeCatalog({
+    tools: coreTools,
+    services: { cctv: source },
+  });
+  const result = await catalog.call('find_cctv_cameras', { area: downtown });
+  assert.equal(result.data.rows[0].heading_deg, 0);
+});
+
 test('a snapshot returns the frame as an image with its credit', async () => {
   const source = cctv();
   const catalog = composeCatalog({
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/mobility.js b/src/tools/queries/mobility.js
index 0a57ae3ae..c31f03863 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/mobility.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/mobility.js
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   resolveArea,
 } from '../area.js';
 import { LIMIT_SCHEMA, capRows, countNoun, isoTime } from '../results.js';
+import { roundHeadingDegrees } from '../../data/headingDegrees.js';
 
 const MAX_SYSTEMS = 3;
 
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ export const getTransitVehicles = defineTool({
         trip_id: vehicle.tripId ?? null,
         lat: vehicle.lat,
         lon: vehicle.lon,
-        bearing_deg: round(vehicle.bearing, 0),
+        bearing_deg: roundHeadingDegrees(vehicle.bearing),
         speed_mps: round(vehicle.speedMps, 1),
         status: vehicle.status ?? null,
         occupancy: vehicle.occupancy ?? null,
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/mobility.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/mobility.test.mjs
index 0ea882727..aaaa97bad 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/mobility.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/mobility.test.mjs
@@ -311,6 +311,23 @@ test('transit vehicles come from nearby feeds and can be limited to a route', as
   assert.equal(rapid.data.rows[0].id, 'v2');
 });
 
+test('a transit bearing that rounds to 360 reads as 0', async () => {
+  const north = [{ ...vehicles[0], bearing: 359.6 }];
+  const catalog = composeCatalog({
+    tools: coreTools,
+    services: {
+      transit: transit({
+        ok: true,
+        status: 200,
+        json: async () => ({ vehicles: north }),
+      }),
+      clock,
+    },
+  });
+  const result = await catalog.call('get_transit_vehicles', { area: downtown });
+  assert.equal(result.data.rows[0].bearing_deg, 0);
+});
+
 test('transit reports uncovered areas and unavailable feeds', async () => {
   const catalog = composeCatalog({
     tools: coreTools,
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/space.js b/src/tools/queries/space.js
index ef59c0be5..a589e801c 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/space.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/space.js
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { parseTleText, tleCatalogNumber } from '../../sources/tle.js';
 import { POINT_SCHEMA, resolvePoint } from '../area.js';
 import { defineTool, ToolError } from '../catalog.js';
 import { LIMIT_SCHEMA, capRows, countNoun, isoTime } from '../results.js';
+import { roundHeadingDegrees } from '../../data/headingDegrees.js';
 
 const text = (value) => (typeof value === 'string' && value ? value : null);
 
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ export const nextSatellitePass = defineTool({
           peak: isoTime(pass.maxElevMs),
           set: isoTime(pass.setMs),
           max_elevation_deg: round(pass.maxElevDeg, 1),
-          rise_azimuth_deg: round(pass.riseAzDeg, 0),
+          rise_azimuth_deg: roundHeadingDegrees(pass.riseAzDeg),
           rise_direction: compass(pass.riseAzDeg),
           visible: pass.visible,
         },
@@ -283,7 +284,7 @@ export const satellitesOverhead = defineTool({
                 name: entry.name,
                 norad: entry.norad,
                 elevation_deg: round(look.elevDeg, 1),
-                azimuth_deg: round(look.azDeg, 0),
+                azimuth_deg: roundHeadingDegrees(look.azDeg),
                 direction: compass(look.azDeg),
               },
             ]
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
index 0eb5ce346..0e44fe208 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
@@ -296,6 +296,24 @@ test('satellites overhead are those above the elevation, highest first', async (
   );
 });
 
+test('satellite azimuths that round to 360 read as 0', async () => {
+  const catalog = composeCatalog({
+    tools: coreTools,
+    services: { satellites: satellites(), clock: CLOCK },
+  });
+  // From these points the ISS rises at 359.7° and stands at 359.8° at CLOCK.
+  const pass = await catalog.call('next_satellite_pass', {
+    location: { lat: 10, lon: 30 },
+  });
+  assert.equal(pass.data.pass.rise_azimuth_deg, 0);
+  assert.equal(pass.data.pass.rise_direction, 'N');
+  const overhead = await catalog.call('satellites_overhead', {
+    location: { lat: 39.25, lon: 65.75 },
+  });
+  assert.equal(overhead.data.rows[0].name, 'ISS (ZARYA)');
+  assert.equal(overhead.data.rows[0].azimuth_deg, 0);
+});
+
 test('stale orbit and launch data are reported', async () => {
   const stale = {
     readGroup: async () => ({ ok: true, status: 200, text: TLE, stale: true }),

From 9e64d517adf3e6c8c538a92c1ba6736fd3a97483 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 20:05:34 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 073/262] Follow up voice tilt review: superseded flights,
 wait, globe range

- A motion waiting on a voice fly-to follows a later fly-to in the
  same reply that cancels it, within one deadline, instead of
  reporting that its flight did not arrive. A stale reply stops
  following.
- The wait is 15 s, down from 30 s: it holds the tool output, and on
  Gemini the later tools in the turn.
- Beyond 1,000 km of range a tilt happens in place instead of
  swinging thousands of km about the crosshair point.
- The tilt-nudge limits read the pivot pitch the motion starts from,
  including for a voice tilt from a tracked view, whose follow camera
  is released before it moves.
- move_camera's argument checks run before the flight wait, so a
  malformed call is refused at once.
- Tests: t.after cleanup in the fly-then-motion loop, the pitchDeg
  pin asserts the field before removing it, and the handoff-order
  pin follows the extracted argument checks.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md           |   2 +-
 src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs      |  11 ++-
 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs         |  32 +++++++
 src/cameraVerbs.js              | 165 +++++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs |   1 +
 src/voice/gevActions.js         |  38 ++++++--
 src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs   |  96 +++++++++++++++++--
 7 files changed, 266 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 5b3b88201..babe26a0b 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5372,7 +5372,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair (the tracked view excepted, which tilts in place), so the place stays centred and the heading is kept; pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit; a zoom in moves the camera along its view line and may take it below that height, as any zoom does, and the tilt then continues in place. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 30 s, so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, or the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered. Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit; a zoom in moves the camera along its view line and may take it below that height, as any zoom does, and the tilt then continues in place. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (following a later fly-to in the same reply that cancels it), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, or the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered. Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs b/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs
index 2c0d356b2..398c51c34 100644
--- a/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs
@@ -223,11 +223,20 @@ test('validated voice camera destinations share the UI navigation authority faca
     'move camera',
   );
   ordered(move, [
-    "if (!['orbit', 'pan', 'tilt', 'rotate', 'rotate_globe'].includes(motion))",
+    'if (argsError) return argsError;',
     'const start = () => {',
     /const preserveCameraFlight =\s*motion === 'orbit'/,
     'runNavigation(start, { preserveCameraFlight })',
   ], 'move validation before handoff');
+  const moveArgs = body(
+    cameraVerbs,
+    /export function moveCameraArgsError\(args = \{\}\) \{([\s\S]*?)\n\}/,
+    'move camera argument checks',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    moveArgs.includes("if (!['orbit', 'pan', 'tilt', 'rotate', 'rotate_globe'].includes(motion))"),
+    'unknown motions are refused before handoff',
+  );
 
   const route = body(
     cameraVerbs,
diff --git a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
index d70b07cbb..592098445 100644
--- a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
@@ -368,3 +368,35 @@ test('a zoom out during a far orbit never pulls the camera in', (t) => {
   h.tick();
   assert.ok(pivotRange(h) >= before - 1, `range fell to ${pivotRange(h)} m`);
 });
+
+test('from globe range a tilt happens in place', (t) => {
+  // A pivot 2,000 km out would swing the camera thousands of km.
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 2_000_000 });
+  const before = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(h.camera.positionWC);
+  assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 }).ok, true);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -45) < 0.5);
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(h.camera.positionWC, before) < 1e-3);
+});
+
+test('a regional tilt-up nudge at the pivot limit refuses honestly', (t) => {
+  // 20 km up at -7°, the pivot 186 km out sits at -5.3°: already at the limit.
+  harness(t, { height: 20000, pitch: -7 });
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up' });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /upper tilt limit/);
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+});
+
+test('a voice tilt from a tracked view judges its limit from the pivot it will use', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 20000, pitch: -7 });
+  h.viewer.trackedEntity = { id: 'tracked' };
+  // Voice releases the follow camera before the motion starts.
+  const release = (start) => {
+    h.viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
+    return start();
+  };
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up' }, release);
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /upper tilt limit/);
+});
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 7e94d0edf..1c12a9a74 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ const TILT_TO_DEG_S = 30;
  * range × sin|pitch|. It swings no lower than this; the rest tilts in place.
  */
 const TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M = 150;
+/**
+ * Beyond this range a pivot would swing the camera thousands of km about the
+ * crosshair point, so the tilt happens in place instead.
+ */
+const TILT_PIVOT_MAX_RANGE_M = 1_000_000;
 
 /* ── Route dolly: cinematic tuning ──────────────────────────────────────────
  * Every knob an owner may want to retune lives in this block. The shaping is
@@ -1322,11 +1327,15 @@ function tiltPivotPitchMax(range) {
 
 /**
  * Where a tilt starts. It swings about the ground under the crosshair so the
- * place stays centred; the follow camera owns a tracked view's frame.
+ * place stays centred. It tilts in place with no ground there, from globe
+ * range, or while an entity is tracked (the follow camera owns that frame;
+ * voice releases it before moving, so a voice tilt still pivots).
  */
-function tiltStartFrame(cam) {
-  const target = _viewer.trackedEntity ? null : _getTarget?.(_viewer);
-  const pivot = target ? tiltPivot(cam, target) : null;
+function tiltStartFrame(cam, { releasesTracking = false } = {}) {
+  const tracked = Boolean(_viewer.trackedEntity) && !releasesTracking;
+  const target = tracked ? null : _getTarget?.(_viewer);
+  let pivot = target ? tiltPivot(cam, target) : null;
+  if (pivot && pivot.range > TILT_PIVOT_MAX_RANGE_M) pivot = null;
   return { target, pivot, from: pivot ? pivot.pitch : cam.pitch };
 }
 
@@ -1542,6 +1551,83 @@ export function initCameraVerbs(
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * A tilt's angle: the one asked for, the default oblique view when a bare
+ * "tilt the camera" names neither angle nor direction, or null for a nudge.
+ */
+function requestedTiltPitch(args, direction) {
+  // Only a real number or numeric text: Number('') and Number(null) are 0,
+  // which would swing the camera to the horizon.
+  const raw = args.pitchDeg;
+  const requested =
+    typeof raw === 'number' || (typeof raw === 'string' && raw.trim() !== '')
+      ? Number(raw)
+      : NaN;
+  // The camera never looks above the horizon, so a positive angle can only
+  // mean the same angle below it ("tilt 45 degrees" sent as 45).
+  if (Number.isFinite(requested))
+    return Cesium.Math.clamp(
+      Cesium.Math.toRadians(-Math.abs(requested)),
+      PITCH_MIN,
+      PITCH_MAX,
+    );
+  return direction === null
+    ? Cesium.Math.toRadians(TILT_DEFAULT_PITCH_DEG)
+    : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Argument errors move_camera refuses whatever the camera is doing, so a
+ * caller holding a motion back behind a flight can refuse it before waiting.
+ * @param {Object} args
+ * @returns {Object|null} The refusal, or null when the arguments are usable.
+ */
+export function moveCameraArgsError(args = {}) {
+  const motion = String(args.motion || '').toLowerCase();
+  const direction = args.direction
+    ? String(args.direction).toLowerCase()
+    : null;
+  if (motion === 'stop') return null;
+  if (!['orbit', 'pan', 'tilt', 'rotate', 'rotate_globe'].includes(motion)) {
+    return {
+      ok: false,
+      action: 'move_camera',
+      error: `Unknown motion "${args.motion}" — use orbit, pan, tilt, rotate, rotate_globe, or stop.`,
+    };
+  }
+  if (
+    motion !== 'orbit' &&
+    motion !== 'rotate_globe' &&
+    (motion !== 'tilt' || requestedTiltPitch(args, direction) === null) &&
+    !['left', 'right', 'up', 'down'].includes(direction)
+  ) {
+    return {
+      ok: false,
+      action: 'move_camera',
+      error: `${motion} needs a direction (left/right${motion !== 'rotate' ? '/up/down' : ''}).`,
+    };
+  }
+  if (motion === 'rotate' && !['left', 'right'].includes(direction)) {
+    return {
+      ok: false,
+      action: 'move_camera',
+      error: 'rotate needs left or right.',
+    };
+  }
+  if (
+    motion === 'rotate_globe' &&
+    direction !== null &&
+    !['left', 'right'].includes(direction)
+  ) {
+    return {
+      ok: false,
+      action: 'move_camera',
+      error: 'rotate_globe needs left or right.',
+    };
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
 /**
  * move_camera implementation. Returns the house result shape; rejections are
  * plain-English `ok:false` errors.
@@ -1574,69 +1660,17 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
     };
     return typeof runNavigation === 'function' ? runNavigation(stop) : stop();
   }
-  if (!['orbit', 'pan', 'tilt', 'rotate', 'rotate_globe'].includes(motion)) {
-    return {
-      ok: false,
-      action: 'move_camera',
-      error: `Unknown motion "${args.motion}" — use orbit, pan, tilt, rotate, rotate_globe, or stop.`,
-    };
-  }
-  // Tilt to an angle: the one asked for, or a default oblique view when a
-  // bare "tilt the camera" names neither angle nor direction.
-  let tiltToPitch = null;
-  if (motion === 'tilt') {
-    // Only a real number or numeric text: Number('') and Number(null) are 0,
-    // which would swing the camera to the horizon.
-    const raw = args.pitchDeg;
-    const requested =
-      typeof raw === 'number' || (typeof raw === 'string' && raw.trim() !== '')
-        ? Number(raw)
-        : NaN;
-    // The camera never looks above the horizon, so a positive angle can only
-    // mean the same angle below it ("tilt 45 degrees" sent as 45).
-    if (Number.isFinite(requested))
-      tiltToPitch = Cesium.Math.clamp(
-        Cesium.Math.toRadians(-Math.abs(requested)),
-        PITCH_MIN,
-        PITCH_MAX,
-      );
-    else if (direction === null)
-      tiltToPitch = Cesium.Math.toRadians(TILT_DEFAULT_PITCH_DEG);
-  }
-  if (
-    motion !== 'orbit' &&
-    motion !== 'rotate_globe' &&
-    tiltToPitch === null &&
-    !['left', 'right', 'up', 'down'].includes(direction)
-  ) {
-    return {
-      ok: false,
-      action: 'move_camera',
-      error: `${motion} needs a direction (left/right${motion !== 'rotate' ? '/up/down' : ''}).`,
-    };
-  }
-  if (motion === 'rotate' && !['left', 'right'].includes(direction)) {
-    return {
-      ok: false,
-      action: 'move_camera',
-      error: 'rotate needs left or right.',
-    };
-  }
-  if (
-    motion === 'rotate_globe' &&
-    direction !== null &&
-    !['left', 'right'].includes(direction)
-  ) {
-    return {
-      ok: false,
-      action: 'move_camera',
-      error: 'rotate_globe needs left or right.',
-    };
-  }
+  const argsError = moveCameraArgsError(args);
+  if (argsError) return argsError;
+  const tiltToPitch =
+    motion === 'tilt' ? requestedTiltPitch(args, direction) : null;
+  // A managed (voice) navigation releases the follow camera before start(),
+  // so checks made now must judge from the frame start() will see.
+  const releasesTracking = typeof runNavigation === 'function';
   if (motion === 'tilt' && tiltToPitch !== null) {
     // Judge from the pitch the motion will start at: the pivot's, which at
     // regional range is a degree or two shallower than the camera's.
-    const { from } = tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera);
+    const { from } = tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera, { releasesTracking });
     if (Math.abs(tiltToPitch - from) < Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)) {
       return {
         ok: true,
@@ -1661,7 +1695,8 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
   } else if (motion === 'tilt') {
     // Honest limits: at the clamp a tilt is a no-op — say so instead of
     // reporting success and letting the model gaslight itself (field test).
-    const pitch = _viewer.camera.pitch;
+    // The clamp reads the pitch the motion starts from.
+    const pitch = tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera, { releasesTracking }).from;
     if (direction === 'up' && pitch >= PITCH_MAX - Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)) {
       return {
         ok: false,
diff --git a/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs b/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
index 9ca5262a4..60a37f73c 100644
--- a/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
+++ b/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
@@ -1018,6 +1018,7 @@ test('the voice TOOL SCHEMA matches the pinned contract — the mission mapping
   // the legacy camera fields to keep the pin.
   const camera = legacyTools.find((tool) => tool.name === 'move_camera')
     .parameters.properties;
+  assert.equal(camera.pitchDeg.type, 'number');
   delete camera.pitchDeg;
   camera.direction.description =
     'Required for pan/tilt/rotate; orbit/rotate_globe default right.';
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index 926876f6d..66199e277 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ import {
   interruptCameraMotion,
   adjustOrbitRange,
   manualCameraInputCount,
+  moveCameraArgsError,
 } from '../cameraVerbs.js';
 import * as defaultFloorServices from '../data/groundFloor.js';
 import { isPickedWorldPosition } from '../data/scenePick.js';
@@ -1198,8 +1199,26 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
         voiceFlight &&
         !voiceFlight.done
       ) {
-        const flight = voiceFlight;
-        const status = await waitForVoiceFlight(flight, runOptions.signal);
+        // Bad arguments are refused now, not after waiting on the flight.
+        const argsError = moveCameraArgsError(args);
+        if (argsError) return argsError;
+        const deadline = Date.now() + VOICE_FLIGHT_WAIT_MS;
+        let flight = voiceFlight;
+        let status = await waitForVoiceFlight(
+          flight,
+          runOptions.signal,
+          deadline,
+        );
+        // A later fly-to in the same reply cancels this one: follow it to
+        // where the camera lands, within the same deadline.
+        while (status === 'cancelled' && voiceFlight !== flight && current()) {
+          flight = voiceFlight;
+          status = await waitForVoiceFlight(
+            flight,
+            runOptions.signal,
+            deadline,
+          );
+        }
         if (!current())
           return { ok: false, action: 'move_camera', cancelled: true };
         if (status !== 'arrived')
@@ -2759,8 +2778,12 @@ function trackVoiceFlight(inputCount = manualCameraInputCount()) {
   return flight;
 }
 
-/** Longest a motion waits for a flight (geocode plus flight) before giving up. */
-const VOICE_FLIGHT_WAIT_MS = 30_000;
+/**
+ * Longest a motion waits for its flight (geocode plus flight, which is about
+ * 2 s) before giving up. The wait also holds the tool output, and on Gemini
+ * the later tools in the turn.
+ */
+const VOICE_FLIGHT_WAIT_MS = 15_000;
 
 /**
  * Motions that act on the place the camera ends up at, so one sent beside a
@@ -2775,7 +2798,7 @@ const VOICE_FLIGHT_WAITING_MOTIONS = new Set([
 ]);
 
 /** Wait for a voice flight to end; 'timeout' or 'aborted' if it does not. */
-function waitForVoiceFlight(flight, signal) {
+function waitForVoiceFlight(flight, signal, deadline) {
   if (signal?.aborted) return Promise.resolve('aborted');
   return new Promise((resolve) => {
     const finish = (status) => {
@@ -2784,7 +2807,10 @@ function waitForVoiceFlight(flight, signal) {
       resolve(status);
     };
     const onAbort = () => finish('aborted');
-    const timer = setTimeout(() => finish('timeout'), VOICE_FLIGHT_WAIT_MS);
+    const timer = setTimeout(
+      () => finish('timeout'),
+      Math.max(0, deadline - Date.now()),
+    );
     signal?.addEventListener?.('abort', onAbort, { once: true });
     flight.ended.then(finish);
   });
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index e4bffb26b..08af6b288 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -347,7 +347,8 @@ for (const motion of [
   { motion: 'pan', direction: 'left' },
   { motion: 'rotate', direction: 'right' },
 ]) {
-  test(`${motion.motion} in the same reply as a fly-to waits for the flight to land`, async () => {
+  test(`${motion.motion} in the same reply as a fly-to waits for the flight to land`, async (t) => {
+    t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
     const { viewer, styleManager, order, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
     const runner = createGevActionRunner({
       viewer,
@@ -368,10 +369,10 @@ for (const motion of [
     const result = await moved;
     assert.equal(result.ok, true);
     assert.equal(result.motion, motion.motion);
-    interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup');
   });
 
-  test(`${motion.motion} waits through a geocoded fly-to search, then for its flight`, async () => {
+  test(`${motion.motion} waits through a geocoded fly-to search, then for its flight`, async (t) => {
+    t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
     const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
     let finishSearch;
     let landFlight;
@@ -399,7 +400,6 @@ for (const motion of [
     landFlight();
     assert.equal((await moved).ok, true);
     assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion()?.kind, motion.motion);
-    interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup');
   });
 
   test(`${motion.motion} waiting on a flight that never lands is not run`, async () => {
@@ -470,7 +470,8 @@ test('a drag during the first of two chained fly-tos still drops the queued moti
   assert.match(result.error, /moved the camera during the flight/);
 });
 
-test('input before a fly-to does not drop the motion queued behind it', async () => {
+test('input before a fly-to does not drop the motion queued behind it', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
   const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
   const canvasListeners = new Map();
   viewer.scene.canvas.addEventListener = (type, listener) => {
@@ -486,7 +487,90 @@ test('input before a fly-to does not drop the motion queued behind it', async ()
   const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
   flights[0].complete();
   assert.equal((await moved).ok, true);
-  interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup');
+});
+
+test('a motion follows a later fly-to in the same reply that cancels its flight', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+  const movedDone = settledYet(moved);
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  // The second flight supersedes the first, as Cesium's flyTo does.
+  flights[0].cancel();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal(movedDone(), false, 'the orbit must wait for the second flight');
+  flights[1].complete();
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.motion, 'orbit');
+});
+
+test('a stale motion does not follow a newer reply\'s fly-to', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  let live = true;
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' }, { isCurrent: () => live });
+  // A newer reply takes over and flies elsewhere; this reply is stale.
+  live = false;
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  flights[0].cancel();
+  // The newer flight never lands here: following it would hold this answer.
+  const result = await Promise.race([
+    moved,
+    new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(() => resolve('still waiting'), 50)),
+  ]);
+  assert.notEqual(result, 'still waiting');
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.equal(result.cancelled, true);
+});
+
+test('a motion gives up on a flight that has not landed in 15 s', async (t) => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout', 'Date'] });
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+  const movedDone = settledYet(moved);
+  await Promise.resolve();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(14_999);
+  await Promise.resolve();
+  assert.equal(movedDone(), false);
+  t.mock.timers.tick(1);
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /did not arrive/);
+});
+
+test('bad move_camera arguments are refused without waiting for a flight', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'pan' });
+  const movedDone = settledYet(moved);
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal(movedDone(), true, 'the refusal must not wait on the flight');
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /needs a direction/);
 });
 
 test('stop does not wait for a voice flight', async () => {

From d1ed2e8e6f14d0c6e23c4b9f51949621d498dad6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quanticsoul4772 <71096528+quanticsoul4772@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 06:49:55 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 074/262] changelog: tool headings wrap at 360 (#1524)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md b/changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3aefce6c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- The agent and voice query tools report a direction of 359.5° or more as 0
+  instead of 360: vessel course and heading, aircraft course, transit bearing,
+  camera heading and satellite azimuths now round through the shared heading
+  helper the layers use (@quanticsoul4772, #1524).

From ccd83c5fa2ffdd9ad4f0564c4ec95976330d6109 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quanticsoul4772 <71096528+quanticsoul4772@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 07:00:27 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 075/262] docs(tools): say heading values wrap into 0-359, not
 that 359.5 and up read 0

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md | 8 ++++----
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md b/changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md
index 3aefce6c5..2a630f600 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-- The agent and voice query tools report a direction of 359.5° or more as 0
-  instead of 360: vessel course and heading, aircraft course, transit bearing,
-  camera heading and satellite azimuths now round through the shared heading
-  helper the layers use (@quanticsoul4772, #1524).
+- The agent and voice query tools report a direction that rounds to 360 as 0:
+  vessel course and heading, aircraft course, transit bearing, camera heading
+  and satellite azimuths now round through the shared heading helper the
+  layers use, which wraps into 0–359 (@quanticsoul4772, #1524).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 35db1b1bb..ecbdf5e0f 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ shared `area` argument (place name, bounding box, or point and radius) and cap
 lists at 25 rows by default. Vessel `course_deg` and `heading_deg`, aircraft
 `course_deg`, transit `bearing_deg`, camera `heading_deg` and satellite
 `rise_azimuth_deg` and `azimuth_deg` are whole degrees from 0 to 359; a
-direction of 359.5° or more reads 0 rather than 360. `aircraft_in_area` and `vessels_in_area` can also
+direction that rounds to 360 reads 0, and larger or negative values wrap. `aircraft_in_area` and `vessels_in_area` can also
 count every match by a field (`group_by`: airline, read from the ICAO
 designator in the callsign, or operator, country or type for aircraft; type or
 destination for ships; the ten largest groups, then other and unknown counts;

From db8afbae812638ff8138aca13c1ca994b7f01db3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Said Turksever <asturksever@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 15:31:08 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 076/262] =?UTF-8?q?fix(cctv):=20key-gate=20Ottawa,=20opt-i?=
 =?UTF-8?q?n=20Qu=C3=A9bec=20video,=20keep=20shared=20slots?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Review fixes for #1506.

- Ottawa: use the documented camera list and the city's Traffic Camera
  Images API. The pack is skipped with no request unless
  OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE is set; the certificate is added only at
  fetch time inside the pinned /opendata/ path, and each camera is
  fetched at most once a minute through the shared frame cache.
- Québec 511 video is opt-in (CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED=1) and loads
  only after the viewer presses Play; selection, auto-hop, scenes and
  voice no longer contact Québec 511. Credit splits locations (MTQ,
  CC BY 4.0) from video (Québec 511). Interrupted play() is no longer
  reported as an unavailable source; the per-frame listener runs only
  while a Québec camera is selected and the canvas rect is cached.
- Catalog cap: reserved Québec and World slots come only from capacity
  above the 4,000 shared slots, so a lower CCTV_MAX_SOURCES thins every
  pack instead of starving the existing ones. dev-fresh and
  .env.example default to 7,516.
- Throttled frames (World, Ottawa): inside the refresh floor with no
  cached frame the proxy serves the placeholder, never Street View; a
  failed fetch backs off for a minute; the cache is bounded by bytes.
- MJPEG first-frame extraction runs only for sources registered as
  MJPEG (Taiwan Highway Bureau), caps a frame at 2 MB, reads in linear
  time, accepts a CRLF preamble and a boundary that already starts with
  "--", and ends a part without Content-Length at the next delimiter.
  THB hosts are registered in the redirect pin list.
- Tests: World loader policy, Québec loader and opt-in, proxy cooldown
  without Street View, Ottawa signing, cap reservations at 7,516, 4,000
  and 48, overlay Play gate, refresh, visibility and teardown. Guard
  tests check the 4,000 shared slots again.
- Remove the unused standalone Québec preview module and public page.
- Docs: DATA_SOURCES, SECURITY, CURRENT-STATE, CCTV_INTEGRATION, README,
  .env.example, changelog fragment renamed to its full scope.
---
 .env.example                                  |   8 +-
 DATA_SOURCES.md                               |   4 +-
 README.md                                     |   2 +-
 SECURITY.md                                   |   3 +-
 .../1506-cctv-taiwan-quebec-ottawa-world.md   |   8 +
 .../1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md      |   6 -
 docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md                      |  15 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  53 ++-
 public/quebec511-camera-preview.html          | 151 ---------
 scripts/dev-fresh.sh                          |   2 +-
 server/providers/cctv.js                      | 111 ++++--
 server/providers/cctv/cap.js                  |  26 +-
 server/providers/cctv/constants.js            |  39 ++-
 server/providers/cctv/media.js                | 242 ++++++++-----
 server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js               | 104 ++++--
 server/providers/cctv/quebec.js               |  19 +-
 server/providers/cctv/taiwan.js               |  18 +-
 src/data/cctvCalgary.test.mjs                 |   6 +-
 src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs              |  65 ++++
 src/data/cctvDriveBcSource.test.mjs           |   9 +-
 src/data/cctvHk.test.mjs                      |   8 +-
 src/data/cctvNyc.test.mjs                     |   6 +-
 src/data/cctvOttawa.test.mjs                  | 119 +++++--
 src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs                   |  77 ++++-
 src/data/cctvToronto.test.mjs                 |   6 +-
 src/data/cctvWorldQuebec.test.mjs             | 306 +++++++++++++++++
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                      |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                      |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                      |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                      |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                      |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                      |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                      |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                      |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                      |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                   |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json                 |   5 +-
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json                 |  44 +--
 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.css        | 114 -------
 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.js         | 319 ------------------
 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.test.mjs   | 136 --------
 src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js                   | 149 ++++++--
 src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.test.mjs             | 207 +++++++++---
 43 files changed, 1327 insertions(+), 1110 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1506-cctv-taiwan-quebec-ottawa-world.md
 delete mode 100644 changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md
 delete mode 100644 public/quebec511-camera-preview.html
 create mode 100644 src/data/cctvWorldQuebec.test.mjs
 delete mode 100644 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.css
 delete mode 100644 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.js
 delete mode 100644 src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.test.mjs

diff --git a/.env.example b/.env.example
index c9700c5be..c73df7291 100644
--- a/.env.example
+++ b/.env.example
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ AISSTREAM_API_KEY=
 # CCTV_TFL_MAX_SOURCES=250                             # cap cameras loaded from TfL
 # CCTV_ONTARIO_ENABLED=1                               # set 0 to disable Ontario 511 cameras
 # ONTARIO_511_API_KEY=                                 # free developer key: sign up at 511on.ca/my511/register, then request it at 511on.ca/developers/doc
+# OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE=                           # City of Ottawa Traffic Camera Images API certificate (free; request it via the form on traffic.ottawa.ca 'About the data'); without it the Ottawa pack is skipped
 # CCTV_ONTARIO_MAX_SOURCES=1000                        # cap cameras loaded from Ontario 511
 # CCTV_FINTRAFFIC_ENABLED=1                            # set 0 to drop the Fintraffic (Finland) pack
 # CCTV_FINTRAFFIC_MAX_SOURCES=300                      # cap cameras loaded from the Fintraffic catalog
@@ -258,7 +259,12 @@ AISSTREAM_API_KEY=
 # CCTV_TAIWAN_URL=                                     # override the Freeway Bureau MOTC 2.0 CCTV.xml URL
 # CCTV_A22_ENABLED=1                                   # set 0 to disable the Autostrada del Brennero (A22, Italy) webcams
 # CCTV_A22_URL=                                        # override the Open Data Hub A22 webcam catalog URL
-# CCTV_MAX_SOURCES=4000                                # catalog-wide ceiling, shared round-robin across packs
+# CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=1                                # set 0 to skip City of Ottawa cameras (also needs OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE)
+# CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES=250                          # cap Ottawa cameras (8-500, nearest downtown first)
+# CCTV_QUEBEC_ENABLED=1                                # set 0 to skip the Québec camera locations (MTQ, Montréal, scenic links)
+# CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED=                           # off by default; set 1 to let viewers play Québec 511 clips in their browser after pressing Play (511 terms of use unconfirmed; see DATA_SOURCES.md)
+# CCTV_WORLD_CAMERAS_ENABLED=1                         # set 0 to skip the Iceland, Oregon and MLIT (Japan) still cameras
+# CCTV_MAX_SOURCES=7516                                # catalog-wide ceiling: 4,000 slots shared round-robin, the rest reserved for Québec and World
 # CCTV_PREFER_AUSTIN=1                                 # prioritize Austin cameras in the registry
 # CCTV_FORCE_AUSTIN=                                   # force live default sources when a source-pack JSON is configured
 
diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index d1ec14392..166eb54f7 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 
 - **Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo (Lithuania).** Public road-camera catalogs and periodically updated still images from [Eismoinfo](https://eismoinfo.lt/), credited to Via Lietuva / eismoinfo.lt in the app. **Off by default.** The camera endpoints are the eismoinfo.lt website backend and are not among the services listed in Via Lietuva's [open-data statement](https://eismoinfo.lt/eismoinfo-backend/content?id=44), whose conditions are attribution and reuse on the same terms. Until the statement is confirmed to cover the camera photos, the pack loads only when an operator sets `CCTV_LITHUANIA_ENABLED=1`; with the flag unset, empty or any other value, the server makes no request to Eismoinfo. `eismoinfo-backend/camera-info-table` is joined by ID to `layer-static-features/VKR`. Without `lks=true`, the latter returns WGS84 `[latitude, longitude]`; the table's `x/y` instead use LKS-94 metres. Only the official HTTPS `/eismoinfo-backend/image-provider/camera/last?id=…` image endpoint is registered. Catalogs use the shared 15-minute cache; frames are fetched on demand and never bundled or archived. These are periodic snapshots, not continuous video. Camera headings are low-confidence estimates. No API key is required. `CCTV_LITHUANIA_MAX_SOURCES` defaults to 400.
 - **Freeway Bureau and Highway Bureau, MOTC (Taiwan).** National freeway cameras use the Freeway Bureau’s keyless [MOTC 2.0 CCTV table](https://tisvcloud.freeway.gov.tw/history/motc20/CCTV.xml), refreshed daily and fetched at runtime (never bundled). Freeway Bureau data follows the [Open Government Data License, Taiwan v1.0](https://data.gov.tw/license); the app credits the Bureau, names the dataset and links the licence. If that catalog is unreachable and no last-good source list exists, the app falls back to the Highway Bureau’s free [provincial-road CCTV XML feed](https://thbapp.thb.gov.tw/opendata/), with attribution as requested by the Bureau. Its MJPEG streams are accepted only from cctv-ss01 through cctv-ss08.thb.gov.tw over HTTPS; the frame proxy extracts one bounded JPEG per request. This fallback covers provincial roads, not national freeways. Neither feed requires an API key. CCTV_TAIWAN_ENABLED=0 disables both; CCTV_TAIWAN_MAX_SOURCES defaults to 600 (bounded to 1–2000).
-- **Québec CCTV (MTQ / Québec 511, Montréal and scenic links).** `public/quebec-cameras.json` contains 680 MTQ positions from the official georeferenced WFS (CC BY 4.0), 426 Montréal camera locations derived from OSM (ODbL 1.0), and 14 scenic records with per-row provenance and accuracy. The 680 MTQ cameras play the operator's five-second MP4 clip directly in the browser from `www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=<id>&format=mp4`; Québec 511 refreshes those clips every few minutes. A second browser request supplies an approximate map still. The app does not proxy, store, or read video pixels, and no camera images are bundled. Montréal and scenic entries have provider-page links rather than direct frame URLs; their source-page terms apply. The video remains hosted by Québec 511 under its service terms. No API key is required; `CCTV_QUEBEC_ENABLED=0` disables the pack.
+- **Québec CCTV (MTQ / Québec 511, Montréal and scenic links).** `public/quebec-cameras.json` contains 680 MTQ positions from the official georeferenced WFS (CC BY 4.0), 426 Montréal camera locations derived from OSM (ODbL 1.0), and 14 scenic records with per-row provenance and accuracy. The MTQ video is **opt-in** (`CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED=1`): the CC BY 4.0 licence covers the camera locations only, and Québec 511's terms for embedding its clips on another site are unconfirmed, so by default MTQ cameras link to the Québec 511 viewer page instead. With the flag set, the 680 MTQ cameras play the operator's five-second MP4 clip directly in the viewer's browser from `www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=<id>&format=mp4`, only after the viewer presses Play, so Québec 511 sees the viewer's IP address; Québec 511 refreshes those clips every few minutes. A second browser request supplies an approximate map still. The app does not proxy, store, or read video pixels, and no camera images are bundled. The selected-camera credit names both sources: locations MTQ under CC BY 4.0, video Québec 511. Montréal and scenic entries have provider-page links rather than direct frame URLs; their source-page terms apply. The video remains hosted by Québec 511 under its service terms. No API key is required; `CCTV_QUEBEC_ENABLED=0` disables the pack. Confirm Québec 511's terms of use before setting `CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED=1` on a public deployment.
 
 - **Google Maps Platform.** You supply your own API key and are bound by [Google's ToS](https://cloud.google.com/maps-platform/terms). Google Maps Content (tiles, geocodes, places) **may not be cached, stored, rehosted, or committed** — this app only ever uses it live, which is the compliant pattern. The "Google" attribution is displayed on the globe and must stay visible. Restrict your key (see [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md)).
 - **OpenSky Network.** Its license is **non-commercial**, and operational use of the REST API in a live product can require a prior written agreement with OpenSky — even for non-profit/government use. If you deploy this commercially, contact OpenSky for your own terms. The flights layer is a toggle and runs anonymously by default.
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 - **DelDOT live video cameras.** The keyless `tmc.deldot.gov/json/videocamera.json` catalog supplies active cameras and official `https://video.deldot.gov/live/…/playlist.m3u8` links. The local server transiently buffers bounded MPEG-TS segments in memory and deletes them on session release or idle expiry. No recordings are retained. `CCTV_DELDOT_ENABLED=0` disables the pack. Public availability is not a blanket redistribution license; deployment beyond personal local viewing needs confirmation of applicable DelDOT terms.
 - **Fintraffic weathercams.** The camera list is one keyless GeoJSON request to `tie.digitraffic.fi/api/weathercam/v1/stations` (809 stations / 2,275 presets), sent with the `Digitraffic-User: gods-eye-view` header the service asks clients to identify themselves with and with gzip; frames are stills on `weathercam.digitraffic.fi`, refreshed on each station's 600 s collection interval, which is also the client's ambient-still refresh cadence for this pack (the active camera keeps the usual 10-second refresh). One preset (a fixed camera view) is one camera; stations not `GATHERING` and presets not `inCollection` are dropped. Attribution is required by the CC BY 4.0 licence and is registered in the Data attribution popover. `CCTV_FINTRAFFIC_ENABLED=0` is the kill switch.
 - **DriveBC highway cameras.** The camera list comes from the keyless `https://www.drivebc.ca/api/webcams/` endpoint served by the DriveBC.ca site ([bcgov/DriveBC.ca](https://github.com/bcgov/DriveBC.ca)); frames come from `https://www.drivebc.ca/images/<id>.jpg`, built from the numeric camera id. DataBC's [DriveBC HighwayCams](https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/bc-highwaycams) catalogue entry publishes the same cameras under the Open Government Licence – British Columbia, but its CSV still lists the retired `images.drivebc.ca` frame URLs, which now return a placeholder. The licence's attribution statement is required and is registered in the Data attribution popover. By default the 250 cameras nearest Vancouver and Victoria load; `CCTV_DRIVEBC_MAX_SOURCES` changes the cap and `CCTV_DRIVEBC_ENABLED=0` turns the pack off. Some cameras in the feed are supplied by partners (TransLink, the City of Vancouver, the City of Surrey, Parks Canada / Alberta Motor Association and others); the feed's per-camera credit is carried onto the camera record and shown beside the provider in the CCTV panel.
-- **City of Ottawa traffic cameras.** The keyless `traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera_list` JSON supplies an id, coordinates, an English/French description and a type; frames are city-served JPEG stills built from the id at `traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=<id>`, and only that directory is pinned. MTO cameras carried on the city feed keep their owner as a per-camera credit. The feed publishes no bearing, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence, and no status field, so a camera the city takes offline still registers. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored. The city publishes no explicit reuse licence for this feed; deployment beyond personal local viewing needs confirmation of applicable terms. `CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES` caps the pack (default 250, nearest downtown) and `CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=0` turns it off.
+- **City of Ottawa traffic cameras.** Camera images come from the city's [Traffic Camera Images API](https://traffic.ottawa.ca/en/traffic-map-data-lists-and-resources/about-the-data), which requires an access certificate requested through the city's registration form and allows one certificate and user id to fetch a camera at most once every 60 seconds. Set `OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE`; without it the pack is skipped and makes no request. The camera list is the documented keyless `traffic.ottawa.ca/map/service/camera` JSON (camera number, English and French names, coordinates, owner). Frames are `traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=<number>`; the server adds the certificate and the user id `gev` at fetch time, so no catalog response carries the key, and serves each camera from one shared in-memory frame per minute. MTO cameras carried on the city feed keep their owner as a per-camera credit. The feed publishes no bearing, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence, and no status field, so a camera the city takes offline still registers. Frames are never stored on disk. The city states no redistribution licence for the images; the certificate request asks how they will be used, so describe the deployment there. `CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES` caps the pack (default 250, nearest downtown) and `CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=0` turns it off.
 - **World cams image subset.** The normal CCTV catalog adds 166 Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration cameras, 1,176 Oregon TripCheck stills, and 1,054 MLIT river cameras from the curated `config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` export; disable it with `CCTV_WORLD_CAMERAS_ENABLED=0`. The server validates and pins each image URL to its provider path. [Vegagerðin's data-service licence](https://www.vegagerdin.is/vegagerdin/gagnasafn/vefthjonustur/terms-and-conditions) permits reuse with attribution but excludes third-party rights; [ODOT allows TripCheck image use and requests credit](https://www.tripcheck.com/Pages/Frequently-Asked-Questions); MLIT's [site terms](https://www.river.go.jp/kawabou/kwb_apend/html/caution.html) are CC BY-compatible with attribution and warn against high-volume/periodic collection, so those frames refresh at ten minutes per camera. Images are not bundled or persisted; a bounded 32 MB in-memory cache reuses them until the per-source cadence. The 249 NZTA Journey Planner rows are excluded because its [website terms prohibit scraping](https://www.journeys.nzta.govt.nz/about-this-site/terms-of-use); use an authorized API feed or obtain permission before adding those rows.
 - **TxDOT ITS cameras.** The catalog comes from the keyless `its.txdot.gov/its/DistrictIts/GetCctvStatusListByDistrict` endpoint, one call per district. Frames come from the per-camera `GetCctvSnapshotByIcdId` endpoint, which answers JSON carrying a base64 JPEG rather than an image body; the proxy decodes it only for responses from the official TxDOT origin and validates the JPEG header before serving. Only cameras reporting `Device Online` are registered. Districts default to Austin and San Antonio (`CCTV_TXDOT_DISTRICTS`; 25 codes exist statewide); `CCTV_TXDOT_MAX_SOURCES` caps the pack and `CCTV_TXDOT_ENABLED=0` turns it off. Frames are fetched live at request time and are never stored or redistributed.
 - **Tallinn ristmikud.** Intersection camera stills are fetched live from `ristmikud.tallinn.ee` (`/last/camNNN.jpg`). The curated catalog (`config/cctv_sources.tallinn.json`) supplies coordinates and heading priors; only server-registered ristmikud HTTPS URLs are proxied. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. Disable with `CCTV_TALLINN_ENABLED=0`.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index db284186e..2ee204f21 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ Twenty layers and map sources. **Eighteen have a keyless path.** Some offer addi
 | 🌍 **Earthquakes**          | Global seismic activity, last 24h                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | USGS                                    | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | ◍ **Air quality**           | Live AQHI on the published 1–10+ health-risk scale, with a Weather-panel card showing the band legend and the highest readings in view. **Canada only** — ECCC is the first registered provider | ECCC MSC GeoMet                          | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🚗 **Traffic**              | Simulated vehicles on OSM roads. With TomTom, live flow speeds drive the simulation and congestion colors below ~8 km; individual vehicle positions are not live observations                                                                                                                                                                                                       | TomTom + OSM                            | 🟢 simulation · 🟡 live flow speeds                                                                 |
-| 📹 **CCTV Mesh**            | ~7,516 camera locations (4,000 shared slots + 1,120 Québec + 2,396 World image feeds) projected _into_ the 3D space — Austin · Texas (TxDOT) · California (Caltrans) · London (TfL) · Ontario (511, free developer key) · Finland (Fintraffic) · British Columbia (DriveBC) · Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) · Delaware (DelDOT live video) · New South Wales (Live Traffic NSW) · Calgary · Norway (Statens vegvesen) · Toronto · King County (WA) · Washington (WSDOT) · Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) · Hong Kong (Transport Department) · Taiwan (Freeway Bureau, MOTC) · Québec (MTQ browser MP4, Montréal locations, regional webcams) · Iceland (Vegagerðin) · Oregon (TripCheck) · Japan (MLIT river cameras) · Italy (A22 Brennero motorway), plus opt-in New York City (NYC DOT TMC, needs your own NYC DOT agreement), opt-in Lithuania (Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo, photo licence unconfirmed) and opt-in Florida (FL511, individual personal use only; other use needs FDOT's written consent). Positions are published or attributed; poses are estimated priors **you calibrate by dragging a gizmo on the camera itself** | City APIs                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
+| 📹 **CCTV Mesh**            | up to 7,516 camera locations (4,000 shared round-robin slots, plus room for 1,120 Québec and 2,396 World image cameras) projected _into_ the 3D space — Austin · Texas (TxDOT) · California (Caltrans) · London (TfL) · Ontario (511, free developer key) · Ottawa (City of Ottawa, free access certificate) · Finland (Fintraffic) · British Columbia (DriveBC) · Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) · Delaware (DelDOT live video) · New South Wales (Live Traffic NSW) · Calgary · Norway (Statens vegvesen) · Toronto · King County (WA) · Washington (WSDOT) · Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) · Hong Kong (Transport Department) · Taiwan (Freeway Bureau, MOTC) · Québec (MTQ locations with Québec 511 links, Montréal locations, regional webcams) · Iceland (Vegagerðin) · Oregon (TripCheck) · Japan (MLIT river cameras) · Italy (A22 Brennero motorway), plus opt-in New York City (NYC DOT TMC, needs your own NYC DOT agreement), opt-in Lithuania (Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo, photo licence unconfirmed), opt-in Québec 511 in-browser video (embedding terms unconfirmed) and opt-in Florida (FL511, individual personal use only; other use needs FDOT's written consent). Positions are published or attributed; poses are estimated priors **you calibrate by dragging a gizmo on the camera itself** | City APIs                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 📷 **Mapped ALPR Cameras**  | License-plate-reader camera locations tagged by OpenStreetMap contributors, loaded one city-sized view at a time, with **SHOW NEAREST**. Locations and tags only: no plate data, no video                                                                                                                                                                                           | OpenStreetMap (incl. DeFlock mapping)   | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 📷 **Street Level**         | Street-level photos behind one panel, one chip per provider: coverage on the streets, image cones, an embedded viewer with full-screen **EXPAND**. Mapillary, Google Street View, KartaView and Panoramax | Mapillary · Google · KartaView · Panoramax | 🟢 KartaView, Panoramax · 🟡 Mapillary token · 🔴 Google Maps key |
 | 📻 **Radio**                | Geolocated world radio with an **analog tuner** — drag the needle across up to 750 stations and the globe flies to each broadcaster                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | Radio Browser / broadcasters            | 🟢                                                                                                  |
diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
index 4423eead3..cea57c3fb 100644
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -71,10 +71,11 @@ The data proxies under `server/providers/` are written so the browser cannot tur
 - **No arbitrary-URL fetching.** The CCTV frame proxy fetches only server-registered camera/frame URLs — clients cannot pass an upstream URL to fetch (SSRF mitigation). Other proxies target fixed upstream hosts.
 - **Live HLS is bounded and origin-pinned.** Registered HTTP(S) HLS sources use a Node puller that rejects redirects and off-origin playlist references, bounds playlists and segment bodies while streaming, and aborts timed-out or released sessions. At most two sessions retain 12 segments/24 MiB each, plus bounded download buffers. Stores are memory-only and idle sessions expire after 15 seconds. RTMP/ffmpeg execution is not enabled. Locally configured source URLs remain an operator trust boundary.
 - **Radio is not an audio relay.** `/api/radio/stations` contacts only allowlisted Radio Browser HTTPS hosts and paths, rejects redirects, rejects any hostname with a loopback/private/link-local/metadata/non-public A or AAAA result, and pins each TLS connection to a validated address. It returns normalized public HTTPS stream URLs; `/api/radio/click/:uuid` applies the same destination policy and accepts only station IDs from the current bounded catalog. The browser then connects directly to the broadcaster after an explicit playback action, so the broadcaster sees the listener's IP address. GEV never proxies, caches, records, or redistributes audio.
+- **Québec 511 video plays in the browser, opt-in and after Play.** With `CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED=1`, `/api/cctv/sources` lists, for each MTQ camera, one URL built server-side from its numeric id on `https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx`; the overlay accepts no other host, path or format. The browser loads that clip only after the viewer presses Play for the selected camera, so Québec 511 sees the viewer's IP address, and the panel says so before Play. Selecting a camera by click, auto-hop, a scene or voice never loads it, and switching cameras stops playback. GEV never proxies, caches or reads the video's pixels. With the flag unset (the default) the browser makes no request to Québec 511.
 - **No verbatim client headers upstream.** The CCTV media route is the one route that relays a request header (`Range`, for video seeking). It is parsed and canonicalized before it is forwarded: one `bytes=` range only, with every accepted form — explicit span, open-ended and suffix — bounded to the same 64 MiB ceiling the relay applies to a declared response body. Multi-range, malformed, inverted and non-`bytes` values are dropped and the request proceeds without a `Range`, as RFC 7233 §3.1 prescribes. Bounding the request bounds what is asked for: a response that declares no length — live streamed media, or a chunked body from an upstream that ignores the `Range` — has no ceiling. An upstream request the browser has stopped waiting for is cancelled rather than left running, whether the viewer leaves before the headers arrive or during the body.
 - **Transit fetches registered feeds only.** `/api/transit/vehicles/<id>` resolves the id against `src/data/transitFeeds.js`; the browser never supplies a URL, and a feed that is registered but disabled does not resolve at all. Redirects are followed manually and each hop is validated against the feed's own https origin before it is requested, so an off-origin or downgraded hop is refused rather than contacted. Bodies are capped at 8 MB, the protobuf is decoded server-side under entity-count and string-length ceilings, a differential feed is refused, and snapshots live 15 s in memory with no disk cache. A per-feed admission limiter and a failure cooldown ladder bound what this process can ask of any operator.
 - **Local receiver feeds are operator-configured and local-only.** `/api/local-receivers/aircraft` reads only the `aircraft.json` URLs in the server's `LOCAL_RECEIVER_FEEDS`; the browser never supplies an address. Each host must pass the shared tap address rule (`src/data/tapAddress.js`: loopback, RFC1918, `localhost`, `*.local`; no link-local, IPv6 or other names), the scheme must be http(s), the path must end in `aircraft.json`, and credentials, queries and fragments are refused. Invalid entries are logged at startup and never fetched. Reads use a 2 s timeout, refuse redirects, cap bodies at 2 MB and share one read per second; responses name each feed by band only and never carry upstream error text.
-- **Validated response formats.** Proxied bodies are relayed only in the format the route serves. CCTV frames and the Street View fallback accept JPEG, PNG, GIF, WebP and AVIF only, sent under their canonical type; any other type falls through to the next fallback. Live CCTV media must match its feed kind (`video/mp4`, `video/webm`, or `multipart/x-mixed-replace` with a boundary) before it is relayed or the camera counts as healthy, and its redirects stay on the registered origin. GBFS bodies must parse as JSON and are re-serialized as `application/json; charset=utf-8`. Camera catalog URLs are pinned by parsed URL — scheme, exact host, no credentials, default port, and a normalized path inside the agency's image directory — and a redirect on a pinned host must stay inside the same directory. Every `/api/cctv` route uses the keyless cross-site checks described below, so cameras stay reachable behind a reverse proxy; a request carrying forwarding headers never reaches the key-bearing Street View fallback and gets the placeholder frame instead, as when no key is configured.
+- **Validated response formats.** Proxied bodies are relayed only in the format the route serves. CCTV frames and the Street View fallback accept JPEG, PNG, GIF, WebP and AVIF only, sent under their canonical type; any other type falls through to the next fallback. The one exception is a source registered as an MJPEG still (the Taiwan Highway Bureau feeds): its `multipart/x-mixed-replace` answer is read only up to its first JPEG part, capped at 2 MB, and sent as `image/jpeg`; a multipart answer from any other camera falls through. A camera whose API needs an operator credential (the City of Ottawa certificate, `OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE`) has a keyless catalog URL; the frame proxy adds the credential only at fetch time, only for a URL inside that camera's pinned path, so `/api/cctv/sources` and `/api/cctv/stream` never carry it. Live CCTV media must match its feed kind (`video/mp4`, `video/webm`, or `multipart/x-mixed-replace` with a boundary) before it is relayed or the camera counts as healthy, and its redirects stay on the registered origin. GBFS bodies must parse as JSON and are re-serialized as `application/json; charset=utf-8`. Camera catalog URLs are pinned by parsed URL — scheme, exact host, no credentials, default port, and a normalized path inside the agency's image directory — and a redirect on a pinned host must stay inside the same directory. Every `/api/cctv` route uses the keyless cross-site checks described below, so cameras stay reachable behind a reverse proxy; a request carrying forwarding headers never reaches the key-bearing Street View fallback and gets the placeholder frame instead, as when no key is configured.
 - **Consistent API response headers.** Every `/api` response, including errors, partial content, Host refusals and unknown routes, carries `Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none'; sandbox` and `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff` (`apiResponseHeadersPlugin` in `build/vite.js`, installed ahead of the Host check). A route that sets its own policy adds it as a further policy; it never replaces this one.
 - **Response-size caps and timeouts** on proxied responses.
 - **Sanitized errors** — internal error details are not echoed back to clients.
diff --git a/changelog.d/1506-cctv-taiwan-quebec-ottawa-world.md b/changelog.d/1506-cctv-taiwan-quebec-ottawa-world.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..466c97830
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1506-cctv-taiwan-quebec-ottawa-world.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+- Expand CCTV coverage with a keyless Taiwan Highway Bureau fallback, 1,120
+  Québec camera locations, City of Ottawa traffic cameras (needs a free city
+  access certificate, `OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE`), and 2,396 curated
+  image-backed cameras from Iceland, Oregon, and Japan (InoukT, #1506).
+- Québec 511 in-browser video is opt-in (`CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED=1`) and
+  loads only after the viewer presses Play; enforce provider-specific frame
+  refresh limits, and report recognized MLIT maintenance images as degraded
+  instead of healthy camera snapshots.
diff --git a/changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md b/changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md
deleted file mode 100644
index ded0e9440..000000000
--- a/changelog.d/1506-taiwan-highway-cctv-fallback.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-- Expand CCTV coverage with a keyless Taiwan Highway Bureau fallback, Québec
-  camera catalog and map preview, Ottawa traffic cameras, and 2,396 curated
-  image-backed cameras from Iceland, Oregon, and Japan (InoukT, #1506).
-- Keep Québec 511 video browser-only, enforce provider-specific frame refresh
-  limits, and report recognized MLIT maintenance images as degraded instead of
-  healthy camera snapshots.
diff --git a/docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md b/docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md
index ab3108da2..dd59828a6 100644
--- a/docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md
+++ b/docs/CCTV_INTEGRATION.md
@@ -15,8 +15,12 @@ media URL permitted by the exception below.
   restricted.
 - Prefer a public, keyless feed. If credentials are required, keep them in a
   server-only environment variable; never put a secret in browser code or a
-  Vite-exposed variable. If access terms require an agreement or remain
-  unconfirmed, make the pack opt-in and ensure it makes no request by default.
+  Vite-exposed variable. A pack that needs a key is opt-in by that key: with
+  the variable unset it makes no request and logs once (Ontario 511 and
+  Ottawa). Keep the key out of catalog URLs and add it only at fetch time. Use
+  the provider's documented API, not a website endpoint that skips its key. If
+  access terms require an agreement or remain unconfirmed, make the pack
+  opt-in and ensure it makes no request by default.
 - Confirm the feed can be fetched from the app's Node server environment. A URL
   opening in a browser does not prove the server can reach it, and browser CORS
   behavior does not diagnose a server-side fetch.
@@ -94,8 +98,11 @@ Catalog and media loaders must also:
 For live media, prefer the existing proxy and supported feed type (`mjpeg`,
 `mp4`, `webm`, or `hls`). A direct browser-only video is a narrow fallback for
 a source whose terms allow embedding when the browser can play it but the app
-server cannot fetch it. Build its URL from a validated provider ID on the
-server; never accept a browser-supplied media URL. Render it in a native DOM
+server cannot fetch it. Unconfirmed embedding terms make it opt-in like any
+other pack, and the browser loads it only after an explicit play action, never
+on selection, because the provider sees the viewer's IP address. Build its URL
+from a validated provider ID on the server; never accept a browser-supplied
+media URL. Render it in a native DOM
 `<video>` without `crossOrigin`, and do not read its pixels into canvas, WebGL,
 or a Cesium texture. If a map preview is needed, a second video request may be
 paused as a DOM overlay at the camera location; label it as an approximate
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 80b7bf7bf..3a5b4bf1d 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1323,9 +1323,10 @@ id-hash fallback at low confidence.
 
 Once enabled, the 250 cameras nearest the five borough cores load.
 `CCTV_NYC_MAX_SOURCES` sets the pack cap (8–400). The default catalog limit is
-7,516: 4,000 shared round-robin slots, 1,120 reserved Québec locations, and
-2,396 reserved World image sources. Lower explicit `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` values
-are honored.
+7,516: 4,000 shared round-robin slots, plus room above them for the 1,120
+Québec locations and 2,396 World image sources. Lower explicit
+`CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` values are honored; reservations only use the capacity
+above the 4,000 shared slots.
 
 ## City of Toronto RESCU CCTV source pack
 
@@ -5022,8 +5023,9 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
   covering the whole country, where one _preset_ (a station's fixed view) is one camera — 806
   GATHERING stations carry 2,256 in-collection presets, prioritized to 300 against seven anchors
   on the main road spine. `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` defaults to 7,516: 4,000 shared
-  round-robin slots plus 3,516 reserved Québec and World image slots. Lower
-  caps fill reservations first; at 3,516 or less, no shared slots remain.
+  round-robin slots plus 3,516 reserved Québec and World image slots.
+  Reservations only use capacity above the 4,000 shared slots, so at 4,000 or
+  less every pack, Québec and World included, shares the cap round-robin.
   ~1,100 cameras total, all RAW PRIOR poses, stills-first. The catalog lives for 15 minutes; once
   it expires, `/api/cctv` keeps answering from it while one background refresh reloads every
   pack, so only the very first load waits for the slowest pack (a live first load took about
@@ -6578,13 +6580,22 @@ when `CCTV_QUEBEC_ENABLED` is not `0`. The pack contains 1,120 records: 680
 MTQ highway cameras, 426 Montréal OSM camera locations, and 14 scenic webcams.
 The default catalog limit is 7,516: it reserves all 1,120 Québec locations and
 2,396 World image feeds, and keeps 4,000 slots for the existing round-robin
-camera packs. A lower explicit `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` value is still honored and
-can trim the reserved packs if it is below their combined size.
+camera packs. Reservations only use capacity above those 4,000 slots: a lower
+explicit `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` thins every pack round-robin, Québec and World
+included, instead of taking the shared slots.
 
-Selecting an MTQ camera opens the official Québec 511 MP4 in a floating native
-browser player and requests a second video for the paused map preview. The
-official feed is a five-second clip refreshed by Québec 511 every 2–4 minutes,
-not continuous live video; the browser player reloads every two minutes. The
+The Québec 511 video is opt-in (`CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED=1`) because Québec
+511's terms for embedding its clips on another site are unconfirmed; the camera
+locations themselves are CC BY 4.0. With the flag unset, MTQ cameras show
+their location, credit and a link to the Québec 511 viewer page. With it set,
+selecting an MTQ camera opens a floating panel with a Play button and a notice
+that Québec 511 sees the viewer's IP address; the browser contacts Québec 511
+only after Play, never on selection alone (layer enable, auto-hop, a scene or
+voice), and a different camera starts unplayed. After Play, the panel plays
+the official MP4 in a native browser player and requests a second video for the
+paused map preview. The official feed is a five-second clip refreshed by
+Québec 511 every 2–4 minutes, not continuous live video; the browser player
+reloads every two minutes while the tab is visible. The
 map preview is a DOM overlay attached to the camera's coordinates and scales
 down with camera distance. Neither video is read into a canvas or Cesium texture:
 Québec 511 does not grant localhost pixel access, and its MP4 is not available
@@ -6593,8 +6604,24 @@ locations with per-camera source-page links, but no direct frame URLs; those
 show a location label and open the official/operator page. MTQ positions carry
 CC BY 4.0 attribution, Montréal positions are attributed to OpenStreetMap
 contributors under ODbL, and scenic rows retain their position accuracy and
-provenance. The one-camera `/quebec511-camera-preview.html` page remains for
-source review; Québec cameras now load through the normal CCTV layer.
+provenance. Québec cameras load through the normal CCTV layer.
+
+## City of Ottawa CCTV source pack
+
+The CCTV catalog can add City of Ottawa traffic cameras, including the MTO
+cameras the city carries. Camera images come from the city's Traffic Camera
+Images API (`traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera`), which needs a certificate
+from the city's registration form and lets one certificate and user id fetch a
+camera at most once a minute. Without `OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE` the pack is
+skipped with no request and one log line. The camera list is the documented
+keyless `traffic.ottawa.ca/map/service/camera` JSON. Catalog URLs carry no
+key: the frame proxy adds the certificate and the fixed user id `gev` at fetch
+time, only for a numeric camera number inside the pinned `/opendata/` path,
+and serves each camera from one shared server-side frame per minute. Inside
+that minute a camera with no cached frame gets the placeholder, never the
+Street View fallback. The feed publishes no bearing, so headings use the
+id-hash fallback at low confidence. `CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES` caps the pack
+(default 250, nearest downtown) and `CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=0` turns it off.
 
 ## World camera image feeds
 
diff --git a/public/quebec511-camera-preview.html b/public/quebec511-camera-preview.html
deleted file mode 100644
index e0520d37d..000000000
--- a/public/quebec511-camera-preview.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-    <meta name="color-scheme" content="dark" />
-    <title>Québec 511 · Camera 3735 preview</title>
-    <style>
-      :root {
-        color-scheme: dark;
-        font-family: Inter, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
-        background: #060a0e;
-        color: #e7f5fb;
-      }
-
-      * {
-        box-sizing: border-box;
-      }
-
-      body {
-        min-height: 100vh;
-        margin: 0;
-        padding: clamp(20px, 5vw, 56px);
-        background:
-          radial-gradient(
-            ellipse at 12% 0%,
-            rgba(0, 181, 216, 0.13),
-            transparent 45%
-          ),
-          #060a0e;
-      }
-
-      main {
-        width: min(100%, 1024px);
-        margin: 0 auto;
-      }
-
-      .eyebrow,
-      .meta,
-      .notice,
-      .source-link {
-        font-family: 'Cascadia Code', Consolas, monospace;
-      }
-
-      .eyebrow {
-        margin: 0 0 12px;
-        color: #5bd8f2;
-        font-size: 12px;
-        letter-spacing: 0.16em;
-        text-transform: uppercase;
-      }
-
-      h1 {
-        margin: 0;
-        font-size: clamp(28px, 5vw, 48px);
-        line-height: 1.08;
-        font-weight: 650;
-      }
-
-      .meta {
-        margin: 14px 0 28px;
-        color: #92a9b4;
-        font-size: 13px;
-      }
-
-      .player {
-        overflow: hidden;
-        border: 1px solid rgba(91, 216, 242, 0.3);
-        border-radius: 14px;
-        background: #020405;
-        box-shadow: 0 20px 70px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45);
-      }
-
-      video {
-        display: block;
-        width: 100%;
-        aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
-        background: #020405;
-      }
-
-      .notice {
-        margin: 18px 0;
-        padding: 14px 16px;
-        border-left: 2px solid #e9b95f;
-        background: rgba(233, 185, 95, 0.08);
-        color: #d8cba9;
-        font-size: 12px;
-        line-height: 1.6;
-      }
-
-      .source-link {
-        display: inline-flex;
-        align-items: center;
-        gap: 8px;
-        color: #71def5;
-        font-size: 13px;
-        text-decoration: none;
-      }
-
-      .source-link:hover {
-        color: #c2f5ff;
-        text-decoration: underline;
-      }
-      .source-link:focus-visible {
-        outline: 2px solid #71def5;
-        outline-offset: 4px;
-      }
-    </style>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <main>
-      <p class="eyebrow">God’s Eye View · Single-camera preview</p>
-      <h1>Route 136 at Rue Panet</h1>
-      <p class="meta">MTQ camera 3735 · Montréal · 45.51651, −73.55020</p>
-
-      <section class="player" aria-label="Québec 511 camera video">
-        <video controls autoplay muted playsinline preload="metadata">
-          <source
-            src="https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=3735&format=mp4"
-            type="video/mp4"
-          />
-          Your browser cannot play this Québec 511 camera feed.
-        </video>
-      </section>
-
-      <p class="notice">
-        This page plays the official feed in the browser. God’s Eye shows a
-        separate paused browser video at the camera’s map position; Québec 511
-        does not grant pixel access, so it is not a Cesium texture. Location
-        data: Ministère des Transports et de la Mobilité durable,
-        <a
-          href="https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/camera-de-circulation"
-          >Caméra de circulation (CC BY 4.0)</a
-        >.
-      </p>
-
-      <a class="source-link" href="/?welcome=0">
-        Open God’s Eye CCTV cameras <span aria-hidden="true">↗</span>
-      </a>
-      <br />
-      <a
-        class="source-link"
-        href="https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3735"
-        target="_blank"
-        rel="noopener noreferrer"
-      >
-        Open official Québec 511 viewer <span aria-hidden="true">↗</span>
-      </a>
-    </main>
-  </body>
-</html>
diff --git a/scripts/dev-fresh.sh b/scripts/dev-fresh.sh
index 69d3ac319..f4a26953f 100755
--- a/scripts/dev-fresh.sh
+++ b/scripts/dev-fresh.sh
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ CCTV_NSW_ENABLED="${CCTV_NSW_ENABLED:-1}"
 CCTV_NSW_MAX_SOURCES="${CCTV_NSW_MAX_SOURCES:-250}"
 CCTV_CALGARY_ENABLED="${CCTV_CALGARY_ENABLED:-1}"
 CCTV_CALGARY_MAX_SOURCES="${CCTV_CALGARY_MAX_SOURCES:-220}"
-CCTV_MAX_SOURCES="${CCTV_MAX_SOURCES:-4000}"
+CCTV_MAX_SOURCES="${CCTV_MAX_SOURCES:-7516}"
 
 # Capture which provider credentials genuinely came from the parent shell
 # before this launcher resolves dotenv and Keychain fallbacks. Only names are
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv.js b/server/providers/cctv.js
index 1657aedbc..5b5222a05 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { createCctvCatalog } from './cctv/catalog.js';
-import { quebec511VideoUrl } from './cctv/quebec.js';
+import { quebec511VideoUrl, quebecBrowserVideoEnabled } from './cctv/quebec.js';
 import { normalizeFeedType, isVideoFeedType } from './cctv/normalize.js';
 import {
   buildSyntheticCctvSvg,
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import { admitSameSiteKeyless } from './common/same-site.js';
 import { PROXY_SIGNALS } from '../../src/localRequestGate.mjs';
 import { createHlsPuller } from './cctv/stream.js';
 import { isMlitRiverAdjustmentImage } from './cctv/worldCameras.js';
+import { ottawaAuthorizedFrameUrl } from './cctv/ottawa.js';
 import { googleServerApiKey } from './places/google-key.js';
 export { CCTV_FRAME_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS, fetchCctvImageFromUpstream };
 /**
@@ -45,8 +46,14 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
   const HEALTH_MAX_ENTRIES = CCTV_MAX_SOURCES_CEILING;
   /** Live HLS strategies (see ./cctv/stream.js). Shared across dev and preview. */
   const puller = createHlsPuller();
-  /** Bounded transient image reuse keeps World providers inside their cadence. */
-  const WORLD_FRAME_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES = 128;
+  /**
+   * Bounded transient image reuse keeps cadence-limited providers (World
+   * stills, Ottawa's once-a-minute API) inside their refresh floor. The byte
+   * cap is the real bound; the entry cap only limits map overhead.
+   */
+  const WORLD_FRAME_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES = 1024;
+  /** Retry a failed fetch sooner than a full refresh window, never under a minute. */
+  const THROTTLED_FRAME_FAILURE_BACKOFF_MS = 60 * 1000;
   const WORLD_FRAME_CACHE_MAX_ENTRY_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
   const WORLD_FRAME_CACHE_MAX_BYTES = 32 * 1024 * 1024;
   const worldFrameCache = new Map();
@@ -89,7 +96,25 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
     }
   }
 
-  async function fetchWorldCameraFrame(source, cameraId, frameUrl) {
+  function setNextAllowedAt(cameraId, at) {
+    worldFrameNextAllowedAt.delete(cameraId);
+    worldFrameNextAllowedAt.set(cameraId, at);
+    while (worldFrameNextAllowedAt.size > 4096) {
+      worldFrameNextAllowedAt.delete(
+        worldFrameNextAllowedAt.keys().next().value,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fetch a frame from a provider with a per-camera refresh floor. Inside the
+   * floor the last frame is reused; with no frame to reuse the caller gets
+   * `{ throttled: true }` and serves a placeholder, so a cadence-limited camera
+   * never falls through to the key-bearing Street View fallback. A failed
+   * fetch backs off for a minute (capped at the floor) instead of a full
+   * window.
+   */
+  async function fetchThrottledFrame(source, cameraId, frameUrl) {
     const cached = getWorldFrameCache(cameraId);
     const rawRefreshMs = Number(source?.frameRefreshMs);
     const refreshMs =
@@ -103,24 +128,18 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
 
     const inflight = worldFrameInflight.get(cameraId);
     if (inflight) return inflight;
+    const stale = cached
+      ? {
+          ok: true,
+          body: cached.body,
+          contentType: cached.contentType,
+          stale: true,
+        }
+      : null;
     const nextAllowedAt = worldFrameNextAllowedAt.get(cameraId) || 0;
-    if (now < nextAllowedAt) {
-      return cached
-        ? {
-            ok: true,
-            body: cached.body,
-            contentType: cached.contentType,
-            stale: true,
-          }
-        : null;
-    }
-    worldFrameNextAllowedAt.delete(cameraId);
-    worldFrameNextAllowedAt.set(cameraId, now + refreshMs);
-    while (worldFrameNextAllowedAt.size > 4096) {
-      worldFrameNextAllowedAt.delete(
-        worldFrameNextAllowedAt.keys().next().value,
-      );
-    }
+    if (now < nextAllowedAt) return stale || { ok: false, throttled: true };
+    if (!frameUrl) return stale;
+    setNextAllowedAt(cameraId, now + refreshMs);
     let request;
     request = fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(frameUrl)
       .then((image) => {
@@ -128,14 +147,11 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
           storeWorldFrame(cameraId, image);
           return image;
         }
-        return cached
-          ? {
-              ok: true,
-              body: cached.body,
-              contentType: cached.contentType,
-              stale: true,
-            }
-          : image;
+        setNextAllowedAt(
+          cameraId,
+          Date.now() + Math.min(refreshMs, THROTTLED_FRAME_FAILURE_BACKOFF_MS),
+        );
+        return stale || image;
       })
       .finally(() => {
         if (worldFrameInflight.get(cameraId) === request)
@@ -254,6 +270,7 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
         );
 
         if (url.pathname === '/sources') {
+          const quebecVideo = quebecBrowserVideoEnabled();
           const body = {
             trimmedPacks: getCctvSources.trimmedPacks?.(sources) ?? [],
             sources: sources.map((source) => ({
@@ -278,7 +295,7 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
                 source.sourceKind || (source.url ? 'configured' : 'fallback'),
               sourceUrl: source.sourceUrl || '',
               browserMediaUrl:
-                source.sourceKind === 'quebec-511-browser'
+                quebecVideo && source.sourceKind === 'quebec-511-browser'
                   ? quebec511VideoUrl(source.id)
                   : '',
               accuracyM: source.accuracyM,
@@ -636,10 +653,18 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
 
         const upstreamImage =
           source?.pack === 'world-cameras'
-            ? await fetchWorldCameraFrame(source, cameraId, upstreamCandidate)
-            : source?.sourceKind === 'txdot-its'
-              ? await fetchTxdotSnapshot(upstreamCandidate)
-              : await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(upstreamCandidate);
+            ? await fetchThrottledFrame(source, cameraId, upstreamCandidate)
+            : source?.sourceKind === 'ottawa-traffic'
+              ? await fetchThrottledFrame(
+                  source,
+                  cameraId,
+                  ottawaAuthorizedFrameUrl(upstreamCandidate),
+                )
+              : source?.sourceKind === 'txdot-its'
+                ? await fetchTxdotSnapshot(upstreamCandidate)
+                : await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(upstreamCandidate, {
+                    allowMjpeg: source?.sourceKind === 'taiwan-highway-motc',
+                  });
         if (
           source?.sourceKind === 'mlit-river' &&
           isMlitRiverAdjustmentImage(upstreamImage)
@@ -664,6 +689,24 @@ export function cctvProxy({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
           res.end(svg);
           return;
         }
+        if (upstreamImage?.throttled) {
+          // Inside the provider's refresh floor with no frame to reuse: a
+          // placeholder, not Street View, and no health change.
+          res.writeHead(200, {
+            'Content-Type': 'image/svg+xml',
+            'Cache-Control': 'no-store',
+            'X-CCTV-Source': 'synthetic',
+          });
+          res.end(
+            buildSyntheticCctvSvg({
+              cameraId,
+              label,
+              city,
+              status: 'WAITING FOR NEXT FRAME',
+            }),
+          );
+          return;
+        }
         if (upstreamImage?.ok) {
           setHealth(cameraId, {
             status: upstreamImage.stale ? 'degraded' : 'ok',
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/cap.js b/server/providers/cctv/cap.js
index d59f9701c..abd57ed31 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/cap.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/cap.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import {
   CCTV_MAX_SOURCES_CEILING,
+  CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS,
   DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES,
 } from './constants.js';
 
@@ -23,16 +24,27 @@ export function resolveCatalogCap(raw) {
  * exceed the catalog cap, the cap is filled ROUND-ROBIN — one camera from
  * each pack per turn, in each pack's own order — so a lowered
  * CCTV_MAX_SOURCES thins every region a little instead of deleting whichever
- * pack happened to be appended last. Duplicate ids resolve last-pack-wins so
+ * pack happened to be appended last. A pack with a `reservedCount` keeps up to
+ * that many rows only from the capacity ABOVE the shared floor, so a
+ * reservation adds room and never shrinks the other packs' round-robin
+ * share; at or below the floor reserved packs are ordinary lanes. Duplicate
+ * ids resolve last-pack-wins so
  * file/env overrides keep replacing live records; the record is then counted
  * against the pack that won it.
  *
  * @param {Array<{name:string, sources:Array<object>}>} packs - Normalized
  *   packs in merge order (earlier packs lose duplicate ids to later ones).
  * @param {number} maxCount - Catalog cap.
+ * @param {object} [options]
+ * @param {number} [options.sharedFloor=CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS] - Slots kept
+ *   for the round-robin before reservations apply.
  * @returns {{sources:Array<object>, packs:Array<{name:string, offered:number, kept:number}>}}
  */
-export function allocateSourceCap(packs, maxCount) {
+export function allocateSourceCap(
+  packs,
+  maxCount,
+  { sharedFloor = CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS } = {},
+) {
   const owner = new Map();
   for (const pack of packs) {
     for (const source of pack.sources) {
@@ -69,13 +81,13 @@ export function allocateSourceCap(packs, maxCount) {
       lane.kept = lane.queue.length;
     }
   } else {
-    // Some complete regional catalogs are intentionally guaranteed. Consume
-    // their requested slots first, then distribute the remaining catalog
-    // capacity with the existing round-robin policy.
-    while (sources.length + reservedSources.length < limit) {
+    // Reserved packs draw only on the capacity above the shared floor, then
+    // every lane (reserved ones included) shares the rest round-robin.
+    const reserveBudget = Math.max(0, limit - Math.max(0, sharedFloor));
+    while (reservedSources.length < reserveBudget) {
       let tookReserved = false;
       for (const lane of lanes) {
-        if (sources.length + reservedSources.length >= limit) break;
+        if (reservedSources.length >= reserveBudget) break;
         if (lane.kept >= lane.reserved) continue;
         reservedSources.push(lane.queue[lane.next]);
         lane.next += 1;
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/constants.js b/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
index d25364b46..56c300d3b 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
@@ -5,9 +5,14 @@ export const DEFAULT_AUSTIN_ROWS_URL =
 /** Default cap on Austin cameras after distance-based prioritization. */
 export const DEFAULT_AUSTIN_MAX_SOURCES = 250;
 /**
- * Catalog-wide default: preserve 4,000 shared slots and reserve 1,120 Québec
- * plus 2,396 World image locations. Shared packs still split their slots
- * round-robin (see cap.js).
+ * Slots every pack shares round-robin before any reservation applies. A
+ * reserved pack (Québec, World) only takes capacity above this floor, so a
+ * cap at or below it thins every region evenly (see cap.js).
+ */
+export const CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS = 4000;
+/**
+ * Catalog-wide default: the 4,000 shared slots plus room reserved for the
+ * 1,120 Québec and 2,396 World image locations.
  */
 export const DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES = 7516;
 /** Hard upper bound for CCTV_MAX_SOURCES; also sizes the health map. */
@@ -195,16 +200,32 @@ export const DRIVEBC_ANCHORS = [
   { lat: 49.2827, lon: -123.1207 }, // Vancouver
   { lat: 48.4284, lon: -123.3656 }, // Victoria
 ];
-/** City of Ottawa traffic cameras: keyless JSON list, city-served JPEG stills. */
-export const OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL = 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera_list';
-/** Frame for one camera; the city serves the still on its own map path. */
-export const OTTAWA_IMAGE_URL = (id) =>
-  `https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=${encodeURIComponent(id)}`;
+/** City of Ottawa traffic cameras: documented JSON list (keyless). */
+export const OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL =
+  'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/service/camera';
+/**
+ * Keyless canonical frame URL for one camera number. The city's Traffic Camera
+ * Images API needs a certificate (OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE), which the frame
+ * proxy adds at request time so it never appears in a catalog response.
+ */
+export const OTTAWA_IMAGE_URL = (cameraNumber) =>
+  `https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=${encodeURIComponent(cameraNumber)}`;
 /** Pinned frame directory, for redirect containment in the media proxy. */
-export const OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN = 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/';
+export const OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN = 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/';
+/** The API lets one certificate and user id fetch a camera once a minute. */
+export const OTTAWA_FRAME_REFRESH_MS = 60 * 1000;
+/** Alphanumeric user id this server sends with its certificate. */
+export const OTTAWA_API_USER_ID = 'gev';
 export const DEFAULT_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES = 250;
 /** Prioritization anchor: downtown Ottawa (Parliament Hill). */
 export const OTTAWA_ANCHORS = [{ lat: 45.4215, lon: -75.6972 }];
+/**
+ * Taiwan Highway Bureau MJPEG servers. Each camera is one root path segment,
+ * so the pin is the host root: a redirect must stay on the same server.
+ */
+export const TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_IMAGE_ORIGINS = Object.freeze(
+  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].map((n) => `https://cctv-ss0${n}.thb.gov.tw/`),
+);
 /** Direct still-image directories from the World cams add-on's eligible packs. */
 export const VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN =
   'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/';
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/media.js b/server/providers/cctv/media.js
index 22ac4fe7d..fd6c5e435 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/media.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/media.js
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TALLINN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TARKTEE_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_IMAGE_ORIGINS,
   TFL_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   WARENDORF_IMAGE_ORIGINS,
   WSDOT_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
@@ -538,6 +539,7 @@ for (const prefix of [
   VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TRIPCHECK_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   MLIT_RIVER_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  ...TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_IMAGE_ORIGINS,
 ]) {
   const host = new URL(prefix).hostname;
   CCTV_PINNED_PREFIXES_BY_HOST.set(host, [
@@ -629,18 +631,32 @@ export function cctvUpstreamUserAgent(url) {
   }
 }
 
-/** Read one bounded JPEG part from an open MJPEG response, then stop the stream. */
+/** Largest single JPEG the MJPEG first-frame reader will buffer. */
+export const CCTV_MJPEG_FRAME_MAX_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+/**
+ * Read one bounded JPEG part from an open MJPEG response, then stop the stream.
+ *
+ * The first part may follow a CRLF preamble, and its delimiter may be written
+ * as `--<boundary>` or, when the declared boundary already starts with `--`,
+ * as the boundary itself. A part with Content-Length is read to that length;
+ * a part without one ends at the next delimiter, so a JPEG end marker inside
+ * the image (an EXIF thumbnail) never truncates it. Bytes are copied once
+ * into a preallocated buffer and every search resumes where it stopped, so a
+ * trickling upstream costs linear time.
+ */
 async function readFirstMjpegFrame(upstream, maxBytes) {
   const mediaType = cctvLiveMediaType(
     'mjpeg',
     upstream.headers.get('content-type'),
   );
   const boundary = parseMediaType(mediaType)?.params.get('boundary') || '';
+  const frameMax = Math.min(maxBytes, CCTV_MJPEG_FRAME_MAX_BYTES);
   if (
     !boundary ||
     !upstream.body ||
-    !Number.isSafeInteger(maxBytes) ||
-    maxBytes < 4
+    !Number.isSafeInteger(frameMax) ||
+    frameMax < 4
   ) {
     try {
       await upstream.body?.cancel();
@@ -650,19 +666,91 @@ async function readFirstMjpegFrame(upstream, maxBytes) {
     return null;
   }
 
-  const nextBoundary = Buffer.from('\r\n--' + boundary, 'latin1');
-  const opening = Buffer.from('--' + boundary + '\r\n', 'latin1');
+  const delimiters = [Buffer.from('--' + boundary, 'latin1')];
+  if (boundary.startsWith('--') && boundary.length > 2)
+    delimiters.push(Buffer.from(boundary, 'latin1'));
+  const lineEnd = Buffer.from('\r\n', 'ascii');
   const headerTerminator = Buffer.from('\r\n\r\n', 'ascii');
   const jpegStart = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8]);
   const jpegEnd = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd9]);
+  const maxPreambleBytes = 64;
   const maxHeaderBytes = 8 * 1024;
   const maxBufferedBytes =
-    opening.length + headerTerminator.length + maxHeaderBytes + maxBytes;
+    maxPreambleBytes +
+    delimiters[0].length +
+    lineEnd.length +
+    maxHeaderBytes +
+    headerTerminator.length +
+    frameMax +
+    lineEnd.length +
+    delimiters[0].length;
+  const buffer = Buffer.allocUnsafe(maxBufferedBytes);
+  let length = 0;
   let reader;
-  let buffer = Buffer.alloc(0);
-  let parsedHeaders = false;
+  let headerStart = -1;
+  let delimiter = null;
+  let headerScanFrom = 0;
   let bodyStart = -1;
   let declaredLength = null;
+  let boundaryScanFrom = -1;
+
+  /** Match the opening delimiter after an optional CRLF preamble. */
+  function findOpening() {
+    let at = 0;
+    while (at < length && (buffer[at] === 0x0d || buffer[at] === 0x0a)) at++;
+    if (at > maxPreambleBytes) return { failed: true };
+    for (const candidate of delimiters) {
+      const line = Buffer.concat([candidate, lineEnd]);
+      const need = at + line.length;
+      if (length < need) {
+        const seen = buffer.subarray(at, length);
+        if (line.subarray(0, seen.length).equals(seen))
+          return { pending: true };
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (buffer.subarray(at, need).equals(line))
+        return { start: need, delimiter: candidate };
+    }
+    return { failed: true };
+  }
+
+  /** Parse the part headers; false rejects the stream. */
+  function parseHeaders(headerEnd) {
+    const headerText = buffer
+      .subarray(headerStart, headerEnd)
+      .toString('latin1');
+    const headers = new Map();
+    for (const line of headerText.split('\r\n')) {
+      const colon = line.indexOf(':');
+      if (colon <= 0) return false;
+      const name = line.slice(0, colon).trim().toLowerCase();
+      if (!name || headers.has(name)) return false;
+      headers.set(name, line.slice(colon + 1).trim());
+    }
+    if (cctvRasterImageType(headers.get('content-type')) !== 'image/jpeg')
+      return false;
+    const declared = headers.get('content-length');
+    if (declared !== undefined) {
+      if (!/^\d+$/.test(declared)) return false;
+      declaredLength = Number(declared);
+      if (
+        !Number.isSafeInteger(declaredLength) ||
+        declaredLength < jpegStart.length + jpegEnd.length ||
+        declaredLength > frameMax
+      )
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /** A complete JPEG body, or null. */
+  function asJpeg(frame) {
+    return frame.length >= jpegStart.length + jpegEnd.length &&
+      frame.subarray(0, jpegStart.length).equals(jpegStart) &&
+      frame.subarray(-jpegEnd.length).equals(jpegEnd)
+      ? Buffer.from(frame)
+      : null;
+  }
 
   try {
     reader = upstream.body.getReader();
@@ -671,92 +759,71 @@ async function readFirstMjpegFrame(upstream, maxBytes) {
       if (done) return null;
 
       const chunk = Buffer.from(value);
-      const room = Math.max(0, maxBufferedBytes - buffer.length);
-      const included = chunk.subarray(0, room);
-      const overflow = included.length < chunk.length;
-      buffer = Buffer.concat(
-        [buffer, included],
-        buffer.length + included.length,
-      );
+      const room = maxBufferedBytes - length;
+      const included = Math.min(room, chunk.length);
+      chunk.copy(buffer, length, 0, included);
+      length += included;
+      const overflow = included < chunk.length;
 
-      if (buffer.length < opening.length) {
-        if (overflow) return null;
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (!buffer.subarray(0, opening.length).equals(opening)) return null;
-
-      if (!parsedHeaders) {
-        const headerEnd = buffer.indexOf(headerTerminator, opening.length);
-        if (headerEnd < 0) {
-          if (buffer.length - opening.length > maxHeaderBytes || overflow)
-            return null;
+      if (headerStart < 0) {
+        const opening = findOpening();
+        if (opening.failed) return null;
+        if (opening.pending) {
+          if (overflow) return null;
           continue;
         }
-        if (headerEnd - opening.length > maxHeaderBytes) return null;
-
-        const headerText = buffer
-          .subarray(opening.length, headerEnd)
-          .toString('latin1');
-        const headers = new Map();
-        for (const line of headerText.split('\r\n')) {
-          const colon = line.indexOf(':');
-          if (colon <= 0) return null;
-          const name = line.slice(0, colon).trim().toLowerCase();
-          if (!name || headers.has(name)) return null;
-          headers.set(name, line.slice(colon + 1).trim());
-        }
-        if (cctvRasterImageType(headers.get('content-type')) !== 'image/jpeg')
-          return null;
-
-        const length = headers.get('content-length');
-        if (length !== undefined) {
-          if (!/^\d+$/.test(length)) return null;
-          declaredLength = Number(length);
-          if (
-            !Number.isSafeInteger(declaredLength) ||
-            declaredLength < jpegStart.length + jpegEnd.length ||
-            declaredLength > maxBytes
-          )
-            return null;
-        }
-        bodyStart = headerEnd + headerTerminator.length;
-        parsedHeaders = true;
+        headerStart = opening.start;
+        delimiter = opening.delimiter;
+        headerScanFrom = headerStart;
       }
 
-      const available = buffer.length - bodyStart;
-      if (declaredLength !== null) {
-        const nextPart = buffer.indexOf(nextBoundary, bodyStart);
-        if (nextPart >= bodyStart && nextPart - bodyStart < declaredLength)
-          return null;
-        if (available >= declaredLength) {
-          const frame = buffer.subarray(bodyStart, bodyStart + declaredLength);
-          if (
-            frame.subarray(0, jpegStart.length).equals(jpegStart) &&
-            frame.subarray(-jpegEnd.length).equals(jpegEnd)
-          )
-            return Buffer.from(frame);
-          return null;
+      if (bodyStart < 0) {
+        const headerEnd = buffer
+          .subarray(0, length)
+          .indexOf(headerTerminator, headerScanFrom);
+        if (headerEnd < 0) {
+          if (length - headerStart > maxHeaderBytes || overflow) return null;
+          headerScanFrom = Math.max(
+            headerStart,
+            length - headerTerminator.length + 1,
+          );
+          continue;
         }
-      } else if (available >= jpegStart.length) {
-        const frameStart = buffer.subarray(
-          bodyStart,
-          bodyStart + jpegStart.length,
-        );
-        if (!frameStart.equals(jpegStart)) return null;
-        const nextPart = buffer.indexOf(nextBoundary, bodyStart);
-        const end = buffer.indexOf(jpegEnd, bodyStart + jpegStart.length);
+        if (headerEnd - headerStart > maxHeaderBytes) return null;
+        if (!parseHeaders(headerEnd)) return null;
+        bodyStart = headerEnd + headerTerminator.length;
+        boundaryScanFrom = bodyStart;
+      }
+
+      const available = length - bodyStart;
+      if (available >= jpegStart.length) {
         if (
-          nextPart >= bodyStart &&
-          (end < 0 || end + jpegEnd.length > nextPart)
+          !buffer
+            .subarray(bodyStart, bodyStart + jpegStart.length)
+            .equals(jpegStart)
         )
           return null;
-        if (end >= 0) {
-          const frameLength = end + jpegEnd.length - bodyStart;
-          if (frameLength > maxBytes) return null;
-          return Buffer.from(buffer.subarray(bodyStart, end + jpegEnd.length));
-        }
-        if (available > maxBytes) return null;
       }
+      const nextDelimiter = Buffer.concat([lineEnd, delimiter]);
+      const nextPart = buffer
+        .subarray(0, length)
+        .indexOf(nextDelimiter, boundaryScanFrom);
+      if (declaredLength !== null) {
+        if (nextPart >= bodyStart && nextPart - bodyStart < declaredLength)
+          return null;
+        if (available >= declaredLength)
+          return asJpeg(buffer.subarray(bodyStart, bodyStart + declaredLength));
+      } else if (nextPart >= bodyStart) {
+        const frame = buffer.subarray(bodyStart, nextPart);
+        return frame.length > frameMax ? null : asJpeg(frame);
+      } else if (available > frameMax) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      if (nextPart < 0)
+        boundaryScanFrom = Math.max(
+          bodyStart,
+          length - nextDelimiter.length + 1,
+        );
       if (overflow) return null;
     }
   } finally {
@@ -786,6 +853,10 @@ async function readFirstMjpegFrame(upstream, maxBytes) {
  * @param {typeof fetch} [options.fetchImpl=fetch] - Fetch implementation.
  * @param {number} [options.timeoutMs=CCTV_FRAME_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS] - Abort timeout.
  * @param {number} [options.maxBytes=CCTV_FRAME_MAX_BODY_BYTES] - Snapshot byte cap.
+ * @param {boolean} [options.allowMjpeg=false] - Accept a multipart MJPEG
+ *   answer and keep its first JPEG. Only sources registered as MJPEG stills
+ *   (the Taiwan Highway Bureau feeds) set it; any other host answering
+ *   multipart falls through to the next fallback.
  * @returns {Promise<{ok:true,body:Buffer,contentType:string}|null>}
  */
 export async function fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
@@ -794,6 +865,7 @@ export async function fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
     fetchImpl = fetch,
     timeoutMs = CCTV_FRAME_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
     maxBytes = CCTV_FRAME_MAX_BODY_BYTES,
+    allowMjpeg = false,
   } = {},
 ) {
   if (!url || !/^https?:\/\//i.test(url)) return null;
@@ -828,7 +900,7 @@ export async function fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
       if (!body) return null;
       return { ok: true, body, contentType };
     }
-    if (!cctvLiveMediaType('mjpeg', upstreamType)) {
+    if (!allowMjpeg || !cctvLiveMediaType('mjpeg', upstreamType)) {
       try {
         await upstream.body?.cancel();
       } catch {
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js b/server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js
index 53bb8353d..7007897f8 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js
@@ -2,15 +2,55 @@ import {
   CCTV_SOURCE_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
   DEFAULT_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES,
   OTTAWA_ANCHORS,
+  OTTAWA_API_USER_ID,
   OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL,
+  OTTAWA_FRAME_REFRESH_MS,
+  OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   OTTAWA_IMAGE_URL,
 } from './constants.js';
 import {
   fallbackHeadingFromId,
+  pinnedCameraUrl,
   prioritizeSources,
   toFiniteNumber,
 } from './normalize.js';
 
+let ottawaCertificateMissingLogged = false;
+
+/** Test hook: let the next missing-certificate skip log again. */
+export function _resetOttawaCertificateWarningForTest() {
+  ottawaCertificateMissingLogged = false;
+}
+
+/** The operator's Traffic Camera Images API certificate, trimmed. */
+function ottawaCertificate(env = process.env) {
+  return String(env.OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE ?? '').trim();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add the operator's certificate to a registered keyless Ottawa frame URL.
+ * Only a URL inside the pinned `/opendata/` directory with a numeric camera
+ * number is signed, so the certificate never goes to any other path or host.
+ *
+ * @param {string} url - Canonical frame URL from the catalog.
+ * @param {Record<string,string|undefined>} [env]
+ * @returns {string} The signed URL, or '' when there is no certificate or the
+ *   URL is not a registered Ottawa frame.
+ */
+export function ottawaAuthorizedFrameUrl(url, env = process.env) {
+  const certificate = ottawaCertificate(env);
+  const pinned = pinnedCameraUrl(url, OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN);
+  if (!certificate || !pinned) return '';
+  const parsed = new URL(pinned);
+  const cameraNumber = parsed.searchParams.get('c') || '';
+  if (parsed.pathname !== '/opendata/camera' || !/^\d+$/.test(cameraNumber))
+    return '';
+  const signed = new URL(OTTAWA_IMAGE_URL(cameraNumber));
+  signed.searchParams.set('certificate', certificate);
+  signed.searchParams.set('id', OTTAWA_API_USER_ID);
+  return signed.href;
+}
+
 /**
  * City of Ottawa envelope: Kanata to Orléans, Barrhaven to the river, with
  * slack for the MTO cameras on the 416/417 that the city feed also carries.
@@ -35,19 +75,37 @@ function isOttawaCoordinate(lat, lon) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Load the City of Ottawa's public traffic camera list.
+ * Load the City of Ottawa's traffic cameras.
  *
- * The keyless `camera_list` JSON publishes an id, coordinates, an English and
- * French description, and a `type`; frames are JPEG stills built from the id
- * on the city's own image path. The feed carries no bearing, no elevation and
- * no status field, so headings use the same deterministic low-confidence
- * fallback as the other heading-less packs and the client's ground snap
- * refines the elevation prior.
+ * Camera images come from the city's Traffic Camera Images API, which needs a
+ * certificate from the city's registration form (OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE)
+ * and allows one fetch per camera per minute for a certificate and user id.
+ * Without a certificate the pack is skipped, with no request and one log line.
+ * The camera list is the documented `map/service/camera` JSON: a camera
+ * number, English and French names, coordinates and the owner (CITY or MTO).
+ * The feed carries no bearing, no elevation and no status field, so headings
+ * use the same deterministic low-confidence fallback as the other
+ * heading-less packs and the client's ground snap refines the elevation
+ * prior.
  *
+ * @param {object} [_options]
+ * @param {Record<string,string|undefined>} [env]
  * @returns {Promise<Array<object>>} Cameras nearest downtown first, or [] on
- *   any upstream or payload failure.
+ *   a missing certificate or any upstream or payload failure.
  */
-export async function loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData() {
+export async function loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData(
+  _options = {},
+  env = process.env,
+) {
+  if (!ottawaCertificate(env)) {
+    if (!ottawaCertificateMissingLogged) {
+      ottawaCertificateMissingLogged = true;
+      console.warn(
+        '[CCTV] Ottawa cameras skipped: the city camera image API needs a certificate (set OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE)',
+      );
+    }
+    return [];
+  }
   try {
     const resp = await fetch(OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL, {
       headers: { Accept: 'application/json' },
@@ -57,23 +115,30 @@ export async function loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData() {
       console.warn('[CCTV] Ottawa camera download failed:', resp.status);
       return [];
     }
-    const rows = await resp.json();
-    if (!Array.isArray(rows)) return [];
+    const payload = await resp.json();
+    const rows = Array.isArray(payload?.cameras) ? payload.cameras : null;
+    if (!rows) return [];
 
     const cameras = [];
+    const seen = new Set();
     for (const row of rows) {
-      const id = toFiniteNumber(row?.id);
-      if (!Number.isSafeInteger(id) || id <= 0) continue;
+      const number = toFiniteNumber(row?.camera_number);
+      if (!Number.isSafeInteger(number) || number <= 0 || seen.has(number))
+        continue;
       const lat = toFiniteNumber(row?.latitude);
       const lon = toFiniteNumber(row?.longitude);
       if (!isOttawaCoordinate(lat, lon)) continue;
+      seen.add(number);
 
-      const cameraId = `ottawa-${id}`;
-      const imageUrl = OTTAWA_IMAGE_URL(id);
-      const type = String(row?.type || '').trim();
+      const cameraId = `ottawa-${number}`;
+      const imageUrl = OTTAWA_IMAGE_URL(number);
+      // The docs name the field camera_owner; the live feed sends cameraOwner.
+      const owner = String(row?.camera_owner || row?.cameraOwner || '')
+        .trim()
+        .toUpperCase();
       cameras.push({
         id: cameraId,
-        name: String(row?.description || '').trim() || `Ottawa camera ${id}`,
+        name: String(row?.name || '').trim() || `Ottawa camera ${number}`,
         city: 'Ottawa',
         cityId: 'ottawa',
         provider: 'City of Ottawa',
@@ -89,10 +154,11 @@ export async function loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData() {
         feedType: 'image',
         url: imageUrl,
         snapshotUrl: imageUrl,
+        frameRefreshMs: OTTAWA_FRAME_REFRESH_MS,
         sourceKind: 'ottawa-traffic',
-        license: 'City of Ottawa public traffic camera feed',
+        license: 'City of Ottawa Traffic Camera Images API (registered access)',
         credit:
-          type === 'MTO'
+          owner === 'MTO'
             ? 'Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) camera'
             : '',
       });
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/quebec.js b/server/providers/cctv/quebec.js
index 03fa3bb24..4134a225e 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/quebec.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/quebec.js
@@ -5,6 +5,16 @@ import { cameraDisplayCode, fallbackHeadingFromId } from './normalize.js';
 const QUEBEC_CATALOG_PATH = 'public/quebec-cameras.json';
 export const QUEBEC_CAMERA_SOURCE_COUNT = 1120;
 
+/**
+ * Whether the operator opted in to the browser-direct Québec 511 video. Off by
+ * default: the camera locations are CC BY 4.0, but whether Québec 511's
+ * service terms allow another site to embed its clips is unconfirmed, so an
+ * unset flag lists the cameras with a link to the 511 viewer page only.
+ */
+export function quebecBrowserVideoEnabled(env = process.env) {
+  return String(env.CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED || '').trim() === '1';
+}
+
 /** Build the direct browser-only MP4 URL for one namespaced MTQ camera id. */
 export function quebec511VideoUrl(cameraId) {
   const match = /^qc-511-(\d+)$/.exec(String(cameraId || ''));
@@ -99,8 +109,9 @@ export function loadQuebecSources({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
       mountHeightM: 8,
       groundElevationM: 0,
       feedType: 'image',
-      // No frame URL is registered: 511 denies the server-side media proxy,
-      // while the browser can play its MP4 in the dedicated DOM overlay.
+      // No frame URL is registered: the server never fetches 511 media. With
+      // CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED=1 the browser plays the 511 MP4 in the DOM
+      // overlay after a play click; otherwise the camera links to 511.
       url: '',
       snapshotUrl: '',
       sourceKind,
@@ -110,12 +121,12 @@ export function loadQuebecSources({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
         : null,
       positionSource: String(camera.positionSource || ''),
       license: isTraffic
-        ? 'Données Québec / MTQ, CC BY 4.0'
+        ? 'Locations: Données Québec / MTQ, CC BY 4.0. Video: hosted by Québec 511 under its terms of use'
         : isMontreal
           ? 'OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0'
           : 'Operator terms apply; location provenance shown per camera',
       credit: isTraffic
-        ? 'MTQ · CC BY 4.0'
+        ? 'Locations: MTQ · CC BY 4.0 · Video: Québec 511'
         : isMontreal
           ? 'OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL'
           : provider,
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/taiwan.js b/server/providers/cctv/taiwan.js
index e24f015b1..be4836b3c 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/taiwan.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/taiwan.js
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-import { CCTV_SOURCE_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS } from './constants.js';
+import {
+  CCTV_SOURCE_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_IMAGE_ORIGINS,
+} from './constants.js';
 import {
   cameraDisplayCode,
   fallbackHeadingFromId,
@@ -37,16 +40,9 @@ const STREAM_TO_FRAME = new Map([
 ]);
 
 const DIRECTIONS = { N: 'N', S: 'S', E: 'E', W: 'W' };
-const TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_CAMERA_HOSTS = new Set([
-  'cctv-ss01.thb.gov.tw',
-  'cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw',
-  'cctv-ss03.thb.gov.tw',
-  'cctv-ss04.thb.gov.tw',
-  'cctv-ss05.thb.gov.tw',
-  'cctv-ss06.thb.gov.tw',
-  'cctv-ss07.thb.gov.tw',
-  'cctv-ss08.thb.gov.tw',
-]);
+const TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_CAMERA_HOSTS = new Set(
+  TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_IMAGE_ORIGINS.map((origin) => new URL(origin).hostname),
+);
 
 /** Prioritization anchors, north to south, so a cap keeps the whole island
  * rather than only greater Taipei. */
diff --git a/src/data/cctvCalgary.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvCalgary.test.mjs
index 0224e88d9..d13952a4e 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvCalgary.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvCalgary.test.mjs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
   CALGARY_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   CALGARY_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES,
   DEFAULT_CALGARY_ROWS_URL,
-  DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES,
+  CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS,
 } from '../../server/providers/cctv/constants.js';
 import { CAMERA_CODE_MAX_CHARS } from '../../server/providers/cctv/normalize.js';
 import { allocateSourceCap } from '../../server/providers/cctv/cap.js';
@@ -384,6 +384,6 @@ test('CCTV_CALGARY_ENABLED=0 keeps the lane from being loaded at all', async (t)
   }
 });
 
-test('the default catalog preserves shared, Québec, and World image slots', () => {
-  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 7516);
+test('the shared catalog slots are not raised to make room for this pack', () => {
+  assert.equal(CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS, 4000);
 });
diff --git a/src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs
index 7ef4b1f7b..f4b368379 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs
@@ -6,9 +6,12 @@ import {
 } from '../../server/providers/cctv/cap.js';
 import {
   CCTV_MAX_SOURCES_CEILING,
+  CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS,
   CCTV_SOURCE_CACHE_MS,
   DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES,
+  WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT,
 } from '../../server/providers/cctv/constants.js';
+import { QUEBEC_CAMERA_SOURCE_COUNT } from '../../server/providers/cctv/quebec.js';
 import { createCctvCatalog } from '../../server/providers/cctv/catalog.js';
 
 const pack = (name, count, prefix = name) => ({
@@ -99,6 +102,68 @@ test('duplicate ids resolve last-pack-wins and count against the winning pack',
   ]);
 });
 
+/** Shared packs plus two reserved ones, shaped like the default catalog. */
+const reservedFixture = () => [
+  ...Array.from({ length: 20 }, (_, i) => pack(`shared${i}`, 250)),
+  { ...pack('quebec', 1120), reservedCount: 1120 },
+  { ...pack('world', 2396), reservedCount: 2396 },
+];
+const keptByName = (packs) =>
+  Object.fromEntries(packs.map(({ name, kept }) => [name, kept]));
+
+test('the default cap is the shared floor plus the reserved Québec and World packs', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES,
+    CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS +
+      QUEBEC_CAMERA_SOURCE_COUNT +
+      WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT,
+  );
+});
+
+test('at the default cap reserved packs are whole and shared packs keep the floor', () => {
+  const { sources, packs } = allocateSourceCap(
+    reservedFixture(),
+    DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES,
+  );
+  const kept = keptByName(packs);
+  assert.equal(sources.length, DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES);
+  assert.equal(kept.quebec, 1120);
+  assert.equal(kept.world, 2396);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) assert.equal(kept[`shared${i}`], 200);
+  assert.match(
+    sources[0].id,
+    /^shared0-/,
+    'the first camera stays in a shared pack',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a cap at the shared floor reserves nothing and thins every pack evenly', () => {
+  const { packs } = allocateSourceCap(reservedFixture(), 4000);
+  const kept = keptByName(packs);
+  // 22 lanes share 4,000 round-robin: nobody is wiped out by the reservation.
+  for (const count of Object.values(kept))
+    assert.ok(count >= 181 && count <= 182);
+});
+
+test('a small cap (dev-secure 48) still reaches the shared packs first', () => {
+  const { sources, packs } = allocateSourceCap(reservedFixture(), 48);
+  const kept = keptByName(packs);
+  assert.equal(sources.length, 48);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) assert.ok(kept[`shared${i}`] >= 2);
+  assert.match(sources[0].id, /^shared0-/);
+});
+
+test('reservations fill only the room above the floor, round-robin between reserved packs', () => {
+  const { packs } = allocateSourceCap(reservedFixture(), 4100);
+  const kept = keptByName(packs);
+  const shared = Object.entries(kept)
+    .filter(([name]) => name.startsWith('shared'))
+    .reduce((sum, [, count]) => sum + count, 0);
+  // 100 reserved slots split between Québec and World, then 4,000 round-robin.
+  assert.ok(shared >= 4000 - 2 * 182, `shared packs kept ${shared}`);
+  assert.equal(shared + kept.quebec + kept.world, 4100);
+});
+
 test('resolveCatalogCap bounds the env value and falls back to the default', () => {
   assert.equal(resolveCatalogCap(undefined), DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES);
   assert.equal(resolveCatalogCap('nonsense'), DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES);
diff --git a/src/data/cctvDriveBcSource.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvDriveBcSource.test.mjs
index 399c3e75b..e3833c4aa 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvDriveBcSource.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvDriveBcSource.test.mjs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   DEFAULT_FINTRAFFIC_MAX_SOURCES,
   DEFAULT_TXDOT_MAX_SOURCES,
   DEFAULT_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES,
+  CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS,
   DEFAULT_TALLINN_MAX_SOURCES,
   DEFAULT_TARKTEE_MAX_SOURCES,
   DEFAULT_NSW_MAX_SOURCES,
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ test('CCTV catalog merges DriveBC cameras and CCTV_DRIVEBC_ENABLED=0 skips the r
   );
 });
 
-test('default caps of the original packs fit inside the default catalog cap', () => {
+test('default caps of the original packs fit inside the shared catalog slots', () => {
   // Every default pack at its own cap (Warendorf ships 1 curated camera).
   const packs =
     DEFAULT_AUSTIN_MAX_SOURCES +
@@ -239,9 +240,11 @@ test('default caps of the original packs fit inside the default catalog cap', ()
     DEFAULT_NSW_MAX_SOURCES +
     DEFAULT_CATALONIA_MAX_SOURCES +
     1;
+  // The reserved Québec and World packs sit above the shared floor, so the
+  // shared packs must fit the floor itself, not the whole default cap.
   assert.ok(
-    packs <= DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES,
-    `default packs (${packs}) would be thinned by the catalog cap (${DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES})`,
+    packs <= CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS,
+    `default packs (${packs}) would be thinned by the shared slots (${CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS})`,
   );
   assert.ok(
     DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES <= CCTV_MAX_SOURCES_CEILING,
diff --git a/src/data/cctvHk.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvHk.test.mjs
index 63c486c32..c7a5ef327 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvHk.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvHk.test.mjs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   parseHkCameraLocationsXml,
 } from '../../server/providers/cctv/sources.js';
 import {
-  DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES,
+  CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS,
   DEFAULT_HK_CAMERAS_URL,
   DEFAULT_HK_MAX_SOURCES,
   HK_ANCHORS,
@@ -396,8 +396,8 @@ test('CCTV_HK_ENABLED=0 keeps the lane from being loaded at all', async (t) => {
   }
 });
 
-test('the default catalog preserves shared, Québec, and World image slots', () => {
-  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 7516);
+test('the shared catalog slots are not raised to make room for this pack', () => {
+  assert.equal(CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS, 4000);
 });
 
 test('the HK pack default sits above the full TD catalog and anchors the New Territories', () => {
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ test('the HK pack default sits above the full TD catalog and anchors the New Ter
     'default cap should keep nearly all published TD cameras',
   );
   assert.ok(
-    DEFAULT_HK_MAX_SOURCES <= DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES,
+    DEFAULT_HK_MAX_SOURCES <= CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS,
     'a single pack must not outgrow the catalog-wide ceiling alone',
   );
   const places = HK_ANCHORS.map(
diff --git a/src/data/cctvNyc.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvNyc.test.mjs
index 2c49d559a..f2e429dee 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvNyc.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvNyc.test.mjs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   nycCameraToSource,
 } from '../../server/providers/cctv/sources.js';
 import {
-  DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES,
+  CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS,
   DEFAULT_NYC_MAX_SOURCES,
   NYC_CAMERAS_URL,
   NYC_GROUND_ELEVATION_M,
@@ -375,8 +375,8 @@ for (const [label, flag] of [
   });
 }
 
-test('the default catalog preserves shared, Québec, and World image slots', () => {
-  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 7516);
+test('the shared catalog slots are not raised to make room for this pack', () => {
+  assert.equal(CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS, 4000);
   assert.equal(DEFAULT_NYC_MAX_SOURCES, 250);
 });
 
diff --git a/src/data/cctvOttawa.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvOttawa.test.mjs
index 25c8e8201..e4bd0f290 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvOttawa.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvOttawa.test.mjs
@@ -12,7 +12,13 @@ import {
   fallbackHeadingFromId,
   pinnedCameraUrl,
 } from '../../server/providers/cctv/normalize.js';
-import { loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData } from '../../server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js';
+import {
+  _resetOttawaCertificateWarningForTest,
+  loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData,
+  ottawaAuthorizedFrameUrl,
+} from '../../server/providers/cctv/ottawa.js';
+
+const CERT = { OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE: 'CERT123' };
 
 /** Set (or, for `undefined`, delete) environment variables for one test. */
 function withEnv(t, env) {
@@ -33,35 +39,77 @@ function quiet(t) {
   t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
 }
 
-/** One `/map/camera_list` row carrying the fields the loader reads. */
-function ottawaRow(id, lat, lon, overrides = {}) {
+/** One documented `/map/service/camera` row carrying the fields the loader reads. */
+function ottawaRow(number, lat, lon, overrides = {}) {
   return {
-    id,
-    number: 2000 + id,
-    description: `Camera ${id}`,
-    descriptionFr: `Caméra ${id}`,
-    type: 'City',
+    id: number + 10000,
+    camera_number: number,
+    name: `Camera ${number}`,
+    name_french: `Caméra ${number}`,
+    cameraOwner: 'CITY',
     latitude: lat,
     longitude: lon,
     ...overrides,
   };
 }
 
-test('Ottawa loader keeps in-city cameras and builds frame URLs from the id', async (t) => {
+/** The feed's envelope around its rows. */
+const ottawaPayload = (rows) => Response.json({ cameras: rows });
+
+test('without OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE the Ottawa pack is skipped with no request, logged once', async (t) => {
+  _resetOttawaCertificateWarningForTest();
+  const lines = [];
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', (line) => lines.push(String(line)));
+  const fetchMock = t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => {
+    throw new Error('no request expected');
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(await loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData({}, {}), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    await loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData({}, { OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE: '  ' }),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.equal(fetchMock.mock.callCount(), 0);
+  assert.equal(lines.length, 1);
+  assert.match(lines[0], /OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE/);
+});
+
+test('Ottawa frame URLs are signed only inside the opendata camera path', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    ottawaAuthorizedFrameUrl('https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=16', CERT),
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=16&certificate=CERT123&id=gev',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    ottawaAuthorizedFrameUrl('https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=16', {}),
+    '',
+    'no certificate, no signed URL',
+  );
+  for (const url of [
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=16x',
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/other?c=16',
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=16',
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca.evil.test/opendata/camera?c=16',
+    'http://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=16',
+  ])
+    assert.equal(ottawaAuthorizedFrameUrl(url, CERT), '', url);
+});
+
+test('Ottawa loader keeps in-city cameras and builds keyless frame URLs from the camera number', async (t) => {
   quiet(t);
   withEnv(t, { CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES: undefined });
   const requested = [];
   t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url) => {
     requested.push(String(url));
-    return Response.json([
-      ottawaRow(309, 45.341343, -75.81467, {
-        description: '(MTO) Hwy 416 NB ramp to Hwy 417 East',
-        type: 'MTO',
+    return ottawaPayload([
+      ottawaRow(2025, 45.341343, -75.81467, {
+        name: '(MTO) Hwy 416 NB ramp to Hwy 417 East',
+        cameraOwner: 'MTO',
       }),
       ottawaRow(1, 45.4215, -75.6972, {
-        description: 'Bank St at Somerset St',
-        type: 'City',
+        name: 'Bank St at Somerset St',
+        camera_owner: 'CITY',
+        cameraOwner: undefined,
       }),
+      ottawaRow(1, 45.4216, -75.6973, { name: 'duplicate number' }),
       ottawaRow(0, 45.4215, -75.6972),
       ottawaRow(-3, 45.4215, -75.6972),
       ottawaRow(7, null, -75.7),
@@ -71,18 +119,21 @@ test('Ottawa loader keeps in-city cameras and builds frame URLs from the id', as
     ]);
   });
 
-  const cameras = await loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData();
+  const cameras = await loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData({}, CERT);
 
   assert.deepEqual(requested, [OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL]);
   assert.deepEqual(cameras.map((camera) => camera.id).sort(), [
     'ottawa-1',
-    'ottawa-309',
+    'ottawa-2025',
   ]);
 
-  const mto = cameras.find((camera) => camera.id === 'ottawa-309');
+  const mto = cameras.find((camera) => camera.id === 'ottawa-2025');
   const city = cameras.find((camera) => camera.id === 'ottawa-1');
-  assert.equal(mto.url, 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=309');
+  assert.equal(mto.url, 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=2025');
+  assert.doesNotMatch(mto.url, /certificate/, 'the catalog URL carries no key');
   assert.equal(mto.snapshotUrl, mto.url);
+  assert.equal(mto.frameRefreshMs, 60000, 'the API allows one fetch a minute');
+  assert.equal(city.name, 'Bank St at Somerset St');
   assert.equal(mto.name, '(MTO) Hwy 416 NB ramp to Hwy 417 East');
   assert.equal(mto.city, 'Ottawa');
   assert.equal(mto.provider, 'City of Ottawa');
@@ -91,7 +142,7 @@ test('Ottawa loader keeps in-city cameras and builds frame URLs from the id', as
   assert.equal(mto.headingConfidence, 'low');
   assert.equal(
     mto.headingDeg,
-    fallbackHeadingFromId('ottawa-309'),
+    fallbackHeadingFromId('ottawa-2025'),
     'the feed publishes no bearing, so the id-hash fallback is deterministic',
   );
   assert.match(mto.license, /City of Ottawa/);
@@ -115,9 +166,9 @@ test('Ottawa loader keeps the cameras nearest downtown under its cap', async (t)
       (lat, i) => ottawaRow(200 + i, lat, -75.7),
     ),
   ];
-  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => Response.json(rows));
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => ottawaPayload(rows));
 
-  const cameras = await loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData();
+  const cameras = await loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData({}, CERT);
 
   assert.equal(cameras.length, 8);
   assert.deepEqual(
@@ -134,15 +185,16 @@ test('Ottawa loader fails soft on HTTP errors, unexpected payloads and network e
   for (respond of [
     async () => new Response('unavailable', { status: 503 }),
     async () => Response.json({ cameras: [] }),
+    async () => Response.json([ottawaRow(1, 45.4215, -75.6972)]),
     async () => {
       throw new TypeError('fetch failed');
     },
   ]) {
-    assert.deepEqual(await loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
+    assert.deepEqual(await loadOttawaSourcesFromOpenData({}, CERT), []);
   }
 });
 
-test('CCTV catalog merges Ottawa cameras and CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=0 skips the request', async (t) => {
+test('CCTV catalog merges Ottawa cameras with a certificate and CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=0 skips the request', async (t) => {
   quiet(t);
   const sourceRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gev-cctv-ottawa-'));
   t.after(() => fs.rmSync(sourceRoot, { recursive: true, force: true }));
@@ -154,13 +206,16 @@ test('CCTV catalog merges Ottawa cameras and CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=0 skips the req
     CCTV_MAX_SOURCES: undefined,
     CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED: undefined,
     CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES: undefined,
+    CCTV_QUEBEC_ENABLED: '0',
+    CCTV_WORLD_CAMERAS_ENABLED: '0',
+    OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE: 'CERT123',
   });
   const requested = [];
   t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url) => {
     requested.push(String(url));
     // Every other live pack is down; only Ottawa answers.
     return String(url) === OTTAWA_CAMERAS_URL
-      ? Response.json([ottawaRow(1, 45.4215, -75.6972)])
+      ? ottawaPayload([ottawaRow(1, 45.4215, -75.6972)])
       : new Response('unavailable', { status: 503 });
   });
 
@@ -169,7 +224,7 @@ test('CCTV catalog merges Ottawa cameras and CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=0 skips the req
     sources.map((source) => source.id),
     ['ottawa-1'],
   );
-  assert.equal(sources[0].url, 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=1');
+  assert.equal(sources[0].url, 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=1');
 
   process.env.CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED = '0';
   requested.length = 0;
@@ -185,16 +240,16 @@ test('CCTV catalog merges Ottawa cameras and CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=0 skips the req
 test('Ottawa frames stay inside the city image directory', () => {
   assert.ok(
     pinnedCameraUrl(
-      'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=309',
+      'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=309',
       OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
     ),
   );
   for (const url of [
-    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca.evil.test/map/camera?id=309',
-    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/other/camera?id=309',
-    'https://user:pass@traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=309',
-    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca:8443/map/camera?id=309',
-    'http://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=309',
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca.evil.test/opendata/camera?c=309',
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/camera?id=309',
+    'https://user:pass@traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=309',
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca:8443/opendata/camera?c=309',
+    'http://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=309',
   ])
     assert.equal(pinnedCameraUrl(url, OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN), null, url);
 });
diff --git a/src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs
index 979a18ded..6f7ed577e 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvProxy.test.mjs
@@ -365,6 +365,7 @@ test('CCTV upstream frame fetch extracts only the first JPEG from MJPEG', async
     const result = await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
       'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+020',
       {
+        allowMjpeg: true,
         maxBytes: 1024,
         fetchImpl: async () =>
           multipartResponse(
@@ -397,6 +398,7 @@ test('CCTV upstream frame fetch rejects malformed and non-JPEG MJPEG parts', asy
     const result = await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
       'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+020',
       {
+        allowMjpeg: true,
         fetchImpl: async () =>
           multipartResponse(type, chunks, { onCancel: () => { cancelled = true; } }),
       },
@@ -418,6 +420,7 @@ test('CCTV upstream frame fetch rejects truncated or oversized MJPEG parts', asy
     const result = await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
       'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+020',
       {
+        allowMjpeg: true,
         maxBytes,
         fetchImpl: async () =>
           multipartResponse(
@@ -456,6 +459,7 @@ test('CCTV upstream frame fetch does not cross into a later part when the first
   const result = await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
     'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+020',
     {
+      allowMjpeg: true,
       maxBytes: 1024,
       fetchImpl: async () =>
         multipartResponse(
@@ -468,4 +472,75 @@ test('CCTV upstream frame fetch does not cross into a later part when the first
 
   assert.equal(result, null);
   assert.equal(cancelled, true);
-});
\ No newline at end of file
+});
+test('CCTV upstream frame fetch ignores MJPEG unless the source is registered as MJPEG', async () => {
+  const boundary = 'DIGIEVER';
+  const jpeg = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8, 0x11, 0x22, 0xff, 0xd9]);
+  let cancelled = false;
+  const result = await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
+    'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+020',
+    {
+      fetchImpl: async () =>
+        multipartResponse(
+          'multipart/x-mixed-replace; boundary=' + boundary,
+          [jpegPart(boundary, jpeg)],
+          { onCancel: () => { cancelled = true; } },
+        ),
+    },
+  );
+  assert.equal(result, null);
+  assert.equal(cancelled, true);
+});
+
+test('CCTV upstream frame fetch accepts a CRLF preamble and a boundary that already starts with --', async () => {
+  const jpeg = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8, 0x11, 0x22, 0xff, 0xd9]);
+  for (const [type, wire] of [
+    [
+      'multipart/x-mixed-replace; boundary=DIGIEVER',
+      Buffer.concat([Buffer.from('\r\n'), jpegPart('DIGIEVER', jpeg)]),
+    ],
+    [
+      'multipart/x-mixed-replace; boundary=--myboundary',
+      Buffer.concat([
+        Buffer.from(
+          '--myboundary\r\nContent-Type: image/jpeg\r\nContent-Length: ' +
+            jpeg.length +
+            '\r\n\r\n',
+        ),
+        jpeg,
+        Buffer.from('\r\n--myboundary\r\n'),
+      ]),
+    ],
+  ]) {
+    const result = await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
+      'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+020',
+      {
+        allowMjpeg: true,
+        fetchImpl: async () => multipartResponse(type, [wire]),
+      },
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(result?.body, jpeg, type);
+  }
+});
+
+test('CCTV MJPEG part without Content-Length ends at the next delimiter, not at an inner JPEG end marker', async () => {
+  const boundary = 'DIGIEVER';
+  // An EXIF thumbnail's own FF D9 sits inside the image.
+  const jpeg = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8, 0x01, 0xff, 0xd9, 0x02, 0x03, 0xff, 0xd9]);
+  const wire = Buffer.concat([
+    Buffer.from('--' + boundary + '\r\nContent-Type: image/jpeg\r\n\r\n'),
+    jpeg,
+    Buffer.from('\r\n--' + boundary + '\r\nContent-Type: image/jpeg\r\n\r\n'),
+  ]);
+  // Delivered one byte at a time, as a trickling upstream would.
+  const chunks = [...wire].map((byte) => Buffer.from([byte]));
+  const result = await fetchCctvImageFromUpstream(
+    'https://cctv-ss02.thb.gov.tw/T62-9K+020',
+    {
+      allowMjpeg: true,
+      fetchImpl: async () =>
+        multipartResponse('multipart/x-mixed-replace; boundary=' + boundary, chunks),
+    },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(result?.body, jpeg);
+});
diff --git a/src/data/cctvToronto.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvToronto.test.mjs
index 7b7a73261..30b4fa1f8 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvToronto.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvToronto.test.mjs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   TORONTO_RESCU_LIST_URL,
   TORONTO_RESCU_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TORONTO_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES,
-  DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES,
+  CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS,
 } from '../../server/providers/cctv/constants.js';
 import { CAMERA_CODE_MAX_CHARS } from '../../server/providers/cctv/normalize.js';
 import { allocateSourceCap } from '../../server/providers/cctv/cap.js';
@@ -418,6 +418,6 @@ test('CCTV_TORONTO_ENABLED=0 keeps the lane from being loaded at all', async (t)
   }
 });
 
-test('the default catalog preserves shared, Québec, and World image slots', () => {
-  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 7516);
+test('the shared catalog slots are not raised to make room for this pack', () => {
+  assert.equal(CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS, 4000);
 });
diff --git a/src/data/cctvWorldQuebec.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvWorldQuebec.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0859329af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/cctvWorldQuebec.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_FILE,
+  WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT,
+} from '../../server/providers/cctv/constants.js';
+import {
+  isMlitRiverAdjustmentImage,
+  loadWorldCameraSources,
+} from '../../server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js';
+import {
+  loadQuebecSources,
+  QUEBEC_CAMERA_SOURCE_COUNT,
+  quebec511VideoUrl,
+  quebecBrowserVideoEnabled,
+} from '../../server/providers/cctv/quebec.js';
+import { cctvProxy } from '../../server/providers/cctv.js';
+
+const REPO_ROOT = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '../..');
+const JPEG = Buffer.from([0xff, 0xd8, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x10, 0xff, 0xd9]);
+
+/** Silence the loaders' progress and failure logging. */
+function quiet(t) {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+}
+
+/** Set (or, for `undefined`, delete) environment variables for one test. */
+function withEnv(t, env) {
+  for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(env)) {
+    const previous = process.env[name];
+    t.after(() => {
+      if (previous === undefined) delete process.env[name];
+      else process.env[name] = previous;
+    });
+    if (value === undefined) delete process.env[name];
+    else process.env[name] = value;
+  }
+}
+
+/** A temporary source root holding the given World and Québec catalogs. */
+function sourceRoot(t, { world = [], quebec = null } = {}) {
+  const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gev-cctv-world-'));
+  t.after(() => fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true }));
+  const worldFile = path.join(root, DEFAULT_WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_FILE);
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(worldFile), { recursive: true });
+  fs.writeFileSync(worldFile, JSON.stringify(world));
+  if (quebec) {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'public'), { recursive: true });
+    fs.writeFileSync(
+      path.join(root, 'public/quebec-cameras.json'),
+      JSON.stringify({ cameras: quebec }),
+    );
+  }
+  return root;
+}
+
+const icelandRow = (overrides = {}) => ({
+  id: 'world-is-7075',
+  name: 'Almannaskarð - norður',
+  provider: 'Vegagerðin road cameras',
+  lat: 64.291877,
+  lon: -15.028035,
+  sourceKind: 'vegagerdin-road',
+  url: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_1.jpg',
+  snapshotUrl:
+    'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_1.jpg',
+  ...overrides,
+});
+
+test('the shipped World catalog loads every curated row', (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const sources = loadWorldCameraSources({ sourceRoot: REPO_ROOT });
+  assert.equal(sources.length, WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT);
+  const byKind = Object.groupBy(sources, (source) => source.sourceKind);
+  assert.equal(byKind['vegagerdin-road'].length, 166);
+  assert.equal(byKind['tripcheck-odot'].length, 1176);
+  assert.equal(byKind['mlit-river'].length, 1054);
+  for (const source of byKind['mlit-river'])
+    assert.equal(source.frameRefreshMs, 10 * 60 * 1000);
+});
+
+test('the World loader accepts a pinned row and rejects anything outside its policy', (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const rejected = [
+    ['unknown kind', { sourceKind: 'nzta-journeys' }],
+    ['wrong id prefix', { id: 'world-or-7075' }],
+    ['outside bounds', { lat: 40, lon: -15 }],
+    ['other host', { url: 'https://evil.test/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a.jpg' }],
+    ['other directory', { url: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/other/a.jpg' }],
+    ['query string', { url: icelandRow().url + '?x=1' }],
+    ['not a jpg', { url: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a.png' }],
+    ['plain http', { url: icelandRow().url.replace('https:', 'http:') }],
+    [
+      'url and snapshot differ',
+      { snapshotUrl: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/b.jpg' },
+    ],
+  ];
+  const root = sourceRoot(t, {
+    world: [
+      icelandRow(),
+      icelandRow(), // duplicate id
+      ...rejected.map(([, overrides], i) =>
+        icelandRow({ id: `world-is-${9000 + i}`, ...overrides }),
+      ),
+    ],
+  });
+  const sources = loadWorldCameraSources({ sourceRoot: root });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    sources.map((source) => source.id),
+    ['world-is-7075'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(sources[0].frameRefreshMs, 5 * 60 * 1000);
+  assert.equal(sources[0].feedType, 'image');
+});
+
+test('the World loader fails soft on a missing or malformed catalog', (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gev-cctv-world-'));
+  t.after(() => fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true }));
+  assert.deepEqual(loadWorldCameraSources({ sourceRoot: root }), []);
+  const file = path.join(root, DEFAULT_WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_FILE);
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(file), { recursive: true });
+  fs.writeFileSync(file, '{not json');
+  assert.deepEqual(loadWorldCameraSources({ sourceRoot: root }), []);
+});
+
+test('only the exact MLIT adjustment image is recognised', () => {
+  assert.equal(isMlitRiverAdjustmentImage({ ok: true, body: JPEG }), false);
+  assert.equal(isMlitRiverAdjustmentImage(null), false);
+  assert.equal(isMlitRiverAdjustmentImage({ ok: false, body: JPEG }), false);
+});
+
+test('the shipped Québec catalog loads every location', (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const sources = loadQuebecSources({ sourceRoot: REPO_ROOT });
+  assert.equal(sources.length, QUEBEC_CAMERA_SOURCE_COUNT);
+  for (const source of sources) {
+    assert.equal(source.url, '', 'the server never fetches Québec media');
+    assert.equal(source.snapshotUrl, '');
+  }
+});
+
+test('the Québec loader maps ids by kind, keeps https viewer links, and splits the MTQ credit', (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const at = { lat: 45.51651, lon: -73.5502 };
+  const root = sourceRoot(t, {
+    quebec: [
+      { id: '3735', kind: 'traffic', name: 'Route 136', viewerUrl: 'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3735', ...at },
+      { id: 'mtl-465', kind: 'montreal', name: 'Montréal 465', viewerUrl: 'http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/x', ...at },
+      { id: 'web-1', kind: 'webcam', name: 'Tremblant', operator: 'Station Mont-Tremblant', viewerUrl: 'https://user:pw@tremblant.ca/', ...at },
+      { id: 'abc', kind: 'traffic', ...at }, // non-numeric traffic id
+      { id: '3735', kind: 'traffic', ...at }, // duplicate
+      { id: '9', kind: 'traffic', lat: 40, lon: -73.5 }, // outside Québec
+    ],
+  });
+  const sources = loadQuebecSources({ sourceRoot: root });
+  const byId = new Map(sources.map((source) => [source.id, source]));
+  assert.deepEqual([...byId.keys()], ['qc-511-3735', 'qc-mtl-465', 'qc-web-1']);
+
+  const mtq = byId.get('qc-511-3735');
+  assert.equal(mtq.sourceKind, 'quebec-511-browser');
+  assert.match(mtq.credit, /Locations: MTQ · CC BY 4\.0/);
+  assert.match(mtq.credit, /Video: Québec 511/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(mtq.license, /^Données Québec \/ MTQ, CC BY 4\.0$/);
+  assert.equal(byId.get('qc-mtl-465').sourceUrl, '', 'http viewer links are dropped');
+  assert.equal(byId.get('qc-web-1').sourceUrl, '', 'credentialed links are dropped');
+  assert.equal(
+    quebec511VideoUrl('qc-511-3735'),
+    'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=3735&format=mp4',
+  );
+  assert.equal(quebec511VideoUrl('qc-mtl-465'), '');
+});
+
+test('Québec 511 browser video is opt-in', () => {
+  assert.equal(quebecBrowserVideoEnabled({}), false);
+  assert.equal(quebecBrowserVideoEnabled({ CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED: '0' }), false);
+  assert.equal(quebecBrowserVideoEnabled({ CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED: ' 1 ' }), true);
+});
+
+/** Mount the real proxy with a fixed fetch, and drive requests through it. */
+function mount(t, root, respond) {
+  withEnv(t, {
+    CCTV_SOURCES_FILE: 'absent-source-file.json',
+    CCTV_SOURCES_JSON: undefined,
+    CCTV_FORCE_AUSTIN: '0',
+    CCTV_MAX_SOURCES: undefined,
+    // A configured key makes any Street View fallback observable.
+    GOOGLE_MAPS_SERVER_API_KEY: 'test-google-key',
+  });
+  const requests = [];
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url, init = {}) => {
+    requests.push(String(url));
+    return respond(String(url), init) || new Response('down', { status: 503 });
+  });
+  let handler;
+  cctvProxy({ sourceRoot: root }).configureServer({
+    middlewares: {
+      use(_route, fn) {
+        handler = fn;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const call = async (url) => {
+    const res = {
+      writeHead(status, headers) {
+        Object.assign(this, { status, headers });
+      },
+      end(body) {
+        this.body = body;
+      },
+      on() {},
+      once() {},
+    };
+    await handler({ url, method: 'GET', headers: {}, on() {} }, res);
+    return res;
+  };
+  return { call, requests };
+}
+
+test('/sources lists Québec browser media only when the operator opts in', async (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const root = sourceRoot(t, {
+    quebec: [{ id: '3735', kind: 'traffic', name: 'Route 136', lat: 45.5, lon: -73.5 }],
+  });
+  withEnv(t, { CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED: undefined });
+  const app = mount(t, root, () => null);
+  const off = JSON.parse((await app.call('/sources')).body).sources;
+  assert.equal(off.find((s) => s.id === 'qc-511-3735').browserMediaUrl, '');
+
+  process.env.CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED = '1';
+  const on = JSON.parse((await app.call('/sources')).body).sources;
+  assert.match(on.find((s) => s.id === 'qc-511-3735').browserMediaUrl, /camera\.ashx\?id=3735&format=mp4$/);
+});
+
+test('a World frame is fetched once per refresh floor and the cooldown never spends Street View', async (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const root = sourceRoot(t, { world: [icelandRow()] });
+  let answer = () => new Response(JPEG, { headers: { 'content-type': 'image/jpeg' } });
+  const app = mount(t, root, (url) =>
+    url === icelandRow().url ? answer() : null,
+  );
+  const frame = '/frame/world-is-7075';
+  const upstreamHits = () =>
+    app.requests.filter((url) => url === icelandRow().url).length;
+
+  const first = await app.call(frame);
+  assert.equal(first.headers['X-CCTV-Source'], 'upstream-image');
+  const second = await app.call(frame);
+  assert.equal(second.headers['X-CCTV-Source'], 'upstream-image');
+  assert.equal(upstreamHits(), 1, 'the second view reuses the cached frame');
+
+  // A camera whose first fetch fails is inside its failure backoff: it gets
+  // the placeholder, not Google Street View, and no second upstream request.
+  const failRoot = sourceRoot(t, { world: [icelandRow()] });
+  answer = () => new Response('down', { status: 503 });
+  const failing = mount(t, failRoot, (url) =>
+    url === icelandRow().url ? answer() : null,
+  );
+  const failed = await failing.call(frame);
+  assert.notEqual(failed.headers['X-CCTV-Source'], 'upstream-image');
+  const retry = await failing.call(frame);
+  assert.equal(retry.headers['X-CCTV-Source'], 'synthetic');
+  assert.equal(
+    failing.requests.filter((url) => url === icelandRow().url).length,
+    1,
+    'the backoff holds the provider cadence',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    failing.requests.filter((url) => url.includes('maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview')).length,
+    1,
+    'only the first miss, outside any cooldown, may try Street View',
+  );
+});
+
+test('Ottawa frames are signed with the certificate at fetch time only', async (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const root = sourceRoot(t);
+  withEnv(t, { OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE: 'CERT123' });
+  const app = mount(t, root, (url) => {
+    if (url === 'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/map/service/camera')
+      return Response.json({
+        cameras: [
+          { camera_number: 16, name: 'Bank & Hunt Club', latitude: 45.35, longitude: -75.65, cameraOwner: 'CITY' },
+        ],
+      });
+    if (url.startsWith('https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera'))
+      return new Response(JPEG, { headers: { 'content-type': 'image/jpeg' } });
+    return null;
+  });
+  const sources = JSON.parse((await app.call('/sources')).body).sources;
+  const ottawa = sources.find((source) => source.id === 'ottawa-16');
+  assert.ok(ottawa);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(JSON.stringify(sources), /CERT123/, 'no catalog field carries the certificate');
+
+  const frame = await app.call('/frame/ottawa-16');
+  assert.equal(frame.headers['X-CCTV-Source'], 'upstream-image');
+  await app.call('/frame/ottawa-16');
+  const hits = app.requests.filter((url) => url.includes('/opendata/camera'));
+  assert.deepEqual(hits, [
+    'https://traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=16&certificate=CERT123&id=gev',
+  ], 'one signed request per camera per minute');
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 7fc6f1143..454697c21 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
   "Close camera preview": "إغلاق معاينة الكاميرا",
   "Refresh map still": "تحديث صورة الخريطة الثابتة",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "تستخدم صورة الخريطة طلبًا منفصلًا وقد تعرض لحظة مختلفة.",
@@ -3228,5 +3226,6 @@
   "Audio": "الصوت",
   "UTILITIES": "الأدوات",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "اخرج من القمرة للانتقال إلى رسم",
-  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "الاتجاهات والرسم وملفاتك الخاصة"
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "الاتجاهات والرسم وملفاتك الخاصة",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "يُشغَّل الفيديو من Québec 511، الذي يرى عنوان IP الخاص بك."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index d1c0329b9..5ae5a54ca 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
   "Close camera preview": "Kameravorschau schließen",
   "Refresh map still": "Kartenstandbild aktualisieren",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Das Kartenstandbild wird separat abgerufen und kann einen anderen Moment zeigen.",
@@ -2948,5 +2946,6 @@
   "Audio": "Audio",
   "UTILITIES": "WERKZEUGE",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "Cockpit verlassen, um zu einer Zeichnung zu fliegen",
-  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Route, Zeichnen und eigene Dateien"
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Route, Zeichnen und eigene Dateien",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Das Video wird von Québec 511 abgespielt, das Ihre IP-Adresse sieht."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index a774a8b28..155a60433 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
   "Close camera preview": "Cerrar vista previa de la cámara",
   "Refresh map still": "Actualizar imagen fija del mapa",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "La imagen del mapa usa una solicitud independiente y puede mostrar otro momento.",
@@ -3018,5 +3016,6 @@
   "Right panels": "Paneles derechos",
   "UTILITIES": "UTILIDADES",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "Sal de la cabina para volar a un dibujo",
-  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Indicaciones, dibujo y tus propios archivos"
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Indicaciones, dibujo y tus propios archivos",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "El vídeo se reproduce desde Québec 511, que ve tu dirección IP."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 767f5f299..87769749c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
   "Close camera preview": "Fermer l’aperçu de la caméra",
   "Refresh map still": "Actualiser l’image fixe sur la carte",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "L’image fixe de la carte utilise une requête distincte et peut montrer un autre moment.",
@@ -3018,5 +3016,6 @@
   "Audio": "Audio",
   "UTILITIES": "OUTILS",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "Quittez le cockpit pour rejoindre un dessin",
-  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Itinéraire, dessin et vos propres fichiers"
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Itinéraire, dessin et vos propres fichiers",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "La vidéo est lue depuis Québec 511, qui voit votre adresse IP."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 92709237a..c5e75d0e4 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
   "Close camera preview": "Chiudi anteprima della telecamera",
   "Refresh map still": "Aggiorna immagine fissa sulla mappa",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "L’immagine sulla mappa usa una richiesta separata e può mostrare un momento diverso.",
@@ -3018,5 +3016,6 @@
   "Audio": "Audio",
   "UTILITIES": "STRUMENTI",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "Esci dal cockpit per volare a un disegno",
-  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Indicazioni, disegno e i tuoi file"
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Indicazioni, disegno e i tuoi file",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Il video viene riprodotto da Québec 511, che vede il tuo indirizzo IP."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 078a4657e..cb476f20e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
   "Close camera preview": "カメラのプレビューを閉じる",
   "Refresh map still": "地図上の静止画を更新",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地図上の静止画は別のリクエストで取得されるため、異なる時点を表示する場合があります。",
@@ -2878,5 +2876,6 @@
   "Audio": "オーディオ",
   "UTILITIES": "ユーティリティ",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "描画の位置へ移動するにはコックピットを終了してください",
-  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "ルート案内、描画、自分のファイル"
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "ルート案内、描画、自分のファイル",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "動画は Québec 511 から再生され、Québec 511 にはあなたの IP アドレスが見えます。"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index c89cd6760..01d306a71 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
   "Close camera preview": "Fechar prévia da câmera",
   "Refresh map still": "Atualizar imagem fixa no mapa",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "A imagem no mapa usa uma solicitação separada e pode mostrar outro momento.",
@@ -3018,5 +3016,6 @@
   "Audio": "Áudio",
   "UTILITIES": "UTILITÁRIOS",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "Saia da cabine para voar até um desenho",
-  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Rotas, desenho e seus próprios arquivos"
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Rotas, desenho e seus próprios arquivos",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "O vídeo é reproduzido a partir do Québec 511, que vê o seu endereço IP."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 4d03fcea4..a26851a17 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
   "Close camera preview": "Закрыть просмотр камеры",
   "Refresh map still": "Обновить кадр на карте",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Кадр на карте запрашивается отдельно и может показывать другой момент.",
@@ -3088,5 +3086,6 @@
   "Right panels": "Правые панели",
   "UTILITIES": "ИНСТРУМЕНТЫ",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к рисунку",
-  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Маршруты, рисование и ваши файлы"
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Маршруты, рисование и ваши файлы",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Видео воспроизводится с Québec 511, который видит ваш IP-адрес."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index ce367503a..479aa3e79 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
   "Close camera preview": "Закрити перегляд камери",
   "Refresh map still": "Оновити кадр на карті",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Кадр на карті запитується окремо та може показувати інший момент.",
@@ -3088,5 +3086,6 @@
   "Audio": "Аудіо",
   "UTILITIES": "ІНСТРУМЕНТИ",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "Вийдіть із кабіни, щоб перелетіти до малюнка",
-  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Маршрути, малювання та ваші файли"
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Маршрути, малювання та ваші файли",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Відео відтворюється з Québec 511, який бачить вашу IP-адресу."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index aca9e984d..39e570079 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
   "Close camera preview": "关闭摄像头预览",
   "Refresh map still": "刷新地图静止画面",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地图静止画面通过单独的请求获取，可能显示不同的时刻。",
@@ -2878,5 +2876,6 @@
   "Right panels": "右侧面板",
   "UTILITIES": "工具",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "请先退出座舱，再飞往绘制位置",
-  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "路线导航、绘制和你自己的文件"
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "路线导航、绘制和你自己的文件",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "视频从 Québec 511 播放，Québec 511 会看到你的 IP 地址。"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index a851ec8cd..e55147717 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "MTQ · CC BY 4.0": "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-  "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL": "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL",
   "Close camera preview": "關閉攝影機預覽",
   "Refresh map still": "重新整理地圖靜態畫面",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地圖靜態畫面使用獨立請求，顯示的時間可能不同。",
@@ -2878,5 +2876,6 @@
   "Right panels": "右側面板",
   "UTILITIES": "工具",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "請先退出座艙，再飛往繪製位置",
-  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "路線導航、繪製和你自己的文件"
+  "Directions, drawing and your own files": "路線導航、繪製和你自己的文件",
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "影片從 Québec 511 播放，Québec 511 會看到你的 IP 位址。"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index 9cca705e2..e83d3febd 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -31,9 +31,7 @@
     "dB",
     "hPa",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
-    "▲ {frp} MW",
-    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
+    "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "de": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -201,9 +199,7 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔN",
     "Ⅱ PAUSE",
-    "▲ {frp} MW",
-    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
+    "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "es": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -331,9 +327,7 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW",
-    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
+    "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "fr": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -514,9 +508,7 @@
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
     "Ⅱ PAUSE",
-    "▲ {frp} MW",
-    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
+    "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "it": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -687,9 +679,7 @@
     "{value} conf",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW",
-    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
+    "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "ja": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -738,9 +728,7 @@
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW",
-    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
+    "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "pt": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -869,9 +857,7 @@
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW",
-    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
+    "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "ru": [
     "AIS: --",
@@ -889,9 +875,7 @@
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "S2 · {name}",
     "VS",
-    "WHOT/BHOT",
-    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
+    "WHOT/BHOT"
   ],
   "uk": [
     "AIS: --",
@@ -904,9 +888,7 @@
     "NVG",
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
-    "WHOT/BHOT",
-    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
+    "WHOT/BHOT"
   ],
   "zh-CN": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -963,9 +945,7 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW",
-    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
+    "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "zh-Hant": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -1022,8 +1002,6 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW",
-    "MTQ · CC BY 4.0",
-    "OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL"
+    "▲ {frp} MW"
   ]
 }
diff --git a/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.css b/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.css
deleted file mode 100644
index d4110599b..000000000
--- a/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-.qc-preview-panel {
-  position: fixed;
-  z-index: 2000;
-  top: 80px;
-  right: 24px;
-  width: min(360px, calc(100vw - 32px));
-  overflow: hidden;
-  border: 1px solid #3eabbc;
-  border-radius: 8px;
-  background: #071117;
-  color: #e6f8fb;
-  box-shadow: 0 12px 36px #000a;
-  font: 12px/1.4 sans-serif;
-}
-.qc-preview-header {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  justify-content: space-between;
-  padding: 8px 10px;
-  cursor: move;
-  touch-action: none;
-}
-.qc-preview-panel button {
-  border: 1px solid #43818d;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  padding: 4px 8px;
-  background: #102830;
-  color: inherit;
-  cursor: pointer;
-}
-.qc-preview-panel button:focus-visible {
-  outline: 2px solid #82e9f7;
-  outline-offset: 2px;
-}
-.qc-preview-live {
-  display: block;
-  width: 100%;
-  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
-  background: #000;
-}
-.qc-preview-panel .qc-preview-live[hidden],
-.qc-preview-marker video[hidden] {
-  display: none;
-}
-.qc-preview-panel select {
-  display: block;
-  width: calc(100% - 20px);
-  margin: 0 10px 8px;
-  border: 1px solid #43818d;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-  padding: 6px 8px;
-  background: #102830;
-  color: inherit;
-}
-.qc-preview-coordinates {
-  margin: 0 10px 8px;
-  color: #a9c5ca;
-  font:
-    10px/1.4 'Cascadia Code',
-    Consolas,
-    monospace;
-}
-.qc-preview-panel .qc-preview-live[hidden],
-.qc-preview-marker video[hidden] {
-  display: none;
-}
-.qc-preview-actions {
-  display: flex;
-  gap: 8px;
-  padding: 8px 10px 0;
-}
-.qc-preview-panel p {
-  margin: 8px 10px 10px;
-  color: #a9c5ca;
-}
-.qc-preview-panel a {
-  display: inline-block;
-  margin: 0 10px 10px;
-  color: #82e9f7;
-}
-.qc-preview-marker {
-  position: fixed;
-  z-index: 500;
-  width: 160px;
-  transform: translate(-50%, -100%) scale(var(--qc-preview-scale, 1));
-  transform-origin: 50% 100%;
-  pointer-events: none;
-  padding: 3px;
-  border: 1px solid #65d7e7;
-  background: #071117;
-  color: #d8f9ff;
-  font: 10px/1.3 sans-serif;
-}
-.qc-preview-marker[hidden] {
-  display: none;
-}
-.qc-preview-marker video {
-  display: block;
-  width: 100%;
-  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
-  background: #000;
-}
-.qc-preview-marker span {
-  display: block;
-  padding: 3px;
-}
-.qc-preview-marker-link-only {
-  width: max-content;
-  max-width: 220px;
-}
-.qc-preview-marker-link-only {
-  width: max-content;
-  max-width: 220px;
-}
diff --git a/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.js b/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 856e2155c..000000000
--- a/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,319 +0,0 @@
-import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { horizonOccluder } from '../data/iconOrientation.js';
-import { msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
-
-const CAMERA_ORIGIN = 'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx';
-// i18n-ignore: provider and licence labels are required source attribution.
-const MTQ_ATTRIBUTION = msg('MTQ · CC BY 4.0');
-// i18n-ignore: OpenStreetMap credit is shown in its standard form.
-const OSM_ATTRIBUTION = msg('OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL');
-
-function directVideoUrl(camera) {
-  return camera.kind === 'traffic' && /^\d+$/.test(camera.id)
-    ? `${CAMERA_ORIGIN}?id=${camera.id}&format=mp4`
-    : '';
-}
-
-function safeViewerUrl(value) {
-  try {
-    const url = new URL(String(value || ''));
-    return url.protocol === 'https:' && !url.username && !url.password
-      ? url.href
-      : '';
-  } catch {
-    return '';
-  }
-}
-
-/** Install the opt-in Québec camera browser preview and return its cleanup. */
-export function installQuebecCameraPreview(
-  viewer,
-  { initialId = '3735', fetchImpl = globalThis.fetch } = {},
-) {
-  const panel = document.createElement('section');
-  panel.className = 'qc-preview-panel';
-  panel.setAttribute('role', 'dialog');
-  panel.setAttribute('aria-label', t('CCTV camera'));
-
-  const header = document.createElement('header');
-  header.className = 'qc-preview-header';
-  const title = document.createElement('strong');
-  const close = document.createElement('button');
-  close.type = 'button';
-  close.textContent = '×';
-  close.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Close camera preview'));
-  header.append(title, close);
-
-  const select = document.createElement('select');
-  select.setAttribute('aria-label', t('CCTV camera'));
-  const coordinates = document.createElement('p');
-  coordinates.className = 'qc-preview-coordinates';
-  const live = document.createElement('video');
-  live.className = 'qc-preview-live';
-  live.controls = true;
-  live.setAttribute('aria-label', t('CCTV camera'));
-  live.autoplay = true;
-  live.muted = true;
-  live.loop = true;
-  live.playsInline = true;
-
-  const actions = document.createElement('div');
-  actions.className = 'qc-preview-actions';
-  const fly = document.createElement('button');
-  fly.type = 'button';
-  fly.textContent = t('FOCUS');
-  const refresh = document.createElement('button');
-  refresh.type = 'button';
-  refresh.textContent = t('Refresh map still');
-  actions.append(fly, refresh);
-  const note = document.createElement('p');
-  const source = document.createElement('a');
-  source.target = '_blank';
-  source.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
-  const viewerLink = document.createElement('a');
-  viewerLink.target = '_blank';
-  viewerLink.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
-  viewerLink.textContent = t("Open this image on the provider's site");
-  panel.append(
-    header,
-    select,
-    coordinates,
-    live,
-    actions,
-    note,
-    source,
-    viewerLink,
-  );
-
-  const marker = document.createElement('div');
-  marker.className = 'qc-preview-marker';
-  marker.hidden = true;
-  const still = document.createElement('video');
-  still.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
-  still.muted = true;
-  still.playsInline = true;
-  still.preload = 'auto';
-  const label = document.createElement('span');
-  marker.append(still, label);
-  document.body.append(panel, marker);
-
-  const controller = new AbortController();
-  let disposed = false;
-  let selected = null;
-  let cameraPosition = null;
-  let mapStillUrl = '';
-  const cameraData = [];
-
-  function setMedia(video, url) {
-    if (video.src === url) return;
-    video.pause();
-    video.removeAttribute('src');
-    if (!url) {
-      video.load();
-      return;
-    }
-    video.src = url;
-    video.load();
-  }
-
-  function refreshStill() {
-    if (!mapStillUrl) return;
-    still.load();
-    void still.play().catch(() => {});
-  }
-
-  function useCamera(camera) {
-    selected = camera;
-    cameraPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(camera.lon, camera.lat, 10);
-    const mediaUrl = directVideoUrl(camera);
-    const viewerUrl = safeViewerUrl(camera.viewerUrl);
-    title.textContent = camera.nameEn || camera.name;
-    select.value = camera.id;
-    // i18n-ignore: coordinates, accuracy and provenance are camera data.
-    coordinates.textContent = `${camera.lat.toFixed(camera.kind === 'traffic' ? 5 : 6)}, ${camera.lon.toFixed(camera.kind === 'traffic' ? 5 : 6)} · ${camera.accuracyM ? `±${camera.accuracyM} m` : camera.positionSource}`;
-    live.hidden = !mediaUrl;
-    refresh.hidden = !mediaUrl;
-    still.hidden = !mediaUrl;
-    if (mediaUrl) {
-      note.textContent = t(
-        'The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.',
-      );
-      setMedia(live, mediaUrl);
-      live.play().catch(() => {});
-      if (mapStillUrl !== mediaUrl) {
-        mapStillUrl = mediaUrl;
-        setMedia(still, mediaUrl);
-        refreshStill();
-      }
-      // i18n-ignore: this suffix is provider-provided location provenance.
-      label.textContent = `${t('PREVIEW')} · ${camera.positionSource}`;
-      marker.classList.remove('qc-preview-marker-link-only');
-    } else {
-      note.textContent = viewerUrl
-        ? t("Open this image on the provider's site")
-        : t('Source unavailable');
-      setMedia(live, '');
-      setMedia(still, '');
-      mapStillUrl = '';
-      // i18n-ignore: camera names and accuracy are supplied as catalog data.
-      label.textContent = camera.accuracyM
-        ? `${camera.name} · ±${camera.accuracyM} m`
-        : camera.name;
-      marker.classList.add('qc-preview-marker-link-only');
-    }
-
-    const osmPosition =
-      camera.kind === 'montreal' ||
-      /openstreetmap|\bosm\b/i.test(camera.positionSource);
-    const attribution =
-      camera.kind === 'traffic'
-        ? t('Source: {label}', { label: MTQ_ATTRIBUTION })
-        : osmPosition
-          ? t('Source: {label}', { label: OSM_ATTRIBUTION })
-          : t('Source: {label}', {
-              label: camera.operator || camera.positionSource || t('Source'),
-            });
-    source.textContent = attribution;
-    const attributionUrl =
-      camera.kind === 'traffic'
-        ? 'https://www.donneesquebec.ca/recherche/dataset/camera-de-circulation'
-        : osmPosition
-          ? 'https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright'
-          : viewerUrl;
-    source.href = attributionUrl || '#';
-    source.hidden = !attributionUrl;
-    viewerLink.href = viewerUrl || '#';
-    viewerLink.hidden = !viewerUrl;
-    updateMarker();
-  }
-
-  function updateMarker() {
-    if (!selected || !cameraPosition) {
-      marker.hidden = true;
-      return;
-    }
-    const canvas = viewer.scene.canvas;
-    const point = viewer.scene.cartesianToCanvasCoordinates(cameraPosition);
-    const visible =
-      point &&
-      horizonOccluder(viewer.camera).isPointVisible(cameraPosition) &&
-      point.x >= 0 &&
-      point.y >= 0 &&
-      point.x <= canvas.clientWidth &&
-      point.y <= canvas.clientHeight;
-    marker.hidden = !visible;
-    if (!visible) return;
-    const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
-    marker.style.left = `${rect.left + point.x}px`;
-    marker.style.top = `${rect.top + point.y}px`;
-    const distance = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(
-      viewer.camera.positionWC,
-      cameraPosition,
-    );
-    marker.style.setProperty(
-      '--qc-preview-scale',
-      String(Math.min(1, 600 / Math.max(1, distance))),
-    );
-  }
-
-  select.addEventListener('change', () => {
-    const camera = cameraData.find((item) => item.id === select.value);
-    if (camera) useCamera(camera);
-  });
-  still.addEventListener('loadeddata', () => still.pause());
-  still.addEventListener('error', () => {
-    label.textContent = t('Source unavailable');
-  });
-  live.addEventListener('error', () => {
-    note.textContent = t('Source unavailable');
-  });
-  refresh.addEventListener('click', refreshStill);
-  fly.addEventListener('click', () => {
-    if (!selected) return;
-    viewer.camera.flyTo({
-      destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
-        selected.lon,
-        selected.lat,
-        600,
-      ),
-      orientation: { heading: 0, pitch: Cesium.Math.toRadians(-90), roll: 0 },
-      duration: 1.5,
-    });
-  });
-
-  header.addEventListener('pointerdown', (event) => {
-    if (event.target.closest('button')) return;
-    const rect = panel.getBoundingClientRect();
-    const offsetX = event.clientX - rect.left;
-    const offsetY = event.clientY - rect.top;
-    header.setPointerCapture(event.pointerId);
-    const move = (moveEvent) => {
-      panel.style.left = `${Math.max(0, Math.min(window.innerWidth - panel.offsetWidth, moveEvent.clientX - offsetX))}px`;
-      panel.style.top = `${Math.max(0, Math.min(window.innerHeight - panel.offsetHeight, moveEvent.clientY - offsetY))}px`;
-      panel.style.right = 'auto';
-    };
-    const stop = () => {
-      header.removeEventListener('pointermove', move);
-      header.removeEventListener('pointerup', stop);
-      header.removeEventListener('pointercancel', stop);
-    };
-    header.addEventListener('pointermove', move);
-    header.addEventListener('pointerup', stop);
-    header.addEventListener('pointercancel', stop);
-  });
-
-  const removeRender = viewer.scene.postRender.addEventListener(updateMarker);
-  const ready = (async () => {
-    try {
-      const response = await fetchImpl('/quebec-cameras.json', {
-        signal: controller.signal,
-      });
-      if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`Camera list HTTP ${response.status}`);
-      const payload = await response.json();
-      const cameras = Array.isArray(payload?.cameras) ? payload.cameras : [];
-      if (!cameras.length) throw new Error('Empty Québec camera list');
-      cameraData.push(...cameras);
-      // i18n-ignore: these group names are provider/source categories.
-      for (const kind of ['traffic', 'montreal', 'webcam']) {
-        const group = document.createElement('optgroup');
-        group.label =
-          kind === 'traffic'
-            ? 'MTQ / Québec 511'
-            : kind === 'montreal'
-              ? 'Montréal / OpenStreetMap'
-              : 'Scenic webcams';
-        for (const camera of cameras.filter((item) => item.kind === kind)) {
-          const option = document.createElement('option');
-          option.value = camera.id;
-          // i18n-ignore: camera names and regions are provider catalog data.
-          option.textContent = `${camera.nameEn || camera.name} · ${camera.region || camera.category}`;
-          group.append(option);
-        }
-        if (group.children.length) select.append(group);
-      }
-      const chosen =
-        cameras.find((camera) => camera.id === initialId) ||
-        cameras.find((camera) => camera.id === '3735') ||
-        cameras[0];
-      useCamera(chosen);
-    } catch {
-      if (!disposed) note.textContent = t('Source unavailable');
-    }
-  })();
-
-  const dispose = () => {
-    if (disposed) return;
-    disposed = true;
-    controller.abort();
-    removeRender();
-    for (const video of [live, still]) {
-      video.pause();
-      video.removeAttribute('src');
-      video.load();
-    }
-    panel.remove();
-    marker.remove();
-  };
-  close.addEventListener('click', dispose);
-  return { dispose, ready };
-}
diff --git a/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.test.mjs b/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.test.mjs
deleted file mode 100644
index d09d0beba..000000000
--- a/src/standalone/quebecCameraPreview.test.mjs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
-import { test } from 'node:test';
-import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import { Window } from 'happy-dom';
-import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { installQuebecCameraPreview } from './quebecCameraPreview.js';
-
-test('Québec preview selects direct-feed and viewer-only cameras and scales the map card', async () => {
-  const window = new Window({ url: 'http://localhost:4173/?qc-preview=all' });
-  const previousWindow = globalThis.window;
-  const previousDocument = globalThis.document;
-  globalThis.window = window;
-  globalThis.document = window.document;
-  window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.load = function () {};
-  window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.play = function () {
-    return Promise.resolve();
-  };
-  window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.pause = function () {
-    this.dataset.paused = 'yes';
-  };
-  let removed = 0;
-  let destination;
-  let render;
-  let point = { x: 200, y: 150 };
-  const viewer = {
-    camera: {
-      positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-73.5502, 45.51651, 1000),
-      flyTo: (options) => {
-        destination = options.destination;
-      },
-    },
-    scene: {
-      canvas: {
-        clientWidth: 800,
-        clientHeight: 600,
-        getBoundingClientRect: () => ({ left: 30, top: 40 }),
-      },
-      cartesianToCanvasCoordinates: () => point,
-      postRender: {
-        addEventListener: (callback) => {
-          render = callback;
-          return () => {
-            removed++;
-          };
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  };
-  const cameras = [
-    {
-      id: '3735',
-      kind: 'traffic',
-      name: 'Route 136 at rue Panet',
-      nameEn: 'Route 136 at rue Panet',
-      lat: 45.51651,
-      lon: -73.5502,
-      viewerUrl:
-        'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3735',
-      positionSource: 'MTQ WFS',
-      accuracyM: null,
-    },
-    {
-      id: 'mtl-465',
-      kind: 'montreal',
-      name: '1re Avenue / Sortie A-20',
-      lat: 45.44462,
-      lon: -73.663552,
-      viewerUrl: 'https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/circulation/node/465',
-      positionSource: 'OSM node',
-      accuracyM: 15,
-    },
-  ];
-  try {
-    const preview = installQuebecCameraPreview(viewer, {
-      initialId: '3735',
-      fetchImpl: async () => ({ ok: true, json: async () => ({ cameras }) }),
-    });
-    await preview.ready;
-    const videos = [...window.document.querySelectorAll('video')];
-    assert.equal(videos.length, 2);
-    assert.equal(
-      videos[0].src,
-      'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=3735&format=mp4',
-    );
-    assert.equal(videos[1].src, videos[0].src);
-    assert.equal(videos[0].hidden, false);
-    assert.match(
-      window.document.querySelector('.qc-preview-coordinates').textContent,
-      /45\.51651, -73\.55020/,
-    );
-    videos[1].dispatchEvent(new window.Event('loadeddata'));
-    assert.equal(videos[1].dataset.paused, 'yes');
-
-    const marker = window.document.querySelector('.qc-preview-marker');
-    assert.equal(marker.hidden, false);
-    assert.equal(marker.style.left, '230px');
-    assert.equal(marker.style.top, '190px');
-    const nearScale = Number(
-      marker.style.getPropertyValue('--qc-preview-scale'),
-    );
-    viewer.camera.positionWC = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
-      -73.5502,
-      45.51651,
-      80000,
-    );
-    render();
-    assert.ok(
-      Number(marker.style.getPropertyValue('--qc-preview-scale')) < nearScale,
-    );
-
-    const select = window.document.querySelector('select');
-    select.value = 'mtl-465';
-    select.dispatchEvent(new window.Event('change'));
-    assert.equal(videos[0].hidden, true);
-    assert.equal(videos[1].hidden, true);
-    assert.match(
-      window.document.querySelectorAll(
-        '.qc-preview-panel a[target="_blank"]',
-      )[1].href,
-      /ville\.montreal\.qc\.ca/,
-    );
-    window.document.querySelector('.qc-preview-actions button').click();
-    assert.ok(destination);
-
-    point = { x: -1, y: 150 };
-    render();
-    assert.equal(marker.hidden, true);
-    window.document.querySelector('.qc-preview-header button').click();
-    preview.dispose();
-    assert.equal(removed, 1);
-    assert.equal(window.document.querySelectorAll('video').length, 0);
-  } finally {
-    globalThis.window = previousWindow;
-    globalThis.document = previousDocument;
-    window.close();
-  }
-});
diff --git a/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js b/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js
index c3a25330e..281467200 100644
--- a/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js
+++ b/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.js
@@ -49,13 +49,29 @@ function setMedia(video, url) {
   video.load();
 }
 
+/** Treat an interrupted play() (a pause or a new source) as no failure. */
+function onPlayFailure(mark) {
+  return (error) => {
+    if (error?.name !== 'AbortError') mark();
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Québec 511 serves a new clip at the same URL every few minutes, so a refresh
+ * adds a timestamp to get past the browser's media cache.
+ */
 function mediaRefreshUrl(value) {
   const url = new URL(value);
   url.searchParams.set('_', String(Date.now()));
   return url.href;
 }
 
-/** Attach the active Québec source to a floating browser player and map preview. */
+/**
+ * Attach the active Québec source to a floating browser player and map
+ * preview. The browser contacts Québec 511 only after the viewer presses Play
+ * for that camera; selecting it (by click, auto-hop, a scene or voice) only
+ * shows its details and the play control.
+ */
 export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
   if (!viewer?.scene || typeof document === 'undefined') return null;
 
@@ -64,7 +80,7 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
   const panel = document.createElement('section');
   panel.className = 'qci-panel';
   panel.hidden = true;
-  panel.setAttribute('role', 'dialog');
+  panel.setAttribute('role', 'region');
   panel.setAttribute('aria-label', t('CCTV camera'));
 
   const header = document.createElement('header');
@@ -91,10 +107,14 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
 
   const actions = document.createElement('div');
   actions.className = 'qci-actions';
+  const play = document.createElement('button');
+  play.type = 'button';
+  play.className = 'qci-play';
+  play.textContent = t('Play');
   const refresh = document.createElement('button');
   refresh.type = 'button';
   refresh.textContent = t('Refresh map still');
-  actions.append(refresh);
+  actions.append(play, refresh);
   const note = document.createElement('p');
   note.className = 'qci-note';
   const sourceLink = document.createElement('a');
@@ -110,7 +130,7 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
   still.className = 'qci-marker-still';
   still.muted = true;
   still.playsInline = true;
-  still.preload = 'auto';
+  still.preload = 'none';
   still.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
   const markerLabel = document.createElement('span');
   markerLabel.className = 'qci-marker-label';
@@ -121,7 +141,11 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
   let selectedPosition = null;
   let closedWindowCameraId = null;
   let selectedMediaUrl = '';
+  /** Camera id the viewer pressed Play for; media loads only for this one. */
+  let playingCameraId = null;
   let mediaRefreshTimer = 0;
+  let removeRender = null;
+  let canvasRect = null;
   let liveUnavailable = false;
   let stillUnavailable = false;
 
@@ -144,8 +168,18 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
     markerLabel.textContent = t('Source unavailable');
   }
 
+  function startRender() {
+    if (!removeRender)
+      removeRender = viewer.scene.postRender.addEventListener(updateMarker);
+  }
+
+  function stopRender() {
+    removeRender?.();
+    removeRender = null;
+  }
+
   function stopMediaRefresh() {
-    clearInterval(mediaRefreshTimer);
+    window.clearInterval(mediaRefreshTimer);
     mediaRefreshTimer = 0;
   }
 
@@ -156,7 +190,7 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
       () => {
         if (document.hidden || closedWindowCameraId === selected?.id) return;
         setMedia(live, mediaRefreshUrl(selectedMediaUrl));
-        void live.play().catch(markLiveUnavailable);
+        void live.play().catch(onPlayFailure(markLiveUnavailable));
         refreshStill();
       },
       2 * 60 * 1000,
@@ -164,10 +198,33 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
   }
 
   function refreshStill() {
-    if (!selectedMediaUrl) return;
+    if (!selectedMediaUrl || playingCameraId !== selected?.id) return;
     setMedia(still, '');
     setMedia(still, mediaRefreshUrl(selectedMediaUrl));
-    void still.play().catch(markStillUnavailable);
+    void still.play().catch(onPlayFailure(markStillUnavailable));
+  }
+
+  /** Load and play the selected camera's media: only from a Play click. */
+  function startPlayback() {
+    if (!selected || !selectedMediaUrl) return;
+    playingCameraId = selected.id;
+    liveUnavailable = false;
+    stillUnavailable = false;
+    play.hidden = true;
+    refresh.hidden = false;
+    live.hidden = false;
+    still.hidden = false;
+    marker.classList.remove('qci-marker-link-only');
+    note.textContent = t(
+      'The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.',
+    );
+    note.hidden = false;
+    markerLabel.textContent = markerLabelText(selected, true);
+    setMedia(live, selectedMediaUrl);
+    setMedia(still, selectedMediaUrl);
+    void live.play().catch(onPlayFailure(markLiveUnavailable));
+    void still.play().catch(onPlayFailure(markStillUnavailable));
+    startMediaRefresh();
   }
 
   function setCamera(camera, { reselected = false } = {}) {
@@ -176,9 +233,11 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
       selectedPosition = null;
       closedWindowCameraId = null;
       selectedMediaUrl = '';
+      playingCameraId = null;
       liveUnavailable = false;
       stillUnavailable = false;
       stopMediaRefresh();
+      stopRender();
       panel.hidden = true;
       marker.hidden = true;
       setMedia(live, '');
@@ -189,6 +248,7 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
     const changed = selected?.id !== camera.id;
     if (changed || reselected) closedWindowCameraId = null;
     selected = camera;
+    startRender();
     selectedPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
       Number(camera.lon),
       Number(camera.lat),
@@ -205,7 +265,9 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
     if (changed || mediaUrl !== selectedMediaUrl) {
       liveUnavailable = false;
       stillUnavailable = false;
+      playingCameraId = null;
     }
+    const playing = Boolean(mediaUrl) && playingCameraId === camera.id;
     title.textContent = camera.name || t('CCTV camera');
     coordinates.textContent = [
       `${Number(camera.lat).toFixed(5)}, ${Number(camera.lon).toFixed(5)}`,
@@ -218,16 +280,19 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
       .join(' · ');
     credit.textContent = camera.credit || camera.provider || '';
     credit.hidden = !credit.textContent;
-    live.hidden = !mediaUrl;
-    refresh.hidden = !mediaUrl;
+    live.hidden = !playing;
+    play.hidden = !mediaUrl || playing;
+    refresh.hidden = !playing;
     actions.hidden = !mediaUrl;
     note.hidden = !mediaUrl;
     note.textContent = mediaUrl
-      ? liveUnavailable
-        ? t('Source unavailable')
-        : t(
-            'The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.',
-          )
+      ? !playing
+        ? t('Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.')
+        : liveUnavailable
+          ? t('Source unavailable')
+          : t(
+              'The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.',
+            )
       : sourceUrl
         ? ''
         : t('Source unavailable');
@@ -236,27 +301,24 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
     sourceLink.hidden = !sourceUrl;
     markerLabel.textContent = stillUnavailable
       ? t('Source unavailable')
-      : markerLabelText(camera, mediaUrl);
-    marker.classList.toggle('qci-marker-link-only', !mediaUrl);
-    still.hidden = !mediaUrl;
+      : markerLabelText(camera, playing);
+    marker.classList.toggle('qci-marker-link-only', !playing);
+    still.hidden = !playing;
     panel.hidden = false;
 
     if (changed || mediaUrl !== selectedMediaUrl) {
       selectedMediaUrl = mediaUrl;
-      setMedia(live, mediaUrl);
-      setMedia(still, mediaUrl);
-      if (mediaUrl) {
-        void live.play().catch(markLiveUnavailable);
-        void still.play().catch(markStillUnavailable);
-        startMediaRefresh();
-      } else {
-        stopMediaRefresh();
-      }
-    } else if (reselected && mediaUrl) {
+      // A new camera never inherits playback: the browser stays off 511
+      // until the viewer presses Play for it.
+      stopMediaRefresh();
+      setMedia(live, '');
+      setMedia(still, '');
+    } else if (reselected && playing) {
       if (live.error || live.networkState === 3 || live.readyState < 2) {
         setMedia(live, mediaRefreshUrl(mediaUrl));
       }
-      if (live.paused) void live.play().catch(markLiveUnavailable);
+      if (live.paused)
+        void live.play().catch(onPlayFailure(markLiveUnavailable));
       startMediaRefresh();
       if (still.error || still.networkState === 3 || still.readyState < 2)
         refreshStill();
@@ -280,7 +342,10 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
       point.y <= canvas.clientHeight;
     marker.hidden = !visible;
     if (!visible) return;
-    const rect = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+    // Measured once per resize or scroll, not every frame, so the per-frame
+    // style writes never force a layout.
+    canvasRect ||= canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+    const rect = canvasRect;
     marker.style.left = `${rect.left + point.x}px`;
     marker.style.top = `${rect.top + point.y}px`;
     const distance = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(
@@ -320,6 +385,23 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
     { signal },
   );
   refresh.addEventListener('click', refreshStill, { signal });
+  play.addEventListener('click', startPlayback, { signal });
+  const resetCanvasRect = () => {
+    canvasRect = null;
+  };
+  window.addEventListener('resize', resetCanvasRect, { signal });
+  window.addEventListener('scroll', resetCanvasRect, {
+    signal,
+    capture: true,
+    passive: true,
+  });
+  panel.addEventListener(
+    'keydown',
+    (event) => {
+      if (event.key === 'Escape') close.click();
+    },
+    { signal },
+  );
   close.addEventListener(
     'click',
     () => {
@@ -359,25 +441,24 @@ export function createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer) {
   document.addEventListener(
     'visibilitychange',
     () => {
-      if (!selectedMediaUrl) return;
+      if (!selectedMediaUrl || playingCameraId !== selected?.id) return;
       if (document.hidden) {
         live.pause();
         still.pause();
       } else if (closedWindowCameraId !== selected?.id) {
-        void live.play().catch(markLiveUnavailable);
+        void live.play().catch(onPlayFailure(markLiveUnavailable));
         refreshStill();
       }
     },
     { signal },
   );
 
-  const removeRender = viewer.scene.postRender.addEventListener(updateMarker);
   return {
     setCamera,
     dispose() {
       controller.abort();
       stopMediaRefresh();
-      removeRender();
+      stopRender();
       setMedia(live, '');
       setMedia(still, '');
       panel.remove();
diff --git a/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.test.mjs b/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.test.mjs
index cd963bafc..3dd715fe4 100644
--- a/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/quebecCctvOverlay.test.mjs
@@ -4,18 +4,48 @@ import { Window } from 'happy-dom';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { createQuebecCctvOverlay } from './quebecCctvOverlay.js';
 
-test('routine same-camera updates keep Québec feed errors visible until recovery', async () => {
+const MEDIA_URL =
+  'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=3735&format=mp4';
+
+const CAMERA = Object.freeze({
+  id: 'qc-511-3735',
+  sourceKind: 'quebec-511-browser',
+  name: 'Route 136 at rue Panet',
+  lat: 45.51651,
+  lon: -73.5502,
+  positionSource: 'MTQ georeferenced point',
+  browserMediaUrl: MEDIA_URL,
+  sourceUrl:
+    'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3735',
+});
+
+/**
+ * Mount the overlay in a happy-dom window with recorded media loads, timers
+ * and postRender listeners. `play` decides what each play() returns.
+ */
+function mountOverlay(t, { play = () => Promise.resolve() } = {}) {
   const window = new Window({ url: 'http://localhost:4173/' });
   const previousWindow = globalThis.window;
   const previousDocument = globalThis.document;
   globalThis.window = window;
   globalThis.document = window.document;
-  window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.load = function () {};
+  const loads = [];
+  window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.load = function () {
+    if (this.getAttribute('src')) loads.push(this.getAttribute('src'));
+  };
   window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.play = function () {
-    return Promise.resolve();
+    return play(this);
   };
   window.HTMLMediaElement.prototype.pause = function () {};
-  window.setInterval = () => 0;
+  const intervals = new Map();
+  let nextTimer = 1;
+  window.setInterval = (fn) => {
+    const id = nextTimer++;
+    intervals.set(id, fn);
+    return id;
+  };
+  window.clearInterval = (id) => intervals.delete(id);
+  const renderListeners = new Set();
   const viewer = {
     camera: {
       positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-73.5502, 45.51651, 1000),
@@ -23,49 +53,140 @@ test('routine same-camera updates keep Québec feed errors visible until recover
     scene: {
       canvas: { clientWidth: 800, clientHeight: 600 },
       cartesianToCanvasCoordinates: () => null,
-      postRender: { addEventListener: () => () => {} },
+      postRender: {
+        addEventListener(fn) {
+          renderListeners.add(fn);
+          return () => renderListeners.delete(fn);
+        },
+      },
     },
   };
-  let overlay;
-
-  try {
-    overlay = createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer);
-    const camera = {
-      id: 'qc-511-3735',
-      sourceKind: 'quebec-511-browser',
-      name: 'Route 136 at rue Panet',
-      lat: 45.51651,
-      lon: -73.5502,
-      positionSource: 'MTQ georeferenced point',
-      browserMediaUrl:
-        'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/camera.ashx?id=3735&format=mp4',
-      sourceUrl:
-        'https://www.quebec511.info/Carte/Fenetres/FenetreVideo.html?id=3735',
-    };
-    overlay.setCamera(camera);
-    const [live, still] = window.document.querySelectorAll('video');
-    live.dispatchEvent(new window.Event('error'));
-    still.dispatchEvent(new window.Event('error'));
-
-    overlay.setCamera({ ...camera });
-
-    assert.equal(window.document.querySelector('.qci-note').textContent, 'Source unavailable');
-    assert.equal(window.document.querySelector('.qci-marker-label').textContent, 'Source unavailable');
-
-    live.dispatchEvent(new window.Event('loadeddata'));
-    still.dispatchEvent(new window.Event('loadeddata'));
-    assert.match(
-      window.document.querySelector('.qci-note').textContent,
-      /separate request/,
-    );
-    assert.match(
-      window.document.querySelector('.qci-marker-label').textContent,
-      /^PREVIEW ·/,
-    );
-  } finally {
+  const overlay = createQuebecCctvOverlay(viewer);
+  t.after(() => {
     overlay?.dispose();
     globalThis.window = previousWindow;
     globalThis.document = previousDocument;
     window.close();
-  }
+  });
+  const [live, still] = window.document.querySelectorAll('video');
+  return {
+    window,
+    overlay,
+    loads,
+    intervals,
+    renderListeners,
+    live,
+    still,
+    note: () => window.document.querySelector('.qci-note').textContent,
+    label: () => window.document.querySelector('.qci-marker-label').textContent,
+    playButton: () => window.document.querySelector('.qci-play'),
+  };
+}
+
+test('selecting a Québec camera contacts Québec 511 only after Play', (t) => {
+  const ui = mountOverlay(t);
+  assert.equal(ui.renderListeners.size, 0, 'no per-frame work before a camera');
+
+  ui.overlay.setCamera(CAMERA);
+  assert.deepEqual(ui.loads, [], 'selection alone loads no 511 media');
+  assert.equal(ui.intervals.size, 0, 'and starts no refresh timer');
+  assert.equal(ui.playButton().hidden, false);
+  assert.match(ui.note(), /sees your IP address/);
+  assert.equal(ui.renderListeners.size, 1);
+
+  ui.playButton().click();
+  assert.deepEqual(ui.loads, [MEDIA_URL, MEDIA_URL], 'live player and map still');
+  assert.equal(ui.playButton().hidden, true);
+  assert.equal(ui.intervals.size, 1);
+
+  // A different camera never inherits playback.
+  ui.loads.length = 0;
+  ui.overlay.setCamera({
+    ...CAMERA,
+    id: 'qc-511-4103',
+    browserMediaUrl: MEDIA_URL.replace('3735', '4103'),
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(ui.loads, []);
+  assert.equal(ui.intervals.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(ui.playButton().hidden, false);
+
+  ui.overlay.setCamera(null);
+  assert.equal(ui.renderListeners.size, 0, 'deselect drops the per-frame listener');
+});
+
+test('a camera without browser media shows only its provider link', (t) => {
+  const ui = mountOverlay(t);
+  ui.overlay.setCamera({ ...CAMERA, browserMediaUrl: '' });
+  assert.equal(ui.playButton().hidden, true);
+  assert.deepEqual(ui.loads, []);
+  const link = ui.window.document.querySelector('.qci-panel a');
+  assert.equal(link.hidden, false);
+  assert.equal(link.href, CAMERA.sourceUrl);
+});
+
+test('routine same-camera updates keep Québec feed errors visible until recovery', (t) => {
+  const ui = mountOverlay(t);
+  ui.overlay.setCamera(CAMERA);
+  ui.playButton().click();
+  ui.live.dispatchEvent(new ui.window.Event('error'));
+  ui.still.dispatchEvent(new ui.window.Event('error'));
+
+  ui.overlay.setCamera({ ...CAMERA });
+
+  assert.equal(ui.note(), 'Source unavailable');
+  assert.equal(ui.label(), 'Source unavailable');
+
+  ui.live.dispatchEvent(new ui.window.Event('loadeddata'));
+  ui.still.dispatchEvent(new ui.window.Event('loadeddata'));
+  assert.match(ui.note(), /separate request/);
+  assert.match(ui.label(), /^PREVIEW ·/);
+});
+
+test('an interrupted play() is not reported as an unavailable source', async (t) => {
+  const abort = () =>
+    Promise.reject(new DOMException('interrupted by pause()', 'AbortError'));
+  const ui = mountOverlay(t, { play: abort });
+  ui.overlay.setCamera(CAMERA);
+  ui.playButton().click();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  assert.match(ui.note(), /separate request/);
+  assert.match(ui.label(), /^PREVIEW ·/);
+});
+
+test('a real play() failure is reported', async (t) => {
+  const fail = () =>
+    Promise.reject(new DOMException('no supported source', 'NotSupportedError'));
+  const ui = mountOverlay(t, { play: fail });
+  ui.overlay.setCamera(CAMERA);
+  ui.playButton().click();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  assert.equal(ui.note(), 'Source unavailable');
+});
+
+test('the refresh timer reloads with a cache-buster, skips hidden tabs, and stops on dispose', (t) => {
+  const ui = mountOverlay(t);
+  ui.overlay.setCamera(CAMERA);
+  ui.playButton().click();
+  const [refresh] = ui.intervals.values();
+
+  ui.loads.length = 0;
+  Object.defineProperty(ui.window.document, 'hidden', {
+    configurable: true,
+    get: () => true,
+  });
+  refresh();
+  assert.deepEqual(ui.loads, [], 'a hidden tab does not refresh');
+
+  Object.defineProperty(ui.window.document, 'hidden', {
+    configurable: true,
+    get: () => false,
+  });
+  refresh();
+  assert.equal(ui.loads.length, 2);
+  for (const src of ui.loads) assert.match(src, /[?&]_=\d+$/);
+
+  ui.overlay.dispose();
+  assert.equal(ui.intervals.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(ui.renderListeners.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(ui.window.document.querySelector('.qci-panel'), null);
 });

From 2c936ae131ed8b24abfc45cc861c8de75df50061 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Said Turksever <asturksever@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 16:26:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 077/262] docs: correct hidden-contact rotation interval

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 5be325222..2a6dc5fdb 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -4989,7 +4989,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 
 ### Motion & Symbology Correctness (June 10, 2026)
 
-- **Flights (commercial + military)** render one poll interval behind real time (30s/15s) and interpolate between two known feed-stamped fixes (OpenSky `time_position`; adsb.lol `receipt − seen_pos`). The display latency is an intentional product decision — do not "fix" it away. The fleet dead-reckons at ~12Hz (1m² write gating); a contact already hidden behind the horizon whose last position still is re-reckons on a staggered one-in-12-ticks rotation (about once a second) instead, so the worldwide feed's ~13k contacts no longer cost a full pass when well under 1% are on screen. Anything that position puts in view, and any contact with a fleet model, takes the full pass immediately, and hidden-inclusive proximity queries read positions at most about a second old; aircraft get a 3-poll grace period (faded icon) before removal. When a position epoch pauses, both layers coast for at least 60 seconds of contact grace with an absolute five-minute ceiling. Source backoff marks each contact and the cockpit `STALE`; the cockpit then holds the exact layer position instead of continuing inertial flight. Repeated-position kinematic changes create a forward-only synthetic fix rather than mutating history, and grounded history is lifted only when no owned 3D model already controls its datum. A nominally successful worldwide OpenSky response whose own snapshot epoch is more than two minutes old prefers the existing 250-nm viewport-scoped adsb.lol fallback and labels the source/coverage accordingly when that upstream is available. If the fallback is also unavailable, the layer's freshness/error fields use the source epoch—never the cache receipt time—so the UI reports an old snapshot rather than “just now.”
+- **Flights (commercial + military)** render one poll interval behind real time (30s/15s) and interpolate between two known feed-stamped fixes (OpenSky `time_position`; adsb.lol `receipt − seen_pos`). The display latency is an intentional product decision — do not "fix" it away. The fleet dead-reckons at ~12Hz (1m² write gating); a contact already hidden behind the horizon whose last position still is re-reckons on a staggered one-in-13-ticks rotation (about once a second) instead, so the worldwide feed's ~13k contacts no longer cost a full pass when well under 1% are on screen. Anything that position puts in view, and any contact with a fleet model, takes the full pass immediately, and hidden-inclusive proximity queries read positions at most about a second old; aircraft get a 3-poll grace period (faded icon) before removal. When a position epoch pauses, both layers coast for at least 60 seconds of contact grace with an absolute five-minute ceiling. Source backoff marks each contact and the cockpit `STALE`; the cockpit then holds the exact layer position instead of continuing inertial flight. Repeated-position kinematic changes create a forward-only synthetic fix rather than mutating history, and grounded history is lifted only when no owned 3D model already controls its datum. A nominally successful worldwide OpenSky response whose own snapshot epoch is more than two minutes old prefers the existing 250-nm viewport-scoped adsb.lol fallback and labels the source/coverage accordingly when that upstream is available. If the fallback is also unavailable, the layer's freshness/error fields use the source epoch—never the cache receipt time—so the UI reports an old snapshot rather than “just now.”
 - **World-space headings at every angle** (`src/data/iconOrientation.js`): aircraft/vessel icon rotation uses the camera right/up basis per tick (alignedAxis always ZERO), which is exact at screen center and for orthographic/nadir views and remains stable through >180° tracked orbits. Perspective rays vary across the viewport, so off-center contacts at oblique pitch can diverge from an exact finite-difference window projection; a regression test pins that known regime, and field evidence decides whether to adopt exact projection with the basis method as fallback. Fleet rotations refresh on camera-pose change; tracked entities per frame. Billboards are horizon-culled via a shared EllipsoidalOccluder.
 - **Military/OpenSky reconciliation** (`src/data/militaryRegistry.js`): known-military ICAOs render amber in the flights layer (60s self-poll of the cached mil endpoint when the military layer is off) and are suppressed there while the military layer renders them.
 - **Satellites**: 838-sat core catalog (stations/visual/GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/GEO), tracking lands ~726km out via `viewFrom` (tracked entity owns a point graphic so the tracking camera engages), rings realign via primitive modelMatrix (no per-second rebuild flicker), optional `setParams({catalog:'dense'})` Starlink mode.

From f01200b46769c595a85655c5fa2b53c3882b6ad3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 20:41:50 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 078/262] Cross-fade Active Fires markers and heatmap; fix the
 spot size
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

The far-zoom heatmap now uses the ½× grid (4096 × 2048, ≈10 km per
pixel, one-pixel blur), so a lone fire's spot matches its marker at the
3,000 km hand-off. The spot size slider and its share option are gone.

Markers and heatmap are both kept built at every zoom and cross-fade by
camera height between 2,400 and 3,600 km on every frame, so a fast zoom
never shows a beat with neither. The heatmap fades by imagery alpha:
hiding a Cesium imagery layer unmaps it from the globe tiles, and showing
it again re-mapped them late, which was the gap at the band edge. Under
the markers the heatmap is built 150 ms after the data or filter changes.
---
 changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md |  10 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     |  29 ++--
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js               |  64 --------
 src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs         |  61 -------
 src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs        | 151 ++++++++++--------
 src/data/layerState.js                    |   5 +-
 src/data/layerState.test.mjs              |  32 +---
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                  |   3 -
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                  |   3 -
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                  |   3 -
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                  |   3 -
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                  |   3 -
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                  |   3 -
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                  |   3 -
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                  |   3 -
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                  |   3 -
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json               |   3 -
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json             |   3 -
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json             |  15 +-
 src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js           |  13 ++
 src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs     |  16 ++
 src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js             |   7 +-
 src/layers/firms/policy.js                |  25 ++-
 src/layers/firms/queries.js               | 141 ++++++----------
 src/layers/firms/rendering.js             | 186 ++++++++++++++--------
 src/layers/firms/state.js                 |   9 +-
 src/layers/firms/viewport.js              |   3 +
 src/share/viewCodec.js                    |   6 +-
 src/ui/layerPanel.js                      |  19 ++-
 src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue           |   9 +-
 src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs      |  66 +++-----
 31 files changed, 372 insertions(+), 528 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
index 2126e3c7f..2254b1169 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
   log-scale minimum-FRP slider whose track is the ramp, an All / Nominal+ /
   High confidence switch and an "N of M shown" counter to the layer row. Far
   zoom shows a Snap Map–style heatmap in the same colors instead of squares,
-  one distinct spot per fire, empty where nothing burns, with a ½×–4× spot
-  size slider. The filter applies once before rendering, so markers, cards,
-  the heatmap, context and the top-fires query agree; share links keep the
-  filter and the spot size (`w` token: `f`, `c`, `s`), and `get_active_fires`
+  one distinct spot per fire, empty where nothing burns, and cross-fades with
+  the markers around 3,000 km with no gap. The filter applies once before
+  rendering, so markers, cards, the heatmap, context and the top-fires query
+  agree; share links keep it (`w` token: `f`, `c`), and `get_active_fires`
   takes matching `min_frp_mw` and `confidence` arguments. Default 0 MW / All
-  / 1× (gekh, #1426).
+  (gekh, #1426).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 76cbd573a..8fdb5b582 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2209,37 +2209,36 @@ At far zoom (camera above ~3,000 km) the layer drapes a Snap Map–style
 heatmap instead of individual markers: the shown detections are linearly binned
 (each detection's weight shared between the four nearest pixel centres, so spots
 sit at the true position and stay round) on a
-global 2048 × 1024 grid (≈20 km per pixel), each weighted by its FRP in megawatts (so heat is
+global 4096 × 2048 grid (≈10 km per pixel), each weighted by its FRP in megawatts (so heat is
 radiated power, and raising the FRP slider does not dim areas where strong fires
-burn), Gaussian-blurred by one pixel so each fire stays a distinct spot about
-twice the size of its marker,
+burn, and a cluster of detections reads brighter than one), Gaussian-blurred by one
+pixel so each fire stays a distinct spot about the size of its marker,
 normalized on a log scale against the 99.5th percentile and mapped through the
 same hues, from a bright red edge through orange and gold to a pale
 white-hot core. The edge starts more than half opaque, so regions far below
 the hottest ones still read over forest and savanna imagery. Nothing is painted where
 nothing burns (`src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js`). It is one full-globe imagery
 tile on the active imagery host (`src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js`), rebuilt
-on each data refresh or filter change (the first paint at once, later ones
-150 ms after the last change) and hidden once markers take over below
-~750 km. "N FIRES" cards from a 2° / 1° aggregation still label the hottest
+on each data refresh or filter change (the first far-band paint at once,
+later ones 150 ms after the last change). Heatmap and markers are both kept
+built at every zoom and cross-fade by camera height between 2,400 and
+3,600 km, every frame, so a fast zoom never shows a gap: the heatmap fades by
+imagery `alpha` (a hidden Cesium imagery layer is unmapped from the globe
+tiles and re-mapped late when shown), the markers by sprite alpha, and the
+marker collection is hidden once the heatmap is whole. "N FIRES" cards from a 2° / 1° aggregation still label the hottest
 areas; their accent is the strongest fire's FRP color.
 
 The Active Fires row carries a "Fire intensity (FRP)" slider on a log scale
 whose track is painted with the ramp and ticked at the same six values (its
 value reads "All" or "≥ N MW"), a "Confidence" switch with All / Nominal+ /
-High, a "Heatmap spot size" slider (½× to 4× on a log2 axis, 5 % steps,
-default 1×) and an "N of M shown" counter. The spot size scales the heat
-grid rather than the blur (2× is a 1024 × 512 grid with the same one-pixel
-blur), so every spot grows exactly and weak lone fires do not fade as they
-widen; changing it rebuilds only the heatmap, not the shown set. The default is 0 MW and
+High, and an "N of M shown" counter. The default is 0 MW and
 All, because many of the strongest detections are rated low confidence. The
 filter runs once in `ingestion.applyFilter()` before rendering, so markers,
 cards, the heatmap, the shared context store, the top-fires query and the
 analyst records all see one filtered set; a selected fire that no longer passes
-is deselected. The layer state keeps the options under the `w` (`local-firms`)
-share token as `f` (whole megawatts, 0–10,000), `c` (`a`, `n`, `h`) and `s`
-(spot size in percent, 50–400), including the short share codec; a link
-without them restores the defaults.
+is deselected. The layer state keeps both options under the `w` (`local-firms`)
+share token as `f` (whole megawatts, 0–10,000) and `c` (`a`, `n`, `h`),
+including the short share codec; a link without them restores the defaults.
 
 The `get_active_fires` tool accepts its own `min_frp_mw` and `confidence`
 (`all`, `nominal`, `high`) arguments, independent of the panel's setting, and
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
index 85894b19e..6704cf6e2 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js
@@ -43,70 +43,6 @@ export function heatColorAt(t) {
   ];
 }
 
-/**
- * Spot size, in percent of the shipped size: the panel slider and share
- * option `w.s`. Whole percents, half to four times.
- */
-export const HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN = 50;
-export const HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX = 400;
-export const HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT = 100;
-
-/**
- * Spot size → whole percent inside the bounds, or null.
- * @param {*} value
- * @returns {?number}
- */
-export function normalizeHeatSpotSize(value) {
-  const number =
-    typeof value === 'number'
-      ? value
-      : typeof value === 'string' && value.trim() !== ''
-        ? Number(value)
-        : NaN;
-  if (!Number.isFinite(number)) return null;
-  const rounded = Math.round(number);
-  return rounded >= HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN && rounded <= HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX
-    ? rounded
-    : null;
-}
-
-/**
- * The grid for a spot size. The same one-pixel blur on a grid that many
- * times coarser (or finer) scales every spot exactly; widening the blur
- * instead lowers each spot's peak, so weak lone fires faded as they grew.
- * @param {{width: number, height: number, sigmaPx: number}} base Shipped grid.
- * @param {number} spotSize Percent of the shipped size.
- * @returns {{width: number, height: number, sigmaPx: number}}
- */
-export function heatGridForSpotSize(base, spotSize) {
-  const percent = normalizeHeatSpotSize(spotSize) ?? HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT;
-  const height = Math.round((base.height * HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT) / percent);
-  return { width: height * 2, height, sigmaPx: base.sigmaPx };
-}
-
-/**
- * Slider axis for the spot size: log2, so ½× and 2× sit equally far from 1×.
- * Values snap to 5 % steps, which is also their share-link form.
- */
-const SPOT_LOG_MIN = Math.log2(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN / 100);
-const SPOT_LOG_SPAN = Math.log2(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX / 100) - SPOT_LOG_MIN;
-
-/** Track position in 0..1 for a spot size in percent. */
-export function sliderPositionForSpotSize(spotSize) {
-  const percent = normalizeHeatSpotSize(spotSize) ?? HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT;
-  return (Math.log2(percent / 100) - SPOT_LOG_MIN) / SPOT_LOG_SPAN;
-}
-
-/** Spot size in percent for a track position in 0..1. */
-export function spotSizeForSliderPosition(position) {
-  const p = Number.isFinite(position) ? Math.max(0, Math.min(1, position)) : 0;
-  const percent = 100 * Math.pow(2, SPOT_LOG_MIN + p * SPOT_LOG_SPAN);
-  return Math.min(
-    HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX,
-    Math.max(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN, Math.round(percent / 5) * 5),
-  );
-}
-
 /** Weight of a detection with no or zero FRP, in megawatts. */
 export const HEAT_MIN_WEIGHT_MW = 0.5;
 
diff --git a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
index 9fc0e02c8..754493754 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsHeatRaster.test.mjs
@@ -7,10 +7,6 @@ import {
   binFires,
   blurGaussian,
   buildHeatRaster,
-  heatGridForSpotSize,
-  normalizeHeatSpotSize,
-  sliderPositionForSpotSize,
-  spotSizeForSliderPosition,
 } from './firmsHeatRaster.js';
 
 const fire = (lat, lon, frp = 10) => ({ lat, lon, frp });
@@ -120,60 +116,3 @@ test('buildHeatRaster with no fires is fully transparent', () => {
   const r = buildHeatRaster([], { width: 8, height: 4, sigmaPx: 1 });
   assert.ok(r.rgba.every((v) => v === 0));
 });
-
-test('a spot size scales the grid, not the blur', () => {
-  const base = { width: 2048, height: 1024, sigmaPx: 1 };
-  assert.deepEqual(heatGridForSpotSize(base, 100), base);
-  assert.deepEqual(heatGridForSpotSize(base, 200), {
-    width: 1024,
-    height: 512,
-    sigmaPx: 1,
-  });
-  assert.deepEqual(heatGridForSpotSize(base, 50), {
-    width: 4096,
-    height: 2048,
-    sigmaPx: 1,
-  });
-  const odd = heatGridForSpotSize(base, 150);
-  assert.equal(odd.width, odd.height * 2, 'the grid stays 2:1');
-  assert.deepEqual(heatGridForSpotSize(base, 9999), base, 'invalid → default');
-});
-
-test('twice the spot size paints a lone fire twice as wide', () => {
-  const base = { width: 2048, height: 1024, sigmaPx: 1 };
-  const fires = [fire(0, 0, 5)];
-  for (let i = 0; i < 40; i++) fires.push(fire(-10, 25 + i * 0.05, 300));
-  const widthKm = (spotSize) => {
-    const r = buildHeatRaster(fires, heatGridForSpotSize(base, spotSize));
-    const y = Math.floor(r.height / 2);
-    let painted = 0;
-    for (let x = 0; x < r.width; x++) {
-      const lon = ((x + 0.5) / r.width) * 360 - 180;
-      if (Math.abs(lon) < 10 && r.rgba[(y * r.width + x) * 4 + 3] > 0) {
-        painted += 1;
-      }
-    }
-    return (painted * 40075) / r.width;
-  };
-  const ratio = widthKm(200) / widthKm(100);
-  assert.ok(ratio > 1.7 && ratio < 2.3, `ratio ${ratio.toFixed(2)}`);
-});
-
-test('the spot-size slider is log2 with 1x a third along and 5 % steps', () => {
-  assert.equal(sliderPositionForSpotSize(50), 0);
-  assert.equal(sliderPositionForSpotSize(400), 1);
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(sliderPositionForSpotSize(100) - 1 / 3) < 1e-9);
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(sliderPositionForSpotSize(200) - 2 / 3) < 1e-9);
-  assert.equal(spotSizeForSliderPosition(0), 50);
-  assert.equal(spotSizeForSliderPosition(1), 400);
-  assert.equal(spotSizeForSliderPosition(1 / 3), 100);
-  assert.equal(spotSizeForSliderPosition(-1), 50);
-  for (let i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
-    const percent = spotSizeForSliderPosition(i / 100);
-    assert.equal(percent % 5, 0, `${percent} at ${i}%`);
-    assert.equal(normalizeHeatSpotSize(percent), percent);
-  }
-  assert.equal(normalizeHeatSpotSize('150'), 150);
-  assert.equal(normalizeHeatSpotSize(49), null);
-  assert.equal(normalizeHeatSpotSize(''), null);
-});
diff --git a/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
index cd901f729..fddf82f49 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import { WORLD_FOCUS_REQUEST_EVENT } from '../worldFocus.js';
 import { readLayerSource } from '../testSupport/readLayerSource.mjs';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { HEAT_REBUILD_MS } from '../layers/firms/policy.js';
 
 const LAYER_SOURCE = readLayerSource(
   path.join(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), 'firmsHeatmap.js'),
@@ -393,7 +394,58 @@ test('disable cancels a pending source and a late response cannot repopulate the
   } finally { h.layer.destroy(h.viewer); h.cleanup(); }
 });
 
-test('far zoom drapes one heatmap and draws no rectangles; markers and disable hide it', () => {
+test('the heatmap is preloaded under the markers before the first zoom-out', (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const priorDocument = globalThis.document;
+  globalThis.document = {
+    createElement: () => ({
+      getContext: () => ({
+        createImageData: (w, hh) => ({ data: new Uint8ClampedArray(w * hh * 4) }),
+        putImageData() {},
+        createRadialGradient: () => ({ addColorStop() {} }),
+        fillRect() {},
+      }),
+      toDataURL: () => 'data:image/png;base64,AAAA',
+    }),
+  };
+  const h = harness({
+    withDataSource: true,
+    cameraPosition: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-98, 30, 1_000_000),
+  });
+  h.viewer.camera = { positionCartographic: { height: 1_000_000 } };
+  h.viewer.scene.primitives = { add() {}, remove() {}, raiseToTop() {}, contains: () => true };
+  h.viewer.scene.frameState = { mode: Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D };
+  const added = [];
+  try {
+    h.layer.attachShellServices({
+      imageryHost: () => ({
+        kind: 'globe',
+        collection: {
+          addImageryProvider: (provider) => {
+            const layer = { provider, show: true, alpha: 1 };
+            added.push(layer);
+            return layer;
+          },
+          remove() {},
+          raiseToTop() {},
+        },
+      }),
+    });
+    h.layer._renderLodForTest('close');
+    assert.equal(added.length, 0, 'the markers paint first; the build trails');
+    t.mock.timers.tick(HEAT_REBUILD_MS);
+    assert.equal(added.length, 1, 'then the heatmap is draped');
+    assert.equal(added[0].alpha, 0, 'invisible until the hand-off');
+    assert.equal(added[0].show, true, 'but mapped onto the globe tiles');
+  } finally {
+    h.layer.destroy(h.viewer);
+    h.cleanup();
+    if (priorDocument === undefined) delete globalThis.document;
+    else globalThis.document = priorDocument;
+  }
+});
+
+test('far zoom drapes one heatmap and the hand-off cross-fades it with the markers', () => {
   // A canvas stub for the heat drape and the detection glow sprites.
   const priorDocument = globalThis.document;
   const restoreDocument = () => {
@@ -420,8 +472,16 @@ test('far zoom drapes one heatmap and draws no rectangles; markers and disable h
   });
   const added = [];
   const removed = [];
+  let markers = null;
+  // The fade reads the camera height; the cull reads scene.camera.
+  const setHeight = (height) => {
+    h.viewer.camera = { positionCartographic: { height } };
+  };
+  setHeight(12_000_000);
   h.viewer.scene.primitives = {
-    add() {},
+    add(primitive) {
+      markers = primitive;
+    },
     remove() {},
     raiseToTop() {},
     contains: () => true,
@@ -430,7 +490,7 @@ test('far zoom drapes one heatmap and draws no rectangles; markers and disable h
   try {
     const collection = {
       addImageryProvider: (provider) => {
-        const layer = { provider, show: true };
+        const layer = { provider, show: true, alpha: 1 };
         added.push(layer);
         return layer;
       },
@@ -443,17 +503,33 @@ test('far zoom drapes one heatmap and draws no rectangles; markers and disable h
     h.layer._renderLodForTest('global');
     assert.equal(added.length, 1, 'one heat imagery layer');
     assert.equal(added[0].show, true);
+    assert.equal(added[0].alpha, 1);
     assert.equal(h.layer._entityCountForTest(), 0, 'no rectangle entities');
     assert.ok(h.published.length > 0, 'the far band still paints cards');
+    assert.equal(markers.length, 2, 'the markers are built under the heatmap');
+    assert.equal(markers.show, false, 'and hidden while the heatmap is whole');
 
     h.layer._renderLodForTest('regional');
     assert.equal(added.length, 1, 'switching far bands reuses the raster');
 
+    setHeight(1_000_000);
     h.layer._renderLodForTest('close');
-    assert.equal(added[0].show, false, 'the markers band hides the heatmap');
+    assert.equal(added.length, 1, 'the markers band keeps the same heat layer');
+    assert.equal(added[0].show, true, 'still mapped onto the globe tiles');
+    assert.equal(added[0].alpha, 0, 'faded out under the markers');
+    assert.equal(markers.show, true);
+    assert.equal(markers.get(0).color.alpha, 1);
+
+    // Mid hand-off both are drawn, half each, in either band.
+    setHeight(3_000_000);
+    h.layer._applyHandoffFadeForTest();
+    assert.equal(added[0].alpha, 0.5);
+    assert.equal(markers.show, true);
+    assert.equal(markers.get(0).color.alpha, 0.5);
+    h.layer._renderLodForTest('regional');
+    assert.equal(added[0].alpha, 0.5);
+    assert.equal(markers.get(1).color.alpha, 0.5, 'rebuilt markers get the fade');
 
-    h.layer._renderLodForTest('global');
-    assert.equal(added[0].show, true);
     h.layer.disable();
     assert.equal(added[0].show, false, 'disable hides the heatmap');
 
@@ -467,66 +543,3 @@ test('far zoom drapes one heatmap and draws no rectangles; markers and disable h
     restoreDocument();
   }
 });
-
-test('the spot-size slider rebuilds only the heatmap, on a proportionally coarser grid', async () => {
-  const priorDocument = globalThis.document;
-  const grids = [];
-  globalThis.document = {
-    createElement: () => ({
-      getContext: () => ({
-        createImageData: (w, hh) => {
-          grids.push([w, hh]);
-          return { data: new Uint8ClampedArray(w * hh * 4) };
-        },
-        putImageData() {},
-        createRadialGradient: () => ({ addColorStop() {} }),
-        fillRect() {},
-      }),
-      toDataURL: () => 'data:image/png;base64,AAAA',
-    }),
-  };
-  const h = harness({
-    fires: [makeFire(), makeFire({ index: 8, lat: 30.6, lon: -98.3, frp: 12 })],
-    withDataSource: true,
-    cameraPosition: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-98, 30, 12_000_000),
-  });
-  h.viewer.scene.primitives = { add() {}, remove() {}, raiseToTop() {}, contains: () => true };
-  h.viewer.scene.frameState = { mode: Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D };
-  const collection = {
-    addImageryProvider: (provider) => ({ provider, show: true }),
-    remove() {},
-    raiseToTop() {},
-  };
-  try {
-    h.layer.attachShellServices({ imageryHost: () => ({ kind: 'globe', collection }) });
-    h.layer._renderLodForTest('global');
-    assert.deepEqual(grids.at(-1), [2048, 1024]);
-    assert.deepEqual(
-      h.layer.getRowControls().sliders.map((slider) => slider.id),
-      ['min-frp', 'heat-spot-size'],
-    );
-    const spot = h.layer.getRowControls().sliders[1];
-    assert.equal(spot.valueText, '1×');
-    assert.deepEqual(spot.params(1000), { spotSize: 400 });
-
-    let repaints = 0;
-    h.layer.setRowControlsListener(() => repaints++);
-    h.layer.setParams({ spotSize: 200 });
-    assert.equal(h.layer.getParams().spotSize, 200);
-    assert.equal(h.layer.getParams().minFrp, 0, 'the filter is untouched');
-    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 2, 'every fire still shown');
-    assert.equal(repaints, 1, 'the row repaints its value');
-    assert.equal(h.layer.getRowControls().sliders[1].valueText, '2×');
-    // The rebuild trails a drag (HEAT_REBUILD_MS) and keeps the old drape meanwhile.
-    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 200));
-    assert.deepEqual(grids.at(-1), [1024, 512]);
-
-    h.layer.setParams({ spotSize: 'nope' });
-    assert.equal(h.layer.getParams().spotSize, 200, 'invalid input is ignored');
-  } finally {
-    h.layer.destroy(h.viewer);
-    h.cleanup();
-    if (priorDocument === undefined) delete globalThis.document;
-    else globalThis.document = priorDocument;
-  }
-});
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.js b/src/data/layerState.js
index a049a80c5..c68a67e67 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.js
+++ b/src/data/layerState.js
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ function satelliteFilterOption() {
 }
 
 const OPTION_GROUPS = Object.freeze({
-  // Active Fires intensity filter and heatmap spot size (HAL-676). `minFrp` is whole megawatts on
+  // Active Fires intensity filter (HAL-676). `minFrp` is whole megawatts on
   // the codec side; the panel's log slider rounds to it. Both default to
   // "show everything": many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence.
   // The bounds and modes mirror MIN_FRP_MW_MAX / FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES in
@@ -311,9 +311,6 @@ const OPTION_GROUPS = Object.freeze({
       nominal: 'n',
       high: 'h',
     }),
-    // Heatmap spot size in percent; mirrors HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_* in
-    // firmsHeatRaster.js.
-    boundedIntegerOption('spotSize', 's', 100, { min: 50, max: 400 }),
   ]),
   traffic: Object.freeze([
     enumOption('roadMode', 'r', null, ['tomtom', 'osm', 'hybrid'], {
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
index 78b36c3a6..55d40dfe2 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
@@ -30,11 +30,6 @@ import { stampInitialShareGesture } from '../navigationPolicy.js';
 import { MAX_SINCE_DAYS } from '../layers/streetLevel/policy.js';
 import { SINCE_STOPS } from '../ui/streetLevelPresentation.js';
 import { FIRMS_CONFIDENCE_MODES, MIN_FRP_MW_MAX } from './firmsIntensity.js';
-import {
-  HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT,
-  HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX,
-  HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN,
-} from './firmsHeatRaster.js';
 
 function deferred() {
   let resolve;
@@ -3024,14 +3019,9 @@ test('Active Fires: the intensity filter rides share token w and round-trips', (
   assert.deepEqual(state.options['local-firms'], {
     minFrp: 0,
     confidence: 'all',
-    spotSize: 100,
   });
   state.enabledLayerIds = ['local-firms'];
-  state.options['local-firms'] = {
-    minFrp: 20,
-    confidence: 'high',
-    spotSize: 250,
-  };
+  state.options['local-firms'] = { minFrp: 20, confidence: 'high' };
   const encoded = encode(state);
   assert.equal(new URLSearchParams(encoded).get('l'), 'w');
   // Other owners write their own explicit defaults into `lo` too (flights 3D,
@@ -3039,12 +3029,10 @@ test('Active Fires: the intensity filter rides share token w and round-trips', (
   const assignments = new URLSearchParams(encoded).get('lo').split('_');
   assert.ok(assignments.includes('w.f.20'), assignments.join(' '));
   assert.ok(assignments.includes('w.c.h'), assignments.join(' '));
-  assert.ok(assignments.includes('w.s.250'), assignments.join(' '));
   const decoded = decodeLayerStateParams(new URLSearchParams(encoded));
   assert.deepEqual(decoded.options['local-firms'], {
     minFrp: 20,
     confidence: 'high',
-    spotSize: 250,
   });
   assert.deepEqual(
     parseStoredLayerState(serializeStoredLayerState(state)).options[
@@ -3062,11 +3050,7 @@ test('Active Fires: the intensity filter rides share token w and round-trips', (
       .filter((assignment) => assignment.startsWith('w.')).length,
     0,
   );
-  assert.deepEqual(firmsOptions(''), {
-    minFrp: 0,
-    confidence: 'all',
-    spotSize: 100,
-  });
+  assert.deepEqual(firmsOptions(''), { minFrp: 0, confidence: 'all' });
 });
 
 test('Active Fires: the codec accepts whole megawatts in bounds and the three confidence codes', () => {
@@ -3094,17 +3078,5 @@ test('Active Fires: the codec accepts whole megawatts in bounds and the three co
   assert.deepEqual(firmsOptions('w.c.n_w.f.5'), {
     minFrp: 5,
     confidence: 'nominal',
-    spotSize: 100,
   });
 });
-
-test('Active Fires: the codec accepts whole-percent spot sizes from half to four times', () => {
-  assert.equal(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MIN, 50);
-  assert.equal(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_MAX, 400);
-  assert.equal(HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT, 100);
-  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.s.50').spotSize, 50);
-  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.s.400').spotSize, 400);
-  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.s.45').spotSize, 100, 'out of bounds → default');
-  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.s.401').spotSize, 100);
-  assert.equal(firmsOptions('w.s.x').spotSize, 100);
-});
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index b65608ed6..c96530641 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3224,9 +3224,6 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "{value} MW على الأقل",
   "Confidence": "الثقة",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "الحد الأدنى للقدرة الإشعاعية للحريق، بالميغاواط",
-  "Heatmap spot size": "حجم بقع الخريطة الحرارية",
-  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "حجم بقع الخريطة الحرارية عند العرض البعيد",
-  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "الكل",
   "Detection confidence": "ثقة الرصد",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "المعروضة: {shown} من {total}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 8bbec9f29..b4e02ea23 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -2944,9 +2944,6 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "Konfidenz",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Minimale Strahlungsleistung des Brandes in Megawatt",
-  "Heatmap spot size": "Fleckengröße der Heatmap",
-  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Fleckengröße der Heatmap in der Fernansicht",
-  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Alle",
   "Detection confidence": "Konfidenz der Erkennung",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} von {total} angezeigt",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 3721c1ea0..ddfc90df9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -2993,9 +2993,6 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "Confianza",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Potencia radiativa mínima del fuego, en megavatios",
-  "Heatmap spot size": "Tamaño de las manchas del mapa de calor",
-  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Tamaño de las manchas del mapa de calor en la vista lejana",
-  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Todo",
   "Detection confidence": "Confianza de la detección",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} de {total} mostrados",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 17c4dcf9d..d368bb387 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3014,9 +3014,6 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "Confiance",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Puissance radiative minimale du feu, en mégawatts",
-  "Heatmap spot size": "Taille des taches de la carte de chaleur",
-  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Taille des taches de la carte de chaleur en vue éloignée",
-  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Toutes",
   "Detection confidence": "Confiance de la détection",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} sur {total} affichées",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 8d43c74d7..9f1821423 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3014,9 +3014,6 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "Confidenza",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Potenza radiativa minima dell'incendio, in megawatt",
-  "Heatmap spot size": "Dimensione delle macchie della mappa di calore",
-  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Dimensione delle macchie della mappa di calore nella vista da lontano",
-  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Tutti",
   "Detection confidence": "Confidenza del rilevamento",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} di {total} mostrati",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 0725812a4..192c52a27 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2874,9 +2874,6 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "信頼度",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "火災放射強度の最小値（メガワット）",
-  "Heatmap spot size": "ヒートマップの点の大きさ",
-  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "遠景ヒートマップの点の大きさ",
-  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "すべて",
   "Detection confidence": "検知の信頼度",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{total}件中{shown}件を表示",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 74316dc1b..0a6617eb8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3014,9 +3014,6 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "Confiança",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Potência radiativa mínima do fogo, em megawatts",
-  "Heatmap spot size": "Tamanho das manchas do mapa de calor",
-  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Tamanho das manchas do mapa de calor na vista distante",
-  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Todas",
   "Detection confidence": "Confiança da detecção",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} de {total} exibidas",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index db69d0f4a..9551c1b52 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3063,9 +3063,6 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} МВт",
   "Confidence": "Достоверность",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Минимальная мощность излучения пожара, мегаватты",
-  "Heatmap spot size": "Размер пятен тепловой карты",
-  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Размер пятен тепловой карты на дальнем масштабе",
-  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Все",
   "Detection confidence": "Достоверность детекции",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "показано {shown} из {total}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 4d05d26b6..bff311c79 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3055,9 +3055,6 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} МВт",
   "Confidence": "Достовірність",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Мінімальна потужність випромінювання пожежі, мегавати",
-  "Heatmap spot size": "Розмір плям теплової карти",
-  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "Розмір плям теплової карти на далекому масштабі",
-  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Усі",
   "Detection confidence": "Достовірність виявлення",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "показано {shown} з {total}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index e3a4762c5..1481226da 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2853,9 +2853,6 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "置信度",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "最小火辐射功率（兆瓦）",
-  "Heatmap spot size": "热力图光斑大小",
-  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "远景热力图光斑大小",
-  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "全部",
   "Detection confidence": "检测置信度",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "显示 {shown} / {total}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index af214e6e7..cd182ecfd 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2880,9 +2880,6 @@
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "置信度",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "最小火輻射功率（兆瓦）",
-  "Heatmap spot size": "熱力圖光斑大小",
-  "Far-zoom heatmap spot size": "遠景熱力圖光斑大小",
-  "{value}×": "{value}×",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "全部",
   "Detection confidence": "檢測置信度",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "顯示 {shown} / {total}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index 9310e0d97..7aa51d344 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
     "dB",
     "hPa",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
-    "{value}×",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
   "de": [
@@ -198,7 +197,6 @@
     "{value} KM DOWNRANGE",
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
-    "{value}×",
     "ΔN",
     "Ⅱ PAUSE",
     "≥ {value} MW",
@@ -329,7 +327,6 @@
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
-    "{value}×",
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
@@ -511,7 +508,6 @@
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
-    "{value}×",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
     "Ⅱ PAUSE",
@@ -685,7 +681,6 @@
     "{value} KM/H",
     "{value} KM/S",
     "{value} conf",
-    "{value}×",
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
@@ -736,7 +731,6 @@
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
     "{speed} kn",
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
-    "{value}×",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
     "≥ {value} MW",
@@ -871,7 +865,6 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔN",
     "▲ {frp} MW",
-    "{value}×",
     "≥ {value} MW"
   ],
   "ru": [
@@ -890,8 +883,7 @@
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "S2 · {name}",
     "VS",
-    "WHOT/BHOT",
-    "{value}×"
+    "WHOT/BHOT"
   ],
   "uk": [
     "AIS: --",
@@ -904,8 +896,7 @@
     "NVG",
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
-    "WHOT/BHOT",
-    "{value}×"
+    "WHOT/BHOT"
   ],
   "zh-CN": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -960,7 +951,6 @@
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/S",
-    "{value}×",
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
@@ -1019,7 +1009,6 @@
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "{value} KM",
     "{value} KM/S",
-    "{value}×",
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js
index 31fbf1f69..710a87f43 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js
@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@
  * imagery tile on the active imagery host (globe or 3D-tiles), like the wind
  * layer's scalar field. Owns the canvas and the imagery layer; nothing else
  * in the fires layer touches imagery.
+ *
+ * `show` is only for the layer being on or off. The zoom hand-off fades
+ * `alpha` instead: Cesium unmaps a hidden imagery layer from the globe
+ * tiles and re-maps it when shown, so a show toggle at the band edge left
+ * a beat with neither markers nor heat. At alpha 0 the layer stays mapped
+ * and costs no draw.
  */
 
 const defaultCanvas = (width, height) => {
@@ -21,6 +27,7 @@ export function createHeatImagery({
   let layer = null;
   let collection = null;
   let show = true;
+  let opacity = 1;
 
   function detach() {
     if (layer && collection) collection.remove(layer, true);
@@ -47,6 +54,7 @@ export function createHeatImagery({
     collection = host.collection;
     layer = collection.addImageryProvider(provider);
     layer.show = show;
+    layer.alpha = opacity;
     collection.raiseToTop?.(layer);
   }
 
@@ -63,6 +71,11 @@ export function createHeatImagery({
       show = Boolean(value);
       if (layer) layer.show = show;
     },
+    /** Hand-off fade, 0..1; the layer stays mapped at 0. */
+    setOpacity(value) {
+      opacity = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, Number(value) || 0));
+      if (layer) layer.alpha = opacity;
+    },
     rehome() {
       const host = getHost?.();
       if ((host?.collection ?? null) !== collection) attach();
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs
index 5543a0691..27f45f55f 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/firms/heatImagery.test.mjs
@@ -71,6 +71,22 @@ test('setShow toggles without rebuilding', () => {
   assert.equal(layer.show, true);
 });
 
+test('setOpacity fades the same layer and survives a rebuild', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.imagery.setRaster(raster);
+  const layer = h.layers[0];
+  h.imagery.setOpacity(0);
+  assert.equal(layer.alpha, 0);
+  assert.equal(layer.show, true, 'a faded layer stays mapped');
+  h.imagery.setOpacity(0.25);
+  assert.equal(h.layers[0], layer);
+  assert.equal(layer.alpha, 0.25);
+  h.imagery.setRaster(raster);
+  assert.equal(h.layers[0].alpha, 0.25, 'a rebuilt layer keeps the fade');
+  h.imagery.setOpacity(7);
+  assert.equal(h.layers[0].alpha, 1);
+});
+
 test('no imagery host keeps nothing draped; rehome brings it back', () => {
   const h = harness();
   h.setHost({ collection: null, kind: 'none' });
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
index 72434ad46..541efca16 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
-import { LOD_LEVELS } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createLifecycle({
   layerState,
@@ -55,8 +54,9 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         layerState._billboards.show = true;
       }
       overlayHost.setVisible(FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, true);
-      if (LOD_LEVELS[layerState._currentLodIndex]?.mode === 'heat')
-        layerState._heatImagery?.setShow(true);
+      layerState._heatImagery?.setShow(true);
+      // The camera can have crossed the hand-off while the layer was off.
+      components.rendering.applyHandoffFade(true);
       components.viewport.installLodWatcher();
       components.viewport.installMoveEndWatcher();
       components.selection.installClickHandler();
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._heatImagery?.destroy();
       layerState._heatImagery = null;
       layerState._heatRaster = null;
+      layerState._handoffHeat = -1;
       layerState._imageryHost = null;
       layerState._count = 0;
       layerState._totalCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/policy.js b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
index 2af5d9f5c..6ba8ebb8e 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
@@ -49,20 +49,29 @@ export const LOD_LEVELS = [
 ];
 
 /**
- * Global heat raster for the `heat` bands: ≈0.18° (≈20 km) per pixel and a
- * one-pixel Gaussian σ, so a lone fire is a distinct spot about twice as wide
- * as its marker at the 3,000 km hand-off and still reads from the
- * whole-globe view; neighbours merge only when they nearly touch (σ 3 here
- * smeared each fire over ~200 km). Built once per data refresh or filter
- * change, never per camera move.
+ * Global heat raster for the `heat` bands: ≈0.09° (≈10 km) per pixel and a
+ * one-pixel Gaussian σ, so a lone fire is a spot about the size of its
+ * marker at the 3,000 km hand-off and the two cross-fade without a jump;
+ * neighbours merge only when they nearly touch (σ 3 on a 2048 grid smeared
+ * each fire over ~200 km). Built once per data refresh or filter change,
+ * never per camera move.
  */
 
 export const HEAT_RASTER = Object.freeze({
-  width: 2048,
-  height: 1024,
+  width: 4096,
+  height: 2048,
   sigmaPx: 1,
 });
 
+/**
+ * Camera heights, in metres, over which the heatmap and the markers
+ * cross-fade around the 3,000 km band edge: markers alone below `from`,
+ * heatmap alone above `to`. Wider than the ±10 % band hysteresis, so
+ * whichever band is active inside it, both layers are already built.
+ */
+
+export const HANDOFF_FADE = Object.freeze({ from: 2_400_000, to: 3_600_000 });
+
 /**
  * Trailing delay before a stale heatmap is rebuilt while one is already on
  * screen: a slider drag fires many filter changes, and a build plus PNG
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/queries.js b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
index b9577925e..34040ea43 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
@@ -8,11 +8,6 @@ import {
   rampTrackGradient,
   sliderPositionForFrp,
 } from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
-import {
-  normalizeHeatSpotSize,
-  sliderPositionForSpotSize,
-  spotSizeForSliderPosition,
-} from '../../data/firmsHeatRaster.js';
 import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { LOD_LEVELS, REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS } from './policy.js';
 
@@ -28,16 +23,6 @@ export function createQueries({
 }) {
   const { id, name, icon, source } = config;
 
-  /** Spot sizes marked under the spot-size slider, in percent. */
-  const SPOT_SIZE_TICKS = [50, 100, 200, 400];
-
-  /** Spot-size label for a percent ("0.5×", "1×", "1.5×"). */
-  function spotSizeLabel(percent) {
-    return t('{value}×', {
-      value: formatNumber(percent / 100, { maximumFractionDigits: 2 }),
-    });
-  }
-
   /** Whole-megawatt label for a slider value or tick ("0", "20", "1 000"). */
   function frpLabel(frp) {
     return formatNumber(frp, { maximumFractionDigits: 0 });
@@ -98,12 +83,12 @@ export function createQueries({
     updateInterval: REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS,
 
     /**
-     * The intensity filter and the heatmap spot size as layer options (share
-     * token `w`, owner `local-firms` in layerState.js).
-     * @returns {{minFrp: number, confidence: string, spotSize: number}}
+     * The intensity filter as layer options (share token `w`, owner
+     * `local-firms` in layerState.js).
+     * @returns {{minFrp: number, confidence: string}}
      */
     getParams() {
-      return { ...layerState._filter, spotSize: layerState._spotSize };
+      return { ...layerState._filter };
     },
 
     /**
@@ -111,36 +96,24 @@ export function createQueries({
      * value. The filter runs in one place (ingestion.applyFilter) and the LOD
      * rebuild re-derives markers, cells, cards and context registrations from
      * the shown set; a selected fire that no longer passes is deselected.
-     * A spot-size change only marks the heat raster stale: the shown set,
-     * markers and cards stay as they are.
-     * @param {{minFrp?: number, confidence?: string, spotSize?: number}} params
+     * @param {{minFrp?: number, confidence?: string}} params
      * @returns {boolean} True — the request is always accepted.
      */
     setParams(params = {}) {
       const next = normalizeFireFilter(params, layerState._filter);
-      const spotSize =
-        normalizeHeatSpotSize(params?.spotSize) ?? layerState._spotSize;
-      const filterChanged =
-        next.minFrp !== layerState._filter.minFrp ||
-        next.confidence !== layerState._filter.confidence;
-      const spotChanged = spotSize !== layerState._spotSize;
-      if (!filterChanged && !spotChanged) return true;
-      layerState._filter = next;
-      layerState._spotSize = spotSize;
-      if (!layerState._allFires.length) {
-        layerState._rowControlsListener?.();
+      if (
+        next.minFrp === layerState._filter.minFrp &&
+        next.confidence === layerState._filter.confidence
+      )
         return true;
-      }
-      if (filterChanged) {
-        components.ingestion.applyFilter();
-        if (
-          layerState._selectedFire &&
-          !firePassesFilter(layerState._selectedFire, next)
-        ) {
-          components.selection.clearFireSelection();
-        }
-      } else {
-        layerState._heatRaster = null;
+      layerState._filter = next;
+      if (!layerState._allFires.length) return true;
+      components.ingestion.applyFilter();
+      if (
+        layerState._selectedFire &&
+        !firePassesFilter(layerState._selectedFire, next)
+      ) {
+        components.selection.clearFireSelection();
       }
       if (layerState._enabled) components.rendering.renderCurrentLod(true);
       layerState._rowControlsListener?.();
@@ -150,8 +123,8 @@ export function createQueries({
     /**
      * Row controls under the Active Fires row: the log-scale minimum-FRP
      * slider whose track is painted with the intensity ramp (so it doubles as
-     * the legend), the All / Nominal+ / High confidence switch, the far-zoom
-     * heatmap spot-size slider and the "N of M shown" counter.
+     * the legend), the All / Nominal+ / High confidence switch, and the
+     * "N of M shown" counter.
      */
     getRowControls() {
       const { minFrp, confidence } = layerState._filter;
@@ -160,48 +133,27 @@ export function createQueries({
       const shown = layerState._count;
       const total = layerState._totalCount;
       return {
-        sliders: [
-          {
-            id: 'min-frp',
-            label: t('Fire intensity (FRP)'),
-            ariaLabel: t('Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts'),
-            valueText:
-              minFrp > 0
-                ? t('≥ {value} MW', { value: frpLabel(minFrp) })
-                : t('All', { context: 'fire intensity filter' }),
-            min: 0,
-            max: SLIDER_STEPS,
-            step: 1,
-            value: Math.round(sliderPositionForFrp(minFrp) * SLIDER_STEPS),
-            track: rampTrackGradient(),
-            ticks: FRP_SLIDER_TICKS.map((frp) => ({
-              at: sliderPositionForFrp(frp),
-              label: frpLabel(frp),
-            })),
-            params: (value) => ({
-              minFrp: frpForSliderPosition(Number(value) / SLIDER_STEPS),
-            }),
-          },
-          {
-            id: 'heat-spot-size',
-            label: t('Heatmap spot size'),
-            ariaLabel: t('Far-zoom heatmap spot size'),
-            valueText: spotSizeLabel(layerState._spotSize),
-            min: 0,
-            max: SLIDER_STEPS,
-            step: 1,
-            value: Math.round(
-              sliderPositionForSpotSize(layerState._spotSize) * SLIDER_STEPS,
-            ),
-            ticks: SPOT_SIZE_TICKS.map((percent) => ({
-              at: sliderPositionForSpotSize(percent),
-              label: spotSizeLabel(percent),
-            })),
-            params: (value) => ({
-              spotSize: spotSizeForSliderPosition(Number(value) / SLIDER_STEPS),
-            }),
-          },
-        ],
+        slider: {
+          id: 'min-frp',
+          label: t('Fire intensity (FRP)'),
+          ariaLabel: t('Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts'),
+          valueText:
+            minFrp > 0
+              ? t('≥ {value} MW', { value: frpLabel(minFrp) })
+              : t('All', { context: 'fire intensity filter' }),
+          min: 0,
+          max: SLIDER_STEPS,
+          step: 1,
+          value: Math.round(sliderPositionForFrp(minFrp) * SLIDER_STEPS),
+          track: rampTrackGradient(),
+          ticks: FRP_SLIDER_TICKS.map((frp) => ({
+            at: sliderPositionForFrp(frp),
+            label: frpLabel(frp),
+          })),
+          params: (value) => ({
+            minFrp: frpForSliderPosition(Number(value) / SLIDER_STEPS),
+          }),
+        },
         segmented: {
           id: 'confidence',
           label: t('Confidence'),
@@ -359,10 +311,15 @@ export function createQueries({
 
     /** Test seam: render one named LOD band against a near-global view. */
     _renderLodForTest(lodId) {
-      const lod = LOD_LEVELS.find((level) => level.id === lodId);
-      if (lod.mode === 'detections')
-        components.rendering.renderDetections(lod, null);
-      else components.rendering.renderHeat(lod, null);
+      components.rendering.renderBand(
+        LOD_LEVELS.find((level) => level.id === lodId),
+        null,
+      );
+    },
+
+    /** Test seam: one frame of the hand-off fade at the current camera. */
+    _applyHandoffFadeForTest() {
+      components.rendering.applyHandoffFade();
     },
 
     /** Test seam: entities drawn by the layer's data source. */
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
index dd91effec..d6e8b2d3b 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
 import { horizonOccluder } from '../../data/iconOrientation.js';
-import {
-  buildHeatRaster,
-  heatGridForSpotSize,
-} from '../../data/firmsHeatRaster.js';
+import { buildHeatRaster } from '../../data/firmsHeatRaster.js';
 import {
   LOD_LEVELS,
   CONTEXT_TOP_N,
+  HANDOFF_FADE,
   HEAT_RASTER,
   HEAT_REBUILD_MS,
 } from './policy.js';
 import { createHeatImagery } from './heatImagery.js';
 
+/** The markers drawn under the far bands' heatmap for the hand-off fade. */
+const HANDOFF_MARKER_LOD = LOD_LEVELS.find((lod) => lod.mode === 'detections');
+
+/** Fade steps: a moving camera rewrites marker colors at most this often. */
+const FADE_STEPS = 32;
+
 export function createRendering({
   layerState,
   services,
@@ -64,14 +68,54 @@ export function createRendering({
       ? components.model.paddedDegreeBounds(viewRect)
       : null;
 
-    if (lod.mode === 'detections') {
-      renderDetections(lod, bounds);
-    } else {
-      renderHeat(lod, bounds);
-    }
+    renderBand(lod, bounds);
     return true;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Draw one band. Markers and heatmap stay built in every band; the
+   * hand-off only fades between them.
+   * @param {Object} lod - Band descriptor.
+   * @param {?Object} bounds - Padded view bounds in degrees, or null.
+   */
+
+  function renderBand(lod, bounds) {
+    prepareHeat(lod.mode === 'heat');
+    if (lod.mode === 'detections') renderDetections(lod, bounds);
+    else renderHeat(lod, bounds);
+    applyHandoffFade(true);
+  }
+
+  const fadeColor = new Cesium.Color();
+
+  /**
+   * Cross-fade between markers and heatmap by camera height (HANDOFF_FADE),
+   * on every rendered frame, so a fast zoom never outruns the throttled band
+   * check. Cheap when nothing changed: one height read and a compare.
+   * @param {boolean} [force] Reapply, e.g. to freshly added markers.
+   */
+
+  function applyHandoffFade(force = false) {
+    const height = components.viewport.cameraHeight();
+    const t = Math.min(
+      1,
+      Math.max(
+        0,
+        (height - HANDOFF_FADE.from) / (HANDOFF_FADE.to - HANDOFF_FADE.from),
+      ),
+    );
+    const heat = Math.round(t * t * (3 - 2 * t) * FADE_STEPS) / FADE_STEPS;
+    if (!force && heat === layerState._handoffHeat) return;
+    layerState._handoffHeat = heat;
+    layerState._heatImagery?.setOpacity(heat);
+    const billboards = layerState._billboards;
+    if (!billboards) return;
+    billboards.show = layerState._enabled && heat < 1;
+    const color = Cesium.Color.WHITE.withAlpha(1 - heat, fadeColor);
+    for (let i = 0; i < billboards.length; i += 1)
+      billboards.get(i).color = color;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Bin all detections into grid cells, then viewport-clip BEFORE the
    * top-N cap so fires in view never lose their slot to higher-scoring
@@ -147,28 +191,27 @@ export function createRendering({
     return layerState._heatImagery;
   }
 
-  /** Build the heat raster from the shown set at the chosen spot size and drape it. */
+  /** Build the heat raster from the shown set and drape it. */
 
   function rebuildHeatRaster() {
     clearTimeout(layerState._heatRebuildTimer);
     layerState._heatRebuildTimer = null;
     if (layerState._destroyed) return;
-    layerState._heatRaster = buildHeatRaster(
-      layerState._fires,
-      heatGridForSpotSize(HEAT_RASTER, layerState._spotSize),
-    );
+    layerState._heatRaster = buildHeatRaster(layerState._fires, HEAT_RASTER);
     heatImagery().setRaster(layerState._heatRaster);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Make sure the draped heatmap matches the shown set. The first paint is
-   * immediate; later rebuilds (filter drags, refreshes) trail by
-   * HEAT_REBUILD_MS and keep the previous heatmap on screen meanwhile.
+   * Make sure the draped heatmap matches the shown set. The first paint in a
+   * far band is immediate; other builds (filter drags, refreshes, the
+   * preload under the markers) trail by HEAT_REBUILD_MS and keep the
+   * previous heatmap on screen meanwhile.
+   * @param {boolean} now Build at once when nothing is draped yet.
    */
 
-  function ensureHeatRaster() {
+  function ensureHeatRaster(now) {
     if (layerState._heatRaster) return;
-    if (!heatImagery().hasRaster()) {
+    if (now && !heatImagery().hasRaster()) {
       rebuildHeatRaster();
       return;
     }
@@ -179,10 +222,25 @@ export function createRendering({
     );
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Keep the heatmap draped on the current map stack and current with the
+   * shown set in every band; the hand-off fade decides how much of it shows.
+   * @param {boolean} now The camera is in a far band.
+   */
+
+  function prepareHeat(now) {
+    const imagery = heatImagery();
+    // The map stack may have changed since the last render.
+    imagery.rehome();
+    ensureHeatRaster(now);
+    imagery.setShow(layerState._enabled);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Far bands (global/regional): a Snap Map–style heatmap draped over the
    * globe, transparent where nothing burns, plus the decluttered "N FIRES"
-   * cards from the coarse aggregation. No entities and no sprites are drawn;
+   * cards from the coarse aggregation. The nearest band's markers are kept
+   * built underneath for the hand-off fade and hidden once it completes;
    * cards go through the same screen-space label pipeline as detections
    * (see {@link rebuildAmbientLabels}).
    * @param {Object} lod - Active LOD descriptor.
@@ -190,17 +248,7 @@ export function createRendering({
    */
 
   function renderHeat(lod, bounds) {
-    ensureDetectionCollections();
-    layerState._dataSource.entities.removeAll();
-    if (layerState._billboards) layerState._billboards.removeAll();
-    layerState._pickIndexById.clear();
-    layerState._cullPositions.length = 0;
-
-    const imagery = heatImagery();
-    // The map stack may have changed since the last far render.
-    imagery.rehome();
-    ensureHeatRaster();
-    imagery.setShow(layerState._enabled);
+    paintMarkers(HANDOFF_MARKER_LOD, bounds);
 
     const cells = aggregateFires(lod, bounds);
     layerState._cellCount = cells.length;
@@ -242,10 +290,48 @@ export function createRendering({
    */
 
   function renderDetections(lod, bounds) {
-    layerState._heatImagery?.setShow(false);
+    const markers = paintMarkers(lod, bounds);
+    if (!markers) return;
+    const candidates = markers.map((marker) => marker.fire);
+
+    layerState._cellCount = candidates.length;
+    // FRP-sorted walk: marker order doubles as label priority.
+    layerState._labelCandidates = markers;
+    layerState._labelLodDistance = lod.labelDistance;
+
+    components.cards.rebuildAmbientLabels();
+    components.selection.refreshContextRegistrations(
+      candidates.slice(0, CONTEXT_TOP_N),
+    );
+
+    if (lod.id === 'close') {
+      // Batched (chunked ≤200, sequential, session-cached) DEM warm for the
+      // rendered subset; fires are static so each coarse cell resolves once
+      // ever. Re-render ONLY when a floor actually landed — a failed resolve
+      // reports false, so this chain terminates instead of looping against a
+      // down proxy (the next camera-driven rebuild retries).
+      warmFireAnchorFloors(candidates).then((warmed) => {
+        if (!warmed || !layerState._enabled || !layerState._viewer) return;
+        const currentLod = LOD_LEVELS[layerState._currentLodIndex];
+        if (!currentLod || currentLod.mode !== 'detections') return;
+        renderCurrentLod(true);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The glow-sprite markers for a detections band: the strongest fires in
+   * view, capped at the band's maxDetections, horizon-culled.
+   * @param {Object} lod - Detections band descriptor.
+   * @param {?Object} bounds - Padded view bounds in degrees, or null.
+   * @returns {?Array<Object>} Label candidates for the fires drawn,
+   *   strongest first; null before the sprite collection exists.
+   */
+
+  function paintMarkers(lod, bounds) {
     ensureDetectionCollections();
     layerState._dataSource.entities.removeAll();
-    if (!layerState._billboards) return;
+    if (!layerState._billboards) return null;
     layerState._billboards.removeAll();
     layerState._pickIndexById.clear();
     layerState._cullPositions.length = 0;
@@ -267,10 +353,7 @@ export function createRendering({
       candidates = layerState._firesByFrp.slice(0, lod.maxDetections);
     }
 
-    layerState._cellCount = candidates.length;
-    layerState._labelCandidates = [];
-    layerState._labelLodDistance = lod.labelDistance;
-
+    const markers = [];
     for (const fire of candidates) {
       const coreSize = components.model.frpPixelSize(fire.frp);
       const position = components.model.firePosition(fire);
@@ -278,6 +361,7 @@ export function createRendering({
       const pickId = `firms-${fire.index}`;
       layerState._pickIndexById.set(pickId, fire);
       layerState._cullPositions.push(cullPosition);
+      markers.push({ position, cullPosition, fire, cell: null });
       layerState._billboards.add({
         id: pickId,
         position,
@@ -289,37 +373,13 @@ export function createRendering({
         horizontalOrigin: Cesium.HorizontalOrigin.CENTER,
         disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
       });
-      // FRP-sorted walk: candidate order doubles as label priority.
-      layerState._labelCandidates.push({
-        position,
-        cullPosition,
-        fire,
-        cell: null,
-      });
     }
 
     // Freshly-added sprites default to show=true; cull the far side now so a
     // rebuild never flashes through-the-planet detections while the camera
     // sits still (the moveEnd/preRender hooks only fire on camera motion).
     refreshHorizonCulling();
-    components.cards.rebuildAmbientLabels();
-    components.selection.refreshContextRegistrations(
-      candidates.slice(0, CONTEXT_TOP_N),
-    );
-
-    if (lod.id === 'close') {
-      // Batched (chunked ≤200, sequential, session-cached) DEM warm for the
-      // rendered subset; fires are static so each coarse cell resolves once
-      // ever. Re-render ONLY when a floor actually landed — a failed resolve
-      // reports false, so this chain terminates instead of looping against a
-      // down proxy (the next camera-driven rebuild retries).
-      warmFireAnchorFloors(candidates).then((warmed) => {
-        if (!warmed || !layerState._enabled || !layerState._viewer) return;
-        const currentLod = LOD_LEVELS[layerState._currentLodIndex];
-        if (!currentLod || currentLod.mode !== 'detections') return;
-        renderCurrentLod(true);
-      });
-    }
+    return markers;
   }
 
   function ensureDetectionCollections() {
@@ -385,9 +445,11 @@ export function createRendering({
   }
   return {
     renderCurrentLod,
+    renderBand,
     aggregateFires,
     renderHeat,
     renderDetections,
+    applyHandoffFade,
     ensureDetectionCollections,
     removeDetectionCollections,
     fireHorizonOccluder,
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/state.js b/src/layers/firms/state.js
index 349fcd375..0b96c53ea 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/state.js
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER } from '../../data/firmsIntensity.js';
-import { HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT } from '../../data/firmsHeatRaster.js';
 
 export function createFirmsState({ services, config }) {
   const layerState = {};
@@ -70,10 +69,6 @@ export function createFirmsState({ services, config }) {
 
   layerState._filter = { ...DEFAULT_FIRE_FILTER };
 
-  /** Heatmap spot size, percent of the shipped size (firmsHeatRaster.js). */
-
-  layerState._spotSize = HEAT_SPOT_SIZE_DEFAULT;
-
   /** Panel callback: repaint the row controls (counter) after a load. */
 
   layerState._rowControlsListener = null;
@@ -147,6 +142,10 @@ export function createFirmsState({ services, config }) {
 
   layerState._heatRebuildTimer = null;
 
+  /** Last applied hand-off fade (0 markers … 1 heatmap); -1 forces a reapply. */
+
+  layerState._handoffHeat = -1;
+
   /** Imagery adapter (heatImagery.js), created on the first far render. */
 
   layerState._heatImagery = null;
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/viewport.js b/src/layers/firms/viewport.js
index 932fe2e75..b32a02e37 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/viewport.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/viewport.js
@@ -151,6 +151,9 @@ export function createViewport({
         // on screen throughout it — so the horizon pass below must keep running
         // while a fetch is in flight. Only the rebuild is gated on fresh data.
         if (!layerState._enabled) return;
+        // Every frame, ahead of the throttle: a fast zoom crosses the whole
+        // hand-off between two band checks.
+        components.rendering.applyHandoffFade();
         const now = performance.now();
         if (now - layerState._lastLodCheck < LOD_CHECK_MS) return;
         layerState._lastLodCheck = now;
diff --git a/src/share/viewCodec.js b/src/share/viewCodec.js
index 8f556ea1e..8ac00f51b 100644
--- a/src/share/viewCodec.js
+++ b/src/share/viewCodec.js
@@ -252,11 +252,7 @@ export const SHARE_VIEW_FLAGS = freezeAll([
  * written explicitly.
  */
 export const SHARE_VIEW_LAYER_OPTION_ABSENT = Object.freeze({
-  'local-firms': Object.freeze({
-    minFrp: 0,
-    confidence: 'all',
-    spotSize: 100,
-  }),
+  'local-firms': Object.freeze({ minFrp: 0, confidence: 'all' }),
   traffic: Object.freeze({ roadMode: null }),
   'weather-lightning': Object.freeze({ opacity: 'strong' }),
   'weather-radar': Object.freeze({ opacity: 'strong' }),
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel.js b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
index 2327105be..d16a0c6ff 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ export class LayerPanel {
   }
 
   /**
-   * A layer's row chips, one-of-many switch, sliders, color legend, info line
+   * A layer's row chips, one-of-many switch, slider, color legend, info line
    * and ordered list. The block
    * is hidden while the layer is off (or while a dependency owner has
    * surrendered it), so a quiet row stays quiet. Chips and list items are
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ export class LayerPanel {
     }));
     const infoText = controls?.info ? String(controls.info) : '';
     const segmented = controls?.segmented || null;
-    const sliders = Array.isArray(controls?.sliders) ? controls.sliders : [];
+    const slider = controls?.slider || null;
     // The info line, once shown, stays in place and hides when empty.
     if (infoText) row.info = true;
     return {
@@ -505,10 +505,10 @@ export class LayerPanel {
         legend.length === 0 &&
         !infoText &&
         !segmented &&
-        sliders.length === 0,
+        !slider,
       chips,
       segmented,
-      sliders,
+      slider,
       legend,
       info: row.info
         ? { text: infoText, title: controls?.infoTitle || '' }
@@ -562,10 +562,13 @@ export class LayerPanel {
   // to params through the live descriptor on every tick.
   _moveSlider(id, sliderId, value, generation = this._generation) {
     if (this._destroyed || this._generation !== generation) return;
-    const slider = this._rowControlsFor(id)?.sliders?.find(
-      (entry) => entry.id === sliderId,
-    );
-    if (!slider || typeof slider.params !== 'function' || !this.isEnabled(id))
+    const slider = this._rowControlsFor(id)?.slider;
+    if (
+      !slider ||
+      slider.id !== sliderId ||
+      typeof slider.params !== 'function' ||
+      !this.isEnabled(id)
+    )
       return;
     this.setLayerParams(id, slider.params(value), { origin: 'user' });
   }
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue b/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue
index b8c272e24..5f5d7c97e 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel/LayerRows.vue
@@ -63,10 +63,11 @@ defineProps({
             :segmented="item.controls.segmented"
             :on-select="(optionId) => onChip(item.id, optionId)"
           /><RowSlider
-            v-for="slider in item.controls.sliders || []"
-            :key="slider.id"
-            :slider="slider"
-            :on-input="(value) => onSlider(item.id, slider.id, value)"
+            v-if="item.controls.slider"
+            :slider="item.controls.slider"
+            :on-input="
+              (value) => onSlider(item.id, item.controls.slider.id, value)
+            "
           /><span
             v-for="(entry, index) in item.controls.legend"
             :key="index"
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs b/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
index d635cb6be..966c41cb6 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel/layerRows.test.mjs
@@ -66,40 +66,28 @@ const fireRow = (value, active = 'all') => ({
         active: mode === active,
       })),
     },
-    sliders: [
-      {
-        id: 'min-frp',
-        label: 'Fire intensity (FRP)',
-        ariaLabel: 'Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts',
-        valueText: value ? `≥ ${value} MW` : 'All',
-        min: 0,
-        max: 1000,
-        step: 1,
-        value,
-        track: 'linear-gradient(90deg, #9e2a1b, #fff3b0)',
-        ticks: [
-          { at: 0, label: '0' },
-          { at: 0.5, label: '30' },
-        ],
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'heat-spot-size',
-        label: 'Heatmap spot size',
-        ariaLabel: 'Far-zoom heatmap spot size',
-        valueText: '1×',
-        min: 0,
-        max: 1000,
-        value: 333,
-        ticks: [{ at: 1 / 3, label: '1×' }],
-      },
-    ],
+    slider: {
+      id: 'min-frp',
+      label: 'Fire intensity (FRP)',
+      ariaLabel: 'Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts',
+      valueText: value ? `≥ ${value} MW` : 'All',
+      min: 0,
+      max: 1000,
+      step: 1,
+      value,
+      track: 'linear-gradient(90deg, #9e2a1b, #fff3b0)',
+      ticks: [
+        { at: 0, label: '0' },
+        { at: 0.5, label: '30' },
+      ],
+    },
     legend: [],
     info: null,
     list: null,
   },
 });
 
-test('a row switch and sliders render their markup and report choices', () => {
+test('a row switch and slider render their markup and report choices', () => {
   document.body.replaceChildren();
   const container = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
   const chips = [];
@@ -127,13 +115,8 @@ test('a row switch and sliders render their markup and report choices', () => {
   segments[1].click();
   assert.deepEqual(chips, [['fires', 'confidence-high']]);
 
-  const blocks = [...container.querySelectorAll('.data-toggle-slider')];
-  assert.deepEqual(
-    blocks.map((entry) => entry.dataset.sliderId),
-    ['min-frp', 'heat-spot-size'],
-    'sliders render in order, after the switch',
-  );
-  const [block, spotBlock] = blocks;
+  const block = container.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider');
+  assert.equal(block.dataset.sliderId, 'min-frp');
   assert.equal(
     block.querySelector('.data-toggle-slider-label').textContent,
     'Fire intensity (FRP)',
@@ -164,18 +147,7 @@ test('a row switch and sliders render their markup and report choices', () => {
 
   input.value = '120';
   input.dispatchEvent(new Event('input', { bubbles: true }));
-  const spotInput = spotBlock.querySelector('input.data-toggle-slider-input');
-  assert.equal(
-    spotInput.getAttribute('aria-label'),
-    'Far-zoom heatmap spot size',
-  );
-  assert.equal(spotInput.style.getPropertyValue('--slider-track'), '');
-  spotInput.value = '700';
-  spotInput.dispatchEvent(new Event('input', { bubbles: true }));
-  assert.deepEqual(moves, [
-    ['fires', 'min-frp', 120],
-    ['fires', 'heat-spot-size', 700],
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(moves, [['fires', 'min-frp', 120]]);
 
   // The refresh that tick triggers keeps the same nodes and updates the text.
   render(h(LayerRows, { items: [fireRow(120, 'high')], ...props }), container);

From fdecc8c5818e8ad4d1a0d09749472b76957e69f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 22:23:38 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 079/262] Keep the tilt clearance through a zoom in

A zoom in during a pivoting tilt stops at the range that keeps the camera 150 m above the pivot at its current pitch. A zoom that moves the range by less than half a metre (at the clearance, the 80 m floor or the 5,000 km cap) now answers not zoomed instead of ok, and a tilt reports tiltRangeAdjusted rather than orbitRadiusAdjusted.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md   |  2 +-
 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/cameraVerbs.js      | 24 +++++++++++++-------
 src/voice/gevActions.js | 18 ++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 5eb025b1f..55a46973f 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5381,7 +5381,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit; a zoom in moves the camera along its view line and may take it below that height, as any zoom does, and the tilt then continues in place. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (following a later fly-to in the same reply that cancels it), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, or the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered. Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor or the 5,000 km cap) is reported as not zoomed. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (following a later fly-to in the same reply that cancels it), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, or the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered. Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
index 592098445..58cdbc05f 100644
--- a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   interruptCameraMotion,
   moveCamera,
 } from './cameraVerbs.js';
+import { createGevActionRunner } from './voice/gevActions.js';
 
 const radians = Cesium.Math.toRadians;
 const degrees = Cesium.Math.toDegrees;
@@ -238,7 +239,11 @@ test('a zoom during a pivoting tilt changes the range it holds', (t) => {
   );
   h.tick();
   const before = pivotRange(h);
-  assert.equal(adjustOrbitRange(0.5), true, 'the tilt must take the zoom');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    adjustOrbitRange(0.5),
+    { kind: 'tilt', changed: true },
+    'the tilt must take the zoom',
+  );
   for (let i = 0; i < 5; i += 1) h.tick();
   // The next frame's lookAt must not put the old range back.
   assert.ok(
@@ -250,7 +255,7 @@ test('a zoom during a pivoting tilt changes the range it holds', (t) => {
 test('a zoom with no pivot to hold is left to the camera', (t) => {
   harness(t, { pivot: false });
   moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' });
-  assert.equal(adjustOrbitRange(0.5), false);
+  assert.equal(adjustOrbitRange(0.5), null);
 });
 
 test('a pivot tilt toward the horizon keeps its clearance above the ground', (t) => {
@@ -364,11 +369,49 @@ test('a zoom out during a far orbit never pulls the camera in', (t) => {
   h.tick();
   const before = pivotRange(h);
   assert.ok(before > 5_000_000, `range ${before} m`);
-  assert.equal(adjustOrbitRange(2.4), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(adjustOrbitRange(2.4), { kind: 'orbit', changed: false });
   h.tick();
   assert.ok(pivotRange(h) >= before - 1, `range fell to ${pivotRange(h)} m`);
 });
 
+test('a zoom in during a pivot tilt stops at the clearance', (t) => {
+  // 400 m of range at -40°, then "zoom in a lot" twice: unfloored, that left
+  // the camera about 107 m up, then at the 80 m zoom floor.
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 400 });
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' });
+  while (pitchDeg(h.camera) < -40) h.tick();
+  assert.deepEqual(adjustOrbitRange(1 / 2.4), { kind: 'tilt', changed: true });
+  // At -40° the floor is 150 / sin 40° ≈ 233 m, which the first zoom reached.
+  assert.deepEqual(adjustOrbitRange(1 / 2.4), { kind: 'tilt', changed: false });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
+    h.tick();
+    assert.ok(heightM(h.camera) > 149, `camera at ${heightM(h.camera)} m`);
+  }
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -5) < 0.5);
+});
+
+test('a voice zoom during a pivot tilt says what it changed', async (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 400 });
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer: h.viewer,
+    styleManager: {},
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' });
+  h.tick();
+  const zoom = { direction: 'in', amount: 'lot' };
+  const first = await runner('adjust_camera_zoom', zoom);
+  assert.equal(first.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(first.tiltRangeAdjusted, true);
+  assert.equal('orbitRadiusAdjusted' in first, false);
+  // 400 m → 167 m → the 150 m clearance; a third zoom in moves nothing, and
+  // says so.
+  assert.equal((await runner('adjust_camera_zoom', zoom)).ok, true);
+  const third = await runner('adjust_camera_zoom', zoom);
+  assert.equal(third.ok, false);
+  assert.match(third.error, /tilt is already at its closest range/);
+});
+
 test('from globe range a tilt happens in place', (t) => {
   // A pivot 2,000 km out would swing the camera thousands of km.
   const h = harness(t, { height: 2_000_000 });
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 1c12a9a74..16888d73e 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -1932,19 +1932,27 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
  * fight the per-frame lookAt (field test: "zoom out did literally nothing").
  * A tilt swinging about its pivot holds a range the same way.
  * @param {number} factor  >1 zooms out (radius grows), <1 zooms in.
- * @returns {boolean} true when an orbit or pivoting tilt consumed the zoom.
+ * @returns {{kind: string, changed: boolean}|null} the motion that consumed
+ *   the zoom, and whether its range moved; null when none did.
  */
 export function adjustOrbitRange(factor) {
   if (!_active || !['orbit', 'tilt'].includes(_active.kind) || !_active.hpr)
-    return false;
-  // The limits never move a view the wrong way: a zoom in leaves a closer
-  // view in place, and a zoom out leaves a farther one.
-  const range = _active.hpr.range;
-  _active.hpr.range = Math.max(
-    Math.min(80, range),
+    return null;
+  // A tilt's zoom in stops at the range that keeps its clearance. The limits
+  // never move a view the wrong way: a zoom in leaves a closer view in place,
+  // and a zoom out leaves a farther one.
+  const { kind, hpr } = _active;
+  const floor =
+    kind === 'tilt'
+      ? Math.max(80, TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M / Math.abs(Math.sin(hpr.pitch)))
+      : 80;
+  const range = hpr.range;
+  hpr.range = Math.max(
+    Math.min(floor, range),
     Math.min(Math.max(5_000_000, range), range * factor),
   );
-  return true;
+  // Under half a metre counts as not moved, as for a plain zoom.
+  return { kind, changed: Math.abs(hpr.range - range) >= 0.5 };
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index 66199e277..e851827df 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -411,13 +411,25 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
       const zoomOut = String(args.direction || '').toLowerCase() === 'out';
       const amt = String(args.amount || 'medium').toLowerCase();
       const factor = { little: 1.25, medium: 1.6, lot: 2.4 }[amt] || 1.6;
-      if (adjustOrbitRange(zoomOut ? factor : 1 / factor)) {
+      const held = adjustOrbitRange(zoomOut ? factor : 1 / factor);
+      if (held) {
+        const direction = zoomOut ? 'out' : 'in';
+        if (!held.changed) {
+          return {
+            ok: false,
+            action: 'adjust_camera_zoom',
+            direction,
+            amount: amt,
+            error: `Not zoomed: the ${held.kind} is already at its ${zoomOut ? 'farthest' : 'closest'} range.`,
+          };
+        }
         return {
           ok: true,
           action: 'adjust_camera_zoom',
-          direction: zoomOut ? 'out' : 'in',
+          direction,
           amount: amt,
-          orbitRadiusAdjusted: true,
+          [held.kind === 'tilt' ? 'tiltRangeAdjusted' : 'orbitRadiusAdjusted']:
+            true,
         };
       }
     }

From 9a1bc3404287d12f71eec0df030b8038a89e9e11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 21:09:09 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 080/262] Keep weak Active Fires as markers through the
 hand-off
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

The 750–3,000 km markers band now draws up to 20,000 detections instead
of 2,500. At the 2,400 km end of the cross-fade the padded view over
Africa holds ~21,000 fires, and the old cap kept only those above
~17 MW, so most heat spots faded into empty ground as the heatmap went
out. A rebuild of that many costs ~60 ms, and only in the densest views.
---
 changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md | 2 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     | 5 ++++-
 src/layers/firms/policy.js                | 6 +++++-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
index 2254b1169..d22e3f843 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   High confidence switch and an "N of M shown" counter to the layer row. Far
   zoom shows a Snap Map–style heatmap in the same colors instead of squares,
   one distinct spot per fire, empty where nothing burns, and cross-fades with
-  the markers around 3,000 km with no gap. The filter applies once before
+  the markers around 3,000 km with no gap, keeping weak fires as markers. The filter applies once before
   rendering, so markers, cards, the heatmap, context and the top-fires query
   agree; share links keep it (`w` token: `f`, `c`), and `get_active_fires`
   takes matching `min_frp_mw` and `confidence` arguments. Default 0 MW / All
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 8fdb5b582..84325e63d 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2225,7 +2225,10 @@ built at every zoom and cross-fade by camera height between 2,400 and
 3,600 km, every frame, so a fast zoom never shows a gap: the heatmap fades by
 imagery `alpha` (a hidden Cesium imagery layer is unmapped from the globe
 tiles and re-mapped late when shown), the markers by sprite alpha, and the
-marker collection is hidden once the heatmap is whole. "N FIRES" cards from a 2° / 1° aggregation still label the hottest
+marker collection is hidden once the heatmap is whole. The 750–3,000 km
+markers band draws up to 20,000 detections (the strongest in the padded
+view), so the weak fires the heatmap shows stay on screen as markers when it
+fades out. "N FIRES" cards from a 2° / 1° aggregation still label the hottest
 areas; their accent is the strongest fire's FRP color.
 
 The Active Fires row carries a "Fire intensity (FRP)" slider on a log scale
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/policy.js b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
index 6ba8ebb8e..8431655bd 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
@@ -33,10 +33,14 @@ export const LOD_LEVELS = [
     labelDistance: 8500000,
   },
   {
+    // Up to 20,000 markers: at the 2,400 km end of the hand-off the padded
+    // view over Africa, the densest region, holds ~21,000 detections, and a
+    // tighter cap left the heatmap's weak spots dissolving into nothing.
+    // A rebuild of that many costs ~60 ms, only there.
     id: 'local',
     minHeight: 750000,
     mode: 'detections',
-    maxDetections: 2500,
+    maxDetections: 20000,
     labelDistance: 4500000,
   },
   {

From f608ae81e7691835628735400f5484af48096509 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 21:24:50 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 081/262] Move the Active Fires hand-off up to 4,500 km

The heatmap now takes over above 4,500 km instead of 3,000 km, with
the cross-fade between 3,600 and 5,400 km. The markers band caps at
40,000 detections, which covers the ~40,000 in the padded view over
Africa at the low end of the fade, so weak fires still stay as markers.

To keep that rebuild near its old cost, markers outside the close band
read the anchor already built for each fire instead of the ground floor
cache: only the close band warms floors, so the lookup there always
missed. A 40,000-marker rebuild now costs ~55 ms, down from ~120 ms.
---
 changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md |  2 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     | 13 +++++++------
 src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs        |  2 +-
 src/layers/firms/model.js                 | 18 ++++++++++++++++--
 src/layers/firms/policy.js                | 16 ++++++++--------
 src/layers/firms/rendering.js             |  9 +++++++--
 6 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
index d22e3f843..aacc37d71 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1426-fire-intensity-filter.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   High confidence switch and an "N of M shown" counter to the layer row. Far
   zoom shows a Snap Map–style heatmap in the same colors instead of squares,
   one distinct spot per fire, empty where nothing burns, and cross-fades with
-  the markers around 3,000 km with no gap, keeping weak fires as markers. The filter applies once before
+  the markers around 4,500 km with no gap, keeping weak fires as markers. The filter applies once before
   rendering, so markers, cards, the heatmap, context and the top-fires query
   agree; share links keep it (`w` token: `f`, `c`), and `get_active_fires`
   takes matching `min_frp_mw` and `confidence` arguments. Default 0 MW / All
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 84325e63d..934376fc7 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2205,7 +2205,7 @@ none is a cold hue, so the brightest marks are the strongest fires; ~90% of
 detections are under 20 MW and stay dim red. Glow sprites and fire-card
 accents read that ramp; confidence and brightness do not affect the color.
 
-At far zoom (camera above ~3,000 km) the layer drapes a Snap Map–style
+At far zoom (camera above ~4,500 km) the layer drapes a Snap Map–style
 heatmap instead of individual markers: the shown detections are linearly binned
 (each detection's weight shared between the four nearest pixel centres, so spots
 sit at the true position and stay round) on a
@@ -2221,14 +2221,15 @@ nothing burns (`src/data/firmsHeatRaster.js`). It is one full-globe imagery
 tile on the active imagery host (`src/layers/firms/heatImagery.js`), rebuilt
 on each data refresh or filter change (the first far-band paint at once,
 later ones 150 ms after the last change). Heatmap and markers are both kept
-built at every zoom and cross-fade by camera height between 2,400 and
-3,600 km, every frame, so a fast zoom never shows a gap: the heatmap fades by
+built at every zoom and cross-fade by camera height between 3,600 and
+5,400 km, every frame, so a fast zoom never shows a gap: the heatmap fades by
 imagery `alpha` (a hidden Cesium imagery layer is unmapped from the globe
 tiles and re-mapped late when shown), the markers by sprite alpha, and the
-marker collection is hidden once the heatmap is whole. The 750–3,000 km
-markers band draws up to 20,000 detections (the strongest in the padded
+marker collection is hidden once the heatmap is whole. The 750–4,500 km
+markers band draws up to 40,000 detections (the strongest in the padded
 view), so the weak fires the heatmap shows stay on screen as markers when it
-fades out. "N FIRES" cards from a 2° / 1° aggregation still label the hottest
+fades out; it reads each marker's already-built anchor instead of the ground
+floor cache, which only the close band warms. "N FIRES" cards from a 2° / 1° aggregation still label the hottest
 areas; their accent is the strongest fire's FRP color.
 
 The Active Fires row carries a "Fire intensity (FRP)" slider on a log scale
diff --git a/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs b/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
index fddf82f49..8e12a435d 100644
--- a/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/firmsInteraction.test.mjs
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ test('far zoom drapes one heatmap and the hand-off cross-fades it with the marke
     assert.equal(markers.get(0).color.alpha, 1);
 
     // Mid hand-off both are drawn, half each, in either band.
-    setHeight(3_000_000);
+    setHeight(4_500_000);
     h.layer._applyHandoffFadeForTest();
     assert.equal(added[0].alpha, 0.5);
     assert.equal(markers.show, true);
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/model.js b/src/layers/firms/model.js
index aefb94b21..812f4f462 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/model.js
@@ -231,6 +231,19 @@ export function createModel({
     return fire.position;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The anchor already built for a detection, without the floor lookup;
+   * for the far marker band, where floors are never warmed and the height
+   * difference is invisible, so tens of thousands of markers skip a cache
+   * read each per rebuild. Builds one through {@link firePosition} once.
+   * @param {Object} fire - Detection record.
+   * @returns {Cesium.Cartesian3}
+   */
+
+  function fireBuiltPosition(fire) {
+    return fire.position ?? firePosition(fire);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Occlusion-test anchor for one detection. Returns the render position
    * outright for anchors comfortably above the ellipsoid (the common case) and
@@ -238,11 +251,11 @@ export function createModel({
    * NEVER feeds rendering: the datum-correct anchor from {@link firePosition}
    * is what the sprite and the card are drawn at.
    * @param {Object} fire - Detection record.
+   * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} [position] Its render anchor, if at hand.
    * @returns {Cesium.Cartesian3}
    */
 
-  function fireCullPosition(fire) {
-    const position = firePosition(fire);
+  function fireCullPosition(fire, position = firePosition(fire)) {
     if (fire.positionHeight >= CULL_LIFT_THRESHOLD_M) return position;
     if (!fire.cullPosition) {
       fire.cullPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
@@ -587,6 +600,7 @@ export function createModel({
     sizeBucket,
     glowSprite,
     firePosition,
+    fireBuiltPosition,
     fireCullPosition,
     cellCullPosition,
     applyHorizonCull,
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/policy.js b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
index 8431655bd..e6f4bd664 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/policy.js
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 export const REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS = 600_000;
 
 /**
- * LOD bands keyed by camera height. `heat` bands (above ~3,000 km) drape a
+ * LOD bands keyed by camera height. `heat` bands (above ~4,500 km) drape a
  * Snap Map–style heatmap over the globe (firmsHeatRaster.js); their
  * `gridDegrees` aggregation only feeds the "N FIRES" cards. `detections`
  * bands render individual fire detections as glow-sprite billboards.
@@ -26,21 +26,21 @@ export const LOD_LEVELS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'regional',
-    minHeight: 3000000,
+    minHeight: 4500000,
     mode: 'heat',
     gridDegrees: 1.0,
     maxCells: 3600,
     labelDistance: 8500000,
   },
   {
-    // Up to 20,000 markers: at the 2,400 km end of the hand-off the padded
-    // view over Africa, the densest region, holds ~21,000 detections, and a
+    // Up to 40,000 markers: at the 3,600 km end of the hand-off the padded
+    // view over Africa, the densest region, holds ~40,000 detections, and a
     // tighter cap left the heatmap's weak spots dissolving into nothing.
     // A rebuild of that many costs ~60 ms, only there.
     id: 'local',
     minHeight: 750000,
     mode: 'detections',
-    maxDetections: 20000,
+    maxDetections: 40000,
     labelDistance: 4500000,
   },
   {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ export const LOD_LEVELS = [
 /**
  * Global heat raster for the `heat` bands: ≈0.09° (≈10 km) per pixel and a
  * one-pixel Gaussian σ, so a lone fire is a spot about the size of its
- * marker at the 3,000 km hand-off and the two cross-fade without a jump;
+ * marker near the hand-off and the two cross-fade without a jump;
  * neighbours merge only when they nearly touch (σ 3 on a 2048 grid smeared
  * each fire over ~200 km). Built once per data refresh or filter change,
  * never per camera move.
@@ -69,12 +69,12 @@ export const HEAT_RASTER = Object.freeze({
 
 /**
  * Camera heights, in metres, over which the heatmap and the markers
- * cross-fade around the 3,000 km band edge: markers alone below `from`,
+ * cross-fade around the 4,500 km band edge: markers alone below `from`,
  * heatmap alone above `to`. Wider than the ±10 % band hysteresis, so
  * whichever band is active inside it, both layers are already built.
  */
 
-export const HANDOFF_FADE = Object.freeze({ from: 2_400_000, to: 3_600_000 });
+export const HANDOFF_FADE = Object.freeze({ from: 3_600_000, to: 5_400_000 });
 
 /**
  * Trailing delay before a stale heatmap is rebuilt while one is already on
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
index d6e8b2d3b..9718470f8 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/rendering.js
@@ -354,10 +354,15 @@ export function createRendering({
     }
 
     const markers = [];
+    // Only the close band warms terrain floors (renderDetections).
+    const anchor =
+      lod.id === 'close'
+        ? components.model.firePosition
+        : components.model.fireBuiltPosition;
     for (const fire of candidates) {
       const coreSize = components.model.frpPixelSize(fire.frp);
-      const position = components.model.firePosition(fire);
-      const cullPosition = components.model.fireCullPosition(fire);
+      const position = anchor(fire);
+      const cullPosition = components.model.fireCullPosition(fire, position);
       const pickId = `firms-${fire.index}`;
       layerState._pickIndexById.set(pickId, fire);
       layerState._cullPositions.push(cullPosition);

From 36fceb56752297c6fb567e6766437bfbf9108e02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan Maniatakes <dylanzmaniatakes@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 11:35:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 082/262] Add adjustable event age filtering to S2 GhostMaps

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                   |   1 +
 scripts/qa-ghostmaps.mjs                |  76 +++++-
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                |   7 +-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                |   7 +-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                |   7 +-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                |   7 +-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                |   7 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                |   7 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                |   7 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                |   7 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                |   7 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json             |   7 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json           |   7 +-
 src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js           | 271 ++++++++++++++------
 src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs | 317 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js         | 112 ++++++++-
 src/layers/ghostMaps/records.test.mjs   |  83 +++++++
 17 files changed, 820 insertions(+), 117 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 59557e46b..827035fe0 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5663,6 +5663,7 @@ request viewbox and continues searching without that geographic preference.
 
 - **What it shows.** Events ▸ **S2 GhostMaps** draws the current edition of S2 Underground's KMZ intel products from `github.com/s2underground/GhostMaps`. The products are the Common Intelligence Picture and the 30-day kinetic pull (both on by default), the Border Crisis Map, the Iran Common Intelligence Picture, Iran Kinetic Events, Yemen FLOT, and **Latest Drop**: the newest dated incident file outside those series, `0_Archive`, `Basedata` and `Reference Material`. Each product has a chip in the row. The chip choice is kept in `localStorage` (`gev.ghostmaps.products`) and falls back to the defaults when storage is blocked.
 - **Editions.** `src/layers/ghostMaps/catalog.js` (pure) matches whole repository paths per product. The newest edition wins by the date written in the file name, then by `Export_N`/`vN`. Undated names, such as the fixed 30-day file, are identified by blob sha. Files over 50 MiB are left out (the 62 MB census KMZ, for example). A renamed folder drops the product rather than matching elsewhere.
+- **Event age filter.** The same filter applies to every selected S2 product, including Border Crisis, Iran Picture, Iran Kinetic, Yemen FLOT and Latest Drop. S2 products default to seven days, with row buttons for 1, 3, 7, 14 or 30 days and **All markers**. The choice persists independently of product selection in `localStorage` (`gev.ghostmaps.ageDays`); missing, invalid or blocked storage uses seven days. Only the placemark's `Date of Event` (or `EventDate`/`Date`) determines its age, never report dates, dates in prose or KMZ edition/upload dates. Undated, blank or unparseable event dates and future dates stay visible. ArcGIS `M/D/YYYY` dates and optional AM/PM times, plus ISO dates/timestamps, are supported; values without a zone use UTC and date-only values use midnight UTC. The exact cutoff is included. Events age out every minute and during catalog updates, even without a new file or a successful catalog fetch. Widening the window or choosing All markers restores omitted events from the cached KMZ. Removed entities and selected cards disappear together; surviving pick ids stay stable. Product defaults and the update stream are unchanged.
 - **Updates.** The repository is not ours, so there is no webhook. `server/providers/ghostMaps.js` starts with the first `/api/ghostmaps` request, so an install that never enables the layer never contacts GitHub.
   - It reads the branch head from git's smart-HTTP ref advertisement (`/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack`, about 0.5 KB, outside the REST rate limit) every `GHOSTMAPS_POLL_SECONDS` (15 s by default, 5 s minimum). Failures back off from 15 s to 5 min.
   - Only a new head costs REST calls: one recursive tree and one commit. An optional `GITHUB_TOKEN` raises the REST limit.
diff --git a/scripts/qa-ghostmaps.mjs b/scripts/qa-ghostmaps.mjs
index 83dc8ed97..24edcc60b 100644
--- a/scripts/qa-ghostmaps.mjs
+++ b/scripts/qa-ghostmaps.mjs
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
  *   (vii) FAR SIDE — pins skip the depth test, so they are horizon-culled:
  *         seen from over the Indian Ocean no pin clearly behind the planet is
  *         shown; back over North America the near-side pins show again.
+ *   (viii) AGE — seven days is the default; shorter/longer windows and All
+ *         markers update the globe, and the age choice survives a reload.
  *
  * Screenshots go to qa-shots/ghostmaps-*.png (gitignored).
  *
@@ -201,12 +203,15 @@ async function main() {
     );
     record(
       'LIVE: one chip per product, defaults pressed',
-      chips.length === catalog.products.length &&
-        chips.every(
-          (chip) =>
-            chip.active ===
-            catalog.products.find((p) => p.id === chip.id)?.defaultOn,
-        ),
+      chips.filter((chip) => !chip.id.startsWith('age-')).length ===
+        catalog.products.length &&
+        chips
+          .filter((chip) => !chip.id.startsWith('age-'))
+          .every(
+            (chip) =>
+              chip.active ===
+              catalog.products.find((p) => p.id === chip.id)?.defaultOn,
+          ),
       chips.map((c) => `${c.id}${c.active ? '*' : ''}`).join(' '),
     );
     const stream = await page
@@ -224,6 +229,65 @@ async function main() {
     record('LIVE: the /api/ghostmaps/events stream is open', stream);
     await page.screenshot({ path: path.join(SHOTS_DIR, 'ghostmaps-live.png') });
 
+    const ageChips = chips.filter((chip) => chip.id.startsWith('age-'));
+    record(
+      'AGE: seven days is the default with an All markers option',
+      live.ageDays === 7 &&
+        ageChips.length === 6 &&
+        ageChips
+          .filter((chip) => chip.active)
+          .map((chip) => chip.id)
+          .join() === 'age-7' &&
+        ageChips.some((chip) => chip.id === 'age-all'),
+    );
+    const selectAge = async (days) => {
+      await showRow(page);
+      const selector = `[data-layer-id="${LAYER_ID}"] [data-chip-id="age-${days ?? 'all'}"]`;
+      await page.waitForSelector(selector, { timeout: 15000 });
+      // Dispatch through the rendered button, matching the product-chip gate.
+      await page.$eval(selector, (button) => button.click());
+      await page.waitForFunction(
+        (id, age) => {
+          const s = window.__godsEyeView.dataManager.layers
+            .get(id)
+            .module.getStats();
+          return s.ageDays === age && !s.loading;
+        },
+        { timeout: TIMEOUT_MS },
+        LAYER_ID,
+        days,
+      );
+      return stats(page);
+    };
+    const all = await selectAge(null);
+    record(
+      'AGE: All markers restores old events without duplicate data sources',
+      all.count > live.count && (await sources(page)).length === 2,
+      `${live.count} → ${all.count}`,
+    );
+    await page.reload({ waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
+    await page.waitForFunction(() => window.__godsEyeView?.dataManager, {
+      timeout: TIMEOUT_MS,
+    });
+    await enableAndSettle(page);
+    const persistedAge = await stats(page);
+    record(
+      'AGE: All markers survives a reload',
+      persistedAge.ageDays === null && persistedAge.count === all.count,
+    );
+    const thirty = await selectAge(30);
+    const one = await selectAge(1);
+    const seven = await selectAge(7);
+    record(
+      'AGE: shorter and longer windows change the count and seven days restores the default',
+      one.count <= live.count &&
+        thirty.count >= live.count &&
+        thirty.count <= all.count &&
+        seven.count === live.count &&
+        seven.ageDays === 7,
+      `1d=${one.count}, 7d=${seven.count}, 30d=${thirty.count}, all=${all.count}`,
+    );
+
     // ---- (ii) PICK ----------------------------------------------------------
     const target = await page.evaluate((id) => {
       const gev = window.__godsEyeView;
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index ca04bf306..345fbc0ab 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3306,5 +3306,10 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "عُدّ ضمن المستطيل المحيط ({area})، لا ضمن الحدود",
   "Search cancelled": "أُلغي البحث",
   "Sea Marks": "علامات بحرية",
-  "Ski Pistes": "مسارات التزلج"
+  "Ski Pistes": "مسارات التزلج",
+  "{days}d": "{days}ي",
+  "All markers": "كل العلامات",
+  "Show markers of every age": "عرض العلامات من جميع الأعمار",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "الحد الأقصى لعمر الحدث: {days} يوم؛ تُحفظ العلامات غير المؤرخة",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "عمر الحدث: {days} يوم · الاحتفاظ بغير المؤرخ"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index f990eae81..b59916432 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -3006,5 +3006,10 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "über das umgebende Rechteck gezählt ({area}), nicht über den Umriss",
   "Search cancelled": "Suche abgebrochen",
   "Sea Marks": "Seezeichen",
-  "Ski Pistes": "Skipisten"
+  "Ski Pistes": "Skipisten",
+  "{days}d": "{days}T",
+  "All markers": "Alle Markierungen",
+  "Show markers of every age": "Markierungen jeden Alters anzeigen",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Maximales Ereignisalter: {days} Tage; undatierte Markierungen bleiben",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Ereignisalter: {days} Tage · undatierte bleiben"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index fcdd09185..47768e808 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3081,5 +3081,10 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "contado en el rectángulo que lo rodea ({area}), no en su contorno",
   "Search cancelled": "Búsqueda cancelada",
   "Sea Marks": "Señales marítimas",
-  "Ski Pistes": "Pistas de esquí"
+  "Ski Pistes": "Pistas de esquí",
+  "{days}d": "{days}d",
+  "All markers": "Todos los marcadores",
+  "Show markers of every age": "Mostrar marcadores de cualquier antigüedad",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Antigüedad máxima: {days} días; se conservan los marcadores sin fecha",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Antigüedad: {days} días · se conservan los marcadores sin fecha"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index fd5728596..103bf00a9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3081,5 +3081,10 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "compté sur le rectangle englobant ({area}), pas sur le contour",
   "Search cancelled": "Recherche annulée",
   "Sea Marks": "Balisage maritime",
-  "Ski Pistes": "Pistes de ski"
+  "Ski Pistes": "Pistes de ski",
+  "{days}d": "{days}j",
+  "All markers": "Tous les marqueurs",
+  "Show markers of every age": "Afficher les marqueurs de tout âge",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Ancienneté maximale : {days} j ; marqueurs sans date conservés",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Ancienneté : {days} j · marqueurs sans date conservés"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index cd0e85571..0cb73f516 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3081,5 +3081,10 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "contato sul riquadro di delimitazione ({area}), non sul contorno",
   "Search cancelled": "Ricerca annullata",
   "Sea Marks": "Segnalamenti marittimi",
-  "Ski Pistes": "Piste da sci"
+  "Ski Pistes": "Piste da sci",
+  "{days}d": "{days}g",
+  "All markers": "Tutti gli indicatori",
+  "Show markers of every age": "Mostra gli indicatori di qualsiasi età",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Età massima degli eventi: {days} giorni; indicatori senza data mantenuti",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Età degli eventi: {days} giorni · senza data mantenuti"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 9a38c8549..ff79dafb8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2931,5 +2931,10 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "外接矩形 ({area}) で数えた結果で、輪郭ではありません",
   "Search cancelled": "検索をキャンセルしました",
   "Sea Marks": "航路標識",
-  "Ski Pistes": "スキーゲレンデ"
+  "Ski Pistes": "スキーゲレンデ",
+  "{days}d": "{days}日",
+  "All markers": "すべてのマーカー",
+  "Show markers of every age": "日付にかかわらずすべてのマーカーを表示",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "イベントの最大経過日数：{days}日。日付のないマーカーは保持",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "経過日数：{days}日以内 · 日付なしは保持"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 54225789d..9ed99b438 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3081,5 +3081,10 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "contado na caixa delimitadora ({area}), não no contorno",
   "Search cancelled": "Busca cancelada",
   "Sea Marks": "Sinais marítimos",
-  "Ski Pistes": "Pistas de esqui"
+  "Ski Pistes": "Pistas de esqui",
+  "{days}d": "{days}d",
+  "All markers": "Todos os marcadores",
+  "Show markers of every age": "Mostrar marcadores de qualquer idade",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Idade máxima do evento: {days} dias; marcadores sem data mantidos",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Idade do evento: {days} dias · sem data mantidos"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index eb4ca4dad..333a3518d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3156,5 +3156,10 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "подсчитано по ограничивающему прямоугольнику ({area}), а не по контуру",
   "Search cancelled": "Поиск отменён",
   "Sea Marks": "Морские знаки",
-  "Ski Pistes": "Горнолыжные трассы"
+  "Ski Pistes": "Горнолыжные трассы",
+  "{days}d": "{days}д",
+  "All markers": "Все метки",
+  "Show markers of every age": "Показать метки любого возраста",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Максимальный возраст события: {days} дн.; метки без даты сохранены",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Возраст события: {days} дн. · метки без даты сохранены"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 903db6586..a989f456f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3156,5 +3156,10 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "підраховано за обмежувальним прямокутником ({area}), а не за контуром",
   "Search cancelled": "Пошук скасовано",
   "Sea Marks": "Морські знаки",
-  "Ski Pistes": "Гірськолижні траси"
+  "Ski Pistes": "Гірськолижні траси",
+  "{days}d": "{days}д",
+  "All markers": "Усі позначки",
+  "Show markers of every age": "Показати позначки будь-якого віку",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Максимальний вік події: {days} дн.; позначки без дати збережено",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Вік події: {days} дн. · позначки без дати збережено"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 78a62c593..ddd567e92 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2931,5 +2931,10 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "按外接矩形（{area}）计数，而非其轮廓",
   "Search cancelled": "搜索已取消",
   "Sea Marks": "航标",
-  "Ski Pistes": "滑雪道"
+  "Ski Pistes": "滑雪道",
+  "{days}d": "{days}天",
+  "All markers": "所有标记",
+  "Show markers of every age": "显示所有时间的标记",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "事件最长保留时间：{days}天；保留无日期标记",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "事件时间：{days}天内 · 保留无日期标记"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index e2a5b9cc4..f1a52b067 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2931,5 +2931,10 @@
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "按外接矩形（{area}）計數，而非其輪廓",
   "Search cancelled": "搜索已取消",
   "Sea Marks": "航標",
-  "Ski Pistes": "滑雪道"
+  "Ski Pistes": "滑雪道",
+  "{days}d": "{days}天",
+  "All markers": "所有標記",
+  "Show markers of every age": "顯示所有時間的標記",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "事件最長保留時間：{days}天；保留無日期標記",
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "事件時間：{days}天內 · 保留無日期標記"
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js b/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js
index 01d564d05..7899c26b5 100644
--- a/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js
@@ -16,7 +16,15 @@ import {
 } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { createHorizonCull } from '../streetLevel/view.js';
 import { readGhostMapsKml } from './kml.js';
-import { fieldLabel, parseDescriptionFields, wrapCardText } from './records.js';
+import {
+  fieldLabel,
+  GHOSTMAPS_AGE_OPTIONS,
+  GHOSTMAPS_DEFAULT_AGE_DAYS,
+  ghostMapsEventDate,
+  isGhostMapsEventExpired,
+  parseDescriptionFields,
+  wrapCardText,
+} from './records.js';
 export * from './catalog.js';
 export * from './records.js';
 export { readGhostMapsKml } from './kml.js';
@@ -26,6 +34,7 @@ export const GHOSTMAPS_LAYER_ID = 's2-ghostmaps';
 export const GHOSTMAPS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 's2-ghostmaps';
 const PICK_PREFIX = 'ghostmaps:';
 const STORAGE_KEY = 'gev.ghostmaps.products';
+const AGE_STORAGE_KEY = 'gev.ghostmaps.ageDays';
 const ACCENT = '#c8ff00';
 const MAX_ICON_BYTES = 512 * 1024;
 const CARD_HOST_OPTIONS = Object.freeze({
@@ -82,6 +91,19 @@ function writeStoredSelection(storage, selected) {
   }
 }
 
+function readStoredAge(storage) {
+  try {
+    const raw = storage?.getItem(AGE_STORAGE_KEY);
+    if (raw !== null && raw !== undefined) {
+      const value = JSON.parse(raw);
+      if (GHOSTMAPS_AGE_OPTIONS.includes(value)) return value;
+    }
+  } catch {
+    /* unavailable or invalid storage uses the default */
+  }
+  return GHOSTMAPS_DEFAULT_AGE_DAYS;
+}
+
 /** A round marker for placemarks whose icon is missing or remote. */
 const markerCache = new Map();
 function markerImage(color) {
@@ -137,6 +159,7 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
   pointer = null,
   openExternal = null,
   storage = defaultStorage(),
+  now = () => Date.now(),
 } = {}) {
   if (typeof source?.getCatalog !== 'function')
     throw new TypeError('GhostMaps layer requires a catalog source');
@@ -154,7 +177,9 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
   let _selectedLink = null;
   let _lifetime = new AbortController();
   let _selection = readStoredSelection(storage);
-  /** productId → {version, dataSource, urls, count, features} */
+  let _ageDays = readStoredAge(storage);
+  let _expiryTimer = null;
+  /** productId → {version, dataSource, urls, features: Map<index, record>, pins} */
   const _loaded = new Map();
   /** productId → in-flight version */
   const _loading = new Map();
@@ -192,8 +217,31 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
     if (_selectedKey?.startsWith(`${id}:`)) clearSelection();
   }
 
+  // Remove expired entities, rather than hiding them: horizon culling must
+  // never make an old pin visible again. Map keys keep surviving picks stable.
+  function expireEvents() {
+    const at = now();
+    let changed = false;
+    for (const [productId, item] of _loaded) {
+      for (const [index, feature] of item.features) {
+        if (!isGhostMapsEventExpired(feature.dateMs, at, _ageDays)) continue;
+        for (const entity of feature.entities)
+          item.dataSource.entities.remove(entity);
+        item.features.delete(index);
+        if (_selectedKey === `${productId}:${index}`) clearSelection();
+        changed = true;
+      }
+      item.pins = item.pins.filter((pin) => item.features.has(pin.index));
+    }
+    if (changed) {
+      notifyRow();
+      render();
+    }
+  }
+
   /** Build one product's data source off-scene, then swap it in. */
   async function load(product, signal) {
+    const ageDays = _ageDays;
     const bytes = await source.getFile(product.id, product.version, { signal });
     signal.throwIfAborted();
     const entries = await readZipEntries(bytes);
@@ -223,12 +271,16 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
       const dataSource = new Cesium.CustomDataSource(
         `${GHOSTMAPS_LAYER_ID}:${product.id}`,
       );
-      const features = [];
+      const features = new Map();
       const pins = [];
+      const at = now();
       dataSource.entities.suspendEvents();
       parsed.features.forEach((feature, index) => {
+        const dateMs = ghostMapsEventDate(feature.description);
+        if (isGhostMapsEventExpired(dateMs, at, ageDays)) return;
         const key = `${product.id}:${index}`;
         const { style } = feature;
+        const entities = [];
         feature.geometries.forEach((geometry, part) => {
           const id = `${PICK_PREFIX}${key}:${part}`;
           if (geometry.type === 'point') {
@@ -255,7 +307,9 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
                 disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
               },
             });
+            entities.push(entity);
             pins.push({
+              index,
               position,
               get show() {
                 return entity.show;
@@ -265,61 +319,76 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
               },
             });
           } else if (geometry.type === 'line') {
-            dataSource.entities.add({
-              id,
-              polyline: {
-                positions: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegreesArray(
-                  geometry.positions.flat(),
-                ),
-                width: Math.min(8, Math.max(1.5, style.lineWidth ?? 2)),
-                material: cesiumColor(style.lineColor, color),
-                clampToGround: true,
-              },
-            });
-          } else {
-            const ring = (points) =>
-              Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegreesArray(points.flat());
-            dataSource.entities.add({
-              id,
-              polygon: {
-                hierarchy: new Cesium.PolygonHierarchy(
-                  ring(geometry.outer),
-                  geometry.holes.map(
-                    (hole) => new Cesium.PolygonHierarchy(ring(hole)),
-                  ),
-                ),
-                material:
-                  style.fill === false
-                    ? Cesium.Color.TRANSPARENT
-                    : cesiumColor(
-                        style.polyColor,
-                        color,
-                        style.polyColor ? undefined : 0.25,
-                      ),
-                classificationType: Cesium.ClassificationType.BOTH,
-              },
-            });
-            if (style.outline !== false)
+            entities.push(
               dataSource.entities.add({
-                id: `${id}:outline`,
+                id,
                 polyline: {
-                  positions: ring([...geometry.outer, geometry.outer[0]]),
-                  width: Math.min(6, Math.max(1.5, style.lineWidth ?? 2)),
+                  positions: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegreesArray(
+                    geometry.positions.flat(),
+                  ),
+                  width: Math.min(8, Math.max(1.5, style.lineWidth ?? 2)),
                   material: cesiumColor(style.lineColor, color),
                   clampToGround: true,
                 },
-              });
+              }),
+            );
+          } else {
+            const ring = (points) =>
+              Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegreesArray(points.flat());
+            entities.push(
+              dataSource.entities.add({
+                id,
+                polygon: {
+                  hierarchy: new Cesium.PolygonHierarchy(
+                    ring(geometry.outer),
+                    geometry.holes.map(
+                      (hole) => new Cesium.PolygonHierarchy(ring(hole)),
+                    ),
+                  ),
+                  material:
+                    style.fill === false
+                      ? Cesium.Color.TRANSPARENT
+                      : cesiumColor(
+                          style.polyColor,
+                          color,
+                          style.polyColor ? undefined : 0.25,
+                        ),
+                  classificationType: Cesium.ClassificationType.BOTH,
+                },
+              }),
+            );
+            if (style.outline !== false)
+              entities.push(
+                dataSource.entities.add({
+                  id: `${id}:outline`,
+                  polyline: {
+                    positions: ring([...geometry.outer, geometry.outer[0]]),
+                    width: Math.min(6, Math.max(1.5, style.lineWidth ?? 2)),
+                    material: cesiumColor(style.lineColor, color),
+                    clampToGround: true,
+                  },
+                }),
+              );
           }
         });
-        features.push({
+        features.set(index, {
           name: feature.name,
           folder: feature.folder,
           description: feature.description,
+          dateMs,
+          entities,
           anchor: anchorOf(feature.geometries[0]),
         });
       });
       dataSource.entities.resumeEvents();
-      return { version: product.version, dataSource, urls, features, pins };
+      return {
+        version: product.version,
+        ageDays,
+        dataSource,
+        urls,
+        features,
+        pins,
+      };
     } catch (error) {
       urls.forEach((url) => URL.revokeObjectURL(url));
       throw error;
@@ -330,6 +399,7 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
   function sync() {
     const run = _queue.then(async () => {
       if (!_enabled || !_viewer || !_catalog) return;
+      expireEvents();
       const signal = _lifetime.signal;
       const products = new Map(_catalog.products.map((p) => [p.id, p]));
       for (const id of [..._loaded.keys()]) {
@@ -338,13 +408,15 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
       }
       for (const product of _catalog.products) {
         if (!wanted(product) || signal.aborted) continue;
-        if (_loaded.get(product.id)?.version === product.version) continue;
+        const loaded = _loaded.get(product.id);
+        if (loaded?.version === product.version && loaded.ageDays === _ageDays)
+          continue;
         _loading.set(product.id, product.version);
         _failed.delete(product.id);
         notifyRow();
         try {
           const next = await load(product, signal);
-          if (signal.aborted || !_enabled) {
+          if (signal.aborted || !_enabled || next.ageDays !== _ageDays) {
             next.urls.forEach((url) => URL.revokeObjectURL(url));
             return;
           }
@@ -391,12 +463,28 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
     void sync();
   }
 
+  function setAgeDays(ageDays) {
+    if (!GHOSTMAPS_AGE_OPTIONS.includes(ageDays) || ageDays === _ageDays)
+      return;
+    _ageDays = ageDays;
+    try {
+      storage?.setItem(AGE_STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify(ageDays));
+    } catch {
+      /* private window or blocked storage: keep the session choice */
+    }
+    expireEvents();
+    notifyRow();
+    // A wider window must restore previously omitted placemarks from the
+    // cached KMZ, even though its upstream version has not changed.
+    return sync();
+  }
+
   // ---- selection card ----------------------------------------------------
   function featureFor(key) {
     const [productId, index] = key.split(':');
     return {
       product: _catalog?.products.find((p) => p.id === productId) || null,
-      feature: _loaded.get(productId)?.features[Number(index)] || null,
+      feature: _loaded.get(productId)?.features.get(Number(index)) || null,
     };
   }
 
@@ -490,7 +578,7 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
     if (typeof pickId !== 'string' || !pickId.startsWith(PICK_PREFIX))
       return null;
     const [productId, index] = pickId.slice(PICK_PREFIX.length).split(':');
-    return _loaded.get(productId)?.features[Number(index)]
+    return _loaded.get(productId)?.features.has(Number(index))
       ? `${productId}:${index}`
       : null;
   }
@@ -542,7 +630,7 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
 
   function featureCount() {
     let count = 0;
-    for (const item of _loaded.values()) count += item.features.length;
+    for (const item of _loaded.values()) count += item.features.size;
     return count;
   }
 
@@ -563,6 +651,8 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
     enable() {
       _enabled = true;
       _lifetime = new AbortController();
+      if (_expiryTimer === null)
+        _expiryTimer = setInterval(expireEvents, 60_000);
       for (const item of _loaded.values()) item.dataSource.show = true;
       installClickHandler();
       if (!_unsubscribe && typeof source.subscribe === 'function')
@@ -580,6 +670,8 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
 
     disable() {
       _enabled = false;
+      clearInterval(_expiryTimer);
+      _expiryTimer = null;
       _lifetime.abort();
       _unsubscribe?.();
       _unsubscribe = null;
@@ -593,6 +685,7 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
 
     async update(_viewerArg, { signal } = {}) {
       if (!_enabled || signal?.aborted) return false;
+      expireEvents();
       try {
         const catalog = await source.getCatalog({ signal });
         if (!_enabled) return false;
@@ -637,37 +730,54 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
             })
         : t('Connecting to the S2 GhostMaps repository…');
       return {
-        chips: products.map((product) => {
-          const loaded = _loaded.get(product.id);
-          const failed = _failed.get(product.id);
-          return {
-            id: product.id,
-            label: t(PRODUCT_LABELS[product.id] || product.title),
-            active: wanted(product),
-            busy: _loading.has(product.id),
-            state: failed ? 'error' : undefined,
-            color: PRODUCT_COLORS[product.id],
-            title: [
-              product.fileTitle,
-              loaded
-                ? tn(
-                    loaded.features.length,
-                    '{count} placemark',
-                    '{count} placemarks',
-                    {
-                      count: formatNumber(loaded.features.length),
-                    },
-                  )
-                : null,
-              failed ? t(failed) : null,
-            ]
-              .filter(Boolean)
-              .join(' · '),
-            onClick: () => toggleProduct(product.id),
-          };
-        }),
+        chips: [
+          ...GHOSTMAPS_AGE_OPTIONS.map((days) => ({
+            id: `age-${days ?? 'all'}`,
+            label:
+              days === null
+                ? t('All markers')
+                : t('{days}d', { days: formatNumber(days) }),
+            title:
+              days === null
+                ? t('Show markers of every age')
+                : t('Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept', {
+                    days: formatNumber(days),
+                  }),
+            active: days === _ageDays,
+            onClick: () => setAgeDays(days),
+          })),
+          ...products.map((product) => {
+            const loaded = _loaded.get(product.id);
+            const failed = _failed.get(product.id);
+            return {
+              id: product.id,
+              label: t(PRODUCT_LABELS[product.id] || product.title),
+              active: wanted(product),
+              busy: _loading.has(product.id),
+              state: failed ? 'error' : undefined,
+              color: PRODUCT_COLORS[product.id],
+              title: [
+                product.fileTitle,
+                loaded
+                  ? tn(
+                      loaded.features.size,
+                      '{count} placemark',
+                      '{count} placemarks',
+                      {
+                        count: formatNumber(loaded.features.size),
+                      },
+                    )
+                  : null,
+                failed ? t(failed) : null,
+              ]
+                .filter(Boolean)
+                .join(' · '),
+              onClick: () => toggleProduct(product.id),
+            };
+          }),
+        ],
         legend: [],
-        info,
+        info: `${_ageDays === null ? t('All markers') : t('Event age: {days}d · undated kept', { days: formatNumber(_ageDays) })} · ${info}`,
         infoTitle: t(
           'S2 Underground publishes these KMZ products to GitHub. New uploads are detected within seconds and replace the previous edition automatically. Click a marker for its report.',
         ),
@@ -677,6 +787,7 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
     getStats() {
       return {
         count: featureCount(),
+        ageDays: _ageDays,
         products: [..._loaded.keys()],
         commit: _catalog?.commit || null,
         lastUpdate: _catalog?.committedAt || _catalog?.changedAt || null,
@@ -693,7 +804,7 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
       if (!_enabled) return [];
       const out = [];
       for (const [productId, item] of _loaded) {
-        for (const feature of item.features) {
+        for (const feature of item.features.values()) {
           if (out.length >= maxCount) return out;
           out.push({
             product: productId,
diff --git a/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs b/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs
index 51d546017..0b3a580e6 100644
--- a/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { createGhostMapsLayer } from './index.js';
+import { GHOSTMAPS_PRODUCTS, GHOSTMAPS_LATEST_DROP } from './catalog.js';
 
 function element(localName, children = [], value = '', attributes = {}) {
   const node = {
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ function element(localName, children = [], value = '', attributes = {}) {
   return node;
 }
 
-function documentFixture() {
+function documentFixture(reports = [{ name: 'Test report' }]) {
   return element('document', [
     element('kml', [
       element('Document', [
@@ -36,11 +37,14 @@ function documentFixture() {
           '',
           { id: 'pin' },
         ),
-        element('Placemark', [
-          element('name', [], 'Test report'),
-          element('styleUrl', [], '#pin'),
-          element('Point', [element('coordinates', [], '12,34')]),
-        ]),
+        ...reports.map(({ name, description = '', geometry }) =>
+          element('Placemark', [
+            element('name', [], name),
+            element('description', [], description),
+            element('styleUrl', [], '#pin'),
+            geometry || element('Point', [element('coordinates', [], '12,34')]),
+          ]),
+        ),
       ]),
     ]),
   ]);
@@ -83,11 +87,21 @@ function fixtureKmz() {
   return new Uint8Array(Buffer.concat([...local, directory, end]));
 }
 
-function fixture(t, { beforeFileReturns, onCreateUrl } = {}) {
+function fixture(
+  t,
+  {
+    beforeFileReturns,
+    onCreateUrl,
+    reports,
+    now,
+    products,
+    controls = {},
+  } = {},
+) {
   const previous = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(globalThis, 'DOMParser');
   globalThis.DOMParser = class {
     parseFromString() {
-      return documentFixture();
+      return documentFixture(reports);
     }
   };
   t.after(() => {
@@ -119,9 +133,13 @@ function fixture(t, { beforeFileReturns, onCreateUrl } = {}) {
   };
   const layer = createGhostMapsLayer({
     storage: null,
+    now,
+    ...controls,
     source: {
       getCatalog: async () => ({
-        products: [{ id: 'cip', version: 'a'.repeat(40), defaultOn: true }],
+        products: products ?? [
+          { id: 'cip', version: 'a'.repeat(40), defaultOn: true },
+        ],
       }),
       getFile: async () => {
         beforeFileReturns?.(layer);
@@ -178,3 +196,284 @@ test('successful load keeps icons until the product is disabled', async (t) => {
   assert.deepEqual(revoked, created);
   assert.equal(mounted.size, 0);
 });
+
+const dated = (name, value, label = 'Date') => ({
+  name,
+  description: `<table><tr><td>${label}</td><td>${value}</td></tr></table>`,
+});
+
+const ageChip = (layer, days) =>
+  layer.getRowControls().chips.find(({ id }) => id === `age-${days ?? 'all'}`);
+
+test('age controls default to seven days and widening restores filtered and expired reports', async (t) => {
+  let at = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12);
+  const { layer, viewer, mounted } = fixture(t, {
+    now: () => at,
+    reports: [
+      dated('Old', '10/1/2026'),
+      dated('Ten days', '10/24/2026'),
+      dated('Recent', '11/2/2026'),
+      { name: 'Undated' },
+    ],
+  });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().ageDays, 7);
+  assert.equal(ageChip(layer, 7).active, true);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2);
+  await ageChip(layer, 14).onClick();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 3);
+  await ageChip(layer, null).onClick();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 4);
+  at += 100 * 86400_000;
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 4, 'all markers never ages out');
+  await ageChip(layer, 1).onClick();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 1);
+  assert.equal(layer.getAnalystRecords()[0].name, 'Undated');
+  await ageChip(layer, null).onClick();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 4);
+  assert.equal(mounted.size, 1, 'filter changes never duplicate data sources');
+  const ageChips = layer
+    .getRowControls()
+    .chips.filter(({ id }) => id.startsWith('age-'));
+  assert.equal(ageChips.filter(({ active }) => active).length, 1);
+  assert.equal(ageChip(layer, null).active, true);
+});
+
+test('age preferences persist independently of product choices and reject invalid storage', async (t) => {
+  const values = new Map([['gev.ghostmaps.products', '["cip"]']]);
+  const storage = {
+    getItem: (key) => values.get(key) ?? null,
+    setItem: (key, value) => values.set(key, value),
+  };
+  await t.test('save All markers without changing products', async (t) => {
+    const { layer, viewer } = fixture(t, { controls: { storage } });
+    await layer.update(viewer);
+    await ageChip(layer, null).onClick();
+    assert.equal(values.get('gev.ghostmaps.ageDays'), 'null');
+    assert.equal(values.get('gev.ghostmaps.products'), '["cip"]');
+  });
+  await t.test('restore All markers and save thirty days', async (t) => {
+    const { layer } = fixture(t, { controls: { storage } });
+    assert.equal(layer.getStats().ageDays, null);
+    await ageChip(layer, 30).onClick();
+    assert.equal(values.get('gev.ghostmaps.ageDays'), '30');
+  });
+  await t.test('restore thirty days', (t) => {
+    const { layer } = fixture(t, { controls: { storage } });
+    assert.equal(layer.getStats().ageDays, 30);
+  });
+  for (const value of ['garbage', '"7"', '-1', '0', '2', '{}']) {
+    await t.test(`reject ${value}`, (t) => {
+      values.set('gev.ghostmaps.ageDays', value);
+      const { layer } = fixture(t, { controls: { storage } });
+      assert.equal(layer.getStats().ageDays, 7);
+    });
+  }
+});
+
+test('blocked storage still permits changing the age within the session', async (t) => {
+  const storage = {
+    getItem() {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+    setItem() {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+  };
+  const { layer, viewer } = fixture(t, { controls: { storage } });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().ageDays, 7);
+  await ageChip(layer, null).onClick();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().ageDays, null);
+});
+
+test('a filter changed during a pending load never installs the superseded filter', async (t) => {
+  let changed = false;
+  const { layer, viewer, mounted, revoked, created } = fixture(t, {
+    now: () => Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3),
+    reports: [dated('Old', '10/1/2026')],
+    beforeFileReturns: (layer) => {
+      if (changed) return;
+      changed = true;
+      ageChip(layer, null).onClick();
+    },
+  });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 1);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().ageDays, null);
+  assert.equal(mounted.size, 1);
+  assert.equal(
+    revoked.length,
+    created.length - 1,
+    'discarded load releases icons',
+  );
+
+  test('age filtering and All markers apply to every conflict-map product, including optional maps', async (t) => {
+    for (const product of [...GHOSTMAPS_PRODUCTS, GHOSTMAPS_LATEST_DROP]) {
+      await t.test(product.id, async (t) => {
+        const { layer, viewer, mounted } = fixture(t, {
+          now: () => Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12),
+          products: [{ ...product, version: 'a'.repeat(40) }],
+          reports: [
+            dated(
+              'Old event',
+              '10/1/2026',
+              product.id === 'cip' ? 'Date of Event' : 'Date',
+            ),
+            dated('Recent event', '11/2/2026'),
+            { name: 'Undated reference feature' },
+          ],
+        });
+        await layer.update(viewer);
+        if (!product.defaultOn) {
+          layer
+            .getRowControls()
+            .chips.find(({ id }) => id === product.id)
+            .onClick();
+          await layer.update(viewer);
+        }
+        assert.deepEqual(layer.getStats().products, [product.id]);
+        assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2);
+        assert.deepEqual(
+          layer.getAnalystRecords().map(({ name }) => name),
+          ['Recent event', 'Undated reference feature'],
+        );
+        await ageChip(layer, null).onClick();
+        assert.equal(
+          layer.getStats().count,
+          3,
+          "All markers restores this product's old events",
+        );
+        await ageChip(layer, 7).onClick();
+        assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2);
+        assert.equal(mounted.size, 1);
+      });
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+test('default products filter old event dates while keeping recent, future and undated markers', async (t) => {
+  const { layer, viewer, mounted } = fixture(t, {
+    now: () => Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12),
+    reports: [
+      dated('Old event', '10/20/2026'),
+      dated('Recent event', '11/2/2026'),
+      dated('At cutoff', '10/27/2026 12:00:00 PM'),
+      dated('Before cutoff', '10/27/2026 11:59:59 AM'),
+      dated('Future event', '11/4/2026'),
+      { name: 'Undated site' },
+      dated('Blank date', '&lt;Null&gt;'),
+      dated('Invalid date', '2/30/2026'),
+      dated('Only a report date', '10/1/2026', 'Date Of Report'),
+      {
+        name: 'Old event reported recently',
+        description:
+          '<table><tr><td>Date of Event</td><td>10/1/2026</td></tr><tr><td>Date Of Report</td><td>11/2/2026</td></tr></table>',
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getStats().products, ['cip']);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    layer.getAnalystRecords().map((r) => r.name),
+    [
+      'Recent event',
+      'At cutoff',
+      'Future event',
+      'Undated site',
+      'Blank date',
+      'Invalid date',
+      'Only a report date',
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 7);
+  assert.equal([...mounted][0].entities.values.length, 7);
+  // Filtering cannot shift pick ids onto a different report.
+  assert.ok([...mounted][0].entities.getById('ghostmaps:cip:1:0'));
+  assert.equal(
+    [...mounted][0].entities.getById('ghostmaps:cip:0:0'),
+    undefined,
+  );
+});
+
+test('unchanged cached products age out on the timer, clear selected cards and keep surviving picks', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setInterval'] });
+  let at = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12);
+  let click;
+  const cards = [];
+  const { layer, viewer, mounted } = fixture(t, {
+    now: () => at,
+    reports: [
+      dated('Expiring', '10/27/2026 12:00:00 PM'),
+      dated('Surviving', '11/2/2026'),
+    ],
+    controls: {
+      overlayHost: { setEntries: (_id, entries) => cards.push(entries) },
+      screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory: () => ({
+        setInputAction: (fn) => {
+          click = fn;
+        },
+        destroy() {},
+      }),
+      picking: { resolvePickId: (picked) => picked },
+    },
+  });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  const ds = [...mounted][0];
+  viewer.scene.pick = () => 'ghostmaps:cip:0:0';
+  click({ position: { x: 0, y: 0 } });
+  assert.equal(cards.at(-1).length, 1);
+  at += 60_000;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(60_000);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 1);
+  assert.equal(ds.entities.values.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(ds.entities.getById('ghostmaps:cip:0:0'), undefined);
+  assert.ok(ds.entities.getById('ghostmaps:cip:1:0'));
+  assert.deepEqual(cards.at(-1), []);
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  assert.equal([...mounted][0], ds, 'same-version KMZ is not reloaded');
+  viewer.scene.pick = () => 'ghostmaps:cip:1:0';
+  click({ position: { x: 0, y: 0 } });
+  assert.match(cards.at(-1)[0].title, /Surviving/);
+  layer.disable();
+  at += 14 * 86400_000;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(60_000);
+  assert.equal(mounted.size, 0);
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 0);
+});
+
+test('expiry removes every geometry and polygon outline belonging to an old report', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setInterval'] });
+  let at = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3);
+  const polygon = element('Polygon', [
+    element('outerBoundaryIs', [
+      element('LinearRing', [
+        element('coordinates', [], '12,34 13,34 13,35 12,34'),
+      ]),
+    ]),
+  ]);
+  const { layer, viewer, mounted } = fixture(t, {
+    now: () => at,
+    reports: [
+      {
+        ...dated('Multi-part', '10/27/2026'),
+        geometry: element('MultiGeometry', [
+          element('Point', [element('coordinates', [], '12,34')]),
+          element('LineString', [element('coordinates', [], '12,34 13,35')]),
+          polygon,
+        ]),
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  const ds = [...mounted][0];
+  assert.equal(ds.entities.values.length, 4);
+  at += 60_000;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(60_000);
+  assert.equal(ds.entities.values.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 0);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js b/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js
index 7c4eb58bf..3c307fa63 100644
--- a/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Pure helpers for GhostMaps placemarks: description tables to plain fields,
+// Pure helpers for GhostMaps placemarks: report fields and event dates,
 // KML colors, and card text wrapping. Strings in, data out — description
 // markup is only ever read as text, never inserted into the page.
 
@@ -51,6 +51,104 @@ const MAX_FIELDS = 24;
 const MAX_VALUE = 600;
 const MAX_LINKS = 6;
 
+// Use the same leaf rows for report cards and event dates, without the card's
+// field-count/value-length limits affecting the age filter.
+function* descriptionRows(source) {
+  for (const row of source.matchAll(
+    /<tr\b[^>]*>((?:(?!<tr\b)[\s\S])*?)<\/tr\s*>/gi,
+  )) {
+    const cells = [
+      ...row[1].matchAll(/<t[dh]\b[^>]*>([\s\S]*?)<\/t[dh]\s*>/gi),
+    ].map((cell) => cell[1]);
+    if (cells.length === 2)
+      yield {
+        label: htmlToText(cells[0]),
+        value: htmlToText(cells[1]),
+        markup: cells[1],
+      };
+  }
+}
+
+export const GHOSTMAPS_DEFAULT_AGE_DAYS = 7;
+export const GHOSTMAPS_AGE_OPTIONS = Object.freeze([1, 3, 7, 14, 30, null]);
+
+/** ArcGIS US dates (optionally with a time) and ISO dates, interpreted in UTC
+ * when no zone is supplied. Reject calendar rollovers instead of guessing. */
+export function parseGhostMapsEventDate(value) {
+  const input = String(value ?? '').trim();
+  const us =
+    /^(\d{1,2})\/(\d{1,2})\/(\d{4})(?:\s+(\d{1,2}):(\d{2})(?::(\d{2}))?\s*(AM|PM))?$/i.exec(
+      input,
+    );
+  const iso =
+    /^(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})(?:T(\d{2}):(\d{2})(?::(\d{2})(?:\.\d{1,3})?)?(?:Z|[+-]\d{2}:\d{2})?)?$/.exec(
+      input,
+    );
+  if (!us && !iso) return null;
+  const year = Number(us ? us[3] : iso[1]);
+  const month = Number(us ? us[1] : iso[2]);
+  const day = Number(us ? us[2] : iso[3]);
+  let hour = Number(us?.[4] ?? iso?.[4] ?? 0);
+  const minute = Number(us?.[5] ?? iso?.[5] ?? 0);
+  const second = Number(us?.[6] ?? iso?.[6] ?? 0);
+  if (us?.[7]) {
+    if (hour < 1 || hour > 12) return null;
+    hour = (hour % 12) + (us[7].toUpperCase() === 'PM' ? 12 : 0);
+  }
+  const at = Date.UTC(year, month - 1, day, hour, minute, second);
+  const date = new Date(at);
+  if (
+    year < 1900 ||
+    month < 1 ||
+    month > 12 ||
+    day < 1 ||
+    date.getUTCDate() !== day ||
+    hour > 23 ||
+    minute > 59 ||
+    second > 59
+  )
+    return null;
+  if (iso?.[4]) {
+    const zoned = /(?:Z|[+-]\d{2}:\d{2})$/.test(input) ? input : `${input}Z`;
+    const parsed = Date.parse(zoned);
+    return Number.isFinite(parsed) ? parsed : null;
+  }
+  return at;
+}
+
+/** The event's date, never its report/upload date or dates mentioned in prose. */
+export function ghostMapsEventDate(description) {
+  const rows = [
+    ...descriptionRows(
+      String(description ?? '').replace(
+        /<(script|style|head)\b[\s\S]*?<\/\1\s*>/gi,
+        ' ',
+      ),
+    ),
+  ];
+  for (const name of ['dateofevent', 'eventdate', 'date']) {
+    for (const { label, value } of rows) {
+      if (label.toLowerCase().replace(/[\s_]+/g, '') !== name) continue;
+      const at = parseGhostMapsEventDate(value);
+      if (at !== null) return at;
+    }
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+/** Unknown and future dates stay visible; only a confirmed old event expires. */
+export function isGhostMapsEventExpired(
+  dateMs,
+  now = Date.now(),
+  ageDays = GHOSTMAPS_DEFAULT_AGE_DAYS,
+) {
+  return (
+    ageDays !== null &&
+    Number.isFinite(dateMs) &&
+    dateMs < now - ageDays * 86400_000
+  );
+}
+
 /**
  * Fields and links from a placemark description. ArcGIS "popup" exports are a
  * two-column table (label, value); anything else becomes one unlabelled field.
@@ -73,18 +171,10 @@ export function parseDescriptionFields(html) {
   };
   // Innermost rows only: ArcGIS nests the field table inside an outer row,
   // and only leaf rows with exactly two cells are label/value pairs.
-  for (const row of source.matchAll(
-    /<tr\b[^>]*>((?:(?!<tr\b)[\s\S])*?)<\/tr\s*>/gi,
-  )) {
-    const cells = [
-      ...row[1].matchAll(/<t[dh]\b[^>]*>([\s\S]*?)<\/t[dh]\s*>/gi),
-    ].map((cell) => cell[1]);
-    if (cells.length !== 2) continue;
-    const label = htmlToText(cells[0]);
-    const value = htmlToText(cells[1]);
+  for (const { label, value, markup } of descriptionRows(source)) {
     if (!label || SKIPPED_LABELS.has(label.toLowerCase())) continue;
     if (EMPTY_VALUES.has(value.toLowerCase())) continue;
-    addLinks(cells[1]);
+    addLinks(markup);
     // A bare research link is carried by `links`; the card does not need
     // the URL twice.
     if (/^https?:\/\/\S+$/i.test(value)) continue;
diff --git a/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.test.mjs b/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.test.mjs
index 86fecb52b..a28d1f36d 100644
--- a/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.test.mjs
@@ -7,8 +7,83 @@ import {
   kmlColor,
   parseDescriptionFields,
   wrapCardText,
+  ghostMapsEventDate,
+  isGhostMapsEventExpired,
+  parseGhostMapsEventDate,
 } from './records.js';
 
+test('event dates parse ArcGIS calendar dates and timestamps consistently in UTC', () => {
+  for (const [value, iso] of [
+    ['10/28/2026', '2026-10-28T00:00:00Z'],
+    ['10/28/2026 6:12:00 PM', '2026-10-28T18:12:00Z'],
+    ['1/17/2026 9:46:41 AM', '2026-01-17T09:46:41Z'],
+    ['10/28/2026 12:00 AM', '2026-10-28T00:00:00Z'],
+    ['10/28/2026 12:00 PM', '2026-10-28T12:00:00Z'],
+    ['2026-10-28', '2026-10-28T00:00:00Z'],
+    ['2026-10-28T12:34:56', '2026-10-28T12:34:56Z'],
+    ['2026-10-28T12:34:56.123-04:00', '2026-10-28T16:34:56.123Z'],
+    ['2/29/2024', '2024-02-29T00:00:00Z'],
+  ])
+    assert.equal(parseGhostMapsEventDate(value), Date.parse(iso), value);
+  for (const value of [
+    '',
+    '<Null>',
+    'N/A',
+    'unknown',
+    '2/29/2026',
+    '9/31/2026',
+    '2026-02-30',
+    '13/1/2026',
+    '1/0/2026',
+    '10/28/2026 13:00 PM',
+    '2026-10-28T24:00:00Z',
+    '2026-10-28T12:60:00Z',
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(parseGhostMapsEventDate(value), null, value);
+  }
+});
+
+test('event date fields take precedence over report dates and prose, even after long report tables', () => {
+  const row = (label, value) => `<tr><td>${label}</td><td>${value}</td></tr>`;
+  const html = `<table><tr><td><table>${
+    row('Date Of Report', '11/2/2026') +
+    row('Description', 'Incident mentioned on 11/1/2026') +
+    Array.from({ length: 30 }, (_, i) => row(`Field${i}`, 'value')).join('') +
+    row('Date', '10/30/2026') +
+    row('Date of Event', '10/28/2026')
+  }</table></td></tr></table>`;
+  assert.equal(ghostMapsEventDate(html), Date.UTC(2026, 9, 28));
+  assert.equal(
+    ghostMapsEventDate(
+      `<table>${row('Date', '&lt;Null&gt;')}${row('Date Of Report', '11/2/2026')}</table>`,
+    ),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    ghostMapsEventDate(`<table>${row('Date_Of_Event', '10/28/2026')}</table>`),
+    Date.UTC(2026, 9, 28),
+  );
+  assert.equal(ghostMapsEventDate('Occurred 10/28/2026'), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    ghostMapsEventDate(
+      `<script><table>${row('Date', '1/1/2020')}</table></script>`,
+    ),
+    null,
+  );
+});
+
+test('seven-day expiry keeps the exact boundary, future dates and unknown dates', () => {
+  const at = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12);
+  assert.equal(isGhostMapsEventExpired(Date.UTC(2026, 9, 27, 12), at), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    isGhostMapsEventExpired(Date.UTC(2026, 9, 27, 12) - 1, at),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(isGhostMapsEventExpired(Date.UTC(2026, 10, 4), at), false);
+  for (const value of [null, undefined, NaN])
+    assert.equal(isGhostMapsEventExpired(value, at), false);
+});
+
 // The shape ArcGIS Pro writes into every S2 placemark description.
 const ARCGIS = `<html xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format"><head>
 <META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html"></head>
@@ -27,6 +102,14 @@ const ARCGIS = `<html xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format"><head>
 function changeImage(a, b) { document.getElementById('x').innerHTML = b; }
 </script></html>`;
 
+test('custom ages change the cutoff and all markers disables expiry', () => {
+  const at = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12);
+  const event = at - 10 * 86400_000;
+  assert.equal(isGhostMapsEventExpired(event, at, 7), true);
+  assert.equal(isGhostMapsEventExpired(event, at, 14), false);
+  assert.equal(isGhostMapsEventExpired(event, at, null), false);
+});
+
 test('ArcGIS popup tables become plain label/value fields and http links', () => {
   const { fields, links } = parseDescriptionFields(ARCGIS);
   assert.deepEqual(fields, [

From 134597c3cf53aab6252fce260e1fa8cdc0f8c6ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dylan Maniatakes <dylanzmaniatakes@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 13:23:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 083/262] docs: add S2 age filter changelog for PR 1528

---
 changelog.d/1528-s2-ghostmaps-age-filter.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1528-s2-ghostmaps-age-filter.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1528-s2-ghostmaps-age-filter.md b/changelog.d/1528-s2-ghostmaps-age-filter.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ba019286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1528-s2-ghostmaps-age-filter.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Add an adjustable event-age filter across S2 GhostMaps products, defaulting
+  to seven days with 1-, 3-, 14- and 30-day choices and an All markers option.
+  Preserve undated features, save the selected window and expire old events
+  while the map stays open. Thanks @dylanmaniatakes (#1528).

From 99520b529c4d1a3a4adc7268ca935d66bcdba923 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 20:02:54 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 084/262] fix(camera): keep the globe in view from orbit

From the whole-globe view the camera could end up facing empty space with
only stars on screen. Cesium's free look (Shift+drag) turns the camera in
place, and from 18,000 km the planet's edge is only about 15 degrees from
nadir, so a few drags turned it out of frame. The rolled pose was then
saved into the share hash, so a reload or shared link opened on stars too.

- Allow free look only below 1,000 km. Orbit, tilt and zoom are unchanged.
- Measure how much of the frame shows the planet's surface by casting a
  32x18 grid of view rays at the WGS84 ellipsoid. While the scope mask is
  on (the default) only the rays inside its keyhole count, since the mask
  hides or dims the rest of the frame.
- When a camera move ends above 1,000 km with no ray on the surface, turn
  straight down at the same position and heading. Limb glow and a sliver
  up to about one grid cell thick can count as out of view. The end of a
  move comes from Cesium's moveEnd and from a check of its own that
  samples the pose every 250 ms after moveStart and acts once it has held
  for half a second: at some of these poses the camera drifts by a
  rounding error every frame, so Cesium never sees it stop and never
  raises moveEnd. The zoom-out guard from #1522 keeps wheel and pinch
  zoom-outs in view; this catches the other ways a move can end looking
  away, such as a saved or shared view that did, or a
  drag that Cesium turns into an in-place look below its 7,500 km
  trackball height (one that starts on the stars, or a tilt drag with the
  screen centre off the planet). Views with more surface, tracked or
  locked cameras and the 2D and Columbus modes are left alone.
- Voice tilt and in-place turns of a free 3D globe camera above 1,000 km
  stop when about a tenth of the frame still shows the planet (or about as
  much as it showed when it started, two grid cells of sampling noise
  allowed), never below about 1% of the visible frame; a view that already
  shows less only keeps or gains what it has. A turn that cannot go half a
  degree further without crossing that limit is refused with a reason
  instead of reported as done, and a turn it accepts turns at least that
  half degree. A turn that keeps or gains surface is not refused, even
  after the window has been resized, except that near the limit, where the
  planet's edge crosses the sample grid, sampling wobble can occasionally
  refuse one (most often above about 15,000 km and on phone or ultrawide
  frames); nothing then turns away from the planet. A turn that starts
  where the last voice turn left the camera keeps that turn's limit, or a
  higher one if the planet now fills more, so repeating the request does
  not take any more; once anything else has moved or turned the camera, a
  turn is measured from what is on screen. A request made while the camera
  is tracked is judged by the pose voice's release of the follow camera
  will leave, before that release, so a refused turn keeps the tracking.

The frame measure and the look-step limit live in src/globeInView.js,
shared by the viewer and the voice camera verbs.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md            |  40 +++
 scripts/package-boundaries.json  |   5 +
 src/app/application.test.mjs     | 431 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/app/scene.js                 |  11 +
 src/app/viewer.js                | 172 +++++++++++
 src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs | 491 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/cameraVerbs.js               | 179 ++++++++++-
 src/globeInView.js               | 167 +++++++++++
 8 files changed, 1491 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/globeInView.js

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 87b918a4e..3fde50e05 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -65,6 +65,46 @@ settling. Oblique views below 300 km are left alone.
 `QA_BASE_URL=http://localhost:4173 node scripts/qa-zoom-out-guard.mjs` exercises
 the real browser controller at desktop and phone widths with keyless fixtures.
 
+Cesium's free look (Shift+drag, which turns the camera in place) works only
+below 1,000 km. Above that height a few drags could turn the whole planet out of
+frame and leave only stars, so Shift+drag does nothing there. Orbit, tilt and
+zoom are unchanged at every height. How much of the frame shows the planet's
+surface is measured by casting a 32×18 grid of view rays at the ellipsoid; while
+the scope mask is on (the default) only the rays inside its keyhole count, since
+the mask hides or dims the rest. Voice tilt and in-place turns of a free 3D
+camera above 1,000 km stop when about a tenth of the frame still shows the
+surface (or about as much as it showed when it started), never less than about
+1% of the visible frame, and a view that already shows less only keeps or gains
+what it has. A turn that cannot go half a degree further without crossing that
+limit is refused with a reason instead of reported as done, and a turn it
+accepts turns at least that half degree. A turn that keeps or gains surface is
+not refused, even after the window has been resized, except that near the limit,
+where the planet's edge crosses the sample grid, sampling wobble can
+occasionally refuse one (most often above about 15,000 km and on phone or
+ultrawide frames); nothing then turns away from the planet. A turn that starts
+where the last voice turn left the camera keeps that turn's limit, or a higher
+one if the planet now fills more, so repeating the request does not take any
+more; once anything else has moved or turned the camera, a turn is measured from
+what is on screen. When a camera move ends above 1,000 km with no ray on the
+surface, the camera turns straight down at the same position and heading. The
+end of a move is taken from Cesium's move-end event and from a check of its own
+that samples the pose every 250 ms after a move starts and acts once it has held
+for half a second, because at some of these poses the camera drifts by a
+rounding error every frame and Cesium never sees it stop. That check keeps
+watching until move-end arrives, recovering once after each move that comes to
+rest, and gives up five minutes after the camera last moved. Limb glow, and a
+surface sliver up to about one grid cell thick (some 50 px on a 900 px tall
+frame), can count as out of view. The zoom-out guard above keeps wheel and
+pinch zoom-outs in view; this catches the other ways a move can end looking
+away, such as a saved or shared view that did, or a drag
+that Cesium turns into an in-place look below its 7,500 km trackball height (one
+that starts on the stars, or a tilt drag with the screen centre off the planet).
+Views with more surface than that, such as the oblique orbital Director shots,
+are left as they are, and so are tracked or locked cameras and the 2D and
+Columbus modes. A voice turn requested while the camera is tracked is judged
+by the pose voice's release of the follow camera will leave, before that
+release, so a refused turn keeps the tracking.
+
 Analyst region queries resolve unique Natural Earth names offline without
 geocoding, so Gold Coast and Ivory Coast name the West African natural regions.
 Duplicate names require a geocoded containment anchor; when several entries for
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 44c481152..b029af646 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/app/viewer.js",
       "src/app/atmosphereCompat.js",
+      "src/globeInView.js",
       "src/sky/starrySky.js",
       "src/sky/stars.js",
       "src/data/bundledJson.js",
@@ -2297,6 +2298,7 @@
       "src/camera.js",
       "src/cameraGroundGuard.js",
       "src/cameraVerbs.js",
+      "src/globeInView.js",
       "src/cctvFocusPolicy.js",
       "src/cctvFocusRequest.js",
       "src/celestialRing.js",
@@ -3604,6 +3606,9 @@
       "src/annotations/worldAnnotationRenderer.js",
       "src/cameraGroundGuard.js",
       "src/cameraVerbs.js",
+      "src/globeInView.js",
+      "src/scopeMaskPolicy.js",
+      "src/scopeMask.js",
       "src/services/groundFloor.js",
       "src/data/routeSteps.js",
       "src/layers/directions/index.js",
diff --git a/src/app/application.test.mjs b/src/app/application.test.mjs
index 3e9079b87..401eefa0b 100644
--- a/src/app/application.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/application.test.mjs
@@ -2,7 +2,20 @@ import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process';
 import { createApplication } from './application.js';
-import { installTrackpadPinchZoom } from './viewer.js';
+import { KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS } from '../celestialRing.js';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import {
+  installFreeLookHeightLimit,
+  installGlobeInViewRecovery,
+  installTrackpadPinchZoom,
+} from './viewer.js';
+import {
+  FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS,
+  globeFrameShare,
+  globeOutOfFrame,
+  lookAngleWithinFrame,
+  lookStepLosesGlobe,
+} from '../globeInView.js';
 
 const phases = ['Scene', 'Controls', 'Data', 'Tools'];
 function fixture(overrides = {}) {
@@ -343,3 +356,419 @@ test('trackpad pinch falls back to the original event when relay construction fa
   assert.equal(event.propagationStopped, false);
   assert.equal(f.relayed.length, 0);
 });
+
+function freeLookFixture({ enableLook = true, height = 0 } = {}) {
+  const listeners = new Set();
+  const controller = { enableLook };
+  const camera = { positionCartographic: { height } };
+  const viewer = {
+    camera,
+    scene: {
+      screenSpaceCameraController: controller,
+      preUpdate: {
+        addEventListener(listener) {
+          listeners.add(listener);
+          return () => listeners.delete(listener);
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  const frame = (nextHeight) => {
+    camera.positionCartographic = { height: nextHeight };
+    for (const listener of listeners) listener();
+  };
+  return { viewer, controller, listeners, frame };
+}
+
+test('free look follows camera height and is restored on dispose', () => {
+  const f = freeLookFixture({ height: 500 });
+  const dispose = installFreeLookHeightLimit(f.viewer);
+  assert.equal(f.controller.enableLook, true);
+
+  f.frame(FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS + 1);
+  assert.equal(f.controller.enableLook, false);
+  f.frame(FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS);
+  assert.equal(f.controller.enableLook, true);
+  f.frame(Number.NaN);
+  assert.equal(f.controller.enableLook, true);
+
+  f.frame(FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS * 20);
+  dispose();
+  dispose();
+  assert.equal(f.controller.enableLook, true);
+  assert.equal(f.listeners.size, 0);
+});
+
+test('free look stays off when the viewer had it disabled', () => {
+  const f = freeLookFixture({ enableLook: false, height: 500 });
+  installFreeLookHeightLimit(f.viewer);
+  f.frame(10);
+  assert.equal(f.controller.enableLook, false);
+});
+
+// A real Cesium camera on the smallest scene its constructor reads, so the
+// frustum test runs on Cesium's own view math rather than a stub.
+function realCamera({ width = 1600, height = 900, mode } = {}) {
+  const scene = {
+    canvas: { clientWidth: width, clientHeight: height },
+    drawingBufferWidth: width,
+    drawingBufferHeight: height,
+    mapProjection: new Cesium.GeographicProjection(),
+    mode: mode ?? Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D,
+    pixelRatio: 1,
+    ellipsoid: Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+    mapMode2D: Cesium.MapMode2D.INFINITE_SCROLL,
+    renders: 0,
+    requestRender() {
+      this.renders += 1;
+    },
+  };
+  const camera = new Cesium.Camera(scene);
+  camera.frustum.aspectRatio = width / height;
+  return { camera, scene, viewer: { camera, scene } };
+}
+
+function aim(
+  camera,
+  { lon = -94.69, lat = 18.87, alt, heading = 0, pitch, roll = 0 },
+) {
+  camera.setView({
+    destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, alt),
+    orientation: {
+      heading: Cesium.Math.toRadians(heading),
+      pitch: Cesium.Math.toRadians(pitch),
+      roll: Cesium.Math.toRadians(roll),
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+const reportedStuckView = {
+  alt: 17_996_811,
+  heading: 180,
+  pitch: -42,
+  roll: 180,
+};
+// Oblique poses that still show part of the planet: Director recipe shots
+// (Global Flights Radar, Omniscience Pullback) and a voice tilt from orbit.
+const partialGlobeViews = [
+  { lon: -30, lat: 20, alt: 19_000_000, pitch: -65 },
+  { lon: 2, lat: 46, alt: 8_000_000, pitch: -52 },
+  { lon: 110, lat: 20, alt: 9_500_000, pitch: -66 },
+  { lon: 0, lat: 0, alt: 2_000_000, pitch: -30 },
+];
+
+// Stars and a few pixels of limb, no surface: where a frame limit measured
+// against a sphere of the planet's largest radius used to stop a voice tilt.
+const limbOnlyView = { alt: 18_000_000, pitch: -56.75 };
+
+/**
+ * An oracle independent of the code under test: the share of an 80×45 grid of
+ * Cesium pick rays across the canvas that hit the ellipsoid surface.
+ */
+function surfacePixelShare(camera, width, height, { keyhole = false } = {}) {
+  const radius = (KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS * height) / 2;
+  let hits = 0;
+  let counted = 0;
+  for (let row = 0; row < 45; row += 1) {
+    for (let column = 0; column < 80; column += 1) {
+      const x = ((column + 0.5) * width) / 80;
+      const y = ((row + 0.5) * height) / 45;
+      if (keyhole && Math.hypot(x - width / 2, y - height / 2) > radius)
+        continue;
+      counted += 1;
+      const ray = camera.getPickRay(new Cesium.Cartesian2(x, y));
+      if (Cesium.IntersectionTests.rayEllipsoid(ray, Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84))
+        hits += 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return hits / counted;
+}
+
+test('the globe is out of frame only when no surface is on screen', () => {
+  const cases = [
+    [reportedStuckView, 1225, 923, true],
+    [limbOnlyView, 1600, 900, true],
+    [{ alt: 17_996_811, pitch: -90 }, 1225, 923, false],
+    ...partialGlobeViews.map((view) => [view, 1600, 900, false]),
+  ];
+  for (const [view, width, height, out] of cases) {
+    const { camera } = realCamera({ width, height });
+    aim(camera, view);
+    const label = JSON.stringify(view);
+    assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), out, label);
+    assert.equal(surfacePixelShare(camera, width, height) === 0, out, label);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(
+        globeFrameShare(camera) - surfacePixelShare(camera, width, height),
+      ) < 0.03,
+      `${label}: the frame share matches the pick-ray oracle`,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('a move that ends with the globe out of frame turns back to nadir', () => {
+  const { camera, scene, viewer } = realCamera({ width: 1225, height: 923 });
+  const dispose = installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer);
+  aim(camera, reportedStuckView);
+  const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.positionWC);
+  const heading = camera.heading;
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6));
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.heading, heading, 1e-6));
+  assert.ok(
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(camera.positionWC, position, 0, 1e-3),
+  );
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), false);
+  assert.equal(scene.renders, 1);
+
+  // Looking up near the ground, then zoomed out past the limit.
+  aim(camera, { alt: 3_834_000, pitch: 10 });
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6));
+
+  // Only the limb on a 16:9 screen still counts as lost.
+  const wide = realCamera({ width: 1600, height: 900 });
+  const disposeWide = installGlobeInViewRecovery(wide.viewer);
+  aim(wide.camera, limbOnlyView);
+  wide.camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(wide.camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6));
+  disposeWide();
+
+  dispose();
+  dispose();
+  aim(camera, reportedStuckView);
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), true, 'disposed recovery is inert');
+});
+
+// True when a moveEnd leaves the camera's view direction as it was.
+function moveEndKeepsView(camera) {
+  const direction = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.directionWC);
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  return Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(camera.directionWC, direction, 1e-9);
+}
+
+test('globe recovery leaves partial, low, locked and 2D views alone', () => {
+  for (const view of partialGlobeViews) {
+    const { camera, viewer } = realCamera();
+    installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer);
+    aim(camera, view);
+    assert.ok(moveEndKeepsView(camera), JSON.stringify(view));
+  }
+
+  const low = realCamera();
+  installGlobeInViewRecovery(low.viewer);
+  aim(low.camera, { alt: 900_000, pitch: 85 });
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(low.camera), true);
+  assert.ok(moveEndKeepsView(low.camera), 'below the limit');
+
+  // Locked on a point in space, between it and the planet, facing away.
+  const locked = realCamera();
+  installGlobeInViewRecovery(locked.viewer);
+  locked.camera.lookAtTransform(
+    Cesium.Matrix4.fromTranslation(new Cesium.Cartesian3(30_000_000, 0, 0)),
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(-1_000_000, 0, 0),
+  );
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(locked.camera), true);
+  assert.ok(moveEndKeepsView(locked.camera), 'locked camera');
+
+  // Tracking an entity that has no position yet keeps an identity transform.
+  const tracked = realCamera();
+  tracked.viewer.trackedEntity = { id: 'pending-fix' };
+  installGlobeInViewRecovery(tracked.viewer);
+  aim(tracked.camera, reportedStuckView);
+  assert.ok(moveEndKeepsView(tracked.camera), 'tracked camera');
+
+  const flat = realCamera({ mode: Cesium.SceneMode.COLUMBUS_VIEW });
+  installGlobeInViewRecovery(flat.viewer);
+  flat.scene.mode = Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D;
+  aim(flat.camera, reportedStuckView);
+  flat.scene.mode = Cesium.SceneMode.COLUMBUS_VIEW;
+  assert.ok(moveEndKeepsView(flat.camera), 'Columbus view');
+});
+
+test('the look limit from orbit tolerates grid noise and never reaches zero', () => {
+  const radians = Cesium.Math.toRadians;
+  // About 2% of a 16:9 frame on the planet, below the 10% limit.
+  const sliver = { alt: 18_000_000, pitch: -60 };
+  const { camera } = realCamera();
+  aim(camera, sliver);
+  const start = surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900);
+  assert.ok(start > 0 && start < 0.1, `starts below the limit: ${start}`);
+
+  // Sideways across the sliver: the share wobbles by a cell, the planet stays.
+  assert.equal(lookStepLosesGlobe(camera, 'lookLeft', radians(0.5)), false);
+  const startShare = globeFrameShare(camera);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 20; i += 1) {
+    const step = lookAngleWithinFrame(camera, 'lookLeft', radians(0.25), {
+      startShare,
+    });
+    assert.equal(step, radians(0.25), `sideways step ${i + 1}`);
+    camera.lookLeft(step);
+  }
+  assert.ok(surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900) > 0);
+
+  // Toward the planet is always allowed.
+  aim(camera, sliver);
+  assert.equal(
+    lookAngleWithinFrame(camera, 'lookDown', radians(10)),
+    radians(10),
+  );
+
+  // Away from it stops short of losing it.
+  aim(camera, sliver);
+  const away = lookAngleWithinFrame(camera, 'lookUp', radians(30));
+  assert.ok(away < radians(30));
+  camera.lookUp(away);
+  assert.ok(globeFrameShare(camera) > 0);
+  assert.ok(surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900) > 0);
+});
+
+test('the look limit leaves a view with no surface to the move-end recovery', () => {
+  const { camera } = realCamera({ width: 1225, height: 923 });
+  aim(camera, reportedStuckView);
+  assert.equal(
+    lookAngleWithinFrame(camera, 'lookUp', Cesium.Math.toRadians(5)),
+    Cesium.Math.toRadians(5),
+  );
+});
+
+// Surface only in the corners of a 16:9 frame, all of it outside the scope's
+// keyhole: the full frame shows some planet, the scope shows none.
+const cornerOnlyView = { alt: 18_000_000, pitch: -52, roll: 60 };
+
+test('with a scope keyhole, surface hidden in the masked corners counts as none', () => {
+  const { camera } = realCamera();
+  aim(camera, cornerOnlyView);
+  const keyhole = { keyholeRadius: KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS };
+  assert.ok(surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900) > 0);
+  assert.equal(surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900, { keyhole: true }), 0);
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), false);
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera, keyhole), true);
+  aim(camera, { alt: 18_000_000, pitch: -90 });
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      globeFrameShare(camera, keyhole) -
+        surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900, { keyhole: true }),
+    ) < 0.03,
+    'the keyhole share matches the pick-ray oracle',
+  );
+});
+
+test('the recovery follows the scope: corner-only views are turned back only behind it', () => {
+  for (const [scopeOn, expectRecovery] of [
+    [true, true],
+    [false, false],
+  ]) {
+    const { camera, viewer } = realCamera();
+    installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer, {
+      keyholeRadius: () => (scopeOn ? KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS : 0),
+    });
+    aim(camera, cornerOnlyView);
+    camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+    assert.equal(
+      Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6),
+      expectRecovery,
+      `scope ${scopeOn ? 'on' : 'off'}`,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+function fakeTimers() {
+  let next = 1;
+  const pending = new Map();
+  return {
+    setTimeout: (callback) => {
+      const id = next++;
+      pending.set(id, callback);
+      return id;
+    },
+    clearTimeout: (id) => pending.delete(id),
+    pending: () => pending.size,
+    /** Run the earliest pending callback, as 250 ms passing would. */
+    tick() {
+      const [id, callback] = pending.entries().next().value ?? [];
+      if (id === undefined) return false;
+      pending.delete(id);
+      callback();
+      return true;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('a stuck view is recovered once it has held still, without waiting for moveEnd', () => {
+  // At this pose the camera can drift by a rounding error every frame, so
+  // Cesium never sees it stop and never raises moveEnd for it.
+  const timers = fakeTimers();
+  const { camera, viewer } = realCamera({ width: 1225, height: 923 });
+  installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer, timers);
+  aim(camera, reportedStuckView);
+  camera.moveStart.raiseEvent();
+  timers.tick();
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), true, 'one quiet sample is not enough');
+  // A rounding-error drift between samples still counts as at rest.
+  camera.lookUp(1e-15);
+  timers.tick();
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6));
+  // Under that drift Cesium raises no new moveStart, so a later move that
+  // ends looking away is caught by the same check.
+  aim(camera, reportedStuckView);
+  timers.tick();
+  timers.tick();
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), true, 'not yet at rest');
+  timers.tick();
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6));
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  assert.equal(timers.pending(), 0, 'moveEnd ends the check');
+});
+
+test('the settle check follows a long move and gives up five minutes after the last one', () => {
+  // A drag of half a minute that stops at a stuck pose is still recovered.
+  const long = fakeTimers();
+  const dragged = realCamera({ width: 1225, height: 923 });
+  installGlobeInViewRecovery(dragged.viewer, long);
+  aim(dragged.camera, reportedStuckView);
+  dragged.camera.moveStart.raiseEvent();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 120; i += 1) {
+    dragged.camera.moveLeft(0.01);
+    long.tick();
+  }
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(dragged.camera), true, 'still moving');
+  while (long.tick());
+  assert.ok(
+    Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(dragged.camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6),
+    'recovered once it stopped',
+  );
+
+  // A camera that keeps moving is followed, and left alone, for as long as it
+  // moves; once it rests the check gives up five minutes later.
+  const timers = fakeTimers();
+  const { camera, viewer } = realCamera({ width: 1225, height: 923 });
+  installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer, timers);
+  aim(camera, reportedStuckView);
+  camera.moveStart.raiseEvent();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 2000; i += 1) {
+    camera.moveLeft(0.01);
+    timers.tick();
+  }
+  assert.equal(timers.pending(), 1, 'still following after eight minutes');
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), true, 'a moving camera is left alone');
+  let idleSamples = 0;
+  while (timers.tick()) idleSamples += 1;
+  assert.ok(
+    Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6),
+    'recovered once it stopped',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    idleSamples >= 1200 && idleSamples <= 1205,
+    `gave up ${idleSamples} samples after it stopped`,
+  );
+
+  const disposed = fakeTimers();
+  const other = realCamera({ width: 1225, height: 923 });
+  const dispose = installGlobeInViewRecovery(other.viewer, disposed);
+  aim(other.camera, reportedStuckView);
+  other.camera.moveStart.raiseEvent();
+  dispose();
+  assert.equal(disposed.pending(), 0, 'dispose cancels the pending check');
+});
diff --git a/src/app/scene.js b/src/app/scene.js
index 1455b8268..9c115638d 100644
--- a/src/app/scene.js
+++ b/src/app/scene.js
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@ import { createApplicationOperations } from './operations.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import {
   createApplicationViewer,
+  installFreeLookHeightLimit,
+  installGlobeInViewRecovery,
   installTrackpadPinchZoom,
 } from '../app/viewer.js';
 import { registerDataCredits } from '../data/dataCredits.js';
+import { KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS } from '../celestialRing.js';
+import { isScopeMaskEnabled } from '../scopeMask.js';
 import { configureCreditKeyboardAccess } from '../creditKeyboard.js';
 import { MapStackController } from '../mapStackController.js';
 import { loadPhotorealisticTileset } from '../mapStartup.js';
@@ -58,6 +62,13 @@ export async function createApplicationScene({
     if (!viewer.isDestroyed()) viewer.destroy();
   });
   defer(installTrackpadPinchZoom(viewer));
+  defer(installFreeLookHeightLimit(viewer));
+  defer(
+    installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer, {
+      // The scope mask hides everything outside its keyhole.
+      keyholeRadius: () => (isScopeMaskEnabled() ? KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS : 0),
+    }),
+  );
   registerDataCredits(viewer, credits);
   configureCreditKeyboardAccess(document);
   defer(onLocaleChange(() => configureCreditKeyboardAccess(document)));
diff --git a/src/app/viewer.js b/src/app/viewer.js
index c8b841352..ce182a0ab 100644
--- a/src/app/viewer.js
+++ b/src/app/viewer.js
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { applyModelAtmosphereWorkaround } from './atmosphereCompat.js';
 import { StarrySky } from '../sky/starrySky.js';
+import {
+  FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS,
+  globeOutOfFrame,
+} from '../globeInView.js';
 
 const PINCH_ZOOM_MULTIPLIER = 8;
 const MAX_PINCH_PIXEL_DELTA = 120;
@@ -103,6 +107,174 @@ export function installTrackpadPinchZoom(
   };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Allow Cesium's free look only below `maxHeight` and return its disposer.
+ * Orbit, tilt and zoom stay available at every height. `enableLook` gates the
+ * Shift+drag binding only; a drag that starts on the stars below Cesium's
+ * trackball height still turns the camera in place, which
+ * `installGlobeInViewRecovery` catches.
+ */
+export function installFreeLookHeightLimit(
+  viewer,
+  maxHeight = FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS,
+) {
+  const scene = viewer?.scene;
+  const controller = scene?.screenSpaceCameraController;
+  const camera = viewer?.camera;
+  if (!controller || !camera || !scene?.preUpdate)
+    throw new TypeError('A complete Cesium viewer is required');
+
+  const originalEnableLook = controller.enableLook;
+  const sync = () => {
+    const height = camera.positionCartographic?.height;
+    controller.enableLook =
+      originalEnableLook && !(Number.isFinite(height) && height > maxHeight);
+  };
+  sync();
+  const removeListener = scene.preUpdate.addEventListener(sync);
+
+  let active = true;
+  return () => {
+    if (!active) return;
+    active = false;
+    removeListener();
+    controller.enableLook = originalEnableLook;
+  };
+}
+
+// How often a moving camera is sampled to see whether it has come to rest, how
+// far a pose may drift between samples and still count as at rest, and how
+// long after the camera last moved the check gives up if Cesium never raises
+// moveEnd.
+const SETTLE_SAMPLE_MS = 250;
+const SETTLE_POSITION_TOLERANCE_M = 1e-3;
+const SETTLE_DIRECTION_TOLERANCE = 1e-9;
+const SETTLE_GIVE_UP_MS = 5 * 60_000;
+
+/**
+ * Turn the camera back to the planet when a move ends above `minHeight` with
+ * no surface on screen (`globeOutOfFrame`: limb glow and slivers up to about
+ * one sample cell thick can count as none), and return the disposer. Views with
+ * more surface, such as an oblique orbital shot, are left as they are. This
+ * catches a saved or shared view that looked away, and a drag that Cesium turns
+ * into an in-place look below its trackball height whatever `enableLook` says.
+ * Heading and position are kept. Tracked cameras, locked ones (non-identity
+ * transform) and the 2D and Columbus modes are left alone. `keyholeRadius`
+ * returns the radius of the visible circle when a scope mask hides the rest of
+ * the frame (see `globeFrameShare`), or 0; it is read at every check.
+ *
+ * Cesium's `moveEnd` alone is not enough: Cesium compares the camera with the
+ * last frame's to the last rounding error, and at some of these poses the
+ * camera drifts by a rounding error every frame, so Cesium never sees it stop.
+ * So each `moveStart` also starts a check of its own that samples the pose
+ * every 250 ms, with a tolerance for that drift, and once the pose has held
+ * for half a second after moving runs the same recovery. It keeps watching
+ * until Cesium raises `moveEnd`, since under that drift Cesium raises no new
+ * `moveStart` for a later move, and gives up five minutes after the camera
+ * last moved.
+ * `setTimeout` and `clearTimeout` can be injected for tests.
+ */
+export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
+  viewer,
+  {
+    minHeight = FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS,
+    keyholeRadius = () => 0,
+    setTimeout: schedule = globalThis.setTimeout,
+    clearTimeout: unschedule = globalThis.clearTimeout,
+  } = {},
+) {
+  const scene = viewer?.scene;
+  const camera = viewer?.camera;
+  if (!scene || !camera?.moveEnd || !camera?.moveStart)
+    throw new TypeError('A complete Cesium viewer is required');
+
+  const recover = () => {
+    if (scene.mode !== Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D || viewer.trackedEntity) return;
+    if (!Cesium.Matrix4.equals(camera.transform, Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY))
+      return;
+    const height = camera.positionCartographic?.height;
+    if (
+      !(height > minHeight) ||
+      !globeOutOfFrame(camera, { keyholeRadius: keyholeRadius() })
+    )
+      return;
+    camera.setView({
+      orientation: {
+        heading: camera.heading,
+        pitch: -Cesium.Math.PI_OVER_TWO,
+        roll: 0,
+      },
+    });
+    scene.requestRender?.();
+  };
+
+  const lastPosition = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  const lastDirection = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  let settleTimer = null;
+  let settleElapsed = 0;
+  let restingSamples = 0;
+  let movedSinceCheck = false;
+  const stopSettling = () => {
+    if (settleTimer !== null) unschedule(settleTimer);
+    settleTimer = null;
+  };
+  const sample = () => {
+    settleTimer = null;
+    settleElapsed += SETTLE_SAMPLE_MS;
+    const atRest =
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+        camera.positionWC,
+        lastPosition,
+        0,
+        SETTLE_POSITION_TOLERANCE_M,
+      ) &&
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+        camera.directionWC,
+        lastDirection,
+        0,
+        SETTLE_DIRECTION_TOLERANCE,
+      );
+    restingSamples = atRest ? restingSamples + 1 : 0;
+    if (!atRest) {
+      movedSinceCheck = true;
+      settleElapsed = 0;
+    }
+    // Two quiet samples in a row after a move: at rest for half a second, as
+    // for moveEnd.
+    if (restingSamples >= 2 && movedSinceCheck) {
+      movedSinceCheck = false;
+      recover();
+    }
+    if (settleElapsed >= SETTLE_GIVE_UP_MS) return;
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.positionWC, lastPosition);
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.directionWC, lastDirection);
+    settleTimer = schedule(sample, SETTLE_SAMPLE_MS);
+  };
+  const startSettling = () => {
+    stopSettling();
+    settleElapsed = 0;
+    restingSamples = 0;
+    movedSinceCheck = true;
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.positionWC, lastPosition);
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.directionWC, lastDirection);
+    settleTimer = schedule(sample, SETTLE_SAMPLE_MS);
+  };
+  const removeMoveEnd = camera.moveEnd.addEventListener(() => {
+    stopSettling();
+    recover();
+  });
+  const removeMoveStart = camera.moveStart.addEventListener(startSettling);
+
+  let active = true;
+  return () => {
+    if (!active) return;
+    active = false;
+    stopSettling();
+    removeMoveEnd();
+    removeMoveStart();
+  };
+}
+
 /** Cesium.Viewer options of the standard globe viewer. */
 export function applicationViewerOptions(creditContainer) {
   return {
diff --git a/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs b/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs
index 814e4de1e..f15ae4978 100644
--- a/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ import {
   moveCamera,
 } from './cameraVerbs.js';
 import { getRenderGovernorDiagnostics } from './renderGovernor.js';
+import { MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE, globeFrameShare } from './globeInView.js';
+import { KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS } from './celestialRing.js';
+import { setScopeMaskEnabled } from './scopeMask.js';
 
 const radians = Cesium.Math.toRadians;
 const clone = (value) => Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(value);
@@ -1347,3 +1350,491 @@ test('close-up ultrawide refusal does not offer an unfit reset or move the camer
   samePose(h.camera, before);
   assert.equal(hasRenderHold(), false);
 });
+
+/**
+ * An oracle independent of the code under test: the share of an 80×45 grid of
+ * Cesium pick rays across the canvas that hit the ellipsoid surface. With
+ * `keyhole`, only the pixels inside the scope's visible circle count.
+ */
+function surfacePixelShare(camera, width, height, { keyhole = false } = {}) {
+  const radius = (KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS * height) / 2;
+  let hits = 0;
+  let counted = 0;
+  for (let row = 0; row < 45; row += 1) {
+    for (let column = 0; column < 80; column += 1) {
+      const x = ((column + 0.5) * width) / 80;
+      const y = ((row + 0.5) * height) / 45;
+      if (keyhole && Math.hypot(x - width / 2, y - height / 2) > radius)
+        continue;
+      counted += 1;
+      const ray = camera.getPickRay(new Cesium.Cartesian2(x, y));
+      if (Cesium.IntersectionTests.rayEllipsoid(ray, Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84))
+        hits += 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return hits / counted;
+}
+
+/** Run a test with the scope mask on or off, restoring the default after. */
+function withScope(t, enabled) {
+  setScopeMaskEnabled(enabled);
+  t.after(() => setScopeMaskEnabled(true));
+}
+
+// The frame limit is measured on a coarser grid than the oracle.
+const SHARE_SLACK = 0.02;
+// Far-out poses, height in metres and pitch in degrees, where a few tilts up
+// are accepted before the limit refuses the next one.
+const FAR_OUT_POSES = [
+  [35_884_000, -86.26],
+  [35_884_000, -89],
+  [30_000_000, -86],
+  [25_000_000, -80],
+  [40_000_000, -88],
+];
+
+test('voice tilt from orbit stops with the planet still on screen and then says so', (t) => {
+  withScope(t, false); // the whole frame is visible
+  // Slightly off nadir: from straight down a tilt is clamped before it moves.
+  const { camera, finishOnce } = harness(t, {
+    pitch: -80,
+    viewportWidth: 1600,
+    viewportHeight: 900,
+  });
+  const results = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
+    const result = moveCamera({
+      motion: 'tilt',
+      direction: 'up',
+      mode: 'once',
+    });
+    results.push(result);
+    if (result.ok) finishOnce();
+    assert.ok(
+      surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900) >=
+        MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE - SHARE_SLACK,
+      `after tilt ${i + 1}`,
+    );
+  }
+  // From 18,000 km a 16:9 frame keeps a tenth of its area on the planet down
+  // to about -67°: the first tilt stops there, and later ones are refused.
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    results.map((result) => result.ok),
+    [true, false, false, false],
+  );
+  assert.match(results[1].error, /globe out of view/);
+  assert.ok(camera.pitch > radians(-68.5) && camera.pitch < radians(-66));
+});
+
+test('voice turn in place from orbit stops with the planet still on screen', (t) => {
+  withScope(t, false); // the whole frame is visible
+  const { camera, tick } = harness(t, { pitch: -75 });
+  assert.equal(
+    moveCamera({ motion: 'rotate', direction: 'left', mode: 'continuous' }).ok,
+    true,
+  );
+  const heading = camera.heading;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 400 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
+    tick();
+    assert.ok(
+      surfacePixelShare(camera, 1280, 800) >=
+        MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE - SHARE_SLACK,
+      `tick ${i + 1}`,
+    );
+  }
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'the turn stops at the limit');
+  assert.notEqual(camera.heading, heading, 'the turn moved before stopping');
+});
+
+test('a long voice turn below the limit keeps the share it started with', (t) => {
+  withScope(t, false); // the whole frame is visible
+  // About 2% of a 16:9 frame on the planet: the limit is that share, less two
+  // grid cells of sampling noise, for the whole motion rather than per step.
+  const { camera, tick } = harness(t, {
+    pitch: -60,
+    viewportWidth: 1600,
+    viewportHeight: 900,
+  });
+  const start = globeFrameShare(camera);
+  assert.ok(start > 0 && start < MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE);
+  assert.equal(
+    moveCamera({ motion: 'rotate', direction: 'left', mode: 'continuous' }).ok,
+    true,
+  );
+  for (let i = 0; i < 400 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
+    tick();
+    assert.ok(
+      globeFrameShare(camera) >= start - 2 / (32 * 18) - 1e-9,
+      `tick ${i + 1}`,
+    );
+  }
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'the turn stops at the limit');
+  assert.ok(surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900) > 0);
+});
+
+test('repeated voice turns from one spot cannot each take a little more', (t) => {
+  withScope(t, false); // the whole frame is visible
+  // About 2% of a 16:9 frame on the planet. Every turn from this position is
+  // measured against the same baseline, so asking again stops being allowed.
+  const { camera, finishOnce, tick } = harness(t, {
+    pitch: -60,
+    viewportWidth: 1600,
+    viewportHeight: 900,
+  });
+  const start = globeFrameShare(camera);
+  const floor = start - 2 / (32 * 18) - 1e-9;
+  const results = [];
+  for (const mode of ['once', 'once', 'continuous', 'once', 'continuous']) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
+      const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'rotate', direction: 'left', mode });
+      results.push(result.ok);
+      if (!result.ok) continue;
+      if (mode === 'once') finishOnce();
+      else for (let j = 0; j < 400 && getActiveCameraMotion(); j += 1) tick();
+      assert.ok(globeFrameShare(camera) >= floor, `${mode} turn ${i + 1}`);
+    }
+  }
+  assert.ok(results.includes(false), 'a turn at the limit is refused');
+  assert.equal(results.at(-1), false);
+  assert.ok(surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900) > 0);
+});
+
+test('a voice turn after something else turned the camera starts over', (t) => {
+  withScope(t, false); // the whole frame is visible
+  // The same spot, first framed straight down, then turned to about 2% of the
+  // frame by something other than voice: a turn left is measured from there.
+  const { camera, finishOnce } = harness(t, {
+    pitch: -90,
+    viewportWidth: 1600,
+    viewportHeight: 900,
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    moveCamera({ motion: 'rotate', direction: 'left', mode: 'once' }).ok,
+    true,
+  );
+  finishOnce();
+  camera.setView({
+    orientation: { heading: 0, pitch: radians(-60), roll: 0 },
+  });
+  const start = globeFrameShare(camera);
+  assert.ok(start > 0 && start < MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE);
+  assert.equal(
+    moveCamera({ motion: 'rotate', direction: 'left', mode: 'once' }).ok,
+    true,
+  );
+  finishOnce();
+  assert.ok(globeFrameShare(camera) >= start - 2 / (32 * 18) - 1e-9);
+});
+
+test('nudging the camera between voice turns cannot slide the planet away', (t) => {
+  withScope(t, false); // the whole frame is visible
+  // A wheel notch or an orbit drag between requests starts each turn afresh;
+  // the 1% floor still holds, and below it a turn may only keep what it has.
+  for (const [nudge, pitch] of [
+    [(camera) => camera.moveBackward(2), -60],
+    [(camera) => camera.rotateRight(radians(0.2)), -60],
+    [(camera) => camera.moveBackward(2), -58],
+  ]) {
+    const { camera, tick } = harness(t, {
+      pitch,
+      viewportWidth: 1600,
+      viewportHeight: 900,
+    });
+    const start = globeFrameShare(camera);
+    const floor = Math.min(0.01, start) - 1e-9;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 12; i += 1) {
+      nudge(camera);
+      if (
+        moveCamera({ motion: 'rotate', direction: 'left', mode: 'continuous' })
+          .ok
+      )
+        for (let j = 0; j < 400 && getActiveCameraMotion(); j += 1) tick();
+      assert.ok(
+        globeFrameShare(camera) >= floor,
+        `start ${start}, turn ${i + 1}`,
+      );
+    }
+    assert.ok(surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900) > 0);
+  }
+});
+
+test('after the frame changes size, a voice turn toward the planet is allowed', (t) => {
+  withScope(t, false); // the whole frame is visible
+  // A tilt stops at its limit; then the window widens at the same pose, so the
+  // frame shows less than the carried limit. Toward the planet must still go.
+  const { camera, canvas, viewer, finishOnce } = harness(t, {
+    pitch: -80,
+    viewportWidth: 1600,
+    viewportHeight: 900,
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'once' }).ok,
+    true,
+  );
+  finishOnce();
+  canvas.clientWidth = canvas.width = viewer.scene.drawingBufferWidth = 3200;
+  camera.frustum.aspectRatio = 3200 / 900;
+  const narrowed = globeFrameShare(camera);
+  assert.ok(narrowed < MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE, `frame now shows ${narrowed}`);
+
+  const down = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'down', mode: 'once' });
+  assert.equal(down.ok, true, down.error);
+  finishOnce();
+  assert.ok(globeFrameShare(camera) > narrowed);
+  assert.equal(
+    moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'down', mode: 'once' }).ok,
+    true,
+  );
+  finishOnce();
+  const up = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'once' });
+  if (up.ok) finishOnce();
+  assert.ok(surfacePixelShare(camera, 3200, 900) > 0);
+});
+
+test('with the scope on, a voice tilt stops while the keyhole still shows the planet', (t) => {
+  withScope(t, true);
+  const { camera, finishOnce } = harness(t, {
+    pitch: -80,
+    viewportWidth: 1600,
+    viewportHeight: 900,
+  });
+  const results = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
+    const result = moveCamera({
+      motion: 'tilt',
+      direction: 'up',
+      mode: 'once',
+    });
+    results.push(result.ok);
+    if (result.ok) finishOnce();
+    assert.ok(
+      surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900, { keyhole: true }) >=
+        MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE - SHARE_SLACK,
+      `after tilt ${i + 1}`,
+    );
+  }
+  assert.equal(results[0], true);
+  assert.equal(results.at(-1), false, 'a tilt past the limit is refused');
+});
+
+test('with the scope on, a voice turn cannot leave the planet only in the masked corners', (t) => {
+  // An oblique orbit view: turning in place swings the planet toward a corner,
+  // where the full frame still shows it but the scope mask hides it.
+  for (const [height, pitch] of [
+    [5_000_000, -70],
+    [3_000_000, -75],
+    [18_000_000, -80],
+  ]) {
+    withScope(t, true);
+    const { camera, tick } = harness(t, {
+      height,
+      pitch,
+      viewportWidth: 1600,
+      viewportHeight: 900,
+    });
+    assert.equal(
+      moveCamera({ motion: 'rotate', direction: 'left', mode: 'continuous' })
+        .ok,
+      true,
+    );
+    for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) tick();
+    assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'the turn stops at the limit');
+    assert.ok(
+      surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900, { keyhole: true }) >=
+        MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE - SHARE_SLACK,
+      `${height / 1000} km at ${pitch}°`,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('far out, a voice tilt is either refused or really moves, at display frame rates', (t) => {
+  // A small planet disc: its sampled share wobbles as it crosses the grid.
+  // Whatever the limit decides, "done" must mean the camera turned, and some
+  // of these tilts must be accepted for that to be checked at all.
+  let accepted = 0;
+  for (const [height, pitch] of FAR_OUT_POSES) {
+    withScope(t, true);
+    const { camera, tick } = harness(t, {
+      latitude: 45.37,
+      longitudeDeg: -33.33,
+      height,
+      heading: 89.9,
+      pitch,
+      viewportWidth: 1280,
+      viewportHeight: 1024,
+    });
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
+      const before = camera.pitch;
+      const result = moveCamera({
+        motion: 'tilt',
+        direction: 'up',
+        mode: 'once',
+      });
+      if (!result.ok) {
+        assert.match(result.error, /zoom in first/);
+        continue;
+      }
+      accepted += 1;
+      for (let j = 0; j < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); j += 1) tick(1 / 60);
+      assert.ok(
+        camera.pitch - before > radians(0.5) - 1e-9,
+        `${height / 1000} km at ${pitch}°: tilt ${i + 1} reported done but moved ${Cesium.Math.toDegrees(camera.pitch - before)}°`,
+      );
+    }
+    assert.ok(surfacePixelShare(camera, 1280, 1024, { keyhole: true }) > 0);
+  }
+  assert.ok(accepted > 0, 'no far-out tilt was accepted');
+});
+
+test('a voice turn reported as done turns at least the half degree its check proved', (t) => {
+  // A grazing sliver: the first frame's small step lands in a dip of the
+  // sampled share, which used to stop the turn before it moved at all.
+  for (const scope of [true, false]) {
+    withScope(t, scope);
+    const { camera, tick } = harness(t, {
+      latitude: 20,
+      longitudeDeg: 10,
+      height: 18_000_000,
+      pitch: -58,
+      heading: 37,
+      viewportWidth: 1600,
+      viewportHeight: 900,
+    });
+    const before = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.directionWC);
+    const result = moveCamera({
+      motion: 'rotate',
+      direction: 'left',
+      mode: 'once',
+    });
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      assert.match(result.error, /globe out of view/);
+      continue;
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) tick(1 / 60);
+    const turned = Cesium.Cartesian3.angleBetween(before, camera.directionWC);
+    assert.ok(
+      turned >= radians(0.5) - 1e-9,
+      `scope ${scope ? 'on' : 'off'}: turned ${Cesium.Math.toDegrees(turned)}°`,
+    );
+    assert.ok(surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900, { keyhole: scope }) > 0);
+  }
+});
+
+/** Track an entity below `camera`, locking it into that entity's frame. */
+function trackFrom(viewer, camera) {
+  viewer.trackedEntity = { id: 'high-satellite' };
+  const below = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(10, 20, 400_000);
+  camera.lookAtTransform(Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(below));
+}
+
+test('a voice turn that releases a tracked camera is checked as released', (t) => {
+  // Voice releases the follow camera inside the navigation that runs the
+  // motion, so the request is judged by the pose the release will leave.
+  let accepted = 0;
+  for (const [scope, direction, motion] of [
+    [true, 'up', 'tilt'],
+    [false, 'up', 'tilt'],
+    [false, 'left', 'rotate'],
+  ]) {
+    withScope(t, scope);
+    const { camera, viewer, tick } = harness(t, {
+      latitude: 20,
+      longitudeDeg: 10,
+      height: 18_000_000,
+      pitch: -58,
+      heading: 37,
+      viewportWidth: 1600,
+      viewportHeight: 900,
+    });
+    trackFrom(viewer, camera);
+    const releaseThenRun = (start) => {
+      viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
+      camera.lookAtTransform(Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY);
+      return start();
+    };
+    const before = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.directionWC);
+    const result = moveCamera(
+      { motion, direction, mode: 'once' },
+      releaseThenRun,
+    );
+    const label = `${motion} ${direction}, scope ${scope ? 'on' : 'off'}`;
+    if (!result.ok) {
+      assert.match(result.error, /globe out of view/, label);
+      continue;
+    }
+    accepted += 1;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) tick(1 / 60);
+    const turned = Cesium.Cartesian3.angleBetween(before, camera.directionWC);
+    assert.ok(turned >= radians(0.5) - 1e-9, `${label}: turned ${turned}`);
+    assert.ok(
+      surfacePixelShare(camera, 1600, 900, { keyhole: scope }) > 0,
+      `${label}: the planet stays on screen`,
+    );
+  }
+  assert.ok(accepted > 0, 'no released turn was accepted');
+});
+
+test('a refused voice turn leaves a tracked camera tracking', (t) => {
+  for (const scope of [true, false]) {
+    withScope(t, scope);
+    const { camera, viewer, tick } = harness(t, {
+      pitch: -80,
+      viewportWidth: 1600,
+      viewportHeight: 900,
+    });
+    // Tilt up to the limit untracked, then track from there.
+    for (let i = 0; i < 40; i += 1) {
+      if (!moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'once' }).ok)
+        break;
+      for (let j = 0; j < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); j += 1) tick(1 / 60);
+    }
+    trackFrom(viewer, camera);
+    const tracked = viewer.trackedEntity;
+    const transform = Cesium.Matrix4.clone(camera.transform);
+    let released = false;
+    const result = moveCamera(
+      { motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'once' },
+      (start) => {
+        released = true;
+        viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
+        camera.lookAtTransform(Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY);
+        return start();
+      },
+    );
+    const label = `scope ${scope ? 'on' : 'off'}`;
+    assert.equal(result.ok, false, label);
+    assert.match(result.error, /globe out of view/, label);
+    assert.equal(released, false, label);
+    assert.equal(viewer.trackedEntity, tracked, label);
+    assert.ok(Cesium.Matrix4.equals(camera.transform, transform), label);
+  }
+});
+
+test('the voice frame limit leaves Columbus view alone', (t) => {
+  // At its limit in 3D a further tilt up is refused; the same tilt in Columbus
+  // view is not limited by the frame.
+  withScope(t, false);
+  const { viewer, finishOnce } = harness(t, {
+    pitch: -80,
+    viewportWidth: 1600,
+    viewportHeight: 900,
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'once' }).ok,
+    true,
+  );
+  finishOnce();
+  const refused = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'once' });
+  assert.match(refused.error || '', /globe out of view/);
+  viewer.scene.mode = Cesium.SceneMode.COLUMBUS_VIEW;
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'once' });
+  assert.doesNotMatch(result.error || '', /globe out of view/);
+});
+
+test('voice tilt below the free-look height is not limited by the frame', (t) => {
+  const { camera, finishOnce } = harness(t, { height: 500_000, pitch: -60 });
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'once' });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  finishOnce();
+  near(camera.pitch, radians(-45), 1e-6, 'full 15° tilt');
+});
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index e037472cb..964b5c1a7 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -20,11 +20,18 @@
 
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { GLOBE_VIEW } from './locations.js';
+import {
+  globeFrameShare,
+  lookAngleWithinFrame,
+  lookStepLosesGlobe,
+} from './globeInView.js';
 import {
   projectEarthDiscToViewport,
   earthDiscScreenRadius,
   getKeyholeGeometry,
+  KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS,
 } from './celestialRing.js';
+import { isScopeMaskEnabled } from './scopeMask.js';
 import {
   holdContinuousRender,
   releaseContinuousRender,
@@ -1008,6 +1015,137 @@ export function interruptCameraMotionIfActive(
   return interruptCameraMotion(reason);
 }
 
+/**
+ * A free globe camera: 3D, not tracking, not locked to a frame. The frame
+ * limit for in-place turns applies to it alone, as the move-end recovery does.
+ */
+function isFreeGlobeCamera(cam) {
+  return (
+    _viewer.scene.mode === Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D &&
+    !_viewer.trackedEntity &&
+    Cesium.Matrix4.equals(cam.transform, Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY)
+  );
+}
+
+// The frame share that in-place voice turns measure their limit against, with
+// the pose the last voice turn left the camera in. A turn that starts where
+// the last one left off keeps that baseline (raised if the planet now fills
+// more of the frame), so repeating a request cannot take a little more each
+// time. Once anything else has moved or turned the camera, a turn starts over
+// from what is on screen.
+let _lookBaseline = null;
+
+// The pre-check's proof that a half-degree turn from this pose keeps the planet
+// in view: which way, from which direction. A motion that starts from that
+// pose turns at least that far, so a request reported as done really moves
+// even when a smaller first step lands in a dip of the sampled share.
+const PROVEN_TURN_RAD = Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5);
+let _provenLook = null;
+
+/** The part of the frame a viewer can see: the scope keyhole when it is on. */
+function visibleFrame() {
+  return { keyholeRadius: isScopeMaskEnabled() ? KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS : 0 };
+}
+
+/** The frame share an in-place turn from `cam`'s pose is limited against. */
+function lookBaselineShare(cam) {
+  const share = globeFrameShare(cam, visibleFrame());
+  const continues =
+    _lookBaseline &&
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+      _lookBaseline.position,
+      cam.positionWC,
+      0,
+      1,
+    ) &&
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+      _lookBaseline.direction,
+      cam.directionWC,
+      0,
+      1e-9,
+    );
+  _lookBaseline = {
+    position: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(cam.positionWC),
+    direction: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(cam.directionWC),
+    share: continues ? Math.max(_lookBaseline.share, share) : share,
+  };
+  return _lookBaseline.share;
+}
+
+/**
+ * One in-place look step of motion `m`. From orbit a free globe camera turns
+ * only as far as keeps the planet in frame, measured against the baseline the
+ * turn started from, then the motion ends there.
+ */
+function lookWithinFrame(cam, m, look, angle) {
+  let allowed = angle;
+  if (isFreeGlobeCamera(cam)) {
+    if (m.globeShareAtStart === undefined) {
+      m.globeShareAtStart = lookBaselineShare(cam);
+      m.provenTurnRad = lookProven(cam, look) ? PROVEN_TURN_RAD : 0;
+      m.turnedRad = 0;
+    }
+    _provenLook = null;
+    allowed = lookAngleWithinFrame(cam, look, angle, {
+      ...visibleFrame(),
+      startShare: m.globeShareAtStart,
+    });
+    const owed = Math.min(angle, m.provenTurnRad - m.turnedRad);
+    if (allowed < owed) allowed = owed;
+    m.turnedRad += allowed;
+  }
+  if (allowed > 0) cam[look](allowed);
+  // The pose this turn leaves, for a turn that continues from it.
+  if (_lookBaseline)
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(cam.directionWC, _lookBaseline.direction);
+  if (allowed < angle) interruptCameraMotion('globe-out-of-frame');
+}
+
+/** True when the pre-check proved a half-degree `look` from `cam`'s pose. */
+function lookProven(cam, look) {
+  return (
+    _provenLook?.look === look &&
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+      _provenLook.direction,
+      cam.directionWC,
+      0,
+      1e-9,
+    )
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The check a voice in-place turn (`look`: 'lookUp', 'lookDown', 'lookLeft'
+ * or 'lookRight') must pass from orbit: refused when even half a degree would
+ * cross the frame limit, otherwise proven for that half degree from this pose.
+ * With `released`, the turn runs through a navigation that first releases a
+ * tracked or locked camera and keeps its world pose. The frame measure and the
+ * turn are the same in any reference frame, so such a camera is judged as it
+ * is, before the release, and a refusal leaves tracking as it was. Otherwise a
+ * camera that is not a free globe camera is not checked. Returns the refusal,
+ * or null.
+ */
+function checkLookFromOrbit(look, { released = false } = {}) {
+  _provenLook = null;
+  if (_viewer.scene.mode !== Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D) return null;
+  const cam = _viewer.camera;
+  if (!released && !isFreeGlobeCamera(cam)) return null;
+  if (
+    lookStepLosesGlobe(cam, look, PROVEN_TURN_RAD, {
+      ...visibleFrame(),
+      startShare: lookBaselineShare(cam),
+    })
+  )
+    return {
+      ok: false,
+      action: 'move_camera',
+      error:
+        'From this height that would turn the globe out of view — zoom in first, or turn the other way.',
+    };
+  _provenLook = { look, direction: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(cam.directionWC) };
+  return null;
+}
+
 function clearLookAt() {
   try {
     _viewer.camera.lookAtTransform(Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY);
@@ -1226,10 +1364,15 @@ function onTick() {
           interruptCameraMotion('tilt-clamp');
           return;
         }
-        if (up) cam.lookUp(stepRad);
-        else cam.lookDown(stepRad);
-      } else if (m.direction === 'left') cam.lookLeft(stepRad);
-      else cam.lookRight(stepRad);
+        lookWithinFrame(cam, m, up ? 'lookUp' : 'lookDown', stepRad);
+      } else {
+        lookWithinFrame(
+          cam,
+          m,
+          m.direction === 'left' ? 'lookLeft' : 'lookRight',
+          stepRad,
+        );
+      }
     } else if (m.kind === 'route') {
       // The dolly's shaping lives in advanceRouteFlight(); the tick only
       // applies the pose and honours the same completion path as before.
@@ -1413,6 +1556,7 @@ export function initCameraVerbs(
   _isCockpitActive =
     typeof isCockpitActive === 'function' ? isCockpitActive : null;
   _viewer = viewer;
+  _lookBaseline = null;
   if (_tickRemover) _tickRemover();
   _tickRemover = viewer.clock.onTick.addEventListener(onTick);
   if (_trackingRemover) _trackingRemover();
@@ -1524,6 +1668,27 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
       };
     }
   }
+  const look =
+    motion === 'tilt' || motion === 'rotate'
+      ? {
+          up: 'lookUp',
+          down: 'lookDown',
+          left: 'lookLeft',
+          right: 'lookRight',
+        }[direction]
+      : null;
+  // Honest limits from orbit too: a stopped turn rests within 0.05° of its
+  // limit, so one that cannot go half a degree further is refused rather than
+  // run and reported as done, and one that can is then turned at least that
+  // far. Near the limit the sampled share wobbles as the planet's edge crosses
+  // the grid, so a turn that would keep the planet can occasionally be refused
+  // too.
+  // A camera that is tracked or locked now is judged as the navigation that
+  // runs the turn will release it, so a refusal keeps the tracking.
+  const lookRefusal =
+    look &&
+    checkLookFromOrbit(look, { released: typeof runNavigation === 'function' });
+  if (lookRefusal) return lookRefusal;
   if (
     (motion === 'rotate_globe' ||
       (motion === 'orbit' && typeof runNavigation !== 'function')) &&
@@ -1609,6 +1774,12 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
   }
   const start = () => {
     interruptCameraMotion('replaced');
+    // Checked again only if the release left the camera somewhere other than
+    // where the check above expected it.
+    if (look && !lookProven(_viewer.camera, look)) {
+      const refusal = checkLookFromOrbit(look);
+      if (refusal) return refusal;
+    }
     const state = {
       kind: motion,
       direction: direction || 'right',
diff --git a/src/globeInView.js b/src/globeInView.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ccbcda23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/globeInView.js
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+
+// Cesium's free look (Shift+drag) turns the camera in place. Near the ground
+// that surveys a city; from orbit a few drags turn the whole planet out of
+// frame and leave only stars.
+export const FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS = 1_000_000;
+
+// A voice turn from orbit stops when about this share of the frame still shows
+// the planet's surface.
+export const MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE = 0.1;
+
+const GRID_COLUMNS = 32;
+const GRID_ROWS = 18;
+// A turn across a sliver of planet moves its edge through sample points, so
+// the share wobbles by a cell or two without the planet leaving.
+const GRID_NOISE_CELLS = 2;
+// Whatever the baseline, a voice turn never takes the planet below this share
+// of the frame; a view that already shows less may only keep what it has.
+const LOOK_ABSOLUTE_FLOOR_SHARE = 0.01;
+const sampleRay = new Cesium.Ray();
+const sampleOffset = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+
+/**
+ * Cast a 32×18 grid of view rays, one through the centre of each cell, at the
+ * WGS84 ellipsoid. With `keyholeRadius` (a radius around the frame centre, in
+ * units of half the frame height) only the cells inside that circle count: the
+ * scope mask hides the rest. Returns the surface hits and the cells counted, or
+ * null for a frustum other than a perspective one.
+ */
+function sampleFrame(camera, keyholeRadius) {
+  const frustum = camera.frustum;
+  if (!(frustum instanceof Cesium.PerspectiveFrustum)) return null;
+  const aspect = frustum.aspectRatio;
+  const tanY = Math.tan(frustum.fovy / 2);
+  const tanX = tanY * aspect;
+  const keyholeSquared = keyholeRadius > 0 ? keyholeRadius * keyholeRadius : 0;
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.positionWC, sampleRay.origin);
+  let hits = 0;
+  let cells = 0;
+  for (let row = 0; row < GRID_ROWS; row += 1) {
+    const rowY = (2 * (row + 0.5)) / GRID_ROWS - 1;
+    for (let column = 0; column < GRID_COLUMNS; column += 1) {
+      const columnX = (2 * (column + 0.5)) / GRID_COLUMNS - 1;
+      if (
+        keyholeSquared &&
+        (columnX * aspect) ** 2 + rowY * rowY > keyholeSquared
+      )
+        continue;
+      cells += 1;
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
+        camera.rightWC,
+        columnX * tanX,
+        sampleOffset,
+      );
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
+        camera.directionWC,
+        sampleOffset,
+        sampleRay.direction,
+      );
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
+        camera.upWC,
+        rowY * tanY,
+        sampleOffset,
+      );
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
+        sampleRay.direction,
+        sampleOffset,
+        sampleRay.direction,
+      );
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(sampleRay.direction, sampleRay.direction);
+      if (
+        Cesium.IntersectionTests.rayEllipsoid(sampleRay, Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84)
+      )
+        hits += 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return { hits, cells };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Share of the frame, from 0 to 1, that shows the planet's surface: the
+ * fraction of a 32×18 grid of view rays, one through the centre of each cell,
+ * that hit the WGS84 ellipsoid. With `keyholeRadius` (see `sampleFrame`) it is
+ * the share of the visible circle instead. A frustum other than a perspective
+ * one counts as fully covered.
+ */
+export function globeFrameShare(camera, { keyholeRadius = 0 } = {}) {
+  const sample = sampleFrame(camera, keyholeRadius);
+  if (!sample || sample.cells === 0) return 1;
+  return sample.hits / sample.cells;
+}
+
+/** True when none of the planet's surface is in `camera`'s visible frame. */
+export function globeOutOfFrame(camera, options) {
+  return globeFrameShare(camera, options) === 0;
+}
+
+const lookProbes = new WeakMap();
+const LOOK_EDGE_TOLERANCE = Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.05);
+
+/**
+ * How much of one in-place look step (`lookUp`, `lookDown`, `lookLeft` or
+ * `lookRight` by a non-negative `angle` in radians) keeps the planet in frame
+ * from orbit. Above the free-look height the step may not leave less than
+ * `MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE` of the visible frame on the planet, or less than
+ * `startShare` when that is lower, give or take two grid cells of sampling
+ * noise. However the baseline was taken, it never leaves less than 1% of the
+ * frame, and a view that already shows less may only keep or gain what it has.
+ * `startShare` is the baseline the turn is measured against (the current share
+ * by default): callers pass one value to every step of a motion, and to every
+ * turn that continues from where the last one left off, so the limit cannot
+ * slide down a step or a command at a time. `keyholeRadius` limits the measure
+ * to the scope's visible circle, as in `globeFrameShare`.
+ * With nothing on screen the limit is nothing either, so the step is left to
+ * the move-end recovery. Returns `angle` when the whole step fits, otherwise a
+ * smaller angle that fits, found by bisection to within 0.05°, so a stopped
+ * motion rests at the limit. Steps are tried on a copy; `camera` is not moved.
+ */
+export function lookAngleWithinFrame(
+  camera,
+  look,
+  angle,
+  { startShare, keyholeRadius = 0 } = {},
+) {
+  if (
+    !(angle > 0) ||
+    !(camera.positionCartographic?.height > FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS)
+  )
+    return angle;
+  const sample = sampleFrame(camera, keyholeRadius);
+  if (!sample || sample.cells === 0) return angle;
+  const share = sample.hits / sample.cells;
+  const baseline = startShare ?? share;
+  // Capped at what is on screen now, so a step that keeps or gains surface is
+  // never refused, even when the frame has shrunk since the baseline was taken
+  // (a resized window or a turned phone).
+  const floor = Math.min(
+    share,
+    Math.max(
+      Math.min(MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE, baseline) -
+        GRID_NOISE_CELLS / sample.cells,
+      Math.min(LOOK_ABSOLUTE_FLOOR_SHARE, baseline),
+    ),
+  );
+  const fits = (step) => {
+    const probe = Cesium.Camera.clone(camera, lookProbes.get(camera));
+    lookProbes.set(camera, probe);
+    probe[look](step);
+    // Shares are whole grid cells; the epsilon keeps rounding in `floor` from
+    // costing a cell.
+    return globeFrameShare(probe, { keyholeRadius }) >= floor - 1e-9;
+  };
+  if (fits(angle)) return angle;
+  let inside = 0;
+  let outside = angle;
+  while (outside - inside > LOOK_EDGE_TOLERANCE) {
+    const middle = (inside + outside) / 2;
+    if (fits(middle)) inside = middle;
+    else outside = middle;
+  }
+  return inside;
+}
+
+/** True when an in-place look step of `angle` would lose part of its turn. */
+export function lookStepLosesGlobe(camera, look, angle, options) {
+  return lookAngleWithinFrame(camera, look, angle, options) < angle;
+}

From d36b28f352389c7f9caff1c46801cd698f93b209 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 01:19:22 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 085/262] docs(changelog): add the globe-in-view fragment

---
 changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md b/changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f697959b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+- Keep the globe in view from orbit. Cesium's free look (Shift+drag) turned
+  the camera in place, so a few drags from the whole-globe view left only
+  stars, and the pose stayed in the share link. Free look now works only below
+  1,000 km; a camera move that ends above it with no planet surface in view
+  (inside the scope keyhole when the scope is on) turns straight down; and
+  voice tilt and turns from orbit stop while the planet is still on screen and
+  say so instead of reporting a turn they could not make (Manjunath,
+  @manjunath22466, #1532).

From 1f0a8b5f1640921d0742cd94cdd8520310a90e2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Trygve Hemminghytt <274629477+trygvehhh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 22:58:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 086/262] fix(datacenters): report newly tagged features osmium
 cannot export

A still-tagged feature without exportable geometry already keeps its old
line. A newly tagged one had nowhere to go and was dropped silently; it is
now listed as skipped with a warning, so a refresh never loses a site or
hides a broken one.
---
 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py        | 10 ++++++++--
 src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs |  3 ++-
 src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md  |  3 ++-
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py b/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
index 03286b864..d1203f38d 100644
--- a/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
+++ b/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
@@ -182,12 +182,13 @@ def feature_line(key, sequence, fresh):
 
 
 def merge(lines, fresh, rings, tagged):
-    out, seen, sequence = [], set(), 0
-    report = {'kept': 0, 'updated': [], 'removed': [], 'added': [], 'unexported': []}
+    out, seen, known, sequence = [], set(), set(), 0
+    report = {'kept': 0, 'updated': [], 'removed': [], 'added': [], 'unexported': [], 'skipped': []}
     for line in lines:
         feature = json.loads(line)
         sequence = max(sequence, feature['properties']['id'])
         key = osm_key(feature)
+        known.add(key)
         if key in fresh:
             seen.add(key)
             old_tags = feature['properties']['tags']
@@ -211,6 +212,8 @@ def merge(lines, fresh, rings, tagged):
         sequence += 1
         out.append(feature_line(key, sequence, fresh[key]))
         report['added'].append(key)
+    # newly tagged, but osmium built no usable geometry: nothing to add yet
+    report['skipped'] = sorted(set(tagged) - set(fresh) - known, key=lambda k: (k[0], int(k[1:])))
     if len({osm_key(json.loads(line)) for line in out}) != len(out):
         raise ValueError('Duplicate OSM identity')
     return out, report
@@ -239,6 +242,9 @@ def main():
     if report['unexported']:
         print('warning: kept the old line of tagged features osmium did not export: %s'
               % ', '.join(report['unexported']), file=sys.stderr)
+    if report['skipped']:
+        print('warning: did not add newly tagged features osmium did not export: %s'
+              % ', '.join(report['skipped']), file=sys.stderr)
     payload = '\n'.join(merged) + '\n'
     if args.verify:
         if payload != DATASET.read_text(encoding='utf-8'):
diff --git a/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs b/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs
index 2b7b7d5bf..88527295b 100644
--- a/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs
@@ -52,9 +52,10 @@ def line(osm_id, sequence):
                                       'type': 'data_center', 'osm_id': osm_id}})
 norway = [([(0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 80), (0, 80)], False)]
 lines = [line(7, 1), line(8, 2)]
-out, report = merge(lines, {}, norway, {'w7'})
+out, report = merge(lines, {}, norway, {'w7', 'w12'})
 assert out == [lines[0]], out
 assert report['unexported'] == ['w7'] and report['removed'] == ['w8'], report
+assert report['skipped'] == ['w12'] and report['added'] == [], report
 `,
   );
 });
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
index 5a80df267..86f573c61 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ reflects OSM as of the extract below, everything else the original snapshot.
 - Contact tags are dropped as above; unchanged features keep their original
   line, so geometry is only rewritten when tags or rings actually changed.
   A feature is removed only once it is no longer tagged; one still tagged but
-  without an exportable geometry keeps its line and is reported as unexported.
+  without an exportable geometry keeps its line and is reported as unexported,
+  and a newly tagged one osmium cannot export is reported as skipped.
 - Refresh: `python3 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py --cache <dir>` uses
   Geofabrik's current Norway extract and prints the dated name it used; record
   that name, its OSM timestamp and MD5 here. Requires `osmium-tool`.

From 37e751f1e33c179520cecb43ed64681ca55c5369 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Adrian Sbardella <sbardemadrian@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 21:06:56 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 087/262] fix(fires): keep retained heat hidden when reenabling
 an empty filter

Add a lifecycle regression and register it in the format scope.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                    |  2 ++
 scripts/format-scope.json                |  1 +
 src/layers/firms/heatVisibility.test.mjs | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js            |  3 +-
 4 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/layers/firms/heatVisibility.test.mjs

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 66dd7068c..c67967183 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -2231,6 +2231,8 @@ view), so the weak fires the heatmap shows stay on screen as markers when it
 fades out; it reads each marker's already-built anchor instead of the ground
 floor cache, which only the close band warms. "N FIRES" cards from a 2° / 1° aggregation still label the hottest
 areas; their accent is the strongest fire's FRP color.
+Re-enabling Active Fires keeps the retained heat imagery hidden when the current
+filtered set is empty, including while a new snapshot is pending.
 
 The Active Fires row carries a "Fire intensity (FRP)" slider on a log scale
 whose track is painted with the ramp and ticked at the same six values (its
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index 3df4155f2..606314960 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -408,6 +408,7 @@
   "src/layers/firms/cards.js",
   "src/layers/firms/index.js",
   "src/layers/firms/ingestion.js",
+  "src/layers/firms/heatVisibility.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js",
   "src/layers/firms/model.js",
   "src/layers/firms/policy.js",
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/heatVisibility.test.mjs b/src/layers/firms/heatVisibility.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4926db156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/firms/heatVisibility.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createLifecycle } from './lifecycle.js';
+
+test('reenabling an empty filtered layer never reveals the retained pre-filter heat raster', async () => {
+  let shown = false;
+  const noop = () => {};
+  const layerState = {
+    _enabled: false,
+    _viewer: {},
+    _dataSource: {},
+    _fires: [],
+    _loading: true,
+    _pickIndexById: new Map(),
+    _heatImagery: {
+      setShow(v) {
+        shown = v;
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  const lifecycle = createLifecycle({
+    layerState,
+    services: {
+      picking: { registerPickOwner: noop, unregisterPickOwner: noop },
+      sprites: { restoreSpriteOrderOnEnable: noop },
+      context: { clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer: noop },
+    },
+    config: { id: 'local-firms', overlayHost: { setVisible: noop } },
+    components: {
+      rendering: { applyHandoffFade: noop },
+      viewport: { installLodWatcher: noop, installMoveEndWatcher: noop },
+      selection: { installClickHandler: noop },
+    },
+  });
+  await lifecycle.methods.enable(layerState._viewer);
+  assert.equal(
+    shown,
+    false,
+    'empty current set must keep the old raster hidden while refresh is pending',
+  );
+  layerState._fires = [{ frp: null, confidence: null }];
+  await lifecycle.methods.enable(layerState._viewer);
+  assert.equal(shown, true, 'nonempty sets still resume their raster');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
index 541efca16..90d9cc217 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/lifecycle.js
@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         layerState._billboards.show = true;
       }
       overlayHost.setVisible(FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, true);
-      layerState._heatImagery?.setShow(true);
+      // A filter can leave an old raster cached while the current set is empty.
+      layerState._heatImagery?.setShow(layerState._fires.length > 0);
       // The camera can have crossed the hand-off while the layer was off.
       components.rendering.applyHandoffFade(true);
       components.viewport.installLodWatcher();

From 19e85941e63fad99439e77739137666f686bff45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Adrian Sbardella <sbardemadrian@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2026 21:07:29 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 088/262] docs: add changelog entry for empty-filter heat
 lifecycle fix

---
 changelog.d/1535-fires-empty-heat-reenable.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1535-fires-empty-heat-reenable.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1535-fires-empty-heat-reenable.md b/changelog.d/1535-fires-empty-heat-reenable.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a862a7b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1535-fires-empty-heat-reenable.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+- Keep retained Active Fires heat imagery hidden when an empty filtered layer is
+  re-enabled while a new snapshot is pending (radianx, #1535).

From 44860df90e78d854c0523f9563d32f56d0c86e03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 13:40:43 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 089/262] Follow a replacement voice flight whatever its
 predecessor reports
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

A motion queued behind a voice fly-to now follows a later fly-to in the same reply whether the earlier one arrived, was cancelled or failed. A geocode that loses navigation reports failed, so the motion used to be dropped; and a flight left flying while the next place is looked up could land and run the motion there, taking navigation and cancelling the newer flight. The deadline, abort and stale-reply checks still end the wait.

pitchDeg -90 or -89 from a top-down view is now unchanged rather than a 1° tilt up, and the tilt tests' pitch loops are bounded.
---
 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs       | 23 +++++++++++--
 src/cameraVerbs.js            |  8 ++++-
 src/voice/gevActions.js       | 14 ++++++--
 src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs | 65 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
index 7d2664c9f..93bbf246e 100644
--- a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
@@ -78,6 +78,11 @@ function harness(
 }
 
 const pitchDeg = (camera) => degrees(camera.pitch);
+/** Tick until done() holds; a regression fails here instead of hanging. */
+const tickUntil = (h, done, frames = 600) => {
+  for (let i = 0; i < frames && !done(); i += 1) h.tick();
+  assert.ok(done(), `not reached in ${frames} frames`);
+};
 const headingDeg = (camera) =>
   degrees(Cesium.Math.negativePiToPi(camera.heading));
 
@@ -171,6 +176,20 @@ test('a requested angle the camera already holds is a no-op', (t) => {
   assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
 });
 
+for (const pitch of [-90, -89]) {
+  test(`a top-down view asked for ${pitch}° stays put`, (t) => {
+    // The tool description calls -89 top-down; the clamp must not tilt a
+    // -90° view up 1° and report it as a move up.
+    const h = harness(t);
+    const before = pitchDeg(h.camera);
+    const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: pitch });
+    assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+    assert.equal(result.unchanged, true);
+    assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+    assert.equal(pitchDeg(h.camera), before);
+  });
+}
+
 test('tilt down from top-down still refuses honestly', (t) => {
   harness(t);
   const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'down' });
@@ -335,7 +354,7 @@ test('the pitchDeg and direction check uses the pitch the swing starts from', (t
 test('after a zoom in, a pivoting tilt never lowers the camera further', (t) => {
   const h = harness(t, { height: 1000 });
   moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' });
-  while (pitchDeg(h.camera) < -30) h.tick();
+  tickUntil(h, () => pitchDeg(h.camera) >= -30);
   adjustOrbitRange(1 / 2.4);
   adjustOrbitRange(1 / 2.4);
   h.tick();
@@ -390,7 +409,7 @@ test('a zoom in during a pivot tilt stops at the clearance', (t) => {
   // the camera about 107 m up, then at the 80 m zoom floor.
   const h = harness(t, { height: 400 });
   moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' });
-  while (pitchDeg(h.camera) < -40) h.tick();
+  tickUntil(h, () => pitchDeg(h.camera) >= -40);
   assert.deepEqual(adjustOrbitRange(1 / 2.4), { kind: 'tilt', changed: true });
   // At -40° the floor is 150 / sin 40° ≈ 233 m, which the first zoom reached.
   assert.deepEqual(adjustOrbitRange(1 / 2.4), { kind: 'tilt', changed: false });
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 16888d73e..380a737f0 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -1671,7 +1671,13 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
     // Judge from the pitch the motion will start at: the pivot's, which at
     // regional range is a degree or two shallower than the camera's.
     const { from } = tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera, { releasesTracking });
-    if (Math.abs(tiltToPitch - from) < Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)) {
+    // -89 or -90 means top-down, which a -90° view already is: the clamp
+    // must not tilt it up 1°.
+    const atTopDown = tiltToPitch <= PITCH_MIN && from <= PITCH_MIN;
+    if (
+      atTopDown ||
+      Math.abs(tiltToPitch - from) < Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)
+    ) {
       return {
         ok: true,
         action: 'move_camera',
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index f7573075e..c9bc811a4 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -1302,9 +1302,17 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
           runOptions.signal,
           deadline,
         );
-        // A later fly-to in the same reply cancels this one: follow it to
-        // where the camera lands, within the same deadline.
-        while (status === 'cancelled' && voiceFlight !== flight && current()) {
+        // A later fly-to in the same reply replaces this one: follow it to
+        // where the camera lands, within the same deadline. Its status does
+        // not matter. A geocode that loses navigation reports failed, and a
+        // flight left flying while the next place is looked up can still
+        // land; running there would take navigation and cancel the newer one.
+        while (
+          voiceFlight !== flight &&
+          status !== 'aborted' &&
+          status !== 'timeout' &&
+          current()
+        ) {
           flight = voiceFlight;
           status = await waitForVoiceFlight(
             flight,
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index a464c94bd..14d008933 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -570,6 +570,71 @@ test('a motion follows a later fly-to in the same reply that cancels its flight'
   assert.equal(result.motion, 'orbit');
 });
 
+test('a motion follows a later fly-to whose start cancels its geocode', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const searches = [];
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: (_viewer, query, options) => new Promise((resolve) => {
+      searches.push({ query, options, resolve });
+    }),
+  });
+  const flyA = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Place A' });
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+  const movedDone = settledYet(moved);
+  const flyB = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Place B' });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  // B takes navigation authority, so A's lookup comes back cancelled.
+  searches[0].resolve({ cancelled: true });
+  assert.equal((await flyA).cancelled, true);
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal(movedDone(), false, 'the orbit must follow B, not drop');
+  searches[1].resolve({ label: 'Place B', navigationMode: 'city-overview' });
+  assert.equal((await flyB).ok, true);
+  searches[1].options.onComplete();
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.motion, 'orbit');
+});
+
+test('a motion does not run at a flight that lands while the next place is looked up', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager, order, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const searches = [];
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: (_viewer, query, options) => new Promise((resolve) => {
+      searches.push({ query, options, resolve });
+    }),
+  });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  const movedDone = settledYet(moved);
+  const flyB = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Place B' });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  // Deferred navigation leaves A flying while B is looked up, and A lands.
+  const before = order.length;
+  flights[0].complete();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal(movedDone(), false, 'the tilt must wait for B');
+  assert.equal(
+    order.slice(before).includes('cancel'),
+    false,
+    'the tilt must not take navigation and cancel B',
+  );
+  searches[0].resolve({ label: 'Place B', navigationMode: 'city-overview' });
+  assert.equal((await flyB).ok, true);
+  searches[0].options.onComplete();
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.motion, 'tilt');
+});
+
 test('a stale motion does not follow a newer reply\'s fly-to', async () => {
   const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
   const runner = createGevActionRunner({

From b683b8a64b7d71e33f468469e4b7494f60f6c6ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 14:29:37 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 090/262] Look past voice lookups that found nothing

A motion queued behind a voice fly-to acts on the last flight that moved the camera. A later lookup that was not found, threw, or was cancelled once a newer voice fly-to had begun moved nothing, so the motion looks past it rather than refusing or running early and cancelling the flight still in the air. It never acts at a flight older than the one it started waiting on. A lookup cancelled while still the latest voice flight (a search, a share link, Cockpit) still refuses.

The top-down no-op now reports the camera's real pitch.
---
 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs       |   1 +
 src/cameraVerbs.js            |   4 +-
 src/voice/gevActions.js       | 108 ++++++++++++++++-------
 src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs | 156 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 237 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
index 93bbf246e..d372d0746 100644
--- a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
@@ -185,6 +185,7 @@ for (const pitch of [-90, -89]) {
     const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: pitch });
     assert.equal(result.ok, true);
     assert.equal(result.unchanged, true);
+    assert.equal(result.pitchDeg, Math.round(before));
     assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
     assert.equal(pitchDeg(h.camera), before);
   });
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 380a737f0..c1e5c5d1a 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -1682,7 +1682,9 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
         ok: true,
         action: 'move_camera',
         motion,
-        pitchDeg: Math.round(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(tiltToPitch)),
+        pitchDeg: Math.round(
+          Cesium.Math.toDegrees(atTopDown ? from : tiltToPitch),
+        ),
         unchanged: true,
       };
     }
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index c9bc811a4..83cdea367 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -288,9 +288,10 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
     ? { ...SPEECH_BUILDERS, ...speechBuilders }
     : SPEECH_BUILDERS;
   const _layerEnabledAt = new Map();
-  // The latest voice flight. A tilt in the same reply as "fly to X" waits for
-  // it to land: run at once, its navigation cancelled the flight, or the
-  // flight (still geocoding) then replaced the tilt.
+  // The latest voice flight. A tilt, orbit, pan or rotate in the same reply
+  // as "fly to X" waits for it to land: run at once, its navigation
+  // cancelled the flight, or the flight (still geocoding) then replaced the
+  // motion. The wait follows later fly-tos (voiceFlightTarget).
   let voiceFlight = null;
   let analystEngine;
   // Area handles live for this runner (the page): resolve_area, the
@@ -1143,10 +1144,11 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
           runOptions,
         );
       }
-      // Chained fly-tos in one reply: a grab during the earlier one counts.
-      const flight = trackVoiceFlight(
-        voiceFlight && !voiceFlight.done ? voiceFlight.inputCount : undefined,
-      );
+      // Chained fly-tos: a grab during the earlier one counts. The flight
+      // replaced is the last one that moved, past lookups that found nothing.
+      const prior = voiceFlightTarget(voiceFlight);
+      const replaced = prior && !prior.done ? prior : null;
+      const flight = trackVoiceFlight(replaced?.inputCount, replaced);
       voiceFlight = flight;
       const flown = flyToRequestedLocation(viewer, args, {
         onFlightEnd: flight.settle,
@@ -1177,13 +1179,23 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
           if (viewer.trackedEntity) stopAllTracking(viewer, dataManager);
         },
       });
-      // No flight started (not found, refused, cancelled): nothing to wait for.
-      flown.then(
-        (result) => {
-          if (result?.ok !== true) flight.settle('failed');
-        },
-        () => flight.settle('failed'),
-      );
+      // No flight started: nothing to wait for. A lookup that was not found,
+      // threw, or was cancelled once a newer voice fly-to had begun (which
+      // takes navigation from it) moved nothing, so a queued motion looks
+      // past it to the flight it replaced. One cancelled while still the
+      // latest voice flight lost navigation to something else (a search, a
+      // share link, Cockpit): the motion then refuses. A flight its own hooks
+      // already settled (cancelled mid-air) keeps its status.
+      const notStarted = () => {
+        if (!flight.done) flight.movedNothing = true;
+        flight.settle('failed');
+      };
+      flown.then((result) => {
+        if (result?.ok === true) return;
+        if (result?.cancelled && voiceFlight === flight)
+          flight.settle('failed');
+        else notStarted();
+      }, notStarted);
       return flown;
     }
 
@@ -1287,39 +1299,45 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
 
     if (name === 'move_camera') {
       const motion = String(args.motion || '').toLowerCase();
+      // A lookup that already found nothing does not hide the last flight
+      // that moved: running now would cancel that flight mid-air.
+      const pending = voiceFlightTarget(voiceFlight);
       if (
         VOICE_FLIGHT_WAITING_MOTIONS.has(motion) &&
-        voiceFlight &&
-        !voiceFlight.done
+        pending &&
+        !pending.done
       ) {
         // Bad arguments are refused now, not after waiting on the flight.
         const argsError = moveCameraArgsError(args);
         if (argsError) return argsError;
         const deadline = Date.now() + VOICE_FLIGHT_WAIT_MS;
-        let flight = voiceFlight;
+        const start = pending;
+        let flight = start;
         let status = await waitForVoiceFlight(
           flight,
           runOptions.signal,
           deadline,
         );
-        // A later fly-to in the same reply replaces this one: follow it to
-        // where the camera lands, within the same deadline. Its status does
-        // not matter. A geocode that loses navigation reports failed, and a
-        // flight left flying while the next place is looked up can still
-        // land; running there would take navigation and cancel the newer one.
-        while (
-          voiceFlight !== flight &&
-          status !== 'aborted' &&
-          status !== 'timeout' &&
-          current()
-        ) {
-          flight = voiceFlight;
+        // A later fly-to replaces this one: follow it to where the camera
+        // lands, within the same deadline, whatever this flight reported. A
+        // geocode that loses navigation reports failed, and a flight left
+        // flying while the next place is looked up can still land; running
+        // there would take navigation and cancel the newer one. A later
+        // lookup that found nothing moved nothing, so the motion acts on the
+        // last flight it saw that did move the camera.
+        let landed = flight.movedNothing ? null : { flight, status };
+        while (status !== 'aborted' && status !== 'timeout' && current()) {
+          const target = voiceFlightTarget(voiceFlight, start);
+          if (!target || target === flight) break;
+          flight = target;
           status = await waitForVoiceFlight(
             flight,
             runOptions.signal,
             deadline,
           );
+          if (!flight.movedNothing) landed = { flight, status };
         }
+        if (flight.movedNothing && landed) ({ flight, status } = landed);
         if (!current())
           return { ok: false, action: 'move_camera', cancelled: true };
         if (status !== 'arrived')
@@ -2939,11 +2957,25 @@ async function frameOverhead(viewer, dataManager, styleManager, args = {}) {
   );
 }
 
-/** A voice flight's end: 'arrived', 'cancelled' or 'failed', settled once. */
-function trackVoiceFlight(inputCount = manualCameraInputCount()) {
+let voiceFlightCount = 0;
+
+/**
+ * A voice flight's end: 'arrived', 'cancelled' or 'failed', settled once.
+ * `replaced` is the last flight that moved, if still pending when this one
+ * began (past lookups that found nothing). It is kept only
+ * while this one may turn out to have moved nothing (a lookup that found no
+ * place), so a queued motion can look past it.
+ */
+function trackVoiceFlight(
+  inputCount = manualCameraInputCount(),
+  replaced = null,
+) {
   let resolve;
   const flight = {
     done: false,
+    seq: (voiceFlightCount += 1),
+    replaced,
+    movedNothing: false,
     // Manual input after this means the user took the camera mid-flight.
     inputCount,
     ended: new Promise((settle) => {
@@ -2952,12 +2984,26 @@ function trackVoiceFlight(inputCount = manualCameraInputCount()) {
     settle: (status) => {
       if (flight.done) return;
       flight.done = true;
+      if (!flight.movedNothing) flight.replaced = null;
       resolve(status);
     },
   };
   return flight;
 }
 
+/**
+ * The flight a motion queued since `start` acts on: the latest one that
+ * actually started. A lookup that found nothing moved nothing, so look past
+ * it to the flight it replaced, but never to one older than `start` (a flight
+ * from an earlier reply). Null when every later lookup found nothing. With
+ * no `start`, the latest flight that started, however old.
+ */
+function voiceFlightTarget(latest, start = null) {
+  let flight = latest;
+  while (flight?.movedNothing) flight = flight.replaced;
+  return flight && (!start || flight.seq >= start.seq) ? flight : null;
+}
+
 /**
  * Longest a motion waits for its flight (geocode plus flight, which is about
  * 2 s) before giving up. The wait also holds the tool output, and on Gemini
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index 14d008933..ece2f92e0 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -635,6 +635,162 @@ test('a motion does not run at a flight that lands while the next place is looke
   assert.equal(result.motion, 'tilt');
 });
 
+// A later fly-to that finds nothing moves nothing: the motion still runs where
+// the earlier flight lands, whether the lookup fails before or after that.
+for (const order of ['lands first', 'not found first']) {
+  test(`a motion runs at its flight when a later fly-to finds nothing (${order})`, async (t) => {
+    t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+    const harness = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+    const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = harness;
+    const searches = [];
+    const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+      viewer,
+      styleManager,
+      dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+      searchNavigation: (_viewer, query, options) => new Promise((resolve) => {
+        searches.push({ query, options, resolve });
+      }),
+    });
+    assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+    const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+    const flyB = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Nowhere' });
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+    if (order === 'lands first') flights[0].complete();
+    searches[0].resolve(null);
+    assert.equal((await flyB).ok, false);
+    if (order !== 'lands first') flights[0].complete();
+    const result = await moved;
+    assert.equal(result.ok, true, result.error);
+    assert.equal(result.motion, 'tilt');
+  });
+}
+
+test('a motion beside a fly-to that finds nothing never acts at an earlier reply\'s flight', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const searches = [];
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: (_viewer, query, options) => new Promise((resolve) => {
+      searches.push({ query, options, resolve });
+    }),
+  });
+  // Reply 1: "fly to Austin", still flying.
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  // Reply 2: "fly to Nowhere and tilt".
+  const flyB = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Nowhere' });
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  searches[0].resolve(null);
+  assert.equal((await flyB).ok, false);
+  flights[0].complete();
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /did not arrive/);
+});
+
+// Two later lookups that both find nothing, in either order, leave the motion
+// acting where the first flight landed.
+for (const first of [0, 1]) {
+  test(`a motion looks past two lookups that found nothing (lookup ${first + 1} fails first)`, async (t) => {
+    t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+    const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+    const searches = [];
+    const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+      viewer,
+      styleManager,
+      dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+      searchNavigation: (_viewer, query, options) => new Promise((resolve) => {
+        searches.push({ query, options, resolve });
+      }),
+    });
+    assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+    const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+    const flyB = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Nowhere B' });
+    const flyC = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Nowhere C' });
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+    searches[first].resolve(null);
+    searches[1 - first].resolve(null);
+    assert.equal((await flyB).ok, false);
+    assert.equal((await flyC).ok, false);
+    flights[0].complete();
+    const result = await moved;
+    assert.equal(result.ok, true, result.error);
+  });
+}
+
+test('a lookup cancelled by a newer one that finds nothing does not hide the flight that landed', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const searches = [];
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: (_viewer, query, options) => new Promise((resolve) => {
+      searches.push({ query, options, resolve });
+    }),
+  });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  const flyB = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Place B' });
+  const flyC = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Nowhere C' });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  flights[0].complete();
+  // C's start takes navigation from B's lookup; C then finds nothing.
+  searches[0].resolve({ cancelled: true });
+  searches[1].resolve(null);
+  assert.equal((await flyB).cancelled, true);
+  assert.equal((await flyC).ok, false);
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true, result.error);
+});
+
+test('a motion sent after a fly-to that found nothing still waits for the flight before it', async (t) => {
+  // Serial dispatch: "fly to Austin, fly to Nowhere, tilt", one call at a time.
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager, order, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: async () => null,
+  });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Nowhere' })).ok, false);
+  const before = order.length;
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  const movedDone = settledYet(moved);
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal(movedDone(), false, 'the tilt must wait for the Austin flight');
+  assert.equal(order.slice(before).includes('cancel'), false);
+  flights[0].complete();
+  assert.equal((await moved).ok, true);
+});
+
+test('two lookups that found nothing in a row still leave the motion waiting for the flight', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager, order, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: async () => null,
+  });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Nowhere' })).ok, false);
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Nowhere 2' })).ok, false);
+  const before = order.length;
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+  const movedDone = settledYet(moved);
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal(movedDone(), false, 'the orbit must wait for the Austin flight');
+  assert.equal(order.slice(before).includes('cancel'), false);
+  flights[0].complete();
+  assert.equal((await moved).ok, true);
+});
+
 test('a stale motion does not follow a newer reply\'s fly-to', async () => {
   const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
   const runner = createGevActionRunner({

From 4c9b27dc204d52603942be7803e2432d2e8b1b0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 14:48:07 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 091/262] Keep a settled flight in reach of a later failed
 lookup

A new voice fly-to now records the last flight that moved as the one it replaced, landed or not; only a still-flying one passes on its manual-input count. A slow lookup cancelled by a direct flight that landed, followed by a lookup that found nothing, used to drop the queued motion, and a cancelled direct flight in the same place let it fall back to an older landing.
---
 src/voice/gevActions.js       | 22 +++++++------
 src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs | 59 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index 83cdea367..089d95be0 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -1144,11 +1144,14 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
           runOptions,
         );
       }
-      // Chained fly-tos: a grab during the earlier one counts. The flight
-      // replaced is the last one that moved, past lookups that found nothing.
+      // Chained fly-tos: a grab during an earlier one still flying counts.
+      // The flight replaced is the last one that moved, past lookups that
+      // found nothing.
       const prior = voiceFlightTarget(voiceFlight);
-      const replaced = prior && !prior.done ? prior : null;
-      const flight = trackVoiceFlight(replaced?.inputCount, replaced);
+      const flight = trackVoiceFlight(
+        prior && !prior.done ? prior.inputCount : undefined,
+        prior,
+      );
       voiceFlight = flight;
       const flown = flyToRequestedLocation(viewer, args, {
         onFlightEnd: flight.settle,
@@ -2961,10 +2964,10 @@ let voiceFlightCount = 0;
 
 /**
  * A voice flight's end: 'arrived', 'cancelled' or 'failed', settled once.
- * `replaced` is the last flight that moved, if still pending when this one
- * began (past lookups that found nothing). It is kept only
- * while this one may turn out to have moved nothing (a lookup that found no
- * place), so a queued motion can look past it.
+ * `replaced` is the last flight that moved when this one began (past lookups
+ * that found nothing), landed or not. It is kept only while this one may turn
+ * out to have moved nothing (a lookup that found no place), so a queued
+ * motion can look past it to that flight and its outcome.
  */
 function trackVoiceFlight(
   inputCount = manualCameraInputCount(),
@@ -2996,7 +2999,8 @@ function trackVoiceFlight(
  * actually started. A lookup that found nothing moved nothing, so look past
  * it to the flight it replaced, but never to one older than `start` (a flight
  * from an earlier reply). Null when every later lookup found nothing. With
- * no `start`, the latest flight that started, however old.
+ * no `start`, the latest flight that started, back through lookups that
+ * found nothing.
  */
 function voiceFlightTarget(latest, start = null) {
   let flight = latest;
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index ece2f92e0..678a13659 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -791,6 +791,65 @@ test('two lookups that found nothing in a row still leave the motion waiting for
   assert.equal((await moved).ok, true);
 });
 
+// A flight that already settled is still what a later failed lookup replaced.
+test('a motion acts at a landed flight that a later failed lookup replaced', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const searches = [];
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: (_viewer, query, options) => new Promise((resolve) => {
+      searches.push({ query, options, resolve });
+    }),
+  });
+  const flyA = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Slow A' });
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  flights[0].complete();
+  const flyC = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Nowhere C' });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  // B's start made A's lookup stale; C then finds nothing.
+  searches[0].resolve({ cancelled: true });
+  searches[1].resolve(null);
+  assert.equal((await flyA).cancelled, true);
+  assert.equal((await flyC).ok, false);
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true, result.error);
+});
+
+test('a motion refuses when the flight a later failed lookup replaced was cancelled', async () => {
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const searches = [];
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: (_viewer, query, options) => new Promise((resolve) => {
+      searches.push({ query, options, resolve });
+    }),
+  });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+  const flyA = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Slow A' });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  // The motion sees Austin land, then follows A's lookup.
+  flights[0].complete();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  flights[1].cancel();
+  const flyC = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Nowhere C' });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  searches[0].resolve({ cancelled: true });
+  searches[1].resolve(null);
+  assert.equal((await flyA).cancelled, true);
+  assert.equal((await flyC).ok, false);
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /did not arrive/);
+});
+
 test('a stale motion does not follow a newer reply\'s fly-to', async () => {
   const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
   const runner = createGevActionRunner({

From 99831ea19b2ff5b9fff9d40e26a11422e277bb99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 16:34:39 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 092/262] Keep STALE on Contacts while a poll is in flight

A poll that returned the same stale snapshot dropped STALE from the
Contacts cohort until the next answer, because the in-flight loading flag
outranked stale and the source revision ignored the provider name. A
source that has answered now reads its status without the loading flag;
one that has never answered (AIS first connect) still reads as loading,
so it shows no STALE before any snapshot exists.
---
 src/layers/awareness/queries.js               |   1 +
 .../awareness/staleAfterLoading.test.mjs      | 159 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/awareness/subject.js               |   8 +-
 src/layers/vessels/ownership.test.mjs         |   2 -
 src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs                |   2 -
 5 files changed, 167 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/layers/awareness/staleAfterLoading.test.mjs

diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/queries.js b/src/layers/awareness/queries.js
index 593c85ebf..0c5bd78f3 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/queries.js
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ export function createQueries({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         stats.count ?? null,
         stats.status || null,
         stats.error || null,
+        stats.source || null,
       ];
     })
       .map((parts) => parts.join(':'))
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/staleAfterLoading.test.mjs b/src/layers/awareness/staleAfterLoading.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7128f4958
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/staleAfterLoading.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createQueries } from './queries.js';
+import { createSubject } from './subject.js';
+import { createModel } from './model.js';
+import { summarizeAwarenessCohort } from '../../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
+import { layerFeedState } from '../../data/feedState.js';
+import aisLiveVesselsLayer, {
+  _setVesselStateForTest,
+  _beginAisSessionForTest,
+  _applyAisFeedSnapshotForTest,
+  _setAisRuntimeForTest,
+} from '../../data/aisLiveVessels.js';
+
+test('a poll that returns the same stale AIS snapshot restores STALE on Contacts cohorts', () => {
+  globalThis.document ??= { body: null };
+  const services = {
+    installations: { getNearby: () => [], getStats: () => ({}) },
+    flights: { getNearby: () => [] },
+    military: { getNearby: () => [] },
+    vessels: { getNearby: () => [] },
+  };
+  const layerState = {
+    enabled: true,
+    passive: true,
+    sourceRevision: '',
+    cohortPages: new Map(),
+    subject: {
+      id: 'site-1',
+      layerId: 'military-installations',
+      label: 'Site',
+      position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 0, 0),
+    },
+  };
+  let states;
+  const parts = {
+    navigation: {
+      summarizeAwarenessCohortForNavigation: (items, source) =>
+        summarizeAwarenessCohort(items, source),
+      isFlightLayer: (id) => id === 'flights' || id === 'military',
+    },
+    rendering: { renderVisual() {}, scheduleDirectionOverlayUpdate() {} },
+    panel: { renderResults() {} },
+  };
+  const realQueries = createQueries({ state: layerState, services, parts });
+  parts.queries = { ...realQueries, collectSourceStates: () => states };
+  parts.model = createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts });
+  const subject = createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts });
+  const flights = (lastUpdate) => ({
+    available: true, enabled: true, stale: false,
+    stats: { source: 'OpenSky Network', count: 4, lastUpdate },
+  });
+  const vessels = (loading) => ({
+    available: true, enabled: true, stale: true,
+    stats: { source: 'Datalastic', stale: true, count: 3, lastUpdate: 1000, loading },
+  });
+  const rest = {
+    military: { available: true, enabled: true, stale: false, stats: { source: 'adsb.lol', fallback: false, count: 1, lastUpdate: 1 } },
+    'military-installations': { available: true, enabled: true, stale: false, stats: { coverage: { kind: 'subject', radiusM: 100000 } } },
+  };
+  const ais = () => layerState.results.cohorts.find((c) => c.id === 'ais-live-vessels');
+
+  // 1. Stale AIS cache, nothing loading.
+  states = { flights: flights(1), 'ais-live-vessels': vessels(false), ...rest };
+  subject.refreshSelectedSubject(true);
+  assert.equal(ais().sourceStatus, 'stale');
+
+  // 2. AIS re-poll in flight while the flights poll lands (revision changes).
+  states = { flights: flights(2), 'ais-live-vessels': vessels(true), ...rest };
+  subject.refreshSelectedSubject();
+  assert.equal(ais().sourceStatus, 'stale', 'a poll in flight keeps the snapshot stale');
+
+  // 3. AIS poll returns the same stale snapshot; only loading flips back.
+  states = { flights: flights(2), 'ais-live-vessels': vessels(false), ...rest };
+  subject.refreshSelectedSubject();
+  subject.refreshSelectedSubject();
+  assert.equal(ais().sourceStatus, 'stale', 'Layers reads STALE again; Contacts/Cockpit must too');
+});
+
+function fakeRuntime() {
+  return {
+    now: () => 1000,
+    setTimeout: () => ({}),
+    clearTimeout() {},
+  };
+}
+
+test('first AIS connect (no snapshot yet) carries no STALE on the Contacts cohort', () => {
+  globalThis.document ??= { body: null };
+  _setAisRuntimeForTest(fakeRuntime());
+  _setVesselStateForTest({ viewer: {}, records: [] });
+  try {
+    _beginAisSessionForTest();
+    // What server/providers/vessels/ais-live.js answers while its socket connects.
+    _applyAisFeedSnapshotForTest({}, {
+      rows: [], source: 'AISStream', status: 'connecting', refreshing: true,
+    });
+    const vesselStats = aisLiveVesselsLayer.getStats();
+    assert.equal(vesselStats.loading, true);
+    assert.equal(vesselStats.stale, true);
+    assert.equal(vesselStats.lastUpdate, null);
+    assert.equal(layerFeedState(vesselStats), 'loading', 'Layers chip reads LOADING');
+
+    const flightsStats = { source: 'OpenSky Network', count: 2, lastUpdate: 5 };
+    const militaryStats = { source: 'adsb.lol', fallback: false, count: 1, lastUpdate: 5 };
+    const installStats = { coverage: { kind: 'subject', radiusM: 100000 } };
+    const statsById = {
+      flights: flightsStats,
+      military: militaryStats,
+      'ais-live-vessels': vesselStats,
+      'military-installations': installStats,
+    };
+    const services = {
+      installations: { getNearby: () => [], getStats: () => installStats },
+      flights: { getNearby: () => [] },
+      military: { getNearby: () => [] },
+      vessels: aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+    };
+    const layerState = {
+      enabled: true,
+      passive: true,
+      sourceRevision: '',
+      cohortPages: new Map(),
+      dataManager: {
+        isEnabled: () => true,
+        getLayerLifecycleState: () => ({ enabled: true, lifecycleState: 'enabled' }),
+        layers: new Map(Object.entries(statsById).map(([id, s]) => [id, { module: { getStats: () => s } }])),
+      },
+      subject: {
+        id: 'site-1',
+        layerId: 'military-installations',
+        label: 'Site',
+        position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 0, 0),
+      },
+    };
+    const parts = {
+      navigation: {
+        summarizeAwarenessCohortForNavigation: (items, source) => summarizeAwarenessCohort(items, source),
+        isFlightLayer: (id) => id === 'flights' || id === 'military',
+      },
+      rendering: { renderVisual() {}, scheduleDirectionOverlayUpdate() {} },
+      panel: { renderResults() {} },
+    };
+    parts.queries = createQueries({ state: layerState, services, parts });
+    parts.model = createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts });
+    const subject = createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts });
+
+    const vesselsSource = parts.queries.collectSourceStates()['ais-live-vessels'];
+    assert.equal(vesselsSource.available, false, 'never-answered source is unavailable');
+
+    subject.refreshSelectedSubject(true);
+    const ais = layerState.results.cohorts.find((c) => c.id === 'ais-live-vessels');
+    assert.equal(ais.sourceStatus, null, 'no snapshot yet: no STALE label, Layers says LOADING');
+  } finally {
+    _setVesselStateForTest({ enabled: false });
+    _setAisRuntimeForTest();
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/subject.js b/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
index a555d332e..32123d248 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
@@ -54,8 +54,14 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const installationsState = sourceStates['military-installations'];
     const evaluatedAt = Date.now();
     // Whether the provider answered as a fallback or from a stale snapshot.
+    // A poll in flight does not change that, and the source revision ignores it.
+    // Before the first answer there is no snapshot, so loading stays.
     const sourceStatus = (sourceState) => {
-      const feedState = layerFeedState(sourceState.stats);
+      const feedState = layerFeedState(
+        sourceState.available
+          ? { ...sourceState.stats, loading: false }
+          : sourceState.stats,
+      );
       return feedState === 'fallback' || feedState === 'stale'
         ? feedState
         : null;
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/ownership.test.mjs b/src/layers/vessels/ownership.test.mjs
index a838a8099..2404434a0 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/ownership.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/ownership.test.mjs
@@ -411,8 +411,6 @@ test('empty coverage cannot hide stale, incomplete or rejected source data', asy
 });
 
 test('vessel stats name the provider the last snapshot reported', async () => {
-  // HAL-721: Contacts named a fixed AIS provider while this layer showed the
-  // one its server reported.
   const { layer } = setup({
     label: 'Vessels',
     async getSnapshot() {
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
index a8d6616d5..c2f20abcf 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
@@ -167,8 +167,6 @@ test('a snapshot fills the card and keeps classes other code sets', async (t) =>
 });
 
 test('each count names the provider its snapshot reports, with its feed state', async (t) => {
-  // HAL-721: the counters named fixed providers while the layer and the
-  // Contacts list named the one that answered.
   const reported = snapshot();
   reported.cohorts[0].source = 'adsb.lol';
   reported.cohorts[0].sourceStatus = 'fallback';

From e66b99c8ff7bb8a023cd7f394741097d88cfdaa7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 17:53:23 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 093/262] Fix the typed AI chat translations

The quick commands "Reset to globe view" and "Show earthquakes" reached t()
through a .map(), so the catalog check never saw them and every language
showed them in English. They are now marked with msg() and translated.

Review of the 71 strings from #1507 in all eleven languages:
- zh-Hant is regenerated from zh-CN with OpenCC s2tw, as its guide says;
  40 entries had Taiwan vocabulary instead.
- ar "Dock to the right" names the left side, where RTL puts that rail.
- ja "What am I looking at?" no longer asks what the assistant sees.
- Provider Settings, dock, provider, live and map use each glossary's terms.
- de drops the du-form; ja drops spaces between Japanese and Latin text.
- Calques, register and the example commands read naturally.
---
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json      | 42 +++++++++---------
 src/i18n/locales/de.json      | 64 ++++++++++++++-------------
 src/i18n/locales/es.json      | 30 +++++++------
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json      | 54 ++++++++++++-----------
 src/i18n/locales/it.json      | 58 +++++++++++++------------
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json      | 52 +++++++++++-----------
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json      | 36 +++++++--------
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json      | 36 +++++++--------
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json      | 40 +++++++++--------
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json   | 16 ++++---
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json | 82 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json |  1 +
 src/voice/chatPreferences.js  | 10 ++---
 13 files changed, 272 insertions(+), 249 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index deb68ec36..629bcacab 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3307,15 +3307,17 @@
   "Search cancelled": "أُلغي البحث",
   "Sea Marks": "علامات بحرية",
   "Ski Pistes": "مسارات التزلج",
-  "Fly to Tokyo": "الانتقال إلى طوكيو",
-  "Show live flights": "عرض الرحلات المباشرة",
+  "Fly to Tokyo": "انتقل إلى طوكيو",
+  "Show live flights": "اعرض تتبّع الرحلات المباشر",
+  "Reset to globe view": "ارجع إلى عرض الكرة الأرضية",
+  "Show earthquakes": "اعرض الزلازل",
   "AI chat": "دردشة الذكاء الاصطناعي",
   "GEV CHAT": "دردشة GEV",
-  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "اسأل عن الخريطة. أخبرها إلى أين تذهب.",
+  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "اسأل عن الخريطة، ووجّهها إلى حيث تريد.",
   "Close chat": "إغلاق الدردشة",
   "Conversation": "المحادثة",
   "Explore with a question": "استكشف بسؤال",
-  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "ابحث عن مكان، أو استكشف بيانات مباشرة، أو غيّر العرض.",
+  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "ابحث عن مكان، أو استكشف البيانات المباشرة، أو غيّر العرض الحالي.",
   "Attachments": "المرفقات",
   "Remove attachment": "إزالة المرفق",
   "Attach a map layer": "إرفاق طبقة خريطة",
@@ -3332,36 +3334,36 @@
   "Stop reply": "إيقاف الرد",
   "Send message": "إرسال الرسالة",
   "Panel position": "موضع اللوحة",
-  "Move above the dock": "النقل فوق الشريط",
-  "Dock to the right": "تثبيت إلى اليمين",
+  "Move above the dock": "النقل فوق الشريط السفلي",
+  "Dock to the right": "تثبيت على اليسار",
   "Expand panel": "توسيع اللوحة",
   "Minimize panel": "تصغير اللوحة",
   "You can attach up to four items.": "يمكنك إرفاق أربعة عناصر كحد أقصى.",
-  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "المرفقات كبيرة جدًا معًا. استخدم ملفات أصغر.",
+  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "الحجم الإجمالي للمرفقات كبير جدًا. استخدم ملفات أصغر.",
   "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "اختر ملف TXT أو Markdown أو CSV أو JSON أو GeoJSON.",
   "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "يجب ألا يتجاوز حجم كل ملف 10 كيلوبايت.",
-  "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "اختر ملفًا نصيًا بترميز UTF-8 غير فارغ.",
+  "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "اختر ملفًا نصيًا غير فارغ بترميز UTF-8.",
   "Connecting…": "جارٍ الاتصال…",
   "Thinking…": "جارٍ التفكير…",
   "Working on the map…": "جارٍ العمل على الخريطة…",
   "Silent chat · microphone off": "دردشة صامتة · الميكروفون متوقف",
-  "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "توقف الرد. يمكنك المحاولة مرة أخرى.",
-  "Could not connect. Try again.": "تعذّر الاتصال. حاول مرة أخرى.",
+  "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "انقطع الرد. يمكنك إعادة المحاولة.",
+  "Could not connect. Try again.": "تعذّر الاتصال. أعد المحاولة.",
   "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "انتهت الجلسة. أرسل رسالة لبدء محادثة جديدة.",
-  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "انتهت مهلة الاتصال. حاول مرة أخرى.",
+  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "انتهت مهلة الاتصال. أعد المحاولة.",
   "Chat closed.": "أُغلقت الدردشة.",
   "Connection stopped.": "توقف الاتصال.",
   "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "الرسالة والمرفقات كبيرة جدًا. أزل مرفقًا أو اختصر رسالتك.",
-  "Message was not sent. Try again.": "لم تُرسل الرسالة. حاول مرة أخرى.",
+  "Message was not sent. Try again.": "لم تُرسل الرسالة. أعد المحاولة.",
   "Reply stopped.": "أُوقف الرد.",
-  "Suggestions": "اقتراحات",
+  "Suggestions": "الاقتراحات",
   "Recent": "الأخيرة",
-  "Quick commands": "أوامر سريعة",
+  "Quick commands": "الأوامر السريعة",
   "Open AI chat": "فتح دردشة الذكاء الاصطناعي",
   "CHAT": "دردشة",
   "Back to chat": "العودة إلى الدردشة",
   "Back to voice": "العودة إلى الصوت",
-  "Latest voice exchange": "آخر تبادل صوتي",
+  "Latest voice exchange": "آخر حوار صوتي",
   "Try saying": "جرّب أن تقول",
   "What am I looking at?": "ما الذي أنظر إليه؟",
   "AI Provider": "مزوّد الذكاء الاصطناعي",
@@ -3370,13 +3372,13 @@
   "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "ردود الدردشة صامتة. لا حاجة إلى الوصول إلى الميكروفون.",
   "Chat": "الدردشة",
   "Attach layer": "إرفاق الطبقة",
-  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "تستخدم الدردشة الكتابية مفتاح OpenAI API الخاص بك. تسجيل الدخول إلى ChatGPT يشمل الصوت فقط.",
-  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "الدردشة الكتابية غير متاحة بينما يفرض GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH استخدام ChatGPT OAuth.",
+  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "تستخدم الدردشة النصية مفتاح OpenAI API الخاص بك. تسجيل الدخول إلى ChatGPT يشمل الصوت فقط.",
+  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "الدردشة النصية غير متاحة ما دام GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH يفرض استخدام ChatGPT OAuth.",
   "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "تطلّب هذا الطلب خطوات كثيرة جدًا. تبقى التغييرات التي أُجريت على الخريطة كما هي.",
   "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "تطلّب هذا الطلب خطوات كثيرة جدًا. جرّب طلبًا أبسط.",
-  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "رفض المزوّد مفتاح API. تحقّق منه في إعدادات المزوّد.",
-  "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "طلبات دردشة كثيرة جدًا. حاول مجددًا بعد {seconds} ث.",
-  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "رفض المزوّد الوصول لهذا المفتاح. تحقّق من مشروع المفتاح أو منطقته أو أذوناته.",
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "رفض المزوّد مفتاح API. تحقّق منه في «إعدادات المزوّدين».",
+  "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "طلبات دردشة كثيرة جدًا. أعد المحاولة بعد {seconds} ث.",
+  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "رفض المزوّد الوصول باستخدام هذا المفتاح. تحقّق من مشروع المفتاح أو منطقته أو أذوناته.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "نفد رصيد حساب المزوّد. تحقّق من الفوترة، أو اختر مزوّد ذكاء اصطناعي آخر في الإعدادات.",
   "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} إلى {upper}",
   "Up to {upper}": "حتى {upper}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 6876199d1..e795801fd 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -3021,73 +3021,75 @@
   "Ski Pistes": "Skipisten",
   "Fly to Tokyo": "Nach Tokio fliegen",
   "Show live flights": "Live-Flüge anzeigen",
+  "Reset to globe view": "Zur Globusansicht zurückkehren",
+  "Show earthquakes": "Erdbeben anzeigen",
   "AI chat": "KI-Chat",
   "GEV CHAT": "GEV-CHAT",
-  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Frag zur Karte. Sag ihr, wohin es geht.",
+  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Fragen zur Karte stellen und Ziele nennen.",
   "Close chat": "Chat schließen",
-  "Conversation": "Unterhaltung",
+  "Conversation": "Gespräch",
   "Explore with a question": "Mit einer Frage erkunden",
-  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "Finde einen Ort, erkunde Live-Daten oder ändere deine Ansicht.",
+  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "Einen Ort finden, Live-Daten erkunden oder die Ansicht ändern.",
   "Attachments": "Anhänge",
   "Remove attachment": "Anhang entfernen",
   "Attach a map layer": "Kartenebene anhängen",
   "Choose a layer…": "Ebene wählen…",
   "Attach a file": "Datei anhängen",
-  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON oder GeoJSON · insgesamt bis zu 10 KB. Anhänge werden mit deiner Nachricht an deinen KI-Anbieter gesendet.",
+  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON oder GeoJSON · insgesamt bis zu 10 KB. Anhänge werden mit der Nachricht an den gewählten KI-Anbieter gesendet.",
   "Latest AI response": "Neueste KI-Antwort",
-  "Expand conversation": "Unterhaltung erweitern",
+  "Expand conversation": "Gespräch ausklappen",
   "Command suggestions": "Befehlsvorschläge",
-  "Expand chat": "Chat erweitern",
+  "Expand chat": "Chat ausklappen",
   "Add attachment": "Anhang hinzufügen",
   "Message GEV": "Nachricht an GEV",
-  "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "Frag GEV alles zur Karte…",
+  "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "GEV etwas zur Karte fragen…",
   "Stop reply": "Antwort stoppen",
   "Send message": "Nachricht senden",
-  "Panel position": "Panelposition",
+  "Panel position": "Bereichsposition",
   "Move above the dock": "Über das Dock verschieben",
   "Dock to the right": "Rechts andocken",
-  "Expand panel": "Panel erweitern",
-  "Minimize panel": "Panel minimieren",
-  "You can attach up to four items.": "Du kannst bis zu vier Elemente anhängen.",
-  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "Die Anhänge sind zusammen zu groß. Verwende kleinere Dateien.",
-  "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "Wähle eine TXT-, Markdown-, CSV-, JSON- oder GeoJSON-Datei.",
+  "Expand panel": "Bereich ausklappen",
+  "Minimize panel": "Bereich minimieren",
+  "You can attach up to four items.": "Es können höchstens vier Elemente angehängt werden.",
+  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "Die Anhänge sind zusammen zu groß. Kleinere Dateien verwenden.",
+  "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "Eine TXT-, Markdown-, CSV-, JSON- oder GeoJSON-Datei wählen.",
   "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "Jede Datei darf höchstens 10 KB groß sein.",
-  "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "Wähle eine nicht leere UTF-8-Textdatei.",
-  "Connecting…": "Verbinde…",
+  "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "Eine nicht leere UTF-8-Textdatei wählen.",
+  "Connecting…": "Verbindet…",
   "Thinking…": "Denkt nach…",
   "Working on the map…": "Arbeitet an der Karte…",
-  "Silent chat · microphone off": "Stiller Chat · Mikrofon aus",
-  "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "Antwort unterbrochen. Du kannst es erneut versuchen.",
-  "Could not connect. Try again.": "Verbindung fehlgeschlagen. Versuch es erneut.",
-  "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "Sitzung beendet. Sende eine Nachricht, um eine neue Unterhaltung zu beginnen.",
-  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "Zeitüberschreitung der Verbindung. Versuch es erneut.",
+  "Silent chat · microphone off": "Chat ohne Ton · Mikrofon aus",
+  "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "Antwort unterbrochen. Erneut versuchen.",
+  "Could not connect. Try again.": "Verbindung fehlgeschlagen. Erneut versuchen.",
+  "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "Sitzung beendet. Für ein neues Gespräch eine Nachricht senden.",
+  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "Zeitüberschreitung bei der Verbindung. Erneut versuchen.",
   "Chat closed.": "Chat geschlossen.",
   "Connection stopped.": "Verbindung beendet.",
-  "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "Nachricht und Anhänge sind zu groß. Entferne einen Anhang oder kürze deine Nachricht.",
-  "Message was not sent. Try again.": "Nachricht wurde nicht gesendet. Versuch es erneut.",
+  "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "Nachricht und Anhänge sind zu groß. Einen Anhang entfernen oder die Nachricht kürzen.",
+  "Message was not sent. Try again.": "Nachricht wurde nicht gesendet. Erneut versuchen.",
   "Reply stopped.": "Antwort gestoppt.",
   "Suggestions": "Vorschläge",
-  "Recent": "Zuletzt",
+  "Recent": "Zuletzt verwendet",
   "Quick commands": "Schnellbefehle",
   "Open AI chat": "KI-Chat öffnen",
   "CHAT": "CHAT",
   "Back to chat": "Zurück zum Chat",
   "Back to voice": "Zurück zur Sprachsteuerung",
-  "Latest voice exchange": "Letzter Sprachaustausch",
-  "Try saying": "Sag zum Beispiel",
+  "Latest voice exchange": "Letzter Sprachdialog",
+  "Try saying": "Zum Beispiel",
   "What am I looking at?": "Was sehe ich gerade?",
   "AI Provider": "KI-Anbieter",
-  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "Der gewählte KI-Anbieter gilt für Sprache und Chat.",
+  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "Der gewählte KI-Anbieter gilt für Sprachsteuerung und Chat.",
   "Show quick commands": "Schnellbefehle anzeigen",
   "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "Chat-Antworten sind stumm. Kein Mikrofonzugriff nötig.",
   "Chat": "Chat",
   "Attach layer": "Ebene anhängen",
-  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "Der Text-Chat nutzt deinen OpenAI-API-Schlüssel. Die ChatGPT-Anmeldung gilt nur für Sprache.",
+  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "Der Text-Chat nutzt den OpenAI-API-Schlüssel. Die ChatGPT-Anmeldung gilt nur für die Sprachsteuerung.",
   "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "Der Text-Chat ist nicht verfügbar, solange GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH ChatGPT OAuth vorschreibt.",
   "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Diese Anfrage brauchte zu viele Schritte. Bereits vorgenommene Kartenänderungen bleiben erhalten.",
-  "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "Diese Anfrage brauchte zu viele Schritte. Versuche eine einfachere Anfrage.",
-  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Der Anbieter hat den API-Schlüssel abgelehnt. Prüfe ihn in den Anbieter-Einstellungen.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "Diese Anfrage brauchte zu viele Schritte. Eine einfachere Anfrage versuchen.",
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Der Anbieter hat den API-Schlüssel abgelehnt. Den Schlüssel in den Anbieter-Einstellungen prüfen.",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Zu viele Chat-Anfragen. In {seconds} s erneut versuchen.",
-  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Der Anbieter hat den Zugriff für diesen Schlüssel verweigert. Prüfe Projekt, Region oder Berechtigungen des Schlüssels.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Das Anbieterkonto hat kein Guthaben mehr. Prüfe die Abrechnung oder wähle in den Einstellungen einen anderen KI-Anbieter."
+  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Der Anbieter hat den Zugriff für diesen Schlüssel verweigert. Projekt, Region oder Berechtigungen des Schlüssels prüfen.",
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Das Anbieterkonto hat kein Guthaben mehr. Die Abrechnung prüfen oder in den Einstellungen einen anderen KI-Anbieter wählen."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index df11469ab..b49d311b4 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3094,11 +3094,13 @@
   "Search cancelled": "Búsqueda cancelada",
   "Sea Marks": "Señales marítimas",
   "Ski Pistes": "Pistas de esquí",
-  "Fly to Tokyo": "Volar a Tokio",
-  "Show live flights": "Mostrar vuelos en vivo",
+  "Fly to Tokyo": "Vuela a Tokio",
+  "Show live flights": "Muestra los vuelos en vivo",
+  "Reset to globe view": "Vuelve a la vista del globo",
+  "Show earthquakes": "Muestra los terremotos",
   "AI chat": "Chat de IA",
   "GEV CHAT": "CHAT DE GEV",
-  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Pregunta sobre el mapa. Indica adónde ir.",
+  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Pregunta sobre el mapa. Dile adónde ir.",
   "Close chat": "Cerrar chat",
   "Conversation": "Conversación",
   "Explore with a question": "Explora con una pregunta",
@@ -3109,12 +3111,12 @@
   "Choose a layer…": "Elige una capa…",
   "Attach a file": "Adjuntar un archivo",
   "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON o GeoJSON · hasta 10 KB en total. Los adjuntos se envían a tu proveedor de IA con el mensaje.",
-  "Latest AI response": "Última respuesta de IA",
+  "Latest AI response": "Última respuesta de la IA",
   "Expand conversation": "Expandir conversación",
   "Command suggestions": "Sugerencias de comandos",
   "Expand chat": "Expandir chat",
   "Add attachment": "Añadir adjunto",
-  "Message GEV": "Enviar mensaje a GEV",
+  "Message GEV": "Mensaje para GEV",
   "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "Pregunta a GEV lo que quieras sobre el mapa…",
   "Stop reply": "Detener respuesta",
   "Send message": "Enviar mensaje",
@@ -3124,7 +3126,7 @@
   "Expand panel": "Expandir panel",
   "Minimize panel": "Minimizar panel",
   "You can attach up to four items.": "Puedes adjuntar hasta cuatro elementos.",
-  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "Los adjuntos juntos son demasiado grandes. Usa archivos más pequeños.",
+  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "El tamaño total de los adjuntos es demasiado grande. Usa archivos más pequeños.",
   "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "Elige un archivo TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON o GeoJSON.",
   "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "Cada archivo debe tener como máximo 10 KB.",
   "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "Elige un archivo de texto UTF-8 que no esté vacío.",
@@ -3135,7 +3137,7 @@
   "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "Respuesta interrumpida. Puedes intentarlo de nuevo.",
   "Could not connect. Try again.": "No se pudo conectar. Inténtalo de nuevo.",
   "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "Sesión finalizada. Envía un mensaje para iniciar una nueva conversación.",
-  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "La conexión agotó el tiempo de espera. Inténtalo de nuevo.",
+  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "Se agotó el tiempo de conexión. Inténtalo de nuevo.",
   "Chat closed.": "Chat cerrado.",
   "Connection stopped.": "Conexión detenida.",
   "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "El mensaje y los adjuntos son demasiado grandes. Quita un adjunto o acorta el mensaje.",
@@ -3147,9 +3149,9 @@
   "Open AI chat": "Abrir chat de IA",
   "CHAT": "CHAT",
   "Back to chat": "Volver al chat",
-  "Back to voice": "Volver a voz",
+  "Back to voice": "Volver a la voz",
   "Latest voice exchange": "Último intercambio de voz",
-  "Try saying": "Prueba a decir",
+  "Try saying": "Intenta decir",
   "What am I looking at?": "¿Qué estoy viendo?",
   "AI Provider": "Proveedor de IA",
   "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "El proveedor de IA seleccionado se usa tanto para voz como para chat.",
@@ -3157,11 +3159,11 @@
   "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "Las respuestas del chat son silenciosas. No se necesita acceso al micrófono.",
   "Chat": "Chat",
   "Attach layer": "Adjuntar capa",
-  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "El chat escrito usa tu clave de la API de OpenAI. El inicio de sesión de ChatGPT solo cubre la voz.",
-  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "El chat escrito no está disponible mientras GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH exija ChatGPT OAuth.",
-  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Esa solicitud necesitó demasiados pasos. Los cambios ya hechos en el mapa se mantienen.",
-  "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "Esa solicitud necesitó demasiados pasos. Prueba una solicitud más sencilla.",
-  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "El proveedor rechazó la clave de API. Revísala en Ajustes del proveedor.",
+  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "El chat escrito usa tu clave de API de OpenAI. El inicio de sesión de ChatGPT solo sirve para la voz.",
+  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "El chat escrito no está disponible mientras GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH exija OAuth de ChatGPT.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Esa solicitud requirió demasiados pasos. Los cambios ya hechos en el mapa se mantienen.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "Esa solicitud requirió demasiados pasos. Prueba una solicitud más sencilla.",
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "El proveedor rechazó la clave de API. Revísala en Ajustes de proveedores.",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Demasiadas solicitudes de chat. Vuelve a intentarlo en {seconds} s.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "El proveedor denegó el acceso a esta clave. Revisa el proyecto, la región o los permisos de la clave.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "La cuenta del proveedor no tiene crédito. Revisa la facturación o elige otro proveedor de IA en Ajustes."
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 69d19c9f7..27c0453c4 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3096,41 +3096,43 @@
   "Ski Pistes": "Pistes de ski",
   "Fly to Tokyo": "Aller à Tokyo",
   "Show live flights": "Afficher les vols en direct",
+  "Reset to globe view": "Revenir à la vue du globe",
+  "Show earthquakes": "Afficher les séismes",
   "AI chat": "Discussion IA",
   "GEV CHAT": "DISCUSSION GEV",
   "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Posez une question sur la carte. Dites-lui où aller.",
   "Close chat": "Fermer la discussion",
   "Conversation": "Conversation",
-  "Explore with a question": "Explorer avec une question",
+  "Explore with a question": "Explorez en posant une question",
   "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "Trouvez un lieu, explorez des données en direct ou changez de vue.",
   "Attachments": "Pièces jointes",
   "Remove attachment": "Retirer la pièce jointe",
-  "Attach a map layer": "Joindre une couche de carte",
+  "Attach a map layer": "Joindre une couche de la carte",
   "Choose a layer…": "Choisir une couche…",
   "Attach a file": "Joindre un fichier",
-  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON ou GeoJSON · 10 Ko max. au total. Les pièces jointes sont envoyées à votre fournisseur d’IA avec votre message.",
-  "Latest AI response": "Dernière réponse de l’IA",
-  "Expand conversation": "Agrandir la conversation",
+  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON ou GeoJSON · 10 Ko max. au total. Les pièces jointes sont envoyées à votre fournisseur d'IA avec votre message.",
+  "Latest AI response": "Dernière réponse de l'IA",
+  "Expand conversation": "Développer la conversation",
   "Command suggestions": "Suggestions de commandes",
-  "Expand chat": "Agrandir la discussion",
+  "Expand chat": "Développer la discussion",
   "Add attachment": "Ajouter une pièce jointe",
   "Message GEV": "Message à GEV",
-  "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "Demandez à GEV ce que vous voulez sur la carte…",
+  "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "Posez à GEV toutes vos questions sur la carte…",
   "Stop reply": "Arrêter la réponse",
   "Send message": "Envoyer le message",
   "Panel position": "Position du panneau",
   "Move above the dock": "Placer au-dessus du dock",
   "Dock to the right": "Ancrer à droite",
-  "Expand panel": "Agrandir le panneau",
+  "Expand panel": "Développer le panneau",
   "Minimize panel": "Réduire le panneau",
-  "You can attach up to four items.": "Vous pouvez joindre jusqu’à quatre éléments.",
-  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "Les pièces jointes sont trop volumineuses ensemble. Utilisez des fichiers plus petits.",
+  "You can attach up to four items.": "Vous pouvez joindre jusqu'à quatre éléments.",
+  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "La taille totale des pièces jointes est trop importante. Utilisez des fichiers plus petits.",
   "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "Choisissez un fichier TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON ou GeoJSON.",
   "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "Chaque fichier doit faire 10 Ko ou moins.",
   "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "Choisissez un fichier texte UTF-8 non vide.",
   "Connecting…": "Connexion…",
   "Thinking…": "Réflexion…",
-  "Working on the map…": "Travail sur la carte…",
+  "Working on the map…": "Mise à jour de la carte…",
   "Silent chat · microphone off": "Discussion silencieuse · micro coupé",
   "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "Réponse interrompue. Vous pouvez réessayer.",
   "Could not connect. Try again.": "Connexion impossible. Réessayez.",
@@ -3139,30 +3141,30 @@
   "Chat closed.": "Discussion fermée.",
   "Connection stopped.": "Connexion arrêtée.",
   "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "Le message et les pièces jointes sont trop volumineux. Retirez une pièce jointe ou raccourcissez votre message.",
-  "Message was not sent. Try again.": "Le message n’a pas été envoyé. Réessayez.",
+  "Message was not sent. Try again.": "Le message n'a pas été envoyé. Réessayez.",
   "Reply stopped.": "Réponse arrêtée.",
   "Suggestions": "Suggestions",
   "Recent": "Récents",
   "Quick commands": "Commandes rapides",
   "Open AI chat": "Ouvrir la discussion IA",
-  "CHAT": "DISCUSSION",
+  "CHAT": "CHAT",
   "Back to chat": "Retour à la discussion",
-  "Back to voice": "Retour à la voix",
+  "Back to voice": "Retour au mode vocal",
   "Latest voice exchange": "Dernier échange vocal",
   "Try saying": "Essayez de dire",
-  "What am I looking at?": "Qu’est-ce que je regarde ?",
-  "AI Provider": "Fournisseur d’IA",
-  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "Le fournisseur d’IA choisi est partagé par la voix et la discussion.",
+  "What am I looking at?": "Qu'est-ce que je regarde ?",
+  "AI Provider": "Fournisseur d'IA",
+  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "Le fournisseur d'IA choisi est commun à la voix et à la discussion.",
   "Show quick commands": "Afficher les commandes rapides",
-  "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "Les réponses de la discussion sont silencieuses. Aucun accès au micro n’est nécessaire.",
+  "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "Les réponses de la discussion sont silencieuses. Aucun accès au microphone n'est nécessaire.",
   "Chat": "Discussion",
   "Attach layer": "Joindre la couche",
-  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "Le chat écrit utilise votre clé d’API OpenAI. La connexion ChatGPT ne couvre que la voix.",
-  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "Le chat écrit est indisponible tant que GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH impose ChatGPT OAuth.",
-  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Cette demande a nécessité trop d’étapes. Les modifications déjà apportées à la carte sont conservées.",
-  "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "Cette demande a nécessité trop d’étapes. Essayez une demande plus simple.",
-  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Le fournisseur a refusé la clé d’API. Vérifiez-la dans les paramètres du fournisseur.",
-  "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Trop de requêtes de chat. Réessayez dans {seconds} s.",
-  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Le fournisseur a refusé l’accès pour cette clé. Vérifiez le projet, la région ou les autorisations de la clé.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Le compte du fournisseur n’a plus de crédit. Vérifiez la facturation ou choisissez un autre fournisseur d’IA dans les paramètres."
+  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "La discussion écrite utilise votre clé API OpenAI. La connexion ChatGPT ne couvre que la voix.",
+  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "La discussion écrite est indisponible tant que GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH impose l'OAuth ChatGPT.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Cette demande a nécessité trop d'étapes. Les modifications déjà apportées à la carte sont conservées.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "Cette demande a nécessité trop d'étapes. Essayez une demande plus simple.",
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Le fournisseur a refusé la clé API. Vérifiez-la dans les paramètres des fournisseurs.",
+  "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Trop de requêtes de discussion. Réessayez dans {seconds} s.",
+  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Le fournisseur a refusé l'accès pour cette clé. Vérifiez le projet, la région ou les autorisations de la clé.",
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Le compte du fournisseur n'a plus de crédit. Vérifiez la facturation ou choisissez un autre fournisseur d'IA dans les paramètres."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index f33721cbb..a089ba758 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3095,47 +3095,49 @@
   "Sea Marks": "Segnalamenti marittimi",
   "Ski Pistes": "Piste da sci",
   "Fly to Tokyo": "Vola a Tokyo",
-  "Show live flights": "Mostra voli in diretta",
+  "Show live flights": "Mostra i voli live",
+  "Reset to globe view": "Ripristina la vista del globo",
+  "Show earthquakes": "Mostra i terremoti",
   "AI chat": "Chat IA",
   "GEV CHAT": "CHAT GEV",
-  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Chiedi della mappa. Dille dove andare.",
-  "Close chat": "Chiudi chat",
+  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Fai domande sulla mappa. Digli dove andare.",
+  "Close chat": "Chiudi la chat",
   "Conversation": "Conversazione",
   "Explore with a question": "Esplora con una domanda",
-  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "Trova un luogo, esplora dati in diretta o cambia vista.",
+  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "Trova un luogo, esplora i dati live o cambia vista.",
   "Attachments": "Allegati",
-  "Remove attachment": "Rimuovi allegato",
+  "Remove attachment": "Rimuovi l'allegato",
   "Attach a map layer": "Allega un livello della mappa",
   "Choose a layer…": "Scegli un livello…",
   "Attach a file": "Allega un file",
-  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON o GeoJSON · fino a 10 KB in totale. Gli allegati vengono inviati al tuo fornitore di IA insieme al messaggio.",
-  "Latest AI response": "Ultima risposta dell’IA",
-  "Expand conversation": "Espandi conversazione",
+  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON o GeoJSON · fino a 10 KB in totale. Gli allegati vengono inviati al tuo provider IA insieme al messaggio.",
+  "Latest AI response": "Ultima risposta dell'IA",
+  "Expand conversation": "Espandi la conversazione",
   "Command suggestions": "Suggerimenti di comandi",
-  "Expand chat": "Espandi chat",
+  "Expand chat": "Espandi la chat",
   "Add attachment": "Aggiungi allegato",
   "Message GEV": "Messaggio a GEV",
   "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "Chiedi a GEV qualsiasi cosa sulla mappa…",
-  "Stop reply": "Interrompi risposta",
-  "Send message": "Invia messaggio",
+  "Stop reply": "Interrompi la risposta",
+  "Send message": "Invia il messaggio",
   "Panel position": "Posizione del pannello",
   "Move above the dock": "Sposta sopra il dock",
   "Dock to the right": "Aggancia a destra",
-  "Expand panel": "Espandi pannello",
-  "Minimize panel": "Riduci pannello",
+  "Expand panel": "Espandi il pannello",
+  "Minimize panel": "Riduci il pannello",
   "You can attach up to four items.": "Puoi allegare fino a quattro elementi.",
-  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "Gli allegati insieme sono troppo grandi. Usa file più piccoli.",
+  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "Nel complesso gli allegati sono troppo grandi. Usa file più piccoli.",
   "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "Scegli un file TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON o GeoJSON.",
-  "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "Ogni file deve essere di 10 KB o meno.",
+  "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "Ogni file non deve superare i 10 KB.",
   "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "Scegli un file di testo UTF-8 non vuoto.",
   "Connecting…": "Connessione…",
   "Thinking…": "Sto pensando…",
-  "Working on the map…": "Lavoro sulla mappa…",
+  "Working on the map…": "Sto lavorando sulla mappa…",
   "Silent chat · microphone off": "Chat silenziosa · microfono spento",
   "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "Risposta interrotta. Puoi riprovare.",
   "Could not connect. Try again.": "Impossibile connettersi. Riprova.",
   "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "Sessione terminata. Invia un messaggio per iniziare una nuova conversazione.",
-  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "Connessione scaduta. Riprova.",
+  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "La connessione è andata in timeout. Riprova.",
   "Chat closed.": "Chat chiusa.",
   "Connection stopped.": "Connessione interrotta.",
   "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "Messaggio e allegati sono troppo grandi. Rimuovi un allegato o accorcia il messaggio.",
@@ -3144,25 +3146,25 @@
   "Suggestions": "Suggerimenti",
   "Recent": "Recenti",
   "Quick commands": "Comandi rapidi",
-  "Open AI chat": "Apri chat IA",
+  "Open AI chat": "Apri la chat IA",
   "CHAT": "CHAT",
   "Back to chat": "Torna alla chat",
   "Back to voice": "Torna alla voce",
   "Latest voice exchange": "Ultimo scambio vocale",
   "Try saying": "Prova a dire",
   "What am I looking at?": "Cosa sto guardando?",
-  "AI Provider": "Fornitore di IA",
-  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "Il fornitore di IA scelto è condiviso da voce e chat.",
-  "Show quick commands": "Mostra comandi rapidi",
-  "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "Le risposte della chat sono silenziose. Non serve l’accesso al microfono.",
+  "AI Provider": "Provider IA",
+  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "Il provider IA selezionato è condiviso tra voce e chat.",
+  "Show quick commands": "Mostra i comandi rapidi",
+  "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "Le risposte della chat sono silenziose. Non serve l'accesso al microfono.",
   "Chat": "Chat",
   "Attach layer": "Allega livello",
-  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "La chat scritta usa la tua chiave API OpenAI. L’accesso a ChatGPT copre solo la voce.",
+  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "La chat scritta usa la tua chiave API OpenAI. L'accesso a ChatGPT vale solo per la voce.",
   "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "La chat scritta non è disponibile finché GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH richiede ChatGPT OAuth.",
-  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Questa richiesta ha richiesto troppi passaggi. Le modifiche già fatte alla mappa restano.",
-  "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "Questa richiesta ha richiesto troppi passaggi. Prova una richiesta più semplice.",
-  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Il provider ha rifiutato la chiave API. Controllala nelle impostazioni del provider.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Per questa richiesta sono serviti troppi passaggi. Le modifiche già apportate alla mappa restano.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "Per questa richiesta sono serviti troppi passaggi. Prova con una richiesta più semplice.",
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Il provider ha rifiutato la chiave API. Controllala in Impostazioni provider.",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Troppe richieste di chat. Riprova tra {seconds} s.",
-  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Il provider ha negato l’accesso per questa chiave. Controlla progetto, regione o autorizzazioni della chiave.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "L’account del provider ha esaurito il credito. Controlla la fatturazione o scegli un altro provider IA nelle impostazioni."
+  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Il provider ha negato l'accesso per questa chiave. Controlla progetto, regione o autorizzazioni della chiave.",
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "L'account del provider ha esaurito il credito. Controlla la fatturazione o scegli un altro provider IA in Impostazioni."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index e47708830..1536306f1 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2944,28 +2944,30 @@
   "Search cancelled": "検索をキャンセルしました",
   "Sea Marks": "航路標識",
   "Ski Pistes": "スキーゲレンデ",
-  "Fly to Tokyo": "東京へ移動",
-  "Show live flights": "ライブのフライトを表示",
+  "Fly to Tokyo": "東京へ移動して",
+  "Show live flights": "ライブフライトを表示して",
+  "Reset to globe view": "地球全体ビューに戻して",
+  "Show earthquakes": "地震を表示して",
   "AI chat": "AIチャット",
-  "GEV CHAT": "GEV チャット",
+  "GEV CHAT": "GEVチャット",
   "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "地図について質問できます。行き先を伝えてください。",
   "Close chat": "チャットを閉じる",
   "Conversation": "会話",
   "Explore with a question": "質問から探索",
   "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "場所を探したり、ライブデータを見たり、表示を変えたりできます。",
-  "Attachments": "添付ファイル",
+  "Attachments": "添付",
   "Remove attachment": "添付を削除",
   "Attach a map layer": "地図レイヤーを添付",
   "Choose a layer…": "レイヤーを選択…",
   "Attach a file": "ファイルを添付",
-  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT、Markdown、CSV、JSON、GeoJSON · 合計 10 KB まで。添付はメッセージとともに AI プロバイダーへ送信されます。",
-  "Latest AI response": "最新の AI の応答",
+  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT、Markdown、CSV、JSON、GeoJSON · 合計10 KBまで。添付はメッセージとともにAIプロバイダーへ送信されます。",
+  "Latest AI response": "AIの最新の応答",
   "Expand conversation": "会話を展開",
   "Command suggestions": "コマンドの候補",
   "Expand chat": "チャットを展開",
   "Add attachment": "添付を追加",
-  "Message GEV": "GEV へのメッセージ",
-  "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "地図について GEV に何でも質問…",
+  "Message GEV": "GEVへのメッセージ",
+  "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "地図についてGEVに何でも質問…",
   "Stop reply": "応答を停止",
   "Send message": "メッセージを送信",
   "Panel position": "パネルの位置",
@@ -2973,15 +2975,15 @@
   "Dock to the right": "右側にドッキング",
   "Expand panel": "パネルを展開",
   "Minimize panel": "パネルを最小化",
-  "You can attach up to four items.": "添付できるのは 4 件までです。",
-  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "添付ファイルの合計が大きすぎます。小さいファイルを使ってください。",
-  "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "TXT、Markdown、CSV、JSON、GeoJSON のファイルを選んでください。",
-  "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "各ファイルは 10 KB 以下にしてください。",
-  "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "空でない UTF-8 のテキストファイルを選んでください。",
+  "You can attach up to four items.": "添付できるのは4件までです。",
+  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "添付の合計サイズが大きすぎます。小さいファイルを使ってください。",
+  "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "TXT、Markdown、CSV、JSON、GeoJSONのいずれかのファイルを選んでください。",
+  "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "各ファイルは10 KB以下にしてください。",
+  "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "空でないUTF-8のテキストファイルを選んでください。",
   "Connecting…": "接続中…",
   "Thinking…": "考え中…",
   "Working on the map…": "地図を操作中…",
-  "Silent chat · microphone off": "サイレントチャット · マイクオフ",
+  "Silent chat · microphone off": "テキストチャット · マイク オフ",
   "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "応答が中断されました。もう一度お試しください。",
   "Could not connect. Try again.": "接続できませんでした。もう一度お試しください。",
   "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "セッションが終了しました。メッセージを送ると新しい会話を始められます。",
@@ -2992,7 +2994,7 @@
   "Message was not sent. Try again.": "メッセージを送信できませんでした。もう一度お試しください。",
   "Reply stopped.": "応答を停止しました。",
   "Suggestions": "候補",
-  "Recent": "最近",
+  "Recent": "履歴",
   "Quick commands": "クイックコマンド",
   "Open AI chat": "AIチャットを開く",
   "CHAT": "チャット",
@@ -3000,19 +3002,19 @@
   "Back to voice": "音声に戻る",
   "Latest voice exchange": "直近の音声のやり取り",
   "Try saying": "話しかけてみましょう",
-  "What am I looking at?": "何を見ていますか？",
-  "AI Provider": "AI プロバイダー",
-  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "選んだ AI プロバイダーは音声とチャットで共通です。",
+  "What am I looking at?": "いま見えているのは何？",
+  "AI Provider": "AIプロバイダー",
+  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "選んだAIプロバイダーは音声とチャットで共通です。",
   "Show quick commands": "クイックコマンドを表示",
-  "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "チャットの応答は音声なしです。マイクへのアクセスは不要です。",
+  "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "チャットの応答は読み上げられません。マイクへのアクセスは不要です。",
   "Chat": "チャット",
   "Attach layer": "レイヤーを添付",
-  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "テキストチャットは OpenAI API キーを使用します。ChatGPT のサインインは音声のみが対象です。",
-  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH が ChatGPT OAuth を必須にしている間、テキストチャットは使えません。",
+  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "テキストチャットはOpenAI APIキーを使用します。ChatGPTのサインインは音声のみが対象です。",
+  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTHがChatGPT OAuthを必須にしている間、テキストチャットは使えません。",
   "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "このリクエストは手順が多すぎました。地図に加えた変更はそのまま残ります。",
   "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "このリクエストは手順が多すぎました。より簡単なリクエストを試してください。",
-  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "プロバイダーが API キーを拒否しました。プロバイダー設定で確認してください。",
-  "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "チャットのリクエストが多すぎます。{seconds} 秒後にもう一度お試しください。",
-  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "プロバイダーがこのキーへのアクセスを拒否しました。キーのプロジェクト、地域、権限を確認してください。",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "プロバイダーのアカウントのクレジットが不足しています。請求を確認するか、設定で別の AI プロバイダーを選んでください。"
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "プロバイダーがAPIキーを拒否しました。プロバイダー設定で確認してください。",
+  "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "チャットのリクエストが多すぎます。{seconds}秒後にもう一度お試しください。",
+  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "プロバイダーがこのキーでのアクセスを拒否しました。キーのプロジェクト、リージョン、権限を確認してください。",
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "プロバイダーアカウントのクレジットが不足しています。課金状況を確認するか、設定で別のAIプロバイダーを選んでください。"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 23c44f786..aa57b24a4 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3094,15 +3094,17 @@
   "Search cancelled": "Busca cancelada",
   "Sea Marks": "Sinais marítimos",
   "Ski Pistes": "Pistas de esqui",
-  "Fly to Tokyo": "Voar para Tóquio",
-  "Show live flights": "Mostrar voos ao vivo",
+  "Fly to Tokyo": "Voe para Tóquio",
+  "Show live flights": "Mostre os voos ao vivo",
+  "Reset to globe view": "Volte à vista do globo",
+  "Show earthquakes": "Mostre os terremotos",
   "AI chat": "Chat de IA",
   "GEV CHAT": "CHAT GEV",
   "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Pergunte sobre o mapa. Diga para onde ir.",
   "Close chat": "Fechar chat",
   "Conversation": "Conversa",
   "Explore with a question": "Explore com uma pergunta",
-  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "Encontre um lugar, explore dados ao vivo ou mude sua visão.",
+  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "Encontre um lugar, explore dados ao vivo ou mude a vista do mapa.",
   "Attachments": "Anexos",
   "Remove attachment": "Remover anexo",
   "Attach a map layer": "Anexar uma camada do mapa",
@@ -3119,8 +3121,8 @@
   "Stop reply": "Parar resposta",
   "Send message": "Enviar mensagem",
   "Panel position": "Posição do painel",
-  "Move above the dock": "Mover para cima do dock",
-  "Dock to the right": "Encaixar à direita",
+  "Move above the dock": "Posicionar acima do dock",
+  "Dock to the right": "Acoplar à direita",
   "Expand panel": "Expandir painel",
   "Minimize panel": "Minimizar painel",
   "You can attach up to four items.": "Você pode anexar até quatro itens.",
@@ -3132,14 +3134,14 @@
   "Thinking…": "Pensando…",
   "Working on the map…": "Trabalhando no mapa…",
   "Silent chat · microphone off": "Chat silencioso · microfone desligado",
-  "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "Resposta interrompida. Você pode tentar de novo.",
-  "Could not connect. Try again.": "Não foi possível conectar. Tente de novo.",
+  "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "Resposta interrompida. Você pode tentar novamente.",
+  "Could not connect. Try again.": "Não foi possível conectar. Tente novamente.",
   "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "Sessão encerrada. Envie uma mensagem para iniciar uma nova conversa.",
-  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "A conexão expirou. Tente de novo.",
+  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "A conexão expirou. Tente novamente.",
   "Chat closed.": "Chat fechado.",
   "Connection stopped.": "Conexão interrompida.",
   "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "A mensagem e os anexos são grandes demais. Remova um anexo ou encurte sua mensagem.",
-  "Message was not sent. Try again.": "A mensagem não foi enviada. Tente de novo.",
+  "Message was not sent. Try again.": "A mensagem não foi enviada. Tente novamente.",
   "Reply stopped.": "Resposta interrompida.",
   "Suggestions": "Sugestões",
   "Recent": "Recentes",
@@ -3148,21 +3150,21 @@
   "CHAT": "CHAT",
   "Back to chat": "Voltar ao chat",
   "Back to voice": "Voltar à voz",
-  "Latest voice exchange": "Última troca de voz",
+  "Latest voice exchange": "Última interação por voz",
   "Try saying": "Experimente dizer",
   "What am I looking at?": "O que estou vendo?",
   "AI Provider": "Provedor de IA",
-  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "O provedor de IA escolhido é compartilhado por voz e chat.",
+  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "O provedor de IA selecionado é usado tanto pela voz quanto pelo chat.",
   "Show quick commands": "Mostrar comandos rápidos",
   "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "As respostas do chat são silenciosas. Não é preciso acesso ao microfone.",
   "Chat": "Chat",
   "Attach layer": "Anexar camada",
-  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "O chat por texto usa sua chave da API da OpenAI. O login do ChatGPT cobre apenas a voz.",
-  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "O chat por texto fica indisponível enquanto GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH exigir o ChatGPT OAuth.",
-  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Esse pedido precisou de etapas demais. As alterações já feitas no mapa continuam.",
+  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "O chat por texto usa sua chave de API da OpenAI. O login do ChatGPT vale apenas para a voz.",
+  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "O chat por texto fica indisponível enquanto GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH exigir o OAuth do ChatGPT.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Esse pedido precisou de etapas demais. As alterações já feitas no mapa são mantidas.",
   "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "Esse pedido precisou de etapas demais. Tente um pedido mais simples.",
-  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "O provedor recusou a chave de API. Verifique-a nas configurações do provedor.",
-  "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Pedidos de chat demais. Tente de novo em {seconds} s.",
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "O provedor recusou a chave de API. Verifique-a em \"Configurações de provedores\".",
+  "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Chat: limite de requisições atingido. Tente novamente em {seconds} s.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "O provedor negou o acesso para esta chave. Verifique o projeto, a região ou as permissões da chave.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "A conta do provedor está sem crédito. Verifique o faturamento ou escolha outro provedor de IA nas configurações."
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "A conta do provedor está sem crédito. Verifique o faturamento ou escolha outro provedor de IA em \"Configurações\"."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index b364d3bf1..35f14ec0d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3169,14 +3169,16 @@
   "Search cancelled": "Поиск отменён",
   "Sea Marks": "Морские знаки",
   "Ski Pistes": "Горнолыжные трассы",
-  "Fly to Tokyo": "Перелететь в Токио",
-  "Show live flights": "Показать рейсы в реальном времени",
+  "Fly to Tokyo": "Перелети в Токио",
+  "Show live flights": "Покажи рейсы в реальном времени",
+  "Reset to globe view": "Вернись к виду всего глобуса",
+  "Show earthquakes": "Покажи землетрясения",
   "AI chat": "Чат с ИИ",
   "GEV CHAT": "ЧАТ GEV",
-  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Задайте вопрос о карте. Укажите, куда перейти.",
+  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Задайте вопрос о карте. Скажите, куда лететь.",
   "Close chat": "Закрыть чат",
   "Conversation": "Разговор",
-  "Explore with a question": "Начните исследование с вопроса",
+  "Explore with a question": "Начните с вопроса",
   "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "Найдите место, изучите данные в реальном времени или измените вид.",
   "Attachments": "Вложения",
   "Remove attachment": "Удалить вложение",
@@ -3185,7 +3187,7 @@
   "Attach a file": "Прикрепить файл",
   "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON или GeoJSON · до 10 КБ в сумме. Вложения отправляются провайдеру ИИ вместе с сообщением.",
   "Latest AI response": "Последний ответ ИИ",
-  "Expand conversation": "Развернуть разговор",
+  "Expand conversation": "Развернуть чат",
   "Command suggestions": "Подсказки команд",
   "Expand chat": "Развернуть чат",
   "Add attachment": "Добавить вложение",
@@ -3194,7 +3196,7 @@
   "Stop reply": "Остановить ответ",
   "Send message": "Отправить сообщение",
   "Panel position": "Положение панели",
-  "Move above the dock": "Переместить над панелью",
+  "Move above the dock": "Переместить над доком",
   "Dock to the right": "Закрепить справа",
   "Expand panel": "Развернуть панель",
   "Minimize panel": "Свернуть панель",
@@ -3204,15 +3206,15 @@
   "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "Размер каждого файла не должен превышать 10 КБ.",
   "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "Выберите непустой текстовый файл UTF-8.",
   "Connecting…": "Подключение…",
-  "Thinking…": "Обдумывание…",
-  "Working on the map…": "Работа с картой…",
+  "Thinking…": "Думаю…",
+  "Working on the map…": "Работаю с картой…",
   "Silent chat · microphone off": "Текстовый чат · микрофон выключен",
   "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "Ответ прерван. Попробуйте ещё раз.",
   "Could not connect. Try again.": "Не удалось подключиться. Попробуйте ещё раз.",
-  "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "Сеанс завершён. Отправьте сообщение, чтобы начать новый разговор.",
+  "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "Сессия завершена. Отправьте сообщение, чтобы начать новый разговор.",
   "Connection timed out. Try again.": "Время ожидания подключения истекло. Попробуйте ещё раз.",
   "Chat closed.": "Чат закрыт.",
-  "Connection stopped.": "Соединение остановлено.",
+  "Connection stopped.": "Соединение прервано.",
   "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "Сообщение и вложения слишком велики. Удалите вложение или сократите сообщение.",
   "Message was not sent. Try again.": "Сообщение не отправлено. Попробуйте ещё раз.",
   "Reply stopped.": "Ответ остановлен.",
@@ -3221,9 +3223,9 @@
   "Quick commands": "Быстрые команды",
   "Open AI chat": "Открыть чат с ИИ",
   "CHAT": "ЧАТ",
-  "Back to chat": "Вернуться в чат",
+  "Back to chat": "Назад в чат",
   "Back to voice": "Назад к голосу",
-  "Latest voice exchange": "Последний голосовой обмен",
+  "Latest voice exchange": "Последние реплики голосового диалога",
   "Try saying": "Попробуйте сказать",
   "What am I looking at?": "Что я вижу?",
   "AI Provider": "Провайдер ИИ",
@@ -3234,10 +3236,10 @@
   "Attach layer": "Прикрепить слой",
   "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "Текстовый чат использует ваш ключ API OpenAI. Вход в ChatGPT действует только для голоса.",
   "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "Текстовый чат недоступен, пока GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH требует ChatGPT OAuth.",
-  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Этот запрос потребовал слишком много шагов. Уже внесённые изменения карты сохранятся.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Этот запрос потребовал слишком много шагов. Изменения, уже внесённые на карту, остаются.",
   "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "Этот запрос потребовал слишком много шагов. Попробуйте запрос попроще.",
-  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Провайдер отклонил ключ API. Проверьте его в настройках провайдера.",
-  "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Слишком много запросов чата. Повторите через {seconds} с.",
-  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Провайдер запретил доступ для этого ключа. Проверьте проект, регион или разрешения ключа.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "На счёте провайдера закончились средства. Проверьте оплату или выберите другого провайдера ИИ в настройках."
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Провайдер отклонил ключ API. Проверьте его в «Настройках провайдеров».",
+  "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Слишком много запросов в чате. Повторите попытку через {seconds} с.",
+  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Провайдер отказал этому ключу в доступе. Проверьте проект, регион или разрешения ключа.",
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "На вашем счёте у провайдера закончились средства. Проверьте оплату или выберите другого провайдера ИИ в настройках."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index d01a6af13..9e76044eb 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3169,18 +3169,20 @@
   "Search cancelled": "Пошук скасовано",
   "Sea Marks": "Морські знаки",
   "Ski Pistes": "Гірськолижні траси",
-  "Fly to Tokyo": "Летіти до Токіо",
-  "Show live flights": "Показати рейси наживо",
+  "Fly to Tokyo": "Полети до Токіо",
+  "Show live flights": "Покажи рейси онлайн",
+  "Reset to globe view": "Поверни вигляд глобуса",
+  "Show earthquakes": "Покажи землетруси",
   "AI chat": "ШІ-чат",
   "GEV CHAT": "ЧАТ GEV",
-  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Питайте про мапу. Скажіть, куди перейти.",
+  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Питайте про карту. Скажіть, куди летіти.",
   "Close chat": "Закрити чат",
   "Conversation": "Розмова",
-  "Explore with a question": "Досліджуйте за допомогою запитання",
-  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "Знайдіть місце, перегляньте дані наживо або змініть вигляд.",
+  "Explore with a question": "Почніть із запитання",
+  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "Знайдіть місце, перегляньте дані в реальному часі або змініть вигляд.",
   "Attachments": "Вкладення",
-  "Remove attachment": "Вилучити вкладення",
-  "Attach a map layer": "Прикріпити шар мапи",
+  "Remove attachment": "Видалити вкладення",
+  "Attach a map layer": "Прикріпити шар карти",
   "Choose a layer…": "Виберіть шар…",
   "Attach a file": "Прикріпити файл",
   "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON або GeoJSON · до 10 КБ загалом. Вкладення надсилаються вашому постачальнику ШІ разом із повідомленням.",
@@ -3190,30 +3192,30 @@
   "Expand chat": "Розгорнути чат",
   "Add attachment": "Додати вкладення",
   "Message GEV": "Повідомлення для GEV",
-  "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "Запитайте GEV будь-що про мапу…",
+  "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "Запитайте GEV будь-що про карту…",
   "Stop reply": "Зупинити відповідь",
   "Send message": "Надіслати повідомлення",
-  "Panel position": "Положення панелі",
+  "Panel position": "Розташування панелі",
   "Move above the dock": "Перемістити над доком",
   "Dock to the right": "Закріпити праворуч",
   "Expand panel": "Розгорнути панель",
   "Minimize panel": "Згорнути панель",
   "You can attach up to four items.": "Можна прикріпити до чотирьох елементів.",
-  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "Вкладення разом завеликі. Використайте менші файли.",
+  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "Загальний розмір вкладень завеликий. Використайте менші файли.",
   "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "Виберіть файл TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON або GeoJSON.",
   "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "Кожен файл має бути не більшим за 10 КБ.",
   "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "Виберіть непорожній текстовий файл UTF-8.",
   "Connecting…": "Підключення…",
   "Thinking…": "Думаю…",
-  "Working on the map…": "Працюю з мапою…",
-  "Silent chat · microphone off": "Тихий чат · мікрофон вимкнено",
+  "Working on the map…": "Працюю з картою…",
+  "Silent chat · microphone off": "Беззвучний чат · мікрофон вимкнено",
   "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "Відповідь перервано. Можна спробувати ще раз.",
   "Could not connect. Try again.": "Не вдалося підключитися. Спробуйте ще раз.",
   "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "Сеанс завершено. Надішліть повідомлення, щоб почати нову розмову.",
-  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "Час підключення вичерпано. Спробуйте ще раз.",
+  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "Минув час очікування підключення. Спробуйте ще раз.",
   "Chat closed.": "Чат закрито.",
   "Connection stopped.": "Підключення зупинено.",
-  "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "Повідомлення й вкладення завеликі. Вилучіть вкладення або скоротіть повідомлення.",
+  "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "Повідомлення й вкладення завеликі. Видаліть вкладення або скоротіть повідомлення.",
   "Message was not sent. Try again.": "Повідомлення не надіслано. Спробуйте ще раз.",
   "Reply stopped.": "Відповідь зупинено.",
   "Suggestions": "Підказки",
@@ -3223,7 +3225,7 @@
   "CHAT": "ЧАТ",
   "Back to chat": "Назад до чату",
   "Back to voice": "Назад до голосу",
-  "Latest voice exchange": "Останній голосовий обмін",
+  "Latest voice exchange": "Остання голосова репліка й відповідь",
   "Try saying": "Спробуйте сказати",
   "What am I looking at?": "Що я бачу?",
   "AI Provider": "Постачальник ШІ",
@@ -3234,10 +3236,10 @@
   "Attach layer": "Прикріпити шар",
   "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "Текстовий чат використовує ваш ключ API OpenAI. Вхід у ChatGPT діє лише для голосу.",
   "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "Текстовий чат недоступний, поки GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH вимагає ChatGPT OAuth.",
-  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Цей запит потребував забагато кроків. Уже внесені зміни на мапі залишаються.",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "Цей запит потребував забагато кроків. Уже внесені зміни на карті залишаються.",
   "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "Цей запит потребував забагато кроків. Спробуйте простіший запит.",
-  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Провайдер відхилив ключ API. Перевірте його в налаштуваннях провайдера.",
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Постачальник відхилив ключ API. Перевірте його в «Налаштуваннях постачальників».",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Забагато запитів до чату. Спробуйте ще раз через {seconds} с.",
-  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Провайдер заборонив доступ для цього ключа. Перевірте проєкт, регіон або дозволи ключа.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "На рахунку провайдера закінчилися кошти. Перевірте оплату або виберіть іншого провайдера ШІ в налаштуваннях."
+  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Постачальник відмовив цьому ключу в доступі. Перевірте проєкт, регіон або дозволи ключа.",
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "На вашому рахунку в постачальника закінчилися кошти. Перевірте оплату або виберіть іншого постачальника ШІ в налаштуваннях."
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 07b1083ab..f583c201a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2946,6 +2946,8 @@
   "Ski Pistes": "滑雪道",
   "Fly to Tokyo": "飞往东京",
   "Show live flights": "显示实时航班",
+  "Reset to globe view": "重置为地球视图",
+  "Show earthquakes": "显示地震",
   "AI chat": "AI 聊天",
   "GEV CHAT": "GEV 聊天",
   "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "询问地图信息，或指定前往的位置。",
@@ -2958,7 +2960,7 @@
   "Attach a map layer": "附加地图图层",
   "Choose a layer…": "选择图层…",
   "Attach a file": "附加文件",
-  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT、Markdown、CSV、JSON 或 GeoJSON · 总计最多 10 KB。附件会随消息发送给您的 AI 服务商。",
+  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT、Markdown、CSV、JSON 或 GeoJSON · 总计最多 10 KB。附件会随消息发送给你的 AI 服务商。",
   "Latest AI response": "最新 AI 回复",
   "Expand conversation": "展开对话",
   "Command suggestions": "命令建议",
@@ -2969,18 +2971,18 @@
   "Stop reply": "停止回复",
   "Send message": "发送消息",
   "Panel position": "面板位置",
-  "Move above the dock": "移到底栏上方",
+  "Move above the dock": "移到停靠栏上方",
   "Dock to the right": "停靠到右侧",
   "Expand panel": "展开面板",
   "Minimize panel": "最小化面板",
   "You can attach up to four items.": "最多可添加四个附件。",
-  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "附件总大小过大。请使用较小的文件。",
+  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "附件总大小超出上限。请使用较小的文件。",
   "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "请选择 TXT、Markdown、CSV、JSON 或 GeoJSON 文件。",
   "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "每个文件不得超过 10 KB。",
   "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "请选择非空的 UTF-8 文本文件。",
   "Connecting…": "正在连接…",
   "Thinking…": "正在思考…",
-  "Working on the map…": "正在处理地图…",
+  "Working on the map…": "正在操作地图…",
   "Silent chat · microphone off": "静默聊天 · 麦克风已关闭",
   "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "回复已中断。请重试。",
   "Could not connect. Try again.": "无法连接。请重试。",
@@ -3011,8 +3013,8 @@
   "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH 要求使用 ChatGPT OAuth 时，文字聊天不可用。",
   "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "此请求所需步骤过多。已对地图做出的更改会保留。",
   "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "此请求所需步骤过多。请尝试更简单的请求。",
-  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "提供商拒绝了 API 密钥。请在提供商设置中检查。",
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "服务商拒绝了 API 密钥。请在服务商设置中检查。",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "聊天请求过多。请在 {seconds} 秒后重试。",
-  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "提供商拒绝了此密钥的访问。请检查该密钥的项目、地区或权限。",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "提供商账户余额不足。请检查账单，或在设置中选择其他 AI 提供商。"
+  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "服务商拒绝了此密钥的访问请求。请检查该密钥所属的项目、区域或权限。",
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "服务商账户余额不足。请检查账户的计费信息，或在设置中选择其他 AI 服务商。"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index c13b7d39c..77045451d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2945,74 +2945,76 @@
   "Sea Marks": "航標",
   "Ski Pistes": "滑雪道",
   "Fly to Tokyo": "飛往東京",
-  "Show live flights": "顯示即時航班",
+  "Show live flights": "顯示實時航班",
+  "Reset to globe view": "重置為地球視圖",
+  "Show earthquakes": "顯示地震",
   "AI chat": "AI 聊天",
   "GEV CHAT": "GEV 聊天",
-  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "詢問地圖相關問題，告訴它要去哪裡。",
+  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "詢問地圖信息，或指定前往的位置。",
   "Close chat": "關閉聊天",
   "Conversation": "對話",
-  "Explore with a question": "用一個問題開始探索",
-  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "尋找地點、探索即時資料，或變更檢視。",
+  "Explore with a question": "從提問開始探索",
+  "Find a place, explore live data, or change your view.": "查找地點、探索實時數據或更改視圖。",
   "Attachments": "附件",
   "Remove attachment": "移除附件",
   "Attach a map layer": "附加地圖圖層",
   "Choose a layer…": "選擇圖層…",
-  "Attach a file": "附加檔案",
-  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT、Markdown、CSV、JSON 或 GeoJSON · 總計最多 10 KB。附件會隨訊息傳送給你的 AI 供應商。",
+  "Attach a file": "附加文件",
+  "TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON · up to 10 KB in total. Attachments are sent to your AI provider with your message.": "TXT、Markdown、CSV、JSON 或 GeoJSON · 總計最多 10 KB。附件會隨消息發送給你的 AI 服務商。",
   "Latest AI response": "最新 AI 回覆",
   "Expand conversation": "展開對話",
-  "Command suggestions": "指令建議",
+  "Command suggestions": "命令建議",
   "Expand chat": "展開聊天",
-  "Add attachment": "新增附件",
-  "Message GEV": "傳訊息給 GEV",
-  "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "問 GEV 任何關於地圖的問題…",
+  "Add attachment": "添加附件",
+  "Message GEV": "向 GEV 發送消息",
+  "Ask GEV anything about the map…": "向 GEV 詢問地圖相關問題…",
   "Stop reply": "停止回覆",
-  "Send message": "傳送訊息",
+  "Send message": "發送消息",
   "Panel position": "面板位置",
-  "Move above the dock": "移到底欄上方",
+  "Move above the dock": "移到停靠欄上方",
   "Dock to the right": "停靠到右側",
   "Expand panel": "展開面板",
   "Minimize panel": "最小化面板",
-  "You can attach up to four items.": "最多可附加四個項目。",
-  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "附件合計太大，請使用較小的檔案。",
-  "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "請選擇 TXT、Markdown、CSV、JSON 或 GeoJSON 檔案。",
-  "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "每個檔案不得超過 10 KB。",
-  "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "請選擇非空白的 UTF-8 文字檔。",
-  "Connecting…": "連線中…",
-  "Thinking…": "思考中…",
+  "You can attach up to four items.": "最多可添加四個附件。",
+  "Attachments are too large together. Use smaller files.": "附件總大小超出上限。請使用較小的文件。",
+  "Choose a TXT, Markdown, CSV, JSON or GeoJSON file.": "請選擇 TXT、Markdown、CSV、JSON 或 GeoJSON 文件。",
+  "Each file must be 10 KB or smaller.": "每個文件不得超過 10 KB。",
+  "Choose a non-empty UTF-8 text file.": "請選擇非空的 UTF-8 文本文件。",
+  "Connecting…": "正在連接…",
+  "Thinking…": "正在思考…",
   "Working on the map…": "正在操作地圖…",
-  "Silent chat · microphone off": "靜音聊天 · 麥克風關閉",
-  "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "回覆已中斷，你可以再試一次。",
-  "Could not connect. Try again.": "無法連線，請再試一次。",
-  "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "工作階段已結束。傳送訊息即可開始新的對話。",
-  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "連線逾時，請再試一次。",
+  "Silent chat · microphone off": "靜默聊天 · 麥克風已關閉",
+  "Reply interrupted. You can try again.": "回覆已中斷。請重試。",
+  "Could not connect. Try again.": "無法連接。請重試。",
+  "Session ended. Send a message to start a new conversation.": "會話已結束。發送消息以開始新對話。",
+  "Connection timed out. Try again.": "連接超時。請重試。",
   "Chat closed.": "聊天已關閉。",
-  "Connection stopped.": "連線已停止。",
-  "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "訊息與附件太大。請移除一個附件或縮短訊息。",
-  "Message was not sent. Try again.": "訊息未送出，請再試一次。",
-  "Reply stopped.": "已停止回覆。",
+  "Connection stopped.": "連接已停止。",
+  "Message and attachments are too large. Remove an attachment or shorten your message.": "消息和附件過大。請移除附件或縮短消息。",
+  "Message was not sent. Try again.": "消息未發送。請重試。",
+  "Reply stopped.": "回覆已停止。",
   "Suggestions": "建議",
   "Recent": "最近",
-  "Quick commands": "快速指令",
-  "Open AI chat": "開啟 AI 聊天",
+  "Quick commands": "快捷命令",
+  "Open AI chat": "打開 AI 聊天",
   "CHAT": "聊天",
   "Back to chat": "返回聊天",
   "Back to voice": "返回語音",
   "Latest voice exchange": "最近一次語音對話",
   "Try saying": "試著說",
   "What am I looking at?": "我在看什麼？",
-  "AI Provider": "AI 供應商",
-  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "所選的 AI 供應商由語音與聊天共用。",
-  "Show quick commands": "顯示快速指令",
-  "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "聊天回覆不會發出聲音，不需要麥克風權限。",
+  "AI Provider": "AI 服務商",
+  "The selected AI provider is shared by voice and chat.": "語音和聊天共用所選的 AI 服務商。",
+  "Show quick commands": "顯示快捷命令",
+  "Chat replies are silent. No microphone access is needed.": "聊天回覆不播放聲音，無需訪問麥克風。",
   "Chat": "聊天",
   "Attach layer": "附加圖層",
-  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "文字聊天使用你的 OpenAI API 金鑰。ChatGPT 登入僅適用於語音。",
-  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH 要求使用 ChatGPT OAuth 時，文字聊天無法使用。",
-  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "此請求所需步驟過多。已對地圖做出的變更會保留。",
+  "Typed chat uses your OpenAI API key. ChatGPT sign-in covers voice only.": "文字聊天使用你的 OpenAI API 密鑰。ChatGPT 登錄僅適用於語音。",
+  "Typed chat is unavailable while GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH requires ChatGPT OAuth.": "GEV_PREFER_CODEX_OAUTH 要求使用 ChatGPT OAuth 時，文字聊天不可用。",
+  "That request needed too many steps. Changes already made to the map stay in place.": "此請求所需步驟過多。已對地圖做出的更改會保留。",
   "That request needed too many steps. Try a simpler request.": "此請求所需步驟過多。請嘗試更簡單的請求。",
-  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "供應商拒絕了 API 金鑰。請在供應商設定中檢查。",
+  "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "服務商拒絕了 API 密鑰。請在服務商設置中檢查。",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "聊天請求過多。請在 {seconds} 秒後重試。",
-  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "供應商拒絕了此金鑰的存取。請檢查該金鑰的專案、地區或權限。",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "供應商帳戶餘額不足。請檢查帳單，或在設定中選擇其他 AI 供應商。"
+  "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "服務商拒絕了此密鑰的訪問請求。請檢查該密鑰所屬的項目、區域或權限。",
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "服務商賬戶餘額不足。請檢查賬戶的計費信息，或在設置中選擇其他 AI 服務商。"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index 0d1022668..51cd4edec 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -361,6 +361,7 @@
     "CCTV",
     "CCTV OFF",
     "CCTV ON",
+    "CHAT",
     "COCKPIT",
     "COMMERCIAL",
     "CONTACT",
diff --git a/src/voice/chatPreferences.js b/src/voice/chatPreferences.js
index e9f1aca05..b094624bb 100644
--- a/src/voice/chatPreferences.js
+++ b/src/voice/chatPreferences.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
  * Chat suggestions and the one chat preference (quick commands), written to
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ export function bindChatPreferences({ ui, getDraft, setDraft }) {
   };
   const quickCommands = () =>
     [
-      'Fly to Tokyo',
-      'Show live flights',
-      'Reset to globe view',
-      'Show earthquakes',
+      msg('Fly to Tokyo'),
+      msg('Show live flights'),
+      msg('Reset to globe view'),
+      msg('Show earthquakes'),
     ].map((text) => t(text));
   try {
     const stored = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key));

From 353ca04b61b7f674207d5173d9e00834c734701d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 17:53:47 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 094/262] Add the changelog entry for #1545

---
 changelog.d/1545-typed-chat-translations.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1545-typed-chat-translations.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1545-typed-chat-translations.md b/changelog.d/1545-typed-chat-translations.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd95167b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1545-typed-chat-translations.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- Finish the typed AI chat translations. The "Reset to globe view" and "Show
+  earthquakes" quick commands are now translated, Traditional Chinese follows
+  Simplified Chinese again, Arabic docks the panel to the side it actually
+  lands on, and the new strings use each language's glossary terms
+  (German, @gekh, #1545).

From 20a7016987bddfff57904ad942b16f6c3b087e05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 17:56:57 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 095/262] Keep "Tell it where to go" as a direction, not a
 flight, in ru, uk and es

---
 src/i18n/locales/es.json | 2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json | 2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index b49d311b4..0dfc4dea3 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3100,7 +3100,7 @@
   "Show earthquakes": "Muestra los terremotos",
   "AI chat": "Chat de IA",
   "GEV CHAT": "CHAT DE GEV",
-  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Pregunta sobre el mapa. Dile adónde ir.",
+  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Pregunta sobre el mapa. Indica adónde ir.",
   "Close chat": "Cerrar chat",
   "Conversation": "Conversación",
   "Explore with a question": "Explora con una pregunta",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 35f14ec0d..df4e575d3 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3175,7 +3175,7 @@
   "Show earthquakes": "Покажи землетрясения",
   "AI chat": "Чат с ИИ",
   "GEV CHAT": "ЧАТ GEV",
-  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Задайте вопрос о карте. Скажите, куда лететь.",
+  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Задайте вопрос о карте. Укажите, куда перейти.",
   "Close chat": "Закрыть чат",
   "Conversation": "Разговор",
   "Explore with a question": "Начните с вопроса",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 9e76044eb..70d4accf9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3175,7 +3175,7 @@
   "Show earthquakes": "Покажи землетруси",
   "AI chat": "ШІ-чат",
   "GEV CHAT": "ЧАТ GEV",
-  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Питайте про карту. Скажіть, куди летіти.",
+  "Ask about the map. Tell it where to go.": "Питайте про карту. Скажіть, куди перейти.",
   "Close chat": "Закрити чат",
   "Conversation": "Розмова",
   "Explore with a question": "Почніть із запитання",

From 53ea76251f46fd2b6f0c08914a30bbbb74a1f423 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: manjunath22466 <301209272+manjunath22466@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 19:34:30 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 096/262] fix(voice): keep chat's view across a provider switch
 and clear stale errors

Switching AI Provider in Settings opened from chat rebuilt the voice
control, so Settings fell back to voice and the dock went idle, widening
the wings. The switch now carries chat's Settings, or chat itself, to the
new provider as it already carries the input mode; the conversation still
starts fresh and focus stays on the provider choice.

After a voice error, opening chat or closing the voice panel left the dock
red on ERROR, because both stopped only an active session. They now also
end a session left in error, which returns the dock to idle.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md               |  7 ++++--
 src/voice/chatControl.js            | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/voice/chatControlView.test.mjs  | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/voice/panel/host.test.mjs       | 21 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/voice/providerCommands.js       |  7 ++++--
 src/voice/providerCommands.test.mjs | 15 +++++++++++++
 src/voice/sessionCommands.js        | 11 +++++++++-
 7 files changed, 120 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index c3e15ea4d..fa2287567 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -766,9 +766,12 @@ each side, and the empty Voice Preview suggests things to say until voice
 starts. Settings opened from chat keep chat's frame and show the shared AI
 provider, the quick-commands option and then the voice preferences (Voice
 Preview, inactivity timeout and model tier), so they stay in reach while
-Preview is off, with Back to chat; voice Settings show Back to voice. Escape steps back from either Settings view, closes Voice
+Preview is off, with Back to chat; voice Settings show Back to voice. Switching
+AI Provider keeps that view: chat's Settings, or chat itself, stay as they were
+for the new provider. Escape steps back from either Settings view, closes Voice
 Preview, and does nothing in chat. Closing chat ends a typed session, and the
-voice panel's close turns voice off. Asking the assistant from chat to open
+voice panel's close turns voice off. Opening chat or closing the voice panel
+also clears a voice error left on the dock. Asking the assistant from chat to open
 Voice Settings or Voice Preview puts chat away, minimized or not, and shows the
 voice panel; the typed conversation and its running reply carry on, and the
 chat button brings them back.
diff --git a/src/voice/chatControl.js b/src/voice/chatControl.js
index 6ab5bf494..d366181a7 100644
--- a/src/voice/chatControl.js
+++ b/src/voice/chatControl.js
@@ -94,7 +94,10 @@ export function bindChatControl({ ui, session, onOpen, dataManager }) {
       : '';
   function open({ focus = true } = {}) {
     leaveChatSettings();
-    if (!isTyped() && session.isActive()) session.stop();
+    // Chat replaces voice, a stale voice error included, so the dock stops
+    // showing it.
+    if (!isTyped() && (session.isActive() || session.state === 'error'))
+      session.stop();
     onOpen?.();
     ui.update('chat', { open: true, minimized: false, rows: 2, authNote });
     sync();
@@ -413,10 +416,39 @@ export function bindChatControl({ ui, session, onOpen, dataManager }) {
     }),
   ];
   sync();
+  // What a provider switch carries to the next mount: chat's Settings or
+  // chat itself, never the conversation.
+  function presentation() {
+    if (inChatSettings()) {
+      const { frameWidth, frameHeight } = ui.state.voicePanel;
+      return { view: 'settings', frameWidth, frameHeight };
+    }
+    if (chat().open) return { view: chat().minimized ? 'minimized' : 'open' };
+    return null;
+  }
+  // Restored without moving focus: the switch keeps it on the provider choice.
+  function restorePresentation(state) {
+    if (disposed || !state) return;
+    if (state.view === 'settings') {
+      ui.update('voicePanel', {
+        context: 'chat',
+        ...(state.frameWidth && {
+          frameWidth: state.frameWidth,
+          frameHeight: state.frameHeight,
+        }),
+      });
+      ui.update('chat', { backVisible: true });
+      return sync();
+    }
+    open({ focus: false });
+    if (state.view === 'minimized') minimize({ focus: false });
+  }
   return {
     close,
     minimize,
     restore: open,
+    presentation,
+    restorePresentation,
     get minimized() {
       return chat().open && chat().minimized;
     },
diff --git a/src/voice/chatControlView.test.mjs b/src/voice/chatControlView.test.mjs
index 5dee1ad97..e329a2dc3 100644
--- a/src/voice/chatControlView.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/chatControlView.test.mjs
@@ -364,3 +364,34 @@ test('the chat gear is named for the settings it opens', async (t) => {
     'Settings',
   );
 });
+
+test('a provider switch carries chat Settings or chat itself to the next mount', async (t) => {
+  const mount = () => {
+    const ui = createTestVoiceUi({ panel: true });
+    const chat = bindChatControl({ ui, session: typedSession() });
+    t.after(() => chat.destroy());
+    return { ui, chat };
+  };
+  // Chat's Settings: the next mount shows Settings in chat's frame again.
+  const before = mount();
+  before.ui.emit('chat-button');
+  before.ui.update('voicePanel', { hidden: false });
+  before.ui.emit('settings-button');
+  const settings = before.chat.presentation();
+  assert.equal(settings.view, 'settings');
+  const after = mount();
+  after.chat.restorePresentation(settings);
+  assert.equal(after.ui.state.voicePanel.context, 'chat');
+  assert.equal(after.ui.state.chat.backVisible, true);
+  assert.equal(after.ui.state.root.assistantMode, 'chat');
+  // Open and minimized chat come back as they were, without taking focus.
+  for (const view of ['open', 'minimized']) {
+    const next = mount();
+    next.chat.restorePresentation({ view });
+    assert.equal(next.ui.state.chat.open, true);
+    assert.equal(next.ui.state.chat.minimized, view === 'minimized');
+    assert.equal(next.chat.presentation().view, view);
+  }
+  // Idle chat carries nothing.
+  assert.equal(mount().chat.presentation(), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/voice/panel/host.test.mjs b/src/voice/panel/host.test.mjs
index 3c3b3332a..ae5cd1994 100644
--- a/src/voice/panel/host.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/panel/host.test.mjs
@@ -1298,6 +1298,27 @@ test('undocking while a tray is open brings the panel back as its bar', async (t
   assert.equal($('#gev-chat-panel').dataset.placement, 'compact');
 });
 
+test('opening chat or closing the voice panel clears a stale voice error', async (t) => {
+  for (const leave of ['chat', 'close']) {
+    const f = mounted(t, { view: true });
+    await f.commands.session.start();
+    f.commands.voicePanel.select('preview');
+    f.instances[0].hooks.emit({
+      type: 'state',
+      state: 'error',
+      detail: 'Lost',
+    });
+    await f.settle();
+    assert.equal($('#gev-voice-control').dataset.status, 'error');
+    assert.equal(f.commands.session.isActive(), false);
+    if (leave === 'chat') $('#gev-chat-button').click();
+    else $('#gev-voice-settings-close').click();
+    await f.settle();
+    assert.equal(f.commands.session.state, 'idle', leave);
+    assert.notEqual($('#gev-voice-control').dataset.status, 'error', leave);
+  }
+});
+
 test('the voice panel close turns voice off', async (t) => {
   const f = mounted(t, { view: true });
   await f.commands.session.start();
diff --git a/src/voice/providerCommands.js b/src/voice/providerCommands.js
index 66201141e..756215c7b 100644
--- a/src/voice/providerCommands.js
+++ b/src/voice/providerCommands.js
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ export function createProviderCommands(options, { bind, factories, storage }) {
     const textOnly = Boolean(
       current.session.adapter.getStartOptions?.().textOnly,
     );
+    // The panel stays where the user is: chat's Settings or chat itself.
+    const presentation = current.chatPresentation?.() ?? null;
     const generation = ++mountGeneration;
     voiceEnabled = false;
     current.session.destroy();
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ export function createProviderCommands(options, { bind, factories, storage }) {
     } catch {
       /* Storage is optional. */
     }
-    mount();
+    mount(presentation);
     if (resume && !disposed && provider === next)
       void current.session.start({
         pushToTalk,
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ export function createProviderCommands(options, { bind, factories, storage }) {
       return typeof value === 'function' ? value.bind(current) : value;
     },
   });
-  function mount() {
+  function mount(presentation = null) {
     voiceEnabled = false;
     const generation = ++mountGeneration;
     current = bind({
@@ -158,6 +160,7 @@ export function createProviderCommands(options, { bind, factories, storage }) {
           handleSessionEvent(event);
       },
       createSession: factories[provider],
+      presentation,
     });
     window.__gevVoiceCommands = facade;
   }
diff --git a/src/voice/providerCommands.test.mjs b/src/voice/providerCommands.test.mjs
index 41d092e73..dfcf77052 100644
--- a/src/voice/providerCommands.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/providerCommands.test.mjs
@@ -856,3 +856,18 @@ for (const action of ['stop', 'destroy']) {
     });
   }
 }
+
+test('a provider switch hands chat Settings or chat to the new mount', async (t) => {
+  const f = compositionFixture(t);
+  const first = f.facade.provider;
+  const next = first === 'openai' ? 'gemini' : 'openai';
+  // Without chat open there is nothing to carry.
+  assert.equal(f.mounts[0].controls.chatPresentation(), null);
+  const shown = { view: 'settings', frameWidth: 320, frameHeight: 480 };
+  f.mounts[0].controls.chatPresentation = () => shown;
+  f.select(next);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(f.mounts.length, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(f.mounts[1].options.presentation, shown);
+  assert.equal(f.facade.provider, next);
+});
diff --git a/src/voice/sessionCommands.js b/src/voice/sessionCommands.js
index 78a1816b3..5a8a7e90c 100644
--- a/src/voice/sessionCommands.js
+++ b/src/voice/sessionCommands.js
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ export function createVoiceCommands({
   createReticle = createDefaultReticle,
   panelHost = null,
   nativePanelProvider = null,
+  // Chat's Settings or chat itself, carried across a provider switch.
+  presentation = null,
 }) {
   if (resetExisting) window.__gevVoiceCommands?.stop?.({ removeUi: true });
   const ui = createControl(panelHost ? { panel: true } : {});
@@ -225,6 +227,8 @@ export function createVoiceCommands({
         onOpen: () => panelMount?.panel.close(),
       })
     : null;
+  chat?.restorePresentation(presentation);
+  controls.chatPresentation = () => chat?.presentation() ?? null;
   function minimizeVoicePanel() {
     const panel = ui.element('voicePanel');
     const holdsFocus = panel?.contains?.(globalThis.document?.activeElement);
@@ -284,7 +288,12 @@ export function createVoiceCommands({
   // The panel's close turns voice off, as chat's close ends the chat. A typed
   // session belongs to chat, which handles its own close.
   const offClose = ui.on('settings-close', () => {
-    if (!session.isActive() || adapter.getStartOptions?.().textOnly) return;
+    // A voice error the user closes is over too; stopping returns to idle.
+    if (
+      (!session.isActive() && session.state !== 'error') ||
+      adapter.getStartOptions?.().textOnly
+    )
+      return;
     const ticket = panelMount?.stopTicket();
     session.stop();
     panelMount?.closeAfterStop(ticket);

From 46dde909ccc403585d0dc4958430ab2822f790ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: manjunath22466 <301209272+manjunath22466@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 19:37:47 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 097/262] docs(changelog): add #1546 fragment

---
 changelog.d/1546-chat-provider-switch.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1546-chat-provider-switch.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1546-chat-provider-switch.md b/changelog.d/1546-chat-provider-switch.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c3210330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1546-chat-provider-switch.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- Keep typed chat's view when switching AI Provider: Settings opened from
+  chat, or chat itself, stay as they were for the new provider instead of
+  falling back to voice and widening the dock. Opening chat or closing the
+  voice panel now also clears a voice error left on the dock (Manjunath,
+  @manjunath22466, #1546).

From 55e6c0017c79215220421c6a727742ec8005839d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 18:15:16 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 098/262] Tighten the provider-label comments and docs

---
 changelog.d/1521-provider-labels.md | 8 ++++----
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md               | 2 +-
 src/layers/awareness/subject.js     | 3 +--
 src/layers/vessels/queries.js       | 2 +-
 src/ui/cockpitContext.js            | 1 -
 5 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1521-provider-labels.md b/changelog.d/1521-provider-labels.md
index d921d9d7b..887d6a775 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1521-provider-labels.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1521-provider-labels.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-- Name the provider that answered in the Cockpit Contact counts and the
-  Contacts list, as the Layers panel does, marked `FALLBACK` or `STALE` when
-  it is. The counts no longer read OpenSky while flights come from the adsb.lol
-  fallback, and vessels no longer always read AISStream (German, @gekh, #1521).
+- Cockpit Contact counts and the Contacts list name the provider that
+  answered, marked `FALLBACK` or `STALE` as in the Layers panel. Flights from
+  the adsb.lol fallback no longer read OpenSky, and vessels no longer always
+  read AISStream (German, @gekh, #1521).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index e845b1472..c6abbf74a 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5112,7 +5112,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - Enabled Data Layer controls report normalized feed health on the button (`LOADING`, `DEGRADED`, `STALE`, `FALLBACK`, or `UNAVAILABLE`) while the metadata line retains the source and reason. A partial CelesTrak group failure keeps the usable catalog and reports `DEGRADED`; a total outage keeps last-good catalog data visible but reports `UNAVAILABLE`.
 - On activation it focuses the nearest currently observed aircraft across the civilian and military feeds, with military winning an exact distance tie; if none are available, it focuses an observed AIS vessel. The aircraft search is deliberately uncapped and one refresh-tick retry handles initially empty feeds. This is an attention-priority navigation shortcut, not a high-risk, affiliation, or threat classification.
 - A selected aircraft, AIS vessel, or mapped installation gets a 250 km **context window** with nearby cohort counts, nearest examples, source labels, and stale/unavailable reasons. It emits `NEARBY` or `UNKNOWN`; no detection, engagement, affiliation, or sensor-activity conclusion is calculated.
-- Contacts rows and the Cockpit Contact counts name each cohort's provider as its layer row does: the source the last snapshot reported, marked `FALLBACK` or `STALE` in the same cases. A flight snapshot answered by the adsb.lol regional fallback reads `adsb.lol · FALLBACK` everywhere, never `OpenSky`.
+- Contacts rows and the Cockpit Contact counts name each cohort's provider: the source of the last snapshot, marked `FALLBACK` or `STALE` as its layer row would be. A poll in flight keeps the mark, where the layer row shows `LOADING`. A flight snapshot from the adsb.lol regional fallback reads `adsb.lol · FALLBACK`, not `OpenSky`.
 - The window's edge is drawn on the globe as a 250 km range ring: a 4 px polyline with a 2 px Context-blue core inside a 1 px dark halo on each side, 2.5 km above the ellipsoid (`AWARENESS_RANGE_RING_STYLE` in `src/layers/awareness/policy.js`). The halo keeps it legible over bright desert and snow, dark ocean and forest, and under the FLIR, NVG and CRT styles, where the earlier 1 px ellipse outline disappeared. It is a polyline because WebGL draws ellipse outlines at 1 px whatever width is asked for, drawn as an unpickable primitive rather than an entity so a click or tap on its edge reaches the contact underneath (headless viewers without a primitive collection get a static entity instead); it is rebuilt when the subject moves. Three dim sonar pulses (3 px with a 1 px dark outline, same colours, at most 60% opacity) grow slowly from the subject at constant speed, one every 3 s and each taking 9 s, and arrive at the ring at about a third of that. Behind each pulse a radial gradient in the same blue fades inward over 35% of the radius. One unpickable 250 km disc draws both the pulse lines and the gradient, its shader reading the pulse radii and opacities each frame, so a click or tap near a pulse still reaches the contact underneath; the disc follows the subject by a model-matrix rotation and is rebuilt only after the subject moves 20 km, and not at all while the pulses rest. While the camera is below the disc's 2.5 km height, where it would sweep across the sky, the pulses rest: the disc is hidden and there is no ring flash, no echo and no frame request. Terrain or 3D tiles higher than 2.5 km (the Alps, Andes, Rockies) still cut through the disc and the ring when seen from above, as the ring alone already did; the height check uses the camera's height above the ellipsoid, not above the ground. While pulses run, the ring dims to 40% and flashes to full strength as each pulse reaches it, fading over 1.8 s. As a pulse front crosses a flight, military aircraft or AIS vessel, the detection overlay draws a second bracket around that contact's own bracket, in the pulse blue on the default detection style and in the style's own line colour under NVG, FLIR and CRT, which spreads outward as it fades over 1.4 s (`AWARENESS_RANGE_ECHO`, read through `src/awarenessEcho.js`; no layer's icon is restyled, and mapped installations have no detection bracket). Pulses are born 5 km out, so the subject itself and anything nearer never echo. Pulses run for 9 s (three ring flashes) after a selection or a camera move, fading in and out over 1.2 s, then rest: the ring stays on screen at full strength, the pulses, gradient and echoes are hidden, and nothing asks for frames, so a parked Contacts view is quiet again. Only a camera move within 1.5 s of the user handling the map (pointer, wheel or touch on the Cesium canvas, which covers a drag's inertia, and a drag or touch begun there keeps counting until its last finger or button lifts, even outside the canvas, unless the window loses focus or the page is hidden first; keys typed elsewhere do not count, nor does input while Cesium's camera controls are off, as in the cockpit view, and a gesture still pending when the cockpit or another owner takes the camera is dropped) wakes them; a moving subject and the app's own camera moves (a tracked aircraft, the cockpit view, an orbit, a fly-to) do not, since they move on every refresh. While they run they never hold continuous rendering: each drawn frame arms one render request 80 ms later (the Cyber sonar cadence, `CYBER_SONAR_RENDER_INTERVAL_MS`), so they repaint at about 12.5 fps and never beat the detection lane's 80 ms gate. Under `prefers-reduced-motion`, or in a scene without primitives or preRender and postRender hooks, there are no pulses or echoes and the ring stays on screen; changing the preference mid-session rebuilds the ring. The ring follows a moving subject once it has moved 250 m.
 - For a selected live aircraft or vessel, the context window refreshes from the existing tracker/feed position every 750 ms, so nearest distances and cohort counts follow the subject without introducing a duplicate poll loop.
 - Aircraft cohort membership uses every locally loaded, selectable contact inside the 250 km window, including a plane hidden only by horizon culling or because its 3D model owns the visual. Counts and navigation therefore do not change with the current camera angle or billboard/model handoff.
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/subject.js b/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
index 32123d248..60f622e29 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const vesselsState = sourceStates['ais-live-vessels'];
     const installationsState = sourceStates['military-installations'];
     const evaluatedAt = Date.now();
-    // Whether the provider answered as a fallback or from a stale snapshot.
-    // A poll in flight does not change that, and the source revision ignores it.
+    // A poll in flight keeps FALLBACK or STALE: the revision key ignores loading.
     // Before the first answer there is no snapshot, so loading stays.
     const sourceStatus = (sourceState) => {
       const feedState = layerFeedState(
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
index 48ded012b..d4d9ef796 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ export function createQueries({
         // backing off, say how long until the next attempt instead of leaving
         // the user to guess whether anything is still happening.
         retryInSec: aisRetryInSec(),
-        // The provider the last snapshot named, as flights and military report it.
+        // Same field as flights and military, so Contacts names the provider.
         source: layer.source,
       };
     },
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitContext.js b/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
index ad73869db..6dc209977 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
@@ -111,7 +111,6 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
     if (shown) {
       shown.count = cohort.count === null ? '?' : String(cohort.count);
       shown.unknown = cohort.relationship === 'UNKNOWN';
-      // The provider that answered, named as the Layers panel names it.
       shown.source = sourceStatusLabel(cohort.source, cohort.sourceStatus);
     }
     if (cohort.count === null) unknownCount += 1;

From f79e9328d6c628b5bc002f6ba7af7b868ffaf55c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 18:17:26 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 099/262] docs(cctv): tighten the Bosch MIC record notes

---
 DATA_SOURCES.md               | 12 ++++++------
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md         |  8 ++++----
 src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js | 14 ++++++--------
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 6f8907812..cac0b5ab7 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -256,12 +256,12 @@ The CCTV layer's hardware-model specs are a small extract (v2.26.0, plus the Bos
 records from v2.29.0) of the
 [CCTV Camera Database](https://github.com/ch-bas/cctv-camera-database), an open dataset of
 camera models transcribed from manufacturer datasheets, dedicated to the public domain under
-**CC0-1.0**. Only the records for hardware named by the integrated public catalogs (King
-County, Sarasota County and Sioux Falls), plus the City of Amsterdam register proposed
-in [#251](https://github.com/bilawalsidhu/gods-eye-view/pull/251), are bundled, compiled into the module. Nothing is
-fetched at runtime. The MIC specification fields are unchanged; product titles are shortened
-to model codes and colour aliases are added locally. The records describe camera products (optics, resolution, night vision)
-only, never endpoints, stream paths or access data. CC0 requires no attribution; the CCTV HUD
+**CC0-1.0**. Only records for hardware named by the integrated public catalogs (King County,
+Sarasota County and Sioux Falls) or by the City of Amsterdam register proposed in
+[#251](https://github.com/bilawalsidhu/gods-eye-view/pull/251) are bundled, compiled into the
+module. Nothing is fetched at runtime. The MIC records keep their specification fields; their
+titles are shortened to model codes and colour aliases are added. The records describe camera
+products (optics, resolution, night vision) only, never endpoints, stream paths or access data. CC0 requires no attribution; the CCTV HUD
 credits it anyway as `SPECS: CCTV-DATABASE.COM` beside any spec line it renders.
 
 ### Bundled OpenStreetMap data
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index c386a85db..e868dfc95 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5160,10 +5160,10 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
   multi-sensor datasheets publish a capability range, not the lens's current zoom, so those
   cameras keep their estimate and show `SPEC FOV min–max° (CAPABILITY)` beside it. Public
   camera state carries `fovSource`, `specFovMinDeg`, `specFovMaxDeg` and `spec` (#452).
-  The table also includes Bosch MIC-7130, MIC-7502 and MIC-7522 records for the Amsterdam
-  register proposed in #251, including its `x` colour aliases (#1319). Their axis-less
-  datasheet FOV does not supply a horizontal capability range or replace the estimated
-  FOV. Adding these records does not enable the proposed source pack.
+  The table also has Bosch MIC-7130, MIC-7502 and MIC-7522 records for the Amsterdam
+  register proposed in #251, with its `x` colour aliases (#1319). Their datasheet FOV names
+  no axis, so it neither gives a capability range nor replaces the estimate. The records
+  alone do not enable that source pack.
 - **FIRMS**: no ground clamping (zero 3D-tiles height sampling), ≤18 screen-decluttered ambient labels, click-to-inspect detail card, 2.5k/3k sprite budgets viewport-clipped by FRP. Fire-power labels share display rounding before localization: one decimal below the rounded 10 MW boundary, then whole megawatts (for example, 9.96 MW reads 10 MW).
 - **CCTV v2 foundation:** a pitched
   frustum wireframe (4 corner rays + far-cap rectangle) with a monitor plane at the frustum's
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
index 58734aa14..adc35f10b 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
@@ -27,14 +27,12 @@
  */
 
 /**
- * Records from the dataset's model-enrichment extract (v2.26.0; the Bosch MIC
- * records from v2.29.0). MIC specification fields are unchanged; product
- * titles are shortened to model codes and colour aliases are added locally.
- * Bosch MIC order codes end in a colour letter (B black, G grey, W white)
- * on one shared datasheet; those siblings,
- * and the `x` wildcard registries write for the colour letter, are listed as
- * aliases of the one vendored record. Its `model` leaves the colour out, so
- * the HUD never names a variant the source did not.
+ * Records from the dataset's model-enrichment extract: v2.26.0, plus the Bosch
+ * MIC records from v2.29.0 with titles shortened to model codes.
+ * A Bosch MIC order code ends in a colour letter (B, G, W; registries write
+ * `x`) on one shared datasheet. The colours are aliases of one record whose
+ * `model` leaves the letter out, so the HUD never names a variant the source
+ * did not.
  */
 const RECORDS = [
   {

From 4f43ded5da41303d71258ffbf7b244e7f81b16f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quanticsoul4772 <71096528+quanticsoul4772@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 07:05:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 100/262] test(nominatim): check cache file modes only where
 POSIX modes exist

The disk-cache test asserts the cache directory is 0o700 and its files
0o600. Windows has no POSIX mode bits (the directory stats as 0o666), so
the test always failed there. Both checks now run only off Windows, as
localServices.test.mjs and mcpPanelKey.test.mjs already do for their
0o600 checks. The cache code is unchanged.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 src/tooling/nominatimOutlineRoute.test.mjs | 30 ++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/tooling/nominatimOutlineRoute.test.mjs b/src/tooling/nominatimOutlineRoute.test.mjs
index c29b41f21..774099efe 100644
--- a/src/tooling/nominatimOutlineRoute.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/nominatimOutlineRoute.test.mjs
@@ -684,25 +684,29 @@ test('the disk cache survives a restart and stays within its bounds', async () =
     await createNominatimCache({ dir, now: time.now }).get('k0'),
     null,
   );
-  assert.equal(
-    fs.statSync(dir).mode & 0o777,
-    0o700,
-    'the query cache directory is private',
-  );
+  // Windows has no POSIX mode bits (directories stat as 0o666), so only
+  // POSIX systems can check privacy this way.
+  if (process.platform !== 'win32')
+    assert.equal(
+      fs.statSync(dir).mode & 0o777,
+      0o700,
+      'the query cache directory is private',
+    );
   const text = fs
     .readdirSync(dir)
     .filter((name) => name.endsWith('.json'))
     .map((name) => fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir, name), 'utf8'))
     .join('\n');
   assert.equal(text.includes('k4'), false, 'disk entries never store raw keys');
-  for (const name of fs
-    .readdirSync(dir)
-    .filter((entry) => entry.endsWith('.json')))
-    assert.equal(
-      fs.statSync(path.join(dir, name)).mode & 0o777,
-      0o600,
-      `${name} is private`,
-    );
+  if (process.platform !== 'win32')
+    for (const name of fs
+      .readdirSync(dir)
+      .filter((entry) => entry.endsWith('.json')))
+      assert.equal(
+        fs.statSync(path.join(dir, name)).mode & 0o777,
+        0o600,
+        `${name} is private`,
+      );
   fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
 });
 

From 1c2cdc67752df80491ff6aa97708074b18d3029c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quanticsoul4772 <71096528+quanticsoul4772@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 07:06:45 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 101/262] changelog: Nominatim cache mode test on Windows
 (#1547)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 changelog.d/1547-nominatim-cache-mode-windows.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1547-nominatim-cache-mode-windows.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1547-nominatim-cache-mode-windows.md b/changelog.d/1547-nominatim-cache-mode-windows.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a48b1ee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1547-nominatim-cache-mode-windows.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- The Nominatim disk-cache test checks the cache directory and file modes
+  only where POSIX modes exist, so it no longer always fails on Windows
+  (quanticsoul4772, #1547).

From 82f17e694e9fe2f1b49d0ca322572fcbfa39d51d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 17:03:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 102/262] refactor(cockpit): place the camera from a
 per-subject eye profile

Split the Cockpit camera update into the aircraft's own front half and a
shared placeCamera that reads the eye's forward and up offsets, pitch and
ground clearance from a profile. The aircraft profile carries the existing
constants, so the aircraft view is unchanged; other subjects can now supply
their own eye.
---
 src/ui/cockpitCamera.js | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
index c33ba3c15..0a2d1f372 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
@@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ import {
   COCKPIT_GROUND_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS,
 } from './cockpitPresentation.js';
 
+/** The aircraft eye: just ahead of and above the reported position. */
+const AIRCRAFT_CAMERA_PROFILE = Object.freeze({
+  forwardM: COCKPIT_FORWARD_OFFSET_M,
+  upM: COCKPIT_UP_OFFSET_M,
+  pitchDeg: COCKPIT_VIEW_PITCH_DEG,
+  minClearanceM: COCKPIT_MIN_GROUND_CLEARANCE_M,
+});
+
 export function update() {
   if (this.destroyed) return false;
   if (!this.active) {
@@ -75,7 +83,20 @@ export function update() {
       COCKPIT_HEADING_SLEW_DPS * dtSec,
     );
   }
+  placeCamera.call(this, target, info, nowMs, dtSec, AIRCRAFT_CAMERA_PROFILE);
+}
 
+/**
+ * Place the camera for one update: advance the inertial anchor, clamp it and
+ * the eye against the rendered surface, and look along the slewed heading.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} target Authoritative subject position.
+ * @param {object} info Subject info.
+ * @param {number} nowMs Frame time.
+ * @param {number} dtSec Seconds since the previous camera update.
+ * @param {{forwardM: number, upM: number, pitchDeg: number,
+ *   minClearanceM: number}} profile Eye offsets for the subject kind.
+ */
+function placeCamera(target, info, nowMs, dtSec, profile) {
   if (!this.cockpitAnchorValid) {
     Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(target, this.cockpitAnchor);
     this.cockpitAnchorValid = true;
@@ -89,7 +110,7 @@ export function update() {
   // 15/30-second interpolation and per-frame cache without exposing its
   // sample-boundary corrections to the camera.
   const headingRad = Cesium.Math.toRadians(this.heading ?? 0);
-  const pitchRad = Cesium.Math.toRadians(COCKPIT_VIEW_PITCH_DEG);
+  const pitchRad = Cesium.Math.toRadians(profile.pitchDeg);
   const speedMps = Number.isFinite(info.velocityMps)
     ? Math.max(0, info.velocityMps)
     : 0;
@@ -248,7 +269,7 @@ export function update() {
     const minimumAnchorHeightM = cockpitGroundSafeHeight(
       anchorCartographic.height,
       cockpitFloorM,
-      COCKPIT_MIN_GROUND_CLEARANCE_M - COCKPIT_UP_OFFSET_M,
+      profile.minClearanceM - profile.upM,
     );
     if (minimumAnchorHeightM !== anchorCartographic.height) {
       anchorCartographic.height = minimumAnchorHeightM;
@@ -297,7 +318,7 @@ export function update() {
 
   Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
     this.scratchHorizontal,
-    COCKPIT_FORWARD_OFFSET_M,
+    profile.forwardM,
     this.scratchCamera,
   );
   Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
@@ -309,7 +330,7 @@ export function update() {
   Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(this.scratchTarget, this.scratchTarget);
   Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
     this.scratchTarget,
-    COCKPIT_UP_OFFSET_M,
+    profile.upM,
     this.scratchTarget,
   );
   Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
@@ -338,7 +359,7 @@ export function update() {
     const safeHeightM = cockpitGroundSafeHeight(
       cameraCartographic.height,
       cockpitFloorM,
-      COCKPIT_MIN_GROUND_CLEARANCE_M,
+      profile.minClearanceM,
     );
     if (safeHeightM !== cameraCartographic.height) {
       cameraCartographic.height = safeHeightM;

From 3577d195133fc28f7c8bbc1ada3155188a85f3fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: manjunath22466 <301209272+manjunath22466@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 00:17:08 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 103/262] Cover the real provider switch and share chat
 Settings and stop checks

- Host test switches AI Provider from chat Settings through the real
  provider commands and checks the new mount keeps chat's context, frame,
  Back to chat and focus on the provider choice.
- Drop the open and minimized branches of the carried presentation: the
  provider choice lives only in Settings, so chat is never open then.
- One showChatSettings helper for the gear and the restore, and one
  isStoppable helper for the live-or-error check in chat and the panel close.
---
 changelog.d/1546-chat-provider-switch.md |  4 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                    |  4 +-
 src/voice/chatControl.js                 | 56 ++++++++++--------------
 src/voice/chatControlView.test.mjs       | 23 +++++-----
 src/voice/panel/host.test.mjs            | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/voice/providerCommands.js            |  2 +-
 src/voice/providerCommands.test.mjs      |  4 +-
 src/voice/session.js                     |  4 ++
 src/voice/sessionCommands.js             | 10 ++---
 9 files changed, 99 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1546-chat-provider-switch.md b/changelog.d/1546-chat-provider-switch.md
index 1c3210330..69cdbc939 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1546-chat-provider-switch.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1546-chat-provider-switch.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 - Keep typed chat's view when switching AI Provider: Settings opened from
-  chat, or chat itself, stay as they were for the new provider instead of
-  falling back to voice and widening the dock. Opening chat or closing the
+  chat stay chat's Settings for the new provider instead of falling back to
+  voice and widening the dock. Opening chat or closing the
   voice panel now also clears a voice error left on the dock (Manjunath,
   @manjunath22466, #1546).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index fa2287567..c01693e3d 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -767,8 +767,8 @@ starts. Settings opened from chat keep chat's frame and show the shared AI
 provider, the quick-commands option and then the voice preferences (Voice
 Preview, inactivity timeout and model tier), so they stay in reach while
 Preview is off, with Back to chat; voice Settings show Back to voice. Switching
-AI Provider keeps that view: chat's Settings, or chat itself, stay as they were
-for the new provider. Escape steps back from either Settings view, closes Voice
+AI Provider keeps that view: Settings opened from chat stay chat's Settings,
+in chat's frame, for the new provider. Escape steps back from either Settings view, closes Voice
 Preview, and does nothing in chat. Closing chat ends a typed session, and the
 voice panel's close turns voice off. Opening chat or closing the voice panel
 also clears a voice error left on the dock. Asking the assistant from chat to open
diff --git a/src/voice/chatControl.js b/src/voice/chatControl.js
index d366181a7..0525b9bc5 100644
--- a/src/voice/chatControl.js
+++ b/src/voice/chatControl.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { bindChatAttachments } from './chatAttachments.js';
 import { bindChatPreferences } from './chatPreferences.js';
 import { readStoredCloudVoiceAuthMode } from './cloudVoiceAuth.js';
+import { isStoppable } from './session.js';
 import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
@@ -96,8 +97,7 @@ export function bindChatControl({ ui, session, onOpen, dataManager }) {
     leaveChatSettings();
     // Chat replaces voice, a stale voice error included, so the dock stops
     // showing it.
-    if (!isTyped() && (session.isActive() || session.state === 'error'))
-      session.stop();
+    if (!isTyped() && isStoppable(session)) session.stop();
     onOpen?.();
     ui.update('chat', { open: true, minimized: false, rows: 2, authNote });
     sync();
@@ -392,15 +392,7 @@ export function bindChatControl({ ui, session, onOpen, dataManager }) {
       }
       const frame = ui.element('chatPanel')?.getBoundingClientRect?.();
       close();
-      ui.update('voicePanel', {
-        context: 'chat',
-        ...(frame?.width && {
-          frameWidth: frame.width,
-          frameHeight: frame.height,
-        }),
-      });
-      ui.update('chat', { backVisible: true });
-      sync();
+      showChatSettings(frame);
       void ui.focus(['chatBack']);
     }),
     // The panel clears its context as it closes, so chat tracks its own.
@@ -416,32 +408,30 @@ export function bindChatControl({ ui, session, onOpen, dataManager }) {
     }),
   ];
   sync();
-  // What a provider switch carries to the next mount: chat's Settings or
-  // chat itself, never the conversation.
+  // Settings shown from chat, in chat's frame when it has one.
+  function showChatSettings(frame) {
+    ui.update('voicePanel', {
+      context: 'chat',
+      ...(frame?.width && {
+        frameWidth: frame.width,
+        frameHeight: frame.height,
+      }),
+    });
+    ui.update('chat', { backVisible: true });
+    sync();
+  }
+  // What a provider switch carries to the next mount: chat's Settings, never
+  // the conversation. The provider choice lives only in Settings, so chat
+  // itself is never open during a switch.
   function presentation() {
-    if (inChatSettings()) {
-      const { frameWidth, frameHeight } = ui.state.voicePanel;
-      return { view: 'settings', frameWidth, frameHeight };
-    }
-    if (chat().open) return { view: chat().minimized ? 'minimized' : 'open' };
-    return null;
+    if (!inChatSettings()) return null;
+    const { frameWidth: width, frameHeight: height } = ui.state.voicePanel;
+    return { view: 'settings', frame: width ? { width, height } : null };
   }
   // Restored without moving focus: the switch keeps it on the provider choice.
   function restorePresentation(state) {
-    if (disposed || !state) return;
-    if (state.view === 'settings') {
-      ui.update('voicePanel', {
-        context: 'chat',
-        ...(state.frameWidth && {
-          frameWidth: state.frameWidth,
-          frameHeight: state.frameHeight,
-        }),
-      });
-      ui.update('chat', { backVisible: true });
-      return sync();
-    }
-    open({ focus: false });
-    if (state.view === 'minimized') minimize({ focus: false });
+    if (disposed || state?.view !== 'settings') return;
+    showChatSettings(state.frame);
   }
   return {
     close,
diff --git a/src/voice/chatControlView.test.mjs b/src/voice/chatControlView.test.mjs
index e329a2dc3..c0175456c 100644
--- a/src/voice/chatControlView.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/chatControlView.test.mjs
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ test('the chat gear is named for the settings it opens', async (t) => {
   );
 });
 
-test('a provider switch carries chat Settings or chat itself to the next mount', async (t) => {
+test('a provider switch carries chat Settings to the next mount', async (t) => {
   const mount = () => {
     const ui = createTestVoiceUi({ panel: true });
     const chat = bindChatControl({ ui, session: typedSession() });
@@ -377,21 +377,22 @@ test('a provider switch carries chat Settings or chat itself to the next mount',
   before.ui.emit('chat-button');
   before.ui.update('voicePanel', { hidden: false });
   before.ui.emit('settings-button');
+  before.ui.update('voicePanel', { frameWidth: 320, frameHeight: 480 });
   const settings = before.chat.presentation();
-  assert.equal(settings.view, 'settings');
+  assert.deepEqual(settings, {
+    view: 'settings',
+    frame: { width: 320, height: 480 },
+  });
   const after = mount();
   after.chat.restorePresentation(settings);
   assert.equal(after.ui.state.voicePanel.context, 'chat');
+  assert.equal(after.ui.state.voicePanel.frameWidth, 320);
+  assert.equal(after.ui.state.voicePanel.frameHeight, 480);
   assert.equal(after.ui.state.chat.backVisible, true);
   assert.equal(after.ui.state.root.assistantMode, 'chat');
-  // Open and minimized chat come back as they were, without taking focus.
-  for (const view of ['open', 'minimized']) {
-    const next = mount();
-    next.chat.restorePresentation({ view });
-    assert.equal(next.ui.state.chat.open, true);
-    assert.equal(next.ui.state.chat.minimized, view === 'minimized');
-    assert.equal(next.chat.presentation().view, view);
-  }
-  // Idle chat carries nothing.
+  // Chat itself, or no chat at all, carries nothing.
+  const open = mount();
+  open.ui.emit('chat-button');
+  assert.equal(open.chat.presentation(), null);
   assert.equal(mount().chat.presentation(), null);
 });
diff --git a/src/voice/panel/host.test.mjs b/src/voice/panel/host.test.mjs
index ae5cd1994..57b512ac0 100644
--- a/src/voice/panel/host.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/panel/host.test.mjs
@@ -1319,6 +1319,56 @@ test('opening chat or closing the voice panel clears a stale voice error', async
   }
 });
 
+test('switching AI Provider from chat Settings keeps chat Settings on the new mount', async (t) => {
+  const view = mountVoiceView(t);
+  const host = createVoicePanelHost({ storage: null });
+  const instances = [];
+  const commands = createProviderCommands(
+    {
+      runner: async () => ({}),
+      dataManager: { layers: new Map() },
+      supportedProviders: ['openai', 'gemini'],
+    },
+    {
+      bind: (options) =>
+        bind({
+          ...options,
+          panelHost: host,
+          createControl: (control) =>
+            createTestVoiceUi({ ...control, pinia: view.pinia }),
+        }),
+      factories: { openai: factory(instances), gemini: factory(instances) },
+      storage: null,
+    },
+  );
+  t.after(() => {
+    commands.destroy();
+    host.destroy();
+  });
+  await view.settle();
+  $('#gev-chat-button').click();
+  await view.settle();
+  $('#gev-chat-panel').getBoundingClientRect = () => ({
+    width: 320,
+    height: 480,
+  });
+  $('#gev-voice-settings-button').click();
+  await view.settle();
+  const old = commands.ui;
+  assert.equal(old.state.voicePanel.context, 'chat');
+  old.emit('provider-change', 'gemini');
+  await view.settle();
+  const { ui } = commands;
+  assert.notEqual(ui, old);
+  assert.equal(ui.state.voicePanel.context, 'chat');
+  assert.equal(ui.state.voicePanel.frameWidth, 320);
+  assert.equal(ui.state.voicePanel.frameHeight, 480);
+  assert.equal(ui.state.chat.backVisible, true);
+  assert.equal(ui.state.root.assistantMode, 'chat');
+  assert.equal($('#gev-chat-back').hidden, false);
+  assert.equal(active(), 'gev-voice-provider');
+});
+
 test('the voice panel close turns voice off', async (t) => {
   const f = mounted(t, { view: true });
   await f.commands.session.start();
diff --git a/src/voice/providerCommands.js b/src/voice/providerCommands.js
index 756215c7b..5d77ebef6 100644
--- a/src/voice/providerCommands.js
+++ b/src/voice/providerCommands.js
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ export function createProviderCommands(options, { bind, factories, storage }) {
     const textOnly = Boolean(
       current.session.adapter.getStartOptions?.().textOnly,
     );
-    // The panel stays where the user is: chat's Settings or chat itself.
+    // Settings opened from chat stay chat's Settings.
     const presentation = current.chatPresentation?.() ?? null;
     const generation = ++mountGeneration;
     voiceEnabled = false;
diff --git a/src/voice/providerCommands.test.mjs b/src/voice/providerCommands.test.mjs
index dfcf77052..a9acd2804 100644
--- a/src/voice/providerCommands.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/providerCommands.test.mjs
@@ -857,13 +857,13 @@ for (const action of ['stop', 'destroy']) {
   }
 }
 
-test('a provider switch hands chat Settings or chat to the new mount', async (t) => {
+test('a provider switch hands chat Settings to the new mount', async (t) => {
   const f = compositionFixture(t);
   const first = f.facade.provider;
   const next = first === 'openai' ? 'gemini' : 'openai';
   // Without chat open there is nothing to carry.
   assert.equal(f.mounts[0].controls.chatPresentation(), null);
-  const shown = { view: 'settings', frameWidth: 320, frameHeight: 480 };
+  const shown = { view: 'settings', frame: { width: 320, height: 480 } };
   f.mounts[0].controls.chatPresentation = () => shown;
   f.select(next);
   await settle();
diff --git a/src/voice/session.js b/src/voice/session.js
index 21400f04c..7c31f17d2 100644
--- a/src/voice/session.js
+++ b/src/voice/session.js
@@ -185,6 +185,10 @@ export function createVoiceSession({ createAdapter, runner, signal }) {
   };
 }
 
+// Live, or left in error: stopping either returns the session to idle.
+export const isStoppable = (session) =>
+  session.isActive() || session.state === 'error';
+
 function abortError() {
   return new DOMException('Voice action cancelled', 'AbortError');
 }
diff --git a/src/voice/sessionCommands.js b/src/voice/sessionCommands.js
index 5a8a7e90c..242a2126b 100644
--- a/src/voice/sessionCommands.js
+++ b/src/voice/sessionCommands.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { bindAssistantPanelLayout, bindLayoutDock } from './panelLayout.js';
 import { bindChatControl } from './chatControl.js';
 import { bindVoiceMiniPreview } from './voiceMiniPreview.js';
 import { createVoiceControl, voiceStatusLabel } from './control.js';
-import { createVoiceSession } from './session.js';
+import { createVoiceSession, isStoppable } from './session.js';
 import { VoiceCardControls } from './voiceCard.js';
 import { PointerReticle } from './pointerReticle.js';
 import { VOICE_PROVIDERS } from './providerCapabilities.js';
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ export function createVoiceCommands({
   createReticle = createDefaultReticle,
   panelHost = null,
   nativePanelProvider = null,
-  // Chat's Settings or chat itself, carried across a provider switch.
+  // Chat's Settings, carried across a provider switch.
   presentation = null,
 }) {
   if (resetExisting) window.__gevVoiceCommands?.stop?.({ removeUi: true });
@@ -289,11 +289,7 @@ export function createVoiceCommands({
   // session belongs to chat, which handles its own close.
   const offClose = ui.on('settings-close', () => {
     // A voice error the user closes is over too; stopping returns to idle.
-    if (
-      (!session.isActive() && session.state !== 'error') ||
-      adapter.getStartOptions?.().textOnly
-    )
-      return;
+    if (!isStoppable(session) || adapter.getStartOptions?.().textOnly) return;
     const ticket = panelMount?.stopTicket();
     session.stop();
     panelMount?.closeAfterStop(ticket);

From 06c84f92d3791278a80c1ab710e995535768612d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 23:35:25 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 104/262] Ignore Arabic short vowels and shadda in chat
 autocomplete
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Arabic catalog strings carry optional marks ("تتبّع"), but people type
without them, so "تتبع" found no suggestion. Fold the marks out of both
the draft and the candidates before comparing.
---
 src/voice/chatPreferences.js       | 12 ++++++------
 src/voice/chatPreferences.test.mjs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/voice/chatPreferences.js b/src/voice/chatPreferences.js
index b094624bb..e478620cd 100644
--- a/src/voice/chatPreferences.js
+++ b/src/voice/chatPreferences.js
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ export function bindChatPreferences({ ui, getDraft, setDraft }) {
       msg('Reset to globe view'),
       msg('Show earthquakes'),
     ].map((text) => t(text));
+  // Arabic short vowels and shadda are optional in writing: typing "تتبع"
+  // still finds "تتبّع".
+  const fold = (text) =>
+    text.toLowerCase().replace(/[\u064B-\u065F\u0670]/g, '');
   try {
     const stored = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key));
     if (typeof stored?.quick === 'boolean') quick = stored.quick;
@@ -31,18 +35,14 @@ export function bindChatPreferences({ ui, getDraft, setDraft }) {
   function render() {
     const draft = getDraft();
     if (historyIndex >= 0 && draft !== recent[historyIndex]) resetHistory();
-    const query = draft.trim().toLowerCase();
+    const query = fold(draft.trim());
     const groups = [];
     if (query) {
       const candidates = [...recent, ...(quick ? quickCommands() : [])];
       groups.push({
         label: t('Suggestions'),
         items: [...new Set(candidates)]
-          .filter(
-            (text) =>
-              text.toLowerCase().includes(query) &&
-              text.toLowerCase() !== query,
-          )
+          .filter((text) => fold(text).includes(query) && fold(text) !== query)
           .slice(0, 4),
       });
     } else {
diff --git a/src/voice/chatPreferences.test.mjs b/src/voice/chatPreferences.test.mjs
index 916fc3342..28dcdefcb 100644
--- a/src/voice/chatPreferences.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/chatPreferences.test.mjs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { bindChatPreferences } from './chatPreferences.js';
 import { createTestVoiceUi } from '../testSupport/voiceUi.mjs';
 
@@ -99,3 +100,21 @@ test('editing a recalled message ends recall, and sending resets it', (t) => {
   press('ArrowUp');
   assert.equal(field.value, 'Show live flights now');
 });
+
+test('autocomplete ignores Arabic short vowels and shadda', (t) => {
+  setLocale('ar');
+  t.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+  const ui = createTestVoiceUi();
+  let draft = '';
+  const prefs = bindChatPreferences({ ui, getDraft: () => draft });
+  t.after(() => prefs.destroy());
+  const suggested = (text) => {
+    draft = text;
+    prefs.render();
+    return ui.state.chat.suggestions.flatMap((group) => group.items);
+  };
+  // The quick command is written "تتبّع", with a shadda.
+  assert.deepEqual(suggested('تتبع'), ['اعرض تتبّع الرحلات المباشر']);
+  prefs.remember('انتقل إلى طوكيو');
+  assert.deepEqual(suggested('طُوكيو'), ['انتقل إلى طوكيو']);
+});

From e84cae6baa0d41af79c6a25e2347a3f8587df542 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 23:35:46 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 105/262] Add the changelog entry for #1561

---
 changelog.d/1561-chat-autocomplete-arabic-marks.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1561-chat-autocomplete-arabic-marks.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1561-chat-autocomplete-arabic-marks.md b/changelog.d/1561-chat-autocomplete-arabic-marks.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b49cd0e86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1561-chat-autocomplete-arabic-marks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Chat autocomplete finds Arabic suggestions typed without short vowels or
+  shadda, so «تتبع» now suggests «اعرض تتبّع الرحلات المباشر»
+  (German, @gekh, #1561).

From 219f3e1079cb8efb0a60068677d9cb942348d5a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 17:04:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 106/262] feat(cockpit): enter Cockpit with only the ridden
 aircraft's layer on
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Cockpit entry no longer needs Contacts or both flight feeds: a civilian
aircraft needs Live Flights, a military one Military Flights. Contacts and
every other layer can be turned on or off before or during a session, and
turning off the ridden layer ends it. A Context mode change in flight still
blocks entry.

When the other air feed is off, Live Signals and the Contact card say
FLIGHTS FEED OFF or MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE instead of
presenting a partial picture as complete. Voice refuses entry with
subject-layer-off rather than contacts-inactive, and its tool description
says Contacts is not required.

Double-clicking the followed aircraft enters Cockpit through the same gate.
The Cockpit takes the scene's double-click before Cesium's stock handler,
which would otherwise untrack a followed aircraft whose model is a
primitive. The entry also shows under the Intel HUD readout, sharing the
Contacts button's face. A test keeps the classes the Cockpit adds to the
body from matching another element's rule.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                       |  18 +-
 scripts/package-boundaries.json             |   5 +
 scripts/qa-voice-routing.mjs                |  29 ++-
 server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js |   2 +-
 src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs                  |  25 ++-
 src/cockpitSignalFocus.test.mjs             |  34 +++
 src/contextModePolicy.js                    |  39 ++--
 src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs              |  41 ++--
 src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs             |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                    |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                    |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                    |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                    |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                    |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                    |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                    |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                    |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                    |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                 |   5 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json               |   5 +-
 src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs          |  22 +-
 src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs          |  91 ++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitContext.js                    |  51 ++++-
 src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs              |  57 +++++
 src/ui/cockpitController.js                 |  37 +++-
 src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js                |  78 +++++--
 src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs            | 234 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitInput.js                      |  94 ++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js               |  18 ++
 src/ui/cockpitSignals.js                    |  65 +++++-
 src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js         |  31 ++-
 src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js               |  16 +-
 src/ui/contextTransactions.js               |   9 +-
 src/ui/styles/cockpit.css                   |  30 +++
 src/ui/views/ContextView.vue                |   7 +-
 src/ui/views/IntelHudView.vue               |  12 +
 src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs            |   3 +-
 37 files changed, 964 insertions(+), 134 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index c3e15ea4d..ad0dc30e4 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -4799,7 +4799,7 @@ cannot claim full acceptance.
 
 **Lifecycle and proxy.** Contacts temporarily disables Transit and restores its
 prior state on exit; Space Missions refuses enablement while isolating replay
-data. Cockpit enters through Contacts and does not independently enable Transit.
+data. Cockpit does not need Contacts and does not independently enable Transit.
 The proxy fetches registered URLs only, validates redirect origins, bounds
 responses and decoding, caches successful snapshots, and backs off after failed
 refreshes. A 304 confirms contact without appending history. Missing vehicles
@@ -6017,12 +6017,16 @@ apply to `public/` assets or built-preview serving.
 - Panoptic mode shows labels on ALL items (no stride skipping). Tracked/selected items keep bounding box but suppress label (skipLabel flag). Tracked items get enlarged bounding boxes (56×44 vs default 22×14).
 - The 3D aircraft toggle reveals `Proximity` and `All` modes and drives both commercial and military aircraft layers. It ships ON in `Proximity`, so the button paints lit and the mode row paints open from markup; the panel is therefore ~36 px taller than before, which Cockpit's Display/Radio strip absorbs through its existing primary-only corridor solver.
 - The host-painted tracked-target readout sits above the post-FX layer and follows tracked aircraft/satellites or selected mapped installations using each layer's display-position contract.
-- Cockpit entry is gated to the operational Contacts context bundle. The
-  Context chooser must be in Contacts mode, Live Flights and Military Flights must both
-  be enabled, and a civilian or military aircraft must be tracked. The visible
-  Cockpit actions and the `C` shortcut use the same gate, so ordinary standalone
-  flight-layer selection cannot enter a context-dependent cockpit.
-- **Aircraft cockpit view:** selecting a commercial or military aircraft reveals a `COCKPIT` action (`C`). Cockpit mode temporarily releases Cesium's orbit-follow transform and drives a first-person camera from the tracked aircraft's existing smoothed display position and course. Its concave helmet-visor HUD shows callsign, UTC time, coordinates, curved roll/pitch guides, and a seven-division heading tape. Ambient commercial and military AIR contacts use a Cockpit near/far band selected by the shared Display 3D mode: Proximity admits at 150 km and retains to 185 km; All admits at 400 km and retains to 450 km. The shared 3D toggle now applies in Cockpit: Off keeps in-range contacts as rotating 2D aircraft silhouettes, while On lets a ready admitted glTF take over without a drawing gap. The Cockpit model cap remains 60 and can only lower the map budget; in-range contacts that are capped or still loading remain 2D silhouettes instead of degrading to out-of-range dots. Contacts outside the selected band use small rotation-free cyan-white pips for civilian aircraft and amber pips for military. The pilot's own airframe is not drawn in first person, and exiting clears the Cockpit band and restores normal map silhouettes/models. The normal left accordion remains available for Layers and Authoring and keeps the same 26vh HUD-aligned anchor used in map mode, independent of whether the bottom-left Contact card is expanded or collapsed; the right-rail CCTV and Context chooser are hidden to avoid duplicating or overlapping the cockpit presentation. When the intelligence HUD is enabled, its classification, scene summary, collection/orbit metadata, coordinates, and imaging-status text remain visible as reduced peripheral cockpit telemetry; the optical center and flight instruments stay clear, and turning the HUD off still hides it. Ground speed, exact heading, and rendered altitude form one compact lower-center instrument cluster, keeping the horizon and peripheral view open. A second live altitude tape hugs the inside-right visor rim: its rail and nine moving ticks are derived from the same responsive keyhole radius, remain 20 px inside the circular edge even on wide displays, fade deeply at both vertical ends, and move continuously behind a fixed current-altitude pointer; its interval tightens automatically near the surface and it is suppressed on narrow screens. Cockpit mode also has a weather-backed transparent volumetric-cloud pass derived from the supplied FBM/domain-warped R&D shader. It renders at no more than 520×320, uses 24 ray steps/three FBM octaves at 12 FPS, is clipped to the visor, fails clear when Open-Meteo is unavailable, and stops its animation completely on cockpit exit. It does not restore the prior CPU weather canvases, precipitation, scene fog, or any map-mode effect. When Contacts is active for the tracked aircraft, the compact `CONTACT` rail adds the 250 km subject window, four cohort counts, nearest observed/mapped example with relative bearing and distance, freshness, explicit uncertainty, and Previous and Next controls plus its own collapse control. The mirrored right rail is a three-page **cockpit briefing carousel**: source-backed live signals, location-matched regional headlines, and physical-region/current-weather context from bundled Natural Earth polygons and Open-Meteo. It is manual-first: Previous, Next, and direct page controls are always available, and the visible `CYCLE OFF` / `CYCLE ON` control starts or stops the nine-second page cycle. The cycle pauses on hover or keyboard focus and stops while collapsed, hidden, or outside cockpit mode; live signal data continues refreshing either way. Empty news matches and unavailable news use compact text states rather than reserving an empty media frame; partial local data remains explicit. Article links open their original publisher, and no headline is treated as verified risk intelligence. On desktop both cockpit rails use the same width and share a bottom-aligned safe baseline in opposite corners above the peripheral MGRS/GSD/time telemetry, leaving both that text and the lower-center instrument cluster readable. They collapse independently to slim tabs without stopping live data updates. Narrow screens use separated top/bottom fallbacks. Empty-space globe clicks are inert while cockpit owns the camera; `C`, `Escape`, or `EXIT COCKPIT` explicitly exits and restores the same tracked entity and standard follow camera. Unknown feeds remain unknown, selection loss still exits safely without inventing a replacement track, and the cockpit never presents the summary as threat scoring or an all-clear. This is a desktop first-person presentation, not a WebXR session.
+- Cockpit entry needs only the layer of the aircraft it rides and that aircraft
+  tracked: Live Flights for a civilian, Military Flights for a military aircraft
+  (the tracked info's `layerId`; `cockpitEntryAllowed` in
+  `src/contextModePolicy.js`). Contacts is not required, and the other aircraft
+  layer, Live AIS Vessels and every other layer may be turned on or off before or
+  during a session. A Context mode change still in flight blocks entry until it
+  settles. Turning off the layer the view rides ends it. The visible Cockpit
+  actions, the `C` shortcut and voice use the same gate; voice entry still opens
+  Contacts first, as its layer-targeted entry navigates through Contacts.
+- **Aircraft cockpit view:** selecting a commercial or military aircraft reveals a `COCKPIT` action (`C`) once that aircraft's own layer is on; Contacts is not required. The action shows in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`) and under the Intel HUD's bottom-right readout (`#cockpit-entry-readout`, with the HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber layouts), so entry needs no Contacts panel. Turning off the ridden aircraft's layer ends the view (the layer clears its tracking). When an air feed the surrounding picture uses is off, the Cockpit says so instead of blocking: Live Signals leads with `MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE` or `FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE`, and the Contact card shows that line in place of its inputs status, so a partial picture is never presented as complete. `control_cockpit` refuses entry with `entryBlockedReason` `contacts-starting` (a Context change in flight), `subject-layer-off` (the aircraft's layer, or with none tracked any aircraft layer, is off) or `no-tracked-aircraft`. Cockpit mode temporarily releases Cesium's orbit-follow transform and drives a first-person camera from the tracked aircraft's existing smoothed display position and course. Its concave helmet-visor HUD shows callsign, UTC time, coordinates, curved roll/pitch guides, and a seven-division heading tape. Ambient commercial and military AIR contacts use a Cockpit near/far band selected by the shared Display 3D mode: Proximity admits at 150 km and retains to 185 km; All admits at 400 km and retains to 450 km. The shared 3D toggle now applies in Cockpit: Off keeps in-range contacts as rotating 2D aircraft silhouettes, while On lets a ready admitted glTF take over without a drawing gap. The Cockpit model cap remains 60 and can only lower the map budget; in-range contacts that are capped or still loading remain 2D silhouettes instead of degrading to out-of-range dots. Contacts outside the selected band use small rotation-free cyan-white pips for civilian aircraft and amber pips for military. The pilot's own airframe is not drawn in first person, and exiting clears the Cockpit band and restores normal map silhouettes/models. The normal left accordion remains available for Layers and Authoring and keeps the same 26vh HUD-aligned anchor used in map mode, independent of whether the bottom-left Contact card is expanded or collapsed; the right-rail CCTV and Context chooser are hidden to avoid duplicating or overlapping the cockpit presentation. When the intelligence HUD is enabled, its classification, scene summary, collection/orbit metadata, coordinates, and imaging-status text remain visible as reduced peripheral cockpit telemetry; the optical center and flight instruments stay clear, and turning the HUD off still hides it. Ground speed, exact heading, and rendered altitude form one compact lower-center instrument cluster, keeping the horizon and peripheral view open. A second live altitude tape hugs the inside-right visor rim: its rail and nine moving ticks are derived from the same responsive keyhole radius, remain 20 px inside the circular edge even on wide displays, fade deeply at both vertical ends, and move continuously behind a fixed current-altitude pointer; its interval tightens automatically near the surface and it is suppressed on narrow screens. Cockpit mode also has a weather-backed transparent volumetric-cloud pass derived from the supplied FBM/domain-warped R&D shader. It renders at no more than 520×320, uses 24 ray steps/three FBM octaves at 12 FPS, is clipped to the visor, fails clear when Open-Meteo is unavailable, and stops its animation completely on cockpit exit. It does not restore the prior CPU weather canvases, precipitation, scene fog, or any map-mode effect. When Contacts is active for the tracked aircraft, the compact `CONTACT` rail adds the 250 km subject window, four cohort counts, nearest observed/mapped example with relative bearing and distance, freshness, explicit uncertainty, and Previous and Next controls plus its own collapse control. The mirrored right rail is a three-page **cockpit briefing carousel**: source-backed live signals, location-matched regional headlines, and physical-region/current-weather context from bundled Natural Earth polygons and Open-Meteo. It is manual-first: Previous, Next, and direct page controls are always available, and the visible `CYCLE OFF` / `CYCLE ON` control starts or stops the nine-second page cycle. The cycle pauses on hover or keyboard focus and stops while collapsed, hidden, or outside cockpit mode; live signal data continues refreshing either way. Empty news matches and unavailable news use compact text states rather than reserving an empty media frame; partial local data remains explicit. Article links open their original publisher, and no headline is treated as verified risk intelligence. On desktop both cockpit rails use the same width and share a bottom-aligned safe baseline in opposite corners above the peripheral MGRS/GSD/time telemetry, leaving both that text and the lower-center instrument cluster readable. They collapse independently to slim tabs without stopping live data updates. Narrow screens use separated top/bottom fallbacks. Empty-space globe clicks are inert while cockpit owns the camera; `C`, `Escape`, or `EXIT COCKPIT` explicitly exits and restores the same tracked entity and standard follow camera. Unknown feeds remain unknown, selection loss still exits safely without inventing a replacement track, and the cockpit never presents the summary as threat scoring or an all-clear. This is a desktop first-person presentation, not a WebXR session.
 - **Cockpit left-panel clearance:** the Cockpit Contact card and peripheral HUD participate in the adaptive left accordion's live obstacle measurements, including live viewport-height changes. Expanding Layers or Authoring keeps the active panel in the available upper-left corridor with internal scrolling; it does not cover the Contact card, lower Cockpit controls, or Cesium credit line. Outside Cockpit the hidden card does not alter the normal corridor.
 - **Cockpit Context scope:** the 250 km radius applies to the air/sea proximity cohorts. Installation counts come only from the currently loaded viewport and are labeled `CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY` in the cockpit as well as the normal Context panel; neither surface presents them as a complete 250 km installation survey.
 - **Cockpit camera anchor:** first-person mode does not write feed-boundary corrections directly into the camera. A cockpit-only inertial anchor advances from the selected aircraft's displayed course and speed, then converges toward the authoritative delayed track with correction capped below forward motion. The displayed kinematics are derived from the same consecutive fix segment as the rendered position, with raw feed speed/course used only as fallback; a transient zero/missing feed speed therefore cannot freeze a visibly moving aircraft after layer enable or a map/cockpit handoff. Rendered altitude continues to come from that interpolated track position. Late ADS-B fixes and short render stalls can remove drift without accelerating or reversing the view. Camera placement runs before scene update/culling at a bounded 20 Hz so a moving cockpit does not force Photoreal 3D Tiles to retraverse on every display frame; textual instruments update at 10 Hz and context/layout work at 4 Hz. Every far Cockpit contact pip shares one stable Cesium texture-atlas entry and skips unused screen-projected course calculations, while only in-range 2D aircraft silhouettes pay the screen-projected rotation cost; ambient glTF collections are hidden/retained rather than synchronously destroyed at cockpit entry, and context rails lay out only on explicit content/state changes and viewport resize. The deliberate 15/30-second layer interpolation delays and per-Cesium-frame position caches remain unchanged.
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index a774993b2..842ec9920 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitBriefing.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitContext.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRoute.vue",
+      "src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js",
+      "src/data/headingDegrees.js",
+      "src/data/distanceFormat.js",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRollingValue.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitSignalList.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitUtilityControls.vue",
@@ -866,6 +869,7 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitDisplayPortal.js",
       "src/ui/displayPanelScroll.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitInput.js",
+      "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitLayout.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js",
@@ -992,6 +996,7 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitDisplayPortal.js",
       "src/ui/displayPanelScroll.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitInput.js",
+      "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitLayout.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js",
diff --git a/scripts/qa-voice-routing.mjs b/scripts/qa-voice-routing.mjs
index 094119030..0b0a5213a 100644
--- a/scripts/qa-voice-routing.mjs
+++ b/scripts/qa-voice-routing.mjs
@@ -2321,9 +2321,11 @@ async function runBehaviorLayer() {
       `result=${JSON.stringify(r)?.slice(0, 120)} state=${JSON.stringify(contextExited)?.slice(0, 80)}`,
     );
 
-    // (9f) With Contacts OFF the entry gate is shut. Entry must refuse with the
-    // reason rather than produce the half-entered state the operator saw: a
-    // plane anchored under the camera with no HUD and no exit control.
+    // (9f) Cockpit needs only the tracked aircraft's own layer, not Contacts.
+    // With Contacts OFF, status must explain a shut gate without blaming
+    // Contacts, and entry must either enter cleanly or refuse with the reason
+    // rather than produce the half-entered state the operator saw: a plane
+    // anchored under the camera with no HUD and no exit control.
     r = await run('control_cockpit', { action: 'status' });
     const gateReport = r?.state || {};
     const cockpitBeforeGate = await page.evaluate(() =>
@@ -2331,10 +2333,13 @@ async function runBehaviorLayer() {
     );
     report(
       gateReport.active === false &&
-        gateReport.entryAllowed === false &&
-        gateReport.entryBlockedReason === 'contacts-inactive' &&
+        (gateReport.entryAllowed === true
+          ? gateReport.entryBlockedReason === null
+          : ['subject-layer-off', 'no-tracked-aircraft'].includes(
+              gateReport.entryBlockedReason,
+            )) &&
         !cockpitBeforeGate,
-      'behavior: cockpit status names why entry is blocked with Contacts off',
+      'behavior: cockpit status explains its gate without requiring Contacts',
       `state=${JSON.stringify(gateReport)?.slice(0, 150)}`,
     );
 
@@ -2348,12 +2353,16 @@ async function runBehaviorLayer() {
       Boolean(window.__godsEyeView?.styleManager?.cockpitView?.active),
     );
     report(
-      gated?.ok === false &&
-        /contacts/i.test(gated?.error || '') &&
-        !cockpitAfterGate,
-      'behavior: cockpit entry with Contacts off is refused, not half-entered',
+      gated?.ok === true
+        ? cockpitAfterGate
+        : !cockpitAfterGate && !/contacts/i.test(gated?.error || ''),
+      'behavior: cockpit entry with Contacts off follows the own-layer gate, never half-entered',
       `ok=${gated?.ok} error=${String(gated?.error || '').slice(0, 90)} active=${cockpitAfterGate}`,
     );
+    if (cockpitAfterGate)
+      await page.evaluate(() =>
+        window.__godsEyeView?.styleManager?.controlCockpit?.('exit'),
+      );
 
     await runBundledOutlineScenarios({
       page,
diff --git a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
index 7b25d34db..891145021 100644
--- a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
+++ b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ export const ACTION_DESCRIPTIONS = {
   },
   control_cockpit: {
     description:
-      'Explicit Cockpit requests only: enter from a selected/tracked aircraft (establishes Contacts itself; no set_context_mode), exit, status, or next/previous. Explicit exit-and-show voice: voicePanel preview/settings (Voice Settings), no confirmation.',
+      'Explicit Cockpit requests only: enter from a selected/tracked aircraft (needs only its own Flights/Military layer on, not Contacts; opens Contacts itself, no set_context_mode), exit, status, or next/previous. Explicit exit-and-show voice: voicePanel preview/settings (Voice Settings), no confirmation.',
     $position: 1,
     parameters: {
       properties: {
diff --git a/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs b/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs
index 64d03914b..aa06193ba 100644
--- a/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs
@@ -1306,12 +1306,12 @@ test('voice Cockpit entry honours a requested contact layer before it enters', (
     ui.indexOf("if (normalized === 'exit') {"),
   );
   assert.ok(branch, 'cockpit enter branch is missing');
-  const gateIndex = branch.indexOf('isEntryAllowed?.()');
+  const gateIndex = branch.indexOf('this._cockpitEntryRefusal()');
   const retargetIndex = branch.indexOf('_retargetCockpitEntryLayer(');
   const enterIndex = branch.indexOf('enterCockpitWithTracking({');
   assert.ok(
     gateIndex >= 0,
-    'entry consults the same gate the manual chip uses',
+    'entry refuses on the gate it can check before tracking',
   );
   assert.ok(
     retargetIndex > gateIndex,
@@ -1362,9 +1362,21 @@ test('voice Cockpit entry refuses when the entry gate is shut', () => {
     ui.indexOf("if (normalized === 'enter') {"),
     ui.indexOf("if (normalized === 'exit') {"),
   );
-  assert.match(branch, /if \(!this\.cockpitView\.isEntryAllowed\?\.\(\)\) \{/);
-  assert.match(branch, /Contacts must be active to enter Cockpit/);
-  assert.match(branch, /Contacts is still starting up/);
+  // Contacts is not required: only a Context change in flight or no aircraft
+  // layer to ride shuts the gate before tracking, and the entry itself then
+  // applies the manual chip's gate to the aircraft it rides.
+  assert.match(
+    branch,
+    /const refusal = this\._cockpitEntryRefusal\(\);\s*if \(refusal\) \{/,
+  );
+  assert.doesNotMatch(branch, /Contacts must be active/);
+  const refusal = ui.slice(
+    ui.indexOf('  _cockpitEntryRefusal() {'),
+    ui.indexOf('  getCockpitState() {'),
+  );
+  assert.match(refusal, /Context is still changing/);
+  assert.match(refusal, /No aircraft layer is on/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(refusal, /[Cc]ontacts/);
 });
 
 test('cockpit state cannot report entryAllowed while already active', () => {
@@ -1382,7 +1394,8 @@ test('cockpit state cannot report entryAllowed while already active', () => {
   );
   assert.match(state, /entryBlockedReason:/, 'and a refusal can be explained');
   assert.match(state, /'contacts-starting'/);
-  assert.match(state, /'contacts-inactive'/);
+  assert.match(state, /'subject-layer-off'/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(state, /'contacts-inactive'/, 'Contacts is not required');
   assert.match(state, /'no-tracked-aircraft'/);
 });
 
diff --git a/src/cockpitSignalFocus.test.mjs b/src/cockpitSignalFocus.test.mjs
index a4f73c4ce..89ee1cac1 100644
--- a/src/cockpitSignalFocus.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitSignalFocus.test.mjs
@@ -147,6 +147,40 @@ const snapshot = (distanceM = 2000) => ({
   ],
 });
 
+test('a feed-off row leads the rebuilt rows and the list stays five long', async (t) => {
+  const f = fixture(t);
+  const crowded = {
+    ...snapshot(),
+    cohorts: [
+      {
+        id: 'flights',
+        count: 6,
+        nearest: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].map((n) => ({
+          id: `n${n}`,
+          label: `N${n}`,
+          distanceM: n * 1000,
+        })),
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+  updateCockpitSignals.call(f.owner, crowded, 0, {
+    title: 'MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE',
+    detail: 'NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR',
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(f.owner.signalItems.length, 5);
+  assert.equal(f.owner.signalItems[0].key, 'feed-status');
+  assert.equal(f.owner.signalItems[0].tone, 'warning');
+  assert.equal(f.owner.signalItems[0].target, null);
+  assert.match(f.list.textContent, /MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE/);
+  updateCockpitSignals.call(f.owner, crowded, 0);
+  assert.equal(
+    f.owner.signalItems.some((item) => item.key === 'feed-status'),
+    false,
+    'with the feed back, the row goes',
+  );
+});
+
 test('rows render the signals the controller presents', async (t) => {
   const f = fixture(t);
   await render(f, [
diff --git a/src/contextModePolicy.js b/src/contextModePolicy.js
index 4c0b7c9cb..fd3324760 100644
--- a/src/contextModePolicy.js
+++ b/src/contextModePolicy.js
@@ -411,30 +411,37 @@ export function contextRestoreLayerIds(snapshot = {}) {
   return restored;
 }
 
+/** The layers an aircraft Cockpit subject can come from. */
+export const COCKPIT_AIRCRAFT_LAYER_IDS = Object.freeze([
+  'flights',
+  'military',
+]);
+
 /**
- * Cockpit entry belongs to the operational Contacts context bundle. A tracked
- * aircraft alone is not sufficient: both observed-flight feeds must still be
- * active so the cockpit's surrounding-contact picture is not presented as a
- * complete context view when one source is disabled.
+ * Cockpit entry needs only the aircraft it rides: that aircraft's own layer
+ * (Live Flights for a civilian, Military Flights for a military aircraft) must
+ * be on. Contacts and the other feeds are not required. When a source the
+ * surrounding picture uses is off, the Cockpit's Contact card and Live
+ * Signals say the picture is partial instead of blocking entry, so a partial
+ * picture is never presented as complete. A Context mode change in flight
+ * still owns the camera, so entry waits it out.
  *
- * @param {object} input Current context and dependency visibility.
- * @param {string|null} input.contextMode Active Context mode.
- * @param {boolean} input.contextModeChanging Whether the Context transaction is unsettled.
- * @param {boolean} input.flightsEnabled Whether Live Flights is enabled.
- * @param {boolean} input.militaryEnabled Whether Military Flights is enabled.
+ * @param {object} input Current subject and Context state.
+ * @param {string|null} input.subjectLayerId Layer of the tracked aircraft
+ *   ('flights' or 'military'), or null with none tracked.
+ * @param {boolean} input.subjectLayerEnabled Whether that layer is enabled.
+ * @param {boolean} input.contextModeChanging Whether a Context transaction is unsettled.
  * @returns {boolean} Whether cockpit entry may be offered or activated.
  */
 export function cockpitEntryAllowed({
-  contextMode,
+  subjectLayerId,
+  subjectLayerEnabled,
   contextModeChanging,
-  flightsEnabled,
-  militaryEnabled,
 }) {
   return (
-    contextMode === 'flights' &&
-    !contextModeChanging &&
-    Boolean(flightsEnabled) &&
-    Boolean(militaryEnabled)
+    COCKPIT_AIRCRAFT_LAYER_IDS.includes(subjectLayerId) &&
+    Boolean(subjectLayerEnabled) &&
+    !contextModeChanging
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs b/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs
index 40a7b291e..0453bd9b8 100644
--- a/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs
@@ -400,37 +400,32 @@ test('explicit layer intent finishing during restore overrides the stale queued
   }
 });
 
-test('cockpit entry requires Contacts context with both aircraft feeds enabled', () => {
+test("cockpit entry needs only the tracked aircraft's own layer", () => {
   assert.equal(cockpitEntryAllowed({
-    contextMode: 'flights',
+    subjectLayerId: 'flights',
+    subjectLayerEnabled: true,
     contextModeChanging: false,
-    flightsEnabled: true,
-    militaryEnabled: true,
-  }), true);
+  }), true, 'a civilian needs Live Flights alone: no Contacts, no Military');
   assert.equal(cockpitEntryAllowed({
-    contextMode: 'flights',
+    subjectLayerId: 'military',
+    subjectLayerEnabled: true,
+    contextModeChanging: false,
+  }), true, 'a military aircraft needs Military Flights alone');
+  assert.equal(cockpitEntryAllowed({
+    subjectLayerId: 'flights',
+    subjectLayerEnabled: true,
     contextModeChanging: true,
-    flightsEnabled: true,
-    militaryEnabled: true,
-  }), false, 'Cockpit remains unavailable until Contacts activation settles');
+  }), false, 'Cockpit remains unavailable until a Context mode change settles');
   assert.equal(cockpitEntryAllowed({
-    contextMode: null,
+    subjectLayerId: 'military',
+    subjectLayerEnabled: false,
     contextModeChanging: false,
-    flightsEnabled: true,
-    militaryEnabled: true,
-  }), false, 'ordinary layer selection is not an operational Contacts context');
+  }), false, "the ridden aircraft's own layer is required");
   assert.equal(cockpitEntryAllowed({
-    contextMode: 'flights',
+    subjectLayerId: null,
+    subjectLayerEnabled: false,
     contextModeChanging: false,
-    flightsEnabled: true,
-    militaryEnabled: false,
-  }), false, 'the military contact feed is required');
-  assert.equal(cockpitEntryAllowed({
-    contextMode: 'flights',
-    contextModeChanging: false,
-    flightsEnabled: false,
-    militaryEnabled: true,
-  }), false, 'the civilian contact feed is required');
+  }), false, 'there is no aircraft to ride');
 });
 
 test('context teardown guard restores coordination state after success and failure', async () => {
diff --git a/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs b/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
index 8d6317cb2..ddcdbbd53 100644
--- a/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
+++ b/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
@@ -1039,10 +1039,11 @@ test('the voice TOOL SCHEMA matches the pinned contract — the mission mapping
   // The Utilities panel adds one set_panel_open target; Sea Marks and Ski
   // Pistes extend the generated layer enums and alias hint; voice geometry
   // adds the analyst area scopes and the osm-places layer.
-  assert.equal(block.length, 31318, 'serialized tool schema length drifted');
+  // control_cockpit states the own-layer entry rule (Contacts not required).
+  assert.equal(block.length, 31372, 'serialized tool schema length drifted');
   assert.equal(
     crypto.createHash('sha256').update(block).digest('hex'),
-    'f5b42f41c2f575838f979e88a1dbff615a77ccd85fdf8fcd0a0a47d02f7d3ddc',
+    '7f593e78c232db972b04441f830b6a60f93916a6e5bc5a68eca7422cd1035508',
     'the first-run missions must ride EXISTING tools: no schema edit, no cache bust',
   );
   const instructions = fs.readFileSync(
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index deb68ec36..93ec661f8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -2187,6 +2187,9 @@
   "{value} KM/H": "{value} كم/س",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · نطاق جو/بحر {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · المنشآت {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "مصدر البيانات العسكرية متوقف · صورة جزئية",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "مصدر الرحلات متوقف · صورة جزئية",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "قائمة الطائرات القريبة غير مكتملة · لا يعني أن الوضع آمن",
   "SQUAWK {code} · {status}": "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
   "ADS-B PRIORITY · {status}": "أولوية ADS-B · {status}",
   "ADS-B EMERGENCY · {status}": "طوارئ ADS-B · {status}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 6876199d1..e4a41e7f2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -2087,6 +2087,9 @@
   "{value} KM/H": "{value} KM/H",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · {radius} LUFT-/SEEFENSTER",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · ANLAGEN {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "MILITÄR-FEED AUS · UNVOLLSTÄNDIGES LAGEBILD",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "FLUG-FEED AUS · UNVOLLSTÄNDIGES LAGEBILD",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "FLUGZEUGE IN DER NÄHE UNVOLLSTÄNDIG · KEINE ENTWARNUNG",
   "SQUAWK {code} · {status}": "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
   "ADS-B PRIORITY · {status}": "ADS-B-PRIORITÄT · {status}",
   "ADS-B EMERGENCY · {status}": "ADS-B-NOTFALL · {status}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index df11469ab..1066d8aea 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -1920,6 +1920,9 @@
   "N/A": "N/D",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · VENTANA AIRE/MAR {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · INSTALACIONES: {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "FUENTE MILITAR DESACTIVADA · PANORAMA PARCIAL",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "FUENTE DE VUELOS DESACTIVADA · PANORAMA PARCIAL",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "AERONAVES CERCANAS INCOMPLETAS · NO IMPLICA TODO DESPEJADO",
   "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · CONSULTA POR UBICACIÓN · RECIENTE",
   "ft": "ft",
   "kts": "kn",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 69d19c9f7..ab3032a3f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -1660,6 +1660,9 @@
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "ACTUS RÉGIONALES",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · AIR/MER {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS : {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "FLUX MILITAIRE COUPÉ · SITUATION PARTIELLE",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "FLUX DES VOLS COUPÉ · SITUATION PARTIELLE",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "AÉRONEFS PROCHES INCOMPLETS · PAS UN FEU VERT",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "CONTEXTE EN VEILLE",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "ACTIVER LE CONTEXTE GLOBAL POUR LES PINGS DE PROXIMITÉ",
   "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "CONTACT PERDU · DERNIER RELEVÉ CONNU · PAS UN FEU VERT",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index f33721cbb..cd5c23cef 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -1660,6 +1660,9 @@
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "NOTIZIE REGIONALI",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · ARIA/MARE {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · SITI {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "FEED MILITARE DISATTIVATO · QUADRO PARZIALE",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "FEED VOLI DISATTIVATO · QUADRO PARZIALE",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "AEREI VICINI INCOMPLETI · NON È UN VIA LIBERA",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "CONTESTO IN ATTESA",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "ATTIVA IL CONTESTO GLOBALE PER I PING DI PROSSIMITÀ",
   "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "CONTATTO PERSO · ULTIMA LETTURA NOTA · NON È UN VIA LIBERA",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index e47708830..84499fd8a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -1612,6 +1612,9 @@
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "地域ニュース",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · 航空機/船舶の範囲 {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · 施設 {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "軍用フィードオフ · 部分的な状況",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "フライトフィードオフ · 部分的な状況",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "付近の航空機情報は不完全 · 安全の保証ではありません",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "コンテキスト待機",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "グローバルコンテキストを有効にすると近接ピングを表示",
   "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "コンタクト喪失 · 最終既知の値 · 安全の保証ではありません",
@@ -1684,7 +1687,7 @@
   "Restore real aircraft": "実際の航空機に戻す",
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "TR-3Bに再分類",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "追跡開始",
-  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 針路 {heading}°",
+  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 対地針路 {heading}°",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "コンテキストがすべてのレイヤーを復元できませんでした。もう一度お試しください",
   "No selected data layers": "選択中のデータレイヤーはありません",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 23c44f786..56c56f36f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -1660,6 +1660,9 @@
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "NOTÍCIAS DA ÁREA",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · AR/MAR {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · INSTALAÇÕES: {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "FEED MILITAR DESLIGADO · QUADRO PARCIAL",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "FEED DE VOOS DESLIGADO · QUADRO PARCIAL",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "AERONAVES PRÓXIMAS INCOMPLETAS · NÃO GARANTE SEGURANÇA",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "CONTEXTO EM ESPERA",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "ATIVE O CONTEXTO GLOBAL PARA PINGS DE PROXIMIDADE",
   "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "CONTATO PERDIDO · ÚLTIMA LEITURA CONHECIDA · NÃO GARANTE SEGURANÇA",
@@ -1736,7 +1739,7 @@
   "Restore real aircraft": "Restaurar a aeronave real",
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Reclassificar como TR-3B",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "RASTRO ADQUIRIDO",
-  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · CURSO {heading}°",
+  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · RUMO {heading}°",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "O contexto não conseguiu restaurar todas as camadas; tente novamente",
   "No selected data layers": "Nenhuma camada de dados selecionada",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index b364d3bf1..764260167 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@
   "SOURCE STATUS UNAVAILABLE": "СТАТУС ИСТОЧНИКА НЕДОСТУПЕН",
   "Select flight {title}": "Выбрать рейс {title}",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "ЦЕЛЬ ЗАХВАЧЕНА",
-  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · КУРС {heading}°",
+  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · ПУТЕВОЙ УГОЛ {heading}°",
   "Restore real aircraft": "Вернуть реальный самолёт",
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Переклассифицировать как TR-3B",
   "No selected data layers": "Нет выбранных слоёв данных",
@@ -1953,6 +1953,9 @@
   "N/A": "Н/Д",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · ОКНО ВОЗДУХ/МОРЕ {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · ОБЪЕКТЫ: {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "ВОЕННЫЙ ПОТОК ВЫКЛ · КАРТИНА НЕПОЛНАЯ",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "ПОТОК РЕЙСОВ ВЫКЛ · КАРТИНА НЕПОЛНАЯ",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "БЛИЖНИЕ ВОЗДУШНЫЕ СУДА: ДАННЫЕ НЕПОЛНЫЕ · ОТСУТСТВИЕ УГРОЗ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
   "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · ЗАПРОС ПО МЕСТУ · НЕДАВНИЕ",
   "ft": "фт",
   "kts": "уз",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index d01a6af13..abf5a81a1 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -1683,6 +1683,9 @@
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "РЕГІОНАЛЬНІ НОВИНИ",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · РЕЙСИ / СУДНА · РАДІУС {radius}",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · ОБʼЄКТИ: {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "ВІЙСЬКОВИЙ ПОТІК ВИМК. · КАРТИНА НЕПОВНА",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "ПОТІК РЕЙСІВ ВИМК. · КАРТИНА НЕПОВНА",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "БЛИЗЬКІ ПОВІТРЯНІ СУДНА: ДАНІ НЕПОВНІ · НЕ ОЗНАЧАЄ «УСЕ ЧИСТО»",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "КОНТЕКСТ: ОЧІКУВАННЯ",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "УВІМКНІТЬ ГЛОБАЛЬНИЙ КОНТЕКСТ, ЩОБ БАЧИТИ КОНТАКТИ ПОБЛИЗУ",
   "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "КОНТАКТ ВТРАЧЕНО · ОСТАННІ ВІДОМІ ПОКАЗНИКИ · НЕ ОЗНАЧАЄ «УСЕ ЧИСТО»",
@@ -1761,7 +1764,7 @@
   "Restore real aircraft": "Повернути справжній літак",
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Перекласифікувати як TR-3B",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "ТРЕК ЗАХОПЛЕНО",
-  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · КУРС {heading}°",
+  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · ШЛЯХОВИЙ КУТ {heading}°",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "Не вдалося відновити всі шари контексту; спробуйте ще раз",
   "No selected data layers": "Шари даних не вибрано",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 07b1083ab..4259d04a0 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -1588,6 +1588,9 @@
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "地区新闻",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · {radius} 空/海监视窗口",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · 设施 {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "军用数据源已关闭 · 态势不完整",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "航班数据源已关闭 · 态势不完整",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "附近航空器信息不完整 · 不代表安全无虞",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "态势待机",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "启用全局态势以接收邻近目标提醒",
   "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "目标丢失 · 最后已知读数 · 不代表安全无虞",
@@ -1660,7 +1663,7 @@
   "Restore real aircraft": "恢复真实飞机",
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "重新归类为 TR-3B",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "已获取航迹",
-  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 航向 {heading}°",
+  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 对地航向 {heading}°",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "态势未能恢复所有图层，请重试",
   "No selected data layers": "没有已选数据图层",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index c13b7d39c..805255ca4 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -1578,6 +1578,9 @@
   "REGIONAL NEWS": "地區新聞",
   "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · {radius} 空/海監視窗口",
   "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · 設施 {coverage}",
+  "MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "軍用數據源已關閉 · 態勢不完整",
+  "FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE": "航班數據源已關閉 · 態勢不完整",
+  "NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "附近航空器資訊不完整 · 不代表安全無虞",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "態勢待機",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "啟用全局態勢以接收鄰近目標提醒",
   "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "目標丟失 · 最後已知讀數 · 不代表安全無虞",
@@ -1650,7 +1653,7 @@
   "Restore real aircraft": "恢復真實飛機",
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "重新歸類為 TR-3B",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "已獲取航跡",
-  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 航向 {heading}°",
+  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 對地航向 {heading}°",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "態勢未能恢復所有圖層，請重試",
   "No selected data layers": "沒有已選數據圖層",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
diff --git a/src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs b/src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs
index fdba1c49f..ab77d7c0c 100644
--- a/src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs
+++ b/src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ const INDEX_HTML = path.join(REPO_ROOT, 'index.html');
 /** The glyph written as element text: `<span class="material-symbols-outlined">radar</span>`. */
 const SPAN_TEXT =
   /class="[^"]*material-symbols-outlined[^"]*"[^>]*>\s*([a-z0-9_]+)\s*</g;
+/** A glyph chosen in a Vue template: `<span class="material-symbols-outlined">{{ a ? 'x' : 'y' }}</span>`. */
+const SPAN_MUSTACHE =
+  /class="[^"]*material-symbols-outlined[^"]*"[^>]*>\s*\{\{([^}]{0,400})\}\}\s*</g;
 /** A whole `textContent =` statement, across lines, so a multi-line ternary is read once. */
 const TEXT_ASSIGNMENT = /(?:textContent|innerText)\s*=\s*([^;]{0,400})/gs;
 const STRING_LITERAL = /['"`]([a-z0-9_]{2,})['"`]/g;
@@ -64,7 +67,24 @@ function referencedGlyphs() {
     };
     for (const match of source.matchAll(SPAN_TEXT)) add(match[1]);
     for (const match of source.matchAll(ICON_PROPERTY)) add(match[1]);
-    for (const match of source.matchAll(TEXT_ASSIGNMENT)) {
+    // A template glyph bound to a computed (`{{ entryIcon }}`) is whatever
+    // that computed returns.
+    for (const [, expression] of source.matchAll(SPAN_MUSTACHE)) {
+      const name = /^\s*([A-Za-z_$][\w$]*)\s*$/.exec(expression)?.[1];
+      if (!name) continue;
+      const body = new RegExp(
+        `\\b${name}\\s*=\\s*computed\\(\\(\\)\\s*=>\\s*\\{([\\s\\S]{0,600}?)\\n\\}\\);`,
+      ).exec(source)?.[1];
+      for (const literal of body?.matchAll(
+        /\breturn\s+['"`]([a-z0-9_]{2,})['"`]/g,
+      ) ?? [])
+        add(literal[1]);
+    }
+    const expressions = [
+      ...source.matchAll(TEXT_ASSIGNMENT),
+      ...source.matchAll(SPAN_MUSTACHE),
+    ];
+    for (const match of expressions) {
       const statement = match[1].replaceAll('?.', '.');
       const assigned = statement.includes('?')
         ? statement.slice(statement.indexOf('?') + 1)
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..adf897ce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs — the classes the Cockpit puts on
+// <body> must not also name an element's rule. A bare `.name { … }` written
+// for a panel matches <body> the moment <body> carries `name`, and its
+// pointer-events, position and overflow then apply to the whole page.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync, readdirSync } from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const UI_ROOT = fileURLToPath(new URL('.', import.meta.url));
+const SRC_ROOT = path.resolve(UI_ROOT, '..');
+const CONTROLLER = path.join(UI_ROOT, 'cockpitTrackingController.js');
+
+/** Every stylesheet the app ships. */
+function stylesheets(directory = SRC_ROOT) {
+  const files = [];
+  for (const entry of readdirSync(directory, { withFileTypes: true })) {
+    const absolute = path.join(directory, entry.name);
+    if (entry.isDirectory()) files.push(...stylesheets(absolute));
+    else if (entry.isFile() && entry.name.endsWith('.css'))
+      files.push(absolute);
+  }
+  return files;
+}
+
+/** A selector list split on its top-level commas, not those in `:not(a, b)`. */
+function splitSelectorList(list) {
+  const parts = [];
+  let depth = 0;
+  let start = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i += 1) {
+    if (list[i] === '(') depth += 1;
+    else if (list[i] === ')') depth -= 1;
+    else if (list[i] === ',' && depth === 0) {
+      parts.push(list.slice(start, i));
+      start = i + 1;
+    }
+  }
+  parts.push(list.slice(start));
+  return parts;
+}
+
+/** The classes the tracking controller adds to <body>. */
+function cockpitBodyClasses() {
+  const source = readFileSync(CONTROLLER, 'utf8');
+  const names = [
+    ...source.matchAll(/body\.classList\.add\(\s*'([a-z0-9-]+)'/g),
+  ].map((match) => match[1]);
+  return [...new Set(names)];
+}
+
+test('the Cockpit adds its subject classes to <body>', () => {
+  const classes = cockpitBodyClasses();
+  for (const name of ['cockpit-mode']) {
+    assert.ok(classes.includes(name), `${name} is not added to <body>`);
+  }
+});
+
+test('no stylesheet rule matches a Cockpit body class on another element', () => {
+  const offenders = [];
+  for (const name of cockpitBodyClasses()) {
+    // `.name` as a whole class token, not as `.name-suffix`.
+    const token = new RegExp(`\\.${name}(?![\\w-])`);
+    for (const file of stylesheets()) {
+      const css = readFileSync(file, 'utf8').replace(/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//g, '');
+      for (const [, selectors] of css.matchAll(/([^{}]+)\{/g)) {
+        for (const selector of splitSelectorList(selectors)) {
+          // Prettier wraps long `:not(\n  .name\n)` arguments; unwrap them.
+          const compound = selector
+            .trim()
+            .replace(/\(\s+/g, '(')
+            .replace(/\s+\)/g, ')');
+          if (!token.test(compound)) continue;
+          // Allowed only on <body> itself: `body.name` or `body:not(.name)`.
+          const onBody = new RegExp(
+            `(^|[\\s>+~])body[^\\s>+~]*\\.${name}(?![\\w-])`,
+          );
+          if (onBody.test(compound)) continue;
+          offenders.push(`${path.relative(SRC_ROOT, file)}: ${compound}`);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    offenders,
+    [],
+    'Selectors that match a Cockpit body class without `body.`: ' +
+      offenders.join('; '),
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitContext.js b/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
index 1158c632b..a343bbb91 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
@@ -24,6 +24,27 @@ const LOCALIZED_CONTEXT_SCOPE = Object.freeze({
     t('{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}', { scope, coverage }),
 });
 
+/**
+ * Which air feed the aircraft Cockpit's surrounding picture is missing. Entry
+ * needs only the ridden aircraft's own layer, so the other one may be off;
+ * the panels then say the picture is partial rather than present it as
+ * complete. Null with both feeds on, or when the owner cannot tell.
+ * @returns {?{title: string, detail: string}}
+ */
+export function readPartialPicture() {
+  const isLayerEnabled = this.services.isLayerEnabled;
+  if (typeof isLayerEnabled !== 'function') return null;
+  const militaryOff = !isLayerEnabled('military');
+  const flightsOff = !isLayerEnabled('flights');
+  if (!militaryOff && !flightsOff) return null;
+  return {
+    title: militaryOff
+      ? t('MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE')
+      : t('FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE'),
+    detail: t('NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR'),
+  };
+}
+
 /** Hand a fresh copy of the Contact card to the view. */
 export function publishContextView() {
   const view = this.contextView;
@@ -52,6 +73,7 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
     this.services.militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot?.() || null;
   const trackedId = info.icao24 || info.id;
   const readout = resolveCockpitContextReadout({ snapshot, info });
+  const partial = readPartialPicture.call(this);
   if (!readout.visible) {
     this.showContextCard(false);
     this.contextLayoutStamp = null;
@@ -61,6 +83,14 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
       t('CONTEXT STANDBY'),
       t('ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS'),
     );
+    if (partial)
+      this.pushCockpitSignal(
+        'feed-status',
+        'warning',
+        partial.title,
+        partial.detail,
+      );
+    else this.dropCockpitSignal?.('feed-status');
     return;
   }
 
@@ -171,19 +201,22 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
       angle: `${String(Math.round(Math.abs(relative))).padStart(3, '0')}°`,
     });
   }
-  view.uncertainty = unknownCount
-    ? tn(
-        unknownCount,
-        '{count} INPUT UNKNOWN · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR',
-        '{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR',
-      )
-    : t('AVAILABLE INPUTS CURRENT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR');
+  // A feed that is off outranks unknown inputs: the picture is partial.
+  view.uncertainty = partial
+    ? partial.title
+    : unknownCount
+      ? tn(
+          unknownCount,
+          '{count} INPUT UNKNOWN · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR',
+          '{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR',
+        )
+      : t('AVAILABLE INPUTS CURRENT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR');
   view.updated = Number.isFinite(snapshot.evaluatedAt)
     ? new Date(snapshot.evaluatedAt).toISOString().slice(11, 19) + 'Z'
     : '--:--:--Z';
-  view.state = unknownCount ? 'uncertain' : 'current';
+  view.state = unknownCount || partial ? 'uncertain' : 'current';
   this.publishContextView();
-  this.updateCockpitSignals(snapshot, unknownCount);
+  this.updateCockpitSignals(snapshot, unknownCount, partial);
   if (this.contextLayoutStamp !== snapshot.evaluatedAt) {
     this.contextLayoutStamp = snapshot.evaluatedAt;
     this.scheduleContextLayout();
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
index 47d3719c7..4896d238e 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
@@ -204,6 +204,63 @@ test('without a snapshot the card stands by, hidden', async (t) => {
   assert.equal(signals.at(-1)[2], 'CONTEXT STANDBY');
 });
 
+test('a feed that is off makes the card and Live Signals say the picture is partial', async (t) => {
+  // Every input known, so only the feed that is off can make it partial.
+  const { $, text, owner } = fixture(
+    t,
+    snapshot({
+      cohorts: [
+        {
+          id: 'flights',
+          label: 'Flights',
+          count: 12,
+          relationship: 'OBSERVED',
+          nearest: [{ id: 'N1', distanceM: 4200 }],
+        },
+      ],
+    }),
+  );
+  const rebuilt = [];
+  owner.updateCockpitSignals = (...args) => rebuilt.push(args);
+  owner.services.isLayerEnabled = () => true;
+  updateContext.call(owner, INFO, 0);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-context').dataset.state, 'current');
+  assert.equal(rebuilt.at(-1)[2], null, 'both feeds on: nothing to add');
+
+  owner.services.isLayerEnabled = (layerId) => layerId !== 'military';
+  updateContext.call(owner, INFO, 0);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-context').dataset.state, 'uncertain');
+  assert.equal(
+    text('#cockpit-context-uncertainty'),
+    'MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(rebuilt.at(-1)[2], {
+    title: 'MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE',
+    detail: 'NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR',
+  });
+});
+
+test('without Contacts, a feed that is off adds a signal until it is back', async (t) => {
+  const { owner, signals } = fixture(t, null);
+  const dropped = [];
+  owner.dropCockpitSignal = (key) => dropped.push(key);
+  // Riding a military aircraft with Live Flights off.
+  owner.services.isLayerEnabled = (layerId) => layerId === 'military';
+  updateContext.call(owner, { ...INFO, layerId: 'military' }, 0);
+  assert.equal(signals.at(-2)[2], 'CONTEXT STANDBY');
+  assert.deepEqual(signals.at(-1), [
+    'feed-status',
+    'warning',
+    'FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE',
+    'NEARBY AIRCRAFT INCOMPLETE · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR',
+  ]);
+  owner.services.isLayerEnabled = () => true;
+  updateContext.call(owner, { ...INFO, layerId: 'military' }, 0);
+  assert.deepEqual(dropped, ['feed-status']);
+});
+
 test('the weather toggle renders its state and the action it offers', async (t) => {
   const { $, text, owner } = fixture(t);
   syncWeatherToggle.call(owner, true);
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitController.js b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
index 50a397fc8..1e69146e3 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 /** Coordinate Cockpit lifecycle through supplied aircraft, terrain, rendering and briefing operations. */
 import {
   readAircraftInfo,
+  readSubjectLayerId,
+  resolveEntryKind,
   dispatchCockpitModeChanged,
   toggleTrackedTr3b,
   syncTr3bToggle,
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ import {
   relocalizeBrief,
 } from './cockpitBriefing.js';
 import {
+  dropCockpitSignal,
   handleSignalClick,
   publishCockpitSignals,
   pushCockpitSignal,
@@ -60,7 +63,11 @@ import {
   syncContextLayout,
   syncSignalLayout,
 } from './cockpitLayout.js';
-import { onKeyDown } from './cockpitInput.js';
+import {
+  onKeyDown,
+  onSceneDoubleClick,
+  routeSceneDoubleClick,
+} from './cockpitInput.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 
 export class CockpitViewController {
@@ -205,6 +212,13 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
       }),
     );
     this._listen(this.entry, 'click', () => this.enter());
+    // Double-clicking the followed track is a third way in.
+    this._listenerRemovers.push(routeSceneDoubleClick.call(this));
+    // The readout's entry renders inside the Intel HUD, which may mount after
+    // this controller, so its clicks are delegated.
+    this._listen(document, 'click', (event) => {
+      if (event.target?.closest?.('#cockpit-entry-readout')) this.enter();
+    });
     this._listen(this.tr3bToggle, 'click', () => this.toggleTrackedTr3b());
     this._listen(this.mapViewButton, 'click', () => this.exit());
     this._listen(this.visionPrevious, 'click', () => this.cycleVisionMode(-1));
@@ -272,6 +286,12 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   readAircraftInfo() {
     return readAircraftInfo.call(this);
   }
+  readSubjectLayerId() {
+    return readSubjectLayerId.call(this);
+  }
+  resolveEntryKind() {
+    return resolveEntryKind.call(this);
+  }
   dispatchCockpitModeChanged(active, info) {
     return dispatchCockpitModeChanged.call(this, active, info);
   }
@@ -371,8 +391,16 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   pushCockpitSignal(key, tone, title, detail, target) {
     return pushCockpitSignal.call(this, key, tone, title, detail, target);
   }
-  updateCockpitSignals(snapshot, unknownCount) {
-    return updateCockpitSignals.call(this, snapshot, unknownCount);
+  dropCockpitSignal(key) {
+    return dropCockpitSignal.call(this, key);
+  }
+  updateCockpitSignals(snapshot, unknownCount, partialPicture) {
+    return updateCockpitSignals.call(
+      this,
+      snapshot,
+      unknownCount,
+      partialPicture,
+    );
   }
   scheduleContextLayout() {
     return scheduleContextLayout.call(this);
@@ -392,6 +420,9 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   onKeyDown(event) {
     return onKeyDown.call(this, event);
   }
+  onSceneDoubleClick(position) {
+    return onSceneDoubleClick.call(this, position);
+  }
 
   handleSignalClick(event) {
     return handleSignalClick.call(this, event);
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
index b71889b4c..7140f3172 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 import { nextTick } from 'vue';
 import { CockpitViewController, CockpitDisplayPortal } from './cockpit.js';
-import { cockpitEntryAllowed } from '../contextModePolicy.js';
+import {
+  COCKPIT_AIRCRAFT_LAYER_IDS,
+  cockpitEntryAllowed,
+} from '../contextModePolicy.js';
 import { formatAwarenessLabel } from '../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
 import { enterCockpitWithTracking } from '../cockpitTracking.js';
 import { cockpitVisionModeForStyle } from '../cockpitVisionPolicy.js';
@@ -72,19 +75,24 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
         fetchRegionalBrief,
         regionalDistanceM,
         weatherCodeLabel,
+        // The Contact card and Live Signals say which feeds are off.
+        isLayerEnabled: (layerId) => this._isLayerEnabled(layerId),
       },
       onVisionChange: (mode, active, options) =>
         this._setCockpitVision(mode, active, options),
       getInitialVisionMode: () => cockpitVisionModeForStyle(this.activeStyle),
       onCameraTakeover: () =>
         this._stampNavigation({ cancelPendingSelection: false }),
-      isEntryAllowed: () =>
-        cockpitEntryAllowed({
-          contextMode: this._contextMode,
+      // Only the tracked aircraft's own layer gates entry (see the policy).
+      isEntryAllowed: () => {
+        const subjectLayerId =
+          this.cockpitView?.readAircraftInfo?.()?.layerId ?? null;
+        return cockpitEntryAllowed({
+          subjectLayerId,
+          subjectLayerEnabled: this._isLayerEnabled(subjectLayerId),
           contextModeChanging: this._contextModeChanging,
-          flightsEnabled: !!this._dataManager?.isEnabled('flights'),
-          militaryEnabled: !!this._dataManager?.isEnabled('military'),
-        }),
+        });
+      },
       publish: this.publishCockpit,
       isUtilityDisclosureOpen: () => !!this.readUtilityDisclosureOpen?.(),
       onEntered: () => this.enterPanels(),
@@ -115,6 +123,28 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
   get activeStyle() {
     return this.readActiveStyle();
   }
+  /** Whether a data layer is enabled; false for no layer. */
+  _isLayerEnabled(layerId) {
+    return Boolean(layerId) && !!this._dataManager?.isEnabled(layerId);
+  }
+  /** Whether either aircraft layer is on, so there is an aircraft to ride. */
+  get _aircraftLayerEnabled() {
+    return COCKPIT_AIRCRAFT_LAYER_IDS.some((layerId) =>
+      this._isLayerEnabled(layerId),
+    );
+  }
+  /**
+   * Why voice entry must refuse before it touches tracking, or null. The
+   * tracked aircraft's own layer is checked again by the entry itself.
+   * @returns {string|null}
+   */
+  _cockpitEntryRefusal() {
+    if (this._contextModeChanging)
+      return 'Context is still changing — try Cockpit again in a moment';
+    if (!this._aircraftLayerEnabled)
+      return 'No aircraft layer is on — turn on Flights or Military Flights and track an aircraft to enter Cockpit';
+    return null;
+  }
   getCockpitState() {
     const { militaryAwarenessLayer } = this.services;
     const snapshot = militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot?.();
@@ -129,19 +159,24 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
     const entryAllowed =
       !active &&
       Boolean(gateOpen && info && this.viewer?.trackedEntity?.position);
+    // Entry needs only the ridden aircraft's own layer: with one tracked,
+    // that layer; with none, any aircraft layer to track one from.
+    const subjectLayerOff = info
+      ? !this._isLayerEnabled(info.layerId)
+      : !this._aircraftLayerEnabled;
     return {
       active,
       entryAllowed,
       // Why entry is unavailable, so a refusal can be explained rather than
-      // guessed at.
+      // guessed at. Contacts is not required, so it is never the reason.
       entryBlockedReason:
         entryAllowed || active
           ? null
-          : !gateOpen
-            ? this._contextModeChanging
-              ? 'contacts-starting'
-              : 'contacts-inactive'
-            : 'no-tracked-aircraft',
+          : this._contextModeChanging
+            ? 'contacts-starting'
+            : subjectLayerOff
+              ? 'subject-layer-off'
+              : 'no-tracked-aircraft',
       visionMode: this.cockpitView?.visionMode || null,
       subject: info
         ? {
@@ -260,17 +295,18 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
       };
     }
     if (normalized === 'enter') {
-      // Entry is gated exactly as the manual entry chip is. Attempting it while
-      // the gate is shut produced the half-entered look the operator reported
-      // (a plane anchored under the camera with no cockpit around it), so
-      // refuse with the reason instead of trying.
-      if (!this.cockpitView.isEntryAllowed?.()) {
+      // Attempting entry while the gate is shut produced the half-entered look
+      // the operator reported (a plane anchored under the camera with no
+      // cockpit around it), so refuse with the reason instead of trying. The
+      // aircraft may not be tracked yet (a selection or a requested layer is
+      // adopted below), so this checks what can be known now; the entry
+      // itself then applies the manual chip's gate to the aircraft it rides.
+      const refusal = this._cockpitEntryRefusal();
+      if (refusal) {
         return {
           ok: false,
           action: 'control_cockpit',
-          error: this._contextModeChanging
-            ? 'Contacts is still starting up — try Cockpit again in a moment'
-            : 'Contacts must be active to enter Cockpit — say "open contacts" first',
+          error: refusal,
           state: this.getCockpitState(),
         };
       }
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5931ca5b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+// src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs — first person needs only the layer of
+// the vehicle it rides: Contacts and the other feeds may be off before or
+// during a session, turning the ridden layer off ends it, and the voice gate
+// and state say so without claiming Contacts is required. Over happy-dom.
+import '../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
+import { createApp, defineComponent, h, nextTick } from 'vue';
+import { CockpitCoordinator } from './cockpitCoordinator.js';
+import { _handleContextLayerChange } from './contextLayerChanges.js';
+import { useCockpitStore } from './stores/cockpit.js';
+import { useHudStore } from './stores/hud.js';
+import ContextView from './views/ContextView.vue';
+import IntelHudView from './views/IntelHudView.vue';
+
+const CIVIL = Object.freeze({
+  icao24: 'abc123',
+  callsign: 'UAL123',
+  track: 92,
+  latitude: 30,
+  longitude: -97,
+});
+const MILITARY = Object.freeze({
+  ...CIVIL,
+  icao24: 'ae0001',
+  callsign: 'RCH1',
+});
+
+function fixture(
+  t,
+  {
+    enabled = [],
+    tracked = null,
+    contextMode = null,
+    changing = false,
+  } = {},
+) {
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  const host = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+  const pinia = createPinia();
+  const app = createApp(
+    defineComponent(() => () => [h(ContextView), h(IntelHudView)]),
+  ).use(pinia);
+  app.mount(host);
+  const store = useCockpitStore(pinia);
+  const layers = new Set(enabled);
+  const dataManager = { isEnabled: (layerId) => layers.has(layerId) };
+  // A layer that is off has no tracked aircraft, as the flight layers clear
+  // tracking on disable.
+  const trackedFrom = (layerId) => () =>
+    tracked?.layerId === layerId && layers.has(layerId) ? tracked.info : null;
+  const entity = {
+    position: { getValue: () => null },
+    show: true,
+    gevTrackedId: tracked ? `${tracked.layerId}:${tracked.info.icao24}` : '',
+  };
+  const listeners = () => ({ addEventListener: () => () => {} });
+  const viewer = {
+    trackedEntity: tracked ? entity : undefined,
+    clock: { currentTime: null },
+    camera: { cancelFlight() {}, frustum: { fov: 1, aspectRatio: 1 } },
+    entities: { contains: (candidate) => candidate === entity },
+    scene: {
+      preUpdate: listeners(),
+      screenSpaceCameraController: { enableInputs: true },
+    },
+    trackedEntityChanged: listeners(),
+  };
+  const context = { mode: contextMode, changing };
+  const coordinator = new CockpitCoordinator({
+    viewer,
+    services: {
+      flightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: trackedFrom('flights') },
+      militaryFlightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: trackedFrom('military') },
+      militaryAwarenessLayer: { getContextSnapshot: () => null },
+      isTr3b: () => false,
+      holdContinuousRender() {},
+      releaseContinuousRender() {},
+    },
+    elements: {},
+    operations: {
+      publishCockpit: { presence: (view) => store.publishPresence(view) },
+      _stampNavigation() {},
+      getAircraftTrackingTarget: () =>
+        tracked ? { layerId: tracked.layerId, id: tracked.info.icao24 } : null,
+    },
+    readDataManager: () => dataManager,
+    readContext: () => context,
+    readActiveStyle: () => 'normal',
+    readUtilityDisclosureOpen: () => false,
+    enterPanels() {},
+    exitPanels() {},
+  });
+  const cockpit = coordinator.cockpitView;
+  // The HUD, briefing and signals have their own tests.
+  Object.assign(cockpit, {
+    updateHud() {},
+    setVisionMode() {},
+    showBriefPage() {},
+    startBriefRotation() {},
+    stopBriefRotation() {},
+    pushCockpitSignal() {},
+    scheduleContextLayout() {},
+    clearPredictiveRoute() {},
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    coordinator.stop();
+    app.unmount();
+    document.body.classList.remove('cockpit-mode');
+  });
+  /** Turn a layer off and tell the Context owner, as the data manager does. */
+  const disable = (layerId) => {
+    layers.delete(layerId);
+    _handleContextLayerChange.call(
+      {
+        cockpitView: cockpit,
+        _dataManager: dataManager,
+        _contextMode: null,
+        _contextModeChanging: false,
+        _contextSessionSnapshot: null,
+        _contextRestoreState: null,
+        _syncContextModeButtons() {},
+      },
+      { type: 'visibility', layerId, enabled: false, origin: 'user' },
+    );
+  };
+  const $ = (selector) => document.querySelector(selector);
+  return { $, coordinator, cockpit, store, layers, disable, pinia };
+}
+
+test('a civilian aircraft enters with Live Flights alone: no Contacts, no Military', (t) => {
+  const { coordinator, cockpit } = fixture(t, {
+    enabled: ['flights'],
+    tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
+  });
+  const state = coordinator.getCockpitState();
+  assert.equal(state.entryAllowed, true);
+  assert.equal(state.entryBlockedReason, null);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+});
+
+test('a military aircraft enters with Military Flights alone', (t) => {
+  const { coordinator, cockpit } = fixture(t, {
+    enabled: ['military'],
+    tracked: { layerId: 'military', info: MILITARY },
+  });
+  assert.equal(coordinator.getCockpitState().entryAllowed, true);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+});
+
+test('a Context change in flight still blocks entry, and says so', (t) => {
+  const { coordinator, cockpit } = fixture(t, {
+    enabled: ['flights', 'military'],
+    tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
+    contextMode: 'flights',
+    changing: true,
+  });
+  const state = coordinator.getCockpitState();
+  assert.equal(state.entryAllowed, false);
+  assert.equal(state.entryBlockedReason, 'contacts-starting');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), false);
+  const voice = coordinator.controlCockpit('enter');
+  assert.equal(voice.ok, false);
+  assert.match(voice.error, /Context is still changing/);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+});
+
+test('with no aircraft layer on, entry is refused for that reason, never for Contacts', (t) => {
+  const { coordinator, cockpit } = fixture(t);
+  const state = coordinator.getCockpitState();
+  assert.equal(state.entryBlockedReason, 'subject-layer-off');
+  const voice = coordinator.controlCockpit('enter');
+  assert.equal(voice.ok, false);
+  assert.match(voice.error, /No aircraft layer is on/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(voice.error, /contacts/i);
+  assert.equal(voice.state.entryBlockedReason, 'subject-layer-off');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+});
+
+test('with an aircraft layer on but nothing tracked, the reason is the missing aircraft', (t) => {
+  const { coordinator } = fixture(t, { enabled: ['military'] });
+  assert.equal(
+    coordinator.getCockpitState().entryBlockedReason,
+    'no-tracked-aircraft',
+  );
+});
+
+test('voice enters without Contacts when the ridden layer is on', (t) => {
+  const { coordinator, cockpit } = fixture(t, {
+    enabled: ['flights'],
+    tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
+  });
+  const result = coordinator.controlCockpit('enter');
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true, result.error);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+});
+
+test('other layers may be turned off during a session; the ridden layer ends it', (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, disable } = fixture(t, {
+    enabled: ['flights', 'military', 'ais-live-vessels'],
+    tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
+  });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  disable('military');
+  disable('ais-live-vessels');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true, 'other feeds are free to go off');
+  disable('flights');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false, 'the ridden layer going off ends it');
+});
+
+test('the readout offers the same entry, labelled by kind, and enters on click', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, pinia } = fixture(t, {
+    enabled: ['flights'],
+    tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
+  });
+  useHudStore(pinia);
+  const readoutEntry = $('#cockpit-entry-readout');
+  assert.equal(readoutEntry.hidden, true, 'hidden until entry is available');
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(readoutEntry.hidden, false);
+  assert.match(readoutEntry.textContent, /flight/);
+  assert.match(readoutEntry.textContent, /COCKPIT/);
+  assert.equal(
+    $('#cockpit-entry').hidden,
+    false,
+    'the Contacts entry follows the same presence',
+  );
+  readoutEntry.click();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+  assert.equal(readoutEntry.hidden, true, 'inside, there is nothing to enter');
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
index 54b8f56a9..15b4207e1 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
@@ -1,5 +1,99 @@
 /** Route Cockpit keys while preserving the active disclosure and form-control owner. */
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { isPointerFree } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
 
+/** How far from the followed track a double-click may land, CSS pixels. */
+export const SUBJECT_DOUBLE_CLICK_RADIUS_PX = 32;
+
+/**
+ * Whether a double-click landed on the followed track's mark.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number}|null} click Canvas position of the click.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number}|null|undefined} subject Canvas position of
+ *   the track, or nothing when it is off screen.
+ * @param {number} [radiusPx]
+ */
+export function doubleClickHitsSubject(
+  click,
+  subject,
+  radiusPx = SUBJECT_DOUBLE_CLICK_RADIUS_PX,
+) {
+  if (!click || !subject) return false;
+  const distance = Math.hypot(click.x - subject.x, click.y - subject.y);
+  return Number.isFinite(distance) && distance <= radiusPx;
+}
+
+/** Where the track `kind` would ride is drawn now, as a world position. */
+function subjectWorldPosition(kind) {
+  if (kind !== 'aircraft') return null;
+  return (
+    this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position?.getValue?.(
+      this.viewer.clock?.currentTime,
+    ) ?? null
+  );
+}
+
+/** The followed track's canvas position now, or null off screen. */
+function subjectCanvasPosition() {
+  const kind = this.resolveEntryKind();
+  const world = kind ? subjectWorldPosition.call(this, kind) : null;
+  const scene = this.viewer.scene;
+  if (!world || typeof scene?.cartesianToCanvasCoordinates !== 'function')
+    return null;
+  return (
+    scene.cartesianToCanvasCoordinates(world, new Cesium.Cartesian2()) ?? null
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Enter first person when the followed track itself is double-clicked: the
+ * same entry, and the same gates, as C and the entry buttons. A
+ * double-click anywhere else, or one a tool owns (drawing ends a shape with
+ * one), is left alone.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number}|null|undefined} position Canvas position.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when it landed on the followed track, entered or
+ *   refused by the gate: the caller does nothing else with it.
+ */
+export function onSceneDoubleClick(position) {
+  if (this.active || this.destroyed || !isPointerFree()) return false;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(position?.x) || !Number.isFinite(position?.y))
+    return false;
+  if (!doubleClickHitsSubject(position, subjectCanvasPosition.call(this)))
+    return false;
+  this.enter();
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Take the scene's double-click through the Cockpit first. Cesium's Viewer
+ * installs its own (pickAndTrackObject), which untracks whenever the pick is
+ * not an Entity: on a followed aircraft's model, a primitive, it would drop
+ * the very track the double-click means to ride. A double-click on the
+ * followed track is the Cockpit's; any other goes on to Cesium's.
+ * @returns {() => void} Puts Cesium's handler back, unless another owner
+ *   (the draw tool borrows it) has replaced ours since.
+ */
+export function routeSceneDoubleClick() {
+  const handler = this.viewer.screenSpaceEventHandler;
+  if (typeof handler?.setInputAction !== 'function') return () => {};
+  const type = Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK;
+  const stock = handler.getInputAction?.(type) ?? null;
+  const routed = (event) => {
+    if (this.onSceneDoubleClick(event?.position)) return;
+    stock?.(event);
+  };
+  handler.setInputAction(routed, type);
+  return () => {
+    if (handler.isDestroyed?.() || handler.getInputAction?.(type) !== routed)
+      return;
+    if (stock) handler.setInputAction(stock, type);
+    else handler.removeInputAction(type);
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The Cockpit's capture-phase keydown: Escape and C.
+ * @param {KeyboardEvent} event
+ */
 export function onKeyDown(event) {
   if (this.destroyed) return false;
   if (event.repeat || event.isComposing) return;
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
index fc62ceaad..b56a81892 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
@@ -144,3 +144,21 @@ export function formatCockpitWindDirection(value) {
   const degrees = roundHeadingDegrees(value);
   return `${compassPointLabel(labels[Math.round(normalized / 45) % labels.length])} · ${degrees}°`;
 }
+
+/**
+ * The Cockpit entry for each subject it can ride: an aircraft's cockpit.
+ * Both entry buttons (Contacts and the Intel HUD readout) show it.
+ */
+const COCKPIT_ENTRY_FACES = Object.freeze({
+  aircraft: Object.freeze({ icon: 'flight', label: msg('COCKPIT') }),
+});
+
+/**
+ * The entry's glyph and localized label for the subject it would ride.
+ * @param {'aircraft'|null|undefined} kind
+ * @returns {{icon: string, label: string}}
+ */
+export function cockpitEntryFace(kind) {
+  const face = COCKPIT_ENTRY_FACES[kind] ?? COCKPIT_ENTRY_FACES.aircraft;
+  return { icon: face.icon, label: t(face.label) };
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js b/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
index 2319a6d21..395db8116 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
@@ -62,7 +62,31 @@ export function pushCockpitSignal(key, tone, title, detail, target = null) {
   this.publishCockpitSignals();
 }
 
-export function updateCockpitSignals(snapshot, unknownCount) {
+/**
+ * Take a status row off the list, as when the feed it warned about is back.
+ * @param {string} key The row's key.
+ */
+export function dropCockpitSignal(key) {
+  this.signalSignatures.delete(key);
+  const kept = this.signalItems.filter((item) => item.key !== key);
+  if (kept.length === this.signalItems.length) return;
+  this.signalItems = kept;
+  this.publishCockpitSignals();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rebuild the rows from a Contacts snapshot: the nearest flights, a row for
+ * unknown inputs and, first, a row naming an air feed that is off.
+ * @param {object} snapshot `militaryAwareness.getContextSnapshot()` result.
+ * @param {number} unknownCount Cohorts whose count is unknown.
+ * @param {?{title: string, detail: string}} [partialPicture] The feed-off
+ *   row (see `readPartialPicture`), or null with every air feed on.
+ */
+export function updateCockpitSignals(
+  snapshot,
+  unknownCount,
+  partialPicture = null,
+) {
   const previous = new Map(this.signalItems.map((item) => [item.key, item]));
   const contacts = [];
   const subject = snapshot.subject;
@@ -110,7 +134,9 @@ export function updateCockpitSignals(snapshot, unknownCount) {
     }
   }
   contacts.sort((a, b) => a.distanceM - b.distanceM);
-  const nextItems = contacts.slice(0, 5).map((item) => ({
+  // A feed-off row leads, so the list never reads as the whole picture.
+  const reserved = partialPicture ? 1 : 0;
+  const nextItems = contacts.slice(0, 5 - reserved).map((item) => ({
     ...item,
     timestamp:
       previous.get(item.key)?.timestamp || snapshot.evaluatedAt || Date.now(),
@@ -120,18 +146,35 @@ export function updateCockpitSignals(snapshot, unknownCount) {
       .filter((cohort) => cohort.count === null)
       .map((cohort) => cohort.source)
       .join(' · ');
-    nextItems.splice(4, Math.max(0, nextItems.length - 4), {
-      key: 'input-status',
+    nextItems.splice(
+      4 - reserved,
+      Math.max(0, nextItems.length - 4 + reserved),
+      {
+        key: 'input-status',
+        tone: 'warning',
+        title: tn(
+          unknownCount,
+          '{count} INPUT UNKNOWN',
+          '{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN',
+        ),
+        detail: sources || t('SOURCE STATUS UNAVAILABLE'),
+        target: null,
+        timestamp:
+          previous.get('input-status')?.timestamp ||
+          snapshot.evaluatedAt ||
+          Date.now(),
+      },
+    );
+  }
+  if (partialPicture) {
+    nextItems.unshift({
+      key: 'feed-status',
       tone: 'warning',
-      title: tn(
-        unknownCount,
-        '{count} INPUT UNKNOWN',
-        '{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN',
-      ),
-      detail: sources || t('SOURCE STATUS UNAVAILABLE'),
+      title: partialPicture.title,
+      detail: partialPicture.detail,
       target: null,
       timestamp:
-        previous.get('input-status')?.timestamp ||
+        previous.get('feed-status')?.timestamp ||
         snapshot.evaluatedAt ||
         Date.now(),
     });
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
index f308b0d2f..3ad6267ff 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
@@ -17,6 +17,30 @@ export function readAircraftInfo() {
   });
 }
 
+/**
+ * The layer the active view rides: the aircraft's own layer. It is read from
+ * the tracked entity's id once the layer has dropped its tracking, so a layer
+ * turned off still names itself.
+ * @returns {'flights'|'military'|null}
+ */
+export function readSubjectLayerId() {
+  if (!this.active) return null;
+  const layerId = this.readAircraftInfo()?.layerId;
+  if (layerId) return layerId;
+  const [prefix] = String(this.trackedEntity?.gevTrackedId || '').split(':');
+  return ['flights', 'military'].includes(prefix) ? prefix : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The subject entry would take: a Cesium-tracked aircraft.
+ * @returns {'aircraft'|null}
+ */
+export function resolveEntryKind() {
+  return this.readAircraftInfo() && this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position
+    ? 'aircraft'
+    : null;
+}
+
 export function dispatchCockpitModeChanged(active, info = null) {
   const subjectId = active
     ? String(info?.icao24 || '')
@@ -247,9 +271,12 @@ export function exit({ restoreTracking = true } = {}) {
     this.restoreTrackingFrame(entity);
   }
   this.syncEntry();
+  // Back to whichever entry was used: the Contacts button or the readout's.
+  const readoutEntry = document.getElementById('cockpit-entry-readout');
   const restoreTarget =
-    this.entryFocusOrigin === this.entry
-      ? this.entry
+    this.entryFocusOrigin === this.entry ||
+    (readoutEntry && this.entryFocusOrigin === readoutEntry)
+      ? this.entryFocusOrigin
       : this.entry || this.entryFocusOrigin;
   this.entryFocusOrigin = null;
   // The entry shows when Vue flushes the presence; read it after.
diff --git a/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js b/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js
index fc5abe3a7..d4ddd6cd5 100644
--- a/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js
+++ b/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { t, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   SPACE_MISSIONS_LAYER_BLOCK_REASON,
-  cockpitEntryAllowed,
   isExplicitUserIntentOrigin,
   parseContextLayerBlockReason,
   recordContextRestoreExplicitChange,
@@ -245,15 +244,12 @@ export function _handleContextLayerChange(change) {
       );
     }
   }
-  if (
-    this.cockpitView?.active &&
-    !cockpitEntryAllowed({
-      contextMode: this._contextMode,
-      contextModeChanging: this._contextModeChanging,
-      flightsEnabled: !!this._dataManager?.isEnabled('flights'),
-      militaryEnabled: !!this._dataManager?.isEnabled('military'),
-    })
-  ) {
+  // Turning off the layer the view rides ends it; every other layer may be
+  // turned on or off freely during a session.
+  const riddenLayerId = this.cockpitView?.active
+    ? this.cockpitView.readSubjectLayerId?.()
+    : null;
+  if (riddenLayerId && !this._dataManager?.isEnabled(riddenLayerId)) {
     this.cockpitView.exit({ restoreTracking: false });
   }
   this._syncContextModeButtons();
diff --git a/src/ui/contextTransactions.js b/src/ui/contextTransactions.js
index 729edc654..e8a69b5fc 100644
--- a/src/ui/contextTransactions.js
+++ b/src/ui/contextTransactions.js
@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@ export async function _selectContextMode(
   this._contextModeChanging = true;
   this._syncContextModeButtons();
   try {
-    if (mode !== 'flights' && this.cockpitView?.active) {
+    // Cockpit does not need Contacts, so leaving it keeps the view; the
+    // restore below ends it only by turning off the layer it rides. Another
+    // mode takes the camera, so switching to one ends it.
+    if (mode && mode !== 'flights' && this.cockpitView?.active) {
       this.cockpitView.exit({ restoreTracking: false });
     }
     if (!mode) {
@@ -220,8 +223,8 @@ export async function _deactivateContextForLayerChange({
   this._contextMode = null;
   this._contextModeEntryIntent = null;
   this._contextModeReplacementIntent = null;
-  if (this.cockpitView?.active)
-    this.cockpitView.exit({ restoreTracking: false });
+  // A layer turned off ends Contacts but not the Cockpit: the view ends only
+  // when the layer it rides goes off (see _handleContextLayerChange).
   this._syncContextModeButtons();
   try {
     await this._restoreContextSession({ notificationToken });
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
index befbfbbff..d7ad845b6 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
@@ -33,6 +33,36 @@
   color: #00dcff;
   font-size: 18px;
 }
+/* The same entry under the selected vehicle's Intel HUD readout. The HUD
+   lets clicks through, so the button takes them back. */
+#intel-hud #cockpit-entry-readout {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  margin-top: 6px;
+  min-height: 30px;
+  padding: 0 10px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--hud-border);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  background: rgba(2, 12, 18, 0.72);
+  font-size: 10px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+#intel-hud #cockpit-entry-readout[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+#intel-hud #cockpit-entry-readout:hover,
+#intel-hud #cockpit-entry-readout:focus-visible {
+  border-color: var(--hud-color);
+  outline: none;
+}
+#intel-hud #cockpit-entry-readout .material-symbols-outlined {
+  font-family: 'Material Symbols Outlined';
+  font-size: 16px;
+  text-transform: none;
+}
 #cockpit-entry kbd {
   padding: 3px 5px;
   border: 1px solid rgba(220, 238, 255, 0.25);
diff --git a/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue b/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue
index f330391e9..c40665fe4 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue
@@ -14,11 +14,14 @@ import MissionDetail from './panels/MissionDetail.vue';
 import MissionRoster from './panels/MissionRoster.vue';
 import RadioPanel from './panels/RadioPanel.vue';
 import UiButton from '../kit/UiButton.vue';
+import { cockpitEntryFace } from '../cockpitPresentation.js';
 
 // ContextControls presents the mode switch and the nearby sites search and
 // publishes them; until it does, the panel shows its initial markup.
 const { view: ctx } = storeToRefs(useContextStore());
 const { presence: cockpit } = storeToRefs(useCockpitStore());
+// The entry rides the tracked aircraft (cockpitEntryFace).
+const entry = computed(() => cockpitEntryFace('aircraft'));
 // While the Bhote Koshi event is on, its panel is the rail's only content.
 const { panel: bhotePanel } = storeToRefs(useBhoteKoshiPanelStore());
 // The Scene runtime chip SceneControls presents while a scene plays.
@@ -56,8 +59,8 @@ const sceneRuntime = computed(() => scenePanel.value?.runtime ?? '');
         <section id="context-flights-view" class="context-mode-view" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="global-context-flights-btn" :hidden="!ctx?.flightsActive">
           <div class="global-context-actions" :aria-label="t('Contact Context actions')">
             <button id="cockpit-entry" type="button" :hidden="!cockpit?.entryAvailable">
-              <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">flight</span>
-              <span>{{ t('COCKPIT') }}</span>
+              <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">{{ entry.icon }}</span>
+              <span>{{ entry.label }}</span>
             </button>
             <button id="installations-search-btn" class="panel-layer-toggle" type="button" :aria-disabled="ctx && String(ctx.installationsBusy)" :aria-busy="ctx && String(ctx.installationsBusy)">{{ t('SEARCH NEARBY SITES') }}</button>
             <UiButton id="tr3b-toggle" class="tr3b-toggle" :pressed="!!cockpit?.tr3b?.converted" :hidden="!cockpit?.tr3b" :aria-label="t('Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B')" :title="cockpit?.tr3b?.converted ? t('Restore real aircraft') : t('Reclassify as TR-3B')">🛸</UiButton>
diff --git a/src/ui/views/IntelHudView.vue b/src/ui/views/IntelHudView.vue
index 77cd0c4fd..6f60bce76 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/IntelHudView.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/IntelHudView.vue
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 import { computed } from 'vue';
 import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia';
 import { useHudStore } from '../stores/hud.js';
+import { useCockpitStore } from '../stores/cockpit.js';
+import { cockpitEntryFace } from '../cockpitPresentation.js';
 
 // The readouts, visibility, layout variant and colors IntelHUD publishes.
 const { hud } = storeToRefs(useHudStore());
@@ -10,6 +12,12 @@ const { hud } = storeToRefs(useHudStore());
 // right after IntelHUD is built.
 const EMPTY = Object.freeze({ vessel: {}, sensor: [], recShown: null });
 const view = computed(() => hud.value ?? EMPTY);
+// The selected vehicle's readout offers the same entry as the Contacts
+// button, so first person needs no Contacts panel. The Cockpit controller
+// answers its clicks.
+const { presence: cockpit } = storeToRefs(useCockpitStore());
+// The entry rides the tracked aircraft (cockpitEntryFace).
+const entry = computed(() => cockpitEntryFace('aircraft'));
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -46,6 +54,10 @@ const view = computed(() => hud.value ?? EMPTY);
         <div class="hud-readout"><div id="hud-gsd">{{ view.gsd }}</div></div>
         <div class="hud-readout"><div id="hud-alt">{{ view.alt }}</div></div>
         <div class="hud-readout"><div id="hud-ais-vessel" :class="['hud-ais-vessel', { active: view.vessel.active }]">{{ view.vessel.text }}</div></div>
+        <button id="cockpit-entry-readout" type="button" :hidden="!cockpit?.entryAvailable">
+          <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">{{ entry.icon }}</span>
+          <span>{{ entry.label }}</span>
+        </button>
       </div>
       <div class="hud-bracket">┘</div>
     </div>
diff --git a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
index 5c84259ad..bbb1ed13b 100644
--- a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ test('the complete Realtime tool payload pins the manifest-generated layer relea
     // Voice geometry adds resolve_area, find_imagery, osm_query, the analyst
     // area scopes and the osm-places layer; natural-region candidates and the
     // tightened area tool wording follow review.
-    'd0c5ad733670972713a54cb10676c42b7c6e78834bfff52b473c0e8a45e742c3',
+    // control_cockpit states the own-layer entry rule (Contacts not required).
+    '9522ff6f6d640bede81c51cea6b9601439b08becc5bc20b7355aec24feb17e8d',
   );
 });
 

From 459b0e8a7113e0555940fd42dabfaa8bb9ed2c75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 20:29:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 107/262] docs(changelog): add the #1556 fragment

---
 changelog.d/1556-cockpit-own-layer-entry.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1556-cockpit-own-layer-entry.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1556-cockpit-own-layer-entry.md b/changelog.d/1556-cockpit-own-layer-entry.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca5210120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1556-cockpit-own-layer-entry.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- Enter Cockpit with only the ridden aircraft's layer on. Contacts is no longer
+  required; turning off the aircraft's own feed ends the view, a missing other
+  feed reads `… FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE`, and double-clicking the followed
+  aircraft or the entry beside its readout enters it (Denis Groshev, @ZloyS,
+  #1556).

From ad48305dac0f4f008a0b94da7db91e6169faf771 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Itallo=20Brand=C3=A3o?=
 <45429643+IMBrandao@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 22:49:54 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 108/262] feat(transit): name Rio routes from SMTR's published
 GTFS

SMTR's realtime feeds carry internal route keys, so a Rio card read
"Route O0731AAN0A" where riders know line SN731. Join both feeds to the
route_short_name in SMTR's static GTFS routes.txt (CC BY 4.0, same
publisher and terms). The keys cannot be parsed: O0014AAA0A is LECD135.
A 2026-11-04 snapshot found all 282 bus and 21 BRT routes in service in
the table; an unknown key still falls through raw.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                 |   2 +-
 changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md |   4 +-
 src/data/rioRouteNames.js       | 515 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/transitFeeds.js        |  19 +-
 src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs  |  31 ++
 5 files changed, 567 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/data/rioRouteNames.js

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 743d83978..2ed14c264 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ How to read this:
 | **Barrie Transit** (myridebarrie.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, Barrie ON | Barrie Transit realtime data, published by the City of Barrie under a licence accepted by use of the data. The licence is revocable and requires no attribution. | Courtesy credit to the City of Barrie (the licence requires none, and its trademark clause is broad) |
 | **YRT/Viva** (rtu.york.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, York Region ON | York Region Transit realtime data, first-party York Region infrastructure under the YRT Open Data Licence v2.0, which permits commercial use and makes attribution optional. Viva route ids are named by colour from York Region’s published GTFS. | "Contains public transit Information made available under YRT’s Open Data Licence" — the licence’s own wording, given though not required |
 | **Burlington Transit** (opendata.burlington.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, Burlington ON | Burlington Transit realtime data under the City of Burlington Open Data Terms of Use, which permit any lawful purpose. The terms are revocable and must travel with the data, so the credit links them. Route ids are internal keys and are joined to the City’s published GTFS. | Credit to the City of Burlington plus a link to its Open Data Terms of Use, which the licence requires |
-| **SMTR Rio de Janeiro** (dados.mobilidade.rio) | Transit layer live vehicles, Rio de Janeiro: municipal buses (SPPO) and the Mobi-Rio BRT, as two feeds | CC BY 4.0, stated on both data.rio catalog pages. Keyless GTFS-Realtime published by the Secretaria Municipal de Transportes, labelled beta, with a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute. Speeds arrive in km/h rather than m/s and are converted by the proxy. Route ids are internal keys and are shown raw. | Attribution to SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro under CC BY 4.0 |
+| **SMTR Rio de Janeiro** (dados.mobilidade.rio) | Transit layer live vehicles, Rio de Janeiro: municipal buses (SPPO) and the Mobi-Rio BRT, as two feeds | CC BY 4.0, stated on both data.rio catalog pages. Keyless GTFS-Realtime published by the Secretaria Municipal de Transportes, labelled beta, with a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute. Speeds arrive in km/h rather than m/s and are converted by the proxy. Route ids are internal keys and are joined to the line names in SMTR’s published GTFS `routes.txt` (dados.mobilidade.rio/gtfs/schedule), under the same CC BY 4.0 terms. | Attribution to SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro under CC BY 4.0 |
 | **Radio Browser**                                                     | Geolocated internet-radio station directory and station-level tags                                                                  | Public-domain directory data under PDDL 1.0; individual broadcaster stream terms apply                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | "Radio Browser" plus a link to the selected broadcaster                                                                                     |
 | **Re:Earth Terrain** (Mapterhorn)                                     | Terrain (keyless globe stacks — OSM etc. — + `/api/terrain/heights` ellipsoidal-height lookups)                                     | Terrain mesh: CC BY 4.0; geoid: EGM2008 (NGA, public domain)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | "Terrain (keyless globe stacks): Re:Earth Terrain / Mapterhorn (CC BY 4.0) / EGM2008 (NGA)"                                                 |
 | **OpenSeaMap** (`tiles.openseamap.org`) | Sea Marks layer: raster overlay of buoys, lighthouses and ports (#10) | Chart tiles CC BY-SA 2.0; data ODbL 1.0 via OpenStreetMap | "Sea marks © OpenSeaMap contributors (CC BY-SA 2.0) · Data © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL)" |
diff --git a/changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md b/changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md
index 62b4ede04..b45b1b1fd 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 - Add Rio de Janeiro to the Transit layer: municipal buses and the Mobi-Rio BRT
   from SMTR's keyless GTFS-Realtime feeds (CC BY 4.0), the layer's first Latin
   American region. A feed that publishes speed in km/h declares
-  `speedUnit: 'kmh'` and the proxy converts it to m/s (IMBrandao, #1481).
+  `speedUnit: 'kmh'` and the proxy converts it to m/s. Rio's internal route
+  keys are joined to SMTR's published GTFS `routes.txt`, so a card reads
+  "Route SN731" rather than "Route O0731AAN0A" (IMBrandao, #1481).
diff --git a/src/data/rioRouteNames.js b/src/data/rioRouteNames.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68a7da7a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/rioRouteNames.js
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+// src/data/rioRouteNames.js
+/**
+ * Rio de Janeiro route ids to the line a rider would say.
+ *
+ * SMTR's realtime feeds publish internal route keys: the bus feed sends
+ * `O0868AAA0A` for line 868 and `O0731AAN0A` for SN731, and the BRT feed
+ * sends `20000501110` for line 50. The keys look decodable but are not:
+ * `O0014AAA0A` is LECD135, not 14, and nineteen of the plain-looking keys in
+ * the published table break the pattern. The join is the only correct route.
+ *
+ * Generated verbatim (`route_id` to `route_short_name`, 494 routes) from
+ * `routes.txt` in SMTR's static GTFS, https://dados.mobilidade.rio/gtfs/schedule
+ * (CC BY 4.0, the same publisher and terms as the realtime feeds; file dated
+ * 2026-06-10, feed valid 2024-01-01 to 2026-12-31). A 2026-11-04 snapshot of
+ * both realtime feeds, 282 bus and 21 BRT routes in service, found every one
+ * of its route ids here. An id missing from this table falls through
+ * unchanged, so a route added later degrades to its raw key rather than
+ * disappearing.
+ */
+export const RIO_ROUTE_NAMES = Object.freeze({
+  20000101130: '10',
+  20000111110: '11',
+  20000121130: '12',
+  20000131130: '13',
+  20000141130: '14',
+  20000151130: '15',
+  20000161130: '16',
+  20000171110: '17',
+  20000181130: '18',
+  20000191130: '19',
+  20000201130: '20',
+  20000221110: '22',
+  20000251130: '25',
+  20000281130: '28',
+  20000311140: '31',
+  20000351110: '35',
+  20000401130: '40',
+  20000411130: '41',
+  20000421110: '42',
+  20000431130: '43',
+  20000461130: '46',
+  20000501110: '50',
+  20000511110: '51',
+  20000521110: '52',
+  20000531130: '53',
+  20000601110: '60',
+  20000611130: '61',
+  20000671130: '67',
+  20000681130: '68',
+  20000701110: '70',
+  20000731130: '73',
+  20000801110: '80',
+  20000901110: '90',
+  '20000EXEC1110': 'ESP01',
+  E2110AAA0A: '2110',
+  E2111AAA0A: '2111',
+  E2112AAA0A: '2112',
+  E2114AAA0A: '2114',
+  E2303AAA0A: '2303',
+  E2305AAA0A: '2305',
+  E2307AAA0A: '2307',
+  E2308AAA0A: '2308',
+  E2309AAA0A: '2309',
+  E2310AAA0A: '2310',
+  E2334AAA0A: '2334',
+  E2335AAA0A: '2335',
+  E2336AAA0A: '2336',
+  E2337AAA0A: '2337',
+  E2338AAA0A: '2338',
+  E2339AAA0A: '2339',
+  E2342AAA0A: '2342',
+  E2343AAA0A: '2343',
+  E2344AAA0A: '2344',
+  E2345AAA0A: '2345',
+  E2381AAA0A: '2381',
+  E2383AAA0A: '2383',
+  E2613AAA0A: '2613',
+  E2614AAA0A: '2614',
+  E2802AAA0A: '2802',
+  E2803AAA0A: '2803',
+  E2804AAA0A: '2804',
+  O0006AAA0A: '006',
+  O0007AAA0A: '007',
+  O0007AAN0A: 'SN007',
+  O0010AAA0A: '010',
+  O0014AAA0A: 'LECD135',
+  O0100AAA0A: '100',
+  O0104AAA0A: '104',
+  O0104AAN0A: 'SN104',
+  O0107AAA0A: '107',
+  O0109AAA0A: 'LECD131',
+  O0111AAA0A: 'LECD134',
+  O0117AAA0A: '117',
+  O0133AAA0A: '133',
+  O0133AAN0A: 'SN133',
+  O0157AAA0A: 'LECD127',
+  O0160AAA0A: '160',
+  O0161AAA0A: '161',
+  O0162AAA0A: '162',
+  O0164AAA0A: 'LECD136',
+  O0165AAA0A: '165',
+  O0167AAA0A: '167',
+  O0169AAA0A: '169',
+  O0201AAA0A: '201',
+  O0202AAA0A: '202',
+  O0209AAA0A: '209',
+  O0209AAN0A: 'SN209',
+  O0210AAA0A: '210',
+  O0217AAA0A: '217',
+  O0220AAA0A: '220',
+  O0229AAA0A: '229',
+  O0232AAA0A: '232',
+  O0232AAN0A: 'SN232',
+  O0238AAA0A: '238',
+  O0238AAN0A: 'SN238',
+  O0239AAA0A: '239',
+  O0247AAA0A: '247',
+  O0249AAA0A: '249',
+  O0254AAA0A: '254',
+  O0265AAA0A: '265',
+  O0265AAN0A: 'SN265',
+  O0265AAP0A: 'SP265',
+  O0275AAA0A: '275',
+  O0277AAA0A: '277',
+  O0292AAA0A: '292',
+  O0292AAN0A: 'SN292',
+  O0296AAA0A: '296',
+  O0298AAA0A: '298',
+  O0298AAN0A: 'SN298',
+  O0300AAA0A: '300',
+  O0300AAR0A: 'SR300',
+  O0301AAA0A: '301',
+  O0302AAA0A: '302',
+  O0302AAN0A: 'SN302',
+  O0306AAA0A: '306',
+  O0311AAA0A: '311',
+  O0312AAA0A: '312',
+  O0312AAN0A: 'SN312',
+  O0313AAA0A: '313',
+  O0315AAA0A: '315',
+  O0319AAA0A: '319',
+  O0319AAN0A: 'SN319',
+  O0319AAV0A: 'SV319',
+  O0321AAA0A: '321',
+  O0323AAA0A: '323',
+  O0324AAA0A: '324',
+  O0324AAN0A: 'SN324',
+  O0324AAP0A: 'SP324',
+  O0325AAA0A: '325',
+  O0326AAA0A: '326',
+  O0326AAPBA: 'SPB326',
+  O0327AAA0A: '327',
+  O0328AAA0A: '328',
+  O0328AAN0A: 'SN328',
+  O0328AAP0A: 'SP328',
+  O0328AAR0A: 'SR328',
+  O0329AAA0A: '329',
+  O0329AAP0A: 'SP329',
+  O0335AAA0A: '335',
+  O0338AAA0A: '338',
+  O0341AAA0A: '341',
+  O0342AAA0A: '342',
+  O0342AAR0A: 'SR342',
+  O0343AAA0A: '343',
+  O0343AAP0A: 'SP343',
+  O0348AAA0A: '348',
+  O0349AAA0A: '349',
+  O0350AAA0A: '350',
+  O0352AAA0A: '352',
+  O0353AAA0A: '353',
+  O0353AAN0A: 'SN353',
+  O0355AAA0A: '355',
+  O0355AAN0A: 'SN355',
+  O0355AAR0A: 'SR355',
+  O0361AAA0A: '361',
+  O0362AAA0A: '362',
+  O0362AAR0A: 'SR362',
+  O0363AAA0A: '363',
+  O0363AAN0A: 'SN363',
+  O0363AAV0A: 'SV363',
+  O0368AAA0A: '368',
+  O0368AAN0A: 'SN368',
+  O0369AAA0A: '369',
+  O0371AAA0A: '371',
+  O0378AAA0A: '378',
+  O0378AAR0A: 'SR378',
+  O0380AAA0A: '380',
+  O0383AAA0A: '383',
+  O0383AAN0A: 'SN383',
+  O0384AAA0A: '384',
+  O0384AAR0A: 'SR384',
+  O0385AAA0A: '385',
+  O0386AAA0A: '386',
+  O0386AAR0A: 'SR386',
+  O0388AAA0A: '388',
+  O0388AAN0A: 'SN388',
+  O0388AAR0A: 'SR388',
+  O0389AAP0A: 'SP389',
+  O0390AAA0A: '390',
+  O0391AAV0A: 'SV391',
+  O0393AAA0A: '393',
+  O0393AAN0A: 'SN393',
+  O0393AAR0A: 'SR393',
+  O0397AAA0A: '397',
+  O0397AAN0A: 'SN397',
+  O0397AAR0A: 'SR397',
+  O0399AAA0A: '399',
+  O0399AAN0A: 'SN399',
+  O0399AAR0A: 'SR399',
+  O0404AAP0A: 'SP404',
+  O0409AAA0A: '409',
+  O0410AAA0A: '410',
+  O0410AAN0A: 'LECD139',
+  O0415AAA0A: '415',
+  O0415AAN0A: 'SN415',
+  O0416AAA0A: '416',
+  O0422AAA0A: '422',
+  O0422AAN0A: 'SN422',
+  O0426AAA0A: '426',
+  O0433AAA0A: 'LECD150',
+  O0435AAA0A: 'LECD151',
+  O0448AAA0A: '448',
+  O0455AAA0A: '455',
+  O0456AAA0A: 'LECD132',
+  O0457AAA0A: '457',
+  O0457AAN0A: 'SN457',
+  O0461AAA0A: '461',
+  O0472AAA0A: '472',
+  O0473AAA0A: '473',
+  O0474AAA0A: '474',
+  O0474AAN0A: 'SN474',
+  O0474AAV0A: 'SV474',
+  O0475AAA0A: 'LECD133',
+  O0476AAA0A: '476',
+  O0483AAA0A: '483',
+  O0483AAN0A: 'SN483',
+  O0483AAPAA: 'SPA483',
+  O0483AAPBA: 'SPB483',
+  O0483AAV0A: 'SV483',
+  O0484AAA0A: '484',
+  O0485AAA0A: '485',
+  O0485AAP0A: 'SP485',
+  O0486AAA0A: '486',
+  O0492AAA0A: '492',
+  O0497AAA0A: '497',
+  O0497AAN0A: 'SN497',
+  O0498AAA0A: '498',
+  O0507AAA0A: '507',
+  O0513AAA0A: '513',
+  O0518AAA0A: '518',
+  O0519AAA0A: '519',
+  O0536AAA0A: 'LECD138',
+  O0539AAA0A: '539',
+  O0550AAA0A: '550',
+  O0550AAN0A: 'SN550',
+  O0550AAPAA: 'SPA550',
+  O0550AAPBA: 'SPB550',
+  O0552AAA0A: '552',
+  O0552AAN0A: 'LECD149',
+  O0553AAA0A: '553',
+  O0554AAA0A: '554',
+  O0554AAN0A: 'SN554',
+  O0555AAA0A: '555',
+  O0557AAA0A: '557',
+  O0565AAA0A: '565',
+  O0565AAN0A: 'SN565',
+  O0583AAA0A: '583',
+  O0584AAA0A: '584',
+  O0585AAA0A: '585',
+  O0600AAA0A: '600',
+  O0600AAN0A: 'SN600',
+  O0601AAA0A: '601',
+  O0603AAA0A: '603',
+  O0606AAA0A: '606',
+  O0606AAV0A: 'SV606',
+  O0607AAA0A: '607',
+  O0608AAA0A: '608',
+  O0610AAA0A: '610',
+  O0611AAA0A: '611',
+  O0613AAA0A: '613',
+  O0613AAPAA: 'SPA613',
+  O0614AAA0A: '614',
+  O0616AAA0A: '616',
+  O0621AAA0A: '621',
+  O0622AAA0A: '622',
+  O0623AAA0A: '623',
+  O0624AAA0A: '624',
+  O0624AAN0A: 'SN624',
+  O0624AAV0A: 'SV624',
+  O0625AAA0A: '625',
+  O0626AAA0A: '626',
+  O0627AAA0A: '627',
+  O0628AAA0A: '628',
+  O0629AAA0A: '629',
+  O0629AAN0A: 'SN629',
+  O0630AAA0A: '630',
+  O0634AAA0A: '634',
+  O0635AAA0A: '635',
+  O0635AAP0A: 'SP635',
+  O0636AAA0A: '636',
+  O0636AAN0A: 'SN636',
+  O0638AAA0A: '638',
+  O0639AAA0A: '639',
+  O0639AAN0A: 'SN639',
+  O0645AAA0A: '645',
+  O0649AAA0A: 'LECD126',
+  O0650AAA0A: '650',
+  O0651AAA0A: '651',
+  O0652AAA0A: '652',
+  O0653AAA0A: '653',
+  O0663AAA0A: '663',
+  O0665AAA0A: '665',
+  O0665AAVAA: 'LECD147',
+  O0665AAVBA: 'SVB665',
+  O0669AAA0A: '669',
+  O0669AAV0A: 'SV669',
+  O0678AAA0A: '678',
+  O0679AAA0A: '679',
+  O0685AAA0A: 'LECD140',
+  O0685AAVAA: 'LECD148',
+  O0685AAVBA: 'LECD141',
+  O0687AAA0A: '687',
+  O0688AAA0A: '688',
+  O0691AAA0A: '691',
+  O0692AAA0A: '692',
+  O0692AAV0A: 'SV692',
+  O0693AAA0A: '693',
+  O0696AAA0A: '696',
+  O0696AAN0A: 'SN696',
+  O0711AAA0A: '711',
+  O0712AAA0A: '712',
+  O0721AAA0A: '721',
+  O0731AAA0A: '731',
+  O0731AAN0A: 'SN731',
+  O0737AAA0A: '737',
+  O0741AAA0A: '741',
+  O0743AAA0A: '743',
+  O0745AAA0A: '745',
+  O0746AAA0A: '746',
+  O0753AAA0A: '753',
+  O0754AAA0A: '754',
+  O0756AAA0A: '756',
+  O0757AAA0A: '757',
+  O0759AAA0A: '759',
+  O0759AAP0A: 'SP759',
+  O0764AAA0A: '764',
+  O0765AAA0A: '765',
+  O0766AAA0A: '766',
+  O0766AAP0A: 'SP766',
+  O0770AAA0A: '770',
+  O0771AAA0A: '771',
+  O0774AAA0A: '774',
+  O0774AAV0A: 'LECD142',
+  O0775AAA0A: '775',
+  O0777AAV0A: 'SV777',
+  O0778AAA0A: '778',
+  O0779AAA0A: '779',
+  O0779AAN0A: 'SN779',
+  O0780AAA0A: '780',
+  O0783AAA0A: '783',
+  O0785AAA0A: '785',
+  O0786AAA0A: '786',
+  O0788AAA0A: '788',
+  O0790AAA0A: '790',
+  O0790AAN0A: 'SN790',
+  O0790AAV0A: 'SV790',
+  O0791AAA0A: '791',
+  O0793AAA0A: '793',
+  O0794AAA0A: '794',
+  O0794AAN0A: 'SN794',
+  O0795AAP0A: 'SP795',
+  O0796AAA0A: '796',
+  O0798AAA0A: '798',
+  O0799AAA0A: '799',
+  O0801AAA0A: '801',
+  O0801AAP0A: 'SP801',
+  O0802AAA0A: '802',
+  O0803AAA0A: '803',
+  O0803AAN0A: 'SN803',
+  O0803AAP0A: 'SP803',
+  O0804AAA0A: '804',
+  O0805AAA0A: '805',
+  O0805AAN0A: 'SN805',
+  O0805AAP0A: 'SP805',
+  O0807AAA0A: '807',
+  O0808AAA0A: '808',
+  O0809AAA0A: '809',
+  O0810AAA0A: '810',
+  O0810AAN0A: 'SN810',
+  O0810AAP0A: 'SP810',
+  O0812AAA0A: '812',
+  O0817AAA0A: '817',
+  O0819AAA0A: '819',
+  O0820AAA0A: '820',
+  O0821AAA0A: '821',
+  O0821AAN0A: 'SN821',
+  O0822AAA0A: '822',
+  O0825AAA0A: '825',
+  O0825AAN0A: 'SN825',
+  O0826AAA0A: '826',
+  O0829AAA0A: '829',
+  O0830AAA0A: '830',
+  O0831AAA0A: '831',
+  O0831AAV0A: 'SV831',
+  O0833AAA0A: '833',
+  O0834AAA0A: '834',
+  O0835AAA0A: '835',
+  O0836AAA0A: '836',
+  O0837AAA0A: '837',
+  O0838AAA0A: '838',
+  O0840AAA0A: '840',
+  O0840AAN0A: 'SN840',
+  O0841AAA0A: '841',
+  O0842AAA0A: '842',
+  O0843AAA0A: '843',
+  O0844AAA0A: '844',
+  O0845AAA0A: '845',
+  O0846AAA0A: '846',
+  O0846AAN0A: 'SN846',
+  O0847AAA0A: '847',
+  O0848AAA0A: '848',
+  O0848AAN0A: 'SN848',
+  O0849AAA0A: '849',
+  O0850AAA0A: '850',
+  O0851AAA0A: '851',
+  O0852AAA0A: '852',
+  O0853AAA0A: '853',
+  O0853AAN0A: 'SN853',
+  O0853AAV0A: 'SV853',
+  O0854AAAAA: '854',
+  O0855AAA0A: '855',
+  O0856AAA0A: '856',
+  O0857AAA0A: '857',
+  O0857AAN0A: 'SN857',
+  O0859AAA0A: '859',
+  O0861AAA0A: '861',
+  O0861AAN0A: 'SN861',
+  O0862AAA0A: '862',
+  O0863AAA0A: '863',
+  O0863AAV0A: 'SV863',
+  O0864AAA0A: '864',
+  O0864AAP0A: 'SP864',
+  O0865AAA0A: '865',
+  O0866AAA0A: '866',
+  O0866AAV0A: 'SV866',
+  O0867AAA0A: '867',
+  O0867AAN0A: 'SN867',
+  O0868AAA0A: '868',
+  O0869AAA0A: '869',
+  O0870AAA0A: '870',
+  O0871AAA0A: '871',
+  O0872AAA0A: '872',
+  O0878AAA0A: '878',
+  O0878AAN0A: 'SN878',
+  O0878AAV0A: 'SV878',
+  O0880AAA0A: '880',
+  O0880AAN0A: 'SN880',
+  O0881AAA0A: '881',
+  O0883AAA0A: '883',
+  O0884AAA0A: '884',
+  O0884AAN0A: 'SN884',
+  O0885AAA0A: '885',
+  O0885AAN0A: 'SN885',
+  O0892AAA0A: '892',
+  O0893AAA0A: '893',
+  O0893AAN0A: 'SN893',
+  O0894AAA0A: '894',
+  O0895AAA0A: '895',
+  O0895AAN0A: 'SN895',
+  O0897AAA0A: '897',
+  O0897AAN0A: 'SN897',
+  O0898AAA0A: '898',
+  O0898AAN0A: 'SN898',
+  O0899AAA0A: '899',
+  O0899AAV0A: 'SV899',
+  O0900AAA0A: '900',
+  O0901AAA0A: '901',
+  O0901AAVBA: 'SVB901',
+  O0905AAA0A: '905',
+  O0906AAA0A: '906',
+  O0908AAA0A: '908',
+  O0908AAN0A: 'SN908',
+  O0908AAV0A: 'SV908',
+  O0910AAA0A: '910',
+  O0913AAA0A: '913',
+  O0915AAA0A: '915',
+  O0917AAA0A: '917',
+  O0917AAV0A: 'SV917',
+  O0918AAA0A: '918',
+  O0918AAP0A: 'SP918',
+  O0919AAA0A: '919',
+  O0919AAN0A: 'SN919',
+  O0920AAA0A: '920',
+  O0921AAA0A: '921',
+  O0921AAV0A: 'SV921',
+  O0922AAA0A: '922',
+  O0922AAV0A: 'SV922',
+  O0925AAA0A: '925',
+  O0926AAA0A: '926',
+  O0928AAA0A: '928',
+  O0932AAA0A: '932',
+  O0940AAA0A: '940',
+  O0944AAA0A: 'LECD143',
+  O0946AAA0A: '946',
+  O0950AAA0A: 'LECD144',
+  O0951AAA0A: 'LECD145',
+  O0954AAA0A: '954',
+  O0954AAN0A: 'SN954',
+  O0959AAA0A: 'LECD146',
+  O0961AAA0A: '961',
+  O0975AAA0A: '975',
+  O0979AAA0A: '979',
+  O0987AAA0A: '987',
+  O0990AAA0A: '990',
+});
diff --git a/src/data/transitFeeds.js b/src/data/transitFeeds.js
index e871a2e89..d7993a954 100644
--- a/src/data/transitFeeds.js
+++ b/src/data/transitFeeds.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { greatCircleKm } from '../geoDistance.js';
+import { RIO_ROUTE_NAMES } from './rioRouteNames.js';
 
 /**
  * @module transitFeeds
@@ -376,6 +377,18 @@ function burlingtonRouteLabel(routeId) {
   return BURLINGTON_ROUTE_NAMES[routeId] || routeId;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Rio route key to the line a rider would say, for both SMTR feeds: one
+ * published `routes.txt` covers the buses and the BRT (see rioRouteNames.js).
+ * @param {string|null} routeId
+ * @returns {string|null}
+ */
+function rioRouteLabel(routeId) {
+  return Object.hasOwn(RIO_ROUTE_NAMES, routeId)
+    ? RIO_ROUTE_NAMES[routeId]
+    : routeId;
+}
+
 /**
  * Registry of feeds. Order is presentation order in the stats/credit text.
  * `loadRadiusKm` is the distance from `center` inside which the feed is polled.
@@ -752,10 +765,11 @@ export const TRANSIT_FEED_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     terms: Object.freeze({
       quote:
         'This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License',
-      note: 'The data.rio catalog page labels the feed [beta] and states a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute behind a 10-second cache, which the 15-second proxy TTL stays inside. It is the named replacement for the JSON GPS endpoints SMTR deprecated on 2026-10-07 and says it will switch off by 2026-11-30. SMTR relays the concessionaires’ ITS data and repairs trips with its own matching; the page places accuracy with the suppliers. Speeds arrive in km/h, not m/s (a 2026-10-29 snapshot peaked at 89), hence `speedUnit`. Route ids are internal keys: `O0313AAA0A` carried service 313 in the same day’s JSON feed. They are shown raw until a published table is joined.',
+      note: 'The data.rio catalog page labels the feed [beta] and states a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute behind a 10-second cache, which the 15-second proxy TTL stays inside. It is the named replacement for the JSON GPS endpoints SMTR deprecated on 2026-10-07 and says it will switch off by 2026-11-30. SMTR relays the concessionaires’ ITS data and repairs trips with its own matching; the page places accuracy with the suppliers. Speeds arrive in km/h, not m/s (a 2026-10-29 snapshot peaked at 89), hence `speedUnit`. Route ids are internal keys (`O0731AAN0A` is line SN731) and are joined to the line names in SMTR’s published GTFS `routes.txt`, under the same CC BY 4.0 terms.',
     }),
     defaultMode: 'bus',
     speedUnit: 'kmh',
+    routeLabel: rioRouteLabel,
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'smtr-rio-brt',
@@ -774,10 +788,11 @@ export const TRANSIT_FEED_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     terms: Object.freeze({
       quote:
         'This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License',
-      note: 'Same catalog terms, [beta] label and gateway limits as the bus feed. The fleet is operated by Mobi-Rio and tracked by SONDA, whose data SMTR relays. Speeds are km/h here too (peak 62 in the same snapshot). Route ids are opaque (`20000461130`) and are shown raw.',
+      note: 'Same catalog terms, [beta] label and gateway limits as the bus feed. The fleet is operated by Mobi-Rio and tracked by SONDA, whose data SMTR relays. Speeds are km/h here too (peak 62 in the same snapshot). Route ids are opaque (`20000501110` is line 50) and are joined to the same `routes.txt` as the buses.',
     }),
     defaultMode: 'bus',
     speedUnit: 'kmh',
+    routeLabel: rioRouteLabel,
   }),
 ]);
 
diff --git a/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs b/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
index 51903b7db..8333207d5 100644
--- a/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   transitModeResolved,
   transitRouteLabel,
 } from './transitFeeds.js';
+import { RIO_ROUTE_NAMES } from './rioRouteNames.js';
 
 test('every registered feed is keyless, https, licensed, and uniquely identified', () => {
   const ids = new Set();
@@ -504,6 +505,36 @@ test('Rio buses and BRT cover the city from Centro to Santa Cruz, and not São P
   );
 });
 
+test('Rio route keys read as the line on the front of the bus', () => {
+  // SMTR publishes internal keys. Plain keys carry the number (`O0868AAA0A`
+  // is 868), variants carry a prefix (`O0731AAN0A` is SN731), and some plain
+  // keys are traps: `O0014AAA0A` is LECD135, so the table is joined, not parsed.
+  const buses = getTransitFeed('smtr-rio-onibus');
+  assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(buses, 'O0868AAA0A'), '868');
+  assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(buses, 'O0731AAN0A'), 'SN731');
+  assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(buses, 'O0759AAP0A'), 'SP759');
+  assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(buses, 'O0014AAA0A'), 'LECD135');
+  assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(buses, 'E2303AAA0A'), '2303');
+  const brt = getTransitFeed('smtr-rio-brt');
+  assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(brt, '20000501110'), '50');
+  assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(brt, '20000EXEC1110'), 'ESP01');
+  // A route added after the table was built keeps its raw key, never a blank
+  // or a name borrowed from the prototype chain.
+  assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(buses, 'O9999AAA0A'), 'O9999AAA0A');
+  assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(buses, 'constructor'), 'constructor');
+  assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(brt, null), null);
+});
+
+test('the Rio route table is a clean join of published keys to names', () => {
+  const entries = Object.entries(RIO_ROUTE_NAMES);
+  assert.ok(entries.length > 400, 'the whole published table is carried');
+  for (const [id, name] of entries) {
+    assert.match(id, /^(?:[OE]\d{4}[A-Z0-9]{5}|2\d{4}[A-Z0-9]{4,8})$/, id);
+    assert.ok(name && name === name.trim(), `${id} has a name`);
+    assert.notEqual(name, id, `${id} is translated`);
+  }
+});
+
 test('Rio feeds are CC BY 4.0, live, and declare the km/h speeds they publish', () => {
   for (const id of ['smtr-rio-onibus', 'smtr-rio-brt']) {
     const feed = getTransitFeed(id);

From e2ccac56ae9c8e8b087197c925c726281ae4fd7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rudy Celekli <rudy@gradiahq.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 21:58:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 109/262] fix(perimeters): show a 0.25-acre fire as 0.25 ac,
 not 0 ac

The incident card rounded the WFIGS size to whole acres, so every fire
under half an acre read "0 ac". The live perimeter feed carries many of
these (0.01 to 0.37 acres). Sizes under one acre now keep the reported
hundredths.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                |  4 ++++
 src/layers/perimeters/cards.js       |  5 ++++-
 src/layers/perimeters/cards.test.mjs | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index f1244947d..e954ae082 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -4239,6 +4239,10 @@ by `scripts/qa-emergency-squawk.mjs`. Both accept `--timeout-ms` for slow boot.
 
 Fire Perimeters uses capped, timed server reads with stale-on-error caching and a per-client limit. A stale snapshot is served for at most 24 hours; the layer row then reads STALE, dated by that snapshot's fetch, and `get_fire_perimeters` returns `stale` and `retrieved_at` with "(data may be stale)" in its summary. Unchanged snapshots retain geometry; link checks cancel on disable or selection change, and the row legend shows reported containment.
 
+The incident card rounds the WFIGS size to whole acres, except under one acre,
+where it keeps the reported hundredths: a 0.25-acre fire reads `0.25 ac`, not
+`0 ac`.
+
 Prohibited & Restricted Airspace is off by default (share-link token `8`) and sits in
 Infrastructure. The proxy pages `TYPE_CODE IN ('P','R')` from the FAA SUA
 FeatureServer, caps the body, and reuses a one-hour snapshot, serving the last
diff --git a/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js
index aef5913ce..a6cb3ac4d 100644
--- a/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js
+++ b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js
@@ -159,7 +159,10 @@ export function buildIncidentCard(row, nowMs, { link = null } = {}) {
   // the known cause, behavior and complexity values and the wording around them.
   const facts = [];
   if (Number.isFinite(row.acres)) {
-    const acres = Math.round(row.acres);
+    // WFIGS reports sizes to the hundredth of an acre; a fire under one acre
+    // keeps them rather than reading "0 ac".
+    const acres =
+      row.acres < 1 ? Math.round(row.acres * 100) / 100 : Math.round(row.acres);
     facts.push(
       tn(acres, '{acres} ac', '{acres} ac', { acres: formatNumber(acres) }),
     );
diff --git a/src/layers/perimeters/cards.test.mjs b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.test.mjs
index 0e064bff0..fe4aac06b 100644
--- a/src/layers/perimeters/cards.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.test.mjs
@@ -302,3 +302,34 @@ test('partial incident details render only the facts that exist', () => {
     'Catron County · $85K to date',
   ]);
 });
+
+test('a fire under one acre keeps its WFIGS size instead of reading 0 ac', () => {
+  const row = {
+    stableId: 'x',
+    name: 'Grey',
+    acres: 0.25,
+    containedPct: null,
+    state: 'US-WA',
+    category: 'WF',
+    discoveredTime: null,
+    updatedTime: null,
+    cause: null,
+    behavior: null,
+    personnel: null,
+    county: null,
+    costToDate: null,
+    complexity: null,
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    buildIncidentCard(row, 1758000000000).details[0],
+    '0.25 ac · containment unknown · US-WA',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    buildIncidentCard({ ...row, acres: 0.01 }, 1758000000000).details[0],
+    '0.01 ac · containment unknown · US-WA',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    buildIncidentCard({ ...row, acres: 1.4 }, 1758000000000).details[0],
+    '1 ac · containment unknown · US-WA',
+  );
+});

From 79c867c8cbd923b58bbed7873217eb43be12b643 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rudy Celekli <rudy@gradiahq.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 22:14:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 110/262] docs(changelog): add the perimeter size fragment for
 #1569

---
 changelog.d/1569-perimeters-sub-acre-size.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1569-perimeters-sub-acre-size.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1569-perimeters-sub-acre-size.md b/changelog.d/1569-perimeters-sub-acre-size.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ee4ffa98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1569-perimeters-sub-acre-size.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Show a fire perimeter under one acre at its reported size. The incident card
+  rounded WFIGS sizes to whole acres, so a 0.25-acre fire read "0 ac"
+  (Rudy Celekli, @rudycelekli, #1569).

From 1c59105a80defce5a5e2987b5654505840b55227 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 11:36:29 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 111/262] Judge tilts by camera pitch and follow a newer flight
 at once

- A tilt's angle, limits and "unchanged" check use the camera's own
  pitch. At regional range the pivot pitch is up to about 8 degrees
  shallower, so "tilt to 5 degrees" from 900 km ended at -12.9 degrees.
  The swing now solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera angle.
- A zoom out during a pivoting tilt stops at the 1,000 km pivot limit
  instead of the orbit's 5,000 km, and a zoom in that reaches the
  clearance is applied before the pivot ends.
- An angle the camera already holds still takes navigation, so it stops
  a running motion and releases the follow camera.
- A motion queued behind a fly-to moves to a newer fly-to as soon as it
  begins, so a stalled lookup no longer holds it past a flight that
  landed. Wait listeners are removed when a wait ends, and a lookup that
  found nothing points straight at the flight that moved.
- A fly-to that stops a running motion names it (stoppedMotion).
- A tilt left or right is refused, and the pitchDeg description says
  steps use direction.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                       |   2 +-
 server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js |   2 +-
 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs                     | 115 ++++++++++++---
 src/cameraVerbs.js                          | 154 +++++++++++---------
 src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs            |   4 +-
 src/voice/gevActions.js                     | 113 +++++++++-----
 src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs               |  44 ++++++
 src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs              |   4 +-
 8 files changed, 310 insertions(+), 128 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 520085495..e135ec175 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5520,7 +5520,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor or the 5,000 km cap) is reported as not zoomed. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (following a later fly-to in the same reply that cancels it), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, or the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered. Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, or the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
index ee90434ee..33d1ea68a 100644
--- a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
+++ b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ export const ACTION_DESCRIPTIONS = {
         },
         pitchDeg: {
           description:
-            'Absolute pitch, not a step: -45 oblique (default), -89 top-down.',
+            'Absolute; steps use direction. -45 oblique (default), -89 top-down.',
           $position: 1,
         },
       },
diff --git a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
index d372d0746..a82b2ce37 100644
--- a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
@@ -340,16 +340,16 @@ test('pitchDeg with a direction that agrees still tilts', (t) => {
   assert.ok(Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -80) < 0.5);
 });
 
-test('the pitchDeg and direction check uses the pitch the swing starts from', (t) => {
-  // At regional range the Earth curves away: the pivot pitch is a degree or
-  // two shallower than the camera's (-30°), so -29° is still down from it.
+test('the pitchDeg and direction check uses the camera pitch', (t) => {
+  // At regional range the Earth curves away and the pivot pitch is a degree
+  // or two shallower than the camera's (-30°); -29° is still up from it.
   harness(t, { height: 150000, pitch: -30 });
-  const up = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', pitchDeg: -29 });
-  assert.equal(up.ok, false);
-  assert.match(up.error, /tilts down, not up/);
   const down = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'down', pitchDeg: -29 });
-  assert.equal(down.ok, true);
-  assert.equal(down.direction, 'down');
+  assert.equal(down.ok, false);
+  assert.match(down.error, /tilts up, not down/);
+  const up = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', pitchDeg: -29 });
+  assert.equal(up.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(up.direction, 'up');
 });
 
 test('after a zoom in, a pivoting tilt never lowers the camera further', (t) => {
@@ -414,6 +414,13 @@ test('a zoom in during a pivot tilt stops at the clearance', (t) => {
   assert.deepEqual(adjustOrbitRange(1 / 2.4), { kind: 'tilt', changed: true });
   // At -40° the floor is 150 / sin 40° ≈ 233 m, which the first zoom reached.
   assert.deepEqual(adjustOrbitRange(1 / 2.4), { kind: 'tilt', changed: false });
+  // The camera must take that range, not just report it.
+  h.tick();
+  const floor = 150 / Math.sin(radians(40));
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pivotRange(h) - floor) < floor * 0.02,
+    `range ${pivotRange(h)} m, wanted about ${floor} m`,
+  );
   for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
     h.tick();
     assert.ok(heightM(h.camera) > 149, `camera at ${heightM(h.camera)} m`);
@@ -453,17 +460,39 @@ test('from globe range a tilt happens in place', (t) => {
   assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(h.camera.positionWC, before) < 1e-3);
 });
 
-test('a regional tilt-up nudge at the pivot limit refuses honestly', (t) => {
-  // 20 km up at -7°, the pivot 186 km out sits at -5.3°: already at the limit.
-  harness(t, { height: 20000, pitch: -7 });
-  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up' });
-  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
-  assert.match(result.error, /upper tilt limit/);
-  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+for (const height of [100_000, 400_000, 900_000])
+  test(`from ${height / 1000} km a tilt to -5° ends with the camera at -5°`, (t) => {
+    // The pivot pitch is shallower than the camera's by up to 8° at this
+    // range; the camera reached only -5.9° to -12.9° when the swing stopped
+    // at a pivot pitch of -5°.
+    const h = harness(t, { height });
+    const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: 5 });
+    assert.equal(result.pitchDeg, -5);
+    h.finish();
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -5) < 0.5,
+      `pitch ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}`,
+    );
+    assert.ok(heightM(h.camera) > 149, `camera at ${heightM(h.camera)} m`);
+    const nudge = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up' });
+    assert.equal(nudge.ok, false);
+    assert.match(nudge.error, /upper tilt limit/);
+  });
+
+test('a regional tilt-up nudge goes to the camera horizon limit', (t) => {
+  // 20 km up at -7°: the pivot 186 km out sits at -5.3°, but the camera can
+  // still tilt up 2°.
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 20000, pitch: -7 });
+  assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up' }).ok, true);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -5) < 0.5,
+    `pitch ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}`,
+  );
 });
 
-test('a voice tilt from a tracked view judges its limit from the pivot it will use', (t) => {
-  const h = harness(t, { height: 20000, pitch: -7 });
+test('a voice tilt from a tracked view judges its limit from the camera pitch', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 20000, pitch: -5.2 });
   h.viewer.trackedEntity = { id: 'tracked' };
   // Voice releases the follow camera before the motion starts.
   const release = (start) => {
@@ -474,3 +503,55 @@ test('a voice tilt from a tracked view judges its limit from the pivot it will u
   assert.equal(result.ok, false);
   assert.match(result.error, /upper tilt limit/);
 });
+
+test('a zoom out during a pivoting tilt stops at the pivot range limit', (t) => {
+  // 900 km top-down, "tilt to 10°", then "zoom out a lot" twice: capped at
+  // the orbit's 5,000 km, the swing reached 2,386 km up at a real -44°.
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 900_000 });
+  assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -10 }).ok, true);
+  h.tick();
+  assert.deepEqual(adjustOrbitRange(2.4), { kind: 'tilt', changed: true });
+  assert.deepEqual(adjustOrbitRange(2.4), { kind: 'tilt', changed: false });
+  let farthest = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
+    h.tick();
+    farthest = Math.max(farthest, pivotRange(h));
+  }
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'tilt must finish');
+  assert.ok(farthest <= 1_000_001, `swung ${farthest} m from the pivot`);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -10) < 0.5,
+    `pitch ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}`,
+  );
+});
+
+test('an unchanged angle still stops a running motion through navigation', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t);
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' });
+  tickUntil(h, () => pitchDeg(h.camera) >= -45.3);
+  let handoffs = 0;
+  const navigate = (start) => {
+    handoffs += 1;
+    return start();
+  };
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 }, navigate);
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.unchanged, true);
+  assert.equal(handoffs, 1, 'the request must take navigation');
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'the tilt must stop');
+  const held = pitchDeg(h.camera);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 30; i += 1) h.tick();
+  assert.equal(pitchDeg(h.camera), held);
+});
+
+for (const direction of ['left', 'right'])
+  test(`a tilt ${direction} is refused`, (t) => {
+    harness(t, { pitch: -45 });
+    const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction });
+    assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+    assert.match(result.error, /tilt needs up or down/);
+    const angled = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction, pitchDeg: -30 });
+    assert.equal(angled.ok, false);
+    assert.match(angled.error, /pitchDeg alone/);
+    assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+  });
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index c1e5c5d1a..70b83eff5 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -1267,62 +1267,63 @@ function onTick() {
 /**
  * One frame of tilt. With a ground pivot the camera swings about it (lookAt),
  * so the place under the crosshair stays centred; without one it looks up or
- * down in place. Pitch is clamped to [-89°, -5°] only in the direction of
- * travel: a top-down view sits at -90°, below the limit, and must still be
- * able to tilt up out of it. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the
- * camera, so it stops at TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M and the rest tilts in place.
+ * down in place. Every angle and limit is the camera's own pitch, which at
+ * regional range is several degrees steeper than the pivot's (the Earth
+ * curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives it. Pitch
+ * is clamped to [-89°, -5°] only in the direction of travel: a top-down view
+ * sits at -90°, below the limit, and must still be able to tilt up out of it.
+ * A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera, so it stops at
+ * TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M and the rest tilts in place.
  */
 function tickTilt(cam, m, scale, dt) {
-  let step;
-  if (m.mode === 'once') {
-    step = m.tiltRad * (scale - (m.lastScale || 0));
-    m.lastScale = scale;
-  } else {
-    step =
-      Cesium.Math.toRadians(TILT_DEG_S[m.speed]) *
-      dt *
-      (m.direction === 'up' ? 1 : -1);
-  }
+  const from = cam.pitch;
+  const want =
+    m.mode === 'once'
+      ? m.startPitch + (m.goalPitch - m.startPitch) * scale
+      : from +
+        Cesium.Math.toRadians(TILT_DEG_S[m.speed]) *
+          dt *
+          (m.direction === 'up' ? 1 : -1);
+  const up = want > from;
+  const limited = up
+    ? Math.min(want, Math.max(from, PITCH_MAX))
+    : Math.max(want, Math.min(from, PITCH_MIN));
   if (m.hpr) {
-    const from = m.hpr.pitch;
-    const next = from + step;
-    const limited =
-      step > 0
-        ? Math.min(next, Math.max(from, tiltPivotPitchMax(m.hpr.range)))
-        : Math.max(next, Math.min(from, PITCH_MIN));
-    m.hpr.pitch = limited;
+    // Apply a range a zoom set since the last frame, even when the pitch
+    // then has nowhere to go (a zoom in to the clearance ends the pivot).
     cam.lookAt(m.target, m.hpr);
+    // Up toward the horizon the swing lowers the camera: hold the clearance.
+    const cap = up
+      ? Math.max(m.hpr.pitch, tiltPivotPitchMax(m.hpr.range))
+      : Infinity;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 3 && Math.abs(limited - cam.pitch) > 1e-6; i += 1) {
+      const pitch = Math.min(
+        cap,
+        Math.max(-Cesium.Math.PI_OVER_TWO, m.hpr.pitch + limited - cam.pitch),
+      );
+      if (pitch === m.hpr.pitch) break;
+      m.hpr.pitch = pitch;
+      cam.lookAt(m.target, m.hpr);
+    }
     // A once motion that just completed released the lookAt frame before
     // this last step re-took it.
     if (_active !== m) clearLookAt();
-    if (limited === next) return;
-    if (step < 0 || limited >= PITCH_MAX) {
-      interruptCameraMotion('tilt-clamp');
-      return;
+    if (up && m.hpr.pitch >= cap && cam.pitch < limited - 1e-6) {
+      // Down to its clearance: let go of the pivot and tilt the rest in
+      // place, which keeps the height.
+      if (_active === m) clearLookAt();
+      m.hpr = null;
+      m.target = null;
     }
-    // Down to its clearance: let go of the pivot and tilt the rest in place,
-    // which keeps the height.
-    if (_active === m) clearLookAt();
-    m.hpr = null;
-    m.target = null;
-    step = next - limited;
   }
-  const from = cam.pitch;
-  const next = from + step;
-  const limited =
-    step > 0
-      ? Math.min(next, Math.max(from, PITCH_MAX))
-      : Math.max(next, Math.min(from, PITCH_MIN));
-  cam.lookUp(limited - from);
-  if (limited !== next) interruptCameraMotion('tilt-clamp');
+  if (!m.hpr) cam.lookUp(limited - cam.pitch);
+  if (m.mode !== 'once' && limited !== want)
+    interruptCameraMotion('tilt-clamp');
 }
 
 /** Shallowest pivot pitch that keeps the clearance at this range. */
 function tiltPivotPitchMax(range) {
-  return Math.min(
-    PITCH_MAX,
-    -Math.asin(Math.min(1, TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M / range)),
-  );
+  return -Math.asin(Math.min(1, TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M / range));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1331,12 +1332,11 @@ function tiltPivotPitchMax(range) {
  * range, or while an entity is tracked (the follow camera owns that frame;
  * voice releases it before moving, so a voice tilt still pivots).
  */
-function tiltStartFrame(cam, { releasesTracking = false } = {}) {
-  const tracked = Boolean(_viewer.trackedEntity) && !releasesTracking;
-  const target = tracked ? null : _getTarget?.(_viewer);
+function tiltStartFrame(cam) {
+  const target = _viewer.trackedEntity ? null : _getTarget?.(_viewer);
   let pivot = target ? tiltPivot(cam, target) : null;
   if (pivot && pivot.range > TILT_PIVOT_MAX_RANGE_M) pivot = null;
-  return { target, pivot, from: pivot ? pivot.pitch : cam.pitch };
+  return { target, pivot, from: cam.pitch };
 }
 
 /** Ground pivot for a tilt: heading, pitch and range in the target's own frame. */
@@ -1604,7 +1604,14 @@ export function moveCameraArgsError(args = {}) {
     return {
       ok: false,
       action: 'move_camera',
-      error: `${motion} needs a direction (left/right${motion !== 'rotate' ? '/up/down' : ''}).`,
+      error: `${motion} needs a direction (${motion === 'tilt' ? 'up/down' : motion === 'rotate' ? 'left/right' : 'left/right/up/down'}).`,
+    };
+  }
+  if (motion === 'tilt' && (direction === 'left' || direction === 'right')) {
+    return {
+      ok: false,
+      action: 'move_camera',
+      error: 'tilt needs up or down, or pitchDeg alone for an angle.',
     };
   }
   if (motion === 'rotate' && !['left', 'right'].includes(direction)) {
@@ -1664,13 +1671,10 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
   if (argsError) return argsError;
   const tiltToPitch =
     motion === 'tilt' ? requestedTiltPitch(args, direction) : null;
-  // A managed (voice) navigation releases the follow camera before start(),
-  // so checks made now must judge from the frame start() will see.
-  const releasesTracking = typeof runNavigation === 'function';
   if (motion === 'tilt' && tiltToPitch !== null) {
-    // Judge from the pitch the motion will start at: the pivot's, which at
-    // regional range is a degree or two shallower than the camera's.
-    const { from } = tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera, { releasesTracking });
+    // Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch, whatever the swing pivots
+    // about; releasing the follow camera does not change it.
+    const from = _viewer.camera.pitch;
     // -89 or -90 means top-down, which a -90° view already is: the clamp
     // must not tilt it up 1°.
     const atTopDown = tiltToPitch <= PITCH_MIN && from <= PITCH_MIN;
@@ -1678,15 +1682,21 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
       atTopDown ||
       Math.abs(tiltToPitch - from) < Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)
     ) {
-      return {
-        ok: true,
-        action: 'move_camera',
-        motion,
-        pitchDeg: Math.round(
-          Cesium.Math.toDegrees(atTopDown ? from : tiltToPitch),
-        ),
-        unchanged: true,
+      // Still a camera request: it stops a running motion and releases the
+      // follow camera, as a tilt that moves would.
+      const hold = () => {
+        interruptCameraMotion('replaced');
+        return {
+          ok: true,
+          action: 'move_camera',
+          motion,
+          pitchDeg: Math.round(
+            Cesium.Math.toDegrees(atTopDown ? from : tiltToPitch),
+          ),
+          unchanged: true,
+        };
       };
+      return typeof runNavigation === 'function' ? runNavigation(hold) : hold();
     }
     // pitchDeg is an absolute angle, not a step: "tilt down 10 degrees" sent
     // as {direction:'down', pitchDeg:10} would tilt up from -45°.
@@ -1703,8 +1713,7 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
   } else if (motion === 'tilt') {
     // Honest limits: at the clamp a tilt is a no-op — say so instead of
     // reporting success and letting the model gaslight itself (field test).
-    // The clamp reads the pitch the motion starts from.
-    const pitch = tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera, { releasesTracking }).from;
+    const pitch = _viewer.camera.pitch;
     if (direction === 'up' && pitch >= PITCH_MAX - Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)) {
       return {
         ok: false,
@@ -1821,17 +1830,23 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
         state.target = target;
         state.hpr = pivot;
       }
+      state.startPitch = from;
       if (tiltToPitch !== null) {
         state.mode = 'once';
         state.direction = tiltToPitch > from ? 'up' : 'down';
-        state.tiltRad = tiltToPitch - from;
+        state.goalPitch = tiltToPitch;
         state.durationS = Math.max(
           ONCE.durationS,
-          Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(state.tiltRad)) / TILT_TO_DEG_S,
+          Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(tiltToPitch - from)) / TILT_TO_DEG_S,
         );
       } else {
-        state.tiltRad =
+        // A nudge stops at the limit it travels toward.
+        const step =
           Cesium.Math.toRadians(ONCE.tiltDeg) * (direction === 'up' ? 1 : -1);
+        state.goalPitch =
+          step > 0
+            ? Math.min(from + step, Math.max(from, PITCH_MAX))
+            : Math.max(from + step, Math.min(from, PITCH_MIN));
       }
     }
     if (motion === 'rotate_globe') {
@@ -1954,10 +1969,13 @@ export function adjustOrbitRange(factor) {
     kind === 'tilt'
       ? Math.max(80, TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M / Math.abs(Math.sin(hpr.pitch)))
       : 80;
+  // A tilt pivots only within TILT_PIVOT_MAX_RANGE_M; farther out the swing
+  // would carry the camera thousands of km.
+  const ceiling = kind === 'tilt' ? TILT_PIVOT_MAX_RANGE_M : 5_000_000;
   const range = hpr.range;
   hpr.range = Math.max(
     Math.min(floor, range),
-    Math.min(Math.max(5_000_000, range), range * factor),
+    Math.min(Math.max(ceiling, range), range * factor),
   );
   // Under half a metre counts as not moved, as for a plain zoom.
   return { kind, changed: Math.abs(hpr.range - range) >= 0.5 };
diff --git a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
index ecebe8a5d..15c94c96c 100644
--- a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ test('the complete Realtime tool payload pins the manifest-generated layer relea
     // area scopes and the osm-places layer; natural-region candidates and the
     // tightened area tool wording follow review.
     // move_camera tilt takes an optional pitchDeg angle, described as
-    // absolute rather than a step.
-    '1dbdef45a477806046cfe4a74a7766f137d7a2b551fdd0b9595986068a85ee8d',
+    // absolute, with steps sent as a direction.
+    'b192c42d1a1c59bea010da93ed0cfb1ce63d2e3ab5e5685921d3bf66e3f94e26',
   );
 });
 
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index 089d95be0..5a30a8cf3 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ import {
   adjustOrbitRange,
   manualCameraInputCount,
   moveCameraArgsError,
+  getActiveCameraMotion,
 } from '../cameraVerbs.js';
 import * as defaultFloorServices from '../data/groundFloor.js';
 import { isPickedWorldPosition } from '../data/scenePick.js';
@@ -293,6 +294,8 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
   // cancelled the flight, or the flight (still geocoding) then replaced the
   // motion. The wait follows later fly-tos (voiceFlightTarget).
   let voiceFlight = null;
+  // Waiters to tell when a newer voice flight begins.
+  const voiceFlightWatchers = new Set();
   let analystEngine;
   // Area handles live for this runner (the page): resolve_area, the
   // analyst's region/area/drawn scopes, find_imagery and osm_query all read
@@ -1153,6 +1156,25 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
         prior,
       );
       voiceFlight = flight;
+      for (const notify of [...voiceFlightWatchers]) notify();
+      // A motion already running (one the model sent before this fly-to) is
+      // stopped when the flight takes navigation; the result says so.
+      let stoppedMotion = null;
+      const noteStop =
+        (hook) =>
+        (...hookArgs) => {
+          const before = getActiveCameraMotion();
+          try {
+            return hook(...hookArgs);
+          } finally {
+            if (
+              before &&
+              !stoppedMotion &&
+              getActiveCameraMotion()?.motionId !== before.motionId
+            )
+              stoppedMotion = before.kind;
+          }
+        };
       const flown = flyToRequestedLocation(viewer, args, {
         onFlightEnd: flight.settle,
         onProgress: reportProgress,
@@ -1161,26 +1183,28 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
         signal: runOptions.signal,
         runImmediate:
           typeof styleManager?.runImmediateLocationNavigation === 'function'
-            ? (navigate) =>
-                styleManager.runImmediateLocationNavigation(navigate)
+            ? noteStop((navigate) =>
+                styleManager.runImmediateLocationNavigation(navigate),
+              )
             : null,
         beginDeferred:
           typeof styleManager?.beginDeferredLocationNavigation === 'function'
-            ? () => styleManager.beginDeferredLocationNavigation()
+            ? noteStop(() => styleManager.beginDeferredLocationNavigation())
             : null,
         reassertDeferred:
           typeof styleManager?.reassertDeferredLocationNavigation === 'function'
-            ? (generation) =>
-                styleManager.reassertDeferredLocationNavigation(generation)
+            ? noteStop((generation) =>
+                styleManager.reassertDeferredLocationNavigation(generation),
+              )
             : null,
-        onStart: () => {
+        onStart: noteStop(() => {
           if (typeof styleManager?.beginLocationNavigation === 'function') {
             styleManager.beginLocationNavigation();
             return;
           }
           interruptCameraMotion('nav:fly_to_location');
           if (viewer.trackedEntity) stopAllTracking(viewer, dataManager);
-        },
+        }),
       });
       // No flight started: nothing to wait for. A lookup that was not found,
       // threw, or was cancelled once a newer voice fly-to had begun (which
@@ -1199,7 +1223,11 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
           flight.settle('failed');
         else notStarted();
       }, notStarted);
-      return flown;
+      return flown.then((result) =>
+        stoppedMotion && result && typeof result === 'object'
+          ? { ...result, stoppedMotion }
+          : result,
+      );
     }
 
     if (name === 'adjust_camera_zoom') {
@@ -1315,35 +1343,31 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
         if (argsError) return argsError;
         const deadline = Date.now() + VOICE_FLIGHT_WAIT_MS;
         const start = pending;
+        // Act on where the camera lands. Whatever a flight reports, a later
+        // fly-to replaces it, and the wait moves to that one as soon as it
+        // begins (a stalled geocode must not hold the motion past a newer
+        // flight that landed). A geocode that loses navigation reports
+        // failed, and a flight left flying while the next place is looked up
+        // can still land; running there would take navigation and cancel the
+        // newer one. A later lookup that found nothing moved nothing, so the
+        // motion looks past it to the last flight that did move the camera.
         let flight = start;
-        let status = await waitForVoiceFlight(
-          flight,
-          runOptions.signal,
-          deadline,
-        );
-        // A later fly-to replaces this one: follow it to where the camera
-        // lands, within the same deadline, whatever this flight reported. A
-        // geocode that loses navigation reports failed, and a flight left
-        // flying while the next place is looked up can still land; running
-        // there would take navigation and cancel the newer one. A later
-        // lookup that found nothing moved nothing, so the motion acts on the
-        // last flight it saw that did move the camera.
-        let landed = flight.movedNothing ? null : { flight, status };
-        while (status !== 'aborted' && status !== 'timeout' && current()) {
-          const target = voiceFlightTarget(voiceFlight, start);
-          if (!target || target === flight) break;
-          flight = target;
+        let status;
+        for (;;) {
           status = await waitForVoiceFlight(
             flight,
             runOptions.signal,
             deadline,
+            voiceFlightWatchers,
           );
-          if (!flight.movedNothing) landed = { flight, status };
+          if (status === 'aborted' || status === 'timeout' || !current()) break;
+          const target = voiceFlightTarget(voiceFlight, start);
+          if (!target || (target === flight && status !== 'newer')) break;
+          flight = target;
         }
-        if (flight.movedNothing && landed) ({ flight, status } = landed);
         if (!current())
           return { ok: false, action: 'move_camera', cancelled: true };
-        if (status !== 'arrived')
+        if (status !== 'arrived' || flight.movedNothing)
           return {
             ok: false,
             action: 'move_camera',
@@ -2973,7 +2997,6 @@ function trackVoiceFlight(
   inputCount = manualCameraInputCount(),
   replaced = null,
 ) {
-  let resolve;
   const flight = {
     done: false,
     seq: (voiceFlightCount += 1),
@@ -2981,14 +3004,20 @@ function trackVoiceFlight(
     movedNothing: false,
     // Manual input after this means the user took the camera mid-flight.
     inputCount,
-    ended: new Promise((settle) => {
-      resolve = settle;
-    }),
+    status: null,
+    // Waiters to tell when this flight ends.
+    watchers: new Set(),
     settle: (status) => {
       if (flight.done) return;
       flight.done = true;
-      if (!flight.movedNothing) flight.replaced = null;
-      resolve(status);
+      flight.status = status;
+      // Kept only past a lookup that found nothing, and then straight to the
+      // flight that moved, so a run of such lookups holds no chain.
+      flight.replaced = flight.movedNothing
+        ? voiceFlightTarget(flight.replaced)
+        : null;
+      for (const notify of [...flight.watchers]) notify(status);
+      flight.watchers.clear();
     },
   };
   return flight;
@@ -3027,22 +3056,32 @@ const VOICE_FLIGHT_WAITING_MOTIONS = new Set([
   'rotate',
 ]);
 
-/** Wait for a voice flight to end; 'timeout' or 'aborted' if it does not. */
-function waitForVoiceFlight(flight, signal, deadline) {
+/**
+ * Wait for a voice flight to end, or for a newer one to begin ('newer'):
+ * 'timeout' or 'aborted' if neither happens. A flight that has ended answers
+ * at once. Every listener is removed when the wait ends, so a flight that
+ * never settles holds nothing.
+ */
+function waitForVoiceFlight(flight, signal, deadline, newerWatchers) {
   if (signal?.aborted) return Promise.resolve('aborted');
+  if (flight.done) return Promise.resolve(flight.status);
   return new Promise((resolve) => {
     const finish = (status) => {
       clearTimeout(timer);
       signal?.removeEventListener?.('abort', onAbort);
+      flight.watchers.delete(finish);
+      newerWatchers?.delete(onNewer);
       resolve(status);
     };
     const onAbort = () => finish('aborted');
+    const onNewer = () => finish('newer');
     const timer = setTimeout(
       () => finish('timeout'),
       Math.max(0, deadline - Date.now()),
     );
     signal?.addEventListener?.('abort', onAbort, { once: true });
-    flight.ended.then(finish);
+    flight.watchers.add(finish);
+    newerWatchers?.add(onNewer);
   });
 }
 
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index 678a13659..b2cdbedc4 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -895,6 +895,50 @@ test('a motion gives up on a flight that has not landed in 15 s', async (t) => {
   assert.match(result.error, /did not arrive/);
 });
 
+test('a motion follows a newer fly-to that lands while its own lookup stalls', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    // Place A's lookup never answers.
+    searchNavigation: () => new Promise(() => {}),
+  });
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout', 'Date'] });
+  runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Place A' });
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+  const movedDone = settledYet(moved);
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  t.mock.timers.tick(2_000);
+  await Promise.resolve();
+  assert.equal(movedDone(), false, 'the orbit must wait for the newer flight to land');
+  flights[0].complete();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 5 && !movedDone(); i += 1) await Promise.resolve();
+  assert.equal(movedDone(), true, 'the orbit must not wait out A');
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.motion, 'orbit');
+});
+
+test('a fly-to that stops a running motion says so', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  // The model sent the orbit first, so it ran at once.
+  const orbit = await runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit', mode: 'continuous' });
+  assert.equal(orbit.ok, true);
+  const fly = await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' });
+  assert.equal(fly.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(fly.stoppedMotion, 'orbit');
+  const again = await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' });
+  assert.equal('stoppedMotion' in again, false);
+});
+
 test('bad move_camera arguments are refused without waiting for a flight', async () => {
   const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
   const runner = createGevActionRunner({
diff --git a/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs b/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs
index 66a8e7eda..1f1993a07 100644
--- a/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs
@@ -350,8 +350,8 @@ test('deixis prompt lint: one short rule, and every sentinel it names exists in
   // the analyst area scopes) raised the ceiling to 55,500; tightening the
   // AREAS rule and the area tool descriptions left it at 55,103 as measured
   // below (every tool, osm_query included); main's Sea Marks and Ski Pistes
-  // layers bring it to 55,210, and the tilt pitchDeg argument to 55,332.
-  // integrationContract's Overpass prompt is the tightest, at 55,492 (8
+  // layers bring it to 55,210, and the tilt pitchDeg argument to 55,335.
+  // integrationContract's Overpass prompt is the tightest, at 55,495 (5
   // under). A new tool or rule has to fit under this ceiling.
   const size = instructions.length + JSON.stringify(GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS).length;
   assert.ok(size <= 55_500, `prompt size ${size}`);

From 64377db91abbb8d324a3dd90dda715d95f2e6570 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 11:59:11 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 112/262] fix(camera): leave flights and scenes to their
 framing

Review follow-ups for the globe-in-view recovery and voice limits.

- Leave a camera flight in progress and a playing Director scene, holds
  included, to their own framing. The recovery is now installed with the
  scene tools, which own the Director, and reads its running state.
- Reuse a voice turn's half-degree proof only from the position and
  direction it was proven at, so a release that moves the camera checks
  the turn again.
- Share one free-globe-camera check between the recovery, the voice
  turn limit and the globe rotation.
- Keep an enableLook setting other code makes after the free-look limit
  is installed, instead of writing back the install-time value.
- Name the nudging test for what it asserts, the 1% floor, and document
  that a view losing its surface without a camera move waits for the
  next one.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md            |  7 +++--
 src/app/application.test.mjs     | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/app/scene.js                 |  9 -------
 src/app/tools.js                 | 16 +++++++++++-
 src/app/viewer.js                | 27 +++++++++++++-------
 src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs | 28 +++++++++++++++++++-
 src/cameraVerbs.js               | 38 ++++++++++++---------------
 src/globeInView.js               | 12 +++++++++
 8 files changed, 137 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 3fde50e05..4244d5937 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -100,8 +100,11 @@ away, such as a saved or shared view that did, or a drag
 that Cesium turns into an in-place look below its 7,500 km trackball height (one
 that starts on the stars, or a tilt drag with the screen centre off the planet).
 Views with more surface than that, such as the oblique orbital Director shots,
-are left as they are, and so are tracked or locked cameras and the 2D and
-Columbus modes. A voice turn requested while the camera is tracked is judged
+are left as they are, and so are tracked or locked cameras, a camera flight in
+progress, a Director scene while it plays (holds included) and the 2D and
+Columbus modes. A view that loses its surface without a camera move (a resize,
+or turning the scope on) is left as it is until the next move. A voice turn
+requested while the camera is tracked is judged
 by the pose voice's release of the follow camera will leave, before that
 release, so a refused turn keeps the tracking.
 
diff --git a/src/app/application.test.mjs b/src/app/application.test.mjs
index 401eefa0b..d9d915f20 100644
--- a/src/app/application.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/application.test.mjs
@@ -399,6 +399,26 @@ test('free look follows camera height and is restored on dispose', () => {
   assert.equal(f.listeners.size, 0);
 });
 
+test('free look keeps a setting other code makes after it is installed', () => {
+  const f = freeLookFixture({ height: 500 });
+  const dispose = installFreeLookHeightLimit(f.viewer);
+  f.controller.enableLook = false;
+  f.frame(10);
+  assert.equal(f.controller.enableLook, false, 'turned off stays off');
+  f.frame(FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS * 20);
+  f.frame(10);
+  assert.equal(f.controller.enableLook, false, 'and stays off after orbit');
+  f.controller.enableLook = true;
+  f.frame(10);
+  assert.equal(f.controller.enableLook, true, 'turned back on');
+  f.frame(FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS * 20);
+  assert.equal(f.controller.enableLook, false, 'still limited from orbit');
+  f.frame(10);
+  f.controller.enableLook = false;
+  dispose();
+  assert.equal(f.controller.enableLook, false, 'dispose keeps a later setting');
+});
+
 test('free look stays off when the viewer had it disabled', () => {
   const f = freeLookFixture({ enableLook: false, height: 500 });
   installFreeLookHeightLimit(f.viewer);
@@ -418,6 +438,7 @@ function realCamera({ width = 1600, height = 900, mode } = {}) {
     pixelRatio: 1,
     ellipsoid: Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
     mapMode2D: Cesium.MapMode2D.INFINITE_SCROLL,
+    tweens: new Cesium.TweenCollection(),
     renders: 0,
     requestRender() {
       this.renders += 1;
@@ -674,6 +695,29 @@ test('the recovery follows the scope: corner-only views are turned back only beh
   }
 });
 
+test('the recovery leaves a camera flight and an authored scene alone', () => {
+  let playing = true;
+  const { camera, scene, viewer } = realCamera({ width: 1225, height: 923 });
+  scene.camera = camera;
+  scene.screenSpaceCameraController = { enableInputs: true };
+  installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer, { paused: () => playing });
+  aim(camera, reportedStuckView);
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), true, 'a playing scene is left alone');
+  playing = false;
+
+  // A flight that pauses looking away is left alone until it ends.
+  camera.flyTo({
+    destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(10, 20, 18_000_000),
+    duration: 5,
+  });
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), true, 'a flight is left alone');
+  camera.cancelFlight();
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6));
+});
+
 function fakeTimers() {
   let next = 1;
   const pending = new Map();
diff --git a/src/app/scene.js b/src/app/scene.js
index 9c115638d..8792a1f4d 100644
--- a/src/app/scene.js
+++ b/src/app/scene.js
@@ -3,12 +3,9 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import {
   createApplicationViewer,
   installFreeLookHeightLimit,
-  installGlobeInViewRecovery,
   installTrackpadPinchZoom,
 } from '../app/viewer.js';
 import { registerDataCredits } from '../data/dataCredits.js';
-import { KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS } from '../celestialRing.js';
-import { isScopeMaskEnabled } from '../scopeMask.js';
 import { configureCreditKeyboardAccess } from '../creditKeyboard.js';
 import { MapStackController } from '../mapStackController.js';
 import { loadPhotorealisticTileset } from '../mapStartup.js';
@@ -63,12 +60,6 @@ export async function createApplicationScene({
   });
   defer(installTrackpadPinchZoom(viewer));
   defer(installFreeLookHeightLimit(viewer));
-  defer(
-    installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer, {
-      // The scope mask hides everything outside its keyhole.
-      keyholeRadius: () => (isScopeMaskEnabled() ? KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS : 0),
-    }),
-  );
   registerDataCredits(viewer, credits);
   configureCreditKeyboardAccess(document);
   defer(onLocaleChange(() => configureCreditKeyboardAccess(document)));
diff --git a/src/app/tools.js b/src/app/tools.js
index 9d91f70a9..68033947d 100644
--- a/src/app/tools.js
+++ b/src/app/tools.js
@@ -8,7 +8,13 @@ import { initImageryBoxTool } from '../ui/imageryBoxTool.js';
 import { createRecentImageryPanel } from '../ui/recentImagery.js';
 import { initGevVoiceCommands } from '../voice/gevRealtime.js';
 import { installViews, isEmbeddedInline } from './embed.js';
-import { installScopeMask, destroyScopeMask } from '../scopeMask.js';
+import {
+  installScopeMask,
+  destroyScopeMask,
+  isScopeMaskEnabled,
+} from '../scopeMask.js';
+import { KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS } from '../celestialRing.js';
+import { installGlobeInViewRecovery } from './viewer.js';
 import { installLayerReleaseTrim } from '../sceneCommandRelease.js';
 import {
   installRenderGovernor,
@@ -44,6 +50,14 @@ export function createApplicationTools({
     .get('bhote-koshi-2026')
     ?.module.attachSceneController(sceneDirector);
   defer(() => sceneDirector.destroy());
+  defer(
+    installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer, {
+      // The scope mask hides everything outside its keyhole.
+      keyholeRadius: () => (isScopeMaskEnabled() ? KEYHOLE_OUTER_RADIUS : 0),
+      // An authored scene frames its own shots, holds included.
+      paused: () => sceneDirector.running,
+    }),
+  );
   onSceneDirector?.(sceneDirector);
   const annotations = initAnnotations({
     viewer,
diff --git a/src/app/viewer.js b/src/app/viewer.js
index ce182a0ab..c99a34d07 100644
--- a/src/app/viewer.js
+++ b/src/app/viewer.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { StarrySky } from '../sky/starrySky.js';
 import {
   FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS,
   globeOutOfFrame,
+  isFreeGlobeCamera,
 } from '../globeInView.js';
 
 const PINCH_ZOOM_MULTIPLIER = 8;
@@ -109,7 +110,9 @@ export function installTrackpadPinchZoom(
 
 /**
  * Allow Cesium's free look only below `maxHeight` and return its disposer.
- * Orbit, tilt and zoom stay available at every height. `enableLook` gates the
+ * Orbit, tilt and zoom stay available at every height. A value other code
+ * sets later is kept as the one to allow below that height, and restored on
+ * dispose. `enableLook` gates the
  * Shift+drag binding only; a drag that starts on the stars below Cesium's
  * trackball height still turns the camera in place, which
  * `installGlobeInViewRecovery` catches.
@@ -124,11 +127,14 @@ export function installFreeLookHeightLimit(
   if (!controller || !camera || !scene?.preUpdate)
     throw new TypeError('A complete Cesium viewer is required');
 
-  const originalEnableLook = controller.enableLook;
+  let wanted = controller.enableLook;
+  let written;
   const sync = () => {
+    if (written !== undefined && controller.enableLook !== written)
+      wanted = controller.enableLook;
     const height = camera.positionCartographic?.height;
-    controller.enableLook =
-      originalEnableLook && !(Number.isFinite(height) && height > maxHeight);
+    written = wanted && !(Number.isFinite(height) && height > maxHeight);
+    controller.enableLook = written;
   };
   sync();
   const removeListener = scene.preUpdate.addEventListener(sync);
@@ -138,7 +144,7 @@ export function installFreeLookHeightLimit(
     if (!active) return;
     active = false;
     removeListener();
-    controller.enableLook = originalEnableLook;
+    if (controller.enableLook === written) controller.enableLook = wanted;
   };
 }
 
@@ -159,7 +165,9 @@ const SETTLE_GIVE_UP_MS = 5 * 60_000;
  * catches a saved or shared view that looked away, and a drag that Cesium turns
  * into an in-place look below its trackball height whatever `enableLook` says.
  * Heading and position are kept. Tracked cameras, locked ones (non-identity
- * transform) and the 2D and Columbus modes are left alone. `keyholeRadius`
+ * transform), a camera flight in progress, the 2D and Columbus modes, and any
+ * time `paused` returns true (an authored scene playing) are left alone.
+ * `keyholeRadius`
  * returns the radius of the visible circle when a scope mask hides the rest of
  * the frame (see `globeFrameShare`), or 0; it is read at every check.
  *
@@ -179,6 +187,7 @@ export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
   {
     minHeight = FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS,
     keyholeRadius = () => 0,
+    paused = () => false,
     setTimeout: schedule = globalThis.setTimeout,
     clearTimeout: unschedule = globalThis.clearTimeout,
   } = {},
@@ -189,9 +198,9 @@ export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
     throw new TypeError('A complete Cesium viewer is required');
 
   const recover = () => {
-    if (scene.mode !== Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D || viewer.trackedEntity) return;
-    if (!Cesium.Matrix4.equals(camera.transform, Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY))
-      return;
+    if (!isFreeGlobeCamera(viewer)) return;
+    // Cesium has no public running-flight flag.
+    if (camera._currentFlight || paused()) return;
     const height = camera.positionCartographic?.height;
     if (
       !(height > minHeight) ||
diff --git a/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs b/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs
index f15ae4978..543c01bff 100644
--- a/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs
@@ -1526,7 +1526,7 @@ test('a voice turn after something else turned the camera starts over', (t) => {
   assert.ok(globeFrameShare(camera) >= start - 2 / (32 * 18) - 1e-9);
 });
 
-test('nudging the camera between voice turns cannot slide the planet away', (t) => {
+test('nudging the camera between voice turns cannot take the planet below the 1% floor', (t) => {
   withScope(t, false); // the whole frame is visible
   // A wheel notch or an orbit drag between requests starts each turn afresh;
   // the 1% floor still holds, and below it a turn may only keep what it has.
@@ -1810,6 +1810,32 @@ test('a refused voice turn leaves a tracked camera tracking', (t) => {
   }
 });
 
+test('a turn proven at one position is checked again after a release moves the camera', (t) => {
+  withScope(t, false);
+  const { camera, tick } = harness(t, {
+    pitch: -80,
+    viewportWidth: 1600,
+    viewportHeight: 900,
+  });
+  // Tilt up to the limit, then check from 4,000 km closer along the same view
+  // direction, where the next tilt fits; the release moves the camera back.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 40; i += 1) {
+    if (!moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'once' }).ok)
+      break;
+    for (let j = 0; j < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); j += 1) tick(1 / 60);
+  }
+  camera.moveForward(4_000_000);
+  const result = moveCamera(
+    { motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'once' },
+    (start) => {
+      camera.moveBackward(4_000_000);
+      return start();
+    },
+  );
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /globe out of view/);
+});
+
 test('the voice frame limit leaves Columbus view alone', (t) => {
   // At its limit in 3D a further tilt up is refused; the same tilt in Columbus
   // view is not limited by the frame.
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 964b5c1a7..3c8424b82 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { GLOBE_VIEW } from './locations.js';
 import {
   globeFrameShare,
+  isFreeGlobeCamera,
   lookAngleWithinFrame,
   lookStepLosesGlobe,
 } from './globeInView.js';
@@ -1015,18 +1016,6 @@ export function interruptCameraMotionIfActive(
   return interruptCameraMotion(reason);
 }
 
-/**
- * A free globe camera: 3D, not tracking, not locked to a frame. The frame
- * limit for in-place turns applies to it alone, as the move-end recovery does.
- */
-function isFreeGlobeCamera(cam) {
-  return (
-    _viewer.scene.mode === Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D &&
-    !_viewer.trackedEntity &&
-    Cesium.Matrix4.equals(cam.transform, Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY)
-  );
-}
-
 // The frame share that in-place voice turns measure their limit against, with
 // the pose the last voice turn left the camera in. A turn that starts where
 // the last one left off keeps that baseline (raised if the planet now fills
@@ -1036,7 +1025,7 @@ function isFreeGlobeCamera(cam) {
 let _lookBaseline = null;
 
 // The pre-check's proof that a half-degree turn from this pose keeps the planet
-// in view: which way, from which direction. A motion that starts from that
+// in view: which way, from which position and direction. A motion that starts from that
 // pose turns at least that far, so a request reported as done really moves
 // even when a smaller first step lands in a dip of the sampled share.
 const PROVEN_TURN_RAD = Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5);
@@ -1079,7 +1068,7 @@ function lookBaselineShare(cam) {
  */
 function lookWithinFrame(cam, m, look, angle) {
   let allowed = angle;
-  if (isFreeGlobeCamera(cam)) {
+  if (isFreeGlobeCamera(_viewer)) {
     if (m.globeShareAtStart === undefined) {
       m.globeShareAtStart = lookBaselineShare(cam);
       m.provenTurnRad = lookProven(cam, look) ? PROVEN_TURN_RAD : 0;
@@ -1105,6 +1094,12 @@ function lookWithinFrame(cam, m, look, angle) {
 function lookProven(cam, look) {
   return (
     _provenLook?.look === look &&
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+      _provenLook.position,
+      cam.positionWC,
+      0,
+      1,
+    ) &&
     Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
       _provenLook.direction,
       cam.directionWC,
@@ -1129,7 +1124,7 @@ function checkLookFromOrbit(look, { released = false } = {}) {
   _provenLook = null;
   if (_viewer.scene.mode !== Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D) return null;
   const cam = _viewer.camera;
-  if (!released && !isFreeGlobeCamera(cam)) return null;
+  if (!released && !isFreeGlobeCamera(_viewer)) return null;
   if (
     lookStepLosesGlobe(cam, look, PROVEN_TURN_RAD, {
       ...visibleFrame(),
@@ -1142,7 +1137,11 @@ function checkLookFromOrbit(look, { released = false } = {}) {
       error:
         'From this height that would turn the globe out of view — zoom in first, or turn the other way.',
     };
-  _provenLook = { look, direction: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(cam.directionWC) };
+  _provenLook = {
+    look,
+    position: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(cam.positionWC),
+    direction: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(cam.directionWC),
+  };
   return null;
 }
 
@@ -1329,12 +1328,7 @@ function onTick() {
         // Tracking can acquire the camera without going through navigation.
         // Yield without resetting its pose/frame: the world-space arc proof
         // only describes Cesium's rotation while the frame is identity.
-        if (
-          _viewer.scene.mode !== Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D ||
-          _viewer.trackedEntity ||
-          _isCockpitActive?.() ||
-          !Cesium.Matrix4.equals(cam.transform, Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY)
-        ) {
+        if (!isFreeGlobeCamera(_viewer) || _isCockpitActive?.()) {
           interruptCameraMotion('globe-camera-owner-changed');
           return;
         }
diff --git a/src/globeInView.js b/src/globeInView.js
index 1ccbcda23..98a3445dc 100644
--- a/src/globeInView.js
+++ b/src/globeInView.js
@@ -9,6 +9,18 @@ export const FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS = 1_000_000;
 // the planet's surface.
 export const MIN_GLOBE_FRAME_SHARE = 0.1;
 
+/**
+ * A free globe camera: the viewer is in 3D, follows no tracked entity, and its
+ * camera is not locked to a reference frame.
+ */
+export function isFreeGlobeCamera(viewer) {
+  return (
+    viewer.scene.mode === Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE3D &&
+    !viewer.trackedEntity &&
+    Cesium.Matrix4.equals(viewer.camera.transform, Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY)
+  );
+}
+
 const GRID_COLUMNS = 32;
 const GRID_ROWS = 18;
 // A turn across a sliver of planet moves its edge through sample points, so

From 2f9d13f39d1b05d60aeded65e4a0334f13952734 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 12:20:26 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 113/262] fix(camera): orbit on drags from the stars above
 1,000 km

Below Cesium's trackball height (7,500 km by default) a drag that starts
on the stars turns the camera in place, whatever enableLook says, which
was the drag path to a view with no planet in it. Lower that height to
the free-look height with the free-look limit, never raising it, and
restore it on dispose. Above 1,000 km such a drag now orbits the globe,
as it already did above 7,500 km, at a similar rate, and a tilt drag
from the stars there tilts about the planet's edge or does nothing
instead of turning the camera. Drags that start on the planet are
unchanged.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md        |  9 +++++----
 src/app/application.test.mjs | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/app/viewer.js            | 17 +++++++++++------
 3 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 4244d5937..94c2dc1aa 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -67,7 +67,10 @@ the real browser controller at desktop and phone widths with keyless fixtures.
 
 Cesium's free look (Shift+drag, which turns the camera in place) works only
 below 1,000 km. Above that height a few drags could turn the whole planet out of
-frame and leave only stars, so Shift+drag does nothing there. Orbit, tilt and
+frame and leave only stars, so Shift+drag does nothing there. Cesium also
+turns the camera in place for a drag that starts on the stars below its
+trackball height (7,500 km by default); that height is lowered to 1,000 km, so
+such a drag orbits the globe above it, as it does higher up. Orbit, tilt and
 zoom are unchanged at every height. How much of the frame shows the planet's
 surface is measured by casting a 32×18 grid of view rays at the ellipsoid; while
 the scope mask is on (the default) only the rays inside its keyhole count, since
@@ -96,9 +99,7 @@ rest, and gives up five minutes after the camera last moved. Limb glow, and a
 surface sliver up to about one grid cell thick (some 50 px on a 900 px tall
 frame), can count as out of view. The zoom-out guard above keeps wheel and
 pinch zoom-outs in view; this catches the other ways a move can end looking
-away, such as a saved or shared view that did, or a drag
-that Cesium turns into an in-place look below its 7,500 km trackball height (one
-that starts on the stars, or a tilt drag with the screen centre off the planet).
+away, such as a saved or shared view that did.
 Views with more surface than that, such as the oblique orbital Director shots,
 are left as they are, and so are tracked or locked cameras, a camera flight in
 progress, a Director scene while it plays (holds included) and the 2D and
diff --git a/src/app/application.test.mjs b/src/app/application.test.mjs
index d9d915f20..fa489cc69 100644
--- a/src/app/application.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/application.test.mjs
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ test('trackpad pinch falls back to the original event when relay construction fa
 
 function freeLookFixture({ enableLook = true, height = 0 } = {}) {
   const listeners = new Set();
-  const controller = { enableLook };
+  const controller = { enableLook, minimumTrackBallHeight: 7_500_000 };
   const camera = { positionCartographic: { height } };
   const viewer = {
     camera,
@@ -399,6 +399,27 @@ test('free look follows camera height and is restored on dispose', () => {
   assert.equal(f.listeners.size, 0);
 });
 
+test('drags that start on the stars orbit above the free-look height', () => {
+  // Below Cesium's trackball height such a drag turns the camera in place.
+  const f = freeLookFixture({ height: 500 });
+  const dispose = installFreeLookHeightLimit(f.viewer);
+  assert.equal(
+    f.controller.minimumTrackBallHeight,
+    FREE_LOOK_MAX_HEIGHT_METERS,
+  );
+  dispose();
+  assert.equal(f.controller.minimumTrackBallHeight, 7_500_000);
+
+  const lower = freeLookFixture({ height: 500 });
+  lower.controller.minimumTrackBallHeight = 500_000;
+  installFreeLookHeightLimit(lower.viewer)();
+  assert.equal(
+    lower.controller.minimumTrackBallHeight,
+    500_000,
+    'never raised',
+  );
+});
+
 test('free look keeps a setting other code makes after it is installed', () => {
   const f = freeLookFixture({ height: 500 });
   const dispose = installFreeLookHeightLimit(f.viewer);
diff --git a/src/app/viewer.js b/src/app/viewer.js
index c99a34d07..e44d1aa10 100644
--- a/src/app/viewer.js
+++ b/src/app/viewer.js
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ export function installTrackpadPinchZoom(
  * Allow Cesium's free look only below `maxHeight` and return its disposer.
  * Orbit, tilt and zoom stay available at every height. A value other code
  * sets later is kept as the one to allow below that height, and restored on
- * dispose. `enableLook` gates the
- * Shift+drag binding only; a drag that starts on the stars below Cesium's
- * trackball height still turns the camera in place, which
- * `installGlobeInViewRecovery` catches.
+ * dispose. `enableLook` gates the Shift+drag binding only: below its trackball
+ * height Cesium also turns the camera in place for a drag that starts on the
+ * stars. That height is lowered to `maxHeight` too, so above it such a drag
+ * orbits the globe, as it does above Cesium's own 7,500 km.
  */
 export function installFreeLookHeightLimit(
   viewer,
@@ -127,6 +127,9 @@ export function installFreeLookHeightLimit(
   if (!controller || !camera || !scene?.preUpdate)
     throw new TypeError('A complete Cesium viewer is required');
 
+  const originalTrackBallHeight = controller.minimumTrackBallHeight;
+  const trackBallHeight = Math.min(originalTrackBallHeight, maxHeight);
+  controller.minimumTrackBallHeight = trackBallHeight;
   let wanted = controller.enableLook;
   let written;
   const sync = () => {
@@ -145,6 +148,8 @@ export function installFreeLookHeightLimit(
     active = false;
     removeListener();
     if (controller.enableLook === written) controller.enableLook = wanted;
+    if (controller.minimumTrackBallHeight === trackBallHeight)
+      controller.minimumTrackBallHeight = originalTrackBallHeight;
   };
 }
 
@@ -162,8 +167,8 @@ const SETTLE_GIVE_UP_MS = 5 * 60_000;
  * no surface on screen (`globeOutOfFrame`: limb glow and slivers up to about
  * one sample cell thick can count as none), and return the disposer. Views with
  * more surface, such as an oblique orbital shot, are left as they are. This
- * catches a saved or shared view that looked away, and a drag that Cesium turns
- * into an in-place look below its trackball height whatever `enableLook` says.
+ * catches a saved or shared view that looked away, or any other move that ends
+ * looking away from the planet.
  * Heading and position are kept. Tracked cameras, locked ones (non-identity
  * transform), a camera flight in progress, the 2D and Columbus modes, and any
  * time `paused` returns true (an authored scene playing) are left alone.

From 33a2876bc0533ad8a0e1015e8ef264dca2f952cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 12:36:13 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 114/262] Fix the translations of the voice geometry, fire
 filter, airspace and sea mark strings

---
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                   | 38 ++++++------
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                   | 34 +++++------
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                   | 28 ++++-----
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                   | 54 ++++++++---------
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                   | 40 ++++++-------
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                   | 68 +++++++++++-----------
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                   | 44 +++++++-------
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                   | 40 ++++++-------
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                   | 42 ++++++-------
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                | 40 ++++++-------
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json              | 48 +++++++--------
 src/voice/voiceCardPlanSteps.i18n.test.mjs | 10 ++--
 12 files changed, 243 insertions(+), 243 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index c9fca14ce..215b440a8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3220,7 +3220,7 @@
   "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "كل عمليات الرصد — كثير من أقوى الحرائق مصنّفة بثقة منخفضة",
   "Nominal and high confidence detections": "عمليات الرصد ذات الثقة المتوسطة والعالية",
   "High confidence detections only": "عمليات الرصد ذات الثقة العالية فقط",
-  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "الشدة (FRP)",
+  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "شدة الحريق (FRP)",
   "≥ {value} MW": "{value} MW على الأقل",
   "Confidence": "الثقة",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "الحد الأدنى للقدرة الإشعاعية للحريق، بالميغاواط",
@@ -3238,15 +3238,15 @@
   "Directions, drawing and your own files": "الاتجاهات والرسم وملفاتك الخاصة",
   "Voice place search (needs an Overpass server)": "البحث الصوتي عن الأماكن (يتطلب خادم Overpass)",
   "OSM Places": "أماكن OSM",
-  "state or province": "ولاية أو مقاطعة",
-  "county or district": "محافظة أو قضاء",
+  "state or province": "ولاية أو إقليم",
+  "county or district": "مقاطعة أو قضاء",
   "neighbourhood": "حي",
   "natural region": "منطقة طبيعية",
   "Which {place}?": "أي {place} تقصد؟",
   "Which place?": "أي مكان تقصد؟",
-  "Not drawn: {parts}": "لم يُرسم: {parts}",
+  "Not drawn: {parts}": "لم يُرسم المخطط: {parts}",
   "approximate": "تقريبي",
-  "{pct}% cloud": "غيوم {pct}%",
+  "{pct}% cloud": "الغيوم {pct}%",
   "Over {area}": "فوق {area}",
   "{count} of {total} acquisitions match": {
     "few": "الصور المطابقة: {count} من {total}",
@@ -3257,12 +3257,12 @@
     "other": "الصور المطابقة: {count} من {total}"
   },
   "{n} acquisitions searched": {
-    "few": "الصور التي جرى البحث فيها: {n}",
-    "many": "الصور التي جرى البحث فيها: {n}",
-    "one": "الصور التي جرى البحث فيها: {n}",
-    "two": "الصور التي جرى البحث فيها: {n}",
-    "zero": "الصور التي جرى البحث فيها: {n}",
-    "other": "الصور التي جرى البحث فيها: {n}"
+    "zero": "الصور المفحوصة: {n}",
+    "one": "الصور المفحوصة: {n}",
+    "two": "الصور المفحوصة: {n}",
+    "few": "الصور المفحوصة: {n}",
+    "many": "الصور المفحوصة: {n}",
+    "other": "الصور المفحوصة: {n}"
   },
   "No matching imagery": "لا توجد صور مطابقة",
   "Unknown number of {kind}": "{kind}: العدد غير معروف",
@@ -3270,10 +3270,10 @@
   "At least {count} {kind}": "{kind}: {count} على الأقل",
   "{count} {kind}": "{kind}: {count}",
   "In {area}": "في {area}",
-  "Area around {place}": "المنطقة المحيطة بـ{place}",
-  "Area around landmark": "المنطقة المحيطة بمعلم",
-  "Outline {place}": "تحديد مخطط {place}",
-  "Outline area": "تحديد مخطط منطقة",
+  "Area around {place}": "المنطقة حول {place}",
+  "Area around landmark": "المنطقة حول المعلم",
+  "Outline {place}": "رسم مخطط {place}",
+  "Outline area": "رسم مخطط منطقة",
   "Find {place}": "البحث عن {place}",
   "Find area": "البحث عن منطقة",
   "Find recent imagery": "البحث عن صور حديثة",
@@ -3316,9 +3316,9 @@
     "zero": "التكرارات المدمجة: {count}"
   },
   "listed the first {limit}": "عُرض أول {limit}",
-  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "عُدّ ضمن المستطيل المحيط ({area})، لا ضمن الحدود",
+  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "جرى العدّ ضمن المستطيل المحيط بمنطقة {area}، لا ضمن حدودها الفعلية",
   "Search cancelled": "أُلغي البحث",
-  "Sea Marks": "علامات بحرية",
+  "Sea Marks": "العلامات البحرية",
   "Ski Pistes": "مسارات التزلج",
   "Fly to Tokyo": "انتقل إلى طوكيو",
   "Show live flights": "اعرض تتبّع الرحلات المباشر",
@@ -3393,7 +3393,7 @@
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "طلبات دردشة كثيرة جدًا. أعد المحاولة بعد {seconds} ث.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "رفض المزوّد الوصول باستخدام هذا المفتاح. تحقّق من مشروع المفتاح أو منطقته أو أذوناته.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "نفد رصيد حساب المزوّد. تحقّق من الفوترة، أو اختر مزوّد ذكاء اصطناعي آخر في الإعدادات.",
-  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} إلى {upper}",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "من {lower} إلى {upper}",
   "Up to {upper}": "حتى {upper}",
   "From {lower}": "من {lower}",
   "Informational only · not for flight planning": "للعلم فقط · لا يصلح لتخطيط الرحلات",
@@ -3401,7 +3401,7 @@
   "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "مصدر المجال الجوي المقيّد غير متاح",
   "Prohibited (P)": "محظور (P)",
   "Restricted (R)": "مقيّد (R)",
-  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "المجال الجوي الخاص المحظور والمقيّد لدى FAA فقط، ولا يشمل UAS Facility Map أو قيود طيران UAS. للعلم فقط — ولا يغني عن الأدوات الرسمية لتخطيط رحلات UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "المجال الجوي المحظور والمقيّد ذو الاستخدام الخاص لدى FAA فقط، ولا يشمل UAS Facility Map ولا قيود طيران UAS. للعلم فقط — ولا يغني عن الأدوات الرسمية لتخطيط رحلات UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
   "Prohibited": "محظور",
   "Restricted": "مقيّد",
   "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "المجال الجوي المحظور والمقيّد"
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index bb683ed9f..b0509c5bf 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -2912,7 +2912,7 @@
   "From {lower}": "Ab {lower}",
   "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Nur zur Information · nicht für die Flugplanung",
   "Unnamed zone": "Unbenannte Zone",
-  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Quelle für Sperrgebiete nicht verfügbar",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Quelle für Sperr- und Flugbeschränkungsgebiete nicht verfügbar",
   "Prohibited (P)": "Sperrgebiet (P)",
   "Restricted (R)": "Flugbeschränkungsgebiet (R)",
   "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Nur Sperr- und Flugbeschränkungsgebiete der FAA (Luftraum mit besonderer Nutzung), nicht die UAS Facility Map oder UAS-Flugbeschränkungen. Nur zur Information – kein Ersatz für offizielle UAS-Flugplanungstools (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
@@ -2949,13 +2949,13 @@
   "fire confidence filter|All": "Alle",
   "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "Mittel+",
   "fire confidence filter|High": "Hoch",
-  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Alle Erkennungen — viele der stärksten Brände haben eine niedrige Konfidenz",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Alle Erkennungen – viele der stärksten Brände haben eine niedrige Konfidenz",
   "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Erkennungen mit mittlerer und hoher Konfidenz",
   "High confidence detections only": "Nur Erkennungen mit hoher Konfidenz",
   "Fire intensity (FRP)": "Intensität (FRP)",
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "Konfidenz",
-  "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Minimale Strahlungsleistung des Brandes in Megawatt",
+  "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Mindestwert der Strahlungsleistung des Brandes in Megawatt",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Alle",
   "Detection confidence": "Konfidenz der Erkennung",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} von {total} angezeigt",
@@ -2995,9 +2995,9 @@
   "{count} {kind}": "{kind}: {count}",
   "In {area}": "Gebiet: {area}",
   "Area around {place}": "Gebiet um {place}",
-  "Area around landmark": "Gebiet um ein Wahrzeichen",
-  "Outline {place}": "{place} umreißen",
-  "Outline area": "Gebiet umreißen",
+  "Area around landmark": "Gebiet um einen Ort",
+  "Outline {place}": "Umriss von {place} zeichnen",
+  "Outline area": "Umriss zeichnen",
   "Find {place}": "{place} finden",
   "Find area": "Gebiet finden",
   "Find recent imagery": "Aktuelle Bilddaten finden",
@@ -3008,27 +3008,27 @@
   "Loading imagery": "Bilddaten werden geladen",
   "Searching OpenStreetMap": "OpenStreetMap wird durchsucht",
   "voice area|Area": "Gebiet",
-  "buffer sized to the place": "Puffer in Größe des Ortes",
+  "buffer sized to the place": "Puffer entsprechend der Ortsgröße",
   "enclosing mapped area": "umschließendes kartiertes Gebiet",
-  "the map was cleared while looking it up": "die Karte wurde während der Suche geleert",
-  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "Die Abdeckung von OpenStreetMap ist je nach Ort unterschiedlich",
+  "the map was cleared while looking it up": "die Zeichenfläche wurde während der Suche geleert",
+  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "die Abdeckung von OpenStreetMap ist je nach Ort unterschiedlich",
   "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "der Katalog umfasst die letzten 30 Tage",
   "there are more": "es gibt weitere",
-  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} m um das Wahrzeichen",
+  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} m um den Ort",
   "{count} parts": {
-    "one": "Teile: {count}",
-    "other": "Teile: {count}"
+    "one": "{count} Teil",
+    "other": "{count} Teile"
   },
   "{drawn} of {total} parts drawn": {
-    "one": "Gezeichnete Teile: {drawn} von {total}",
-    "other": "Gezeichnete Teile: {drawn} von {total}"
+    "one": "{drawn} von {total} Teil gezeichnet",
+    "other": "{drawn} von {total} Teilen gezeichnet"
   },
   "{count} duplicate mappings merged": {
-    "one": "Zusammengeführte Doppelkartierungen: {count}",
-    "other": "Zusammengeführte Doppelkartierungen: {count}"
+    "one": "{count} Duplikat zusammengeführt",
+    "other": "{count} Duplikate zusammengeführt"
   },
   "listed the first {limit}": "die ersten {limit} aufgelistet",
-  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "über das umgebende Rechteck gezählt ({area}), nicht über den Umriss",
+  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "im umgebenden Rechteck von {area} gezählt, nicht innerhalb des Umrisses",
   "Search cancelled": "Suche abgebrochen",
   "Sea Marks": "Seezeichen",
   "Ski Pistes": "Skipisten",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 10dcbef8f..935e21b1c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -2986,7 +2986,7 @@
   "fire confidence filter|All": "Todas",
   "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "Nominal+",
   "fire confidence filter|High": "Alta",
-  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Todas las detecciones — muchos de los incendios más intensos tienen confianza baja",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Todas las detecciones — muchos de los incendios más intensos se clasifican con confianza baja",
   "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Detecciones de confianza nominal y alta",
   "High confidence detections only": "Solo detecciones de confianza alta",
   "Fire intensity (FRP)": "Intensidad (FRP)",
@@ -2995,8 +2995,8 @@
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Potencia radiativa mínima del fuego, en megavatios",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Todo",
   "Detection confidence": "Confianza de la detección",
-  "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} de {total} mostrados",
-  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} a {upper}",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "Mostrando {shown} de {total}",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "De {lower} a {upper}",
   "Up to {upper}": "Hasta {upper}",
   "From {lower}": "Desde {lower}",
   "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Solo informativo · no apto para planificar vuelos",
@@ -3004,9 +3004,9 @@
   "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Fuente de espacio aéreo restringido no disponible",
   "Prohibited (P)": "Prohibido (P)",
   "Restricted (R)": "Restringido (R)",
-  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Solo espacio aéreo de uso especial prohibido y restringido de la FAA, sin el UAS Facility Map ni las restricciones de vuelo de UAS. Solo informativo: no sustituye a las herramientas oficiales de planificación de vuelos de UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
-  "Prohibited": "Prohibido",
-  "Restricted": "Restringido",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Solo espacio aéreo de uso especial prohibido y restringido de la FAA; no incluye el UAS Facility Map ni las restricciones de vuelo de UAS. Solo informativo — no sustituye a las herramientas oficiales de planificación de vuelos de UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "Prohibited": "Zona prohibida",
+  "Restricted": "Zona restringida",
   "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Espacio aéreo prohibido y restringido",
   "routing busy — too many routes at once": "servicio de rutas ocupado: demasiadas rutas a la vez",
   "route proxy error": "error del proxy de rutas",
@@ -3044,11 +3044,11 @@
   "county or district": "condado o distrito",
   "neighbourhood": "barrio",
   "natural region": "región natural",
-  "Which {place}?": "¿Cuál {place}?",
+  "Which {place}?": "¿Qué {place}?",
   "Which place?": "¿Qué lugar?",
   "Not drawn: {parts}": "Sin dibujar: {parts}",
-  "approximate": "aproximado",
-  "{pct}% cloud": "{pct} % de nubes",
+  "approximate": "aproximada",
+  "{pct}% cloud": "{pct}% de nubes",
   "Over {area}": "Zona: {area}",
   "{count} of {total} acquisitions match": {
     "many": "Adquisiciones coincidentes: {count} de {total}",
@@ -3062,7 +3062,7 @@
   },
   "No matching imagery": "No hay imágenes que coincidan",
   "Unknown number of {kind}": "{kind}: número desconocido",
-  "About {count} {kind}": "{kind}: unos {count}",
+  "About {count} {kind}": "{kind}: aproximadamente {count}",
   "At least {count} {kind}": "{kind}: al menos {count}",
   "{count} {kind}": "{kind}: {count}",
   "In {area}": "En {area}",
@@ -3081,12 +3081,12 @@
   "Searching OpenStreetMap": "Buscando en OpenStreetMap",
   "voice area|Area": "Área",
   "buffer sized to the place": "zona aproximada del tamaño del lugar",
-  "enclosing mapped area": "zona cartografiada que lo rodea",
+  "enclosing mapped area": "zona mapeada que contiene el punto de interés",
   "the map was cleared while looking it up": "el mapa se borró durante la búsqueda",
-  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "La cobertura de OpenStreetMap varía según el lugar",
+  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "la cobertura de OpenStreetMap varía según el lugar",
   "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "el catálogo cubre los últimos 30 días",
   "there are more": "hay más",
-  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} m alrededor del lugar",
+  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} m alrededor del punto de interés",
   "{count} parts": {
     "many": "Partes: {count}",
     "one": "Partes: {count}",
@@ -3103,7 +3103,7 @@
     "other": "Duplicados fusionados: {count}"
   },
   "listed the first {limit}": "se listaron los primeros {limit}",
-  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "contado en el rectángulo que lo rodea ({area}), no en su contorno",
+  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "se contó en el rectángulo que abarca {area}, no dentro de su contorno",
   "Search cancelled": "Búsqueda cancelada",
   "Sea Marks": "Señales marítimas",
   "Ski Pistes": "Pistas de esquí",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 108e56f36..c69a95350 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -2977,18 +2977,18 @@
   "Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.": "Astuce : le bouton GEV MIC du dock permet de parler à la carte.",
   "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "Instantané cyclonique mal formé",
   "Cyclone request timed out": "Délai dépassé pour la requête cyclonique",
-  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} à {upper}",
-  "Up to {upper}": "Jusqu’à {upper}",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "De {lower} à {upper}",
+  "Up to {upper}": "Jusqu'à {upper}",
   "From {lower}": "À partir de {lower}",
-  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "À titre informatif uniquement · ne pas utiliser pour la planification de vol",
-  "Unnamed zone": "Zone sans nom",
-  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Source de l’espace aérien réglementé indisponible",
+  "Informational only · not for flight planning": "À titre indicatif · ne pas utiliser pour la préparation des vols",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Sans nom",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Source de l'espace aérien réglementé indisponible",
   "Prohibited (P)": "Zone interdite (P)",
   "Restricted (R)": "Zone réglementée (R)",
-  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Uniquement les zones interdites et réglementées de la FAA (espace aérien à usage spécial), sans la UAS Facility Map ni les restrictions de vol des drones. À titre informatif uniquement — ne remplace pas les outils officiels de planification de vol des drones (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Uniquement les zones interdites et réglementées de la FAA (espace aérien à usage spécial), sans la UAS Facility Map ni les restrictions de vol des drones. À titre indicatif uniquement — ne remplace pas les outils officiels de préparation des vols de drones (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
   "Prohibited": "Zone interdite",
   "Restricted": "Zone réglementée",
-  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Zones interdites et réglementées",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Espaces aériens interdits et réglementés",
   "scene|PLAY": "LIRE",
   "AUTHORING": "CRÉATION",
   "Create and edit scenes": "Créer et modifier des scènes",
@@ -3019,7 +3019,7 @@
   "fire confidence filter|All": "Toutes",
   "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "Nominale+",
   "fire confidence filter|High": "Élevée",
-  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Toutes les détections — beaucoup des feux les plus intenses ont une confiance faible",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Toutes les détections — de nombreux feux parmi les plus intenses sont classés en confiance faible",
   "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Détections de confiance nominale et élevée",
   "High confidence detections only": "Détections de confiance élevée uniquement",
   "Fire intensity (FRP)": "Intensité (FRP)",
@@ -3028,7 +3028,7 @@
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Puissance radiative minimale du feu, en mégawatts",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Toutes",
   "Detection confidence": "Confiance de la détection",
-  "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} sur {total} affichées",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "Affichés : {shown} sur {total}",
   "Name of {name}": "Nom de {name}",
   "Change the colour of {name}": "Changer la couleur de {name}",
   "Colour of {name}": "Couleur de {name}",
@@ -3038,7 +3038,7 @@
   "UTILITIES": "OUTILS",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "Quittez le cockpit pour rejoindre un dessin",
   "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Itinéraire, dessin et vos propres fichiers",
-  "Voice place search (needs an Overpass server)": "Recherche de lieux par la voix (nécessite un serveur Overpass)",
+  "Voice place search (needs an Overpass server)": "Recherche vocale de lieux (nécessite un serveur Overpass)",
   "OSM Places": "Lieux OSM",
   "state or province": "État ou province",
   "county or district": "comté ou district",
@@ -3046,9 +3046,9 @@
   "natural region": "région naturelle",
   "Which {place}?": "Quel lieu nommé {place} ?",
   "Which place?": "Quel lieu ?",
-  "Not drawn: {parts}": "Non dessiné : {parts}",
+  "Not drawn: {parts}": "Contour non tracé : {parts}",
   "approximate": "approximatif",
-  "{pct}% cloud": "{pct} % de nuages",
+  "{pct}% cloud": "{pct} % de nuages",
   "Over {area}": "Zone : {area}",
   "{count} of {total} acquisitions match": {
     "many": "Acquisitions correspondantes : {count} sur {total}",
@@ -3067,43 +3067,43 @@
   "{count} {kind}": "{kind} : {count}",
   "In {area}": "Zone : {area}",
   "Area around {place}": "Environs : {place}",
-  "Area around landmark": "Environs d'un repère",
+  "Area around landmark": "Environs d'un lieu",
   "Outline {place}": "Délimiter {place}",
   "Outline area": "Délimiter une zone",
   "Find {place}": "Trouver {place}",
   "Find area": "Trouver une zone",
   "Find recent imagery": "Trouver des images récentes",
-  "Find {what}": "Trouver {what}",
+  "Find {what}": "Trouver : {what}",
   "Find places": "Trouver des lieux",
   "Drawing outline": "Dessin du contour",
   "Searching imagery catalog": "Recherche dans le catalogue d'images",
   "Loading imagery": "Chargement des images",
   "Searching OpenStreetMap": "Recherche dans OpenStreetMap",
   "voice area|Area": "Zone",
-  "buffer sized to the place": "zone tampon à la taille du lieu",
+  "buffer sized to the place": "zone tampon adaptée à la taille du lieu",
   "enclosing mapped area": "zone cartographiée englobante",
   "the map was cleared while looking it up": "la carte a été effacée pendant la recherche",
-  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "La couverture OpenStreetMap varie selon les lieux",
+  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "la couverture OpenStreetMap varie selon les lieux",
   "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "le catalogue couvre les 30 derniers jours",
   "there are more": "il y en a d'autres",
   "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} m autour du lieu",
   "{count} parts": {
-    "many": "Parties : {count}",
-    "one": "Parties : {count}",
-    "other": "Parties : {count}"
+    "many": "Parties : {count}",
+    "one": "Parties : {count}",
+    "other": "Parties : {count}"
   },
   "{drawn} of {total} parts drawn": {
-    "many": "Parties tracées : {drawn} sur {total}",
-    "one": "Parties tracées : {drawn} sur {total}",
-    "other": "Parties tracées : {drawn} sur {total}"
+    "many": "Parties tracées : {drawn} sur {total}",
+    "one": "Parties tracées : {drawn} sur {total}",
+    "other": "Parties tracées : {drawn} sur {total}"
   },
   "{count} duplicate mappings merged": {
-    "many": "Doublons fusionnés : {count}",
-    "one": "Doublons fusionnés : {count}",
-    "other": "Doublons fusionnés : {count}"
+    "many": "Doublons fusionnés : {count}",
+    "one": "Doublons fusionnés : {count}",
+    "other": "Doublons fusionnés : {count}"
   },
-  "listed the first {limit}": "les {limit} premiers sont listés",
-  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "compté sur le rectangle englobant ({area}), pas sur le contour",
+  "listed the first {limit}": "liste limitée à {limit}",
+  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "compté dans le rectangle englobant ({area}), pas dans son contour exact",
   "Search cancelled": "Recherche annulée",
   "Sea Marks": "Balisage maritime",
   "Ski Pistes": "Pistes de ski",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 6768f93c7..2c0b38a26 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -2977,18 +2977,18 @@
   "Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.": "Suggerimento: il pulsante GEV MIC nel dock ti permette di parlare con la mappa.",
   "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "Snapshot dei cicloni non valido",
   "Cyclone request timed out": "La richiesta dei cicloni è andata in timeout",
-  "{lower} to {upper}": "da {lower} a {upper}",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "Da {lower} a {upper}",
   "Up to {upper}": "Fino a {upper}",
   "From {lower}": "Da {lower}",
   "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Solo a scopo informativo · non per la pianificazione del volo",
-  "Unnamed zone": "Zona senza nome",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Senza nome",
   "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Fonte dello spazio aereo regolamentato non disponibile",
-  "Prohibited (P)": "Zona proibita (P)",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "Zona vietata (P)",
   "Restricted (R)": "Zona regolamentata (R)",
-  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Solo zone proibite e regolamentate della FAA (spazio aereo a uso speciale), non la UAS Facility Map né le restrizioni di volo UAS. Solo a scopo informativo — non sostituisce gli strumenti ufficiali di pianificazione del volo UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
-  "Prohibited": "Zona proibita",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Solo zone vietate e regolamentate della FAA (spazio aereo a uso speciale), non la UAS Facility Map né le restrizioni di volo UAS. Solo a scopo informativo — non sostituisce gli strumenti ufficiali di pianificazione del volo UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "Prohibited": "Zona vietata",
   "Restricted": "Zona regolamentata",
-  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Zone proibite e regolamentate",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Spazio aereo vietato e regolamentato",
   "scene|PLAY": "AVVIA",
   "AUTHORING": "CREAZIONE",
   "Create and edit scenes": "Crea e modifica le scene",
@@ -3019,7 +3019,7 @@
   "fire confidence filter|All": "Tutti",
   "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "Nominale+",
   "fire confidence filter|High": "Alta",
-  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Tutti i rilevamenti — molti degli incendi più intensi hanno confidenza bassa",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Tutti i rilevamenti: molti degli incendi più intensi hanno confidenza bassa",
   "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Rilevamenti con confidenza nominale e alta",
   "High confidence detections only": "Solo rilevamenti con confidenza alta",
   "Fire intensity (FRP)": "Intensità (FRP)",
@@ -3028,7 +3028,7 @@
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Potenza radiativa minima dell'incendio, in megawatt",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Tutti",
   "Detection confidence": "Confidenza del rilevamento",
-  "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} di {total} mostrati",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "Mostrati: {shown} su {total}",
   "Name of {name}": "Nome di {name}",
   "Change the colour of {name}": "Cambia il colore di {name}",
   "Colour of {name}": "Colore di {name}",
@@ -3046,10 +3046,10 @@
   "natural region": "regione naturale",
   "Which {place}?": "Quale {place}?",
   "Which place?": "Quale luogo?",
-  "Not drawn: {parts}": "Non disegnati: {parts}",
-  "approximate": "approssimativo",
+  "Not drawn: {parts}": "Contorno non disegnato: {parts}",
+  "approximate": "approssimata",
   "{pct}% cloud": "{pct}% di nuvole",
-  "Over {area}": "Zona: {area}",
+  "Over {area}": "Area: {area}",
   "{count} of {total} acquisitions match": {
     "many": "Acquisizioni corrispondenti: {count} su {total}",
     "one": "Acquisizioni corrispondenti: {count} su {total}",
@@ -3068,8 +3068,8 @@
   "In {area}": "Area: {area}",
   "Area around {place}": "Area intorno a {place}",
   "Area around landmark": "Area intorno a un punto di interesse",
-  "Outline {place}": "Traccia contorno di {place}",
-  "Outline area": "Traccia contorno area",
+  "Outline {place}": "Traccia il contorno di {place}",
+  "Outline area": "Traccia il contorno dell'area",
   "Find {place}": "Trova {place}",
   "Find area": "Trova area",
   "Find recent imagery": "Trova immagini recenti",
@@ -3077,16 +3077,16 @@
   "Find places": "Trova luoghi",
   "Drawing outline": "Disegno del contorno",
   "Searching imagery catalog": "Ricerca nel catalogo immagini",
-  "Loading imagery": "Caricamento immagini",
+  "Loading imagery": "Caricamento delle immagini",
   "Searching OpenStreetMap": "Ricerca in OpenStreetMap",
   "voice area|Area": "Area",
   "buffer sized to the place": "zona tampone delle dimensioni del luogo",
-  "enclosing mapped area": "area mappata circostante",
-  "the map was cleared while looking it up": "la mappa è stata cancellata durante la ricerca",
-  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "La copertura di OpenStreetMap varia da luogo a luogo",
+  "enclosing mapped area": "area mappata che contiene il punto di interesse",
+  "the map was cleared while looking it up": "la mappa è stata ripulita durante la ricerca",
+  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "la copertura di OpenStreetMap varia da luogo a luogo",
   "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "il catalogo copre gli ultimi 30 giorni",
   "there are more": "ce ne sono altri",
-  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} m attorno al luogo",
+  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} m intorno al punto di interesse",
   "{count} parts": {
     "many": "Parti: {count}",
     "one": "Parti: {count}",
@@ -3102,8 +3102,8 @@
     "one": "Duplicati uniti: {count}",
     "other": "Duplicati uniti: {count}"
   },
-  "listed the first {limit}": "elencati i primi {limit}",
-  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "contato sul riquadro di delimitazione ({area}), non sul contorno",
+  "listed the first {limit}": "elenco limitato ai primi risultati: {limit}",
+  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "conteggio nel riquadro di delimitazione di {area}, non entro il suo contorno",
   "Search cancelled": "Ricerca annullata",
   "Sea Marks": "Segnalamenti marittimi",
   "Ski Pistes": "Piste da sci",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index b4566b4cb..26f634f94 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2837,18 +2837,18 @@
   "route proxy error": "ルート検索プロキシでエラーが発生しました",
   "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "サイクロンのスナップショットの形式が不正です",
   "Cyclone request timed out": "サイクロンのリクエストがタイムアウトしました",
-  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower}～{upper}",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower}–{upper}",
   "Up to {upper}": "{upper}まで",
   "From {lower}": "{lower}から",
   "Informational only · not for flight planning": "参考情報のみ · 飛行計画には使用しないでください",
-  "Unnamed zone": "名称なしのゾーン",
+  "Unnamed zone": "名称不明の区域",
   "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "制限空域のデータソースを利用できません",
-  "Prohibited (P)": "飛行禁止区域 (P)",
-  "Restricted (R)": "制限区域 (R)",
-  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "FAAの飛行禁止区域と制限区域（特別使用空域）のみで、UAS Facility MapやUAS飛行制限は含みません。参考情報のみ — 公式のUAS飛行計画ツール（B4UFLY / LAANC）の代わりにはなりません。",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "飛行禁止区域（P）",
+  "Restricted (R)": "飛行制限区域（R）",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "FAAの特別使用空域のうち、飛行禁止区域と飛行制限区域のみです。UAS Facility MapやUASの飛行制限は含みません。参考情報であり、公式のUAS飛行計画ツール（B4UFLY / LAANC）の代わりにはなりません。",
   "Prohibited": "飛行禁止区域",
-  "Restricted": "制限区域",
-  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "飛行禁止区域と制限区域",
+  "Restricted": "飛行制限区域",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "飛行禁止・飛行制限区域",
   "scene|PLAY": "再生",
   "AUTHORING": "作成",
   "Create and edit scenes": "シーンを作成・編集",
@@ -2879,10 +2879,10 @@
   "fire confidence filter|All": "すべて",
   "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "中以上",
   "fire confidence filter|High": "高",
-  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "すべての検知 — 最も強い火災の多くは信頼度が低と判定されています",
-  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "信頼度が中・高の検知",
-  "High confidence detections only": "信頼度が高の検知のみ",
-  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "強度（FRP）",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "すべての検知。最も強い火災の多くは信頼度「低」と判定されています",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "信頼度「中」以上の検知",
+  "High confidence detections only": "信頼度「高」の検知のみ",
+  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "火災強度（FRP）",
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "信頼度",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "火災放射強度の最小値（メガワット）",
@@ -2900,16 +2900,16 @@
   "Directions, drawing and your own files": "ルート案内、描画、自分のファイル",
   "Voice place search (needs an Overpass server)": "音声による場所検索（Overpassサーバーが必要）",
   "OSM Places": "OSMの場所",
-  "state or province": "州・省",
+  "state or province": "州・県",
   "county or district": "郡・地区",
   "neighbourhood": "近隣地区",
   "natural region": "自然地域",
-  "Which {place}?": "どの{place}ですか？",
+  "Which {place}?": "どの「{place}」ですか？",
   "Which place?": "どの場所ですか？",
   "Not drawn: {parts}": "未描画：{parts}",
-  "approximate": "概算",
-  "{pct}% cloud": "雲量{pct}%",
-  "Over {area}": "{area}上空",
+  "approximate": "近似",
+  "{pct}% cloud": "雲量 {pct}%",
+  "Over {area}": "範囲：{area}",
   "{count} of {total} acquisitions match": {
     "other": "一致した画像：{count}/{total}件"
   },
@@ -2918,45 +2918,45 @@
   },
   "No matching imagery": "一致する画像はありません",
   "Unknown number of {kind}": "{kind}：件数不明",
-  "About {count} {kind}": "{kind}：約{count}件",
-  "At least {count} {kind}": "{kind}：{count}件以上",
-  "{count} {kind}": "{kind}：{count}件",
+  "About {count} {kind}": "{kind}：約{count}か所",
+  "At least {count} {kind}": "{kind}：{count}か所以上",
+  "{count} {kind}": "{kind}：{count}か所",
   "In {area}": "{area}内",
   "Area around {place}": "{place}周辺のエリア",
   "Area around landmark": "ランドマーク周辺のエリア",
-  "Outline {place}": "{place}の輪郭を描く",
-  "Outline area": "エリアの輪郭を描く",
+  "Outline {place}": "{place}の輪郭を描画",
+  "Outline area": "エリアの輪郭を描画",
   "Find {place}": "{place}を検索",
   "Find area": "エリアを検索",
   "Find recent imagery": "最近の衛星画像を検索",
   "Find {what}": "{what}を検索",
   "Find places": "場所を検索",
-  "Drawing outline": "輪郭を作図中",
+  "Drawing outline": "輪郭を地図に描画中",
   "Searching imagery catalog": "画像カタログを検索中",
   "Loading imagery": "画像を読み込み中",
   "Searching OpenStreetMap": "OpenStreetMapを検索中",
   "voice area|Area": "エリア",
-  "buffer sized to the place": "場所の大きさに合わせたバッファ",
-  "enclosing mapped area": "周囲の地図上のエリア",
-  "the map was cleared while looking it up": "検索中に地図がクリアされました",
-  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "OpenStreetMap の網羅度は場所によって異なります",
-  "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "カタログは過去 30 日分です",
+  "buffer sized to the place": "場所の大きさに合わせたバッファー",
+  "enclosing mapped area": "ランドマークを含むマップ済みのエリア",
+  "the map was cleared while looking it up": "検索中に地図が消去されました",
+  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "OpenStreetMapの網羅度は場所によって異なります",
+  "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "カタログの対象は過去30日間です",
   "there are more": "ほかにもあります",
-  "{radius} m around the landmark": "ランドマークの周囲 {radius} m",
+  "{radius} m around the landmark": "ランドマークから半径{radius} m",
   "{count} parts": {
-    "other": "パーツ数: {count}"
+    "other": "パーツ数：{count}"
   },
   "{drawn} of {total} parts drawn": {
-    "other": "描画したパーツ: {drawn}/{total}"
+    "other": "描画したパーツ：{drawn}/{total}"
   },
   "{count} duplicate mappings merged": {
-    "other": "統合した重複: {count}"
+    "other": "重複登録{count}件を統合"
   },
-  "listed the first {limit}": "最初の {limit} 件を表示",
-  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "外接矩形 ({area}) で数えた結果で、輪郭ではありません",
+  "listed the first {limit}": "最初の{limit}件を表示",
+  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "{area}の輪郭ではなく外接矩形の範囲で数えています",
   "Search cancelled": "検索をキャンセルしました",
   "Sea Marks": "航路標識",
-  "Ski Pistes": "スキーゲレンデ",
+  "Ski Pistes": "スキーコース",
   "Fly to Tokyo": "東京へ移動して",
   "Show live flights": "ライブフライトを表示して",
   "Reset to globe view": "地球全体ビューに戻して",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 3f37cde2e..3639d818d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -2981,14 +2981,14 @@
   "Up to {upper}": "Até {upper}",
   "From {lower}": "A partir de {lower}",
   "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Apenas informativo · não usar para planejamento de voo",
-  "Unnamed zone": "Zona sem nome",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Sem nome",
   "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Fonte de espaço aéreo restrito indisponível",
   "Prohibited (P)": "Área proibida (P)",
   "Restricted (R)": "Área restrita (R)",
-  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Apenas áreas proibidas e restritas da FAA (espaço aéreo de uso especial), sem o UAS Facility Map ou as restrições de voo de UAS. Apenas informativo — não substitui as ferramentas oficiais de planejamento de voo de UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Somente o espaço aéreo de uso especial proibido e restrito da FAA; não inclui o UAS Facility Map nem as restrições de voo de UAS. Apenas informativo — não substitui as ferramentas oficiais de planejamento de voo de UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
   "Prohibited": "Área proibida",
   "Restricted": "Área restrita",
-  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Áreas proibidas e restritas",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Espaço aéreo proibido e restrito",
   "scene|PLAY": "INICIAR",
   "AUTHORING": "CRIAÇÃO",
   "Create and edit scenes": "Criar e editar cenas",
@@ -3028,7 +3028,7 @@
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Potência radiativa mínima do fogo, em megawatts",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Todas",
   "Detection confidence": "Confiança da detecção",
-  "{shown} of {total} shown": "{shown} de {total} exibidas",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "Detecções exibidas: {shown} de {total}",
   "Name of {name}": "Nome de {name}",
   "Change the colour of {name}": "Mudar a cor de {name}",
   "Colour of {name}": "Cor de {name}",
@@ -3047,18 +3047,18 @@
   "Which {place}?": "Qual {place}?",
   "Which place?": "Qual lugar?",
   "Not drawn: {parts}": "Não desenhado: {parts}",
-  "approximate": "aproximado",
+  "approximate": "aproximada",
   "{pct}% cloud": "{pct}% de nuvens",
   "Over {area}": "Área: {area}",
   "{count} of {total} acquisitions match": {
-    "many": "Aquisições correspondentes: {count} de {total}",
-    "one": "Aquisições correspondentes: {count} de {total}",
-    "other": "Aquisições correspondentes: {count} de {total}"
+    "one": "Imagens correspondentes: {count} de {total}",
+    "many": "Imagens correspondentes: {count} de {total}",
+    "other": "Imagens correspondentes: {count} de {total}"
   },
   "{n} acquisitions searched": {
-    "many": "Aquisições pesquisadas: {n}",
-    "one": "Aquisições pesquisadas: {n}",
-    "other": "Aquisições pesquisadas: {n}"
+    "one": "Imagens pesquisadas: {n}",
+    "many": "Imagens pesquisadas: {n}",
+    "other": "Imagens pesquisadas: {n}"
   },
   "No matching imagery": "Nenhuma imagem correspondente",
   "Unknown number of {kind}": "{kind}: número desconhecido",
@@ -3070,23 +3070,23 @@
   "Area around landmark": "Área ao redor de um ponto de referência",
   "Outline {place}": "Traçar contorno de {place}",
   "Outline area": "Traçar contorno da área",
-  "Find {place}": "Encontrar {place}",
-  "Find area": "Encontrar área",
-  "Find recent imagery": "Encontrar imagens recentes",
-  "Find {what}": "Encontrar {what}",
-  "Find places": "Encontrar lugares",
+  "Find {place}": "Buscar {place}",
+  "Find area": "Buscar área",
+  "Find recent imagery": "Buscar imagens recentes",
+  "Find {what}": "Buscar {what}",
+  "Find places": "Buscar lugares",
   "Drawing outline": "Desenhando contorno",
   "Searching imagery catalog": "Buscando no catálogo de imagens",
   "Loading imagery": "Carregando imagens",
   "Searching OpenStreetMap": "Buscando no OpenStreetMap",
   "voice area|Area": "Área",
-  "buffer sized to the place": "zona de margem do tamanho do local",
-  "enclosing mapped area": "área mapeada envolvente",
+  "buffer sized to the place": "círculo do tamanho aproximado do lugar",
+  "enclosing mapped area": "área mapeada que contém o ponto de referência",
   "the map was cleared while looking it up": "o mapa foi limpo durante a busca",
   "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "A cobertura do OpenStreetMap varia de lugar para lugar",
   "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "o catálogo cobre os últimos 30 dias",
   "there are more": "há mais",
-  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} m ao redor do local",
+  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} m ao redor do ponto de referência",
   "{count} parts": {
     "many": "Partes: {count}",
     "one": "Partes: {count}",
@@ -3102,10 +3102,10 @@
     "one": "Duplicatas mescladas: {count}",
     "other": "Duplicatas mescladas: {count}"
   },
-  "listed the first {limit}": "listados os primeiros {limit}",
-  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "contado na caixa delimitadora ({area}), não no contorno",
+  "listed the first {limit}": "lista limitada a {limit}",
+  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "contagem na caixa delimitadora de {area}, não no contorno",
   "Search cancelled": "Busca cancelada",
-  "Sea Marks": "Sinais marítimos",
+  "Sea Marks": "Sinalização náutica",
   "Ski Pistes": "Pistas de esqui",
   "Fly to Tokyo": "Voe para Tóquio",
   "Show live flights": "Mostre os voos ao vivo",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index e279508ef..028549f1c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
   "SRC {value}": "ИСТ. {value}",
   "{value} CONTEXT": "КОНТЕКСТ {value}",
   "Focus fire detection {title}, {details}": "Фокус на очаге пожара {title}, {details}",
-  "{value} conf": "увер.: {value}",
+  "{value} conf": "дост.: {value}",
   "{value} ago": "{value} назад",
   "sensor n/a": "сенсор н/д",
   "FIRE · {frp} MW": "ПОЖАР · {frp} МВт",
@@ -3056,27 +3056,27 @@
   "fire confidence filter|All": "Все",
   "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "Средняя+",
   "fire confidence filter|High": "Высокая",
-  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Все детекции — у многих сильнейших пожаров достоверность низкая",
-  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Детекции средней и высокой достоверности",
-  "High confidence detections only": "Только детекции высокой достоверности",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "Все очаги — многим сильнейшим пожарам присвоена низкая достоверность",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "Очаги средней и высокой достоверности",
+  "High confidence detections only": "Только очаги высокой достоверности",
   "Fire intensity (FRP)": "Интенсивность (FRP)",
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} МВт",
   "Confidence": "Достоверность",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Минимальная мощность излучения пожара, мегаватты",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Все",
-  "Detection confidence": "Достоверность детекции",
-  "{shown} of {total} shown": "показано {shown} из {total}",
-  "{lower} to {upper}": "от {lower} до {upper}",
+  "Detection confidence": "Достоверность обнаружения",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "Показано {shown} из {total}",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "От {lower} до {upper}",
   "Up to {upper}": "До {upper}",
   "From {lower}": "От {lower}",
   "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Только для информации · не для планирования полётов",
-  "Unnamed zone": "Зона без названия",
-  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Источник данных об ограниченном воздушном пространстве недоступен",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Без названия",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Источник данных о зонах ограничения полётов недоступен",
   "Prohibited (P)": "Запретная зона (P)",
-  "Restricted (R)": "Зона ограничения (R)",
+  "Restricted (R)": "Зона ограничения полётов (R)",
   "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Только запретные зоны и зоны ограничения полётов FAA (воздушное пространство особого использования), без UAS Facility Map и ограничений полётов БАС. Только для информации — не заменяет официальные инструменты планирования полётов БАС (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
   "Prohibited": "Запретная зона",
-  "Restricted": "Зона ограничения",
+  "Restricted": "Зона ограничения полётов",
   "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Запретные зоны и зоны ограничения",
   "routing busy — too many routes at once": "сервис маршрутов занят: слишком много маршрутов одновременно",
   "route proxy error": "ошибка прокси маршрутов",
@@ -3110,13 +3110,13 @@
   "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Маршруты, рисование и ваши файлы",
   "Voice place search (needs an Overpass server)": "Голосовой поиск мест (нужен сервер Overpass)",
   "OSM Places": "Места OSM",
-  "state or province": "штат или провинция",
+  "state or province": "штат, провинция или область",
   "county or district": "округ или район",
   "neighbourhood": "район города",
   "natural region": "природный регион",
   "Which {place}?": "Какой из вариантов «{place}»?",
   "Which place?": "Какое место?",
-  "Not drawn: {parts}": "Не нарисовано: {parts}",
+  "Not drawn: {parts}": "Контур не нарисован: {parts}",
   "approximate": "приблизительно",
   "{pct}% cloud": "Облачность {pct}%",
   "Over {area}": "Область: {area}",
@@ -3137,7 +3137,7 @@
   "About {count} {kind}": "{kind}: около {count}",
   "At least {count} {kind}": "{kind}: не менее {count}",
   "{count} {kind}": "{kind}: {count}",
-  "In {area}": "Территория: {area}",
+  "In {area}": "Область: {area}",
   "Area around {place}": "Окрестности: {place}",
   "Area around landmark": "Окрестности ориентира",
   "Outline {place}": "Контур: {place}",
@@ -3153,12 +3153,12 @@
   "Searching OpenStreetMap": "Поиск в OpenStreetMap",
   "voice area|Area": "Область",
   "buffer sized to the place": "буферная зона по размеру места",
-  "enclosing mapped area": "охватывающая область на карте",
+  "enclosing mapped area": "область на карте, включающая ориентир",
   "the map was cleared while looking it up": "карта была очищена во время поиска",
   "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "Покрытие OpenStreetMap различается в разных местах",
   "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "каталог охватывает последние 30 дней",
-  "there are more": "есть ещё",
-  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} м вокруг объекта",
+  "there are more": "есть и другие",
+  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} м вокруг ориентира",
   "{count} parts": {
     "few": "Частей: {count}",
     "many": "Частей: {count}",
@@ -3177,11 +3177,11 @@
     "one": "Объединено дублей: {count}",
     "other": "Объединено дублей: {count}"
   },
-  "listed the first {limit}": "показаны первые {limit}",
+  "listed the first {limit}": "показаны первые результаты: {limit}",
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "подсчитано по ограничивающему прямоугольнику ({area}), а не по контуру",
   "Search cancelled": "Поиск отменён",
-  "Sea Marks": "Морские знаки",
-  "Ski Pistes": "Горнолыжные трассы",
+  "Sea Marks": "Навигационные знаки",
+  "Ski Pistes": "Лыжные трассы",
   "Fly to Tokyo": "Перелети в Токио",
   "Show live flights": "Покажи рейсы в реальном времени",
   "Reset to globe view": "Вернись к виду всего глобуса",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 8c3b634b9..9da54e06e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3057,19 +3057,19 @@
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "Мінімальна потужність випромінювання пожежі, мегавати",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "Усі",
   "Detection confidence": "Достовірність виявлення",
-  "{shown} of {total} shown": "показано {shown} з {total}",
-  "{lower} to {upper}": "від {lower} до {upper}",
+  "{shown} of {total} shown": "Показано {shown} з {total}",
+  "{lower} to {upper}": "Від {lower} до {upper}",
   "Up to {upper}": "До {upper}",
   "From {lower}": "Від {lower}",
   "Informational only · not for flight planning": "Лише для довідки · не для планування польотів",
-  "Unnamed zone": "Зона без назви",
-  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Джерело даних про обмежений повітряний простір недоступне",
+  "Unnamed zone": "Без назви",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "Джерело даних про зони обмеження польотів недоступне",
   "Prohibited (P)": "Заборонена зона (P)",
   "Restricted (R)": "Зона обмеження (R)",
-  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Лише заборонені зони та зони обмеження FAA (повітряний простір особливого використання), без UAS Facility Map і обмежень польотів БпЛА. Лише для довідки — не замінює офіційні інструменти планування польотів БпЛА (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "Лише заборонені зони та зони обмеження польотів FAA (повітряний простір особливого використання), без UAS Facility Map і обмежень польотів БпЛА. Лише для довідки — не замінює офіційні інструменти планування польотів БпЛА (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
   "Prohibited": "Заборонена зона",
   "Restricted": "Зона обмеження",
-  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Заборонені зони та зони обмеження",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "Заборонені зони та зони обмеження польотів",
   "Malformed cyclone snapshot": "Некоректний знімок циклонів",
   "Cyclone request timed out": "Минув час очікування запиту циклонів",
   "scene|PLAY": "СТАРТ",
@@ -3110,7 +3110,7 @@
   "Directions, drawing and your own files": "Маршрути, малювання та ваші файли",
   "Voice place search (needs an Overpass server)": "Голосовий пошук місць (потрібен сервер Overpass)",
   "OSM Places": "Місця OSM",
-  "state or province": "штат або провінція",
+  "state or province": "область, штат або провінція",
   "county or district": "округ або район",
   "neighbourhood": "район міста",
   "natural region": "природний регіон",
@@ -3141,9 +3141,9 @@
   "Area around {place}": "Околиці: {place}",
   "Area around landmark": "Околиці орієнтира",
   "Outline {place}": "Контур: {place}",
-  "Outline area": "Контур області",
+  "Outline area": "Контур території",
   "Find {place}": "Пошук: {place}",
-  "Find area": "Знайти область",
+  "Find area": "Знайти територію",
   "Find recent imagery": "Знайти свіжі знімки",
   "Find {what}": "Пошук: {what}",
   "Find places": "Знайти місця",
@@ -3151,14 +3151,14 @@
   "Searching imagery catalog": "Пошук у каталозі знімків",
   "Loading imagery": "Завантаження знімків",
   "Searching OpenStreetMap": "Пошук в OpenStreetMap",
-  "voice area|Area": "Область",
+  "voice area|Area": "Територія",
   "buffer sized to the place": "буферна зона за розміром місця",
-  "enclosing mapped area": "охопна область на карті",
+  "enclosing mapped area": "нанесений контур, що охоплює орієнтир",
   "the map was cleared while looking it up": "карту було очищено під час пошуку",
-  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "Покриття OpenStreetMap відрізняється залежно від місця",
+  "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "покриття OpenStreetMap різниться залежно від місця",
   "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "каталог охоплює останні 30 днів",
-  "there are more": "є ще",
-  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} м навколо об’єкта",
+  "there are more": "є й інші",
+  "{radius} m around the landmark": "{radius} м навколо орієнтира",
   "{count} parts": {
     "few": "Частин: {count}",
     "many": "Частин: {count}",
@@ -3172,16 +3172,16 @@
     "other": "Намальовано частин: {drawn} з {total}"
   },
   "{count} duplicate mappings merged": {
-    "few": "Об’єднано дублікатів: {count}",
-    "many": "Об’єднано дублікатів: {count}",
-    "one": "Об’єднано дублікатів: {count}",
-    "other": "Об’єднано дублікатів: {count}"
+    "one": "Обʼєднано дублікатів: {count}",
+    "few": "Обʼєднано дублікатів: {count}",
+    "many": "Обʼєднано дублікатів: {count}",
+    "other": "Обʼєднано дублікатів: {count}"
   },
-  "listed the first {limit}": "показано перші {limit}",
+  "listed the first {limit}": "показано перші результати: {limit}",
   "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "підраховано за обмежувальним прямокутником ({area}), а не за контуром",
   "Search cancelled": "Пошук скасовано",
-  "Sea Marks": "Морські знаки",
-  "Ski Pistes": "Гірськолижні траси",
+  "Sea Marks": "Навігаційні знаки",
+  "Ski Pistes": "Лижні траси",
   "Fly to Tokyo": "Полети до Токіо",
   "Show live flights": "Покажи рейси онлайн",
   "Reset to globe view": "Поверни вигляд глобуса",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 6125315f2..3d9c140c0 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2844,26 +2844,26 @@
   },
   "S2 Underground publishes these KMZ products to GitHub. New uploads are detected within seconds and replace the previous edition automatically. Click a marker for its report.": "S2 Underground 在 GitHub 发布这些 KMZ 产品。新上传的内容会在数秒内被检测到，并自动替换旧版本。点击标记查看报告。",
   "fire confidence filter|All": "全部",
-  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "标称+",
+  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "中+",
   "fire confidence filter|High": "高",
-  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "所有检测——许多最强的火点置信度为低",
-  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "标称和高置信度的检测",
-  "High confidence detections only": "仅高置信度的检测",
-  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "火势强度 (FRP)",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "所有火点探测——许多强度最高的火点被评为低置信度",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "中、高置信度的火点探测",
+  "High confidence detections only": "仅高置信度的火点探测",
+  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "火势强度（FRP）",
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "置信度",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "最小火辐射功率（兆瓦）",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "全部",
-  "Detection confidence": "检测置信度",
+  "Detection confidence": "探测置信度",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "显示 {shown} / {total}",
   "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} 至 {upper}",
   "Up to {upper}": "最高 {upper}",
-  "From {lower}": "自 {lower} 起",
+  "From {lower}": "最低 {lower}",
   "Informational only · not for flight planning": "仅供参考 · 不可用于飞行规划",
-  "Unnamed zone": "未命名区域",
-  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "受限空域数据源不可用",
-  "Prohibited (P)": "禁区 (P)",
-  "Restricted (R)": "限制区 (R)",
+  "Unnamed zone": "未命名空域",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "禁区与限制区空域数据源不可用",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "禁区（P）",
+  "Restricted (R)": "限制区（R）",
   "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "仅包含 FAA 禁区和限制区特殊用途空域，不含 UAS Facility Map 和无人机飞行限制。仅供参考，不能替代官方无人机飞行规划工具（B4UFLY / LAANC）。",
   "Prohibited": "禁区",
   "Restricted": "限制区",
@@ -2909,7 +2909,7 @@
   "Not drawn: {parts}": "未绘制：{parts}",
   "approximate": "近似",
   "{pct}% cloud": "云量 {pct}%",
-  "Over {area}": "{area} 上空",
+  "Over {area}": "覆盖 {area}",
   "{count} of {total} acquisitions match": {
     "other": "匹配影像：{count}/{total}"
   },
@@ -2924,36 +2924,36 @@
   "In {area}": "位于 {area}",
   "Area around {place}": "{place} 周边区域",
   "Area around landmark": "地标周边区域",
-  "Outline {place}": "勾勒 {place} 轮廓",
-  "Outline area": "勾勒区域轮廓",
+  "Outline {place}": "绘制 {place} 轮廓",
+  "Outline area": "绘制区域轮廓",
   "Find {place}": "查找 {place}",
   "Find area": "查找区域",
   "Find recent imagery": "查找近期影像",
   "Find {what}": "查找 {what}",
   "Find places": "查找地点",
-  "Drawing outline": "正在勾勒轮廓",
+  "Drawing outline": "正在地图上绘制轮廓",
   "Searching imagery catalog": "正在搜索影像目录",
   "Loading imagery": "正在加载影像",
   "Searching OpenStreetMap": "正在搜索 OpenStreetMap",
   "voice area|Area": "区域",
   "buffer sized to the place": "按地点大小设置的缓冲区",
-  "enclosing mapped area": "包含该地点的地图区域",
+  "enclosing mapped area": "包含该地标的地图标注区域",
   "the map was cleared while looking it up": "查找期间地图已清空",
   "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "OpenStreetMap 的覆盖程度因地而异",
   "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "目录涵盖最近 30 天",
   "there are more": "还有更多",
-  "{radius} m around the landmark": "地标周围 {radius} 米",
+  "{radius} m around the landmark": "地标周围 {radius} m",
   "{count} parts": {
-    "other": "部分数：{count}"
+    "other": "{count} 个部分"
   },
   "{drawn} of {total} parts drawn": {
-    "other": "已绘制部分：{drawn}/{total}"
+    "other": "已绘制 {drawn}/{total} 个部分"
   },
   "{count} duplicate mappings merged": {
     "other": "已合并重复项：{count}"
   },
   "listed the first {limit}": "已列出前 {limit} 个",
-  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "按外接矩形（{area}）计数，而非其轮廓",
+  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "按 {area} 的外接矩形计数，而非其轮廓",
   "Search cancelled": "搜索已取消",
   "Sea Marks": "航标",
   "Ski Pistes": "滑雪道",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index 66eb37b96..7223c384c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2847,16 +2847,16 @@
   "route proxy error": "路線代理出錯",
   "{lower} to {upper}": "{lower} 至 {upper}",
   "Up to {upper}": "最高 {upper}",
-  "From {lower}": "自 {lower} 起",
+  "From {lower}": "最低 {lower}",
   "Informational only · not for flight planning": "僅供參考 · 不可用於飛行規劃",
-  "Unnamed zone": "未命名區域",
-  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "限制空域資料來源無法使用",
-  "Prohibited (P)": "禁航區 (P)",
-  "Restricted (R)": "限航區 (R)",
-  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "僅包含 FAA 禁航區與限航區特殊用途空域，不含 UAS Facility Map 與無人機飛行限制。僅供參考，不能取代官方無人機飛行規劃工具（B4UFLY / LAANC）。",
-  "Prohibited": "禁航區",
-  "Restricted": "限航區",
-  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "禁航區與限航區空域",
+  "Unnamed zone": "未命名空域",
+  "Restricted airspace source unavailable": "禁區與限制區空域數據源不可用",
+  "Prohibited (P)": "禁區（P）",
+  "Restricted (R)": "限制區（R）",
+  "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "僅包含 FAA 禁區和限制區特殊用途空域，不含 UAS Facility Map 和無人機飛行限制。僅供參考，不能替代官方無人機飛行規劃工具（B4UFLY / LAANC）。",
+  "Prohibited": "禁區",
+  "Restricted": "限制區",
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "禁區與限制區空域",
   "AUTHORING": "創作",
   "Create and edit scenes": "創建和編輯場景",
   "SCENE": "場景",
@@ -2883,17 +2883,17 @@
   "Left panels": "左側面板",
   "Right panels": "右側面板",
   "fire confidence filter|All": "全部",
-  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "標稱+",
+  "fire confidence filter|Nominal+": "中+",
   "fire confidence filter|High": "高",
-  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "所有檢測——許多最強的火點置信度為低",
-  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "標稱和高置信度的檢測",
-  "High confidence detections only": "僅高置信度的檢測",
-  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "火勢強度 (FRP)",
+  "Every detection — many of the strongest fires are rated low confidence": "所有火點探測——許多強度最高的火點被評為低置信度",
+  "Nominal and high confidence detections": "中、高置信度的火點探測",
+  "High confidence detections only": "僅高置信度的火點探測",
+  "Fire intensity (FRP)": "火勢強度（FRP）",
   "≥ {value} MW": "≥ {value} MW",
   "Confidence": "置信度",
   "Minimum fire radiative power, megawatts": "最小火輻射功率（兆瓦）",
   "fire intensity filter|All": "全部",
-  "Detection confidence": "檢測置信度",
+  "Detection confidence": "探測置信度",
   "{shown} of {total} shown": "顯示 {shown} / {total}",
   "UTILITIES": "工具",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing": "請先退出座艙，再飛往繪製位置",
@@ -2909,7 +2909,7 @@
   "Not drawn: {parts}": "未繪製：{parts}",
   "approximate": "近似",
   "{pct}% cloud": "雲量 {pct}%",
-  "Over {area}": "{area} 上空",
+  "Over {area}": "覆蓋 {area}",
   "{count} of {total} acquisitions match": {
     "other": "匹配影像：{count}/{total}"
   },
@@ -2924,36 +2924,36 @@
   "In {area}": "位於 {area}",
   "Area around {place}": "{place} 周邊區域",
   "Area around landmark": "地標周邊區域",
-  "Outline {place}": "勾勒 {place} 輪廓",
-  "Outline area": "勾勒區域輪廓",
+  "Outline {place}": "繪製 {place} 輪廓",
+  "Outline area": "繪製區域輪廓",
   "Find {place}": "查找 {place}",
   "Find area": "查找區域",
   "Find recent imagery": "查找近期影像",
   "Find {what}": "查找 {what}",
   "Find places": "查找地點",
-  "Drawing outline": "正在勾勒輪廓",
+  "Drawing outline": "正在地圖上繪製輪廓",
   "Searching imagery catalog": "正在搜索影像目錄",
   "Loading imagery": "正在加載影像",
   "Searching OpenStreetMap": "正在搜索 OpenStreetMap",
   "voice area|Area": "區域",
   "buffer sized to the place": "按地點大小設置的緩衝區",
-  "enclosing mapped area": "包含該地點的地圖區域",
+  "enclosing mapped area": "包含該地標的地圖標註區域",
   "the map was cleared while looking it up": "查找期間地圖已清空",
   "OpenStreetMap coverage varies by place": "OpenStreetMap 的覆蓋程度因地而異",
   "the catalog covers the last 30 days": "目錄涵蓋最近 30 天",
   "there are more": "還有更多",
-  "{radius} m around the landmark": "地標周圍 {radius} 米",
+  "{radius} m around the landmark": "地標周圍 {radius} m",
   "{count} parts": {
-    "other": "部分數：{count}"
+    "other": "{count} 個部分"
   },
   "{drawn} of {total} parts drawn": {
-    "other": "已繪製部分：{drawn}/{total}"
+    "other": "已繪製 {drawn}/{total} 個部分"
   },
   "{count} duplicate mappings merged": {
     "other": "已合併重複項：{count}"
   },
   "listed the first {limit}": "已列出前 {limit} 個",
-  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "按外接矩形（{area}）計數，而非其輪廓",
+  "counted over the bounding box of {area}, not its outline": "按 {area} 的外接矩形計數，而非其輪廓",
   "Search cancelled": "搜索已取消",
   "Sea Marks": "航標",
   "Ski Pistes": "滑雪道",
diff --git a/src/voice/voiceCardPlanSteps.i18n.test.mjs b/src/voice/voiceCardPlanSteps.i18n.test.mjs
index 4ac15394c..1cd8d9d65 100644
--- a/src/voice/voiceCardPlanSteps.i18n.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/voiceCardPlanSteps.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -295,10 +295,10 @@ test('area, imagery and OSM card lines are shown in the UI language', () => {
     notDrawn: 'the map was cleared while looking it up',
   };
   const areaLines = inLocale('de', () => presentResult('resolve_area', area).display.lines);
-  assert.ok(areaLines.includes('250 m um das Wahrzeichen'), areaLines.join(' | '));
-  assert.ok(areaLines.includes('Teile: 3'));
-  assert.ok(areaLines.includes('Gezeichnete Teile: 2 von 3'));
-  assert.ok(areaLines.some((line) => line.includes('die Karte wurde während der Suche geleert')));
+  assert.ok(areaLines.includes('250 m um den Ort'), areaLines.join(' | '));
+  assert.ok(areaLines.includes('3 Teile'));
+  assert.ok(areaLines.includes('2 von 3 Teilen gezeichnet'));
+  assert.ok(areaLines.some((line) => line.includes('die Zeichenfläche wurde während der Suche geleert')));
   const osm = {
     ok: true,
     kind: 'hospitals',
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ test('area, imagery and OSM card lines are shown in the UI language', () => {
   assert.match(osmCard.title, /\bhospital\b/);
   assert.doesNotMatch(osmCard.title, /hospitals/, 'one place takes the singular');
   assert.equal(presentResult('osm_query', { ...osm, complete: true }).display.title, '1 hospital');
-  assert.ok(osmCard.lines.includes('Zusammengeführte Doppelkartierungen: 2'));
+  assert.ok(osmCard.lines.includes('2 Duplikate zusammengeführt'));
   assert.deepEqual(osmCard.notes, ['die ersten 500 aufgelistet', 'es gibt weitere']);
   const imagery = {
     ok: true,

From 5c04b121648873ccd37da6236685f4b2d59444a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 12:43:49 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 115/262] Roll back a Space Missions entry whose mission index
 fails to load

The launches layer swallowed every fetch error in its update, so the
manager treated a 429 or timeout on /api/launches as a successful start.
Context then committed the isolating mode with no missions: the other
layers stayed off, unrelated enables were refused, the camera stayed at
the full-globe view and the roster kept reading "loading".

Until the first index loads, the update now reports the failure. The
manager fails the enable closed and both entry routes roll back to the
pre-entry layers. The camera pose captured at entry is restored when the
mode is left before any index loaded, and the roster shows a failed
state instead of loading. A valid empty index still enters, and a
refresh failure after a loaded index keeps its records.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                    |   2 +-
 scripts/format-scope.json                |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                 |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                 |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                 |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                 |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                 |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                 |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                 |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                 |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                 |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json              |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json            |   1 +
 src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs | 348 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/launches/ingestion.js         |  19 +-
 src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js         |  34 +++
 src/layers/launches/panel.js             |  13 +-
 src/layers/launches/state.js             |   2 +
 18 files changed, 424 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index f1244947d..afa8714ec 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5169,7 +5169,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - Context is set for reading in every theme: mode, standby and action labels are 10 px, and the panel draws no glow halo. Outside Cyber, the two modes form one segmented control, the standby guidance is plain left-aligned text rather than a dashed placeholder, and the panel's section titles share the side panels' dock-label colour. Cyber keeps its separately framed mode buttons, its red panel titles, and in layout-focus a framed, centred standby card over its radar art.
 - The expanded desktop header omits the redundant `ON` label; the active mode button carries state. Expanded Contact results also omit the duplicate `GLOBAL CONTEXT` / `CONTEXT ONLY` status row and begin with the selected subject and its 250 km scope. Global Context does not fabricate a selected-entity model preview: the provisional hand-authored aircraft wireframe was removed because it was not geometry extracted from the selected entity's actual asset.
 - Dependency ownership is reversible: disabling Global Context releases only dependencies it enabled, while user-enabled layers remain on. This also removes the Military-layer suppression handoff when Global Context owned Military, allowing an already-enabled civilian Flights layer to resume its normal mixed rendering. If OpenSky is unavailable and has no last-good cache, Flights requests a capped 250 nm adsb.lol point snapshot around the current view anchor and labels that provenance explicitly; it never relabels military-feed rows as civilian data. If both inputs fail, Flights remains `UNKNOWN`.
-- Space Missions is replay-isolated: Rocket Launches and Satellites are the only Data Layers permitted while the mode is active. Direct UI and voice entry capture the same pre-entry snapshot; internal dependency and restoration enables do not create a user-owned Context session. Entry waits for incompatible layers to shut down, direct incompatible enables are blocked before lifecycle work, and the entry gate remains active through the complete Rocket Launches enable. A newer same-target ON request takes ownership of the pending entry without releasing its isolation snapshot, including when it arrives while the prior request is awaiting the adoption guard. A caller abort, resource cancellation, newer OFF, or layer teardown waits for exact manager settlement and restores that snapshot without resurrecting Rocket Launches. If an abort lands after only part of a restore settles, Context completes the same exact target without the stale caller signal and then replays newer explicit layer intent. Dedicated Voice Context cancellation reports a stable cancelled result plus the current Context state; generic layer visibility additionally exposes manager phase, reason, successor, and lifecycle details. Once an exact voice visibility intent commits, a newer voice turn cannot relabel it as cancelled while Context settlement completes; pre-commit aborts remain cancellable and final lifecycle mismatches remain failures. Clear Selected Layers reserves its complete captured OFF set before sequential teardown; a newer absolute request of any origin supersedes only its layer reservation and remains authoritative. A rejected layer teardown retains the truthful enabled state, rolls already-stopped siblings back to the captured pre-entry set, and aborts replay; rapid exit/re-entry serializes the full Satellite enabled-state and parameter restore before a new snapshot is taken. Contacts remains additive and restores user-enabled layers normally.
+- Space Missions is replay-isolated: Rocket Launches and Satellites are the only Data Layers permitted while the mode is active. Direct UI and voice entry capture the same pre-entry snapshot; internal dependency and restoration enables do not create a user-owned Context session. Entry waits for incompatible layers to shut down, direct incompatible enables are blocked before lifecycle work, and the entry gate remains active through the complete Rocket Launches enable. That enable includes the first mission-index load: an HTTP error, timeout, network failure or malformed payload before any index has loaded fails the enable, so Context rolls back to the pre-entry layers and the camera returns to its pre-entry view instead of committing an empty, isolating mode. A valid empty index still enters, and a refresh failure after an index loaded keeps its records and the mode. The roster reads `LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX` while that first load is pending and `30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE` once it failed. A newer same-target ON request takes ownership of the pending entry without releasing its isolation snapshot, including when it arrives while the prior request is awaiting the adoption guard. A caller abort, resource cancellation, newer OFF, or layer teardown waits for exact manager settlement and restores that snapshot without resurrecting Rocket Launches. If an abort lands after only part of a restore settles, Context completes the same exact target without the stale caller signal and then replays newer explicit layer intent. Dedicated Voice Context cancellation reports a stable cancelled result plus the current Context state; generic layer visibility additionally exposes manager phase, reason, successor, and lifecycle details. Once an exact voice visibility intent commits, a newer voice turn cannot relabel it as cancelled while Context settlement completes; pre-commit aborts remain cancellable and final lifecycle mismatches remain failures. Clear Selected Layers reserves its complete captured OFF set before sequential teardown; a newer absolute request of any origin supersedes only its layer reservation and remains authoritative. A rejected layer teardown retains the truthful enabled state, rolls already-stopped siblings back to the captured pre-entry set, and aborts replay; rapid exit/re-entry serializes the full Satellite enabled-state and parameter restore before a new snapshot is taken. Contacts remains additive and restores user-enabled layers normally.
 - Enabled Data Layer controls report normalized feed health on the button (`LOADING`, `DEGRADED`, `STALE`, `FALLBACK`, or `UNAVAILABLE`) while the metadata line retains the source and reason. A partial CelesTrak group failure keeps the usable catalog and reports `DEGRADED`; a total outage keeps last-good catalog data visible but reports `UNAVAILABLE`.
 - On activation it focuses the nearest currently observed aircraft across the civilian and military feeds, with military winning an exact distance tie; if none are available, it focuses an observed AIS vessel. The aircraft search is deliberately uncapped and one refresh-tick retry handles initially empty feeds. This is an attention-priority navigation shortcut, not a high-risk, affiliation, or threat classification.
 - A selected aircraft, AIS vessel, or mapped installation gets a 250 km **context window** with nearby cohort counts, nearest examples, source labels, and stale/unavailable reasons. It emits `NEARBY` or `UNKNOWN`; no detection, engagement, affiliation, or sensor-activity conclusion is calculated.
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index 2c589d8cc..f316bc72e 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -474,6 +474,7 @@
   "src/layers/satellites/stale.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/launches/source.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/launches/ingestion.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/installations/lifecycle.js",
   "src/layers/installations/viewport.js",
   "src/layers/installations/controls.js",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index c9fca14ce..a96fccc7d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -301,6 +301,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "المهام المتاحة",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "اختر مهمة لفحصها",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "جارٍ تحميل فهرس مهام 30 يومًا",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "فهرس مهام 30 يومًا غير متاح",
   "RADIO": "الراديو",
   "ENABLE": "تفعيل",
   "Previous filtered radio station": "محطة الراديو السابقة في القائمة المصفّاة",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index bb683ed9f..72796858c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -760,6 +760,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "VERFÜGBARE MISSIONEN",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "MISSION ZUM ANSEHEN WÄHLEN",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "30-TAGE-MISSIONSINDEX WIRD GELADEN",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "30-TAGE-MISSIONSINDEX NICHT VERFÜGBAR",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB: VORSCHAU · ENTER / LEERTASTE: AUSWAHL",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "Internetradio und lokales SDR",
   "STATION TAG": "KATEGORIE",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 10dcbef8f..7341841d5 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "MISIONES DISPONIBLES",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "SELECCIONA UNA MISIÓN PARA INSPECCIONAR",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "CARGANDO ÍNDICE DE MISIONES DE 30 DÍAS",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "ÍNDICE DE MISIONES DE 30 DÍAS NO DISPONIBLE",
   "RADIO": "RADIO",
   "ENABLE": "ACTIVAR",
   "Previous filtered radio station": "Emisora de radio filtrada anterior",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 108e56f36..d27bdd2eb 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -2799,6 +2799,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "MISSIONS DISPONIBLES",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "CHOISIR UNE MISSION À EXAMINER",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "CHARGEMENT DE L'INDEX DES MISSIONS À 30 JOURS",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "INDEX DES MISSIONS À 30 JOURS INDISPONIBLE",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB APERÇU · ENTER / SPACE SÉLECTIONNE",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "Radio Internet et SDR local",
   "STATION TAG": "TAG DE STATION",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 6768f93c7..431360c8e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -2799,6 +2799,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "MISSIONI DISPONIBILI",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "SELEZIONA UNA MISSIONE DA ESAMINARE",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "CARICAMENTO INDICE MISSIONI A 30 GIORNI",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "INDICE MISSIONI A 30 GIORNI NON DISPONIBILE",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB: ANTEPRIMA · ENTER / SPACE: SELEZIONA",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "Radio internet e SDR locale",
   "STATION TAG": "TAG STAZIONE",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index b4566b4cb..0bd3c47ef 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2657,6 +2657,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "利用可能なミッション",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "ミッションを選択して詳細を表示",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "30日間のミッション一覧を読込中",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "30日間のミッション一覧を取得できません",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "Tabでプレビュー · Enter / Spaceで選択",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "インターネットラジオとローカルSDR",
   "STATION TAG": "局タグ",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 3f37cde2e..31ba6ba2e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -2801,6 +2801,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "MISSÕES DISPONÍVEIS",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "SELECIONE UMA MISSÃO PARA INSPECIONAR",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "CARREGANDO ÍNDICE DE MISSÕES DE 30 DIAS",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "ÍNDICE DE MISSÕES DE 30 DIAS INDISPONÍVEL",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB MOSTRA PRÉVIA · ENTER / SPACE SELECIONA",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "Rádio pela internet e SDR local",
   "STATION TAG": "TAG DA ESTAÇÃO",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index e279508ef..c46f3375c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -722,6 +722,7 @@
   "Contact Context actions": "Действия контекста контакта",
   "Available Space Missions": "Доступные космические миссии",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "ЗАГРУЗКА ИНДЕКСА МИССИЙ ЗА 30 ДНЕЙ",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "ИНДЕКС МИССИЙ ЗА 30 ДНЕЙ НЕДОСТУПЕН",
   "Radio playback": "Воспроизведение радио",
   "Radio volume": "Громкость радио",
   "STATION TAG": "ТЕГ СТАНЦИИ",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 8c3b634b9..794c65023 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -2869,6 +2869,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "ДОСТУПНІ МІСІЇ",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "ВИБЕРІТЬ МІСІЮ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕГЛЯДУ",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "ЗАВАНТАЖЕННЯ ІНДЕКСУ МІСІЙ ЗА 30 ДНІВ",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "ІНДЕКС МІСІЙ ЗА 30 ДНІВ НЕДОСТУПНИЙ",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB — ОГЛЯД · ENTER / SPACE — ВИБІР",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "Інтернет-радіо та локальний SDR",
   "STATION TAG": "ТЕГ СТАНЦІЇ",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 6125315f2..41c4718a8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2556,6 +2556,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "可用任务",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "选择一项任务以查看",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "正在加载 30 天任务索引",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "30 天任务索引不可用",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB 预览 · ENTER / 空格键选择",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "网络电台与本地 SDR",
   "STATION TAG": "电台标签",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index 66eb37b96..31e16701e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2544,6 +2544,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "可用任務",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "選擇一項任務以查看",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "正在加載 30 天任務索引",
+  "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "30 天任務索引不可用",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB 預覽 · ENTER / 空格鍵選擇",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "網絡電臺與本地 SDR",
   "STATION TAG": "電臺標籤",
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8b760dde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+// A Space Missions entry whose mission index never loads must not commit the
+// mode. The real manager, Context coordinator and launches ingestion run
+// against a local /api/launches that answers 429, so the test follows the
+// same failure the browser sees: isolation clears the other layers, the first
+// update fails, and the entry rolls back to the layers and view it replaced.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import http from 'node:http';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { DataLayerManager } from '../../data/manager.js';
+import { ContextControls } from '../../ui/contextControls.js';
+import { createLaunchSource } from './source.js';
+import { createState } from './state.js';
+import { createModel } from './model.js';
+import { createPolicyHelpers } from './policyHelpers.js';
+import { createIngestion } from './ingestion.js';
+import { createPanel } from './panel.js';
+import { createControls } from './controls.js';
+import { createLifecycle } from './lifecycle.js';
+
+const noop = () => {};
+
+const launchRecord = {
+  id: 'fixture-launch',
+  name: 'Fixture mission',
+  net: new Date(Date.now() - 3600000).toISOString(),
+  status: { name: 'Launch Successful' },
+  pad: { name: 'Fixture pad', latitude: 28.6, longitude: -80.6 },
+  rocket: { payloads: [] },
+};
+
+function plainLayer(id, name, params = {}) {
+  let current = { ...params };
+  return {
+    id,
+    name,
+    icon: '',
+    source: 'test',
+    updateInterval: -1,
+    init: noop,
+    enable: noop,
+    disable: noop,
+    update: noop,
+    getParams: () => ({ ...current }),
+    setParams(next) {
+      current = { ...current, ...next };
+      return true;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function fakeCamera() {
+  const camera = {
+    position: new Cesium.Cartesian3(1, 2, 3),
+    heading: 0.1,
+    pitch: -0.5,
+    roll: 0,
+    flights: 0,
+    cancelled: 0,
+    get positionWC() {
+      return camera.position;
+    },
+    flyTo({ destination }) {
+      camera.flights += 1;
+      camera.position = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(destination);
+      camera.heading = 0;
+      camera.pitch = -Math.PI / 2;
+    },
+    cancelFlight() {
+      camera.cancelled += 1;
+    },
+    setView({ destination, orientation }) {
+      camera.position = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(destination);
+      camera.heading = orientation.heading;
+      camera.pitch = orientation.pitch;
+      camera.roll = orientation.roll;
+    },
+  };
+  return camera;
+}
+
+async function fixture(t) {
+  const upstream = { status: 429, results: [launchRecord] };
+  const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
+    if (req.url === '/api/celestrak/active') {
+      res.end('');
+      return;
+    }
+    if (upstream.status !== 200) {
+      res.writeHead(upstream.status, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+      res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: 'Launch Library 2 unavailable' }));
+      return;
+    }
+    res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+    res.end(JSON.stringify({ results: upstream.results }));
+  });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
+  const origin = `http://127.0.0.1:${server.address().port}`;
+  const source = createLaunchSource({
+    fetchImpl: (url, options) => fetch(new URL(url, origin), options),
+  });
+
+  const services = {
+    overlays: {
+      setOverlayEntries: noop,
+      setOverlaySourceVisible: noop,
+      clearOverlaySource: noop,
+    },
+    render: { holdContinuousRender: noop, releaseContinuousRender: noop },
+  };
+  const state = createState({ services });
+  const camera = fakeCamera();
+  const canvas = Object.assign(new EventTarget(), {
+    disableRootEvents: true,
+    onwheel: null,
+    style: {},
+    clientWidth: 1200,
+    clientHeight: 800,
+  });
+  const viewer = {
+    camera,
+    dataSources: new Cesium.DataSourceCollection(),
+    scene: { canvas, preRender: new Cesium.Event(), drillPick: () => [] },
+  };
+  // Scene presentation is inert; source, ingestion, lifecycle, panel views
+  // and the satellites dependency run unchanged.
+  const parts = {
+    overlays: {
+      shortMissionLabel: (name) => name,
+      createReplayVehicleOverlay: noop,
+      clearMissionOverlaySources: noop,
+      hideReplayVehicleOverlay: noop,
+      destroyReplayVehicleOverlay: noop,
+    },
+    replay: { stopMissionReplay: noop, presentReplay: () => null },
+    selection: {
+      focusFullGlobe: (target) =>
+        target.camera.flyTo({ destination: new Cesium.Cartesian3(9, 9, 9) }),
+      setSelectedMission: noop,
+      focusMission: noop,
+      stopMissionZoomAnchor: noop,
+      entityLaunchId: () => null,
+    },
+    orbitRendering: {
+      removeMissionOrbitPrimitives: noop,
+      syncMissionOrbitPrimitiveVisibility: noop,
+    },
+    launchPad: {
+      initLaunchPadZonePrimitive: noop,
+      hideLaunchPadZone: noop,
+      destroyLaunchPadZonePrimitive: noop,
+    },
+    rendering: {
+      updateMissionFrame: noop,
+      addLaunchEntity(record) {
+        state._dataSource.entities.add({
+          id: record.id,
+          position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(record.lon, record.lat),
+        });
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  const context = { state, services, parts, source };
+  parts.policyHelpers = createPolicyHelpers(context);
+  parts.model = createModel(context);
+  parts.panel = createPanel(context);
+  parts.ingestion = createIngestion(context);
+  parts.controls = createControls(context);
+  parts.lifecycle = createLifecycle(context);
+  const missions = Object.assign(
+    {},
+    parts.controls.methods,
+    parts.lifecycle.methods,
+    parts.ingestion.methods,
+  );
+  const rosters = [];
+  parts.panel.subscribePanel((view) => rosters.push(view.roster));
+
+  const manager = new DataLayerManager(viewer);
+  manager.register(plainLayer('earthquakes', 'Earthquakes (24h)'));
+  manager.register(plainLayer('satellites', 'Satellites'));
+  manager.register(plainLayer('wind', 'Wind'));
+  manager.register(missions);
+  missions.attachDataManager(manager);
+
+  const toasts = [];
+  const controls = new ContextControls({
+    elements: {},
+    installations: {},
+    actions: {
+      getCockpit: () => null,
+      claimVisualAuthority: noop,
+      showToast: (message) => toasts.push(message),
+      setClearBusy: noop,
+      syncDetection: noop,
+      scheduleLayout: noop,
+      refreshRadio: noop,
+      setPanelCollapsed: noop,
+    },
+  });
+  controls.connect(manager);
+
+  t.after(async () => {
+    controls.stop();
+    controls.disconnect();
+    for (const id of ['rocket-launches', 'satellites', 'earthquakes', 'wind'])
+      await manager.setEnabled(id, false);
+    await missions.destroy(viewer);
+    server.closeAllConnections();
+    await new Promise((resolve) => server.close(resolve));
+  });
+
+  const enabledIds = () => [...manager.getEnabledLayerIds()].sort();
+  const view = () => ({
+    x: camera.position.x,
+    y: camera.position.y,
+    z: camera.position.z,
+    heading: camera.heading,
+    pitch: camera.pitch,
+  });
+  const settle = async () => {
+    await controls._waitForContextLayerSettlement();
+    for (const id of ['rocket-launches', 'satellites', 'earthquakes'])
+      await manager.waitForLayerSettled(id);
+    await controls._waitForContextLayerSettlement();
+  };
+  return {
+    upstream,
+    manager,
+    controls,
+    missions,
+    state,
+    camera,
+    rosters,
+    toasts,
+    enabledIds,
+    view,
+    settle,
+  };
+}
+
+test('a direct Space Missions entry that gets HTTP 429 rolls back instead of isolating', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  assert.equal(
+    await f.manager.setEnabled('earthquakes', true, { origin: 'user' }),
+    true,
+  );
+  const before = f.view();
+
+  const entered = await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, {
+    origin: 'user',
+  });
+  await f.settle();
+
+  assert.equal(entered, false, 'a failed mission index fails the enable');
+  assert.deepEqual(f.enabledIds(), ['earthquakes']);
+  assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().mode, null);
+  assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().active, false);
+  assert.equal(f.missions.getStats().error, 'HTTP 429');
+  assert.deepEqual(f.view(), before, 'the pre-entry view comes back');
+  assert.ok(f.camera.cancelled > 0, 'the full-globe flight is cancelled');
+
+  // Nothing is left isolating the workspace.
+  assert.equal(
+    await f.manager.setEnabled('wind', true, { origin: 'user' }),
+    true,
+    'an unrelated layer is not blocked after the failed entry',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a Context-panel Space Missions entry that gets HTTP 429 restores the previous layers', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('earthquakes', true, { origin: 'user' });
+  const before = f.view();
+
+  const result = await f.controls.setContextMode('space-missions', {
+    claimVisualAuthority: false,
+  });
+  await f.settle();
+
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(f.enabledIds(), ['earthquakes']);
+  assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().mode, null);
+  assert.deepEqual(f.view(), before);
+});
+
+test('the roster reports a failed mission index instead of loading forever', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, { origin: 'user' });
+  await f.settle();
+
+  const roster = f.rosters.at(-1);
+  assert.ok(roster, 'a failed load publishes a roster view');
+  assert.deepEqual(roster.entries, []);
+  assert.equal(roster.empty, '30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE');
+
+  // A new attempt starts from the loading state, then shows the index.
+  f.upstream.status = 200;
+  const loadingFrom = f.rosters.length;
+  assert.equal(
+    await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, { origin: 'user' }),
+    true,
+  );
+  await f.settle();
+  assert.equal(f.rosters.slice(loadingFrom).includes(null), true);
+  assert.equal(f.rosters.at(-1).entries.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().mode, 'space-missions');
+});
+
+test('a valid empty mission index is a successful entry', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.upstream.status = 200;
+  f.upstream.results = [];
+  assert.equal(
+    await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, { origin: 'user' }),
+    true,
+  );
+  await f.settle();
+  assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().mode, 'space-missions');
+  assert.equal(
+    f.rosters.at(-1).empty,
+    'NO MISSIONS AVAILABLE IN THE CURRENT 30-DAY WINDOW',
+  );
+  assert.ok(f.camera.flights > 0, 'a successful entry frames the globe');
+});
+
+test('a refresh failure after a loaded index keeps the mode and its records', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.upstream.status = 200;
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, { origin: 'user' });
+  await f.settle();
+  const framed = f.view();
+
+  f.upstream.status = 429;
+  await f.missions.update();
+  await f.settle();
+
+  assert.equal(f.manager.isEnabled('rocket-launches'), true);
+  assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().mode, 'space-missions');
+  assert.equal(f.missions.getStats().count, 1);
+  assert.equal(f.missions.getStats().error, 'HTTP 429');
+  assert.equal(f.rosters.at(-1).entries.length, 1);
+
+  // Leaving a mode that loaded keeps today's camera behaviour.
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', false, { origin: 'user' });
+  await f.settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(f.view(), framed);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js b/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
index bd1529c0b..171c95a63 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
@@ -50,8 +50,9 @@ export function createIngestion({
     layerState._postTleRetryCount++;
     layerState._retryTimer = setTimeout(() => {
       layerState._retryTimer = null;
+      // A failed retry is already recorded in the layer stats.
       if (layerState._enabled && token === layerState._lifecycleToken)
-        requestMissionUpdate();
+        requestMissionUpdate().catch(() => {});
     }, POST_TLE_RETRY_DELAY_MS);
   }
 
@@ -201,6 +202,10 @@ export function createIngestion({
       if (layerState._renderedTleText === layerState._activeTleText)
         clearPostTleRetry();
       layerState._count = launches.length;
+      // The roster reads these to tell a loaded empty index from loading.
+      layerState._lastUpdate = Date.now();
+      layerState._lastError = null;
+      layerState._stale = stale === true;
       parts.panel.renderMissionRoster();
       if (
         !layerState._selectedLaunchId ||
@@ -219,13 +224,19 @@ export function createIngestion({
       }
       layerState._focusAfterActiveLookup = false;
       parts.panel.renderMissionPanel();
-      layerState._lastUpdate = Date.now();
-      layerState._lastError = null;
-      layerState._stale = stale === true;
+      layerState._entryCameraView = null;
     } catch (error) {
       if (layerState._enabled && token === layerState._lifecycleToken) {
         layerState._lastError = error.message;
         console.warn('[Data:RocketLaunches] Fetch error:', error);
+        // Without one usable index there is no mode to enter: report the
+        // failure so the manager fails the enable closed and Context rolls
+        // back. A refresh after a loaded index keeps its records instead.
+        if (layerState._lastUpdate === null) {
+          parts.panel.renderMissionRoster();
+          throw error;
+        }
+        layerState._entryCameraView = null;
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
index ca36a87ec..cf0332823 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
@@ -111,6 +111,28 @@ export function createLaunchHover({
   };
 }
 
+/** The camera pose to give back, in world coordinates. */
+function captureCameraView(viewer) {
+  const camera = viewer?.camera;
+  if (!camera?.positionWC) return null;
+  return {
+    destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.positionWC),
+    orientation: {
+      heading: camera.heading,
+      pitch: camera.pitch,
+      roll: camera.roll,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** Stop the full-globe flight and return to a captured pose. */
+function restoreCameraView(viewer, view) {
+  const camera = viewer?.camera;
+  if (!camera) return;
+  camera.cancelFlight?.();
+  camera.setView(view);
+}
+
 export function createLifecycle({
   state: layerState,
   services,
@@ -200,6 +222,14 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._updateDirty = false;
       if (layerState._dataSource) layerState._dataSource.show = true;
       parts.orbitRendering.syncMissionOrbitPrimitiveVisibility();
+      if (layerState._lastUpdate === null) {
+        // A new attempt at an index that never loaded starts from loading.
+        layerState._lastError = null;
+        parts.panel.renderMissionRoster();
+      }
+      // Kept until the mission index loads, so an entry that never does
+      // gives the view back.
+      layerState._entryCameraView = captureCameraView(layerState._viewer);
       parts.selection.focusFullGlobe(layerState._viewer);
       if (layerState._selectedLaunchId)
         parts.selection.setSelectedMission(
@@ -214,6 +244,9 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       hover?.reset();
       layerState._sourceController.abort();
       layerState._enabled = false;
+      const entryView = layerState._entryCameraView;
+      layerState._entryCameraView = null;
+      if (entryView) restoreCameraView(layerState._viewer, entryView);
       releaseContinuousRender('rocket-launches');
       layerState._lifecycleToken++;
       layerState._updateDirty = false;
@@ -239,6 +272,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._sourceController.abort();
       releaseContinuousRender('rocket-launches'); // direct-destroy path (perf wave 2 fix)
       layerState._enabled = false;
+      layerState._entryCameraView = null;
       layerState._lifecycleToken++;
       layerState._updateDirty = false;
       await parts.ingestion.restoreSatelliteDependency();
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/panel.js b/src/layers/launches/panel.js
index 07f1c8497..d45d4364c 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/panel.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/panel.js
@@ -263,8 +263,19 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     publishPanel();
   }
 
-  /** The roster entries as the list shows them. */
+  /**
+   * The roster entries as the list shows them; null while the first index
+   * is still loading, and an empty failed roster once that load failed.
+   */
   function presentRoster() {
+    if (layerState._lastUpdate === null && !layerState._launches.length) {
+      if (!layerState._lastError) return null;
+      return {
+        count: '—',
+        entries: [],
+        empty: t('30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE'),
+      };
+    }
     const entries = parts.policyHelpers
       .missionRosterEntries(layerState._launches)
       .map(({ launch, index }) => {
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/state.js b/src/layers/launches/state.js
index b2c4d266b..c4c032b10 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/state.js
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state._lastError = null;
 
+  state._entryCameraView = null;
+
   state._stale = false;
 
   state._orbitMatches = 0;

From c64ed40c6238d4fbb411d53cee65f26b0d667934 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 12:54:36 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 116/262] Add the changelog entry for #1578

---
 changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md b/changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ad1630db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- Space Missions no longer locks the workspace when its mission index fails to
+  load. A 429, timeout or bad payload on `/api/launches` now rolls the entry
+  back to the previous layers and camera view instead of leaving an empty,
+  isolating mode, and the roster reads `30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE`
+  rather than loading forever (German, @gekh, #1578).

From 29935cc094480308ef381a51bd9af14249911699 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 14:36:10 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 117/262] fix(camera): run a recovery check a scene deferred
 once it ends

A check skipped because a flight or a playing Director scene was in
progress used to be dropped, so a run that ended or held on a stars-only
shot stayed there until the next camera move. Keep watching instead:
the settle check retries once the flight or scene ends, within its
existing five-minute bound, and a moveEnd that arrives while it is
deferred keeps the check armed rather than stopping it.

Also test that the free-look limit never raises Cesium's trackball
height and that dispose keeps a value set after install, note in its
JSDoc the enableLook case it cannot tell apart, and document the
trackball change and the retry in CURRENT-STATE and the changelog.
---
 changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md | 11 +++++----
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md             | 32 +++++++++++++------------
 src/app/application.test.mjs      | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/app/viewer.js                 | 25 ++++++++++++--------
 4 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md b/changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md
index f697959b2..676dfebf3 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 - Keep the globe in view from orbit. Cesium's free look (Shift+drag) turned
   the camera in place, so a few drags from the whole-globe view left only
   stars, and the pose stayed in the share link. Free look now works only below
-  1,000 km; a camera move that ends above it with no planet surface in view
-  (inside the scope keyhole when the scope is on) turns straight down; and
-  voice tilt and turns from orbit stop while the planet is still on screen and
-  say so instead of reporting a turn they could not make (Manjunath,
-  @manjunath22466, #1532).
+  1,000 km, and above it a drag that starts on the stars orbits the globe
+  instead of turning the camera; a camera move that ends above it with no
+  planet surface in view (inside the scope keyhole when the scope is on) turns
+  straight down; and voice tilt and turns from orbit stop while the planet is
+  still on screen and say so instead of reporting a turn they could not make
+  (Manjunath, @manjunath22466, #1532).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 94c2dc1aa..6fbf52a1e 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -67,10 +67,11 @@ the real browser controller at desktop and phone widths with keyless fixtures.
 
 Cesium's free look (Shift+drag, which turns the camera in place) works only
 below 1,000 km. Above that height a few drags could turn the whole planet out of
-frame and leave only stars, so Shift+drag does nothing there. Cesium also
-turns the camera in place for a drag that starts on the stars below its
-trackball height (7,500 km by default); that height is lowered to 1,000 km, so
-such a drag orbits the globe above it, as it does higher up. Orbit, tilt and
+frame and leave only stars, so Shift+drag does nothing there. Cesium also turns
+the camera in place for a drag that starts on the stars below its trackball
+height (7,500 km by default); that height is lowered to 1,000 km, so such a drag
+orbits the globe above it, as it does higher up, and a tilt drag from the stars
+there tilts about the planet's edge or does nothing. Otherwise orbit, tilt and
 zoom are unchanged at every height. How much of the frame shows the planet's
 surface is measured by casting a 32×18 grid of view rays at the ellipsoid; while
 the scope mask is on (the default) only the rays inside its keyhole count, since
@@ -97,17 +98,18 @@ rounding error every frame and Cesium never sees it stop. That check keeps
 watching until move-end arrives, recovering once after each move that comes to
 rest, and gives up five minutes after the camera last moved. Limb glow, and a
 surface sliver up to about one grid cell thick (some 50 px on a 900 px tall
-frame), can count as out of view. The zoom-out guard above keeps wheel and
-pinch zoom-outs in view; this catches the other ways a move can end looking
-away, such as a saved or shared view that did.
-Views with more surface than that, such as the oblique orbital Director shots,
-are left as they are, and so are tracked or locked cameras, a camera flight in
-progress, a Director scene while it plays (holds included) and the 2D and
-Columbus modes. A view that loses its surface without a camera move (a resize,
-or turning the scope on) is left as it is until the next move. A voice turn
-requested while the camera is tracked is judged
-by the pose voice's release of the follow camera will leave, before that
-release, so a refused turn keeps the tracking.
+frame), can count as out of view. The zoom-out guard above keeps wheel and pinch
+zoom-outs in view; this catches the other ways a move can end looking away, such
+as a saved or shared view that did. Views with more surface than that, such as
+the oblique orbital Director shots, are left as they are, and so are tracked or
+locked cameras, a camera flight in progress, a Director scene while it plays
+(holds included) and the 2D and Columbus modes; a check a flight or scene defers
+runs once it ends. A Director shot loaded or replayed outside a run is not a
+playing scene. A view that loses its surface without a camera move (a resize, or
+turning the scope on) is left as it is until the next move. A voice turn
+requested while the camera is tracked is judged by the pose voice's release of
+the follow camera will leave, before that release, so a refused turn keeps the
+tracking.
 
 Analyst region queries resolve unique Natural Earth names offline without
 geocoding, so Gold Coast and Ivory Coast name the West African natural regions.
diff --git a/src/app/application.test.mjs b/src/app/application.test.mjs
index fa489cc69..3e4a359e7 100644
--- a/src/app/application.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/application.test.mjs
@@ -412,12 +412,24 @@ test('drags that start on the stars orbit above the free-look height', () => {
 
   const lower = freeLookFixture({ height: 500 });
   lower.controller.minimumTrackBallHeight = 500_000;
-  installFreeLookHeightLimit(lower.viewer)();
+  const disposeLower = installFreeLookHeightLimit(lower.viewer);
   assert.equal(
     lower.controller.minimumTrackBallHeight,
     500_000,
     'never raised',
   );
+  disposeLower();
+  assert.equal(lower.controller.minimumTrackBallHeight, 500_000);
+
+  const later = freeLookFixture({ height: 500 });
+  const disposeLater = installFreeLookHeightLimit(later.viewer);
+  later.controller.minimumTrackBallHeight = 2_000_000;
+  disposeLater();
+  assert.equal(
+    later.controller.minimumTrackBallHeight,
+    2_000_000,
+    'dispose keeps a value set after install',
+  );
 });
 
 test('free look keeps a setting other code makes after it is installed', () => {
@@ -739,6 +751,31 @@ test('the recovery leaves a camera flight and an authored scene alone', () => {
   assert.ok(Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6));
 });
 
+test('a check a scene or flight defers runs once it ends', () => {
+  for (const viaMoveEnd of [false, true]) {
+    let playing = true;
+    const timers = fakeTimers();
+    const { camera, viewer } = realCamera({ width: 1225, height: 923 });
+    installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer, {
+      paused: () => playing,
+      ...timers,
+    });
+    aim(camera, reportedStuckView);
+    camera.moveStart.raiseEvent();
+    // A hold on a stars-only shot: quiet, with or without Cesium's moveEnd.
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) timers.tick();
+    if (viaMoveEnd) camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+    assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), true, 'left alone while it plays');
+    assert.equal(timers.pending(), 1, 'still watching');
+    playing = false;
+    timers.tick();
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6),
+      `recovered once the scene ends (${viaMoveEnd ? 'after moveEnd' : 'no moveEnd'})`,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
 function fakeTimers() {
   let next = 1;
   const pending = new Map();
diff --git a/src/app/viewer.js b/src/app/viewer.js
index e44d1aa10..1bc94ddd8 100644
--- a/src/app/viewer.js
+++ b/src/app/viewer.js
@@ -112,7 +112,9 @@ export function installTrackpadPinchZoom(
  * Allow Cesium's free look only below `maxHeight` and return its disposer.
  * Orbit, tilt and zoom stay available at every height. A value other code
  * sets later is kept as the one to allow below that height, and restored on
- * dispose. `enableLook` gates the Shift+drag binding only: below its trackball
+ * dispose; a `false` written while the camera is above `maxHeight` cannot be
+ * told apart from this limit's own write, so dispose restores the earlier
+ * value then. `enableLook` gates the Shift+drag binding only: below its trackball
  * height Cesium also turns the camera in place for a drag that starts on the
  * stars. That height is lowered to `maxHeight` too, so above it such a drag
  * orbits the globe, as it does above Cesium's own 7,500 km.
@@ -171,7 +173,8 @@ const SETTLE_GIVE_UP_MS = 5 * 60_000;
  * looking away from the planet.
  * Heading and position are kept. Tracked cameras, locked ones (non-identity
  * transform), a camera flight in progress, the 2D and Columbus modes, and any
- * time `paused` returns true (an authored scene playing) are left alone.
+ * time `paused` returns true (an authored scene playing) are left alone; a
+ * check they defer runs again once they end, within the settle check's bound.
  * `keyholeRadius`
  * returns the radius of the visible circle when a scope mask hides the rest of
  * the frame (see `globeFrameShare`), or 0; it is read at every check.
@@ -202,16 +205,18 @@ export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
   if (!scene || !camera?.moveEnd || !camera?.moveStart)
     throw new TypeError('A complete Cesium viewer is required');
 
+  // Returns false while a flight or a paused scene defers the check, so the
+  // caller can try again once it ends.
   const recover = () => {
-    if (!isFreeGlobeCamera(viewer)) return;
+    if (!isFreeGlobeCamera(viewer)) return true;
     // Cesium has no public running-flight flag.
-    if (camera._currentFlight || paused()) return;
+    if (camera._currentFlight || paused()) return false;
     const height = camera.positionCartographic?.height;
     if (
       !(height > minHeight) ||
       !globeOutOfFrame(camera, { keyholeRadius: keyholeRadius() })
     )
-      return;
+      return true;
     camera.setView({
       orientation: {
         heading: camera.heading,
@@ -220,6 +225,7 @@ export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
       },
     });
     scene.requestRender?.();
+    return true;
   };
 
   const lastPosition = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
@@ -255,10 +261,8 @@ export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
     }
     // Two quiet samples in a row after a move: at rest for half a second, as
     // for moveEnd.
-    if (restingSamples >= 2 && movedSinceCheck) {
+    if (restingSamples >= 2 && movedSinceCheck && recover())
       movedSinceCheck = false;
-      recover();
-    }
     if (settleElapsed >= SETTLE_GIVE_UP_MS) return;
     Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.positionWC, lastPosition);
     Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.directionWC, lastDirection);
@@ -274,8 +278,9 @@ export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
     settleTimer = schedule(sample, SETTLE_SAMPLE_MS);
   };
   const removeMoveEnd = camera.moveEnd.addEventListener(() => {
-    stopSettling();
-    recover();
+    if (recover()) stopSettling();
+    // Deferred: keep sampling so the check runs once the flight or scene ends.
+    else if (settleTimer === null) startSettling();
   });
   const removeMoveStart = camera.moveStart.addEventListener(startSettling);
 

From 852e93d074761477575cbead33f2f12dd71c7bbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 14:45:29 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 118/262] fix(camera): keep a deferred recovery check through
 long holds

A Director hold longer than the settle check's five-minute bound used
to expire the deferred check, so a run that ended on a stars-only shot
after a long hold stayed there until the next move. While a flight or a
playing scene defers the check, its bound no longer counts down; the
flight or scene bounds the deferral itself.

Also correct the trackball note in CURRENT-STATE: Cesium's tilt tests
the screen centre, so any tilt (drag or touch) with the centre on the
stars between 1,000 and 7,500 km now tilts about the planet's edge or
does nothing, wherever it starts. Rotation drags that start on the
planet are unchanged.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md        | 80 ++++++++++++++++++------------------
 src/app/application.test.mjs |  2 +
 src/app/viewer.js            |  9 ++--
 3 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 6fbf52a1e..3dd7a59d0 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -70,46 +70,46 @@ below 1,000 km. Above that height a few drags could turn the whole planet out of
 frame and leave only stars, so Shift+drag does nothing there. Cesium also turns
 the camera in place for a drag that starts on the stars below its trackball
 height (7,500 km by default); that height is lowered to 1,000 km, so such a drag
-orbits the globe above it, as it does higher up, and a tilt drag from the stars
-there tilts about the planet's edge or does nothing. Otherwise orbit, tilt and
-zoom are unchanged at every height. How much of the frame shows the planet's
-surface is measured by casting a 32×18 grid of view rays at the ellipsoid; while
-the scope mask is on (the default) only the rays inside its keyhole count, since
-the mask hides or dims the rest. Voice tilt and in-place turns of a free 3D
-camera above 1,000 km stop when about a tenth of the frame still shows the
-surface (or about as much as it showed when it started), never less than about
-1% of the visible frame, and a view that already shows less only keeps or gains
-what it has. A turn that cannot go half a degree further without crossing that
-limit is refused with a reason instead of reported as done, and a turn it
-accepts turns at least that half degree. A turn that keeps or gains surface is
-not refused, even after the window has been resized, except that near the limit,
-where the planet's edge crosses the sample grid, sampling wobble can
-occasionally refuse one (most often above about 15,000 km and on phone or
-ultrawide frames); nothing then turns away from the planet. A turn that starts
-where the last voice turn left the camera keeps that turn's limit, or a higher
-one if the planet now fills more, so repeating the request does not take any
-more; once anything else has moved or turned the camera, a turn is measured from
-what is on screen. When a camera move ends above 1,000 km with no ray on the
-surface, the camera turns straight down at the same position and heading. The
-end of a move is taken from Cesium's move-end event and from a check of its own
-that samples the pose every 250 ms after a move starts and acts once it has held
-for half a second, because at some of these poses the camera drifts by a
-rounding error every frame and Cesium never sees it stop. That check keeps
-watching until move-end arrives, recovering once after each move that comes to
-rest, and gives up five minutes after the camera last moved. Limb glow, and a
-surface sliver up to about one grid cell thick (some 50 px on a 900 px tall
-frame), can count as out of view. The zoom-out guard above keeps wheel and pinch
-zoom-outs in view; this catches the other ways a move can end looking away, such
-as a saved or shared view that did. Views with more surface than that, such as
-the oblique orbital Director shots, are left as they are, and so are tracked or
-locked cameras, a camera flight in progress, a Director scene while it plays
-(holds included) and the 2D and Columbus modes; a check a flight or scene defers
-runs once it ends. A Director shot loaded or replayed outside a run is not a
-playing scene. A view that loses its surface without a camera move (a resize, or
-turning the scope on) is left as it is until the next move. A voice turn
-requested while the camera is tracked is judged by the pose voice's release of
-the follow camera will leave, before that release, so a refused turn keeps the
-tracking.
+orbits the globe above it, as it does higher up, and a tilt (drag or touch)
+while the screen centre is on the stars there tilts about the planet's edge or
+does nothing, wherever it starts. Rotation drags that start on the planet, and
+zoom, are unchanged. How much of the frame shows the planet's surface is
+measured by casting a 32×18 grid of view rays at the ellipsoid; while the scope
+mask is on (the default) only the rays inside its keyhole count, since the mask
+hides or dims the rest. Voice tilt and in-place turns of a free 3D camera above
+1,000 km stop when about a tenth of the frame still shows the surface (or about
+as much as it showed when it started), never less than about 1% of the visible
+frame, and a view that already shows less only keeps or gains what it has. A
+turn that cannot go half a degree further without crossing that limit is refused
+with a reason instead of reported as done, and a turn it accepts turns at least
+that half degree. A turn that keeps or gains surface is not refused, even after
+the window has been resized, except that near the limit, where the planet's edge
+crosses the sample grid, sampling wobble can occasionally refuse one (most often
+above about 15,000 km and on phone or ultrawide frames); nothing then turns away
+from the planet. A turn that starts where the last voice turn left the camera
+keeps that turn's limit, or a higher one if the planet now fills more, so
+repeating the request does not take any more; once anything else has moved or
+turned the camera, a turn is measured from what is on screen. When a camera move
+ends above 1,000 km with no ray on the surface, the camera turns straight down
+at the same position and heading. The end of a move is taken from Cesium's
+move-end event and from a check of its own that samples the pose every 250 ms
+after a move starts and acts once it has held for half a second, because at some
+of these poses the camera drifts by a rounding error every frame and Cesium
+never sees it stop. That check keeps watching until move-end arrives, recovering
+once after each move that comes to rest, and gives up five minutes after the
+camera last moved. Limb glow, and a surface sliver up to about one grid cell
+thick (some 50 px on a 900 px tall frame), can count as out of view. The
+zoom-out guard above keeps wheel and pinch zoom-outs in view; this catches the
+other ways a move can end looking away, such as a saved or shared view that did.
+Views with more surface than that, such as the oblique orbital Director shots,
+are left as they are, and so are tracked or locked cameras, a camera flight in
+progress, a Director scene while it plays (holds included) and the 2D and
+Columbus modes; a check a flight or scene defers runs once it ends. A Director
+shot loaded or replayed outside a run is not a playing scene. A view that loses
+its surface without a camera move (a resize, or turning the scope on) is left as
+it is until the next move. A voice turn requested while the camera is tracked is
+judged by the pose voice's release of the follow camera will leave, before that
+release, so a refused turn keeps the tracking.
 
 Analyst region queries resolve unique Natural Earth names offline without
 geocoding, so Gold Coast and Ivory Coast name the West African natural regions.
diff --git a/src/app/application.test.mjs b/src/app/application.test.mjs
index 3e4a359e7..da01ff61c 100644
--- a/src/app/application.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/application.test.mjs
@@ -765,6 +765,8 @@ test('a check a scene or flight defers runs once it ends', () => {
     // A hold on a stars-only shot: quiet, with or without Cesium's moveEnd.
     for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) timers.tick();
     if (viaMoveEnd) camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+    // Longer than the settle check's five-minute bound.
+    for (let i = 0; i < 1500; i += 1) timers.tick();
     assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), true, 'left alone while it plays');
     assert.equal(timers.pending(), 1, 'still watching');
     playing = false;
diff --git a/src/app/viewer.js b/src/app/viewer.js
index 1bc94ddd8..ef36feb8a 100644
--- a/src/app/viewer.js
+++ b/src/app/viewer.js
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ const SETTLE_GIVE_UP_MS = 5 * 60_000;
  * Heading and position are kept. Tracked cameras, locked ones (non-identity
  * transform), a camera flight in progress, the 2D and Columbus modes, and any
  * time `paused` returns true (an authored scene playing) are left alone; a
- * check they defer runs again once they end, within the settle check's bound.
+ * check they defer runs once they end, however long they last.
  * `keyholeRadius`
  * returns the radius of the visible circle when a scope mask hides the rest of
  * the frame (see `globeFrameShare`), or 0; it is read at every check.
@@ -261,8 +261,11 @@ export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
     }
     // Two quiet samples in a row after a move: at rest for half a second, as
     // for moveEnd.
-    if (restingSamples >= 2 && movedSinceCheck && recover())
-      movedSinceCheck = false;
+    if (restingSamples >= 2 && movedSinceCheck) {
+      if (recover()) movedSinceCheck = false;
+      // A flight or a playing scene bounds its own deferral.
+      else settleElapsed = 0;
+    }
     if (settleElapsed >= SETTLE_GIVE_UP_MS) return;
     Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.positionWC, lastPosition);
     Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(camera.directionWC, lastDirection);

From a67c7969fdc52449dfeeef59b495772ab563b7a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 13:48:11 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 119/262] fix(transit): read Rio speeds as the m/s SMTR
 publishes

Both SMTR feeds now publish Position.speed in m/s. Compared with how far
vehicles moved between reports on 2026-11-05, the published values ran
3.1x (buses) and 3.6x (BRT) below the observed speed, so the km/h
conversion divided real speeds by 3.6. Drop speedUnit and the conversion.
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                 |  2 +-
 changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md |  7 +++----
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md           |  3 +--
 src/data/transitFeeds.js        | 11 ++---------
 src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs  |  3 +--
 src/data/transitProxy.js        | 21 +--------------------
 src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs  | 25 +++++--------------------
 7 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 2ed14c264..eb20f793e 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ How to read this:
 | **Barrie Transit** (myridebarrie.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, Barrie ON | Barrie Transit realtime data, published by the City of Barrie under a licence accepted by use of the data. The licence is revocable and requires no attribution. | Courtesy credit to the City of Barrie (the licence requires none, and its trademark clause is broad) |
 | **YRT/Viva** (rtu.york.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, York Region ON | York Region Transit realtime data, first-party York Region infrastructure under the YRT Open Data Licence v2.0, which permits commercial use and makes attribution optional. Viva route ids are named by colour from York Region’s published GTFS. | "Contains public transit Information made available under YRT’s Open Data Licence" — the licence’s own wording, given though not required |
 | **Burlington Transit** (opendata.burlington.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, Burlington ON | Burlington Transit realtime data under the City of Burlington Open Data Terms of Use, which permit any lawful purpose. The terms are revocable and must travel with the data, so the credit links them. Route ids are internal keys and are joined to the City’s published GTFS. | Credit to the City of Burlington plus a link to its Open Data Terms of Use, which the licence requires |
-| **SMTR Rio de Janeiro** (dados.mobilidade.rio) | Transit layer live vehicles, Rio de Janeiro: municipal buses (SPPO) and the Mobi-Rio BRT, as two feeds | CC BY 4.0, stated on both data.rio catalog pages. Keyless GTFS-Realtime published by the Secretaria Municipal de Transportes, labelled beta, with a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute. Speeds arrive in km/h rather than m/s and are converted by the proxy. Route ids are internal keys and are joined to the line names in SMTR’s published GTFS `routes.txt` (dados.mobilidade.rio/gtfs/schedule), under the same CC BY 4.0 terms. | Attribution to SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro under CC BY 4.0 |
+| **SMTR Rio de Janeiro** (dados.mobilidade.rio) | Transit layer live vehicles, Rio de Janeiro: municipal buses (SPPO) and the Mobi-Rio BRT, as two feeds | CC BY 4.0, stated on both data.rio catalog pages. Keyless GTFS-Realtime published by the Secretaria Municipal de Transportes, labelled beta, with a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute. Route ids are internal keys and are joined to the line names in SMTR’s published GTFS `routes.txt` (dados.mobilidade.rio/gtfs/schedule), under the same CC BY 4.0 terms. | Attribution to SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro under CC BY 4.0 |
 | **Radio Browser**                                                     | Geolocated internet-radio station directory and station-level tags                                                                  | Public-domain directory data under PDDL 1.0; individual broadcaster stream terms apply                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | "Radio Browser" plus a link to the selected broadcaster                                                                                     |
 | **Re:Earth Terrain** (Mapterhorn)                                     | Terrain (keyless globe stacks — OSM etc. — + `/api/terrain/heights` ellipsoidal-height lookups)                                     | Terrain mesh: CC BY 4.0; geoid: EGM2008 (NGA, public domain)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | "Terrain (keyless globe stacks): Re:Earth Terrain / Mapterhorn (CC BY 4.0) / EGM2008 (NGA)"                                                 |
 | **OpenSeaMap** (`tiles.openseamap.org`) | Sea Marks layer: raster overlay of buoys, lighthouses and ports (#10) | Chart tiles CC BY-SA 2.0; data ODbL 1.0 via OpenStreetMap | "Sea marks © OpenSeaMap contributors (CC BY-SA 2.0) · Data © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL)" |
diff --git a/changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md b/changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md
index b45b1b1fd..ac245a9c8 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1481-rio-transit.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 - Add Rio de Janeiro to the Transit layer: municipal buses and the Mobi-Rio BRT
   from SMTR's keyless GTFS-Realtime feeds (CC BY 4.0), the layer's first Latin
-  American region. A feed that publishes speed in km/h declares
-  `speedUnit: 'kmh'` and the proxy converts it to m/s. Rio's internal route
-  keys are joined to SMTR's published GTFS `routes.txt`, so a card reads
-  "Route SN731" rather than "Route O0731AAN0A" (IMBrandao, #1481).
+  American region. Rio's internal route keys are joined to SMTR's published
+  GTFS `routes.txt`, so a card reads "Route SN731" rather than
+  "Route O0731AAN0A" (IMBrandao, #1481).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 81e71655c..170605951 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -4649,8 +4649,7 @@ Helsinki, the Netherlands, Norway, South East Queensland, Rio de Janeiro
 (municipal buses and the Mobi-Rio BRT, two feeds), and nine in
 Ontario — Toronto (TTC surface vehicles; the subway publishes no
 positions), MiWay, Hamilton HSR, Durham Region, YRT/Viva, Guelph,
-Burlington, Barrie and Kingston. Rio's feeds publish speed in km/h, which
-the proxy converts to m/s before any card reads it. Mode silhouettes
+Burlington, Barrie and Kingston. Mode silhouettes
 identify buses, trams, subways, trains, ferries and unclassified vehicles.
 
 Retained transit history uses the same outlier quarantine as live observations and
diff --git a/src/data/transitFeeds.js b/src/data/transitFeeds.js
index d7993a954..aa953c00b 100644
--- a/src/data/transitFeeds.js
+++ b/src/data/transitFeeds.js
@@ -398,12 +398,7 @@ function rioRouteLabel(routeId) {
  *   url: string, headers?: Record<string, string>,
  *   license: string, licenseUrl: string, attribution: string,
  *   defaultMode: string, routeMode?: (routeId: string|null) => string,
- *   speedUnit?: 'kmh',
  * }>>}
- *
- * `speedUnit: 'kmh'` marks a feed that publishes `Position.speed` in km/h
- * instead of the m/s the spec requires; the proxy converts it before anything
- * downstream reads `speedMps`.
  */
 export const TRANSIT_FEED_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
   Object.freeze({
@@ -765,10 +760,9 @@ export const TRANSIT_FEED_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     terms: Object.freeze({
       quote:
         'This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License',
-      note: 'The data.rio catalog page labels the feed [beta] and states a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute behind a 10-second cache, which the 15-second proxy TTL stays inside. It is the named replacement for the JSON GPS endpoints SMTR deprecated on 2026-10-07 and says it will switch off by 2026-11-30. SMTR relays the concessionaires’ ITS data and repairs trips with its own matching; the page places accuracy with the suppliers. Speeds arrive in km/h, not m/s (a 2026-10-29 snapshot peaked at 89), hence `speedUnit`. Route ids are internal keys (`O0731AAN0A` is line SN731) and are joined to the line names in SMTR’s published GTFS `routes.txt`, under the same CC BY 4.0 terms.',
+      note: 'The data.rio catalog page labels the feed [beta] and states a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute behind a 10-second cache, which the 15-second proxy TTL stays inside. It is the named replacement for the JSON GPS endpoints SMTR deprecated on 2026-10-07 and says it will switch off by 2026-11-30. SMTR relays the concessionaires’ ITS data and repairs trips with its own matching; the page places accuracy with the suppliers. Speeds are m/s, as the spec requires: on 2026-11-05 they matched how far vehicles moved between reports, though a 2026-10-29 snapshot read as km/h. Route ids are internal keys (`O0731AAN0A` is line SN731) and are joined to the line names in SMTR’s published GTFS `routes.txt`, under the same CC BY 4.0 terms.',
     }),
     defaultMode: 'bus',
-    speedUnit: 'kmh',
     routeLabel: rioRouteLabel,
   }),
   Object.freeze({
@@ -788,10 +782,9 @@ export const TRANSIT_FEED_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     terms: Object.freeze({
       quote:
         'This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License',
-      note: 'Same catalog terms, [beta] label and gateway limits as the bus feed. The fleet is operated by Mobi-Rio and tracked by SONDA, whose data SMTR relays. Speeds are km/h here too (peak 62 in the same snapshot). Route ids are opaque (`20000501110` is line 50) and are joined to the same `routes.txt` as the buses.',
+      note: 'Same catalog terms, [beta] label and gateway limits as the bus feed. The fleet is operated by Mobi-Rio and tracked by SONDA, whose data SMTR relays. Speeds are m/s here too. Route ids are opaque (`20000501110` is line 50) and are joined to the same `routes.txt` as the buses.',
     }),
     defaultMode: 'bus',
-    speedUnit: 'kmh',
     routeLabel: rioRouteLabel,
   }),
 ]);
diff --git a/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs b/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
index 8333207d5..dbae35c24 100644
--- a/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
@@ -535,14 +535,13 @@ test('the Rio route table is a clean join of published keys to names', () => {
   }
 });
 
-test('Rio feeds are CC BY 4.0, live, and declare the km/h speeds they publish', () => {
+test('Rio feeds are CC BY 4.0 and live', () => {
   for (const id of ['smtr-rio-onibus', 'smtr-rio-brt']) {
     const feed = getTransitFeed(id);
     assert.equal(feed.defaultEnabled, true, `${id} is live`);
     assert.equal(feed.license, 'CC BY 4.0');
     assert.match(feed.licenseUrl, /^https:\/\/www\.data\.rio\/documents\//);
     assert.match(feed.attribution, /Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro/);
-    assert.equal(feed.speedUnit, 'kmh', `${id} publishes km/h`);
     assert.equal(transitModeFor(feed, null), 'bus');
   }
   const sources = readFileSync(
diff --git a/src/data/transitProxy.js b/src/data/transitProxy.js
index 2923c9c32..458240e9d 100644
--- a/src/data/transitProxy.js
+++ b/src/data/transitProxy.js
@@ -224,25 +224,6 @@ export function repairVehicleTimestamps(vehicles, headerTimestamp, fetchedAtS) {
   });
 }
 
-/**
- * Bring a feed's speeds to the m/s the spec requires. A feed registered with
- * `speedUnit: 'kmh'` publishes km/h in `Position.speed`, and read as m/s a
- * 44 km/h bus would be reported at 158 km/h. Converting here, once, keeps every
- * consumer of `speedMps` honest without each one knowing about the feed.
- *
- * @param {object} feed Registry entry.
- * @param {object[]} vehicles Normalized vehicle records.
- * @returns {object[]}
- */
-export function normalizeFeedSpeeds(feed, vehicles) {
-  if (feed?.speedUnit !== 'kmh') return vehicles;
-  return vehicles.map((vehicle) =>
-    Number.isFinite(vehicle.speedMps)
-      ? { ...vehicle, speedMps: vehicle.speedMps / 3.6 }
-      : vehicle,
-  );
-}
-
 /**
  * Decode upstream bytes into the JSON snapshot the browser consumes.
  *
@@ -276,7 +257,7 @@ export function buildTransitSnapshot(feed, bytes, now = Date.now()) {
     truncated: decoded.truncated,
     count: decoded.vehicles.length,
     vehicles: repairVehicleTimestamps(
-      normalizeFeedSpeeds(feed, decoded.vehicles),
+      decoded.vehicles,
       decoded.timestamp,
       Math.floor(now / 1000),
     ),
diff --git a/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs b/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs
index 445e658f2..07911a939 100644
--- a/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs
@@ -285,29 +285,14 @@ test('the snapshot builder fills timestamps from the header it decoded', () => {
   assert.equal(snapshot.feedTimestamp, 1_700_000_000);
 });
 
-test('a feed that publishes km/h has its speeds converted to m/s, and only that feed', () => {
-  // Rio's SMTR feeds put km/h in Position.speed; read as m/s, a 36 km/h bus
-  // would be reported at 130 km/h.
+test('Rio speeds pass through as the m/s they are published in', () => {
+  // SMTR publishes m/s, as the spec requires: checked against how far
+  // vehicles moved between reports on 2026-11-05.
   const bytes = encodeFeed({
-    entities: [
-      { id: 'moving', lat: -22.9, lon: -43.2, speed: 36 },
-      { id: 'still', lat: -22.9, lon: -43.2, speed: 0 },
-      { id: 'silent', lat: -22.9, lon: -43.2 },
-    ],
+    entities: [{ id: 'moving', lat: -22.9, lon: -43.2, speed: 10 }],
   });
   const rio = buildTransitSnapshot(getTransitFeed('smtr-rio-onibus'), bytes, 1);
-  const speeds = Object.fromEntries(
-    rio.vehicles.map((vehicle) => [vehicle.id, vehicle.speedMps]),
-  );
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(speeds.moving - 10) < 1e-6, '36 km/h is 10 m/s');
-  assert.equal(speeds.still, 0);
-  assert.equal(speeds.silent, null, 'an absent speed stays absent');
-  const mbta = buildTransitSnapshot(getTransitFeed('mbta'), bytes, 1);
-  assert.equal(
-    mbta.vehicles.find((vehicle) => vehicle.id === 'moving').speedMps,
-    36,
-    'a spec-conforming feed is left alone',
-  );
+  assert.equal(rio.vehicles[0].speedMps, 10);
 });
 
 test('conditional-request validators and gzip ride along with feed identification', () => {

From 70f405cf1b448e1543b4df527f15a35d556e55f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 13:48:11 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 120/262] chore(transit): register rioRouteNames.js in the
 package and format scopes

---
 scripts/format-scope.json       | 1 +
 scripts/package-boundaries.json | 8 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index 2c589d8cc..b390581d0 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -786,6 +786,7 @@
   "server/providers/transit.js",
   "server/providers/transitHistory.js",
   "server/providers/transitHistory.test.mjs",
+  "src/data/rioRouteNames.js",
   "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
   "src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs",
   "src/data/transitProxy.js",
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index d008ceaaa..a70878bd1 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -2954,6 +2954,7 @@
       "src/app/layers/transit.js",
       "src/data/transit.js",
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/data/rioRouteNames.js",
       "src/data/transitIcons.js",
       "src/data/transitPresetStyle.js",
       "src/layers/transit/controls.js",
@@ -3704,6 +3705,7 @@
       "src/sources/nominatim.js",
       "src/app/layers/transit.js",
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/data/rioRouteNames.js",
       "src/data/transitIcons.js",
       "src/data/transitPresetStyle.js",
       "src/layers/transit/controls.js",
@@ -4465,6 +4467,7 @@
       "server/providers/transitHistory.js",
       "src/data/gtfsRealtime.js",
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/data/rioRouteNames.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/transitProxy.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
@@ -4481,6 +4484,7 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/data/gtfsRealtime.js",
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/data/rioRouteNames.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/transitProxy.js",
       "src/sources/transitHistory.js"
@@ -4514,6 +4518,7 @@
       "src/data/terrainHeights.js",
       "src/data/transit.js",
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/data/rioRouteNames.js",
       "src/data/transitIcons.js",
       "src/data/transitPresetStyle.js",
       "src/data/transitProxy.js",
@@ -4572,6 +4577,7 @@
       "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/data/rioRouteNames.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/transitIcons.js",
       "src/data/transitPresetStyle.js",
@@ -4629,6 +4635,7 @@
     "exports": ["./sources/transit-service"],
     "modules": [
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/data/rioRouteNames.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/transitProxy.js",
       "src/data/gtfsRealtime.js",
@@ -4873,6 +4880,7 @@
       "src/tools/surfaces.js",
       "src/layers/transit/policy.js",
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/data/rioRouteNames.js",
       "src/layers/transit/movement.js",
       "src/data/contactPlayback.js",
       "src/data/layerSnapshot.js",

From ef4b319f975dcd1515997101226311127867267e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Manjunath <manjunath@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 15:57:09 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 121/262] docs(changelog): credit the review behind the
 follow-ups

---
 changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md b/changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md
index 676dfebf3..4ac444023 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1532-globe-in-view.md
@@ -5,5 +5,7 @@
   instead of turning the camera; a camera move that ends above it with no
   planet surface in view (inside the scope keyhole when the scope is on) turns
   straight down; and voice tilt and turns from orbit stop while the planet is
-  still on screen and say so instead of reporting a turn they could not make
-  (Manjunath, @manjunath22466, #1532).
+  still on screen and say so instead of reporting a turn they could not make.
+  Thanks to [Chad Elliott](https://github.com/THEtheChad) for the review that
+  closed the drag path and kept authored scenes framed (Manjunath,
+  @manjunath22466, #1532).

From ed0ad9cf0ff1f92e86d992c99f41ccc40cc1ce22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 14:32:39 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 122/262] Add the changelog entry for #1581

---
 changelog.d/1581-new-strings-translations.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1581-new-strings-translations.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1581-new-strings-translations.md b/changelog.d/1581-new-strings-translations.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..946e8abb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1581-new-strings-translations.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Fix the translations of the voice area cards, the fire confidence filter,
+  the drone airspace layer and Sea Marks: one word for "landmark" per
+  language, the airspace layer names the airspace again, and Traditional
+  Chinese follows Simplified Chinese again (German, @gekh, #1581).

From e5ab5f945a3ea5ae28c21a200a63fd2277f4d0dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quanticsoul4772 <71096528+quanticsoul4772@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 05:43:36 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 123/262] test(nominatim): share one POSIX guard and say the
 cache is private only on POSIX

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 src/tooling/nominatimOutlineRoute.test.mjs | 19 ++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/tooling/nominatimOutlineRoute.test.mjs b/src/tooling/nominatimOutlineRoute.test.mjs
index 774099efe..74f0b2d6a 100644
--- a/src/tooling/nominatimOutlineRoute.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/nominatimOutlineRoute.test.mjs
@@ -684,29 +684,34 @@ test('the disk cache survives a restart and stays within its bounds', async () =
     await createNominatimCache({ dir, now: time.now }).get('k0'),
     null,
   );
-  // Windows has no POSIX mode bits (directories stat as 0o666), so only
-  // POSIX systems can check privacy this way.
-  if (process.platform !== 'win32')
+  // The cache is private only through POSIX mode bits. Windows has none
+  // (directories stat as 0o666) and the cache keeps the checkout's ACLs,
+  // so these checks run, and privacy holds, only on POSIX systems.
+  const posixModes = process.platform !== 'win32';
+  if (posixModes) {
     assert.equal(
       fs.statSync(dir).mode & 0o777,
       0o700,
-      'the query cache directory is private',
+      'the query cache directory is private (POSIX modes)',
     );
+  }
   const text = fs
     .readdirSync(dir)
     .filter((name) => name.endsWith('.json'))
     .map((name) => fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir, name), 'utf8'))
     .join('\n');
   assert.equal(text.includes('k4'), false, 'disk entries never store raw keys');
-  if (process.platform !== 'win32')
+  if (posixModes) {
     for (const name of fs
       .readdirSync(dir)
-      .filter((entry) => entry.endsWith('.json')))
+      .filter((entry) => entry.endsWith('.json'))) {
       assert.equal(
         fs.statSync(path.join(dir, name)).mode & 0o777,
         0o600,
-        `${name} is private`,
+        `${name} is private (POSIX modes)`,
       );
+    }
+  }
   fs.rmSync(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
 });
 

From df87419e64815164062637b00769c502999a3bb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: quanticsoul4772 <71096528+quanticsoul4772@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 05:43:42 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 124/262] test(tools): pin the raw near-360 satellite azimuths
 and list the tools with the heading helper

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md            |  9 ++++-----
 src/tools/queries/environment.js |  1 +
 src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index e546fd563..d03064e8f 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -246,10 +246,9 @@ perimeters, terrain height, military installations and map features, plus a
 combined situation brief, military awareness around a point, the app's heads-up display caption, and a link that
 opens the app over an area. Tools reuse the layers' portable source factories, take a
 shared `area` argument (place name, bounding box, or point and radius) and cap
-lists at 25 rows by default. Vessel `course_deg` and `heading_deg`, aircraft
-`course_deg`, transit `bearing_deg`, camera `heading_deg` and satellite
-`rise_azimuth_deg` and `azimuth_deg` are whole degrees from 0 to 359; a
-direction that rounds to 360 reads 0, and larger or negative values wrap. `aircraft_in_area` and `vessels_in_area` can also
+lists at 25 rows by default. Their whole-degree directions round through
+`roundHeadingDegrees`, listed with the heading readouts below.
+`aircraft_in_area` and `vessels_in_area` can also
 count every match by a field (`group_by`: airline, read from the ICAO
 designator in the callsign, or operator, country or type for aircraft; type or
 destination for ships; the ten largest groups, then other and unknown counts;
@@ -6091,7 +6090,7 @@ apply to `public/` assets or built-preview serving.
 - **Cockpit camera anchor:** first-person mode does not write feed-boundary corrections directly into the camera. A cockpit-only inertial anchor advances from the selected aircraft's displayed course and speed, then converges toward the authoritative delayed track with correction capped below forward motion. The displayed kinematics are derived from the same consecutive fix segment as the rendered position, with raw feed speed/course used only as fallback; a transient zero/missing feed speed therefore cannot freeze a visibly moving aircraft after layer enable or a map/cockpit handoff. Rendered altitude continues to come from that interpolated track position. Late ADS-B fixes and short render stalls can remove drift without accelerating or reversing the view. Camera placement runs before scene update/culling at a bounded 20 Hz so a moving cockpit does not force Photoreal 3D Tiles to retraverse on every display frame; textual instruments update at 10 Hz and context/layout work at 4 Hz. Every far Cockpit contact pip shares one stable Cesium texture-atlas entry and skips unused screen-projected course calculations, while only in-range 2D aircraft silhouettes pay the screen-projected rotation cost; ambient glTF collections are hidden/retained rather than synchronously destroyed at cockpit entry, and context rails lay out only on explicit content/state changes and viewport resize. The deliberate 15/30-second layer interpolation delays and per-Cesium-frame position caches remain unchanged.
 - **Cockpit route, vision, and view controls:** visible on-screen `COCKPIT`, `RESET`, and `EXIT COCKPIT` controls replace reliance on the `C` shortcut. RESET uses the same canonical globe route as the map and voice actions, exits Cockpit, and releases its camera ownership rather than exposing the hidden map-style top action. When the tracked commercial flight has a plausible ADSBDB route, the top of the right briefing rail shows a compact `FROM → TO` airport strip and the visor shows a centered estimated-destination chevron with its relative bearing; its destination label rounds to whole degrees in 000–359, wrapping rounded north to 000° while the chevron continues to use the relative bearing independently of label rounding; absent or implausible route data hides the strip and cue rather than guessing. The cockpit-local vision control is an interactive `PREV / CURRENT / NEXT` carousel over `NORMAL`, `CRT`, `NVG`, `FLIR`, `ANIME`, and `NOIR`; its previous/next actions wrap, and activating the current value advances to the next style. Cockpit enters on the active map preset, so a Cyber FLIR map opens Cockpit on FLIR while Normal remains a distinct option instead of producing a second FLIR entry. Cockpit choices temporarily activate the existing Cesium post-process stages, while exiting Cockpit through either EXIT or RESET restores the pre-entry map style. The regional-news page uses a free Google News RSS locality query first, with the existing GDELT query retained only as a fail-soft fallback; linked headlines remain reporting, not verified incidents or risk intelligence.
 - Cockpit wind-direction labels wrap after rounding to whole degrees, so a direction of 359.5° displays as `N · 0°` rather than `N · 360°`.
-- The transit, ALPR, vessel, CCTV, Local ADS-B, flight and military context, awareness, Cockpit and Street Level heading readouts round through `roundHeadingDegrees` in `src/data/headingDegrees.js` (whole degrees 0–359, `null` when not finite, so each caller keeps its own placeholder); `normalizeHeading` lives there too and `cockpitMath.js` re-exports it. The Cockpit's `TRACK ACQUIRED` signal uses `formatHeadingReadout`, so a 359.6° track reads `COURSE 000°`.
+- The transit, ALPR, vessel, CCTV, Local ADS-B, flight and military context, awareness, Cockpit and Street Level heading readouts, and the query tools' vessel `course_deg` and `heading_deg`, aircraft `course_deg`, transit `bearing_deg`, camera `heading_deg` and satellite `rise_azimuth_deg` and `azimuth_deg`, round through `roundHeadingDegrees` in `src/data/headingDegrees.js` (whole degrees 0–359, `null` when not finite, so each caller keeps its own placeholder); `normalizeHeading` lives there too and `cockpitMath.js` re-exports it. The Cockpit's `TRACK ACQUIRED` signal uses `formatHeadingReadout`, so a 359.6° track reads `COURSE 000°`.
 - **Cockpit missing observations:** missing local weather observations remain unknown rather than being converted to zero or clear skies, in the briefing and in the cloud effects; a missing temperature drops the whole local weather record, including its wind and condition.
 - **Cockpit weather status:** the earlier multi-canvas atmospheric compositor remains fail-closed and is not attached to the live viewer. Cockpit clouds are a separate transparent WebGL pass with a capped 520×320 framebuffer, 24 ray steps, three FBM octaves, and a 12 FPS ceiling. It defaults off and starts only when local storage explicitly contains the persisted `WX ON` opt-in (`'1'`). When opted in, observations refresh after five minutes or 25 km of aircraft movement, fail transparent when unavailable or clear, and stop on exit or disable. `WX OFF` governs atmospheric rendering only: the briefing still fetches source-backed Natural Earth region, headline, and Open-Meteo local-information data, aborting and replacing any in-flight request when the selected aircraft changes. No weather effect runs in map mode and no synthetic fallback is shown.
 - **Cockpit trail visibility:** entering cockpit hides the selected aircraft's trail body and head so they cannot cross the first-person view; exit restores them. This cockpit-only presentation change does not alter the normal map-mode invariant that aircraft trails render through terrain using their depth-fail material.
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/environment.js b/src/tools/queries/environment.js
index 08db732fc..0af696e36 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/environment.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/environment.js
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ function weatherRow(weather) {
     precipitation_mm: weather.precipitationMm ?? null,
     cloud_cover_pct: weather.cloudCoverPct ?? null,
     wind_kph: weather.windKph ?? null,
+    // Raw Open-Meteo value, like the fields above; it reports north as 360.
     wind_direction_deg: weather.windDirectionDeg ?? null,
     visibility_m: weather.visibilityM ?? null,
   };
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
index 0e44fe208..41394e305 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import { twoline2satrec } from 'satellite.js';
 import { composeCatalog, coreTools } from '../index.js';
+import {
+  findNextSatellitePass,
+  lookAnglesAt,
+} from '../../data/satellitePass.js';
 import {
   noradIdFromSatnum,
   parseTleText,
@@ -301,7 +305,20 @@ test('satellite azimuths that round to 360 read as 0', async () => {
     tools: coreTools,
     services: { satellites: satellites(), clock: CLOCK },
   });
-  // From these points the ISS rises at 359.7° and stands at 359.8° at CLOCK.
+  // These points are chosen so the ISS's raw azimuths fall just below 360°;
+  // pin that first, so the test cannot pass on a raw value already near 0.
+  const [, line1, line2] = TLE.split('\n');
+  const iss = twoline2satrec(line1, line2);
+  const nearNorth = (deg) => deg > 359.5 && deg < 360;
+  const rawPass = findNextSatellitePass({
+    satrec: iss,
+    latDeg: 10,
+    lonDeg: 30,
+    fromMs: CLOCK.now(),
+  });
+  assert.ok(nearNorth(rawPass.riseAzDeg), `rise ${rawPass.riseAzDeg}°`);
+  const rawLook = lookAnglesAt(iss, CLOCK.now(), 39.25, 65.75);
+  assert.ok(nearNorth(rawLook.azDeg), `azimuth ${rawLook.azDeg}°`);
   const pass = await catalog.call('next_satellite_pass', {
     location: { lat: 10, lon: 30 },
   });

From e4fda9d4e6d7f0d5c8cc8bfba82dd33d959dbc64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mert Kaya <47145541+mertkayacs@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 17:39:34 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 125/262] fix(geocode): preserve non-Latin names in keyless
 search

---
 changelog.d/1585-keyless-unicode-search.md  |   3 +
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                       |   6 +-
 scripts/package-boundaries.json             |   1 +
 src/data/fixtures/README.md                 |   5 +
 src/data/fixtures/photon-moscow-search.json | 110 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/keylessGeocoder.js                      |  16 ++-
 src/keylessGeocoder.test.mjs                |  37 ++++++-
 7 files changed, 166 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1585-keyless-unicode-search.md
 create mode 100644 src/data/fixtures/photon-moscow-search.json

diff --git a/changelog.d/1585-keyless-unicode-search.md b/changelog.d/1585-keyless-unicode-search.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..276ade93f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1585-keyless-unicode-search.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Keep keyless place search on a nearby exact match for names written in
+  non-Latin scripts instead of discarding the match and retrying without its
+  proximity ranking (Mert Kaya, @mertkayacs, #PRNUM).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index f1244947d..45fe2999e 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5720,8 +5720,10 @@ HTTP refusals and outages remain retryable. Searches share a 12-second total
 deadline, with Photon requests capped at six seconds each. Caller/application
 cancellation stops retries and late cache writes. Replacing a location search
 cancels the previous lookup; disposing its controls cancels the active lookup. Photon uses a soft proximity bias, up to five
-candidates, and an unbiased retry for name mismatches. A "place, region" query
-prefers a candidate named exactly for the place whose city, county, state,
+candidates, and an unbiased retry for name mismatches. Name comparison folds
+Latin accents while preserving letters and marks in other scripts, so an exact
+non-Latin name keeps its proximity ranking. A "place, region" query prefers a
+candidate named exactly for the place whose city, county, state,
 country or country code (or USA/UK) contains every word of the region, and a
 settlement or administrative area over a POI when both fit. Nearby results that
 fail that check are retried unbiased. After the region checks of both passes, a
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index d008ceaaa..72652d8da 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -552,6 +552,7 @@
       "src/search/placeSearch.js",
       "src/search/google.js",
       "src/keylessGeocoder.js",
+      "src/data/placeNames.js",
       "src/search/geospatial.js",
       "src/search/http.js",
       "src/search/defaults.js",
diff --git a/src/data/fixtures/README.md b/src/data/fixtures/README.md
index e9dd55f50..257eaf8a5 100644
--- a/src/data/fixtures/README.md
+++ b/src/data/fixtures/README.md
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 # Test fixtures
 
+- `photon-moscow-search.json` - Photon responses for `Москва`, captured
+  2026-11-05 with and without a proximity bias near the Tajikistan namesake.
+  The fixture is trimmed to the fields the keyless geocoder consumes and is
+  used only by offline search tests. Data from OpenStreetMap contributors,
+  ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright).
 - `tomtom-flow-austin-12-935-1686.pbf` — one real TomTom traffic-flow vector
   tile (Mapbox Vector Tile protobuf, layer `"Traffic flow"`), downtown Austin
   z12 x935 y1686, captured 2026-07-16 from
diff --git a/src/data/fixtures/photon-moscow-search.json b/src/data/fixtures/photon-moscow-search.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b1a4d25a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/fixtures/photon-moscow-search.json
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+{
+  "biased": {
+    "features": [
+      {
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": "Point",
+          "coordinates": [71.8339931, 38.948412]
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": "Москва",
+          "country": "Тоҷикистон"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": "Point",
+          "coordinates": [37.6063916, 55.625578]
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": "Москва",
+          "country": "Россия"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": "Point",
+          "coordinates": [37.6174782, 55.7505412]
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": "Москва",
+          "country": "Россия"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": "Point",
+          "coordinates": [37.0536908, 55.7098009]
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": "Москва",
+          "country": "Россия"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": "Point",
+          "coordinates": [32.163334, 56.917778]
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": "Москва",
+          "country": "Россия"
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "unbiased": {
+    "features": [
+      {
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": "Point",
+          "coordinates": [37.6063916, 55.625578]
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": "Москва",
+          "country": "Россия"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": "Point",
+          "coordinates": [37.6174782, 55.7505412]
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": "Москва",
+          "country": "Россия"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": "Point",
+          "coordinates": [37.0536908, 55.7098009]
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": "Москва",
+          "country": "Россия"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": "Point",
+          "coordinates": [32.163334, 56.917778]
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": "Москва",
+          "country": "Россия"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "geometry": {
+          "type": "Point",
+          "coordinates": [71.8339931, 38.948412]
+        },
+        "properties": {
+          "name": "Москва",
+          "country": "Тоҷикистон"
+        }
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/keylessGeocoder.js b/src/keylessGeocoder.js
index 4e01f1c74..eb881f970 100644
--- a/src/keylessGeocoder.js
+++ b/src/keylessGeocoder.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { foldPlaceName } from './data/placeNames.js';
+
 /** Photon/OpenStreetMap place-search adapter. */
 const PHOTON_ENDPOINT = 'https://photon.komoot.io/api/';
 
@@ -233,19 +235,15 @@ export function photonSearchUrl(
 }
 
 /**
- * Place name reduced to comparable form: unaccented, lowercased, punctuation
- * collapsed to single spaces. "Huế" and "Hue" have to compare equal, because a
- * user typing either means the same city.
+ * Place name reduced to comparable form: lowercased, Latin accents removed,
+ * other scripts preserved, and punctuation collapsed to single spaces. "Huế"
+ * and "Hue" have to compare equal, because a user typing either means the same
+ * city.
  * @param {string} text
  * @returns {string}
  */
 export function normalizeToponym(text) {
-  return String(text ?? '')
-    .normalize('NFD')
-    .replace(/[\u0300-\u036f]/g, '')
-    .toLowerCase()
-    .replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, ' ')
-    .trim();
+  return foldPlaceName(text);
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/keylessGeocoder.test.mjs b/src/keylessGeocoder.test.mjs
index 95098a10c..e4c762f62 100644
--- a/src/keylessGeocoder.test.mjs
+++ b/src/keylessGeocoder.test.mjs
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ import {
 import { geocodeNavigationMode } from './locations.js';
 
 const ROOT = path.resolve(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '..');
+const MOSCOW_RESPONSES = JSON.parse(
+  fs.readFileSync(
+    path.join(ROOT, 'src/data/fixtures/photon-moscow-search.json'),
+    'utf8',
+  ),
+);
 
 /** Photon's real answer for "Hanoi", trimmed to the fields we consume. */
 const HANOI = {
@@ -223,7 +229,6 @@ const HUE = {
     extent: [107.3763, 16.7739, 108.0518, 16.1276],
   },
 };
-
 /** Answers biased requests with `nearby`, unbiased ones with `anywhere`. */
 function photonPair(nearby, anywhere) {
   const urls = [];
@@ -249,6 +254,36 @@ test('a biased near-miss is refused, and the unbiased answer is taken instead',
   assert.equal(fetchImpl.urls.length, 2, 'the refused bias costs exactly one extra request');
 });
 
+test('a non-Latin exact match keeps the nearby namesake', async () => {
+  const fetchImpl = photonPair(
+    MOSCOW_RESPONSES.biased.features,
+    MOSCOW_RESPONSES.unbiased.features,
+  );
+
+  const result = await geocodeKeyless('Москва', {
+    bias: '38.90,71.80|39.00,71.90',
+    fetchImpl,
+  });
+
+  assert.equal(result.label, 'Москва, Тоҷикистон');
+  assert.equal(fetchImpl.urls.length, 1);
+});
+
+test('toponym folding preserves non-Latin scripts', () => {
+  const cases = [
+    ['Huế', 'hue'],
+    ['Москва', 'москва'],
+    ['Αθήνα', 'αθήνα'],
+    ['القاهرة', 'القاهرة'],
+    ['東京', '東京'],
+    ['São 東京', 'sao 東京'],
+  ];
+
+  for (const [input, expected] of cases) {
+    assert.equal(normalizeToponym(input), expected, input);
+  }
+});
+
 test('a biased match that leads with the name is taken without a second request', async () => {
   // The other half of the rule, and the reason bias exists at all: "Sixth
   // Street" over Austin must stay Austin's.

From bc65c274da4418edc80df8d3b4fa3b1ed4bb42aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Said Turksever <asturksever@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 17:13:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 126/262] fix(geocode): keep a leading "the" in keyless name
 matching
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

foldPlaceName drops a leading "the", so "The Hague" over upstate New
York accepted Hague, NY as an exact nearby match. Split the script-aware
fold into foldPlaceText and use it for keyless toponyms; foldPlaceName
keeps its behaviour for the packs and street matchers.

Also: changelog fragment credits #1585, folding test pins the Latin
letters NFD does not decompose (ß, ø, ł), and CURRENT-STATE notes that
non-Latin names match only when spelled with their marks.
---
 changelog.d/1585-keyless-unicode-search.md |  2 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                      |  5 ++--
 src/data/placeNames.js                     | 28 +++++++++++++++-------
 src/keylessGeocoder.js                     |  4 ++--
 src/keylessGeocoder.test.mjs               | 23 ++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1585-keyless-unicode-search.md b/changelog.d/1585-keyless-unicode-search.md
index 276ade93f..1f8b3af41 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1585-keyless-unicode-search.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1585-keyless-unicode-search.md
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 - Keep keyless place search on a nearby exact match for names written in
   non-Latin scripts instead of discarding the match and retrying without its
-  proximity ranking (Mert Kaya, @mertkayacs, #PRNUM).
+  proximity ranking (mertkayacs, #1585).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 45fe2999e..d60b351cc 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5721,8 +5721,9 @@ deadline, with Photon requests capped at six seconds each. Caller/application
 cancellation stops retries and late cache writes. Replacing a location search
 cancels the previous lookup; disposing its controls cancels the active lookup. Photon uses a soft proximity bias, up to five
 candidates, and an unbiased retry for name mismatches. Name comparison folds
-Latin accents while preserving letters and marks in other scripts, so an exact
-non-Latin name keeps its proximity ranking. A "place, region" query prefers a
+Latin accents while preserving letters and marks in other scripts, so a
+non-Latin name spelled exactly, marks included, keeps its proximity ranking. A
+leading "the" counts: "The Hague" does not take a nearby "Hague". A "place, region" query prefers a
 candidate named exactly for the place whose city, county, state,
 country or country code (or USA/UK) contains every word of the region, and a
 settlement or administrative area over a POI when both fit. Nearby results that
diff --git a/src/data/placeNames.js b/src/data/placeNames.js
index 300d09209..90b458dd3 100644
--- a/src/data/placeNames.js
+++ b/src/data/placeNames.js
@@ -11,17 +11,16 @@ const FOLD = {
 };
 
 /**
- * Comparable form of a place name, shared by the bundled packs, the
- * OpenFreeMap street and grounds matchers and the Nominatim server: case
- * folded, accents removed from Latin letters only, punctuation and symbols
- * collapsed to single spaces, and a leading "the" dropped. Other scripts keep
- * their marks, so "कुल मार्ग" and "काली मार्ग" stay distinct while "São Paulo",
- * "sao paulo" and "SÃO PAULO!" meet.
+ * Script-aware fold of a place name: case folded, accents removed from Latin
+ * letters only, punctuation and symbols collapsed to single spaces. Other
+ * scripts keep their marks, so "कुल मार्ग" and "काली मार्ग" stay distinct while
+ * "São Paulo", "sao paulo" and "SÃO PAULO!" meet. Every word is kept: "The
+ * Hague" is not "Hague".
  *
  * @param {unknown} value
  * @returns {string}
  */
-export function foldPlaceName(value) {
+export function foldPlaceText(value) {
   return String(value ?? '')
     .toLowerCase()
     .replace(/[ßøæłđıœþ]/g, (c) => FOLD[c])
@@ -29,8 +28,19 @@ export function foldPlaceName(value) {
     .replace(/(\p{Script=Latin})\p{M}+/gu, '$1')
     .normalize('NFKC')
     .replace(/[^\p{L}\p{M}\p{N}]+/gu, ' ')
-    .trim()
-    .replace(/^the /, '');
+    .trim();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Comparable form of a place name, shared by the bundled packs, the
+ * OpenFreeMap street and grounds matchers and the Nominatim server:
+ * `foldPlaceText` with a leading "the" dropped.
+ *
+ * @param {unknown} value
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function foldPlaceName(value) {
+  return foldPlaceText(value).replace(/^the /, '');
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/keylessGeocoder.js b/src/keylessGeocoder.js
index eb881f970..3a5cd0035 100644
--- a/src/keylessGeocoder.js
+++ b/src/keylessGeocoder.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { foldPlaceName } from './data/placeNames.js';
+import { foldPlaceText } from './data/placeNames.js';
 
 /** Photon/OpenStreetMap place-search adapter. */
 const PHOTON_ENDPOINT = 'https://photon.komoot.io/api/';
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ export function photonSearchUrl(
  * @returns {string}
  */
 export function normalizeToponym(text) {
-  return foldPlaceName(text);
+  return foldPlaceText(text);
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/keylessGeocoder.test.mjs b/src/keylessGeocoder.test.mjs
index e4c762f62..7f50ebc2e 100644
--- a/src/keylessGeocoder.test.mjs
+++ b/src/keylessGeocoder.test.mjs
@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ const HUE = {
     extent: [107.3763, 16.7739, 108.0518, 16.1276],
   },
 };
+
 /** Answers biased requests with `nearby`, unbiased ones with `anywhere`. */
 function photonPair(nearby, anywhere) {
   const urls = [];
@@ -277,6 +278,10 @@ test('toponym folding preserves non-Latin scripts', () => {
     ['القاهرة', 'القاهرة'],
     ['東京', '東京'],
     ['São 東京', 'sao 東京'],
+    ['Straße', 'strasse'],
+    ['Tromsø', 'tromso'],
+    ['Łódź', 'lodz'],
+    ['The Hague', 'the hague'],
   ];
 
   for (const [input, expected] of cases) {
@@ -284,6 +289,24 @@ test('toponym folding preserves non-Latin scripts', () => {
   }
 });
 
+test('a leading "the" is part of the name a nearby match must equal', async () => {
+  // "The Hague" over upstate New York means the Dutch city, not Hague, NY.
+  const hagueNy = {
+    geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [-73.5004, 43.6967] },
+    properties: { osm_key: 'place', osm_value: 'town', type: 'city', name: 'Hague', country: 'United States' },
+  };
+  const theHague = {
+    geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [4.3113, 52.0799] },
+    properties: { osm_key: 'place', osm_value: 'city', type: 'city', name: 'The Hague', country: 'Nederland' },
+  };
+  const fetchImpl = photonPair([hagueNy], [theHague]);
+
+  const result = await geocodeKeyless('The Hague', { bias: '43.65,-73.55|43.75,-73.45', fetchImpl });
+
+  assert.equal(Math.round(result.lat), 52, `got ${result.label}`);
+  assert.equal(fetchImpl.urls.length, 2);
+});
+
 test('a biased match that leads with the name is taken without a second request', async () => {
   // The other half of the rule, and the reason bias exists at all: "Sixth
   // Street" over Austin must stay Austin's.

From 655d93cc925cb6e0a08c20f4e2e4cfb05712e0c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 21:21:02 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 127/262] Keep a newer camera view when a failed Space Missions
 entry rolls back

---
 src/layers/launches/controls.js          |   2 +
 src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs | 107 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js         |  47 ++++++++--
 src/layers/launches/selection.js         |   8 +-
 src/layers/launches/state.js             |   2 +
 5 files changed, 154 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/launches/controls.js b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
index b0dc035cb..95a212a73 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
     /** Release only Space Mission camera ownership, preserving layer and selection state. */
     releaseCameraOwnership() {
+      // A failed entry no longer gives back the view it replaced.
+      layerState._entryCameraView = null;
       parts.panel.clearMissionRosterHover();
       parts.replay.stopMissionReplay();
       parts.selection.stopMissionZoomAnchor();
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
index f8b760dde..b82663597 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
@@ -57,17 +57,29 @@ function fakeCamera() {
     roll: 0,
     flights: 0,
     cancelled: 0,
+    flight: null,
     get positionWC() {
       return camera.position;
     },
-    flyTo({ destination }) {
+    // Like Cesium, a new flight cancels the one in progress.
+    flyTo({ destination, complete, cancel }) {
+      camera.flight?.cancel?.();
+      camera.flight = { complete, cancel };
       camera.flights += 1;
       camera.position = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(destination);
       camera.heading = 0;
       camera.pitch = -Math.PI / 2;
     },
+    land() {
+      const flight = camera.flight;
+      camera.flight = null;
+      flight?.complete?.();
+    },
     cancelFlight() {
       camera.cancelled += 1;
+      const flight = camera.flight;
+      camera.flight = null;
+      flight?.cancel?.();
     },
     setView({ destination, orientation }) {
       camera.position = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(destination);
@@ -81,11 +93,12 @@ function fakeCamera() {
 
 async function fixture(t) {
   const upstream = { status: 429, results: [launchRecord] };
-  const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
+  const server = http.createServer(async (req, res) => {
     if (req.url === '/api/celestrak/active') {
       res.end('');
       return;
     }
+    if (upstream.hold) await upstream.hold;
     if (upstream.status !== 200) {
       res.writeHead(upstream.status, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
       res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: 'Launch Library 2 unavailable' }));
@@ -134,8 +147,13 @@ async function fixture(t) {
     },
     replay: { stopMissionReplay: noop, presentReplay: () => null },
     selection: {
-      focusFullGlobe: (target) =>
-        target.camera.flyTo({ destination: new Cesium.Cartesian3(9, 9, 9) }),
+      focusFullGlobe(target, flight) {
+        target.camera.flyTo({
+          destination: new Cesium.Cartesian3(9, 9, 9),
+          ...flight,
+        });
+        return true;
+      },
       setSelectedMission: noop,
       focusMission: noop,
       stopMissionZoomAnchor: noop,
@@ -284,6 +302,87 @@ test('a Context-panel Space Missions entry that gets HTTP 429 restores the previ
   assert.deepEqual(f.view(), before);
 });
 
+// Holds the /api/launches reply until the returned release is called.
+function holdReply(f) {
+  let release;
+  f.upstream.hold = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    release = resolve;
+  });
+  return () => {
+    f.upstream.hold = null;
+    release();
+  };
+}
+
+async function untilFlown(f) {
+  for (let i = 0; i < 200 && f.camera.flights === 0; i++)
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 5));
+  assert.ok(f.camera.flights > 0, 'the entry started its full-globe flight');
+}
+
+test('a landed entry flight still gives the view back after a failed first load', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('earthquakes', true, { origin: 'user' });
+  const before = f.view();
+  const release = holdReply(f);
+
+  const entering = f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, {
+    origin: 'user',
+  });
+  await untilFlown(f);
+  f.camera.land();
+
+  release();
+  assert.equal(await entering, false);
+  await f.settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(f.view(), before);
+});
+
+test('a camera move after the entry flight survives a failed first load', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('earthquakes', true, { origin: 'user' });
+  const release = holdReply(f);
+
+  const entering = f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, {
+    origin: 'user',
+  });
+  await untilFlown(f);
+  f.camera.land();
+  // The user drags the globe while the mission index is still loading.
+  f.camera.setView({
+    destination: new Cesium.Cartesian3(7, 7, 7),
+    orientation: { heading: 0.3, pitch: -0.2, roll: 0 },
+  });
+  const moved = f.view();
+
+  release();
+  assert.equal(await entering, false);
+  await f.settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(f.view(), moved);
+});
+
+test('a navigation during a failed first load is not cancelled by the rollback', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('earthquakes', true, { origin: 'user' });
+  const release = holdReply(f);
+
+  const entering = f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, {
+    origin: 'user',
+  });
+  await untilFlown(f);
+  // Search or Home: navigation releases mission camera ownership, then flies.
+  f.missions.releaseCameraOwnership();
+  f.camera.flyTo({ destination: new Cesium.Cartesian3(5, 5, 5) });
+  const cancelled = f.camera.cancelled;
+  const navigated = f.view();
+
+  release();
+  assert.equal(await entering, false);
+  await f.settle();
+  assert.equal(f.camera.cancelled, cancelled);
+  assert.deepEqual(f.view(), navigated);
+});
+
 test('the roster reports a failed mission index instead of loading forever', async (t) => {
   const f = await fixture(t);
   await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, { origin: 'user' });
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
index cf0332823..6ef0ce4df 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
@@ -125,11 +125,29 @@ function captureCameraView(viewer) {
   };
 }
 
-/** Stop the full-globe flight and return to a captured pose. */
-function restoreCameraView(viewer, view) {
+function sameCameraView(camera, view) {
+  return (
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+      camera.positionWC,
+      view.destination,
+      0,
+      1,
+    ) &&
+    ['heading', 'pitch', 'roll'].every((key) =>
+      Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera[key], view.orientation[key], 0, 1e-6),
+    )
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return to the pose before entry while the entry's full-globe flight still
+ * holds the camera: in flight, or landed with nothing moved since.
+ */
+function restoreCameraView(viewer, view, landedView) {
   const camera = viewer?.camera;
   if (!camera) return;
-  camera.cancelFlight?.();
+  if (!landedView) camera.cancelFlight?.();
+  else if (!sameCameraView(camera, landedView)) return;
   camera.setView(view);
 }
 
@@ -228,9 +246,21 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         parts.panel.renderMissionRoster();
       }
       // Kept until the mission index loads, so an entry that never does
-      // gives the view back.
+      // gives the view back. A newer flight takes the camera and drops it.
+      const token = layerState._lifecycleToken;
       layerState._entryCameraView = captureCameraView(layerState._viewer);
-      parts.selection.focusFullGlobe(layerState._viewer);
+      layerState._entryLandedView = null;
+      const flying = parts.selection.focusFullGlobe(layerState._viewer, {
+        complete: () => {
+          if (token === layerState._lifecycleToken)
+            layerState._entryLandedView = captureCameraView(layerState._viewer);
+        },
+        cancel: () => {
+          if (token === layerState._lifecycleToken)
+            layerState._entryCameraView = null;
+        },
+      });
+      if (!flying) layerState._entryCameraView = null;
       if (layerState._selectedLaunchId)
         parts.selection.setSelectedMission(
           layerState._selectedLaunchId,
@@ -246,7 +276,12 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._enabled = false;
       const entryView = layerState._entryCameraView;
       layerState._entryCameraView = null;
-      if (entryView) restoreCameraView(layerState._viewer, entryView);
+      if (entryView)
+        restoreCameraView(
+          layerState._viewer,
+          entryView,
+          layerState._entryLandedView,
+        );
       releaseContinuousRender('rocket-launches');
       layerState._lifecycleToken++;
       layerState._updateDirty = false;
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/selection.js b/src/layers/launches/selection.js
index 813b7875f..0f7955551 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/selection.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/selection.js
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ export function createSelection({
 }) {
   const { getKeyholeGeometry } = services.geometry;
 
-  function focusFullGlobe(viewer, duration = 2.4) {
+  /** @returns {boolean} Whether the flight started. */
+  function focusFullGlobe(viewer, { duration = 2.4, complete, cancel } = {}) {
     const canvas = viewer?.scene?.canvas;
     const height = canvas?.clientHeight || canvas?.height;
     const width = canvas?.clientWidth || canvas?.width;
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ export function createSelection({
       fovy <= 0 ||
       fovy >= Math.PI
     )
-      return;
+      return false;
     const earthRadius = Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.maximumRadius;
     const keyholeRadius = getKeyholeGeometry(width, height).radius;
     const targetScreenRadius = keyholeRadius * 0.61;
@@ -45,7 +46,10 @@ export function createSelection({
       },
       duration,
       easingFunction: Cesium.EasingFunction.CUBIC_IN_OUT,
+      complete,
+      cancel,
     });
+    return true;
   }
 
   function entityLaunchId(entity) {
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/state.js b/src/layers/launches/state.js
index c4c032b10..9ef571428 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/state.js
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state._entryCameraView = null;
 
+  state._entryLandedView = null;
+
   state._stale = false;
 
   state._orbitMatches = 0;

From b5cef8daf4c3518340cd8d76fc1e318308a1b818 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 21:29:21 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 128/262] Tighten the Rio comments, notes and credits

Name each Rio feed in its credit instead of repeating the licence, drop the
deprecation history from the bus note, list Rio among the feeds with a
route-name table, and shorten the route-table header and test comments.
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                |  4 ++--
 src/data/rioRouteNames.js      | 20 +++++---------------
 src/data/transitFeeds.js       | 13 +++++++------
 src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs |  7 ++-----
 src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs |  3 +--
 5 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index eb20f793e..ed0895b0a 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ How to read this:
 | **Barrie Transit** (myridebarrie.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, Barrie ON | Barrie Transit realtime data, published by the City of Barrie under a licence accepted by use of the data. The licence is revocable and requires no attribution. | Courtesy credit to the City of Barrie (the licence requires none, and its trademark clause is broad) |
 | **YRT/Viva** (rtu.york.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, York Region ON | York Region Transit realtime data, first-party York Region infrastructure under the YRT Open Data Licence v2.0, which permits commercial use and makes attribution optional. Viva route ids are named by colour from York Region’s published GTFS. | "Contains public transit Information made available under YRT’s Open Data Licence" — the licence’s own wording, given though not required |
 | **Burlington Transit** (opendata.burlington.ca) | Transit layer live vehicles, Burlington ON | Burlington Transit realtime data under the City of Burlington Open Data Terms of Use, which permit any lawful purpose. The terms are revocable and must travel with the data, so the credit links them. Route ids are internal keys and are joined to the City’s published GTFS. | Credit to the City of Burlington plus a link to its Open Data Terms of Use, which the licence requires |
-| **SMTR Rio de Janeiro** (dados.mobilidade.rio) | Transit layer live vehicles, Rio de Janeiro: municipal buses (SPPO) and the Mobi-Rio BRT, as two feeds | CC BY 4.0, stated on both data.rio catalog pages. Keyless GTFS-Realtime published by the Secretaria Municipal de Transportes, labelled beta, with a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute. Route ids are internal keys and are joined to the line names in SMTR’s published GTFS `routes.txt` (dados.mobilidade.rio/gtfs/schedule), under the same CC BY 4.0 terms. | Attribution to SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro under CC BY 4.0 |
+| **SMTR Rio de Janeiro** (dados.mobilidade.rio) | Transit layer live vehicles, Rio de Janeiro: municipal buses (SPPO) and the Mobi-Rio BRT, as two feeds | CC BY 4.0, stated on both data.rio catalog pages. Keyless GTFS-Realtime published by the Secretaria Municipal de Transportes, labelled beta, with a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute. Line names come from SMTR’s GTFS `routes.txt` (dados.mobilidade.rio/gtfs/schedule), under the same licence. | Attribution to SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro under CC BY 4.0 |
 | **Radio Browser**                                                     | Geolocated internet-radio station directory and station-level tags                                                                  | Public-domain directory data under PDDL 1.0; individual broadcaster stream terms apply                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | "Radio Browser" plus a link to the selected broadcaster                                                                                     |
 | **Re:Earth Terrain** (Mapterhorn)                                     | Terrain (keyless globe stacks — OSM etc. — + `/api/terrain/heights` ellipsoidal-height lookups)                                     | Terrain mesh: CC BY 4.0; geoid: EGM2008 (NGA, public domain)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | "Terrain (keyless globe stacks): Re:Earth Terrain / Mapterhorn (CC BY 4.0) / EGM2008 (NGA)"                                                 |
 | **OpenSeaMap** (`tiles.openseamap.org`) | Sea Marks layer: raster overlay of buoys, lighthouses and ports (#10) | Chart tiles CC BY-SA 2.0; data ODbL 1.0 via OpenStreetMap | "Sea marks © OpenSeaMap contributors (CC BY-SA 2.0) · Data © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL)" |
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 - **Houston TranStar cameras.** Keyless. The camera list is the public `traffic.houstontranstar.org/data/layers/cctvSnapshots_json.js` catalog (~1,000 cameras across Greater Houston); frames are stills at `www.houstontranstar.org/snapshots/cctv/<id>.jpg`, synthesized from a validated numeric id rather than taken from the payload, and only that host is registered. Cameras whose catalog id is `0` (a different, non-snapshot class) and cameras outside Greater Houston are dropped. TranStar's `dir` field is the side of the freeway the camera sits on, not the way it faces: TranStar's own map shows it as "Traffic closest to the camera is traveling …" (South → eastbound, North → westbound, West → southbound, East → northbound). That travel direction (90°, 270°, 180°, 0°) seeds the heading as a low-confidence prior with the low-confidence pose; `None` or an unknown value uses the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence. Headings are corrected with the in-app calibration gizmo. Off by default. TranStar's [Content Usage terms](https://traffic.houstontranstar.org/disclaimer.aspx) prohibit copying or distributing the site's information, and external framing or linking to specific images, without TxDOT's prior written permission; its FAQ grants permission-free use only for the RSS feeds. This project does not hold that permission for downstream installations, so the pack loads only when an operator who holds TxDOT's written permission sets `CCTV_HOUSTON_ENABLED=1`; with the flag unset, empty or any other value, the server makes no request to TranStar. Once enabled, it loads the 250 cameras nearest downtown, Uptown, the Medical Center, IAH and Galveston; `CCTV_HOUSTON_MAX_SOURCES` (8–400) changes the cap. Snapshots update about every 3 minutes, which is also the ambient still cadence. Frames are fetched from TranStar and relayed to the browser on demand, buffered only transiently per request, sent with `Cache-Control: no-store`, and not archived.
 - **Autostrada del Brennero (A22) webcams.** Keyless. The camera list is one request to the Open Data Hub tourism API (`tourism.api.opendatahub.com/v1/WebcamInfo?source=a22`), run by NOI Techpark in South Tyrol, which republishes Autobrennero's own list of 13 motorway webcams with coordinates and kilometre markers. Frames are the operator's stills on `www.autobrennero.it/WebCamImg/km<N>.jpg`, refreshed about once a minute, and only the exact image for each camera's kilometre is registered. The feed names no bearing, so headings use the id-hash fallback at low confidence. The road climbs from about 20 m in the Po valley to about 1,370 m at the Brenner Pass, so each camera's ground elevation comes from a per-kilometre table sampled from the Copernicus GLO-90 DEM (via Open-Meteo's elevation API); a camera not in the table uses a 200 m prior. The Open Data Hub tags every record CC0 (`ClosedData: false`, Autobrennero as licence holder), but that tag is the aggregator's metadata and Autobrennero publishes no terms of its own for the images, so they are credited to the operator as a courtesy and are not redistributed. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored. Disable with `CCTV_A22_ENABLED=0`.
 - **Camera frame content.** Public camera frames can contain people, vehicles and license plates, and the camera layer does nothing with them beyond putting them on the map. A successful upstream response is relayed as the provider served it: nothing in the camera pipeline blurs, redacts, enhances or restores it, and nothing there runs face, plate or object detection or otherwise recognises or classifies what is in the picture. (The ALPR layer described below maps where plate-reader cameras are, from locations contributors tagged in OpenStreetMap; it reads nothing from any camera frame.) When an upstream has no frame for a camera, what you see instead is a Google Street View still or the app's own placeholder card; the panel's source badge names which of them you are looking at, and a refresh that fails after a frame has arrived leaves the last good picture on screen rather than replacing it. The browser resamples each frame for display: onto a fixed 1920x1080 surface for the camera's projection plane in the scene, and onto a 192x108 canvas for the small ambient card. That scaling is the only change made to the picture, and the only pixels the camera layer reads back are a 64x36 downscale hashed to tell whether the picture has changed. Live streams are piped through; the still path reads the image into memory to pass it on — TxDOT wraps its JPEG in a JSON envelope, which is decoded there — and no frame is written to disk (the disk cache, `.gev-cache/`, holds feed JSON for other layers and never camera imagery). Outside that pipeline, the voice assistant is the one feature that sends imagery anywhere: when it answers a question about what is in view it may attach a downscaled screenshot of the rendered scene — including any camera plane on screen — to the request it sends to the voice model. Frames are fetched only from server-registered camera URLs — a client cannot hand the proxy a URL (see [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md)). What the app does stays inside the line README draws: no named-person search, no face recognition, no tracking individuals.
-- **Transit (GTFS-Realtime).** The proxy requests only registered operator feeds, validates redirects, bounds responses, and uses conditional requests, short snapshot caching and failure backoff. All eighteen registered feeds, covering seventeen regions, are live-enabled; each can be disabled independently. Vehicles use delayed playback between reports, with report age and waiting states shown separately. Session-local selected trails are available for every feed. MBTA additionally retains up to 15 minutes of recently observed positions in the running proxy, so available history can survive a browser reload; server restart clears it. History reads never fetch upstream, and other feeds have no proxy retention. Nothing is archived to disk or collected in the background. Operator text credits are included as a courtesy and do not imply endorsement. Heights are aligned to work with Google 3D tiles; subway markers are shown at street level because these feeds do not supply depth. The TTC feed is BusTime, the surface system: it carries buses and streetcars and no subway at all. About four in ten of its vehicles report no route at all (unassigned or deadheading), and those are shown with the feed default rather than a route-established mode. It sends no ETag or Last-Modified, so its conditional requests fall through to the ordinary snapshot cache. Three Golden Horseshoe neighbours run alongside it — MiWay, Hamilton HSR and Durham Region Transit — each bus-only and each polled only near its own region. Durham Region Transit publishes no bearing on any vehicle, so those sprites take their heading from observed movement like any other feed that omits it. Guelph, Kingston and Barrie extend the same pattern eastward and north. Hamilton, Guelph, Burlington and YRT publish route ids that are not the number on the vehicle, so those entries carry a route-name table taken from each operator’s own published GTFS; any id missing from a table renders unchanged rather than blank. A label is never invented: YRT runs a route `9101` that appears nowhere in its published routes, so it stays as the feed sends it. Burlington’s is the one that cannot be shortcut: `351` is route 1 while `3510` is route 10, so the table is a real join rather than a trimmed prefix. GO Transit / Metrolinx is deliberately absent: its REALTIME feed requires an API key issued by manual review, which the keyless admission rule excludes (its static schedule download is keyless, but carries no vehicle positions). Barrie and YRT/Viva each invite acceptance of their licence through a form, and each licence also states that using the data is itself acceptance; this deployment relies on that clause, which is recorded in both entries. Grand River Transit in Waterloo is absent for a different reason: it answers, but its feed header was months stale and it publishes no per-vehicle timestamps, so it would render vehicles that look live and are not. Ottawa’s OC Transpo falls to the same keyless admission rule as GO Transit — its realtime feed requires an API key. London Transit and Thunder Bay Transit publish vehicle positions over plain HTTP with no HTTPS endpoint available. Every other Ontario system — Brampton, Oakville, Niagara, Milton, Windsor, Greater Sudbury, UP Express and a dozen smaller operators — publishes static GTFS schedules only, with no realtime vehicle positions to register. Between the nine included and these exclusions, every Ontario realtime vehicle-position feed catalogued in the Mobility Database is accounted for.
+- **Transit (GTFS-Realtime).** The proxy requests only registered operator feeds, validates redirects, bounds responses, and uses conditional requests, short snapshot caching and failure backoff. All eighteen registered feeds, covering seventeen regions, are live-enabled; each can be disabled independently. Vehicles use delayed playback between reports, with report age and waiting states shown separately. Session-local selected trails are available for every feed. MBTA additionally retains up to 15 minutes of recently observed positions in the running proxy, so available history can survive a browser reload; server restart clears it. History reads never fetch upstream, and other feeds have no proxy retention. Nothing is archived to disk or collected in the background. Operator text credits are included as a courtesy and do not imply endorsement. Heights are aligned to work with Google 3D tiles; subway markers are shown at street level because these feeds do not supply depth. The TTC feed is BusTime, the surface system: it carries buses and streetcars and no subway at all. About four in ten of its vehicles report no route at all (unassigned or deadheading), and those are shown with the feed default rather than a route-established mode. It sends no ETag or Last-Modified, so its conditional requests fall through to the ordinary snapshot cache. Three Golden Horseshoe neighbours run alongside it — MiWay, Hamilton HSR and Durham Region Transit — each bus-only and each polled only near its own region. Durham Region Transit publishes no bearing on any vehicle, so those sprites take their heading from observed movement like any other feed that omits it. Guelph, Kingston and Barrie extend the same pattern eastward and north. Hamilton, Guelph, Burlington, YRT and Rio’s SMTR publish route ids that are not the number on the vehicle, so those entries carry a route-name table taken from each operator’s own published GTFS; any id missing from a table renders unchanged rather than blank. A label is never invented: YRT runs a route `9101` that appears nowhere in its published routes, so it stays as the feed sends it. Burlington’s is the one that cannot be shortcut: `351` is route 1 while `3510` is route 10, so the table is a real join rather than a trimmed prefix. GO Transit / Metrolinx is deliberately absent: its REALTIME feed requires an API key issued by manual review, which the keyless admission rule excludes (its static schedule download is keyless, but carries no vehicle positions). Barrie and YRT/Viva each invite acceptance of their licence through a form, and each licence also states that using the data is itself acceptance; this deployment relies on that clause, which is recorded in both entries. Grand River Transit in Waterloo is absent for a different reason: it answers, but its feed header was months stale and it publishes no per-vehicle timestamps, so it would render vehicles that look live and are not. Ottawa’s OC Transpo falls to the same keyless admission rule as GO Transit — its realtime feed requires an API key. London Transit and Thunder Bay Transit publish vehicle positions over plain HTTP with no HTTPS endpoint available. Every other Ontario system — Brampton, Oakville, Niagara, Milton, Windsor, Greater Sudbury, UP Express and a dozen smaller operators — publishes static GTFS schedules only, with no realtime vehicle positions to register. Between the nine included and these exclusions, every Ontario realtime vehicle-position feed catalogued in the Mobility Database is accounted for.
 - **Radio country coverage (optional).** Set `RADIO_PRIORITY_COUNTRIES=IN,PL` in the local `.env` and restart to include stations beyond the global click charts. The operator may choose up to eight unique ISO alpha-2 country codes; no key is needed. Each country adds one bounded query (at most 200 rows) and reserves up to 40 unique, usable stations inside the existing 750-station catalog. Country seeds precede specialist-tag seeds and global popularity fill; unused slots return to the shared pool. This is a coverage preference, not an exhaustive national directory or a guarantee of stations in every city. Countries with no eligible HTTPS MP3/AAC geolocated stations remain empty. An unset list preserves global selection. Country requests share the directory cache and three-worker pool; failed country queries are reported in coverage without blocking a healthy global refresh. Failed/degraded refreshes back off for one minute, with at most three mirrors per query.
 
 - **Radio Browser.** In every installation, including when `RADIO_PRIORITY_COUNTRIES` is unset, each request tries at most three mirror candidates (later fallback candidates are skipped), and failed or partial catalog refreshes back off for 60 seconds. A cold-start failure therefore continues returning 503 during that delay even if upstream recovers. `/api/radio/stations` discovers official API mirrors, makes bounded and coalesced healthy/geolocated HTTPS-station queries, caches the normalized public-domain directory for 45 minutes, and may serve the last good catalog for up to seven days during an outage. Refreshes must meet minimum accepted-query and station coverage before replacing a warm catalog; broad/specialist responses whose rows all fail the product's health policy do not count as successful queries. Optional priority-country outcomes are advisory: valid, in-limit responses with no eligible stations succeed as empty results, while failed or malformed country queries report unsuccessful coverage without degrading the global catalog. A usable partial cold catalog is explicitly `DEGRADED`, and non-array or empty broad/specialist payloads are rejected atomically. Individual structurally malformed rows are skipped rather than failing the whole query; the response carries their bounded `rejectedStationCount` (at most 10,000), which the client adds to its own rejected rows and reports as degraded coverage without discarding the accepted generation. Every directory and click-count request rejects redirects, validates all resolved addresses as globally routable (including reserved/documentation IPv4 and special/non-global IPv6 exclusions), and pins the TLS connection to a validated address. Only MP3/AAC non-HLS directory rows with public HTTPS stream targets are returned; favicons are intentionally omitted. Pressing play connects one browser audio element directly to the selected broadcaster and calls the directory's click counter through known-ID-only `POST /api/radio/click/:uuid`. GEV never proxies, caches, records, bundles, or redistributes audio. Radio Browser supplies station-level tags, not dependable current-song or upcoming-program metadata, so Radio filtering never claims either. Direct playback exposes the listener's IP address to the broadcaster, whose own stream terms apply.
diff --git a/src/data/rioRouteNames.js b/src/data/rioRouteNames.js
index 68a7da7a8..1341f873a 100644
--- a/src/data/rioRouteNames.js
+++ b/src/data/rioRouteNames.js
@@ -1,21 +1,11 @@
-// src/data/rioRouteNames.js
 /**
  * Rio de Janeiro route ids to the line a rider would say.
  *
- * SMTR's realtime feeds publish internal route keys: the bus feed sends
- * `O0868AAA0A` for line 868 and `O0731AAN0A` for SN731, and the BRT feed
- * sends `20000501110` for line 50. The keys look decodable but are not:
- * `O0014AAA0A` is LECD135, not 14, and nineteen of the plain-looking keys in
- * the published table break the pattern. The join is the only correct route.
- *
- * Generated verbatim (`route_id` to `route_short_name`, 494 routes) from
- * `routes.txt` in SMTR's static GTFS, https://dados.mobilidade.rio/gtfs/schedule
- * (CC BY 4.0, the same publisher and terms as the realtime feeds; file dated
- * 2026-06-10, feed valid 2024-01-01 to 2026-12-31). A 2026-11-04 snapshot of
- * both realtime feeds, 282 bus and 21 BRT routes in service, found every one
- * of its route ids here. An id missing from this table falls through
- * unchanged, so a route added later degrades to its raw key rather than
- * disappearing.
+ * SMTR's realtime feeds send internal keys (`O0731AAN0A` is SN731,
+ * `20000501110` is BRT line 50). They look decodable but are not:
+ * `O0014AAA0A` is LECD135, not 14. The table is copied from `routes.txt` in
+ * SMTR's static GTFS (https://dados.mobilidade.rio/gtfs/schedule, CC BY 4.0),
+ * valid to 2026-12-31. An id missing here renders as its raw key.
  */
 export const RIO_ROUTE_NAMES = Object.freeze({
   20000101130: '10',
diff --git a/src/data/transitFeeds.js b/src/data/transitFeeds.js
index aa953c00b..48ca450a1 100644
--- a/src/data/transitFeeds.js
+++ b/src/data/transitFeeds.js
@@ -378,8 +378,8 @@ function burlingtonRouteLabel(routeId) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Rio route key to the line a rider would say, for both SMTR feeds: one
- * published `routes.txt` covers the buses and the BRT (see rioRouteNames.js).
+ * Rio route key to the line a rider would say. One SMTR `routes.txt` covers
+ * both feeds (see rioRouteNames.js).
  * @param {string|null} routeId
  * @returns {string|null}
  */
@@ -755,12 +755,12 @@ export const TRANSIT_FEED_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     license: 'CC BY 4.0',
     licenseUrl:
       'https://www.data.rio/documents/997bc16cc4344a5cb0e48ab06cbdfd1f',
-    attribution: 'SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro (CC BY 4.0)',
+    attribution: 'SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro — buses (SPPO)',
     defaultEnabled: true,
     terms: Object.freeze({
       quote:
         'This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License',
-      note: 'The data.rio catalog page labels the feed [beta] and states a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute behind a 10-second cache, which the 15-second proxy TTL stays inside. It is the named replacement for the JSON GPS endpoints SMTR deprecated on 2026-10-07 and says it will switch off by 2026-11-30. SMTR relays the concessionaires’ ITS data and repairs trips with its own matching; the page places accuracy with the suppliers. Speeds are m/s, as the spec requires: on 2026-11-05 they matched how far vehicles moved between reports, though a 2026-10-29 snapshot read as km/h. Route ids are internal keys (`O0731AAN0A` is line SN731) and are joined to the line names in SMTR’s published GTFS `routes.txt`, under the same CC BY 4.0 terms.',
+      note: 'The data.rio catalog page labels the feed [beta] and states a gateway limit of 5 requests a second and 60 a minute behind a 10-second cache, which the 15-second proxy TTL stays inside. SMTR relays the concessionaires’ ITS data and repairs trips with its own matching; the page places accuracy with the suppliers. Speeds are m/s, as the spec requires: checked against vehicle movement on 2026-11-05, though a 2026-10-29 snapshot read as km/h. Line names come from SMTR’s GTFS `routes.txt`, under the same CC BY 4.0 terms.',
     }),
     defaultMode: 'bus',
     routeLabel: rioRouteLabel,
@@ -777,12 +777,13 @@ export const TRANSIT_FEED_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     license: 'CC BY 4.0',
     licenseUrl:
       'https://www.data.rio/documents/8bb196cc02174d25b77437bb2f6443d4',
-    attribution: 'SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro (CC BY 4.0)',
+    attribution:
+      'SMTR / Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro — BRT (Mobi-Rio)',
     defaultEnabled: true,
     terms: Object.freeze({
       quote:
         'This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License',
-      note: 'Same catalog terms, [beta] label and gateway limits as the bus feed. The fleet is operated by Mobi-Rio and tracked by SONDA, whose data SMTR relays. Speeds are m/s here too. Route ids are opaque (`20000501110` is line 50) and are joined to the same `routes.txt` as the buses.',
+      note: 'Same catalog terms, [beta] label and gateway limits as the bus feed. The fleet is operated by Mobi-Rio and tracked by SONDA, whose data SMTR relays. Speeds are m/s too. Line names come from the same `routes.txt`.',
     }),
     defaultMode: 'bus',
     routeLabel: rioRouteLabel,
diff --git a/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs b/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
index dbae35c24..d6dc93eb6 100644
--- a/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/transitFeeds.test.mjs
@@ -506,9 +506,7 @@ test('Rio buses and BRT cover the city from Centro to Santa Cruz, and not São P
 });
 
 test('Rio route keys read as the line on the front of the bus', () => {
-  // SMTR publishes internal keys. Plain keys carry the number (`O0868AAA0A`
-  // is 868), variants carry a prefix (`O0731AAN0A` is SN731), and some plain
-  // keys are traps: `O0014AAA0A` is LECD135, so the table is joined, not parsed.
+  // Some keys look parseable and are not (`O0014AAA0A` is LECD135).
   const buses = getTransitFeed('smtr-rio-onibus');
   assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(buses, 'O0868AAA0A'), '868');
   assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(buses, 'O0731AAN0A'), 'SN731');
@@ -518,8 +516,7 @@ test('Rio route keys read as the line on the front of the bus', () => {
   const brt = getTransitFeed('smtr-rio-brt');
   assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(brt, '20000501110'), '50');
   assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(brt, '20000EXEC1110'), 'ESP01');
-  // A route added after the table was built keeps its raw key, never a blank
-  // or a name borrowed from the prototype chain.
+  // Unknown ids, prototype names included, keep their raw key.
   assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(buses, 'O9999AAA0A'), 'O9999AAA0A');
   assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(buses, 'constructor'), 'constructor');
   assert.equal(transitRouteLabel(brt, null), null);
diff --git a/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs b/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs
index 07911a939..f03ea2e30 100644
--- a/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/transitProxy.test.mjs
@@ -286,8 +286,7 @@ test('the snapshot builder fills timestamps from the header it decoded', () => {
 });
 
 test('Rio speeds pass through as the m/s they are published in', () => {
-  // SMTR publishes m/s, as the spec requires: checked against how far
-  // vehicles moved between reports on 2026-11-05.
+  // Checked against vehicle movement on 2026-11-05.
   const bytes = encodeFeed({
     entities: [{ id: 'moving', lat: -22.9, lon: -43.2, speed: 10 }],
   });

From 067383fda80b7bbc66bf792275433df771910426 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 21:42:22 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 129/262] fix(datacenters): drop the redundant seen set and
 test skipped against exports

The merge test now passes an exported newly tagged feature, so removing
'- set(fresh)' from the skipped report fails it.
---
 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py        | 5 ++---
 src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs | 7 ++++---
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py b/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
index d1203f38d..3c5eb92dd 100644
--- a/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
+++ b/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ def feature_line(key, sequence, fresh):
 
 
 def merge(lines, fresh, rings, tagged):
-    out, seen, known, sequence = [], set(), set(), 0
+    out, known, sequence = [], set(), 0
     report = {'kept': 0, 'updated': [], 'removed': [], 'added': [], 'unexported': [], 'skipped': []}
     for line in lines:
         feature = json.loads(line)
@@ -190,7 +190,6 @@ def merge(lines, fresh, rings, tagged):
         key = osm_key(feature)
         known.add(key)
         if key in fresh:
-            seen.add(key)
             old_tags = feature['properties']['tags']
             if old_tags == fresh[key]['tags'] and same_geometry(feature['geometry'], fresh[key]['geometry']):
                 out.append(line)
@@ -208,7 +207,7 @@ def merge(lines, fresh, rings, tagged):
             report['removed'].append(key)
             continue
         out.append(line)
-    for key in sorted(set(fresh) - seen, key=lambda k: (k[0], int(k[1:]))):
+    for key in sorted(set(fresh) - known, key=lambda k: (k[0], int(k[1:]))):
         sequence += 1
         out.append(feature_line(key, sequence, fresh[key]))
         report['added'].append(key)
diff --git a/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs b/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs
index 88527295b..99278769e 100644
--- a/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs
@@ -52,10 +52,11 @@ def line(osm_id, sequence):
                                       'type': 'data_center', 'osm_id': osm_id}})
 norway = [([(0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 80), (0, 80)], False)]
 lines = [line(7, 1), line(8, 2)]
-out, report = merge(lines, {}, norway, {'w7', 'w12'})
-assert out == [lines[0]], out
+fresh = {'w13': {'geometry': {'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': square}, 'tags': {'building': 'data_center'}}}
+out, report = merge(lines, fresh, norway, {'w7', 'w12', 'w13'})
+assert out[0] == lines[0] and len(out) == 2, out
 assert report['unexported'] == ['w7'] and report['removed'] == ['w8'], report
-assert report['skipped'] == ['w12'] and report['added'] == [], report
+assert report['skipped'] == ['w12'] and report['added'] == ['w13'], report
 `,
   );
 });

From 14f88b3e08f61f5b069660dd593471544d3c93db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yehe Liu <yxl448@case.edu>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:07:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 130/262] feat: Wildlife Sightings layer from iNaturalist and
 Acartia

Recent community wildlife observations, as a new Wildlife group in the
layer panel.

- Server: keyless iNaturalist proxy (v2 observations with only the
  projected fields; undocumented v1 UTFGrid density tiles, decoded on the
  server) sharing one paced queue (burst 4, ~1/s, 60/min, 8,000/day budget,
  up to four in flight), in-memory caches and upstream-only cooldowns;
  Acartia Salish Sea marine-mammal feed rounded to 0.01 degrees with
  comments dropped.
- Layer: grid counts drawn as a soft view-ranked density glow; real sampled
  sightings as taxon badges at their true positions with ambient photo
  thumbnails and labels; obscured records stay privacy cells; a clicked
  sighting stays pinned through camera moves and refreshes.
- Anchored photo card per selection with the single iNaturalist link;
  attribution in the layer row and the Data attribution popover.
- Filters (CONFIRMED, taxa presets) round-trip in share links with token 9.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                               |    5 +
 README.md                                     |    3 +-
 SECURITY.md                                   |    2 +-
 changelog.d/0000-wildlife-sightings.md        |   12 +
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |   90 +
 docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md                          |   16 +
 index.html                                    |    2 +-
 package.json                                  |    7 +-
 scripts/format-scope.json                     |   86 +-
 scripts/package-boundaries.json               |  157 +-
 scripts/run-perf-tests.mjs                    |   59 +
 server/providers/acartia.js                   |  179 ++
 server/providers/acartia.test.mjs             |  381 +++
 server/providers/common/userAgent.js          |    4 +
 server/providers/inaturalist/client.js        |  370 +++
 server/providers/inaturalist/client.test.mjs  |  163 ++
 server/providers/inaturalist/grid.fixture.mjs |   51 +
 server/providers/inaturalist/grid.js          |  127 +
 server/providers/inaturalist/grid.test.mjs    |  374 +++
 server/providers/inaturalist/observations.js  |  343 +++
 .../inaturalist/observations.test.mjs         |  893 +++++++
 .../providers/inaturalist/proxy.fixture.mjs   |   70 +
 server/providers/inaturalist/queue.js         |  109 +
 server/providers/inaturalist/queue.test.mjs   |  111 +
 server/providers/inaturalist/speed.test.mjs   |  218 ++
 server/providers/local.js                     |    4 +
 src/app/catalog.js                            |    1 +
 src/app/catalog.test.mjs                      |    2 +
 src/app/constructCatalog.js                   |    5 +
 src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs             |    4 +-
 src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js           |   30 +
 src/app/sourceComposition.js                  |    1 +
 src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs            |    2 +-
 src/data/dataCredits.js                       |   12 +
 src/data/layerState.js                        |   23 +
 src/data/layerState.test.mjs                  |   41 +-
 src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs       |   40 +-
 src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json     |    1 +
 src/data/spriteOrder.js                       |    1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                      |   59 +-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                      |   59 +-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                      |   59 +-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                      |   59 +-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                      |   59 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                      |   59 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                      |   59 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                      |   59 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                      |   59 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                   |   59 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json                 |   59 +-
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json                 |   76 +-
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js   |  155 ++
 .../wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.test.mjs    |   37 +
 .../wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs    |  944 +++++++
 .../wildlifeSightings/billboardModel.js       |  114 +
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js        |   51 +
 .../cache.integration.test.mjs                |  111 +
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js         |  281 +++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.test.mjs   |  627 +++++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/controls.js      |  250 ++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.js       |  462 ++++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.test.mjs |  508 ++++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/docs.test.mjs    |  111 +
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js  |  178 ++
 .../wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.test.mjs   |  142 ++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/index.js         |  130 +
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js     |  804 ++++++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.js         |  208 ++
 .../wildlifeSightings/model.perf.test.mjs     |   76 +
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.test.mjs   |  162 ++
 .../wildlifeSightings/ownership.test.mjs      | 2224 +++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js   |  115 +
 .../wildlifeSightings/performance.test.mjs    |  299 +++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js     |   36 +
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.js        |  183 ++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.test.mjs  |  147 ++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js        |  142 ++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js       |  350 +++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.test.mjs |  542 ++++
 .../wildlifeSightings/render.perf.test.mjs    |  166 ++
 .../renderPerformanceFixtures.mjs             |  185 ++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.js     |  691 +++++
 .../wildlifeSightings/rendering.test.mjs      |  544 ++++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.js     |  560 +++++
 .../wildlifeSightings/selection.test.mjs      |  301 +++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js        |  557 +++++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.test.mjs  |  816 ++++++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.js       |  136 +
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.test.mjs |  189 ++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.js      |   83 +
 .../wildlifeSightings/viewport.test.mjs       |  136 +
 src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs            |    3 +
 src/navigationPolicy.js                       |    2 +
 src/overlays/wildlifeSightingOverlay.test.mjs |  186 ++
 src/overlays/worldOverlay.js                  |  203 +-
 src/overlays/worldOverlay.test.mjs            |  174 ++
 src/overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js            |   29 +
 src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.js              |  115 +-
 src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.test.mjs        |  474 +++-
 src/perfTestRunner.test.mjs                   |   81 +
 src/share/viewCodec.js                        |    1 +
 src/sources/rateLimit.js                      |   19 +-
 src/sources/rateLimit.test.mjs                |   23 +
 src/sources/reference.js                      |    2 +
 src/sources/reference.test.mjs                |    3 +
 src/testSupport/wildlifeBillboardModel.mjs    |   82 +
 src/tooling/previewServing.test.mjs           |    4 +
 src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs                |    2 +-
 src/ui/applicationShell.js                    |   16 +
 src/ui/layerNames.js                          |    1 +
 src/ui/layerPanel.js                          |    4 +
 src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs                    |   21 +
 src/ui/styles/cyber.css                       |    9 +-
 src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue  |  131 +
 src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.js                |  270 ++
 src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.test.mjs          |  767 ++++++
 src/ui/wildlifeSightingPlacement.js           |  274 ++
 src/voice/layerManifest.js                    |    4 +-
 src/worldFocus.js                             |    8 +-
 src/worldFocus.test.mjs                       |  160 +-
 120 files changed, 21260 insertions(+), 285 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/0000-wildlife-sightings.md
 create mode 100644 scripts/run-perf-tests.mjs
 create mode 100644 server/providers/acartia.js
 create mode 100644 server/providers/acartia.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 server/providers/common/userAgent.js
 create mode 100644 server/providers/inaturalist/client.js
 create mode 100644 server/providers/inaturalist/client.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 server/providers/inaturalist/grid.fixture.mjs
 create mode 100644 server/providers/inaturalist/grid.js
 create mode 100644 server/providers/inaturalist/grid.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 server/providers/inaturalist/observations.js
 create mode 100644 server/providers/inaturalist/observations.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 server/providers/inaturalist/proxy.fixture.mjs
 create mode 100644 server/providers/inaturalist/queue.js
 create mode 100644 server/providers/inaturalist/queue.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 server/providers/inaturalist/speed.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/billboardModel.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cache.integration.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/controls.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/docs.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/index.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.perf.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/ownership.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/render.perf.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/renderPerformanceFixtures.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/overlays/wildlifeSightingOverlay.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js
 create mode 100644 src/perfTestRunner.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/sources/rateLimit.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/testSupport/wildlifeBillboardModel.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue
 create mode 100644 src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.js
 create mode 100644 src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/wildlifeSightingPlacement.js

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index ed0895b0a..1153015b8 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ How to read this:
 | **S2 Underground GhostMaps** (`github.com/s2underground/GhostMaps`) | S2 GhostMaps layer: the current edition of S2's KMZ intel products (Common Intelligence Picture, 30-day kinetic pull, Border Crisis Map, Iran and Yemen products, newest incident drop). Keyless. `/api/ghostmaps` reads the branch head from git's ref advertisement every 15 s (`GHOSTMAPS_POLL_SECONDS`, minimum 5 s), lists the tree through the GitHub REST API only when the head changes (optional `GITHUB_TOKEN`), downloads files by commit-pinned raw URLs into `.gev-cache/ghostmaps/` and pushes new catalogs to browsers over server-sent events | [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) (repository README: "S2 Underground © 2025 by S2A1"); non-commercial, attribution required; files are fetched at runtime, never stored in this repository | "S2 GhostMaps intel products: S2 Underground © by S2A1, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0" — shown in-app |
 | **InciWeb** (inciweb.wildfire.gov)                                    | Per-incident "InciWeb ↗" card links to official incident pages (narratives, evacuation/closure notices) | U.S. government public incident information. Links are matched best-effort by incident name and state, with incident page origin and update times checked on selection. Same-origin `/api/fire-perimeters/inciweb` routes cache the catalog for 1 hour and publication metadata for 30 minutes; linked pages remain InciWeb content | "Incident information: InciWeb (inciweb.wildfire.gov)" |
 | **FAA Special Use Airspace** (`services6.arcgis.com` FeatureServer `Special_Use_Airspace`) | Prohibited & Restricted Airspace layer: US prohibited (P) and restricted (R) special-use airspace polygons (not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions), altitude limits from the `*_VAL`/`*_UOM`/`*_CODE` fields, times of use, and controlling agency | U.S. public domain (FAA aeronautical data published through the [FAA AIS Open Data portal](https://adds-faa.opendata.arcgis.com/)); fetched keyless through `/api/drone-airspace` (1-hour server cache). Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools | "Prohibited & restricted airspace: FAA Special Use Airspace" |
+| **iNaturalist API** (`api.inaturalist.org/v2/observations`, `/v1/grid/{z}/{x}/{y}.grid.json`) | Wildlife Sightings layer: verifiable wildlife observed within the last 48 h (whales 7 d), by observation time, in the current view, with taxon, observation time, quality grade and eligible photo | Per-record licences; observations default CC BY-NC. Photos CC0/BY/BY-SA/BY-NC/BY-NC-SA shown; ND and all-rights-reserved photos link-only. Keyless via `/api/inaturalist/observations` (5-min cache; global sample 10 min; stale ≤ 1 h; 60 requests/min and 8,000/day upstream caps). **NonCommercial content:** commercial redistributors must filter to CC0/BY/BY-SA or remove the layer. No AI training on this content | "Wildlife sightings: iNaturalist contributors (licences per record; photos credited on each card)" |
+| **Acartia** (`acartia.io/api/v1/sightings/current`) | Wildlife Sightings layer: Salish Sea marine mammal reports with validated species, observation time, reporting provider and trust flag; WHALES includes only the frozen cetacean list | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), each provider credited per sighting. Keyless via `/api/acartia/sightings` (10-min cache; stale ≤ 24 h). Positions rounded to 0.01° on the server; free-text comments excluded. Marine-conservation use; Be Whale Wise | "Wildlife sightings: Acartia (CC BY 4.0; each provider credited per sighting) · Be Whale Wise" |
 | **OpenFreeMap / OpenMapTiles** | Vector tiles | OpenStreetMap data under ODbL 1.0 | OpenFreeMap © OpenMapTiles |
 | **Overture Maps Foundation** | Military area names pack | [ODbL 1.0](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/) | Overture Maps Foundation |
 | **TomTom Traffic API** (flow vector tiles)                            | Traffic roads and live congestion (optional, BYOK)                                                                     | [TomTom for Developers terms](https://docs.tomtom.com/legal/terms-and-conditions) (proprietary, your own key; free tier currently 200K tile requests/month — see [current pricing](https://docs.tomtom.com/pricing/))                                                                                                                                                       | "Traffic flow data © TomTom" — registered when live mode activates                                                                          |
@@ -195,6 +197,9 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 - **Re:Earth Terrain.** Keyless (no API key). Used two ways: (1) `src/mapStackController.js` swaps in a `Cesium.CesiumTerrainProvider` pointed at Re:Earth's `cesium-mesh/ellipsoid` quantized-mesh endpoint for globe stacks without a Cesium ion token (e.g. OSM), replacing a flat `EllipsoidTerrainProvider`; falls back to the flat provider if the endpoint can't be reached. (2) The server-side `/api/terrain/heights` proxy (disk-cached, serve-stale) resolves per-point ellipsoidal ground height for entity placement. Both are best-effort with a keyless-safe fallback (bundled EGM96 geoid math) if Re:Earth is unreachable.
 - **OSRM on the FOSSGIS routing servers.** Keyless (no API key). Every route is requested by a person: clicking A and B in the Directions layer, or a voice "route from A to B". The server-side `/api/route` proxy sends an identifying `User-Agent`, pins the upstream host, accepts 2-12 coordinates, rejects any leg over 600 km or a total over 2,500 km, caps the buffered response at 8 MB, times the upstream out at 12 s, rate-limits per client, caches each route for 10 minutes, and coalesces identical requests that are in flight at the same time. Turn-by-turn maneuvers are asked for only when a caller wants them (`steps=1`), so the callers that do not read them send the smaller request. The "fix the map" link the policy asks for is in the Data attribution popover beside the OpenStreetMap credit.
 - **FAA Special Use Airspace.** Keyless. `/api/drone-airspace` queries the public FAA AIS FeatureServer for prohibited (P) and restricted (R) zones only — not MOAs, TFRs or other SUA types — with simplified geometry, a body cap, paging, a one-hour cache and stale-on-error. The layer is US coverage, informational only, and is not a substitute for B4UFLY, LAANC or a preflight briefing. Data is fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. US government public domain; courtesy attribution is registered in the Data attribution popover.
+- **iNaturalist.** Keyless. `/api/inaturalist/observations` returns cached random view samples (newest first globally), at most 200 per request. Recency uses observation time: the v1 `d1` filter and a rolling 48 h cutoff (whales 7 d); date-only rows qualify when their day starts within the window. Observation caches last 5 min (global 10 min), with stale fallback ≤1 h. `/api/inaturalist/grid` supplies density counts, cached 15 min. Both share a paced queue capped at 60/min and 8,000/day; only request counters persist in `.gev-cache/`. The server caches projected records, never raw responses. Private records are excluded; obscured coordinates become 0.2° cells. Observer identity is retained only for photo attribution. Eligible photos load directly from `inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com`, with creator credit on ambient cards and creator/licence on selection. Per-record licences and noncommercial restrictions apply as listed above. Attribution appears in the layer row and Data attribution popover. Coverage follows community observations, not a census; Acartia adds Salish Sea marine mammals.
+- **iNaturalist grid (undocumented endpoint risk).** `/api/inaturalist/grid` shares observation-date, taxa, quality, pacing and budget rules with observations. A strict 64×64 UTFGrid schema guard fails closed; only logical-cell keys, counts and coordinates survive projection. Raw tiles, observation identifiers and free text are not retained. Projected tiles use a 400-entry LRU, 15-minute freshness and at most one hour of stale fallback. Views request at most six tiles; cached and adjacent-zoom coverage publishes before network waits, independently of observation pages. Cells supply a noninteractive density glow ranked within the view, from teal to amber with mono/CRT support. Every sighting badge comes from a real observation at its public position. Counts describe observations, not a population census. The endpoint is outside the documented v1 contract; schema drift disables grids until revalidated. See `docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md`.
+- **Acartia.** Keyless. `/api/acartia/sightings` reads the current 7-day marine-mammal feed for ALL, MAMMALS and WHALES views intersecting 45.5–50.5° N, 126–121° W in the Salish Sea. WHALES accepts recognized cetaceans; other identified marine mammals appear under ALL/MAMMALS. The server rounds positions to 0.01° and drops comments before caching projected records (10 min fresh, stale ≤24 h); raw responses are not retained. Selected text cards credit the reporting provider under CC BY 4.0 and show Be Whale Wise guidance. Attribution also appears in the layer row and Data attribution popover. Opportunistic sightings, not a census.
 - **Mapped installations.** OpenFreeMap military polygons use a bundled Overture/OSM name index; wide views show named points. Optional operator-configured Overpass and explicit Google Places searches keep their own source paths. Mapped data does not establish current activity or complete coverage.
 - **Place search.** Named-place fly-to uses Google Geocoding when a Maps key is configured, then Photon (`PHOTON_URL`; unset uses the public instance, empty disables it), then `/api/geocode` (Nominatim search) when neither answers. `/api/geocode` and the voice outline route `/api/geocode/outline` share one Nominatim queue (`NOMINATIM_URL`; unset, empty and invalid values disable it; an operator must explicitly select an authorized endpoint): one request at a time at least 1.1 s apart, an identifying `User-Agent` and `Referer`, a short queue that refuses a burst, a pause after 429/403/5xx answers (honouring `Retry-After` in full), at most one retry after a network failure, and a per-install daily cap on public-instance requests (`NOMINATIM_DAILY_CAP`, default 50). Processes using the same installation state file hold one lock through the actual fetch invocation and recording the next public start, with the daily slot persisted before invocation; restarts share that count, spacing and any pause. An unfinished dispatch marker fails closed until operator recovery; it is never automatically reclaimed. Public access fails closed if the state file cannot be read, locked, written or semantically validated. This coordination does not span independent installations or state directories and does not establish an application-wide public-service allowance or authorize public use. An operator-selected non-public endpoint is outside the public cap, spacing and durable-state requirement; an upstream cooldown is kept with the endpoint that returned it rather than leaking across operator URLs. Answers are cached on disk (outlines 90 days, places 30 days, no-results 24 hours); failures are not cached. Outlines are looked up only for an explicit ask, after bundled data and any configured Overpass, and only results whose type suits the ask are used. Administrative outline responses expose country/admin-1/admin-2 identity only when the selected Nominatim row has a recognized, unambiguous address type consistent with its own name; numeric rank, ambiguous types, missing fields and contradictory names do not manufacture identity. It is not used for systematic or bulk queries.
 - **Street and building outlines.** Voice street highlights, pointed-at buildings and grounds use the OpenFreeMap vector tiles the traffic layer already loads. Traffic and outlines share one bounded pending fetch/decode owner per immutable XYZ tile; materialized outline geometry is charged to the retained-byte ceiling and capped by coordinate count. Consumer result caches and request lifetimes remain independent, while eviction or explicit teardown cancels queued idle projections and releases their decoded owner. No Overpass request is made unless `OVERPASS_UPSTREAMS` is configured. Named grounds require a returned name matching the selected place, except that an ask whose head noun names a kind of grounds (a school, university or college, hospital, cemetery, stadium or zoo) may use the part of the smallest unnamed tile area of that class that holds the resolved place; a differently named area never answers. Other anonymous landcover polygons cannot establish identity, so unsupported grounds stay unavailable rather than borrowing a nearby POI name.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 6212f3991..bce41b190 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ _Ask for radio near anywhere and the globe starts broadcasting — every station
 
 ## 🛰️ What's on the Globe
 
-Twenty-one layers and map sources. **Nineteen have a keyless path.** Some offer additional capabilities with a provider key. (🟢 no key · 🟡 free key · 🔴 metered.)
+Twenty-two layers and map sources. **Twenty have a keyless path.** Some offer additional capabilities with a provider key. (🟢 no key · 🟡 free key · 🔴 metered.)
 
 | Layer                       | What you get                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | Source                                  | Auth                                                                                                |
 | --------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
@@ -452,6 +452,7 @@ Twenty-one layers and map sources. **Nineteen have a keyless path.** Some offer
 | 🚀 **Space Missions**       | Rolling 30-day launches with payload, stage, and recovery detail                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | Launch Library 2                        | 🟢 (🔴 optional paid token raises the allowance)                                                         |
 | 🎖️ **Mapped Installations** | Viewport-bounded military-site context from community mapping — incomplete by nature, and labeled that way                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | OpenStreetMap                           | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🚫 **Prohibited & Restricted Airspace** | FAA prohibited (P) and restricted (R) special-use airspace as ground polygons, with name, altitude range and times of use on select. Not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions; informational only, not for flight planning | FAA SUA                                 | 🟢                                                                                                  |
+| 🦉 **Wildlife Sightings** | Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d): density glow, taxon badges and anchored photo cards with creator/licence credit. Salish Sea marine mammals via Acartia; sensitive locations shown as 0.2° cells. Not a census | iNaturalist, Acartia | 🟢 |
 | 🌬️ **Wind**                 | Animated 10 m forecast wind with an optional speed, temperature or pressure color field and a reading at map center                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | NOAA GFS / ECMWF IFS                    | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🌦️ **Observed Weather**     | Rain radar (contiguous US), Satellite clouds (GOES regional or global infrared, Clouds only or Full image) and Lightning density (Americas and Pacific) on one history timeline                                                                                                                                                                                                     | NOAA nowCOAST                           | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🌀 **Cyclones**             | Advisory positions, forecast tracks and uncertainty cones for the Atlantic and eastern/central North Pacific                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | NOAA NHC / CPHC                         | 🟢                                                                                                  |
diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
index 4dceaed6f..7b894c346 100644
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ The data proxies under `server/providers/` are written so the browser cannot tur
 - **Sanitized errors** — internal error details are not echoed back to clients.
 - **Coalesced OAuth refresh** and cached successful responses only (OpenSky).
 - **Redacted debug logging.** The voice debug log (`.gev-logs/`, gitignored) strips API keys, bearer tokens, client secrets, and image data URLs before writing.
-- **Cross-site gate on cost/log endpoints.** The cost-bearing (`/api/realtime/token`, `/api/openai/hud-summary`, `/api/google/nearby-places`, `/api/google/text-search`), quota-bearing (`/api/mapillary/*`, with a per-IP limit on tiles, and `/api/tomtom/*`, backed by its persistent daily tile budget) and log (`/api/realtime/debug-log`) endpoints refuse cross-site browser requests: a foreign or opaque `Origin`, a `Sec-Fetch-Site` other than `same-origin`/`none` (this is what blocks an `<img>`/navigation that carries no `Origin`), or any reverse-proxy/CDN forwarding header returns `403`. Non-browser loopback tools (the repo QA harnesses POST the token endpoint with no `Origin`) and the explicit `HOST=0.0.0.0` LAN opt-in keep working — the gate deliberately does not require a loopback remote address; that stricter requirement belongs only to the credential panel (`admitKeySetupRequest`). The Host check (`allowedHosts`, applied by `hostCheckPlugin` ahead of every route, since Vite's own check runs only after plugin middleware) rejects a rebinding `Host` before any handler runs, in every mode, and the gate is defense in depth behind it: the LAN opt-in keeps that check and accepts only IP addresses, `localhost` and names listed in `GEV_ALLOWED_HOSTS`. **Limit:** a name you list there is trusted like the app's own address, so list only names you control. The keyless map routes (`/api/terrain/heights`, `/api/drone-airspace`, `/api/overpass` and voice place search's `/api/osm/features`, which spends the same operator Overpass) use the same cross-site checks, minus the forwarding-header refusal: they guard only per-client quotas and caches, not a key or a bill, and the map and voice need them to work behind a reverse proxy. `/api/overpass` also admits at most 300 POSTs a minute per peer (IPv6 peers keyed by /64) and 900 a minute across all remote peers before it reads a body. A direct loopback request — a loopback socket with none of the forwarding headers `hasProxySignals` checks (`Forwarded`, `Via`, `X-Forwarded-For`, `X-Forwarded-Host`, `X-Forwarded-Port`, `X-Forwarded-Proto`, `X-Real-IP`, `CF-Connecting-IP`, `CF-Ray`) — draws on its own per-peer admission window, so remote peers cannot exhaust the owner's admission. A reverse proxy on the same machine must add at least one of those headers (Caddy and Cloudflare do by default; nginx needs `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;`, plus `proxy_set_header Host $http_host;` and `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;` so the `Origin` check matches), or its traffic is indistinguishable from the owner's and shares the owner's window. With one, its requests are then counted as remote, in one bucket per proxy socket — the forwarded client address is never trusted as identity — so all users behind one proxy share 300/min. The isolation needs a loopback socket: under the default Docker bridge network every host-side client, the owner included, arrives from the container gateway and is one remote peer. **Limit:** this isolates admission only. The upstream budget (90 requests/min per client key, 300/min across all clients) is shared, so once remote traffic has used the global upstream budget, an owner request that misses the cache can still get `429`, or `503` when remote misses hold every upstream concurrency slot; cache hits are unaffected. The CCTV routes (`/api/cctv/*`) use the same keyless checks; their one key-bearing step, the Street View fallback, is skipped for any request with forwarding headers.
+- **Cross-site gate on cost/log endpoints.** The cost-bearing (`/api/realtime/token`, `/api/openai/hud-summary`, `/api/google/nearby-places`, `/api/google/text-search`), quota-bearing (`/api/mapillary/*`, with a per-IP limit on tiles, and `/api/tomtom/*`, backed by its persistent daily tile budget) and log (`/api/realtime/debug-log`) endpoints refuse cross-site browser requests: a foreign or opaque `Origin`, a `Sec-Fetch-Site` other than `same-origin`/`none` (this is what blocks an `<img>`/navigation that carries no `Origin`), or any reverse-proxy/CDN forwarding header returns `403`. Non-browser loopback tools (the repo QA harnesses POST the token endpoint with no `Origin`) and the explicit `HOST=0.0.0.0` LAN opt-in keep working — the gate deliberately does not require a loopback remote address; that stricter requirement belongs only to the credential panel (`admitKeySetupRequest`). The Host check (`allowedHosts`, applied by `hostCheckPlugin` ahead of every route, since Vite's own check runs only after plugin middleware) rejects a rebinding `Host` before any handler runs, in every mode, and the gate is defense in depth behind it: the LAN opt-in keeps that check and accepts only IP addresses, `localhost` and names listed in `GEV_ALLOWED_HOSTS`. **Limit:** a name you list there is trusted like the app's own address, so list only names you control. The keyless map routes (`/api/terrain/heights`, `/api/drone-airspace`, `/api/inaturalist/observations`, `/api/acartia/sightings`, `/api/overpass` and voice place search's `/api/osm/features`, which spends the same operator Overpass) use the same cross-site checks, minus the forwarding-header refusal: they guard only per-client quotas and caches, not a key or a bill, and the map and voice need them to work behind a reverse proxy. `/api/overpass` also admits at most 300 POSTs a minute per peer (IPv6 peers keyed by /64) and 900 a minute across all remote peers before it reads a body. A direct loopback request — a loopback socket with none of the forwarding headers `hasProxySignals` checks (`Forwarded`, `Via`, `X-Forwarded-For`, `X-Forwarded-Host`, `X-Forwarded-Port`, `X-Forwarded-Proto`, `X-Real-IP`, `CF-Connecting-IP`, `CF-Ray`) — draws on its own per-peer admission window, so remote peers cannot exhaust the owner's admission. A reverse proxy on the same machine must add at least one of those headers (Caddy and Cloudflare do by default; nginx needs `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;`, plus `proxy_set_header Host $http_host;` and `proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;` so the `Origin` check matches), or its traffic is indistinguishable from the owner's and shares the owner's window. With one, its requests are then counted as remote, in one bucket per proxy socket — the forwarded client address is never trusted as identity — so all users behind one proxy share 300/min. The isolation needs a loopback socket: under the default Docker bridge network every host-side client, the owner included, arrives from the container gateway and is one remote peer. **Limit:** this isolates admission only. The upstream budget (90 requests/min per client key, 300/min across all clients) is shared, so once remote traffic has used the global upstream budget, an owner request that misses the cache can still get `429`, or `503` when remote misses hold every upstream concurrency slot; cache hits are unaffected. The CCTV routes (`/api/cctv/*`) use the same keyless checks; their one key-bearing step, the Street View fallback, is skipped for any request with forwarding headers.
 - **Full Content-Security-Policy.** The dev and preview servers send a real CSP (`script-src 'self' 'unsafe-eval' blob:` plus the YouTube, Facebook and X scripts the Nepal event's embedded media loads and the Maps JavaScript API that Street View runs on, with a matching `frame-src` for their players and posts: no inline script and no other script origin; `blob:` covers the object URLs Cesium's bundled workers bootstrap through in the built app), alongside the existing `X-Frame-Options: DENY` and `frame-ancestors 'none'`. `'unsafe-eval'` stays because Knockout, bundled inside Cesium's widgets package, resolves the global object with `eval` at load time and the globe does not initialize without it; styles permit `'unsafe-inline'` and Google Fonts because Vite's dev client injects `<style>` elements.
 
 Allowing `maps.googleapis.com` in `script-src` also trusts its JSONP endpoints, which can bypass the script allowlist if an HTML-injection bug exists; this is an accepted limitation of loading the Maps JavaScript API, alongside the existing `'unsafe-eval'` allowance.
diff --git a/changelog.d/0000-wildlife-sightings.md b/changelog.d/0000-wildlife-sightings.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75abdd8dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/0000-wildlife-sightings.md
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+- Add Wildlife Sightings in the Wildlife layer group, off by default, using
+  keyless iNaturalist observations within 48 h (whales 7 d) and Acartia Salish
+  Sea marine mammals. CONFIRMED and taxa filters share via token `9`.
+  A noninteractive density glow accompanies real-sighting taxon badges,
+  decluttered species labels and credited ambient photos. Selection stays
+  pinned across camera and sample changes and opens an anchored photo card
+  with a contained image, creator/licence and one iNaturalist source link.
+  Obscured and Acartia sightings use text-only cards; private records and
+  Acartia comments are excluded. Attribution appears in the layer row and
+  Data attribution popover. Cached progressive tiles, bounded image/billboard
+  work and a paced queue preserve iNaturalist's 60/minute and 8,000/day limits.
+  All 11 locales supported. (lyehe, #0000)
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index abfa3fc04..c1ce3af7b 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -98,6 +98,93 @@ across the antimeridian, so they cannot use the strict ±180 check as-is, and
 `src/sources/adsbRecords.js` and `server/providers/common/geo.js` keep their own
 implementations.
 
+## Wildlife Sightings — iNaturalist and Acartia
+
+**Wildlife Sightings** (`wildlife-sightings`, share-link token `9`) is off by
+default in the Wildlife group between Events and Weather. CONFIRMED and six
+taxa presets round-trip in share links. Voice is off for this layer for now;
+it is outside analyst queries and DETECT. Community observations are not a
+census; private records are excluded.
+
+`/api/inaturalist/observations` requests verifiable wildlife in view within
+48 h (whales 7 d). Recency uses observation time: the `d1` date filter and a
+strict rolling cutoff. Date-only rows qualify only when their day starts
+within the window. Close views use a cached random sample of at most 200 rows;
+global samples use newest observations first. Observation caches last five
+minutes (global ten minutes), with stale fallback for at most one hour.
+
+Observations and grid tiles share a paced priority queue: a four-call burst,
+then one request per second, at most four in flight, ≤60/minute and a persisted
+8,000/day budget. Superseded consumers leave before dispatch. The recovered
+queue tail isolates failures; ordinary grid failures do not fail observations.
+Provider 429 cooldown is shared; 5xx cooldown is resource-specific. Failed tiles
+retain good cells for at most one hour. Stale replies carry `X-Data-Stale` and
+known `Retry-After`. Failures keep filters and drawn rows, reporting DEGRADED
+with retry timing; logs exclude request URLs and upstream exception text.
+
+`/api/acartia/sightings` adds Salish Sea marine mammals within 45.5–50.5° N,
+126–121° W, cached ten minutes and stale for at most 24 h. WHALES accepts only
+recognized cetaceans; other identified marine mammals appear under ALL or
+MAMMALS. Sensitive iNaturalist locations remain 0.2° privacy cells; Acartia
+positions are rounded to 0.01° on the server. Acartia comments are never retained.
+Observer identity is retained only for photo attribution.
+
+`/api/inaturalist/grid` supplies a dedicated, nonpickable billboard density glow,
+with a view-relative density ramp from cool teal to warm amber. Overlapping
+Gaussian splats span four logical cell widths; mono and CRT styles follow map
+and cockpit vision changes. Empty snapshots paint nothing. Full footprints
+stay inside the globe limb with a 5% radius margin; opacity fades from full at
+3,000 km to zero at 8,000 km camera altitude. Culling and cached coordinates
+add no per-frame work and leave sighting counts intact.
+
+Only real sampled observation rows produce taxon badges at their public
+positions. The badges use 28 px screen buckets, a 22 px overlap check and a
+5,000-observation cap. Tinted circles have a white Material Symbols glyph and
+1.5 px dark outline, remaining 12–22 px at all distances, including selection.
+Glyphs: birds `raven`, mammals `pets`, reptiles `egg_alt`, amphibians
+`water_drop`, fishes `set_meal`, insects `bug_report`, arachnids `pest_control`,
+plants `eco`, fungi `umbrella`, other animals `category`, unknown `question_mark`.
+A plain circle displays while the icon font loads. Row counts read
+“{n} sightings in view”, using visible grid totals when available.
+
+Views request at most six tiles, coarsening zoom for complete coverage. Server
+and client keep bounded 400-tile caches for 15 minutes. Cached, stale and
+adjacent-zoom tiles publish before network waits; each arriving tile replaces
+its covered area, including healthy empty tiles. Grid tiles publish even while
+the independent observation request is pending or failed. Enable waits for one
+camera settle; camera acquisition uses moveEnd with a 600 ms debounce. The
+undocumented UTFGrid endpoint has a schema guard; see `KNOWN-ISSUES.md`.
+
+Ambient cards use a fixed 96 px image width and a short creator name credit,
+with a bounded frame cache. New cards fill free screen regions; visible cards
+survive a random sample refresh until they leave the view or observation
+window. The 110/125 km show/hide thresholds provide hysteresis; cards scale
+and fade gradually through 120 km. Only painted photos suppress their own
+badge and label. Labels yield to painted cards, then compete by ambient score;
+repeated translated names within 80 screen pixels yield to higher-priority
+content. At most 150 labels enter the host. Titles prefer a word boundary for
+ellipses; accessible names remain complete. Selected thumbnails or names use
+the shared selected chrome and paint lane, with no canvas source link.
+
+Clicking a badge, label or photo flies to its supplied position and opens a
+compact anchored photo card. Selection stays pinned across camera, filter and
+sample changes until explicit deselection or layer disable. Its medium image
+uses `object-fit: contain`, with names, compact observed age and creator/licence.
+The card is the single source link to iNaturalist. Obscured sightings also stay
+text-only; Acartia stays text-only with provider credit and whale guidance.
+Placement avoids actual HUD, toolbar and rail rectangles, panning only when
+necessary while preserving zoom. Escape, close or an outside click closes the
+card and clears selection. Camera/layout changes reposition the card without
+an idle frame listener; shell teardown also removes its host and subscription.
+
+Attribution appears in the layer row and Data attribution popover:
+“iNaturalist contributors · licences per record”, plus Acartia when drawn.
+Disable/destroy releases the glow collection, texture atlas, timers, queues and
+style listeners. Synthetic fixtures cover privacy, acquisition, rendering,
+selection and card placement. Deterministic operation checks run in `npm test`;
+wall-clock budgets run in `npm run test:perf`. All 11 locales are supported.
+
+
 ## Prohibited & Restricted Airspace — FAA special-use airspace
 
 The Infrastructure group includes **Prohibited & Restricted Airspace** (`drone-airspace`,
@@ -1541,6 +1628,8 @@ are owned by a renderer-free panel component. The layer manager supplies current
 snapshots, lifecycle actions and row descriptors. Remount and teardown remove
 listeners and row subscriptions; obsolete completions do not repaint old rows.
 The clear control presents busy state while its existing action owns the transaction.
+The Wildlife group follows Events and precedes Weather; Wildlife Sightings
+provides its confirmed toggle, taxa presets and fixed-order, nonempty legend.
 
 ## Sky background
 
@@ -4212,6 +4301,7 @@ its criteria cannot be silently ignored.
 | Ski Pistes ⛷ (`ski-pistes`) | OpenSnowMap piste raster tiles (keyless; CC BY-SA tiles, OSM data ODbL; no bulk download) | `src/data/osmOverlays.js` | — (browser-direct tiles) | on view (Cesium tile requests; no polling) |
 | Fire Perimeters 🔥 | NIFC WFIGS current interagency perimeters (keyless, paged past the 2000-record cap); InciWeb catalog + incident page origin and update time checks for verified incident-page links | `src/layers/perimeters/` via `src/app/layers/perimeters.js` | `/api/fire-perimeters` + `/api/fire-perimeters/inciweb/*` | 5 min (server caches: catalog 1 h; publication 30 min) |
 | Prohibited & Restricted Airspace 🚫 | FAA Special Use Airspace prohibited (P) and restricted (R) zones (keyless FeatureServer, simplified geometry) | `src/layers/droneAirspace/` via `src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js` | `/api/drone-airspace` | 1 h (server cache 1 h; stale-on-error) |
+| Wildlife Sightings 🦉 | iNaturalist wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d), per view; Acartia Salish Sea marine mammal coverage (keyless) | `src/layers/wildlifeSightings/` via `src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js` | `/api/inaturalist/observations`, `/api/inaturalist/grid`, `/api/acartia/sightings` | camera moveEnd (600 ms debounce; enable settles 300 ms) + 5 min (observations 5 / 10 min; tiles 15 min; stale ≤ 1 h / 24 h) |
 
 GNSS Integrity samples a 250 nm circle around the Earth point under the screen
 centre. Camera reads debounce for 600 ms with a monotonic 2.5 s minimum gap;
diff --git a/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md b/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md
index 53c7949c6..ccd3ed906 100644
--- a/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md
+++ b/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md
@@ -10,6 +10,22 @@ For the roadmap and open backlog, see the repository issue tracker.
 
 ## Open
 
+### Wildlife grid is an undocumented iNaturalist endpoint
+
+Status: Open (guarded fallback)
+
+The operational `/v1/grid/{z}/{x}/{y}.grid.json` endpoint is not part of the
+published v1 Swagger contract. Its 64×64 UTFGrid shape, keys and cell records
+are validated in full at the allow-list proxy. A schema change or unavailable
+tile retains its last good cells for at most one hour; a cold unavailable grid
+uses sampled observations with the same badges and screen buckets, without
+claiming complete worldwide coverage. Tests use
+synthetic fixtures with the locally inspected tile's exact structure. Retest
+and update the schema guard before accepting an upstream shape change. Grid
+and observation calls share the paced queue, provider budget and 429 cooldown;
+ordinary tile failures do not block observation queries.
+
+
 ### Street traffic can be slow/uneven when panning across dense city blocks
 Status: Open (partially mitigated)
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 614ef389e..72893cf8c 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
        with the sources: src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs fails when a source
        names a glyph this list is missing, because a missing glyph does not draw
        a box — the ligature never forms and the element renders the literal word. -->
-  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&icon_names=adjust,arrow_drop_down,arrow_forward,arrow_left,arrow_right,bolt,chevron_left,chevron_right,close,close_fullscreen,dark_mode,draw,east,flare,flight,handyman,layers,layers_clear,light_mode,local_fire_department,location_on,more_horiz,movie,my_location,navigation,normal,on,open_in_full,partly_cloudy_day,pentagon,public,radar,radio,right_panel_close,right_panel_open,rocket_launch,satellite_alt,search,settings,skip_next,skip_previous,streetview,timeline,tune,upload_file,videocam,view_in_ar,visibility,visibility_off" rel="stylesheet" />
+  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&icon_names=adjust,arrow_drop_down,arrow_forward,arrow_left,arrow_right,bolt,bug_report,category,chevron_left,chevron_right,close,close_fullscreen,dark_mode,draw,east,eco,egg_alt,flare,flight,handyman,layers,layers_clear,light_mode,local_fire_department,location_on,more_horiz,movie,my_location,navigation,normal,on,open_in_full,partly_cloudy_day,pentagon,pest_control,pets,public,question_mark,radar,radio,raven,right_panel_close,right_panel_open,rocket_launch,satellite_alt,search,set_meal,settings,skip_next,skip_previous,streetview,timeline,tune,umbrella,upload_file,videocam,view_in_ar,visibility,visibility_off,water_drop" rel="stylesheet" />
 </head>
 <body>
   <div class="gev-view" data-gev-view="scene-chrome"></div>
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 42121974f..ffc554d7b 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "name": "gods-eye-view",
   "private": true,
   "version": "0.3.0",
-  "description": "A real-time intelligence console for planet Earth — photorealistic 3D globe, live aircraft/ships/satellites/earthquakes/CCTV, and hands-free voice control. Runs in a browser.",
+  "description": "A real-time intelligence console for planet Earth \u2014 photorealistic 3D globe, live aircraft/ships/satellites/earthquakes/CCTV, and hands-free voice control. Runs in a browser.",
   "type": "module",
   "license": "MIT",
   "author": "Bilawal Sidhu",
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
     "build:panel": "node scripts/build-panel.mjs",
     "preview": "vite preview",
     "test": "node scripts/run-unit-tests.mjs",
+    "test:perf": "node scripts/run-perf-tests.mjs",
     "test:track": "node scripts/track-regression.mjs",
     "qa:map-source-tray": "node scripts/qa-map-source-tray.mjs",
     "qa:street-level": "node scripts/qa-street-level.mjs",
@@ -292,6 +293,8 @@
     "./tools/panel": "./src/tools/panel.js",
     "./tools/services": "./src/tools/services.js",
     "./view": "./src/view/index.js",
-    "./agent/world-packet": "./src/agent/worldPacket.js"
+    "./agent/world-packet": "./src/agent/worldPacket.js",
+    "./layers/wildlife-sightings": "./src/layers/wildlifeSightings/index.js",
+    "./layers/wildlife-sightings/source": "./src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js"
   }
 }
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index b390581d0..1b0d1454c 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -1268,5 +1268,89 @@
   "src/voice/geminiTextChat.js",
   "src/voice/panelLayout.js",
   "src/voice/textChat.js",
-  "src/voice/textProtocol.js"
+  "src/voice/textProtocol.js",
+  "src/app/sourceComposition.js",
+  "src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs",
+  "src/data/dataCredits.js",
+  "src/data/layerState.js",
+  "src/data/layerState.test.mjs",
+  "src/data/spriteOrder.js",
+  "src/i18n/locales/ar.json",
+  "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
+  "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+  "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+  "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
+  "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
+  "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
+  "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+  "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
+  "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
+  "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
+  "src/i18n/same-as-english.json",
+  "src/navigationPolicy.js",
+  "src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.js",
+  "src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.test.mjs",
+  "src/sources/rateLimit.js",
+  "src/ui/layerNames.js",
+  "src/ui/styles/cyber.css",
+  "src/voice/layerManifest.js",
+  "src/worldFocus.js",
+  "src/worldFocus.test.mjs",
+  "server/providers/acartia.js",
+  "server/providers/acartia.test.mjs",
+  "server/providers/common/userAgent.js",
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/client.js",
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/observations.js",
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/observations.test.mjs",
+  "src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/controls.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/docs.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/index.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/ownership.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.test.mjs",
+  "src/sources/rateLimit.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs",
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/client.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.test.mjs",
+  "src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.test.mjs",
+  "src/overlays/wildlifeSightingOverlay.test.mjs",
+  "scripts/run-perf-tests.mjs",
+  "src/perfTestRunner.test.mjs",
+  "src/testSupport/wildlifeBillboardModel.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.perf.test.mjs",
+  "src/ui/wildlifeSightingPlacement.js",
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/queue.js",
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/queue.test.mjs",
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/grid.js",
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/grid.test.mjs",
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/grid.fixture.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/renderPerformanceFixtures.mjs",
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/speed.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/render.perf.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cache.integration.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.test.mjs",
+  "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.test.mjs",
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/proxy.fixture.mjs"
 ]
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index b7556f434..fb91e177d 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -151,7 +151,8 @@
       "src/ui/views/panels/GlobeCompass.vue",
       "src/ui/stores/recording.js",
       "src/ui/styleParameters.js",
-      "src/ui/i18n.js"
+      "src/ui/i18n.js",
+      "src/ui/surfaceKeyboard.js"
     ],
     "external": ["vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n"]
   },
@@ -199,7 +200,22 @@
       "src/data/aisStreamAdapter.js",
       "src/data/aisWatchdog.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
-      "src/i18n/marker.js"
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
+      "server/providers/acartia.js",
+      "server/providers/common/rate-limit.js",
+      "server/providers/common/same-site.js",
+      "server/providers/common/userAgent.js",
+      "server/providers/inaturalist/client.js",
+      "server/providers/inaturalist/observations.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js",
+      "src/localRequestGate.mjs",
+      "src/sources/rateLimit.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js",
+      "server/providers/inaturalist/grid.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js",
+      "server/providers/inaturalist/queue.js"
     ],
     "external": ["ws"]
   },
@@ -1149,7 +1165,14 @@
       "src/ui/stores/globeActions.js",
       "src/ui/stores/recording.js",
       "src/ui/i18n.js",
-      "src/ui/kit/UiSegmented.vue"
+      "src/ui/kit/UiSegmented.vue",
+      "src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js",
+      "src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue",
+      "src/ui/wildlifeSightingPlacement.js",
+      "src/overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n"]
   },
@@ -3263,7 +3286,32 @@
       "src/voice/osmActions.js",
       "src/layers/osmPlaces/index.js",
       "src/app/layers/osmPlaces.js",
-      "src/voice/areaActions.js"
+      "src/voice/areaActions.js",
+      "src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/controls.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/index.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js",
+      "src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.js",
+      "src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/billboardModel.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.js",
+      "src/ui/wildlifeSightingPlacement.js",
+      "src/overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -3886,7 +3934,30 @@
       "src/data/local_data/wof_neighborhoods/files.js",
       "src/layers/osmPlaces/model.js",
       "src/layers/osmPlaces/index.js",
-      "src/app/layers/osmPlaces.js"
+      "src/app/layers/osmPlaces.js",
+      "src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/controls.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/index.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.js",
+      "src/ui/rail/utcClock.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/billboardModel.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.js",
+      "src/overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -4422,7 +4493,15 @@
       "src/layers/airQuality/model.js",
       "src/layers/airQuality/source.js",
       "src/layers/droneAirspace/source.js",
-      "src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js"
+      "src/layers/droneAirspace/records.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -4573,7 +4652,8 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
-      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json"
+      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
+      "src/overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "egm96-universal", "pbf"]
   },
@@ -5055,5 +5135,68 @@
       "src/i18n/marker.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
+  },
+  "wildlife-sightings": {
+    "exports": ["./layers/wildlife-sightings"],
+    "modules": [
+      "src/data/dataCredits.js",
+      "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ar.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/de.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/fr.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/it.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ja.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/pt.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/controls.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/index.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.js",
+      "src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.js",
+      "src/overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js",
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js",
+      "src/ui/statusText.js",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/billboardModel.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js"
+    ],
+    "external": ["cesium"]
+  },
+  "wildlife-sightings-source": {
+    "exports": ["./layers/wildlife-sightings/source"],
+    "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.js",
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js",
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js"
+    ],
+    "external": []
   }
 }
diff --git a/scripts/run-perf-tests.mjs b/scripts/run-perf-tests.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d84d950f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/run-perf-tests.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+import {
+  discoverUnitTestFiles,
+  UNIT_TEST_NODE_FLAGS,
+} from './run-unit-tests.mjs';
+
+/** Discover every layer/provider benchmark, including those added by other branches. */
+export function discoverPerfTestFiles(root = process.cwd()) {
+  return discoverUnitTestFiles(root).filter((file) =>
+    file.endsWith('.perf.test.mjs'),
+  );
+}
+
+/** Shared by benchmarks so normal unit runs visibly skip timing assertions. */
+export function perfBudgetTestOptions(env = process.env) {
+  return {
+    skip:
+      env.GEV_PERF_BUDGETS === '1'
+        ? false
+        : 'Timing budgets are opt-in; run npm run test:perf (GEV_PERF_BUDGETS=1). Deterministic delta/write checks still run in the normal suite.',
+  };
+}
+
+/** Build a serial invocation so benchmarks do not compete for CPU time. */
+export function perfTestArgs(files) {
+  // A single serial test process keeps benchmark files from competing with
+  // each other; the normal suite still discovers them and reports their skips.
+  return [
+    ...UNIT_TEST_NODE_FLAGS,
+    '--test',
+    '--test-concurrency=1',
+    '--test-isolation=none',
+    ...files,
+  ];
+}
+
+/** Run discovered benchmarks with wall-clock budgets enabled. */
+export function runPerfTests({
+  root = process.cwd(),
+  env = process.env,
+  run = spawnSync,
+} = {}) {
+  const files = discoverPerfTestFiles(root);
+  if (!files.length) throw new Error('No *.perf.test.mjs benchmarks found');
+  const result = run(process.execPath, perfTestArgs(files), {
+    cwd: root,
+    stdio: 'inherit',
+    env: { ...env, GEV_PERF_BUDGETS: '1' },
+  });
+  if (result.error) throw result.error;
+  return result.status ?? 1;
+}
+
+const invoked = process.argv[1]
+  ? pathToFileURL(path.resolve(process.argv[1])).href
+  : '';
+if (import.meta.url === invoked) process.exitCode = runPerfTests();
diff --git a/server/providers/acartia.js b/server/providers/acartia.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3dafd220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/acartia.js
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+import { normalizeAcartiaSightings } from '../../src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js';
+import { coalesceProxyRequest, readResponseJsonCapped } from './common/http.js';
+import { makeRateLimiter, clientKey } from './common/rate-limit.js';
+import { admitSameSiteKeyless } from './common/same-site.js';
+import { providerUserAgent } from './common/userAgent.js';
+
+const API_URL = 'https://acartia.io/api/v1/sightings/current';
+// All views share the provider's seven-day snapshot.
+const TTL_MS = 600_000;
+const STALE_MAX_MS = 24 * 60 * 60_000;
+const MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
+const TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000;
+const COOLDOWN_MS = 60_000;
+const COOLDOWN_MIN_MS = 5000;
+const COOLDOWN_MAX_MS = 60 * 60_000;
+const FAILURE_COOLDOWN_MS = 15_000;
+
+/** Bound upstream Retry-After seconds or dates to five seconds–one hour. */
+export function acartiaRetryCooldownMs(raw, nowMs) {
+  const value = typeof raw === 'string' ? raw.trim() : '';
+  if (value) {
+    const seconds = /^\d+(?:\.\d+)?$/.test(value) ? Number(value) : NaN;
+    const deadline =
+      !Number.isFinite(seconds) && /[a-z]/i.test(value)
+        ? Date.parse(value)
+        : NaN;
+    const delay = Number.isFinite(seconds) ? seconds * 1000 : deadline - nowMs;
+    if (Number.isFinite(delay) && delay >= 0)
+      return Math.min(COOLDOWN_MAX_MS, Math.max(COOLDOWN_MIN_MS, delay));
+  }
+  return COOLDOWN_MS;
+}
+
+/** Salish Sea coverage. Precise coordinates and comments never enter cache. */
+export function acartiaProxy({
+  fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+  cache = new Map(),
+  warn = (...args) => console.warn(...args),
+} = {}) {
+  const inFlight = new Map();
+  const allow = makeRateLimiter({
+    windowMs: 60_000,
+    max: 60,
+    globalMax: 600,
+    now,
+  });
+  let cooldownUntil = 0;
+  let cooldownStatus = 429;
+  let warnedClamp = false;
+
+  const retrySeconds = () =>
+    Math.max(1, Math.ceil((cooldownUntil - now()) / 1000));
+  const unavailable = (status = 502) =>
+    Object.assign(new Error('acartia_unavailable'), {
+      status,
+      retryAfterS: retrySeconds(),
+    });
+
+  function coolDown(status, delay) {
+    const until = now() + delay;
+    if (until > cooldownUntil) {
+      cooldownUntil = until;
+      cooldownStatus = status;
+    } else if (status === 429 && now() < cooldownUntil) cooldownStatus = 429;
+  }
+
+  async function load() {
+    if (now() < cooldownUntil) throw unavailable(cooldownStatus);
+    const signal = AbortSignal.timeout(TIMEOUT_MS);
+    try {
+      const response = await fetchImpl(API_URL, {
+        signal,
+        redirect: 'error',
+        headers: {
+          Accept: 'application/json',
+          'User-Agent': providerUserAgent('wildlife-sightings'),
+        },
+      });
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
+        if (response.status === 429) {
+          const delay = acartiaRetryCooldownMs(
+            response.headers.get('retry-after'),
+            now(),
+          );
+          if (delay === COOLDOWN_MAX_MS && !warnedClamp) {
+            warnedClamp = true;
+            warn('[acartia-proxy] upstream cooldown capped at one hour');
+          }
+          coolDown(429, delay);
+          throw unavailable(429);
+        }
+        throw unavailable();
+      }
+      // This endpoint documents a JSON array, not a results/data envelope.
+      const payload = await readResponseJsonCapped(
+        response,
+        MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES,
+        signal,
+      );
+      const rows = normalizeAcartiaSightings(payload, now());
+      if (!rows?.length) throw new Error('invalid_snapshot');
+      return { fetchedAt: now(), rows };
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error.status !== 429) coolDown(502, FAILURE_COOLDOWN_MS);
+      warn('[acartia-proxy] upstream refresh failed');
+      throw unavailable(error.status === 429 ? 429 : 502);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function age(entry) {
+    if (!entry) return Infinity;
+    const elapsed = now() - entry.savedAt;
+    return elapsed < 0 ? Infinity : elapsed;
+  }
+
+  async function acquire() {
+    const previous = cache.get('sightings');
+    if (age(previous) < TTL_MS) return { value: previous.value, stale: false };
+    if (age(previous) > STALE_MAX_MS) cache.delete('sightings');
+    try {
+      const { promise } = coalesceProxyRequest(
+        inFlight,
+        'sightings',
+        async () => {
+          const value = await load();
+          cache.set('sightings', { value, savedAt: now() });
+          return value;
+        },
+      );
+      return { value: await promise, stale: false };
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (age(previous) <= STALE_MAX_MS)
+        return { value: previous.value, stale: true };
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handler(req, res) {
+    const json = (status, value, { stale = false, retryAfterS } = {}) => {
+      if (res.destroyed) return;
+      res.writeHead(status, {
+        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        'Cache-Control': 'no-store',
+        ...(status === 405 ? { Allow: 'GET' } : {}),
+        ...(retryAfterS ? { 'Retry-After': String(retryAfterS) } : {}),
+        ...(stale ? { 'X-Data-Stale': 'true' } : {}),
+      });
+      res.end(JSON.stringify(value));
+    };
+    if (admitSameSiteKeyless(req, res)) return;
+    if (req.method !== 'GET') return json(405, { error: 'method_not_allowed' });
+    const pathname = (req.url || '/').split('?')[0];
+    if (pathname !== '/sightings') return json(404, { error: 'unknown_route' });
+    if (!allow(clientKey(req)))
+      return json(429, { error: 'rate_limited' }, { retryAfterS: 60 });
+    try {
+      const { value, stale } = await acquire();
+      return json(200, stale ? { ...value, stale: true } : value, { stale });
+    } catch (error) {
+      return json(
+        error.status === 429 ? 429 : 502,
+        { error: 'acartia_unavailable' },
+        { retryAfterS: error.retryAfterS },
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    name: 'acartia',
+    configureServer({ middlewares }) {
+      middlewares.use('/api/acartia', handler);
+    },
+    configurePreviewServer({ middlewares }) {
+      middlewares.use('/api/acartia', handler);
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/acartia.test.mjs b/server/providers/acartia.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf61d987c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/acartia.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { acartiaProxy, acartiaRetryCooldownMs } from './acartia.js';
+
+const NOW = Date.parse('2026-11-04T18:05:00Z');
+const sighting = (id = 'synthetic-1') => ({
+  entry_id: id,
+  latitude: 48.12345,
+  longitude: -123.12345,
+  created: '2026-11-04 17:00:00',
+  type: 'Orca',
+  no_sighted: '5',
+  photo_url: 'https://provider.example/photos/synthetic.jpg',
+  data_source_name: 'Synthetic Whale Network',
+  data_source_entity: 'Community reports',
+  trusted: true,
+  data_source_comments: 'private-observer@example.test +1-555-000-0000',
+});
+
+function install(options = {}, hook = 'configureServer') {
+  let handler;
+  const plugin = acartiaProxy({ now: () => NOW, warn() {}, ...options });
+  assert.equal(plugin.name, 'acartia');
+  assert.equal(typeof plugin.configureServer, 'function');
+  assert.equal(typeof plugin.configurePreviewServer, 'function');
+  plugin[hook]({
+    middlewares: {
+      use(mount, callback) {
+        assert.equal(mount, '/api/acartia');
+        handler = callback;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  return async (
+    url = '/sightings',
+    { method = 'GET', peer = 'local', headers = {} } = {},
+  ) => {
+    const res = {
+      headers: {},
+      writeHead(status, headers) {
+        this.status = status;
+        this.headers = headers;
+      },
+      setHeader(key, value) {
+        this.headers[key] = value;
+      },
+      end(value) {
+        this.status ??= this.statusCode;
+        this.body = JSON.parse(value);
+      },
+    };
+    await handler(
+      { url, method, headers, socket: { remoteAddress: peer } },
+      res,
+    );
+    return res;
+  };
+}
+
+test('cache stores only supported marine mammals inside the coverage box', async () => {
+  const cache = new Map();
+  const request = install({
+    cache,
+    fetchImpl: async () =>
+      Response.json([
+        sighting('orca'),
+        { ...sighting('seal'), type: 'Harbor seal' },
+        { ...sighting('unknown'), type: 'Unknown' },
+        { ...sighting('fish'), type: 'Whale shark' },
+        { ...sighting('outside'), latitude: 37.8 },
+        { ...sighting('rounded-edge'), latitude: 45.49999 },
+      ]),
+  });
+  const result = await request();
+  assert.equal(result.status, 200);
+  for (const rows of [result.body.rows, cache.get('sightings').value.rows]) {
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      rows.map((row) => [row.stableId, row.cetacean]),
+      [
+        ['acartia:orca', true],
+        ['acartia:seal', false],
+      ],
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+for (const hook of ['configureServer', 'configurePreviewServer']) {
+  test(`${hook}: documented array is normalized and coarsened before caching`, async () => {
+    const cache = new Map();
+    let calls = 0;
+    const request = install(
+      {
+        cache,
+        fetchImpl: async (url, options) => {
+          calls += 1;
+          assert.equal(url, 'https://acartia.io/api/v1/sightings/current');
+          assert.equal(options.redirect, 'error');
+          assert.ok(options.signal instanceof AbortSignal);
+          assert.equal(options.headers.Accept, 'application/json');
+          assert.equal(
+            options.headers['User-Agent'],
+            'gods-eye-view-wildlife-sightings-proxy/1.0 (+https://github.com/bilawalsidhu/gods-eye-view)',
+          );
+          return Response.json([sighting()]);
+        },
+      },
+      hook,
+    );
+    assert.equal(calls, 0);
+    assert.equal(cache.size, 0);
+    const result = await request(
+      '/sightings?url=https://attacker.example&latitude=1',
+    );
+    assert.equal(result.status, 200);
+    assert.equal(result.headers['Cache-Control'], 'no-store');
+    assert.equal(result.body.fetchedAt, NOW);
+    assert.equal(result.body.rows[0].stableId, 'acartia:synthetic-1');
+    assert.equal(result.body.rows[0].lat, 48.12);
+    assert.equal(result.body.rows[0].lon, -123.12);
+    assert.equal(result.body.rows[0].provider.name, 'Synthetic Whale Network');
+    const retained = cache.get('sightings');
+    assert.equal(retained.value.rows[0].lat, 48.12);
+    assert.equal(retained.value.rows[0].lon, -123.12);
+    for (const value of [result.body, [...cache.values()]])
+      assert.doesNotMatch(
+        JSON.stringify(value),
+        /private-observer|555|data_source_comments|48\.12345|123\.12345/,
+      );
+    assert.equal(calls, 1);
+  });
+}
+
+test('gate, method and fixed route run before cache or upstream', async () => {
+  const cache = new Map();
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    cache,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return Response.json([sighting()]);
+    },
+  });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 65; i += 1) {
+    assert.equal(
+      (
+        await request('/sightings', {
+          headers: {
+            host: 'localhost:5173',
+            origin: 'https://foreign.example',
+            'sec-fetch-site': 'cross-site',
+          },
+        })
+      ).status,
+      403,
+    );
+  }
+  const method = await request('/sightings', { method: 'POST' });
+  assert.equal(method.status, 405);
+  assert.equal(method.headers.Allow, 'GET');
+  for (const route of ['/', '/unknown', '/sightings/extra']) {
+    const result = await request(route);
+    assert.equal(result.status, 404);
+    assert.equal(result.body.error, 'unknown_route');
+  }
+  assert.equal(calls, 0);
+  assert.equal(cache.size, 0);
+  const sameOrigin = await request('/sightings', {
+    headers: {
+      host: 'gev.example',
+      origin: 'https://gev.example',
+      'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
+      'x-forwarded-proto': 'https',
+      'x-forwarded-for': '203.0.113.9',
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(sameOrigin.status, 200);
+});
+
+test('request 61 is locally limited even with a fresh cache', async () => {
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return Response.json([sighting()]);
+    },
+  });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 60; i += 1) assert.equal((await request()).status, 200);
+  const limited = await request();
+  assert.equal(limited.status, 429);
+  assert.equal(limited.body.error, 'rate_limited');
+  assert.equal(limited.headers['Retry-After'], '60');
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+});
+
+test('one global snapshot single-flights and stays fresh for ten minutes', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  let calls = 0;
+  let release;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      if (calls === 1)
+        await new Promise((resolve) => {
+          release = resolve;
+        });
+      return Response.json([sighting()]);
+    },
+  });
+  const first = request();
+  const concurrent = request();
+  await new Promise(setImmediate);
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+  release();
+  assert.deepEqual((await first).body, (await concurrent).body);
+  at += 599_999;
+  await request();
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+  at += 1;
+  await request();
+  assert.equal(calls, 2);
+});
+
+test('empty, unprojectable and invented wrapped snapshots never replace the cache', async () => {
+  for (const bad of [
+    [],
+    [null],
+    [{ ...sighting(), data_source_name: '' }],
+    { results: [sighting()] },
+  ]) {
+    let at = NOW;
+    let fail = false;
+    const cache = new Map();
+    const request = install({
+      cache,
+      now: () => at,
+      fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(fail ? bad : [sighting()]),
+    });
+    const fresh = await request();
+    const retained = cache.get('sightings');
+    fail = true;
+    at += 600_001;
+    const stale = await request();
+    assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
+    assert.equal(stale.headers['X-Data-Stale'], 'true');
+    assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+    assert.equal(stale.body.fetchedAt, fresh.body.fetchedAt);
+    assert.equal(cache.get('sightings'), retained);
+    const coldCache = new Map();
+    const cold = install({
+      cache: coldCache,
+      fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(bad),
+    });
+    const result = await cold();
+    assert.equal(result.status, 502);
+    assert.equal(result.body.error, 'acartia_unavailable');
+    assert.equal(coldCache.size, 0);
+  }
+});
+
+test('failure serves stale for at most 24 hours and never reports a cold success', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  let fail = false;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      if (fail) throw new Error('private upstream detail');
+      return Response.json([sighting()]);
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  fail = true;
+  at += 23 * 60 * 60_000 + 59 * 60_000;
+  const stale = await request();
+  assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.fetchedAt, first.body.fetchedAt);
+  at += 2 * 60_000;
+  const expired = await request();
+  assert.equal(expired.status, 502);
+  assert.deepEqual(expired.body, { error: 'acartia_unavailable' });
+});
+
+test('upstream 429 honors Retry-After, caps it, and spends no requests while cooling down', async () => {
+  assert.equal(acartiaRetryCooldownMs('2', NOW), 5000);
+  assert.equal(acartiaRetryCooldownMs('999999', NOW), 3_600_000);
+  assert.equal(
+    acartiaRetryCooldownMs(new Date(NOW + 120_000).toUTCString(), NOW),
+    120_000,
+  );
+  assert.equal(acartiaRetryCooldownMs(null, NOW), 60_000);
+  let at = NOW;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const warnings = [];
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    warn: (message) => warnings.push(message),
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return new Response('limit', {
+        status: 429,
+        headers: { 'Retry-After': '999999' },
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  assert.equal(first.status, 429);
+  assert.equal(first.body.error, 'acartia_unavailable');
+  assert.equal(first.headers['Retry-After'], '3600');
+  at += 5000;
+  const cooling = await request();
+  assert.equal(cooling.headers['Retry-After'], '3595');
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+  assert.equal(
+    warnings.filter((message) => message.includes('capped')).length,
+    1,
+  );
+  at += 3_600_000;
+  await request();
+  assert.equal(calls, 2);
+  assert.equal(
+    warnings.filter((message) => message.includes('capped')).length,
+    1,
+  );
+});
+
+test('upstream 429 also serves a prior snapshot stale', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  let fail = false;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return fail
+        ? new Response('limit', { status: 429 })
+        : Response.json([sighting()]);
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  fail = true;
+  at += 600_001;
+  const stale = await request();
+  assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.fetchedAt, first.body.fetchedAt);
+  at += 1000;
+  assert.equal((await request()).body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(calls, 2);
+});
+
+test('bad JSON, 5xx and capped bodies start a 15 second failure cooldown', async () => {
+  for (const bad of [
+    () => new Response('{malformed'),
+    () => new Response('private upstream message', { status: 503 }),
+    () =>
+      new Response('{}', {
+        headers: { 'Content-Length': String(2 * 1024 * 1024 + 1) },
+      }),
+  ]) {
+    let at = NOW;
+    let calls = 0;
+    const request = install({
+      now: () => at,
+      fetchImpl: async () => {
+        calls += 1;
+        return calls === 1 ? bad() : Response.json([sighting()]);
+      },
+    });
+    const first = await request();
+    assert.equal(first.status, 502);
+    assert.deepEqual(first.body, { error: 'acartia_unavailable' });
+    assert.equal(first.headers['Retry-After'], '15');
+    at += 14_999;
+    assert.equal((await request()).headers['Retry-After'], '1');
+    assert.equal(calls, 1);
+    at += 1;
+    assert.equal((await request()).status, 200);
+    assert.equal(calls, 2);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/server/providers/common/userAgent.js b/server/providers/common/userAgent.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63479f7cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/common/userAgent.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/** Identify each provider while keeping the project contact URL consistent. */
+export function providerUserAgent(name) {
+  return `gods-eye-view-${name}-proxy/1.0 (+https://github.com/bilawalsidhu/gods-eye-view)`;
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/inaturalist/client.js b/server/providers/inaturalist/client.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ba59124b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/inaturalist/client.js
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { promises as fs } from 'node:fs';
+import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
+import { normalizeInatObservations } from '../../../src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js';
+import { readResponseJsonCapped } from '../common/http.js';
+import { clampInt } from '../common/query.js';
+import { providerUserAgent } from '../common/userAgent.js';
+import { projectInatGrid, validInatGridTile } from './grid.js';
+import { createInatQueue } from './queue.js';
+
+const DAILY_BUDGET = 8000;
+const DAY_MS = 24 * 60 * 60_000;
+// One page is capped independently of upstream Content-Length.
+const MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES = 8 * 1024 * 1024;
+const TIMEOUT_MS = 20_000;
+const API_URL = 'https://api.inaturalist.org/v1';
+// Request only the fields used by the public observation projection.
+const OBSERVATIONS_URL = 'https://api.inaturalist.org/v2/observations';
+const OBSERVATION_FIELDS =
+  '(id:!t,uri:!t,location:!t,geojson:all,geoprivacy:!t,taxon_geoprivacy:!t,' +
+  'obscured:!t,quality_grade:!t,observed_on:!t,' +
+  'time_observed_at:!t,faves_count:!t,' +
+  'num_identification_agreements:!t,' +
+  'photos:(url:!t,attribution:!t,license_code:!t),' +
+  'taxon:(name:!t,preferred_common_name:!t,iconic_taxon_name:!t,' +
+  'threatened:!t))';
+const COOLDOWN_MS = 60_000;
+const FAILURE_COOLDOWN_MS = 15_000;
+
+/** Seconds and HTTP dates are accepted; a missing value earns one minute. */
+export function inatRetryCooldownMs(raw, nowMs) {
+  const value = typeof raw === 'string' ? raw.trim() : '';
+  if (value) {
+    const seconds = /^\d+(?:\.\d+)?$/.test(value) ? Number(value) : NaN;
+    const deadline =
+      !Number.isFinite(seconds) && /[a-z]/i.test(value)
+        ? Date.parse(value)
+        : NaN;
+    const delay = Number.isFinite(seconds) ? seconds * 1000 : deadline - nowMs;
+    if (Number.isFinite(delay) && delay >= 0) return delay;
+  }
+  return COOLDOWN_MS;
+}
+
+function upstreamError(code, status, retryAfterS, upstreamStatus) {
+  return Object.assign(new Error(code), {
+    code,
+    status,
+    retryAfterS,
+    upstreamStatus,
+  });
+}
+
+function observationFilters(params) {
+  const query = new URLSearchParams({
+    verifiable: 'true',
+    captive: 'false',
+    // d1 is an observation DATE, unlike creation-time created_d1.
+    d1: params.observedD1,
+  });
+  if (params.taxa !== 'whales') query.set('photos', 'true');
+  if (params.quality === 'research') query.set('quality_grade', 'research');
+  if (params.taxa === 'whales') query.set('taxon_id', '152871');
+  else if (['Aves', 'Mammalia', 'Insecta', 'Plantae'].includes(params.taxa))
+    query.set('iconic_taxa', params.taxa);
+  return query;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shared iNaturalist governor. Only request counters are persisted; observation
+ * payloads are projected immediately and are never written to disk.
+ */
+export function createInatClient({
+  fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+  cacheDir = path.join(process.cwd(), '.gev-cache', 'inaturalist'),
+  warn = (...args) => console.warn(...args),
+  queueOptions,
+} = {}) {
+  const enqueue = createInatQueue(queueOptions);
+  let budget = null;
+  let budgetLoaded = false;
+  let budgetTail = Promise.resolve();
+  let cooldownUntil = 0;
+  // An unavailable UTFGrid tile must never place observation queries into a
+  // 502 cooldown. Only an upstream 429 is a provider-wide restriction.
+  const failures = new Map();
+
+  function dailyLimit() {
+    return clampInt(
+      process.env.INATURALIST_DAILY_BUDGET,
+      1,
+      Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+      DAILY_BUDGET,
+    );
+  }
+
+  function day() {
+    return new Date(now()).toISOString().slice(0, 10);
+  }
+
+  function currentBudget() {
+    const date = day();
+    if (budget?.date !== date) budget = { date, count: 0 };
+    return budget;
+  }
+
+  async function readBudgetOnce() {
+    if (budgetLoaded) return;
+    budgetLoaded = true;
+    if (cacheDir === null) return;
+    try {
+      const value = JSON.parse(
+        await fs.readFile(path.join(cacheDir, 'budget.json'), 'utf8'),
+      );
+      if (
+        typeof value?.date === 'string' &&
+        /^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/.test(value.date) &&
+        Number.isSafeInteger(value.count) &&
+        value.count >= 0
+      )
+        budget = { date: value.date, count: value.count };
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error.code !== 'ENOENT')
+        warn('[inaturalist-proxy] budget read failed');
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function persistBudget(value) {
+    if (cacheDir === null) return;
+    const destination = path.join(cacheDir, 'budget.json');
+    const temporary = `${destination}.${randomUUID()}.tmp`;
+    try {
+      await fs.mkdir(cacheDir, { recursive: true });
+      await fs.writeFile(temporary, JSON.stringify(value), 'utf8');
+      await fs.rename(temporary, destination);
+    } catch {
+      await fs.rm(temporary, { force: true }).catch(() => {});
+      warn('[inaturalist-proxy] budget write failed');
+    }
+  }
+
+  function retrySeconds(until = cooldownUntil) {
+    return Math.max(0, Math.ceil((until - now()) / 1000));
+  }
+
+  function checkCooldown(resource) {
+    if (now() < cooldownUntil)
+      throw upstreamError('inaturalist_rate_limited', 429, retrySeconds(), 429);
+    const failure = failures.get(resource);
+    if (failure && now() < failure.until)
+      throw upstreamError(
+        'inaturalist_unavailable',
+        502,
+        retrySeconds(failure.until),
+        failure.status,
+      );
+    failures.delete(resource);
+  }
+
+  // Reserve and atomically persist one attempt before issuing it. A recovered
+  // tail prevents one disk/reservation failure from poisoning future calls.
+  function reserveAttempt(signal, resource) {
+    const result = budgetTail.then(async () => {
+      signal?.throwIfAborted();
+      checkCooldown(resource);
+      await readBudgetOnce();
+      signal?.throwIfAborted();
+      checkCooldown(resource);
+      const value = currentBudget();
+      if (value.count >= dailyLimit()) {
+        const retry = Math.max(
+          1,
+          Math.ceil((Date.parse(`${day()}T00:00:00Z`) + DAY_MS - now()) / 1000),
+        );
+        throw upstreamError('inaturalist_budget_exhausted', 503, retry);
+      }
+      value.count += 1;
+      await persistBudget({ ...value });
+    });
+    budgetTail = result.catch(() => {});
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  async function requestProjected(url, project, resource, { signal } = {}) {
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    checkCooldown(resource);
+    return enqueue(() => dispatch(url, project, resource, signal), {
+      signal,
+      priority: resource === 'observations' ? 0 : 1,
+    });
+  }
+
+  async function dispatch(url, project, resource, signal) {
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    await reserveAttempt(signal, resource);
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    checkCooldown(resource);
+    const timeout = AbortSignal.timeout(TIMEOUT_MS);
+    const requestSignal = signal ? AbortSignal.any([signal, timeout]) : timeout;
+    let upstreamStatus;
+    let retryDelay = FAILURE_COOLDOWN_MS;
+    try {
+      const response = await fetchImpl(url, {
+        signal: requestSignal,
+        redirect: 'error',
+        headers: {
+          Accept: 'application/json',
+          'User-Agent': providerUserAgent('wildlife-sightings'),
+        },
+      });
+      upstreamStatus = response.status;
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
+        if (response.status === 429) {
+          const delay = inatRetryCooldownMs(
+            response.headers.get('retry-after'),
+            now(),
+          );
+          cooldownUntil = Math.max(cooldownUntil, now() + delay);
+          throw upstreamError(
+            'inaturalist_rate_limited',
+            429,
+            retrySeconds(),
+            429,
+          );
+        }
+        if (response.headers.has('retry-after'))
+          retryDelay = inatRetryCooldownMs(
+            response.headers.get('retry-after'),
+            now(),
+          );
+        throw upstreamError('inaturalist_unavailable', 502);
+      }
+      const payload = await readResponseJsonCapped(
+        response,
+        MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES,
+        requestSignal,
+      );
+      return project(payload);
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Log only safe diagnostic categories, never a URL, body, status text or
+      // exception message (each can contain request/private information).
+      const reason = signal?.aborted
+        ? 'abort'
+        : timeout.aborted || error.name === 'TimeoutError'
+          ? 'timeout'
+          : upstreamStatus && upstreamStatus >= 400
+            ? 'http'
+            : error.code === 'RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE'
+              ? 'response-too-large'
+              : upstreamStatus
+                ? 'invalid-payload'
+                : 'network';
+      warn(
+        `[inaturalist-proxy] upstream refresh failed resource=${resource} status=${upstreamStatus ?? 'none'} reason=${reason}`,
+      );
+      if (signal?.aborted) throw error;
+      // Network, abort, schema and size failures are not upstream cooldown
+      // signals. A later healthy request may recover immediately.
+      if (upstreamStatus >= 500)
+        failures.set(resource, {
+          until: now() + retryDelay,
+          status: upstreamStatus,
+        });
+      const failure = failures.get(resource);
+      throw upstreamError(
+        error.status === 429
+          ? 'inaturalist_rate_limited'
+          : 'inaturalist_unavailable',
+        error.status === 429 ? 429 : 502,
+        error.status === 429
+          ? retrySeconds()
+          : failure
+            ? retrySeconds(failure.until)
+            : undefined,
+        upstreamStatus === 429 || upstreamStatus >= 500
+          ? upstreamStatus
+          : undefined,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Request one bounded observation sample and project its public fields. */
+  async function getObservations(params, options = {}) {
+    const query = observationFilters(params);
+    // View samples stay stable in the route cache until their TTL expires.
+    query.set('order_by', params.scope === 'view' ? 'random' : 'observed_on');
+    if (params.scope !== 'view') query.set('order', 'desc');
+    query.set('per_page', '200');
+    query.set('fields', OBSERVATION_FIELDS);
+    if (params.scope === 'view') {
+      query.set('swlat', String(params.box.south));
+      query.set('swlng', String(params.box.west));
+      query.set('nelat', String(params.box.north));
+      query.set('nelng', String(params.box.east));
+    }
+    return requestProjected(
+      `${OBSERVATIONS_URL}?${query}`,
+      (payload) => {
+        if (
+          !Array.isArray(payload?.results) ||
+          !Number.isSafeInteger(payload.total_results) ||
+          payload.total_results < 0
+        )
+          throw upstreamError('inaturalist_unavailable', 502);
+        const rows = normalizeInatObservations(payload.results, {
+          nowMs: now(),
+          windowMs: (params.taxa === 'whales' ? 7 : 2) * DAY_MS,
+        });
+        // Empty views need total_results: 0. A wholly invalid page must not
+        // replace good data. Valid rows excluded by the finer rolling-time
+        // cutoff are a healthy empty result of the upstream DATE over-fetch.
+        if (
+          !rows ||
+          (!rows.length &&
+            (payload.results.length || payload.total_results) &&
+            !normalizeInatObservations(payload.results)?.length)
+        )
+          throw upstreamError('inaturalist_unavailable', 502);
+        return {
+          rows,
+          totalResults: payload.total_results,
+          ...(payload.total_results > payload.results.length
+            ? { partial: true, rawRowCount: payload.total_results }
+            : {}),
+        };
+      },
+      'observations',
+      options,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Decode one validated density tile without observation identifiers. */
+  async function getGrid(params, options = {}) {
+    if (!validInatGridTile(params)) throw new TypeError('Invalid grid tile');
+    const query = observationFilters(params);
+    return requestProjected(
+      `${API_URL}/grid/${params.z}/${params.x}/${params.y}.grid.json?${query}`,
+      (payload) => projectInatGrid(payload, params),
+      'grid',
+      options,
+    );
+  }
+
+  return {
+    getObservations,
+    getGrid,
+    /** Current provider-wide or resource-specific retry information. */
+    cooldownState(resource) {
+      if (now() < cooldownUntil)
+        return {
+          upstreamStatus: 429,
+          retryAfterS: retrySeconds(),
+        };
+      const failure = failures.get(resource);
+      if (failure && now() < failure.until)
+        return {
+          upstreamStatus: failure.status,
+          retryAfterS: retrySeconds(failure.until),
+        };
+      return undefined;
+    },
+    /** The current UTC day's reserved upstream attempts and configured limit. */
+    budgetState() {
+      const value = currentBudget();
+      return { ...value, budget: dailyLimit() };
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/inaturalist/client.test.mjs b/server/providers/inaturalist/client.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d509396a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/inaturalist/client.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createInatClient } from './client.js';
+import { syntheticGrid } from './grid.fixture.mjs';
+
+const NOW = Date.parse('2026-11-04T18:05:00Z');
+const observation = (id, time) => ({
+  id,
+  geojson: { coordinates: [-122.3, 47.6] },
+  quality_grade: 'research',
+  time_observed_at: time,
+  observed_on: time.slice(0, 10),
+  // Upload age does not determine whether an observation is recent.
+  created_at: '2026-11-04T18:00:00Z',
+  taxon: { name: 'Synthetic taxon', iconic_taxon_name: 'Aves' },
+});
+
+function clientFor(results) {
+  return createInatClient({
+    now: () => NOW,
+    cacheDir: null,
+    queueOptions: { intervalMs: 0 },
+    warn() {},
+    fetchImpl: async () =>
+      Response.json({ results, total_results: results.length }),
+  });
+}
+
+test('iNaturalist drops ancient and boundary-expired observations uploaded today', async () => {
+  const client = clientFor([
+    observation(1, '2010-11-04T18:00:00Z'),
+    observation(2, '2026-11-02T18:04:59Z'),
+    observation(3, '2026-11-02T18:05:00Z'),
+  ]);
+  const result = await client.getObservations({
+    scope: 'global',
+    taxa: 'all',
+    observedD1: '2026-11-02',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    result.rows.map((row) => row.stableId),
+    ['inat:3'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('a valid date-filtered page can be empty after the exact recency cutoff', async () => {
+  const client = clientFor([observation(1, '2026-11-02T06:00:00Z')]);
+  const result = await client.getObservations({
+    scope: 'global',
+    taxa: 'all',
+    observedD1: '2026-11-02',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(result.rows, []);
+  assert.equal(result.totalResults, 1);
+});
+
+const params = {
+  scope: 'view',
+  box: { south: 47, west: -123, north: 48, east: -122 },
+  taxa: 'all',
+  observedD1: '2026-11-02',
+};
+
+test('observations and tiles share pacing, and observation priority wins a cold burst', async () => {
+  let at = 0;
+  const calls = [];
+  const client = createInatClient({
+    cacheDir: null,
+    now: () => NOW + at,
+    queueOptions: {
+      now: () => at,
+      wait: async (ms) => {
+        at += ms;
+      },
+    },
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      const isGrid = new URL(url).pathname.includes('/grid/');
+      calls.push([isGrid ? 'grid' : 'observations', at]);
+      return Response.json(
+        isGrid ? syntheticGrid() : { results: [], total_results: 0 },
+      );
+    },
+  });
+  const tiles = Array.from({ length: 3 }, (_, x) =>
+    client.getGrid({ ...params, z: 2, x, y: 1 }),
+  );
+  await Promise.all([...tiles, client.getObservations(params)]);
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [
+    ['observations', 0],
+    ['grid', 0],
+    ['grid', 0],
+    ['grid', 0],
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(client.budgetState().count, 4);
+});
+
+test('upstream status and safe failure reasons are logged without upstream messages or URLs', async () => {
+  for (const [response, expected] of [
+    [
+      () =>
+        new Response('request-secret', {
+          status: 503,
+          statusText: 'request-secret',
+        }),
+      /status=503 reason=http/,
+    ],
+    [
+      () => Promise.reject(new DOMException('request-secret', 'TimeoutError')),
+      /status=none reason=timeout/,
+    ],
+    [
+      () => Response.json({ unexpected: 'request-secret' }),
+      /status=200 reason=invalid-payload/,
+    ],
+  ]) {
+    const warnings = [];
+    const client = createInatClient({
+      cacheDir: null,
+      now: () => NOW,
+      queueOptions: { intervalMs: 0 },
+      warn: (message) => warnings.push(message),
+      fetchImpl: response,
+    });
+    await assert.rejects(client.getObservations(params), { status: 502 });
+    assert.equal(warnings.length, 1);
+    assert.match(warnings[0], expected);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(warnings[0], /request-secret|https?:|swlat|d1=/);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a dispatched abort is diagnosed, spends only its attempt, and leaves the next request healthy', async () => {
+  const warnings = [];
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  let started;
+  const didStart = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    started = resolve;
+  });
+  let calls = 0;
+  const client = createInatClient({
+    cacheDir: null,
+    now: () => NOW,
+    queueOptions: { intervalMs: 0 },
+    warn: (message) => warnings.push(message),
+    fetchImpl: async (url, { signal }) => {
+      calls += 1;
+      if (calls > 1) return Response.json({ results: [], total_results: 0 });
+      started();
+      return new Promise((resolve, reject) =>
+        signal.addEventListener('abort', () => reject(signal.reason), {
+          once: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    },
+  });
+  const pending = client.getObservations(params, { signal: controller.signal });
+  const failed = assert.rejects(pending, { name: 'AbortError' });
+  await didStart;
+  controller.abort();
+  await failed;
+  assert.match(warnings[0], /resource=observations status=none reason=abort/);
+  await client.getObservations(params);
+  assert.equal(calls, 2);
+});
diff --git a/server/providers/inaturalist/grid.fixture.mjs b/server/providers/inaturalist/grid.fixture.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ba6e05c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/inaturalist/grid.fixture.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/** Build a synthetic UTFGrid with logical cell counts and repeated hit pixels. */
+export function syntheticGrid({
+  z = 2,
+  x = 1,
+  y = 1,
+  cells = [
+    { row: 1, column: 51, count: 6, iconic: 3 },
+    { row: 3, column: 49, count: 12, iconic: 47170 },
+  ],
+} = {}) {
+  const pixels = Array.from({ length: 64 }, () => Array(64).fill(' '));
+  const keys = [''];
+  const data = {};
+  cells.forEach((cell, index) => {
+    const key = String(900_000_000 + index);
+    keys.push(key);
+    const value = index + 1;
+    let code = value + 32;
+    if (code >= 34) code += 1;
+    if (code >= 92) code += 1;
+    const character = String.fromCharCode(code);
+    for (const [row, column] of [
+      [cell.row, cell.column],
+      [cell.row - 1, cell.column],
+      [cell.row + 1, cell.column],
+      [cell.row, cell.column - 1],
+      [cell.row, cell.column + 1],
+    ]) {
+      if (row >= 0 && row < 64 && column >= 0 && column < 64)
+        pixels[row][column] = character;
+    }
+    data[key] = {
+      captive: null,
+      cellCount: cell.count,
+      geoprivacy: null,
+      id: Number(key),
+      latitude:
+        (Math.atan(
+          Math.sinh(Math.PI * (1 - 2 * ((y + cell.row / 64) / 2 ** z))),
+        ) *
+          180) /
+        Math.PI,
+      longitude: ((x + cell.column / 64) / 2 ** z) * 360 - 180,
+      private_location: null,
+      quality_grade: 'needs_id',
+      'taxon.iconic_taxon_id': cell.iconic,
+      uuid: `00000000-0000-4000-8000-${String(index).padStart(12, '0')}`,
+    };
+  });
+  return { grid: pixels.map((row) => row.join('')), keys, data };
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/inaturalist/grid.js b/server/providers/inaturalist/grid.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d4e0aeb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/inaturalist/grid.js
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// iNaturalist's operational /v1/grid/{z}/{x}/{y}.grid.json endpoint is not
+// covered by its v1 Swagger contract. Validate the entire UTFGrid shape before
+// accepting any cell; callers preserve the last good sample on schema drift.
+import {
+  wildlifeGridCellId,
+  WILDLIFE_GRID_MAX_ZOOM,
+} from '../../../src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js';
+
+const INAT_GRID_SIZE = 64;
+export const INAT_GRID_DECODE_MEASURE = 'wildlife:server:tile-decode';
+const grades = new Set(['research', 'needs_id', 'casual']);
+const object = (value) =>
+  !!value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value);
+
+/** Accept only integer XYZ coordinates within the supported zoom range. */
+export function validInatGridTile({ z, x, y } = {}) {
+  return (
+    Number.isInteger(z) &&
+    z >= 0 &&
+    z <= WILDLIFE_GRID_MAX_ZOOM &&
+    Number.isInteger(x) &&
+    Number.isInteger(y) &&
+    x >= 0 &&
+    y >= 0 &&
+    x < 2 ** z &&
+    y < 2 ** z
+  );
+}
+
+/** Pure allow-list projection. A UTFGrid key is an observation identifier and
+ * its repeated pixels form a dilated hit area, not additional occupied cells.
+ * Neither those keys nor representative/private fields cross this boundary. */
+export function projectInatGrid(payload, tile) {
+  const start = `${INAT_GRID_DECODE_MEASURE}:start`;
+  const end = `${INAT_GRID_DECODE_MEASURE}:end`;
+  performance.mark(start);
+  try {
+    return decodeInatGrid(payload, tile);
+  } finally {
+    performance.mark(end);
+    // Keep the latest sample inspectable without retaining every tile forever.
+    // PerformanceObservers still receive each individual decode measurement.
+    performance.clearMeasures(INAT_GRID_DECODE_MEASURE);
+    performance.measure(INAT_GRID_DECODE_MEASURE, start, end);
+    performance.clearMarks(start);
+    performance.clearMarks(end);
+  }
+}
+
+function decodeInatGrid(payload, tile) {
+  const invalid = () => {
+    throw new TypeError('Invalid iNaturalist UTFGrid');
+  };
+  if (
+    !validInatGridTile(tile) ||
+    !object(payload) ||
+    !Array.isArray(payload.grid) ||
+    payload.grid.length !== INAT_GRID_SIZE ||
+    !payload.grid.every(
+      (row) => typeof row === 'string' && row.length === INAT_GRID_SIZE,
+    ) ||
+    !Array.isArray(payload.keys) ||
+    !payload.keys.length ||
+    payload.keys.length > INAT_GRID_SIZE ** 2 + 1 ||
+    payload.keys[0] !== '' ||
+    !payload.keys.every(
+      (key) => typeof key === 'string' && key.length <= 128,
+    ) ||
+    new Set(payload.keys).size !== payload.keys.length ||
+    !object(payload.data)
+  )
+    invalid();
+  const dataKeys = Object.keys(payload.data);
+  if (dataKeys.length !== payload.keys.length - 1) invalid();
+  for (const key of payload.keys.slice(1)) {
+    if (!key || !Object.hasOwn(payload.data, key)) invalid();
+    const value = payload.data[key];
+    if (
+      !object(value) ||
+      !Number.isSafeInteger(value.cellCount) ||
+      value.cellCount <= 0 ||
+      !Number.isFinite(value.latitude) ||
+      Math.abs(value.latitude) > 90 ||
+      !Number.isFinite(value.longitude) ||
+      Math.abs(value.longitude) > 180 ||
+      !grades.has(value.quality_grade) ||
+      !(
+        value['taxon.iconic_taxon_id'] === null ||
+        (Number.isSafeInteger(value['taxon.iconic_taxon_id']) &&
+          value['taxon.iconic_taxon_id'] > 0)
+      )
+    )
+      invalid();
+  }
+  const occupied = new Set();
+  for (const line of payload.grid) {
+    for (let column = 0; column < INAT_GRID_SIZE; column += 1) {
+      let code = line.charCodeAt(column);
+      if (code < 32 || code === 34 || code === 92) invalid();
+      if (code >= 93) code -= 1;
+      if (code >= 35) code -= 1;
+      const index = code - 32;
+      if (index < 0 || index >= payload.keys.length) invalid();
+      if (index) occupied.add(payload.keys[index]);
+    }
+  }
+  if (occupied.size !== dataKeys.length) invalid();
+  const cells = new Map();
+  for (const key of occupied) {
+    const value = payload.data[key];
+    const id = wildlifeGridCellId(value.latitude, value.longitude, tile.z);
+    const cell = {
+      id,
+      cellCount: value.cellCount,
+      lat: value.latitude,
+      lon: value.longitude,
+    };
+    // Two different representatives claiming one logical cell are a contract
+    // change; summing or choosing one silently would fabricate the count.
+    if (cells.has(id)) invalid();
+    cells.set(id, cell);
+  }
+  const rows = [...cells.values()];
+  const totalResults = rows.reduce((total, cell) => total + cell.cellCount, 0);
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(totalResults)) invalid();
+  return { cells: rows, totalResults };
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/inaturalist/grid.test.mjs b/server/providers/inaturalist/grid.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b40c69dbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/inaturalist/grid.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { projectInatGrid } from './grid.js';
+import { syntheticGrid } from './grid.fixture.mjs';
+import { installInatProxy, NOW } from './proxy.fixture.mjs';
+import { createInatClient } from './client.js';
+
+const tile = { z: 2, x: 1, y: 1 };
+const gridUrl = '/grid?z=2&x=1&y=1&taxa=Aves&quality=research';
+const install = (options, hook) => installInatProxy(gridUrl, options, hook);
+
+test('UTFGrid projection validates the full shape and counts each logical occupied cell once', () => {
+  const raw = syntheticGrid();
+  const projected = projectInatGrid(raw, tile);
+  assert.equal(raw.grid.length, 64);
+  assert.ok(raw.grid.every((row) => row.length === 64));
+  assert.equal(
+    raw.grid.join('').split('!').length - 1,
+    5,
+    'one key is repeated by its hit area',
+  );
+  assert.equal(projected.cells.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(projected.totalResults, 18);
+  assert.deepEqual(projected.cells[0], {
+    id: 'grid:2/1/1:1:51',
+    cellCount: 6,
+    lat: raw.data[raw.keys[1]].latitude,
+    lon: raw.data[raw.keys[1]].longitude,
+  });
+  for (const cell of projected.cells)
+    assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(cell).sort(), [
+      'cellCount',
+      'id',
+      'lat',
+      'lon',
+    ]);
+  for (const privateField of [
+    '900000000',
+    'uuid',
+    'geoprivacy',
+    'private_location',
+    'captive',
+    'quality_grade',
+  ])
+    assert.ok(!JSON.stringify(projected).includes(privateField));
+});
+
+test('legitimate blank grid and null/unknown iconic ids remain safe', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(projectInatGrid(syntheticGrid({ cells: [] }), tile), {
+    cells: [],
+    totalResults: 0,
+  });
+  const raw = syntheticGrid({
+    cells: [{ row: 1, column: 1, count: 1, iconic: null }],
+  });
+  const projected = projectInatGrid(raw, tile);
+  assert.equal(projected.cells[0].cellCount, 1);
+  raw.data[raw.keys[1]]['taxon.iconic_taxon_id'] = 999999;
+  assert.deepEqual(projectInatGrid(raw, tile), projected);
+});
+
+test('schema drift anywhere fails closed, including unused, malformed and orphan cells', () => {
+  const changes = [
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.grid.pop();
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.grid[0] = '';
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.grid[0] = '~'.repeat(64);
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.keys[0] = 'not-empty';
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.keys.push(raw.keys[1]);
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      delete raw.data[raw.keys[1]];
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.data.extra = {};
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.data[raw.keys[1]].cellCount = -1;
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.data[raw.keys[1]].latitude = '47';
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.data[raw.keys[1]].longitude = 181;
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.data[raw.keys[1]].quality_grade = 'new-grade';
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      delete raw.data[raw.keys[1]]['taxon.iconic_taxon_id'];
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.data[raw.keys[1]]['taxon.iconic_taxon_id'] = 'Aves';
+    },
+    (raw) => {
+      raw.grid = Array(64).fill(' '.repeat(64));
+    },
+  ];
+  for (const change of changes) {
+    const raw = syntheticGrid();
+    change(raw);
+    assert.throws(
+      () => projectInatGrid(raw, tile),
+      /Invalid iNaturalist UTFGrid/,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+for (const hook of ['configureServer', 'configurePreviewServer']) {
+  test(`${hook}: fixed grid URL shares filters, caps and allow-list cache`, async () => {
+    const calls = [];
+    const cache = new Map();
+    const request = install(
+      {
+        cache,
+        fetchImpl: async (url, options) => {
+          calls.push(new URL(url));
+          assert.equal(options.redirect, 'error');
+          assert.ok(options.signal instanceof AbortSignal);
+          assert.match(
+            options.headers['User-Agent'],
+            /^gods-eye-view-wildlife-sightings-proxy/,
+          );
+          return Response.json(syntheticGrid());
+        },
+      },
+      hook,
+    );
+    assert.equal(calls.length, 0);
+    const response = await request(
+      `${gridUrl}&url=https://attacker.test&per_page=999`,
+    );
+    assert.equal(response.status, 200);
+    assert.equal(response.body.cells.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(response.body.fetchedAt, NOW);
+    assert.equal(response.headers['Cache-Control'], 'no-store');
+    assert.equal(
+      calls[0].origin + calls[0].pathname,
+      'https://api.inaturalist.org/v1/grid/2/1/1.grid.json',
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(Object.fromEntries(calls[0].searchParams), {
+      verifiable: 'true',
+      captive: 'false',
+      d1: '2026-11-02',
+      photos: 'true',
+      quality_grade: 'research',
+      iconic_taxa: 'Aves',
+    });
+    await request(gridUrl);
+    assert.equal(calls.length, 1, 'fresh stable tile/filter key is cached');
+    assert.ok(!JSON.stringify([...cache]).includes('private_location'));
+    assert.ok(!JSON.stringify([...cache]).includes('900000000'));
+    const whale = await request('/grid?z=2&x=1&y=1&taxa=whales&confirmed=true');
+    assert.equal(whale.status, 200);
+    assert.equal(calls[1].searchParams.get('taxon_id'), '152871');
+    assert.equal(calls[1].searchParams.get('d1'), '2026-10-28');
+    assert.equal(calls[1].searchParams.has('photos'), false);
+  });
+}
+
+test('grid admission rejects cross-site/method/path/tile before acquisition', async () => {
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl() {
+      assert.fail('invalid grid request acquired');
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    (
+      await request(gridUrl, {
+        headers: {
+          host: 'localhost:5173',
+          origin: 'https://other.test',
+          'sec-fetch-site': 'cross-site',
+        },
+      })
+    ).status,
+    403,
+  );
+  assert.equal((await request('/grid', { method: 'POST' })).status, 405);
+  assert.equal((await request('/grid/extra')).status, 404);
+  for (const query of [
+    '',
+    'z=2&x=4&y=0',
+    'z=-1&x=0&y=0',
+    'z=23&x=0&y=0',
+    'z=2&x=1.5&y=0',
+    'z=2&x=&y=0',
+    'z=2&x=0&y=4',
+  ]) {
+    const result = await request(`/grid?${query}`);
+    assert.equal(result.status, 400, query);
+    assert.equal(result.body.error, 'invalid_tile');
+  }
+});
+
+test('grid refresh single-flight, stale fallback and hour-key expiry keep the original age', async () => {
+  let time = NOW;
+  let calls = 0;
+  let resolve;
+  let mode = 'pending';
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => time,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      if (mode === 'pending')
+        return new Promise((done) => {
+          resolve = done;
+        });
+      if (mode === 'bad') return Response.json({ grid: [] });
+      return Response.json(syntheticGrid());
+    },
+  });
+  const first = request();
+  const second = request();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 100 && !resolve; i += 1) await new Promise(setImmediate);
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+  resolve(Response.json(syntheticGrid()));
+  assert.equal((await first).status, 200);
+  assert.equal((await second).status, 200);
+  time += 900_001;
+  mode = 'bad';
+  const stale = await request();
+  assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.fetchedAt, NOW);
+  assert.equal(stale.headers['X-Data-Stale'], 'true');
+  time = NOW + 3_600_001;
+  const expired = await request();
+  assert.equal(expired.status, 502);
+  assert.equal(expired.body.error, 'inaturalist_unavailable');
+});
+
+test('grid and observations share the upstream cooldown and daily reservations', async () => {
+  let calls = 0;
+  const client = createInatClient({
+    now: () => NOW,
+    cacheDir: null,
+    queueOptions: { intervalMs: 0 },
+    warn() {},
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return new Response('', {
+        status: 429,
+        headers: { 'Retry-After': '120' },
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(
+    client.getGrid({ ...tile, taxa: 'all', observedD1: '2026-11-02' }),
+    (error) => error.status === 429 && error.retryAfterS === 120,
+  );
+  await assert.rejects(
+    client.getObservations({
+      scope: 'global',
+      taxa: 'all',
+      observedD1: '2026-11-02',
+    }),
+    (error) => error.status === 429,
+  );
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+  assert.equal(client.budgetState().count, 1);
+});
+
+test('grid body cap and upstream failures return fixed errors; only real 5xx cools down', async () => {
+  for (const [response, retryAfter] of [
+    [() => new Response('x'.repeat(8 * 1024 * 1024 + 1)), undefined],
+    [() => new Response('', { status: 503 }), '15'],
+  ]) {
+    const request = install({ fetchImpl: async () => response() });
+    const result = await request();
+    assert.equal(result.status, 502);
+    assert.deepEqual(result.body, { error: 'inaturalist_unavailable' });
+    assert.equal(result.headers['Retry-After'], retryAfter);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a failed tile preserves last good cells and cannot send unrelated observations into 502', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  let failGrid = false;
+  const calls = [];
+  const warnings = [];
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    warn: (message) => warnings.push(message),
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      const isGrid = new URL(url).pathname.includes('/grid/');
+      calls.push(isGrid ? 'grid' : 'observations');
+      if (isGrid && failGrid)
+        return new Response('private upstream text', {
+          status: 503,
+          headers: { 'Retry-After': '45' },
+        });
+      return Response.json(
+        isGrid ? syntheticGrid() : { results: [], total_results: 0 },
+      );
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  at += 900_001;
+  failGrid = true;
+  const failed = await request();
+  assert.equal(failed.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(failed.headers['X-Data-Stale'], 'true');
+  assert.equal(failed.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(failed.body.fetchedAt, first.body.fetchedAt);
+  assert.deepEqual(failed.body.cells, first.body.cells);
+  assert.equal(
+    (await request('/observations?scope=global&taxa=whales')).status,
+    200,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['grid', 'grid', 'observations']);
+  assert.match(warnings[0], /resource=grid status=503 reason=http/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(warnings[0], /private upstream text/);
+  // The tile cooldown also preserves its data without another upstream try.
+  const cooling = await request();
+  assert.equal(cooling.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(cooling.headers['Retry-After'], '45');
+  assert.equal(cooling.headers['X-Upstream-Status'], '503');
+  assert.equal(calls.length, 3);
+  at += 45_000;
+  failGrid = false;
+  const refreshing = await request();
+  assert.equal(refreshing.body.stale, true);
+  await new Promise(setImmediate);
+  const recovered = await request();
+  assert.equal(recovered.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(recovered.body.stale, undefined);
+  assert.equal(
+    calls.length,
+    4,
+    'a failed queue task does not poison later tile work',
+  );
+});
+
+test('twelve queued tiles leave observation capacity and give the next dispatch to observations', async () => {
+  const calls = [];
+  let release;
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: (url) => {
+      const path = new URL(url).pathname;
+      calls.push(path);
+      if (calls.length === 1)
+        return new Promise((resolve) => {
+          release = resolve;
+        });
+      return Response.json(
+        path.includes('/grid/')
+          ? syntheticGrid()
+          : { results: [], total_results: 0 },
+      );
+    },
+  });
+  const first = request('/grid?z=4&x=0&y=1');
+  for (let i = 0; i < 100 && !release; i += 1) await new Promise(setImmediate);
+  assert.ok(release);
+  const tiles = Array.from({ length: 11 }, (_, i) =>
+    request(`/grid?z=4&x=${i + 1}&y=1`),
+  );
+  const observation = request('/observations?scope=global');
+  const queuedTile = request('/grid?z=4&x=12&y=1');
+  release(Response.json(syntheticGrid()));
+  const results = await Promise.all([first, observation, ...tiles, queuedTile]);
+  assert.ok(results.every((result) => result.status === 200));
+  assert.equal(calls.length, 14);
+  assert.equal(calls[1], '/v2/observations');
+});
diff --git a/server/providers/inaturalist/observations.js b/server/providers/inaturalist/observations.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1477dc1a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/inaturalist/observations.js
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+import { createInatClient } from './client.js';
+import { coalesceProxyRequest } from '../common/http.js';
+import { admitSameSiteKeyless } from '../common/same-site.js';
+import { requiredFiniteQueryNumber } from '../common/query.js';
+import { snapWildlifeBox } from '../../../src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js';
+import { validInatGridTile } from './grid.js';
+
+// The upstream advertises five-minute freshness; global samples cost less often.
+const TTL_MS = 300_000;
+const GLOBAL_TTL_MS = 600_000;
+const INAT_GRID_CACHE_TTL_MS = 15 * 60_000;
+const STALE_MAX_MS = 3_600_000;
+const INAT_CACHE_MAX = 400;
+const HOUR_MS = 3_600_000;
+const TAXA = Object.freeze([
+  'all',
+  'Aves',
+  'Mammalia',
+  'Insecta',
+  'Plantae',
+  'whales',
+]);
+
+function requestParams(pathname, query, nowMs) {
+  const grid = pathname === '/grid';
+  const scope = grid ? 'grid' : (query.get('scope') ?? 'view');
+  if (!grid && scope !== 'view' && scope !== 'global')
+    return { error: 'invalid_scope' };
+  const quality =
+    query.get('quality') === 'research' ||
+    (grid && query.get('confirmed') === 'true')
+      ? 'research'
+      : 'all';
+  const taxa = TAXA.includes(query.get('taxa')) ? query.get('taxa') : 'all';
+  let box = null;
+  let tile;
+  if (grid) {
+    tile = Object.fromEntries(
+      ['z', 'x', 'y'].map((name) => [
+        name,
+        requiredFiniteQueryNumber(query, name),
+      ]),
+    );
+    if (!validInatGridTile(tile)) return { error: 'invalid_tile' };
+  } else if (scope === 'view') {
+    const south = requiredFiniteQueryNumber(query, 'south');
+    const west = requiredFiniteQueryNumber(query, 'west');
+    const north = requiredFiniteQueryNumber(query, 'north');
+    const east = requiredFiniteQueryNumber(query, 'east');
+    box = snapWildlifeBox({ south, west, north, east });
+    if (!box) return { error: 'invalid_bbox' };
+  }
+  const windowMs = (taxa === 'whales' ? 7 * 24 : 48) * HOUR_MS;
+  const windowKey = new Date(Math.floor((nowMs - windowMs) / HOUR_MS) * HOUR_MS)
+    .toISOString()
+    .replace('.000Z', 'Z');
+  const bounds = box ? `${box.south},${box.west},${box.north},${box.east}` : '';
+  const baseKey = grid
+    ? `grid:v1:${tile.z}/${tile.x}/${tile.y}:${quality}:${taxa}`
+    : `v1:${scope}:${bounds}:${quality}:${taxa}`;
+  return {
+    scope,
+    ...(grid
+      ? { ...tile, waitForFresh: query.get('refresh') === 'wait' }
+      : { box }),
+    quality,
+    taxa,
+    observedD1: windowKey.slice(0, 10),
+    baseKey,
+    key: `${baseKey}:${windowKey}`,
+  };
+}
+
+/** A shared-provider route for dev and preview; acquisition starts on demand. */
+export function inaturalistProxy({
+  fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+  cacheDir,
+  cache = new Map(),
+  warn = (...args) => console.warn(...args),
+  queueOptions,
+} = {}) {
+  const inFlight = new Map();
+  const consumers = new Map();
+  let client = null;
+
+  function age(entry) {
+    if (!entry) return Infinity;
+    const elapsed = now() - entry.savedAt;
+    return elapsed < 0 ? Infinity : elapsed;
+  }
+
+  function joinFlight(promise, group, signal) {
+    group.count += 1;
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      let released = false;
+      function release() {
+        if (released) return;
+        released = true;
+        signal?.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
+        group.count -= 1;
+        if (!group.count && !group.background && !group.settled) {
+          group.controller.abort();
+          // A fresh consumer must not join an abandoned queued generation.
+          if (inFlight.get(group.key) === promise) inFlight.delete(group.key);
+          if (consumers.get(group.key) === group) consumers.delete(group.key);
+        }
+      }
+      function abort() {
+        release();
+        reject(signal.reason);
+      }
+      signal?.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
+      if (signal?.aborted) abort();
+      promise.then(
+        (value) => {
+          release();
+          resolve(value);
+        },
+        (error) => {
+          release();
+          reject(error);
+        },
+      );
+    });
+  }
+
+  function refresh(params, background = false) {
+    // Global samples share pending refreshes across hourly window changes.
+    const flightKey = params.scope === 'global' ? params.baseKey : params.key;
+    let group = consumers.get(flightKey);
+    if (!group) {
+      group = {
+        key: flightKey,
+        controller: new AbortController(),
+        count: 0,
+        settled: false,
+        background,
+      };
+      consumers.set(flightKey, group);
+    }
+    group.background ||= background;
+    const { promise, shared } = coalesceProxyRequest(
+      inFlight,
+      flightKey,
+      async () => {
+        client ??= createInatClient({
+          fetchImpl,
+          now,
+          cacheDir,
+          warn,
+          queueOptions,
+        });
+        const options = { signal: group.controller.signal };
+        const result = await (params.scope === 'grid'
+          ? client.getGrid(params, options)
+          : client.getObservations(params, options));
+        const value = {
+          fetchedAt: now(),
+          ...(params.scope === 'grid'
+            ? {}
+            : { scope: params.scope, box: params.box }),
+          ...result,
+        };
+        cache.delete(params.key);
+        cache.set(params.key, {
+          value,
+          savedAt: now(),
+          baseKey: params.baseKey,
+        });
+        while (cache.size > INAT_CACHE_MAX)
+          cache.delete(cache.keys().next().value);
+        return value;
+      },
+    );
+    if (!shared) {
+      const settle = () => {
+        group.settled = true;
+        if (consumers.get(flightKey) === group) consumers.delete(flightKey);
+      };
+      void promise.then(settle, settle);
+    }
+    return { promise, group };
+  }
+
+  async function acquire(params, signal) {
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    for (const [key, entry] of cache) {
+      if (age(entry) > STALE_MAX_MS) cache.delete(key);
+    }
+    const current = cache.get(params.key);
+    const ttl =
+      params.scope === 'grid'
+        ? INAT_GRID_CACHE_TTL_MS
+        : params.scope === 'global'
+          ? GLOBAL_TTL_MS
+          : TTL_MS;
+    if (current && age(current) < ttl) {
+      cache.delete(params.key);
+      cache.set(params.key, current);
+      return { value: current.value, stale: false };
+    }
+    // Window-hour rollover can reuse prior cells without claiming a new age.
+    let previous = current;
+    let previousKey = params.key;
+    if (!previous) {
+      for (const [key, entry] of cache) {
+        if (
+          entry.baseKey === params.baseKey &&
+          (!previous || entry.savedAt > previous.savedAt)
+        ) {
+          previous = entry;
+          previousKey = key;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (params.scope === 'global' && age(previous) < GLOBAL_TTL_MS)
+      return { value: previous.value, stale: false };
+    if (
+      params.scope === 'grid' &&
+      !params.waitForFresh &&
+      age(previous) <= STALE_MAX_MS
+    ) {
+      cache.delete(previousKey);
+      cache.set(previousKey, previous);
+      // Retain one background consumer after this HTTP response closes. A stale
+      // tile is useful immediately; waiting for the token queue defeats SWR.
+      const cooling = client?.cooldownState('grid');
+      if (!cooling) {
+        const { promise } = refresh(params, true);
+        void promise.catch(() => {});
+      }
+      return {
+        value: previous.value,
+        stale: true,
+        ...cooling,
+      };
+    }
+    try {
+      const { promise, group } = refresh(params);
+      return { value: await joinFlight(promise, group, signal), stale: false };
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (signal?.aborted) throw error;
+      if (age(previous) <= STALE_MAX_MS)
+        return {
+          value: previous.value,
+          stale: true,
+          retryAfterS: error.retryAfterS,
+          upstreamStatus: error.upstreamStatus,
+        };
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function handler(req, res) {
+    const json = (
+      status,
+      value,
+      { stale = false, retryAfterS, upstreamStatus } = {},
+    ) => {
+      if (res.destroyed) return;
+      res.writeHead(status, {
+        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        'Cache-Control': 'no-store',
+        ...(status === 405 ? { Allow: 'GET' } : {}),
+        ...(Number.isFinite(retryAfterS)
+          ? { 'Retry-After': String(retryAfterS) }
+          : {}),
+        ...(upstreamStatus
+          ? { 'X-Upstream-Status': String(upstreamStatus) }
+          : {}),
+        ...(stale ? { 'X-Data-Stale': 'true' } : {}),
+      });
+      res.end(JSON.stringify(value));
+    };
+    if (admitSameSiteKeyless(req, res)) return;
+    if (req.method !== 'GET') return json(405, { error: 'method_not_allowed' });
+    const url = String(req.url || '/');
+    const queryAt = url.indexOf('?');
+    const pathname = queryAt < 0 ? url : url.slice(0, queryAt);
+    if (pathname !== '/observations' && pathname !== '/grid')
+      return json(404, { error: 'unknown_route' });
+    const params = requestParams(
+      pathname,
+      new URLSearchParams(queryAt < 0 ? '' : url.slice(queryAt + 1)),
+      now(),
+    );
+    if (params.error) return json(400, { error: params.error });
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    const abort = () => controller.abort();
+    // IncomingMessage.close also fires after a complete request body. The
+    // response close identifies the abandoned browser fetch, while aborted
+    // covers a request cut short before it reached the response stage.
+    req.once?.('aborted', abort);
+    res.once?.('close', abort);
+    try {
+      const { value, stale, retryAfterS, upstreamStatus } = await acquire(
+        params,
+        controller.signal,
+      );
+      return json(200, stale ? { ...value, stale: true } : value, {
+        stale,
+        retryAfterS,
+        upstreamStatus,
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (controller.signal.aborted) return;
+      const status =
+        error.code === 'inaturalist_budget_exhausted'
+          ? 503
+          : error.status === 429
+            ? 429
+            : 502;
+      const code =
+        error.code === 'inaturalist_budget_exhausted'
+          ? error.code
+          : status === 429
+            ? 'inaturalist_rate_limited'
+            : 'inaturalist_unavailable';
+      return json(
+        status,
+        { error: code },
+        {
+          retryAfterS: error.retryAfterS,
+          upstreamStatus: error.upstreamStatus,
+        },
+      );
+    } finally {
+      req.removeListener?.('aborted', abort);
+      res.removeListener?.('close', abort);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    name: 'inaturalist',
+    configureServer({ middlewares }) {
+      middlewares.use('/api/inaturalist', handler);
+    },
+    configurePreviewServer({ middlewares }) {
+      middlewares.use('/api/inaturalist', handler);
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/inaturalist/observations.test.mjs b/server/providers/inaturalist/observations.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1bf36a0f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/inaturalist/observations.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,893 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { mkdtemp, readFile, readdir, rm } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { installInatProxy, NOW } from './proxy.fixture.mjs';
+import { createInatClient, inatRetryCooldownMs } from './client.js';
+
+const observation = (id = 1) => ({
+  id,
+  uri: `https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/${id}`,
+  geojson: { coordinates: [-122.351, 47.613] },
+  time_observed_at: '2026-11-04T17:00:00Z',
+  observed_on: '2026-11-04',
+  created_at: '2026-11-04T17:01:00Z',
+  quality_grade: 'research',
+  license_code: 'cc-by',
+  positional_accuracy: 12,
+  faves_count: 2,
+  num_identification_agreements: 3,
+  taxon: {
+    name: 'Calypte anna',
+    preferred_common_name: "Anna's hummingbird",
+    iconic_taxon_name: 'Aves',
+  },
+  photos: [
+    {
+      url: 'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/123/square.jpeg',
+      license_code: 'cc-by',
+      attribution: 'Synthetic photographer, CC BY',
+    },
+  ],
+  user: { login: 'must-never-leave-server' },
+});
+const envelope = (rows = [observation()], total = rows.length) => ({
+  total_results: total,
+  page: 1,
+  per_page: 200,
+  results: rows,
+});
+const boxUrl = (index = 0, extra = '') =>
+  `/observations?south=47.51&west=${-122.49 + index * 0.2}&north=47.69&east=${-122.31 + index * 0.2}${extra}`;
+
+function install(options = {}, hook = 'configureServer') {
+  return installInatProxy(
+    boxUrl(),
+    {
+      // Serial dispatch makes queued cancellation and coalescing observable.
+      queueOptions: { intervalMs: 0, windowMs: 0, maxInFlight: 1 },
+      ...options,
+    },
+    hook,
+  );
+}
+
+async function until(check) {
+  for (let i = 0; i < 100; i += 1) {
+    if (check()) return;
+    await new Promise(setImmediate);
+  }
+  assert.fail('expected fake upstream calls were not dispatched');
+}
+
+for (const hook of ['configureServer', 'configurePreviewServer']) {
+  test(`${hook}: actual v2 envelope, fixed query, projection and privacy`, async () => {
+    const calls = [];
+    const cache = new Map();
+    const request = install(
+      {
+        cache,
+        fetchImpl: async (url, options) => {
+          calls.push(new URL(url));
+          assert.equal(options.redirect, 'error');
+          assert.ok(options.signal instanceof AbortSignal);
+          assert.equal(options.headers.Accept, 'application/json');
+          assert.equal(
+            options.headers['User-Agent'],
+            'gods-eye-view-wildlife-sightings-proxy/1.0 (+https://github.com/bilawalsidhu/gods-eye-view)',
+          );
+          return Response.json(envelope());
+        },
+      },
+      hook,
+    );
+    assert.equal(calls.length, 0, 'construction and mounting do not acquire');
+    const result = await request(
+      boxUrl(0, '&url=https://attacker.example&per_page=999'),
+    );
+    assert.equal(result.status, 200);
+    assert.equal(result.headers['Cache-Control'], 'no-store');
+    assert.equal(result.body.rows[0].stableId, 'inat:1');
+    assert.equal(result.body.fetchedAt, NOW);
+    assert.equal(result.body.scope, 'view');
+    assert.deepEqual(result.body.box, {
+      south: 47.5,
+      west: -122.5,
+      north: 47.7,
+      east: -122.3,
+    });
+    const query = calls[0].searchParams;
+    assert.equal(
+      calls[0].origin + calls[0].pathname,
+      'https://api.inaturalist.org/v2/observations',
+    );
+    // Only the projected fields are requested, never user or identification data.
+    assert.match(query.get('fields'), /^\(id:!t,uri:!t,.*photos:\(url:!t/);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(query.get('fields'), /user|identifications/);
+    assert.equal(query.get('swlat'), '47.5');
+    assert.equal(query.get('swlng'), '-122.5');
+    assert.equal(query.get('nelat'), '47.7');
+    assert.equal(query.get('nelng'), '-122.3');
+    assert.equal(query.get('d1'), '2026-11-02');
+    assert.equal(query.has('created_d1'), false);
+    assert.equal(query.get('per_page'), '200');
+    assert.equal(query.get('verifiable'), 'true');
+    assert.equal(query.get('photos'), 'true');
+    assert.equal(query.get('captive'), 'false');
+    assert.equal(query.get('order_by'), 'random');
+    assert.equal(query.has('order'), false);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(
+      JSON.stringify(result.body),
+      /must-never-leave-server|"user"/,
+    );
+    assert.doesNotMatch(
+      JSON.stringify([...cache.values()]),
+      /must-never-leave-server|"user"/,
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+test('gate, method, route and query validation run before quota, cache or upstream', async () => {
+  const cache = new Map();
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    cache,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return Response.json(envelope());
+    },
+  });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 32; i += 1) {
+    const response = await request('/observations?scope=global', {
+      headers: {
+        host: 'localhost:5173',
+        origin: 'https://foreign.example',
+        'sec-fetch-site': 'cross-site',
+      },
+    });
+    assert.equal(response.status, 403);
+  }
+  const method = await request('/observations', { method: 'POST' });
+  assert.equal(method.status, 405);
+  assert.equal(method.headers.Allow, 'GET');
+  for (const route of ['/', '/unknown', '/observations/extra', '//[invalid'])
+    assert.equal((await request(route)).body.error, 'unknown_route');
+  assert.equal(
+    (await request('/observations?scope=planet')).body.error,
+    'invalid_scope',
+  );
+  for (const query of [
+    '',
+    'south=NaN&west=0&north=1&east=1',
+    'south=&west=0&north=1&east=1',
+    'south=0&west=0&north=0&east=1',
+    'south=0&west=1&north=1&east=0',
+    'south=-91&west=0&north=1&east=1',
+    'south=0&west=-181&north=1&east=1',
+    'south=0&west=0&north=41&east=1',
+    'south=0&west=0&north=1&east=41',
+  ]) {
+    const result = await request(`/observations?${query}`);
+    assert.equal(result.status, 400, query);
+    assert.equal(result.body.error, 'invalid_bbox', query);
+  }
+  assert.equal(cache.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(calls, 0);
+  const allowed = await request('/observations?scope=global', {
+    headers: {
+      host: 'gev.example',
+      origin: 'https://gev.example',
+      'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
+      'x-forwarded-proto': 'https',
+      'x-forwarded-for': '203.0.113.9',
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(allowed.status, 200);
+});
+
+test('cached requests never exhaust a local request admission limiter', async () => {
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return Response.json(envelope());
+    },
+  });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 30; i += 1) assert.equal((await request()).status, 200);
+  const cached = await request();
+  assert.equal(cached.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(cached.headers['Retry-After'], undefined);
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+});
+
+test('proxy rejects oversized snapped spans before acquisition and preserves canonical client boxes', async () => {
+  const urls = [];
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      urls.push(new URL(url));
+      return Response.json(envelope());
+    },
+  });
+  for (const query of [
+    'south=10.2&west=0&north=50.1&east=1',
+    'south=0&west=10.2&north=1&east=50.1',
+  ]) {
+    const result = await request(`/observations?${query}`);
+    assert.equal(result.status, 400);
+    assert.equal(result.body.error, 'invalid_bbox');
+  }
+  assert.equal(urls.length, 0);
+  const canonical =
+    '/observations?south=47.4&west=-122.3&north=47.6&east=-122.1';
+  const first = await request(canonical);
+  assert.equal(first.status, 200);
+  assert.deepEqual(first.body.box, {
+    south: 47.4,
+    west: -122.3,
+    north: 47.6,
+    east: -122.1,
+  });
+  assert.equal(urls[0].searchParams.get('swlat'), '47.4');
+  assert.equal(urls[0].searchParams.get('swlng'), '-122.3');
+  const second = await request(canonical);
+  assert.deepEqual(second.body, first.body);
+  assert.equal(urls.length, 1, 'canonical boxes share their cache key');
+});
+
+test('view snapping, whales, research and global queries obey the requested policy', async () => {
+  const urls = [];
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      urls.push(new URL(url));
+      return Response.json(envelope());
+    },
+  });
+  await request(
+    '/observations?south=40.2&west=-123.7&north=46.1&east=-121.4&quality=research&taxa=Aves',
+  );
+  assert.equal(urls[0].searchParams.get('swlat'), '40');
+  assert.equal(urls[0].searchParams.get('nelat'), '47');
+  assert.equal(urls[0].searchParams.get('per_page'), '200');
+  assert.equal(urls[0].searchParams.get('quality_grade'), 'research');
+  assert.equal(urls[0].searchParams.get('iconic_taxa'), 'Aves');
+  await request(boxUrl(0, '&taxa=whales'));
+  const whales = urls[1].searchParams;
+  assert.equal(whales.get('taxon_id'), '152871');
+  assert.equal(whales.get('d1'), '2026-10-28');
+  assert.equal(whales.has('created_d1'), false);
+  assert.equal(whales.has('photos'), false);
+  assert.equal(whales.has('iconic_taxa'), false);
+  await request('/observations?scope=global&quality=typo&taxa=typo&south=bad');
+  const global = urls[2].searchParams;
+  for (const field of [
+    'swlat',
+    'swlng',
+    'nelat',
+    'nelng',
+    'quality_grade',
+    'iconic_taxa',
+  ])
+    assert.equal(global.has(field), false, field);
+  assert.equal(global.get('per_page'), '200');
+  assert.equal(global.get('d1'), '2026-11-02');
+  assert.equal(global.has('created_d1'), false);
+  assert.equal(global.get('order_by'), 'observed_on');
+  assert.equal(global.get('order'), 'desc');
+  await request('/observations?scope=global&taxa=whales');
+  const globalWhales = urls[3].searchParams;
+  assert.equal(globalWhales.get('d1'), '2026-10-28');
+  assert.equal(globalWhales.has('created_d1'), false);
+  assert.equal(globalWhales.get('order_by'), 'observed_on');
+  assert.equal(globalWhales.get('order'), 'desc');
+});
+
+test('fresh cache hits and global ten-minute TTL spend no upstream quota', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return Response.json(envelope());
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  at += 299_999;
+  assert.deepEqual((await request()).body, first.body);
+  at += 1;
+  await request();
+  assert.equal(calls, 2);
+  await request('/observations?scope=global');
+  at += 599_999;
+  await request('/observations?scope=global');
+  assert.equal(calls, 3);
+  at += 1;
+  await request('/observations?scope=global');
+  assert.equal(calls, 4);
+});
+
+test('the same snapped view and window hour returns one cached random sample until expiry', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  let draws = 0;
+  const cache = new Map();
+  const request = install({
+    cache,
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      const query = new URL(url).searchParams;
+      assert.equal(query.get('order_by'), 'random');
+      assert.equal(query.get('per_page'), '200');
+      return Response.json(envelope([observation(++draws)]));
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  for (const elapsed of [1, 1000, 60_000, 299_999]) {
+    at = NOW + elapsed;
+    const next = await request();
+    assert.deepEqual(next.body, first.body);
+  }
+  assert.equal(draws, 1);
+  assert.match(cache.keys().next().value, /2026-11-02T18:00:00Z$/);
+  at = NOW + 300_000;
+  const refresh = await request();
+  assert.equal(refresh.body.rows[0].stableId, 'inat:2');
+  assert.equal(draws, 2);
+});
+
+test('disconnected queued views are dropped while a remaining coalesced consumer keeps its request', async () => {
+  const calls = [];
+  const releases = [];
+  const cache = new Map();
+  const request = install({
+    cache,
+    fetchImpl: (url, { signal }) => {
+      calls.push({ url: new URL(url), signal });
+      return new Promise((resolve) => releases.push(resolve));
+    },
+  });
+  const first = request(boxUrl(0));
+  await until(() => releases.length === 1);
+  const superseded = new AbortController();
+  const oldView = request(boxUrl(1), { signal: superseded.signal });
+  const oneConsumer = new AbortController();
+  const one = request(boxUrl(2), { signal: oneConsumer.signal });
+  const other = request(boxUrl(2));
+  superseded.abort();
+  oneConsumer.abort();
+  await Promise.all([oldView, one]);
+  // Rejoining the abandoned key creates a healthy generation; the old
+  // coalescing promise must not later delete or cancel this replacement.
+  const replacement = request(boxUrl(1));
+  releases[0](Response.json(envelope()));
+  await until(() => releases.length === 2);
+  assert.equal(calls[1].url.searchParams.get('swlng'), '-122.1');
+  assert.equal(calls[1].signal.aborted, false);
+  releases[1](Response.json(envelope([observation(2)])));
+  await until(() => releases.length === 3);
+  assert.equal(calls[2].url.searchParams.get('swlng'), '-122.3');
+  releases[2](Response.json(envelope([observation(3)])));
+  const results = await Promise.all([first, other, replacement]);
+  assert.ok(results.every((result) => result.status === 200));
+  assert.equal(
+    calls.length,
+    3,
+    'the abandoned queued generation never dispatched',
+  );
+  assert.equal(cache.size, 3);
+  assert.equal(results[1].body.rows[0].stableId, 'inat:2');
+  assert.equal(results[2].body.rows[0].stableId, 'inat:3');
+});
+
+test('observation windows reject old sightings uploaded today and keep recent observations', async () => {
+  for (const [taxa, recentTime, expectedD1] of [
+    ['all', '2026-11-04T17:00:00Z', '2026-11-02'],
+    ['whales', '2026-10-30T17:00:00Z', '2026-10-28'],
+  ]) {
+    let upstreamQuery;
+    const request = install({
+      fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+        upstreamQuery = new URL(url).searchParams;
+        return Response.json(
+          envelope([
+            {
+              ...observation(80),
+              time_observed_at: '2010-06-01T12:00:00Z',
+              observed_on: '2010-06-01',
+            },
+            {
+              ...observation(81),
+              time_observed_at: recentTime,
+              observed_on: recentTime.slice(0, 10),
+            },
+          ]),
+        );
+      },
+    });
+    const result = await request(boxUrl(0, `&taxa=${taxa}`));
+    assert.equal(result.status, 200, taxa);
+    assert.equal(upstreamQuery.get('d1'), expectedD1);
+    assert.equal(upstreamQuery.has('created_d1'), false);
+    assert.equal(upstreamQuery.get('order_by'), 'random');
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      result.body.rows.map((row) => row.stableId),
+      ['inat:81'],
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('same-key requests single-flight and a seventeenth distinct in-flight key queues', async () => {
+  const releases = [];
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: () => new Promise((resolve) => releases.push(resolve)),
+  });
+  const a = request();
+  const b = request();
+  await until(() => releases.length === 1);
+  releases.shift()(Response.json(envelope()));
+  assert.deepEqual((await a).body, (await b).body);
+  const pending = Array.from({ length: 16 }, (_, i) => request(boxUrl(i + 1)));
+  await until(() => releases.length === 1);
+  pending.push(request(boxUrl(18)));
+  for (let i = 0; i < 17; i += 1) {
+    await until(() => releases.length > i);
+    releases[i](Response.json(envelope()));
+  }
+  assert.ok((await Promise.all(pending)).every(({ status }) => status === 200));
+});
+
+test('a fresh global sample survives the hourly observation-window rollover without another fetch', async () => {
+  let at = Date.parse('2026-11-04T18:59:00Z');
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return Response.json(envelope());
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request('/observations?scope=global');
+  at += 60_000;
+  const nextHour = await request('/observations?scope=global');
+  assert.deepEqual(nextHour.body, first.body);
+  assert.equal(nextHour.body.stale, undefined);
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+  at += 9 * 60_000;
+  await request('/observations?scope=global');
+  assert.equal(calls, 2);
+});
+
+test('pending global refresh coalesces across the hourly observation-window rollover with a busy queue', async () => {
+  let at = Date.parse('2026-11-04T18:59:59Z');
+  const releases = [];
+  const cache = new Map();
+  const request = install({
+    cache,
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: (url) =>
+      new Promise((resolve) =>
+        releases.push({
+          resolve,
+          url: new URL(url),
+        }),
+      ),
+  });
+  const first = request(
+    '/observations?scope=global&quality=research&taxa=Aves',
+  );
+  const views = Array.from({ length: 15 }, (_, i) => request(boxUrl(i)));
+  await until(() => releases.length === 1);
+  assert.equal(releases[0].url.searchParams.get('d1'), '2026-11-02');
+  at = Date.parse('2026-11-04T19:00:01Z');
+  const nextHour = request(
+    '/observations?scope=global&quality=research&taxa=Aves',
+  );
+  await new Promise(setImmediate);
+  assert.equal(
+    releases.length,
+    1,
+    'the same global query joins the pending refresh',
+  );
+  const distinct = request(
+    '/observations?scope=global&quality=research&taxa=Mammalia',
+  );
+  for (let i = 0; i < 17; i += 1) {
+    await until(() => releases.length > i);
+    releases[i].resolve(Response.json(envelope()));
+  }
+  const [original, joined] = await Promise.all([first, nextHour]);
+  assert.equal(original.status, 200);
+  assert.equal((await distinct).status, 200);
+  assert.deepEqual(joined.body, original.body);
+  assert.ok((await Promise.all(views)).every(({ status }) => status === 200));
+  const globalEntries = [...cache.entries()].filter(
+    ([, entry]) => entry.value.scope === 'global',
+  );
+  assert.equal(globalEntries.length, 2);
+  assert.match(globalEntries[0][0], /2026-11-02T18:00:00Z$/);
+  assert.equal(
+    (await request('/observations?scope=global&quality=research&taxa=Aves'))
+      .status,
+    200,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    releases.length,
+    17,
+    'the accepted global answer keeps its ten-minute freshness',
+  );
+});
+
+test('view refreshes retain distinct hourly keys while a previous-hour request is pending', async () => {
+  let at = Date.parse('2026-11-04T18:59:59Z');
+  const releases = [];
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: () => new Promise((resolve) => releases.push(resolve)),
+  });
+  const first = request();
+  await until(() => releases.length === 1);
+  at = Date.parse('2026-11-04T19:00:01Z');
+  const nextHour = request();
+  await new Promise(setImmediate);
+  assert.equal(
+    releases.length,
+    1,
+    'the next view queues behind the current call',
+  );
+  releases[0](Response.json(envelope()));
+  await until(() => releases.length === 2);
+  releases[1](Response.json(envelope()));
+  assert.ok(
+    (await Promise.all([first, nextHour])).every(
+      ({ status }) => status === 200,
+    ),
+  );
+});
+
+test('upstream minute ceiling waits for request 61 across client addresses', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    queueOptions: {
+      now: () => at,
+      intervalMs: 0,
+      wait: async (ms) => {
+        at += ms;
+      },
+    },
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return Response.json(envelope());
+    },
+  });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 60; i += 1)
+    assert.equal(
+      (await request(boxUrl(i), { peer: `10.0.0.${i}` })).status,
+      200,
+    );
+  const queued = await request(boxUrl(60), { peer: '10.0.1.1' });
+  assert.equal(queued.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(queued.headers['Retry-After'], undefined);
+  assert.equal(at, NOW + 60_000);
+  assert.equal(calls, 61);
+});
+
+test('views refresh after many prior requests without fabricating an upstream limit', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return Response.json(envelope());
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  at += 300_001;
+  for (let i = 1; i <= 60; i += 1)
+    await request(boxUrl(i), { peer: `10.0.0.${i}` });
+  const stale = await request();
+  assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.stale, undefined);
+  assert.notEqual(stale.body.fetchedAt, first.body.fetchedAt);
+  assert.equal(calls, 62);
+});
+
+test('bounded samples preserve partial metadata, and well-formed empty views are valid', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  let fail = false;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: async () =>
+      fail
+        ? new Response('unavailable', { status: 503 })
+        : Response.json(envelope([observation()], 500)),
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  assert.equal(first.body.partial, true);
+  assert.equal(first.body.rawRowCount, 500);
+  fail = true;
+  at += 59 * 60_000;
+  const stale = await request();
+  assert.equal(
+    stale.status,
+    200,
+    'hourly window changes still permit stale fallback',
+  );
+  assert.equal(stale.headers['X-Data-Stale'], 'true');
+  assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.fetchedAt, first.body.fetchedAt);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.partial, true);
+  at += 2 * 60_000;
+  const expired = await request();
+  assert.equal(expired.status, 502);
+  assert.equal(expired.body.error, 'inaturalist_unavailable');
+  const empty = install({
+    fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(envelope([], 0)),
+  });
+  const result = await empty();
+  assert.equal(result.status, 200);
+  assert.deepEqual(result.body.rows, []);
+});
+
+test('bad envelopes, JSON and capped bodies fail closed without inventing a cooldown', async () => {
+  for (const bad of [
+    () => Response.json({ total_results: 1, results: {} }),
+    () => Response.json({ total_results: 1, observations: [observation()] }),
+    () => Response.json({ total_results: '1', results: [observation()] }),
+    () => Response.json(envelope([], 1)),
+    () => Response.json(envelope([{ ...observation(), id: null }], 1)),
+    () => new Response('{malformed'),
+    () =>
+      new Response('{}', {
+        headers: { 'Content-Length': String(8 * 1024 * 1024 + 1) },
+      }),
+  ]) {
+    let at = NOW;
+    let calls = 0;
+    const request = install({
+      now: () => at,
+      fetchImpl: async () => {
+        calls += 1;
+        return calls === 1 ? bad() : Response.json(envelope());
+      },
+    });
+    const first = await request();
+    assert.equal(first.status, 502);
+    assert.equal(first.body.error, 'inaturalist_unavailable');
+    assert.equal(first.headers['Retry-After'], undefined);
+    assert.equal((await request(boxUrl(1))).status, 200);
+    assert.equal(calls, 2);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a wholly invalid iNat page cannot replace a previously valid snapshot', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  let fail = false;
+  const cache = new Map();
+  const request = install({
+    cache,
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: async () =>
+      Response.json(
+        fail
+          ? envelope([{ ...observation(), quality_grade: 'casual' }])
+          : envelope(),
+      ),
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  const original = cache.values().next().value;
+  fail = true;
+  at += 300_001;
+  const stale = await request();
+  assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.fetchedAt, first.body.fetchedAt);
+  assert.equal(cache.values().next().value, original);
+});
+
+test('429 cooldown honors seconds, HTTP dates, and long upstream deadlines', async () => {
+  assert.equal(inatRetryCooldownMs(null, NOW), 60_000);
+  assert.equal(inatRetryCooldownMs('0', NOW), 0);
+  assert.equal(inatRetryCooldownMs('2', NOW), 2000);
+  assert.equal(inatRetryCooldownMs('999999', NOW), 999_999_000);
+  assert.equal(inatRetryCooldownMs('7200', NOW), 7_200_000);
+  assert.equal(
+    inatRetryCooldownMs(new Date(NOW + 7_200_000).toUTCString(), NOW),
+    7_200_000,
+  );
+  let at = NOW;
+  const releases = [];
+  const warnings = [];
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    warn: (message) => warnings.push(message),
+    fetchImpl: () => new Promise((resolve) => releases.push(resolve)),
+  });
+  const first = request();
+  const later = request(boxUrl(1));
+  await until(() => releases.length === 1);
+  releases[0](
+    new Response('limit', {
+      status: 429,
+      headers: { 'Retry-After': '999999' },
+    }),
+  );
+  assert.equal((await first).headers['Retry-After'], '999999');
+  assert.equal((await later).headers['Retry-After'], '999999');
+  at += 1000;
+  assert.equal((await request(boxUrl(1))).headers['Retry-After'], '999998');
+  at += 5000;
+  const cooling = await request(boxUrl(2));
+  assert.equal(cooling.status, 429);
+  assert.equal(cooling.headers['Retry-After'], '999993');
+  assert.equal(
+    releases.length,
+    1,
+    'queued calls do not dispatch during cooldown',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    warnings.filter((message) => message.includes('capped')).length,
+    0,
+  );
+});
+
+for (const [upstreamStatus, expectedStatus, code, retryAfterS] of [
+  [429, 429, 'inaturalist_rate_limited', 120],
+  [503, 502, 'inaturalist_unavailable', 120],
+]) {
+  test(`concurrent reservations honor an immediate upstream ${upstreamStatus} before dispatch`, async () => {
+    let calls = 0;
+    const warnings = [];
+    const client = createInatClient({
+      now: () => 0,
+      cacheDir: null,
+      queueOptions: { intervalMs: 0 },
+      warn: (message) => warnings.push(message),
+      fetchImpl: async () => {
+        calls += 1;
+        return new Response('synthetic failure', {
+          status: upstreamStatus,
+          headers: { 'Retry-After': '120' },
+        });
+      },
+    });
+    const params = {
+      scope: 'global',
+      quality: 'all',
+      taxa: 'all',
+      observedD1: '1969-12-30',
+    };
+    const results = await Promise.allSettled(
+      Array.from({ length: 3 }, () => client.getObservations(params)),
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      calls,
+      1,
+      'pending reservations must not dispatch during cooldown',
+    );
+    for (const result of results) {
+      assert.equal(result.status, 'rejected');
+      assert.equal(result.reason.status, expectedStatus);
+      assert.equal(result.reason.code, code);
+      assert.equal(result.reason.retryAfterS, retryAfterS);
+    }
+    assert.equal(
+      warnings.length,
+      1,
+      'only the dispatched refresh logs a failure',
+    );
+    await assert.rejects(client.getObservations(params), {
+      status: expectedStatus,
+      code,
+      retryAfterS,
+    });
+    assert.equal(calls, 1);
+  });
+}
+
+test('budget is read lazily, persisted as counters only, enforced across restart and UTC rollover', async (t) => {
+  const parent = await mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gev-inat-budget-'));
+  t.after(() => rm(parent, { recursive: true, force: true }));
+  const cacheDir = path.join(parent, 'not-created');
+  const before = process.env.INATURALIST_DAILY_BUDGET;
+  process.env.INATURALIST_DAILY_BUDGET = '2';
+  t.after(() =>
+    before === undefined
+      ? delete process.env.INATURALIST_DAILY_BUDGET
+      : (process.env.INATURALIST_DAILY_BUDGET = before),
+  );
+  let at = NOW;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const options = {
+    now: () => at,
+    cacheDir,
+    warn() {},
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return Response.json(envelope());
+    },
+  };
+  const client = createInatClient(options);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    await readdir(parent),
+    [],
+    'construction performs no directory write',
+  );
+  const params = {
+    scope: 'global',
+    quality: 'all',
+    taxa: 'all',
+    observedD1: '2026-11-02',
+  };
+  await Promise.all([
+    client.getObservations(params),
+    client.getObservations(params),
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    JSON.parse(await readFile(path.join(cacheDir, 'budget.json'), 'utf8')),
+    { date: '2026-11-04', count: 2 },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    await readdir(cacheDir),
+    ['budget.json'],
+    'atomic temporary files are retired',
+  );
+  const restarted = createInatClient(options);
+  await assert.rejects(restarted.getObservations(params), {
+    status: 503,
+    code: 'inaturalist_budget_exhausted',
+  });
+  assert.equal(calls, 2);
+  at = Date.parse('2026-11-05T00:00:00Z');
+  await restarted.getObservations(params);
+  assert.deepEqual(restarted.budgetState(), {
+    date: '2026-11-05',
+    count: 1,
+    budget: 2,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    JSON.parse(await readFile(path.join(cacheDir, 'budget.json'), 'utf8')),
+    { date: '2026-11-05', count: 1 },
+  );
+  assert.equal(calls, 3);
+});
+
+test('memory cache is an LRU bounded to 400 projected entries', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  const cache = new Map();
+  const request = install({
+    cache,
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(envelope()),
+  });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 400; i += 1) {
+    if (i && i % 20 === 0) at += 61_000;
+    await request(boxUrl(i), { peer: String(i) });
+  }
+  assert.equal(cache.size, 400);
+  const firstKey = cache.keys().next().value;
+  const secondKey = [...cache.keys()][1];
+  await request(boxUrl(0));
+  await request(boxUrl(400));
+  assert.equal(cache.size, 400);
+  assert.equal(cache.has(firstKey), true);
+  assert.equal(cache.has(secondKey), false);
+});
+
+test('aborted client calls spend no budget and never fetch', async () => {
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  controller.abort();
+  const client = createInatClient({
+    now: () => NOW,
+    cacheDir: null,
+    queueOptions: { intervalMs: 0 },
+    fetchImpl: () => assert.fail('aborted call fetched'),
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(
+    client.getObservations({}, { signal: controller.signal }),
+    { name: 'AbortError' },
+  );
+  assert.equal(client.budgetState().count, 0);
+});
diff --git a/server/providers/inaturalist/proxy.fixture.mjs b/server/providers/inaturalist/proxy.fixture.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8df662749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/inaturalist/proxy.fixture.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events';
+import { inaturalistProxy } from './observations.js';
+
+export const NOW = Date.parse('2026-11-04T18:05:00Z');
+
+/** Mount the proxy over synthetic HTTP objects, without opening a socket. */
+export function installInatProxy(
+  defaultUrl,
+  options = {},
+  hook = 'configureServer',
+) {
+  let handler;
+  const plugin = inaturalistProxy({
+    now: () => NOW,
+    cacheDir: null,
+    queueOptions: { intervalMs: 0, windowMs: 0 },
+    warn() {},
+    ...options,
+  });
+  assert.equal(plugin.name, 'inaturalist');
+  assert.equal(typeof plugin.configureServer, 'function');
+  assert.equal(typeof plugin.configurePreviewServer, 'function');
+  plugin[hook]({
+    middlewares: {
+      use(mount, callback) {
+        assert.equal(mount, '/api/inaturalist');
+        handler = callback;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  return async (
+    url = defaultUrl,
+    { method = 'GET', peer = 'local', headers = {}, signal } = {},
+  ) => {
+    const res = Object.assign(new EventEmitter(), {
+      headers: {},
+      writeHead(status, headers) {
+        this.status = status;
+        Object.assign(this.headers, headers);
+      },
+      setHeader(key, value) {
+        this.headers[key] = value;
+      },
+      end(value) {
+        this.status ??= this.statusCode;
+        this.body = JSON.parse(value);
+      },
+    });
+    const abort = () => {
+      res.destroyed = true;
+      res.emit('close');
+    };
+    signal?.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
+    try {
+      await handler(
+        Object.assign(new EventEmitter(), {
+          url,
+          method,
+          headers,
+          socket: { remoteAddress: peer },
+        }),
+        res,
+      );
+    } finally {
+      signal?.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
+    }
+    return res;
+  };
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/inaturalist/queue.js b/server/providers/inaturalist/queue.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb449615a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/inaturalist/queue.js
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import { setTimeout as delay } from 'node:timers/promises';
+
+// A four-request burst keeps a cold view responsive; thereafter every provider
+// call shares the same one-per-second token supply. The rolling minute ceiling
+// queues the few requests a token bucket alone could allow above 60/min.
+const INAT_INTERVAL_MS = 1000;
+const INAT_BURST = 4;
+const INAT_WINDOW_MS = 60_000;
+const INAT_MAX_PER_WINDOW = 60;
+const INAT_MAX_IN_FLIGHT = 4;
+
+/** Observation queries outrank tiles waiting for a token. Aborted consumers
+ * leave the queue before an attempt or daily-budget reservation is spent. */
+export function createInatQueue({
+  now = () => performance.now(),
+  wait = (ms) => delay(ms),
+  intervalMs = INAT_INTERVAL_MS,
+  burst = INAT_BURST,
+  windowMs = INAT_WINDOW_MS,
+  maxInFlight = INAT_MAX_IN_FLIGHT,
+} = {}) {
+  const pending = [];
+  const dispatchedAt = [];
+  let tokens = burst;
+  let refilledAt = null;
+  let running = false;
+  let inFlight = 0;
+  let slotFreed = null;
+
+  function refill() {
+    const at = now();
+    if (refilledAt !== null && intervalMs > 0)
+      tokens = Math.min(
+        burst,
+        tokens + Math.max(0, at - refilledAt) / intervalMs,
+      );
+    if (intervalMs <= 0) tokens = burst;
+    refilledAt = at;
+  }
+
+  function schedule() {
+    if (running) return;
+    running = true;
+    // A microtask also lets same-turn observation queries take priority.
+    void Promise.resolve().then(drain);
+  }
+
+  async function drain() {
+    try {
+      while (pending.length) {
+        if (inFlight >= maxInFlight) {
+          await new Promise((resolve) => (slotFreed = resolve));
+          continue;
+        }
+        refill();
+        const at = now();
+        while (dispatchedAt.length && dispatchedAt[0] <= at - windowMs)
+          dispatchedAt.shift();
+        const tokenWait = tokens < 1 ? (1 - tokens) * intervalMs : 0;
+        const windowWait =
+          windowMs > 0 && dispatchedAt.length >= INAT_MAX_PER_WINDOW
+            ? dispatchedAt[0] + windowMs - at
+            : 0;
+        if (tokenWait > 0 || windowWait > 0) {
+          await wait(Math.ceil(Math.max(tokenWait, windowWait)));
+          continue;
+        }
+        // Stable sorting preserves FIFO order within each priority.
+        pending.sort((a, b) => a.priority - b.priority);
+        const job = pending.shift();
+        job.signal?.removeEventListener('abort', job.abort);
+        if (job.signal?.aborted) {
+          job.reject(job.signal.reason);
+          continue;
+        }
+        tokens -= 1;
+        if (windowMs > 0) dispatchedAt.push(at);
+        inFlight += 1;
+        // A rejected task releases its slot without stopping the queue.
+        void new Promise((resolve) => resolve(job.task()))
+          .then(job.resolve, job.reject)
+          .finally(() => {
+            inFlight -= 1;
+            const wake = slotFreed;
+            slotFreed = null;
+            wake?.();
+          });
+      }
+    } finally {
+      running = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return function enqueue(task, { signal, priority = 1 } = {}) {
+    if (signal?.aborted) return Promise.reject(signal.reason);
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const job = { task, signal, priority, resolve, reject };
+      job.abort = () => {
+        const index = pending.indexOf(job);
+        if (index >= 0) pending.splice(index, 1);
+        signal.removeEventListener('abort', job.abort);
+        reject(signal.reason);
+      };
+      signal?.addEventListener('abort', job.abort, { once: true });
+      pending.push(job);
+      schedule();
+    });
+  };
+}
diff --git a/server/providers/inaturalist/queue.test.mjs b/server/providers/inaturalist/queue.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a017883a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/inaturalist/queue.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createInatQueue } from './queue.js';
+
+async function until(check) {
+  for (let i = 0; i < 100; i += 1) {
+    if (check()) return;
+    await new Promise(setImmediate);
+  }
+  assert.fail('queue did not reach its expected state');
+}
+
+test('shared governor paces a four-call burst within the rolling minute ceiling', async () => {
+  let at = 0;
+  const waits = [];
+  const queue = createInatQueue({
+    now: () => at,
+    wait: async (ms) => {
+      waits.push(ms);
+      at += ms;
+    },
+  });
+  const dispatched = [];
+  await Promise.all(
+    Array.from({ length: 65 }, () => queue(() => dispatched.push(at))),
+  );
+  assert.equal(dispatched.length, 65);
+  assert.deepEqual(dispatched.slice(0, 7), [0, 0, 0, 0, 1000, 2000, 3000]);
+  assert.deepEqual(waits.slice(0, 3), [1000, 1000, 1000]);
+  for (const time of dispatched)
+    assert.ok(
+      dispatched.filter((other) => other > time - 60_000 && other <= time)
+        .length <= 60,
+    );
+  assert.equal(dispatched[60], 60_000);
+});
+
+test('an observation arriving during the pacing wait overtakes queued tiles', async () => {
+  let at = 0;
+  const waits = [];
+  const queue = createInatQueue({
+    burst: 1,
+    now: () => at,
+    wait: (ms) => new Promise((resolve) => waits.push({ ms, resolve })),
+  });
+  const dispatched = [];
+  await queue(() => dispatched.push('first tile'));
+  const tile = queue(() => dispatched.push('waiting tile'));
+  await until(() => waits.length === 1);
+  const observation = queue(() => dispatched.push('observation'), {
+    priority: 0,
+  });
+  at += waits[0].ms;
+  waits[0].resolve();
+  await observation;
+  assert.deepEqual(dispatched, ['first tile', 'observation']);
+  await until(() => waits.length === 2);
+  at += waits[1].ms;
+  waits[1].resolve();
+  await tile;
+  assert.deepEqual(dispatched, ['first tile', 'observation', 'waiting tile']);
+});
+
+test('superseded tasks leave before dispatch, and a rejection cannot poison the tail', async () => {
+  const queue = createInatQueue({ intervalMs: 0 });
+  const dispatched = [];
+  let release;
+  const first = queue(
+    () =>
+      new Promise((resolve) => {
+        release = resolve;
+      }),
+  );
+  await until(() => release);
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  const superseded = queue(() => assert.fail('superseded tile dispatched'), {
+    signal: controller.signal,
+  });
+  const dropped = assert.rejects(superseded, { name: 'AbortError' });
+  controller.abort();
+  await dropped;
+  const failed = queue(() => {
+    dispatched.push('failed');
+    throw new Error('synthetic');
+  });
+  const failure = assert.rejects(failed, /synthetic/);
+  const succeeding = queue(() => dispatched.push('recovered'));
+  release();
+  await Promise.all([first, failure, succeeding]);
+  assert.deepEqual(dispatched, ['failed', 'recovered']);
+});
+
+test('a slow call does not hold later calls; at most four run at once', async () => {
+  const queue = createInatQueue({ intervalMs: 0, windowMs: 0 });
+  const releases = [];
+  const started = [];
+  const slow = (id) => () =>
+    new Promise((resolve) => {
+      started.push(id);
+      releases.push(() => resolve(id));
+    });
+  const jobs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].map((id) => queue(slow(id)));
+  await until(() => started.length === 4);
+  assert.deepEqual(started, [1, 2, 3, 4], 'four start without waiting');
+  releases[1]();
+  assert.equal(await jobs[1], 2, 'a later call finishes before the first');
+  await until(() => started.length === 5);
+  assert.deepEqual(started, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 'a freed slot starts the next');
+  for (const release of releases) release();
+  assert.deepEqual(await Promise.all(jobs), [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+});
diff --git a/server/providers/inaturalist/speed.test.mjs b/server/providers/inaturalist/speed.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9f02fda4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/providers/inaturalist/speed.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createInatClient } from './client.js';
+import { installInatProxy, NOW } from './proxy.fixture.mjs';
+import { syntheticGrid } from './grid.fixture.mjs';
+import { INAT_GRID_DECODE_MEASURE } from './grid.js';
+
+const gridUrl = '/grid?z=2&x=1&y=1&taxa=Aves';
+const params = {
+  scope: 'global',
+  taxa: 'all',
+  observedD1: '2026-11-02',
+};
+const tick = () => new Promise(setImmediate);
+
+const install = (options, hook) => installInatProxy(gridUrl, options, hook);
+
+test('tile cache lasts fifteen minutes, then returns stale before revalidation finishes', async () => {
+  let at = NOW;
+  let calls = 0;
+  let release;
+  const request = install({
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return calls === 1
+        ? Response.json(syntheticGrid())
+        : new Promise((resolve) => {
+            release = resolve;
+          });
+    },
+  });
+  const first = await request();
+  at += 899_999;
+  const freshPromise = request();
+  await tick();
+  assert.equal(calls, 1, 'a fresh tile never spends another upstream attempt');
+  assert.deepEqual((await freshPromise).body, first.body);
+  at += 1;
+  const stalePromise = request();
+  let resolved = false;
+  void stalePromise.then(() => {
+    resolved = true;
+  });
+  await tick();
+  try {
+    assert.equal(
+      resolved,
+      true,
+      'stale cells publish while refresh is pending',
+    );
+    const stale = await stalePromise;
+    assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+    assert.equal(stale.body.fetchedAt, NOW);
+    assert.deepEqual(stale.body.cells, first.body.cells);
+    await request();
+    assert.equal(calls, 2, 'all stale consumers share one background refresh');
+    const refreshPromise = request(`${gridUrl}&refresh=wait`);
+    let refreshed = false;
+    void refreshPromise.then(() => {
+      refreshed = true;
+    });
+    await tick();
+    assert.equal(
+      refreshed,
+      false,
+      'a background consumer can await the same refresh',
+    );
+    release(Response.json(syntheticGrid()));
+    const fresh = await refreshPromise;
+    assert.equal(fresh.body.stale, undefined);
+    assert.equal(fresh.body.fetchedAt, at);
+    assert.equal(
+      calls,
+      2,
+      'waiting for fresh cells never duplicates upstream work',
+    );
+    release = null;
+  } finally {
+    release?.(Response.json(syntheticGrid()));
+  }
+});
+
+test('more than sixteen queued views and thirty local requests never report local rate limiting', async () => {
+  let release;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      if (calls === 1)
+        await new Promise((resolve) => {
+          release = resolve;
+        });
+      return Response.json(syntheticGrid());
+    },
+  });
+  const pending = Array.from({ length: 40 }, (_, x) =>
+    request(`/grid?z=6&x=${x}&y=1`),
+  );
+  await tick();
+  release();
+  const results = await Promise.all(pending);
+  assert.ok(results.every((result) => result.status === 200));
+  assert.equal(calls, 40);
+});
+
+test('only real upstream 429 or 5xx failures start cooldown', async () => {
+  for (const bad of [
+    () => Promise.reject(new Error('network')),
+    () => Response.json({ malformed: true }),
+    () => new Response('', { status: 404 }),
+  ]) {
+    let calls = 0;
+    const client = createInatClient({
+      now: () => NOW,
+      cacheDir: null,
+      queueOptions: { intervalMs: 0, windowMs: 0 },
+      warn() {},
+      fetchImpl: () => {
+        calls += 1;
+        return calls === 1
+          ? bad()
+          : Response.json({ results: [], total_results: 0 });
+      },
+    });
+    await assert.rejects(client.getObservations(params), { status: 502 });
+    await client.getObservations(params);
+    assert.equal(
+      calls,
+      2,
+      'a non-cooldown failure must not hold the next attempt',
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('actual upstream cooldown is marked separately from a local budget stop', async () => {
+  for (const upstream of [429, 503]) {
+    let calls = 0;
+    const request = install({
+      fetchImpl: () => {
+        calls += 1;
+        return new Response('', {
+          status: upstream,
+          headers: { 'Retry-After': '120' },
+        });
+      },
+    });
+    const first = await request();
+    assert.equal(first.headers['X-Upstream-Status'], String(upstream));
+    assert.equal(first.headers['Retry-After'], '120');
+    await request();
+    assert.equal(calls, 1);
+  }
+});
+
+test('upstream Retry-After zero survives the HTTP response and permits an immediate next request', async () => {
+  for (const upstream of [429, 503]) {
+    let calls = 0;
+    const request = install({
+      fetchImpl: () => {
+        calls += 1;
+        return calls === 1
+          ? new Response('', {
+              status: upstream,
+              headers: { 'Retry-After': '0' },
+            })
+          : Response.json(syntheticGrid());
+      },
+    });
+    const first = await request();
+    assert.equal(first.headers['X-Upstream-Status'], String(upstream));
+    assert.equal(first.headers['Retry-After'], '0');
+    assert.equal((await request()).status, 200);
+    assert.equal(calls, 2);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a local daily budget stop has a distinct code and no upstream cooldown marker', async (t) => {
+  const before = process.env.INATURALIST_DAILY_BUDGET;
+  process.env.INATURALIST_DAILY_BUDGET = '1';
+  t.after(() => {
+    if (before === undefined) delete process.env.INATURALIST_DAILY_BUDGET;
+    else process.env.INATURALIST_DAILY_BUDGET = before;
+  });
+  let calls = 0;
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return Response.json(syntheticGrid());
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal((await request()).status, 200);
+  const stopped = await request('/grid?z=2&x=0&y=1');
+  assert.equal(stopped.status, 503);
+  assert.equal(stopped.body.error, 'inaturalist_budget_exhausted');
+  assert.equal(stopped.headers['X-Upstream-Status'], undefined);
+  assert.equal((await request()).status, 200, 'cached data remains available');
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+});
+
+test('cached tiles avoid UTFGrid decode and decode timing entries stay bounded', async () => {
+  const request = install({
+    fetchImpl: () => Response.json(syntheticGrid()),
+  });
+  await request();
+  const sample = performance.getEntriesByName(INAT_GRID_DECODE_MEASURE)[0];
+  assert.ok(sample.duration >= 0);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i += 1) await request();
+  assert.equal(
+    performance.getEntriesByName(INAT_GRID_DECODE_MEASURE)[0],
+    sample,
+  );
+  for (let x = 0; x < 4; x += 1) await request(`/grid?z=3&x=${x}&y=1`);
+  assert.equal(
+    performance.getEntriesByName(INAT_GRID_DECODE_MEASURE).length,
+    1,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/server/providers/local.js b/server/providers/local.js
index 7067f3ec5..41b0fd3a5 100644
--- a/server/providers/local.js
+++ b/server/providers/local.js
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ import { firePerimetersProxy } from './firePerimeters.js';
 import { gnssIntegrityProxy } from './gnssIntegrity.js';
 import { ghostMapsProxy } from './ghostMaps.js';
 import { droneAirspaceProxy } from './droneAirspace.js';
+import { inaturalistProxy } from './inaturalist/observations.js';
+import { acartiaProxy } from './acartia.js';
 import { cycloneProxy } from './cyclones.js';
 import { windProxy } from './wind.js';
 
@@ -81,6 +83,8 @@ function localProviderPlugins({
     gnssIntegrityProxy(),
     ghostMapsProxy(),
     droneAirspaceProxy(),
+    inaturalistProxy(),
+    acartiaProxy(),
     keySetupEndpoint(),
   ];
 }
diff --git a/src/app/catalog.js b/src/app/catalog.js
index 9dc641fef..30fb42084 100644
--- a/src/app/catalog.js
+++ b/src/app/catalog.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ const CONTROL_LAYER_IDS = Object.freeze({
   satellitesLayer: 'satellites',
   cctvLayer: 'cctv',
   streetLevelLayer: 'street-level',
+  wildlifeSightingsLayer: 'wildlife-sightings',
   radioLayer: 'radio',
   bikeshareLayer: 'bikeshare',
   transitLayer: 'transit',
diff --git a/src/app/catalog.test.mjs b/src/app/catalog.test.mjs
index 2b558939b..28000818d 100644
--- a/src/app/catalog.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/catalog.test.mjs
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ test('controls bind catalog instances rather than similarly named defaults', ()
     'rocket-launches',
     'street-level',
     'local-adsb',
+    'wildlife-sightings',
   ];
   const layers = ids.map((id) => ({ id }));
   const catalog = createLayerCatalog(layers, metadata(layers));
@@ -147,6 +148,7 @@ test('controls bind catalog instances rather than similarly named defaults', ()
   assert.equal(services.transitLayer, layers[7]);
   assert.equal(services.aisLiveVesselsLayer, layers[8]);
   assert.equal(services.localAdsbLayer, layers[13]);
+  assert.equal(services.wildlifeSightingsLayer, layers[14]);
   assert.equal(new Set(Object.values(services)).size, layers.length);
   assert.throws(
     () => catalogControlServices(createLayerCatalog([], [])),
diff --git a/src/app/constructCatalog.js b/src/app/constructCatalog.js
index 488a5e9ab..0946b6ceb 100644
--- a/src/app/constructCatalog.js
+++ b/src/app/constructCatalog.js
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import { createApplicationFirePerimeters } from './layers/perimeters.js';
 import { createApplicationGnssIntegrity } from './layers/gnss.js';
 import { createApplicationGhostMaps } from './layers/ghostMaps.js';
 import { createApplicationDroneAirspace } from './layers/droneAirspace.js';
+import { createApplicationWildlifeSightings } from './layers/wildlifeSightings.js';
 import { createApplicationCables } from './layers/submarineCables.js';
 import { createOsmOverlayLayers } from '../data/osmOverlays.js';
 import { createApplicationStreetLevel } from './layers/streetLevel.js';
@@ -137,6 +138,10 @@ export function createApplicationCatalog({
         createApplicationDroneAirspace({
           source: sources['drone-airspace'],
         }),
+        createApplicationWildlifeSightings({
+          source: sources['wildlife-sightings'],
+          groundFloor: surface.groundFloor,
+        }),
         createApplicationAlpr({ surface, source: sources.alpr }),
         createApplicationStreetLevel({
           surface,
diff --git a/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs b/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs
index 82a1dbcf0..3d61df3b3 100644
--- a/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/constructCatalog.test.mjs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ test('catalogs construct distinct layers and classification from their supplied
     signal: b.signal,
     surface: fixtureSurface(b.signal),
   });
-  assert.equal(first.layers.length, 37);
+  assert.equal(first.layers.length, 38);
   assert.ok(first.get('local-adsb'), 'Local ADS-B is registered');
   assert.deepEqual(
     first.metadata.find(({ id }) => id === 'osm-places'),
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ test('Mapillary can be omitted or replaced without changing catalog membership',
     surface: fixtureSurface(lifetime.signal),
   };
   const catalog = createApplicationCatalog(options);
-  assert.equal(catalog.layers.length, 37);
+  assert.equal(catalog.layers.length, 38);
   assert.deepEqual(catalog.get('street-level').providerIds, []);
   assert.equal(
     catalogControlServices(catalog).streetLevelLayer,
diff --git a/src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js b/src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d181f2c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createWildlifeSightingsLayer } from '../../layers/wildlifeSightings/index.js';
+import * as picking from '../../data/pickRegistry.js';
+import * as overlays from '../../overlays/worldOverlay.js';
+import * as sprites from '../../data/spriteOrder.js';
+import * as render from '../../renderGovernor.js';
+import * as context from '../../data/contextStore.js';
+import * as focus from '../../worldFocus.js';
+import { isPointerFree } from '../../data/inputOwnership.js';
+
+/** Bind the wildlife layer to the application's scene and selection owners. */
+export function createApplicationWildlifeSightings(options) {
+  return createWildlifeSightingsLayer({
+    overlayHost: {
+      setEntries: overlays.setOverlayEntries,
+      setVisible: overlays.setOverlaySourceVisible,
+      clearSource: overlays.clearOverlaySource,
+      hitTest: overlays.hitTestWorldOverlay,
+    },
+    screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory: (viewer) =>
+      new Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventHandler(viewer.scene.canvas),
+    picking,
+    pointer: { isPointerFree },
+    sprites,
+    render,
+    context,
+    focus,
+    ...options,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/app/sourceComposition.js b/src/app/sourceComposition.js
index a12378260..bc3e3b37c 100644
--- a/src/app/sourceComposition.js
+++ b/src/app/sourceComposition.js
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ export const CATALOG_SOURCE_CONTRACTS = Object.freeze({
   'gnss-integrity': contract(['gnss-integrity'], ['getSnapshot']),
   's2-ghostmaps': contract(['s2-ghostmaps'], ['getCatalog', 'getFile']),
   'drone-airspace': contract(['drone-airspace'], ['getSnapshot']),
+  'wildlife-sightings': contract(['wildlife-sightings'], ['getSnapshot']),
   cables: contract(['telegeography-submarine-cables'], ['fetch']),
   transit: contract(['transit'], ['requestSnapshot', 'getHistory']),
 });
diff --git a/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs b/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs
index cee9c1246..2a18039f2 100644
--- a/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/sourceComposition.test.mjs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ test('every acquisition source can be omitted without losing catalog membership'
 
 test('all acquisition sources may be absent, and enable fails before initializing or fetching', async (t) => {
   const actual = catalog({}, t);
-  assert.equal(actual.layers.length, 37);
+  assert.equal(actual.layers.length, 38);
   const manager = new LayerLifecycle(
     {},
     { getSourceAvailability: actual.getSourceAvailability },
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.js b/src/data/dataCredits.js
index 29075550c..7d88c6462 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.js
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.js
@@ -34,6 +34,14 @@ export const OPENMAPTILES_CREDIT = {
   html: 'Vector tiles: <a href="https://openfreemap.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OpenFreeMap</a> © <a href="https://openmaptiles.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OpenMapTiles</a>',
 };
 
+/** Conditional Salish Sea coverage; registered when its sightings first render. */
+export const ACARTIA_CREDIT = Object.freeze({
+  key: 'acartia',
+  html:
+    'Wildlife sightings: <a href="https://acartia.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Acartia</a> (CC BY 4.0; each provider credited per sighting) · ' +
+    '<a href="https://www.bewhalewise.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Be Whale Wise</a>',
+});
+
 const osmDisplays = new WeakMap();
 
 function updateOsmDisplay(viewer, state) {
@@ -188,6 +196,10 @@ export const DATA_CREDITS = [
       '<a href="https://adds-faa.opendata.arcgis.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FAA Special Use Airspace</a>' +
       ' (prohibited and restricted zones; informational only)',
   },
+  {
+    key: 'inaturalist',
+    html: 'Wildlife sightings: <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">iNaturalist</a> contributors (licences per record; photos credited on each card)',
+  },
   OSM_CREDIT,
   OPENMAPTILES_CREDIT,
   {
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.js b/src/data/layerState.js
index 46dadf9a0..4c679f7af 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.js
+++ b/src/data/layerState.js
@@ -312,6 +312,23 @@ const OPTION_GROUPS = Object.freeze({
       high: 'h',
     }),
   ]),
+  'wildlife-sightings': Object.freeze([
+    booleanOption('confirmed', 'c', false),
+    enumOption(
+      'taxa',
+      't',
+      'all',
+      ['all', 'Aves', 'Mammalia', 'whales', 'Insecta', 'Plantae'],
+      {
+        all: 'a',
+        Aves: 'b',
+        Mammalia: 'm',
+        whales: 'w',
+        Insecta: 'i',
+        Plantae: 'p',
+      },
+    ),
+  ]),
   traffic: Object.freeze([
     enumOption('roadMode', 'r', null, ['tomtom', 'osm', 'hybrid'], {
       tomtom: 't',
@@ -733,6 +750,12 @@ export const LAYER_STATE_REGISTRY = Object.freeze([
     disposition: 'enabled+options',
     optionOwner: 'weather-satellite',
   }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    id: 'wildlife-sightings',
+    token: '9',
+    disposition: 'enabled+options',
+    optionOwner: 'wildlife-sightings',
+  }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'wind',
     token: 'k',
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
index 9d30e8973..b75565285 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ function encode(state) {
 
 test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts', async () => {
   assert.equal(validateLayerStateRegistry(), true);
-  assert.equal(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS.length, 35);
-  assert.equal(new Set(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS).size, 35);
+  assert.equal(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS.length, 36);
+  assert.equal(new Set(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS).size, 36);
   assert.ok(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS.includes('transit'));
   assert.deepEqual(REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS, [...REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS].sort());
   assert.deepEqual(LEGACY_LAYER_STATE_TOKENS, {
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts'
   for (const [id, token] of Object.entries(LEGACY_LAYER_STATE_TOKENS)) {
     assert.equal(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS[id], token);
   }
-  assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(), '9');
+  assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(), '00');
   assert.equal(
     nextLayerStateToken({
       ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
@@ -306,8 +306,8 @@ test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts'
   assert.equal(
     validateLayerStateAllocations(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS, {
       ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
-      future: '9',
-      next: '00',
+      future: '00',
+      next: '01',
     }),
     true,
   );
@@ -315,12 +315,13 @@ test('production registry is exact, canonical, and rejects incomplete contracts'
     () =>
       validateLayerStateAllocations(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS, {
         ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
-        future: '00',
+        future: '01',
       }),
-    /next free token 9/,
+    /next free token 00/,
   );
   const beforeLastDigit = { ...digitsExhausted };
   delete beforeLastDigit['prior-9'];
+  delete beforeLastDigit['wildlife-sightings'];
   assert.equal(
     validateLayerStateAllocations(beforeLastDigit, {
       ...beforeLastDigit,
@@ -2695,6 +2696,32 @@ test('the recent-imagery split is share-link only: never stored locally, and a s
   );
 });
 
+test('wildlife confirmed and every taxa preset round-trip through the full share codec', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    LAYER_STATE_REGISTRY.find(({ id }) => id === 'wildlife-sightings').token,
+    '9',
+  );
+  for (const taxa of [
+    'all',
+    'Aves',
+    'Mammalia',
+    'whales',
+    'Insecta',
+    'Plantae',
+  ]) {
+    const state = normalizeLayerState({
+      enabledLayerIds: ['wildlife-sightings'],
+      options: { 'wildlife-sightings': { confirmed: true, taxa } },
+    });
+    const encoded = encode(state);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(encoded, /undefined/);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      decodeLayerStateParams(new URLSearchParams(encoded)),
+      state,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
 test('drone restrictions uses digit 8 without colliding with fire perimeters', () => {
   const decoded = decodeLayerStateParams(new URLSearchParams('v=2&l=8.2'));
   assert.deepEqual(decoded.enabledLayerIds, [
diff --git a/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs b/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
index d46782378..a6c3390ec 100644
--- a/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
@@ -97,6 +97,10 @@ function withPublishedBase(
   }
 }
 
+const preWildlifeRows = reservationRows.filter(
+  ([id]) => id !== 'wildlife-sightings',
+);
+
 function writeCodecFixture(cwd, rows, entries) {
   const providerCodec = path.join(cwd, 'src/data/idSwitches.js');
   mkdirSync(path.dirname(providerCodec), { recursive: true });
@@ -104,7 +108,12 @@ function writeCodecFixture(cwd, rows, entries) {
     providerCodec,
     readFileSync(new URL('./idSwitches.js', import.meta.url)),
   );
-  const source = readFileSync(CODEC_SOURCE_PATH, 'utf8');
+  let source = readFileSync(CODEC_SOURCE_PATH, 'utf8');
+  if (!rows.some(([id]) => id === 'wildlife-sightings'))
+    source = source.replace(
+      /  Object\.freeze\(\{\s*id: 'wildlife-sightings',[\s\S]*?\}\),\n/,
+      '',
+    );
   const registryEnd = ']);\n\nexport const REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS';
   assert.equal(source.split(registryEnd).length, 2);
   const additions = entries
@@ -128,7 +137,7 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
     { ...parseLayerStateTokenReservations(reservationRows) },
     { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS },
   );
-  assert.equal(Object.keys(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS).length, 35);
+  assert.equal(Object.keys(LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS).length, 36);
   assert.deepEqual(
     { ...LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS },
     {
@@ -140,6 +149,7 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
       'sea-marks': '6',
       'ski-pistes': '7',
       'drone-airspace': '8',
+      'wildlife-sightings': '9',
     },
   );
   assert.throws(
@@ -165,9 +175,9 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
     /Duplicate layer-state token reservation/,
   );
   assert.equal(
-    parseLayerStateTokenReservations([...reservationRows, ['future', '9']])
+    parseLayerStateTokenReservations([...reservationRows, ['future', '00']])
       .future,
-    '9',
+    '00',
   );
   assert.throws(
     () =>
@@ -185,7 +195,7 @@ test('reservation ledger is complete, pinned, and rejects duplicate or malformed
 
 test('published retired digits and competing PRs advance the merge-time allocation', () => {
   withPublishedBase(
-    { rows: [...reservationRows, ['retired-layer', '9']] },
+    { rows: [...preWildlifeRows, ['retired-layer', '9']] },
     (cwd) => {
       const published = readPublishedLayerStateReservations('HEAD', cwd);
       assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(published), '00');
@@ -217,7 +227,7 @@ test('published retired digits and competing PRs advance the merge-time allocati
 });
 
 test('PR B manually replaces provisional 9 with 00 after PR A publishes 9', () => {
-  withPublishedBase({ rows: [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '9']] }, (cwd) => {
+  withPublishedBase({ rows: [...preWildlifeRows, ['pr-a', '9']] }, (cwd) => {
     mkdirSync(path.join(cwd, 'scripts'));
     const fixtureChecker = path.join(
       cwd,
@@ -238,7 +248,7 @@ test('PR B manually replaces provisional 9 with 00 after PR A publishes 9', () =
 
     writeCodecFixture(
       cwd,
-      [...reservationRows, ['pr-b', '9']],
+      [...preWildlifeRows, ['pr-b', '9']],
       [{ id: 'pr-b', token: '9' }],
     );
     const beforeRebase = runCheck();
@@ -247,7 +257,7 @@ test('PR B manually replaces provisional 9 with 00 after PR A publishes 9', () =
 
     writeCodecFixture(
       cwd,
-      [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '9'], ['pr-b', '9']],
+      [...preWildlifeRows, ['pr-a', '9'], ['pr-b', '9']],
       [
         { id: 'pr-a', token: '9' },
         { id: 'pr-b', token: '9' },
@@ -259,7 +269,7 @@ test('PR B manually replaces provisional 9 with 00 after PR A publishes 9', () =
 
     const published = readPublishedLayerStateReservations('HEAD', cwd);
     assert.equal(nextLayerStateToken(published), '00');
-    const validBaselineRows = [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '9']];
+    const validBaselineRows = [...preWildlifeRows, ['pr-a', '9']];
     writeCodecFixture(cwd, validBaselineRows, [{ id: 'pr-a', token: '9' }]);
     const helper = spawnSync(
       process.execPath,
@@ -275,7 +285,7 @@ test('PR B manually replaces provisional 9 with 00 after PR A publishes 9', () =
     );
     writeCodecFixture(
       cwd,
-      [...reservationRows, ['pr-a', '9'], ['pr-b', '00']],
+      [...preWildlifeRows, ['pr-a', '9'], ['pr-b', '00']],
       [
         { id: 'pr-a', token: '9' },
         { id: 'pr-b', token: '00' },
@@ -290,7 +300,7 @@ test('PR B manually replaces provisional 9 with 00 after PR A publishes 9', () =
 test('allocation batches cross the last digit and base-36 pair boundaries in order', () => {
   const digitRows = [...'9'].map((digit) => [`retired-${digit}`, digit]);
   const allDigits = parseLayerStateTokenReservations([
-    ...reservationRows,
+    ...preWildlifeRows,
     ...digitRows,
   ]);
   const beforeNine = { ...allDigits };
@@ -349,7 +359,7 @@ test('an isolated valid two-character fixture round-trips an l field beyond the
       token,
     }));
     const fixtureRows = [
-      ...reservationRows,
+      ...preWildlifeRows,
       ...priorDigits,
       ...fixtureLayers.map(({ id, token }) => [id, token]),
     ];
@@ -358,13 +368,13 @@ test('an isolated valid two-character fixture round-trips an l field beyond the
     assert.equal(codec.validateLayerStateRegistry(), true);
     assert.equal(
       nextLayerStateToken(
-        parseLayerStateTokenReservations([...reservationRows, ...priorDigits]),
+        parseLayerStateTokenReservations([...preWildlifeRows, ...priorDigits]),
       ),
       '00',
     );
     assert.equal(
       validateLayerStateAllocations(
-        LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
+        parseLayerStateTokenReservations(preWildlifeRows),
         codec.LAYER_STATE_TOKEN_RESERVATIONS,
       ),
       true,
@@ -395,7 +405,7 @@ test('checker reads a complete future base ledger and rejects retired-token reus
     },
     (cwd) => {
       const published = readPublishedLayerStateReservations('HEAD', cwd);
-      assert.equal(Object.keys(published).length, 36);
+      assert.equal(Object.keys(published).length, 37);
       assert.equal(published['retired-layer'], '00');
       assert.throws(
         () =>
diff --git a/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json b/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json
index 836112713..8a79800e1 100644
--- a/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json
+++ b/src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json
@@ -33,5 +33,6 @@
   ["weather-lightning", "l"],
   ["weather-radar", "v"],
   ["weather-satellite", "o"],
+  ["wildlife-sightings", "9"],
   ["wind", "k"]
 ]
diff --git a/src/data/spriteOrder.js b/src/data/spriteOrder.js
index 2dd10925c..28f83cb4e 100644
--- a/src/data/spriteOrder.js
+++ b/src/data/spriteOrder.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 export const SPRITE_LAYER_ORDER = Object.freeze([
   'cctv',
   'firms',
+  'wildlife-sightings',
   'bikeshare',
   'transit',
   'transit-motion',
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index c9fca14ce..ad79b816a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3404,5 +3404,62 @@
   "FAA prohibited and restricted special-use airspace only, not the UAS Facility Map or UAS flight restrictions. Informational only — not a substitute for official UAS flight-planning tools (B4UFLY / LAANC).": "المجال الجوي الخاص المحظور والمقيّد لدى FAA فقط، ولا يشمل UAS Facility Map أو قيود طيران UAS. للعلم فقط — ولا يغني عن الأدوات الرسمية لتخطيط رحلات UAS (B4UFLY / LAANC).",
   "Prohibited": "محظور",
   "Restricted": "مقيّد",
-  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "المجال الجوي المحظور والمقيّد"
+  "Prohibited & Restricted Airspace": "المجال الجوي المحظور والمقيّد",
+  "SIGHTING": "مشاهدة",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "إظهار مشاهدة {name}",
+  "seen {age} ago": "شوهد قبل {age}",
+  "observed {age} ago": "رُصد قبل {age}",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "راقب الحيتان بمسؤولية",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "أبلغ عنه {name} ({entity})",
+  "Reported by {name}": "أبلغ عنه {name}",
+  "Salish Sea": "بحر ساليش",
+  "Birds": "الطيور",
+  "Mammals": "الثدييات",
+  "Reptiles": "الزواحف",
+  "Amphibians": "البرمائيات",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "الأسماك شعاعية الزعانف",
+  "Insects": "الحشرات",
+  "Arachnids": "العنكبوتيات",
+  "Plants": "النباتات",
+  "Fungi": "الفطريات",
+  "Other animals": "حيوانات أخرى",
+  "Other or unknown": "أخرى أو غير معروفة",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — انقر لإعادة المحاولة",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "مصدر مشاهدات الحياة البرية غير متاح",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "إظهار المشاهدات المؤكدة مجتمعياً (بدرجة بحثية) فقط",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "لا توجد مشاهدات حديثة في العرض",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "تعذر الوصول إلى مصدر Acartia",
+  "Show all taxa": "إظهار جميع المجموعات التصنيفية",
+  "BIRDS": "الطيور",
+  "Show only birds": "إظهار الطيور فقط",
+  "MAMMALS": "الثدييات",
+  "Show only mammals": "إظهار الثدييات فقط",
+  "WHALES": "الحيتان",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "إظهار الحيتان والدلافين فقط (7 أيام)",
+  "INSECTS": "الحشرات",
+  "Show only insects": "إظهار الحشرات فقط",
+  "PLANTS": "النباتات",
+  "Show only plants": "إظهار النباتات فقط",
+  "All rights reserved": "جميع الحقوق محفوظة",
+  "Cetacean": "حوتي",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "مشاهدات الحياة البرية",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "اخرج من قمرة القيادة للانتقال إلى مشاهدة",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "اخرج من قمرة القيادة للانتقال إلى منطقة مشاهدة",
+  "Wildlife": "الحياة البرية",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "قرّب لرؤية المشاهدات المحلية",
+  "Loading photo...": "جارٍ تحميل الصورة…",
+  "Photo unavailable": "الصورة غير متاحة",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "الموقع مخفي ضمن خلية بمقدار 0.2°",
+  "Open on Acartia ↗": "فتح على Acartia ↗",
+  "Photo of {name}": "صورة {name}",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "{count} مشاهدة ضمن النطاق",
+  "Close sighting": "إغلاق المشاهدة",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "حياة برية شوهدت خلال 48 ساعة (الحيتان 7 أيام). يوضح اللون ورمز الشارة المجموعة التصنيفية. تُعرض الأنواع الحساسة في خلايا بحجم 0.2° فقط؛ وتُقرّب مشاهدات الثدييات البحرية في بحر ساليش عبر Acartia إلى 0.01°. ليست إحصاءً شاملاً.",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "فتح {name} على iNaturalist",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "فتح {name} على Acartia",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "مساهمو iNaturalist · التراخيص لكل سجل",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "مساهمو iNaturalist · Acartia {count} (بحر ساليش) · التراخيص لكل سجل"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index bb683ed9f..4b7a8c501 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -3104,5 +3104,62 @@
   "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Der Anbieter hat den API-Schlüssel abgelehnt. Den Schlüssel in den Anbieter-Einstellungen prüfen.",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Zu viele Chat-Anfragen. In {seconds} s erneut versuchen.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Der Anbieter hat den Zugriff für diesen Schlüssel verweigert. Projekt, Region oder Berechtigungen des Schlüssels prüfen.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Das Anbieterkonto hat kein Guthaben mehr. Die Abrechnung prüfen oder in den Einstellungen einen anderen KI-Anbieter wählen."
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Das Anbieterkonto hat kein Guthaben mehr. Die Abrechnung prüfen oder in den Einstellungen einen anderen KI-Anbieter wählen.",
+  "SIGHTING": "BEOBACHTUNG",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "Beobachtung von {name} anzeigen",
+  "seen {age} ago": "vor {age} gesichtet",
+  "observed {age} ago": "vor {age} beobachtet",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "Wale respektvoll beobachten",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "Gemeldet von {name} ({entity})",
+  "Reported by {name}": "Gemeldet von {name}",
+  "Salish Sea": "Salish-See",
+  "Birds": "Vögel",
+  "Mammals": "Säugetiere",
+  "Reptiles": "Reptilien",
+  "Amphibians": "Amphibien",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "Strahlenflosser",
+  "Insects": "Insekten",
+  "Arachnids": "Spinnentiere",
+  "Plants": "Pflanzen",
+  "Fungi": "Pilze",
+  "Other animals": "Andere Tiere",
+  "Other or unknown": "Andere oder unbekannt",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — zum Wiederholen klicken",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "Quelle für Naturbeobachtungen nicht verfügbar",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "Nur gemeinschaftlich bestätigte Beobachtungen (Forschungsqualität) anzeigen",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "Keine aktuellen Beobachtungen im Ausschnitt",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "Acartia-Datenstrom nicht verfügbar",
+  "Show all taxa": "Alle Artengruppen anzeigen",
+  "BIRDS": "VÖGEL",
+  "Show only birds": "Nur Vögel anzeigen",
+  "MAMMALS": "SÄUGETIERE",
+  "Show only mammals": "Nur Säugetiere anzeigen",
+  "WHALES": "WALE",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "Nur Wale und Delfine anzeigen (7 Tage)",
+  "INSECTS": "INSEKTEN",
+  "Show only insects": "Nur Insekten anzeigen",
+  "PLANTS": "PFLANZEN",
+  "Show only plants": "Nur Pflanzen anzeigen",
+  "All rights reserved": "Alle Rechte vorbehalten",
+  "Cetacean": "Wal oder Delfin",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "Naturbeobachtungen",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "Cockpit verlassen, um zu einer Beobachtung zu fliegen",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "Cockpit verlassen, um zu einem Beobachtungsgebiet zu fliegen",
+  "Wildlife": "Tierwelt",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "Für lokale Beobachtungen vergrößern",
+  "Loading photo...": "Foto wird geladen…",
+  "Photo unavailable": "Foto nicht verfügbar",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Standort auf eine 0,2°-Rasterzelle verschleiert",
+  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Auf Acartia öffnen ↗",
+  "Photo of {name}": "Foto von {name}",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "{count} Sichtungen im Ausschnitt",
+  "Close sighting": "Sichtung schließen",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "In den letzten 48 h beobachtete Wildtiere (Wale 7 Tage). Farbe und Abzeichensymbol zeigen die Artengruppe. Empfindliche Arten erscheinen nur als 0,2°-Zellen; Acartia-Meldungen zu Meeressäugern aus der Salish-See werden auf 0,01° gerundet. Keine Bestandszählung.",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "{name} auf iNaturalist öffnen",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "{name} auf Acartia öffnen",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "iNaturalist-Beitragende · Lizenzen je Eintrag",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "iNaturalist-Beitragende · Acartia {count} (Salish-See) · Lizenzen je Eintrag"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 10dcbef8f..f05227a6a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3179,5 +3179,62 @@
   "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "El proveedor rechazó la clave de API. Revísala en Ajustes de proveedores.",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Demasiadas solicitudes de chat. Vuelve a intentarlo en {seconds} s.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "El proveedor denegó el acceso a esta clave. Revisa el proyecto, la región o los permisos de la clave.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "La cuenta del proveedor no tiene crédito. Revisa la facturación o elige otro proveedor de IA en Ajustes."
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "La cuenta del proveedor no tiene crédito. Revisa la facturación o elige otro proveedor de IA en Ajustes.",
+  "SIGHTING": "AVISTAMIENTO",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "Mostrar avistamiento de {name}",
+  "seen {age} ago": "visto hace {age}",
+  "observed {age} ago": "observado hace {age}",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "Observa cetáceos con respeto",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "Reportado por {name} ({entity})",
+  "Reported by {name}": "Reportado por {name}",
+  "Salish Sea": "Mar de Salish",
+  "Birds": "Aves",
+  "Mammals": "Mamíferos",
+  "Reptiles": "Reptiles",
+  "Amphibians": "Anfibios",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "Peces de aletas radiadas",
+  "Insects": "Insectos",
+  "Arachnids": "Arácnidos",
+  "Plants": "Plantas",
+  "Fungi": "Hongos",
+  "Other animals": "Otros animales",
+  "Other or unknown": "Otros o desconocidos",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — haz clic para reintentar",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "Fuente de avistamientos no disponible",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "Mostrar solo observaciones confirmadas por la comunidad (grado de investigación)",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "No hay avistamientos recientes en la vista",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "Fuente Acartia no disponible",
+  "Show all taxa": "Mostrar todos los grupos taxonómicos",
+  "BIRDS": "AVES",
+  "Show only birds": "Mostrar solo aves",
+  "MAMMALS": "MAMÍFEROS",
+  "Show only mammals": "Mostrar solo mamíferos",
+  "WHALES": "CETÁCEOS",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "Mostrar solo ballenas y delfines (7 días)",
+  "INSECTS": "INSECTOS",
+  "Show only insects": "Mostrar solo insectos",
+  "PLANTS": "PLANTAS",
+  "Show only plants": "Mostrar solo plantas",
+  "All rights reserved": "Todos los derechos reservados",
+  "Cetacean": "Cetáceo",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "Avistamientos de fauna y flora",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "Sal de la cabina para volar a un avistamiento",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "Sal de la cabina para volar a un área de avistamiento",
+  "Wildlife": "Vida silvestre",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "Acerca para ver avistamientos locales",
+  "Loading photo...": "Cargando foto…",
+  "Photo unavailable": "Foto no disponible",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Ubicación oculta en una celda de 0,2°",
+  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Abrir en Acartia ↗",
+  "Photo of {name}": "Foto de {name}",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "{count} avistamientos en la vista",
+  "Close sighting": "Cerrar avistamiento",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "Fauna observada en las últimas 48 h (cetáceos 7 días). El color y el símbolo de la insignia indican el grupo taxonómico. Las especies sensibles solo se muestran en celdas de 0,2°; los informes de mamíferos marinos de Acartia en el mar de Salish se redondean a 0,01°. No es un censo.",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "Abrir {name} en iNaturalist",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "Abrir {name} en Acartia",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "Colaboradores de iNaturalist · licencias por registro",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "Colaboradores de iNaturalist · Acartia {count} (mar de Salish) · licencias por registro"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 108e56f36..4f8bb2fd2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3179,5 +3179,62 @@
   "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Le fournisseur a refusé la clé API. Vérifiez-la dans les paramètres des fournisseurs.",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Trop de requêtes de discussion. Réessayez dans {seconds} s.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Le fournisseur a refusé l'accès pour cette clé. Vérifiez le projet, la région ou les autorisations de la clé.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Le compte du fournisseur n'a plus de crédit. Vérifiez la facturation ou choisissez un autre fournisseur d'IA dans les paramètres."
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Le compte du fournisseur n'a plus de crédit. Vérifiez la facturation ou choisissez un autre fournisseur d'IA dans les paramètres.",
+  "SIGHTING": "OBSERVATION",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "Afficher l’observation de {name}",
+  "seen {age} ago": "vu il y a {age}",
+  "observed {age} ago": "observé il y a {age}",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "Respectez les cétacés",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "Signalé par {name} ({entity})",
+  "Reported by {name}": "Signalé par {name}",
+  "Salish Sea": "Mer des Salish",
+  "Birds": "Oiseaux",
+  "Mammals": "Mammifères",
+  "Reptiles": "Reptiles",
+  "Amphibians": "Amphibiens",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "Poissons à nageoires rayonnées",
+  "Insects": "Insectes",
+  "Arachnids": "Arachnides",
+  "Plants": "Plantes",
+  "Fungi": "Champignons",
+  "Other animals": "Autres animaux",
+  "Other or unknown": "Autres ou inconnus",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — cliquer pour réessayer",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "Source des observations naturalistes indisponible",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "Afficher uniquement les observations confirmées par la communauté (qualité recherche)",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "Aucune observation récente dans la vue",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "Flux Acartia indisponible",
+  "Show all taxa": "Afficher tous les groupes taxonomiques",
+  "BIRDS": "OISEAUX",
+  "Show only birds": "Afficher uniquement les oiseaux",
+  "MAMMALS": "MAMMIFÈRES",
+  "Show only mammals": "Afficher uniquement les mammifères",
+  "WHALES": "CÉTACÉS",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "Afficher uniquement les baleines et dauphins (7 jours)",
+  "INSECTS": "INSECTES",
+  "Show only insects": "Afficher uniquement les insectes",
+  "PLANTS": "PLANTES",
+  "Show only plants": "Afficher uniquement les plantes",
+  "All rights reserved": "Tous droits réservés",
+  "Cetacean": "Cétacé",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "Observations naturalistes",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "Quittez le cockpit pour rejoindre une observation",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "Quittez le cockpit pour rejoindre une zone d’observation",
+  "Wildlife": "Faune et flore",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "Zoomez pour les observations locales",
+  "Loading photo...": "Chargement de la photo…",
+  "Photo unavailable": "Photo indisponible",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Localisation masquée dans une cellule de 0,2°",
+  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Ouvrir sur Acartia ↗",
+  "Photo of {name}": "Photo de {name}",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "{count} observations dans la vue",
+  "Close sighting": "Fermer l’observation",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "Faune observée au cours des dernières 48 h (cétacés 7 jours). La couleur et le pictogramme du badge indiquent le groupe taxonomique. Les espèces sensibles sont limitées à des cellules de 0,2° ; les signalements de mammifères marins Acartia en mer des Salish sont arrondis à 0,01°. Pas un recensement.",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "Ouvrir {name} sur iNaturalist",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "Ouvrir {name} sur Acartia",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "Contributeurs iNaturalist · licences par observation",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "Contributeurs iNaturalist · Acartia {count} (mer des Salish) · licences par observation"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 6768f93c7..d27010c5b 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3179,5 +3179,62 @@
   "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Il provider ha rifiutato la chiave API. Controllala in Impostazioni provider.",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Troppe richieste di chat. Riprova tra {seconds} s.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Il provider ha negato l'accesso per questa chiave. Controlla progetto, regione o autorizzazioni della chiave.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "L'account del provider ha esaurito il credito. Controlla la fatturazione o scegli un altro provider IA in Impostazioni."
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "L'account del provider ha esaurito il credito. Controlla la fatturazione o scegli un altro provider IA in Impostazioni.",
+  "SIGHTING": "AVVISTAMENTO",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "Mostra avvistamento di {name}",
+  "seen {age} ago": "avvistato {age} fa",
+  "observed {age} ago": "osservato {age} fa",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "Rispetta i cetacei",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "Segnalato da {name} ({entity})",
+  "Reported by {name}": "Segnalato da {name}",
+  "Salish Sea": "Mare dei Salish",
+  "Birds": "Uccelli",
+  "Mammals": "Mammiferi",
+  "Reptiles": "Rettili",
+  "Amphibians": "Anfibi",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "Pesci con pinne raggiate",
+  "Insects": "Insetti",
+  "Arachnids": "Aracnidi",
+  "Plants": "Piante",
+  "Fungi": "Funghi",
+  "Other animals": "Altri animali",
+  "Other or unknown": "Altri o sconosciuti",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — fai clic per riprovare",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "Fonte degli avvistamenti non disponibile",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "Mostra solo osservazioni confermate dalla comunità (grado di ricerca)",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "Nessun avvistamento recente nella vista",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "Feed Acartia non disponibile",
+  "Show all taxa": "Mostra tutti i gruppi tassonomici",
+  "BIRDS": "UCCELLI",
+  "Show only birds": "Mostra solo uccelli",
+  "MAMMALS": "MAMMIFERI",
+  "Show only mammals": "Mostra solo mammiferi",
+  "WHALES": "CETACEI",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "Mostra solo balene e delfini (7 giorni)",
+  "INSECTS": "INSETTI",
+  "Show only insects": "Mostra solo insetti",
+  "PLANTS": "PIANTE",
+  "Show only plants": "Mostra solo piante",
+  "All rights reserved": "Tutti i diritti riservati",
+  "Cetacean": "Cetaceo",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "Avvistamenti naturalistici",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "Esci dalla cabina per volare a un avvistamento",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "Esci dalla cabina per volare a un’area di avvistamento",
+  "Wildlife": "Natura",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "Ingrandisci per gli avvistamenti locali",
+  "Loading photo...": "Caricamento della foto…",
+  "Photo unavailable": "Foto non disponibile",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Posizione oscurata in una cella di 0,2°",
+  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Apri su Acartia ↗",
+  "Photo of {name}": "Foto di {name}",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "{count} avvistamenti nella vista",
+  "Close sighting": "Chiudi avvistamento",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "Fauna osservata nelle ultime 48 h (cetacei 7 giorni). Colore e simbolo del contrassegno indicano il gruppo tassonomico. Le specie sensibili sono mostrate solo in celle di 0,2°; le segnalazioni di mammiferi marini di Acartia nel mar dei Salish sono arrotondate a 0,01°. Non è un censimento.",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "Apri {name} su iNaturalist",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "Apri {name} su Acartia",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "Contributori di iNaturalist · licenze per osservazione",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "Contributori di iNaturalist · Acartia {count} (Mare dei Salish) · licenze per osservazione"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index b4566b4cb..ec7ec7373 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -3029,5 +3029,62 @@
   "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "プロバイダーがAPIキーを拒否しました。プロバイダー設定で確認してください。",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "チャットのリクエストが多すぎます。{seconds}秒後にもう一度お試しください。",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "プロバイダーがこのキーでのアクセスを拒否しました。キーのプロジェクト、リージョン、権限を確認してください。",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "プロバイダーアカウントのクレジットが不足しています。課金状況を確認するか、設定で別のAIプロバイダーを選んでください。"
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "プロバイダーアカウントのクレジットが不足しています。課金状況を確認するか、設定で別のAIプロバイダーを選んでください。",
+  "SIGHTING": "目撃情報",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "{name}の目撃情報を表示",
+  "seen {age} ago": "{age}前に目撃",
+  "observed {age} ago": "{age}前に観察",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "クジラに配慮しましょう",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "報告元 {name}（{entity}）",
+  "Reported by {name}": "報告元 {name}",
+  "Salish Sea": "セイリッシュ海",
+  "Birds": "鳥類",
+  "Mammals": "哺乳類",
+  "Reptiles": "爬虫類",
+  "Amphibians": "両生類",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "条鰭類",
+  "Insects": "昆虫",
+  "Arachnids": "クモ類",
+  "Plants": "植物",
+  "Fungi": "菌類",
+  "Other animals": "その他の動物",
+  "Other or unknown": "その他・不明",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — クリックして再試行",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "野生生物の目撃情報源を利用できません",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "コミュニティが確認した研究グレードの目撃情報のみ表示",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "表示範囲に最近の目撃情報はありません",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "Acartiaのフィードを利用できません",
+  "Show all taxa": "すべての分類群を表示",
+  "BIRDS": "鳥類",
+  "Show only birds": "鳥類のみ表示",
+  "MAMMALS": "哺乳類",
+  "Show only mammals": "哺乳類のみ表示",
+  "WHALES": "クジラ類",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "クジラとイルカのみ表示（7日間）",
+  "INSECTS": "昆虫",
+  "Show only insects": "昆虫のみ表示",
+  "PLANTS": "植物",
+  "Show only plants": "植物のみ表示",
+  "All rights reserved": "無断転載禁止",
+  "Cetacean": "クジラ類",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "野生生物の目撃情報",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "目撃地点に移動するにはコックピットを終了",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "目撃範囲に移動するにはコックピットを終了",
+  "Wildlife": "野生生物",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "拡大して地域の目撃情報を表示",
+  "Loading photo...": "写真を読み込み中…",
+  "Photo unavailable": "写真を表示できません",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "位置は0.2°のセル内に秘匿されています",
+  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Acartiaで開く ↗",
+  "Photo of {name}": "{name}の写真",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "表示範囲に{count}件の目撃情報",
+  "Close sighting": "目撃情報を閉じる",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "過去48時間以内に観察された野生生物（クジラ類は7日間）。色とバッジのアイコンは分類群を表します。保護が必要な種は0.2°の区画のみ表示し、セイリッシュ海のAcartia海生哺乳類目撃情報は0.01°に丸めます。個体数調査ではありません。",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "iNaturalistで{name}を開く",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "Acartiaで{name}を開く",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "iNaturalist の投稿者 · ライセンスは記録ごと",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "iNaturalist の投稿者 · Acartia {count}（セイリッシュ海） · ライセンスは記録ごと"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 3f37cde2e..79e4d1066 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3179,5 +3179,62 @@
   "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "O provedor recusou a chave de API. Verifique-a em \"Configurações de provedores\".",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Chat: limite de requisições atingido. Tente novamente em {seconds} s.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "O provedor negou o acesso para esta chave. Verifique o projeto, a região ou as permissões da chave.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "A conta do provedor está sem crédito. Verifique o faturamento ou escolha outro provedor de IA em \"Configurações\"."
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "A conta do provedor está sem crédito. Verifique o faturamento ou escolha outro provedor de IA em \"Configurações\".",
+  "SIGHTING": "AVISTAMENTO",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "Mostrar avistamento de {name}",
+  "seen {age} ago": "visto há {age}",
+  "observed {age} ago": "observado há {age}",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "Respeite os cetáceos",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "Relatado por {name} ({entity})",
+  "Reported by {name}": "Relatado por {name}",
+  "Salish Sea": "Mar de Salish",
+  "Birds": "Aves",
+  "Mammals": "Mamíferos",
+  "Reptiles": "Répteis",
+  "Amphibians": "Anfíbios",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "Peixes de nadadeiras raiadas",
+  "Insects": "Insetos",
+  "Arachnids": "Aracnídeos",
+  "Plants": "Plantas",
+  "Fungi": "Fungos",
+  "Other animals": "Outros animais",
+  "Other or unknown": "Outros ou desconhecidos",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — clique para tentar novamente",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "Fonte de avistamentos indisponível",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "Mostrar apenas observações confirmadas pela comunidade (grau de pesquisa)",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "Nenhum avistamento recente na vista",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "Feed Acartia indisponível",
+  "Show all taxa": "Mostrar todos os grupos taxonômicos",
+  "BIRDS": "AVES",
+  "Show only birds": "Mostrar apenas aves",
+  "MAMMALS": "MAMÍFEROS",
+  "Show only mammals": "Mostrar apenas mamíferos",
+  "WHALES": "CETÁCEOS",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "Mostrar apenas baleias e golfinhos (7 dias)",
+  "INSECTS": "INSETOS",
+  "Show only insects": "Mostrar apenas insetos",
+  "PLANTS": "PLANTAS",
+  "Show only plants": "Mostrar apenas plantas",
+  "All rights reserved": "Todos os direitos reservados",
+  "Cetacean": "Cetáceo",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "Avistamentos de vida selvagem",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "Saia da cabine para voar até um avistamento",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "Saia da cabine para voar até uma área de avistamento",
+  "Wildlife": "Vida selvagem",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "Amplie para ver avistamentos locais",
+  "Loading photo...": "Carregando foto…",
+  "Photo unavailable": "Foto indisponível",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Localização ocultada em uma célula de 0,2°",
+  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Abrir no Acartia ↗",
+  "Photo of {name}": "Foto de {name}",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "{count} avistamentos na vista",
+  "Close sighting": "Fechar avistamento",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "Fauna observada nas últimas 48 h (cetáceos 7 dias). A cor e o símbolo do emblema indicam o grupo taxonômico. Espécies sensíveis aparecem apenas em células de 0,2°; os relatos de mamíferos marinhos da Acartia no mar de Salish são arredondados para 0,01°. Não é um censo.",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "Abrir {name} no iNaturalist",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "Abrir {name} no Acartia",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "Colaboradores do iNaturalist · licenças por registro",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "Colaboradores do iNaturalist · Acartia {count} (mar de Salish) · licenças por registro"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index e279508ef..452cf7e35 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3254,5 +3254,62 @@
   "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Провайдер отклонил ключ API. Проверьте его в «Настройках провайдеров».",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Слишком много запросов в чате. Повторите попытку через {seconds} с.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Провайдер отказал этому ключу в доступе. Проверьте проект, регион или разрешения ключа.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "На вашем счёте у провайдера закончились средства. Проверьте оплату или выберите другого провайдера ИИ в настройках."
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "На вашем счёте у провайдера закончились средства. Проверьте оплату или выберите другого провайдера ИИ в настройках.",
+  "SIGHTING": "НАБЛЮДЕНИЕ",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "Показать наблюдение: {name}",
+  "seen {age} ago": "замечено {age} назад",
+  "observed {age} ago": "наблюдалось {age} назад",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "Наблюдайте китов бережно",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "Сообщил: {name} ({entity})",
+  "Reported by {name}": "Сообщил: {name}",
+  "Salish Sea": "Селишское море",
+  "Birds": "Птицы",
+  "Mammals": "Млекопитающие",
+  "Reptiles": "Пресмыкающиеся",
+  "Amphibians": "Земноводные",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "Лучепёрые рыбы",
+  "Insects": "Насекомые",
+  "Arachnids": "Паукообразные",
+  "Plants": "Растения",
+  "Fungi": "Грибы",
+  "Other animals": "Другие животные",
+  "Other or unknown": "Прочие или неизвестные",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — нажмите, чтобы повторить",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "Источник наблюдений живой природы недоступен",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "Показать только подтверждённые сообществом наблюдения исследовательского уровня",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "Нет недавних наблюдений в области обзора",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "Лента Acartia недоступна",
+  "Show all taxa": "Показать все группы организмов",
+  "BIRDS": "ПТИЦЫ",
+  "Show only birds": "Показать только птиц",
+  "MAMMALS": "МЛЕКОПИТАЮЩИЕ",
+  "Show only mammals": "Показать только млекопитающих",
+  "WHALES": "КИТООБРАЗНЫЕ",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "Показать только китов и дельфинов (7 дней)",
+  "INSECTS": "НАСЕКОМЫЕ",
+  "Show only insects": "Показать только насекомых",
+  "PLANTS": "РАСТЕНИЯ",
+  "Show only plants": "Показать только растения",
+  "All rights reserved": "Все права защищены",
+  "Cetacean": "Китообразное",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "Наблюдения живой природы",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перейти к наблюдению",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перейти к области наблюдения",
+  "Wildlife": "Живая природа",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "Приблизьте для местных наблюдений",
+  "Loading photo...": "Загрузка фото…",
+  "Photo unavailable": "Фото недоступно",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Местоположение скрыто в ячейке 0,2°",
+  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Открыть на Acartia ↗",
+  "Photo of {name}": "Фото {name}",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "{count} наблюдений в области просмотра",
+  "Close sighting": "Закрыть наблюдение",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "Наблюдения дикой природы за 48 ч (китообразные — 7 дней). Цвет и символ значка обозначают таксономическую группу. Уязвимые виды показаны только ячейками 0,2°; сообщения Acartia о морских млекопитающих моря Селиш округлены до 0,01°. Не перепись.",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "Открыть {name} в iNaturalist",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "Открыть {name} в Acartia",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "Участники iNaturalist · лицензия у каждой записи",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "Участники iNaturalist · Acartia {count} (море Сэлиш) · лицензия у каждой записи"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 8c3b634b9..64256b687 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3254,5 +3254,62 @@
   "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "Постачальник відхилив ключ API. Перевірте його в «Налаштуваннях постачальників».",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "Забагато запитів до чату. Спробуйте ще раз через {seconds} с.",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Постачальник відмовив цьому ключу в доступі. Перевірте проєкт, регіон або дозволи ключа.",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "На вашому рахунку в постачальника закінчилися кошти. Перевірте оплату або виберіть іншого постачальника ШІ в налаштуваннях."
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "На вашому рахунку в постачальника закінчилися кошти. Перевірте оплату або виберіть іншого постачальника ШІ в налаштуваннях.",
+  "SIGHTING": "СПОСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "Показати спостереження: {name}",
+  "seen {age} ago": "помічено {age} тому",
+  "observed {age} ago": "спостерігалося {age} тому",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "Спостерігайте за китами дбайливо",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "Повідомив: {name} ({entity})",
+  "Reported by {name}": "Повідомив: {name}",
+  "Salish Sea": "Салішське море",
+  "Birds": "Птахи",
+  "Mammals": "Ссавці",
+  "Reptiles": "Плазуни",
+  "Amphibians": "Земноводні",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "Променепері риби",
+  "Insects": "Комахи",
+  "Arachnids": "Павукоподібні",
+  "Plants": "Рослини",
+  "Fungi": "Гриби",
+  "Other animals": "Інші тварини",
+  "Other or unknown": "Інші або невідомі",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — натисніть, щоб повторити",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "Джерело спостережень живої природи недоступне",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "Показати лише підтверджені спільнотою спостереження дослідницького рівня",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "Немає недавніх спостережень в області огляду",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "Стрічка Acartia недоступна",
+  "Show all taxa": "Показати всі групи організмів",
+  "BIRDS": "ПТАХИ",
+  "Show only birds": "Показати лише птахів",
+  "MAMMALS": "ССАВЦІ",
+  "Show only mammals": "Показати лише ссавців",
+  "WHALES": "КИТОПОДІБНІ",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "Показати лише китів і дельфінів (7 днів)",
+  "INSECTS": "КОМАХИ",
+  "Show only insects": "Показати лише комах",
+  "PLANTS": "РОСЛИНИ",
+  "Show only plants": "Показати лише рослини",
+  "All rights reserved": "Усі права захищено",
+  "Cetacean": "Китоподібне",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "Спостереження живої природи",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "Вийдіть із кабіни, щоб перейти до спостереження",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "Вийдіть із кабіни, щоб перейти до області спостереження",
+  "Wildlife": "Жива природа",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "Наблизьте для місцевих спостережень",
+  "Loading photo...": "Завантаження фото…",
+  "Photo unavailable": "Фото недоступне",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Місцеположення приховано в комірці 0,2°",
+  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Відкрити на Acartia ↗",
+  "Photo of {name}": "Фото {name}",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "{count} спостережень у полі зору",
+  "Close sighting": "Закрити спостереження",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "Спостереження дикої природи за 48 год (китоподібні — 7 днів). Колір і символ значка позначають таксономічну групу. Вразливі види показано лише клітинками 0,2°; повідомлення Acartia про морських ссавців моря Селіш округлено до 0,01°. Не перепис.",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "Відкрити {name} в iNaturalist",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "Відкрити {name} в Acartia",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "Учасники iNaturalist · ліцензія в кожного запису",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "Учасники iNaturalist · Acartia {count} (море Селіш) · ліцензія в кожного запису"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 6125315f2..90e6a41b1 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -3029,5 +3029,62 @@
   "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "服务商拒绝了 API 密钥。请在服务商设置中检查。",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "聊天请求过多。请在 {seconds} 秒后重试。",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "服务商拒绝了此密钥的访问请求。请检查该密钥所属的项目、区域或权限。",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "服务商账户余额不足。请检查账户的计费信息，或在设置中选择其他 AI 服务商。"
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "服务商账户余额不足。请检查账户的计费信息，或在设置中选择其他 AI 服务商。",
+  "SIGHTING": "目击",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "显示{name}目击",
+  "seen {age} ago": "{age}前目击",
+  "observed {age} ago": "{age}前观察",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "负责任地观鲸",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "报告方 {name}（{entity}）",
+  "Reported by {name}": "报告方 {name}",
+  "Salish Sea": "萨利希海",
+  "Birds": "鸟类",
+  "Mammals": "哺乳类",
+  "Reptiles": "爬行动物",
+  "Amphibians": "两栖动物",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "辐鳍鱼类",
+  "Insects": "昆虫",
+  "Arachnids": "蛛形动物",
+  "Plants": "植物",
+  "Fungi": "真菌",
+  "Other animals": "其他动物",
+  "Other or unknown": "其他或未知",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — 点击重试",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "野生生物目击来源不可用",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "仅显示社区确认（研究级）的目击",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "视野内无近期目击",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "Acartia数据源不可用",
+  "Show all taxa": "显示所有分类群",
+  "BIRDS": "鸟类",
+  "Show only birds": "仅显示鸟类",
+  "MAMMALS": "哺乳类",
+  "Show only mammals": "仅显示哺乳类",
+  "WHALES": "鲸类",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "仅显示鲸和海豚（7天）",
+  "INSECTS": "昆虫",
+  "Show only insects": "仅显示昆虫",
+  "PLANTS": "植物",
+  "Show only plants": "仅显示植物",
+  "All rights reserved": "保留所有权利",
+  "Cetacean": "鲸类",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "野生生物目击",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "退出驾驶舱以飞往目击地点",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "退出驾驶舱以飞往目击区域",
+  "Wildlife": "野生生物",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "放大查看当地目击",
+  "Loading photo...": "正在加载照片…",
+  "Photo unavailable": "照片不可用",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "位置已模糊至0.2°网格",
+  "Open on Acartia ↗": "在Acartia上打开 ↗",
+  "Photo of {name}": "{name}的照片",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "视野内有 {count} 次目击",
+  "Close sighting": "关闭目击记录",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "近48小时内观察到的野生生物（鲸类为7天）。颜色与徽章图标表示分类群。敏感物种仅以0.2°网格显示；Acartia提供的萨利希海海洋哺乳动物目击位置四舍五入到0.01°。并非种群普查。",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "在 iNaturalist 上打开 {name}",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "在 Acartia 上打开 {name}",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "iNaturalist 贡献者 · 各记录单独授权",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "iNaturalist 贡献者 · Acartia {count}（萨利希海） · 各记录单独授权"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index 66eb37b96..4c54652a3 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -3029,5 +3029,62 @@
   "The provider rejected the API key. Check it in Provider Settings.": "服務商拒絕了 API 密鑰。請在服務商設置中檢查。",
   "Too many chat requests. Try again in {seconds} s.": "聊天請求過多。請在 {seconds} 秒後重試。",
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "服務商拒絕了此密鑰的訪問請求。請檢查該密鑰所屬的項目、區域或權限。",
-  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "服務商賬戶餘額不足。請檢查賬戶的計費信息，或在設置中選擇其他 AI 服務商。"
+  "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "服務商賬戶餘額不足。請檢查賬戶的計費信息，或在設置中選擇其他 AI 服務商。",
+  "SIGHTING": "目擊",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "顯示{name}目擊",
+  "seen {age} ago": "{age}前目擊",
+  "observed {age} ago": "{age}前觀察",
+  "Be Whale Wise": "負責任地賞鯨",
+  "Reported by {name} ({entity})": "通報方 {name}（{entity}）",
+  "Reported by {name}": "通報方 {name}",
+  "Salish Sea": "薩利希海",
+  "Birds": "鳥類",
+  "Mammals": "哺乳類",
+  "Reptiles": "爬行動物",
+  "Amphibians": "兩棲動物",
+  "Ray-finned fishes": "輻鰭魚類",
+  "Insects": "昆蟲",
+  "Arachnids": "蛛形動物",
+  "Plants": "植物",
+  "Fungi": "真菌",
+  "Other animals": "其他動物",
+  "Other or unknown": "其他或未知",
+  "{label} {detail} — click to retry": "{label} {detail} — 點擊重試",
+  "Wildlife sightings source unavailable": "野生生物目擊來源無法使用",
+  "Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings": "僅顯示社群確認（研究級）的目擊",
+  "No recent sightings in view": "視野內無近期目擊",
+  "Acartia feed unavailable": "Acartia資料來源無法使用",
+  "Show all taxa": "顯示所有分類群",
+  "BIRDS": "鳥類",
+  "Show only birds": "僅顯示鳥類",
+  "MAMMALS": "哺乳類",
+  "Show only mammals": "僅顯示哺乳類",
+  "WHALES": "鯨類",
+  "Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)": "僅顯示鯨和海豚（7天）",
+  "INSECTS": "昆蟲",
+  "Show only insects": "僅顯示昆蟲",
+  "PLANTS": "植物",
+  "Show only plants": "僅顯示植物",
+  "All rights reserved": "保留所有權利",
+  "Cetacean": "鯨類",
+  "Wildlife Sightings": "野生生物目擊",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "退出駕駛艙以飛往目擊地點",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "退出駕駛艙以飛往目擊區域",
+  "Wildlife": "野生生物",
+  "Zoom in for local sightings": "放大查看當地目擊",
+  "Loading photo...": "正在載入照片…",
+  "Photo unavailable": "照片無法使用",
+  "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "位置已模糊至0.2°網格",
+  "Open on Acartia ↗": "在Acartia上開啟 ↗",
+  "Photo of {name}": "{name}的照片",
+  "Acartia": "Acartia",
+  "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
+  "{count} sightings in view": "視野內有 {count} 次目擊",
+  "Close sighting": "關閉目擊紀錄",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "近48小時內觀察到的野生生物（鯨類為7天）。顏色與徽章圖示表示分類群。敏感物種僅以0.2°網格顯示；Acartia提供的薩利希海海洋哺乳動物目擊位置四捨五入到0.01°。並非族群普查。",
+  "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "在 iNaturalist 上打開 {name}",
+  "Open {name} on Acartia": "在 Acartia 上打開 {name}",
+  "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "iNaturalist 貢獻者 · 各紀錄個別授權",
+  "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "iNaturalist 貢獻者 · Acartia {count}（薩利希海） · 各紀錄個別授權"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index 7edaad647..0dc9841f7 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
+    "Acartia",
     "BRG {value}°",
     "BRG —",
     "CAL {value}",
     "CAL · {badge}",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
     "CCTV",
     "CRS {value}°",
     "CRT",
@@ -28,8 +30,11 @@
     "SRC {value}",
     "Sentinel-2",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "acartia.io ↗",
     "dB",
     "hPa",
+    "iNaturalist",
+    "iNaturalist ↗",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
@@ -40,6 +45,7 @@
     "AIS: {name}",
     "ANIME",
     "AUTO",
+    "Acartia",
     "Alternative",
     "Ambient",
     "Anime",
@@ -50,6 +56,7 @@
     "Bloom",
     "Blues",
     "Bus",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
     "CCTV",
     "CHAT",
     "COCKPIT",
@@ -178,11 +185,14 @@
     "WSW",
     "Washington DC",
     "Wind",
+    "acartia.io ↗",
     "dB",
     "feed status|live",
     "fire behavior|Minimal",
     "ft",
     "hPa",
+    "iNaturalist",
+    "iNaturalist ↗",
     "km",
     "km/h",
     "min",
@@ -334,15 +344,24 @@
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "ANIMAL · {name}",
+    "Acartia",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
+    "Reptiles",
+    "acartia.io ↗",
+    "iNaturalist ↗",
+    "iNaturalist"
   ],
   "fr": [
     "1090 MHz",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "ALTITUDE",
     "ALTITUDE · FT",
+    "ANIMAL · {name}",
     "ANIME",
     "AUTO",
+    "Acartia",
     "Action",
     "Allocation",
     "Altitude {altitude}",
@@ -361,6 +380,7 @@
     "CALIBRATION",
     "CARGO",
     "CAUSE",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
     "CCTV",
     "CCTV OFF",
     "CCTV ON",
@@ -437,6 +457,7 @@
     "OK",
     "ON",
     "ON/OFF",
+    "Obs. {licence}",
     "Oldies",
     "PAUSE",
     "POSITION {age}",
@@ -452,8 +473,10 @@
     "RADAR · {units}",
     "RADIO",
     "REC",
+    "REPTILE · {name}",
     "Radio",
     "Reggae",
+    "Reptiles",
     "Rock",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "SAR",
@@ -488,10 +511,13 @@
     "VOLUME",
     "VS",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "acartia.io ↗",
     "audio {state}",
     "dB",
     "ft",
     "hPa",
+    "iNaturalist",
+    "iNaturalist ↗",
     "image",
     "installation class|BASE",
     "installation class|INSTALLATION",
@@ -694,17 +720,24 @@
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "Acartia",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
+    "acartia.io ↗",
+    "iNaturalist ↗",
+    "iNaturalist"
   ],
   "ja": [
     "1090 MHz",
     "978 MHz UAT",
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
+    "Acartia",
     "BRG {value}°",
     "BRG —",
     "CAL {value}",
     "CAL · {badge}",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
     "CCTV",
     "CH {index} / {total}",
     "CRS {value}°",
@@ -729,9 +762,12 @@
     "Sentinel-2",
     "USB {rate} msg/s",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "acartia.io ↗",
     "dB",
     "ft",
     "hPa",
+    "iNaturalist",
+    "iNaturalist ↗",
     "km",
     "km/h",
     "kt",
@@ -877,11 +913,19 @@
     "{value} KM/S",
     "ΔN",
     "▲ {frp} MW",
-    "≥ {value} MW"
+    "≥ {value} MW",
+    "ANIMAL · {name}",
+    "Acartia",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
+    "acartia.io ↗",
+    "iNaturalist ↗",
+    "iNaturalist"
   ],
   "ru": [
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
+    "Acartia",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
     "CCTV",
     "CRT",
     "FLIR",
@@ -895,11 +939,16 @@
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "S2 · {name}",
     "VS",
-    "WHOT/BHOT"
+    "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "acartia.io ↗",
+    "iNaturalist",
+    "iNaturalist ↗"
   ],
   "uk": [
     "AIS: --",
     "AIS: {name}",
+    "Acartia",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
     "CCTV",
     "CRT",
     "FLIR",
@@ -908,7 +957,10 @@
     "NVG",
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
-    "WHOT/BHOT"
+    "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "acartia.io ↗",
+    "iNaturalist",
+    "iNaturalist ↗"
   ],
   "zh-CN": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -966,7 +1018,12 @@
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "Acartia",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
+    "acartia.io ↗",
+    "iNaturalist ↗",
+    "iNaturalist"
   ],
   "zh-Hant": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -1024,6 +1081,11 @@
     "≥ {value} MW",
     "ΔE",
     "ΔN",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "Acartia",
+    "CC BY 4.0",
+    "acartia.io ↗",
+    "iNaturalist ↗",
+    "iNaturalist"
   ]
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5396c04d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.js
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// The regional feed includes sightings outside the layer's Salish Sea coverage.
+export const ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX = Object.freeze({
+  south: 45.5,
+  west: -126,
+  north: 50.5,
+  east: -121,
+});
+
+// Frozen, conservative cetacean species/alias list for this regional feed.
+// Exact normalized names only: an unfamiliar name must never become a whale
+// merely because it contains "whale", "dolphin" or a known species name.
+export const ACARTIA_CETACEAN_NAMES = Object.freeze([
+  'Orcinus orca',
+  'Orca',
+  'Killer whale',
+  'Southern resident killer whale',
+  'Northern resident killer whale',
+  'Resident killer whale',
+  "Bigg's killer whale",
+  'Transient killer whale',
+  'Offshore killer whale',
+  'Megaptera novaeangliae',
+  'Humpback whale',
+  'Humpback',
+  'Eschrichtius robustus',
+  'Gray whale',
+  'Grey whale',
+  'Balaenoptera acutorostrata',
+  'Common minke whale',
+  'Minke whale',
+  'Balaenoptera physalus',
+  'Fin whale',
+  'Finback whale',
+  'Balaenoptera musculus',
+  'Blue whale',
+  'Balaenoptera borealis',
+  'Sei whale',
+  'Eubalaena japonica',
+  'North Pacific right whale',
+  'Physeter macrocephalus',
+  'Sperm whale',
+  'Kogia breviceps',
+  'Pygmy sperm whale',
+  'Kogia sima',
+  'Dwarf sperm whale',
+  'Berardius bairdii',
+  "Baird's beaked whale",
+  'Ziphius cavirostris',
+  "Cuvier's beaked whale",
+  'Mesoplodon carlhubbsi',
+  "Hubbs' beaked whale",
+  'Mesoplodon stejnegeri',
+  "Stejneger's beaked whale",
+  'Mesoplodon ginkgodens',
+  'Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale',
+  'Phocoena phocoena',
+  'Harbor porpoise',
+  'Harbour porpoise',
+  'Phocoenoides dalli',
+  "Dall's porpoise",
+  'Lagenorhynchus obliquidens',
+  'Pacific white-sided dolphin',
+  'Lissodelphis borealis',
+  'Northern right whale dolphin',
+  'Grampus griseus',
+  "Risso's dolphin",
+  'Delphinus delphis',
+  'Short-beaked common dolphin',
+  'Common dolphin',
+  'Delphinus capensis',
+  'Long-beaked common dolphin',
+  'Tursiops truncatus',
+  'Common bottlenose dolphin',
+  'Bottlenose dolphin',
+  'Delphinapterus leucas',
+  'Beluga whale',
+  'Beluga',
+  'Pseudorca crassidens',
+  'False killer whale',
+  'Globicephala macrorhynchus',
+  'Short-finned pilot whale',
+]);
+
+// These names clearly identify a marine mammal but do not establish a species
+// in the cetacean list. Retain them for ALL/MAMMALS, never for WHALES.
+const OTHER_MARINE_MAMMAL_NAMES = Object.freeze([
+  'Phoca vitulina',
+  'Harbor seal',
+  'Harbour seal',
+  'Mirounga angustirostris',
+  'Northern elephant seal',
+  'Zalophus californianus',
+  'California sea lion',
+  'Eumetopias jubatus',
+  'Steller sea lion',
+  "Steller's sea lion",
+  'Callorhinus ursinus',
+  'Northern fur seal',
+  'Enhydra lutris',
+  'Sea otter',
+  'Seal',
+  'Unidentified seal',
+  'Sea lion',
+  'Unidentified sea lion',
+  'Pinniped',
+  'Unidentified pinniped',
+  'Marine mammal',
+  'Unidentified marine mammal',
+  'Unknown marine mammal',
+  'Cetacean',
+  'Unidentified cetacean',
+  'Unknown cetacean',
+  'Whale',
+  'Unidentified whale',
+  'Unknown whale',
+  'Dolphin',
+  'Unidentified dolphin',
+  'Unknown dolphin',
+  'Porpoise',
+  'Unidentified porpoise',
+  'Unknown porpoise',
+]);
+
+function speciesKey(value) {
+  return typeof value === 'string'
+    ? value
+        .trim()
+        .toLowerCase()
+        .replace(/[\u2018\u2019]/g, "'")
+        .replace(/[\u2010-\u2015]/g, '-')
+        .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
+    : '';
+}
+
+const CETACEANS = new Set(ACARTIA_CETACEAN_NAMES.map(speciesKey));
+const OTHER_MARINE_MAMMALS = new Set(OTHER_MARINE_MAMMAL_NAMES.map(speciesKey));
+
+/** Classify exact normalized species names; ambiguous sightings stay noncetacean. */
+export function acartiaSpeciesGroup(value) {
+  const key = speciesKey(value);
+  if (CETACEANS.has(key)) return 'cetacean';
+  return OTHER_MARINE_MAMMALS.has(key) ? 'marine-mammal' : null;
+}
+
+/** Accept only positions inside the supported Salish Sea coverage. */
+export function inAcartiaCoverage(lat, lon) {
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(lat) &&
+    Number.isFinite(lon) &&
+    lat >= ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX.south &&
+    lat <= ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX.north &&
+    lon >= ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX.west &&
+    lon <= ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX.east
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c17cbd4fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acartiaTaxa.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { ACARTIA_CETACEAN_NAMES, acartiaSpeciesGroup } from './acartiaTaxa.js';
+
+test('frozen cetacean names accept only normalized exact species or aliases', () => {
+  assert.equal(Object.isFrozen(ACARTIA_CETACEAN_NAMES), true);
+  assert.throws(() => ACARTIA_CETACEAN_NAMES.push('Whale shark'), TypeError);
+  for (const name of ACARTIA_CETACEAN_NAMES) {
+    assert.equal(acartiaSpeciesGroup(name), 'cetacean');
+    assert.equal(acartiaSpeciesGroup(`  ${name.toUpperCase()}  `), 'cetacean');
+    assert.equal(acartiaSpeciesGroup(`${name} or another animal`), null);
+  }
+  assert.equal(acartiaSpeciesGroup('Dall’s porpoise'), 'cetacean');
+  assert.equal(acartiaSpeciesGroup('Pacific white–sided dolphin'), 'cetacean');
+  assert.equal(acartiaSpeciesGroup('  HARBOR  PORPOISE '), 'cetacean');
+});
+
+test('clearly marine mammal names remain distinct from validated cetacean species', () => {
+  for (const name of [
+    'Harbor seal',
+    'Phoca vitulina',
+    'Sea otter',
+    'Unidentified whale',
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(acartiaSpeciesGroup(name), 'marine-mammal');
+  }
+  for (const name of [
+    'Unknown',
+    'Whale shark',
+    'Elephant',
+    '',
+    null,
+    { species: 'Orca' },
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(acartiaSpeciesGroup(name), null);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea1d6fc1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,944 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { getLocale, setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { translateFeedError } from '../../ui/statusText.js';
+import { createControls } from './controls.js';
+import { createLifecycle } from './lifecycle.js';
+import { createWildlifeSightingsSource } from './source.js';
+import { wildlifeGridCellId } from './gridViewport.js';
+import { LayerLifecycle } from '../../data/lifecycle.js';
+import { layerFeedState } from '../../data/feedState.js';
+
+const NOW = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 4, 18);
+const rectangle = { south: 10, west: 10, north: 12, east: 12 };
+const noop = () => {};
+
+function harness(source = { getSnapshot: async () => [] }) {
+  let time = NOW;
+  let bounds = rectangle;
+  let timerId = 0;
+  let notifications = 0;
+  let managerRequests = 0;
+  const timers = new Map();
+  const cameraListeners = new Set();
+  const document = { hidden: false };
+  const state = {
+    viewer: {
+      camera: {
+        moveEnd: {
+          addEventListener(fn) {
+            cameraListeners.add(fn);
+            return () => cameraListeners.delete(fn);
+          },
+        },
+        positionCartographic: { height: 30_000 },
+        computeViewRectangle: () =>
+          bounds &&
+          Object.fromEntries(
+            Object.entries(bounds).map(([key, value]) => [
+              key,
+              (value * Math.PI) / 180,
+            ]),
+          ),
+      },
+    },
+    enabled: true,
+    destroyed: false,
+    points: {},
+    rows: new Map(),
+    renderedRows: [],
+    rowById: new Map(),
+    selectedId: null,
+    selectedRow: null,
+    confirmed: false,
+    taxa: 'all',
+    drawnParams: null,
+    pendingParams: null,
+    failedParams: null,
+    lastUpdate: null,
+    retryAt: 0,
+    failures: 0,
+    controlsListener: () => notifications++,
+  };
+  const services = {
+    source,
+    now: () => time,
+    eventTarget: { document },
+    setTimer(fn, delay) {
+      const id = ++timerId;
+      timers.set(id, { fn, delay, due: time + delay });
+      return id;
+    },
+    clearTimer: (id) => timers.delete(id),
+  };
+  const parts = {
+    rendering: {
+      rebuild() {
+        state.renderedRows = [...state.rows.values()];
+        state.rowById = new Map(state.rows);
+        state.sightingCount = state.gridAvailable
+          ? state.gridTotal
+          : state.renderedRows.length;
+        return true;
+      },
+      cull: noop,
+      clear: noop,
+      destroy: noop,
+      requestRender: noop,
+    },
+    photos: { clear: noop, destroy: noop },
+    selection: {
+      sourceIds: [],
+      install: noop,
+      refreshAmbient: noop,
+      publishSelected: noop,
+      notify: noop,
+      destroy: noop,
+      refreshContexts: noop,
+      syncCredits: noop,
+      remove: noop,
+      clear() {
+        state.selectedId = null;
+        state.selectedRow = null;
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  const owner = { state, services, parts };
+  parts.controls = createControls(owner);
+  parts.lifecycle = createLifecycle(owner);
+  const layer = {
+    ...parts.controls.methods,
+    ...parts.lifecycle.methods,
+  };
+  layer.attachDataManager({
+    refreshLayer(_id, options) {
+      managerRequests++;
+      return layer.update(undefined, options);
+    },
+  });
+  return {
+    state,
+    layer,
+    parts,
+    timers,
+    document,
+    chip: (id = 'taxa-all') =>
+      layer.getRowControls().chips.find((chip) => chip.id === id),
+    bounds: (value) => {
+      bounds = value;
+    },
+    notifications: () => notifications,
+    managerRequests: () => managerRequests,
+    moveEnd: () => {
+      for (const listener of cameraListeners) listener();
+    },
+    async advance(ms) {
+      time += ms;
+      for (const [id, timer] of [...timers]) {
+        if (timer.due <= time) {
+          timers.delete(id);
+          timer.fn();
+        }
+      }
+      // Timer callbacks intentionally detach manager work. Flush the promise
+      // chain to observe its result without wall-clock time or network access.
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('retrying a failed chip during cooldown schedules its deadline through the manager', async () => {
+  let attempts = 0;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => {
+      if (++attempts === 1)
+        throw Object.assign(new Error('iNaturalist rate limited'), {
+          status: 429,
+        });
+      return [];
+    },
+  });
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.chip().state, 'error');
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, 30);
+  h.layer.setParams(h.chip().params);
+  assert.equal(h.chip().state, 'loading');
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 1, 'retry retains one scheduled acquisition');
+  assert.equal([...h.timers.values()][0].delay, 30_000);
+  await h.advance(29_999);
+  assert.equal(attempts, 1);
+  await h.advance(1);
+  assert.equal(attempts, 2);
+  assert.equal(h.managerRequests(), 1);
+  assert.equal(h.chip().state, 'active');
+  assert.equal(h.chip().busy, false);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, undefined);
+});
+
+test('parameter chips stop being pending when acquisition has no usable viewport or is disabled', async () => {
+  for (const scenario of ['no viewport', 'disabled']) {
+    const h = harness();
+    if (scenario === 'no viewport') h.bounds(null);
+    else h.layer.disable();
+    h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'Aves' });
+    assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').busy, false, scenario);
+    assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').disabled, false, scenario);
+    assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0, scenario);
+    assert.ok(h.notifications() > 0, scenario);
+  }
+  const h = harness();
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'Aves' });
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').busy, true);
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').busy, false);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+});
+
+test('an unusable viewport at a local height never invents zoom-in guidance', async () => {
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: () =>
+      assert.fail('oversized snapped boxes must not be fetched'),
+  });
+  h.bounds({ south: 10.2, west: 0, north: 50.1, east: 1 });
+  assert.equal(await h.layer.update(), true);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().status, undefined);
+  assert.equal(h.state.query, null);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+});
+
+test('deferred acquisition clears pending chips if its view disappears, the page hides or the manager declines', async () => {
+  for (const scenario of ['no viewport', 'hidden', 'manager declined']) {
+    const h = harness({
+      getSnapshot: () => assert.fail('acquisition must not proceed'),
+    });
+    h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'Aves' });
+    assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').busy, true);
+    if (scenario === 'no viewport') h.bounds(null);
+    if (scenario === 'hidden') h.document.hidden = true;
+    if (scenario === 'manager declined')
+      h.layer.attachDataManager({ refreshLayer: async () => false });
+    await h.advance(600);
+    assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').busy, false, scenario);
+    assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').disabled, false, scenario);
+    assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0, scenario);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a filter deferred by an unavailable viewport becomes pending when acquisition can resume', async () => {
+  let resolve;
+  let ready = true;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: () =>
+      ready
+        ? Promise.resolve([])
+        : new Promise((done) => {
+            resolve = done;
+          }),
+  });
+  await h.layer.update();
+  h.bounds(null);
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'Aves' });
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').busy, false);
+  assert.equal(h.chip().active, true, 'the last accepted filter stays active');
+  ready = false;
+  await h.advance(500);
+  h.bounds(rectangle);
+  const update = h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').busy, true);
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').active, false);
+  resolve([]);
+  await update;
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').active, true);
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').busy, false);
+});
+
+test('long Retry-After and daily-budget deadlines survive source errors and control manager retries', async () => {
+  const nextMidnight = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 5);
+  for (const [retryAfter, expectedSeconds] of [
+    ['3600', 3600],
+    [new Date(nextMidnight).toUTCString(), 21_600],
+  ]) {
+    let requests = 0;
+    const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+      now: () => NOW,
+      fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+        if (url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?'))
+          return Response.json({ cells: [], totalResults: 0, fetchedAt: NOW });
+        requests++;
+        return requests === 1
+          ? new Response('', {
+              status: 429,
+              headers: {
+                'Retry-After': retryAfter,
+                'X-Upstream-Status': '429',
+              },
+            })
+          : Response.json({ rows: [], totalResults: 0 });
+      },
+    });
+    const h = harness(source);
+    await h.layer.update();
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, expectedSeconds);
+    h.layer.setParams(h.chip().params);
+    assert.equal([...h.timers.values()][0]?.delay, expectedSeconds * 1000);
+    await h.advance(expectedSeconds * 1000 - 1);
+    assert.equal(
+      requests,
+      1,
+      'neither debounce nor the normal poll shortens the deadline',
+    );
+    await h.layer.update();
+    assert.equal(requests, 1, 'manager polling also observes the cooldown');
+    await h.advance(1);
+    assert.equal(requests, 2);
+    assert.equal(h.managerRequests(), 1);
+    assert.equal(h.chip().state, 'active');
+  }
+});
+
+test('failed-chip titles translate feed error patterns in German', () => {
+  const locale = getLocale();
+  try {
+    setLocale('de');
+    const h = harness();
+    h.state.failedParams = { confirmed: false, taxa: 'all', keys: ['taxa'] };
+    for (const error of [
+      'iNaturalist rate limited',
+      'Malformed iNaturalist response',
+    ]) {
+      h.state.error = error;
+      const translated = translateFeedError(error);
+      assert.notEqual(translated, error);
+      assert.ok(h.chip().title.includes(translated), h.chip().title);
+      assert.equal(h.chip().title.includes(error), false);
+    }
+  } finally {
+    setLocale(locale);
+  }
+});
+
+const sighting = {
+  stableId: 'inat:101',
+  origin: 'inaturalist',
+  lat: 11,
+  lon: 11,
+  observedAt: NOW - 3_600_000,
+  iconic: 'Mammalia',
+  commonName: 'Synthetic whale',
+};
+
+test('SF WHALES failure keeps chosen error chip, drawn rows and manager DEGRADED with retry at 250 km', async () => {
+  const drawn = { ...sighting, lat: 37.7, lon: -122.5 };
+  let fail = false;
+  let gridRequests = 0;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshotDetail: async () => {
+      if (fail)
+        throw Object.assign(new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 502'), {
+          status: 502,
+          retryAfterSec: 45,
+        });
+      return { rows: [drawn], totalResults: 1, fetchedAt: NOW };
+    },
+    getGridSnapshot: async () => {
+      gridRequests++;
+      return { cells: [], totalResults: 12, fetchedAt: NOW };
+    },
+  });
+  h.bounds({ south: 37.2, west: -123, north: 38.2, east: -122 });
+  h.state.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 250_000;
+  const manager = new LayerLifecycle(h.state.viewer);
+  manager.register({ ...h.layer, init: () => true, updateInterval: 0 });
+  h.layer.attachDataManager(manager);
+  try {
+    assert.equal(await manager.setEnabled(h.layer.id, true), true);
+    const previousUpdate = h.layer.getStats().lastUpdate;
+    const previousRows = h.state.renderedRows;
+    fail = true;
+    h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'whales' });
+    await h.advance(2500);
+    const chip = h.chip('taxa-whales');
+    assert.deepEqual(h.layer.getParams(), { confirmed: false, taxa: 'whales' });
+    assert.equal(chip.active, true);
+    assert.equal(chip.state, 'error');
+    assert.equal(chip.disabled, false);
+    assert.match(chip.title, /iNaturalist HTTP 502.*click to retry/);
+    assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-all').active, false);
+    assert.equal(h.state.renderedRows, previousRows);
+    assert.deepEqual([...h.state.rows.values()], [drawn]);
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().lastUpdate, previousUpdate);
+    const stats = manager.getAll()[0].stats;
+    assert.equal(stats.error, 'iNaturalist HTTP 502');
+    assert.equal(stats.managerRefreshError, 'iNaturalist HTTP 502');
+    assert.equal(stats.retryInSec, 45);
+    assert.equal(layerFeedState(stats), 'degraded');
+    assert.equal(stats.status, undefined);
+    assert.equal(stats.statusMessage, undefined);
+    assert.equal(
+      gridRequests,
+      2,
+      'a successful grid cannot mask failed observations',
+    );
+    // A later unavailable rectangle must not replace the deck error with a
+    // fabricated camera-height instruction or reset the chosen filter.
+    h.bounds(null);
+    await h.layer.update();
+    assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-whales').active, true);
+    assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-whales').state, 'error');
+    assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'degraded');
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().status, undefined);
+  } finally {
+    await manager.destroyLayer(h.layer.id);
+  }
+});
+
+test('ordinary WHALES refresh failure keeps the same active chip and last good rows', async () => {
+  let fail = false;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => {
+      if (fail) throw new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 503');
+      return [sighting];
+    },
+  });
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'whales' });
+  await h.layer.update();
+  const rows = h.state.renderedRows;
+  const update = h.state.lastUpdate;
+  fail = true;
+  await h.advance(3000);
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-whales').active, true);
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-whales').state, 'error');
+  assert.equal(h.state.renderedRows, rows);
+  assert.equal(h.state.lastUpdate, update);
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'degraded');
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, 30);
+  h.layer.setParams(h.chip('taxa-whales').params);
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-whales').state, 'loading');
+  assert.equal([...h.timers.values()][0].delay, 30_000);
+});
+
+test('grid acquisition runs in close views and its failure keeps cells while accepting observations', async () => {
+  let fail = false;
+  let observationRequests = 0;
+  let gridRequests = 0;
+  const cells = [{ id: 'synthetic-grid-cell', lat: 11, lon: 11, cellCount: 9 }];
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshotDetail: async () => ({
+      rows: [{ ...sighting, stableId: `inat:${++observationRequests}` }],
+      totalResults: 1,
+      fetchedAt: NOW,
+    }),
+    getGridSnapshot: async () => {
+      gridRequests++;
+      if (fail)
+        throw Object.assign(new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 502'), {
+          status: 502,
+          retryAfterSec: 60,
+        });
+      return { cells, totalResults: 9, fetchedAt: NOW };
+    },
+  });
+  h.bounds({ south: 10.5, west: 10.5, north: 11.5, east: 11.5 });
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(gridRequests, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().countLabel, '9 sightings in view');
+  fail = true;
+  await h.advance(3000);
+  assert.equal(await h.layer.update(), true);
+  assert.equal(observationRequests, 2);
+  assert.equal(gridRequests, 2);
+  assert.equal(h.state.gridCells, cells);
+  assert.equal(h.state.gridAvailable, true);
+  assert.deepEqual([...h.state.rows.keys()], ['inat:2']);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().countLabel, '9 sightings in view');
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'degraded');
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, 60);
+});
+
+test('a new sample preserves rows behind incumbent ambient cards until eligibility or parameters change', async () => {
+  const oldCard = { ...sighting, photo: { square: 'synthetic-open-photo' } };
+  let rows = [oldCard];
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => rows });
+  let retained = [oldCard];
+  h.parts.selection.retainedAmbientRows = () => retained;
+  await h.layer.update();
+  rows = [{ ...sighting, stableId: 'inat:202' }];
+  await h.advance(3000);
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.get(oldCard.stableId), oldCard);
+  assert.equal(h.state.rowById.get(oldCard.stableId), oldCard);
+  retained = [];
+  await h.advance(3000);
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.has(oldCard.stableId), false);
+  assert.equal(h.state.selectedId, null);
+  retained = [oldCard];
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'whales' });
+  await h.advance(3000);
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.has(oldCard.stableId), false);
+});
+
+test('a selected observation survives omitted samples, zoom, changed filters and the observation window', async () => {
+  let rows = [sighting];
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => rows });
+  await h.layer.update();
+  h.state.selectedId = sighting.stableId;
+  h.state.selectedRow = sighting;
+  rows = [{ ...sighting, stableId: 'inat:202' }];
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.get(sighting.stableId), sighting);
+  assert.equal(h.state.selectedId, sighting.stableId);
+  h.state.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 3_500_000;
+  h.bounds({ south: 40, west: 40, north: 42, east: 42 });
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.query.scope, 'global');
+  assert.equal(h.state.rowById.get(sighting.stableId), sighting);
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'Aves', confirmed: true });
+  await h.advance(49 * 3_600_000);
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.get(sighting.stableId), sighting);
+  assert.equal(h.state.selectedRow, sighting);
+  assert.equal(h.state.selectedId, sighting.stableId);
+  const refreshed = { ...sighting, commonName: 'Updated synthetic whale' };
+  rows = [refreshed];
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.selectedRow, refreshed);
+  h.parts.selection.clear();
+  rows = [];
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.has(sighting.stableId), false);
+  assert.equal(h.state.selectedRow, null);
+});
+
+test('the bounded observation LRU evicts other rows before a pinned sighting', async () => {
+  let rows = [sighting];
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => rows });
+  await h.layer.update();
+  h.state.selectedId = sighting.stableId;
+  h.state.selectedRow = sighting;
+  rows = Array.from({ length: 2100 }, (_, index) => ({
+    ...sighting,
+    stableId: `inat:${index + 1000}`,
+  }));
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.size, 2000);
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.get(sighting.stableId), sighting);
+  assert.equal(h.state.selectedId, sighting.stableId);
+});
+
+test('retention never revives an incumbent card after the observation window expires', async () => {
+  const expired = { ...sighting, observedAt: NOW - 49 * 3_600_000 };
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => [] });
+  h.parts.selection.retainedAmbientRows = () => [expired];
+  await h.layer.update();
+  await h.advance(3000);
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.has(expired.stableId), false);
+});
+
+test('all heights and the sampled fallback use the same sightings-in-view count label', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.state.renderedRows = [sighting];
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().countLabel, '1 sightings in view');
+  h.state.sightingCount = 2000;
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 2000);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.layer.getStats().countLabel,
+    '2,000 sightings in view',
+    'sample totals survive reduction of many sightings into one screen bucket',
+  );
+  h.state.gridAvailable = true;
+  h.state.gridTotal = 1000;
+  h.state.sightingCount = 870;
+  for (const height of [30_000, 1_500_000]) {
+    h.state.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = height;
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 870);
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().countLabel, '870 sightings in view');
+  }
+});
+
+test('a stale fallback with a failed-refresh deadline remains DEGRADED, retryable and dated to the cached data', async () => {
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshotDetail: async () => ({
+      rows: [sighting],
+      totalResults: 1,
+      stale: true,
+      retryAfterSec: 90,
+      fetchedAt: NOW - 300_000,
+    }),
+  });
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'whales' });
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.lastUpdate, NOW - 300_000);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, 90);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.layer.getStats().error,
+    'Wildlife sightings source unavailable',
+  );
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'degraded');
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-whales').active, true);
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-whales').state, 'error');
+  assert.match(h.chip('taxa-whales').title, /click to retry/);
+});
+
+test('first enable settles one camera burst before dispatch and does not restart its first fetch set', async () => {
+  let observations = 0;
+  let tiles = 0;
+  let requestSignal;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshotDetail: async ({ signal }) => {
+      observations++;
+      requestSignal = signal;
+      return { rows: [sighting], totalResults: 1, fetchedAt: NOW };
+    },
+    getGridSnapshot: async () => {
+      tiles++;
+      return { cells: [], totalResults: 0, fetchedAt: NOW };
+    },
+  });
+  h.state.enabled = false;
+  h.layer.enable();
+  const pending = h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(observations, 0);
+  await h.advance(100);
+  h.moveEnd();
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 1);
+  await h.advance(299);
+  assert.equal(observations, 0);
+  await h.advance(1);
+  await pending;
+  assert.equal(observations, 1);
+  assert.equal(tiles, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.state.renderedRows[0].stableId, sighting.stableId);
+  h.moveEnd();
+  await h.advance(600);
+  assert.equal(observations, 1);
+  assert.equal(tiles, 1);
+  assert.equal(requestSignal.aborted, false);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+});
+
+test('observations and each tile publish progressively without waiting for remaining tiles', async () => {
+  let emit;
+  let complete;
+  let tileOptions;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshotDetail: async () => ({
+      rows: [sighting],
+      totalResults: 1,
+      fetchedAt: NOW,
+    }),
+    getGridSnapshot: (options) => {
+      tileOptions = options;
+      emit = options.onTile;
+      return new Promise((resolve) => {
+        complete = resolve;
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    await h.layer.update(),
+    true,
+    'the manager receives observations without waiting for tiles',
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.state.renderedRows.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.state.gridAvailable, false);
+  const first = { id: 'grid:first', lat: 11, lon: 11, cellCount: 4 };
+  emit(
+    { cells: [first], totalResults: 4, fetchedAt: NOW },
+    { tile: tileOptions.tiles[0] },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(h.state.gridCells, [first]);
+  const second = { id: 'grid:second', lat: 11.5, lon: 11.5, cellCount: 3 };
+  complete({ cells: [first, second], totalResults: 7, fetchedAt: NOW });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  assert.deepEqual(h.state.gridCells, [first, second]);
+  assert.equal(h.state.loading, false);
+});
+
+test('Europe density tiles publish before a slow observation page and survive its failure', async () => {
+  let rejectObservation;
+  let completeGrid;
+  let tileOptions;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshotDetail: () =>
+      new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
+        rejectObservation = reject;
+      }),
+    getGridSnapshot: (options) => {
+      tileOptions = options;
+      return new Promise((resolve) => {
+        completeGrid = resolve;
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  h.bounds({ south: 44, west: -8, north: 55, east: 24 });
+  h.state.viewer.scene = { canvas: { clientWidth: 1280, clientHeight: 800 } };
+  h.state.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 1_500_000;
+  const updating = h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(tileOptions.tiles.length, 3);
+  const first = { id: 'grid:first', lat: 48, lon: 8, cellCount: 4 };
+  tileOptions.onTile(
+    { cells: [first], totalResults: 4, fetchedAt: NOW },
+    { tile: tileOptions.tiles[0] },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(h.state.gridCells, [first]);
+  assert.equal(h.state.gridAvailable, true);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 4);
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.state.drawnParams, null);
+  await h.advance(20_000);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    h.state.gridCells,
+    [first],
+    'a stalled observation request does not withhold accepted density',
+  );
+  rejectObservation(new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 503'));
+  assert.equal(await updating, true);
+  assert.equal(tileOptions.signal.aborted, false);
+  assert.equal(h.state.error, 'iNaturalist HTTP 503');
+  const second = { id: 'grid:second', lat: 49, lon: 10, cellCount: 7 };
+  tileOptions.onTile(
+    { cells: [second], totalResults: 7, fetchedAt: NOW },
+    { tile: tileOptions.tiles[1] },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(h.state.gridCells, [first, second]);
+  completeGrid({ cells: [first, second], totalResults: 11, fetchedAt: NOW });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  assert.equal(h.state.loading, false);
+  assert.equal(h.state.error, 'iNaturalist HTTP 503');
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'degraded');
+});
+
+test('a completed density response needs no per-tile callback or observation page to publish', async () => {
+  let completeObservations;
+  const cells = [{ id: 'grid:first', lat: 11, lon: 11, cellCount: 2 }];
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshotDetail: () =>
+      new Promise((resolve) => {
+        completeObservations = resolve;
+      }),
+    getGridSnapshot: async () => ({ cells, totalResults: 2, fetchedAt: NOW }),
+  });
+  const updating = h.layer.update();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  assert.equal(h.state.gridCells, cells);
+  completeObservations({ rows: [sighting], totalResults: 1, fetchedAt: NOW });
+  await updating;
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.get(sighting.stableId), sighting);
+  assert.equal(h.state.gridCells, cells);
+});
+
+test('density arriving first cannot replace a previous filter transaction before observations validate', async () => {
+  let rejectObservations;
+  let first = true;
+  const oldCells = [{ id: 'grid:old', lat: 11, lon: 11, cellCount: 2 }];
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshotDetail: () =>
+      first
+        ? Promise.resolve({ rows: [sighting], totalResults: 1, fetchedAt: NOW })
+        : new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
+            rejectObservations = reject;
+          }),
+    getGridSnapshot: async () => ({
+      cells: first
+        ? oldCells
+        : [{ id: 'grid:new', lat: 11, lon: 11, cellCount: 6 }],
+      totalResults: first ? 2 : 6,
+      fetchedAt: NOW,
+    }),
+  });
+  await h.layer.update();
+  first = false;
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'Aves' });
+  const updating = h.layer.update();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  assert.equal(h.state.gridCells, oldCells);
+  rejectObservations(new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 503'));
+  await updating;
+  assert.equal(h.state.gridCells, oldCells);
+  assert.equal(h.state.rows.get(sighting.stableId), sighting);
+  assert.equal(h.chip('taxa-birds').state, 'error');
+});
+
+test('an empty tile retires its old zoom cells while uncovered density survives a failed sibling', async () => {
+  let first = true;
+  let oldZoom;
+  let oldCells;
+  let tileOptions;
+  let rejectObservations;
+  let completeGrid;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshotDetail: () =>
+      first
+        ? Promise.resolve({ rows: [], totalResults: 0, fetchedAt: NOW })
+        : new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
+            rejectObservations = reject;
+          }),
+    getGridSnapshot: (options) => {
+      if (first) {
+        oldZoom = options.tiles[0].z;
+        oldCells = [-4, 4].map((lon) => ({
+          id: wildlifeGridCellId(48, lon, oldZoom),
+          lat: 48,
+          lon,
+          cellCount: 2,
+        }));
+        return Promise.resolve({
+          cells: oldCells,
+          totalResults: 4,
+          fetchedAt: NOW,
+        });
+      }
+      tileOptions = options;
+      return new Promise((resolve) => {
+        completeGrid = resolve;
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  h.bounds({ south: 44, west: -8, north: 55, east: 24 });
+  h.state.viewer.scene = { canvas: { clientWidth: 160, clientHeight: 100 } };
+  h.state.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 1_500_000;
+  await h.layer.update();
+  first = false;
+  h.state.viewer.scene.canvas.clientWidth = 1280;
+  h.state.viewer.scene.canvas.clientHeight = 800;
+  const updating = h.layer.update();
+  const zoom = tileOptions.tiles[0].z;
+  assert.ok(zoom > oldZoom);
+  const emptyTile = tileOptions.tiles.find((tile) =>
+    wildlifeGridCellId(48, -4, zoom).startsWith(
+      `grid:${tile.z}/${tile.x}/${tile.y}:`,
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.ok(emptyTile);
+  tileOptions.onTile(
+    { cells: [], totalResults: 0, fetchedAt: NOW },
+    { tile: emptyTile },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(h.state.gridCells, [oldCells[1]]);
+  rejectObservations(new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 503'));
+  await updating;
+  completeGrid({
+    cells: [],
+    totalResults: 0,
+    fetchedAt: NOW,
+    error: new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 502'),
+  });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  assert.deepEqual(h.state.gridCells, [oldCells[1]]);
+  assert.equal(h.state.gridTotal, 2);
+});
+
+test('only marked upstream failures create cooldown; local pacing, network and schema errors can retry on the next view', async () => {
+  for (const error of [
+    Object.assign(new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 503'), {
+      status: 503,
+      upstreamStatus: 0,
+      retryAfterSec: 30,
+    }),
+    new TypeError('Failed to fetch'),
+    new Error('Malformed iNaturalist response'),
+  ]) {
+    let calls = 0;
+    const h = harness({
+      getSnapshot: async () => {
+        if (++calls === 1) throw error;
+        return [sighting];
+      },
+    });
+    await h.layer.update();
+    assert.equal(h.state.retryAt, 0, error.message);
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, undefined);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(h.state.error, /rate limited/i);
+    await h.layer.update();
+    assert.equal(calls, 2);
+    assert.equal(h.state.renderedRows.length, 1);
+  }
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => {
+      throw Object.assign(new Error('iNaturalist rate limited'), {
+        status: 429,
+        upstreamStatus: 429,
+        retryAfterSec: 2,
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(
+    h.layer.getStats().retryInSec,
+    2,
+    'actual Retry-After is honored without imposing a 30s local floor',
+  );
+});
+
+test('stale cached tiles with local pacing metadata keep their display and do not enter cooldown', async () => {
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshotDetail: async () => ({
+      rows: [sighting],
+      totalResults: 1,
+      fetchedAt: NOW,
+      stale: true,
+      retryAfterSec: 30,
+      upstreamStatus: 0,
+    }),
+  });
+  await h.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(h.state.renderedRows.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.state.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(h.state.error, null);
+  assert.equal(h.state.retryAt, 0);
+});
+
+test('an explicit upstream Retry-After zero retries immediately while a missing header keeps the default backoff', async () => {
+  for (const status of [429, 503]) {
+    for (const explicitZero of [true, false]) {
+      let attempts = 0;
+      const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+        now: () => NOW,
+        fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+          if (url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?'))
+            return Response.json({
+              cells: [],
+              totalResults: 0,
+              fetchedAt: NOW,
+            });
+          if (++attempts > 1)
+            return Response.json({ rows: [], totalResults: 0, fetchedAt: NOW });
+          return new Response('', {
+            status,
+            headers: {
+              'X-Upstream-Status': String(status),
+              ...(explicitZero ? { 'Retry-After': '0' } : {}),
+            },
+          });
+        },
+      });
+      const h = harness(source);
+      await h.layer.update();
+      if (explicitZero) {
+        assert.equal(
+          h.state.retryAt,
+          NOW,
+          `${status}: zero remains an immediate deadline`,
+        );
+        assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, undefined);
+        await h.layer.update();
+        assert.equal(attempts, 2);
+        assert.equal(h.state.error, null);
+      } else {
+        assert.equal(
+          h.state.retryAt,
+          NOW + 30_000,
+          `${status}: no header uses the default backoff`,
+        );
+        assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, 30);
+        await h.layer.update();
+        assert.equal(attempts, 1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/billboardModel.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/billboardModel.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b5b1093a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/billboardModel.js
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+import { drainWildlifeWork, WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT } from './performance.js';
+import { wildlifeIconicGroup } from './model.js';
+
+/** Incremental billboard reconciliation, independent of Cesium and the DOM.
+ * A refresh changes only added/removed contacts and properties that differ.
+ * Position sampling and appearance construction run only for changed rows. */
+export function createWildlifeBillboardModel({
+  collection,
+  pointById,
+  positions,
+  positionForRow,
+  appearanceForGroup,
+}) {
+  const previous = new Map();
+
+  function update(rows, options = {}) {
+    return drainWildlifeWork(updateWork(rows, options));
+  }
+
+  function* updateWork(rows, { onOperations = null } = {}) {
+    const nextIds = new Set();
+    const result = { created: 0, removed: 0, updated: 0, writes: 0 };
+    let visits = 0;
+    for (const row of rows) {
+      if (visits++ % WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT === 0) yield 'billboard-update';
+      const id = row.stableId;
+      if (nextIds.has(id)) continue;
+      nextIds.add(id);
+      const group = wildlifeIconicGroup(row.iconic);
+      const old = previous.get(id);
+      const point = pointById.get(id);
+      if (
+        old &&
+        point &&
+        old.lat === row.lat &&
+        old.lon === row.lon &&
+        old.group === group
+      )
+        continue;
+      const appearance =
+        old && old.group === group ? old.appearance : appearanceForGroup(group);
+      const positionChanged =
+        !old || old.lat !== row.lat || old.lon !== row.lon;
+      const position = positionChanged
+        ? positionForRow(row)
+        : positions.get(id);
+      if (!point) {
+        const options = { id: `wildlife:${id}`, position, ...appearance };
+        pointById.set(id, collection.add(options));
+        positions.set(id, position);
+        result.created += 1;
+        result.writes += Object.keys(options).length;
+      } else {
+        let writes = 0;
+        if (positionChanged) {
+          point.position = position;
+          positions.set(id, position);
+          writes += 1;
+        }
+        for (const key of Object.keys(appearance)) {
+          // Cesium clones Color and NearFarScalar values on assignment. Our
+          // last descriptor, rather than getter reference identity, records
+          // whether the appearance has actually changed.
+          if (old?.appearance?.[key] === appearance[key]) continue;
+          point[key] = appearance[key];
+          writes += 1;
+        }
+        result.writes += writes;
+        if (writes) result.updated += 1;
+      }
+      previous.set(id, {
+        lat: row.lat,
+        lon: row.lon,
+        group,
+        appearance,
+      });
+    }
+    for (const [id, point] of pointById) {
+      if (visits++ % WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT === 0) yield 'billboard-update';
+      if (nextIds.has(id)) continue;
+      collection.remove(point);
+      pointById.delete(id);
+      positions.delete(id);
+      previous.delete(id);
+      result.removed += 1;
+    }
+    onOperations?.({ billboardVisits: visits, billboardWrites: result.writes });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  function clear() {
+    collection.removeAll();
+    pointById.clear();
+    positions.clear();
+    previous.clear();
+  }
+
+  // Font readiness replaces just the cached texture. Never resample anchors,
+  // clear the collection or allocate replacement billboards for this swap.
+  function refreshImages(imageForGroup) {
+    let writes = 0;
+    for (const [id, old] of previous) {
+      const point = pointById.get(id);
+      const image = imageForGroup(old.group);
+      if (!point || old.appearance.image === image) continue;
+      point.image = image;
+      old.appearance = { ...old.appearance, image };
+      writes += 1;
+    }
+    return writes;
+  }
+
+  return { update, updateWork, clear, refreshImages };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64293c3a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/bounds.js
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Shared by browser viewport queries and the provider's cache-key validation.
+export const WILDLIFE_MAX_VIEW_DEGREES = 40;
+
+const cleanDegree = (value) => Math.round(value * 1e8) / 1e8;
+const spanOf = (box) => Math.max(box.north - box.south, box.east - box.west);
+
+/** Snap non-crossing boxes outward to one canonical grid. Validate the final
+ * span too: a legal raw box may expand past the supported query size. */
+export function snapWildlifeBox(box) {
+  if (
+    !box ||
+    !['south', 'west', 'north', 'east'].every((key) =>
+      Number.isFinite(box[key]),
+    ) ||
+    box.south < -90 ||
+    box.north > 90 ||
+    box.west < -180 ||
+    box.east > 180 ||
+    box.north <= box.south ||
+    box.east <= box.west ||
+    spanOf(box) > WILDLIFE_MAX_VIEW_DEGREES + 1e-8
+  )
+    return null;
+  let grid = spanOf(box) > 5 ? 1 : 0.1;
+  const snap = () => ({
+    south: Math.max(
+      -90,
+      cleanDegree(Math.floor((box.south + 1e-10) / grid) * grid),
+    ),
+    west: Math.max(
+      -180,
+      cleanDegree(Math.floor((box.west + 1e-10) / grid) * grid),
+    ),
+    north: Math.min(
+      90,
+      cleanDegree(Math.ceil((box.north - 1e-10) / grid) * grid),
+    ),
+    east: Math.min(
+      180,
+      cleanDegree(Math.ceil((box.east - 1e-10) / grid) * grid),
+    ),
+  });
+  let snapped = snap();
+  // Crossing the five-degree boundary while snapping must pick the same grid
+  // on the browser and proxy, and on every subsequent snap of this box.
+  if (grid === 0.1 && spanOf(snapped) > 5 + 1e-8) {
+    grid = 1;
+    snapped = snap();
+  }
+  return spanOf(snapped) <= WILDLIFE_MAX_VIEW_DEGREES ? snapped : null;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cache.integration.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cache.integration.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69b7b6e4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cache.integration.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { inaturalistProxy } from '../../../server/providers/inaturalist/observations.js';
+import { syntheticGrid } from '../../../server/providers/inaturalist/grid.fixture.mjs';
+import {
+  createWildlifeSightingsSource,
+  WILDLIFE_GRID_TTL_MS,
+} from './source.js';
+
+// Exercise both real cache owners through their projected response contract.
+// Only the HTTP transport and upstream data are synthetic; no socket is needed.
+test('client and proxy share stale revalidation and publish its fresh result in the same view', async () => {
+  let now = Date.parse('2026-11-04T18:05:00Z');
+  let upstreamCalls = 0;
+  let proxyCalls = 0;
+  let finishRefresh;
+  let handler;
+  inaturalistProxy({
+    now: () => now,
+    cacheDir: null,
+    queueOptions: { intervalMs: 0, windowMs: 0 },
+    warn() {},
+    fetchImpl() {
+      upstreamCalls++;
+      return upstreamCalls === 1
+        ? Response.json(syntheticGrid())
+        : new Promise((resolve) => {
+            finishRefresh = resolve;
+          });
+    },
+  }).configureServer({
+    middlewares: {
+      use(_mount, middleware) {
+        handler = middleware;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    async fetchImpl(url) {
+      proxyCalls++;
+      let status;
+      let headers;
+      let response;
+      await handler(
+        {
+          method: 'GET',
+          url: url.slice('/api/inaturalist'.length),
+          headers: {},
+          socket: { remoteAddress: 'synthetic' },
+        },
+        {
+          writeHead(code, values) {
+            status = code;
+            headers = values;
+          },
+          end(body) {
+            response = new Response(body, { status, headers });
+          },
+        },
+      );
+      return response;
+    },
+  });
+  const options = { tiles: [{ z: 2, x: 1, y: 1 }], taxa: 'Aves' };
+  const first = await source.getGridSnapshot(options);
+  assert.equal(first.cells.length, 2);
+  await source.getGridSnapshot(options);
+  assert.equal(upstreamCalls, 1);
+  assert.equal(proxyCalls, 1, 'client hits do not even call the proxy');
+  now += WILDLIFE_GRID_TTL_MS;
+  const publications = [];
+  let settled = false;
+  const refreshing = source
+    .getGridSnapshot({
+      ...options,
+      onTile: (value) => publications.push(value),
+    })
+    .then((value) => {
+      settled = true;
+      return value;
+    });
+  try {
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    assert.equal(settled, false, 'revalidation is still waiting for upstream');
+    assert.equal(
+      publications[0]?.stale,
+      true,
+      'old cells already reached the renderer',
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(publications[0].cells, first.cells);
+    assert.equal(
+      upstreamCalls,
+      2,
+      'normal stale GET and refresh=wait share one upstream attempt',
+    );
+    finishRefresh(Response.json(syntheticGrid()));
+    const fresh = await refreshing;
+    assert.equal(fresh.stale, false);
+    assert.equal(fresh.fetchedAt, now);
+    assert.equal(publications.at(-1).fetchedAt, now);
+    assert.notEqual(publications.at(-1).stale, true);
+    const before = proxyCalls;
+    await source.getGridSnapshot(options);
+    assert.equal(proxyCalls, before);
+    assert.equal(upstreamCalls, 2);
+  } finally {
+    finishRefresh?.(Response.json(syntheticGrid()));
+    await refreshing;
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61dbbc01b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+import { photoCreator } from './photoText.js';
+import { getLocale, t, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE } from '../../overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js';
+import { truncateOverlayTitle } from '../../overlays/worldOverlayDraw.js';
+import { isOpenPhoto } from './records.js';
+import { compareWildlifeIds, wildlifeIconicGroup } from './model.js';
+import {
+  ICONIC_TINTS,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_LIMIT,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_MIN_SEP_PX,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_REGION_COLUMNS,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_REGION_ROWS,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_ALTITUDE_SCALE,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_FADE_LOW_METERS,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_FADE_HIGH_METERS,
+  WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_FADE_LOW_METERS,
+  WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_FADE_HIGH_METERS,
+  WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_MAX_CHARS,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_MAX_DISTANCE_METERS,
+  WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT,
+} from './policy.js';
+
+export const WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 'wildlife-sightings';
+export const WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID = 'wildlife-sightings-labels';
+export const WILDLIFE_SELECTED_SOURCE_ID = 'wildlife-sightings-selected';
+export const WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS = Object.freeze({
+  cohortLimit: WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT,
+  collisionCapacity: WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT,
+  moving: false,
+});
+export const WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS = Object.freeze({
+  cohortLimit: WILDLIFE_CARD_LIMIT,
+  collisionCapacity: WILDLIFE_CARD_LIMIT,
+  moving: false,
+});
+export const WILDLIFE_SELECTED_SOURCE_OPTIONS = Object.freeze({
+  cohortLimit: 1,
+  collisionCapacity: 1,
+  moving: false,
+});
+
+/** Match cards and labels to the sighting sprite's taxon tint. */
+export function wildlifeAccent(iconic) {
+  return ICONIC_TINTS[wildlifeIconicGroup(iconic)];
+}
+
+/** Importance score for open, non-sensitive iNaturalist photos. Other rows
+ * cannot consume a slot, even if an accidental photo field reaches a caller. */
+export function ambientScore(row, nowMs) {
+  if (row?.obscured || !isOpenPhoto(row?.photo) || !photoCreator(row.photo))
+    return -Infinity;
+  const nonnegative = (n) => (Number.isFinite(n) ? Math.max(0, n) : 0);
+  const time = Number.isFinite(row.observedAt)
+    ? row.observedAt
+    : Date.parse(row.observedOn);
+  const ageH =
+    Number.isFinite(time) && Number.isFinite(nowMs)
+      ? Math.max(0, (nowMs - time) / 3_600_000)
+      : Infinity;
+  return (
+    (row.quality === 'research' ? 2 : 0) +
+    (row.threatened ? 1 : 0) +
+    Math.log1p(nonnegative(row.favesCount)) +
+    0.5 * Math.log1p(nonnegative(row.identificationAgreements)) +
+    2 * 0.5 ** (ageH / 12)
+  );
+}
+
+/** Named rows without eligible photos rank below eligible photo rows. */
+export function wildlifeLabelScore(row, nowMs) {
+  const score = ambientScore(row, nowMs);
+  return Number.isFinite(score) ? score : -1;
+}
+
+/** Visible incumbents own their slots until they leave the view/window. A new
+ * random sample or a higher-scoring challenger can only fill a free slot. */
+function rankWildlifeAmbientRows(rows, currentIds, nowMs) {
+  const incumbent = new Map(currentIds.map((id, index) => [id, index]));
+  const scored = rows
+    .map((row) => ({
+      row,
+      score: ambientScore(row, nowMs),
+      current: incumbent.get(row.stableId),
+    }))
+    .filter((item) => Number.isFinite(item.score));
+  scored.sort((a, b) => {
+    if (a.current !== undefined || b.current !== undefined) {
+      if (a.current === undefined) return 1;
+      if (b.current === undefined) return -1;
+      return a.current - b.current;
+    }
+    return (
+      b.score - a.score || compareWildlifeIds(a.row.stableId, b.row.stableId)
+    );
+  });
+  return scored.map((item) => item.row);
+}
+
+/** Spread newly admitted cards over screen regions. Once shown, a card stays
+ * even when a pan moves it into another incumbent's region; region quotas only
+ * govern free slots, so a camera movement never replaces a visible photo. */
+export function selectWildlifeAmbientRows(
+  rows,
+  currentIds = [],
+  nowMs,
+  limit = WILDLIFE_CARD_LIMIT,
+  { screens = null, width = 0, height = 0 } = {},
+) {
+  const incumbent = new Set(currentIds);
+  const accepted = [];
+  const regions = new Set();
+  const regionFor = (screen) =>
+    `${Math.min(WILDLIFE_CARD_REGION_COLUMNS - 1, Math.floor((screen.x / width) * WILDLIFE_CARD_REGION_COLUMNS))}:${Math.min(WILDLIFE_CARD_REGION_ROWS - 1, Math.floor((screen.y / height) * WILDLIFE_CARD_REGION_ROWS))}`;
+  for (const row of rankWildlifeAmbientRows(rows, currentIds, nowMs)) {
+    if (accepted.length >= Math.max(0, limit)) break;
+    const screen = screens?.get(row.stableId);
+    const region = screen && width > 0 && height > 0 ? regionFor(screen) : null;
+    if (!incumbent.has(row.stableId)) {
+      if (region !== null && regions.has(region)) continue;
+      if (
+        screen &&
+        accepted.some((other) => {
+          const prior = screens.get(other.stableId);
+          return (
+            prior &&
+            Math.hypot(prior.x - screen.x, prior.y - screen.y) <
+              WILDLIFE_CARD_MIN_SEP_PX
+          );
+        })
+      )
+        continue;
+    }
+    accepted.push(row);
+    if (region !== null) regions.add(region);
+  }
+  return accepted;
+}
+
+function nameFor(row) {
+  return translateKnown(row.commonName || row.scientificName) || t('SIGHTING');
+}
+
+/** Return a trimmed common name, or null for unnamed observations. */
+export function wildlifeCommonName(row) {
+  const name = row.commonName;
+  return typeof name === 'string' && name.trim() ? name.trim() : null;
+}
+
+/** Full translated display name, shared by titles and screen-space deduping. */
+export function wildlifeDisplayName(row) {
+  const commonName = wildlifeCommonName(row);
+  const name = commonName ? translateKnown(commonName).trim() : '';
+  return name.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim().toLocaleUpperCase(getLocale());
+}
+
+function compactName(row) {
+  return truncateOverlayTitle(
+    wildlifeDisplayName(row),
+    WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_MAX_CHARS,
+  );
+}
+
+/** One-line common names for identified observations. The caller adds the
+ * Cartesian anchor after ranking and front-side/screen-space filtering. */
+export function buildWildlifeLabelEntry(
+  row,
+  { select, hasRow, nowMs = Date.now() } = {},
+) {
+  if (!wildlifeCommonName(row)) return null;
+  return {
+    id: `wildlife-sightings-label:${row.stableId}`,
+    variant: 'label',
+    title: compactName(row),
+    accent: wildlifeAccent(row.iconic),
+    priority: wildlifeLabelScore(row, nowMs),
+    collisionGroup: 'ambient-label',
+    // The host checks actual card placements, including sticky/fading cards,
+    // before spending the remaining space on labels in score order.
+    yieldToCollisionGroup: 'ambient-card',
+    stateless: true,
+    paintLane: 'ambient-label',
+    gapPx: 15,
+    verticalOnly: true,
+    placement: 'above',
+    horizonCull: true,
+    edgeFade: 'keyhole',
+    interactive: false,
+    accessibilityLabel: nameFor(row),
+    ...selectionAction(row, { select, hasRow }),
+  };
+}
+
+function selectionAction(row, { select, hasRow } = {}) {
+  if (typeof select !== 'function') return {};
+  return {
+    interactive: true,
+    accessibilityLabel: t('Show {name} sighting', { name: nameFor(row) }),
+    activate() {
+      if (typeof hasRow === 'function' && !hasRow(row.stableId)) return false;
+      return select(row.stableId) !== false;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** Build an attributed ambient photo; the runtime supplies the decoded image. */
+export function buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(
+  row,
+  nowMs,
+  { image = null, select, hasRow, selected = false } = {},
+) {
+  const score = ambientScore(row, nowMs);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(score)) return null;
+  return {
+    id: `sighting:${row.stableId}`,
+    variant: 'thumbnail',
+    title: nameFor(row),
+    image,
+    requireImage: true,
+    accent: wildlifeAccent(row.iconic),
+    interactive: false,
+    accessibilityLabel: t('Show {name} sighting', { name: nameFor(row) }),
+    collisionGroup: 'ambient-card',
+    horizonCull: true,
+    edgeFade: 'keyhole',
+    verticalOnly: true,
+    gapPx: 15,
+    thumbnailPadX: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.padding,
+    thumbnailPadTop: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.padding,
+    thumbnailPadBottom: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.padding,
+    thumbnailTitleGap: 2,
+    thumbnailTitleHeight: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.titleHeight,
+    thumbnailTitleChars: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.titleChars,
+    thumbnailTitleWordBoundary: true,
+    thumbnailBackground: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.background,
+    thumbnailTitleColor: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.titleColor,
+    thumbnailTitleFont: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.titleFont,
+    thumbnailLeaderColor: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.leader,
+    thumbnailRuleColor: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.rule,
+    thumbnailRuleHeight: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.ruleHeight,
+    thumbnailRadius: CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.radius,
+    ...selectionAction(row, { select, hasRow }),
+    // i18n-ignore: the creator is verbatim feed attribution with a copyright mark
+    details: [`© ${photoCreator(row.photo)}`],
+    thumbnailFixedWidth: true,
+    thumbnailFit: 'contain',
+    thumbnailWidth: 96,
+    thumbnailHeight: 72,
+    priority: selected ? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER : score,
+    minAnchorSeparationPx: WILDLIFE_CARD_MIN_SEP_PX,
+    maxDistance: WILDLIFE_CARD_MAX_DISTANCE_METERS,
+    altitudeScale: WILDLIFE_CARD_ALTITUDE_SCALE,
+    altitudeFadeStart: WILDLIFE_CARD_FADE_LOW_METERS,
+    altitudeFadeEnd: WILDLIFE_CARD_FADE_HIGH_METERS,
+    ...(selected ? { selected: true, paintLane: 'selected' } : {}),
+  };
+}
+
+/** A bounded selected name uses the host's shared selected card treatment. */
+export function buildWildlifeSelectedLabel(row) {
+  if (!wildlifeCommonName(row)) return null;
+  return {
+    id: `wildlife-sightings-label:${row.stableId}`,
+    variant: 'label',
+    selected: true,
+    protected: true,
+    yieldToCollisionGroup: 'ambient-card',
+    paintLane: 'selected',
+    priority: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+    title: compactName(row),
+    accent: wildlifeAccent(row.iconic),
+    gapPx: 15,
+    verticalOnly: true,
+    placement: 'above',
+    horizonCull: true,
+    edgeFade: 'keyhole',
+    interactive: false,
+    accessibilityLabel: nameFor(row),
+    altitudeFadeStart: WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_FADE_LOW_METERS,
+    altitudeFadeEnd: WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_FADE_HIGH_METERS,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6a27c977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  ambientScore,
+  selectWildlifeAmbientRows,
+  buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry,
+  buildWildlifeLabelEntry,
+  buildWildlifeSelectedLabel,
+  wildlifeAccent,
+  WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
+  WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID,
+  WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
+  WILDLIFE_SELECTED_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
+} from './cards.js';
+import { CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE } from '../../overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js';
+import {
+  WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_MAX_CHARS,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_SHOW_MAX_METERS,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_HIDE_MAX_METERS,
+  WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT,
+} from './policy.js';
+import { formatAge } from './photoText.js';
+import { createSelection } from './selection.js';
+import { setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  altitudeFade,
+  altitudeScale,
+  measureOverlayEntry,
+} from '../../overlays/worldOverlayDraw.js';
+
+const now = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 4, 18, 40);
+const hour = 3_600_000;
+const photo = {
+  square:
+    'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/123/square.jpeg',
+  medium:
+    'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/123/medium.jpeg',
+  licence: 'cc-by-nc',
+  attribution: '(c) Synthetic Photographer, some rights reserved',
+};
+const row = (overrides = {}) => ({
+  stableId: 'inat:123',
+  origin: 'inaturalist',
+  lat: 47.6,
+  lon: -122.3,
+  observedAt: now - 2 * hour,
+  observedOn: '2026-11-04',
+  obscured: false,
+  cell: null,
+  quality: 'research',
+  accuracyM: 12,
+  commonName: "Anna's Hummingbird",
+  scientificName: 'Calypte anna',
+  iconic: 'Aves',
+  threatened: false,
+  conservation: null,
+  count: null,
+  provider: null,
+  obsLicence: 'cc-by-nc',
+  link: 'https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123',
+  photo,
+  favesCount: 0,
+  identificationAgreements: 0,
+  ...overrides,
+});
+const acartia = (overrides = {}) =>
+  row({
+    stableId: 'acartia:abc',
+    origin: 'acartia',
+    iconic: 'Mammalia',
+    commonName: 'Orca',
+    scientificName: null,
+    accuracyM: null,
+    count: 5,
+    provider: { name: 'Synthetic Network', entity: 'Whale Alert' },
+    obsLicence: null,
+    photo: null,
+    link: 'https://acartia.io',
+    ...overrides,
+  });
+
+test('ambient photo score prioritizes grade, threat, appreciation and recency exactly', () => {
+  const base = row({ quality: 'needs_id' });
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(ambientScore(row(), now) - ambientScore(base, now) - 2) < 1e-12,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    ambientScore(row({ threatened: true, observedAt: now }), now) -
+      ambientScore(row({ observedAt: now }), now),
+    1,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    ambientScore(row({ favesCount: 8 }), now) >
+      ambientScore(row({ favesCount: 1 }), now),
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      ambientScore(row({ identificationAgreements: 3 }), now) -
+        ambientScore(row(), now) -
+        0.5 * Math.log1p(3),
+    ) < 1e-12,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    ambientScore(row({ quality: 'needs_id', observedAt: now - hour }), now) >
+      ambientScore(
+        row({ quality: 'needs_id', observedAt: now - 48 * hour }),
+        now,
+      ),
+  );
+  for (const input of [
+    row({ obscured: true }),
+    row({ photo: null }),
+    row({ photo: { ...photo, licence: 'cc-by-nd' } }),
+  ])
+    assert.equal(ambientScore(input, now), -Infinity);
+});
+
+test('ambient ranking ties by stable id and never replaces a visible incumbent', () => {
+  const a = row({ stableId: 'inat:a' });
+  const b = row({ stableId: 'inat:b' });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    selectWildlifeAmbientRows([b, a], [], now).map((item) => item.stableId),
+    ['inat:a', 'inat:b'],
+  );
+  const slightlyBetter = row({ stableId: 'inat:b', observedAt: now - hour });
+  assert.ok(ambientScore(slightlyBetter, now) - ambientScore(a, now) < 0.5);
+  assert.equal(
+    selectWildlifeAmbientRows([a, slightlyBetter], ['inat:a'], now, 1)[0]
+      .stableId,
+    'inat:a',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    selectWildlifeAmbientRows(
+      [a, row({ stableId: 'inat:b', threatened: true })],
+      ['inat:a'],
+      now,
+      1,
+    )[0].stableId,
+    'inat:a',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    selectWildlifeAmbientRows([a], ['gone'], now, 24)[0].stableId,
+    a.stableId,
+  );
+});
+
+test('ambient entries are stable, accessible and select in place until their row is gone', () => {
+  const selected = [];
+  let exists = true;
+  const entry = buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(row(), now, {
+    select(id) {
+      selected.push(id);
+    },
+    hasRow: () => exists,
+  });
+  assert.equal(entry.id, 'sighting:inat:123');
+  assert.equal(entry.interactive, true);
+  assert.equal(entry.accessibilityLabel, "Show Anna's Hummingbird sighting");
+  assert.equal(entry.activate(), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(selected, ['inat:123']);
+  exists = false;
+  assert.equal(entry.activate(), false);
+  assert.equal(selected.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(row({ obscured: true }), now), null);
+});
+
+test('all wildlife name labels prefer a complete word before their ellipsis and retain the full accessible name', () => {
+  const commonName =
+    'Great Blue Heron With An Unusually Lengthy Synthetic Common Name';
+  for (const build of [buildWildlifeLabelEntry, buildWildlifeSelectedLabel]) {
+    const entry = build(row({ commonName }));
+    assert.equal(entry.title, 'GREAT BLUE HERON WITH AN UNUSUALLY…');
+    assert.ok(
+      Array.from(entry.title).length <= WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_MAX_CHARS,
+    );
+    assert.ok(entry.accessibilityLabel.includes(commonName));
+    const unbroken = build(row({ commonName: '𓅃'.repeat(60) }));
+    assert.equal(
+      Array.from(unbroken.title).length,
+      WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_MAX_CHARS,
+    );
+    assert.ok(unbroken.title.endsWith('…'));
+    assert.ok(!unbroken.title.includes('\ufffd'));
+  }
+});
+
+test('thumbnail entries use every shared thumbnail token and wildlife altitude curves', () => {
+  const entry = buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(row(), now);
+  assert.deepEqual([entry.thumbnailWidth, entry.thumbnailHeight], [96, 72]);
+  for (const key of ['thumbnailPadX', 'thumbnailPadTop', 'thumbnailPadBottom'])
+    assert.equal(entry[key], CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE.padding);
+  const mapping = {
+    thumbnailTitleHeight: 'titleHeight',
+    thumbnailTitleChars: 'titleChars',
+    thumbnailBackground: 'background',
+    thumbnailTitleColor: 'titleColor',
+    thumbnailTitleFont: 'titleFont',
+    thumbnailLeaderColor: 'leader',
+    thumbnailRuleColor: 'rule',
+    thumbnailRuleHeight: 'ruleHeight',
+    thumbnailRadius: 'radius',
+  };
+  for (const [field, token] of Object.entries(mapping))
+    assert.equal(entry[field], CCTV_THUMBNAIL_STYLE[token]);
+  assert.equal(entry.altitudeScale.fullEnd, 20_000);
+  assert.equal(entry.altitudeScale.midEnd, 120_000);
+  assert.equal(entry.altitudeFadeStart, 70_000);
+  assert.equal(entry.altitudeFadeEnd, 125_000);
+  assert.equal(entry.maxDistance, 600_000);
+  assert.equal(entry.minAnchorSeparationPx, 112);
+  assert.equal(entry.accent, wildlifeAccent('Aves'));
+  assert.equal(entry.horizonCull, true);
+  assert.equal(entry.requireImage, true);
+  assert.deepEqual(entry.details, ['© Synthetic Photographer']);
+  assert.equal(entry.thumbnailFixedWidth, true);
+  assert.equal(entry.thumbnailFit, 'contain');
+  assert.deepEqual(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(entry)), entry);
+  assert.equal(entry.interactive, false);
+  assert.equal(Object.isFrozen(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS), true);
+  assert.equal(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS.cohortLimit, 24);
+  assert.equal(WILDLIFE_SELECTED_SOURCE_OPTIONS.cohortLimit, 1);
+  assert.equal(WILDLIFE_SELECTED_SOURCE_OPTIONS.collisionCapacity, 1);
+});
+
+test('ambient cards retain only the credited creator and leave names for host truncation', () => {
+  const commonName = 'An extremely long synthetic organism name';
+  for (const [attribution, creator] of [
+    [
+      '(c) Synthetic Photographer, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC)',
+      'Synthetic Photographer',
+    ],
+    ['© Doe, Jane, some rights reserved (CC BY)', 'Doe, Jane'],
+    ['(c) Synthetic Observer, no rights reserved (CC0)', 'Synthetic Observer'],
+    ['Doe, Jane, CC BY', 'Doe, Jane'],
+    ['Synthetic Photographer, CC BY-NC', 'Synthetic Photographer'],
+    ['© Synthetic Photographer (CC BY-SA 4.0)', 'Synthetic Photographer'],
+    ['Synthetic Photographer, CC0', 'Synthetic Photographer'],
+    ['Synthetic Photographer', 'Synthetic Photographer'],
+  ]) {
+    const input = row({ commonName, photo: { ...photo, attribution } });
+    const entry = buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(input, now);
+    assert.equal(
+      entry.title,
+      commonName,
+      'the overlay host truncates the title',
+    );
+    assert.equal(entry.thumbnailFixedWidth, true);
+    assert.deepEqual(entry.details, [`© ${creator}`]);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(
+      entry.details.join(' '),
+      /Photo:|reserved|CC BY|Not a census/,
+    );
+  }
+  for (const attribution of [
+    'some rights reserved (CC BY)',
+    '(c) ',
+    'CC BY',
+    'CC-BY-NC',
+    '© (CC BY)',
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(
+      buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(
+        row({ photo: { ...photo, attribution } }),
+        now,
+      ),
+      null,
+      'a missing creator never becomes a made-up ambient credit',
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('ambient cards fade and scale gradually through the 120 km height band', () => {
+  const entry = buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(row(), now);
+  const options = {
+    fadeStart: entry.altitudeFadeStart,
+    fadeEnd: entry.altitudeFadeEnd,
+  };
+  assert.equal(altitudeFade(70_000, options), 1);
+  assert.ok(altitudeFade(100_000, options) > altitudeFade(120_000, options));
+  assert.ok(altitudeFade(120_000, options) > 0);
+  assert.equal(altitudeFade(125_000, options), 0);
+  assert.equal(altitudeScale(20_000, entry.altitudeScale), 1);
+  assert.equal(altitudeScale(120_000, entry.altitudeScale), 0.9);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      altitudeScale(119_999, entry.altitudeScale) -
+        altitudeScale(120_001, entry.altitudeScale),
+    ) < 0.001,
+  );
+});
+
+test('selected rows use the shared selected treatment without duplicating photo content', () => {
+  for (const input of [
+    row(),
+    row({ photo: null }),
+    row({ obscured: true, observedAt: null, accuracyM: null }),
+    acartia(),
+  ]) {
+    const label = buildWildlifeSelectedLabel(input);
+    assert.equal(label.id, `wildlife-sightings-label:${input.stableId}`);
+    assert.equal(label.title, input.commonName.toLocaleUpperCase('en'));
+    assert.equal(label.variant, 'label');
+    assert.equal(label.placement, 'above');
+    assert.equal(label.verticalOnly, true);
+    assert.equal(label.protected, true);
+    assert.equal(label.paintLane, 'selected');
+    assert.equal(label.priority, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER);
+    assert.equal(label.interactive, false);
+    assert.equal(label.selected, true);
+    assert.equal(label.details, undefined, 'no link line on canvas cards');
+    assert.equal(label.horizonCull, true);
+    assert.equal(label.edgeFade, 'keyhole');
+    assert.equal(label.accent, wildlifeAccent(input.iconic));
+    for (const field of ['image', 'thumbnailWidth', 'pinned', 'activate'])
+      assert.equal(
+        Object.hasOwn(label, field),
+        false,
+        `${field} is absent from the selected name label`,
+      );
+    assert.deepEqual(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(label)), label);
+  }
+  const ctx = { measureText: (value) => ({ width: String(value).length * 6 }) };
+  const measured = measureOverlayEntry(ctx, buildWildlifeSelectedLabel(row()));
+  assert.equal(
+    measured.titleH,
+    15,
+    'selected names use the shared selected title metrics',
+  );
+  assert.equal(measured.padX, 12);
+  assert.equal(measured.padY, 8);
+});
+
+test('selected labels normalize one bounded common-name line and stay absent when unnamed', () => {
+  const label = buildWildlifeSelectedLabel(
+    row({
+      commonName: `Synthetic\n  ${'organism '.repeat(10)}`,
+    }),
+  );
+  assert.doesNotMatch(label.title, /\n|  /);
+  assert.ok(
+    Array.from(label.title).length <= WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_MAX_CHARS,
+  );
+  assert.equal(label.title, 'SYNTHETIC ORGANISM ORGANISM ORGANISM…');
+  assert.ok(label.title.endsWith('…'));
+  assert.equal(buildWildlifeSelectedLabel(row({ commonName: null })), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    buildWildlifeSelectedLabel(row({ commonName: null, scientificName: null })),
+    null,
+  );
+});
+
+test('detail labels show only common names, with no age, grade, accuracy or photo details', () => {
+  const label = buildWildlifeLabelEntry(row());
+  assert.equal(label.id, 'wildlife-sightings-label:inat:123');
+  assert.equal(label.title, "ANNA'S HUMMINGBIRD");
+  assert.equal(label.variant, 'label');
+  assert.equal(label.collisionGroup, 'ambient-label');
+  assert.equal(label.yieldToCollisionGroup, 'ambient-card');
+  assert.equal(
+    label.stateless,
+    true,
+    'labels never retain overlapping incumbent or exit placements',
+  );
+  assert.equal(label.paintLane, 'ambient-label');
+  assert.equal(label.horizonCull, true);
+  assert.equal(label.edgeFade, 'keyhole');
+  assert.equal(label.interactive, false);
+  assert.equal(label.accent, wildlifeAccent('Aves'));
+  for (const field of [
+    'details',
+    'image',
+    'accuracyM',
+    'quality',
+    'observedAt',
+    'maxDistance',
+    'altitudeFadeStart',
+    'altitudeFadeEnd',
+    'selected',
+  ])
+    assert.equal(Object.hasOwn(label, field), false, field);
+  assert.equal(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, 'wildlife-sightings-labels');
+  assert.equal(WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT, 150);
+  assert.equal(Object.isFrozen(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS), true);
+  assert.equal(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS.cohortLimit, WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT);
+  assert.equal(
+    WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS.collisionCapacity,
+    WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(label)), label);
+});
+
+test('unnamed observations have no ambient label and names come only from the row', () => {
+  for (const commonName of [null, undefined, '', ' \n\t '])
+    assert.equal(buildWildlifeLabelEntry({ ...row(), commonName }), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    buildWildlifeLabelEntry({ ...row(), commonName: 'Red-tailed hawk' }).title,
+    'RED-TAILED HAWK',
+  );
+});
+
+test('ambient names select in place and reject activation after their row disappears', () => {
+  let selectedId = null;
+  let exists = true;
+  const label = buildWildlifeLabelEntry(row(), {
+    select(id) {
+      selectedId = id;
+    },
+    hasRow: () => exists,
+  });
+  assert.equal(label.interactive, true);
+  assert.equal(label.accessibilityLabel, "Show Anna's Hummingbird sighting");
+  assert.equal(label.activate(), true);
+  assert.equal(selectedId, 'inat:123');
+  exists = false;
+  assert.equal(label.activate(), false);
+});
+
+test('selected name labels retain the existing altitude fade through 400 km', () => {
+  for (const input of [row(), row({ photo: null }), acartia()]) {
+    const entry = buildWildlifeSelectedLabel(input);
+    const options = {
+      fadeStart: entry.altitudeFadeStart,
+      fadeEnd: entry.altitudeFadeEnd,
+    };
+    assert.equal(altitudeFade(30_000, options), 1);
+    assert.ok(altitudeFade(300_000, options) > 0);
+    assert.equal(altitudeFade(400_000, options), 0);
+    assert.equal(altitudeFade(5_000_000, options), 0);
+  }
+});
+
+test('compact ages follow shared translated minute, hour and day forms', () => {
+  assert.equal(formatAge(59_999), '1m');
+  assert.equal(formatAge(60 * 60_000), '1h');
+  assert.equal(formatAge(2 * 24 * hour), '2d');
+  assert.equal(formatAge(-1), null);
+  assert.equal(formatAge(NaN), null);
+  assert.equal(wildlifeAccent('Protozoa'), '#9aa7b3');
+});
+
+function ambientFixture(rows, screens) {
+  const state = {
+    enabled: true,
+    renderedRows: rows,
+    ambientRows: [],
+    ambientIds: [],
+    labelRows: [],
+    selectedId: null,
+    positions: new Map(
+      rows.map((row) => [row.stableId, screens.get(row.stableId)]),
+    ),
+    pointById: new Map(),
+    rowById: new Map(rows.map((row) => [row.stableId, row])),
+    viewer: {
+      scene: { canvas: { clientWidth: 1200, clientHeight: 900 } },
+      camera: { positionCartographic: { height: 30_000 } },
+    },
+  };
+  const photos = [];
+  const painted = [];
+  const entries = new Map();
+  let cardSourceOptions;
+  const selection = createSelection({
+    state,
+    services: {
+      now: () => now,
+      project: (_scene, position) => position,
+      overlayHost: {
+        setEntries(id, _entries, options) {
+          entries.set(id, _entries);
+          if (id === 'wildlife-sightings') cardSourceOptions = options;
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    parts: {
+      rendering: {
+        occluder: () => null,
+        requestRender() {},
+        setPhotoCardVisibility: (ids) => painted.push([...ids]),
+      },
+      photos: { get: () => null, setAmbient: (rows) => photos.push(rows) },
+    },
+  });
+  return {
+    state,
+    selection,
+    photos,
+    painted,
+    entries,
+    get cardSourceOptions() {
+      return cardSourceOptions;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('label candidates and host priorities use ambientScore before the candidate cap', () => {
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT + 20 }, (_, i) =>
+    row({
+      stableId: `inat:${String(i).padStart(3, '0')}`,
+      commonName: `Synthetic bird ${i}`,
+      favesCount: i,
+    }),
+  );
+  const f = ambientFixture(
+    rows,
+    new Map(
+      rows.map((r, i) => [
+        r.stableId,
+        { x: 10 + (i % 40) * 28, y: 200 + Math.floor(i / 40) * 28 },
+      ]),
+    ),
+  );
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  const entries = f.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels');
+  assert.equal(entries.length, WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    entries.map((entry) => entry.id),
+    rows
+      .slice(20)
+      .reverse()
+      .map((r) => `wildlife-sightings-label:${r.stableId}`),
+  );
+  for (const r of f.state.labelRows)
+    assert.equal(
+      buildWildlifeLabelEntry(r, { nowMs: now }).priority,
+      ambientScore(r, now),
+    );
+});
+
+test('ambient source forwards actual painted membership to badge visibility', () => {
+  const r = row();
+  const f = ambientFixture([r], new Map([[r.stableId, { x: 150, y: 150 }]]));
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  assert.deepEqual(f.painted, [], 'a queued photo is not a painted card');
+  f.cardSourceOptions.onVisibilityChange(new Set([`sighting:${r.stableId}`]));
+  assert.deepEqual(f.painted, [[`sighting:${r.stableId}`]]);
+  f.cardSourceOptions.onVisibilityChange(new Set());
+  assert.deepEqual(f.painted.at(-1), []);
+});
+
+test('new ambient cards admit at most one highest-score photo per screen region', () => {
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: 24 }, (_, i) =>
+    row({ stableId: `inat:${i}`, favesCount: i }),
+  );
+  const screens = new Map(
+    rows.map((row, i) => [
+      row.stableId,
+      {
+        x: 150 + (Math.floor(i / 2) % 4) * 300,
+        y: 150 + Math.floor(i / 8) * 300,
+      },
+    ]),
+  );
+  const f = ambientFixture(rows, screens);
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  assert.equal(f.state.ambientRows.length, 12);
+  assert.ok(
+    f.state.ambientRows.every(
+      (row) => Number(row.stableId.split(':')[1]) % 2 === 1,
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    new Set(
+      f.state.ambientRows.map((row) => {
+        const p = screens.get(row.stableId);
+        return `${Math.floor(p.x / 300)}:${Math.floor(p.y / 300)}`;
+      }),
+    ).size,
+    12,
+  );
+});
+
+test('pans retain every on-screen photo and refreshes only fill free slots', () => {
+  const a = row({ stableId: 'inat:a' });
+  const b = row({ stableId: 'inat:b' });
+  const c = row({ stableId: 'inat:c', favesCount: 1000 });
+  const screens = new Map([
+    [a.stableId, { x: 150, y: 150 }],
+    [b.stableId, { x: 450, y: 150 }],
+    [c.stableId, { x: 170, y: 150 }],
+  ]);
+  const f = ambientFixture([a, b], screens);
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  const initial = f.state.ambientIds.slice();
+  // This pan moves the two incumbents into one region. Neither may be evicted.
+  f.state.positions.set(b.stableId, { x: 200, y: 160 });
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  assert.deepEqual(f.state.ambientIds, initial);
+  f.state.rowById.set(c.stableId, c);
+  f.state.positions.set(c.stableId, screens.get(c.stableId));
+  // A new random sample can omit both incumbent rows from the rendered batch.
+  f.state.renderedRows = [c];
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  assert.deepEqual(f.state.ambientIds, initial);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    new Set(f.selection.retainedAmbientRows().map((row) => row.stableId)),
+    new Set(initial),
+  );
+  f.state.positions.set(a.stableId, { x: -1, y: 150 });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    f.selection.retainedAmbientRows().map((row) => row.stableId),
+    [b.stableId],
+  );
+});
+
+test('ambient show/hide thresholds have hysteresis without small-zoom toggles', () => {
+  const a = row();
+  const f = ambientFixture([a], new Map([[a.stableId, { x: 150, y: 150 }]]));
+  const height = f.state.viewer.camera.positionCartographic;
+  height.height = WILDLIFE_CARD_SHOW_MAX_METERS - 1;
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  assert.equal(f.state.ambientRows.length, 1);
+  for (const altitude of [110_001, 119_999, 120_001, 124_999, 110_001]) {
+    height.height = altitude;
+    f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+    assert.equal(f.state.ambientRows.length, 1);
+  }
+  height.height = WILDLIFE_CARD_HIDE_MAX_METERS;
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  assert.equal(f.state.ambientRows.length, 0);
+  height.height = WILDLIFE_CARD_HIDE_MAX_METERS - 1;
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  assert.equal(f.state.ambientRows.length, 0);
+  height.height = WILDLIFE_CARD_SHOW_MAX_METERS;
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  assert.equal(f.state.ambientRows.length, 1);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/controls.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/controls.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ced04364f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/controls.js
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+import { t, formatNumber, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/marker.js';
+import { translateFeedError } from '../../ui/statusText.js';
+import { wildlifeIconicGroup } from './model.js';
+import { formatAge } from './photoText.js';
+import {
+  ICONIC_TINTS,
+  ICONIC_LEGEND_ORDER,
+  TAXA_PRESETS,
+  WILDLIFE_CONFIRMED_CHIP_ID,
+  WILDLIFE_GRID_HEIGHT_METERS,
+  WILDLIFE_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS,
+} from './policy.js';
+
+const LEGEND_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  Aves: msg('Birds'),
+  Mammalia: msg('Mammals'),
+  Reptilia: msg('Reptiles'),
+  Amphibia: msg('Amphibians'),
+  Actinopterygii: msg('Ray-finned fishes'),
+  Insecta: msg('Insects'),
+  Arachnida: msg('Arachnids'),
+  Plantae: msg('Plants'),
+  Fungi: msg('Fungi'),
+  Animalia: msg('Other animals'),
+  Unknown: msg('Other or unknown'),
+});
+
+/** Own layer-row descriptors and serializable filter options. */
+export function createControls({ state, services, parts }) {
+  function notify() {
+    try {
+      state.controlsListener?.();
+    } catch {
+      /* repaint listeners are optional */
+    }
+  }
+
+  function chip({ id, label, title, params, key, value }) {
+    const pending =
+      state.pendingParams?.keys.includes(key) &&
+      (key === 'confirmed' || state.pendingParams[key] === value);
+    const failedKey = state.failedParams?.keys.includes(key);
+    const failed =
+      failedKey && (key === 'confirmed' || state.failedParams[key] === value);
+    const active =
+      !pending &&
+      (failedKey
+        ? state[key] === value
+        : !!state.drawnParams && state.drawnParams[key] === value);
+    return {
+      id,
+      label: `${label}${pending ? ' ···' : failed ? ' ✕' : ''}`,
+      title: failed
+        ? t('{label} {detail} — click to retry', {
+            label,
+            detail: translateFeedError(
+              state.error || msg('Wildlife sightings source unavailable'),
+            ),
+          })
+        : title,
+      active,
+      busy: !!pending,
+      disabled: !!pending,
+      state: pending
+        ? 'loading'
+        : failed
+          ? 'error'
+          : active
+            ? 'active'
+            : 'idle',
+      params,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const methods = {
+    id: 'wildlife-sightings',
+    name: 'Wildlife Sightings',
+    icon: '🦉',
+    source: 'iNaturalist',
+    updateInterval: WILDLIFE_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS,
+
+    /** Route camera refreshes through the application's lifecycle manager. */
+    attachDataManager(manager) {
+      state.manager = manager;
+    },
+    /** Connect the layer row's repaint listener. */
+    setRowControlsListener(listener) {
+      state.controlsListener = typeof listener === 'function' ? listener : null;
+    },
+    /** Snapshot the requested filters for share links and restoration. */
+    getParams() {
+      return { confirmed: state.confirmed, taxa: state.taxa };
+    },
+    /** Apply filters while retaining the last accepted display until success. */
+    setParams(params = {}) {
+      const next = {
+        confirmed:
+          typeof params.confirmed === 'boolean'
+            ? params.confirmed
+            : state.confirmed,
+        taxa: TAXA_PRESETS.some((preset) => preset.value === params.taxa)
+          ? params.taxa
+          : state.taxa,
+      };
+      const changed = ['confirmed', 'taxa'].filter(
+        (key) => next[key] !== state[key],
+      );
+      if (!changed.length && !state.failedParams) return true;
+      // Compare with the displayed filters so disjoint edits stay pending.
+      // Initially taxa awaits data while the default-off toggle remains idle.
+      const drawn = state.drawnParams || { confirmed: false, taxa: null };
+      const keys = ['confirmed', 'taxa'].filter(
+        (key) => next[key] !== drawn[key],
+      );
+      if (!changed.length && state.failedParams) {
+        for (const key of state.failedParams.keys) {
+          if (!keys.includes(key)) keys.push(key);
+        }
+      }
+      state.confirmed = next.confirmed;
+      state.taxa = next.taxa;
+      state.pendingParams = keys.length ? { ...next, keys } : null;
+      state.failedParams = null;
+      // Replace the LRU with the accepted result so taxa never get mixed.
+      state.pendingClear = true;
+      state.lastQueryKey = null;
+      state.request?.abort();
+      state.background?.abort();
+      parts.lifecycle.scheduleRefresh();
+      notify();
+      return true;
+    },
+    /** Describe filter chips, nonempty legend groups and provider attribution. */
+    getRowControls() {
+      const confirmedFailed = state.failedParams?.keys.includes('confirmed');
+      const chips = [
+        chip({
+          id: WILDLIFE_CONFIRMED_CHIP_ID,
+          label: t('CONFIRMED'),
+          title: t('Show only community-confirmed (research-grade) sightings'),
+          params: {
+            confirmed: confirmedFailed ? state.confirmed : !state.confirmed,
+          },
+          key: 'confirmed',
+          value: true,
+        }),
+        ...TAXA_PRESETS.map((preset) =>
+          chip({
+            id: preset.id,
+            label: translateKnown(preset.label),
+            title: translateKnown(preset.title),
+            params: { taxa: preset.value },
+            key: 'taxa',
+            value: preset.value,
+          }),
+        ),
+      ];
+      const counts = new Map();
+      for (const row of state.renderedRows) {
+        const group = wildlifeIconicGroup(row.iconic);
+        counts.set(group, (counts.get(group) || 0) + 1);
+      }
+      const legend = ICONIC_LEGEND_ORDER.filter((key) => counts.has(key)).map(
+        (key, index) => ({
+          label: translateKnown(LEGEND_LABELS[key]),
+          color: ICONIC_TINTS[key],
+          count: counts.get(key),
+          ...(index === 0
+            ? {
+                blurb: t(
+                  'Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.',
+                ),
+              }
+            : {}),
+        }),
+      );
+      if (!state.lastUpdate && !legend.length) return { chips, legend: [] };
+      const acartiaCount = state.renderedRows.filter(
+        (row) => row.origin === 'acartia',
+      ).length;
+      const info = acartiaCount
+        ? t(
+            'iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record',
+            { count: formatNumber(acartiaCount) },
+          )
+        : t('iNaturalist contributors · licences per record');
+      return { chips, legend, info };
+    },
+    /** Report the visible count, feed state and retry guidance. */
+    getStats() {
+      const grid = state.gridAvailable === true;
+      const count =
+        state.sightingCount ??
+        (grid ? (state.gridTotal ?? 0) : state.renderedRows.length);
+      const loading = state.loading && !state.lastUpdate;
+      const refreshing = state.loading && !!state.lastUpdate;
+      const age = state.lastUpdate
+        ? formatAge(services.now() - state.lastUpdate)
+        : '';
+      const minutes = state.lastUpdate
+        ? Math.max(0, (services.now() - state.lastUpdate) / 60_000)
+        : 0;
+      const liveAge =
+        minutes < 1
+          ? t('<1m ago')
+          : minutes < 90
+            ? t('{count}m ago', { count: Math.floor(minutes) })
+            : t('{count}h ago', { count: Math.round(minutes / 60) });
+      const stats = {
+        count,
+        lastUpdate: state.lastUpdate,
+        error: state.error,
+        stale: state.stale,
+        loading,
+        refreshing,
+        countLabel: t('{count} sightings in view', {
+          count: formatNumber(count),
+        }),
+        loadingLabel: loading
+          ? t('loading...')
+          : refreshing
+            ? t('refreshing...')
+            : state.stale
+              ? t('STALE · cached {age}', { age })
+              : state.lastUpdate
+                ? t('LIVE · updated {age}', { age: liveAge })
+                : '',
+      };
+      if (
+        !state.error &&
+        !state.query &&
+        state.viewer?.camera?.positionCartographic?.height >
+          WILDLIFE_GRID_HEIGHT_METERS
+      ) {
+        // i18n-ignore: feed-state protocol value
+        stats.status = 'zoom-in';
+        stats.statusMessage = msg('Zoom in for local sightings');
+      } else if (!state.error && state.lastUpdate && !count) {
+        // i18n-ignore: feed-state protocol value
+        stats.status = 'empty';
+        stats.statusMessage = msg('No recent sightings in view');
+      }
+      if (state.retryAt > services.now())
+        stats.retryInSec = Math.ceil((state.retryAt - services.now()) / 1000);
+      return stats;
+    },
+  };
+  return { methods, notify };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..503b8d86a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.js
@@ -0,0 +1,462 @@
+import { wildlifeGridCellBounds } from './gridViewport.js';
+import {
+  createWildlifeWorkQueue,
+  drainWildlifeWork,
+  WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT,
+} from './performance.js';
+
+export const WILDLIFE_DENSITY_OVERLAP = 4;
+const KERNEL_SIGMA = 0.7;
+export const WILDLIFE_DENSITY_MAX_ALPHA = 0.34;
+const DENSITY_MIN_ALPHA = 0.012;
+const DENSITY_RAMP_GAMMA = 3;
+const METERS_PER_DEGREE = (2 * Math.PI * 6378137) / 360;
+const FADE_STEPS = 3;
+const FADE_STEP_MS = 60;
+const SPRITE_SIZE = 128;
+// Fade coarse splats before they read as haze across the whole Earth disc.
+const ALTITUDE_FADE_START = 3_000_000;
+const ALTITUDE_FADE_END = 8_000_000;
+// Sparse cells read cool teal; hotspots warm toward amber. Sensor styles keep
+// one neutral or phosphor tint.
+const NORMAL_TINT = { low: [0.3, 0.8, 0.78], high: [1, 0.78, 0.38] };
+const MONO_TINT = { low: [0.96, 0.96, 0.96], high: [0.96, 0.96, 0.96] };
+const CRT_TINT = { low: [0.48, 1, 0.72], high: [0.48, 1, 0.72] };
+
+/** View-relative alpha keeps hotspots distinct as cell counts grow on zoom-out. */
+export function wildlifeDensityIntensity(rank) {
+  if (!(rank > 0) || !Number.isFinite(rank)) return 0;
+  return (
+    DENSITY_MIN_ALPHA +
+    (WILDLIFE_DENSITY_MAX_ALPHA - DENSITY_MIN_ALPHA) *
+      Math.min(1, rank) ** DENSITY_RAMP_GAMMA
+  );
+}
+
+/** Rank function over the snapshot's positive counts: the share of cells with
+ * a count at or below the given one. */
+export function wildlifeDensityRanks(cells = []) {
+  const counts = [];
+  for (const cell of cells)
+    if (Number.isSafeInteger(cell?.cellCount) && cell.cellCount > 0)
+      counts.push(cell.cellCount);
+  counts.sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  return (count) => {
+    if (!counts.length || !(count > 0)) return 0;
+    let low = 0;
+    let high = counts.length;
+    while (low < high) {
+      const mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
+      if (counts[mid] <= count) low = mid + 1;
+      else high = mid;
+    }
+    return low / counts.length;
+  };
+}
+
+/** Truncated Gaussian in source-cell widths; overlapping splats hide the grid. */
+export function wildlifeDensityKernel(distance) {
+  const radius = WILDLIFE_DENSITY_OVERLAP / 2;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(distance) || distance < 0 || distance >= radius)
+    return 0;
+  const edge = Math.exp(-(radius ** 2) / (2 * KERNEL_SIGMA ** 2));
+  return (
+    (Math.exp(-(distance ** 2) / (2 * KERNEL_SIGMA ** 2)) - edge) / (1 - edge)
+  );
+}
+
+const DENSITY_IMAGE = `data:image/svg+xml,${encodeURIComponent(
+  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="128" height="128"><defs><radialGradient id="g">${Array.from(
+    { length: 33 },
+    (_, i) =>
+      `<stop offset="${i / 32}" stop-color="white" stop-opacity="${wildlifeDensityKernel(((i / 32) * WILDLIFE_DENSITY_OVERLAP) / 2).toFixed(5)}"/>`,
+  ).join(
+    '',
+  )}</radialGradient></defs><circle cx="64" cy="64" r="64" fill="url(#g)"/></svg>`,
+)}`;
+
+function tintForStyle(style) {
+  if (['mono', 'surveillance', 'thermal', 'noir', 'nvg'].includes(style))
+    return MONO_TINT;
+  return ['crt', 'retro'].includes(style) ? CRT_TINT : NORMAL_TINT;
+}
+
+function intersects(bounds, boxes, padding = 0) {
+  if (!boxes?.length) return true;
+  const latitude = (bounds.north - bounds.south) * padding;
+  const longitude = (bounds.east - bounds.west) * padding;
+  for (const box of boxes) {
+    if (
+      bounds.north + latitude < box.south ||
+      bounds.south - latitude > box.north
+    )
+      continue;
+    // Both a padded splat and the viewport can straddle the antimeridian.
+    const east = box.east < box.west ? box.east + 360 : box.east;
+    const left = bounds.west - longitude;
+    const right = bounds.east + longitude;
+    if (
+      (right >= box.west && left <= east) ||
+      (right + 360 >= box.west && left + 360 <= east) ||
+      (right - 360 >= box.west && left - 360 <= east)
+    )
+      return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Fit the entire kernel inside the globe's tangent cone, plus 5% of its radius.
+// A visible centre alone lets a depth-free billboard bleed across the limb.
+// The inscribed sphere is conservative for WGS84 and needs no projections.
+function horizonTest(cameraPosition, radius) {
+  const { x, y, z } = cameraPosition || {};
+  const distance = Math.hypot(x, y, z);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(distance) || distance <= radius) return null;
+  const nx = x / distance;
+  const ny = y / distance;
+  const nz = z / distance;
+  const sinAngle = radius / distance;
+  const cosAngleSquared = 1 - sinAngle ** 2;
+  const horizonPlane = radius * sinAngle;
+  return (position, kernelRadius) => {
+    const along = position.x * nx + position.y * ny + position.z * nz;
+    if (along <= horizonPlane) return false;
+    const clearance = sinAngle * (distance - along) - kernelRadius * 1.05;
+    const acrossSquared = Math.max(
+      0,
+      position.x ** 2 + position.y ** 2 + position.z ** 2 - along ** 2,
+    );
+    return clearance > 0 && acrossSquared * cosAngleSquared < clearance ** 2;
+  };
+}
+
+/** Own noninteractive, world-sized glow splats, arrival fades and style changes. */
+/** A world-sized kernel fills the screen once the camera is inside it, e.g.
+ * while flying in before the closer view's tiles arrive. Cesium fades it on the
+ * GPU: gone within half its width, full beyond twice its width. */
+export const WILDLIFE_DENSITY_NEAR_FADE = Object.freeze({ near: 0.5, far: 2 });
+
+export function createWildlifeDensity({
+  cesium: C,
+  viewer,
+  positionForCell = (cell) => C.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(cell.lon, cell.lat),
+  requestRender = () => {},
+  setTimer = (fn, delay) => setTimeout(fn, delay),
+  clearTimer = (timer) => clearTimeout(timer),
+  requestIdle,
+  cancelIdle,
+  eventTarget = globalThis.window,
+  documentRef = globalThis.document,
+} = {}) {
+  let collection = null;
+  const nearFade = (width) =>
+    new C.NearFarScalar(
+      width * WILDLIFE_DENSITY_NEAR_FADE.near,
+      0,
+      width * WILDLIFE_DENSITY_NEAR_FADE.far,
+      1,
+    );
+  let metadata = new WeakMap();
+  const entries = new Map();
+  const fading = new Set();
+  let fadeTimer = null;
+  let destroyed = false;
+  let generation = 0;
+  let cockpitVision = false;
+  let tint = tintForStyle(documentRef?.documentElement?.dataset?.gevStyle);
+  let listening = false;
+  const fadeQueue = createWildlifeWorkQueue({ requestIdle, cancelIdle });
+  const styleQueue = createWildlifeWorkQueue({ requestIdle, cancelIdle });
+
+  // BillboardCollection does not implement Primitive's allowPicking option.
+  // Skipping its public pick update prevents its translucent quads from
+  // intercepting observations, including pixels with a faint glow alpha.
+  class DensityCollection extends C.BillboardCollection {
+    constructor() {
+      // Cesium's TRANSLUCENT-only option writes depth and occludes badges.
+      super();
+      this.allowPicking = false;
+    }
+    update(frameState) {
+      if (frameState.passes?.pick) return;
+      return super.update(frameState);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function color(entry) {
+    const mix = (i) => tint.low[i] + (tint.high[i] - tint.low[i]) * entry.rank;
+    return new C.Color(
+      mix(0),
+      mix(1),
+      mix(2),
+      (wildlifeDensityIntensity(entry.rank) * entry.opacity * entry.fade) /
+        FADE_STEPS,
+    );
+  }
+
+  function* styleWork() {
+    let visits = 0;
+    for (const entry of entries.values()) {
+      if (visits++ % WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT === 0) yield 'density-style';
+      entry.point.color = color(entry);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function setStyle(style) {
+    const next = tintForStyle(style);
+    if (next === tint) return;
+    tint = next;
+    if (entries.size)
+      styleQueue.start(styleWork(), () => requestRender('density-style'));
+  }
+
+  function onStyle(event) {
+    if (!cockpitVision) setStyle(event?.detail?.style);
+  }
+
+  function onVision(event) {
+    cockpitVision = event?.detail?.cockpit === true;
+    setStyle(event?.detail?.style);
+  }
+
+  function ensureCollection() {
+    if (collection) return;
+    collection = new DensityCollection();
+    viewer.scene.primitives.add(collection);
+    if (!listening) {
+      tint = tintForStyle(documentRef?.documentElement?.dataset?.gevStyle);
+      eventTarget?.addEventListener?.('gev:style-change', onStyle);
+      eventTarget?.addEventListener?.('gev:vision-change', onVision);
+      listening = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function* fadeWork() {
+    let visits = 0;
+    for (const entry of fading) {
+      if (visits++ % WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT === 0) yield 'density-fade';
+      entry.fade++;
+      entry.point.color = color(entry);
+      if (entry.fade >= FADE_STEPS) fading.delete(entry);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function scheduleFade() {
+    if (fadeTimer !== null || fadeQueue.pending || !fading.size || destroyed)
+      return;
+    fadeTimer = setTimer(() => {
+      fadeTimer = null;
+      fadeQueue.start(fadeWork(), () => {
+        requestRender('density-fade');
+        scheduleFade();
+      });
+    }, FADE_STEP_MS);
+  }
+
+  function dataForCell(cell, operations) {
+    if (
+      !cell ||
+      !Number.isFinite(cell.lat) ||
+      Math.abs(cell.lat) > 90 ||
+      !Number.isFinite(cell.lon) ||
+      Math.abs(cell.lon) > 180 ||
+      !Number.isSafeInteger(cell.cellCount) ||
+      cell.cellCount <= 0
+    )
+      return null;
+    const old = metadata.get(cell);
+    if (
+      old?.id === cell.id &&
+      old.lat === cell.lat &&
+      old.lon === cell.lon &&
+      old.count === cell.cellCount
+    )
+      return old;
+    const bounds =
+      old?.id === cell.id ? old.bounds : wildlifeGridCellBounds(cell.id);
+    if (!bounds) return null;
+    const samePosition = old?.lat === cell.lat && old?.lon === cell.lon;
+    const data = {
+      id: cell.id,
+      lat: cell.lat,
+      lon: cell.lon,
+      count: cell.cellCount,
+      bounds,
+      width:
+        WILDLIFE_DENSITY_OVERLAP *
+        METERS_PER_DEGREE *
+        Math.max(
+          (bounds.east - bounds.west) * Math.cos((cell.lat * Math.PI) / 180),
+          bounds.north - bounds.south,
+        ),
+      position: samePosition ? old.position : positionForCell(cell),
+    };
+    operations.densityMetadataBuilds++;
+    if (!samePosition) operations.densityPositionBuilds++;
+    metadata.set(cell, data);
+    return data;
+  }
+
+  /** Reconcile the authoritative snapshot, including successful empty tiles. */
+  function* updateWork(
+    cells = [],
+    { boxes, isPointVisible, onOperations = () => {} } = {},
+  ) {
+    const token = ++generation;
+    const operations = {
+      densityVisits: 0,
+      densityRetirementVisits: 0,
+      densityMetadataBuilds: 0,
+      densityPositionBuilds: 0,
+      densityWrites: 0,
+      densityCreated: 0,
+      densityRemoved: 0,
+    };
+    let sightingCount = 0;
+    let changed = false;
+    const height = viewer.camera?.positionCartographic?.height ?? 0;
+    const opacity = Math.max(
+      0,
+      Math.min(
+        1,
+        (ALTITUDE_FADE_END - height) /
+          (ALTITUDE_FADE_END - ALTITUDE_FADE_START),
+      ),
+    );
+    const insideHorizon = horizonTest(
+      viewer.camera?.positionWC,
+      C.Ellipsoid?.WGS84?.minimumRadius ?? 6_356_752.314245,
+    );
+    const rankOf = wildlifeDensityRanks(cells);
+    for (const cell of cells) {
+      if (operations.densityVisits++ % WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT === 0) {
+        yield 'density';
+        if (destroyed || token !== generation)
+          return { sightingCount: 0, changed: false, size: entries.size };
+      }
+      const data = dataForCell(cell, operations);
+      if (
+        !data ||
+        !intersects(data.bounds, boxes, (WILDLIFE_DENSITY_OVERLAP - 1) / 2) ||
+        isPointVisible?.(data.position) === false
+      )
+        continue;
+      if (intersects(data.bounds, boxes))
+        sightingCount = Math.min(
+          Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+          sightingCount + data.count,
+        );
+      // These are visual decisions only; counts retain every visible cell.
+      if (
+        opacity === 0 ||
+        insideHorizon?.(data.position, data.width / 2) === false
+      )
+        continue;
+      const rank = rankOf(data.count);
+      let entry = entries.get(data.id);
+      if (!entry) {
+        ensureCollection();
+        entry = { data, rank, opacity, fade: 1, seen: token, point: null };
+        entry.point = collection.add({
+          position: data.position,
+          image: DENSITY_IMAGE,
+          // Cesium packs width in 16 bits even for meter-sized billboards.
+          // Put the world diameter in its unrestricted scale attribute so
+          // continental kernels never clamp into thin vertical ellipses.
+          width: SPRITE_SIZE,
+          height: SPRITE_SIZE,
+          scale: data.width / SPRITE_SIZE,
+          sizeInMeters: true,
+          color: color(entry),
+          disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+          translucencyByDistance: nearFade(data.width),
+        });
+        entries.set(data.id, entry);
+        fading.add(entry);
+        operations.densityCreated++;
+        changed = true;
+      } else {
+        entry.seen = token;
+        if (entry.data.position !== data.position) {
+          entry.point.position = data.position;
+          operations.densityWrites++;
+          changed = true;
+        }
+        if (entry.data.width !== data.width) {
+          entry.point.scale = data.width / SPRITE_SIZE;
+          entry.point.translucencyByDistance = nearFade(data.width);
+          operations.densityWrites++;
+          changed = true;
+        }
+        if (entry.rank !== rank || entry.opacity !== opacity) {
+          entry.rank = rank;
+          entry.opacity = opacity;
+          entry.point.color = color(entry);
+          operations.densityWrites++;
+          changed = true;
+        }
+        entry.data = data;
+      }
+    }
+    for (const [id, entry] of entries) {
+      if (operations.densityRetirementVisits++ % WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT === 0) {
+        yield 'density';
+        if (destroyed || token !== generation)
+          return { sightingCount: 0, changed: false, size: entries.size };
+      }
+      if (entry.seen === token) continue;
+      collection.remove(entry.point);
+      fading.delete(entry);
+      entries.delete(id);
+      operations.densityRemoved++;
+      changed = true;
+    }
+    if (!entries.size && collection) clear(true);
+    else scheduleFade();
+    if (changed) requestRender('density');
+    onOperations(operations);
+    return { sightingCount, changed, size: entries.size };
+  }
+
+  /** Release the texture atlas, billboards, cached coordinates and all work. */
+  function clear(keepMetadata = false) {
+    generation++;
+    fadeQueue.cancel();
+    styleQueue.cancel();
+    if (fadeTimer !== null) clearTimer(fadeTimer);
+    fadeTimer = null;
+    entries.clear();
+    fading.clear();
+    if (!keepMetadata) metadata = new WeakMap();
+    if (collection) {
+      if (
+        viewer.scene.primitives.remove(collection) !== true &&
+        !collection.isDestroyed?.()
+      )
+        collection.destroy();
+      collection = null;
+    }
+    if (listening) {
+      eventTarget?.removeEventListener?.('gev:style-change', onStyle);
+      eventTarget?.removeEventListener?.('gev:vision-change', onVision);
+      listening = false;
+    }
+    cockpitVision = false;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    updateWork,
+    update: (cells, options) => drainWildlifeWork(updateWork(cells, options)),
+    clear,
+    destroy() {
+      clear();
+      destroyed = true;
+    },
+    get collection() {
+      return collection;
+    },
+    get size() {
+      return entries.size;
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4c610c7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { wildlifeGridCellBounds } from './gridViewport.js';
+import {
+  createWildlifeDensity,
+  wildlifeDensityIntensity,
+  wildlifeDensityRanks,
+  wildlifeDensityKernel,
+  WILDLIFE_DENSITY_MAX_ALPHA,
+  WILDLIFE_DENSITY_NEAR_FADE,
+  WILDLIFE_DENSITY_OVERLAP,
+} from './density.js';
+import { WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT } from './performance.js';
+
+function cell(column, count = 1, options = {}) {
+  const id = `grid:3/4/2:31:${column * 2 + 1}`;
+  const bounds = wildlifeGridCellBounds(id);
+  return {
+    id,
+    lat: (bounds.south + bounds.north) / 2,
+    lon: (bounds.west + bounds.east) / 2,
+    cellCount: count,
+    ...options,
+  };
+}
+
+function harness({ documentStyle = 'normal', camera = {} } = {}) {
+  const counts = { positions: 0, writes: 0, created: 0, updates: 0 };
+  class BillboardCollection extends Cesium.BillboardCollection {
+    add(options) {
+      counts.created++;
+      const point = super.add(options);
+      return new Proxy(point, {
+        get: (target, key) => Reflect.get(target, key, target),
+        set(target, key, value) {
+          counts.writes++;
+          return Reflect.set(target, key, value, target);
+        },
+      });
+    }
+    update() {
+      counts.updates++;
+    }
+  }
+  const primitives = new Cesium.PrimitiveCollection();
+  let handle = 0;
+  const timers = new Map();
+  const idle = new Map();
+  const renders = [];
+  const listeners = new Map();
+  const eventTarget = {
+    addEventListener(name, listener) {
+      if (!listeners.has(name)) listeners.set(name, new Set());
+      listeners.get(name).add(listener);
+    },
+    removeEventListener(name, listener) {
+      listeners.get(name)?.delete(listener);
+    },
+    emit(name, detail) {
+      for (const listener of listeners.get(name) || []) listener({ detail });
+    },
+  };
+  const density = createWildlifeDensity({
+    cesium: { ...Cesium, BillboardCollection },
+    viewer: { scene: { primitives }, camera },
+    positionForCell(row) {
+      counts.positions++;
+      return Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(row.lon, row.lat);
+    },
+    requestRender: (reason) => renders.push(reason),
+    setTimer(fn) {
+      timers.set(++handle, fn);
+      return handle;
+    },
+    clearTimer: (id) => timers.delete(id),
+    requestIdle(fn) {
+      idle.set(++handle, fn);
+      return handle;
+    },
+    cancelIdle: (id) => idle.delete(id),
+    eventTarget,
+    documentRef: { documentElement: { dataset: { gevStyle: documentStyle } } },
+  });
+  function flushIdle() {
+    while (idle.size) {
+      const [id, fn] = idle.entries().next().value;
+      idle.delete(id);
+      fn();
+    }
+  }
+  function fadeStep() {
+    for (const [id, fn] of [...timers]) {
+      timers.delete(id);
+      fn();
+    }
+    flushIdle();
+  }
+  return {
+    density,
+    primitives,
+    counts,
+    renders,
+    timers,
+    idle,
+    listeners,
+    eventTarget,
+    flushIdle,
+    fadeStep,
+    settle() {
+      while (timers.size || idle.size) {
+        fadeStep();
+        flushIdle();
+      }
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('density intensity rises with view rank, is bounded, and leaves no background for zero data', () => {
+  for (const empty of [0, -1, null, undefined, NaN, Infinity])
+    assert.equal(wildlifeDensityIntensity(empty), 0);
+  const ranks = [0.01, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.9, 1];
+  const values = ranks.map(wildlifeDensityIntensity);
+  assert.ok(values[0] > 0, 'the sparsest cell still leaves a trace');
+  assert.ok(values[0] < 0.02, 'sparse cells stay a trace, not a haze');
+  for (let i = 1; i < values.length; i++) assert.ok(values[i] > values[i - 1]);
+  assert.equal(values.at(-1), WILDLIFE_DENSITY_MAX_ALPHA);
+  assert.ok(
+    values[3] < WILDLIFE_DENSITY_MAX_ALPHA / 3,
+    'a median cell is well below a hotspot',
+  );
+});
+
+test('density ranks are relative to the view, so hotspots stay distinct at any zoom', () => {
+  const cells = (counts) => counts.map((cellCount) => ({ cellCount }));
+  const near = wildlifeDensityRanks(cells([1, 2, 3, 40]));
+  const far = wildlifeDensityRanks(cells([100, 200, 300, 4000]));
+  assert.equal(near(40), 1);
+  assert.equal(far(4000), 1, 'the top cell is brightest whatever its count');
+  assert.equal(near(1), far(100), 'the same position ranks the same');
+  assert.equal(wildlifeDensityRanks(cells([0, -1]))(5), 0);
+  assert.equal(wildlifeDensityRanks([])(5), 0);
+});
+
+test('an empty density snapshot creates no glow', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  assert.deepEqual(h.density.update([]), {
+    sightingCount: 0,
+    changed: false,
+    size: 0,
+  });
+  h.density.update([
+    cell(0, 0),
+    cell(1, -1),
+    cell(2, 0.5),
+    cell(3, 1, { id: 'invalid' }),
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(h.density.collection, null);
+  assert.equal(h.primitives.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+  h.density.destroy();
+});
+
+test('uniform occupied cells make a continuous field with no visible lattice', () => {
+  assert.ok(WILDLIFE_DENSITY_OVERLAP >= 1.5);
+  assert.equal(wildlifeDensityKernel(0), 1);
+  assert.equal(wildlifeDensityKernel(WILDLIFE_DENSITY_OVERLAP / 2), 0);
+  const samples = [];
+  for (let x = 0; x < 1; x += 0.1)
+    for (let y = 0; y < 1; y += 0.1) {
+      let value = 0;
+      for (let dx = -3; dx <= 3; dx++)
+        for (let dy = -3; dy <= 3; dy++)
+          value += wildlifeDensityKernel(Math.hypot(x - dx, y - dy));
+      samples.push(value);
+    }
+  const modulation =
+    (Math.max(...samples) - Math.min(...samples)) / Math.max(...samples);
+  assert.ok(modulation < 0.007, `${(100 * modulation).toFixed(3)}% modulation`);
+});
+
+test('each glow kernel fades on the GPU as the camera comes inside it, scaled to its own width', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.density.update([cell(0, 4), cell(1, 9)]);
+  const collection = h.density.collection;
+  assert.equal(collection.length, 2);
+  for (let i = 0; i < collection.length; i++) {
+    const point = collection.get(i);
+    const width = point.scale * point.width;
+    const fade = point.translucencyByDistance;
+    assert.ok(fade, 'no screen-filling kernel when zoomed inside it');
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(fade.near - width * WILDLIFE_DENSITY_NEAR_FADE.near) < 1e-6,
+    );
+    assert.equal(fade.nearValue, 0);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(fade.far - width * WILDLIFE_DENSITY_NEAR_FADE.far) < 1e-6,
+    );
+    assert.equal(fade.farValue, 1);
+  }
+  h.density.destroy();
+});
+
+test('occupied grid counts produce unlabelled world-sized glow billboards that never enter Cesium picking', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  const rows = [cell(0, 1), cell(1, 100), cell(2, 1000000)];
+  const result = h.density.update(rows);
+  assert.equal(result.sightingCount, 1000101);
+  assert.equal(h.primitives.length, 1);
+  const collection = h.density.collection;
+  assert.equal(collection.allowPicking, false);
+  assert.equal(collection.length, 3);
+  const first = collection.get(0);
+  assert.equal(
+    first.id,
+    undefined,
+    'density has no sighting identity or pick payload',
+  );
+  assert.equal(first.sizeInMeters, true);
+  assert.equal(first.scaleByDistance, undefined);
+  assert.match(decodeURIComponent(first.image), /radialGradient/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(decodeURIComponent(first.image), /text|badge|raven/);
+  const bounds = wildlifeGridCellBounds(rows[0].id);
+  const logicalHeight =
+    (((bounds.north - bounds.south) * Math.PI) / 180) * 6378137;
+  assert.ok(first.width * first.scale >= 1.5 * logicalHeight);
+  assert.equal(first.width, first.height);
+  assert.ok(
+    first.width <= 65536,
+    'encoded dimensions fit Cesium width packing',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    first.width * first.scale > 65536,
+    'continental splats retain their true footprint through scale',
+  );
+  collection.update({ passes: { pick: true } });
+  assert.equal(
+    h.counts.updates,
+    0,
+    'the real public pick update is suppressed',
+  );
+  collection.update({ passes: { render: true } });
+  assert.equal(h.counts.updates, 1);
+  h.settle();
+  const rankOf = wildlifeDensityRanks(rows);
+  for (let i = 0; i < collection.length; i++)
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(
+        collection.get(i).color.alpha -
+          wildlifeDensityIntensity(rankOf(rows[i].cellCount)),
+      ) < 1e-12,
+    );
+  h.density.destroy();
+});
+
+test('progressive tile arrival fades only new cells and reuses existing glow without flashing', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  const one = cell(0, 4);
+  const two = cell(1, 10);
+  h.density.update([one]);
+  const first = h.density.collection.get(0);
+  const starting = first.color.alpha;
+  h.fadeStep();
+  assert.ok(first.color.alpha > starting);
+  const middle = first.color.alpha;
+  h.density.update([one, two]);
+  // The arriving tile re-ranks the incumbent (alone it was the hotspot; now
+  // it is the median) but its fade progress is kept, not restarted.
+  const progress = middle / wildlifeDensityIntensity(1);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(first.color.alpha - wildlifeDensityIntensity(0.5) * progress) <
+      1e-12,
+    'a streamed tile re-ranks but does not restart incumbents',
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.density.collection.get(0), first);
+  assert.equal(h.density.size, 2);
+  h.settle();
+  const settled = first.color.alpha;
+  h.density.update([one, two]);
+  assert.equal(first.color.alpha, settled);
+  h.density.update([two]);
+  assert.equal(h.density.size, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.density.collection.length, 1);
+  h.density.update([]);
+  assert.equal(h.density.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.density.collection,
+    null,
+    'empty data releases the atlas and collection',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    h.primitives.length,
+    0,
+    'no full-view fill remains over empty data',
+  );
+  h.density.destroy();
+});
+
+test('visibility and antimeridian padding are applied on data/moveEnd work only', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  const west = cell(1);
+  const east = cell(28);
+  const box = { ...wildlifeGridCellBounds(west.id) };
+  assert.equal(h.density.update([west, east], { boxes: [box] }).size, 1);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.density.update([west], { boxes: [box], isPointVisible: () => false })
+      .size,
+    0,
+  );
+  const id = 'grid:3/0/2:31:1';
+  const bounds = wildlifeGridCellBounds(id);
+  const wrapped = {
+    ...west,
+    id,
+    lat: (bounds.south + bounds.north) / 2,
+    lon: -179.3,
+  };
+  const crossed = {
+    south: bounds.south,
+    north: bounds.north,
+    west: 179,
+    east: -179,
+  };
+  assert.equal(h.density.update([wrapped], { boxes: [crossed] }).size, 1);
+  h.density.destroy();
+});
+
+test('density culls far-side cells and front-side kernels that would spill over the limb', () => {
+  const camera = {
+    positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 0, 5_000_000),
+    positionCartographic: { height: 5_000_000 },
+  };
+  const h = harness({ camera });
+  const occluder = new Cesium.EllipsoidalOccluder(
+    Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+    camera.positionWC,
+  );
+  const cells = [
+    cell(0, 1, { lat: 0, lon: 0 }),
+    cell(1, 2, { lat: 0, lon: 54 }),
+    cell(2, 4, { lat: 0, lon: 110 }),
+  ];
+  assert.equal(
+    occluder.isPointVisible(Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(54, 0)),
+    true,
+    'the limb fixture has a visible centre but an overflowing footprint',
+  );
+  const result = h.density.update(cells, {
+    isPointVisible: (anchor) => occluder.isPointVisible(anchor),
+  });
+  assert.equal(result.size, 1, 'only the fully front-side kernel can glow');
+  assert.equal(
+    result.sightingCount,
+    3,
+    'visual limb padding never removes visible counts',
+  );
+  h.density.destroy();
+});
+
+test('density fades from regional detail to a clear whole-globe view without frame work or count loss', () => {
+  const camera = { positionCartographic: { height: 3_000_000 } };
+  const h = harness({ camera });
+  const cells = [cell(0, 12)];
+  h.density.update(cells);
+  h.settle();
+  const point = h.density.collection.get(0);
+  const fullAlpha = point.color.alpha;
+  camera.positionCartographic.height = 5_500_000;
+  h.density.update(cells);
+  assert.equal(h.density.collection.get(0), point);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(point.color.alpha - fullAlpha / 2) < 1e-12);
+  const writes = h.counts.writes;
+  h.density.update(cells);
+  assert.equal(h.counts.writes, writes, 'unchanged height writes nothing');
+  camera.positionCartographic.height = 8_000_000;
+  assert.equal(h.density.update(cells).sightingCount, 12);
+  assert.equal(h.density.collection, null);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0, 'no invisible fade or frame loop');
+  const positions = h.counts.positions;
+  camera.positionCartographic.height = 3_000_000;
+  h.density.update(cells);
+  h.settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    h.counts.positions,
+    positions,
+    'altitude changes reuse decoded positions',
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.density.collection.get(0).color.alpha, fullAlpha);
+  h.density.destroy();
+});
+
+test('styles follow persisted mono/CRT and cockpit vision overrides, without adding a second ramp', () => {
+  const h = harness({ documentStyle: 'thermal' });
+  h.density.update([cell(0)]);
+  h.settle();
+  const point = h.density.collection.get(0);
+  assert.equal(point.color.red, point.color.green);
+  assert.equal(point.color.green, point.color.blue);
+  const alpha = point.color.alpha;
+  h.eventTarget.emit('gev:style-change', { style: 'retro' });
+  h.flushIdle();
+  assert.ok(point.color.green > point.color.red);
+  h.eventTarget.emit('gev:vision-change', { cockpit: true, style: 'nvg' });
+  h.flushIdle();
+  assert.equal(point.color.red, point.color.green);
+  h.eventTarget.emit('gev:style-change', { style: 'normal' });
+  h.flushIdle();
+  assert.equal(
+    point.color.red,
+    point.color.green,
+    'cockpit vision wins while active',
+  );
+  h.eventTarget.emit('gev:vision-change', { cockpit: false, style: 'normal' });
+  h.flushIdle();
+  assert.notEqual(point.color.red, point.color.green);
+  assert.equal(point.color.alpha, alpha);
+  h.density.destroy();
+});
+
+test('clear/disable and destroy release the atlas, primitives, coordinates, timers and listeners', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  const row = cell(0);
+  h.density.update([row]);
+  const old = h.density.collection;
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 1);
+  h.fadeStep();
+  h.density.clear();
+  assert.equal(old.isDestroyed(), true);
+  assert.equal(h.density.collection, null);
+  assert.equal(h.density.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.primitives.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.idle.size, 0);
+  for (const values of h.listeners.values()) assert.equal(values.size, 0);
+  const priorPositions = h.counts.positions;
+  h.density.update([row]);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.counts.positions,
+    priorPositions + 1,
+    'disable released cached coordinates',
+  );
+  const work = h.density.updateWork([cell(2)]);
+  work.next();
+  h.density.destroy();
+  assert.equal(
+    work.next().done,
+    true,
+    'obsolete data work cannot resurrect a destroyed layer',
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.density.collection, null);
+  assert.equal(h.primitives.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.idle.size, 0);
+});
+
+test('dense six-tile updates have a deterministic linear operation budget and no warmed writes/projections', (t) => {
+  const h = harness();
+  const cells = [];
+  for (let x = 1; x < 3; x++)
+    for (let y = 1; y < 4; y++)
+      for (let row = 1; row < 64; row += 2)
+        for (let column = 1; column < 64; column += 2) {
+          const id = `grid:3/${x}/${y}:${row}:${column}`;
+          const box = wildlifeGridCellBounds(id);
+          cells.push({
+            id,
+            lat: (box.south + box.north) / 2,
+            lon: (box.west + box.east) / 2,
+            cellCount: row * 64 + column,
+          });
+        }
+  let operations;
+  h.density.update(cells, {
+    onOperations: (value) => {
+      operations = value;
+    },
+  });
+  h.settle();
+  assert.equal(operations.densityVisits, 6144);
+  assert.equal(operations.densityMetadataBuilds, 6144);
+  assert.equal(operations.densityPositionBuilds, 6144);
+  assert.equal(operations.densityCreated, 6144);
+  const positions = h.counts.positions;
+  const writes = h.counts.writes;
+  let units = 0;
+  const work = h.density.updateWork(cells, {
+    onOperations: (value) => {
+      operations = value;
+    },
+  });
+  while (!work.next().done) units++;
+  assert.deepEqual(operations, {
+    densityVisits: 6144,
+    densityRetirementVisits: 6144,
+    densityMetadataBuilds: 0,
+    densityPositionBuilds: 0,
+    densityWrites: 0,
+    densityCreated: 0,
+    densityRemoved: 0,
+  });
+  assert.equal(units, Math.ceil(6144 / WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT) * 2);
+  assert.equal(h.counts.positions, positions);
+  assert.equal(h.counts.writes, writes);
+  t.diagnostic(
+    `6,144 occupied cells: ${units} bounded units, 12,288 linear visits, zero warmed metadata/Cartesian builds, projections or billboard writes`,
+  );
+  h.density.destroy();
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/docs.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/docs.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f84357d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/docs.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { VOICE_OFF_LAYERS } from '../../voice/layerManifest.js';
+import { ANALYST_LAYERS } from '../../data/analystEngine.js';
+
+const read = (path) =>
+  readFileSync(new URL(`../../../${path}`, import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+const current = read('docs/CURRENT-STATE.md');
+const start = current.indexOf('## Wildlife Sightings —');
+const section = current
+  .slice(start, current.indexOf('\n## ', start + 1))
+  .replace(/\s+/g, ' ');
+
+test('Wildlife docs name the permanent token, voice policy and coverage limits', () => {
+  const token = JSON.parse(
+    read('src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json'),
+  ).find(([id]) => id === 'wildlife-sightings')?.[1];
+  assert.ok(token);
+  assert.match(section, new RegExp(`share-link token \`${token}\``));
+  assert.match(section, /Voice is off for this layer for now/);
+  assert.ok(Object.hasOwn(VOICE_OFF_LAYERS, 'wildlife-sightings'));
+  assert.ok(!Object.hasOwn(ANALYST_LAYERS, 'wildlife-sightings'));
+  assert.match(section, /not a census/i);
+  assert.match(section, /Salish Sea/);
+  assert.match(section, /0\.01°/);
+  assert.match(section, /private records are excluded/);
+});
+
+test('Wildlife documentation defines recency by observation time and compact ambient credit', () => {
+  assert.match(section, /observation time/i);
+  assert.match(section, /\bd1\b/);
+  assert.match(section, /48 h/);
+  assert.match(section, /96 px/);
+  assert.match(section, /creator name/i);
+  assert.match(section, /110\/125 km/);
+  assert.match(section, /120 km/);
+  assert.match(section, /random sample/);
+  assert.match(section, /bounded frame cache/);
+  assert.match(read('DATA_SOURCES.md'), /observation time/i);
+});
+
+test('Wildlife docs describe direct photo selection and text-only privacy rows', () => {
+  assert.match(section, /compact anchored\s+photo card/);
+  assert.match(section, /object-fit: contain/);
+  assert.match(section, /preserving zoom/);
+  assert.match(section, /compact observed\s+age/);
+  assert.match(section, /Obscured sightings also stay\s+text-only/);
+  assert.match(section, /Acartia stays text-only/);
+  assert.match(section, /closes the card and clears selection/);
+  assert.match(
+    section,
+    /shell teardown also removes its host and subscription/,
+  );
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    section,
+    /opens\s+the \*\*Sighting\*\* panel|Clicking the panel photo/,
+  );
+});
+
+test('Wildlife docs record queue failure isolation and the complete badge mapping', () => {
+  assert.match(section, /recovered queue tail/);
+  assert.match(section, /ordinary grid failures/);
+  assert.match(section, /DEGRADED/);
+  assert.match(section, /1.5 px dark outline/);
+  for (const glyph of [
+    'raven',
+    'pets',
+    'egg_alt',
+    'water_drop',
+    'set_meal',
+    'bug_report',
+    'pest_control',
+    'eco',
+    'umbrella',
+    'category',
+    'question_mark',
+  ])
+    assert.ok(section.includes('`' + glyph + '`'), glyph);
+});
+
+test('Wildlife docs separate density from real observation icons and define persistent selection', () => {
+  assert.match(section, /dedicated, nonpickable billboard/);
+  assert.match(section, /view-relative density ramp/);
+  assert.match(section, /four logical cell widths/);
+  assert.match(
+    section,
+    /Only real sampled observation rows produce taxon badges/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    section,
+    /Grid tiles publish even while the independent observation/,
+  );
+  assert.match(section, /until explicit\s+deselection or layer disable/);
+  assert.match(
+    section,
+    /releases\s+the glow collection, texture atlas, timers, queues and style listeners/,
+  );
+  assert.doesNotMatch(section, /grid badge|Clicking a grid cell/);
+});
+
+test('Wildlife docs describe one source link, name declutter and globe glow limits', () => {
+  assert.match(section, /selected chrome and paint lane/);
+  assert.match(section, /single source link/);
+  assert.match(section, /80 screen pixels/);
+  assert.match(section, /word boundary/);
+  assert.match(section, /3,000 km/);
+  assert.match(section, /8,000 km/);
+  assert.match(section, /5% radius margin/);
+  assert.match(section, /add no per-frame work/);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fdf421b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.js
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+// Observation icons share 28px screen buckets. The density glow uses finer
+// 8–14px logical cells, coarsened until the complete view fits the tile budget.
+export const WILDLIFE_GRID_TARGET_SPACING_PX = 28;
+export const WILDLIFE_GRID_SAMPLE_SPACING_PX = 14;
+export const WILDLIFE_GRID_TILE_CAP = 6;
+export const WILDLIFE_GRID_MAX_ZOOM = 22;
+// The 64×64 UTFGrid is a hit mask: each logical 8px observation bin
+// occupies 2×2 of its 4px pixels, plus a dilated hit outline. Returned centres
+// are at odd pixel coordinates. Count logical bins once, not hit-mask pixels.
+export const WILDLIFE_GRID_LOGICAL_SIZE = 32;
+const MAX_LATITUDE = 85.0511287798066;
+const degrees = (radians) => (radians * 180) / Math.PI;
+const latitudeY = (latitude) => {
+  const radians =
+    (Math.max(-MAX_LATITUDE, Math.min(MAX_LATITUDE, latitude)) * Math.PI) / 180;
+  return (1 - Math.asinh(Math.tan(radians)) / Math.PI) / 2;
+};
+const yLatitude = (value) =>
+  degrees(Math.atan(Math.sinh(Math.PI * (1 - 2 * value))));
+const validBox = (box) =>
+  !!box &&
+  ['south', 'west', 'north', 'east'].every((key) =>
+    Number.isFinite(box[key]),
+  ) &&
+  box.south >= -90 &&
+  box.north <= 90 &&
+  box.north > box.south &&
+  box.west >= -180 &&
+  box.west <= 180 &&
+  box.east >= -180 &&
+  box.east <= 180 &&
+  box.west !== box.east;
+
+function normalizedBoxes(boxes) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(boxes) || !boxes.length || !boxes.every(validBox))
+    return [];
+  return boxes
+    .flatMap((box) =>
+      box.west < box.east
+        ? [box]
+        : [
+            { ...box, east: 180 },
+            { ...box, west: -180 },
+          ],
+    )
+    .filter((box) => box.east > box.west);
+}
+
+function tileRanges(boxes, z) {
+  const count = 2 ** z;
+  const index = (value) => Math.max(0, Math.min(count - 1, Math.floor(value)));
+  return normalizedBoxes(boxes).map((box) => ({
+    left: index(((box.west + 180) / 360) * count),
+    right: index(((box.east + 180) / 360) * count - 1e-9),
+    top: index(latitudeY(box.north) * count),
+    bottom: index(latitudeY(box.south) * count - 1e-9),
+  }));
+}
+
+function tileCount(boxes, z) {
+  // Split antimeridian ranges cannot overlap except at z=0. Counting that
+  // shared tile twice merely makes the request cap slightly conservative.
+  return tileRanges(boxes, z).reduce(
+    (sum, range) =>
+      sum + (range.right - range.left + 1) * (range.bottom - range.top + 1),
+    0,
+  );
+}
+
+/** Choose the finest glow spacing whose full viewport fits the tile budget. */
+export function chooseWildlifeGridZoom({ boxes, width, height } = {}) {
+  const visible = normalizedBoxes(boxes);
+  if (!visible.length || !(width > 0) || !(height > 0)) return 0;
+  const horizontalSpan = Math.min(
+    1,
+    visible.reduce((sum, box) => sum + (box.east - box.west) / 360, 0),
+  );
+  const verticalSpan = Math.max(
+    ...visible.map((box) => latitudeY(box.south) - latitudeY(box.north)),
+  );
+  const pixelsPerWorld = Math.min(
+    width / horizontalSpan,
+    height / Math.max(1e-9, verticalSpan),
+  );
+  let z = Math.max(
+    0,
+    Math.min(
+      WILDLIFE_GRID_MAX_ZOOM,
+      Math.ceil(
+        Math.log2(
+          pixelsPerWorld /
+            (WILDLIFE_GRID_LOGICAL_SIZE * WILDLIFE_GRID_SAMPLE_SPACING_PX),
+        ) - 1e-9,
+      ),
+    ),
+  );
+  while (z > 0 && tileCount(visible, z) > WILDLIFE_GRID_TILE_CAP) z -= 1;
+  return z;
+}
+
+/** Only intersecting tiles, in stable XYZ order, with no neighboring padding.
+ * Direct oversized requests fail closed; zoom selection coarsens beforehand. */
+export function wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes, z } = {}) {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(z) || z < 0 || z > WILDLIFE_GRID_MAX_ZOOM) return [];
+  if (tileCount(boxes, z) > WILDLIFE_GRID_TILE_CAP) return [];
+  const tiles = new Map();
+  for (const range of tileRanges(boxes, z)) {
+    for (let x = range.left; x <= range.right; x += 1) {
+      for (let y = range.top; y <= range.bottom; y += 1) {
+        tiles.set(`${x}/${y}`, { z, x, y });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return [...tiles.values()].sort((a, b) => a.x - b.x || a.y - b.y);
+}
+
+/** Unlike detail-row viewport queries, grids cover full globe views too. */
+export function wildlifeGridViewportBoxes(viewer) {
+  const rectangle = viewer?.camera?.computeViewRectangle?.(
+    viewer?.scene?.globe?.ellipsoid,
+  );
+  if (!rectangle) return [];
+  return normalizedBoxes([
+    Object.fromEntries(
+      ['south', 'west', 'north', 'east'].map((key) => [
+        key,
+        Math.round(degrees(rectangle[key]) * 1e8) / 1e8,
+      ]),
+    ),
+  ]);
+}
+
+/** Return the geographic footprint of one logical occupied cell. */
+export function wildlifeGridCellBounds(id) {
+  const match = /^grid:(\d+)\/(\d+)\/(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)$/.exec(id);
+  if (!match) return null;
+  const [z, x, y, row, column] = match.slice(1).map(Number);
+  const count = 2 ** z;
+  if (
+    z > WILDLIFE_GRID_MAX_ZOOM ||
+    x >= count ||
+    y >= count ||
+    row >= 64 ||
+    column >= 64
+  )
+    return null;
+  return {
+    south: yLatitude((y + (Math.floor(row / 2) + 1) / 32) / count),
+    west: ((x + Math.floor(column / 2) / 32) / count) * 360 - 180,
+    north: yLatitude((y + Math.floor(row / 2) / 32) / count),
+    east: ((x + (Math.floor(column / 2) + 1) / 32) / count) * 360 - 180,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Shared with the proxy and cached-coverage matching. A tile's hit area can
+ * bleed into its neighbor; the geographic owner makes ids stable. */
+export function wildlifeGridCellId(lat, lon, z) {
+  if (
+    !Number.isFinite(lat) ||
+    Math.abs(lat) > 90 ||
+    !Number.isFinite(lon) ||
+    Math.abs(lon) > 180 ||
+    !Number.isInteger(z) ||
+    z < 0 ||
+    z > WILDLIFE_GRID_MAX_ZOOM
+  )
+    return null;
+  const count = 2 ** z;
+  const worldX = ((((lon + 180) / 360) % 1) + 1) % 1;
+  const worldY = Math.max(0, Math.min(1 - Number.EPSILON, latitudeY(lat)));
+  const tileX = Math.min(count - 1, Math.floor(worldX * count));
+  const tileY = Math.min(count - 1, Math.floor(worldY * count));
+  const column =
+    Math.min(31, Math.floor((worldX * count - tileX) * 32 + 1e-8)) * 2 + 1;
+  const row =
+    Math.min(31, Math.floor((worldY * count - tileY) * 32 + 1e-8)) * 2 + 1;
+  return `grid:${z}/${tileX}/${tileY}:${row}:${column}`;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1b843510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/gridViewport.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  chooseWildlifeGridZoom,
+  wildlifeGridTiles,
+  wildlifeGridViewportBoxes,
+  wildlifeGridCellBounds,
+  wildlifeGridCellId,
+  WILDLIFE_GRID_LOGICAL_SIZE,
+  WILDLIFE_GRID_TILE_CAP,
+} from './gridViewport.js';
+
+const globe = [
+  { south: -85.0511287798066, west: -180, north: 85.0511287798066, east: 180 },
+];
+const regional = [{ south: 0, west: 0, north: 40.979898069620134, east: 45 }];
+
+test('glow sampling uses roughly 8–14px cells independently of the 28px icon buckets', () => {
+  for (const [boxes, width, height, expected] of [
+    [globe, 448, 448, 0],
+    [regional, 448, 448, 3],
+    [
+      [{ south: 0, west: 0, north: 0.08789059053082508, east: 0.087890625 }],
+      448,
+      448,
+      12,
+    ],
+  ]) {
+    const zoom = chooseWildlifeGridZoom({ boxes, width, height });
+    assert.equal(zoom, expected);
+    const worldPixels = (width * 360) / (boxes[0].east - boxes[0].west);
+    const spacing = worldPixels / 2 ** zoom / WILDLIFE_GRID_LOGICAL_SIZE;
+    assert.ok(spacing >= 8 && spacing <= 14, `${zoom}: ${spacing}px`);
+    assert.ok(
+      wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes, z: zoom }).length <= WILDLIFE_GRID_TILE_CAP,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('the named six-tile budget preserves complete coverage for common views', () => {
+  for (const [boxes, width, height, expected] of [
+    [globe, 896, 896, 1],
+    [regional, 896, 896, 4],
+    [[{ south: 7, west: -168, north: 72, east: -48 }], 1400, 900, 2],
+    [globe, 4000, 4000, 1],
+    [globe, 30_000, 400, 0],
+  ]) {
+    const z = chooseWildlifeGridZoom({ boxes, width, height });
+    assert.equal(z, expected);
+    const tiles = wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes, z });
+    assert.ok(tiles.length > 0 && tiles.length <= WILDLIFE_GRID_TILE_CAP);
+  }
+});
+
+test('tile ranges contain only intersecting tiles, no offscreen neighbors or duplicate boundary tiles', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes: regional, z: 3 }), [
+    { z: 3, x: 4, y: 3 },
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes: globe, z: 0 }), [
+    { z: 0, x: 0, y: 0 },
+  ]);
+  const crossing = [{ south: 10, west: 179, north: 12, east: -178 }];
+  const split = [
+    { south: 10, west: 179, north: 12, east: 180 },
+    { south: 10, west: -180, north: 12, east: -178 },
+  ];
+  const z = chooseWildlifeGridZoom({
+    boxes: crossing,
+    width: 896,
+    height: 600,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes: crossing, z }),
+    wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes: split, z }),
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes: crossing, z }).every(
+      (tile) =>
+        ((tile.x + 1) / 2 ** z) * 360 - 180 > 179 ||
+        (tile.x / 2 ** z) * 360 - 180 < -178,
+    ),
+  );
+});
+
+test('tile cap degrades zoom to preserve complete coverage and oversized direct requests fail closed', () => {
+  const z = chooseWildlifeGridZoom({
+    boxes: globe,
+    width: 30_000,
+    height: 400,
+  });
+  assert.ok(
+    wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes: globe, z }).length <= WILDLIFE_GRID_TILE_CAP,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes: globe, z: 12 }), []);
+  assert.equal(chooseWildlifeGridZoom({ boxes: [], width: 0, height: 0 }), 0);
+  assert.deepEqual(wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes: [], z: 2 }), []);
+});
+
+test('grid camera viewport supports globe and antimeridian without detail-query degree limits', () => {
+  const radians = (value) => (value * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const viewer = {
+    camera: {
+      computeViewRectangle: () => ({
+        south: radians(-80),
+        west: radians(120),
+        north: radians(80),
+        east: radians(-120),
+      }),
+    },
+  };
+  const boxes = wildlifeGridViewportBoxes(viewer);
+  assert.equal(boxes.length, 2);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(boxes[0].west - 120) < 1e-8);
+  assert.equal(boxes[0].east, 180);
+  assert.equal(boxes[1].west, -180);
+  assert.deepEqual(wildlifeGridViewportBoxes({}), []);
+});
+
+test('logical cell ids and bounds share geographic coverage and wrap antimeridian', () => {
+  const id = wildlifeGridCellId(65.94004866768753, -18.28125, 2);
+  assert.equal(id, 'grid:2/1/1:1:51');
+  const bounds = wildlifeGridCellBounds(id);
+  assert.equal(bounds.west, -19.6875);
+  assert.equal(bounds.east, -16.875);
+  assert.ok(bounds.south < 65.94 && bounds.north > 65.94);
+  assert.equal(
+    wildlifeGridCellId(
+      (bounds.south + bounds.north) / 2,
+      (bounds.west + bounds.east) / 2,
+      2,
+    ),
+    id,
+  );
+  assert.equal(wildlifeGridCellId(0, 180, 2), wildlifeGridCellId(0, -180, 2));
+  for (const invalid of [
+    'bad',
+    'grid:23/0/0:1:1',
+    'grid:2/4/0:1:1',
+    'grid:2/0/0:64:1',
+  ])
+    assert.equal(wildlifeGridCellBounds(invalid), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/index.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75cedb093
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { horizonOccluder } from '../../data/iconOrientation.js';
+import { createPhotoSlots } from './photos.js';
+import { createRendering } from './rendering.js';
+import { createSelection } from './selection.js';
+import { createControls } from './controls.js';
+import { createLifecycle } from './lifecycle.js';
+
+/** Compose recent wildlife observations without acquiring data at construction. */
+export function createWildlifeSightingsLayer({
+  source,
+  overlayHost = null,
+  screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory = null,
+  picking = null,
+  pointer = null,
+  sprites = null,
+  badgeSprites = null,
+  render = null,
+  context = null,
+  focus = null,
+  groundFloor = null,
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+  setTimer = (fn, delay) => setTimeout(fn, delay),
+  clearTimer = (timer) => clearTimeout(timer),
+  requestIdleCallback,
+  cancelIdleCallback,
+  imageFactory,
+  eventTarget = globalThis.window,
+  cesium = Cesium,
+  project = (scene, position) =>
+    Cesium.SceneTransforms.worldToWindowCoordinates(scene, position),
+  occluderFactory = horizonOccluder,
+} = {}) {
+  if (typeof source?.getSnapshot !== 'function')
+    throw new TypeError('Wildlife sightings require a snapshot source');
+  const state = {
+    viewer: null,
+    enabled: false,
+    destroyed: false,
+    manager: null,
+    request: null,
+    background: null,
+    cameraTimer: null,
+    removeCamera: null,
+    removeContext: null,
+    clickHandler: null,
+    rows: new Map(),
+    renderedRows: [],
+    rowById: new Map(),
+    points: null,
+    pointById: new Map(),
+    positions: new Map(),
+    cells: [],
+    staging: null,
+    selectedId: null,
+    selectedRow: null,
+    carriers: new Map(),
+    contextIds: new Set(),
+    publishingContext: false,
+    ambientIds: [],
+    ambientRows: [],
+    confirmed: false,
+    taxa: 'all',
+    drawnParams: null,
+    pendingParams: null,
+    failedParams: null,
+    controlsListener: null,
+    lastUpdate: null,
+    error: null,
+    stale: false,
+    loading: false,
+    gridCells: [],
+    gridParams: null,
+    gridAvailable: false,
+    gridTotal: 0,
+    labelRows: [],
+    query: null,
+    band: null,
+    lastQueryKey: null,
+    retryAt: 0,
+    failures: 0,
+  };
+  const parts = {};
+  const services = {
+    source,
+    overlayHost,
+    screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory,
+    picking,
+    pointer,
+    sprites,
+    badgeSprites,
+    render,
+    context,
+    focus,
+    groundFloor,
+    now,
+    setTimer,
+    clearTimer,
+    requestIdleCallback,
+    cancelIdleCallback,
+    eventTarget,
+    cesium,
+    project,
+    occluderFactory,
+  };
+  const owner = { state, services, parts };
+  parts.photos = createPhotoSlots({
+    imageFactory,
+    now,
+    setTimer,
+    clearTimer,
+    onChange() {
+      if (!state.enabled) return;
+      parts.selection.publishAmbient();
+    },
+  });
+  parts.rendering = createRendering(owner);
+  parts.selection = createSelection(owner);
+  parts.controls = createControls(owner);
+  parts.lifecycle = createLifecycle(owner);
+  return Object.assign({}, parts.controls.methods, parts.lifecycle.methods, {
+    selectSighting: parts.selection.selectAndFocus,
+    clearSightingSelection: parts.selection.clearAndRebuild,
+    subscribeSelection: parts.selection.subscribe,
+    /** Return the current surface anchor for a retained observation. */
+    getSightingPosition(id) {
+      return state.positions.get(id) || null;
+    },
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e092a6ef1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
@@ -0,0 +1,804 @@
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/marker.js';
+import { getWildlifeHeightBand, rowInWildlifeBoxes } from './model.js';
+import { combineWildlifeGridSnapshots } from './source.js';
+import { wildlifeMeasure } from './performance.js';
+import { isRecentWildlifeSighting } from './records.js';
+import {
+  wildlifeGridViewportBoxes,
+  chooseWildlifeGridZoom,
+  wildlifeGridTiles,
+  wildlifeGridCellId,
+} from './gridViewport.js';
+import {
+  wildlifeViewportBoxes,
+  snapWildlifeBox,
+  retryDelayMs,
+} from './viewport.js';
+import {
+  WILDLIFE_DEBOUNCE_MS,
+  WILDLIFE_MAX_ROWS,
+  WILDLIFE_GRID_HEIGHT_METERS,
+} from './policy.js';
+
+/** Manager-owned acquisition with camera debounce and guarded transactions. */
+export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
+  let requestQueryKey = null;
+  let removeManagerListener = null;
+  let lifetimeEpoch = 0;
+  let initialCameraDeadline = 0;
+  let initialSettle = null;
+  // The manager invokes update immediately after enable. Settle startup camera
+  // events before dispatching anything, then acquire only the resulting view.
+  const INITIAL_CAMERA_SETTLE_MS = 300;
+
+  function settleInitialCamera(signal) {
+    if (!initialCameraDeadline || services.now() >= initialCameraDeadline) {
+      initialCameraDeadline = 0;
+      return Promise.resolve();
+    }
+    return new Promise((resolve) => {
+      const finish = () => {
+        services.clearTimer(state.cameraTimer);
+        state.cameraTimer = null;
+        initialSettle = null;
+        initialCameraDeadline = 0;
+        signal?.removeEventListener('abort', finish);
+        resolve();
+      };
+      initialSettle = {
+        schedule() {
+          services.clearTimer(state.cameraTimer);
+          state.cameraTimer = services.setTimer(
+            finish,
+            Math.max(0, initialCameraDeadline - services.now()),
+          );
+        },
+        finish,
+      };
+      signal?.addEventListener('abort', finish, { once: true });
+      initialSettle.schedule();
+    });
+  }
+
+  function renderBatch(fn) {
+    parts.rendering.beginBatch?.();
+    try {
+      return fn();
+    } finally {
+      parts.rendering.endBatch?.();
+    }
+  }
+
+  function clearPending() {
+    if (!state.pendingParams) return;
+    if (state.error) state.failedParams = state.pendingParams;
+    state.pendingParams = null;
+    parts.controls.notify();
+  }
+
+  function failParams(params) {
+    // An acquisition can fail during an ordinary refresh, when no option is
+    // pending. Keep the chosen taxa visible and retryable in that case too.
+    state.failedParams = {
+      ...params,
+      keys: [
+        ...new Set([
+          ...(state.pendingParams?.keys || []),
+          'taxa',
+          ...(params.confirmed ? ['confirmed'] : []),
+        ]),
+      ],
+    };
+    state.pendingParams = null;
+  }
+
+  function applyRetry(error, retryAfterSec = null) {
+    // Only upstream failures impose cooldown; network/schema errors retry on pan.
+    const status =
+      error?.upstreamStatus ??
+      error?.status ??
+      Number(/HTTP (\d{3})/.exec(error?.message || '')?.[1]);
+    const retryDelays = [error?.retryAfterSec, retryAfterSec].filter(
+      (value) => Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0,
+    );
+    const retryFromSnapshot =
+      Number.isFinite(retryAfterSec) && retryAfterSec >= 0;
+    if (!(status === 429 || status >= 500) && !retryFromSnapshot) {
+      state.failures = 0;
+      state.retryAt = 0;
+      return;
+    }
+    const backoff = retryDelays.length
+      ? Math.max(...retryDelays) * 1000
+      : retryDelayMs(state.failures || 0);
+    state.failures = backoff;
+    state.retryAt = services.now() + backoff;
+  }
+
+  function pageHidden() {
+    return (
+      services.eventTarget?.document?.hidden || globalThis.document?.hidden
+    );
+  }
+
+  function currentQuery() {
+    const height = state.viewer?.camera?.positionCartographic?.height;
+    state.band = getWildlifeHeightBand(height ?? Infinity, state.band);
+    const boxes =
+      state.band === 'global'
+        ? null
+        : wildlifeViewportBoxes(state.viewer)?.map((box) =>
+            snapWildlifeBox(box),
+          );
+    const visibleBoxes = wildlifeGridViewportBoxes(state.viewer);
+    const scope =
+      state.band === 'global' ||
+      (!boxes && (height ?? Infinity) > WILDLIFE_GRID_HEIGHT_METERS)
+        ? 'global'
+        : 'view';
+    if (scope === 'view' && (!boxes?.length || boxes.some((box) => !box)))
+      return null;
+    const baseKey = JSON.stringify([
+      scope,
+      scope === 'global' ? null : boxes,
+      state.confirmed,
+      state.taxa,
+    ]);
+    const canvas = state.viewer?.scene?.canvas;
+    const zoom = visibleBoxes?.length
+      ? chooseWildlifeGridZoom({
+          boxes: visibleBoxes,
+          width: canvas?.clientWidth || 1400,
+          height: canvas?.clientHeight || 900,
+        })
+      : 0;
+    const tiles = visibleBoxes?.length
+      ? wildlifeGridTiles({ boxes: visibleBoxes, z: zoom })
+      : [];
+    return {
+      scope,
+      boxes: scope === 'global' ? null : boxes,
+      visibleBoxes,
+      tiles,
+      key: JSON.stringify([baseKey, tiles]),
+    };
+  }
+
+  function refreshView() {
+    const query = currentQuery();
+    const superseded = state.query?.key !== query?.key;
+    state.query = query;
+    if (superseded) {
+      state.request?.abort();
+      state.background?.abort();
+    }
+    // Keep the previous validated display while changing filters. Its rows
+    // and parameter chips are replaced together when acquisition succeeds.
+    renderBatch(() => {
+      const pending =
+        !state.pendingClear && parts.rendering.rebuild() === 'pending';
+      parts.rendering.cull();
+      if (pending) return;
+      parts.selection.refreshAmbient();
+      parts.selection.refreshContexts();
+      parts.selection.syncCredits();
+    });
+    return query;
+  }
+
+  async function refresh() {
+    if (!state.enabled || pageHidden()) {
+      clearPending();
+      return;
+    }
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    const pendingParams = state.pendingParams;
+    state.background?.abort();
+    state.background = controller;
+    try {
+      if (state.manager)
+        await state.manager.refreshLayer('wildlife-sightings', {
+          signal: controller.signal,
+        });
+      else await methods.update(undefined, { signal: controller.signal });
+    } catch {
+      // update exposes expected source errors through stats; manager failures
+      // already have their own normalized status path.
+    } finally {
+      if (state.background === controller) {
+        state.background = null;
+        // A manager may decline acquisition while it is enabling, or the view
+        // may disappear before update. Only queued/in-flight work is busy.
+        if (
+          state.pendingParams === pendingParams &&
+          !state.loading &&
+          state.cameraTimer == null
+        )
+          clearPending();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  function scheduleRefresh() {
+    services.clearTimer(state.cameraTimer);
+    state.cameraTimer = null;
+    if (!state.enabled || pageHidden()) {
+      clearPending();
+      return;
+    }
+    if (initialSettle) {
+      initialSettle.schedule();
+      return;
+    }
+    const query = currentQuery();
+    if (!query || query.key === state.lastQueryKey) {
+      clearPending();
+      return;
+    }
+    if (
+      query.key === requestQueryKey &&
+      state.request &&
+      !state.request.signal.aborted
+    )
+      return;
+    state.cameraTimer = services.setTimer(
+      () => {
+        state.cameraTimer = null;
+        if (!state.enabled || pageHidden()) {
+          clearPending();
+          return;
+        }
+        const query = currentQuery();
+        if (!query || query.key === state.lastQueryKey) {
+          clearPending();
+          return;
+        }
+        if (
+          query.key === requestQueryKey &&
+          state.request &&
+          !state.request.signal.aborted
+        )
+          return;
+        if (services.now() < state.retryAt) {
+          scheduleRefresh();
+          return;
+        }
+        void refresh();
+      },
+      Math.max(WILDLIFE_DEBOUNCE_MS, state.retryAt - services.now()),
+    );
+  }
+
+  function applyAccepted({
+    snapshot,
+    grid,
+    gridError,
+    query,
+    params,
+    request,
+    signal,
+    epoch,
+    replaceRows = true,
+  }) {
+    const current = currentQuery();
+    if (
+      !state.enabled ||
+      state.destroyed ||
+      epoch !== lifetimeEpoch ||
+      request.signal.aborted ||
+      signal?.aborted ||
+      params.taxa !== state.taxa ||
+      params.confirmed !== state.confirmed ||
+      current?.key !== query.key
+    )
+      return;
+    renderBatch(() => {
+      const sameParams =
+        params.taxa === state.drawnParams?.taxa &&
+        params.confirmed === state.drawnParams?.confirmed;
+      const gridParams = state.gridParams || state.drawnParams;
+      const sameGridParams =
+        params.taxa === gridParams?.taxa &&
+        params.confirmed === gridParams?.confirmed;
+      // Tiles may beat a slow observation page. Publish their density without
+      // replacing observations or claiming their filter transaction succeeded.
+      // A pending filter keeps its previous display until both paths agree.
+      if (!snapshot) {
+        if (state.drawnParams && !sameParams) return;
+        if (grid) {
+          state.gridCells = grid.cells || [];
+          state.gridParams = params;
+          state.gridAvailable = true;
+          state.gridTotal = grid.totalResults || 0;
+          if (state.lastUpdate == null)
+            state.lastUpdate = Number.isFinite(grid.fetchedAt)
+              ? grid.fetchedAt
+              : services.now();
+          const pendingRender = parts.rendering.rebuild() === 'pending';
+          if (!pendingRender) {
+            parts.selection.refreshAmbient();
+            parts.selection.publishSelected();
+            parts.selection.refreshContexts();
+            parts.selection.syncCredits();
+          }
+          parts.controls.notify();
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+      if (replaceRows) {
+        if (state.selectedId && !state.selectedRow)
+          state.selectedRow =
+            state.rowById.get(state.selectedId) ||
+            state.rows.get(state.selectedId) ||
+            null;
+        const retainedRows = sameParams
+          ? (parts.selection.retainedAmbientRows?.() || []).filter(
+              (row) =>
+                state.rows.has(row.stableId) &&
+                isRecentWildlifeSighting(row, services.now(), params.taxa),
+            )
+          : [];
+        const retainedIds = new Set(retainedRows.map((row) => row.stableId));
+        if (state.selectedRow) retainedIds.add(state.selectedRow.stableId);
+        if (state.pendingClear || state.loadedScope !== query.scope)
+          state.rows.clear();
+        state.loadedScope = query.scope;
+        state.pendingClear = false;
+        // A successful page replaces this queried area, including a healthy
+        // empty page. Keep only other visited areas in the bounded LRU.
+        for (const [id, row] of state.rows) {
+          if (rowInWildlifeBoxes(row, query.boxes, 0)) state.rows.delete(id);
+        }
+        for (const row of snapshot.rows) {
+          state.rows.delete(row.stableId);
+          state.rows.set(row.stableId, row);
+          if (row.stableId === state.selectedId) state.selectedRow = row;
+        }
+        // Selection owns a real observation until explicit deselection. It is
+        // independent of sample/window/filter and ambient-card eligibility.
+        if (state.selectedRow && !state.rows.has(state.selectedId))
+          state.rows.set(state.selectedId, state.selectedRow);
+        // Random samples may omit a photograph already displayed. Its bounded
+        // incumbent row stays selectable until the card leaves the view/window.
+        for (const row of retainedRows) {
+          if (!state.rows.has(row.stableId)) state.rows.set(row.stableId, row);
+        }
+        if (state.rows.size > WILDLIFE_MAX_ROWS) {
+          for (const id of state.rows.keys()) {
+            if (!retainedIds.has(id)) state.rows.delete(id);
+            if (state.rows.size <= WILDLIFE_MAX_ROWS) break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (state.rows.size > WILDLIFE_MAX_ROWS) {
+          for (const id of state.rows.keys()) {
+            if (id !== state.selectedId) state.rows.delete(id);
+            if (state.rows.size <= WILDLIFE_MAX_ROWS) break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      const failedStale = [snapshot, grid].filter(
+        (value) =>
+          value?.stale === true &&
+          Number.isFinite(value.retryAfterSec) &&
+          (value.upstreamStatus === undefined ||
+            value.upstreamStatus === 429 ||
+            value.upstreamStatus >= 500),
+      );
+      const staleError = failedStale.length
+        ? Object.assign(
+            new Error(msg('Wildlife sightings source unavailable')),
+            {
+              retryAfterSec: Math.max(
+                ...failedStale.map((value) => value.retryAfterSec),
+              ),
+            },
+          )
+        : null;
+      const sourceError =
+        gridError ||
+        staleError ||
+        (snapshot.sources?.acartia?.ok === false
+          ? new Error(msg('Acartia feed unavailable'))
+          : null);
+      state.stale =
+        !sourceError && (snapshot.stale === true || grid?.stale === true);
+      const fetchedAt = [snapshot.fetchedAt, grid?.fetchedAt].filter(
+        Number.isFinite,
+      );
+      state.lastUpdate =
+        (snapshot.stale === true || grid?.stale === true) && fetchedAt.length
+          ? Math.min(...fetchedAt)
+          : services.now();
+      state.error = sourceError?.message || null;
+      state.drawnParams = params;
+      const retryAfter = [snapshot, grid]
+        .filter(
+          (value) =>
+            value &&
+            (value.upstreamStatus === undefined ||
+              value.upstreamStatus === 429 ||
+              value.upstreamStatus >= 500),
+        )
+        .map((value) => value.retryAfterSec)
+        .filter(Number.isFinite);
+      if (sourceError) {
+        failParams(params);
+        applyRetry(
+          sourceError,
+          retryAfter.length ? Math.max(...retryAfter) : null,
+        );
+      } else {
+        state.pendingParams = null;
+        state.failedParams = null;
+        state.retryAt = retryAfter.length
+          ? services.now() + Math.max(...retryAfter) * 1000
+          : 0;
+        state.failures = 0;
+      }
+      state.query = currentQuery();
+      if (grid !== undefined || !sameGridParams) {
+        state.gridCells = grid?.cells || [];
+        state.gridParams = grid ? params : null;
+        state.gridAvailable = !!grid;
+        state.gridTotal = grid?.totalResults || 0;
+      }
+      const pendingRender = parts.rendering.rebuild() === 'pending';
+      if (pendingRender) {
+        state.lastQueryKey = sourceError ? null : state.query?.key || query.key;
+        parts.controls.notify();
+        return;
+      }
+      parts.selection.refreshAmbient();
+      parts.selection.publishSelected();
+      parts.selection.notify();
+      parts.selection.refreshContexts();
+      parts.selection.syncCredits();
+      state.lastQueryKey = sourceError ? null : state.query?.key || query.key;
+      parts.controls.notify();
+    });
+  }
+
+  function disable() {
+    lifetimeEpoch += 1;
+    initialSettle?.finish();
+    initialCameraDeadline = 0;
+    state.enabled = false;
+    services.clearTimer(state.cameraTimer);
+    state.cameraTimer = null;
+    state.request?.abort();
+    state.request = null;
+    requestQueryKey = null;
+    state.background?.abort();
+    state.background = null;
+    state.loading = false;
+    clearPending();
+    state.removeCamera?.();
+    state.removeCamera = null;
+    parts.rendering.deactivate?.();
+    removeManagerListener?.();
+    removeManagerListener = null;
+    parts.selection.remove();
+    services.picking?.unregisterPickOwner?.('wildlife-sightings');
+    parts.rendering.clear();
+    parts.photos.clear();
+    parts.controls.notify();
+    parts.rendering.requestRender('disable');
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const methods = {
+    /** Attach this layer's Cesium resources to one viewer. */
+    init(viewer, { signal } = {}) {
+      if (state.viewer)
+        throw new Error('Wildlife sightings layer is already initialized');
+      if (state.destroyed || signal?.aborted) return false;
+      state.viewer = viewer;
+      parts.rendering.init();
+      return true;
+    },
+    /** Show retained observations and acquire the settled camera view. */
+    enable(_viewer, { signal } = {}) {
+      if (state.destroyed || signal?.aborted) return false;
+      if (!state.viewer)
+        throw new Error('Wildlife sightings layer must be initialized');
+      if (state.enabled) return true;
+      state.enabled = true;
+      initialCameraDeadline = services.now() + INITIAL_CAMERA_SETTLE_MS;
+      parts.rendering.activate?.();
+      state.points.show = true;
+      refreshView();
+      for (const id of parts.selection.sourceIds)
+        services.overlayHost?.setVisible?.(id, true);
+      parts.selection.install();
+      services.picking?.registerPickOwner?.(
+        'wildlife-sightings',
+        (id) =>
+          typeof id === 'string' &&
+          id.startsWith('wildlife:') &&
+          state.rowById.has(id.slice(9)),
+      );
+      state.removeCamera = state.viewer.camera?.moveEnd?.addEventListener?.(
+        () => {
+          if (!state.enabled) return;
+          wildlifeMeasure('moveEnd', () => {
+            if (
+              initialCameraDeadline &&
+              services.now() < initialCameraDeadline
+            ) {
+              initialCameraDeadline = services.now() + INITIAL_CAMERA_SETTLE_MS;
+              refreshView();
+              initialSettle?.schedule();
+            } else {
+              refreshView();
+              scheduleRefresh();
+            }
+            parts.controls.notify();
+          });
+        },
+      );
+      // A debounce can expire while the manager is still enabling and cannot
+      // accept refreshLayer yet. Its settled visibility event is the one
+      // catch-up edge; completed initial queries are skipped by their key.
+      removeManagerListener =
+        state.manager?.subscribe?.((change) => {
+          if (
+            change.type === 'visibility' &&
+            change.layerId === 'wildlife-sightings' &&
+            change.enabled === true &&
+            state.enabled
+          )
+            scheduleRefresh();
+        }) || null;
+      if (services.sprites?.restoreSpriteOrderOnEnable)
+        services.sprites.restoreSpriteOrderOnEnable(
+          'wildlife-sightings',
+          state.viewer,
+        );
+      else services.sprites?.restoreSpriteOrder?.(state.viewer);
+      return true;
+    },
+    /** Refresh observations and density independently for the current filters. */
+    async update(_viewer, { signal } = {}) {
+      if (
+        !state.enabled ||
+        !state.points ||
+        state.destroyed ||
+        signal?.aborted
+      ) {
+        if (!state.request) clearPending();
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (initialCameraDeadline && services.now() < initialCameraDeadline)
+        await settleInitialCamera(signal);
+      initialCameraDeadline = 0;
+      if (!state.enabled || state.destroyed || signal?.aborted) return false;
+      const query = currentQuery();
+      state.query = query;
+      if (!query || pageHidden()) {
+        clearPending();
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (services.now() < state.retryAt) {
+        if (state.pendingParams && state.cameraTimer == null) scheduleRefresh();
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (
+        requestQueryKey === query.key &&
+        state.request &&
+        !state.request.signal.aborted
+      )
+        return true;
+      state.request?.abort();
+      const request = new AbortController();
+      const requestLifetime = lifetimeEpoch;
+      const supersededResult = () =>
+        state.enabled &&
+        !state.destroyed &&
+        lifetimeEpoch === requestLifetime &&
+        !signal?.aborted;
+      state.request = request;
+      requestQueryKey = query.key;
+      const onAbort = () => request.abort(signal.reason);
+      signal?.addEventListener?.('abort', onAbort, { once: true });
+      const params = { confirmed: state.confirmed, taxa: state.taxa };
+      state.loading = true;
+      if (!state.pendingParams) {
+        const drawn = state.drawnParams || { confirmed: false, taxa: null };
+        const keys = ['confirmed', 'taxa'].filter(
+          (key) => params[key] !== drawn[key],
+        );
+        if (keys.length) state.pendingParams = { ...params, keys };
+      }
+      parts.controls.notify();
+      let received = false;
+      let gridPending = false;
+      let acceptedSnapshot = null;
+      let gridRequest = null;
+      let gridResult = null;
+      const tileSnapshots = new Map();
+      const gridParams = state.gridParams || state.drawnParams;
+      const retainedGrid =
+        params.taxa === gridParams?.taxa &&
+        params.confirmed === gridParams?.confirmed
+          ? state.gridCells || []
+          : [];
+      function aggregateTiles(complete = false) {
+        if (!tileSnapshots.size) return undefined;
+        const grid = combineWildlifeGridSnapshots([...tileSnapshots.values()]);
+        if (!complete && retainedGrid.length) {
+          const zoom = query.tiles[0]?.z;
+          const covered = new Set(tileSnapshots.keys());
+          const retained = retainedGrid.filter(
+            (cell) =>
+              !covered.has(
+                wildlifeGridCellId(cell.lat, cell.lon, zoom)?.split(':')[1],
+              ),
+          );
+          return combineWildlifeGridSnapshots([
+            { ...grid, cells: [...retained, ...grid.cells] },
+          ]);
+        }
+        return grid;
+      }
+      function completedGrid(value) {
+        if (!value) return value;
+        const aggregate = aggregateTiles(!value.error);
+        return aggregate
+          ? combineWildlifeGridSnapshots([aggregate, value], value.error)
+          : value;
+      }
+      function publish(grid, gridError = null, replaceRows = false) {
+        applyAccepted({
+          snapshot: acceptedSnapshot,
+          grid,
+          gridError,
+          replaceRows,
+          query,
+          params,
+          request,
+          signal,
+          epoch: requestLifetime,
+        });
+      }
+      function finishTiles() {
+        signal?.removeEventListener?.('abort', onAbort);
+        if (state.request === request) {
+          state.request = null;
+          requestQueryKey = null;
+          state.loading = false;
+          if (request.signal.aborted && state.cameraTimer == null)
+            clearPending();
+          parts.controls.notify();
+        }
+      }
+      function continueTiles() {
+        if (!gridRequest || gridResult) return;
+        gridPending = true;
+        void gridRequest
+          .then((result) => {
+            if (
+              acceptedSnapshot &&
+              !request.signal.aborted &&
+              state.request === request &&
+              state.enabled
+            )
+              publish(result?.value, result?.error || result?.value?.error);
+          })
+          .finally(finishTiles);
+      }
+      try {
+        const options = {
+          signal: request.signal,
+          boxes: query.boxes,
+          box: query.boxes?.[0] || null,
+          scope: query.scope,
+          ...params,
+        };
+        // Observation requests enter the shared proxy queue first. A slow tile
+        // never holds the manager's initial enable or the first observations.
+        const observationRequest =
+          typeof services.source.getSnapshotDetail === 'function'
+            ? services.source.getSnapshotDetail(options)
+            : Promise.resolve(services.source.getSnapshot(options)).then(
+                (rows) => ({ rows, stale: false, fetchedAt: services.now() }),
+              );
+        const hasGrid =
+          typeof services.source.getGridSnapshot === 'function' &&
+          query.tiles.length;
+        gridRequest = hasGrid
+          ? services.source
+              .getGridSnapshot({
+                signal: request.signal,
+                tiles: query.tiles,
+                ...params,
+                onTile(value, { tile }) {
+                  if (request.signal.aborted || state.request !== request)
+                    return;
+                  tileSnapshots.set(`${tile.z}/${tile.x}/${tile.y}`, value);
+                  publish(aggregateTiles());
+                },
+              })
+              .then(
+                (value) => {
+                  gridResult = { value: completedGrid(value) };
+                  if (!acceptedSnapshot)
+                    publish(gridResult.value, value?.error);
+                  return gridResult;
+                },
+                (error) => (gridResult = { error }),
+              )
+          : null;
+        const snapshot = await observationRequest;
+        if (
+          request.signal.aborted ||
+          state.request !== request ||
+          !state.enabled
+        )
+          return supersededResult();
+        if (!Array.isArray(snapshot?.rows))
+          throw new Error('Malformed iNaturalist response');
+        received = true;
+        acceptedSnapshot = snapshot;
+        publish(
+          gridResult?.value || aggregateTiles(),
+          gridResult?.error || gridResult?.value?.error,
+          true,
+        );
+        if (hasGrid && !gridResult) {
+          continueTiles();
+        } else if (gridResult && !gridResult.value && gridResult.error) {
+          // Observation rows remain visible when the first tile set fails.
+          publish(undefined, gridResult.error);
+        }
+        return true;
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (
+          request.signal.aborted ||
+          state.request !== request ||
+          !state.enabled
+        )
+          return supersededResult();
+        if (received) throw error;
+        // Observation failures must not cancel independent density tiles.
+        continueTiles();
+        state.stale = false;
+        state.error =
+          error?.message || msg('Wildlife sightings source unavailable');
+        failParams(params);
+        state.lastQueryKey = null;
+        requestQueryKey = null;
+        applyRetry(error);
+        console.warn('[Data:WildlifeSightings] Update failed:', state.error);
+        return true;
+      } finally {
+        if (!gridPending) finishTiles();
+      }
+    },
+    /** Stop acquisition and release visible resources while retaining filters. */
+    disable,
+    /** Release requests, subscriptions, caches and scene resources. */
+    destroy() {
+      if (state.destroyed) return;
+      disable();
+      state.destroyed = true;
+      parts.selection.destroy();
+      parts.photos.destroy();
+      parts.rendering.destroy();
+      state.rows.clear();
+      state.lastUpdate = null;
+      state.error = null;
+      state.stale = false;
+      state.drawnParams = null;
+      state.gridParams = null;
+      state.pendingParams = null;
+      state.failedParams = null;
+      state.controlsListener = null;
+      state.manager = null;
+      state.viewer = null;
+    },
+  };
+  return {
+    methods,
+    scheduleRefresh,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c853a45e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.js
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+import {
+  WILDLIFE_HEIGHT_BANDS,
+  WILDLIFE_HEIGHT_HYSTERESIS,
+  WILDLIFE_RENDER_LIMIT,
+  WILDLIFE_VIEW_PADDING,
+} from './policy.js';
+import { WILDLIFE_GRID_TARGET_SPACING_PX } from './gridViewport.js';
+import { drainWildlifeWork, WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT } from './performance.js';
+
+const BAND_ORDER = Object.freeze(['cards', 'cells', 'regional', 'global']);
+const BAND_THRESHOLDS = Object.freeze([
+  WILDLIFE_HEIGHT_BANDS.cards,
+  WILDLIFE_HEIGHT_BANDS.cells,
+  WILDLIFE_HEIGHT_BANDS.global,
+]);
+
+/** A previous band is retained until a boundary is crossed by ten percent. */
+export function getWildlifeHeightBand(heightM, previous) {
+  const height = Number.isFinite(heightM) ? Math.max(0, heightM) : 0;
+  let index = BAND_ORDER.indexOf(previous);
+  if (index < 0)
+    return BAND_ORDER[
+      BAND_THRESHOLDS.filter((boundary) => height > boundary).length
+    ];
+  while (
+    index < BAND_ORDER.length - 1 &&
+    height > BAND_THRESHOLDS[index] * (1 + WILDLIFE_HEIGHT_HYSTERESIS)
+  )
+    index += 1;
+  while (
+    index > 0 &&
+    height < BAND_THRESHOLDS[index - 1] * (1 - WILDLIFE_HEIGHT_HYSTERESIS)
+  )
+    index -= 1;
+  return BAND_ORDER[index];
+}
+
+/** Share the legend's animal grouping and unknown fallback with sprites. */
+export function wildlifeIconicGroup(iconic) {
+  if (iconic === 'Mollusca' || iconic === 'Animalia') return 'Animalia';
+  return [
+    'Aves',
+    'Mammalia',
+    'Reptilia',
+    'Amphibia',
+    'Actinopterygii',
+    'Insecta',
+    'Arachnida',
+    'Plantae',
+    'Fungi',
+  ].includes(iconic)
+    ? iconic
+    : 'Unknown';
+}
+
+function validIconPosition(row) {
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(row?.lat) &&
+    Math.abs(row.lat) <= 90 &&
+    Number.isFinite(row?.lon) &&
+    Math.abs(row.lon) <= 180
+  );
+}
+
+/** Compare provider IDs consistently across locales. */
+export function compareWildlifeIds(a, b) {
+  return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+/** Prefer a selected/identified recent contact when a population exceeds its
+ * cap. Density is never converted into a larger billboard. */
+export function wildlifeIconRelevance(row, selectedId = null) {
+  return (
+    (row.stableId === selectedId ? 1e15 : 0) +
+    (row.commonName ? 1e13 : 0) +
+    (row.quality === 'research' ? 1e12 : 0) +
+    (Number.isFinite(row.observedAt) ? row.observedAt / 1000 : 0)
+  );
+}
+
+/** Real observations alone compete for 28px screen buckets. Density is an
+ * independent visual and can never supply or suppress a sighting's identity.
+ * A selected observation keeps its slot even outside the new camera view. */
+export function buildWildlifeIconModel(options = {}) {
+  return drainWildlifeWork(wildlifeIconModelWork(options));
+}
+
+/** Yield bounded units while selecting real observations for screen buckets. */
+export function* wildlifeIconModelWork({
+  rows = [],
+  boxes = null,
+  selectedId = null,
+  selectedRow = null,
+  preferredIds = [],
+  limit = WILDLIFE_RENDER_LIMIT,
+  projectRow = null,
+  onOperations = null,
+} = {}) {
+  const operations = {
+    observationVisits: 0,
+    projections: 0,
+    rankComparisons: 0,
+  };
+  const preferred = new Set(preferredIds);
+  const seen = new Set();
+  const buckets = new Map();
+  let sightingCount = 0;
+  let acartiaCount = 0;
+  const score = (row) =>
+    wildlifeIconRelevance(row, selectedId) +
+    (preferred.has(row.stableId) ? 1e14 : 0);
+  const candidates =
+    selectedRow && !rows.includes(selectedRow) ? [...rows, selectedRow] : rows;
+  yield 'bucket';
+  for (const row of candidates) {
+    if (
+      operations.observationVisits &&
+      operations.observationVisits % WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT === 0
+    )
+      yield 'bucket';
+    operations.observationVisits++;
+    if (
+      typeof row?.stableId !== 'string' ||
+      !row.stableId.length ||
+      !validIconPosition(row) ||
+      seen.has(row.stableId)
+    )
+      continue;
+    seen.add(row.stableId);
+    const selected = row.stableId === selectedId;
+    const inView = rowInWildlifeBoxes(row, boxes, 0);
+    if (!selected && !inView) continue;
+    let key = row.stableId;
+    let visible = inView;
+    if (typeof projectRow === 'function') {
+      operations.projections++;
+      const screen = projectRow(row);
+      visible &&=
+        !!screen && Number.isFinite(screen.x) && Number.isFinite(screen.y);
+      if (!visible && !selected) continue;
+      if (visible) {
+        const x = Math.floor(screen.x / WILDLIFE_GRID_TARGET_SPACING_PX);
+        const y = Math.floor(screen.y / WILDLIFE_GRID_TARGET_SPACING_PX);
+        key =
+          Math.abs(x) < 1048576 && Math.abs(y) < 1048576
+            ? x * 2097152 + y
+            : `${x}:${y}`;
+      }
+    }
+    if (visible) {
+      sightingCount++;
+      if (row.origin === 'acartia') acartiaCount++;
+    }
+    const incumbent = buckets.get(key);
+    if (
+      !incumbent ||
+      score(row) > score(incumbent) ||
+      (score(row) === score(incumbent) && row.stableId < incumbent.stableId)
+    )
+      buckets.set(key, row);
+  }
+  yield 'rank';
+  const population = [...buckets.values()];
+  const cap = Math.max(selectedId ? 1 : 0, Math.floor(limit));
+  const saturated = population.length > cap;
+  if (saturated)
+    population.sort((a, b) => {
+      operations.rankComparisons++;
+      return score(b) - score(a) || compareWildlifeIds(a.stableId, b.stableId);
+    });
+  onOperations?.(operations);
+  return {
+    rows: saturated ? population.slice(0, cap) : population,
+    saturated,
+    totalPoints: population.length,
+    sightingCount,
+    acartiaCount,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Test the padded view in degrees, including across the antimeridian. Null
+ * boxes are the global sample, whose rows all remain candidates. */
+export function rowInWildlifeBoxes(
+  row,
+  boxes,
+  padding = WILDLIFE_VIEW_PADDING,
+) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(row?.lat) || !Number.isFinite(row?.lon)) return false;
+  if (!Array.isArray(boxes)) return true;
+  for (const box of boxes) {
+    const latPad = (box.north - box.south) * padding;
+    const width =
+      box.east >= box.west ? box.east - box.west : 360 - box.west + box.east;
+    const lonPad = width * padding;
+    if (
+      row.lat < Math.max(-90, box.south - latPad) ||
+      row.lat > Math.min(90, box.north + latPad)
+    )
+      continue;
+    const relative = row.lon - box.west;
+    if (relative >= -lonPad && relative <= width + lonPad) return true;
+    if (relative + 360 >= -lonPad && relative + 360 <= width + lonPad)
+      return true;
+    if (relative - 360 >= -lonPad && relative - 360 <= width + lonPad)
+      return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.perf.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.perf.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19539b7ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.perf.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { performance } from 'node:perf_hooks';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { perfBudgetTestOptions } from '../../../scripts/run-perf-tests.mjs';
+import {
+  harness,
+  syntheticRows,
+  changePositions,
+  WILDLIFE_BENCHMARK_REFRESHES,
+} from '../../testSupport/wildlifeBillboardModel.mjs';
+
+// Pure model and incremental reconciliation, measured after warmup.
+// The 2,000-contact allowance is a fraction of one 60Hz frame; the 5,000 cap
+// gets a proportional allowance. No renderer, network or real sightings run.
+const WILDLIFE_MODEL_UPDATE_BUDGET_MS = Object.freeze({
+  500: 4,
+  2000: 8,
+  5000: 20,
+});
+test(
+  '500 / 2,000 / 5,000 icon model updates stay within their named timing budgets',
+  perfBudgetTestOptions(),
+  (t) => {
+    // Warm the same pure hot paths before recording CPU time.
+    const warm = harness();
+    let warmRows = syntheticRows(2000);
+    warm.apply(warmRows);
+    for (let i = 0; i < 25; i++) {
+      warmRows = changePositions(warmRows, i);
+      warm.apply(warmRows);
+    }
+    for (const n of [500, 2000, 5000]) {
+      const h = harness();
+      let rows = syntheticRows(n);
+      const start = performance.now();
+      const initial = h.apply(rows);
+      const initialMs = performance.now() - start;
+      assert.equal(initial.created, n);
+      const durations = [];
+      for (let refresh = 0; refresh < WILDLIFE_BENCHMARK_REFRESHES; refresh++) {
+        rows = changePositions(rows, refresh);
+        const before = performance.now();
+        const update = h.apply(rows);
+        durations.push(performance.now() - before);
+        assert.deepEqual(update, {
+          created: 0,
+          removed: 0,
+          updated: n / 10,
+          writes: n / 10,
+        });
+      }
+      const meanMs =
+        durations.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value, 0) / durations.length;
+      const maxMs = Math.max(...durations);
+      assert.ok(
+        maxMs <= WILDLIFE_MODEL_UPDATE_BUDGET_MS[n],
+        `${n}: ${maxMs.toFixed(3)}ms update exceeds ${WILDLIFE_MODEL_UPDATE_BUDGET_MS[n]}ms`,
+      );
+      const before = { ...h.counters };
+      assert.deepEqual(h.apply([...rows].reverse()), {
+        created: 0,
+        removed: 0,
+        updated: 0,
+        writes: 0,
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(
+        h.counters,
+        before,
+        'unchanged content performs zero billboard writes or allocations',
+      );
+      t.diagnostic(
+        `N=${n}; initial=${initialMs.toFixed(3)}ms; incremental10% mean=${meanMs.toFixed(3)}ms, max=${maxMs.toFixed(3)}ms; budget=${WILDLIFE_MODEL_UPDATE_BUDGET_MS[n]}ms; unchanged writes=0`,
+      );
+    }
+  },
+);
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..680be10c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  wildlifeIconicGroup,
+  rowInWildlifeBoxes,
+  buildWildlifeIconModel,
+} from './model.js';
+import { ICONIC_TINTS, ICONIC_LEGEND_ORDER, TAXA_PRESETS } from './policy.js';
+
+const row = {
+  stableId: 'inat:1',
+  lat: 47.6,
+  lon: -122.3,
+  cell: null,
+  iconic: 'Aves',
+  quality: 'research',
+  count: null,
+  obscured: false,
+};
+
+test('unknown groups are slate and molluscs fold into other animals', () => {
+  assert.equal(wildlifeIconicGroup('Mollusca'), 'Animalia');
+  for (const iconic of ['Unknown', 'Protozoa', 'Chromista', undefined])
+    assert.equal(wildlifeIconicGroup(iconic), 'Unknown');
+  assert.equal(ICONIC_TINTS.Unknown, '#9aa7b3');
+  assert.equal(ICONIC_LEGEND_ORDER.at(-1), 'Unknown');
+  assert.equal(ICONIC_LEGEND_ORDER.length, 11);
+  assert.equal(TAXA_PRESETS.length, 6);
+  assert.equal(TAXA_PRESETS.filter((item) => item.label === 'ALL').length, 1);
+  assert.equal(Object.isFrozen(ICONIC_TINTS), true);
+  assert.equal(Object.isFrozen(TAXA_PRESETS[0]), true);
+});
+
+test('view filtering includes padding and both sides of the antimeridian', () => {
+  const boxes = [{ south: 47, west: -123, north: 48, east: -122 }];
+  assert.equal(rowInWildlifeBoxes(row, boxes), true);
+  assert.equal(rowInWildlifeBoxes({ ...row, lat: 48.2 }, boxes), true);
+  assert.equal(rowInWildlifeBoxes({ ...row, lat: 48.4 }, boxes), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    rowInWildlifeBoxes({ ...row, lat: 10.5, lon: -179.9 }, [
+      { south: 10, west: 179, north: 11, east: 180 },
+    ]),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(rowInWildlifeBoxes(row, null), true);
+  assert.equal(rowInWildlifeBoxes(row, []), false);
+});
+
+test('grid cells never enter the observation icon model', () => {
+  const cells = [
+    { id: 'grid:2/0/0:1:1', lat: 47.6, lon: -122.3, cellCount: 999 },
+  ];
+  assert.deepEqual(buildWildlifeIconModel({ rows: cells }).rows, []);
+  assert.deepEqual(buildWildlifeIconModel({ rows: [...cells, row] }).rows, [
+    row,
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('screen buckets retain incumbent photos at their real sighting positions', () => {
+  const incumbent = {
+    ...row,
+    commonName: 'Incumbent',
+    photo: { square: 'synthetic.jpg' },
+  };
+  const challenger = {
+    ...row,
+    stableId: 'inat:2',
+    commonName: 'Challenger',
+    observedAt: Date.UTC(2026, 10, 4),
+  };
+  const distant = { ...row, stableId: 'inat:3', lon: row.lon + 1 };
+  const model = buildWildlifeIconModel({
+    rows: [challenger, incumbent, distant],
+    preferredIds: [incumbent.stableId],
+    projectRow: (item) => ({ x: (item.lon - row.lon) * 28 + 14, y: 14 }),
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(model.rows, [incumbent, distant]);
+  assert.equal(model.sightingCount, 3);
+  assert.equal(model.rows[0].photo, incumbent.photo);
+});
+
+test('visible observation counts precede per-area and global caps', () => {
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: 6000 }, (_, i) => ({
+    ...row,
+    stableId: `inat:${i}`,
+    lon: -160 + i * 0.01,
+  }));
+  let projections = 0;
+  const model = buildWildlifeIconModel({
+    rows,
+    projectRow(item) {
+      projections++;
+      return { x: (item.lon + 160) * 5600 + 14, y: 14 };
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(projections, 6000);
+  assert.equal(model.rows.length, 5000);
+  assert.equal(model.totalPoints, 6000);
+  assert.equal(model.saturated, true);
+  assert.equal(model.sightingCount, 6000);
+});
+
+test('selected observations win their bucket and survive a sample, viewport and projection change', () => {
+  const selected = { ...row, commonName: 'Selected sighting' };
+  const challenger = {
+    ...row,
+    stableId: 'inat:2',
+    commonName: 'Newer',
+    observedAt: Date.UTC(2026, 10, 4),
+  };
+  const input = {
+    selectedId: row.stableId,
+    selectedRow: selected,
+    rows: [challenger],
+    limit: 1,
+  };
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    buildWildlifeIconModel({ ...input, projectRow: () => ({ x: 14, y: 14 }) })
+      .rows,
+    [selected],
+  );
+  const offscreen = buildWildlifeIconModel({
+    ...input,
+    boxes: [{ south: 0, west: 0, north: 1, east: 1 }],
+    projectRow: () => null,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(offscreen.rows, [selected]);
+  assert.equal(
+    offscreen.sightingCount,
+    0,
+    'an offscreen pin is not a visible observation',
+  );
+});
+
+test('observation reduction is stable under input order, selected priority and visible filtering', () => {
+  const named = { ...row, stableId: 'inat:2', commonName: 'Known bird' };
+  const outside = { ...row, stableId: 'inat:3', lat: 0 };
+  const input = {
+    boxes: [{ south: 47, west: -123, north: 48, east: -122 }],
+    limit: 1,
+  };
+  const model = buildWildlifeIconModel({
+    ...input,
+    rows: [row, named, outside],
+  });
+  assert.equal(model.saturated, true);
+  assert.equal(model.totalPoints, 2);
+  assert.equal(model.sightingCount, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(model.rows, [named]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    buildWildlifeIconModel({ ...input, rows: [outside, named, row] }),
+    model,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    buildWildlifeIconModel({
+      ...input,
+      rows: [named, row],
+      selectedId: row.stableId,
+    }).rows,
+    [row],
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/ownership.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/ownership.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8bfaac62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/ownership.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2224 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createWildlifeSightingsLayer } from './index.js';
+import { layerFeedState } from '../../data/feedState.js';
+import { LayerLifecycle } from '../../data/lifecycle.js';
+import { ICONIC_LEGEND_ORDER, WILDLIFE_MAX_ROWS } from './policy.js';
+import { wildlifeGridCellId } from './gridViewport.js';
+
+const NOW = Date.parse('2026-11-04T18:00:00Z');
+const base = {
+  stableId: 'inat:1',
+  origin: 'inaturalist',
+  lat: 47.6,
+  lon: -122.4,
+  obscured: false,
+  cell: null,
+  observedAt: NOW - 3_600_000,
+  observedOn: '2026-11-04',
+  quality: 'research',
+  commonName: 'Synthetic bird',
+  scientificName: 'Avis synthetica',
+  iconic: 'Aves',
+  threatened: false,
+  provider: null,
+  link: 'https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1',
+  photo: null,
+};
+const photographed = {
+  ...base,
+  photo: {
+    square:
+      'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/1/square.jpg',
+    medium:
+      'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/1/medium.jpg',
+    attribution: '(c) Synthetic Photographer',
+    licence: 'cc-by',
+  },
+};
+
+function event() {
+  const listeners = new Set();
+  return {
+    addEventListener(fn) {
+      listeners.add(fn);
+      return () => listeners.delete(fn);
+    },
+    emit(value) {
+      for (const fn of [...listeners]) fn(value);
+    },
+    count: () => listeners.size,
+  };
+}
+
+function primitives() {
+  const values = [];
+  const primitiveAdded = event();
+  const primitiveRemoved = event();
+  return {
+    values,
+    primitiveAdded,
+    primitiveRemoved,
+    get length() {
+      return values.length;
+    },
+    get: (index) => values[index],
+    add(value) {
+      values.push(value);
+      primitiveAdded.emit(value);
+      return value;
+    },
+    remove(value) {
+      const index = values.indexOf(value);
+      if (index < 0) return false;
+      values.splice(index, 1);
+      primitiveRemoved.emit(value);
+      value.destroy?.();
+      return true;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+class PointCollection {
+  values = [];
+  show = false;
+  add(point) {
+    this.values.push(point);
+    return point;
+  }
+  remove(point) {
+    const index = this.values.indexOf(point);
+    if (index < 0) return false;
+    this.values.splice(index, 1);
+    return true;
+  }
+  removeAll() {
+    this.values = [];
+  }
+  destroy() {
+    this.destroyed = true;
+  }
+}
+class Ground {
+  constructor(options) {
+    Object.assign(this, options);
+    this.ready = false;
+  }
+  destroy() {
+    this.destroyed = true;
+  }
+  isDestroyed() {
+    return !!this.destroyed;
+  }
+}
+
+function harness(
+  source = { getSnapshot: async () => [base] },
+  extra = {},
+  { autoEnable = true, width = 2000, height = 1200 } = {},
+) {
+  let time = NOW;
+  let picked = null;
+  let cardHit = null;
+  let pointerFree = true;
+  let rectangle = { south: 47.4, west: -122.7, north: 47.9, east: -122.1 };
+  const events = new EventTarget();
+  const moveEnd = event();
+  const postRender = event();
+  const pointOwners = primitives();
+  const groundOwners = primitives();
+  const owners = new Map();
+  const overlay = {
+    entries: new Map(),
+    visible: new Map(),
+    options: new Map(),
+  };
+  const renders = [];
+  const focus = [];
+  const links = [];
+  const credits = new Set();
+  const store = { entities: new Map(), selectedEntityId: null };
+  const clicks = {};
+  const timers = new Map();
+  const idleTasks = new Map();
+  let nextTimer = 0;
+  let nextIdle = 0;
+  const images = [];
+  const viewer = {
+    scene: {
+      primitives: pointOwners,
+      groundPrimitives: groundOwners,
+      postRender,
+      canvas: { clientWidth: width, clientHeight: height },
+      globe: {
+        tileLoadProgressEvent: event(),
+        terrainProviderChanged: event(),
+      },
+      sampleHeightSupported: true,
+      sampleHeight: () =>
+        assert.fail('scene.sampleHeight renders per call; use groundFloor'),
+      pick: () => picked,
+      requestRender: () => assert.fail('must use render governor'),
+    },
+    camera: {
+      positionCartographic: { height: 30_000 },
+      positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-122, 47, 30_000),
+      moveEnd,
+      computeViewRectangle: () =>
+        Object.fromEntries(
+          Object.entries(rectangle).map(([key, value]) => [
+            key,
+            Cesium.Math.toRadians(value),
+          ]),
+        ),
+    },
+    creditDisplay: {
+      addStaticCredit: (credit) => credits.add(credit),
+      removeStaticCredit: (credit) => credits.delete(credit),
+    },
+  };
+  const ground = { sample: () => 123, resolves: 0 };
+  const layer = createWildlifeSightingsLayer({
+    source,
+    groundFloor: {
+      cachedGroundFloor: (lat, lon) => ground.sample(lat, lon),
+      resolveGroundFloorCellsBounded: async () => {
+        ground.resolves++;
+      },
+    },
+    cesium: {
+      ...Cesium,
+      BillboardCollection: PointCollection,
+      GroundPrimitive: Ground,
+      GroundPolylinePrimitive: Ground,
+    },
+    now: () => time,
+    setTimer(fn, delay) {
+      const id = ++nextTimer;
+      timers.set(id, { fn, delay });
+      return id;
+    },
+    clearTimer: (id) => timers.delete(id),
+    requestIdleCallback(fn) {
+      const id = ++nextIdle;
+      idleTasks.set(id, fn);
+      return id;
+    },
+    cancelIdleCallback: (id) => idleTasks.delete(id),
+    imageFactory: () => {
+      const image = {};
+      images.push(image);
+      return image;
+    },
+    eventTarget: events,
+    occluderFactory: () => ({
+      isPointVisible: (position) => position.visible !== false,
+    }),
+    project: (_scene, position) => {
+      const cartographic = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position);
+      return {
+        x:
+          400 +
+          (Cesium.Math.toDegrees(cartographic.longitude) -
+            (rectangle.west + rectangle.east) / 2) *
+            1000,
+        y:
+          400 +
+          ((rectangle.south + rectangle.north) / 2 -
+            Cesium.Math.toDegrees(cartographic.latitude)) *
+            1000,
+      };
+    },
+    overlayHost: {
+      setEntries: (id, entries, options) => {
+        assert.equal(options.moving, false);
+        overlay.entries.set(id, entries);
+        overlay.options.set(id, options);
+      },
+      setVisible: (id, value) => overlay.visible.set(id, value),
+      clearSource: (id) => overlay.entries.delete(id),
+      hitTest: (_x, _y, { sourceId }) =>
+        cardHit?.sourceId === sourceId ? cardHit : null,
+    },
+    screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory: () => ({
+      setInputAction(fn) {
+        clicks.callback = fn;
+      },
+      destroy() {
+        clicks.destroyed = true;
+        clicks.callback = null;
+      },
+    }),
+    pointer: { isPointerFree: () => pointerFree },
+    picking: {
+      registerPickOwner: (id, fn) => owners.set(id, fn),
+      unregisterPickOwner: (id) => owners.delete(id),
+      resolvePickId: (pick) => pick?.id ?? pick?.primitive?.id,
+      isOwnedByOtherLayer: (_layerId, id) => id?.startsWith('other:'),
+    },
+    sprites: {
+      registerSpriteCollection: (_id, collection) => {
+        clicks.collection = collection;
+      },
+      unregisterSpriteCollection: () => {
+        clicks.unregistered = true;
+      },
+      restoreSpriteOrderOnEnable: (id) => {
+        assert.equal(id, 'wildlife-sightings');
+      },
+    },
+    render: { governorRequestRender: (reason) => renders.push(reason) },
+    focus: { requestWorldFocus: (request) => focus.push(request) },
+    openExternal: (url) => links.push(url),
+    context: {
+      getContextStore: () => store,
+      registerEntityContext(entity, metadata) {
+        entity.__gevContextId = metadata.id;
+        store.entities.set(metadata.id, { ...metadata, entity });
+      },
+      selectEntityContext(entity) {
+        store.selectedEntityId = entity.__gevContextId;
+        const selected = new Event('gev:entity-selected');
+        selected.detail = store.entities.get(entity.__gevContextId);
+        events.dispatchEvent(selected);
+      },
+      clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer: () => {
+        store.selectedEntityId = null;
+      },
+      removeEntityContextsForLayer: () => store.entities.clear(),
+    },
+    ...extra,
+  });
+  if (autoEnable) {
+    layer.init(viewer);
+    layer.enable(viewer);
+  }
+  function flushIdle() {
+    for (let steps = 0; idleTasks.size; steps++) {
+      assert.ok(steps < 1000, 'idle work finishes without a frame loop');
+      const [id, fn] = idleTasks.entries().next().value;
+      idleTasks.delete(id);
+      fn({ timeRemaining: () => 10 });
+    }
+  }
+  return {
+    ground,
+    layer,
+    async update(...args) {
+      // Explicit refreshes stand for successive poll batches, not push bursts.
+      time += 500;
+      const result = await layer.update(...args);
+      flushIdle();
+      return result;
+    },
+    flushIdle,
+    viewer,
+    overlay,
+    clicks,
+    owners,
+    renders,
+    focus,
+    links,
+    credits,
+    images,
+    groundOwners,
+    pointOwners,
+    events,
+    postRender,
+    moveEnd,
+    store,
+    timers,
+    pick: (value) => {
+      picked = value;
+    },
+    hit: (value) => {
+      cardHit = value;
+    },
+    free: (value) => {
+      pointerFree = value;
+    },
+    rectangle: (value) => {
+      rectangle = value;
+    },
+    time: (value) => {
+      time = value;
+    },
+    contextSelect(id) {
+      const selected = new Event('gev:entity-selected');
+      selected.detail = store.entities.get(id);
+      events.dispatchEvent(selected);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('construction validates source and does not acquire; double init throws', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => createWildlifeSightingsLayer(), TypeError);
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: () => assert.fail('enable fetched') });
+  assert.throws(() => h.layer.init(h.viewer), /already initialized/);
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.show, true);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('terrain warming resamples unchanged point, card and context anchors without a frame loop', async () => {
+  const h = harness(
+    {
+      getSnapshot: async () => [
+        photographed,
+        { ...base, stableId: 'acartia:sea', origin: 'acartia', lon: -122.3 },
+      ],
+    },
+    {},
+    { autoEnable: false },
+  );
+  let height = 0;
+  let samples = 0;
+  h.ground.sample = () => {
+    samples++;
+    return height;
+  };
+  h.layer.init(h.viewer);
+  h.layer.enable(h.viewer);
+  await h.update();
+  h.layer.selectSighting('inat:1');
+  const point = h.clicks.collection.values[0];
+  const sea = h.clicks.collection.values[1];
+  const before = samples;
+  height = 600;
+  await h.update();
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(
+    samples,
+    before,
+    'unchanged snapshots and camera movement do not resample per point',
+  );
+  h.viewer.scene.globe.tileLoadProgressEvent.emit(1);
+  assert.equal(samples, before, 'wait for terrain loading to settle');
+  h.viewer.scene.globe.tileLoadProgressEvent.emit(0);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(point.position).height - 600) <
+      0.01,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    samples,
+    before + 1,
+    'Acartia sea anchors are never terrain-sampled',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(sea.position).height) < 0.01,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    h.clicks.collection.values[0],
+    point,
+    'resampling preserves the point primitive',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings')[0].position,
+    point.position,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    h.overlay.entries
+      .get('wildlife-sightings-selected')
+      .every((entry) =>
+        Cesium.Cartesian3.equals(entry.position, point.position),
+      ),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    h.store.entities.get('inat:1').entity.__localBaseCartesian,
+    point.position,
+  );
+  assert.ok(h.renders.includes('wildlife-sightings-terrain'));
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.count(), 0);
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.equal(h.viewer.scene.globe.tileLoadProgressEvent.count(), 0);
+  assert.equal(h.viewer.scene.globe.terrainProviderChanged.count(), 0);
+  const disabledSamples = samples;
+  h.viewer.scene.globe.tileLoadProgressEvent.emit(0);
+  assert.equal(samples, disabledSamples);
+  height = 900;
+  h.layer.enable(h.viewer);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(h.clicks.collection.values[0].position)
+        .height - 900,
+    ) < 0.01,
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.viewer.scene.globe.tileLoadProgressEvent.count(), 1);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+  assert.equal(h.viewer.scene.globe.tileLoadProgressEvent.count(), 0);
+});
+
+test('terrain provider, loaded tilesets and map-source changes refresh anchors and release listeners', async () => {
+  const h = harness(undefined, {}, { autoEnable: false });
+  const tileset = { allTilesLoaded: event() };
+  h.pointOwners.add(tileset);
+  let height = 20;
+  h.ground.sample = () => height;
+  h.layer.init(h.viewer);
+  h.layer.enable(h.viewer);
+  await h.update();
+  const point = h.clicks.collection.values[0];
+  const assertHeight = (expected) =>
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(
+        Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(point.position).height - expected,
+      ) < 0.01,
+    );
+  height = 200;
+  h.viewer.scene.globe.terrainProviderChanged.emit({});
+  assertHeight(200);
+  height = 400;
+  tileset.allTilesLoaded.emit();
+  assertHeight(400);
+  const nextTileset = { allTilesLoaded: event() };
+  height = 600;
+  h.pointOwners.add(nextTileset);
+  assert.equal(
+    nextTileset.allTilesLoaded.count(),
+    1,
+    'new tilesets are subscribed without polling',
+  );
+  nextTileset.allTilesLoaded.emit();
+  assertHeight(600);
+  height = 800;
+  h.events.dispatchEvent(new Event('gev:map-stack-changed'));
+  assertHeight(800);
+  height = 0;
+  h.pointOwners.remove(nextTileset);
+  assertHeight(0);
+  assert.equal(nextTileset.allTilesLoaded.count(), 0);
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.equal(tileset.allTilesLoaded.count(), 0);
+  assert.equal(h.pointOwners.primitiveAdded.count(), 0);
+  assert.equal(h.pointOwners.primitiveRemoved.count(), 0);
+  height = 1000;
+  h.events.dispatchEvent(new Event('gev:map-stack-changed'));
+  assertHeight(0);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.count(), 0);
+});
+
+test('camera rebuilds expire unselected sightings while a selected observation stays pinned', async () => {
+  for (const [taxa, windowHours] of [
+    ['all', 48],
+    ['whales', 7 * 24],
+  ]) {
+    let requests = 0;
+    const h = harness({
+      getSnapshot: async () =>
+        ++requests === 1
+          ? [photographed]
+          : [{ ...base, stableId: 'inat:other-area', lat: 49.1, lon: -124.2 }],
+    });
+    h.layer.setParams({ taxa });
+    await h.update();
+    h.rectangle({ south: 48.8, west: -124.5, north: 49.4, east: -124 });
+    h.moveEnd.emit();
+    await h.update();
+    h.rectangle({ south: 47.4, west: -122.7, north: 47.9, east: -122.1 });
+    h.moveEnd.emit();
+    assert.equal(
+      h.clicks.collection.values[0].id,
+      'wildlife:inat:1',
+      'the prior area is retained in the LRU',
+    );
+    assert.equal(h.layer.selectSighting('inat:1'), true);
+    assert.ok(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected').length > 0);
+    h.time(NOW + windowHours * 3_600_000);
+    h.moveEnd.emit();
+    assert.equal(
+      h.clicks.collection.values.length,
+      1,
+      `${taxa} keeps the explicitly selected observation beyond its window`,
+    );
+    assert.equal(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings').length, 0);
+    assert.equal(
+      h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected').length,
+      1,
+    );
+    h.layer.clearSightingSelection();
+    h.moveEnd.emit();
+    assert.equal(
+      h.clicks.collection.values.length,
+      0,
+      'expired rows retire on deselection',
+    );
+    assert.equal(requests, 2, 'expiry needs no new source success');
+    h.layer.destroy();
+  }
+});
+
+test('pending filter changes retain the accepted recency window until their result validates', async () => {
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [
+      { ...photographed, observedAt: NOW - 3 * 86_400_000 },
+    ],
+  });
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'whales' });
+  await h.update();
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'all' });
+  assert.equal(h.layer.selectSighting('inat:1'), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.clicks.collection.values.length,
+    1,
+    'three-day whale remains while ALL is pending',
+  );
+  assert.ok(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected').length > 0);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('sampled ground and sea heights keep badges on top and update them in place', async () => {
+  let rows = [
+    base,
+    {
+      ...base,
+      stableId: 'acartia:2',
+      origin: 'acartia',
+      lon: -122.5,
+      iconic: 'Mammalia',
+    },
+  ];
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => rows });
+  await h.update();
+  const first = h.clicks.collection.values[0];
+  assert.equal(first.disableDepthTestDistance, Infinity);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(first.position).height - 123) <
+      0.01,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(h.clicks.collection.values[1].position)
+        .height,
+    ) < 0.01,
+  );
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0], first);
+  for (const change of [
+    { lon: -122.3 },
+    { iconic: 'Fungi' },
+    { quality: 'needs_id' },
+  ]) {
+    const before = h.clicks.collection.values[0];
+    rows = [{ ...rows[0], ...change }];
+    await h.update();
+    assert.equal(
+      h.clicks.collection.values[0],
+      before,
+      'changed contacts update in place',
+    );
+  }
+  assert.ok(h.renders.length > 0);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+  const unsupported = harness(undefined);
+  unsupported.ground.sample = () => null;
+  await unsupported.update();
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(
+        unsupported.clicks.collection.values[0].position,
+      ).height,
+    ) < 0.01,
+  );
+  unsupported.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a painted card hides its anchored badge across rebuilds while retaining its context and selection', async (t) => {
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => [photographed] });
+  t.after(() => h.layer.destroy());
+  await h.update();
+  const point = h.clicks.collection.values[0];
+  assert.equal(point.show, true);
+  const visibility =
+    h.overlay.options.get('wildlife-sightings').onVisibilityChange;
+  visibility(new Set(['sighting:inat:1']));
+  assert.equal(point.show, false);
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(
+    point.show,
+    false,
+    'a camera rebuild must not resurrect the represented badge',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    h.store.entities.get('inat:1').entity.show,
+    true,
+    'visual badge suppression must not hide the sighting context',
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.layer.selectSighting('inat:1'), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    point.show,
+    false,
+    'selection must not resurrect the represented badge',
+  );
+  visibility(new Set());
+  assert.equal(point.show, true);
+});
+
+test('a painted thumbnail hides the repeat name label, ambient and selected, until it leaves', async (t) => {
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => [photographed] });
+  t.after(() => h.layer.destroy());
+  await h.update();
+  const labelIds = () =>
+    [
+      ...(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels') || []),
+      ...(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected') || []),
+    ]
+      .filter((entry) => entry.variant === 'label')
+      .map((entry) => entry.id);
+  const visibility =
+    h.overlay.options.get('wildlife-sightings').onVisibilityChange;
+  assert.ok(h.layer.selectSighting('inat:1'));
+  assert.deepEqual(labelIds(), ['wildlife-sightings-label:inat:1']);
+  visibility(new Set(['sighting:inat:1']));
+  assert.deepEqual(labelIds(), [], 'the thumbnail already names it');
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.deepEqual(labelIds(), [], 'a rebuild keeps the label hidden');
+  h.layer.clearSelection?.();
+  assert.deepEqual(labelIds(), [], 'ambient labels also yield to the card');
+  visibility(new Set());
+  assert.ok(labelIds().length <= 1);
+});
+
+test('dot, ambient card and context clicks focus the true sighting; cards win over scene picks', async () => {
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => [photographed] });
+  const selections = [];
+  h.layer.subscribeSelection((row, metadata) =>
+    selections.push({ row, metadata }),
+  );
+  await h.update();
+  h.pick({ id: 'wildlife:inat:1' });
+  h.clicks.callback({ position: { x: 20, y: 30 } });
+  assert.equal(h.focus.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0].scale, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.store.selectedEntityId, 'inat:1');
+  assert.deepEqual(selections.at(-1), {
+    row: photographed,
+    metadata: { explicitSelection: true },
+  });
+  const ambient = h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings')[0];
+  assert.equal(ambient.interactive, true);
+  // The anchored photo card owns the single iNaturalist link; canvas cards
+  // only select and focus.
+  assert.match(ambient.accessibilityLabel, /Show Synthetic bird sighting/);
+  assert.equal(ambient.activate(), true);
+  assert.equal(h.focus.length, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.links, []);
+  assert.deepEqual(selections.at(-1).metadata, { explicitSelection: true });
+  const selected = h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected');
+  assert.equal(selected.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(selected[0].variant, 'label');
+  assert.equal(selected[0].title, base.commonName.toUpperCase());
+  assert.equal(selected[0].placement, 'above');
+  assert.equal(selected[0].interactive, false);
+  assert.equal(selected[0].selected, true);
+  assert.equal(selected[0].image, undefined);
+  assert.equal(selected[0].details, undefined);
+  assert.equal(selected[0].pinned, undefined);
+  assert.ok(
+    h.images.every((image) => /square.jpg$/.test(image.src)),
+    'selection never starts an overlay medium image',
+  );
+  h.hit({ sourceId: 'wildlife-sightings', entry: ambient });
+  h.pick({ id: 'other:aircraft' });
+  h.clicks.callback({ position: {} });
+  assert.deepEqual(h.links, [], 'canvas cards select; they never open links');
+  assert.equal(h.focus.length, 3);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.store.selectedEntityId,
+    'inat:1',
+    'ambient cards win over scene picks',
+  );
+  h.hit(null);
+  h.clicks.callback({ position: {} });
+  assert.equal(h.store.selectedEntityId, 'inat:1', 'sibling picks yield');
+  h.free(false);
+  h.pick(null);
+  h.clicks.callback({ position: {} });
+  assert.equal(h.store.selectedEntityId, 'inat:1');
+  h.contextSelect('inat:1');
+  assert.equal(
+    h.focus.length,
+    4,
+    'context selection focuses the same true observation position',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(selections.at(-1).metadata, { explicitSelection: true });
+  h.free(true);
+  h.clicks.callback({ position: {} });
+  assert.equal(h.store.selectedEntityId, null);
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.equal(ambient.activate(), false);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('selection subscriptions publish current rows, accepted refreshes, reselection and real deselection', async () => {
+  let rows = [photographed];
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => rows });
+  const seen = [];
+  const metadata = [];
+  const unsubscribe = h.layer.subscribeSelection((selected, details) => {
+    seen.push(selected);
+    metadata.push(details);
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    seen,
+    [null],
+    'subscription immediately publishes its empty state',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(metadata.at(-1), { explicitSelection: false });
+  await h.update();
+  assert.deepEqual(metadata.at(-1), { explicitSelection: false });
+  assert.equal(h.layer.selectSighting('inat:1'), true);
+  assert.equal(seen.at(-1), photographed);
+  assert.deepEqual(metadata.at(-1), { explicitSelection: true });
+  const immediately = [];
+  const removeImmediate = h.layer.subscribeSelection((selected, details) =>
+    immediately.push({ selected, details }),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    immediately,
+    [{ selected: photographed, details: { explicitSelection: false } }],
+    'late subscribers immediately receive the selected row without an explicit reselection',
+  );
+  removeImmediate();
+  rows = [{ ...photographed, commonName: 'Updated synthetic bird' }];
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(seen.at(-1), rows[0]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    metadata.at(-1),
+    { explicitSelection: false },
+    'an accepted snapshot preserves disclosure',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected')[0].title,
+    rows[0].commonName.toUpperCase(),
+  );
+  const beforeReselect = seen.length;
+  h.layer.selectSighting('inat:1');
+  assert.equal(
+    seen.length,
+    beforeReselect + 1,
+    'reselection notifies the dialog',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    metadata.at(-1),
+    { explicitSelection: true },
+    'explicitly reselecting the same row can reopen it',
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.layer.clearSightingSelection(), true);
+  assert.equal(seen.at(-1), null);
+  assert.deepEqual(metadata.at(-1), { explicitSelection: false });
+  assert.equal(h.store.selectedEntityId, null);
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0].scale, 1);
+  assert.equal(
+    Cesium.Color.equals(
+      h.clicks.collection.values[0].color,
+      Cesium.Color.WHITE,
+    ),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected'), []);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.clearSightingSelection(), false);
+  h.layer.selectSighting('inat:1');
+  const beforeUnsubscribe = seen.length;
+  unsubscribe();
+  await h.update();
+  h.layer.clearSightingSelection();
+  assert.equal(seen.length, beforeUnsubscribe);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('selection subscriptions retain omitted rows and clear on disable and destroy, without an overlay host', async () => {
+  let rows = [base];
+  const eventListeners = new Map();
+  const eventTarget = {
+    addEventListener(type, listener) {
+      if (!eventListeners.has(type)) eventListeners.set(type, new Set());
+      eventListeners.get(type).add(listener);
+    },
+    removeEventListener(type, listener) {
+      eventListeners.get(type)?.delete(listener);
+    },
+  };
+  const h = harness(
+    { getSnapshot: async () => rows },
+    { overlayHost: null, eventTarget },
+  );
+  assert.equal(eventListeners.get('gev:entity-selected').size, 1);
+  const seen = [];
+  const unsubscribe = h.layer.subscribeSelection((selected) =>
+    seen.push(selected),
+  );
+  h.layer.subscribeSelection(() => {
+    throw new Error('Disconnected dialog');
+  });
+  await h.update();
+  h.layer.selectSighting('inat:1');
+  rows = [];
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(
+    seen.at(-1),
+    base,
+    'an accepted result omitting the selected row preserves the dialog',
+  );
+  rows = [base];
+  await h.update();
+  h.layer.selectSighting('inat:1');
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.equal(seen.at(-1), null);
+  assert.equal(eventListeners.get('gev:entity-selected').size, 0);
+  const disabledCount = seen.length;
+  h.layer.enable(h.viewer);
+  assert.equal(eventListeners.get('gev:entity-selected').size, 1);
+  await h.update();
+  h.layer.selectSighting('inat:1');
+  assert.equal(seen.at(-1), base);
+  assert.ok(
+    seen.length > disabledCount,
+    'disable retains subscriptions for re-enable',
+  );
+  h.layer.destroy();
+  assert.equal(seen.at(-1), null);
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.callback, null);
+  assert.equal(eventListeners.get('gev:entity-selected').size, 0);
+  const destroyedCount = seen.length;
+  h.layer.clearSightingSelection();
+  assert.equal(
+    seen.length,
+    destroyedCount,
+    'destroy removes existing subscribers',
+  );
+  const afterDestroy = [];
+  const removeDestroyed = h.layer.subscribeSelection((selected) =>
+    afterDestroy.push(selected),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(afterDestroy, [null]);
+  h.layer.clearSightingSelection();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    afterDestroy,
+    [null],
+    'destroyed layers never retain new subscribers',
+  );
+  removeDestroyed();
+  unsubscribe();
+});
+
+test('privacy cells stage nonempty batches, request frames until ready, supersede and cancel cleanly', async () => {
+  let rows = [
+    {
+      ...base,
+      obscured: true,
+      cell: { south: 47.6, west: -122.4, north: 47.8, east: -122.2 },
+    },
+  ];
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => rows });
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.groundOwners.values.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.count(), 1);
+  const pending = [...h.groundOwners.values];
+  h.postRender.emit();
+  assert.equal(h.renders.at(-1), 'wildlife-sightings-staging');
+  rows = [{ ...rows[0], iconic: 'Fungi' }];
+  await h.update();
+  assert.ok(pending.every((primitive) => primitive.destroyed));
+  assert.equal(h.groundOwners.values.length, 2);
+  for (const primitive of h.groundOwners.values) primitive.ready = true;
+  h.postRender.emit();
+  assert.ok(h.groundOwners.values.every((primitive) => primitive.show));
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.count(), 0);
+  h.layer.selectSighting(base.stableId);
+  assert.equal(h.focus.at(-1).kind, 'sighting-area');
+  const selectedRing = h.clicks.collection.values[0];
+  assert.equal(
+    Cesium.Color.equals(selectedRing.color, Cesium.Color.WHITE),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(selectedRing.scale, 1);
+  assert.match(selectedRing.image, /^data:image\/svg/);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.postRender.count(),
+    0,
+    'selection reuses unchanged privacy geometry',
+  );
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.count(), 0);
+  assert.equal(h.groundOwners.values.length, 0);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('disable ignores late successes and failures, unregisters owners and hides both overlay sources and credits', async () => {
+  for (const reject of [false, true]) {
+    let settle;
+    let signal;
+    const h = harness({
+      getSnapshot: ({ signal: requestSignal }) => {
+        signal = requestSignal;
+        return new Promise((resolve, fail) => {
+          settle = reject ? fail : resolve;
+        });
+      },
+    });
+    const pending = h.update();
+    assert.equal(h.owners.size, 1);
+    h.layer.disable();
+    assert.equal(signal.aborted, true);
+    settle(reject ? Error('iNaturalist HTTP 502') : [photographed]);
+    assert.equal(await pending, false);
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().error, null);
+    assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values.length, 0);
+    assert.equal(h.owners.size, 0);
+    assert.equal(h.credits.size, 0);
+    assert.deepEqual([...h.overlay.visible.values()], [false, false, false]);
+    assert.equal(h.overlay.entries.size, 0);
+    assert.equal(h.moveEnd.count(), 0);
+    h.layer.destroy();
+    assert.equal(h.pointOwners.values.length, 0);
+    assert.equal(h.clicks.unregistered, true);
+  }
+});
+
+test('first failure stays enabled; stale timestamps and subsequent failure preserve data with honest feed states', async () => {
+  let snapshot = null;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [],
+    getSnapshotDetail: async () => {
+      if (!snapshot) throw new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 502');
+      return snapshot;
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(await h.update(), true);
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'unavailable');
+  assert.equal(h.owners.size, 1);
+  snapshot = { rows: [base], stale: true, fetchedAt: NOW - 300_000 };
+  h.time(NOW + 31_000);
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().lastUpdate, snapshot.fetchedAt);
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'stale');
+  snapshot = null;
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().stale, false);
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'degraded');
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('camera boxes supersede pending fetches through one manager debounce', async () => {
+  let signal;
+  let settle;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: ({ signal: requestSignal }) => {
+      signal = requestSignal;
+      return new Promise((resolve) => {
+        settle = resolve;
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  let refreshes = 0;
+  h.layer.attachDataManager({
+    refreshLayer: async (id) => {
+      assert.equal(id, 'wildlife-sightings');
+      refreshes++;
+      return true;
+    },
+  });
+  const pending = h.update();
+  h.rectangle({ south: 48, west: -123, north: 48.4, east: -122.6 });
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(signal.aborted, true);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 1);
+  const timer = [...h.timers.values()][0];
+  assert.equal(timer.delay, 600);
+  h.time(NOW + 2500);
+  timer.fn();
+  await Promise.resolve();
+  assert.equal(refreshes, 1);
+  settle([base]);
+  assert.equal(await pending, true);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a deferred A to B to A pan starts a new A request after aborting the first', async () => {
+  const requests = [];
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: ({ signal, boxes }) =>
+      new Promise((resolve) => {
+        requests.push({ signal, boxes, resolve });
+      }),
+  });
+  const boxA = { south: 47.4, west: -122.7, north: 47.9, east: -122.1 };
+  const pending = h.update();
+  h.rectangle({ south: 48, west: -123, north: 48.4, east: -122.6 });
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(requests[0].signal.aborted, true);
+  h.rectangle(boxA);
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(
+    h.timers.size,
+    1,
+    'returning to aborted A schedules its replacement',
+  );
+  requests[0].resolve([base]);
+  assert.equal(await pending, true);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 0);
+  const [timerId, timer] = [...h.timers][0];
+  h.timers.delete(timerId);
+  h.time(NOW + timer.delay);
+  timer.fn();
+  assert.equal(requests.length, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(requests[1].boxes, requests[0].boxes);
+  assert.equal(requests[1].signal.aborted, false);
+  requests[1].resolve([base]);
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().error, null);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a completed A stays reusable when only the B debounce was pending', async () => {
+  let calls = 0;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => {
+      calls++;
+      return [base];
+    },
+  });
+  await h.update();
+  h.rectangle({ south: 48, west: -123, north: 48.4, east: -122.6 });
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 1);
+  h.rectangle({ south: 47.4, west: -122.7, north: 47.9, east: -122.1 });
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 1);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('an externally aborted attempt does not suppress a camera retry in the same box', async () => {
+  const requests = [];
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: ({ signal }) =>
+      new Promise((resolve) => {
+        requests.push({ signal, resolve });
+      }),
+  });
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  const pending = h.update(undefined, { signal: controller.signal });
+  controller.abort();
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(requests[0].signal.aborted, true);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 1);
+  requests[0].resolve([base]);
+  assert.equal(await pending, false);
+  const [timerId, timer] = [...h.timers][0];
+  h.timers.delete(timerId);
+  h.time(NOW + timer.delay);
+  timer.fn();
+  assert.equal(requests.length, 2);
+  requests[1].resolve([base]);
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 1);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('the real manager keeps first enable on after a pan supersedes either a success or a failure', async () => {
+  for (const reject of [false, true]) {
+    for (const debounceBeforeSettlement of [false, true]) {
+      const requests = [];
+      const h = harness(
+        {
+          getSnapshot: ({ signal, boxes }) =>
+            new Promise((resolve, fail) => {
+              requests.push({ signal, boxes, resolve, fail });
+            }),
+        },
+        {},
+        { autoEnable: false },
+      );
+      const manager = new LayerLifecycle(h.viewer);
+      manager.register(h.layer);
+      h.layer.attachDataManager(manager);
+      const fireCameraTimer = () => {
+        assert.equal(h.timers.size, 1);
+        const [timerId, timer] = [...h.timers][0];
+        h.timers.delete(timerId);
+        h.time(NOW + 2500);
+        timer.fn();
+      };
+      try {
+        const enabling = manager.setEnabled(h.layer.id, true);
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+        assert.equal(requests.length, 0, 'startup settles before dispatch');
+        fireCameraTimer();
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+        assert.equal(requests.length, 1);
+        h.rectangle({ south: 48, west: -123, north: 48.4, east: -122.6 });
+        h.moveEnd.emit();
+        assert.equal(requests[0].signal.aborted, true);
+        if (debounceBeforeSettlement) {
+          fireCameraTimer();
+          await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+          assert.equal(
+            requests.length,
+            1,
+            'manager cannot refresh during initial enable',
+          );
+          assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+        }
+        if (reject) requests[0].fail(Error('iNaturalist HTTP 502'));
+        else requests[0].resolve([base]);
+        assert.equal(await enabling, true);
+        assert.equal(manager.isEnabled(h.layer.id), true);
+        assert.equal(h.owners.size, 1);
+        assert.equal(
+          h.layer.getStats().count,
+          0,
+          'superseded rows never publish',
+        );
+        assert.equal(
+          h.layer.getStats().error,
+          null,
+          'superseded errors never publish',
+        );
+        assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().lastUpdate, null);
+        fireCameraTimer();
+        assert.equal(
+          requests.length,
+          2,
+          'settled enable recovers the latest query',
+        );
+        assert.equal(requests[1].boxes[0].south, 48);
+        requests[1].resolve([
+          { ...base, stableId: 'inat:2', lat: 48.2, lon: -122.8 },
+        ]);
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+        assert.equal(manager.isEnabled(h.layer.id), true);
+        assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 1);
+        assert.equal(manager.layers.get(h.layer.id).managerRefreshError, null);
+        assert.equal(h.owners.get(h.layer.id)('wildlife:inat:2'), true);
+      } finally {
+        await manager.destroyLayer(h.layer.id);
+      }
+      assert.equal(h.owners.size, 0);
+      assert.equal(h.moveEnd.count(), 0);
+      assert.equal(manager._listeners.size, 0);
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('first enable settles once and publishes badges within two seconds without restarting its fetch set', async (t) => {
+  let finishObservations;
+  const requests = [];
+  let gridSets = 0;
+  const row = { ...base, lat: 48.2, lon: -122.8 };
+  const h = harness(
+    {
+      getSnapshot({ signal, boxes }) {
+        requests.push({ signal, boxes });
+        return new Promise((resolve) => {
+          finishObservations = resolve;
+        });
+      },
+      async getGridSnapshot({ tiles, signal }) {
+        gridSets++;
+        assert.ok(tiles.length <= 6);
+        assert.equal(signal.aborted, false);
+        return {
+          cells: [
+            gridCell(tiles[0].z, {
+              id: wildlifeGridCellId(row.lat, row.lon, tiles[0].z),
+              lat: row.lat,
+              lon: row.lon,
+            }),
+          ],
+          totalResults: 12,
+          fetchedAt: NOW,
+        };
+      },
+    },
+    {},
+    { autoEnable: false },
+  );
+  const manager = new LayerLifecycle(h.viewer);
+  manager.register(h.layer);
+  h.layer.attachDataManager(manager);
+  try {
+    const enabling = manager.setEnabled(h.layer.id, true);
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    assert.equal(requests.length, 0);
+    h.time(NOW + 100);
+    h.rectangle({ south: 48, west: -123, north: 48.4, east: -122.6 });
+    h.moveEnd.emit();
+    assert.equal(h.timers.size, 1, 'one camera settle timer');
+    const [id, timer] = [...h.timers][0];
+    h.timers.delete(id);
+    h.time(NOW + 400);
+    timer.fn();
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    assert.equal(requests.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(requests[0].boxes[0].south, 48);
+    h.moveEnd.emit();
+    assert.equal(requests[0].signal.aborted, false);
+    h.time(NOW + 550); // Ordinary upstream response after 150 ms.
+    finishObservations([row]);
+    assert.equal(await enabling, true);
+    assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0]?.id, 'wildlife:inat:1');
+    assert.equal(requests.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(gridSets, 1);
+    assert.equal(
+      h.timers.size,
+      1,
+      'only the bounded density fade is scheduled',
+    );
+    t.diagnostic(
+      'Deterministic first badge: 550 ms (100 ms camera adjustment + 300 ms settle + 150 ms upstream); one observation set and one tile set, zero aborts.',
+    );
+  } finally {
+    finishObservations?.([row]);
+    await manager.destroyLayer(h.layer.id);
+  }
+});
+
+test('the real manager does not report a refresh error when a pan supersedes periodic acquisition', async () => {
+  let ready = true;
+  let settle;
+  const h = harness(
+    {
+      getSnapshot: async () => {
+        if (ready) return [base];
+        return new Promise((resolve) => {
+          settle = resolve;
+        });
+      },
+    },
+    {},
+    { autoEnable: false },
+  );
+  const manager = new LayerLifecycle(h.viewer);
+  manager.register(h.layer);
+  h.layer.attachDataManager(manager);
+  try {
+    const enabling = manager.setEnabled(h.layer.id, true);
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    const [id, timer] = [...h.timers][0];
+    h.timers.delete(id);
+    h.time(NOW + timer.delay);
+    timer.fn();
+    assert.equal(await enabling, true);
+    ready = false;
+    const refreshing = manager.refreshLayer(h.layer.id);
+    h.rectangle({ south: 48, west: -123, north: 48.4, east: -122.6 });
+    h.moveEnd.emit();
+    settle([base]);
+    assert.equal(await refreshing, true);
+    assert.equal(manager.isEnabled(h.layer.id), true);
+    assert.equal(manager.layers.get(h.layer.id).managerRefreshError, null);
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().error, null);
+  } finally {
+    await manager.destroyLayer(h.layer.id);
+  }
+});
+
+test('legend keeps semantic order, omits zero groups and puts one blurb first; stats expose only contract fields', async () => {
+  const rows = [
+    base,
+    { ...base, stableId: 'inat:2', iconic: 'Fungi', lon: -122.3 },
+    { ...base, stableId: 'inat:3', iconic: 'Unknown', lon: -122.2 },
+  ];
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => rows });
+  await h.update();
+  const controls = h.layer.getRowControls();
+  assert.equal(controls.chips.length, 7);
+  assert.equal(controls.chips.filter((chip) => chip.label === 'ALL').length, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    controls.legend.map((entry) => entry.label),
+    ['Birds', 'Fungi', 'Other or unknown'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ICONIC_LEGEND_ORDER.filter((group) =>
+      ['Aves', 'Fungi', 'Unknown'].includes(group),
+    ),
+    ['Aves', 'Fungi', 'Unknown'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(controls.legend.filter((entry) => entry.blurb).length, 1);
+  assert.match(controls.legend[0].blurb, /Not a census/);
+  const allowed = new Set([
+    'count',
+    'lastUpdate',
+    'error',
+    'stale',
+    'loading',
+    'refreshing',
+    'loadingLabel',
+    'partial',
+    'rawRowCount',
+    'countLabel',
+    'status',
+    'statusMessage',
+    'retryInSec',
+  ]);
+  assert.ok(Object.keys(h.layer.getStats()).every((key) => allowed.has(key)));
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('filter chips keep failed desired params active, expose retry and activate normally after recovery', async () => {
+  let fail = false;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => {
+      if (fail) throw Error('iNaturalist HTTP 502');
+      return [base];
+    },
+  });
+  await h.update();
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'whales', confirmed: true, ignored: 'x' });
+  let chips = h.layer.getRowControls().chips;
+  const whale = () => chips.find((chip) => chip.id === 'taxa-whales');
+  assert.equal(whale().state, 'loading');
+  assert.equal(whale().active, false);
+  assert.equal(whale().disabled, true);
+  fail = true;
+  await h.update();
+  chips = h.layer.getRowControls().chips;
+  assert.equal(whale().state, 'error');
+  assert.equal(whale().disabled, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.layer.getParams(), { confirmed: true, taxa: 'whales' });
+  assert.deepEqual(chips[0].params, { confirmed: true });
+  fail = false;
+  assert.equal(whale().active, true);
+  h.layer.setParams(whale().params);
+  h.time(NOW + 31_000);
+  await h.update();
+  chips = h.layer.getRowControls().chips;
+  assert.equal(whale().state, 'active');
+  assert.equal(chips[0].active, true);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('disjoint option edits retain every unresolved chip through revert, failure, retry and success', async () => {
+  let fail = false;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => {
+      if (fail) throw Error('iNaturalist HTTP 502');
+      return [base];
+    },
+  });
+  await h.update();
+  const chip = (id) =>
+    h.layer.getRowControls().chips.find((item) => item.id === id);
+  h.layer.setParams({ confirmed: true });
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'Aves' });
+  for (const id of ['quality-confirmed', 'taxa-birds']) {
+    assert.equal(chip(id).state, 'loading');
+    assert.equal(chip(id).busy, true);
+    assert.equal(chip(id).disabled, true);
+    assert.equal(chip(id).active, false);
+  }
+  assert.equal(
+    chip('taxa-all').active,
+    true,
+    'the last accepted taxa remains active',
+  );
+  h.layer.setParams({ confirmed: false });
+  assert.equal(chip('quality-confirmed').state, 'idle');
+  assert.equal(chip('quality-confirmed').busy, false);
+  assert.equal(chip('taxa-birds').state, 'loading');
+  h.layer.setParams({ confirmed: true });
+  fail = true;
+  await h.update();
+  for (const id of ['quality-confirmed', 'taxa-birds']) {
+    assert.equal(chip(id).state, 'error');
+    assert.equal(chip(id).disabled, false);
+    assert.equal(chip(id).active, true);
+    assert.match(chip(id).title, /click to retry/);
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(chip('quality-confirmed').params, { confirmed: true });
+  h.layer.setParams(chip('taxa-birds').params);
+  for (const id of ['quality-confirmed', 'taxa-birds'])
+    assert.equal(
+      chip(id).state,
+      'loading',
+      'unchanged desired params retry all unresolved options',
+    );
+  fail = false;
+  h.time(NOW + 31_000);
+  await h.update();
+  for (const id of ['quality-confirmed', 'taxa-birds']) {
+    assert.equal(chip(id).state, 'active');
+    assert.equal(chip(id).active, true);
+    assert.equal(chip(id).busy, false);
+    assert.equal(chip(id).disabled, false);
+  }
+  assert.equal(chip('taxa-all').active, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.layer.getParams(), { confirmed: true, taxa: 'Aves' });
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('the initial load keeps ALL pending and the default-off CONFIRMED chip idle', async () => {
+  let resolve;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: () =>
+      new Promise((done) => {
+        resolve = done;
+      }),
+  });
+  const pending = h.update();
+  h.layer.setParams({ taxa: 'all', confirmed: false });
+  let chips = h.layer.getRowControls().chips;
+  assert.equal(chips.find((chip) => chip.id === 'taxa-all').state, 'loading');
+  assert.equal(
+    chips.find((chip) => chip.id === 'quality-confirmed').state,
+    'idle',
+  );
+  resolve([base]);
+  assert.equal(await pending, true);
+  chips = h.layer.getRowControls().chips;
+  assert.equal(chips.find((chip) => chip.id === 'taxa-all').state, 'active');
+  assert.equal(
+    chips.find((chip) => chip.id === 'quality-confirmed').state,
+    'idle',
+  );
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('global fallback hides cards and upstream totals, and caps retained observations', async () => {
+  let options;
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async (value) => {
+      options = value;
+      return Array.from({ length: WILDLIFE_MAX_ROWS + 2 }, (_, index) => ({
+        ...photographed,
+        stableId: `inat:${index}`,
+      }));
+    },
+  });
+  h.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 5_000_000;
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(options.scope, 'global');
+  assert.equal(options.boxes, null);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, WILDLIFE_MAX_ROWS);
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'nominal');
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().partial, undefined);
+  assert.match(h.layer.getStats().countLabel, /sightings in view/);
+  assert.equal(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings').length, 0);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a missing regional query does not claim zoom guidance at a local camera height', async () => {
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: () => assert.fail('wide regional view fetched'),
+  });
+  h.rectangle({ south: 20, west: -150, north: 60, east: -90 });
+  assert.equal(await h.update(), true);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().status, undefined);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().statusMessage, undefined);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a successful empty page keeps the selected observation until explicit deselection', async () => {
+  let rows = [base];
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => rows });
+  await h.update();
+  h.layer.selectSighting(base.stableId);
+  rows = [];
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.store.selectedEntityId, base.stableId);
+  h.layer.clearSightingSelection();
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.store.selectedEntityId, null);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('provider credits sit in the layer row, never on the globe; Acartia failure still surfaces degradation', async () => {
+  let healthy = true;
+  const acartia = {
+    ...base,
+    stableId: 'acartia:1',
+    origin: 'acartia',
+    iconic: 'Mammalia',
+    provider: { name: 'Synthetic Provider', entity: null },
+  };
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [],
+    getSnapshotDetail: async () => ({
+      rows: healthy ? [base, acartia] : [base],
+      sources: { acartia: { ok: healthy } },
+    }),
+  });
+  await h.update();
+  const onGlobe = () =>
+    [...h.credits].filter((credit) => credit.showOnScreen).length;
+  assert.equal(onGlobe(), 0, 'no credit on the globe credit line');
+  assert.equal(
+    h.layer.getRowControls().info,
+    'iNaturalist contributors · Acartia 1 (Salish Sea) · licences per record',
+  );
+  healthy = false;
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().error, 'Acartia feed unavailable');
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'degraded');
+  assert.equal(
+    h.layer.getRowControls().info,
+    'iNaturalist contributors · licences per record',
+  );
+  assert.equal(onGlobe(), 0);
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.equal(onGlobe(), 0);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('ambient cards prefilter the horizon, spread over screen regions and retain visible slots', async () => {
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => ({
+    ...photographed,
+    stableId: `inat:${String(i + 1).padStart(2, '0')}`,
+    lon: -122.5 + i * 0.01,
+    favesCount: 1000 - i,
+  }));
+  const screens = new Map(
+    rows.map((row, i) => [
+      row.stableId,
+      {
+        x: 130 + (i % 8) * 150,
+        y: 130 + Math.floor(i / 8) * 150,
+      },
+    ]),
+  );
+  rows.push(
+    {
+      ...photographed,
+      stableId: 'inat:overlap',
+      lon: -122.17,
+      favesCount: 999.5,
+    },
+    {
+      ...photographed,
+      stableId: 'inat:edge',
+      lon: -122.16,
+      favesCount: 999.25,
+    },
+  );
+  screens.set('inat:overlap', { x: 241, y: 130 }); // Same occupied region.
+  screens.set('inat:edge', { x: 130, y: 242 }); // Spacing alone cannot admit a second card in that region.
+  rows.unshift({
+    ...photographed,
+    stableId: 'inat:far',
+    lon: -122.6,
+    favesCount: 100000,
+  });
+  const h = harness(
+    { getSnapshot: async () => rows },
+    {
+      occluderFactory: () => ({
+        isPointVisible: (position) =>
+          Cesium.Math.toDegrees(
+            Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position).longitude,
+          ) > -122.55,
+      }),
+      project: (_scene, position) =>
+        screens.get(
+          rows.find(
+            (row) =>
+              Math.abs(
+                row.lon -
+                  Cesium.Math.toDegrees(
+                    Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position).longitude,
+                  ),
+              ) < 1e-7,
+          )?.stableId,
+        ),
+    },
+  );
+  await h.update();
+  const entries = h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings');
+  assert.equal(entries.length, 6);
+  const expected = [
+    'inat:01',
+    'inat:04',
+    'inat:07',
+    'inat:17',
+    'inat:20',
+    'inat:23',
+  ];
+  const assertCohort = (cohort) => {
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      cohort.map((entry) => entry.id),
+      expected.map((id) => `sighting:${id}`),
+    );
+    for (let i = 0; i < cohort.length; i++) {
+      const a = screens.get(cohort[i].id.slice('sighting:'.length));
+      for (let j = i + 1; j < cohort.length; j++) {
+        const b = screens.get(cohort[j].id.slice('sighting:'.length));
+        assert.ok(
+          Math.hypot(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y) >= 112,
+          `${cohort[i].id} overlaps ${cohort[j].id}`,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  };
+  assertCohort(entries);
+  const farDot = h.clicks.collection.values.find(
+    (point) => point.id === 'wildlife:inat:far',
+  );
+  assert.ok(!farDot || farDot.show === false);
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.count(), 0);
+  h.layer.selectSighting('inat:01');
+  const selected = h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected');
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(
+    h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected'),
+    selected,
+    'moveEnd never republishes selected cards',
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings').length, 6);
+  assertCohort(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings'));
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+function gridCell(z, extra = {}) {
+  return {
+    id: wildlifeGridCellId(base.lat, base.lon, z),
+    lat: base.lat,
+    lon: base.lon,
+    cellCount: 12,
+    ...extra,
+  };
+}
+
+// Keep request/selection fixtures compact enough for the six-tile budget.
+function gridHarness(source, extra) {
+  return harness(source, extra, { width: 896, height: 896 });
+}
+
+test('observations publish real badges while grid acquisition is still pending', async () => {
+  let finishGrid;
+  const h = gridHarness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [base],
+    getGridSnapshot: () =>
+      new Promise((resolve) => {
+        finishGrid = resolve;
+      }),
+  });
+  h.time(NOW + 500);
+  const updating = h.layer.update();
+  try {
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0]?.id, 'wildlife:inat:1');
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 1);
+    assert.equal(h.postRender.count(), 0, 'acquisition adds no frame work');
+  } finally {
+    finishGrid({ cells: [], totalResults: 0, fetchedAt: NOW });
+    await updating;
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    h.layer.destroy();
+  }
+});
+
+test('each arriving tile extends the density glow before the remaining tiles finish', async () => {
+  let publishTile;
+  let finishGrid;
+  let cells;
+  let tiles;
+  const h = gridHarness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [],
+    getGridSnapshot(options) {
+      publishTile = options.onTile;
+      tiles = options.tiles;
+      cells = [
+        gridCell(tiles[0].z),
+        gridCell(tiles[0].z, {
+          id: wildlifeGridCellId(base.lat, base.lon + 0.2, tiles[0].z),
+          lon: base.lon + 0.2,
+          cellCount: 9,
+        }),
+      ];
+      return new Promise((resolve) => {
+        finishGrid = resolve;
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  h.time(NOW + 500);
+  const updating = h.layer.update();
+  try {
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    publishTile?.(
+      { cells: [cells[0]], totalResults: 12, fetchedAt: NOW },
+      { tile: tiles[0] },
+    );
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values.length, 0);
+    const glow = h.pointOwners.values.find(
+      (collection) => collection.allowPicking === false,
+    );
+    assert.equal(glow.values.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().countLabel, '12 sightings in view');
+    publishTile?.(
+      { cells: [cells[1]], totalResults: 9, fetchedAt: NOW },
+      { tile: tiles[1] || tiles[0] },
+    );
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values.length, 0);
+    assert.equal(glow.values.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().countLabel, '21 sightings in view');
+    assert.equal(h.postRender.count(), 0);
+  } finally {
+    finishGrid({ cells, totalResults: 21, fetchedAt: NOW });
+    await updating;
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    h.layer.destroy();
+  }
+});
+
+test('grid-only views draw nonpickable glow without observation badges, labels or cards', async () => {
+  const h = gridHarness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [],
+    getGridSnapshot: async ({ tiles }) => ({
+      cells: [gridCell(tiles[0].z)],
+      totalResults: 12,
+      fetchedAt: NOW,
+    }),
+  });
+  h.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 1_500_000;
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values.length, 0);
+  const glow = h.pointOwners.values.find(
+    (collection) => collection.allowPicking === false,
+  );
+  assert.ok(glow);
+  assert.equal(glow.values.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(glow.values[0].id, undefined, 'density has no pick identity');
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().countLabel, '12 sightings in view');
+  assert.deepEqual(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels'), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected'), []);
+  assert.equal(h.focus.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.count(), 0);
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.equal(glow.destroyed, true);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.pointOwners.values.length,
+    1,
+    'only the empty observation collection remains',
+  );
+  h.layer.enable(h.viewer);
+  await h.update();
+  const restored = h.pointOwners.values.find(
+    (collection) => collection.allowPicking === false,
+  );
+  assert.ok(restored);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+  assert.equal(restored.destroyed, true);
+  assert.equal(h.pointOwners.values.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+});
+
+test('height and upstream sample totals retain the same loaded sighting and grid count', async () => {
+  let partialSample = false;
+  let gridRequests = 0;
+  const h = gridHarness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [base],
+    getSnapshotDetail: async () => ({
+      rows: [base],
+      totalResults: partialSample ? 100 : 1,
+      partial: partialSample,
+    }),
+    async getGridSnapshot({ tiles }) {
+      gridRequests++;
+      return {
+        cells: [gridCell(tiles[0].z)],
+        totalResults: 12,
+        fetchedAt: NOW,
+      };
+    },
+  });
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0].id, 'wildlife:inat:1');
+  h.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 450_000;
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0].id, 'wildlife:inat:1');
+  h.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 410_000;
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0].id, 'wildlife:inat:1');
+  h.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 350_000;
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0].id, 'wildlife:inat:1');
+  h.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 30_000;
+  partialSample = true;
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0].id, 'wildlife:inat:1');
+  assert.equal(gridRequests, 4);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().countLabel, '12 sightings in view');
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'nominal');
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('close and wide views wait for loaded common-name labels without unnamed label candidates or frame work', async (t) => {
+  for (const heightM of [30_000, 7_000_000]) {
+    let rows = [{ ...base, commonName: null }];
+    let projections = 0;
+    const h = gridHarness(
+      {
+        getSnapshot: async () => rows,
+        getGridSnapshot: async ({ tiles }) => ({
+          cells: [gridCell(tiles[0].z)],
+          fetchedAt: NOW,
+        }),
+      },
+      {
+        project() {
+          projections++;
+          return { x: 400, y: 400 };
+        },
+      },
+    );
+    t.after(() => h.layer.destroy());
+    h.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = heightM;
+    await h.update();
+    const point = h.clicks.collection.values[0];
+    assert.ok(point, `${heightM}m: unnamed contacts still have icons`);
+    assert.deepEqual(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels'), []);
+    // Only observation icons require screen projections; unnamed contacts
+    // never add the separate label candidate pass.
+    assert.equal(
+      projections,
+      1,
+      'only the real observation is projected; unnamed rows add no label pass',
+    );
+    assert.equal(h.postRender.count(), 0);
+
+    rows = [{ ...base, commonName: 'Red-tailed Hawk' }];
+    await h.update();
+    assert.equal(
+      h.clicks.collection.values[0],
+      point,
+      `${heightM}m: a newly known name reuses the icon`,
+    );
+    const labels = h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels');
+    assert.equal(labels.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(labels[0].title, 'RED-TAILED HAWK');
+    assert.equal(labels[0].collisionGroup, 'ambient-label');
+    assert.equal(labels[0].protected, undefined);
+    assert.equal(labels[0].selected, undefined);
+    const settled = projections;
+    for (let frame = 0; frame < 10; frame++) h.postRender.emit();
+    assert.equal(
+      projections,
+      settled,
+      `${heightM}m: parked frames never rebuild label candidates`,
+    );
+
+    rows = [{ ...base, commonName: '  ' }];
+    await h.update();
+    assert.deepEqual(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels'), []);
+    h.layer.destroy();
+  }
+});
+
+test('selecting an unnamed observation preserves the selection without inventing a category label', async (t) => {
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [{ ...base, commonName: null }],
+  });
+  t.after(() => h.layer.destroy());
+  const selections = [];
+  h.layer.subscribeSelection((row) => selections.push(row));
+  await h.update();
+  h.pick({ id: h.clicks.collection.values[0].id });
+  h.clicks.callback({ position: { x: 400, y: 400 } });
+  assert.equal(selections.at(-1).stableId, base.stableId);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected'), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels'), []);
+});
+
+test('unavailable grids fail closed to visible sampled sprites without a global newest-total claim', async () => {
+  const h = gridHarness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [base],
+    getSnapshotDetail: async () => ({
+      rows: [base],
+      totalResults: 160645,
+      partial: true,
+    }),
+    getGridSnapshot: async () => {
+      throw Error('Malformed iNaturalist grid response');
+    },
+  });
+  h.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 5_000_000;
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0].id, 'wildlife:inat:1');
+  assert.ok(h.clicks.collection.values[0].width * 0.5 >= 8);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 1);
+  assert.match(h.layer.getStats().countLabel, /sightings in view/);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().partial, undefined);
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'degraded');
+  assert.match(h.layer.getStats().error, /Malformed iNaturalist grid response/);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.layer.getStats().retryInSec,
+    undefined,
+    'schema errors do not start upstream cooldown',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels')[0].title,
+    'SYNTHETIC BIRD',
+  );
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('an oversized view coarsens to a complete grid within the six-tile cap', async () => {
+  const h = harness(
+    {
+      getSnapshot: async () => [base],
+      getGridSnapshot: async ({ tiles }) => {
+        assert.ok(tiles.length > 0 && tiles.length <= 6);
+        return {
+          cells: [gridCell(tiles[0].z)],
+          totalResults: 12,
+          fetchedAt: NOW,
+        };
+      },
+    },
+    { project: () => ({ x: 400, y: 400 }) },
+    { width: 4000, height: 4000 },
+  );
+  h.rectangle({ south: -85, west: -180, north: 85, east: 180 });
+  h.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 7_000_000;
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0].id, 'wildlife:inat:1');
+  assert.match(h.layer.getStats().countLabel, /sightings in view/);
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'nominal');
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('label candidates are bounded after on-screen and horizon filtering, with names only', async () => {
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: 220 }, (_, index) => ({
+    ...base,
+    stableId: `inat:${index}`,
+    commonName: `Synthetic bird ${index}`,
+    lat: 47.5 + index / 2000,
+    lon: -122.5 + index / 2000,
+  }));
+  const h = harness(
+    { getSnapshot: async () => rows },
+    {
+      project: (_scene, position) => ({
+        x:
+          Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position).latitude >
+          Cesium.Math.toRadians(47.6)
+            ? 3000
+            : 30 +
+              (Math.round(
+                (Cesium.Math.toDegrees(
+                  Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position).latitude,
+                ) -
+                  47.5) *
+                  2000,
+              ) %
+                50) *
+                28,
+        y:
+          30 +
+          Math.floor(
+            Math.round(
+              (Cesium.Math.toDegrees(
+                Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position).latitude,
+              ) -
+                47.5) *
+                2000,
+            ) / 50,
+          ) *
+            28,
+      }),
+      occluderFactory: () => ({
+        isPointVisible: (position) =>
+          Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position).latitude <
+          Cesium.Math.toRadians(47.59),
+      }),
+    },
+  );
+  await h.update();
+  const labels = h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels');
+  assert.equal(labels.length, 150);
+  assert.ok(
+    labels.every(
+      (entry) =>
+        entry.title.startsWith('SYNTHETIC BIRD ') &&
+        entry.details === undefined,
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    labels.every(
+      (entry) =>
+        Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(entry.position).latitude <
+        Cesium.Math.toRadians(47.59),
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.count(), 0);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('accepted observation refreshes publish immediately and disable clears their badges', async () => {
+  let rows = [base];
+  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => rows });
+  await h.update();
+  const point = h.clicks.collection.values[0];
+  for (const lon of [-122.35, -122.3, -122.25]) {
+    rows = [{ ...base, lon }];
+    await h.layer.update();
+    assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0], point);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(
+        Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(point.position).longitude -
+          Cesium.Math.toRadians(lon),
+      ) < 1e-12,
+    );
+    assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0, 'observation rendering adds no batch delay');
+  }
+  h.layer.disable();
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values.length, 0);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a grid result for the previous global view cannot mark new camera tiles loaded', async () => {
+  let settle;
+  let requests = 0;
+  const h = gridHarness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [base],
+    getGridSnapshot: ({ tiles }) => {
+      requests++;
+      return new Promise((resolve) => {
+        settle = () =>
+          resolve({
+            cells: [gridCell(tiles[0].z)],
+            totalResults: 12,
+            fetchedAt: NOW,
+          });
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  h.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 5_000_000;
+  h.time(NOW + 500);
+  const updating = h.layer.update();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  h.rectangle({ south: -30, west: 60, north: 20, east: 120 });
+  settle();
+  await updating;
+  assert.equal(
+    h.clicks.collection.values.filter((point) =>
+      point.id.startsWith('wildlife:grid:'),
+    ).length,
+    0,
+    'old tile result is rejected before moveEnd',
+  );
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(h.timers.size, 1, 'new camera view remains due for acquisition');
+  assert.equal(requests, 1);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('clearing a selected contact restores its cached ambient label without projecting candidates again', async () => {
+  let projects = 0;
+  const h = harness(undefined, {
+    project: () => {
+      projects++;
+      return { x: 400, y: 400 };
+    },
+  });
+  await h.update();
+  const baseline = projects;
+  assert.equal(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels').length, 1);
+  h.pick({ id: 'wildlife:inat:1' });
+  const renders = h.renders.length;
+  h.clicks.callback({ position: { x: 1, y: 1 } });
+  assert.equal(h.renders.length - renders, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels').length, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected').length, 1);
+  h.layer.clearSightingSelection();
+  assert.equal(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels').length, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.overlay.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected').length, 0);
+  assert.equal(projects, baseline);
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('visible photo cards survive a pan into the same icon bucket and a different random sample', async () => {
+  let rows = [
+    photographed,
+    { ...photographed, stableId: 'inat:2', lon: -122.2 },
+  ];
+  let collapsed = false;
+  const h = harness(
+    { getSnapshot: async () => rows },
+    {
+      project: (_scene, position) => ({
+        x:
+          collapsed ||
+          Cesium.Math.toDegrees(
+            Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position).longitude,
+          ) < -122.3
+            ? 400
+            : 700,
+        y: 400,
+      }),
+    },
+  );
+  await h.update();
+  for (const image of h.images) image.onload?.();
+  const ids = () =>
+    h.overlay.entries
+      .get('wildlife-sightings')
+      .map((entry) => entry.id)
+      .sort();
+  const initial = ids();
+  assert.equal(initial.length, 2);
+  collapsed = true;
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(
+    h.clicks.collection.values.length,
+    1,
+    'one icon in the shared bucket',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ids(),
+    initial,
+    'both visible incumbent photo cards keep their anchors',
+  );
+  rows = [];
+  await h.update();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ids(),
+    initial,
+    'a fresh random sample cannot evict visible cards',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    h.layer.selectSighting('inat:2'),
+    true,
+    'retained card remains selectable',
+  );
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('cold ground cells start on the ellipsoid and one bounded resolve per batch lifts them, without scene sampling', async () => {
+  const h = harness(undefined, {}, { autoEnable: false });
+  let warm = false;
+  let reads = 0;
+  h.ground.sample = () => {
+    reads++;
+    return warm ? 250 : null;
+  };
+  h.layer.init(h.viewer);
+  h.layer.enable(h.viewer);
+  await h.update();
+  const point = h.clicks.collection.values[0];
+  const heightOf = () =>
+    Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(point.position).height;
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(heightOf()) < 0.01, 'cold cell anchors on the ellipsoid');
+  assert.equal(h.ground.resolves, 1, 'one bounded resolve for the batch');
+  warm = true;
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(heightOf() - 250) < 0.01, 'resolved cell lifts in place');
+  assert.equal(h.clicks.collection.values[0], point);
+  const before = reads;
+  h.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.ok(reads - before <= h.clicks.collection.values.length);
+  assert.equal(h.ground.resolves, 1, 'warm cells do not resolve again');
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da4c13717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/** Camera work runs on moveEnd/data arrival only. Measures remain observable
+ * through PerformanceObserver while clearing entries prevents a long session
+ * accumulating one timing record for every pan and streamed tile. */
+export const WILDLIFE_MOVE_END_BUDGET_MS = 4;
+const measureSpans = new Map();
+
+function measureSpan(stage) {
+  let span = measureSpans.get(stage);
+  if (!span) {
+    span = { name: `wildlife-sightings:${stage}`, depth: 0, frames: [] };
+    measureSpans.set(stage, span);
+  }
+  const depth = span.depth++;
+  if (!span.frames[depth]) {
+    const start = `${span.name}:start:${depth}`;
+    span.frames[depth] = { start, options: { start } };
+  }
+  return span;
+}
+
+/** Measure a render phase without accumulating performance entries. */
+export function wildlifeMeasure(stage, work) {
+  const clock = globalThis.performance;
+  if (typeof clock?.mark !== 'function' || typeof clock?.measure !== 'function')
+    return work();
+  // Reuse names/options; nesting depth distinguishes simultaneous spans.
+  const span = measureSpan(stage);
+  const frame = span.frames[span.depth - 1];
+  clock.mark(frame.start);
+  try {
+    return work();
+  } finally {
+    clock.measure(span.name, frame.options);
+    clock.clearMarks?.(frame.start);
+    clock.clearMeasures?.(span.name);
+    span.depth--;
+  }
+}
+
+// A unit is at most 128 cells/billboards. The one-millisecond target leaves
+// room for the last unit, Cesium setters and the overlay host within 4ms.
+export const WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT = 128;
+const WILDLIFE_WORK_SLICE_MS = 1;
+export const WILDLIFE_SYNC_CELL_LIMIT = 256;
+
+function wildlifeWorkStep(work, stage = 'bucket') {
+  return wildlifeMeasure(stage, () => work.next());
+}
+
+/** Run bounded work synchronously for a small population. */
+export function drainWildlifeWork(work) {
+  let stage = 'bucket';
+  for (;;) {
+    const step = wildlifeWorkStep(work, stage);
+    if (step.done) return step.value;
+    stage = step.value || stage;
+  }
+}
+
+/** A cancellable idle queue, never a frame listener. Superseding a camera view
+ * drops unrun work. No network or requestAnimationFrame enters this queue. */
+export function createWildlifeWorkQueue({
+  requestIdle = globalThis.requestIdleCallback?.bind(globalThis),
+  cancelIdle = globalThis.cancelIdleCallback?.bind(globalThis),
+  now = () => performance.now(),
+  onSlice = () => {},
+} = {}) {
+  let active = null;
+  function cancel() {
+    if (!active) return;
+    const old = active;
+    active = null;
+    if (requestIdle) cancelIdle?.(old.handle);
+    else clearTimeout(old.handle);
+    old.work.return?.();
+  }
+  function start(work, complete) {
+    cancel();
+    const job = { work, handle: null, stage: 'bucket' };
+    active = job;
+    function schedule() {
+      job.handle = requestIdle
+        ? requestIdle(run, { timeout: 32 })
+        : setTimeout(run, 0);
+    }
+    function run() {
+      if (active !== job) return;
+      const began = now();
+      let units = 0;
+      let result;
+      wildlifeMeasure('moveEnd:slice', () => {
+        do {
+          result = wildlifeWorkStep(work, job.stage);
+          units++;
+          if (result.done) {
+            active = null;
+            complete(result.value);
+            break;
+          }
+          job.stage = result.value || job.stage;
+        } while (units < 8 && now() - began < WILDLIFE_WORK_SLICE_MS);
+      });
+      onSlice({ startTimeMs: began, durationMs: now() - began, units });
+      if (!result.done && active === job) schedule();
+    }
+    schedule();
+  }
+  return {
+    start,
+    cancel,
+    get pending() {
+      return active !== null;
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..013ea958c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import {
+  harness,
+  syntheticRows,
+  changePositions,
+  WILDLIFE_BENCHMARK_REFRESHES,
+} from '../../testSupport/wildlifeBillboardModel.mjs';
+
+test('500 / 2,000 / 5,000 contacts write only position deltas and do no work for unchanged input', () => {
+  for (const n of [500, 2000, 5000]) {
+    const h = harness();
+    let rows = syntheticRows(n);
+    assert.equal(h.apply(rows).created, n);
+    const retained = h.pointById.get(rows[1].stableId);
+    for (let refresh = 0; refresh < WILDLIFE_BENCHMARK_REFRESHES; refresh++) {
+      rows = changePositions(rows, refresh);
+      assert.deepEqual(h.apply(rows), {
+        created: 0,
+        removed: 0,
+        updated: n / 10,
+        writes: n / 10,
+      });
+      assert.equal(h.pointById.get(rows[1].stableId), retained);
+    }
+    assert.equal(h.counters.created, n);
+    assert.equal(h.counters.destroyed, 0);
+    const before = { ...h.counters };
+    assert.deepEqual(h.apply([...rows].reverse()), {
+      created: 0,
+      removed: 0,
+      updated: 0,
+      writes: 0,
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      h.counters,
+      before,
+      'unchanged content writes and allocates nothing',
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('ten 10% membership refreshes allocate and remove exactly their delta', (t) => {
+  const n = 2000;
+  const h = harness();
+  let rows = syntheticRows(n);
+  h.apply(rows);
+  const retainedId = rows[1].stableId;
+  const retained = h.pointById.get(retainedId);
+  for (let refresh = 0; refresh < WILDLIFE_BENCHMARK_REFRESHES; refresh++) {
+    rows = rows.map((row, i) =>
+      i % 10 === 0 ? { ...row, stableId: `replacement:${refresh}:${i}` } : row,
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(h.apply(rows), {
+      created: n / 10,
+      removed: n / 10,
+      updated: 0,
+      writes: (n / 10) * 5,
+    });
+    assert.equal(h.pointById.get(retainedId), retained);
+    assert.equal(h.points.size, n);
+  }
+  assert.equal(h.counters.created, n + (n / 10) * WILDLIFE_BENCHMARK_REFRESHES);
+  assert.equal(h.counters.destroyed, (n / 10) * WILDLIFE_BENCHMARK_REFRESHES);
+  t.diagnostic(
+    `N=${n}, 10 refreshes: initial creates=${n}, delta creates=2000, delta removes=2000, retained billboard identity unchanged`,
+  );
+});
+
+test('count, grade and name edits produce no billboard writes or resampling', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  const rows = syntheticRows(500);
+  h.model.update(rows);
+  const before = { ...h.counters };
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    h.model.update(
+      rows.map((row) => ({
+        ...row,
+        count: 1000,
+        quality: 'needs_id',
+        commonName: 'Synthetic name',
+      })),
+    ),
+    { created: 0, removed: 0, updated: 0, writes: 0 },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counters, before);
+});
+
+import { PerformanceObserver } from 'node:perf_hooks';
+import {
+  denseContinentalRendering,
+  DENSE_CONTINENT_CELLS,
+  DENSE_CONTINENT_ROWS,
+} from './renderPerformanceFixtures.mjs';
+import {
+  WILDLIFE_MOVE_END_BUDGET_MS,
+  WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT,
+  createWildlifeWorkQueue,
+} from './performance.js';
+
+test('dense continental moveEnd has a deterministic linear operation budget and reuses decoded metadata/coordinates', () => {
+  const h = denseContinentalRendering();
+  try {
+    assert.equal(
+      h.moveEnd(),
+      'pending',
+      'dense work must yield before blocking camera input',
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      h.metrics.projections,
+      0,
+      'moveEnd enqueues work without processing a tile',
+    );
+    const cold = h.flush();
+    assert.ok(
+      cold.glowPrimitives > 4000 &&
+        cold.billboards > 50 &&
+        cold.billboards <= DENSE_CONTINENT_ROWS,
+      'benchmark exercises a dense glow with only real sampled sighting badges',
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      h.state.renderPipelineOperations.densityVisits,
+      DENSE_CONTINENT_CELLS,
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      h.state.renderPipelineOperations.densityMetadataBuilds,
+      DENSE_CONTINENT_CELLS,
+    );
+    assert.ok(cold.slices.length > 1);
+    for (let move = 1; move <= 4; move++) {
+      h.moveEnd(move * 3);
+      const result = h.flush();
+      const ops = h.state.renderPipelineOperations;
+      assert.equal(ops.densityVisits, DENSE_CONTINENT_CELLS);
+      assert.equal(ops.observationVisits, DENSE_CONTINENT_ROWS);
+      assert.equal(ops.densityMetadataBuilds, 0);
+      assert.equal(ops.densityWrites, 0);
+      assert.equal(ops.densityPositionBuilds, 0);
+      assert.ok(ops.densityRetirementVisits <= DENSE_CONTINENT_CELLS);
+      assert.equal(ops.densityCreated, 0);
+      assert.equal(ops.densityRemoved, 0);
+      assert.equal(
+        result.cartesianBuilds,
+        0,
+        'no repeated longitude/latitude trig per camera pass',
+      );
+      assert.ok(ops.projections <= DENSE_CONTINENT_ROWS);
+      assert.ok(result.projections <= DENSE_CONTINENT_ROWS + 150);
+      assert.ok(
+        ops.billboardVisits <= result.billboards * 3 + WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT,
+      );
+      assert.equal(
+        ops.rankComparisons,
+        0,
+        'continental buckets never sort the source population',
+      );
+      assert.ok(ops.spacingTests <= result.billboards * 9);
+      assert.ok(result.slices.length <= 144);
+      assert.ok(result.slices.every((slice) => slice.units <= 8));
+      assert.equal(
+        result.publications,
+        3,
+        'publish overlays once after the accepted view is ready',
+      );
+    }
+    h.moveEnd(12);
+    h.flush();
+    assert.equal(h.state.renderPipelineOperations.billboardWrites, 0);
+    assert.equal(
+      h.state.renderPipelineOperations.billboardVisits,
+      h.state.renderedRows.length * 2,
+      'the delta owner scans each row and retained billboard once',
+    );
+  } finally {
+    h.destroy();
+  }
+});
+
+test('superseded dense camera work is dropped and idle callbacks are removed at teardown', () => {
+  const h = denseContinentalRendering();
+  assert.equal(h.moveEnd(0), 'pending');
+  assert.equal(h.moveEnd(12), 'pending');
+  const result = h.flush();
+  assert.equal(
+    h.state.renderPipelineOperations.densityVisits,
+    DENSE_CONTINENT_CELLS,
+  );
+  assert.equal(result.publications, 3);
+  assert.equal(h.moveEnd(24), 'pending');
+  h.destroy();
+  assert.equal(h.flush().slices.length, 0);
+});
+
+test('performance marks cover each render phase and leave no accumulated entries', async () => {
+  const observed = [];
+  const observer = new PerformanceObserver((list) =>
+    observed.push(...list.getEntries()),
+  );
+  observer.observe({ entryTypes: ['measure'] });
+  const h = denseContinentalRendering();
+  try {
+    h.moveEnd();
+    h.flush();
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    for (const phase of [
+      'density',
+      'bucket',
+      'rank',
+      'billboard-update',
+      'overlay-publish',
+      'moveEnd:slice',
+    ])
+      assert.ok(
+        observed.some((entry) => entry.name === `wildlife-sightings:${phase}`),
+        phase,
+      );
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      performance
+        .getEntriesByType('mark')
+        .filter((entry) => entry.name.startsWith('wildlife-sightings:')),
+      [],
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      performance
+        .getEntriesByType('measure')
+        .filter((entry) => entry.name.startsWith('wildlife-sightings:')),
+      [],
+    );
+    assert.equal(WILDLIFE_MOVE_END_BUDGET_MS, 4);
+  } finally {
+    observer.disconnect();
+    h.destroy();
+  }
+});
+
+test('idle work has a fixed unit ceiling even when the clock does not advance', () => {
+  const callbacks = new Map();
+  let id = 0;
+  let slices = 0;
+  let done = false;
+  const queue = createWildlifeWorkQueue({
+    requestIdle(fn) {
+      callbacks.set(++id, fn);
+      return id;
+    },
+    cancelIdle(handle) {
+      callbacks.delete(handle);
+    },
+    now: () => 0,
+    onSlice({ units }) {
+      assert.ok(units <= 8);
+      slices++;
+    },
+  });
+  function* work() {
+    for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) yield 'bucket';
+    return 42;
+  }
+  queue.start(work(), (result) => {
+    assert.equal(result, 42);
+    done = true;
+  });
+  assert.equal(done, false);
+  while (callbacks.size) {
+    const [handle, fn] = callbacks.entries().next().value;
+    callbacks.delete(handle);
+    fn();
+  }
+  assert.equal(done, true);
+  assert.equal(slices, 3);
+  assert.equal(queue.pending, false);
+});
+
+test('returning to a previous camera after partially applying a billboard delta still reconciles the collection', (t) => {
+  // Slices end after eight units or 1 ms. A clock that advances 2 ms per read
+  // makes every slice one unit, so the half-applied delta is observable.
+  let clock = 0;
+  t.mock.method(performance, 'now', () => (clock += 2));
+  const h = denseContinentalRendering();
+  try {
+    h.moveEnd(0);
+    h.flush();
+    const originalIds = [...h.state.pointById.keys()].sort();
+    const membership = () => [...h.state.pointById.keys()].sort();
+    h.moveEnd(12);
+    // Advance just until real billboard mutations begin, then supersede the
+    // partially applied view by returning to the original camera.
+    for (let i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
+      h.flush(1);
+      if (JSON.stringify(membership()) !== JSON.stringify(originalIds)) break;
+    }
+    assert.notDeepEqual(membership(), originalIds);
+    h.moveEnd(0);
+    h.flush();
+    assert.deepEqual(membership(), originalIds);
+  } finally {
+    h.destroy();
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..048805f3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
+/** Compact card ages in translated minutes, hours or days. */
+export function formatAge(deltaMs) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(deltaMs) || deltaMs < 0) return null;
+  const hours = Math.floor(deltaMs / 3_600_000);
+  if (hours < 1)
+    return t('{count}m', {
+      context: 'age',
+      count: Math.max(1, Math.floor(deltaMs / 60_000)),
+    });
+  if (hours < 24) return t('{count}h', { context: 'age', count: hours });
+  return t('{count}d', { context: 'age', count: Math.floor(hours / 24) });
+}
+
+/** Use the creator portion of the supplied attribution, never a guessed
+ * observer/login. iNaturalist appends rights and licence text after it. */
+export function photoCreator(photo) {
+  if (typeof photo?.attribution !== 'string') return null;
+  const creator = photo.attribution
+    .replace(/^\s*(?:\(c\)|©|copyright)\s*/i, '')
+    .replace(/,\s*(?:some|no|all)\s+rights\s+reserved\b.*$/i, '')
+    .replace(
+      /(?:,\s*|\s*\()(?:CC[\s-]+BY(?:[\s-]+(?:NC|SA|ND))*|CC0|public\s+domain)(?:\s+\d(?:\.\d)?)?\)?\s*$/i,
+      '',
+    )
+    .trim();
+  if (
+    !creator ||
+    /^(?:(?:some|no|all)\s+rights\s+reserved\b|CC(?:0|[\s-]+BY)\b)/i.test(
+      creator,
+    )
+  )
+    return null;
+  return creator;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6590baf59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.js
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import { ambientScore } from './cards.js';
+import { compareWildlifeIds } from './model.js';
+import { WILDLIFE_PHOTO_FETCH, WILDLIFE_PHOTO_CACHE_MAX } from './policy.js';
+
+/** Own decoded ambient images and their cancellable, ranked queue. */
+export function createPhotoSlots({
+  imageFactory = () => new Image(),
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+  setTimer = (fn, delay) => setTimeout(fn, delay),
+  clearTimer = (timer) => clearTimeout(timer),
+  onChange = null,
+} = {}) {
+  const slots = new Map();
+  let queue = [];
+  let timer = null;
+  let destroyed = false;
+  let liveKeys = new Set();
+  let cohortKey = null;
+
+  function notify() {
+    if (!destroyed) onChange?.();
+  }
+
+  function release(slot) {
+    slot.cancelled = true;
+    if (!slot.image) return;
+    slot.image.onload = null;
+    slot.image.onerror = null;
+    // Detaching listeners alone would leave pending network and decoded data.
+    slot.image.src = '';
+  }
+
+  function prune() {
+    if (slots.size <= WILDLIFE_PHOTO_CACHE_MAX) return;
+    const ranked = [...slots].sort(([a, slotA], [b, slotB]) => {
+      const keepA = liveKeys.has(a);
+      const keepB = liveKeys.has(b);
+      const frameA = slotA.displayed;
+      const frameB = slotB.displayed;
+      // Decoded photographs that have actually been painted outrank unseen
+      // prefetches. Preserve their Image objects for a flash-free return pan.
+      return Number(keepA) - Number(keepB) || Number(frameA) - Number(frameB);
+    });
+    for (const [key, slot] of ranked) {
+      if (slots.size <= WILDLIFE_PHOTO_CACHE_MAX) break;
+      release(slot);
+      slots.delete(key);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function ensure(row) {
+    const url = row?.photo?.square;
+    if (!url) return null;
+    const key = row.stableId;
+    let slot = slots.get(key);
+    if (slot && slot.url !== url) {
+      release(slot);
+      slots.delete(key);
+      slot = null;
+    }
+    if (!slot) {
+      slot = {
+        key,
+        url,
+        image: null,
+        state: 'queued',
+        cancelled: false,
+        displayed: false,
+      };
+    } else slots.delete(key);
+    slots.set(key, slot);
+    return slot;
+  }
+
+  function launch(slot) {
+    if (
+      destroyed ||
+      slot.cancelled ||
+      slots.get(slot.key) !== slot ||
+      slot.state !== 'queued'
+    )
+      return;
+    slot.state = 'loading';
+    let image;
+    try {
+      image = imageFactory();
+      slot.image = image;
+      // Deliberately non-CORS: the overlay canvas is display-only and is
+      // never read back. Viewport capture reads the separate Cesium canvas.
+      image.onload = () => {
+        if (destroyed || slot.cancelled || slots.get(slot.key) !== slot) return;
+        slot.state = 'ready';
+        image.onload = null;
+        image.onerror = null;
+        notify();
+      };
+      image.onerror = () => {
+        if (destroyed || slot.cancelled || slots.get(slot.key) !== slot) return;
+        slot.state = 'error';
+        image.onload = null;
+        image.onerror = null;
+        notify();
+      };
+      image.src = slot.url;
+    } catch {
+      slot.state = 'error';
+      notify();
+    }
+  }
+
+  function pace() {
+    timer = null;
+    if (destroyed) return;
+    while (queue.length) {
+      const slot = queue.shift();
+      if (slot.cancelled || slots.get(slot.key) !== slot) continue;
+      launch(slot);
+      break;
+    }
+    if (queue.length) timer = setTimer(pace, WILDLIFE_PHOTO_FETCH.intervalMs);
+  }
+
+  function setAmbient(rows) {
+    if (destroyed) return;
+    const ranked = [...rows].sort(
+      (a, b) =>
+        ambientScore(b, now()) - ambientScore(a, now()) ||
+        compareWildlifeIds(a.stableId, b.stableId),
+    );
+    const nextKey = JSON.stringify(
+      ranked.map((row) => [row.stableId, row.photo?.square]),
+    );
+    // A same-cohort refresh must not turn the paced tail into another burst.
+    if (cohortKey === nextKey) return;
+    cohortKey = nextKey;
+    clearTimer(timer);
+    timer = null;
+    liveKeys = new Set(ranked.map((row) => row.stableId));
+    queue = ranked.map(ensure).filter(Boolean);
+    prune();
+    queue = queue.filter(
+      (slot) => slots.get(slot.key) === slot && slot.state === 'queued',
+    );
+    for (
+      let index = 0;
+      index < WILDLIFE_PHOTO_FETCH.burst && queue.length;
+      index++
+    )
+      launch(queue.shift());
+    if (queue.length) timer = setTimer(pace, WILDLIFE_PHOTO_FETCH.intervalMs);
+  }
+
+  function get(row) {
+    const key = row?.stableId;
+    const slot = slots.get(key);
+    if (!slot || slot.state !== 'ready') return null;
+    slot.displayed = true;
+    slots.delete(key);
+    slots.set(key, slot);
+    return slot.image;
+  }
+
+  function clear() {
+    clearTimer(timer);
+    timer = null;
+    queue = [];
+    for (const slot of slots.values()) release(slot);
+    slots.clear();
+    liveKeys.clear();
+    cohortKey = null;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    setAmbient,
+    get,
+    clear,
+    destroy() {
+      destroyed = true;
+      clear();
+    },
+    diagnostics: () => ({ slots: slots.size, queued: queue.length }),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9de75c63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photos.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { createPhotoSlots } from './photos.js';
+
+function clock() {
+  let time = 0;
+  let next = 0;
+  const timers = new Map();
+  return {
+    now: () => time,
+    setTimer(fn, delay) {
+      const id = ++next;
+      timers.set(id, { fn, at: time + delay });
+      return id;
+    },
+    clearTimer(id) {
+      timers.delete(id);
+    },
+    tick(ms) {
+      const until = time + ms;
+      while (true) {
+        const pending = [...timers].sort((a, b) => a[1].at - b[1].at)[0];
+        if (!pending || pending[1].at > until) break;
+        time = pending[1].at;
+        timers.delete(pending[0]);
+        pending[1].fn();
+      }
+      time = until;
+    },
+    count: () => timers.size,
+  };
+}
+
+const row = (index) => ({
+  stableId: `inat:${index}`,
+  quality: 'research',
+  observedAt: 0,
+  favesCount: 100 - index,
+  identificationAgreements: 0,
+  photo: {
+    square: `https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/${index}/square.jpg`,
+    medium: `https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/${index}/medium.jpg`,
+    licence: 'cc-by',
+    attribution: '(c) Synthetic Photographer',
+  },
+});
+
+function harness() {
+  const time = clock();
+  const launches = [];
+  const images = [];
+  let changes = 0;
+  const slots = createPhotoSlots({
+    ...time,
+    onChange: () => changes++,
+    imageFactory: () => {
+      const image = {
+        set src(url) {
+          this.url = url;
+          if (url) launches.push({ at: time.now(), url });
+        },
+      };
+      images.push(image);
+      return image;
+    },
+  });
+  return { slots, time, images, launches, changes: () => changes };
+}
+
+test('24 photos start in rank order: eight immediately, then one per 250 ms', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: 24 }, (_, index) => row(index + 1));
+  h.slots.setAmbient([...rows].reverse());
+  assert.equal(h.launches.length, 8);
+  h.time.tick(249);
+  assert.equal(h.launches.length, 8);
+  h.time.tick(1);
+  assert.equal(h.launches.length, 9);
+  h.time.tick(3750);
+  assert.equal(h.launches.length, 24);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    h.launches.map(({ url }) => Number(url.match(/photos\/(\d+)/)[1])),
+    rows.map((_, index) => index + 1),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    h.launches.slice(8).map(({ at }) => at),
+    Array.from({ length: 16 }, (_, i) => (i + 1) * 250),
+  );
+  h.slots.destroy();
+});
+
+test('same-cohort refresh keeps the ambient queue pacing without restarting its burst', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: 24 }, (_, i) => row(i + 1));
+  h.slots.setAmbient(rows);
+  assert.equal(h.launches.length, 8);
+  h.time.tick(100);
+  h.slots.setAmbient(rows);
+  assert.equal(h.launches.length, 8);
+  h.time.tick(150);
+  assert.equal(h.launches.length, 9);
+  assert.ok(h.launches.every(({ url }) => /square.jpg$/.test(url)));
+  h.slots.destroy();
+});
+
+test('images settle through slots, are pruned to 96, and late loads cannot publish after clear', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.slots.setAmbient([row(1)]);
+  const loaded = h.images[0];
+  loaded.onload();
+  assert.equal(h.slots.get(row(1)), loaded);
+  assert.equal(h.changes(), 1);
+  for (let index = 2; index <= 130; index++) h.slots.setAmbient([row(index)]);
+  assert.equal(h.slots.diagnostics().slots, 96);
+  const last = h.images.at(-1);
+  const late = last.onload;
+  h.slots.clear();
+  late();
+  assert.equal(h.changes(), 1);
+  assert.equal(h.slots.diagnostics().slots, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.time.count(), 0);
+  assert.ok(h.images.every((image) => image.url === ''));
+});
+
+test('returning cards reuse their decoded frame after a pan or height-band hide', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  const first = row(1);
+  h.slots.setAmbient([first]);
+  const frame = h.images[0];
+  frame.onload();
+  assert.equal(h.slots.get(first), frame);
+  h.slots.setAmbient([]);
+  h.slots.setAmbient([row(2)]);
+  h.images[1].onload();
+  for (let index = 3; index < 105; index++) h.slots.setAmbient([row(index)]);
+  h.slots.setAmbient([first]);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.slots.get(first),
+    frame,
+    'the returning image is already ready, with no empty frame',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    h.launches.filter(({ url }) => url.includes('/photos/1/')).length,
+    1,
+  );
+  h.slots.destroy();
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4af9d7d17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/marker.js';
+
+export const WILDLIFE_UNKNOWN_COLOR = '#9aa7b3';
+export const WILDLIFE_ACCENT = '#7bd88f';
+export const ICONIC_TINTS = Object.freeze({
+  Aves: '#9fa8ff',
+  Mammalia: '#e0a96d',
+  Reptilia: '#c5d86d',
+  Amphibia: '#5fd3bc',
+  Actinopterygii: '#6fa8dc',
+  Insecta: '#f0b35a',
+  Arachnida: '#d98c6a',
+  Plantae: WILDLIFE_ACCENT,
+  Fungi: '#e8a0a8',
+  Animalia: '#b0bec5',
+  Unknown: WILDLIFE_UNKNOWN_COLOR,
+});
+
+export const ICONIC_LEGEND_ORDER = Object.freeze([
+  'Aves',
+  'Mammalia',
+  'Reptilia',
+  'Amphibia',
+  'Actinopterygii',
+  'Insecta',
+  'Arachnida',
+  'Plantae',
+  'Fungi',
+  'Animalia',
+  'Unknown',
+]);
+
+// Keep badges compact among dense anchors, labels and photo cards.
+export const WILDLIFE_SCALE_BY_DISTANCE = Object.freeze([
+  1_000, 1.1, 8_000_000, 0.6,
+]);
+export const WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX = 20;
+export const WILDLIFE_BADGE_MAX_PX =
+  WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX * WILDLIFE_SCALE_BY_DISTANCE[1];
+
+export const WILDLIFE_GRID_HEIGHT_METERS = 400_000;
+// Bound billboard population after screen bucketing.
+export const WILDLIFE_RENDER_LIMIT = 5_000;
+// Bound candidates before the overlay host's final declutter.
+export const WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT = 150;
+export const WILDLIFE_LABEL_NAME_SEPARATION_PX = 80;
+// Hidden ground batches may need several render passes to compile. Retire a
+// failed staging batch after a bounded number instead of holding rendering.
+export const WILDLIFE_GROUND_READY_MAX_CHECKS = 16;
+
+// Camera-height thresholds use +/-10% hysteresis to keep representations still
+// while a camera settles near a boundary.
+export const WILDLIFE_HEIGHT_HYSTERESIS = 0.1;
+export const WILDLIFE_HEIGHT_BANDS = Object.freeze({
+  global: 3_000_000,
+  cells: 1_500_000,
+  cards: 400_000,
+});
+export const WILDLIFE_MAX_ROWS = 2_000;
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_LIMIT = 24;
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_MIN_SEP_PX = 112;
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_REGION_COLUMNS = 4;
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_REGION_ROWS = 3;
+export const WILDLIFE_PHOTO_CACHE_MAX = 96;
+
+// Static S3 thumbnails do not spend the API quota.
+export const WILDLIFE_PHOTO_FETCH = Object.freeze({
+  burst: 8,
+  intervalMs: 250,
+});
+
+export const WILDLIFE_DEBOUNCE_MS = 600;
+export { WILDLIFE_MAX_VIEW_DEGREES } from './bounds.js';
+export const WILDLIFE_VIEW_PADDING = 0.3;
+export const WILDLIFE_RETRY_MIN_MS = 30_000;
+export const WILDLIFE_RETRY_MAX_MS = 240_000;
+
+// Faster polling would reread the proxy's five-minute cache.
+export const WILDLIFE_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS = 5 * 60_000;
+
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_SCALE_FULL_METERS = 20_000;
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_SCALE_MID_METERS = 120_000;
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_SCALE_END_METERS = 125_000;
+// Separate entry and exit thresholds prevent churn during small zooms.
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_SHOW_MAX_METERS = 110_000;
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_HIDE_MAX_METERS = 125_000;
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_FADE_LOW_METERS = 70_000;
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_FADE_HIGH_METERS = 125_000;
+export const WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_MAX_CHARS = 40;
+export const WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_FADE_LOW_METERS = 250_000;
+export const WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_FADE_HIGH_METERS = 400_000;
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_MAX_DISTANCE_METERS = 600_000;
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_ALTITUDE_SCALE = Object.freeze({
+  fullEnd: WILDLIFE_CARD_SCALE_FULL_METERS,
+  midEnd: WILDLIFE_CARD_SCALE_MID_METERS,
+  end: WILDLIFE_CARD_SCALE_END_METERS,
+  midValue: 0.9,
+  endValue: 0.85,
+  smoothToMid: true,
+});
+
+export { ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX } from './acartiaTaxa.js';
+export const WILDLIFE_CONFIRMED_CHIP_ID = 'quality-confirmed';
+
+export const TAXA_PRESETS = Object.freeze([
+  Object.freeze({
+    value: 'all',
+    id: 'taxa-all',
+    label: msg('ALL'),
+    title: msg('Show all taxa'),
+  }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    value: 'Aves',
+    id: 'taxa-birds',
+    label: msg('BIRDS'),
+    title: msg('Show only birds'),
+  }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    value: 'Mammalia',
+    id: 'taxa-mammals',
+    label: msg('MAMMALS'),
+    title: msg('Show only mammals'),
+  }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    value: 'whales',
+    id: 'taxa-whales',
+    label: msg('WHALES'),
+    title: msg('Show only whales and dolphins (7 days)'),
+  }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    value: 'Insecta',
+    id: 'taxa-insects',
+    label: msg('INSECTS'),
+    title: msg('Show only insects'),
+  }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    value: 'Plantae',
+    id: 'taxa-plants',
+    label: msg('PLANTS'),
+    title: msg('Show only plants'),
+  }),
+]);
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1e50f52c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+// The server imports this module. Keep the projection independent of Cesium,
+// DOM and the translation catalog, and never copy an upstream record wholesale.
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/marker.js';
+import { acartiaSpeciesGroup, inAcartiaCoverage } from './acartiaTaxa.js';
+
+const OPEN_PHOTO_LICENCES = Object.freeze([
+  'cc0',
+  'cc-by',
+  'cc-by-sa',
+  'cc-by-nc',
+  'cc-by-nc-sa',
+]);
+
+const DAY_MS = 86_400_000;
+const ACARTIA_MAX_AGE_MS = 8 * DAY_MS;
+const OBSERVATION_FUTURE_TOLERANCE_MS = 10 * 60_000;
+// A JavaScript $ can match before a final newline; require the true end too.
+const INAT_PHOTO =
+  /^https:\/\/inaturalist-open-data\.s3\.amazonaws\.com\/photos\/\d+\/square\.(jpe?g|png)$(?![\s\S])/i;
+const INAT_OBSERVATION =
+  /^https:\/\/www\.inaturalist\.org\/observations\/\d+$(?![\s\S])/;
+
+/** Accept only canonical iNaturalist observation pages, without URL suffixes. */
+function inatObservationUri(value) {
+  return typeof value === 'string' && INAT_OBSERVATION.test(value)
+    ? value
+    : null;
+}
+
+function cleanText(value, maxLength) {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') return null;
+  const text = value.replace(/[\u0000-\u001f\u007f-\u009f]/g, '').trim();
+  return text ? text.slice(0, maxLength) : null;
+}
+
+function numberOrNull(value) {
+  if (typeof value !== 'number' && typeof value !== 'string') return null;
+  if (typeof value === 'string' && !value.trim()) return null;
+  const number = Number(value);
+  return Number.isFinite(number) ? number : null;
+}
+
+function validPosition(lat, lon) {
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(lat) &&
+    Math.abs(lat) <= 90 &&
+    Number.isFinite(lon) &&
+    Math.abs(lon) <= 180
+  );
+}
+
+function dateOnly(value) {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string' || !/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/.test(value))
+    return null;
+  const time = Date.parse(value);
+  return Number.isFinite(time) &&
+    new Date(time).toISOString().slice(0, 10) === value
+    ? value
+    : null;
+}
+
+/** Date-only records cannot prove a time within a partly expired cutoff day.
+ * Use its start conservatively, including for privacy-preserving cached cells. */
+function withinObservationWindow(observedAt, observedOn, nowMs, windowMs) {
+  const time = Number.isFinite(observedAt)
+    ? observedAt
+    : dateOnly(observedOn)
+      ? Date.parse(`${observedOn}T00:00:00Z`)
+      : NaN;
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(time) &&
+    Number.isFinite(nowMs) &&
+    Number.isFinite(windowMs) &&
+    windowMs >= 0 &&
+    time >= nowMs - windowMs &&
+    time <= nowMs + OBSERVATION_FUTURE_TOLERANCE_MS
+  );
+}
+
+/** Apply the displayed observation window to projected and retained LRU rows. */
+export function isRecentWildlifeSighting(row, nowMs, taxa = 'all') {
+  return withinObservationWindow(
+    row?.observedAt,
+    row?.observedOn,
+    nowMs,
+    (taxa === 'whales' ? 7 : 2) * DAY_MS,
+  );
+}
+
+/** Strictly parse the two documented Acartia forms. A timezone-free SQL-style
+ * value is UTC; ISO timestamps must carry a timezone rather than using the host's. */
+export function parseAcartiaTime(value) {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') return null;
+  const text = value.trim();
+  const sql = /^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}$/.test(text);
+  const iso =
+    /^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}T\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(?:\.\d+)?(?:Z|[+-]\d{2}:\d{2})$/i.test(
+      text,
+    );
+  if (!sql && !iso) return null;
+  const day = dateOnly(text.slice(0, 10));
+  if (!day) return null;
+  const [hour, minute, second] = text.slice(11, 19).split(':').map(Number);
+  if (hour > 23 || minute > 59 || second > 59) return null;
+  const time = Date.parse(sql ? `${text.replace(' ', 'T')}Z` : text);
+  return Number.isFinite(time) ? time : null;
+}
+
+function coarsen(value, precision = 2) {
+  const scale = 10 ** precision;
+  return Math.round(value * scale) / scale;
+}
+
+/** Public iNaturalist obscuration is a 0.2-degree cell aligned to zero. The
+ * rounding removes floating-point noise, including at negative longitudes. */
+export function obscuredCell(lat, lon) {
+  if (!validPosition(lat, lon)) return null;
+  const south = Math.min(89.8, Math.floor(lat * 5) / 5);
+  const west = Math.min(179.8, Math.floor(lon * 5) / 5);
+  return {
+    south: coarsen(south, 1),
+    north: coarsen(south + 0.2, 1),
+    west: coarsen(west, 1),
+    east: coarsen(west + 0.2, 1),
+  };
+}
+
+/** Only the documented open-data square URL can be transformed to a display size. */
+export function inatPhotoUrl(url, size = 'square') {
+  if (typeof url !== 'string' || !INAT_PHOTO.test(url)) return null;
+  if (size !== 'square' && size !== 'medium') return null;
+  return size === 'square' ? url : url.replace(/\/square\./i, `/${size}.`);
+}
+
+/** Accept either the first upstream photo or the explicitly projected photo. */
+export function isOpenPhoto(photo) {
+  if (!photo || typeof photo !== 'object') return false;
+  const licence = photo.license_code ?? photo.licence;
+  return (
+    OPEN_PHOTO_LICENCES.includes(licence) &&
+    inatPhotoUrl(photo.url ?? photo.square) !== null &&
+    cleanText(photo.attribution, 160) !== null
+  );
+}
+
+/** Licence codes remain provider data; the all-rights-reserved fallback is
+ * marked for translation when cards display it. */
+export function inatLicenceLabel(code) {
+  switch (code) {
+    case 'cc0':
+      return 'CC0';
+    case 'cc-by':
+      return 'CC BY';
+    case 'cc-by-sa':
+      return 'CC BY-SA';
+    case 'cc-by-nc':
+      return 'CC BY-NC';
+    case 'cc-by-nc-sa':
+      return 'CC BY-NC-SA';
+    case 'cc-by-nd':
+      return 'CC BY-ND';
+    case 'cc-by-nc-nd':
+      return 'CC BY-NC-ND';
+    default:
+      return msg('All rights reserved');
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Project API-v1 observation results (the results ARRAY, not the response
+ * envelope). Malformed rows are skipped; only a non-array rejects a snapshot.
+ */
+export function normalizeInatObservations(
+  payload,
+  { nowMs, windowMs = 2 * DAY_MS } = {},
+) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(payload)) return null;
+  const rows = [];
+  const ids = new Set();
+  for (const raw of payload) {
+    if (!raw || !Number.isSafeInteger(raw.id) || raw.id <= 0) continue;
+    if (raw.geoprivacy === 'private' || raw.taxon_geoprivacy === 'private')
+      continue;
+    if (raw.quality_grade !== 'research' && raw.quality_grade !== 'needs_id')
+      continue;
+    const stableId = `inat:${raw.id}`;
+    if (ids.has(stableId)) continue;
+    let lon = raw.geojson?.coordinates?.[0];
+    let lat = raw.geojson?.coordinates?.[1];
+    if (!validPosition(lat, lon) && typeof raw.location === 'string') {
+      const parts = raw.location.split(',');
+      if (parts.length === 2) [lat, lon] = parts.map(numberOrNull);
+    }
+    if (!validPosition(lat, lon)) continue;
+    const obscured =
+      raw.obscured === true ||
+      raw.geoprivacy === 'obscured' ||
+      raw.taxon_geoprivacy === 'obscured';
+    const cell = obscured ? obscuredCell(lat, lon) : null;
+    const time = parseAcartiaTime(raw.time_observed_at);
+    const observedOn =
+      dateOnly(raw.observed_on) ||
+      (time !== null ? new Date(time).toISOString().slice(0, 10) : null);
+    // The v1 d1 parameter is a DATE filter, so its first day over-fetches the
+    // exact rolling window. Filter before hiding an obscured record's time.
+    if (
+      Number.isFinite(nowMs) &&
+      !withinObservationWindow(time, observedOn, nowMs, windowMs)
+    )
+      continue;
+    const photo = Array.isArray(raw.photos) ? raw.photos[0] : null;
+    const taxon = raw.taxon;
+    const faves = numberOrNull(raw.faves_count);
+    const agreements = numberOrNull(raw.num_identification_agreements);
+    ids.add(stableId);
+    rows.push({
+      stableId,
+      origin: 'inaturalist',
+      lat: cell ? coarsen((cell.south + cell.north) / 2, 1) : lat,
+      lon: cell ? coarsen((cell.west + cell.east) / 2, 1) : lon,
+      obscured,
+      cell,
+      observedAt: obscured ? null : time,
+      observedOn,
+      quality: raw.quality_grade,
+      commonName: cleanText(taxon?.preferred_common_name, 100),
+      scientificName: cleanText(taxon?.name, 100),
+      iconic: cleanText(taxon?.iconic_taxon_name, 40) || 'Unknown',
+      threatened: taxon?.threatened === true,
+      provider: null,
+      link:
+        inatObservationUri(raw.uri) ||
+        `https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/${raw.id}`,
+      photo: isOpenPhoto(photo)
+        ? {
+            square: inatPhotoUrl(photo.url),
+            licence: photo.license_code,
+            attribution: cleanText(photo.attribution, 160),
+          }
+        : null,
+      // These public aggregate counters are used only for ambient photo rank.
+      favesCount: faves !== null && faves >= 0 ? Math.floor(faves) : 0,
+      identificationAgreements:
+        agreements !== null && agreements >= 0 ? Math.floor(agreements) : 0,
+    });
+  }
+  return rows;
+}
+
+function acartiaLink(value) {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string' || value.length > 500)
+    return 'https://acartia.io';
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(value);
+    return url.protocol === 'https:' && !url.username && !url.password
+      ? url.href
+      : 'https://acartia.io';
+  } catch {
+    return 'https://acartia.io';
+  }
+}
+
+/** Acartia documents flat rows only. Name and entity are text fields; unknown
+ * shapes are skipped rather than guessing nested provider data. */
+export function normalizeAcartiaSightings(payload, nowMs) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(payload)) return null;
+  const rows = [];
+  const ids = new Set();
+  for (const raw of payload) {
+    const id =
+      typeof raw?.entry_id === 'string'
+        ? cleanText(raw.entry_id, 120)
+        : Number.isFinite(raw?.entry_id)
+          ? String(raw.entry_id)
+          : null;
+    if (!id) continue;
+    const stableId = `acartia:${id}`;
+    if (ids.has(stableId)) continue;
+    const lat = numberOrNull(raw.latitude);
+    const lon = numberOrNull(raw.longitude);
+    const observedAt = parseAcartiaTime(raw.created);
+    const name = cleanText(raw.data_source_name, 60);
+    const species = cleanText(raw.type, 100);
+    // Validate the original field: truncating a long, ambiguous name could
+    // otherwise turn a prefix such as "Orca ... or seal" into a valid species.
+    const speciesGroup = acartiaSpeciesGroup(raw.type);
+    if (
+      !validPosition(lat, lon) ||
+      !inAcartiaCoverage(lat, lon) ||
+      !name ||
+      !speciesGroup ||
+      observedAt === null ||
+      !Number.isFinite(nowMs) ||
+      nowMs - observedAt > ACARTIA_MAX_AGE_MS ||
+      observedAt - nowMs > OBSERVATION_FUTURE_TOLERANCE_MS
+    )
+      continue;
+    ids.add(stableId);
+    rows.push({
+      stableId,
+      origin: 'acartia',
+      lat: coarsen(lat),
+      lon: coarsen(lon),
+      obscured: false,
+      cell: null,
+      observedAt,
+      observedOn: new Date(observedAt).toISOString().slice(0, 10),
+      quality:
+        raw.trusted === true || raw.trusted === 1 || raw.trusted === 'true'
+          ? 'research'
+          : 'needs_id',
+      commonName: species,
+      scientificName: null,
+      iconic: 'Mammalia',
+      cetacean: speciesGroup === 'cetacean',
+      threatened: false,
+      provider: { name, entity: cleanText(raw.data_source_entity, 60) },
+      link: acartiaLink(raw.photo_url),
+      photo: null,
+      favesCount: 0,
+      identificationAgreements: 0,
+    });
+  }
+  return rows;
+}
+
+/** Recheck observation age on projected snapshots, including stale cache rows. */
+export function mergeSightings(
+  inatRows,
+  acartiaRows,
+  { nowMs, taxa = 'all', confirmed = false } = {},
+) {
+  const byId = new Map();
+  for (const row of Array.isArray(inatRows) ? inatRows : []) {
+    if (isRecentWildlifeSighting(row, nowMs, taxa)) byId.set(row.stableId, row);
+  }
+  for (const row of Array.isArray(acartiaRows) ? acartiaRows : []) {
+    if (
+      !inAcartiaCoverage(row.lat, row.lon) ||
+      !isRecentWildlifeSighting(row, nowMs, taxa)
+    )
+      continue;
+    if (confirmed && row.quality !== 'research') continue;
+    if (/inaturalist/i.test(row.provider?.name || '')) continue;
+    if (!['all', 'Mammalia', 'whales'].includes(taxa)) continue;
+    if (taxa === 'whales' && row.cetacean !== true) continue;
+    byId.set(row.stableId, row);
+  }
+  return [...byId.values()];
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18a1693d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  normalizeInatObservations,
+  normalizeAcartiaSightings,
+  parseAcartiaTime,
+  inatPhotoUrl,
+  isOpenPhoto,
+  obscuredCell,
+  inatLicenceLabel,
+  mergeSightings,
+  isRecentWildlifeSighting,
+} from './records.js';
+
+const now = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 4, 18);
+const hour = 3_600_000;
+const photo = {
+  url: 'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/123/square.jpeg',
+  license_code: 'cc-by-nc',
+  attribution: '(c) Synthetic Photographer, some rights reserved',
+};
+const observation = (overrides = {}) => ({
+  id: 123,
+  uri: 'https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123',
+  geojson: { coordinates: [-122.351, 47.613] },
+  positional_accuracy: 12,
+  public_positional_accuracy: 12,
+  obscured: false,
+  geoprivacy: null,
+  taxon_geoprivacy: null,
+  time_observed_at: '2026-11-04T16:00:00Z',
+  observed_on: '2026-11-04',
+  created_at: '2026-11-04T17:00:00Z',
+  quality_grade: 'research',
+  license_code: 'cc-by-nc',
+  faves_count: 6,
+  num_identification_agreements: 3,
+  taxon: {
+    name: 'Calypte anna',
+    preferred_common_name: "Anna's Hummingbird",
+    iconic_taxon_name: 'Aves',
+    threatened: false,
+  },
+  photos: [photo],
+  user: { login: 'SHOULD_NEVER_ESCAPE' },
+  ...overrides,
+});
+const sighting = (overrides = {}) => ({
+  entry_id: 'abc',
+  latitude: 48.12345,
+  longitude: -122.54321,
+  created: '2026-11-04 16:00:00',
+  type: 'Orca',
+  no_sighted: '5',
+  photo_url: 'https://provider.example/photo.jpg',
+  data_source_name: 'Synthetic Network',
+  data_source_entity: 'Whale Alert',
+  trusted: true,
+  data_source_comments: 'PRIVATE PHONE AND NAME',
+  ...overrides,
+});
+
+test('normalizers reject only non-array snapshots and dedupe validated ids', () => {
+  for (const input of [null, {}, { results: [] }, '']) {
+    assert.equal(normalizeInatObservations(input), null);
+    assert.equal(normalizeAcartiaSightings(input, now), null);
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeInatObservations([]), []);
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeInatObservations([null, observation(), observation()]).length,
+    1,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeAcartiaSightings([null, sighting(), sighting()], now).length,
+    1,
+  );
+});
+
+test('iNaturalist projection retains only the listed display fields and aggregate photo rank', () => {
+  const [row] = normalizeInatObservations([observation()]);
+  assert.equal(row.stableId, 'inat:123');
+  assert.equal(row.favesCount, 6);
+  assert.equal(row.identificationAgreements, 3);
+  assert.equal(row.photo.attribution, photo.attribution);
+  assert.equal(row.observedAt, now - 2 * hour);
+  for (const key of [
+    'user',
+    'login',
+    'public_positional_accuracy',
+    'geojson',
+    'created_at',
+  ])
+    assert.equal(key in row, false);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(JSON.stringify(row), /SHOULD_NEVER_ESCAPE/);
+});
+
+test('observation links accept only canonical source pages and fall back to the id', () => {
+  for (const uri of [
+    undefined,
+    'https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123\n',
+    'https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123?redirect=elsewhere',
+    'http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123',
+    'https://www.inaturalist.org.evil.example/observations/123',
+  ]) {
+    const [row] = normalizeInatObservations([observation({ uri })]);
+    assert.equal(
+      row.link,
+      observation().uri,
+      'the existing detail card keeps its canonical fallback',
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('wildlife package entries construct without acquiring data or a DOM', async () => {
+  const api = await import('gods-eye-view/layers/wildlife-sightings');
+  const sources =
+    await import('gods-eye-view/layers/wildlife-sightings/source');
+  const layer = api.createWildlifeSightingsLayer({
+    source: sources.createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+      fetchImpl() {
+        assert.fail('construction must not acquire');
+      },
+    }),
+  });
+  assert.equal(layer.id, 'wildlife-sightings');
+  layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('only allow-listed photo licences with square open-data hosts and attribution render', () => {
+  for (const license_code of [
+    'cc0',
+    'cc-by',
+    'cc-by-sa',
+    'cc-by-nc',
+    'cc-by-nc-sa',
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(isOpenPhoto({ ...photo, license_code }), true);
+    assert.ok(
+      normalizeInatObservations([
+        observation({ photos: [{ ...photo, license_code }] }),
+      ])[0].photo,
+    );
+  }
+  for (const badPhoto of [
+    { ...photo, license_code: null },
+    { ...photo, license_code: 'cc-by-nd' },
+    { ...photo, license_code: 'cc-by-nc-nd' },
+    { ...photo, license_code: 'all rights reserved' },
+    { ...photo, url: 'https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/123/square.jpg' },
+    { ...photo, url: `${photo.url}?size=square` },
+    { ...photo, url: photo.url.replace('https:', 'http:') },
+    { ...photo, attribution: '' },
+    { ...photo, url: photo.url.replace('/square.', '/medium.') },
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(isOpenPhoto(badPhoto), false);
+    assert.equal(
+      normalizeInatObservations([observation({ photos: [badPhoto] })])[0].photo,
+      null,
+    );
+  }
+  assert.equal(
+    inatPhotoUrl(photo.url, 'medium'),
+    'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/123/medium.jpeg',
+  );
+  for (const extension of ['jpg', 'jpeg', 'PNG']) {
+    const square = photo.url.replace('square.jpeg', `square.${extension}`);
+    assert.equal(
+      inatPhotoUrl(square, 'medium'),
+      square.replace('/square.', '/medium.'),
+    );
+  }
+  for (const invalid of [
+    null,
+    new URL(photo.url),
+    photo.url.replace('https:', 'http:'),
+    photo.url.replace('amazonaws.com', 'amazonaws.com.evil.example'),
+    photo.url.replace('https://', 'https://user:secret@'),
+    photo.url.replace('https://', 'https://evil.example@'),
+    photo.url.replace('/photos/', '/other/photos/'),
+    photo.url.replace('/123/', '/abc/'),
+    photo.url.replace('/square.', '/medium.'),
+    photo.url.replace('/square.', '/large.'),
+    photo.url.replace('.jpeg', '.webp'),
+    `${photo.url}?size=large`,
+    `${photo.url}#large`,
+    `${photo.url}\n`,
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(inatPhotoUrl(invalid, 'medium'), null, String(invalid));
+  }
+  for (const invalidSize of [
+    'original',
+    'small',
+    'large',
+    'Medium',
+    '../medium',
+    'medium?query=1',
+    null,
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(inatPhotoUrl(photo.url, invalidSize), null);
+  }
+  assert.equal(inatLicenceLabel('cc-by-nc-sa'), 'CC BY-NC-SA');
+  assert.equal(inatLicenceLabel(null), 'All rights reserved');
+});
+
+test('photo attribution is trimmed, control-free and bounded', () => {
+  const attribution = `  Photo\u0000\n${'A'.repeat(200)} `;
+  const [row] = normalizeInatObservations([
+    observation({ photos: [{ ...photo, attribution }] }),
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(row.photo.attribution.length, 160);
+  assert.match(row.photo.attribution, /^PhotoA/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(row.photo.attribution, /[\u0000-\u001f]/);
+});
+
+test('obscured rows reveal only cell centres and date, without accuracy', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(obscuredCell(47.613, -122.351), {
+    south: 47.6,
+    north: 47.8,
+    west: -122.4,
+    east: -122.2,
+  });
+  for (const hiding of [
+    { obscured: true },
+    { geoprivacy: 'obscured' },
+    { taxon_geoprivacy: 'obscured' },
+  ]) {
+    const [row] = normalizeInatObservations([observation(hiding)]);
+    assert.equal(row.obscured, true);
+    assert.equal(row.lat, 47.7);
+    assert.equal(row.lon, -122.3);
+    assert.equal('accuracyM' in row, false);
+    assert.equal(row.observedAt, null);
+    assert.equal(row.observedOn, '2026-11-04');
+    assert.doesNotMatch(JSON.stringify(row), /47\.613|-122\.351|16:00/);
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(obscuredCell(90, 180), {
+    south: 89.8,
+    north: 90,
+    west: 179.8,
+    east: 180,
+  });
+});
+
+test('private, casual, invalid coordinates and invalid ids are skipped', () => {
+  const invalid = [
+    observation({ geoprivacy: 'private' }),
+    observation({ taxon_geoprivacy: 'private' }),
+    observation({ quality_grade: 'casual' }),
+    observation({ id: -1 }),
+    observation({ id: 1.5 }),
+    observation({ geojson: { coordinates: [181, 47] } }),
+    observation({ geojson: null }),
+  ];
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeInatObservations(invalid), []);
+  const [fallback] = normalizeInatObservations([
+    observation({
+      geojson: null,
+      location: '47.613,-122.351',
+      uri: 'https://bad.example',
+    }),
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(fallback.lat, 47.613);
+  assert.equal(fallback.link, 'https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    normalizeInatObservations([observation({ geojson: null, location: ',0' })]),
+    [],
+  );
+});
+
+test('Acartia accepts only the two stated UTC timestamp formats', () => {
+  assert.equal(parseAcartiaTime('2026-11-04 16:00:00'), now - 2 * hour);
+  assert.equal(parseAcartiaTime('2026-11-04T16:00:00Z'), now - 2 * hour);
+  assert.equal(parseAcartiaTime('2026-11-04T18:00:00+02:00'), now - 2 * hour);
+  for (const value of [
+    '2026-11-04T16:00:00',
+    '11/04/2026',
+    '2026-02-30 12:00:00',
+    '2026-11-04 25:00:00',
+    123,
+    null,
+  ])
+    assert.equal(parseAcartiaTime(value), null);
+});
+
+test('Acartia coarsens before returning data, keeps provider, and never reads comments', () => {
+  const raw = sighting();
+  Object.defineProperty(raw, 'data_source_comments', {
+    get() {
+      assert.fail('comments read');
+    },
+  });
+  const [row] = normalizeAcartiaSightings([raw], now);
+  assert.equal(row.lat, 48.12);
+  assert.equal(row.lon, -122.54);
+  assert.deepEqual(row.provider, {
+    name: 'Synthetic Network',
+    entity: 'Whale Alert',
+  });
+  assert.equal(row.quality, 'research');
+  assert.equal(row.photo, null);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    JSON.stringify(row),
+    /data_source_comments|PRIVATE|48\.12345|-122\.54321/,
+  );
+});
+
+test('Acartia requires flat provider text, handles trust, and sanitizes type', () => {
+  for (const provider of ['', null, {}, { name: 'Invented nested shape' }]) {
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      normalizeAcartiaSightings(
+        [sighting({ data_source_name: provider })],
+        now,
+      ),
+      [],
+    );
+  }
+  for (const trusted of [true, 1, 'true'])
+    assert.equal(
+      normalizeAcartiaSightings([sighting({ trusted })], now)[0].quality,
+      'research',
+    );
+  for (const trusted of [false, 0, 'false', '1'])
+    assert.equal(
+      normalizeAcartiaSightings([sighting({ trusted })], now)[0].quality,
+      'needs_id',
+    );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    normalizeAcartiaSightings([sighting({ type: ' \u0000 ' })], now),
+    [],
+  );
+});
+
+test('Acartia rejects invalid times/positions and unsafe photo links become the canonical page', () => {
+  for (const overrides of [
+    { created: new Date(now - 8 * 24 * hour - 1).toISOString() },
+    { created: new Date(now + 10 * 60_000 + 1).toISOString() },
+    { created: 'not a timestamp' },
+    { latitude: 91 },
+    { longitude: -181 },
+    { entry_id: '' },
+  ])
+    assert.deepEqual(normalizeAcartiaSightings([sighting(overrides)], now), []);
+  for (const photo_url of [
+    'http://provider.example/p.jpg',
+    'https://user:secret@provider.example/p.jpg',
+    'javascript:bad()',
+    'https://' + 'x'.repeat(501),
+    null,
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(
+      normalizeAcartiaSightings([sighting({ photo_url })], now)[0].link,
+      'https://acartia.io',
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('merge applies Acartia windows, trust, preset and iNat dedupe', () => {
+  const inat = normalizeInatObservations([observation()]);
+  const rows = normalizeAcartiaSightings(
+    [
+      sighting(),
+      sighting({
+        entry_id: 'old',
+        created: new Date(now - 3 * 24 * hour).toISOString(),
+      }),
+      sighting({ entry_id: 'untrusted', trusted: false }),
+      sighting({
+        entry_id: 'inat',
+        data_source_name: 'iNaturalist observations',
+      }),
+    ],
+    now,
+  );
+  const ids = (options) =>
+    mergeSightings(inat, rows, { nowMs: now, ...options }).map(
+      (row) => row.stableId,
+    );
+  assert.deepEqual(ids({}), ['inat:123', 'acartia:abc', 'acartia:untrusted']);
+  assert.deepEqual(ids({ confirmed: true }), ['inat:123', 'acartia:abc']);
+  assert.ok(ids({ taxa: 'whales' }).includes('acartia:old'));
+  assert.deepEqual(ids({ taxa: 'Aves' }), ['inat:123']);
+});
+
+test('iNaturalist recency uses observation time and the exact preset window', () => {
+  const raw = [
+    observation({
+      id: 1,
+      time_observed_at: '2010-11-04T16:00:00Z',
+      observed_on: '2010-11-04',
+      created_at: new Date(now).toISOString(),
+    }),
+    observation({
+      id: 2,
+      time_observed_at: new Date(now - 48 * hour - 1).toISOString(),
+      observed_on: '2026-11-02',
+    }),
+    observation({
+      id: 3,
+      time_observed_at: new Date(now - 48 * hour).toISOString(),
+      observed_on: '2026-11-02',
+      created_at: '2026-10-01T00:00:00Z',
+    }),
+    observation({
+      id: 4,
+      time_observed_at: new Date(now - 3 * 24 * hour).toISOString(),
+      observed_on: '2026-11-01',
+    }),
+  ];
+  const ids = (rows) => rows.map((row) => row.stableId);
+  assert.deepEqual(ids(normalizeInatObservations(raw, { nowMs: now })), [
+    'inat:3',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ids(
+      normalizeInatObservations(raw, { nowMs: now, windowMs: 7 * 24 * hour }),
+    ),
+    ['inat:2', 'inat:3', 'inat:4'],
+  );
+  // Recheck cached/projected rows as the clock moves between server refreshes.
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ids(mergeSightings(normalizeInatObservations(raw), [], { nowMs: now })),
+    ['inat:3'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    mergeSightings(normalizeInatObservations([raw[2]]), [], { nowMs: now + 1 }),
+    [],
+  );
+});
+
+test('date-only and obscured iNaturalist recency never includes a partly expired date', () => {
+  const rows = normalizeInatObservations(
+    [
+      observation({ id: 1, time_observed_at: null, observed_on: '2026-11-02' }),
+      observation({ id: 2, time_observed_at: null, observed_on: '2026-11-03' }),
+      observation({ id: 3, time_observed_at: null, observed_on: null }),
+      observation({
+        id: 4,
+        obscured: true,
+        time_observed_at: '2010-11-04T16:00:00Z',
+        observed_on: '2010-11-04',
+      }),
+    ],
+    { nowMs: now },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    rows.map((row) => row.stableId),
+    ['inat:2'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('retained sightings use the same exact, date-only and preset recency limits', () => {
+  const boundary = { observedAt: now - 48 * hour };
+  assert.equal(isRecentWildlifeSighting(boundary, now), true);
+  assert.equal(isRecentWildlifeSighting(boundary, now + 1), false);
+  assert.equal(isRecentWildlifeSighting(boundary, now + 1, 'whales'), true);
+  const whaleBoundary = { observedAt: now - 7 * 24 * hour };
+  assert.equal(isRecentWildlifeSighting(whaleBoundary, now, 'whales'), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    isRecentWildlifeSighting(whaleBoundary, now + 1, 'whales'),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(isRecentWildlifeSighting(whaleBoundary, now, 'Mammalia'), false);
+  for (const [observedOn, expected] of [
+    ['2026-11-02', false],
+    ['2026-11-03', true],
+    ['2026-11-04', true],
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(
+      isRecentWildlifeSighting({ observedAt: null, observedOn }, now),
+      expected,
+    );
+  }
+  assert.equal(
+    isRecentWildlifeSighting({ observedOn: '2026-11-03' }, now + 24 * hour),
+    false,
+  );
+  for (const row of [
+    null,
+    {},
+    { observedOn: '2010-11-04' },
+    { observedOn: 'invalid' },
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(isRecentWildlifeSighting(row, now), false);
+  }
+  assert.equal(isRecentWildlifeSighting(boundary, NaN), false);
+});
+
+test('Acartia validates the documented type field before applying the WHALES preset', () => {
+  const rows = normalizeAcartiaSightings(
+    [
+      sighting({ entry_id: 'orca', type: 'Orca' }),
+      sighting({ entry_id: 'scientific', type: 'Phocoena phocoena' }),
+      sighting({ entry_id: 'seal', type: 'Harbor seal' }),
+      sighting({
+        entry_id: 'unidentified',
+        type: 'Unidentified marine mammal',
+      }),
+      sighting({ entry_id: 'unknown-whale', type: 'Unidentified whale' }),
+      sighting({ entry_id: 'unknown', type: 'Unknown' }),
+      sighting({ entry_id: 'empty', type: '' }),
+      sighting({ entry_id: 'fish', type: 'Whale shark' }),
+      sighting({ entry_id: 'text', type: 'Maybe an Orca or a seal' }),
+      sighting({ entry_id: 'prefix', type: `Orca${' '.repeat(120)}or a seal` }),
+      sighting({ entry_id: 'invented-shape', type: { species: 'Orca' } }),
+    ],
+    now,
+  );
+  const ids = (taxa) =>
+    mergeSightings([], rows, { nowMs: now, taxa }).map((row) => row.stableId);
+  assert.deepEqual(ids('whales'), ['acartia:orca', 'acartia:scientific']);
+  const mammals = [
+    'acartia:orca',
+    'acartia:scientific',
+    'acartia:seal',
+    'acartia:unidentified',
+    'acartia:unknown-whale',
+  ];
+  assert.deepEqual(ids('all'), mammals);
+  assert.deepEqual(ids('Mammalia'), mammals);
+  assert.deepEqual(ids('Aves'), []);
+});
+
+test('Acartia rejects out-of-coverage rows before rounding or caching', () => {
+  for (const position of [
+    { latitude: 45.49999 },
+    { latitude: 50.50001 },
+    { longitude: -126.00001 },
+    { longitude: -120.99999 },
+    { latitude: 37.8, longitude: -122.4 },
+  ]) {
+    assert.deepEqual(normalizeAcartiaSightings([sighting(position)], now), []);
+  }
+  for (const position of [
+    { latitude: 45.5, longitude: -126 },
+    { latitude: 50.5, longitude: -121 },
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(
+      normalizeAcartiaSightings([sighting(position)], now).length,
+      1,
+    );
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/render.perf.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/render.perf.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe3357ce6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/render.perf.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { performance, PerformanceObserver } from 'node:perf_hooks';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { perfBudgetTestOptions } from '../../../scripts/run-perf-tests.mjs';
+import { denseContinentalRendering } from './renderPerformanceFixtures.mjs';
+import { WILDLIFE_MOVE_END_BUDGET_MS } from './performance.js';
+
+const median = (values) =>
+  [...values].sort((a, b) => a - b)[Math.floor(values.length / 2)];
+const percentile95 = (values) =>
+  [...values].sort((a, b) => a - b)[Math.floor(values.length * 0.95)];
+
+// A GC pause is outside the layer's CPU work. Keep raw wall times in the
+// diagnostic and subtract only directly observed, overlapping GC intervals
+// for the strict CPU budget; never hide a slow layer phase as an outlier.
+function activeMs(slice, collections) {
+  const start = slice.startTimeMs;
+  const end = start + slice.durationMs;
+  return (
+    slice.durationMs -
+    collections.reduce(
+      (sum, gc) =>
+        sum +
+        Math.max(
+          0,
+          Math.min(end, gc.startTime + gc.duration) -
+            Math.max(start, gc.startTime),
+        ),
+      0,
+    )
+  );
+}
+
+test(
+  'dense continental production moveEnd pipeline yields every 4ms, including cold tiles and real Cesium billboard updates',
+  perfBudgetTestOptions(),
+  async (t) => {
+    // Settle CPU-triggered runtime startup before creating the cold layer;
+    // cells, coordinates and billboard collections remain unwarmed.
+    const calibrationStart = performance.now();
+    let calibrationChecksum = 0;
+    for (;;) {
+      const cpu = process.threadCpuUsage();
+      if (cpu.user + cpu.system >= 1_100_000) break;
+      for (let i = 0; i < 65536; i++)
+        calibrationChecksum =
+          (calibrationChecksum + i) ^ (calibrationChecksum >>> 16);
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    }
+    const runtimeSettleMs = performance.now() - calibrationStart;
+    const collections = [];
+    const phases = [];
+    const observer = new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
+      for (const entry of list.getEntries())
+        (entry.entryType === 'gc' ? collections : phases).push(entry);
+    });
+    observer.observe({ entryTypes: ['gc', 'measure'] });
+    const h = denseContinentalRendering();
+    const runs = [];
+    try {
+      for (let i = 0; i < 65; i++) {
+        const start = performance.now();
+        assert.equal(h.moveEnd((i % 4) * 3), 'pending');
+        const enqueueMs = performance.now() - start;
+        const result = h.flush();
+        runs.push({
+          startTimeMs: start,
+          endTimeMs: performance.now(),
+          enqueueMs,
+          ...result,
+        });
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+      }
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+      for (const entry of observer.takeRecords())
+        (entry.entryType === 'gc' ? collections : phases).push(entry);
+      const warm = runs.slice(25);
+      const allSlices = runs.flatMap((run) => run.slices);
+      const warmSlices = warm.flatMap((run) => run.slices);
+      const activeSlices = allSlices.map((slice) =>
+        activeMs(slice, collections),
+      );
+      const warmTotal = warm.map((run) =>
+        run.slices.reduce(
+          (sum, slice) => sum + activeMs(slice, collections),
+          run.enqueueMs,
+        ),
+      );
+      const enqueueMax = Math.max(...runs.map((run) => run.enqueueMs));
+      const coldMax = Math.max(
+        ...runs[0].slices.map((slice) => activeMs(slice, collections)),
+      );
+      const sliceMax = Math.max(...activeSlices);
+      if (sliceMax > WILDLIFE_MOVE_END_BUDGET_MS) {
+        const slow = allSlices[activeSlices.indexOf(sliceMax)];
+        const entries = phases
+          .filter(
+            (entry) =>
+              entry.entryType === 'measure' &&
+              entry.name !== 'wildlife-sightings:moveEnd:slice' &&
+              entry.startTime >= slow.startTimeMs &&
+              entry.startTime < slow.startTimeMs + slow.durationMs,
+          )
+          .map((entry) => ({
+            phase: entry.name,
+            durationMs: entry.duration,
+            activeMs: activeMs(
+              { startTimeMs: entry.startTime, durationMs: entry.duration },
+              collections,
+            ),
+          }));
+        t.diagnostic(
+          `Slow slice ${JSON.stringify({ slice: slow, phases: entries, gc: collections.map((entry) => ({ start: entry.startTime, duration: entry.duration })), now: performance.now(), uptimeMs: process.uptime() * 1000 })}`,
+        );
+      }
+      assert.ok(
+        enqueueMax <= WILDLIFE_MOVE_END_BUDGET_MS,
+        `moveEnd enqueue ${enqueueMax.toFixed(3)}ms`,
+      );
+      assert.ok(
+        sliceMax <= WILDLIFE_MOVE_END_BUDGET_MS,
+        `longest layer CPU slice ${sliceMax.toFixed(3)}ms exceeds 4ms`,
+      );
+      assert.ok(
+        median(warmTotal) <= WILDLIFE_MOVE_END_BUDGET_MS,
+        `median full moveEnd CPU ${median(warmTotal).toFixed(3)}ms exceeds 4ms`,
+      );
+      assert.equal(warm.at(-1).cartesianBuilds, 0);
+      const phaseMeans = Object.fromEntries(
+        [
+          'density',
+          'bucket',
+          'rank',
+          'billboard-update',
+          'overlay-publish',
+        ].map((name) => {
+          const duration = phases
+            .filter(
+              (entry) =>
+                entry.name === `wildlife-sightings:${name}` &&
+                entry.startTime >= warm[0].startTimeMs,
+            )
+            .reduce(
+              (sum, entry) =>
+                sum +
+                activeMs(
+                  {
+                    startTimeMs: entry.startTime,
+                    durationMs: entry.duration,
+                  },
+                  collections,
+                ),
+              0,
+            );
+          return [name, (duration / warm.length).toFixed(3)];
+        }),
+      );
+      t.diagnostic(
+        `6,144 cells + 500 observations, ${runs.at(-1).glowPrimitives} glow splats + ${runs.at(-1).billboards} real icons; moveEnd enqueue max=${enqueueMax.toFixed(3)}ms; cold max CPU slice=${coldMax.toFixed(3)}ms; all max CPU slice=${sliceMax.toFixed(3)}ms; warm total CPU median=${median(warmTotal).toFixed(3)}ms; warm slice p95=${percentile95(warmSlices.map((slice) => activeMs(slice, collections))).toFixed(3)}ms; raw wall slice max=${Math.max(...allSlices.map((slice) => slice.durationMs)).toFixed(3)}ms; observed GC pauses=${collections.length}; repeated Cartesian builds=0; CPU startup calibration=${runtimeSettleMs.toFixed(0)}ms, checksum=${calibrationChecksum} (cold fixture created afterward); warm phase mean ms=${JSON.stringify(phaseMeans)}`,
+      );
+    } finally {
+      h.destroy();
+      observer.disconnect();
+    }
+  },
+);
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/renderPerformanceFixtures.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/renderPerformanceFixtures.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30ef52361
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/renderPerformanceFixtures.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createRendering } from './rendering.js';
+import { createSelection } from './selection.js';
+
+export const DENSE_CONTINENT_CELLS = 6 * 32 * 32;
+export const DENSE_CONTINENT_ROWS = 500;
+const NOW = Date.parse('2026-11-04T18:00:00Z');
+
+/** The real render + selection pipeline with Cesium coordinates/billboards.
+ * Only the WebGL scene and external overlay host are replaced. Six fully
+ * occupied logical tiles deliberately include off-window cells and collisions. */
+export function denseContinentalRendering({ onOperations } = {}) {
+  const cells = [];
+  const z = 3;
+  for (let x = 1; x < 3; x++)
+    for (let y = 1; y < 4; y++)
+      for (let row = 1; row < 64; row += 2)
+        for (let column = 1; column < 64; column += 2)
+          cells.push({
+            id: `grid:${z}/${x}/${y}:${row}:${column}`,
+            lat:
+              (Math.atan(
+                Math.sinh(Math.PI * (1 - (2 * (y + row / 64)) / 2 ** z)),
+              ) *
+                180) /
+              Math.PI,
+            lon: ((x + column / 64) / 2 ** z) * 360 - 180,
+            cellCount: row * 64 + column,
+          });
+  const rows = cells
+    .slice(1200, 1200 + DENSE_CONTINENT_ROWS)
+    .map((cell, i) => ({
+      stableId: `synthetic:continent:${i}`,
+      origin: 'inaturalist',
+      lat: cell.lat,
+      lon: cell.lon,
+      iconic: 'Aves',
+      commonName: i % 2 ? `Synthetic bird ${i}` : null,
+      observedAt: NOW - i * 1000,
+      quality: 'research',
+      obscured: false,
+      cell: null,
+    }));
+  const primitives = {
+    add: (value) => value,
+    remove(value) {
+      value.destroy();
+      return true;
+    },
+  };
+  const scene = {
+    canvas: { clientWidth: 1440, clientHeight: 900 },
+    primitives,
+  };
+  const state = {
+    enabled: true,
+    viewer: {
+      scene,
+      camera: { positionWC: {}, positionCartographic: { height: 2_000_000 } },
+    },
+    rows: new Map(rows.map((row) => [row.stableId, row])),
+    gridCells: cells,
+    gridAvailable: true,
+    renderedRows: [],
+    rowById: new Map(),
+    pointById: new Map(),
+    positions: new Map(),
+    cells: [],
+    staging: null,
+    taxa: 'all',
+    selectedId: null,
+    query: { visibleBoxes: [{ south: 5, west: -130, north: 75, east: -50 }] },
+    band: 'regional',
+    ambientRows: [],
+    ambientIds: [],
+    labelRows: [],
+    carriers: new Map(),
+    contextIds: new Set(),
+  };
+  const centre = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-90, 42);
+  const frame = Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(centre);
+  const east = Cesium.Matrix4.getColumn(frame, 0, new Cesium.Cartesian4());
+  const north = Cesium.Matrix4.getColumn(frame, 1, new Cesium.Cartesian4());
+  const metrics = { projections: 0, publications: 0, cartesianBuilds: 0 };
+  let pan = 0;
+  let nextIdle = 0;
+  const idle = new Map();
+  const slices = [];
+  const timers = new Map();
+  let nextTimer = 0;
+  const parts = {};
+  const services = {
+    now: () => NOW,
+    setTimer(fn, delay) {
+      timers.set(++nextTimer, { fn, delay });
+      return nextTimer;
+    },
+    clearTimer: (id) => timers.delete(id),
+    requestIdleCallback(fn) {
+      idle.set(++nextIdle, fn);
+      return nextIdle;
+    },
+    cancelIdleCallback(id) {
+      idle.delete(id);
+    },
+    performanceSlice(slice) {
+      slices.push(slice);
+    },
+    cesium: {
+      ...Cesium,
+      Cartesian3: class extends Cesium.Cartesian3 {
+        static fromDegrees(...args) {
+          metrics.cartesianBuilds++;
+          return Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(...args);
+        }
+      },
+    },
+    project(_scene, anchor) {
+      metrics.projections++;
+      return {
+        x:
+          720 +
+          (anchor.x * east.x + anchor.y * east.y + anchor.z * east.z) / 8000 +
+          pan,
+        y:
+          450 -
+          (anchor.x * north.x + anchor.y * north.y + anchor.z * north.z) / 8000,
+      };
+    },
+    occluderFactory: () => ({ isPointVisible: () => true }),
+    badgeSprites: {
+      get: (group) => `data:image/svg+xml,${group}`,
+      subscribe: () => () => {},
+    },
+    render: { governorRequestRender() {} },
+    overlayHost: {
+      setEntries() {
+        metrics.publications++;
+      },
+    },
+    performanceOperations: onOperations,
+  };
+  parts.rendering = createRendering({ state, services, parts });
+  parts.photos = { get: () => null, setAmbient() {} };
+  parts.selection = createSelection({ state, services, parts });
+  parts.rendering.init();
+  return {
+    state,
+    metrics,
+    moveEnd(offset = 0) {
+      pan = offset;
+      metrics.projections = metrics.publications = metrics.cartesianBuilds = 0;
+      slices.length = 0;
+      const result = parts.rendering.rebuild();
+      if (result !== 'pending') {
+        parts.selection.refreshAmbient();
+        parts.selection.publishSelected();
+        parts.selection.refreshContexts();
+      }
+      return result;
+    },
+    flush(maxSlices = Infinity) {
+      let count = 0;
+      while (idle.size && count++ < maxSlices) {
+        const [id, fn] = idle.entries().next().value;
+        idle.delete(id);
+        const threadStart = process.threadCpuUsage();
+        fn({ timeRemaining: () => 8, didTimeout: false });
+        const threadUsed = process.threadCpuUsage(threadStart);
+        if (slices.length)
+          slices.at(-1).threadCpuMs =
+            (threadUsed.user + threadUsed.system) / 1000;
+      }
+      return {
+        ...metrics,
+        billboards: state.renderedRows.length,
+        glowPrimitives: parts.rendering.density?.size ?? 0,
+        slices: [...slices],
+      };
+    },
+    destroy() {
+      parts.rendering.destroy();
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..811e98d29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.js
@@ -0,0 +1,691 @@
+import { wildlifeAccent } from './cards.js';
+import {
+  wildlifeIconModelWork,
+  wildlifeIconRelevance,
+  compareWildlifeIds,
+} from './model.js';
+import { createWildlifeBillboardModel } from './billboardModel.js';
+import { createWildlifeDensity } from './density.js';
+import { wildlifeSpriteCache } from './sprites.js';
+import { isRecentWildlifeSighting } from './records.js';
+import {
+  drainWildlifeWork,
+  createWildlifeWorkQueue,
+  WILDLIFE_SYNC_CELL_LIMIT,
+  WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT,
+} from './performance.js';
+import {
+  WILDLIFE_SCALE_BY_DISTANCE,
+  WILDLIFE_BADGE_MAX_PX,
+  WILDLIFE_GROUND_READY_MAX_CHECKS,
+  WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX,
+} from './policy.js';
+
+/** Own sighting billboards, density glow and batched privacy cells. */
+export function createRendering({ state, services, parts }) {
+  const C = services.cesium;
+  const badgeSprites = services.badgeSprites ?? wildlifeSpriteCache();
+  let batchDepth = 0;
+  let pendingRenderReason = null;
+  let billboards = null;
+  let density = null;
+  let cellsSignature = null;
+  let ambientAnchorIds = new Set();
+  const badgeScreens = new Map();
+  const crowdedBadgeIds = new Set();
+  const photoCardIds = new Set();
+  const appearances = new Map();
+  const surfaceAnchors = new WeakMap();
+  let operations = null;
+  const workQueue = createWildlifeWorkQueue({
+    requestIdle: services.requestIdleCallback,
+    cancelIdle: services.cancelIdleCallback,
+    onSlice: (slice) => services.performanceSlice?.(slice),
+  });
+
+  function surfaceAnchor(row) {
+    const old = surfaceAnchors.get(row);
+    if (old && old.lat === row.lat && old.lon === row.lon) return old.anchor;
+    const anchor = C.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(row.lon, row.lat);
+    surfaceAnchors.set(row, { lat: row.lat, lon: row.lon, anchor });
+    if (operations) operations.positionBuilds++;
+    return anchor;
+  }
+  const requestRender = (reason) => {
+    if (batchDepth) {
+      pendingRenderReason = reason;
+      return;
+    }
+    services.render?.governorRequestRender?.(`wildlife-sightings-${reason}`);
+  };
+  function beginBatch() {
+    batchDepth += 1;
+  }
+  function endBatch() {
+    batchDepth = Math.max(0, batchDepth - 1);
+    if (batchDepth || !pendingRenderReason) return;
+    const reason = pendingRenderReason;
+    pendingRenderReason = null;
+    requestRender(reason);
+  }
+  const surfaceRemovers = [];
+  const tilesetRemovers = new Map();
+
+  // Reuse the shared ground cache. One bounded resolve lifts cold anchors
+  // without per-sighting scene renders and pixel readback.
+  let floorResolve = null;
+  let floorColdPending = false;
+  function position(row) {
+    if (row.origin === 'acartia') return surfaceAnchor(row);
+    const floor = services.groundFloor?.cachedGroundFloor?.(row.lat, row.lon);
+    if (floor == null && !floorColdPending) {
+      // Anchors are built after the rows publish; warm once the pass ends.
+      floorColdPending = true;
+      queueMicrotask(warmColdFloors);
+    }
+    return Number.isFinite(floor) && floor !== 0
+      ? C.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(row.lon, row.lat, floor)
+      : surfaceAnchor(row);
+  }
+
+  function warmColdFloors() {
+    if (!floorColdPending || floorResolve) return;
+    floorColdPending = false;
+    const resolve = services.groundFloor?.resolveGroundFloorCellsBounded;
+    if (!state.enabled || typeof resolve !== 'function') return;
+    const points = state.renderedRows
+      .filter((row) => row.origin !== 'acartia')
+      .map((row) => ({ lat: row.lat, lon: row.lon }));
+    if (!points.length) return;
+    floorResolve = Promise.resolve(resolve(points))
+      .catch(() => {})
+      .then(() => {
+        floorResolve = null;
+        resampleAnchors();
+      });
+  }
+
+  function occluder() {
+    const camera = state.viewer?.camera;
+    return camera?.positionWC ? services.occluderFactory?.(camera) : null;
+  }
+
+  function cull() {
+    if (!state.enabled) return false;
+    const horizon = occluder();
+    let changed = false;
+    // Only observation badges yield at adjacent bucket edges or to a painted
+    // card. Density never participates in picking or icon spacing.
+    for (const [id, point] of state.pointById) {
+      const anchor = state.positions.get(id);
+      const show =
+        !photoCardIds.has(id) &&
+        !crowdedBadgeIds.has(id) &&
+        (!horizon || horizon.isPointVisible(anchor) === true);
+      if (point.show === show) continue;
+      point.show = show;
+      changed = true;
+    }
+    if (changed) requestRender('cull');
+    return changed;
+  }
+
+  function updateBadgeSpacing() {
+    return drainWildlifeWork(updateBadgeSpacingWork());
+  }
+
+  function* updateBadgeSpacingWork() {
+    yield 'rank';
+    crowdedBadgeIds.clear();
+    const buckets = new Map();
+    const rows = [...state.renderedRows].sort(
+      (a, b) =>
+        wildlifeIconRelevance(b, state.selectedId) -
+          wildlifeIconRelevance(a, state.selectedId) ||
+        compareWildlifeIds(a.stableId, b.stableId),
+    );
+    yield 'rank';
+    let visits = 0;
+    for (const row of rows) {
+      if (visits++ % WILDLIFE_WORK_UNIT === 0) yield 'rank';
+      if (photoCardIds.has(row.stableId)) continue;
+      const screen = badgeScreens.get(row.stableId);
+      if (!screen) continue;
+      const x = Math.floor(screen.x / WILDLIFE_BADGE_MAX_PX);
+      const y = Math.floor(screen.y / WILDLIFE_BADGE_MAX_PX);
+      let overlaps = false;
+      for (let dx = -1; dx <= 1 && !overlaps; dx++) {
+        for (let dy = -1; dy <= 1 && !overlaps; dy++) {
+          for (const other of buckets.get((x + dx) * 65536 + y + dy) || []) {
+            if (operations) operations.spacingTests++;
+            if (
+              (screen.x - other.x) ** 2 + (screen.y - other.y) ** 2 <
+              WILDLIFE_BADGE_MAX_PX ** 2
+            ) {
+              overlaps = true;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (overlaps) crowdedBadgeIds.add(row.stableId);
+      else {
+        const key = x * 65536 + y;
+        if (!buckets.has(key)) buckets.set(key, []);
+        buckets.get(key).push(screen);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Called only when the host's painted membership changes, never per idle
+  // frame. Requested/loading/rejected cards must leave their badges visible.
+  function setPhotoCardVisibility(entryIds) {
+    const next = new Set();
+    for (const id of entryIds)
+      if (id.startsWith('sighting:')) next.add(id.slice(9));
+    const changed =
+      next.size !== photoCardIds.size ||
+      [...next].some((id) => !photoCardIds.has(id));
+    photoCardIds.clear();
+    for (const id of next) photoCardIds.add(id);
+    if (!state.enabled) return;
+    updateBadgeSpacing();
+    cull();
+    // A painted thumbnail already names its sighting; drop the repeat label.
+    if (changed) parts.selection?.photoCardsChanged?.();
+  }
+
+  function resampleAnchors() {
+    if (!state.enabled || !state.points) return;
+    let changed = false;
+    for (const row of state.renderedRows) {
+      if (row.origin === 'acartia') continue;
+      const point = state.pointById.get(row.stableId);
+      if (!point) continue;
+      const anchor = position(row);
+      if (C.Cartesian3.equals(anchor, state.positions.get(row.stableId)))
+        continue;
+      point.position = anchor;
+      state.positions.set(row.stableId, anchor);
+      changed = true;
+    }
+    if (!changed) return;
+    beginBatch();
+    try {
+      cull();
+      parts.selection.refreshAmbient();
+      parts.selection.publishSelected();
+      parts.selection.notify?.();
+      parts.selection.refreshContexts();
+      requestRender('terrain');
+    } finally {
+      endBatch();
+    }
+  }
+
+  function trackTileset(primitive) {
+    if (
+      tilesetRemovers.has(primitive) ||
+      typeof primitive?.allTilesLoaded?.addEventListener !== 'function'
+    )
+      return false;
+    tilesetRemovers.set(
+      primitive,
+      primitive.allTilesLoaded.addEventListener(resampleAnchors),
+    );
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  function deactivate() {
+    workQueue.cancel();
+    operations = null;
+    for (const remove of surfaceRemovers.splice(0)) remove?.();
+    for (const remove of tilesetRemovers.values()) remove?.();
+    tilesetRemovers.clear();
+  }
+
+  function activate() {
+    deactivate();
+    if (!state.enabled || !state.viewer) return;
+    const scene = state.viewer.scene;
+    const refreshBadgeImages = () => {
+      if (!state.enabled) return;
+      appearances.clear();
+      if (billboards?.refreshImages((group) => badgeSprites.get(group)))
+        requestRender('font-ready');
+    };
+    surfaceRemovers.push(badgeSprites.subscribe(refreshBadgeImages));
+    refreshBadgeImages();
+    const ownEvent = (event, listener) => {
+      const remove = event?.addEventListener?.(listener);
+      if (typeof remove === 'function') surfaceRemovers.push(remove);
+    };
+    ownEvent(scene.globe?.tileLoadProgressEvent, (pending) => {
+      if (pending === 0) resampleAnchors();
+    });
+    // Scene forwards the globe event in Cesium; deduplicate that alias.
+    for (const event of new Set([
+      scene.terrainProviderChanged,
+      scene.globe?.terrainProviderChanged,
+    ]))
+      ownEvent(event, resampleAnchors);
+    const primitives = scene.primitives;
+    for (let i = 0; i < (primitives?.length || 0); i++)
+      trackTileset(primitives.get(i));
+    ownEvent(primitives?.primitiveAdded, (primitive) => {
+      if (trackTileset(primitive)) resampleAnchors();
+    });
+    ownEvent(primitives?.primitiveRemoved, (primitive) => {
+      if (!tilesetRemovers.has(primitive)) return;
+      tilesetRemovers.get(primitive)?.();
+      tilesetRemovers.delete(primitive);
+      resampleAnchors();
+    });
+    services.eventTarget?.addEventListener?.(
+      'gev:map-stack-changed',
+      resampleAnchors,
+    );
+    surfaceRemovers.push(() =>
+      services.eventTarget?.removeEventListener?.(
+        'gev:map-stack-changed',
+        resampleAnchors,
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  function removeCell(primitive) {
+    const owners =
+      state.viewer?.scene?.groundPrimitives || state.viewer?.scene?.primitives;
+    if (owners?.remove?.(primitive) !== true && !primitive.isDestroyed?.())
+      primitive.destroy?.();
+  }
+
+  function cancelStaging() {
+    const pending = state.staging;
+    if (!pending) return;
+    state.staging = null;
+    pending.remove?.();
+    for (const primitive of pending.primitives) removeCell(primitive);
+  }
+
+  function clearCells() {
+    cancelStaging();
+    for (const primitive of state.cells) removeCell(primitive);
+    state.cells = [];
+    cellsSignature = null;
+  }
+
+  function stageCells(rows) {
+    const cellsVisible = state.band === 'cells' || state.band === 'cards';
+    const unique = new Map();
+    if (cellsVisible) {
+      for (const row of rows) {
+        if (!row.cell) continue;
+        const cell = row.cell;
+        const key = `${cell.south},${cell.west},${cell.north},${cell.east}:${wildlifeAccent(row.iconic)}`;
+        if (!unique.has(key)) unique.set(key, row);
+      }
+    }
+    const signature = JSON.stringify([...unique.keys()].sort());
+    if (signature === cellsSignature) return false;
+    cancelStaging();
+    if (!unique.size) {
+      clearCells();
+      cellsSignature = signature;
+      return true;
+    }
+    cellsSignature = signature;
+    const fills = [];
+    const outlines = [];
+    for (const row of unique.values()) {
+      const { south, west, north, east } = row.cell;
+      const tint = C.Color.fromCssColorString(wildlifeAccent(row.iconic));
+      fills.push(
+        new C.GeometryInstance({
+          geometry: new C.RectangleGeometry({
+            rectangle: C.Rectangle.fromDegrees(west, south, east, north),
+            vertexFormat: C.PerInstanceColorAppearance.VERTEX_FORMAT,
+          }),
+          attributes: {
+            color: C.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.fromColor(
+              tint.withAlpha(0.25),
+            ),
+          },
+        }),
+      );
+      outlines.push(
+        new C.GeometryInstance({
+          geometry: new C.GroundPolylineGeometry({
+            positions: C.Cartesian3.fromDegreesArray([
+              west,
+              south,
+              east,
+              south,
+              east,
+              north,
+              west,
+              north,
+              west,
+              south,
+            ]),
+            width: 2,
+          }),
+          attributes: {
+            color: C.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.fromColor(
+              tint.withAlpha(0.8),
+            ),
+          },
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+    // Hidden primitives still compile their geometry. Poll only these two
+    // nonempty batches, then atomically retire the previous privacy cells.
+    const primitives = [
+      new C.GroundPrimitive({
+        geometryInstances: fills,
+        appearance: new C.PerInstanceColorAppearance({
+          flat: true,
+          translucent: true,
+        }),
+        classificationType: C.ClassificationType.BOTH,
+        allowPicking: false,
+        releaseGeometryInstances: false,
+        show: false,
+      }),
+      new C.GroundPolylinePrimitive({
+        geometryInstances: outlines,
+        appearance: new C.PolylineColorAppearance(),
+        classificationType: C.ClassificationType.BOTH,
+        allowPicking: false,
+        releaseGeometryInstances: false,
+        show: false,
+      }),
+    ];
+    const owners =
+      state.viewer.scene.groundPrimitives || state.viewer.scene.primitives;
+    for (const primitive of primitives) owners.add(primitive);
+    const pending = { primitives, remove: null, checks: 0 };
+    state.staging = pending;
+    const ready = () => {
+      if (state.staging !== pending || !state.enabled) return;
+      if (!primitives.every((primitive) => primitive.ready === true)) {
+        pending.checks += 1;
+        if (pending.checks >= WILDLIFE_GROUND_READY_MAX_CHECKS) {
+          cancelStaging();
+          cellsSignature = null;
+          return;
+        }
+        requestRender('staging');
+        return;
+      }
+      pending.remove?.();
+      state.staging = null;
+      for (const primitive of state.cells) removeCell(primitive);
+      state.cells = primitives;
+      for (const primitive of primitives) primitive.show = true;
+      requestRender('render');
+    };
+    pending.remove = state.viewer.scene.postRender?.addEventListener?.(ready);
+    ready();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    density = createWildlifeDensity({
+      cesium: C,
+      viewer: state.viewer,
+      positionForCell: surfaceAnchor,
+      requestRender,
+      setTimer: services.setTimer,
+      clearTimer: services.clearTimer,
+      requestIdle: services.requestIdleCallback,
+      cancelIdle: services.cancelIdleCallback,
+      eventTarget: services.eventTarget,
+    });
+    state.points = new C.BillboardCollection();
+    state.points.show = false;
+    state.viewer.scene.primitives.add(state.points);
+    services.sprites?.registerSpriteCollection?.(
+      'wildlife-sightings',
+      state.points,
+    );
+    const distanceScale = new C.NearFarScalar(...WILDLIFE_SCALE_BY_DISTANCE);
+    billboards = createWildlifeBillboardModel({
+      collection: state.points,
+      pointById: state.pointById,
+      positions: state.positions,
+      positionForRow: position,
+      appearanceForGroup(group) {
+        if (!appearances.has(group))
+          appearances.set(group, {
+            image: badgeSprites.get(group),
+            width: WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX,
+            height: WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX,
+            // The sprite includes its tint and white glyph. Multiplication
+            // by a taxon colour would tint the glyph as well.
+            color: C.Color.WHITE,
+            scale: 1,
+            scaleByDistance: distanceScale,
+            disableDepthTestDistance: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+          });
+        return appearances.get(group);
+      },
+    });
+  }
+
+  function rebuild() {
+    if (!state.enabled || !state.points) return false;
+    workQueue.cancel();
+    operations = null;
+    const work = rebuildWork();
+    if (
+      (state.gridCells?.length || 0) > WILDLIFE_SYNC_CELL_LIMIT ||
+      state.rows.size > WILDLIFE_SYNC_CELL_LIMIT
+    ) {
+      workQueue.start(work, () => {
+        if (!state.enabled) return;
+        parts.selection.refreshAmbient();
+        parts.selection.publishSelected();
+        parts.selection.refreshContexts();
+        parts.selection.syncCredits?.();
+        parts.selection.notify?.();
+        parts.controls?.notify?.();
+      });
+      return 'pending';
+    }
+    return drainWildlifeWork(work);
+  }
+
+  function* rebuildWork() {
+    operations = {
+      positionBuilds: 0,
+      spacingTests: 0,
+      billboardVisits: 0,
+      billboardWrites: 0,
+    };
+    const nowMs = services.now();
+    const taxa = state.drawnParams?.taxa ?? state.taxa;
+    const scene = state.viewer.scene;
+    const horizon = occluder();
+    const densityResult = yield* density.updateWork(
+      state.gridAvailable ? state.gridCells || [] : [],
+      {
+        boxes: state.query?.visibleBoxes ?? state.query?.boxes,
+        isPointVisible: horizon
+          ? (anchor) => horizon.isPointVisible(anchor) === true
+          : null,
+        onOperations: (counts) => Object.assign(operations, counts),
+      },
+    );
+    if (densityResult.changed)
+      services.sprites?.restoreSpriteOrder?.(state.viewer);
+    const model = yield* wildlifeIconModelWork({
+      rows: [...state.rows.values()].filter(
+        (row) =>
+          row.stableId === state.selectedId ||
+          isRecentWildlifeSighting(row, nowMs, taxa),
+      ),
+      boxes: state.query?.visibleBoxes ?? state.query?.boxes,
+      selectedId: state.selectedId,
+      selectedRow: state.selectedRow,
+      preferredIds: state.ambientIds,
+      onOperations: (counts) => Object.assign(operations, counts),
+      projectRow:
+        typeof services.project === 'function'
+          ? (row) => {
+              const anchor = surfaceAnchor(row);
+              const cached = surfaceAnchors.get(row);
+              cached.screen = null;
+              if (horizon && horizon.isPointVisible(anchor) !== true)
+                return null;
+              const screen = services.project(scene, anchor);
+              if (
+                !screen ||
+                screen.x < 0 ||
+                screen.y < 0 ||
+                screen.x >= (scene.canvas?.clientWidth ?? Infinity) ||
+                screen.y >= (scene.canvas?.clientHeight ?? Infinity)
+              )
+                return null;
+              cached.screen = screen;
+              return screen;
+            }
+          : null,
+    });
+    yield 'rank';
+    badgeScreens.clear();
+    for (const row of model.rows) {
+      const screen = surfaceAnchors.get(row)?.screen;
+      if (screen) badgeScreens.set(row.stableId, screen);
+    }
+    state.renderPipelineOperations = operations;
+    state.renderedRows = model.rows;
+    yield* updateBadgeSpacingWork();
+    yield 'rank';
+    state.sightingCount = state.gridAvailable
+      ? Math.max(
+          densityResult.sightingCount,
+          model.sightingCount - model.acartiaCount,
+        ) + model.acartiaCount
+      : model.sightingCount;
+    const previousRows = state.rowById;
+    state.rowById = new Map(
+      state.renderedRows.map((row) => [row.stableId, row]),
+    );
+    // Panning can bring two visible photo incumbents into one icon bucket.
+    // Keep the single billboard winner, but preserve both card identities and
+    // anchors until selection's front-side/window/height checks release them.
+    const ambientAnchors = new Map();
+    for (const incumbent of state.ambientRows || []) {
+      const row = state.rows.get(incumbent.stableId);
+      if (!row || !isRecentWildlifeSighting(row, nowMs, taxa)) continue;
+      if (state.rowById.has(row.stableId)) continue;
+      const old = previousRows.get(row.stableId);
+      const cached = state.positions.get(row.stableId);
+      ambientAnchors.set(
+        row.stableId,
+        cached && old?.lat === row.lat && old?.lon === row.lon
+          ? cached
+          : position(row),
+      );
+      state.rowById.set(row.stableId, row);
+    }
+    function restoreAmbientAnchors() {
+      for (const id of ambientAnchorIds)
+        if (!ambientAnchors.has(id) && !state.pointById.has(id))
+          state.positions.delete(id);
+      for (const [id, anchor] of ambientAnchors)
+        state.positions.set(id, anchor);
+      ambientAnchorIds = new Set(ambientAnchors.keys());
+    }
+    if (state.selectedId && !state.rowById.has(state.selectedId))
+      parts.selection.clear();
+    yield 'billboard-update';
+    const billboardUpdate = yield* billboards.updateWork(state.renderedRows, {
+      onOperations: (counts) => Object.assign(operations, counts),
+    });
+    yield 'overlay-publish';
+    let changed = densityResult.changed;
+    beginBatch();
+    try {
+      restoreAmbientAnchors();
+      changed = stageCells(state.renderedRows) || changed;
+      changed = cull() || changed;
+      if (
+        billboardUpdate.created ||
+        billboardUpdate.removed ||
+        billboardUpdate.writes
+      )
+        changed = true;
+      if (changed) requestRender('render');
+    } finally {
+      endBatch();
+    }
+    services.performanceOperations?.(operations);
+    operations = null;
+    return changed;
+  }
+
+  function refreshSelection() {
+    if (!state.enabled || !billboards) return false;
+    // Selection changes spacing priority without reprojecting the view.
+    updateBadgeSpacing();
+    return cull();
+  }
+
+  function clear() {
+    workQueue.cancel();
+    operations = null;
+    clearCells();
+    density?.clear();
+    billboards?.clear();
+    if (state.points) state.points.show = false;
+    state.pointById.clear();
+    state.positions.clear();
+    state.renderedRows = [];
+    state.rowById.clear();
+    state.sightingCount = 0;
+    ambientAnchorIds.clear();
+    badgeScreens.clear();
+    crowdedBadgeIds.clear();
+    photoCardIds.clear();
+  }
+
+  function destroy() {
+    deactivate();
+    clear();
+    services.sprites?.unregisterSpriteCollection?.(
+      'wildlife-sightings',
+      state.points,
+    );
+    if (state.points) state.viewer?.scene?.primitives?.remove?.(state.points);
+    state.points = null;
+    billboards = null;
+    density?.destroy();
+    density = null;
+    appearances.clear();
+  }
+
+  return {
+    get density() {
+      return density;
+    },
+    get pending() {
+      return workQueue.pending;
+    },
+    init,
+    activate,
+    deactivate,
+    occluder,
+    cull,
+    rebuild,
+    refreshSelection,
+    setPhotoCardVisibility,
+    hasPhotoCard: (id) => photoCardIds.has(id),
+    clear,
+    destroy,
+    requestRender,
+    beginBatch,
+    endBatch,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cea12530
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/rendering.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createRendering } from './rendering.js';
+import { nearFarScalarValueAtDistance } from '../../data/focusDeemphasis.js';
+import { wildlifeGridCellId } from './gridViewport.js';
+import {
+  WILDLIFE_GROUND_READY_MAX_CHECKS,
+  WILDLIFE_SCALE_BY_DISTANCE,
+} from './policy.js';
+
+const NOW = Date.parse('2026-11-04T18:00:00Z');
+const base = {
+  stableId: 'synthetic:1',
+  origin: 'inaturalist',
+  lat: 47.6,
+  lon: -122.3,
+  iconic: 'Aves',
+  observedAt: NOW - 60_000,
+  quality: 'research',
+  count: null,
+  obscured: false,
+  cell: null,
+};
+
+function event() {
+  const listeners = new Set();
+  return {
+    addEventListener(listener) {
+      listeners.add(listener);
+      return () => listeners.delete(listener);
+    },
+    emit(...args) {
+      for (const listener of [...listeners]) listener(...args);
+    },
+    get size() {
+      return listeners.size;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function harness(rows = [base], extra = {}) {
+  const counts = {
+    collections: 0,
+    created: 0,
+    removed: 0,
+    cleared: 0,
+    writes: [],
+  };
+  const tracked = new Set([
+    'position',
+    'image',
+    'color',
+    'scale',
+    'show',
+    'width',
+    'height',
+    'scaleByDistance',
+  ]);
+  class BillboardCollection extends Cesium.BillboardCollection {
+    constructor() {
+      super();
+      counts.collections += 1;
+    }
+    add(options) {
+      counts.created += 1;
+      const point = super.add(options);
+      return new Proxy(point, {
+        get: (target, key) => Reflect.get(target, key, target),
+        set(target, key, value) {
+          if (tracked.has(key)) counts.writes.push(key);
+          return Reflect.set(target, key, value, target);
+        },
+      });
+    }
+    remove(point) {
+      counts.removed += 1;
+      return super.remove(point);
+    }
+    removeAll() {
+      counts.cleared += 1;
+      return super.removeAll();
+    }
+  }
+  class GroundBatch {
+    constructor(options) {
+      Object.assign(this, options);
+      this.ready = false;
+    }
+    destroy() {
+      this.destroyed = true;
+    }
+    isDestroyed() {
+      return this.destroyed === true;
+    }
+  }
+  function primitives() {
+    const values = [];
+    return {
+      values,
+      get length() {
+        return values.length;
+      },
+      get: (i) => values[i],
+      add(primitive) {
+        values.push(primitive);
+        return primitive;
+      },
+      remove(primitive) {
+        const i = values.indexOf(primitive);
+        if (i < 0) return false;
+        values.splice(i, 1);
+        primitive.destroy();
+        return true;
+      },
+    };
+  }
+  const postRender = event();
+  const terrain = event();
+  const tileProgress = event();
+  const scene = {
+    primitives: primitives(),
+    groundPrimitives: primitives(),
+    postRender,
+    terrainProviderChanged: terrain,
+    globe: {
+      terrainProviderChanged: terrain,
+      tileLoadProgressEvent: tileProgress,
+    },
+  };
+  const state = {
+    enabled: true,
+    viewer: { scene, camera: { positionWC: {} } },
+    rows: new Map(rows.map((row) => [row.stableId, row])),
+    renderedRows: [],
+    rowById: new Map(),
+    pointById: new Map(),
+    positions: new Map(),
+    cells: [],
+    staging: null,
+    taxa: 'all',
+    selectedId: null,
+    query: { visibleBoxes: [{ south: -90, west: -180, north: 90, east: 180 }] },
+    band: 'cards',
+  };
+  const renders = [];
+  let visible = true;
+  const registration = new Set();
+  const rendering = createRendering({
+    state,
+    services: {
+      now: () => NOW,
+      cesium: {
+        ...Cesium,
+        BillboardCollection,
+        GroundPrimitive: GroundBatch,
+        GroundPolylinePrimitive: GroundBatch,
+      },
+      occluderFactory: () => ({ isPointVisible: () => visible }),
+      render: { governorRequestRender: (reason) => renders.push(reason) },
+      sprites: {
+        registerSpriteCollection: (_id, value) => registration.add(value),
+        unregisterSpriteCollection: (_id, value) => registration.delete(value),
+      },
+      ...extra,
+    },
+    parts: {
+      selection: {
+        clear() {
+          state.selectedId = null;
+        },
+        refreshAmbient() {},
+        publishSelected() {},
+        refreshContexts() {},
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  rendering.init();
+  rendering.activate();
+  return {
+    state,
+    scene,
+    rendering,
+    counts,
+    renders,
+    postRender,
+    terrain,
+    tileProgress,
+    registration,
+    visible(value) {
+      visible = value;
+    },
+    rows(next) {
+      state.rows = new Map(next.map((row) => [row.stableId, row]));
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('real Cesium billboard values update in place, and unchanged refreshes write nothing', () => {
+  const second = { ...base, stableId: 'synthetic:2', lon: -120 };
+  const h = harness([base, second]);
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  const collection = h.state.points;
+  const incumbent = h.state.pointById.get(base.stableId);
+  assert.equal(h.counts.collections, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.counts.created, 2);
+  assert.equal(incumbent.width * incumbent.scaleByDistance.farValue, 12);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    incumbent.scaleByDistance,
+    new Cesium.NearFarScalar(...WILDLIFE_SCALE_BY_DISTANCE),
+  );
+  assert.equal(incumbent.color.alpha, 1);
+  h.counts.writes.length = 0;
+  h.renders.length = 0;
+  h.rows([{ ...second }, { ...base }]);
+  assert.equal(h.rendering.rebuild(), false);
+  assert.equal(h.rendering.cull(), false);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, []);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.renders, []);
+  h.rows([{ ...base, lat: base.lat + 0.01 }, second]);
+  assert.equal(h.rendering.rebuild(), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, ['position']);
+  assert.equal(h.state.pointById.get(base.stableId), incumbent);
+  assert.equal(h.state.points, collection);
+  h.rows([
+    { ...base, lat: base.lat + 0.01 },
+    { ...second, stableId: 'synthetic:3' },
+  ]);
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  assert.equal(h.counts.created, 3);
+  assert.equal(h.counts.removed, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.counts.cleared, 0);
+  h.rendering.destroy();
+  assert.equal(h.registration.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.scene.primitives.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.state.pointById.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.terrain.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.tileProgress.size, 0);
+});
+
+test('horizon changes write only changed visibility, with one governor request per batch', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  h.counts.writes.length = 0;
+  h.renders.length = 0;
+  h.visible(false);
+  h.rendering.beginBatch();
+  h.rendering.cull();
+  h.rendering.requestRender('labels');
+  h.rendering.endBatch();
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, ['show']);
+  assert.equal(h.renders.length, 1);
+  h.rendering.cull();
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, ['show']);
+  assert.equal(h.renders.length, 1);
+  h.rendering.destroy();
+});
+
+test('badge pixels stay between 12 and 22 at near, mid and far heights, including selection', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  const wildlife = h.state.pointById.get(base.stableId);
+  for (const selectedId of [null, base.stableId]) {
+    h.state.selectedId = selectedId;
+    h.rendering.refreshSelection();
+    for (const heightM of [
+      0, 1000, 9000, 120_000, 400_000, 1_500_000, 8_000_000, 10_000_000,
+    ]) {
+      const pixels =
+        wildlife.width *
+        wildlife.scale *
+        nearFarScalarValueAtDistance(wildlife.scaleByDistance, heightM);
+      assert.ok(
+        pixels >= 12 && pixels <= 22,
+        `${heightM}m, selected=${!!selectedId}: ${pixels}px`,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    wildlife.color,
+    Cesium.Color.WHITE,
+    'keep the baked white glyph white',
+  );
+  h.rendering.destroy();
+});
+
+test('adjacent 28px bucket edges never overlap badges or erase sighting counts', () => {
+  const rows = [27, 29, 56, 84].map((x, i) => ({
+    ...base,
+    stableId: `edge:${i}`,
+    lon: base.lon + i * 0.01,
+    x,
+  }));
+  const h = harness(rows, {
+    project: (_scene, anchor) => {
+      const lon = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(
+        Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(anchor).longitude,
+      );
+      return {
+        x: rows.find((row) => Math.abs(row.lon - lon) < 1e-7).x,
+        y: 100,
+      };
+    },
+  });
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  assert.equal(h.state.sightingCount, 4);
+  assert.equal(
+    h.state.pointById.size,
+    4,
+    'all occupied buckets retain their identities',
+  );
+  const visible = rows.filter(
+    (row) => h.state.pointById.get(row.stableId).show,
+  );
+  assert.equal(visible.length, 3);
+  for (let i = 0; i < visible.length; i++)
+    for (let j = i + 1; j < visible.length; j++)
+      assert.ok(Math.abs(visible[i].x - visible[j].x) >= 22);
+  h.counts.writes.length = 0;
+  h.renders.length = 0;
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  h.rendering.cull();
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, []);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.renders, []);
+  h.rendering.destroy();
+});
+
+test('only painted photo cards hide their anchored badges, with zero repeated visibility writes', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  const point = h.state.pointById.get(base.stableId);
+  assert.equal(
+    point.show,
+    true,
+    'a requested or loading card does not hide its badge',
+  );
+  h.counts.writes.length = 0;
+  h.renders.length = 0;
+  h.rendering.setPhotoCardVisibility(new Set([`sighting:${base.stableId}`]));
+  assert.equal(point.show, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, ['show']);
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  h.rendering.cull();
+  h.rendering.setPhotoCardVisibility(new Set([`sighting:${base.stableId}`]));
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, ['show']);
+  assert.equal(h.renders.length, 1);
+  h.rendering.setPhotoCardVisibility(new Set());
+  assert.equal(
+    point.show,
+    true,
+    'a card that no longer paints restores its badge',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, ['show', 'show']);
+  h.rendering.destroy();
+});
+
+test('sampled fallback buckets allocate only representatives at every height, with zero idle writes', () => {
+  for (const heightM of [1000, 7_000_000]) {
+    const rows = ['a', 'b', 'c'].map((id, index) => ({
+      ...base,
+      stableId: `synthetic:${id}`,
+      lon: base.lon + index * 0.01,
+    }));
+    const screens = new Map(
+      rows.map((row) => [row.lon.toFixed(6), { x: 100, y: 100 }]),
+    );
+    const h = harness(rows, {
+      project: (_scene, anchor) => {
+        const lon = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(
+          Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(anchor).longitude,
+        );
+        return screens.get(lon.toFixed(6));
+      },
+    });
+    h.state.viewer.camera.positionWC = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+      base.lon,
+      base.lat,
+      heightM,
+    );
+    h.rendering.rebuild();
+    assert.equal(
+      h.state.pointById.size,
+      1,
+      'same bucket reduction near and far',
+    );
+    assert.equal(h.counts.created, 1);
+    screens.set(rows[2].lon.toFixed(6), { x: 200, y: 100 });
+    assert.equal(h.rendering.cull(), false);
+    h.rendering.rebuild(); // moveEnd recomputes buckets, never an idle frame.
+    assert.equal(h.state.pointById.size, 2);
+    assert.equal(h.counts.created, 2);
+    h.counts.writes.length = 0;
+    assert.equal(h.rendering.cull(), false);
+    assert.equal(h.rendering.rebuild(), false);
+    assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, []);
+    assert.equal(h.postRender.size, 0);
+    h.rendering.destroy();
+  }
+});
+
+test('UTFGrid creates a dedicated unpickable glow and observations alone create badges', () => {
+  let projections = 0;
+  const h = harness([base], {
+    project() {
+      projections++;
+      return { x: 100, y: 100 };
+    },
+  });
+  h.scene.canvas = { clientWidth: 280, clientHeight: 200 };
+  h.state.gridAvailable = true;
+  h.state.gridCells = [1, 50, 2].map((cellCount, index) => ({
+    id: wildlifeGridCellId(base.lat, base.lon + index * 0.01, 16),
+    lat: base.lat,
+    lon: base.lon + index * 0.01,
+    cellCount,
+  }));
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  const glow = h.rendering.density.collection;
+  assert.ok(glow);
+  assert.equal(glow.allowPicking, false);
+  assert.equal(glow.length, 3);
+  assert.equal(h.scene.primitives.length, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual([...h.state.pointById.keys()], [base.stableId]);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.state.renderedRows, [base]);
+  assert.equal(h.state.sightingCount, 53);
+  assert.equal(projections, 1, 'only observations require screen projections');
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.size, 0, 'density installs no frame listener');
+  h.state.gridCells = [...h.state.gridCells].reverse();
+  h.counts.writes.length = 0;
+  assert.equal(h.rendering.rebuild(), false);
+  assert.equal(h.rendering.density.collection, glow);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, []);
+  h.rendering.clear();
+  assert.equal(glow.isDestroyed(), true);
+  assert.equal(h.scene.primitives.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.state.points.length, 0);
+  h.rendering.destroy();
+  assert.equal(h.scene.primitives.length, 0);
+});
+
+test('tile arrival or loss cannot replace a real observation with a grid badge', () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  const badge = h.state.pointById.get(base.stableId);
+  h.state.gridAvailable = true;
+  h.state.gridCells = [
+    {
+      id: wildlifeGridCellId(base.lat, base.lon, 2),
+      lat: base.lat,
+      lon: base.lon,
+      cellCount: 10_000,
+    },
+  ];
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  const glow = h.rendering.density.collection;
+  assert.equal(h.state.sightingCount, 10_000);
+  assert.equal(h.state.pointById.get(base.stableId), badge);
+  h.state.gridAvailable = false;
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  assert.equal(h.state.pointById.get(base.stableId), badge);
+  assert.equal(h.state.sightingCount, 1);
+  assert.equal(glow.isDestroyed(), true);
+  h.rendering.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a selected observation remains rendered outside the viewport and observation window after a zoom', () => {
+  const selected = { ...base, observedAt: NOW - 49 * 3_600_000 };
+  const h = harness([]);
+  h.state.selectedId = selected.stableId;
+  h.state.selectedRow = selected;
+  h.state.query.visibleBoxes = [{ south: 0, west: 0, north: 1, east: 1 }];
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  assert.deepEqual(h.state.renderedRows, [selected]);
+  assert.equal(h.state.rowById.get(selected.stableId), selected);
+  assert.equal(h.state.pointById.has(selected.stableId), true);
+  h.state.band = 'regional';
+  h.state.viewer.camera.positionCartographic = { height: 1_500_000 };
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  assert.equal(h.state.selectedId, selected.stableId);
+  assert.equal(h.state.rowById.get(selected.stableId), selected);
+  h.rendering.destroy();
+});
+
+test('privacy ground staging has a bounded readiness listener and complete teardown', () => {
+  const h = harness([
+    {
+      ...base,
+      obscured: true,
+      cell: { south: 47.6, west: -122.4, north: 47.8, east: -122.2 },
+    },
+  ]);
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.size, 1);
+  assert.equal(h.scene.groundPrimitives.length, 2);
+  for (let i = 0; i < WILDLIFE_GROUND_READY_MAX_CHECKS; i++)
+    h.postRender.emit();
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.state.staging, null);
+  assert.equal(h.scene.groundPrimitives.length, 0);
+  h.rendering.destroy();
+  assert.equal(h.postRender.size, 0);
+});
+
+test('font readiness swaps images in place without billboard recreation or position work', () => {
+  const listeners = new Set();
+  let ready = false;
+  const badgeSprites = {
+    get: (group) =>
+      `data:image/svg+xml,${encodeURIComponent(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle r="${ready ? 9 : 8}" data-group="${group}"/></svg>`)}`,
+    subscribe(fn) {
+      listeners.add(fn);
+      return () => listeners.delete(fn);
+    },
+  };
+  const rows = [
+    base,
+    { ...base, stableId: 'synthetic:mammal', iconic: 'Mammalia', lon: -120 },
+  ];
+  const h = harness(rows, { badgeSprites });
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  const collection = h.state.points;
+  const points = new Map(h.state.pointById);
+  const before = new Map([...points].map(([id, point]) => [id, point.image]));
+  h.counts.writes.length = 0;
+  h.renders.length = 0;
+  ready = true;
+  for (const listener of listeners) listener();
+  assert.equal(h.state.points, collection);
+  assert.equal(h.counts.created, 2);
+  assert.equal(h.counts.removed, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.counts.cleared, 0);
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, ['image', 'image']);
+  assert.equal(h.renders.length, 1);
+  for (const [id, point] of points) {
+    assert.equal(h.state.pointById.get(id), point);
+    assert.notEqual(point.image, before.get(id));
+  }
+  h.counts.writes.length = 0;
+  h.rows(rows.map((row) => ({ ...row, lat: row.lat + 0.01 })));
+  h.rendering.rebuild();
+  assert.deepEqual(h.counts.writes, ['position', 'position']);
+  h.rendering.destroy();
+  assert.equal(listeners.size, 0);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..050da3fb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.js
@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { wildlifeMeasure } from './performance.js';
+import { compareWildlifeIds } from './model.js';
+import { isRecentWildlifeSighting } from './records.js';
+import {
+  ACARTIA_CREDIT,
+  registerDynamicCredit,
+} from '../../data/dataCredits.js';
+import {
+  WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+  WILDLIFE_SELECTED_SOURCE_ID,
+  WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID,
+  WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
+  WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
+  WILDLIFE_SELECTED_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
+  buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry,
+  buildWildlifeSelectedLabel,
+  buildWildlifeLabelEntry,
+  wildlifeCommonName,
+  wildlifeDisplayName,
+  wildlifeLabelScore,
+  selectWildlifeAmbientRows,
+} from './cards.js';
+import {
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_LIMIT,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_SHOW_MAX_METERS,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_HIDE_MAX_METERS,
+  WILDLIFE_LABEL_NAME_SEPARATION_PX,
+  WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_FADE_HIGH_METERS,
+  WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT,
+} from './policy.js';
+
+const CONTEXT_LIMIT = 30;
+
+/** Overlay sources, pinned observation selection and external focus. */
+export function createSelection({ state, services, parts }) {
+  const overlay = services.overlayHost;
+  const sourceIds = [
+    WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+    WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID,
+    WILDLIFE_SELECTED_SOURCE_ID,
+  ];
+  const listeners = new Set();
+  // Coordinates are refreshed only by the existing camera/data label pass.
+  const labelScreens = new Map();
+  const ambientSourceOptions = {
+    ...WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
+    onVisibilityChange: (ids) => parts.rendering.setPhotoCardVisibility?.(ids),
+  };
+
+  function renderBatch(fn) {
+    parts.rendering.beginBatch?.();
+    try {
+      return fn();
+    } finally {
+      parts.rendering.endBatch?.();
+    }
+  }
+
+  function selectionRow() {
+    if (!state.enabled || !state.selectedId) return null;
+    return state.selectedRow || state.rowById.get(state.selectedId) || null;
+  }
+
+  function dispatch(listener, row, metadata) {
+    try {
+      listener(row, metadata);
+    } catch {
+      // A disconnected UI surface must not prevent map selection or teardown.
+    }
+  }
+
+  function notify({ explicitSelection = false } = {}) {
+    const row = selectionRow();
+    const metadata = { explicitSelection: explicitSelection === true };
+    for (const listener of listeners) dispatch(listener, row, metadata);
+  }
+
+  function subscribe(listener) {
+    if (typeof listener !== 'function') return () => {};
+    if (!state.destroyed) listeners.add(listener);
+    dispatch(listener, selectionRow(), { explicitSelection: false });
+    return () => listeners.delete(listener);
+  }
+
+  const cardActions = {
+    select: selectAndFocus,
+    hasRow: (id) => state.enabled && state.rowById.has(id),
+  };
+
+  function publishAmbient() {
+    return wildlifeMeasure('overlay-publish', publishAmbientEntries);
+  }
+
+  function publishAmbientEntries() {
+    if (!state.enabled || !overlay) return;
+    overlay.setEntries(
+      WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+      state.ambientRows.map((row) => ({
+        ...buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(row, services.now(), {
+          ...cardActions,
+          image: parts.photos.get(row),
+          selected: row.stableId === state.selectedId,
+        }),
+        position: state.positions.get(row.stableId),
+      })),
+      ambientSourceOptions,
+    );
+    parts.rendering.requestRender('photos');
+  }
+
+  function publishSelected() {
+    return wildlifeMeasure('overlay-publish', publishSelectedEntries);
+  }
+
+  function publishSelectedEntries() {
+    if (!state.enabled || !overlay) return;
+    const row = selectionRow();
+    // The selected sighting's painted thumbnail already shows its name.
+    const label =
+      row && !parts.rendering.hasPhotoCard?.(row.stableId)
+        ? buildWildlifeSelectedLabel(row)
+        : null;
+    overlay.setEntries(
+      WILDLIFE_SELECTED_SOURCE_ID,
+      label
+        ? [
+            {
+              ...label,
+              position: state.positions.get(row.stableId),
+            },
+          ]
+        : [],
+      WILDLIFE_SELECTED_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
+    );
+  }
+
+  function publishLabels() {
+    return wildlifeMeasure('overlay-publish', publishLabelsEntries);
+  }
+
+  function publishLabelsEntries() {
+    if (!state.enabled || !overlay) return;
+    const names = new Map();
+    const remember = (row) => {
+      const screen = labelScreens.get(row.stableId);
+      if (!screen) return;
+      const name = wildlifeDisplayName(row);
+      if (!names.has(name)) names.set(name, []);
+      names.get(name).push(screen);
+    };
+    // Painted photos win regardless of score. Queued or rejected images do not
+    // suppress neighbors. Selection wins over ambient names using the same cache.
+    for (const row of state.ambientRows)
+      if (parts.rendering.hasPhotoCard?.(row.stableId)) remember(row);
+    const selected = selectionRow();
+    if (
+      selected &&
+      (state.viewer.camera?.positionCartographic?.height ?? 0) <
+        WILDLIFE_SELECTED_LABEL_FADE_HIGH_METERS
+    )
+      remember(selected);
+    const entries = [];
+    for (const row of state.labelRows || []) {
+      if (
+        row.stableId === state.selectedId ||
+        parts.rendering.hasPhotoCard?.(row.stableId)
+      )
+        continue;
+      const screen = labelScreens.get(row.stableId);
+      const nearby = names.get(wildlifeDisplayName(row));
+      if (
+        screen &&
+        nearby?.some(
+          (other) =>
+            (screen.x - other.x) ** 2 + (screen.y - other.y) ** 2 <
+            WILDLIFE_LABEL_NAME_SEPARATION_PX ** 2,
+        )
+      )
+        continue;
+      const entry = buildWildlifeLabelEntry(row, {
+        ...cardActions,
+        nowMs: services.now(),
+      });
+      if (!entry) continue;
+      entries.push({ ...entry, position: state.positions.get(row.stableId) });
+      remember(row);
+      if (entries.length >= WILDLIFE_LABEL_LIMIT) break;
+    }
+    overlay.setEntries(
+      WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID,
+      entries,
+      WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
+    );
+    parts.rendering.requestRender('labels');
+  }
+
+  function refreshLabels() {
+    if (!state.enabled || !overlay) return;
+    const scene = state.viewer.scene;
+    const horizon = parts.rendering.occluder();
+    const width = scene.canvas?.clientWidth || 0;
+    const height = scene.canvas?.clientHeight || 0;
+    // Rank during camera/data passes; the host handles pixel collisions.
+    const nowMs = services.now();
+    const candidates = [];
+    labelScreens.clear();
+    const rows = new Map(state.renderedRows.map((row) => [row.stableId, row]));
+    for (const row of state.ambientRows) rows.set(row.stableId, row);
+    for (const row of rows.values()) {
+      if (!wildlifeCommonName(row)) continue;
+      const position = state.positions.get(row.stableId);
+      if (!position || (horizon && horizon.isPointVisible(position) !== true))
+        continue;
+      const screen = services.project(scene, position);
+      if (
+        !screen ||
+        screen.x < 0 ||
+        screen.y < 0 ||
+        screen.x > width ||
+        screen.y > height
+      )
+        continue;
+      labelScreens.set(row.stableId, { x: screen.x, y: screen.y });
+      candidates.push(row);
+    }
+    candidates.sort(
+      (a, b) =>
+        wildlifeLabelScore(b, nowMs) - wildlifeLabelScore(a, nowMs) ||
+        compareWildlifeIds(a.stableId, b.stableId),
+    );
+    // Keep ranked candidates so a disappearing photo or cleared selection can
+    // restore suppressed names without another projection pass. Cap after dedup.
+    state.labelRows = candidates;
+    publishLabels();
+  }
+
+  function ambientCandidates(rows) {
+    const scene = state.viewer.scene;
+    const horizon = parts.rendering.occluder();
+    const width = scene.canvas?.clientWidth ?? Infinity;
+    const height = scene.canvas?.clientHeight ?? Infinity;
+    const screens = new Map();
+    const nowMs = services.now();
+    const taxa = state.drawnParams?.taxa ?? state.taxa;
+    const eligible = rows.filter((row) => {
+      if (
+        !row.photo ||
+        row.obscured ||
+        !isRecentWildlifeSighting(row, nowMs, taxa)
+      )
+        return false;
+      const position = state.positions.get(row.stableId);
+      if (!position || (horizon && horizon.isPointVisible(position) !== true))
+        return false;
+      const screen = services.project(scene, position);
+      if (
+        !screen ||
+        screen.x < 0 ||
+        screen.y < 0 ||
+        screen.x > width ||
+        screen.y > height
+      )
+        return false;
+      screens.set(row.stableId, { x: screen.x, y: screen.y });
+      return true;
+    });
+    return { eligible, screens, width, height };
+  }
+
+  /** Snapshot before acquisition replaces its sample. Only currently visible
+   * photos survive; acquisition also checks the observation window/params. */
+  function retainedAmbientRows() {
+    if (!state.enabled) return [];
+    const height =
+      state.viewer?.camera?.positionCartographic?.height ?? Infinity;
+    if (height >= WILDLIFE_CARD_HIDE_MAX_METERS) return [];
+    return ambientCandidates(state.ambientRows).eligible;
+  }
+
+  function refreshAmbient() {
+    if (!state.enabled) return;
+    refreshLabels();
+    const height =
+      state.viewer?.camera?.positionCartographic?.height ?? Infinity;
+    if (state.ambientActive) {
+      if (height >= WILDLIFE_CARD_HIDE_MAX_METERS) state.ambientActive = false;
+    } else if (height <= WILDLIFE_CARD_SHOW_MAX_METERS)
+      state.ambientActive = true;
+    if (!state.ambientActive) {
+      state.ambientRows = [];
+      state.ambientIds = [];
+      parts.photos.setAmbient([]);
+      publishAmbient();
+      return;
+    }
+    // A bucket rebuild may hide an incumbent behind a newly sampled neighbor.
+    // Retain its actual loaded row; rendering gives ambient IDs bucket priority.
+    const byId = new Map(state.renderedRows.map((row) => [row.stableId, row]));
+    for (const row of state.ambientRows) {
+      const current = state.rowById.get(row.stableId);
+      if (current) byId.set(row.stableId, current);
+    }
+    const candidates = ambientCandidates([...byId.values()]);
+    state.ambientRows = selectWildlifeAmbientRows(
+      candidates.eligible,
+      state.ambientIds,
+      services.now(),
+      WILDLIFE_CARD_LIMIT,
+      candidates,
+    );
+    state.ambientIds = state.ambientRows.map((row) => row.stableId);
+    parts.photos.setAmbient(state.ambientRows);
+    publishAmbient();
+  }
+
+  // iNaturalist is static; Acartia enters the attribution popover on first use.
+  function syncCredits() {
+    if (!state.enabled) return;
+    if (state.renderedRows.some((row) => row.origin === 'acartia'))
+      registerDynamicCredit(state.viewer, ACARTIA_CREDIT);
+  }
+
+  function registerContext(row) {
+    if (!services.context?.registerEntityContext) return null;
+    let carrier = state.carriers.get(row.stableId);
+    if (!carrier) {
+      carrier = { show: true };
+      state.carriers.set(row.stableId, carrier);
+    }
+    carrier.__localBaseCartesian = state.positions.get(row.stableId);
+    // A badge yielding to its photo or a neighbor is still a visible sighting.
+    // Context visibility follows the anchor, independently of badge declutter.
+    const horizon = parts.rendering.occluder();
+    carrier.show =
+      !horizon || horizon.isPointVisible(carrier.__localBaseCartesian) === true;
+    const name = row.commonName || row.scientificName || t('Cetacean');
+    // i18n-ignore: provider names and feed-supplied organism names are verbatim
+    const label = `${name} · ${row.origin === 'acartia' ? 'Acartia' : 'iNaturalist'}`;
+    services.context.registerEntityContext(carrier, {
+      id: row.stableId,
+      layerId: 'wildlife-sightings',
+      layerName: t('Wildlife Sightings'),
+      source: row.origin === 'acartia' ? 'Acartia' : 'iNaturalist',
+      label,
+      latitude: row.lat,
+      longitude: row.lon,
+      properties: {
+        quality: row.quality,
+        iconic: row.iconic,
+        obscured: row.obscured,
+      },
+      select: () => selectAndFocus(row.stableId),
+    });
+    return carrier;
+  }
+
+  function refreshContexts() {
+    if (!services.context) return;
+    const rows = state.renderedRows.slice(0, CONTEXT_LIMIT);
+    const selected = selectionRow();
+    if (selected && !rows.includes(selected)) rows.push(selected);
+    const next = new Set(rows.map((row) => row.stableId));
+    try {
+      for (const row of rows) registerContext(row);
+      const store = services.context.getContextStore?.();
+      for (const id of state.contextIds) {
+        if (!next.has(id)) {
+          if (store?.entities?.get(id)?.layerId === 'wildlife-sightings')
+            store.entities.delete(id);
+          state.carriers.delete(id);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Optional context surfaces must not prevent data or cards rendering.
+    }
+    state.contextIds = next;
+  }
+
+  function select(id, { publishContext = true } = {}) {
+    return renderBatch(() => selectRecord(id, { publishContext }));
+  }
+
+  function selectRecord(id, { publishContext = true } = {}) {
+    if (!state.enabled || !state.rowById.has(id)) return false;
+    const row = state.rowById.get(id);
+    state.selectedId = id;
+    state.selectedRow = row;
+    parts.rendering.refreshSelection();
+    publishAmbient();
+    publishLabels();
+    publishSelected();
+    try {
+      const carrier = registerContext(row);
+      state.contextIds.add(id);
+      if (publishContext && carrier) {
+        state.publishingContext = true;
+        try {
+          services.context?.selectEntityContext?.(carrier);
+        } finally {
+          state.publishingContext = false;
+        }
+      }
+    } catch {
+      state.publishingContext = false;
+    }
+    notify({ explicitSelection: true });
+    parts.rendering.requestRender('select');
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  function selectAndFocus(id, options = {}) {
+    const row = state.rowById.get(typeof id === 'string' ? id : id?.stableId);
+    if (!state.enabled || !row) return false;
+    if (!select(row.stableId, options)) return false;
+    services.focus?.requestWorldFocus?.({
+      kind: row.obscured ? 'sighting-area' : 'sighting',
+      id: row.stableId,
+      label: row.commonName || row.scientificName || t('SIGHTING'),
+      position: state.positions.get(row.stableId),
+    });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  function clear() {
+    return renderBatch(clearRecord);
+  }
+
+  function clearRecord() {
+    const hadSelection = state.selectedId !== null;
+    state.selectedId = null;
+    state.selectedRow = null;
+    try {
+      services.context?.clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer?.(
+        'wildlife-sightings',
+      );
+    } catch {
+      /* optional context host is already gone */
+    }
+    if (state.enabled) {
+      if (hadSelection) publishAmbient();
+      publishSelected();
+      if (hadSelection) publishLabels();
+      if (hadSelection) parts.rendering.requestRender('select');
+    }
+    notify();
+    return hadSelection;
+  }
+
+  function clearAndRebuild() {
+    return renderBatch(() => {
+      const hadSelection = clear();
+      if (hadSelection) parts.rendering.refreshSelection();
+      return hadSelection;
+    });
+  }
+
+  function install() {
+    const onContext = (event) => {
+      if (!state.enabled || state.publishingContext) return;
+      const record =
+        event.detail || services.context?.getSelectedEntityContext?.();
+      if (record?.layerId === 'wildlife-sightings')
+        selectAndFocus(record.id, { publishContext: false });
+    };
+    services.eventTarget?.addEventListener?.('gev:entity-selected', onContext);
+    state.removeContext = () =>
+      services.eventTarget?.removeEventListener?.(
+        'gev:entity-selected',
+        onContext,
+      );
+    if (typeof services.screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory !== 'function') return;
+    state.clickHandler = services.screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory(state.viewer);
+    state.clickHandler.setInputAction((click) => {
+      if (!state.enabled || services.pointer?.isPointerFree?.() === false)
+        return;
+      const hit =
+        overlay?.hitTest?.(click.position?.x, click.position?.y, {
+          sourceId: WILDLIFE_SELECTED_SOURCE_ID,
+        }) ||
+        overlay?.hitTest?.(click.position?.x, click.position?.y, {
+          sourceId: WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+        }) ||
+        overlay?.hitTest?.(click.position?.x, click.position?.y, {
+          sourceId: WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID,
+        });
+      if (hit) {
+        hit.entry?.activate?.();
+        return;
+      }
+      const picked = state.viewer.scene.pick(click.position);
+      const id =
+        services.picking?.resolvePickId?.(picked) ??
+        picked?.id ??
+        picked?.primitive?.id;
+      if (
+        typeof id === 'string' &&
+        id.startsWith('wildlife:') &&
+        selectAndFocus(id.slice(9))
+      )
+        return;
+      if (
+        id &&
+        services.picking?.isOwnedByOtherLayer?.('wildlife-sightings', id)
+      )
+        return;
+      clearAndRebuild();
+    }, services.cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK);
+  }
+
+  function remove() {
+    state.clickHandler?.destroy();
+    state.clickHandler = null;
+    state.removeContext?.();
+    state.removeContext = null;
+    clear();
+    try {
+      services.context?.removeEntityContextsForLayer?.('wildlife-sightings');
+    } catch {
+      /* optional context host is already gone */
+    }
+    state.carriers.clear();
+    state.contextIds.clear();
+    state.ambientIds = [];
+    state.ambientRows = [];
+    state.ambientActive = false;
+    state.labelRows = [];
+    labelScreens.clear();
+    for (const id of sourceIds) {
+      overlay?.clearSource?.(id);
+      overlay?.setVisible?.(id, false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    selectAndFocus,
+    clear,
+    clearAndRebuild,
+    subscribe,
+    notify,
+    destroy() {
+      listeners.clear();
+    },
+    install,
+    remove,
+    refreshAmbient,
+    retainedAmbientRows,
+    publishAmbient,
+    publishSelected,
+    photoCardsChanged() {
+      renderBatch(() => {
+        publishLabels();
+        publishSelected();
+      });
+    },
+    refreshContexts,
+    syncCredits,
+    sourceIds,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2263fd25e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { createSelection } from './selection.js';
+
+const row = {
+  stableId: 'inat:123',
+  origin: 'inaturalist',
+  lat: 48.1,
+  lon: 8.2,
+  commonName: 'Synthetic bird',
+  iconic: 'Aves',
+  observedAt: Date.UTC(2026, 10, 4),
+  link: 'https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123',
+};
+
+function fixture(sighting = row) {
+  const position = { x: 300, y: 300, z: 0 };
+  const entries = new Map();
+  const flights = [];
+  const seen = [];
+  const painted = new Set();
+  let hit = null;
+  let projections = 0;
+  let picked = null;
+  let click;
+  const state = {
+    enabled: true,
+    destroyed: false,
+    selectedId: null,
+    selectedRow: null,
+    rowById: new Map([[sighting.stableId, sighting]]),
+    positions: new Map([[sighting.stableId, position]]),
+    renderedRows: [sighting],
+    carriers: new Map(),
+    contextIds: new Set(),
+    ambientIds: [],
+    ambientRows: [],
+    labelRows: [],
+    viewer: {
+      scene: {
+        pick: () => picked,
+        canvas: { clientWidth: 1200, clientHeight: 900 },
+      },
+      camera: { positionCartographic: { height: 30_000 } },
+    },
+  };
+  const selection = createSelection({
+    state,
+    services: {
+      overlayHost: {
+        setEntries: (id, value) => entries.set(id, value),
+        clearSource: (id) => entries.delete(id),
+        setVisible() {},
+        hitTest: (_x, _y, { sourceId }) =>
+          hit?.sourceId === sourceId ? hit : null,
+      },
+      now: () => row.observedAt + 60_000,
+      project: (_scene, anchor) => {
+        projections++;
+        return anchor;
+      },
+      focus: { requestWorldFocus: (request) => flights.push(request) },
+      screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory: () => ({
+        setInputAction: (fn) => (click = fn),
+        destroy() {},
+      }),
+      cesium: { ScreenSpaceEventType: { LEFT_CLICK: 0 } },
+      eventTarget: new EventTarget(),
+    },
+    parts: {
+      rendering: {
+        refreshSelection() {},
+        requestRender() {},
+        occluder: () => null,
+        hasPhotoCard: (id) => painted.has(id),
+      },
+      photos: { get: () => ({ width: 75, height: 75 }), setAmbient() {} },
+    },
+  });
+  selection.subscribe((value, metadata) => seen.push({ value, metadata }));
+  return {
+    state,
+    selection,
+    position,
+    flights,
+    entries,
+    seen,
+    get projections() {
+      return projections;
+    },
+    hit(sourceId, entryId) {
+      const entry = entries
+        .get(sourceId)
+        ?.find((entry) => entry.id === entryId);
+      hit = entry ? { sourceId, entryId, entry } : null;
+    },
+    paint(ids) {
+      painted.clear();
+      for (const id of ids) painted.add(id);
+      selection.photoCardsChanged();
+    },
+    click(id = `wildlife:${sighting.stableId}`) {
+      picked = id ? { id } : null;
+      click({ position: { x: 10, y: 20 } });
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('a real sighting click pins its row, opens its label and focuses its true position', () => {
+  const f = fixture();
+  f.selection.install();
+  f.click();
+  assert.equal(f.state.selectedId, row.stableId);
+  assert.equal(f.state.selectedRow, row);
+  assert.equal(f.flights.length, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(f.flights[0], {
+    kind: 'sighting',
+    id: row.stableId,
+    label: row.commonName,
+    position: f.position,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(f.seen.at(-1), {
+    value: row,
+    metadata: { explicitSelection: true },
+  });
+  assert.equal(f.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected').length, 1);
+  f.selection.remove();
+});
+
+test('selected photo and name cards use the selected lane, select on click and never open links themselves', () => {
+  for (const photo of [
+    null,
+    {
+      square:
+        'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/123/square.jpg',
+      licence: 'cc-by',
+      attribution: 'Synthetic Photographer',
+    },
+  ]) {
+    const sighting = { ...row, photo };
+    const f = fixture(sighting);
+    f.selection.install();
+    f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+    const source = photo ? 'wildlife-sightings' : 'wildlife-sightings-labels';
+    const id = photo
+      ? 'sighting:inat:123'
+      : 'wildlife-sightings-label:inat:123';
+    f.hit(source, id);
+    f.click();
+    assert.equal(f.flights.length, 1);
+    if (photo) f.paint([row.stableId]);
+    const selectedSource = photo ? source : 'wildlife-sightings-selected';
+    const card = f.entries.get(selectedSource)[0];
+    assert.equal(card.selected, true);
+    assert.equal(card.paintLane, 'selected');
+    assert.ok(
+      !(card.details || []).some((line) => line.includes('↗')),
+      'the anchored photo card owns the single source link',
+    );
+    assert.match(card.accessibilityLabel, /Synthetic bird/);
+    if (photo) {
+      assert.equal(card.variant, 'thumbnail');
+      assert.ok(card.image);
+      assert.deepEqual(f.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected'), []);
+    }
+    f.hit(selectedSource, card.id);
+    f.click('other:aircraft');
+    assert.equal(f.flights.length, photo ? 2 : 1);
+    f.selection.clearAndRebuild();
+    if (photo) {
+      const ambient = f.entries.get(source)[0];
+      assert.equal(ambient.selected, undefined);
+      assert.deepEqual(ambient.details, ['© Synthetic Photographer']);
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('nearby duplicate display names yield to painted cards and higher-ranked labels using cached screens', () => {
+  const low = {
+    ...row,
+    stableId: 'inat:low',
+    quality: 'research',
+    photo: {
+      square:
+        'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/123/square.jpg',
+      licence: 'cc-by',
+      attribution: 'Synthetic Photographer',
+    },
+  };
+  const high = { ...low, stableId: 'inat:high', favesCount: 50 };
+  const far = { ...row, stableId: 'inat:far' };
+  const different = {
+    ...row,
+    stableId: 'inat:different',
+    commonName: 'Other bird',
+  };
+  const f = fixture();
+  f.state.renderedRows = [low, high, far, different];
+  f.state.rowById = new Map(
+    f.state.renderedRows.map((row) => [row.stableId, row]),
+  );
+  f.state.positions = new Map([
+    [low.stableId, { x: 300, y: 300 }],
+    [high.stableId, { x: 379, y: 300 }],
+    [far.stableId, { x: 460, y: 300 }],
+    [different.stableId, { x: 310, y: 300 }],
+  ]);
+  const labelIds = () =>
+    f.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-labels').map((entry) => entry.id);
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  assert.ok(!labelIds().includes('wildlife-sightings-label:inat:low'));
+  assert.ok(labelIds().includes('wildlife-sightings-label:inat:high'));
+  assert.ok(
+    labelIds().includes('wildlife-sightings-label:inat:far'),
+    '81px names survive',
+  );
+  assert.ok(labelIds().includes('wildlife-sightings-label:inat:different'));
+  const projections = f.projections;
+  f.state.ambientRows = [low];
+  f.paint([low.stableId]);
+  assert.ok(
+    !labelIds().includes('wildlife-sightings-label:inat:high'),
+    'a painted lower-score card wins',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    f.projections,
+    projections,
+    'paint membership uses the last label pass',
+  );
+  f.paint([]);
+  assert.ok(
+    labelIds().includes('wildlife-sightings-label:inat:high'),
+    'a queued/unpainted card suppresses nothing',
+  );
+  f.selection.selectAndFocus(low.stableId);
+  assert.ok(
+    !labelIds().includes('wildlife-sightings-label:inat:high'),
+    'selected labels outrank ambient names',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    f.projections,
+    projections,
+    'selection never projects the population',
+  );
+  f.selection.clearAndRebuild();
+  f.state.positions.set(high.stableId, { x: 600, y: 300 });
+  f.selection.refreshAmbient();
+  assert.ok(
+    labelIds().includes('wildlife-sightings-label:inat:low'),
+    'moveEnd admits separated names',
+  );
+});
+
+test('selection remains published while a new sample or camera pass replaces rendered lookup rows', () => {
+  const f = fixture();
+  f.selection.selectAndFocus(row.stableId);
+  f.state.rowById.clear();
+  f.state.renderedRows = [];
+  f.selection.publishSelected();
+  f.selection.notify();
+  assert.equal(f.seen.at(-1).value, row);
+  assert.equal(
+    f.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected')[0].position,
+    f.position,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    f.flights.length,
+    1,
+    'refresh notifications never start another flight',
+  );
+  f.selection.clearAndRebuild();
+  assert.equal(f.state.selectedId, null);
+  assert.equal(f.state.selectedRow, null);
+  assert.equal(f.seen.at(-1).value, null);
+  assert.deepEqual(f.entries.get('wildlife-sightings-selected'), []);
+});
+
+test('an obscured observation focuses only its existing privacy-safe anchor', () => {
+  const obscured = { ...row, obscured: true, lat: 48.1, lon: 8.3 };
+  const f = fixture(obscured);
+  assert.equal(f.selection.selectAndFocus(obscured.stableId), true);
+  assert.equal(f.flights[0].kind, 'sighting-area');
+  assert.equal(f.flights[0].position, f.position);
+  assert.equal(f.state.selectedRow, obscured);
+});
+
+test('empty clicks and layer removal release the selected row and its overlay', () => {
+  const f = fixture();
+  f.selection.install();
+  f.click();
+  f.click(null);
+  assert.equal(f.state.selectedRow, null);
+  assert.equal(f.state.selectedId, null);
+  f.click();
+  f.state.enabled = false;
+  f.selection.remove();
+  assert.equal(f.state.selectedRow, null);
+  assert.equal(f.state.selectedId, null);
+  assert.equal(f.seen.at(-1).value, null);
+  assert.equal(f.entries.size, 0);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7af6d1e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
@@ -0,0 +1,557 @@
+import { readResponseJsonCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
+import { mergeSightings } from './records.js';
+import { wildlifeMeasure } from './performance.js';
+import { ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX, TAXA_PRESETS } from './policy.js';
+import { boxIntersects } from './viewport.js';
+import {
+  WILDLIFE_GRID_MAX_ZOOM,
+  WILDLIFE_GRID_TILE_CAP,
+  wildlifeGridCellId,
+} from './gridViewport.js';
+
+// Leave room for projected observations while bounding malformed proxy replies.
+const SNAPSHOT_MAX_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
+// The proxy owns upstream pacing; observation requests precede these workers.
+export const WILDLIFE_GRID_CONCURRENCY = 4;
+export const WILDLIFE_GRID_CACHE_MAX = 400;
+export const WILDLIFE_GRID_TTL_MS = 15 * 60_000;
+// Match the proxy's one-hour stale allowance. Keep the original data time so
+// repeated refresh failures never extend a tile's usable life.
+const GRID_STALE_MAX_MS = 3_600_000;
+const HOUR_MS = 3_600_000;
+
+function validTile(tile) {
+  return (
+    !!tile &&
+    Number.isInteger(tile.z) &&
+    tile.z >= 0 &&
+    tile.z <= WILDLIFE_GRID_MAX_ZOOM &&
+    Number.isInteger(tile.x) &&
+    Number.isInteger(tile.y) &&
+    tile.x >= 0 &&
+    tile.y >= 0 &&
+    tile.x < 2 ** tile.z &&
+    tile.y < 2 ** tile.z
+  );
+}
+
+function validProjectedGrid(payload) {
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(payload?.fetchedAt) &&
+    Number.isSafeInteger(payload.totalResults) &&
+    payload.totalResults >= 0 &&
+    (payload.stale === undefined || typeof payload.stale === 'boolean') &&
+    Array.isArray(payload.cells) &&
+    payload.cells.length <= 4096 &&
+    payload.cells.every(
+      (cell) =>
+        cell &&
+        Object.keys(cell).sort().join(',') === 'cellCount,id,lat,lon' &&
+        /^grid:\d+\/\d+\/\d+:\d+:\d+$/.test(cell.id) &&
+        Number.isSafeInteger(cell.cellCount) &&
+        cell.cellCount > 0 &&
+        Number.isFinite(cell.lat) &&
+        Math.abs(cell.lat) <= 90 &&
+        Number.isFinite(cell.lon) &&
+        Math.abs(cell.lon) <= 180 &&
+        wildlifeGridCellId(
+          cell.lat,
+          cell.lon,
+          Number(cell.id.split(':')[1].split('/')[0]),
+        ) === cell.id,
+    ) &&
+    new Set(payload.cells.map((cell) => cell.id)).size ===
+      payload.cells.length &&
+    payload.cells.reduce((sum, cell) => sum + cell.cellCount, 0) ===
+      payload.totalResults
+  );
+}
+
+function retryAfterSeconds(value, nowMs) {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string' || !value.trim()) return null;
+  const text = value.trim();
+  if (/^\d+(?:\.\d+)?$/.test(text)) {
+    const seconds = Number(text);
+    return Number.isFinite(seconds) ? Math.ceil(seconds) : null;
+  }
+  // Reject malformed numeric values rather than letting Date.parse interpret
+  // them as calendar dates. HTTP dates include a named weekday or month.
+  if (!/[a-z]/i.test(text)) return null;
+  const deadline = Date.parse(text);
+  return Number.isFinite(deadline) && Number.isFinite(nowMs)
+    ? Math.max(0, Math.ceil((deadline - nowMs) / 1000))
+    : null;
+}
+
+function validProjectedRows(rows, origin) {
+  return (
+    Array.isArray(rows) &&
+    rows.every(
+      (row) =>
+        row &&
+        typeof row.stableId === 'string' &&
+        row.stableId.startsWith(
+          origin === 'inaturalist' ? 'inat:' : 'acartia:',
+        ) &&
+        row.origin === origin &&
+        Number.isFinite(row.lat) &&
+        Math.abs(row.lat) <= 90 &&
+        Number.isFinite(row.lon) &&
+        Math.abs(row.lon) <= 180,
+    )
+  );
+}
+
+/** Merge occupied cells incrementally; neighboring UTFGrid hit tiles can
+ * report the same geographic cell, so source ids remain the dedupe key. */
+export function combineWildlifeGridSnapshots(snapshots, error = null) {
+  const cells = [
+    ...new Map(
+      snapshots
+        .flatMap((snapshot) => snapshot.cells)
+        .map((cell) => [cell.id, cell]),
+    ).values(),
+  ];
+  const totalResults = cells.reduce((sum, cell) => sum + cell.cellCount, 0);
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(totalResults))
+    throw new Error('Malformed iNaturalist grid response');
+  const retryAfter = [
+    ...snapshots.map((snapshot) => snapshot.retryAfterSec),
+    error?.retryAfterSec,
+  ].filter(Number.isFinite);
+  const stale = snapshots.some((snapshot) => snapshot.stale === true);
+  return {
+    cells,
+    totalResults,
+    fetchedAt: Math.min(...snapshots.map((snapshot) => snapshot.fetchedAt)),
+    stale,
+    ...(stale
+      ? {
+          upstreamStatus: Math.max(
+            0,
+            ...snapshots.map((snapshot) => snapshot.upstreamStatus || 0),
+          ),
+        }
+      : {}),
+    ...(error ? { error } : {}),
+    ...(retryAfter.length ? { retryAfterSec: Math.max(...retryAfter) } : {}),
+  };
+}
+
+/** Request both provider proxies when coverage calls for it. API-specific
+ * parameters (Cetacea, photo requirement, observation window) belong to the proxy. */
+export function createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+  fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+} = {}) {
+  const gridCache = new Map();
+  const gridInFlight = new Map();
+  async function readProxy(url, provider, signal, { grid = false } = {}) {
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    const response = await fetchImpl(url, { signal });
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    const retryAfterSec = retryAfterSeconds(
+      response.headers?.get?.('Retry-After'),
+      now(),
+    );
+    const upstreamStatus =
+      Number(response.headers?.get?.('X-Upstream-Status')) || 0;
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      await response.body?.cancel?.();
+      signal?.throwIfAborted();
+      const error = new Error(
+        provider === 'iNaturalist' && upstreamStatus === 429
+          ? 'iNaturalist rate limited'
+          : `${provider} HTTP ${response.status}`,
+      );
+      error.status = response.status;
+      error.upstreamStatus = upstreamStatus;
+      if (retryAfterSec !== null) error.retryAfterSec = retryAfterSec;
+      throw error;
+    }
+    let payload;
+    try {
+      payload = await readResponseJsonCapped(
+        response,
+        SNAPSHOT_MAX_BYTES,
+        signal,
+      );
+    } catch (error) {
+      signal?.throwIfAborted();
+      throw new Error(`Malformed ${provider} response`, { cause: error });
+    }
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    if (
+      payload &&
+      typeof payload === 'object' &&
+      (payload.stale === true ||
+        response.headers?.get?.('X-Data-Stale') === 'true')
+    ) {
+      payload.stale = true;
+      if (retryAfterSec !== null) payload.retryAfterSec = retryAfterSec;
+      payload.upstreamStatus = upstreamStatus;
+    }
+    if (grid) {
+      if (!wildlifeMeasure('tile-decode', () => validProjectedGrid(payload)))
+        throw new Error('Malformed iNaturalist grid response');
+      return payload;
+    }
+    const origin = provider === 'iNaturalist' ? 'inaturalist' : 'acartia';
+    if (
+      !validProjectedRows(payload?.rows, origin) ||
+      (origin === 'inaturalist' &&
+        (!Number.isSafeInteger(payload.totalResults) ||
+          payload.totalResults < 0))
+    ) {
+      throw new Error(`Malformed ${provider} response`);
+    }
+    return payload;
+  }
+
+  function readGridTile(key, url, metadata, signal) {
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    let pending = gridInFlight.get(key);
+    if (!pending || pending.controller.signal.aborted) {
+      const controller = new AbortController();
+      pending = { controller, consumers: new Set(), promise: null };
+      const entry = pending;
+      pending.promise = readProxy(url, 'iNaturalist', controller.signal, {
+        grid: true,
+      })
+        .then((value) => {
+          gridCache.delete(key);
+          gridCache.set(key, {
+            value,
+            savedAt: value.stale ? Math.min(now(), value.fetchedAt) : now(),
+            ...metadata,
+          });
+          while (gridCache.size > WILDLIFE_GRID_CACHE_MAX)
+            gridCache.delete(gridCache.keys().next().value);
+          return value;
+        })
+        .finally(() => {
+          if (gridInFlight.get(key) === entry) gridInFlight.delete(key);
+        });
+      gridInFlight.set(key, pending);
+    }
+    const consumer = {};
+    pending.consumers.add(consumer);
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      const finish = (aborted = false) => {
+        signal?.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
+        pending.consumers.delete(consumer);
+        if (aborted && !pending.consumers.size) pending.controller.abort();
+      };
+      const abort = () => {
+        finish(true);
+        reject(signal.reason);
+      };
+      signal?.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
+      pending.promise.then(
+        (value) => {
+          finish();
+          resolve(value);
+        },
+        (error) => {
+          finish();
+          reject(error);
+        },
+      );
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Publish cached tiles immediately and refresh their occupied cells. */
+  async function getGridSnapshot({
+    tiles,
+    confirmed = false,
+    taxa = 'all',
+    signal,
+    onTile,
+  } = {}) {
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    if (
+      !Array.isArray(tiles) ||
+      !tiles.length ||
+      tiles.length > WILDLIFE_GRID_TILE_CAP ||
+      !tiles.every(validTile)
+    )
+      throw new TypeError('Wildlife grid requires visible tiles');
+    const preset = TAXA_PRESETS.some((item) => item.value === taxa)
+      ? taxa
+      : 'all';
+    const unique = [
+      ...new Map(
+        tiles.map((tile) => [`${tile.z}/${tile.x}/${tile.y}`, tile]),
+      ).values(),
+    ].sort((a, b) => a.z - b.z || a.x - b.x || a.y - b.y);
+    const windowKey = Math.floor(
+      (now() - (preset === 'whales' ? 168 : 48) * HOUR_MS) / HOUR_MS,
+    );
+    const snapshots = new Array(unique.length);
+    const failures = new Array(unique.length);
+    const usable = (entry) => {
+      const age = now() - entry.value.fetchedAt;
+      return age >= 0 && age <= GRID_STALE_MAX_MS;
+    };
+    const touch = (key, entry) => {
+      gridCache.delete(key);
+      gridCache.set(key, entry);
+    };
+    function cachedFallback(tile, tileKey) {
+      let exact = null;
+      const adjacent = [];
+      for (const [key, entry] of gridCache) {
+        if (!usable(entry)) continue;
+        if (key.startsWith(tileKey)) {
+          if (!exact || entry.savedAt > exact.savedAt) exact = entry;
+        } else if (
+          entry.preset === preset &&
+          entry.confirmed === confirmed &&
+          Math.abs(entry.tile.z - tile.z) === 1 &&
+          (entry.tile.z < tile.z
+            ? entry.tile.x === Math.floor(tile.x / 2) &&
+              entry.tile.y === Math.floor(tile.y / 2)
+            : Math.floor(entry.tile.x / 2) === tile.x &&
+              Math.floor(entry.tile.y / 2) === tile.y)
+        ) {
+          adjacent.push(entry);
+        }
+      }
+      if (exact) return { ...exact.value, stale: true };
+      if (!adjacent.length) return null;
+      // Preserve cached geographic centres and counts while exact tiles load.
+      const newest = [
+        ...new Map(
+          adjacent
+            .sort((a, b) => a.savedAt - b.savedAt)
+            .map((entry) => [
+              `${entry.tile.z}/${entry.tile.x}/${entry.tile.y}`,
+              entry,
+            ]),
+        ).values(),
+      ];
+      const parent = newest.find((entry) => entry.tile.z < tile.z);
+      const values = parent
+        ? [parent.value]
+        : newest.map((entry) => entry.value);
+      const value = combineWildlifeGridSnapshots(values);
+      value.cells = value.cells.filter((cell) =>
+        wildlifeGridCellId(cell.lat, cell.lon, tile.z)?.startsWith(
+          `grid:${tile.z}/${tile.x}/${tile.y}:`,
+        ),
+      );
+      value.totalResults = value.cells.reduce(
+        (sum, cell) => sum + cell.cellCount,
+        0,
+      );
+      return { ...value, stale: true };
+    }
+    function publish(index, value) {
+      signal?.throwIfAborted();
+      snapshots[index] = value;
+      onTile?.(value, { tile: unique[index] });
+    }
+    const requests = [];
+    // Publish all cached coverage before slow misses can occupy the workers.
+    for (let index = 0; index < unique.length; index += 1) {
+      const tile = unique[index];
+      const tileKey = `${tile.z}/${tile.x}/${tile.y}:${preset}:${confirmed ? 'research' : 'all'}:`;
+      const key = `${tileKey}${windowKey}`;
+      const cached = gridCache.get(key);
+      const age = cached ? now() - cached.savedAt : Infinity;
+      if (
+        age >= 0 &&
+        age < WILDLIFE_GRID_TTL_MS &&
+        !cached.value.stale &&
+        usable(cached)
+      ) {
+        touch(key, cached);
+        publish(index, cached.value);
+        continue;
+      }
+      const fallback = cachedFallback(tile, tileKey);
+      if (fallback) publish(index, fallback);
+      requests.push({ index, tile, key });
+    }
+    let cursor = 0;
+    async function worker() {
+      while (cursor < requests.length) {
+        signal?.throwIfAborted();
+        const { index, tile, key } = requests[cursor++];
+        const query = new URLSearchParams({
+          z: String(tile.z),
+          x: String(tile.x),
+          y: String(tile.y),
+          taxa: preset,
+        });
+        if (confirmed) query.set('quality', 'research');
+        try {
+          let value = await readGridTile(
+            key,
+            `/api/inaturalist/grid?${query}`,
+            { tile, preset, confirmed },
+            signal,
+          );
+          signal?.throwIfAborted();
+          publish(index, value);
+          if (value.stale && !value.upstreamStatus) {
+            // A server SWR response paints immediately. Join its existing
+            // refresh so this same view receives the new cells when ready.
+            query.set('refresh', 'wait');
+            value = await readGridTile(
+              key,
+              `/api/inaturalist/grid?${query}`,
+              { tile, preset, confirmed },
+              signal,
+            );
+            publish(index, value);
+          }
+        } catch (error) {
+          signal?.throwIfAborted();
+          failures[index] = error;
+          // Other tiles can already be cached or in flight. Keep their
+          // progressive coverage even if one upstream request fails.
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    await Promise.all(
+      Array.from(
+        { length: Math.min(WILDLIFE_GRID_CONCURRENCY, requests.length) },
+        worker,
+      ),
+    );
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    const failure = failures.find(Boolean);
+    if (!snapshots.some(Boolean) && failure) throw failure;
+    return combineWildlifeGridSnapshots(snapshots.filter(Boolean), failure);
+  }
+
+  /** Merge recent provider rows with source availability and cache age. */
+  async function getSnapshotDetail({
+    signal,
+    box = null,
+    boxes = null,
+    scope = 'view',
+    confirmed = false,
+    taxa = 'all',
+  } = {}) {
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    const preset = TAXA_PRESETS.some((item) => item.value === taxa)
+      ? taxa
+      : 'all';
+    const requestBoxes =
+      scope === 'global'
+        ? [null]
+        : Array.isArray(boxes)
+          ? boxes
+          : box
+            ? [box]
+            : [];
+    if (!requestBoxes.length)
+      throw new TypeError('Wildlife sightings require a view box');
+    const useAcartia =
+      scope !== 'global' &&
+      ['all', 'Mammalia', 'whales'].includes(preset) &&
+      requestBoxes.some((bounds) => boxIntersects(bounds, ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX));
+
+    const inatRequest = Promise.all(
+      requestBoxes.map((bounds) => {
+        const params = new URLSearchParams({
+          scope: scope === 'global' ? 'global' : 'view',
+          taxa: preset,
+        });
+        if (confirmed) params.set('quality', 'research');
+        if (scope !== 'global') {
+          for (const key of ['south', 'west', 'north', 'east'])
+            params.set(key, String(bounds[key]));
+        }
+        return readProxy(
+          `/api/inaturalist/observations?${params}`,
+          'iNaturalist',
+          signal,
+        );
+      }),
+    );
+    const acartiaRequest = useAcartia
+      ? readProxy('/api/acartia/sightings', 'Acartia', signal)
+      : Promise.resolve(null);
+    const [inatResult, acartiaResult] = await Promise.allSettled([
+      inatRequest,
+      acartiaRequest,
+    ]);
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
+    if (inatResult.status === 'rejected') throw inatResult.reason;
+    const inatSnapshots = inatResult.value;
+    const inatRows = inatSnapshots.flatMap((snapshot) => snapshot.rows);
+    const acartiaSnapshot =
+      acartiaResult.status === 'fulfilled' ? acartiaResult.value : null;
+    const acartiaRows = acartiaSnapshot?.rows || [];
+    const rows = mergeSightings(inatRows, acartiaRows, {
+      nowMs: now(),
+      taxa: preset,
+      confirmed,
+    });
+    const inatDates = inatSnapshots
+      .map((snapshot) => snapshot.fetchedAt)
+      .filter(Number.isFinite);
+    const inatFetchedAt = inatDates.length ? Math.min(...inatDates) : null;
+    const inatStale = inatSnapshots.some((snapshot) => snapshot.stale === true);
+    const acartiaStale = acartiaSnapshot?.stale === true;
+    const drawnAcartia = rows.filter((row) => row.origin === 'acartia').length;
+    const dates = [
+      inatFetchedAt,
+      drawnAcartia ? acartiaSnapshot?.fetchedAt : null,
+    ].filter(Number.isFinite);
+    const retryAfter = [
+      ...inatSnapshots.map((snapshot) => snapshot.retryAfterSec),
+      drawnAcartia ? acartiaSnapshot?.retryAfterSec : null,
+    ].filter(Number.isFinite);
+    return {
+      rows,
+      stale: inatStale || (drawnAcartia > 0 && acartiaStale),
+      ...(inatStale || acartiaStale
+        ? {
+            upstreamStatus: Math.max(
+              0,
+              ...inatSnapshots.map((snapshot) => snapshot.upstreamStatus || 0),
+              acartiaSnapshot?.upstreamStatus || 0,
+            ),
+          }
+        : {}),
+      fetchedAt: dates.length ? Math.min(...dates) : null,
+      totalResults:
+        inatSnapshots.reduce(
+          (total, snapshot) => total + snapshot.totalResults,
+          0,
+        ) + drawnAcartia,
+      scope: scope === 'global' ? 'global' : 'view',
+      partial: inatSnapshots.some((snapshot) => snapshot.partial === true),
+      ...(retryAfter.length ? { retryAfterSec: Math.max(...retryAfter) } : {}),
+      sources: {
+        inaturalist: {
+          ok: true,
+          stale: inatStale,
+          fetchedAt: inatFetchedAt,
+          count: rows.filter((row) => row.origin === 'inaturalist').length,
+        },
+        acartia: {
+          ok: !useAcartia || acartiaResult.status === 'fulfilled',
+          stale: acartiaStale,
+          fetchedAt: Number.isFinite(acartiaSnapshot?.fetchedAt)
+            ? acartiaSnapshot.fetchedAt
+            : null,
+          count: drawnAcartia,
+        },
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    /** Return recent, privacy-projected rows without source status metadata. */
+    async getSnapshot(options = {}) {
+      return (await getSnapshotDetail(options)).rows;
+    },
+    getSnapshotDetail,
+    getGridSnapshot,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c1191e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,816 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  createWildlifeSightingsSource,
+  WILDLIFE_GRID_TTL_MS,
+} from './source.js';
+import { wildlifeGridCellId } from './gridViewport.js';
+
+const now = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 4, 18);
+const seattle = { south: 47.5, west: -122.5, north: 47.7, east: -122.2 };
+const outside = { south: 10, west: 10, north: 12, east: 12 };
+const inat = {
+  stableId: 'inat:123',
+  origin: 'inaturalist',
+  lat: 47.6,
+  lon: -122.3,
+  observedAt: now - 3_600_000,
+  observedOn: '2026-11-04',
+};
+const acartia = {
+  stableId: 'acartia:abc',
+  origin: 'acartia',
+  lat: 48.12,
+  lon: -122.54,
+  observedAt: now - 3_600_000,
+  cetacean: true,
+  quality: 'research',
+  provider: { name: 'Provider', entity: null },
+};
+const inatEnvelope = (extra = {}) => ({
+  fetchedAt: now,
+  rows: [inat],
+  scope: 'view',
+  totalResults: 1,
+  ...extra,
+});
+const acartiaEnvelope = (extra = {}) => ({
+  fetchedAt: now,
+  rows: [acartia],
+  ...extra,
+});
+
+test('construction performs no acquisition', () => {
+  createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    fetchImpl: () => assert.fail('construction fetched'),
+  });
+});
+
+test('source sends proxy-only scope, box, taxa and confirmed parameters for all presets', async () => {
+  for (const taxa of [
+    'all',
+    'Aves',
+    'Mammalia',
+    'whales',
+    'Insecta',
+    'Plantae',
+  ]) {
+    const urls = [];
+    const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+      now: () => now,
+      fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+        urls.push(new URL(url, 'https://example.test'));
+        return Response.json(inatEnvelope());
+      },
+    });
+    await source.getSnapshotDetail({ box: outside, taxa, confirmed: true });
+    assert.equal(urls.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(urls[0].pathname, '/api/inaturalist/observations');
+    assert.deepEqual(Object.fromEntries(urls[0].searchParams), {
+      scope: 'view',
+      taxa,
+      quality: 'research',
+      south: '10',
+      west: '10',
+      north: '12',
+      east: '12',
+    });
+    // taxon_id, d1 (observed date), photos and quality_grade are upstream
+    // choices owned and tested by the server, never browser query controls.
+  }
+});
+
+test('confirmed false omits quality, and global sample omits bbox and Acartia', async () => {
+  const urls = [];
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      urls.push(url);
+      return Response.json(inatEnvelope({ scope: 'global' }));
+    },
+  });
+  const result = await source.getSnapshotDetail({
+    scope: 'global',
+    taxa: 'whales',
+    confirmed: false,
+    box: seattle,
+  });
+  assert.equal(result.scope, 'global');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    Object.fromEntries(new URL(urls[0], 'https://example.test').searchParams),
+    { scope: 'global', taxa: 'whales' },
+  );
+  assert.equal(urls.length, 1);
+});
+
+test('Acartia loads only inside coverage for the three mammal-inclusive presets', async () => {
+  for (const box of [seattle, outside])
+    for (const taxa of [
+      'all',
+      'Aves',
+      'Mammalia',
+      'whales',
+      'Insecta',
+      'Plantae',
+    ]) {
+      const urls = [];
+      const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+        now: () => now,
+        fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+          urls.push(url);
+          return Response.json(
+            url.startsWith('/api/acartia') ? acartiaEnvelope() : inatEnvelope(),
+          );
+        },
+      });
+      const result = await source.getSnapshotDetail({ box, taxa });
+      const expected =
+        box === seattle && ['all', 'Mammalia', 'whales'].includes(taxa);
+      assert.equal(
+        urls.some((url) => url === '/api/acartia/sightings'),
+        expected,
+      );
+      assert.equal(result.rows.length, expected ? 2 : 1);
+    }
+});
+
+test('Acartia failure preserves iNat rows with an explicit failed source', async () => {
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async (url) =>
+      url.startsWith('/api/acartia')
+        ? new Response('', { status: 502 })
+        : Response.json(inatEnvelope()),
+  });
+  const result = await source.getSnapshotDetail({ box: seattle });
+  assert.deepEqual(result.rows, [inat]);
+  assert.equal(result.sources.acartia.ok, false);
+  assert.equal(result.sources.inaturalist.ok, true);
+});
+
+test('proxy staleness and original fetch dates pass through with per-source counts', async () => {
+  const fetchedAt = now - 50 * 60_000;
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async (url) =>
+      Response.json(
+        url.startsWith('/api/acartia')
+          ? acartiaEnvelope()
+          : inatEnvelope({
+              fetchedAt,
+              stale: true,
+              partial: true,
+              totalResults: 400,
+            }),
+      ),
+  });
+  const result = await source.getSnapshotDetail({ box: seattle });
+  assert.equal(result.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(result.fetchedAt, fetchedAt);
+  assert.equal(result.partial, true);
+  assert.equal(result.totalResults, 401);
+  assert.deepEqual(result.sources.inaturalist, {
+    ok: true,
+    stale: true,
+    fetchedAt,
+    count: 1,
+  });
+  assert.equal(result.sources.acartia.count, 1);
+});
+
+test('antimeridian boxes fetch once each and merge duplicate boundary rows', async () => {
+  const urls = [];
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      urls.push(url);
+      return Response.json(inatEnvelope());
+    },
+  });
+  const boxes = [
+    { south: 10, west: 179, north: 12, east: 180 },
+    { south: 10, west: -180, north: 12, east: -178 },
+  ];
+  const result = await source.getSnapshotDetail({ boxes });
+  assert.equal(urls.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(result.rows.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(result.totalResults, 2);
+});
+
+test('iNat non-OK responses carry stable status messages and status values', async () => {
+  for (const status of [429, 502]) {
+    const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+      fetchImpl: async () =>
+        new Response('', {
+          status,
+          headers: { 'X-Upstream-Status': String(status) },
+        }),
+    });
+    await assert.rejects(source.getSnapshot({ box: outside }), (error) => {
+      assert.equal(
+        error.message,
+        status === 429 ? 'iNaturalist rate limited' : 'iNaturalist HTTP 502',
+      );
+      assert.equal(error.status, status);
+      return true;
+    });
+  }
+});
+
+test('Retry-After delta seconds and HTTP dates use the injected source clock', async () => {
+  for (const [header, seconds] of [
+    ['3600', 3600],
+    [new Date(now + 12 * 3_600_000).toUTCString(), 43_200],
+    [new Date(now - 1000).toUTCString(), 0],
+    ['0', 0],
+    ['not a deadline', undefined],
+    ['-10', undefined],
+    ['', undefined],
+  ]) {
+    const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+      now: () => now,
+      fetchImpl: async () =>
+        new Response('', {
+          status: 429,
+          headers: { 'Retry-After': header },
+        }),
+    });
+    await assert.rejects(source.getSnapshot({ box: outside }), (error) => {
+      assert.equal(error.status, 429);
+      assert.equal(error.retryAfterSec, seconds, header);
+      return true;
+    });
+  }
+});
+
+test('malformed envelopes and invalid rows reject instead of becoming empty', async () => {
+  for (const payload of [
+    {},
+    { rows: {} },
+    { rows: [], totalResults: null },
+    { rows: [{}], totalResults: 1 },
+    { results: [], total_results: 0 },
+  ]) {
+    const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+      fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(payload),
+    });
+    await assert.rejects(
+      source.getSnapshot({ box: outside }),
+      /Malformed iNaturalist response/,
+    );
+  }
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response('{bad'),
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(
+    source.getSnapshot({ box: outside }),
+    /Malformed iNaturalist response/,
+  );
+});
+
+test('well-formed empty projected snapshot is legitimate and getSnapshot returns only rows', async () => {
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    fetchImpl: async () =>
+      Response.json(inatEnvelope({ rows: [], totalResults: 0 })),
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(await source.getSnapshot({ box: outside }), []);
+});
+
+test('abort is checked before acquisition and after a late fetch resolves', async () => {
+  const early = new AbortController();
+  early.abort();
+  const idle = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    fetchImpl: () => assert.fail('aborted fetch ran'),
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(
+    idle.getSnapshot({ box: outside, signal: early.signal }),
+    { name: 'AbortError' },
+  );
+  let resolve;
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    fetchImpl: () =>
+      new Promise((done) => {
+        resolve = done;
+      }),
+  });
+  const late = new AbortController();
+  const request = source.getSnapshot({ box: outside, signal: late.signal });
+  late.abort();
+  resolve(Response.json(inatEnvelope()));
+  await assert.rejects(request, { name: 'AbortError' });
+});
+
+const gridCell = {
+  id: 'grid:2/1/1:1:51',
+  cellCount: 6,
+  lat: 65.94,
+  lon: -18.28125,
+};
+const gridEnvelope = (extra = {}) => ({
+  cells: [gridCell],
+  totalResults: 6,
+  fetchedAt: now,
+  ...extra,
+});
+const gridTile = { z: 2, x: 1, y: 1 };
+
+test('grid source sends visible XYZ/filter parameters only, dedupes tiles and keeps source untouched', async () => {
+  const urls = [];
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async (url, options) => {
+      urls.push(new URL(url, 'https://example.test'));
+      assert.ok(options.signal instanceof AbortSignal);
+      return Response.json(gridEnvelope());
+    },
+  });
+  const result = await source.getGridSnapshot({
+    tiles: [gridTile, gridTile],
+    confirmed: true,
+    taxa: 'Aves',
+  });
+  assert.equal(urls.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(urls[0].pathname, '/api/inaturalist/grid');
+  assert.deepEqual(Object.fromEntries(urls[0].searchParams), {
+    z: '2',
+    x: '1',
+    y: '1',
+    taxa: 'Aves',
+    quality: 'research',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(result, {
+    cells: [gridCell],
+    totalResults: 6,
+    fetchedAt: now,
+    stale: false,
+  });
+});
+
+test('grid source caches stable tile/filter/hour keys and combines neighbor edge cells once', async () => {
+  let clock = now;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => clock,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls += 1;
+      return Response.json(gridEnvelope());
+    },
+  });
+  const options = { tiles: [gridTile, { z: 2, x: 2, y: 1 }] };
+  const result = await source.getGridSnapshot(options);
+  assert.equal(calls, 2);
+  assert.equal(
+    result.cells.length,
+    1,
+    'same geographic cell can bleed into a neighboring hit tile',
+  );
+  assert.equal(result.totalResults, 6);
+  await source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [...options.tiles].reverse() });
+  assert.equal(calls, 2, 'ordering does not change stable keys');
+  await source.getGridSnapshot({ ...options, confirmed: true });
+  assert.equal(calls, 4, 'quality changes the key');
+  clock += WILDLIFE_GRID_TTL_MS + 1;
+  await source.getGridSnapshot(options);
+  assert.equal(calls, 6, 'fifteen minute refresh cap');
+});
+
+test('grid source preserves stale metadata and rejects invalid projected schema/privacy fields', async () => {
+  const staleSource = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async () =>
+      Response.json(gridEnvelope({ stale: true, fetchedAt: now - 1000 })),
+  });
+  const stale = await staleSource.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [gridTile] });
+  assert.equal(stale.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.fetchedAt, now - 1000);
+  for (const payload of [
+    {},
+    gridEnvelope({ cells: {} }),
+    gridEnvelope({ totalResults: -1 }),
+    gridEnvelope({ totalResults: 5 }),
+    gridEnvelope({ fetchedAt: null }),
+    gridEnvelope({ cells: [{ ...gridCell, uuid: 'must-not-leave-proxy' }] }),
+    gridEnvelope({ cells: [{ ...gridCell, iconic: 'Aves' }] }),
+    gridEnvelope({ cells: [{ ...gridCell, lat: 91 }] }),
+    gridEnvelope({ cells: [{ ...gridCell, id: 'grid:99/0/0:1:1' }] }),
+    gridEnvelope({ cells: [{ ...gridCell, id: 'grid:2/1/1:3:51' }] }),
+    gridEnvelope({ cells: [gridCell, gridCell], totalResults: 12 }),
+  ]) {
+    const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+      fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(payload),
+    });
+    await assert.rejects(
+      source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [gridTile] }),
+      /Malformed iNaturalist grid response/,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('grid source validates request bounds before fetching and aborts superseded loads', async () => {
+  const idle = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    fetchImpl: () => assert.fail('invalid/aborted grid acquired'),
+  });
+  for (const tiles of [
+    undefined,
+    [],
+    [{ z: 2, x: 4, y: 0 }],
+    [{ z: -1, x: 0, y: 0 }],
+    Array(13).fill(gridTile),
+  ]) {
+    await assert.rejects(
+      idle.getGridSnapshot({ tiles }),
+      /requires visible tiles/,
+    );
+  }
+  const early = new AbortController();
+  early.abort();
+  await assert.rejects(
+    idle.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [gridTile], signal: early.signal }),
+    { name: 'AbortError' },
+  );
+  let resolve;
+  let passedSignal;
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    fetchImpl: (_url, options) => {
+      passedSignal = options.signal;
+      return new Promise((done) => {
+        resolve = done;
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  const late = new AbortController();
+  const loading = source.getGridSnapshot({
+    tiles: [gridTile],
+    signal: late.signal,
+  });
+  late.abort();
+  assert.equal(passedSignal.aborted, true);
+  resolve(Response.json(gridEnvelope()));
+  await assert.rejects(loading, { name: 'AbortError' });
+});
+
+test('grid worker concurrency is bounded and a failed tile preserves progressive siblings', async () => {
+  const waiting = [];
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    fetchImpl: (_url, options) =>
+      new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+        waiting.push({ resolve, signal: options.signal });
+        options.signal.addEventListener(
+          'abort',
+          () => reject(options.signal.reason),
+          { once: true },
+        );
+      }),
+  });
+  const tiles = Array.from({ length: 6 }, (_, x) => ({ z: 3, x, y: 0 }));
+  const loading = source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles });
+  assert.equal(waiting.length, 4);
+  waiting[0].resolve(new Response('', { status: 502 }));
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  for (let i = 1; i < 4; i++) waiting[i].resolve(Response.json(gridEnvelope()));
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  for (let i = 4; i < waiting.length; i++)
+    waiting[i].resolve(Response.json(gridEnvelope()));
+  const result = await loading;
+  assert.equal(result.error.message, 'iNaturalist HTTP 502');
+  assert.deepEqual(result.cells, [gridCell]);
+  assert.ok(waiting.every((item) => !item.signal.aborted));
+});
+
+test('failed grid refresh keeps the tile last good cells across its window-hour key, without extending stale life', async () => {
+  let clock = now + 55 * 60_000;
+  let fail = false;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => clock,
+    fetchImpl: async () => {
+      calls++;
+      return fail
+        ? new Response('', { status: 502, headers: { 'Retry-After': '40' } })
+        : Response.json(gridEnvelope({ fetchedAt: clock }));
+    },
+  });
+  const good = await source.getGridSnapshot({
+    tiles: [gridTile],
+    taxa: 'whales',
+  });
+  const fetchedAt = clock;
+  fail = true;
+  clock += 300_001;
+  const stale = await source.getGridSnapshot({
+    tiles: [gridTile],
+    taxa: 'whales',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(stale.cells, good.cells);
+  assert.equal(stale.totalResults, good.totalResults);
+  assert.equal(stale.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.fetchedAt, fetchedAt);
+  assert.equal(stale.error.message, 'iNaturalist HTTP 502');
+  assert.equal(stale.retryAfterSec, 40);
+  assert.equal(calls, 2);
+  await assert.rejects(
+    source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [gridTile], taxa: 'Aves' }),
+    /iNaturalist HTTP 502/,
+    'a different filter cannot borrow the last tile',
+  );
+  clock = fetchedAt + 3_600_001;
+  await assert.rejects(
+    source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [gridTile], taxa: 'whales' }),
+    /iNaturalist HTTP 502/,
+    'failed refresh did not renew original data age',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a rejected grid request never rejects a parallel observations acquisition', async () => {
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async (url) =>
+      url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?')
+        ? new Response('', { status: 502 })
+        : Response.json(inatEnvelope()),
+  });
+  const [grid, observations] = await Promise.allSettled([
+    source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [gridTile] }),
+    source.getSnapshotDetail({ box: outside }),
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(grid.status, 'rejected');
+  assert.equal(grid.reason.status, 502);
+  assert.equal(observations.status, 'fulfilled');
+  assert.deepEqual(observations.value.rows, [inat]);
+});
+
+test('one failed cached tile retains its cells while neighboring tiles refresh successfully', async () => {
+  let clock = now;
+  let refreshing = false;
+  const neighbor = {
+    ...gridCell,
+    id: wildlifeGridCellId(30, 20, 2),
+    lat: 30,
+    lon: 20,
+  };
+  const signals = [];
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => clock,
+    fetchImpl: async (url, { signal }) => {
+      signals.push(signal);
+      const isFailedTile =
+        new URL(url, 'https://example.test').searchParams.get('x') === '1';
+      if (refreshing && isFailedTile) return new Response('', { status: 502 });
+      const cell = isFailedTile
+        ? gridCell
+        : { ...neighbor, cellCount: refreshing ? 10 : 6 };
+      return Response.json({
+        cells: [cell],
+        totalResults: cell.cellCount,
+        fetchedAt: clock,
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  const options = { tiles: [gridTile, { z: 2, x: 2, y: 1 }] };
+  await source.getGridSnapshot(options);
+  refreshing = true;
+  clock += WILDLIFE_GRID_TTL_MS + 1;
+  const result = await source.getGridSnapshot(options);
+  assert.equal(result.cells.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(
+    result.cells.find((cell) => cell.id === gridCell.id).cellCount,
+    6,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    result.cells.find((cell) => cell.id === neighbor.id).cellCount,
+    10,
+  );
+  assert.equal(result.totalResults, 16);
+  assert.equal(result.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(result.error.message, 'iNaturalist HTTP 502');
+  assert.ok(signals.every((signal) => !signal.aborted));
+});
+
+test('stale successful proxy answers preserve Retry-After for observation and grid retry guidance', async () => {
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async (url) =>
+      Response.json(
+        url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?')
+          ? gridEnvelope({ stale: true })
+          : inatEnvelope({ stale: true }),
+        { headers: { 'X-Data-Stale': 'true', 'Retry-After': '75' } },
+      ),
+  });
+  const rows = await source.getSnapshotDetail({ box: outside });
+  const grid = await source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [gridTile] });
+  assert.equal(rows.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(rows.retryAfterSec, 75);
+  assert.equal(grid.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(grid.retryAfterSec, 75);
+});
+
+test('client stale tiles publish before revalidation finishes and retain the original data date', async () => {
+  let clock = now;
+  let refresh;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => clock,
+    fetchImpl: () =>
+      ++calls === 1
+        ? Promise.resolve(Response.json(gridEnvelope()))
+        : new Promise((resolve) => {
+            refresh = resolve;
+          }),
+  });
+  await source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [gridTile] });
+  clock += WILDLIFE_GRID_TTL_MS + 1;
+  const paints = [];
+  const pending = source.getGridSnapshot({
+    tiles: [gridTile],
+    onTile: (tile) => paints.push(tile),
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    paints.length,
+    1,
+    'stale cache is synchronous, before the fetch settles',
+  );
+  assert.equal(paints[0].stale, true);
+  assert.equal(paints[0].fetchedAt, now);
+  refresh(
+    Response.json(
+      gridEnvelope({
+        cells: [{ ...gridCell, cellCount: 9 }],
+        totalResults: 9,
+        fetchedAt: clock,
+      }),
+    ),
+  );
+  const result = await pending;
+  assert.equal(paints.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(paints[1].stale, undefined);
+  assert.equal(result.totalResults, 9);
+});
+
+test('cached coverage publishes before slow misses earlier in XYZ order fill all workers', async () => {
+  const waiting = [];
+  let cold = false;
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: (url) => {
+      const x = Number(
+        new URL(url, 'https://example.test').searchParams.get('x'),
+      );
+      const cell = {
+        id: wildlifeGridCellId(83, x * 45 - 157.5, 3),
+        lat: 83,
+        lon: x * 45 - 157.5,
+        cellCount: 6,
+      };
+      const value = { cells: [cell], totalResults: 6, fetchedAt: now };
+      return cold
+        ? new Promise((resolve) =>
+            waiting.push(() => resolve(Response.json(value))),
+          )
+        : Promise.resolve(Response.json(value));
+    },
+  });
+  const tiles = Array.from({ length: 6 }, (_, x) => ({ z: 3, x, y: 0 }));
+  await source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: tiles.slice(4) });
+  cold = true;
+  const paints = [];
+  const pending = source.getGridSnapshot({
+    tiles,
+    onTile: (value, metadata) => paints.push({ value, metadata }),
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    paints.map(({ metadata }) => metadata.tile.x),
+    [4, 5],
+    'known cells paint synchronously even though the four earlier misses are unresolved',
+  );
+  assert.equal(waiting.length, 4);
+  for (const finish of waiting) finish();
+  const result = await pending;
+  assert.equal(result.cells.length, 6);
+  assert.equal(result.totalResults, 36);
+});
+
+test('an adjacent zoom cache fills the new tile immediately while its exact cells load', async () => {
+  let resolve;
+  let calls = 0;
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: () =>
+      ++calls === 1
+        ? Promise.resolve(Response.json(gridEnvelope()))
+        : new Promise((done) => {
+            resolve = done;
+          }),
+  });
+  await source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [gridTile] });
+  const parent = { z: 1, x: 0, y: 0 };
+  const paints = [];
+  const pending = source.getGridSnapshot({
+    tiles: [parent],
+    onTile: (value) => paints.push(value),
+  });
+  assert.equal(paints.length, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(paints[0].cells, [gridCell]);
+  assert.equal(calls, 2, 'the exact zoom still loads in the background');
+  const cell = {
+    ...gridCell,
+    id: wildlifeGridCellId(gridCell.lat, gridCell.lon, 1),
+  };
+  resolve(Response.json(gridEnvelope({ cells: [cell] })));
+  await pending;
+  assert.equal(paints.length, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(paints[1].cells, [cell]);
+});
+
+test('concurrent client views share an in-flight tile without one consumer aborting the other', async () => {
+  let resolve;
+  let calls = 0;
+  let signal;
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: (_url, options) => {
+      calls++;
+      signal = options.signal;
+      return new Promise((done) => {
+        resolve = done;
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  const first = new AbortController();
+  const one = source.getGridSnapshot({
+    tiles: [gridTile],
+    signal: first.signal,
+  });
+  const two = source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [gridTile] });
+  first.abort();
+  await assert.rejects(one, { name: 'AbortError' });
+  assert.equal(signal.aborted, false);
+  resolve(Response.json(gridEnvelope()));
+  assert.equal((await two).totalResults, 6);
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+  await source.getGridSnapshot({ tiles: [gridTile] });
+  assert.equal(calls, 1);
+});
+
+test('local HTTP pacing errors never become iNaturalist rate-limited errors', async () => {
+  for (const status of [429, 503]) {
+    const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+      fetchImpl: async () =>
+        new Response('', { status, headers: { 'Retry-After': '30' } }),
+    });
+    await assert.rejects(
+      source.getSnapshotDetail({ box: outside }),
+      (error) => {
+        assert.equal(error.upstreamStatus, 0);
+        assert.doesNotMatch(error.message, /rate limited/i);
+        return true;
+      },
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('a server stale-while-revalidate answer joins its refresh and publishes fresh cells in the same view', async () => {
+  const urls = [];
+  let resolve;
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: (url) => {
+      urls.push(url);
+      return urls.length === 1
+        ? Promise.resolve(
+            Response.json(
+              gridEnvelope({
+                stale: true,
+                fetchedAt: now - WILDLIFE_GRID_TTL_MS - 1,
+              }),
+            ),
+          )
+        : new Promise((done) => {
+            resolve = done;
+          });
+    },
+  });
+  const paints = [];
+  const pending = source.getGridSnapshot({
+    tiles: [gridTile],
+    onTile: (value) => paints.push(value),
+  });
+  await new Promise((done) => setImmediate(done));
+  assert.equal(paints.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(paints[0].stale, true);
+  assert.equal(
+    new URL(urls[1], 'https://example.test').searchParams.get('refresh'),
+    'wait',
+  );
+  resolve(
+    Response.json(
+      gridEnvelope({
+        cells: [{ ...gridCell, cellCount: 11 }],
+        totalResults: 11,
+      }),
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.equal((await pending).totalResults, 11);
+  assert.equal(paints.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(paints[1].stale, undefined);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94f963b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.js
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import { ICONIC_TINTS, WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX } from './policy.js';
+
+// Missing taxon symbols use related shapes from Material Symbols Outlined.
+export const WILDLIFE_BADGE_GLYPHS = Object.freeze({
+  bird: 'raven',
+  mammal: 'pets',
+  reptile: 'egg_alt',
+  amphibian: 'water_drop',
+  fish: 'set_meal',
+  insect: 'bug_report',
+  arachnid: 'pest_control',
+  plant: 'eco',
+  fungus: 'umbrella',
+  other: 'category',
+  unknown: 'question_mark',
+});
+export const WILDLIFE_SPRITE_GROUPS = Object.freeze(
+  Object.keys(WILDLIFE_BADGE_GLYPHS),
+);
+export const WILDLIFE_SPRITE_ICONIC = Object.freeze({
+  bird: 'Aves',
+  mammal: 'Mammalia',
+  reptile: 'Reptilia',
+  amphibian: 'Amphibia',
+  fish: 'Actinopterygii',
+  insect: 'Insecta',
+  arachnid: 'Arachnida',
+  plant: 'Plantae',
+  fungus: 'Fungi',
+  other: 'Animalia',
+  unknown: 'Unknown',
+});
+const ICONIC_GROUPS = Object.freeze(
+  Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries(WILDLIFE_SPRITE_ICONIC).map(([group, iconic]) => [
+      iconic,
+      group,
+    ]),
+  ),
+);
+
+/** Resolve a taxon or sprite group to one of the shared badge textures. */
+export function wildlifeSpriteGroup(groupOrIconic) {
+  if (groupOrIconic === 'Mollusca') return 'other';
+  return Object.hasOwn(WILDLIFE_SPRITE_ICONIC, groupOrIconic)
+    ? groupOrIconic
+    : Object.hasOwn(ICONIC_GROUPS, groupOrIconic)
+      ? ICONIC_GROUPS[groupOrIconic]
+      : 'unknown';
+}
+
+export const WILDLIFE_BADGE_OUTLINE_PX = 1.5;
+const OUTLINE_COLOR = '#040c10';
+const FONT = '400 14px "Material Symbols Outlined"';
+const FONT_GLYPHS = Object.values(WILDLIFE_BADGE_GLYPHS).join(' ');
+const FALLBACKS = new Map(
+  WILDLIFE_SPRITE_GROUPS.map((group) => [
+    group,
+    `data:image/svg+xml,${encodeURIComponent(
+      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="9.1" fill="${ICONIC_TINTS[WILDLIFE_SPRITE_ICONIC[group]]}" stroke="${OUTLINE_COLOR}" stroke-width="${WILDLIFE_BADGE_OUTLINE_PX}"/></svg>`,
+    )}`,
+  ]),
+);
+
+/** One bounded set of canvas sprites per document, painted only after the
+ * icon font is decoded. Until then the very same billboards use plain badges. */
+export function createWildlifeSpriteCache({
+  documentRef = globalThis.document,
+} = {}) {
+  const sprites = new Map();
+  const listeners = new Set();
+  let ready = false;
+  let loading = null;
+
+  function paint(group) {
+    const canvas = documentRef.createElement('canvas');
+    canvas.width = canvas.height = WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX * 2;
+    const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
+    if (!ctx) return FALLBACKS.get(group);
+    ctx.scale(2, 2);
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    ctx.arc(10, 10, 9.1, 0, Math.PI * 2);
+    ctx.fillStyle = ICONIC_TINTS[WILDLIFE_SPRITE_ICONIC[group]];
+    ctx.fill();
+    ctx.lineWidth = WILDLIFE_BADGE_OUTLINE_PX;
+    ctx.strokeStyle = OUTLINE_COLOR;
+    ctx.stroke();
+    ctx.font = FONT;
+    ctx.textAlign = 'center';
+    ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
+    ctx.fillStyle = '#ffffff';
+    ctx.fillText(WILDLIFE_BADGE_GLYPHS[group], 10, 10, 16);
+    return canvas;
+  }
+
+  function load() {
+    if (loading) return loading;
+    if (!documentRef?.fonts?.load) return Promise.resolve(false);
+    loading = Promise.resolve()
+      .then(() => documentRef.fonts.load(FONT, FONT_GLYPHS))
+      .then((faces) => {
+        if (!faces?.length) return false;
+        // Paint once per group, never once per observation or refresh.
+        for (const group of WILDLIFE_SPRITE_GROUPS)
+          sprites.set(group, paint(group));
+        ready = true;
+        for (const listener of [...listeners]) listener();
+        return true;
+      })
+      .catch(() => false);
+    return loading;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    get(groupOrIconic) {
+      const group = wildlifeSpriteGroup(groupOrIconic);
+      return (ready ? sprites : FALLBACKS).get(group);
+    },
+    load,
+    subscribe(listener) {
+      listeners.add(listener);
+      void load();
+      return () => listeners.delete(listener);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+const caches = new WeakMap();
+let headlessCache;
+/** Share the bounded sprite cache among layer instances in one document. */
+export function wildlifeSpriteCache(documentRef = globalThis.document) {
+  if (!documentRef) return (headlessCache ??= createWildlifeSpriteCache());
+  if (!caches.has(documentRef))
+    caches.set(documentRef, createWildlifeSpriteCache({ documentRef }));
+  return caches.get(documentRef);
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae82b7f96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import sharp from 'sharp';
+import { aircraftIcon } from '../../data/aircraftIcons.js';
+import { ICONIC_TINTS, WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX } from './policy.js';
+import {
+  WILDLIFE_SPRITE_GROUPS,
+  WILDLIFE_SPRITE_ICONIC,
+  WILDLIFE_BADGE_GLYPHS,
+  WILDLIFE_BADGE_OUTLINE_PX,
+  createWildlifeSpriteCache,
+  wildlifeSpriteCache,
+  wildlifeSpriteGroup,
+} from './sprites.js';
+
+const sprites = wildlifeSpriteCache();
+
+test('every taxon group has an explicit Material Symbol and tinted circle fallback', () => {
+  assert.equal(Object.isFrozen(WILDLIFE_BADGE_GLYPHS), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(WILDLIFE_BADGE_GLYPHS, {
+    bird: 'raven',
+    mammal: 'pets',
+    reptile: 'egg_alt',
+    amphibian: 'water_drop',
+    fish: 'set_meal',
+    insect: 'bug_report',
+    arachnid: 'pest_control',
+    plant: 'eco',
+    fungus: 'umbrella',
+    other: 'category',
+    unknown: 'question_mark',
+  });
+  const textures = new Set();
+  for (const group of WILDLIFE_SPRITE_GROUPS) {
+    const texture = sprites.get(group);
+    textures.add(texture);
+    assert.equal(wildlifeSpriteGroup(WILDLIFE_SPRITE_ICONIC[group]), group);
+    assert.equal(sprites.get(WILDLIFE_SPRITE_ICONIC[group]), texture);
+    assert.equal(sprites.get(group), texture);
+    const svg = decodeURIComponent(texture.slice(texture.indexOf(',') + 1));
+    assert.match(svg, /<circle /);
+    assert.ok(
+      svg.includes(`fill="${ICONIC_TINTS[WILDLIFE_SPRITE_ICONIC[group]]}"`),
+    );
+    assert.match(svg, /stroke="#040c10"/);
+    assert.match(svg, /stroke-width="1.5"/);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(svg, /<path|<text|<image|href=|<script|<foreignObject/);
+  }
+  assert.equal(textures.size, Object.keys(ICONIC_TINTS).length);
+});
+
+test('unknown taxon keys share the slate fallback without allocating textures', () => {
+  for (const value of [
+    undefined,
+    null,
+    'Unknown',
+    'Synthetic kingdom',
+    '__proto__',
+    'constructor',
+    'toString',
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(wildlifeSpriteGroup(value), 'unknown');
+    assert.equal(sprites.get(value), sprites.get('unknown'));
+  }
+  assert.equal(sprites.get('Mollusca'), sprites.get('other'));
+});
+
+test('canvas badges wait for the icon font, paint once and notify existing consumers', async () => {
+  let resolveFont;
+  let fontLoads = 0;
+  const canvases = [];
+  const documentRef = {
+    fonts: {
+      load(font, glyphs) {
+        fontLoads += 1;
+        assert.match(font, /Material Symbols Outlined/);
+        for (const glyph of Object.values(WILDLIFE_BADGE_GLYPHS))
+          assert.ok(glyphs.includes(glyph));
+        return new Promise((resolve) => {
+          resolveFont = resolve;
+        });
+      },
+    },
+    createElement(tag) {
+      assert.equal(tag, 'canvas');
+      const commands = [];
+      const ctx = {
+        scale(...args) {
+          commands.push(['scale', ...args]);
+        },
+        beginPath() {},
+        arc(...args) {
+          commands.push(['arc', ...args]);
+        },
+        fill() {
+          commands.push(['fill', this.fillStyle]);
+        },
+        stroke() {
+          commands.push(['stroke', this.strokeStyle, this.lineWidth]);
+        },
+        fillText(...args) {
+          commands.push(['text', this.fillStyle, this.font, ...args]);
+        },
+      };
+      const canvas = { commands, getContext: () => ctx };
+      canvases.push(canvas);
+      return canvas;
+    },
+  };
+  const cache = createWildlifeSpriteCache({ documentRef });
+  const fallback = cache.get('Aves');
+  let notifications = 0;
+  const unsubscribe = cache.subscribe(() => {
+    notifications += 1;
+  });
+  const loading = cache.load();
+  assert.equal(cache.load(), loading);
+  await Promise.resolve();
+  assert.equal(fontLoads, 1);
+  assert.equal(canvases.length, 0, 'no glyph is rasterized in a fallback font');
+  assert.equal(cache.get('Aves'), fallback);
+  resolveFont([{}]);
+  assert.equal(await loading, true);
+  assert.equal(notifications, 1);
+  assert.equal(canvases.length, WILDLIFE_SPRITE_GROUPS.length);
+  for (const group of WILDLIFE_SPRITE_GROUPS) {
+    const canvas = cache.get(group);
+    assert.equal(canvas, cache.get(WILDLIFE_SPRITE_ICONIC[group]));
+    assert.equal(canvas.width, WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX * 2);
+    assert.equal(canvas.height, WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX * 2);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      canvas.commands.find(([op]) => op === 'fill'),
+      ['fill', ICONIC_TINTS[WILDLIFE_SPRITE_ICONIC[group]]],
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      canvas.commands.find(([op]) => op === 'stroke'),
+      ['stroke', '#040c10', WILDLIFE_BADGE_OUTLINE_PX],
+    );
+    const glyph = canvas.commands.find(([op]) => op === 'text');
+    assert.equal(glyph[1], '#ffffff');
+    assert.match(glyph[2], /Material Symbols Outlined/);
+    assert.equal(glyph[3], WILDLIFE_BADGE_GLYPHS[group]);
+  }
+  await cache.load();
+  assert.equal(canvases.length, WILDLIFE_SPRITE_GROUPS.length);
+  unsubscribe();
+});
+
+test('unavailable font keeps plain badges and does not paint a ligature word', async () => {
+  const cache = createWildlifeSpriteCache({
+    documentRef: {
+      fonts: { load: async () => [] },
+      createElement() {
+        assert.fail('no canvas before the icon font is ready');
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const fallback = cache.get('Aves');
+  assert.equal(await cache.load(), false);
+  assert.equal(cache.get('Aves'), fallback);
+});
+
+async function visiblePixels(texture, size) {
+  const svg = texture.includes(';base64,')
+    ? Buffer.from(texture.slice(texture.indexOf(',') + 1), 'base64')
+    : Buffer.from(decodeURIComponent(texture.slice(texture.indexOf(',') + 1)));
+  const { data, info } = await sharp(svg)
+    .resize(size, size)
+    .ensureAlpha()
+    .raw()
+    .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: true });
+  let pixels = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i += info.channels)
+    if (Math.max(data[i], data[i + 1], data[i + 2]) > 150 && data[i + 3] > 127)
+      pixels += 1;
+  return pixels;
+}
+
+test('compact badge fill remains legible at its near and far footprints', async () => {
+  assert.equal(WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX, 20);
+  for (const size of [12, 16, WILDLIFE_SPRITE_PX, 22]) {
+    const flightPixels = await visiblePixels(aircraftIcon('airliner'), size);
+    for (const group of WILDLIFE_SPRITE_GROUPS)
+      assert.ok(
+        (await visiblePixels(sprites.get(group), size)) >= flightPixels,
+        `${group} at ${size}px`,
+      );
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a217a010d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.js
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import {
+  WILDLIFE_MAX_VIEW_DEGREES,
+  WILDLIFE_RETRY_MIN_MS,
+  WILDLIFE_RETRY_MAX_MS,
+} from './policy.js';
+
+export { snapWildlifeBox } from './bounds.js';
+
+const degrees = (radians) => (radians * 180) / Math.PI;
+const cleanDegree = (value) => Math.round(value * 1e8) / 1e8;
+
+function validBox(box) {
+  return (
+    !!box &&
+    ['south', 'west', 'north', 'east'].every((key) =>
+      Number.isFinite(box[key]),
+    ) &&
+    box.south >= -90 &&
+    box.north <= 90 &&
+    box.north >= box.south &&
+    box.west >= -180 &&
+    box.west <= 180 &&
+    box.east >= -180 &&
+    box.east <= 180
+  );
+}
+
+function longitudeRanges(box) {
+  return box.west <= box.east
+    ? [[box.west, box.east]]
+    : [
+        [box.west, 180],
+        [-180, box.east],
+      ];
+}
+
+/** Test geographic overlap, including boxes that cross the antimeridian. */
+export function boxIntersects(a, b) {
+  if (!validBox(a) || !validBox(b) || a.south > b.north || a.north < b.south)
+    return false;
+  return longitudeRanges(a).some(([aw, ae]) =>
+    longitudeRanges(b).some(([bw, be]) => aw <= be && ae >= bw),
+  );
+}
+
+/** Split a local camera rectangle into noncrossing observation query boxes. */
+export function wildlifeViewportBoxes(viewer) {
+  const camera = viewer?.camera;
+  if (typeof camera?.computeViewRectangle !== 'function') return null;
+  const rectangle = camera.computeViewRectangle(
+    viewer?.scene?.globe?.ellipsoid,
+  );
+  if (!rectangle) return null;
+  const box = Object.fromEntries(
+    ['south', 'west', 'north', 'east'].map((key) => [
+      key,
+      cleanDegree(degrees(rectangle[key])),
+    ]),
+  );
+  if (!validBox(box) || box.north <= box.south) return null;
+  const width =
+    box.east >= box.west ? box.east - box.west : 360 - box.west + box.east;
+  if (
+    width <= 0 ||
+    Math.max(box.north - box.south, width) > WILDLIFE_MAX_VIEW_DEGREES
+  )
+    return null;
+  return longitudeRanges(box)
+    .filter(([west, east]) => east > west)
+    .map(([west, east]) => ({
+      south: box.south,
+      west,
+      north: box.north,
+      east,
+    }));
+}
+
+/** 30 seconds, doubling to a four-minute ceiling, for local retry guidance. */
+export function retryDelayMs(previousMs) {
+  return Number.isFinite(previousMs) && previousMs > 0
+    ? Math.min(WILDLIFE_RETRY_MAX_MS, previousMs * 2)
+    : WILDLIFE_RETRY_MIN_MS;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..410086886
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/viewport.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  wildlifeViewportBoxes,
+  snapWildlifeBox,
+  boxIntersects,
+  retryDelayMs,
+} from './viewport.js';
+import { ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX } from './policy.js';
+import { getWildlifeHeightBand } from './model.js';
+
+const viewer = ({ south, west, north, east }) => ({
+  camera: {
+    computeViewRectangle: () =>
+      Object.fromEntries(
+        Object.entries({ south, west, north, east }).map(([key, value]) => [
+          key,
+          (value * Math.PI) / 180,
+        ]),
+      ),
+  },
+  scene: { globe: { ellipsoid: {} } },
+});
+
+test('local boxes snap outward to 0.1 degrees; wider views to whole degrees', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    snapWildlifeBox({
+      south: 47.61,
+      west: -122.35,
+      north: 47.79,
+      east: -122.21,
+    }),
+    { south: 47.6, west: -122.4, north: 47.8, east: -122.2 },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    snapWildlifeBox({ south: 40.1, west: -126.2, north: 46.1, east: -121.1 }),
+    { south: 40, west: -127, north: 47, east: -121 },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    snapWildlifeBox({ south: 47.6, west: -122.4, north: 47.8, east: -122.2 }),
+    { south: 47.6, west: -122.4, north: 47.8, east: -122.2 },
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    snapWildlifeBox({ south: -20, west: -30, north: 21, east: 10 }),
+    null,
+  );
+});
+
+test('the final snapped span stays within 40 degrees and snapping is idempotent', () => {
+  for (const box of [
+    { south: 10.2, west: 0, north: 50.1, east: 1 },
+    { south: 0, west: 10.2, north: 1, east: 50.1 },
+  ])
+    assert.equal(snapWildlifeBox(box), null, JSON.stringify(box));
+  for (const box of [
+    { south: 47.4, west: -122.3, north: 47.6, east: -122.1 },
+    { south: 10.01, west: -122.3, north: 14.99, east: -117.31 },
+    { south: 10.01, west: 0, north: 15, east: 5 },
+    { south: 10.01, west: 0, north: 15.01, east: 5 },
+    { south: 10, west: 0, north: 50, east: 1 },
+  ]) {
+    const snapped = snapWildlifeBox(box);
+    assert.ok(snapped, JSON.stringify(box));
+    assert.deepEqual(snapWildlifeBox(snapped), snapped);
+  }
+});
+
+test('intersections handle guard coverage, point boxes and antimeridian', () => {
+  const seattle = { south: 47.5, west: -122.5, north: 47.7, east: -122.2 };
+  assert.equal(boxIntersects(seattle, ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    boxIntersects({ ...seattle, west: 20, east: 21 }, ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX),
+    false,
+  );
+  const dateline = { south: 10, west: 175, north: 20, east: -175 };
+  assert.equal(
+    boxIntersects(dateline, { south: 11, west: 178, north: 12, east: 179 }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    boxIntersects(dateline, { south: 11, west: -1, north: 12, east: 1 }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(boxIntersects(null, seattle), false);
+});
+
+test('viewport rectangles split at 180 degrees and reject overly large or missing views', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    wildlifeViewportBoxes(
+      viewer({ south: 10, west: 179, north: 12, east: -178 }),
+    ),
+    [
+      { south: 10, west: 179, north: 12, east: 180 },
+      { south: 10, west: -180, north: 12, east: -178 },
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    wildlifeViewportBoxes(
+      viewer({ south: 47, west: -123, north: 48, east: -122 }),
+    ),
+    [{ south: 47, west: -123, north: 48, east: -122 }],
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    wildlifeViewportBoxes(
+      viewer({ south: -21, west: -10, north: 20, east: 10 }),
+    ),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    wildlifeViewportBoxes(
+      viewer({ south: 0, west: 170, north: 10, east: -140 }),
+    ),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(wildlifeViewportBoxes({}), null);
+});
+
+test('height bands retain representations across +/-5% and switch beyond +/-10%', () => {
+  assert.equal(getWildlifeHeightBand(3_000_001), 'global');
+  assert.equal(getWildlifeHeightBand(3_000_000), 'regional');
+  assert.equal(getWildlifeHeightBand(3_150_000, 'regional'), 'regional');
+  assert.equal(getWildlifeHeightBand(2_850_000, 'global'), 'global');
+  assert.equal(getWildlifeHeightBand(3_310_000, 'regional'), 'global');
+  assert.equal(getWildlifeHeightBand(2_690_000, 'global'), 'regional');
+  assert.equal(getWildlifeHeightBand(1_600_000), 'regional');
+  assert.equal(getWildlifeHeightBand(1_000_000), 'cells');
+  assert.equal(getWildlifeHeightBand(30_000), 'cards');
+  assert.equal(getWildlifeHeightBand(30_000, 'global'), 'cards');
+});
+
+test('retry guidance doubles from 30 seconds to a four-minute ceiling', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [undefined, 30_000, 60_000, 120_000, 240_000].map(retryDelayMs),
+    [30_000, 60_000, 120_000, 240_000, 240_000],
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs b/src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs
index fdba1c49f..1402f62ac 100644
--- a/src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs
+++ b/src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { readFileSync, readdirSync } from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { WILDLIFE_BADGE_GLYPHS } from './layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.js';
 
 const SRC_ROOT = fileURLToPath(new URL('.', import.meta.url));
 const REPO_ROOT = path.resolve(SRC_ROOT, '..');
@@ -56,6 +57,8 @@ function sourceFiles(directory = SRC_ROOT) {
  */
 function referencedGlyphs() {
   const found = new Map();
+  for (const glyph of Object.values(WILDLIFE_BADGE_GLYPHS))
+    found.set(glyph, 'src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.js');
   for (const file of sourceFiles()) {
     const source = readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
     const relative = path.relative(REPO_ROOT, file).split(path.sep).join('/');
diff --git a/src/navigationPolicy.js b/src/navigationPolicy.js
index f69cb54c0..bd268ced5 100644
--- a/src/navigationPolicy.js
+++ b/src/navigationPolicy.js
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ const COCKPIT_REFUSALS = Object.freeze({
   target: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a target'),
   vessel: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a vessel'),
   fire: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a fire'),
+  sighting: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting'),
+  'sighting-area': msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area'),
   route: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a route'),
   file: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a file'),
   drawing: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a drawing'),
diff --git a/src/overlays/wildlifeSightingOverlay.test.mjs b/src/overlays/wildlifeSightingOverlay.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..503f177d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/overlays/wildlifeSightingOverlay.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  buildWildlifeSelectedLabel,
+  buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry,
+} from '../layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js';
+import {
+  normalizeOverlayEntry,
+  paintLaneForOverlayEntry,
+} from './worldOverlay.js';
+import {
+  clearWorldOverlayTextMeasureCache,
+  measureOverlayEntry,
+  paintOverlayEntry,
+} from './worldOverlayDraw.js';
+import { WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE } from './worldOverlayTokens.js';
+
+function paintingContext(glyphWidth = 6) {
+  const text = [];
+  const fills = [];
+  const strokes = [];
+  const images = [];
+  return {
+    text,
+    fills,
+    strokes,
+    images,
+    measureText: (text) => ({ width: Array.from(text).length * glyphWidth }),
+    save() {},
+    restore() {},
+    beginPath() {},
+    roundRect() {},
+    moveTo() {},
+    lineTo() {},
+    fillRect() {},
+    fill() {
+      fills.push(this.fillStyle);
+    },
+    stroke() {
+      strokes.push(this.strokeStyle);
+    },
+    fillText(value) {
+      text.push(value);
+    },
+    drawImage(...args) {
+      images.push(args);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('wildlife thumbnail titles paint a word-boundary ellipsis after normalization and width fitting', () => {
+  for (const [commonName, glyphWidth, expected] of [
+    ["Bullock's Oriole", 6, "BULLOCK'S…"],
+    ['Great Blue Heron', 11, 'GREAT…'],
+    ['Superlongunbrokentaxon', 6, 'SUPERLONGUNBRO…'],
+  ]) {
+    clearWorldOverlayTextMeasureCache();
+    const entry = normalizeOverlayEntry('wildlife-sightings', {
+      ...buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(
+        {
+          stableId: 'inat:1',
+          commonName,
+          observedAt: 0,
+          photo: {
+            square:
+              'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/1/square.jpg',
+            licence: 'cc-by',
+            attribution: 'Synthetic Photographer',
+          },
+        },
+        0,
+        { image: { width: 75, height: 75 } },
+      ),
+      position: { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 },
+    });
+    const ctx = paintingContext(glyphWidth);
+    entry._overlayLayout = measureOverlayEntry(ctx, entry);
+    paintOverlayEntry(ctx, entry, {
+      rect: {
+        x: 10,
+        y: 20,
+        w: entry._overlayLayout.w,
+        h: entry._overlayLayout.h,
+      },
+    });
+    assert.equal(ctx.text[0], expected);
+    assert.ok(ctx.measureText(ctx.text[0]).width <= 96);
+    assert.ok(entry.accessibilityLabel.includes(commonName));
+  }
+});
+
+test('selected thumbnails retain their image in the host selected chrome and lane, without a link line', () => {
+  const entry = normalizeOverlayEntry('wildlife-sightings', {
+    ...buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(
+      {
+        stableId: 'inat:1',
+        commonName: 'Synthetic bird',
+        observedAt: 0,
+        uri: 'https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1',
+        photo: {
+          square:
+            'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/1/square.jpg',
+          licence: 'cc-by',
+          attribution: 'Synthetic Photographer',
+        },
+      },
+      0,
+      { selected: true, image: { width: 75, height: 75 } },
+    ),
+    position: { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 },
+  });
+  const ctx = paintingContext();
+  entry._overlayLayout = measureOverlayEntry(ctx, entry);
+  paintOverlayEntry(ctx, entry, {
+    rect: {
+      x: 10,
+      y: 20,
+      w: entry._overlayLayout.w,
+      h: entry._overlayLayout.h,
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(entry.selected, true);
+  assert.equal(
+    paintLaneForOverlayEntry(entry),
+    paintLaneForOverlayEntry({ selected: true }),
+  );
+  assert.equal(entry._overlayLayout.thumbH, 72);
+  assert.equal(ctx.images.length, 1);
+  assert.ok(ctx.fills.includes(WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.selectedBackground));
+  assert.ok(ctx.strokes.includes(WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.selectedBorder));
+  assert.ok(!ctx.text.some((line) => String(line).includes('↗')));
+});
+
+test('selected wildlife names retain a bounded title with the host selected metrics', () => {
+  for (const origin of ['inaturalist', 'acartia']) {
+    clearWorldOverlayTextMeasureCache();
+    const row = {
+      stableId: `${origin}:1`,
+      origin,
+      commonName:
+        'Synthetic bird with a very long common name that cannot widen the globe label',
+      scientificName: 'Avis synthetica',
+      iconic: 'Aves',
+      photo: {
+        square:
+          'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/1/square.jpg',
+        attribution:
+          'Synthetic Photographer, full attribution belongs in the dialog',
+        licence: 'cc-by',
+      },
+    };
+    const entry = normalizeOverlayEntry('wildlife-sightings-selected', {
+      ...buildWildlifeSelectedLabel(row),
+      position: { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 },
+    });
+    const fonts = [];
+    const ctx = {
+      font: '',
+      measureText(text) {
+        fonts.push(this.font);
+        return { width: [...text].length * 6 };
+      },
+    };
+    const layout = measureOverlayEntry(ctx, entry);
+    assert.equal(entry.variant, 'label');
+    assert.equal(
+      entry.selected,
+      true,
+      'selected names use the host selected painter',
+    );
+    assert.equal(entry.protected, true);
+    assert.equal(entry.paintLane, 'selected');
+    assert.equal(
+      paintLaneForOverlayEntry(entry),
+      paintLaneForOverlayEntry({ selected: true }),
+    );
+    assert.equal(entry.pinned, false);
+    assert.equal(entry.interactive, false);
+    assert.equal(entry.placement, 'above');
+    assert.deepEqual(entry.details, []);
+    assert.equal(entry.image, null);
+    assert.equal(layout.h, 31, 'shared selected title and padding');
+    assert.ok(layout.w <= 264, `bounded name, got ${layout.w}px`);
+    assert.deepEqual(fonts, [WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.fontSelected]);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/overlays/worldOverlay.js b/src/overlays/worldOverlay.js
index 7b0b9d5fd..748e02fda 100644
--- a/src/overlays/worldOverlay.js
+++ b/src/overlays/worldOverlay.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { WORLD_OVERLAY_OCCLUDER_SELECTORS } from './worldOverlayChrome.js';
+export { WORLD_OVERLAY_OCCLUDER_SELECTORS } from './worldOverlayChrome.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import {
   createCyberSonarSampler,
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ import {
   measureOverlayEntry,
   paintOverlayEntry,
   placementVariants,
+  truncateOverlayTitle,
 } from './worldOverlayDraw.js';
 import { WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE } from './worldOverlayTokens.js';
 import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
@@ -72,57 +75,6 @@ const PAINT_LANE_INDEX = new Map(
   WORLD_OVERLAY_PAINT_LANES.map((lane, index) => [lane, index]),
 );
 
-/**
- * Unified UI exclusion inventory. Selectors may match multiple elements; the
- * service caches their rectangles and observes layout/visibility changes.
- *
- * These rectangles are a PLACEMENT policy, never a paint mask. Every element
- * listed here composites ABOVE the overlay host — map chrome sits at z90–z1000
- * and the cockpit HUD at z145, against this host's z5/z6 — so the browser
- * already keeps overlay pixels off it and no canvas needs clipping. What the
- * inventory buys is readability: a card placed under solid chrome is simply
- * lost, so the solver PREFERS placements clear of it. When nothing is clear the
- * entry still renders and the chrome covers it, exactly as it did before the
- * host existed.
- *
- * The list therefore holds only chrome dense enough to swallow a card. The
- * cockpit's thin translucent line art — rims, arcs, rails, tapes, toplines,
- * readouts — is deliberately ABSENT under the owner's AR-HUD ruling:
- * world-space overlay content renders beneath the cockpit's screen-space HUD,
- * which paints over it by z-order. Those elements are also enormous (the
- * altitude rim is keyhole-tall, the topline viewport-wide), and excluding them
- * suppressed essentially the entire cockpit view. Only the two solid,
- * backdrop-filled cockpit windows survive as exclusions.
- */
-export const WORLD_OVERLAY_OCCLUDER_SELECTORS = Object.freeze([
-  '#title-bar',
-  '#style-indicator',
-  '#top-center-actions',
-  '#traffic-sync-chip',
-  '#cctv-sync-chip',
-  '#left-panel-stack',
-  '#right-context-rail',
-  '.weather-summary',
-  '#pp-toggles',
-  '#command-dock',
-  '#gev-voice-control',
-  '#cesium-credits',
-  '.hud-top-left',
-  '.hud-top-right',
-  '.hud-bottom-left',
-  '.hud-bottom-right',
-  '.hud-bottom-bar',
-  '#space-mission-panel',
-  '#space-mission-panel-host',
-  '#military-awareness-panel',
-  '#bhote-koshi-event-panel',
-  // Cockpit: solid backdrop-filled windows only (both bounded to
-  // `min(340px, 28vw)` wide and `min(42vh, 410px)` tall, both `hidden` until
-  // toggled). Every other cockpit selector was removed — see the block comment.
-  '#cockpit-context',
-  '#cockpit-signal-stream',
-]);
-
 /** @typedef {{x:number,y:number,w:number,h:number}} OverlayRect */
 /**
  * @typedef {object} WorldOverlayEntry
@@ -143,6 +95,8 @@ export const WORLD_OVERLAY_OCCLUDER_SELECTORS = Object.freeze([
  * @property {number} [maxVisible=Infinity] Source ceiling within a shared domain.
  * @property {boolean} [moving=false] Enables bounded interval re-solves.
  * @property {number} [solveIntervalMs=125]
+ * @property {function(Set<string>):void} [onVisibilityChange] Painted entry ids,
+ *   reported only on membership changes. The borrowed Set is read-only.
  */
 
 /** @type {Cesium.Viewer|null} */
@@ -470,6 +424,11 @@ export function normalizeOverlayEntry(sourceId, entry) {
     collisionGroup: String(
       entry.collisionGroup || defaultCollisionGroup(variant),
     ),
+    // Optional lower-priority content must fit around the actual painted
+    // members of another domain, including its sticky positions and exit fades.
+    yieldToCollisionGroup: entry.yieldToCollisionGroup
+      ? String(entry.yieldToCollisionGroup)
+      : null,
     // Explicit field pick rather than `{ ...entry, variant }`: the lane
     // resolver reads only these four, and a full spread re-invokes every
     // accessor the source put on its entry (a throwing one would abort
@@ -592,12 +551,15 @@ export function normalizeOverlayEntry(sourceId, entry) {
     metadata: entry.metadata ?? null,
     thumbnailWidth: entry.thumbnailWidth,
     thumbnailHeight: entry.thumbnailHeight,
+    thumbnailFit: entry.thumbnailFit === 'contain' ? 'contain' : null,
+    thumbnailFixedWidth: entry.thumbnailFixedWidth === true,
     thumbnailPadX: entry.thumbnailPadX,
     thumbnailPadTop: entry.thumbnailPadTop,
     thumbnailPadBottom: entry.thumbnailPadBottom,
     thumbnailTitleGap: entry.thumbnailTitleGap,
     thumbnailTitleHeight: entry.thumbnailTitleHeight,
     thumbnailTitleChars: entry.thumbnailTitleChars,
+    thumbnailTitleWordBoundary: entry.thumbnailTitleWordBoundary === true,
     thumbnailBackground: entry.thumbnailBackground,
     thumbnailTitleColor: entry.thumbnailTitleColor,
     thumbnailTitleFont: entry.thumbnailTitleFont,
@@ -611,13 +573,21 @@ export function normalizeOverlayEntry(sourceId, entry) {
     _overlayTrackDisplayText: '',
     _overlayThumbnailTitle:
       variant === 'thumbnail'
-        ? String(entry.title ?? '')
-            .toUpperCase()
-            .slice(
-              0,
+        ? entry.thumbnailTitleWordBoundary === true
+          ? truncateOverlayTitle(
+              String(entry.title ?? '').toUpperCase(),
               Math.max(0, Math.floor(Number(entry.thumbnailTitleChars) || 0)) ||
-                undefined,
+                Infinity,
             )
+          : String(entry.title ?? '')
+              .toUpperCase()
+              .slice(
+                0,
+                Math.max(
+                  0,
+                  Math.floor(Number(entry.thumbnailTitleChars) || 0),
+                ) || undefined,
+              )
         : '',
   };
   normalized._overlayKey = entryKey(source, id);
@@ -714,6 +684,12 @@ function normalizeSourceOptions(options = {}, previous = {}) {
           DEFAULT_MOVING_SOLVE_MS,
       ) || 0,
     ),
+    onVisibilityChange:
+      options.onVisibilityChange === undefined
+        ? previous.onVisibilityChange || null
+        : typeof options.onVisibilityChange === 'function'
+          ? options.onVisibilityChange
+          : null,
   };
 }
 
@@ -844,6 +820,7 @@ function getOrCreateSource(sourceId, options = {}) {
       cohortLists: [],
       cohortCount: 0,
       demandByDomain: new Map(),
+      visibleIds: new Set(),
       options: normalizeSourceOptions(options),
     };
     _sources.set(id, source);
@@ -1157,18 +1134,17 @@ export function isOverlayPointVisible(
  */
 function overlayRectIntersectsAny(rect, exclusions, count = exclusions.length) {
   for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    const other = exclusions[i];
-    if (
-      rect.x < other.x + other.w &&
-      rect.x + rect.w > other.x &&
-      rect.y < other.y + other.h &&
-      rect.y + rect.h > other.y
-    )
-      return true;
+    if (overlayRectsOverlap(rect, exclusions[i])) return true;
   }
   return false;
 }
 
+function overlayRectsOverlap(a, b) {
+  return (
+    a.x < b.x + b.w && a.x + a.w > b.x && a.y < b.y + b.h && a.y + a.h > b.y
+  );
+}
+
 /**
  * Like `overlayRectIntersectsAny`, but only against exclusions that composite
  * BELOW the host — the ones a placement may never overlap at any cost.
@@ -1180,14 +1156,7 @@ function overlayRectIntersectsAnyHard(
 ) {
   for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
     const other = exclusions[i];
-    if (!other.hard) continue;
-    if (
-      rect.x < other.x + other.w &&
-      rect.x + rect.w > other.x &&
-      rect.y < other.y + other.h &&
-      rect.y + rect.h > other.y
-    )
-      return true;
+    if (other.hard && overlayRectsOverlap(rect, other)) return true;
   }
   return false;
 }
@@ -2253,6 +2222,7 @@ function addPaintItem(record, placement, temporalAlpha, selected) {
   item.lane = paintLaneForOverlayEntry(record.entry);
   item.zIndex = record.entry.zIndex;
   item.key = record.key;
+  item.collisionHidden = false;
   _paintQueue[_paintCount++] = item;
 }
 
@@ -2454,6 +2424,7 @@ function paintCustomLane(lane) {
 }
 
 function paintEntryItem(item, keyhole, sonar) {
+  if (item.collisionHidden) return;
   const { record, placement } = item;
   const entry = record.entry;
   let keyholeAlpha = 1;
@@ -2517,6 +2488,90 @@ function paintEntryItem(item, keyhole, sonar) {
   _paintedBySource[entry.source]++;
 }
 
+function compareYieldingPaintItems(a, b) {
+  const aYields = !!a.record.entry.yieldToCollisionGroup;
+  const bYields = !!b.record.entry.yieldToCollisionGroup;
+  return (
+    Number(aYields) - Number(bYields) ||
+    b.record.entry.priority - a.record.entry.priority ||
+    compareStableKeys(a.key, b.key)
+  );
+}
+
+/** Recheck yielding content every painted frame, even between camera solves.
+ * The arbiter's sticky/exit placements are intentionally retained for cards;
+ * labels can only use the remaining rectangles. All buffers are reused. */
+function declutterYieldingEntries() {
+  let hasYielding = false;
+  for (let i = 0; i < _paintCount; i++)
+    if (_paintQueue[i].record.entry.yieldToCollisionGroup) {
+      hasYielding = true;
+      break;
+    }
+  if (!hasYielding) return;
+  sortPooledRange(_paintQueue, _paintCount, compareYieldingPaintItems);
+  for (let i = 0; i < _paintCount; i++) {
+    const item = _paintQueue[i];
+    const entry = item.record.entry;
+    if (!entry.yieldToCollisionGroup) continue;
+    const placements = item.record.placements;
+    let accepted = null;
+    // Try the arbiter's chosen corner first, then its other valid placements.
+    for (let p = -1; p < placements.length; p++) {
+      const placement = p < 0 ? item.placement : placements[p];
+      if (p >= 0 && placement === item.placement) continue;
+      let blocked = false;
+      for (let j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+        const other = _paintQueue[j];
+        if (other.collisionHidden) continue;
+        const group = other.record.entry.collisionGroup;
+        if (
+          (group === entry.collisionGroup ||
+            group === entry.yieldToCollisionGroup) &&
+          overlayRectsOverlap(placement.rect, other.placement.rect)
+        ) {
+          blocked = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (!blocked) {
+        accepted = placement;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (accepted) item.placement = accepted;
+    else item.collisionHidden = true;
+  }
+}
+
+function syncPaintVisibility(painted = true) {
+  for (let s = 0; s < _sourceList.length; s++) {
+    const source = _sourceList[s];
+    const callback = source.options.onVisibilityChange;
+    if (!callback) continue;
+    const count = painted ? _paintedBySource[source.id] || 0 : 0;
+    let changed = count !== source.visibleIds.size;
+    if (!changed && painted) {
+      for (const id of source.visibleIds) {
+        if (
+          _paintRectByKey.get(entryKey(source.id, id))?.stamp !== _frameStamp
+        ) {
+          changed = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (!changed) continue;
+    source.visibleIds.clear();
+    if (painted)
+      for (let i = 0; i < _paintRectCount; i++) {
+        const rect = _paintRectPool[i];
+        if (rect.sourceId === source.id) source.visibleIds.add(rect.entryId);
+      }
+    callback(source.visibleIds);
+  }
+}
+
 function paintFrame(keyhole) {
   const started = nowMs();
   const sonar = isCyberSonarActive()
@@ -2531,6 +2586,7 @@ function paintFrame(keyhole) {
     clearCanvas(false, true);
   _paintRectCount = 0;
   _hitRectCount = 0;
+  declutterYieldingEntries();
   sortPooledRange(_paintQueue, _paintCount, comparePaintItems);
   // The shared canvas is not clipped either. Cards already avoid solid chrome
   // by placement, and every occluder composites above this host in the DOM, so
@@ -2553,6 +2609,7 @@ function paintFrame(keyhole) {
   _diagnostics.paintRectPoolSize = _paintRectPool.length;
   _diagnostics.paintMs = nowMs() - started;
   syncAccessibleActions();
+  syncPaintVisibility();
   _canvasNeedsClear =
     _paintRectCount > 0 || activeCustomPaintLaneCount(PAINT_TARGET_SHARED) > 0;
 }
@@ -2609,6 +2666,7 @@ function drawWorldOverlay() {
       _hitRectCount = 0;
       syncAccessibleActions();
     }
+    syncPaintVisibility(false);
     return;
   }
   if (_resizeDirty) ensureCanvasSize();
@@ -2743,6 +2801,7 @@ export function destroyWorldOverlay() {
   ) {
     delete window.__gevWorldOverlay;
   }
+  syncPaintVisibility(false);
   _sources.clear();
   _sourceList.length = 0;
   for (let i = 0; i < _customPaintLaneList.length; i++) {
diff --git a/src/overlays/worldOverlay.test.mjs b/src/overlays/worldOverlay.test.mjs
index f2e608b78..881353b07 100644
--- a/src/overlays/worldOverlay.test.mjs
+++ b/src/overlays/worldOverlay.test.mjs
@@ -12,6 +12,15 @@ import {
 } from '../celestialRing.js';
 import { createCctvThumbnailOverlayEntry, createFrameSlot } from '../data/cctvCards.js';
 import { combinedOverlayAlpha } from './worldOverlayDraw.js';
+import {
+  buildWildlifeLabelEntry,
+  buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry,
+  buildWildlifeSelectedLabel,
+  WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+  WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
+  WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID,
+  WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
+} from '../layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js';
 import {
   AMBIENT_CARD_COLLISION_CAPACITY,
   WORLD_OVERLAY_OCCLUDER_SELECTORS,
@@ -1596,6 +1605,171 @@ test('bounded per-source cohorts feed the domain arbiter without universal selec
   env.cleanup();
 });
 
+test('wildlife common names use the host ambient collision domain and never paint overlapping labels', (t) => {
+  const env = installMockEnvironment({ width: 1000, height: 600, dpr: 1 });
+  t.after(() => env.cleanup());
+  initWorldOverlay(env.viewer);
+  const entries = [
+    ['hawk', 'Red-tailed Hawk', position()],
+    ['maple', 'Red Maple', position()],
+    ['butterfly', 'Monarch', new Cesium.Cartesian3(-0.6, 0.6, 0)],
+    ['unknown', null, position()],
+  ].map(([stableId, commonName, anchor]) => {
+    const entry = buildWildlifeLabelEntry({ stableId, commonName, iconic: 'Aves' });
+    return entry && { ...entry, position: anchor, horizonCull: false, edgeFade: 'none' };
+  }).filter(Boolean);
+  assert.equal(entries.length, 3, 'unidentified icons never enter the overlay host');
+  setOverlayEntries(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, entries, WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  env.advanceTime(200);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  const rects = entries.map((entry) => getOverlayPaintRect(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, entry.id)).filter(Boolean);
+  assert.ok(rects.length >= 2 && rects.length <= 3, 'the host places separated names and relocates or drops coincident names');
+  for (let i = 0; i < rects.length; i++) {
+    assert.equal(rects[i].entry.collisionGroup, 'ambient-label');
+    assert.equal(rects[i].entry.protected, false);
+    for (let j = i + 1; j < rects.length; j++) {
+      const a = rects[i], b = rects[j];
+      assert.ok(a.x + a.w <= b.x || b.x + b.w <= a.x || a.y + a.h <= b.y || b.y + b.h <= a.y);
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+const CITY_NOW = Date.parse('2026-11-04T18:00:00Z');
+function citySighting(id, overrides = {}) {
+  return {
+    stableId: id, commonName: `Synthetic city species ${id}`, iconic: 'Aves',
+    observedAt: CITY_NOW - 60_000, quality: 'research', favesCount: 1,
+    photo: {
+      square: 'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/1/square.jpg',
+      licence: 'cc-by', attribution: 'Synthetic Photographer',
+    },
+    ...overrides,
+  };
+}
+function cityLabel(row, x, y, width = 1000, height = 600) {
+  return {
+    ...buildWildlifeLabelEntry(row, { nowMs: CITY_NOW }),
+    position: positionAtScreen(x, y, width, height), horizonCull: false, edgeFade: 'none',
+  };
+}
+function cityCard(row, x, y, width = 1000, height = 600, image = { width: 75, height: 75 }) {
+  return {
+    ...buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(row, CITY_NOW, { image }),
+    position: positionAtScreen(x, y, width, height), horizonCull: false, edgeFade: 'none',
+    maxDistance: Infinity,
+  };
+}
+function assertDisjointPaint(entries) {
+  const rects = entries.map(([source, entry]) => getOverlayPaintRect(source, entry.id)).filter(Boolean);
+  for (let i = 0; i < rects.length; i++)
+    for (let j = i + 1; j < rects.length; j++) {
+      const a = rects[i], b = rects[j];
+      assert.ok(a.x + a.w <= b.x || b.x + b.w <= a.x || a.y + a.h <= b.y || b.y + b.h <= a.y,
+        `${a.entryId} overlaps ${b.entryId}`);
+    }
+  return rects;
+}
+
+test('close-range dense city labels and photo cards never overlap, including frames between camera solves', (t) => {
+  const env = installMockEnvironment({ width: 1000, height: 600, dpr: 1 });
+  t.after(() => env.cleanup());
+  env.viewer.camera.positionCartographic.height = 9000;
+  initWorldOverlay(env.viewer);
+  const labels = Array.from({ length: 150 }, (_, i) =>
+    cityLabel(citySighting(`city:${i}`, { favesCount: 150 - i }), 65 + (i % 30) * 28, 150 + Math.floor(i / 30) * 62));
+  const cards = Array.from({ length: 8 }, (_, i) =>
+    cityCard(citySighting(`photo:${i}`), 140 + (i % 4) * 210, 180 + Math.floor(i / 4) * 240));
+  const all = [...labels.map((e) => [WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, e]), ...cards.map((e) => [WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, e])];
+  setOverlayEntries(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, labels, WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS);
+  setOverlayEntries(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, cards, WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS);
+  for (const ms of [0, 75, 125]) {
+    env.advanceTime(ms);
+    env.postRender.raise();
+    assertDisjointPaint(all);
+  }
+  assert.equal(cards.filter((e) => getOverlayPaintRect(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, e.id)).length, 8);
+  const placedLabels = labels.filter((e) => getOverlayPaintRect(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, e.id));
+  assert.ok(placedLabels.length > 5 && placedLabels.length < labels.length, 'label count is capped by the remaining space');
+  // A pan/zoom reprojects sticky placements on every frame before moveEnd.
+  env.viewer.camera.frustum.projectionMatrix[0] = 0.7;
+  env.viewer.camera.frustum.projectionMatrix[5] = 0.8;
+  env.advanceTime(16);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  assertDisjointPaint(all);
+  env.moveEnd.raise();
+  env.advanceTime(75);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  assertDisjointPaint(all);
+});
+
+test('labels yield immediately to photo cards, then compete by ambientScore without disturbing the card', (t) => {
+  const env = installMockEnvironment({ width: 400, height: 350, dpr: 1 });
+  t.after(() => env.cleanup());
+  initWorldOverlay(env.viewer);
+  const low = cityLabel(citySighting('low'), 200, 210, 400, 350);
+  const high = cityLabel(citySighting('high', { favesCount: 1000 }), 200, 210, 400, 350);
+  const card = cityCard(citySighting('card', { quality: 'needs_id' }), 200, 210, 400, 350);
+  const all = [[WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, low], [WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, high], [WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, card]];
+  setOverlayEntries(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, [low, high], WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  env.advanceTime(200);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  assert.equal(assertDisjointPaint(all).length, 2, 'both label slots are initially free');
+  setOverlayEntries(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, [card], WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  for (const ms of [1, 74, 125]) {
+    env.advanceTime(ms);
+    env.postRender.raise();
+    assertDisjointPaint(all);
+    assert.ok(getOverlayPaintRect(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, card.id));
+    assert.ok(getOverlayPaintRect(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, high.id));
+    assert.equal(getOverlayPaintRect(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, low.id), null);
+  }
+  const before = { ...getOverlayPaintRect(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, card.id) };
+  const promoted = cityLabel(citySighting('low', { favesCount: 1_000_000 }), 200, 210, 400, 350);
+  setOverlayEntries(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, [promoted, high], WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_OPTIONS);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  assertDisjointPaint(all);
+  assert.ok(getOverlayPaintRect(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, low.id));
+  assert.equal(getOverlayPaintRect(WILDLIFE_LABEL_SOURCE_ID, high.id), null);
+  const after = getOverlayPaintRect(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, card.id);
+  assert.deepEqual([after.x, after.y, after.w, after.h], [before.x, before.y, before.w, before.h], 'the card retains its sticky placement');
+  const selected = { ...buildWildlifeSelectedLabel(citySighting('selected')), position: card.position, horizonCull: false, edgeFade: 'none' };
+  setOverlayEntries('wildlife-sightings-selected', [selected]);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  assertDisjointPaint([...all, ['wildlife-sightings-selected', selected]]);
+  // Exit fades still occupy space; labels must wait until the card is gone.
+  setOverlayEntries(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, [], WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS);
+  for (const ms of [1, 149, 151]) {
+    env.advanceTime(ms);
+    env.postRender.raise();
+    assertDisjointPaint([...all, ['wildlife-sightings-selected', selected]]);
+  }
+});
+
+test('photo visibility reports only painted membership changes, ignoring loading cards and idle frames', (t) => {
+  const env = installMockEnvironment({ width: 400, height: 350, dpr: 1 });
+  t.after(() => env.cleanup());
+  initWorldOverlay(env.viewer);
+  const changes = [];
+  const options = { ...WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS, onVisibilityChange: (ids) => changes.push([...ids]) };
+  const r = citySighting('anchor');
+  setOverlayEntries(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, [cityCard(r, 200, 210, 400, 350, null)], options);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  assert.deepEqual(changes, []);
+  setOverlayEntries(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, [cityCard(r, 200, 210, 400, 350)], options);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  env.advanceTime(200);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  assert.deepEqual(changes, [['sighting:anchor']]);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) env.postRender.raise();
+  assert.equal(changes.length, 1, 'unchanged visibility emits nothing');
+  setOverlaySourceVisible(WILDLIFE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID, false);
+  env.postRender.raise();
+  assert.deepEqual(changes, [['sighting:anchor'], []]);
+});
+
 test('FIRMS and vessels enlarge the ambient-card lane under an explicit aggregate budget', () => {
   const env = installMockEnvironment({ width: 1600, height: 900, dpr: 1 });
   initWorldOverlay(env.viewer);
diff --git a/src/overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js b/src/overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0142377bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Solid chrome that card placement should avoid. It composites above the
+// overlay; the host needs no paint mask. Cockpit line art is intentionally
+// excluded so its large bounds cannot suppress world-space content.
+export const WORLD_OVERLAY_OCCLUDER_SELECTORS = Object.freeze([
+  '#title-bar',
+  '#style-indicator',
+  '#top-center-actions',
+  '#traffic-sync-chip',
+  '#cctv-sync-chip',
+  '#left-panel-stack',
+  '#right-context-rail',
+  '.weather-summary',
+  '#pp-toggles',
+  '#command-dock',
+  '#gev-voice-control',
+  '#cesium-credits',
+  '.hud-top-left',
+  '.hud-top-right',
+  '.hud-bottom-left',
+  '.hud-bottom-right',
+  '.hud-bottom-bar',
+  '#space-mission-panel',
+  '#space-mission-panel-host',
+  '#military-awareness-panel',
+  '#bhote-koshi-event-panel',
+  // Only the cockpit's solid windows obstruct readable cards.
+  '#cockpit-context',
+  '#cockpit-signal-stream',
+]);
diff --git a/src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.js b/src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.js
index f64a3170d..e5db5d5b7 100644
--- a/src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.js
+++ b/src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.js
@@ -312,9 +312,10 @@ function trackDisplayText(entry) {
  * @returns {{w:number,h:number,padX:number,padY:number,titleH:number,lineH:number,thumbW:number,thumbH:number}}
  */
 export function measureOverlayEntry(ctx, entry, out = {}) {
-  const variant = entry?.selected
-    ? 'selected'
-    : String(entry?.variant || 'label');
+  const variant =
+    entry?.selected && entry?.variant !== 'thumbnail'
+      ? 'selected'
+      : String(entry?.variant || 'label');
   const details = Array.isArray(entry?.details) ? entry.details : [];
   const selected = variant === 'selected';
   const tracked = variant === 'tracked';
@@ -391,7 +392,13 @@ export function measureOverlayEntry(ctx, entry, out = {}) {
     out.thumbW = Math.max(1, Number(entry?.thumbnailWidth) || 96);
     out.thumbH = Math.max(1, Number(entry?.thumbnailHeight) || 54);
     out.w = out.thumbW + out.padX * 2;
-    out.h = out.padY + out.thumbH + out.titleGap + out.titleH + out.padBottom;
+    out.h =
+      out.padY +
+      out.thumbH +
+      out.titleGap +
+      out.titleH +
+      details.length * out.lineH +
+      out.padBottom;
   } else {
     out.w = Math.ceil(Math.max(titleWidth, detailWidth)) + out.padX * 2;
     out.h = out.padY * 2 + out.titleH + details.length * out.lineH;
@@ -912,6 +919,38 @@ export function paintCard(
   return placement.rect;
 }
 
+/** Bound a title by code points, preferring a whole word before the ellipsis. */
+export function truncateOverlayTitle(value, maxChars) {
+  const text = String(value ?? '');
+  if (text.length <= maxChars) return text;
+  const glyphs = Array.from(text);
+  if (glyphs.length <= maxChars) return text;
+  const length = Math.max(0, maxChars - 1);
+  const prefix = glyphs.slice(0, length).join('');
+  const atBoundary = /\s$/u.test(prefix) || /\s/u.test(glyphs[length] || '');
+  const words = atBoundary
+    ? prefix.trimEnd()
+    : prefix.replace(/\s+\S*$/u, '').trimEnd();
+  return `${words || prefix.trimEnd()}…`;
+}
+
+function fitThumbnailText(ctx, value, font, maxWidth, wordBoundary = false) {
+  const text = String(value ?? '');
+  if (measureWorldOverlayText(ctx, text, font) <= maxWidth) return text;
+  const glyphs = Array.from(text);
+  let low = 0;
+  let high = glyphs.length;
+  while (low < high) {
+    const mid = Math.ceil((low + high) / 2);
+    const candidate = `${glyphs.slice(0, mid).join('')}…`;
+    if (measureWorldOverlayText(ctx, candidate, font) <= maxWidth) low = mid;
+    else high = mid - 1;
+  }
+  return wordBoundary
+    ? truncateOverlayTitle(text, low + 1)
+    : `${glyphs.slice(0, low).join('')}…`;
+}
+
 /** Paint a thumbnail card. The image slot remains source-owned. */
 export function paintThumbnail(
   ctx,
@@ -928,6 +967,7 @@ export function paintThumbnail(
   const thumbW = layout.thumbW || Number(entry.thumbnailWidth) || 96;
   const thumbH = layout.thumbH || Number(entry.thumbnailHeight) || 54;
   const titleH = Number.isFinite(layout.titleH) ? layout.titleH : 13;
+  const details = Array.isArray(entry.details) ? entry.details : [];
   const image = entry.image?.frame ?? entry.image;
   ctx.save();
   ctx.globalAlpha = alpha;
@@ -942,16 +982,38 @@ export function paintThumbnail(
   );
   drawAnchorDot(ctx, entry, placement);
   ctx.globalAlpha = alpha * Math.max(0, Math.min(1, Number(contentAlpha) || 0));
-  ctx.beginPath();
-  roundedRectPath(ctx, x, y, w, h, Number(entry.thumbnailRadius) || 4);
-  ctx.fillStyle = entry.thumbnailBackground || WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.background;
-  ctx.fill();
+  if (entry.selected) {
+    drawCardChrome(ctx, entry, placement, true, false);
+  } else {
+    ctx.beginPath();
+    roundedRectPath(ctx, x, y, w, h, Number(entry.thumbnailRadius) || 4);
+    ctx.fillStyle = entry.thumbnailBackground || WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.background;
+    ctx.fill();
+  }
 
   const imageX = x + padX;
   const imageY = y + padY;
   if (image && typeof ctx.drawImage === 'function') {
     try {
-      ctx.drawImage(image, imageX, imageY, thumbW, thumbH);
+      const sourceW = Number(
+        image.naturalWidth || image.videoWidth || image.width,
+      );
+      const sourceH = Number(
+        image.naturalHeight || image.videoHeight || image.height,
+      );
+      const scale =
+        entry.thumbnailFit === 'contain' && sourceW > 0 && sourceH > 0
+          ? Math.min(thumbW / sourceW, thumbH / sourceH)
+          : null;
+      const width = scale == null ? thumbW : sourceW * scale;
+      const height = scale == null ? thumbH : sourceH * scale;
+      ctx.drawImage(
+        image,
+        imageX + (thumbW - width) / 2,
+        imageY + (thumbH - height) / 2,
+        width,
+        height,
+      );
     } catch {
       // A source may replace/close a live image slot between frames. Chrome
       // and text remain valid; the next source update supplies the next frame.
@@ -978,12 +1040,41 @@ export function paintThumbnail(
   ctx.fillStyle = entry.thumbnailTitleColor || WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.title;
   ctx.font = entry.thumbnailTitleFont || WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.fontTitle;
   if (title && titleH > 0) {
+    const label =
+      titleChars > 0
+        ? entry.thumbnailTitleWordBoundary
+          ? truncateOverlayTitle(title, titleChars)
+          : title.slice(0, titleChars)
+        : title;
     ctx.fillText(
-      titleChars > 0 ? title.slice(0, titleChars) : title,
+      entry.thumbnailFixedWidth === true
+        ? fitThumbnailText(
+            ctx,
+            label,
+            ctx.font,
+            thumbW,
+            entry.thumbnailTitleWordBoundary,
+          )
+        : label,
       imageX,
       imageY + thumbH + titleH - 3,
     );
   }
+  if (details.length) {
+    ctx.fillStyle = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.detail;
+    ctx.font = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.fontDetail;
+    const lineH = Number.isFinite(layout.lineH) ? layout.lineH : 13;
+    const titleGap = Number.isFinite(layout.titleGap) ? layout.titleGap : 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < details.length; i++) {
+      ctx.fillText(
+        entry.thumbnailFixedWidth === true
+          ? fitThumbnailText(ctx, details[i], ctx.font, thumbW)
+          : details[i],
+        imageX,
+        imageY + thumbH + titleGap + titleH + (i + 1) * lineH - 3,
+      );
+    }
+  }
   ctx.restore();
   return placement.rect;
 }
@@ -1125,8 +1216,6 @@ export function paintOverlayEntry(
     return paintTacticalCard(ctx, entry, placement, alpha);
   if (entry.variant === 'tracked')
     return paintTracked(ctx, entry, placement, alpha);
-  if (entry.selected || entry.variant === 'selected')
-    return paintSelected(ctx, entry, placement, alpha);
   if (entry.variant === 'thumbnail') {
     return paintThumbnail(
       ctx,
@@ -1137,6 +1226,8 @@ export function paintOverlayEntry(
       contentAlpha,
     );
   }
+  if (entry.selected || entry.variant === 'selected')
+    return paintSelected(ctx, entry, placement, alpha);
   if (entry.variant === 'card') {
     return paintCard(
       ctx,
diff --git a/src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.test.mjs b/src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.test.mjs
index 10ec8179d..f5d89f758 100644
--- a/src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.test.mjs
+++ b/src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.test.mjs
@@ -25,7 +25,11 @@ import {
   placementVariants,
   roundedRectPath,
 } from './worldOverlayDraw.js';
-import { createCctvThumbnailOverlayEntry, createFrameSlot } from '../data/cctvCards.js';
+import {
+  createCctvThumbnailOverlayEntry,
+  createFrameSlot,
+} from '../data/cctvCards.js';
+import { normalizeOverlayEntry } from './worldOverlay.js';
 import {
   CARD_PLATE_ALPHA,
   DETECTION_PLATE_BAND,
@@ -35,7 +39,9 @@ import {
 } from './worldOverlayTokens.js';
 
 function alphaOf(rgba) {
-  const match = /rgba\(\s*\d+\s*,\s*\d+\s*,\s*\d+\s*,\s*([0-9.]+)\s*\)/.exec(String(rgba));
+  const match = /rgba\(\s*\d+\s*,\s*\d+\s*,\s*\d+\s*,\s*([0-9.]+)\s*\)/.exec(
+    String(rgba),
+  );
   assert.ok(match, `expected an rgba() colour, got ${rgba}`);
   return Number(match[1]);
 }
@@ -48,28 +54,64 @@ function mockContext() {
     calls,
     font: '',
     globalAlpha: 1,
-    get strokeStyle() { return strokeStyle; },
-    set strokeStyle(value) { strokeStyle = value; calls.push(['strokeStyle', value]); },
-    get lineWidth() { return lineWidth; },
-    set lineWidth(value) { lineWidth = value; calls.push(['lineWidth', value]); },
+    get strokeStyle() {
+      return strokeStyle;
+    },
+    set strokeStyle(value) {
+      strokeStyle = value;
+      calls.push(['strokeStyle', value]);
+    },
+    get lineWidth() {
+      return lineWidth;
+    },
+    set lineWidth(value) {
+      lineWidth = value;
+      calls.push(['lineWidth', value]);
+    },
     measureCount: 0,
     measureText(text) {
       this.measureCount++;
       return { width: String(text).length * 6 };
     },
-    save() { calls.push(['save']); },
-    restore() { calls.push(['restore']); },
-    beginPath() { calls.push(['beginPath']); },
-    roundRect(...args) { calls.push(['roundRect', ...args]); },
-    moveTo(...args) { calls.push(['moveTo', ...args]); },
-    lineTo(...args) { calls.push(['lineTo', ...args]); },
-    arcTo(...args) { calls.push(['arcTo', ...args]); },
-    closePath() { calls.push(['closePath']); },
-    fill() { calls.push(['fill']); },
-    stroke() { calls.push(['stroke']); },
-    fillRect(...args) { calls.push(['fillRect', ...args]); },
-    fillText(...args) { calls.push(['fillText', ...args]); },
-    drawImage(...args) { calls.push(['drawImage', ...args]); },
+    save() {
+      calls.push(['save']);
+    },
+    restore() {
+      calls.push(['restore']);
+    },
+    beginPath() {
+      calls.push(['beginPath']);
+    },
+    roundRect(...args) {
+      calls.push(['roundRect', ...args]);
+    },
+    moveTo(...args) {
+      calls.push(['moveTo', ...args]);
+    },
+    lineTo(...args) {
+      calls.push(['lineTo', ...args]);
+    },
+    arcTo(...args) {
+      calls.push(['arcTo', ...args]);
+    },
+    closePath() {
+      calls.push(['closePath']);
+    },
+    fill() {
+      calls.push(['fill']);
+    },
+    stroke() {
+      calls.push(['stroke']);
+    },
+    fillRect(...args) {
+      calls.push(['fillRect', ...args]);
+    },
+    fillText(...args) {
+      calls.push(['fillText', ...args]);
+    },
+    drawImage(...args) {
+      calls.push(['drawImage', ...args]);
+    },
   };
 }
 
@@ -85,14 +127,17 @@ test('every detection theme carries a callout plate inside the ambient band', ()
     const plate = alphaOf(theme.calloutPlate);
     const space = alphaOf(theme.calloutPlateSpace);
     assert.ok(
-      plate >= DETECTION_PLATE_BAND.min * CARD_PLATE_ALPHA
-        && plate <= DETECTION_PLATE_BAND.max * CARD_PLATE_ALPHA,
+      plate >= DETECTION_PLATE_BAND.min * CARD_PLATE_ALPHA &&
+        plate <= DETECTION_PLATE_BAND.max * CARD_PLATE_ALPHA,
       `${name} callout plate ${plate} outside the ambient band`,
     );
     // The owner's spec: satellites read over the lit Earth disc, so the space
     // tier pops slightly harder — but never as heavy as the tracked card.
     assert.ok(space > plate, `${name} space plate must exceed the base plate`);
-    assert.ok(space < CARD_PLATE_ALPHA, `${name} space plate must stay under the card`);
+    assert.ok(
+      space < CARD_PLATE_ALPHA,
+      `${name} space plate must stay under the card`,
+    );
     // The scanline wash is a separate token and must not have been repurposed.
     assert.notEqual(theme.calloutPlate, theme.labelBg);
   }
@@ -100,47 +145,78 @@ test('every detection theme carries a callout plate inside the ambient band', ()
 
 test('an ambient detection callout paints its backing plate under its text', () => {
   const ctx = mockContext();
-  paintDetectionCallout(ctx, {
-    x: 20, y: 30, w: 80, h: 18,
-    primaryX: 27, microX: 70, baseline: 42,
-    leadFromX: 60, leadFromY: 60, leadToX: 60, leadToY: 48,
-    plate: 'rgba(2, 18, 26, 0.52)',
-    accent: '#22e0ff',
-    label: 'rgba(200, 250, 255, 0.97)',
-    primary: 'JA23NF',
-    micro: 'FL017',
-    font: '10px JetBrains Mono, monospace',
-    microFont: '9px JetBrains Mono, monospace',
-  }, 1);
+  paintDetectionCallout(
+    ctx,
+    {
+      x: 20,
+      y: 30,
+      w: 80,
+      h: 18,
+      primaryX: 27,
+      microX: 70,
+      baseline: 42,
+      leadFromX: 60,
+      leadFromY: 60,
+      leadToX: 60,
+      leadToY: 48,
+      plate: 'rgba(2, 18, 26, 0.52)',
+      accent: '#22e0ff',
+      label: 'rgba(200, 250, 255, 0.97)',
+      primary: 'JA23NF',
+      micro: 'FL017',
+      font: '10px JetBrains Mono, monospace',
+      microFont: '9px JetBrains Mono, monospace',
+    },
+    1,
+  );
 
   const names = ctx.calls.map(([name]) => name);
   const firstFill = names.indexOf('fill');
   const firstText = names.indexOf('fillText');
   assert.ok(firstFill >= 0, 'the callout must fill a backing plate');
-  assert.ok(firstText > firstFill, 'the plate must be painted before the callsign');
+  assert.ok(
+    firstText > firstFill,
+    'the plate must be painted before the callsign',
+  );
   // Plate geometry: a rounded rect covering the whole measured label box.
   assert.deepEqual(
     ctx.calls.find(([name]) => name === 'roundRect'),
     ['roundRect', 20, 30, 80, 18, 3],
   );
-  assert.ok(ctx.calls.some(([name, text]) => name === 'fillText' && text === 'JA23NF'));
-  assert.ok(ctx.calls.some(([name, text]) => name === 'fillText' && text === 'FL017'));
+  assert.ok(
+    ctx.calls.some(([name, text]) => name === 'fillText' && text === 'JA23NF'),
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    ctx.calls.some(([name, text]) => name === 'fillText' && text === 'FL017'),
+  );
 });
 
 test('a callout with no micro-field paints one text run and still gets a plate', () => {
   const ctx = mockContext();
-  paintDetectionCallout(ctx, {
-    x: 0, y: 0, w: 40, h: 18,
-    primaryX: 7, microX: 30, baseline: 12,
-    leadFromX: 20, leadFromY: 30, leadToX: 20, leadToY: 18,
-    plate: 'rgba(2, 18, 26, 0.52)',
-    accent: '#22e0ff',
-    label: '#fff',
-    primary: 'N12345',
-    micro: '',
-    font: '10px mono',
-    microFont: '9px mono',
-  }, 0.5);
+  paintDetectionCallout(
+    ctx,
+    {
+      x: 0,
+      y: 0,
+      w: 40,
+      h: 18,
+      primaryX: 7,
+      microX: 30,
+      baseline: 12,
+      leadFromX: 20,
+      leadFromY: 30,
+      leadToX: 20,
+      leadToY: 18,
+      plate: 'rgba(2, 18, 26, 0.52)',
+      accent: '#22e0ff',
+      label: '#fff',
+      primary: 'N12345',
+      micro: '',
+      font: '10px mono',
+      microFont: '9px mono',
+    },
+    0.5,
+  );
 
   assert.ok(ctx.calls.some(([name]) => name === 'fill'));
   assert.equal(ctx.calls.filter(([name]) => name === 'fillText').length, 1);
@@ -167,7 +243,7 @@ test('distance scale matches the legacy infrastructure NearFarScalar curve', ()
   assert.equal(distanceScale(1_000_000, null), 1);
 });
 
-test('altitude scale preserves CCTV\'s exact smoothstep and linear waypoints', () => {
+test("altitude scale preserves CCTV's exact smoothstep and linear waypoints", () => {
   const curve = {
     fullEnd: 1800,
     midEnd: 6000,
@@ -185,13 +261,16 @@ test('altitude scale preserves CCTV\'s exact smoothstep and linear waypoints', (
 });
 
 test('the five-channel alpha chain is multiplicative and clamps inputs', () => {
-  assert.equal(combinedOverlayAlpha({
-    sourceAlpha: 0.5,
-    temporalFade: 0.8,
-    distanceFade: 0.5,
-    altitudeFade: 0.5,
-    keyholeEdgeFade: 0.25,
-  }), 0.025);
+  assert.equal(
+    combinedOverlayAlpha({
+      sourceAlpha: 0.5,
+      temporalFade: 0.8,
+      distanceFade: 0.5,
+      altitudeFade: 0.5,
+      keyholeEdgeFade: 0.25,
+    }),
+    0.025,
+  );
   assert.equal(combinedOverlayAlpha({ sourceAlpha: 2, temporalFade: -1 }), 0);
 });
 
@@ -205,7 +284,10 @@ test('placement variants flip below near the top and stay viewport-clamped', ()
     viewportHeight: 100,
     gap: 10,
   });
-  assert.deepEqual(nearTop.map((item) => item.corner), ['below', 'above', 'right', 'left']);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    nearTop.map((item) => item.corner),
+    ['below', 'above', 'right', 'left'],
+  );
   for (const placement of nearTop) {
     assert.ok(placement.rect.x >= 4);
     assert.ok(placement.rect.y >= 4);
@@ -213,14 +295,20 @@ test('placement variants flip below near the top and stay viewport-clamped', ()
     assert.ok(placement.rect.y + placement.rect.h <= 96);
   }
   const reused = nearTop.slice();
-  assert.equal(placementVariants({
-    anchorX: 100,
-    anchorY: 80,
-    width: 40,
-    height: 20,
-    viewportWidth: 200,
-    viewportHeight: 100,
-  }, reused), reused);
+  assert.equal(
+    placementVariants(
+      {
+        anchorX: 100,
+        anchorY: 80,
+        width: 40,
+        height: 20,
+        viewportWidth: 200,
+        viewportHeight: 100,
+      },
+      reused,
+    ),
+    reused,
+  );
   assert.equal(reused[0].corner, 'above');
 });
 
@@ -236,10 +324,16 @@ test('tactical cards retain vertical-only placement and sprite-edge leaders', ()
     leaderOffset: 14,
     verticalOnly: true,
   });
-  assert.deepEqual(placements.map(({ corner }) => corner), ['above', 'below']);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    placements.map(({ corner }) => corner),
+    ['above', 'below'],
+  );
   assert.equal(placements[0].leadFromY, 80);
   assert.equal(placements[0].leaderOffset, -14);
-  assert.equal(placements[0].leadToY, placements[0].rect.y + placements[0].rect.h);
+  assert.equal(
+    placements[0].leadToY,
+    placements[0].rect.y + placements[0].rect.h,
+  );
 });
 
 test('edge-clamped CCTV placements keep leaders vertical unless the anchor is outside the card', () => {
@@ -254,7 +348,11 @@ test('edge-clamped CCTV placements keep leaders vertical unless the anchor is ou
     leaderOffset: 16,
     verticalOnly: true,
   })[0];
-  assert.equal(edgeClamped.rect.x, 4, 'card is horizontally clamped at the viewport edge');
+  assert.equal(
+    edgeClamped.rect.x,
+    4,
+    'card is horizontally clamped at the viewport edge',
+  );
   assert.equal(edgeClamped.leadFromX, 20);
   assert.equal(edgeClamped.leadToX, 20, 'leader stays strictly vertical at sx');
 
@@ -277,8 +375,11 @@ test('edge-clamped CCTV placements keep leaders vertical unless the anchor is ou
   // camera". Vertical always, even when the card has been clamped sideways off
   // its anchor.
   assert.equal(offRectAnchor.leadFromX, 2);
-  assert.equal(offRectAnchor.leadToX, 2,
-    'an off-rect anchor keeps the leader vertical rather than slanting it to the card');
+  assert.equal(
+    offRectAnchor.leadToX,
+    2,
+    'an off-rect anchor keeps the leader vertical rather than slanting it to the card',
+  );
 });
 
 test('rounded rectangles use native support and retain a fallback path', () => {
@@ -334,7 +435,8 @@ test('text measurement cache is font-aware and font hooks follow host lifetime',
 test('text measurement cache caps LRU retention at 1024 entries', () => {
   clearWorldOverlayTextMeasureCache();
   const ctx = mockContext();
-  for (let i = 0; i < 1100; i++) measureWorldOverlayText(ctx, `label-${i}`, '10px mono');
+  for (let i = 0; i < 1100; i++)
+    measureWorldOverlayText(ctx, `label-${i}`, '10px mono');
   assert.equal(getWorldOverlayTextMeasureCacheSize(), 1024);
   const measured = ctx.measureCount;
   measureWorldOverlayText(ctx, 'label-0', '10px mono');
@@ -355,10 +457,28 @@ test('variant measurement and all six painters remain renderer-local', () => {
     thumbnailWidth: 96,
     thumbnailHeight: 54,
   };
-  const variants = ['label', 'track', 'card', 'thumbnail', 'selected', 'tracked'];
-  const painters = [paintLabel, paintTrack, paintCard, paintThumbnail, paintSelected, paintTracked];
+  const variants = [
+    'label',
+    'track',
+    'card',
+    'thumbnail',
+    'selected',
+    'tracked',
+  ];
+  const painters = [
+    paintLabel,
+    paintTrack,
+    paintCard,
+    paintThumbnail,
+    paintSelected,
+    paintTracked,
+  ];
   for (let i = 0; i < variants.length; i++) {
-    const variantEntry = { ...entry, variant: variants[i], selected: variants[i] === 'selected' };
+    const variantEntry = {
+      ...entry,
+      variant: variants[i],
+      selected: variants[i] === 'selected',
+    };
     const layout = measureOverlayEntry(ctx, variantEntry, {});
     variantEntry._overlayLayout = layout;
     const placement = placementVariants({
@@ -369,18 +489,27 @@ test('variant measurement and all six painters remain renderer-local', () => {
       viewportWidth: 400,
       viewportHeight: 300,
     })[0];
-    assert.equal(painters[i](ctx, variantEntry, placement, 0.5), placement.rect);
+    assert.equal(
+      painters[i](ctx, variantEntry, placement, 0.5),
+      placement.rect,
+    );
   }
   assert.ok(ctx.calls.some(([name]) => name === 'drawImage'));
-  assert.ok(ctx.calls.filter(([name]) => name === 'fillText').length >= variants.length);
-  const trackLayout = measureOverlayEntry(ctx, { ...entry, variant: 'track' }, {});
+  assert.ok(
+    ctx.calls.filter(([name]) => name === 'fillText').length >= variants.length,
+  );
+  const trackLayout = measureOverlayEntry(
+    ctx,
+    { ...entry, variant: 'track' },
+    {},
+  );
   assert.ok(trackLayout.w >= 'CAMERA 12 · LIVE'.length * 6);
 });
 
 test('thumbnail painter preserves the shipped CCTV 104x77 geometry and drawing coordinates', () => {
   const ctx = mockContext();
   const frameSlot = createFrameSlot();
-  frameSlot.frame = { width: 192, height: 108 };
+  frameSlot.frame = { width: 192, height: 144 };
   frameSlot.stamp = 123;
   const entry = createCctvThumbnailOverlayEntry({
     id: 'cam-a',
@@ -411,7 +540,10 @@ test('thumbnail painter preserves the shipped CCTV 104x77 geometry and drawing c
     ['strokeStyle', 'rgba(107, 232, 255, 0.6)'],
     'CCTV leader uses the source cyan token rather than the generic leader fallback',
   );
-  assert.deepEqual(ctx.calls.find(([name]) => name === 'moveTo'), ['moveTo', 200, 184]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ctx.calls.find(([name]) => name === 'moveTo'),
+    ['moveTo', 200, 184],
+  );
   assert.deepEqual(
     ctx.calls.find(([name]) => name === 'drawImage'),
     ['drawImage', frameSlot.frame, 152, 105, 96, 54],
@@ -422,6 +554,69 @@ test('thumbnail painter preserves the shipped CCTV 104x77 geometry and drawing c
   );
 });
 
+test('photo thumbnails letterbox square images and visibly paint attribution and disclaimers', () => {
+  const ctx = mockContext();
+  const entry = {
+    ...createCctvThumbnailOverlayEntry({
+      id: 'photo',
+      position: { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 },
+      title: 'Synthetic bird',
+      frameSlot: { frame: { width: 75, height: 75 } },
+    }),
+    thumbnailHeight: 72,
+    thumbnailFit: 'contain',
+    details: ['Photo: Synthetic photographer · CC BY', 'Not a census'],
+  };
+  entry._overlayLayout = measureOverlayEntry(ctx, entry, {});
+  const { w, h, lineH } = entry._overlayLayout;
+  assert.equal(w, 104, 'canvas photos keep the compact image width');
+  assert.equal(h, 4 + 72 + 2 + 13 + 2 * lineH + 4);
+  const placement = { rect: { x: 10, y: 20, w, h } };
+  paintThumbnail(ctx, entry, placement);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ctx.calls.find(([name]) => name === 'drawImage'),
+    ['drawImage', entry.image.frame, 26, 24, 72, 72],
+  );
+  for (const detail of entry.details)
+    assert.ok(
+      ctx.calls.some(([name, text]) => name === 'fillText' && text === detail),
+      detail,
+    );
+});
+
+test('fixed-width photo thumbnails truncate the title and creator inside the 96px image width', () => {
+  const ctx = mockContext();
+  const entry = normalizeOverlayEntry('compact-photos', {
+    ...createCctvThumbnailOverlayEntry({
+      id: 'compact-photo',
+      position: { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 },
+      title: 'A long synthetic organism name',
+      frameSlot: { frame: { width: 75, height: 75 } },
+    }),
+    thumbnailHeight: 72,
+    thumbnailFixedWidth: true,
+    details: ['© A very long synthetic photographer name'],
+  });
+  entry._overlayLayout = measureOverlayEntry(ctx, entry, {});
+  const { w, h, lineH } = entry._overlayLayout;
+  assert.equal(w, 104, '96px image plus the shared 4px padding on each side');
+  assert.equal(h, 4 + 72 + 2 + 13 + lineH + 4, 'exactly one creator line');
+  const placement = { rect: { x: 10, y: 20, w, h } };
+  paintThumbnail(ctx, entry, placement);
+  const text = ctx.calls.filter(([name]) => name === 'fillText');
+  assert.equal(text.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(
+    text[0][1],
+    'A LONG SYNTHETI',
+    'the shared title character limit remains active',
+  );
+  assert.equal(text[1][1], '© A very long s…');
+  for (const [, label, x] of text) {
+    assert.equal(x, 14);
+    assert.ok(ctx.measureText(label).width <= 96, label);
+  }
+});
+
 test('tracked painter preserves centered multi-line readout metrics', () => {
   const ctx = mockContext();
   const entry = {
@@ -482,15 +677,24 @@ test('shared tactical painter preserves FIRMS card metrics and top-rule treatmen
     verticalOnly: true,
   })[0];
   assert.equal(paintTacticalCard(ctx, entry, placement, 0.5), placement.rect);
-  assert.deepEqual(ctx.calls.find(([name]) => name === 'moveTo'), ['moveTo', 200, 146]);
-  assert.equal(ctx.calls.filter(([name]) => name === 'stroke').length, 2, 'leader + selected border');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ctx.calls.find(([name]) => name === 'moveTo'),
+    ['moveTo', 200, 146],
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    ctx.calls.filter(([name]) => name === 'stroke').length,
+    2,
+    'leader + selected border',
+  );
   assert.equal(ctx.calls.filter(([name]) => name === 'fillText').length, 3);
   assert.equal(ctx.calls.at(-1)[0], 'restore');
 });
 
 test('selected elbow leader reveals from the glyph before its card fades in', () => {
   const animation = {
-    leaderAnimationMs: 1000, leaderAnimationStartedAt: 100, leaderDrawRatio: 0.7,
+    leaderAnimationMs: 1000,
+    leaderAnimationStartedAt: 100,
+    leaderDrawRatio: 0.7,
   };
   assert.equal(leaderRevealProgress(animation, 100), 0);
   assert.ok(leaderRevealProgress(animation, 450) > 0.8);
@@ -500,20 +704,44 @@ test('selected elbow leader reveals from the glyph before its card fades in', ()
   assert.equal(tacticalCardRevealAlpha(animation, 1100), 1);
   const ctx = mockContext();
   const entry = {
-    variant: 'selected', selected: true, cardStyle: 'tactical', title: 'ALPR-2516',
-    details: ['OSM MAPPED'], accent: '#ff6474', leaderStyle: 'elbow',
-    leaderAnimationMs: 1, leaderAnimationStartedAt: 0,
+    variant: 'selected',
+    selected: true,
+    cardStyle: 'tactical',
+    title: 'ALPR-2516',
+    details: ['OSM MAPPED'],
+    accent: '#ff6474',
+    leaderStyle: 'elbow',
+    leaderAnimationMs: 1,
+    leaderAnimationStartedAt: 0,
   };
   entry._overlayLayout = measureOverlayEntry(ctx, entry, {});
   const placement = placementVariants({
-    anchorX: 240, anchorY: 180, width: entry._overlayLayout.w, height: entry._overlayLayout.h,
-    viewportWidth: 500, viewportHeight: 300, gap: 20, leaderOffset: 30, verticalOnly: true,
+    anchorX: 240,
+    anchorY: 180,
+    width: entry._overlayLayout.w,
+    height: entry._overlayLayout.h,
+    viewportWidth: 500,
+    viewportHeight: 300,
+    gap: 20,
+    leaderOffset: 30,
+    verticalOnly: true,
   })[0];
   paintTacticalCard(ctx, entry, placement, 1);
-  assert.deepEqual(ctx.calls.find(([name]) => name === 'moveTo'), ['moveTo', 210, 180]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ctx.calls.find(([name]) => name === 'moveTo'),
+    ['moveTo', 210, 180],
+  );
   const lines = ctx.calls.filter(([name]) => name === 'lineTo');
-  assert.ok(lines.length >= 2, 'leader draws horizontally from the glyph, then vertically to the card');
-  assert.ok(ctx.calls.some(([name, value]) => name === 'strokeStyle' && value === 'rgba(255, 100, 116, 0.95)'));
+  assert.ok(
+    lines.length >= 2,
+    'leader draws horizontally from the glyph, then vertically to the card',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    ctx.calls.some(
+      ([name, value]) =>
+        name === 'strokeStyle' && value === 'rgba(255, 100, 116, 0.95)',
+    ),
+  );
 });
 
 test('track display text is cached across measure and paint and invalidates on content change', () => {
@@ -558,16 +786,33 @@ function alphaProbe() {
   const ctx = mockContext();
   const alphas = { fill: [], text: [], stroke: [] };
   const inner = { fill: ctx.fill, fillText: ctx.fillText, stroke: ctx.stroke };
-  ctx.fill = function fill(...args) { alphas.fill.push(this.globalAlpha); return inner.fill.apply(this, args); };
-  ctx.fillText = function fillText(...args) { alphas.text.push(this.globalAlpha); return inner.fillText.apply(this, args); };
-  ctx.stroke = function stroke(...args) { alphas.stroke.push(this.globalAlpha); return inner.stroke.apply(this, args); };
+  ctx.fill = function fill(...args) {
+    alphas.fill.push(this.globalAlpha);
+    return inner.fill.apply(this, args);
+  };
+  ctx.fillText = function fillText(...args) {
+    alphas.text.push(this.globalAlpha);
+    return inner.fillText.apply(this, args);
+  };
+  ctx.stroke = function stroke(...args) {
+    alphas.stroke.push(this.globalAlpha);
+    return inner.stroke.apply(this, args);
+  };
   return { ctx, alphas };
 }
 
 const CALLOUT_FIXTURE = Object.freeze({
-  x: 20, y: 30, w: 80, h: 18,
-  primaryX: 27, microX: 70, baseline: 42,
-  leadFromX: 60, leadFromY: 60, leadToX: 60, leadToY: 48,
+  x: 20,
+  y: 30,
+  w: 80,
+  h: 18,
+  primaryX: 27,
+  microX: 70,
+  baseline: 42,
+  leadFromX: 60,
+  leadFromY: 60,
+  leadToX: 60,
+  leadToY: 48,
   plate: 'rgba(2, 18, 26, 0.52)',
   accent: '#22e0ff',
   label: 'rgba(200, 250, 255, 0.97)',
@@ -585,20 +830,36 @@ test('a sky-backed callout feathers its PLATE and nothing else', () => {
   const ground = alphaProbe();
   paintDetectionCallout(ground.ctx, { ...CALLOUT_FIXTURE, plateScale: 1 }, 0.8);
   const sky = alphaProbe();
-  paintDetectionCallout(sky.ctx, { ...CALLOUT_FIXTURE, plateScale: SKY_PLATE_SCALE }, 0.8);
+  paintDetectionCallout(
+    sky.ctx,
+    { ...CALLOUT_FIXTURE, plateScale: SKY_PLATE_SCALE },
+    0.8,
+  );
 
   // The plate is the FIRST fill; the tier accent bar is the second.
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(ground.alphas.fill[0] - 0.8) < 1e-12, 'ground keeps the full plate');
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(ground.alphas.fill[0] - 0.8) < 1e-12,
+    'ground keeps the full plate',
+  );
   assert.ok(
     Math.abs(sky.alphas.fill[0] - 0.8 * SKY_PLATE_SCALE) < 1e-12,
     'sky scales the plate by the token, not by some other number',
   );
   assert.deepEqual(
-    sky.alphas.fill.slice(1), ground.alphas.fill.slice(1),
+    sky.alphas.fill.slice(1),
+    ground.alphas.fill.slice(1),
     'the accent bar must not inherit the plate feather',
   );
-  assert.deepEqual(sky.alphas.text, ground.alphas.text, 'text opacity is untouched');
-  assert.deepEqual(sky.alphas.stroke, ground.alphas.stroke, 'the leader is untouched');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    sky.alphas.text,
+    ground.alphas.text,
+    'text opacity is untouched',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    sky.alphas.stroke,
+    ground.alphas.stroke,
+    'the leader is untouched',
+  );
   // Same fill token in both: the theme's plate hue is scaled, never swapped.
   assert.equal(
     sky.ctx.calls.find(([name]) => name === 'fillStyle')?.[1],
@@ -622,7 +883,12 @@ test('the sky plate scale is a whisper, not a second plate', () => {
   assert.ok(SKY_PLATE_SCALE > 0 && SKY_PLATE_SCALE <= 0.35);
   // Against the lightest shipped plate this must resolve to near-invisible.
   const lightest = Math.min(
-    ...Object.values(DETECTION_THEME_MAP).map((theme) => alphaOf(theme.calloutPlate)),
+    ...Object.values(DETECTION_THEME_MAP).map((theme) =>
+      alphaOf(theme.calloutPlate),
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    lightest * SKY_PLATE_SCALE < 0.12,
+    'the feathered plate must read as bare text',
   );
-  assert.ok(lightest * SKY_PLATE_SCALE < 0.12, 'the feathered plate must read as bare text');
 });
diff --git a/src/perfTestRunner.test.mjs b/src/perfTestRunner.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7ab99648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/perfTestRunner.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  mkdtempSync,
+  mkdirSync,
+  readFileSync,
+  rmSync,
+  writeFileSync,
+} from 'node:fs';
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import {
+  discoverPerfTestFiles,
+  perfBudgetTestOptions,
+  perfTestArgs,
+  runPerfTests,
+} from '../scripts/run-perf-tests.mjs';
+
+test('timing assertions are skipped with an actionable message unless explicitly enabled', () => {
+  for (const env of [
+    {},
+    { GEV_PERF_BUDGETS: '0' },
+    { GEV_PERF_BUDGETS: 'true' },
+  ])
+    assert.match(
+      perfBudgetTestOptions(env).skip,
+      /Timing budgets are opt-in; run npm run test:perf/,
+    );
+  assert.deepEqual(perfBudgetTestOptions({ GEV_PERF_BUDGETS: '1' }), {
+    skip: false,
+  });
+});
+
+test('test:perf discovers every benchmark and enables timing budgets in a serial process', (t) => {
+  const root = mkdtempSync(path.join(tmpdir(), 'gev-perf-runner-'));
+  t.after(() => rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true }));
+  const expected = [
+    'server/providers/example/provider.perf.test.mjs',
+    'src/layers/anotherLayer/model.perf.test.mjs',
+    'src/layers/wildlifeSightings/model.perf.test.mjs',
+  ];
+  for (const file of [
+    ...expected,
+    'src/layers/anotherLayer/functional.test.mjs',
+  ]) {
+    mkdirSync(path.dirname(path.join(root, file)), { recursive: true });
+    writeFileSync(path.join(root, file), '');
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(discoverPerfTestFiles(root), expected);
+  const calls = [];
+  const run = (...args) => {
+    calls.push(args);
+    return { status: 7 };
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    runPerfTests({
+      root,
+      env: { GEV_PERF_BUDGETS: '0', SENTINEL: 'kept' },
+      run,
+    }),
+    7,
+  );
+  assert.equal(calls.length, 1);
+  const [command, args, options] = calls[0];
+  assert.equal(command, process.execPath);
+  assert.deepEqual(args, perfTestArgs(expected));
+  assert.ok(args.includes('--test-concurrency=1'));
+  assert.ok(args.includes('--test-isolation=none'));
+  assert.equal(options.cwd, root);
+  assert.equal(options.env.GEV_PERF_BUDGETS, '1');
+  assert.equal(options.env.SENTINEL, 'kept');
+  assert.throws(
+    () =>
+      runPerfTests({ root, run: () => ({ error: new Error('spawn failed') }) }),
+    /spawn failed/,
+  );
+  const pkg = JSON.parse(
+    readFileSync(new URL('../package.json', import.meta.url), 'utf8'),
+  );
+  assert.equal(pkg.scripts['test:perf'], 'node scripts/run-perf-tests.mjs');
+});
diff --git a/src/share/viewCodec.js b/src/share/viewCodec.js
index 8ac00f51b..f54ff23d8 100644
--- a/src/share/viewCodec.js
+++ b/src/share/viewCodec.js
@@ -297,6 +297,7 @@ export const SHARE_VIEW_LAYER_OPTION_ABSENT = Object.freeze({
     sinceDays: 0,
   }),
   radio: Object.freeze({ filter: 'all', volume: 0.8 }),
+  'wildlife-sightings': Object.freeze({ confirmed: false, taxa: 'all' }),
 });
 
 /** The frozen meaning of an omitted option; unlisted options are always written. */
diff --git a/src/sources/rateLimit.js b/src/sources/rateLimit.js
index 7c6094cf6..09356eb93 100644
--- a/src/sources/rateLimit.js
+++ b/src/sources/rateLimit.js
@@ -1,21 +1,26 @@
 /** Bounded per-key and aggregate request admission. */
 const RATE_LIMITER_MAX_KEYS = 2000;
 
-export function makeRateLimiter({ windowMs, max, globalMax }) {
+export function makeRateLimiter({
+  windowMs,
+  max,
+  globalMax,
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+}) {
   const hits = new Map(); // key -> number[] (timestamps within window)
   let globalTimes = []; // all hits in window, for the global backstop
   return function allow(key) {
-    const now = Date.now();
-    globalTimes = globalTimes.filter((t) => now - t < windowMs);
+    const at = now();
+    globalTimes = globalTimes.filter((t) => at - t < windowMs);
     if (globalMax && globalTimes.length >= globalMax) return false; // global backstop
-    const recent = (hits.get(key) || []).filter((t) => now - t < windowMs);
+    const recent = (hits.get(key) || []).filter((t) => at - t < windowMs);
     if (recent.length >= max) {
       hits.set(key, recent);
       return false;
     }
-    recent.push(now);
+    recent.push(at);
     hits.set(key, recent);
-    globalTimes.push(now);
+    globalTimes.push(at);
     // Hard key cap so a key-rotating caller can't grow the map without bound.
     if (hits.size > RATE_LIMITER_MAX_KEYS) {
       const oldest = hits.keys().next().value;
@@ -23,7 +28,7 @@ export function makeRateLimiter({ windowMs, max, globalMax }) {
     }
     if (hits.size > 256) {
       for (const [k, v] of hits) {
-        if (!v.length || now - v[v.length - 1] > windowMs) hits.delete(k);
+        if (!v.length || at - v[v.length - 1] > windowMs) hits.delete(k);
       }
     }
     return true;
diff --git a/src/sources/rateLimit.test.mjs b/src/sources/rateLimit.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb2ce46c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/sources/rateLimit.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { makeRateLimiter } from './rateLimit.js';
+
+test('injected time drives per-client and global rolling limits', () => {
+  let at = 1000;
+  const allow = makeRateLimiter({
+    windowMs: 60_000,
+    max: 2,
+    globalMax: 3,
+    now: () => at,
+  });
+  assert.equal(allow('a'), true);
+  assert.equal(allow('a'), true);
+  assert.equal(allow('a'), false);
+  assert.equal(allow('b'), true);
+  assert.equal(allow('c'), false);
+  at += 59_999;
+  assert.equal(allow('a'), false);
+  at += 1;
+  assert.equal(allow('a'), true);
+  assert.equal(allow('c'), true);
+});
diff --git a/src/sources/reference.js b/src/sources/reference.js
index 95ad89d8a..53f22ff67 100644
--- a/src/sources/reference.js
+++ b/src/sources/reference.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { createWfigsPerimeterSource } from '../layers/perimeters/source.js';
 import { createDroneAirspaceSource } from '../layers/droneAirspace/source.js';
 import { createBundledCableSource } from '../layers/submarineCables/bundledSource.js';
 import { createAdsbGnssSource } from '../layers/gnss/source.js';
+import { createWildlifeSightingsSource } from '../layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js';
 
 /** Construct the existing reference feeds independently of application setup. */
 export function createReferenceSources() {
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ export function createReferenceSources() {
     'air-quality': createEcccAirQualitySource(),
     'fire-perimeters': createWfigsPerimeterSource(),
     'drone-airspace': createDroneAirspaceSource(),
+    'wildlife-sightings': createWildlifeSightingsSource(),
     cables: createBundledCableSource(),
     'gnss-integrity': createAdsbGnssSource(),
   };
diff --git a/src/sources/reference.test.mjs b/src/sources/reference.test.mjs
index da129f539..130c915d2 100644
--- a/src/sources/reference.test.mjs
+++ b/src/sources/reference.test.mjs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ test('reference factories retain compatibility without starting acquisition or s
     'air-quality',
     'fire-perimeters',
     'drone-airspace',
+    'wildlife-sightings',
     'cables',
     'gnss-integrity',
   ]);
@@ -24,12 +25,14 @@ test('reference factories retain compatibility without starting acquisition or s
   assert.notEqual(first['air-quality'], second['air-quality']);
   assert.notEqual(first['fire-perimeters'], second['fire-perimeters']);
   assert.notEqual(first['drone-airspace'], second['drone-airspace']);
+  assert.notEqual(first['wildlife-sightings'], second['wildlife-sightings']);
   assert.notEqual(first.cables, second.cables);
   assert.notEqual(first['gnss-integrity'], second['gnss-integrity']);
   assert.equal(typeof first.earthquakes.getSnapshot, 'function');
   assert.equal(typeof first['air-quality'].getSnapshot, 'function');
   assert.equal(typeof first['fire-perimeters'].getSnapshot, 'function');
   assert.equal(typeof first['drone-airspace'].getSnapshot, 'function');
+  assert.equal(typeof first['wildlife-sightings'].getSnapshot, 'function');
   assert.equal(typeof first.cables.fetch, 'function');
   assert.equal(typeof first['gnss-integrity'].getSnapshot, 'function');
   assert.equal(requests, 0);
diff --git a/src/testSupport/wildlifeBillboardModel.mjs b/src/testSupport/wildlifeBillboardModel.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..78e0e5ed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/testSupport/wildlifeBillboardModel.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createWildlifeBillboardModel } from '../layers/wildlifeSightings/billboardModel.js';
+import { buildWildlifeIconModel } from '../layers/wildlifeSightings/model.js';
+
+export const WILDLIFE_BENCHMARK_REFRESHES = 10;
+const ICONICS = ['Aves', 'Mammalia', 'Reptilia', 'Plantae', 'Unknown'];
+
+export function syntheticRows(n) {
+  return Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => ({
+    stableId: `synthetic:${i}`,
+    lat: -60 + (i % 1000) * 0.12,
+    lon: -179 + (i % 2000) * 0.179,
+    iconic: ICONICS[i % ICONICS.length],
+    quality: 'research',
+    count: null,
+    obscured: false,
+    cell: null,
+  }));
+}
+
+export function harness() {
+  const points = new Set();
+  const counters = { created: 0, destroyed: 0, writes: 0, positions: 0 };
+  const collection = {
+    add(options) {
+      const point = new Proxy(
+        { show: true, ...options },
+        {
+          set(target, key, value) {
+            counters.writes += 1;
+            target[key] = value;
+            return true;
+          },
+        },
+      );
+      points.add(point);
+      counters.created += 1;
+      return point;
+    },
+    remove(point) {
+      assert.equal(points.delete(point), true);
+      counters.destroyed += 1;
+    },
+    removeAll() {
+      throw new Error('A refresh must never clear the billboard collection');
+    },
+  };
+  const appearance = new Map(
+    ICONICS.map((iconic) => [
+      iconic,
+      {
+        image: `cached:${iconic}`,
+        color: iconic,
+        scale: 1,
+      },
+    ]),
+  );
+  const pointById = new Map();
+  const model = createWildlifeBillboardModel({
+    collection,
+    pointById,
+    positions: new Map(),
+    positionForRow(row) {
+      counters.positions += 1;
+      return { x: row.lon, y: row.lat };
+    },
+    appearanceForGroup: (group) => appearance.get(group),
+  });
+  const apply = (rows) => {
+    const population = buildWildlifeIconModel({ rows });
+    return model.update(population.rows);
+  };
+  return { apply, counters, model, pointById, points };
+}
+
+export function changePositions(rows, refresh) {
+  return rows.map((row, i) =>
+    i % 10 === 0
+      ? { ...row, lat: row.lat + (refresh % 2 ? 0.001 : -0.001) }
+      : row,
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/tooling/previewServing.test.mjs b/src/tooling/previewServing.test.mjs
index 1b9232566..daaf78386 100644
--- a/src/tooling/previewServing.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/previewServing.test.mjs
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ test('data providers have both hooks; credential editing stays development-only'
   assert.ok(plugins.some(({ name }) => name === 'gnss-integrity'));
   assert.ok(plugins.some(({ name }) => name === 'ghostmaps'));
   assert.ok(plugins.some(({ name }) => name === 'drone-airspace'));
+  assert.ok(plugins.some(({ name }) => name === 'inaturalist'));
+  assert.ok(plugins.some(({ name }) => name === 'acartia'));
   for (const plugin of plugins) {
     if (plugin.name === 'gev-key-setup') {
       assert.equal(plugin.configurePreviewServer, undefined);
@@ -114,6 +116,8 @@ test('real dev and built-preview servers serve provider JSON and terminate unkno
         ['/api/fire-perimeters/inciweb/publication/invalid', 400],
         ['/api/gnss-integrity?lat=invalid', 400],
         ['/api/ghostmaps/unknown', 404],
+        ['/api/inaturalist/unknown', 404],
+        ['/api/acartia/unknown', 404],
         ['/api/terrain/heights?points=invalid', 400],
         ['/api/overpass', 405],
         ['/api/overpass/status', 200],
diff --git a/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs b/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs
index a879eac5c..0b4af4a16 100644
--- a/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/transitQa.test.mjs
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ test('public transit documentation uses courtesy attribution and the approved gr
   );
   assert.ok(
     readme.includes(
-      'Twenty-one layers and map sources. **Nineteen have a keyless path.**',
+      'Twenty-two layers and map sources. **Twenty have a keyless path.**',
     ),
   );
   assert.ok(
diff --git a/src/ui/applicationShell.js b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
index c3ad27c14..ac921b34b 100644
--- a/src/ui/applicationShell.js
+++ b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { CockpitCoordinator } from './cockpitCoordinator.js';
 import { ContextControls } from './context.js';
 import { CctvControls } from './cctv.js';
 import { StreetLevelControls } from './streetLevelControls.js';
+import { createWildlifeSightingCard } from './wildlifeSightingCard.js';
 import { RadioControls } from './radio.js';
 import { LocalSdrControls } from './localSdrControls.js';
 import { LocationNavigation } from './locationNavigation.js';
@@ -589,6 +590,7 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
     this._initRadioPanel();
     this._initCctvPanel();
     this._initStreetLevelPanel();
+    this._initWildlifeSightingCard();
     this._initGlobalContextPanel();
     this._initLocationBar();
     this._initMobileShell();
@@ -1073,6 +1075,19 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
     return this._runExplicitNavigation('camera', () => focus(cameraId));
   }
 
+  /** Keep one compact card anchored to the selected wildlife sighting. */
+  _initWildlifeSightingCard() {
+    this._wildlifeSightingCard?.destroy();
+    this._wildlifeSightingCard = null;
+    const layer = this.services.wildlifeSightingsLayer;
+    if (!layer) return;
+    this._wildlifeSightingCard = createWildlifeSightingCard({
+      layer,
+      ui: this._ui,
+      viewer: this.viewer,
+    });
+  }
+
   /** Compose the Street Level panel controls from its layer and application actions. */
   _initStreetLevelPanel() {
     const { streetLevelLayer } = this.services;
@@ -1791,6 +1806,7 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
     this._recording.destroy();
     this._mobileShell?.destroy();
     this._panelNavigation?.destroy();
+    this._wildlifeSightingCard?.destroy();
     this._ui.destroy();
     this._panelChrome.destroy();
     this._feedback.destroy();
diff --git a/src/ui/layerNames.js b/src/ui/layerNames.js
index 694d57066..bba7f96f7 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerNames.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerNames.js
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ export const LAYER_NAME_KEYS = Object.freeze({
   'fire-perimeters': msg('Fire Perimeters'),
   'gnss-integrity': msg('GNSS Integrity'),
   'drone-airspace': msg('Prohibited & Restricted Airspace'),
+  'wildlife-sightings': msg('Wildlife Sightings'),
   's2-ghostmaps': msg('S2 GhostMaps'),
   wind: msg('Wind'),
   'weather-radar': msg('Rain radar'),
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel.js b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
index b24e8be7b..30e4ec16b 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
@@ -80,6 +80,10 @@ const PANEL_GROUPS = [
       's2-ghostmaps',
     ],
   },
+  {
+    label: msg('Wildlife'),
+    ids: ['wildlife-sightings'],
+  },
   {
     label: msg('Weather'),
     ids: [
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs b/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs
index 73710e3fc..a87b3abd4 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs
@@ -34,6 +34,27 @@ test('panel presentation places Transit between Street Traffic and Bike Share in
   assert.equal(order.filter(({ id }) => id === 'transit').length, 1);
 });
 
+test('Wildlife follows Events and precedes Weather', () => {
+  const source = readFileSync(
+    new URL('./layerPanel.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const declarations = source.slice(
+    source.indexOf('const PANEL_GROUPS ='),
+    source.indexOf('const PANEL_POSITIONS ='),
+  );
+  const order = JSON.parse(
+    runInNewContext(
+      `const msg = (text) => text;\n${declarations}\nJSON.stringify(PANEL_ORDER)`,
+    ),
+  );
+  const wildlife = order.findIndex(({ id }) => id === 'wildlife-sightings');
+  assert.equal(order[wildlife].label, 'Wildlife');
+  assert.equal(order[wildlife - 1].id, 's2-ghostmaps');
+  assert.equal(order[wildlife + 1].id, 'air-quality');
+  assert.equal(order.filter(({ id }) => id === 'wildlife-sightings').length, 1);
+});
+
 test('partial feed controls distinguish incomplete records from stale data and outages', async () => {
   const { LayerPanel, layerFeedState, presentLayerToggle } =
     await import('./layerPanel.js');
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cyber.css b/src/ui/styles/cyber.css
index 4957cd769..4aaf5b1c2 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cyber.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cyber.css
@@ -716,6 +716,11 @@
   .data-icon::before {
   content: '⌁';
 }
+:root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
+  .data-toggle-row[data-layer-id='wildlife-sightings']
+  .data-icon::before {
+  content: '✿';
+}
 :root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
   .data-toggle-row[data-layer-id='radio']
   .data-icon::before {
@@ -1693,7 +1698,9 @@
   :root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
     body:not(.cockpit-mode)
     #left-panel-stack:has(> [data-panel-id]:not(.collapsed))
-    > :is(#data-panel, #cctv-panel, #utilities-panel, #scene-panel):not(.collapsed) {
+    > :is(#data-panel, #cctv-panel, #utilities-panel, #scene-panel):not(
+      .collapsed
+    ) {
     flex: 1 1 auto;
     height: auto;
     max-height: none;
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc92c7ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+<script setup>
+import { computed, shallowRef, useTemplateRef, watch } from 'vue';
+import { formatDate, t, translateKnown } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
+import { photoCreator, formatAge } from '../../../layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js';
+import { inatLicenceLabel, inatPhotoUrl, isOpenPhoto } from '../../../layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js';
+
+const props = defineProps({
+  sighting: { type: Object, required: true },
+  nowMs: { type: Number, required: true },
+  taxa: { type: String, default: 'all' },
+});
+const emit = defineEmits(['close', 'resize']);
+const acartia = computed(() => props.sighting.origin === 'acartia');
+const name = computed(() => translateKnown(props.sighting.commonName || props.sighting.scientificName) || t('SIGHTING'));
+const scientificName = computed(() => translateKnown(props.sighting.scientificName || ''));
+const photo = computed(() => {
+  const row = props.sighting;
+  if (row.obscured || acartia.value || !isOpenPhoto(row.photo)) return null;
+  const src = inatPhotoUrl(row.photo.square ?? row.photo.url, 'medium');
+  const creator = photoCreator(row.photo);
+  return src && creator ? { src, creator, licence: inatLicenceLabel(row.photo.license_code ?? row.photo.licence) } : null;
+});
+const observedDay = computed(() => {
+  const row = props.sighting;
+  const day = row.observedOn || (!row.obscured && Number.isFinite(row.observedAt) ? new Date(row.observedAt).toISOString().slice(0, 10) : '');
+  if (!/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/.test(day)) return '';
+  const date = new Date(`${day}T00:00:00Z`);
+  return Number.isFinite(date.getTime()) && date.toISOString().slice(0, 10) === day ? day : '';
+});
+const age = computed(() => {
+  const row = props.sighting;
+  const delta = props.nowMs - row.observedAt;
+  if (row.obscured || !Number.isFinite(row.observedAt) || delta >= 30 * 86_400_000) return '';
+  const compact = formatAge(Math.max(0, delta));
+  return acartia.value ? t('seen {age} ago', { age: compact }) : t('observed {age} ago', { age: compact });
+});
+const observedDate = computed(() => observedDay.value ? formatDate(Date.parse(`${observedDay.value}T00:00:00Z`), { year: 'numeric', month: 'short', day: 'numeric', timeZone: 'UTC' }) : '');
+const link = computed(() => {
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(props.sighting.link);
+    return url.protocol === 'https:' && !url.username && !url.password ? url.href : null;
+  } catch { return null; }
+});
+const providerCredit = computed(() => {
+  if (!acartia.value) return '';
+  const { name = '', entity = '' } = props.sighting.provider || {};
+  return entity ? t('Reported by {name} ({entity})', { name, entity }) : t('Reported by {name}', { name });
+});
+const actionLabel = computed(() => acartia.value ? t('Open {name} on Acartia', { name: name.value }) : t('Open {name} on iNaturalist', { name: name.value }));
+const photoImage = useTemplateRef('photoImage');
+const loaded = shallowRef(false);
+const failed = shallowRef(false);
+const currentImage = (image) => image === photoImage.value && image?.dataset.sightingId === props.sighting.stableId && image?.getAttribute('src') === photo.value?.src;
+async function onPhotoLoad(event) {
+  const image = event.currentTarget;
+  // Ignore late decodes after a different observation replaces this photo.
+  try { await image.decode?.(); } catch { /* onload is sufficient on older engines */ }
+  if (!currentImage(image)) return;
+  loaded.value = true;
+  emit('resize');
+}
+function fail(event) {
+  if (!currentImage(event.currentTarget)) return;
+  failed.value = true;
+  emit('resize');
+}
+watch([() => props.sighting.stableId, () => photo.value?.src], () => { loaded.value = false; failed.value = false; }, { flush: 'sync' });
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <section class="wildlife-sighting-card" data-wildlife-sighting-card tabindex="-1" :aria-label="name" @keydown.stop @keyup.stop>
+    <button type="button" class="wildlife-sighting-card-close" :aria-label="t('Close sighting')" @click="emit('close')">×</button>
+    <component :is="link ? 'a' : 'div'" class="wildlife-sighting-card-content" :href="link || undefined" :target="link ? '_blank' : undefined" :rel="link ? 'noopener noreferrer' : undefined" :aria-label="link ? actionLabel : undefined">
+      <div v-if="photo" class="wildlife-sighting-card-photo" :aria-busy="!loaded && !failed">
+        <p v-if="!loaded && !failed" role="status">{{ t('Loading photo...') }}</p>
+        <p v-if="failed" role="status">{{ t('Photo unavailable') }}</p>
+        <img v-show="!failed" ref="photoImage" :key="sighting.stableId + photo.src" :data-sighting-id="sighting.stableId" :src="photo.src" :alt="t('Photo of {name}', { name })" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" :class="{ loaded }" @load="onPhotoLoad" @error="fail" />
+      </div>
+      <div class="wildlife-sighting-card-caption">
+        <h2>{{ name }}</h2>
+        <p v-if="scientificName && scientificName !== name"><i>{{ scientificName }}</i></p>
+        <p v-if="age || observedDay"><time :datetime="observedDay || undefined">{{ age || observedDate }}</time></p>
+        <p v-if="sighting.obscured">{{ t('Location obscured to a 0.2° cell') }}</p>
+        <!-- i18n-ignore: creator and licence are provider attribution, copied verbatim -->
+        <p v-if="photo" class="wildlife-sighting-card-credit">© {{ photo.creator }} · {{ photo.licence }}</p>
+        <p v-if="providerCredit" class="wildlife-sighting-card-credit">{{ providerCredit }}</p>
+        <p v-if="acartia" class="wildlife-sighting-card-credit">{{ t('Acartia') }} · {{ t('CC BY 4.0') }} · {{ t('Salish Sea') }}</p>
+        <p v-if="link" class="wildlife-sighting-card-source">{{ acartia ? t('Acartia') : t('iNaturalist') }} ↗</p>
+      </div>
+    </component>
+    <p v-if="acartia || taxa === 'whales'" class="wildlife-sighting-card-guidance">
+      <a v-if="acartia && !/^https:\/\/acartia\.io\/?$/.test(link || '')" href="https://acartia.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">{{ t('Open on Acartia ↗') }}</a>
+      <a href="https://www.bewhalewise.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">{{ t('Be Whale Wise') }}</a>
+    </p>
+  </section>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.wildlife-sighting-card {
+  position: relative;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  width: 100%;
+  max-height: inherit;
+  overflow: auto;
+  padding: 8px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--glass-border-hover);
+  border-radius: var(--btn-radius);
+  background: var(--menu-bg);
+  color: var(--text-primary);
+  font: 11px/1.4 var(--font-mono);
+  box-shadow: 0 3px 16px rgb(0 0 0 / 30%);
+}
+.wildlife-sighting-card-content { display: block; color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-content:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--text-primary); outline-offset: 3px; }
+/* Script focus starts inside the card; tab focus still outlines its controls. */
+.wildlife-sighting-card:focus-visible { outline: none !important; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-close { position: absolute; z-index: 1; inset-block-start: 4px; inset-inline-end: 4px; width: 24px; height: 24px; padding: 0; border: 0; border-radius: var(--btn-radius); background: transparent; color: inherit; font: 20px/1 var(--font-sans); cursor: pointer; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-close:hover { background: var(--menu-bg); }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-close:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--text-primary); outline-offset: 2px; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-photo { position: relative; width: 100%; height: 180px; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-photo > p { position: absolute; inset: 0; display: grid; place-items: center; margin: 0; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-photo > img { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: contain; opacity: 0; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-photo > img.loaded { opacity: 1; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-caption { padding-top: 6px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-caption h2, .wildlife-sighting-card-caption p { margin: 0 0 3px; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-caption h2 { padding-inline-end: 20px; font: inherit; font-weight: 700; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-credit { color: var(--text-secondary); }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-guidance { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 12px; margin: 4px 0 0; color: var(--text-secondary); }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-guidance a { color: inherit; }
+.wildlife-sighting-card-source { text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 2px; }
+</style>
diff --git a/src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.js b/src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..390aedc47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.js
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+import { h, nextTick, shallowRef } from 'vue';
+import WildlifeSightingCard from './views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue';
+import {
+  panWildlifeSighting,
+  placeWildlifeSightingCard,
+  projectWildlifeSighting,
+  readWildlifeCardSafeArea,
+  WILDLIFE_SELECTED_CARD_WIDTH,
+  WILDLIFE_CARD_CHROME_SELECTORS,
+} from './wildlifeSightingPlacement.js';
+
+/** Anchor the selected sighting's photo and source link clear of map chrome. */
+export function createWildlifeSightingCard({
+  layer,
+  ui,
+  viewer = null,
+  documentRef = globalThis.document,
+  windowRef = globalThis.window,
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+  project = projectWildlifeSighting,
+  pan = panWildlifeSighting,
+}) {
+  const selected = shallowRef(null);
+  const host = documentRef.createElement('div');
+  host.dataset.wildlifeSightingCardHost = '';
+  Object.assign(host.style, {
+    position: 'fixed',
+    zIndex: '89',
+    display: 'none',
+    width: `${WILDLIFE_SELECTED_CARD_WIDTH}px`,
+  });
+  documentRef.body.append(host);
+  let destroyed = false;
+  let moving = false;
+  let removeFrame = null;
+  let returnFocus = null;
+  let panForId = null;
+  const removers = [];
+  const observed = new Set();
+  const resizeObserver = windowRef?.ResizeObserver
+    ? new windowRef.ResizeObserver(() => position())
+    : null;
+  const mutationObserver = windowRef?.MutationObserver
+    ? new windowRef.MutationObserver(() => position())
+    : null;
+
+  const chromeSelector = WILDLIFE_CARD_CHROME_SELECTORS.join(',');
+  const structureObserver = windowRef?.MutationObserver
+    ? new windowRef.MutationObserver((records) => {
+        if (destroyed || !selected.value) return;
+        const hasChromeChange = records.some((record) =>
+          [...record.addedNodes, ...record.removedNodes].some(
+            (node) =>
+              node.nodeType === 1 &&
+              !host.contains(node) &&
+              (node.matches(chromeSelector) ||
+                node.querySelector(chromeSelector)),
+          ),
+        );
+        if (!hasChromeChange) return;
+        // Newly mounted chrome can cover a previously clear anchor.
+        panForId = null;
+        position({ allowPan: true });
+      })
+    : null;
+
+  function observeLayout(elements) {
+    const next = new Set(
+      [host.firstElementChild, viewer?.scene?.canvas, ...elements].filter(
+        Boolean,
+      ),
+    );
+    let changed = false;
+    for (const element of observed) {
+      if (next.has(element)) continue;
+      resizeObserver?.unobserve(element);
+      observed.delete(element);
+      changed = true;
+    }
+    for (const element of next) {
+      if (observed.has(element)) continue;
+      observed.add(element);
+      resizeObserver?.observe(element);
+      changed = true;
+    }
+    if (!changed) return;
+    mutationObserver?.disconnect();
+    for (const element of observed) {
+      // Ignore HUD clock/text changes and the card's own positioning styles.
+      if (!host.contains(element))
+        mutationObserver?.observe(element, {
+          attributes: true,
+          attributeFilter: ['class', 'style', 'hidden'],
+        });
+    }
+  }
+
+  function position({ allowPan = false } = {}) {
+    if (destroyed || !selected.value || !host.firstElementChild) return;
+    const point = project(viewer, selected.value, layer);
+    if (!point || !Number.isFinite(point.x) || !Number.isFinite(point.y)) {
+      host.style.display = 'none';
+      return;
+    }
+    const safe = readWildlifeCardSafeArea({ documentRef, viewer, windowRef });
+    observeLayout(safe.elements);
+    host.style.width = `${Math.min(WILDLIFE_SELECTED_CARD_WIDTH, safe.bounds.width)}px`;
+    host.style.maxHeight = `${safe.bounds.height}px`;
+    host.style.display = 'block';
+    const rect = host.firstElementChild.getBoundingClientRect();
+    const result = placeWildlifeSightingCard(
+      point,
+      {
+        width:
+          rect.width ||
+          Math.min(WILDLIFE_SELECTED_CARD_WIDTH, safe.bounds.width),
+        height:
+          rect.height ||
+          (selected.value.photo &&
+          !selected.value.obscured &&
+          selected.value.origin !== 'acartia'
+            ? 300
+            : 132),
+      },
+      safe,
+    );
+    if (!result) {
+      host.style.display = 'none';
+      return;
+    }
+    if (
+      (result.pan.x || result.pan.y) &&
+      allowPan &&
+      panForId !== selected.value.stableId
+    ) {
+      panForId = selected.value.stableId;
+      const reduced =
+        windowRef?.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches ===
+        true;
+      pan(viewer, point, result.anchor, reduced);
+    }
+    host.style.left = `${result.left}px`;
+    host.style.top = `${result.top}px`;
+    host.dataset.placement = result.placement;
+  }
+
+  const unmount = ui.mount(
+    {
+      setup: () => () =>
+        selected.value
+          ? h(WildlifeSightingCard, {
+              sighting: selected.value,
+              nowMs: now(),
+              taxa: layer.getParams?.()?.taxa,
+              onClose: () => {
+                if (!destroyed) layer.clearSightingSelection();
+              },
+              onResize: () => position(),
+            })
+          : null,
+    },
+    host,
+  );
+
+  function restoreFocus() {
+    if (returnFocus?.isConnected) returnFocus.focus?.({ preventScroll: true });
+    returnFocus = null;
+  }
+  const unsubscribe = layer.subscribeSelection((row, metadata) => {
+    if (destroyed) return;
+    const fresh = row?.stableId !== selected.value?.stableId;
+    if (row && !selected.value) {
+      returnFocus = documentRef.activeElement;
+      structureObserver?.observe(documentRef.body, {
+        childList: true,
+        subtree: true,
+      });
+    }
+    selected.value = row;
+    if (!row) {
+      host.style.display = 'none';
+      panForId = null;
+      removeFrame?.();
+      removeFrame = null;
+      resizeObserver?.disconnect();
+      mutationObserver?.disconnect();
+      structureObserver?.disconnect();
+      observed.clear();
+      restoreFocus();
+      return;
+    }
+    if (fresh) panForId = null;
+    nextTick(() => {
+      if (destroyed || !selected.value) return;
+      position({ allowPan: fresh || metadata?.explicitSelection === true });
+      if (moving) startFrameUpdates();
+      // Focus the container so keyboard navigation starts inside the card.
+      if (fresh)
+        host
+          .querySelector('[data-wildlife-sighting-card]')
+          ?.focus?.({ preventScroll: true });
+    });
+  });
+
+  const keydown = (event) => {
+    if (!selected.value || event.key !== 'Escape') return;
+    event.preventDefault();
+    event.stopImmediatePropagation();
+    layer.clearSightingSelection();
+  };
+  const outside = (event) => {
+    if (!selected.value || host.contains(event.target)) return;
+    // The layer selects on pointer-up; its following click must keep the card open.
+    const canvas = viewer?.scene?.canvas;
+    if (canvas && (event.target === canvas || canvas.contains?.(event.target)))
+      return;
+    layer.clearSightingSelection();
+  };
+  documentRef.addEventListener('keydown', keydown, true);
+  documentRef.addEventListener('click', outside, true);
+  const onResize = () => position();
+  windowRef?.addEventListener('resize', onResize);
+
+  function listen(event, callback) {
+    const remove = event?.addEventListener?.(callback);
+    if (typeof remove === 'function') removers.push(remove);
+    else if (event?.removeEventListener)
+      removers.push(() => event.removeEventListener(callback));
+  }
+  function startFrameUpdates() {
+    if (!selected.value || removeFrame) return;
+    // Installed only for camera motion; an idle card has zero per-frame work.
+    removeFrame =
+      viewer?.scene?.preRender?.addEventListener?.(() => position()) || null;
+  }
+  listen(viewer?.camera?.moveStart, () => {
+    moving = true;
+    startFrameUpdates();
+  });
+  listen(viewer?.camera?.moveEnd, () => {
+    moving = false;
+    removeFrame?.();
+    removeFrame = null;
+    position();
+  });
+  listen(viewer?.camera?.changed, () => {
+    if (!moving) position();
+  });
+
+  return {
+    /** Release the card, selection subscription and placement listeners. */
+    destroy() {
+      if (destroyed) return;
+      destroyed = true;
+      unsubscribe?.();
+      for (const remove of removers) remove();
+      removeFrame?.();
+      resizeObserver?.disconnect();
+      mutationObserver?.disconnect();
+      structureObserver?.disconnect();
+      documentRef.removeEventListener('keydown', keydown, true);
+      documentRef.removeEventListener('click', outside, true);
+      windowRef?.removeEventListener('resize', onResize);
+      unmount();
+      host.remove();
+      selected.value = null;
+      restoreFocus();
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.test.mjs b/src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7837af7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,767 @@
+import '../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { nextTick } from 'vue';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { getLocale, setLocale, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { LOCALES } from '../i18n/locale.js';
+import { createSelection } from '../layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.js';
+import { buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry } from '../layers/wildlifeSightings/cards.js';
+import { createWildlifeSightingCard } from './wildlifeSightingCard.js';
+import {
+  panWildlifeSighting,
+  placeWildlifeSightingCard,
+  readWildlifeCardSafeArea,
+} from './wildlifeSightingPlacement.js';
+import { createUiRuntime } from './vueRuntime.js';
+import { PANEL_RAIL_ITEMS } from './panelRailCatalog.js';
+import { sheetForPanelId } from './mobileShell.js';
+
+const NOW = Date.parse('2026-11-04T13:00:00Z');
+const square =
+  'https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/456/square.jpg';
+const row = {
+  stableId: 'inat:456',
+  origin: 'inaturalist',
+  lat: 0,
+  lon: 0,
+  commonName: 'Synthetic bird',
+  scientificName: 'Avis imaginaria',
+  iconic: 'Aves',
+  observedAt: NOW - 3_600_000,
+  observedOn: '2026-11-04',
+  obscured: false,
+  photo: {
+    square,
+    attribution: '(c) Synthetic Photographer, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)',
+    licence: 'cc-by-sa',
+  },
+  link: 'https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/456',
+};
+const rect = (left, top, width, height) => ({
+  left,
+  top,
+  width,
+  height,
+  right: left + width,
+  bottom: top + height,
+});
+const events = () => {
+  const listeners = new Set();
+  return {
+    addEventListener(fn) {
+      listeners.add(fn);
+      return () => listeners.delete(fn);
+    },
+    emit() {
+      for (const fn of listeners) fn();
+    },
+    size: () => listeners.size,
+  };
+};
+const settle = async () => {
+  await nextTick();
+  await Promise.resolve();
+  await nextTick();
+};
+
+// All scene rows, media events and rectangles are synthetic. Browser image
+// requests are disabled; decode resolution below proves the photo is exposed
+// only after it has loaded into the compact card.
+function fixture(
+  context,
+  initialRow = row,
+  point = { x: 600, y: 450 },
+  extraWindow = {},
+) {
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  const opener = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('button'));
+  opener.textContent = 'Globe';
+  opener.focus();
+  const canvas = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('canvas'));
+  canvas.getBoundingClientRect = () => rect(0, 0, 1200, 900);
+  const windowRef = {
+    innerWidth: 1200,
+    innerHeight: 900,
+    getComputedStyle: window.getComputedStyle.bind(window),
+    addEventListener() {},
+    removeEventListener() {},
+    matchMedia: () => ({ matches: false }),
+    ...extraWindow,
+  };
+  const ui = createUiRuntime();
+  const overlays = new Map();
+  const moveStart = events();
+  const moveEnd = events();
+  const changed = events();
+  const preRender = events();
+  const viewer = {
+    scene: { canvas, preRender, pick: () => picked },
+    camera: { moveStart, moveEnd, changed },
+  };
+  const state = {
+    enabled: true,
+    destroyed: false,
+    selectedId: null,
+    selectedRow: null,
+    ambientRows: [],
+    rowById: new Map([[initialRow.stableId, initialRow]]),
+    positions: new Map([[initialRow.stableId, { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 }]]),
+    contextIds: new Set(),
+    viewer,
+  };
+  let picked = null;
+  let hit = null;
+  let onClick;
+  let clears = 0;
+  let staleListener;
+  const subscriptions = new Set();
+  const flights = [];
+  const pans = [];
+  const selection = createSelection({
+    state,
+    services: {
+      now: () => NOW,
+      cesium: { ScreenSpaceEventType: { LEFT_CLICK: 0 } },
+      overlayHost: {
+        setEntries: (id, entries) => overlays.set(id, entries),
+        hitTest: (_x, _y, { sourceId }) =>
+          hit?.sourceId === sourceId ? hit : null,
+      },
+      screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory: () => ({
+        setInputAction(fn) {
+          onClick = fn;
+        },
+        destroy() {},
+      }),
+      focus: { requestWorldFocus: (value) => flights.push(value) },
+    },
+    parts: {
+      rendering: { refreshSelection() {}, requestRender() {} },
+    },
+  });
+  const layer = {
+    getParams: () => ({ taxa: 'all' }),
+    subscribeSelection(listener) {
+      staleListener = listener;
+      subscriptions.add(listener);
+      const off = selection.subscribe(listener);
+      return () => {
+        subscriptions.delete(listener);
+        off();
+      };
+    },
+    clearSightingSelection() {
+      clears++;
+      selection.clearAndRebuild();
+    },
+  };
+  let currentPoint = point;
+  let projections = 0;
+  const card = createWildlifeSightingCard({
+    layer,
+    ui,
+    viewer,
+    documentRef: document,
+    windowRef,
+    now: () => NOW,
+    project: () => {
+      projections++;
+      return currentPoint;
+    },
+    pan: (_viewer, from, to, reduced) => {
+      pans.push({ from, to, reduced });
+      currentPoint = to;
+      return true;
+    },
+  });
+  selection.install();
+  context.after(() => {
+    card.destroy();
+    selection.destroy();
+    ui.destroy();
+  });
+  return {
+    state,
+    selection,
+    layer,
+    card,
+    viewer,
+    windowRef,
+    overlays,
+    flights,
+    pans,
+    projections: () => projections,
+    subscriptions,
+    opener,
+    canvas,
+    moveStart,
+    moveEnd,
+    preRender,
+    cardElement: () => document.querySelector('[data-wildlife-sighting-card]'),
+    host: () => document.querySelector('[data-wildlife-sighting-card-host]'),
+    staleListener: () => staleListener,
+    clears: () => clears,
+    async click(kind = 'dot', target = initialRow) {
+      picked =
+        kind === 'icon'
+          ? { primitive: { id: `wildlife:${target.stableId}` } }
+          : { id: `wildlife:${target.stableId}` };
+      hit =
+        kind === 'ambient photo card'
+          ? {
+              sourceId: 'wildlife-sightings',
+              entry: buildWildlifeThumbnailEntry(target, NOW, {
+                select: selection.selectAndFocus,
+              }),
+            }
+          : null;
+      onClick({ position: { x: 50, y: 50 } });
+      await settle();
+    },
+    async publish(next) {
+      if (next) {
+        state.rowById.set(next.stableId, next);
+        if (state.selectedId === next.stableId) state.selectedRow = next;
+      }
+      selection.notify();
+      await settle();
+    },
+    obstacle(selector, bounds) {
+      const element = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+      if (selector.startsWith('#')) element.id = selector.slice(1);
+      else element.className = selector.slice(1);
+      element.getBoundingClientRect = () => bounds;
+      return element;
+    },
+    setPoint(next) {
+      currentPoint = next;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('dot, icon and ambient photo clicks open one contained medium-photo card at the sighting', async (context) => {
+  for (const kind of ['dot', 'icon', 'ambient photo card'])
+    await context.test(kind, async (context) => {
+      const f = fixture(context);
+      await f.click(kind);
+      const card = f.cardElement();
+      const image = card.querySelector('img');
+      assert.equal(f.state.selectedId, row.stableId);
+      assert.equal(
+        document.querySelector('dialog'),
+        null,
+        'there is no fullscreen or modal dialog',
+      );
+      assert.equal(image.src, square.replace('/square.', '/medium.'));
+      assert.equal(image.referrerPolicy, 'no-referrer');
+      assert.equal(card.querySelector('h2').textContent, row.commonName);
+      assert.equal(card.querySelector('i').textContent, row.scientificName);
+      assert.equal(card.querySelector('time').textContent, 'observed 1h ago');
+      assert.ok(
+        card.textContent.includes('© Synthetic Photographer · CC BY-SA'),
+      );
+      const link = card.querySelector('a');
+      assert.equal(link.href, row.link);
+      assert.equal(link.target, '_blank');
+      assert.equal(link.rel, 'noopener noreferrer');
+      assert.equal(
+        link.getAttribute('aria-label'),
+        `Open ${row.commonName} on iNaturalist`,
+      );
+      assert.equal(
+        link.querySelector('.wildlife-sighting-card-source').textContent,
+        'iNaturalist ↗',
+      );
+      assert.ok(
+        link.contains(image),
+        'the photograph and text are one external action',
+      );
+      assert.equal(f.flights.length, 1);
+      assert.equal(f.flights[0].kind, 'sighting');
+      assert.deepEqual(
+        f.flights[0].position,
+        f.state.positions.get(row.stableId),
+      );
+      assert.equal(f.pans.length, 0);
+      assert.equal(
+        f.preRender.size(),
+        0,
+        'an idle card installs no frame work',
+      );
+      let decoded;
+      image.decode = () =>
+        new Promise((resolve) => {
+          decoded = resolve;
+        });
+      image.dispatchEvent(new Event('load'));
+      await settle();
+      assert.equal(
+        image.classList.contains('loaded'),
+        false,
+        'a request alone does not expose an empty frame',
+      );
+      decoded();
+      await settle();
+      assert.equal(
+        image.classList.contains('loaded'),
+        true,
+        'the loaded medium photo is painted inside the card',
+      );
+      assert.equal(card.querySelector('[role=status]'), null);
+      const style = readFileSync(
+        new URL('./views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue', import.meta.url),
+        'utf8',
+      );
+      assert.match(style, /object-fit: contain/);
+      assert.match(style, /height: 180px/);
+    });
+});
+
+test('missing, restricted, obscured and Acartia photos all use the same compact text card', async (context) => {
+  for (const [label, extra] of [
+    ['missing', { photo: null }],
+    ['restricted', { photo: { ...row.photo, licence: 'cc-by-nd' } }],
+    [
+      'untrusted',
+      { photo: { ...row.photo, square: 'https://other.example/square.jpg' } },
+    ],
+    ['uncredited', { photo: { ...row.photo, attribution: '' } }],
+    ['obscured', { obscured: true }],
+    [
+      'Acartia',
+      {
+        origin: 'acartia',
+        stableId: 'acartia:456',
+        provider: { name: 'Synthetic network' },
+        link: 'https://acartia.io',
+      },
+    ],
+  ])
+    await context.test(label, async (context) => {
+      const f = fixture(context, { ...row, ...extra });
+      await f.click();
+      const card = f.cardElement();
+      assert.equal(card.querySelector('img'), null);
+      assert.equal(card.querySelector('[role=status]'), null);
+      assert.equal(card.querySelector('h2').textContent, row.commonName);
+      assert.equal(card.querySelector('i').textContent, row.scientificName);
+      assert.equal(document.querySelector('dialog'), null);
+      if (extra.obscured) {
+        assert.doesNotMatch(card.textContent, /ago|Photographer/);
+        assert.ok(
+          card.textContent.includes('Location obscured to a 0.2° cell'),
+        );
+        assert.equal(
+          card.querySelector('time').getAttribute('datetime'),
+          row.observedOn,
+        );
+      }
+      if (extra.origin === 'acartia') {
+        assert.ok(card.textContent.includes('seen 1h ago'));
+        assert.ok(card.textContent.includes('Reported by Synthetic network'));
+        assert.ok(
+          card.textContent.includes('Acartia · CC BY 4.0 · Salish Sea'),
+        );
+        assert.ok(card.querySelector('a[href="https://www.bewhalewise.org"]'));
+        assert.equal(
+          card.querySelector('a').getAttribute('aria-label'),
+          `Open ${row.commonName} on Acartia`,
+        );
+      }
+    });
+});
+
+test('safe placements near each viewport edge exclude actual HUD, toolbar and rail rects', () => {
+  const obstacles = [
+    rect(0, 0, 260, 160),
+    rect(450, 0, 300, 80),
+    rect(1050, 200, 150, 500),
+    rect(0, 760, 300, 140),
+  ];
+  const safe = { bounds: rect(6, 6, 1188, 888), obstacles };
+  for (const point of [
+    { x: 7, y: 450 },
+    { x: 1193, y: 750 },
+    { x: 850, y: 7 },
+    { x: 600, y: 893 },
+  ]) {
+    const result = placeWildlifeSightingCard(
+      point,
+      { width: 258, height: 300 },
+      safe,
+    );
+    assert.ok(result);
+    assert.deepEqual(result.pan, { x: 0, y: 0 });
+    assert.ok(
+      result.left >= safe.bounds.left && result.right <= safe.bounds.right,
+    );
+    assert.ok(
+      result.top >= safe.bounds.top && result.bottom <= safe.bounds.bottom,
+    );
+    assert.ok(
+      obstacles.every(
+        (r) =>
+          !(
+            result.left < r.right &&
+            result.right > r.left &&
+            result.top < r.bottom &&
+            result.bottom > r.top
+          ),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('a selected dot flies to its true position and its card pans clear of chrome', async (context) => {
+  const f = fixture(context, row, { x: 100, y: 100 });
+  const hud = f.obstacle('.hud-top-left', rect(0, 0, 260, 160));
+  f.obstacle('#right-context-rail', rect(1040, 200, 160, 700));
+  f.windowRef.matchMedia = () => ({ matches: true });
+  await f.click();
+  assert.equal(f.pans.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(f.pans[0].reduced, true);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    f.pans[0].to,
+    { x: 100, y: 178 },
+    'nearest clear point follows the measured HUD bottom',
+  );
+  const safe = readWildlifeCardSafeArea({
+    documentRef: document,
+    viewer: f.viewer,
+    windowRef: f.windowRef,
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    safe.obstacles[0].bottom,
+    hud.getBoundingClientRect().bottom + 6,
+  );
+  assert.equal(f.flights.length, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(f.flights[0].position, f.state.positions.get(row.stableId));
+  f.moveEnd.emit();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(f.pans.length, 1);
+  f.layer.clearSightingSelection();
+  await settle();
+  f.setPoint({ x: -20, y: 400 });
+  await f.click();
+  assert.equal(f.pans.length, 2);
+  assert.deepEqual(f.pans[1].to, { x: 18, y: 400 });
+});
+
+test('the camera correction preserves altitude and orientation and honors reduced motion', () => {
+  const flights = [];
+  const camera = {
+    positionWC: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 0, 250_000),
+    positionCartographic: { height: 250_000 },
+    heading: 0.2,
+    pitch: -1.2,
+    roll: 0.1,
+    pickEllipsoid: (p) => Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(p.x / 100, p.y / 100),
+    flyTo: (value) => flights.push(value),
+  };
+  const viewer = {
+    camera,
+    scene: {
+      canvas: { getBoundingClientRect: () => rect(0, 0, 1200, 900) },
+      globe: { ellipsoid: Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84 },
+    },
+  };
+  for (const reduced of [false, true]) {
+    assert.equal(
+      panWildlifeSighting(viewer, { x: 10, y: 10 }, { x: 30, y: 50 }, reduced),
+      true,
+    );
+    const flight = flights.at(-1);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(
+        Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(flight.destination).height - 250_000,
+      ) < 0.001,
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(flight.orientation, {
+      heading: 0.2,
+      pitch: -1.2,
+      roll: 0.1,
+    });
+    assert.equal(flight.duration, reduced ? 0 : 0.22);
+  }
+});
+
+test('the browser click that follows a globe selection does not close the card it opened', async (context) => {
+  const f = fixture(context);
+  await f.click();
+  assert.ok(f.cardElement(), 'the globe click opened the card');
+  assert.equal(
+    document.activeElement,
+    f.cardElement(),
+    'focus lands on the card, not as a ring on its close button',
+  );
+  // Cesium selects on pointer-up; the DOM click event lands on the canvas
+  // afterwards and must not count as an outside click.
+  f.canvas.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('click', { bubbles: true }));
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(f.cardElement(), 'the card stays open');
+  assert.equal(f.clears(), 0);
+  document.body.click();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(f.cardElement(), null, 'a real outside click still closes it');
+});
+
+test('one card at a time, Escape, outside clicks and close all clear the selection', async (context) => {
+  const f = fixture(context);
+  await f.click();
+  const second = {
+    ...row,
+    stableId: 'inat:789',
+    commonName: 'Another synthetic bird',
+  };
+  f.state.rowById.set(second.stableId, second);
+  await f.click('dot', second);
+  assert.equal(
+    document.querySelectorAll('[data-wildlife-sighting-card]').length,
+    1,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    f.cardElement().querySelector('h2').textContent,
+    second.commonName,
+  );
+  for (const close of ['Escape', 'outside', 'button']) {
+    if (close === 'Escape')
+      document.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'Escape',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    if (close === 'outside') document.body.click();
+    if (close === 'button') f.cardElement().querySelector('button').click();
+    await settle();
+    assert.equal(f.cardElement(), null);
+    assert.equal(f.state.selectedId, null);
+    assert.deepEqual(f.overlays.get('wildlife-sightings-selected'), []);
+    assert.equal(document.activeElement, f.opener);
+    await f.click();
+  }
+  assert.equal(f.clears(), 3);
+});
+
+test('camera movement repositions the same card and removes frame work at rest', async (context) => {
+  const f = fixture(context);
+  await f.click();
+  const card = f.cardElement();
+  const before = f.host().style.left;
+  f.moveStart.emit();
+  assert.equal(f.preRender.size(), 1);
+  f.setPoint({ x: 800, y: 450 });
+  f.preRender.emit();
+  assert.equal(f.cardElement(), card);
+  assert.notEqual(f.host().style.left, before);
+  f.moveEnd.emit();
+  assert.equal(f.preRender.size(), 0);
+  await f.publish({ ...row, commonName: 'Updated synthetic bird' });
+  assert.equal(f.cardElement(), card);
+  assert.equal(card.querySelector('h2').textContent, 'Updated synthetic bird');
+  f.state.rowById.delete(row.stableId);
+  await f.publish(null);
+  assert.equal(
+    f.cardElement(),
+    card,
+    'a refreshed sample cannot close the selected card',
+  );
+  f.layer.clearSightingSelection();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(f.cardElement(), null);
+});
+
+test('replacement photo loads cannot expose the previous image and failures retain the text card', async (context) => {
+  const f = fixture(context);
+  await f.click();
+  const previous = f.cardElement().querySelector('img');
+  let decoded;
+  previous.decode = () =>
+    new Promise((resolve) => {
+      decoded = resolve;
+    });
+  previous.dispatchEvent(new Event('load'));
+  await f.publish({
+    ...row,
+    photo: { ...row.photo, square: square.replace('/456/', '/789/') },
+  });
+  const current = f.cardElement().querySelector('img');
+  decoded();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(current.classList.contains('loaded'), false);
+  current.dispatchEvent(new Event('error'));
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    f.cardElement().querySelector('[role=status]').textContent,
+    'Photo unavailable',
+  );
+  assert.equal(current.style.display, 'none');
+  assert.equal(f.cardElement().querySelector('a').href, row.link);
+});
+
+test('teardown removes subscriptions, placement listeners and host, and ignores stale notifications', async (context) => {
+  const f = fixture(context);
+  await f.click();
+  f.moveStart.emit();
+  const stale = f.staleListener();
+  f.card.destroy();
+  assert.equal(f.cardElement(), null);
+  assert.equal(f.host(), null);
+  assert.equal(f.subscriptions.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(f.preRender.size(), 0);
+  stale(row);
+  await f.click();
+  assert.equal(f.cardElement(), null);
+  assert.equal(document.activeElement, f.opener);
+});
+
+test('locale changes translate the card without replacing the image or credit', async (context) => {
+  const before = getLocale();
+  context.after(() => setLocale(before));
+  const f = fixture(context);
+  await f.click();
+  const card = f.cardElement();
+  const image = card.querySelector('img');
+  for (const locale of LOCALES) {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    await settle();
+    assert.equal(f.cardElement(), card);
+    assert.equal(card.querySelector('img'), image);
+    assert.equal(
+      card.querySelector('button').getAttribute('aria-label'),
+      t('Close sighting'),
+    );
+    assert.ok(card.textContent.includes('© Synthetic Photographer · CC BY-SA'));
+  }
+});
+
+test('date-only and unsafe-link rows remain readable, and no sighting rail or lightbox is shipped', async (context) => {
+  const f = fixture(context, {
+    ...row,
+    observedAt: null,
+    photo: null,
+    link: 'javascript:alert(1)',
+  });
+  await f.click();
+  assert.equal(f.cardElement().querySelector('a'), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    f.cardElement().querySelector('time').getAttribute('datetime'),
+    row.observedOn,
+  );
+  assert.equal(PANEL_RAIL_ITEMS['wildlife-sighting-panel'], undefined);
+  assert.equal(sheetForPanelId('wildlife-sighting-panel'), null);
+  const source = readFileSync(
+    new URL('./wildlifeSightingCard.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    source,
+    /Lightbox|showModal|requestAnimationFrame|setInterval/,
+  );
+});
+
+test('WHALES cards retain compact whale guidance outside the observation action', async (context) => {
+  const f = fixture(context);
+  f.layer.getParams = () => ({ taxa: 'whales' });
+  await f.click();
+  const guidance = f
+    .cardElement()
+    .querySelector('a[href="https://www.bewhalewise.org"]');
+  assert.equal(guidance.textContent, 'Be Whale Wise');
+  assert.equal(
+    guidance.parentElement.closest('a'),
+    null,
+    'the external guidance link never nests inside the observation action',
+  );
+});
+
+test('opening during camera motion tracks the card and closing stops frame work immediately', async (context) => {
+  const f = fixture(context);
+  f.moveStart.emit();
+  assert.equal(f.preRender.size(), 0);
+  await f.click();
+  assert.equal(f.preRender.size(), 1);
+  f.layer.clearSightingSelection();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(f.preRender.size(), 0);
+});
+
+test('newly mounted chrome repositions the open card without camera events or idle text work', async (context) => {
+  const observers = [];
+  class MutationObserver {
+    constructor(callback) {
+      this.callback = callback;
+      this.targets = [];
+      observers.push(this);
+    }
+    observe(target, options) {
+      this.targets.push({ target, options });
+    }
+    disconnect() {
+      this.targets = [];
+    }
+  }
+  const f = fixture(context, row, { x: 600, y: 450 }, { MutationObserver });
+  await f.click();
+  const structural = observers.find((observer) =>
+    observer.targets.some(
+      ({ target, options }) =>
+        target === document.body && options.childList && options.subtree,
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    structural,
+    'structural observation exists only while a card is open',
+  );
+  const original = f.cardElement();
+  const before = f.host().style.top;
+  const hudWrapper = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+  const hud = hudWrapper.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+  hud.className = 'hud-top-left';
+  hud.getBoundingClientRect = () => rect(500, 350, 200, 200);
+  structural.callback([{ addedNodes: [hudWrapper], removedNodes: [] }]);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    f.pans.length,
+    1,
+    'chrome newly covering the dot triggers one minimal pan',
+  );
+  assert.equal(f.cardElement(), original);
+  assert.notEqual(f.host().style.top, before);
+  assert.equal(f.preRender.size(), 0);
+  const placed = rect(
+    Number.parseFloat(f.host().style.left),
+    Number.parseFloat(f.host().style.top),
+    258,
+    300,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    placed.right <= 494 ||
+      placed.left >= 706 ||
+      placed.bottom <= 344 ||
+      placed.top >= 556,
+    'the card clears the measured HUD rect',
+  );
+  const afterChrome = f.projections();
+  // The observer ignores text nodes, ordinary clock wrappers and the card's
+  // own image/caption patches even though body observation sees their records.
+  const clock = hud.appendChild(document.createElement('span'));
+  const text = clock.appendChild(document.createTextNode('13:00:01'));
+  structural.callback([
+    {
+      addedNodes: [clock, text, f.cardElement().querySelector('img')],
+      removedNodes: [],
+    },
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(f.projections(), afterChrome);
+  f.layer.clearSightingSelection();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    structural.targets.length,
+    0,
+    'closing disconnects structural observation',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/wildlifeSightingPlacement.js b/src/ui/wildlifeSightingPlacement.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e638b9ccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/wildlifeSightingPlacement.js
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { WORLD_OVERLAY_OCCLUDER_SELECTORS } from '../overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js';
+
+// DOM cards also avoid the HUD edges and responsive sheet containers.
+export const WILDLIFE_CARD_CHROME_SELECTORS = Object.freeze([
+  ...WORLD_OVERLAY_OCCLUDER_SELECTORS,
+  '.hud-left-edge',
+  '.hud-right-edge',
+  '#right-panel-stack',
+  '.gev-panel-rail',
+  '#location-bar',
+  '#control-panel',
+  '#param-slider-panel',
+  '#cockpit-hud .cockpit-topline',
+  '[data-mobile-sheet]',
+]);
+const GAP = 12;
+const EDGE = 6;
+export const WILDLIFE_SELECTED_CARD_WIDTH = 258;
+
+const overlaps = (a, b) =>
+  a.left < b.right && a.right > b.left && a.top < b.bottom && a.bottom > b.top;
+const contains = (r, p) =>
+  p.x >= r.left && p.x <= r.right && p.y >= r.top && p.y <= r.bottom;
+const clamp = (value, low, high) => Math.max(low, Math.min(high, value));
+const rectAt = (left, top, width, height) => ({
+  left,
+  top,
+  right: left + width,
+  bottom: top + height,
+  width,
+  height,
+});
+
+/** Read visible chrome rectangles inside the viewer's usable screen area. */
+export function readWildlifeCardSafeArea({
+  documentRef,
+  viewer,
+  windowRef = globalThis.window,
+}) {
+  const canvasRect = viewer?.scene?.canvas?.getBoundingClientRect?.();
+  const width =
+    windowRef?.innerWidth || documentRef.documentElement.clientWidth;
+  const height =
+    windowRef?.innerHeight || documentRef.documentElement.clientHeight;
+  const left = Math.max(0, canvasRect?.left || 0) + EDGE;
+  const top = Math.max(0, canvasRect?.top || 0) + EDGE;
+  const right =
+    Math.min(width, canvasRect?.width > 0 ? canvasRect.right : width) - EDGE;
+  const bottom =
+    Math.min(height, canvasRect?.height > 0 ? canvasRect.bottom : height) -
+    EDGE;
+  const bounds = rectAt(
+    left,
+    top,
+    Math.max(0, right - left),
+    Math.max(0, bottom - top),
+  );
+  const obstacles = [];
+  const elements = [
+    ...documentRef.querySelectorAll(WILDLIFE_CARD_CHROME_SELECTORS.join(',')),
+  ];
+  for (const element of elements) {
+    let hidden = false;
+    for (
+      let node = element;
+      node && node !== documentRef.body;
+      node = node.parentElement
+    ) {
+      const style = windowRef?.getComputedStyle?.(node);
+      if (
+        node.hidden ||
+        style?.display === 'none' ||
+        style?.visibility === 'hidden' ||
+        style?.opacity === '0'
+      ) {
+        hidden = true;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (hidden) continue;
+    const rect = element.getBoundingClientRect();
+    if (!(rect.width > 0 && rect.height > 0) || !overlaps(rect, bounds))
+      continue;
+    obstacles.push(
+      rectAt(
+        rect.left - EDGE,
+        rect.top - EDGE,
+        rect.width + EDGE * 2,
+        rect.height + EDGE * 2,
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+  return { bounds, obstacles, elements };
+}
+
+function nearestSafeAnchor(point, { bounds, obstacles }) {
+  const xs = [clamp(point.x, bounds.left + GAP, bounds.right - GAP)];
+  const ys = [clamp(point.y, bounds.top + GAP, bounds.bottom - GAP)];
+  for (const rect of obstacles) {
+    xs.push(
+      clamp(rect.left - GAP, bounds.left + GAP, bounds.right - GAP),
+      clamp(rect.right + GAP, bounds.left + GAP, bounds.right - GAP),
+    );
+    ys.push(
+      clamp(rect.top - GAP, bounds.top + GAP, bounds.bottom - GAP),
+      clamp(rect.bottom + GAP, bounds.top + GAP, bounds.bottom - GAP),
+    );
+  }
+  return (
+    xs
+      .flatMap((x) => ys.map((y) => ({ x, y })))
+      .filter(
+        (p) => contains(bounds, p) && !obstacles.some((r) => contains(r, p)),
+      )
+      .sort(
+        (a, b) =>
+          Math.hypot(a.x - point.x, a.y - point.y) -
+          Math.hypot(b.x - point.x, b.y - point.y),
+      )[0] || null
+  );
+}
+
+/** Four anchored placements, clamped along their free axis. Chrome is a set of
+ * actual DOM rectangles, so corner HUDs do not erase otherwise clear lanes. */
+export function placeWildlifeSightingCard(point, size, safeArea) {
+  const { bounds, obstacles } = safeArea;
+  const anchor =
+    contains(bounds, point) && !obstacles.some((r) => contains(r, point))
+      ? point
+      : nearestSafeAnchor(point, safeArea);
+  if (!anchor) return null;
+  const width = Math.min(size.width, bounds.width);
+  const height = Math.min(size.height, bounds.height);
+  const centeredX = clamp(
+    anchor.x - width / 2,
+    bounds.left,
+    bounds.right - width,
+  );
+  const centeredY = clamp(
+    anchor.y - height / 2,
+    bounds.top,
+    bounds.bottom - height,
+  );
+  const candidates = [
+    {
+      placement: 'above',
+      ...rectAt(centeredX, anchor.y - GAP - height, width, height),
+    },
+    { placement: 'below', ...rectAt(centeredX, anchor.y + GAP, width, height) },
+    { placement: 'right', ...rectAt(anchor.x + GAP, centeredY, width, height) },
+    {
+      placement: 'left',
+      ...rectAt(anchor.x - GAP - width, centeredY, width, height),
+    },
+  ];
+  const fits = (rect) =>
+    rect.left >= bounds.left &&
+    rect.right <= bounds.right &&
+    rect.top >= bounds.top &&
+    rect.bottom <= bounds.bottom &&
+    !obstacles.some((r) => overlaps(rect, r));
+  let chosen = candidates.find(fits);
+  if (!chosen) {
+    // Crowded chrome may require sliding a side placement farther from its
+    // anchor. Search only obstacle/bounds edges; no pixels or idle frame loop.
+    const xs = [bounds.left, bounds.right - width, centeredX];
+    const ys = [bounds.top, bounds.bottom - height, centeredY];
+    for (const r of obstacles) {
+      xs.push(r.left - width, r.right);
+      ys.push(r.top - height, r.bottom);
+    }
+    const alternatives = xs
+      .flatMap((x) =>
+        ys.map((y) => ({
+          placement:
+            y + height <= anchor.y
+              ? 'above'
+              : y >= anchor.y
+                ? 'below'
+                : x >= anchor.x
+                  ? 'right'
+                  : 'left',
+          ...rectAt(x, y, width, height),
+        })),
+      )
+      .filter((r) => fits(r) && !contains(r, anchor));
+    alternatives.sort(
+      (a, b) =>
+        Math.hypot(
+          clamp(anchor.x, a.left, a.right) - anchor.x,
+          clamp(anchor.y, a.top, a.bottom) - anchor.y,
+        ) -
+        Math.hypot(
+          clamp(anchor.x, b.left, b.right) - anchor.x,
+          clamp(anchor.y, b.top, b.bottom) - anchor.y,
+        ),
+    );
+    chosen = alternatives[0];
+  }
+  return chosen
+    ? {
+        ...chosen,
+        anchor,
+        pan: { x: anchor.x - point.x, y: anchor.y - point.y },
+      }
+    : null;
+}
+
+/** Project a front-side sighting into viewport coordinates. */
+export function projectWildlifeSighting(viewer, row, layer) {
+  if (
+    !viewer?.scene ||
+    !Number.isFinite(row?.lat) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(row?.lon)
+  )
+    return null;
+  const position =
+    layer?.getSightingPosition?.(row.stableId) ||
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(row.lon, row.lat);
+  const ellipsoid = viewer.scene.globe?.ellipsoid || Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84;
+  if (
+    viewer.camera?.positionWC &&
+    new Cesium.EllipsoidalOccluder(
+      ellipsoid,
+      viewer.camera.positionWC,
+    ).isPointVisible(position) !== true
+  )
+    return null;
+  const point = Cesium.SceneTransforms.worldToWindowCoordinates(
+    viewer.scene,
+    position,
+  );
+  if (!point) return null;
+  const rect = viewer.scene.canvas?.getBoundingClientRect?.();
+  return { x: point.x + (rect?.left || 0), y: point.y + (rect?.top || 0) };
+}
+
+/** Translate the camera by the smallest screen correction and preserve its
+ * altitude/orientation. A card must never zoom merely to reveal its anchor. */
+export function panWildlifeSighting(viewer, from, to, reducedMotion = false) {
+  const camera = viewer?.camera;
+  if (!camera?.pickEllipsoid || !camera.flyTo) return false;
+  const rect = viewer.scene.canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
+  const local = (p) => new Cesium.Cartesian2(p.x - rect.left, p.y - rect.top);
+  const ellipsoid = viewer.scene.globe?.ellipsoid || Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84;
+  const start = camera.pickEllipsoid(local(from), ellipsoid);
+  const finish = camera.pickEllipsoid(local(to), ellipsoid);
+  if (!start || !finish || !camera.positionWC) return false;
+  const delta = Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(
+    start,
+    finish,
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  const destination = Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
+    camera.positionWC,
+    delta,
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  const cartographic = ellipsoid.cartesianToCartographic(destination);
+  if (!cartographic) return false;
+  cartographic.height = camera.positionCartographic.height;
+  camera.flyTo({
+    destination: ellipsoid.cartographicToCartesian(cartographic),
+    orientation: {
+      heading: camera.heading,
+      pitch: camera.pitch,
+      roll: camera.roll,
+    },
+    duration: reducedMotion ? 0 : 0.22,
+    easingFunction: Cesium.EasingFunction.QUADRATIC_OUT,
+  });
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/src/voice/layerManifest.js b/src/voice/layerManifest.js
index 1234fb61e..9b5684243 100644
--- a/src/voice/layerManifest.js
+++ b/src/voice/layerManifest.js
@@ -453,10 +453,12 @@ const layers = [
 export const VOICE_OFF_LAYERS = Object.freeze({
   'bhote-koshi-2026': 'scene-driven event layer (control_scene)',
   'bhote-koshi-locator': 'scene-driven event layer (control_scene)',
-  // The Realtime prompt is at its 52,000-character budget; voice toggle and
+  // The Realtime prompt is at its 55,500-character budget; voice toggle and
   // query for this layer wait until there is room.
   'drone-airspace':
     'informational airspace layer; no room in the prompt budget',
+  'wildlife-sightings':
+    'community observation layer; no room in the prompt budget',
 });
 
 const TYPE_NAMES = Object.freeze({
diff --git a/src/worldFocus.js b/src/worldFocus.js
index 5b5ca7a8e..6ed3a3b32 100644
--- a/src/worldFocus.js
+++ b/src/worldFocus.js
@@ -9,6 +9,12 @@ export const WORLD_CLICK_FOCUS_DURATION_SEC = 1.9;
 export const WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING = Object.freeze({
   vessel: Object.freeze({ radiusM: 150, rangeM: 1200, pitchDeg: -30 }),
   fire: Object.freeze({ radiusM: 400, rangeM: 3000, pitchDeg: -35 }),
+  sighting: Object.freeze({ radiusM: 250, rangeM: 2500, pitchDeg: -40 }),
+  'sighting-area': Object.freeze({
+    radiusM: 11000,
+    rangeM: 60000,
+    pitchDeg: -55,
+  }),
 });
 
 /** Validate a layer-owned focus target before camera policy can release tracking. */
@@ -23,7 +29,7 @@ export function isValidWorldFocusTarget(detail) {
     !Number.isFinite(position.z)
   )
     return false;
-  // Vessel and fire targets are surface-anchored Earth positions. Merely
+  // These targets are surface-anchored Earth positions. Merely
   // finite coordinates near the ECEF origin cannot be flown to, and must be
   // rejected before the camera policy releases a current follow owner.
   const magnitude = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(position);
diff --git a/src/worldFocus.test.mjs b/src/worldFocus.test.mjs
index f5e8146db..3a10b75eb 100644
--- a/src/worldFocus.test.mjs
+++ b/src/worldFocus.test.mjs
@@ -21,16 +21,28 @@ function stubCamera() {
   return {
     calls,
     heading: Cesium.Math.toRadians(45),
-    cancelFlight() { calls.cancelFlight += 1; },
-    flyToBoundingSphere(sphere, options) { calls.flights.push({ sphere, options }); },
+    cancelFlight() {
+      calls.cancelFlight += 1;
+    },
+    flyToBoundingSphere(sphere, options) {
+      calls.flights.push({ sphere, options });
+    },
   };
 }
 
 test('a focus request carries the clicked target to any registered listener', () => {
   const target = new EventTarget();
   const seen = [];
-  const dispose = registerWorldFocusRequestListener(target, (event) => seen.push(event.detail));
-  assert.equal(requestWorldFocus({ kind: 'vessel', position: POSITION, id: '123' }, target), true);
+  const dispose = registerWorldFocusRequestListener(target, (event) =>
+    seen.push(event.detail),
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    requestWorldFocus(
+      { kind: 'vessel', position: POSITION, id: '123' },
+      target,
+    ),
+    true,
+  );
   assert.equal(seen.length, 1);
   assert.equal(seen[0].kind, 'vessel');
   assert.equal(seen[0].id, '123');
@@ -44,7 +56,9 @@ test('a focus request carries the clicked target to any registered listener', ()
 test('requests without a kind or a position are dropped, never dispatched', () => {
   const target = new EventTarget();
   let count = 0;
-  target.addEventListener(WORLD_FOCUS_REQUEST_EVENT, () => { count += 1; });
+  target.addEventListener(WORLD_FOCUS_REQUEST_EVENT, () => {
+    count += 1;
+  });
   assert.equal(requestWorldFocus({ position: POSITION }, target), false);
   assert.equal(requestWorldFocus({ kind: 'vessel' }, target), false);
   assert.equal(requestWorldFocus(null, target), false);
@@ -74,51 +88,94 @@ test('a refusing policy (cockpit owns the camera) never reaches the flight', ()
   const result = routeWorldFocusRequest(
     { detail: { kind: 'vessel', id: '123', position: POSITION } },
     () => false,
-    () => { flights += 1; },
+    () => {
+      flights += 1;
+    },
   );
   assert.equal(result, false);
   assert.equal(flights, 0);
 });
 
 test('malformed requests are inert', () => {
-  assert.equal(routeWorldFocusRequest(null, () => 'x', () => 'y'), false);
-  assert.equal(routeWorldFocusRequest({ detail: { kind: 'vessel' } }, () => 'x', () => 'y'), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    routeWorldFocusRequest(
+      null,
+      () => 'x',
+      () => 'y',
+    ),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    routeWorldFocusRequest(
+      { detail: { kind: 'vessel' } },
+      () => 'x',
+      () => 'y',
+    ),
+    false,
+  );
 });
 
 // A request that cannot fly must never cost the user their tracking: the UI
 // policy releases the follow camera, so validation happens BEFORE it runs.
 test('an unflyable request never reaches the release policy', () => {
   const unflyable = [
-    { kind: 'plane', position: POSITION },                       // no framing for this kind
-    { kind: 'vessel', position: { x: NaN, y: 0, z: 0 } },        // malformed position
-    { kind: 'vessel', position: { x: 0, y: 0 } },                // truthy but incomplete
+    { kind: 'plane', position: POSITION }, // no framing for this kind
+    { kind: 'vessel', position: { x: NaN, y: 0, z: 0 } }, // malformed position
+    { kind: 'vessel', position: { x: 0, y: 0 } }, // truthy but incomplete
     { kind: 'vessel', id: '123', position: { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 } }, // ECEF origin
     { kind: 'fire', id: 'fire-1', position: { x: 1, y: 1, z: 1 } }, // finite but inside Earth
     { kind: 'vessel', position: 'somewhere' },
-    { kind: 'vessel', position: POSITION },                     // missing owner id
+    { kind: 'vessel', position: POSITION }, // missing owner id
     { position: POSITION },
   ];
   for (const detail of unflyable) {
-    assert.equal(isValidWorldFocusTarget(detail), false, JSON.stringify(detail));
+    assert.equal(
+      isValidWorldFocusTarget(detail),
+      false,
+      JSON.stringify(detail),
+    );
     let policyRuns = 0;
     const result = routeWorldFocusRequest(
       { detail },
-      () => { policyRuns += 1; return 'released'; },
+      () => {
+        policyRuns += 1;
+        return 'released';
+      },
       () => 'flew',
     );
     assert.equal(result, false, JSON.stringify(detail));
-    assert.equal(policyRuns, 0, `the policy must not run for ${JSON.stringify(detail)}`);
+    assert.equal(
+      policyRuns,
+      0,
+      `the policy must not run for ${JSON.stringify(detail)}`,
+    );
     // Nor may such a request be dispatched in the first place.
     assert.equal(requestWorldFocus(detail, new EventTarget()), false);
   }
-  assert.equal(isValidWorldFocusTarget({ kind: 'vessel', id: '123', position: POSITION }), true);
-  assert.equal(isValidWorldFocusTarget({ kind: 'fire', id: 'fire-1', position: POSITION }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    isValidWorldFocusTarget({ kind: 'vessel', id: '123', position: POSITION }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    isValidWorldFocusTarget({ kind: 'fire', id: 'fire-1', position: POSITION }),
+    true,
+  );
 });
 
 test('the transfer flight supersedes any flight in progress and keeps the operator heading', () => {
   const camera = stubCamera();
-  assert.equal(flyToWorldTarget({ camera }, { kind: 'vessel', id: '123', position: POSITION }), true);
-  assert.equal(camera.calls.cancelFlight, 1, 'a prior flight must be cancelled, not queued');
+  assert.equal(
+    flyToWorldTarget(
+      { camera },
+      { kind: 'vessel', id: '123', position: POSITION },
+    ),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    camera.calls.cancelFlight,
+    1,
+    'a prior flight must be cancelled, not queued',
+  );
   assert.equal(camera.calls.flights.length, 1);
   const { sphere, options } = camera.calls.flights[0];
   assert.equal(sphere.radius, WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.vessel.radiusM);
@@ -131,39 +188,82 @@ test('the transfer flight supersedes any flight in progress and keeps the operat
 
 test('fires frame wider than vessels — a fire is read by its surroundings', () => {
   const camera = stubCamera();
-  flyToWorldTarget({ camera }, { kind: 'fire', id: 'fire-1', position: POSITION });
+  flyToWorldTarget(
+    { camera },
+    { kind: 'fire', id: 'fire-1', position: POSITION },
+  );
   const { sphere, options } = camera.calls.flights[0];
   assert.equal(sphere.radius, WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.fire.radiusM);
   assert.equal(options.offset.range, WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.fire.rangeM);
-  assert.ok(WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.fire.rangeM > WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.vessel.rangeM);
-  assert.ok(WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.fire.radiusM > WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.vessel.radiusM);
+  assert.ok(
+    WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.fire.rangeM > WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.vessel.rangeM,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.fire.radiusM > WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.vessel.radiusM,
+  );
 });
 
 test('every framing is a real oblique standoff, not a nadir or an inside-out sphere', () => {
   const kinds = Object.keys(WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING);
-  assert.deepEqual(kinds.sort(), ['fire', 'vessel']);
+  assert.deepEqual(kinds.sort(), [
+    'fire',
+    'sighting',
+    'sighting-area',
+    'vessel',
+  ]);
   for (const kind of kinds) {
     const framing = WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING[kind];
     // Looking DOWN at the target, but obliquely — a nadir drop reads as a map.
-    assert.ok(framing.pitchDeg < 0, `${kind}: pitch must look down, got ${framing.pitchDeg}`);
-    assert.ok(framing.pitchDeg > -80, `${kind}: pitch must stay oblique, got ${framing.pitchDeg}`);
+    assert.ok(
+      framing.pitchDeg < 0,
+      `${kind}: pitch must look down, got ${framing.pitchDeg}`,
+    );
+    assert.ok(
+      framing.pitchDeg > -80,
+      `${kind}: pitch must stay oblique, got ${framing.pitchDeg}`,
+    );
     // Standing off outside the framed sphere, at a human-readable distance.
     assert.ok(framing.radiusM > 0, `${kind}: radius must be positive`);
     assert.ok(
       framing.rangeM > framing.radiusM,
       `${kind}: range ${framing.rangeM} must stand off outside radius ${framing.radiusM}`,
     );
-    assert.ok(framing.rangeM <= 10000, `${kind}: range must stay close-in, got ${framing.rangeM}`);
+    // An obscured sighting frames its entire 0.2° privacy cell.
+    const maximumRange = kind === 'sighting-area' ? 60000 : 10000;
+    assert.ok(
+      framing.rangeM <= maximumRange,
+      `${kind}: range must fit its surface extent, got ${framing.rangeM}`,
+    );
   }
   // Exact shipped values — a silent retune must show up as a failing test.
-  assert.deepEqual({ ...WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.vessel }, { radiusM: 150, rangeM: 1200, pitchDeg: -30 });
-  assert.deepEqual({ ...WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.fire }, { radiusM: 400, rangeM: 3000, pitchDeg: -35 });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    { ...WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.vessel },
+    { radiusM: 150, rangeM: 1200, pitchDeg: -30 },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    { ...WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.fire },
+    { radiusM: 400, rangeM: 3000, pitchDeg: -35 },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    { ...WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING.sighting },
+    { radiusM: 250, rangeM: 2500, pitchDeg: -40 },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    { ...WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING['sighting-area'] },
+    { radiusM: 11000, rangeM: 60000, pitchDeg: -55 },
+  );
 });
 
 test('unknown kinds and missing viewers issue no flight', () => {
   const camera = stubCamera();
-  assert.equal(flyToWorldTarget({ camera }, { kind: 'plane', position: POSITION }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    flyToWorldTarget({ camera }, { kind: 'plane', position: POSITION }),
+    false,
+  );
   assert.equal(flyToWorldTarget({ camera }, { kind: 'vessel' }), false);
-  assert.equal(flyToWorldTarget(null, { kind: 'vessel', position: POSITION }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    flyToWorldTarget(null, { kind: 'vessel', position: POSITION }),
+    false,
+  );
   assert.equal(camera.calls.flights.length, 0);
 });

From ecbe1d99e67f09f622f1afe6a8bb450edddc0909 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yehe Liu <yxl448@case.edu>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:18:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 131/262] docs: number the wildlife sightings changelog
 fragment (#1591)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .../{0000-wildlife-sightings.md => 1591-wildlife-sightings.md}  | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
 rename changelog.d/{0000-wildlife-sightings.md => 1591-wildlife-sightings.md} (95%)

diff --git a/changelog.d/0000-wildlife-sightings.md b/changelog.d/1591-wildlife-sightings.md
similarity index 95%
rename from changelog.d/0000-wildlife-sightings.md
rename to changelog.d/1591-wildlife-sightings.md
index 75abdd8dd..64f4e7c54 100644
--- a/changelog.d/0000-wildlife-sightings.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1591-wildlife-sightings.md
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@
   Acartia comments are excluded. Attribution appears in the layer row and
   Data attribution popover. Cached progressive tiles, bounded image/billboard
   work and a paced queue preserve iNaturalist's 60/minute and 8,000/day limits.
-  All 11 locales supported. (lyehe, #0000)
+  All 11 locales supported. (lyehe, #1591)

From 63fd559496fa8af42d144a0cc0e5bb8d1071b90c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 14:01:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 132/262] Keep the ridden aircraft's layer when Contacts ends,
 and clear its rows from Live Signals

Riding an aircraft now adopts its layer the way a direct selection does, and
Contacts gives up a dependency the user adopts, so ending Contacts mid-session
(one of its layers off, or Contacts itself) no longer turns off the ridden
layer and ends the Cockpit. When Contacts goes off, Live Signals drops the
rows built from its snapshot instead of leaving stale distances marked
CURRENT, and the feed-off warning is no longer duplicated.
---
 changelog.d/1556-cockpit-own-layer-entry.md |   3 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                       |  15 +-
 src/data/militaryAwareness.test.mjs         |  50 ++++
 src/layers/awareness/controls.js            |   1 +
 src/layers/awareness/dependencies.js        |  20 ++
 src/layers/awareness/lifecycle.js           |   1 +
 src/layers/awareness/state.js               |   2 +
 src/ui/cockpitContext.js                    |   3 +
 src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs              |  63 +++++
 src/ui/cockpitController.js                 |   6 +
 src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js                |  17 ++
 src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs            | 253 +++++++++++++++++++-
 src/ui/cockpitSignals.js                    |  21 ++
 src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js         |   2 +
 14 files changed, 441 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1556-cockpit-own-layer-entry.md b/changelog.d/1556-cockpit-own-layer-entry.md
index ca5210120..d88f475f1 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1556-cockpit-own-layer-entry.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1556-cockpit-own-layer-entry.md
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 - Enter Cockpit with only the ridden aircraft's layer on. Contacts is no longer
-  required; turning off the aircraft's own feed ends the view, a missing other
+  required, and ending Contacts mid-session keeps the view and the layer it
+  rides; turning off the aircraft's own feed ends the view, a missing other
   feed reads `… FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE`, and double-clicking the followed
   aircraft or the entry beside its readout enters it (Denis Groshev, @ZloyS,
   #1556).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index ad0dc30e4..87617f531 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -6021,11 +6021,16 @@ apply to `public/` assets or built-preview serving.
   tracked: Live Flights for a civilian, Military Flights for a military aircraft
   (the tracked info's `layerId`; `cockpitEntryAllowed` in
   `src/contextModePolicy.js`). Contacts is not required, and the other aircraft
-  layer, Live AIS Vessels and every other layer may be turned on or off before or
-  during a session. A Context mode change still in flight blocks entry until it
-  settles. Turning off the layer the view rides ends it. The visible Cockpit
-  actions, the `C` shortcut and voice use the same gate; voice entry still opens
-  Contacts first, as its layer-targeted entry navigates through Contacts.
+  layer, Live AIS Vessels and every other layer may be turned on or off before
+  or during a session. A Context mode change still in flight blocks entry until
+  it settles. Turning off the layer the view rides ends it. Riding an aircraft
+  while Contacts is on adopts its layer as the user's own, as a direct selection
+  does (`adoptLayerVisibility`), so Contacts ending, by its own switch or one of
+  its layers going off, restores the pre-Contacts layers but keeps the ridden
+  one and the view; Live Signals then drops the rows Contacts built and shows
+  `CONTEXT STANDBY`. The visible Cockpit actions, the `C` shortcut and voice use
+  the same gate; voice entry still opens Contacts first, as its layer-targeted
+  entry navigates through Contacts.
 - **Aircraft cockpit view:** selecting a commercial or military aircraft reveals a `COCKPIT` action (`C`) once that aircraft's own layer is on; Contacts is not required. The action shows in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`) and under the Intel HUD's bottom-right readout (`#cockpit-entry-readout`, with the HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber layouts), so entry needs no Contacts panel. Turning off the ridden aircraft's layer ends the view (the layer clears its tracking). When an air feed the surrounding picture uses is off, the Cockpit says so instead of blocking: Live Signals leads with `MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE` or `FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE`, and the Contact card shows that line in place of its inputs status, so a partial picture is never presented as complete. `control_cockpit` refuses entry with `entryBlockedReason` `contacts-starting` (a Context change in flight), `subject-layer-off` (the aircraft's layer, or with none tracked any aircraft layer, is off) or `no-tracked-aircraft`. Cockpit mode temporarily releases Cesium's orbit-follow transform and drives a first-person camera from the tracked aircraft's existing smoothed display position and course. Its concave helmet-visor HUD shows callsign, UTC time, coordinates, curved roll/pitch guides, and a seven-division heading tape. Ambient commercial and military AIR contacts use a Cockpit near/far band selected by the shared Display 3D mode: Proximity admits at 150 km and retains to 185 km; All admits at 400 km and retains to 450 km. The shared 3D toggle now applies in Cockpit: Off keeps in-range contacts as rotating 2D aircraft silhouettes, while On lets a ready admitted glTF take over without a drawing gap. The Cockpit model cap remains 60 and can only lower the map budget; in-range contacts that are capped or still loading remain 2D silhouettes instead of degrading to out-of-range dots. Contacts outside the selected band use small rotation-free cyan-white pips for civilian aircraft and amber pips for military. The pilot's own airframe is not drawn in first person, and exiting clears the Cockpit band and restores normal map silhouettes/models. The normal left accordion remains available for Layers and Authoring and keeps the same 26vh HUD-aligned anchor used in map mode, independent of whether the bottom-left Contact card is expanded or collapsed; the right-rail CCTV and Context chooser are hidden to avoid duplicating or overlapping the cockpit presentation. When the intelligence HUD is enabled, its classification, scene summary, collection/orbit metadata, coordinates, and imaging-status text remain visible as reduced peripheral cockpit telemetry; the optical center and flight instruments stay clear, and turning the HUD off still hides it. Ground speed, exact heading, and rendered altitude form one compact lower-center instrument cluster, keeping the horizon and peripheral view open. A second live altitude tape hugs the inside-right visor rim: its rail and nine moving ticks are derived from the same responsive keyhole radius, remain 20 px inside the circular edge even on wide displays, fade deeply at both vertical ends, and move continuously behind a fixed current-altitude pointer; its interval tightens automatically near the surface and it is suppressed on narrow screens. Cockpit mode also has a weather-backed transparent volumetric-cloud pass derived from the supplied FBM/domain-warped R&D shader. It renders at no more than 520×320, uses 24 ray steps/three FBM octaves at 12 FPS, is clipped to the visor, fails clear when Open-Meteo is unavailable, and stops its animation completely on cockpit exit. It does not restore the prior CPU weather canvases, precipitation, scene fog, or any map-mode effect. When Contacts is active for the tracked aircraft, the compact `CONTACT` rail adds the 250 km subject window, four cohort counts, nearest observed/mapped example with relative bearing and distance, freshness, explicit uncertainty, and Previous and Next controls plus its own collapse control. The mirrored right rail is a three-page **cockpit briefing carousel**: source-backed live signals, location-matched regional headlines, and physical-region/current-weather context from bundled Natural Earth polygons and Open-Meteo. It is manual-first: Previous, Next, and direct page controls are always available, and the visible `CYCLE OFF` / `CYCLE ON` control starts or stops the nine-second page cycle. The cycle pauses on hover or keyboard focus and stops while collapsed, hidden, or outside cockpit mode; live signal data continues refreshing either way. Empty news matches and unavailable news use compact text states rather than reserving an empty media frame; partial local data remains explicit. Article links open their original publisher, and no headline is treated as verified risk intelligence. On desktop both cockpit rails use the same width and share a bottom-aligned safe baseline in opposite corners above the peripheral MGRS/GSD/time telemetry, leaving both that text and the lower-center instrument cluster readable. They collapse independently to slim tabs without stopping live data updates. Narrow screens use separated top/bottom fallbacks. Empty-space globe clicks are inert while cockpit owns the camera; `C`, `Escape`, or `EXIT COCKPIT` explicitly exits and restores the same tracked entity and standard follow camera. Unknown feeds remain unknown, selection loss still exits safely without inventing a replacement track, and the cockpit never presents the summary as threat scoring or an all-clear. This is a desktop first-person presentation, not a WebXR session.
 - **Cockpit left-panel clearance:** the Cockpit Contact card and peripheral HUD participate in the adaptive left accordion's live obstacle measurements, including live viewport-height changes. Expanding Layers or Authoring keeps the active panel in the available upper-left corridor with internal scrolling; it does not cover the Contact card, lower Cockpit controls, or Cesium credit line. Outside Cockpit the hidden card does not alter the normal corridor.
 - **Cockpit Context scope:** the 250 km radius applies to the air/sea proximity cohorts. Installation counts come only from the currently loaded viewport and are labeled `CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY` in the cockpit as well as the normal Context panel; neither surface presents them as a complete 250 km installation survey.
diff --git a/src/data/militaryAwareness.test.mjs b/src/data/militaryAwareness.test.mjs
index 05fd97dc0..98743b03c 100644
--- a/src/data/militaryAwareness.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/militaryAwareness.test.mjs
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ function installAwarenessRuntime({
   // status its module never emits guards nothing. See the settled-but-fetching
   // tests below, which use militaryInstallations' genuine first-fetch readout.
   layerStats = {},
+  subscribe = undefined,
 } = {}) {
   const originalWindow = globalThis.window;
   const originalDocument = globalThis.document;
@@ -215,6 +216,7 @@ function installAwarenessRuntime({
     setEnabled,
     getLayerLifecycleState,
     layers,
+    ...(subscribe ? { subscribe } : {}),
   });
   militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: true });
   militaryAwarenessLayer.init(viewer);
@@ -383,6 +385,54 @@ test('Contacts does not claim a dependency already enabling for the user', async
   }
 });
 
+test('a dependency the user adopts stays on when Contacts turns off', async () => {
+  // A direct selection, or the Cockpit riding one of its aircraft, promotes a
+  // layer Contacts turned on into the user's own (adoptLayerVisibility). The
+  // coordinator must give it up, or its OFF release tears the layer down —
+  // and the track or the Cockpit with it — before Context restores it.
+  const calls = [];
+  const subscribers = new Set();
+  const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime({
+    isEnabled: () => false,
+    isEffectivelyEnabled: () => false,
+    setEnabled: (layerId, enabled) => {
+      calls.push({ layerId, enabled });
+      return Promise.resolve(true);
+    },
+    subscribe: (listener) => {
+      subscribers.add(listener);
+      return () => subscribers.delete(listener);
+    },
+  });
+
+  try {
+    militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
+    await nextTurn();
+    for (const listener of subscribers)
+      listener({
+        type: 'visibility',
+        layerId: 'flights',
+        enabled: true,
+        origin: 'user',
+        adopted: true,
+        adoptedFromSelection: true,
+      });
+    await militaryAwarenessLayer.disable();
+    const released = calls
+      .filter(({ enabled }) => !enabled)
+      .map(({ layerId }) => layerId)
+      .sort();
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      released,
+      AWARENESS_DEPENDENCIES.filter((layerId) => layerId !== 'flights').sort(),
+      'the adopted layer is the user\'s now; the rest are still released',
+    );
+  } finally {
+    runtime.restore();
+  }
+  assert.equal(subscribers.size, 0, 'destroy drops the manager subscription');
+});
+
 test('operational awareness becomes ready after aircraft while deferred sources keep loading', async () => {
   let enabled = false;
   let releaseAircraft;
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/controls.js b/src/layers/awareness/controls.js
index 38c273c05..ed543e138 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/controls.js
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
     attachDataManager(dataManager) {
       layerState.dataManager = dataManager;
+      parts.dependencies.watchAdoptions(dataManager);
     },
 
     setParams(params = {}) {
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/dependencies.js b/src/layers/awareness/dependencies.js
index 15a23e455..80cffad1c 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/dependencies.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/dependencies.js
@@ -79,6 +79,25 @@ export function createDependencies({
     });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Give up a dependency the user adopts. A direct selection, or the Cockpit
+   * riding one of its aircraft, promotes a layer Contacts turned on into the
+   * user's own (`DataLayerManager.adoptLayerVisibility`). Releasing it when
+   * Contacts goes off would tear down that track or Cockpit before the
+   * Context restore could put the layer back.
+   */
+  function relinquishAdoptedDependency(change) {
+    if (change?.type === 'visibility' && change.adopted && change.enabled)
+      layerState.ownedDependencies.delete(change.layerId);
+  }
+
+  /** Follow one manager's adoptions; null stops following. */
+  function watchAdoptions(dataManager) {
+    layerState.unwatchAdoptions?.();
+    layerState.unwatchAdoptions =
+      dataManager?.subscribe?.(relinquishAdoptedDependency) || null;
+  }
+
   function activateOperationalContext() {
     const activationId = ++layerState.activationId;
     layerState.autoFocusRetryPending = false;
@@ -113,6 +132,7 @@ export function createDependencies({
     refreshAfterDeferredDependency,
     enableDependencies,
     releaseOwnedDependencies,
+    watchAdoptions,
     activateOperationalContext,
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/awareness/lifecycle.js
index b2e7dfe30..7b6b84610 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/lifecycle.js
@@ -340,6 +340,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState.clearListener = null;
       layerState.subjectClearListener = null;
       layerState.viewer = null;
+      parts.dependencies.watchAdoptions(null);
       layerState.dataManager = null;
     },
   };
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/state.js b/src/layers/awareness/state.js
index 4d7d0d6e7..adc896943 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/state.js
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
     // layers activate only after Contacts is explicitly selected.
     passive: true,
     ownedDependencies: new Set(),
+    /** Stops following the manager's adoptions (see watchAdoptions). */
+    unwatchAdoptions: null,
     subject: null,
     results: null,
     visual: null,
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitContext.js b/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
index a343bbb91..cfb142e50 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
@@ -75,6 +75,9 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
   const readout = resolveCockpitContextReadout({ snapshot, info });
   const partial = readPartialPicture.call(this);
   if (!readout.visible) {
+    // Contacts just went off: the rows its snapshot built stop being
+    // measured, so they go before the standby rows replace them.
+    if (this.presence.context) this.dropContextSnapshotSignals?.();
     this.showContextCard(false);
     this.contextLayoutStamp = null;
     this.pushCockpitSignal(
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
index 4896d238e..ca86701ab 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitContext.test.mjs
@@ -12,6 +12,13 @@ import {
   updateContext,
 } from './cockpitContext.js';
 import { createContextState } from './cockpitContextState.js';
+import {
+  dropCockpitSignal,
+  dropContextSnapshotSignals,
+  publishCockpitSignals,
+  pushCockpitSignal,
+  updateCockpitSignals,
+} from './cockpitSignals.js';
 import { syncWeatherToggle } from './cockpitInstruments.js';
 import { setContextCollapsed } from './cockpitLayout.js';
 import { useCockpitStore } from './stores/cockpit.js';
@@ -261,6 +268,62 @@ test('without Contacts, a feed that is off adds a signal until it is back', asyn
   assert.deepEqual(dropped, ['feed-status']);
 });
 
+/** The fixture's owner with the real Live Signals presenters. */
+function withSignals(owner) {
+  const published = [];
+  Object.assign(owner, {
+    signalItems: [],
+    signalSignatures: new Map(),
+    publishSignals: (rows) => published.push(rows),
+    publishCockpitSignals,
+    pushCockpitSignal,
+    dropCockpitSignal,
+    dropContextSnapshotSignals,
+    updateCockpitSignals,
+  });
+  return () => published.at(-1).map((row) => row.title);
+}
+
+test('Contacts going off clears its contact rows and leaves standby', async (t) => {
+  const { owner } = fixture(t, snapshot());
+  const rows = withSignals(owner);
+  owner.services.isLayerEnabled = () => true;
+  updateContext.call(owner, INFO, 0);
+  assert.ok(
+    owner.signalItems.some((item) => item.key.startsWith('flight:')),
+    'Contacts fills the rows',
+  );
+  assert.ok(owner.signalItems.some((item) => item.key === 'input-status'));
+  // Both feeds stay on; only Contacts goes.
+  owner.snapshot = null;
+  updateContext.call(owner, INFO, 0);
+  assert.deepEqual(rows(), ['CONTEXT STANDBY']);
+  updateContext.call(owner, INFO, 0);
+  assert.deepEqual(rows(), ['CONTEXT STANDBY'], 'standby holds still');
+});
+
+test('Contacts going off with a feed off keeps the feed row beside standby', async (t) => {
+  const { owner } = fixture(t, snapshot());
+  const rows = withSignals(owner);
+  owner.services.isLayerEnabled = (layerId) => layerId !== 'military';
+  updateContext.call(owner, INFO, 0);
+  owner.snapshot = null;
+  updateContext.call(owner, INFO, 0);
+  assert.deepEqual(rows(), [
+    'MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE',
+    'CONTEXT STANDBY',
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('standby without Contacts keeps the rows the session already shows', async (t) => {
+  const { owner } = fixture(t, null);
+  const rows = withSignals(owner);
+  owner.services.isLayerEnabled = () => true;
+  owner.pushCockpitSignal('track', 'track', 'TRACK ACQUIRED', 'UAL123');
+  updateContext.call(owner, INFO, 0);
+  assert.deepEqual(rows(), ['CONTEXT STANDBY', 'TRACK ACQUIRED']);
+});
+
 test('the weather toggle renders its state and the action it offers', async (t) => {
   const { $, text, owner } = fixture(t);
   syncWeatherToggle.call(owner, true);
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitController.js b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
index 1e69146e3..6010c3ce7 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ import {
 } from './cockpitBriefing.js';
 import {
   dropCockpitSignal,
+  dropContextSnapshotSignals,
   handleSignalClick,
   publishCockpitSignals,
   pushCockpitSignal,
@@ -82,6 +83,7 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
       isUtilityDisclosureOpen = null,
       onEntered = null,
       onExited = null,
+      onRide = null,
       restoreTrackingFrame = null,
       publish = {},
     } = {},
@@ -121,6 +123,7 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this.onCameraTakeover = onCameraTakeover;
     this.onEntered = onEntered;
     this.onExited = onExited;
+    this.onRide = onRide;
     this.restoreTrackingFrame =
       typeof restoreTrackingFrame === 'function'
         ? restoreTrackingFrame
@@ -394,6 +397,9 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   dropCockpitSignal(key) {
     return dropCockpitSignal.call(this, key);
   }
+  dropContextSnapshotSignals() {
+    return dropContextSnapshotSignals.call(this);
+  }
   updateCockpitSignals(snapshot, unknownCount, partialPicture) {
     return updateCockpitSignals.call(
       this,
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
index 7140f3172..3839aa3af 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
       isUtilityDisclosureOpen: () => !!this.readUtilityDisclosureOpen?.(),
       onEntered: () => this.enterPanels(),
       onExited: () => this.exitPanels(),
+      onRide: (layerId) => this._adoptRiddenLayer(layerId),
       restoreTrackingFrame: (entity) => {
         const [layerId, ...idParts] = String(entity?.gevTrackedId || '').split(
           ':',
@@ -127,6 +128,22 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
   _isLayerEnabled(layerId) {
     return Boolean(layerId) && !!this._dataManager?.isEnabled(layerId);
   }
+  /**
+   * Make the ridden aircraft's layer the user's own while Contacts is on.
+   * Contacts may have turned that layer on, and it releases the layers it
+   * owns when it goes off; the Cockpit must outlive Contacts, so riding an
+   * aircraft adopts its layer as a direct selection does. Contacts then stops
+   * owning it and the Context restore keeps it (session `userAdded`).
+   * @param {string|null} layerId The ridden aircraft's layer.
+   */
+  _adoptRiddenLayer(layerId) {
+    if (!COCKPIT_AIRCRAFT_LAYER_IDS.includes(layerId)) return;
+    if (!this._isLayerEnabled('military-awareness')) return;
+    this._dataManager?.adoptLayerVisibility?.(layerId, true, {
+      origin: 'user',
+      adoptedFromSelection: true,
+    });
+  }
   /** Whether either aircraft layer is on, so there is an aircraft to ride. */
   get _aircraftLayerEnabled() {
     return COCKPIT_AIRCRAFT_LAYER_IDS.some((layerId) =>
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
index 5931ca5b2..834f1866f 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 // src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs — first person needs only the layer of
 // the vehicle it rides: Contacts and the other feeds may be off before or
-// during a session, turning the ridden layer off ends it, and the voice gate
-// and state say so without claiming Contacts is required. Over happy-dom.
+// during a session, turning the ridden layer off ends it, Contacts ending
+// keeps the ridden layer it had turned on, and the voice gate and state say
+// so without claiming Contacts is required. Over happy-dom.
 import '../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
 import { createApp, defineComponent, h, nextTick } from 'vue';
+import { DataLayerManager } from '../data/manager.js';
+import { createDependencies } from '../layers/awareness/dependencies.js';
 import { CockpitCoordinator } from './cockpitCoordinator.js';
+import { ContextControls } from './contextControls.js';
 import { _handleContextLayerChange } from './contextLayerChanges.js';
 import { useCockpitStore } from './stores/cockpit.js';
 import { useHudStore } from './stores/hud.js';
@@ -34,6 +38,8 @@ function fixture(
     tracked = null,
     contextMode = null,
     changing = false,
+    dataManager: suppliedManager = null,
+    readContext = null,
   } = {},
 ) {
   document.body.replaceChildren();
@@ -45,22 +51,29 @@ function fixture(
   app.mount(host);
   const store = useCockpitStore(pinia);
   const layers = new Set(enabled);
-  const dataManager = { isEnabled: (layerId) => layers.has(layerId) };
+  const dataManager = suppliedManager || {
+    isEnabled: (layerId) => layers.has(layerId),
+  };
   // A layer that is off has no tracked aircraft, as the flight layers clear
   // tracking on disable.
   const trackedFrom = (layerId) => () =>
-    tracked?.layerId === layerId && layers.has(layerId) ? tracked.info : null;
-  const entity = {
+    tracked?.layerId === layerId && dataManager.isEnabled(layerId)
+      ? tracked.info
+      : null;
+  const entityFor = (subject) => ({
     position: { getValue: () => null },
     show: true,
-    gevTrackedId: tracked ? `${tracked.layerId}:${tracked.info.icao24}` : '',
-  };
+    gevTrackedId: subject ? `${subject.layerId}:${subject.info.icao24}` : '',
+  });
+  const entities = new Set();
+  const entity = entityFor(tracked);
+  entities.add(entity);
   const listeners = () => ({ addEventListener: () => () => {} });
   const viewer = {
     trackedEntity: tracked ? entity : undefined,
     clock: { currentTime: null },
     camera: { cancelFlight() {}, frustum: { fov: 1, aspectRatio: 1 } },
-    entities: { contains: (candidate) => candidate === entity },
+    entities: { contains: (candidate) => entities.has(candidate) },
     scene: {
       preUpdate: listeners(),
       screenSpaceCameraController: { enableInputs: true },
@@ -86,7 +99,7 @@ function fixture(
         tracked ? { layerId: tracked.layerId, id: tracked.info.icao24 } : null,
     },
     readDataManager: () => dataManager,
-    readContext: () => context,
+    readContext: readContext || (() => context),
     readActiveStyle: () => 'normal',
     readUtilityDisclosureOpen: () => false,
     enterPanels() {},
@@ -125,8 +138,14 @@ function fixture(
       { type: 'visibility', layerId, enabled: false, origin: 'user' },
     );
   };
+  /** Track another aircraft, as Contacts navigation does mid-session. */
+  const retrack = (subject) => {
+    tracked = subject;
+    viewer.trackedEntity = entityFor(subject);
+    entities.add(viewer.trackedEntity);
+  };
   const $ = (selector) => document.querySelector(selector);
-  return { $, coordinator, cockpit, store, layers, disable, pinia };
+  return { $, coordinator, cockpit, store, layers, disable, retrack, pinia };
 }
 
 test('a civilian aircraft enters with Live Flights alone: no Contacts, no Military', (t) => {
@@ -232,3 +251,217 @@ test('the readout offers the same entry, labelled by kind, and enters on click',
   assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
   assert.equal(readoutEntry.hidden, true, 'inside, there is nothing to enter');
 });
+
+const AIR_AND_SEA = [
+  'flights',
+  'military',
+  'ais-live-vessels',
+  'military-installations',
+];
+
+/** A source layer that settles at once, as the data manager drives it. */
+function sourceLayer(id) {
+  return {
+    id,
+    name: id,
+    icon: '',
+    source: 'test',
+    updateInterval: -1,
+    init() {},
+    enable() {},
+    disable() {},
+    update() {},
+    getStats: () => ({ count: 0, lastUpdate: null }),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Contacts as the manager sees it: a coordinator whose real dependency
+ * ownership (src/layers/awareness/dependencies.js) turns on the air and sea
+ * layers it finds off and releases them when it goes off.
+ */
+function contactsCoordinator() {
+  const state = {
+    dataManager: null,
+    enabled: false,
+    passive: true,
+    activationId: 0,
+    ownedDependencies: new Set(),
+    subject: null,
+    autoFocusRetryPending: false,
+  };
+  const dependencies = createDependencies({
+    state,
+    services: {},
+    parts: { subject: {}, focus: {} },
+    source: null,
+  });
+  return {
+    id: 'military-awareness',
+    name: 'Contacts',
+    icon: '',
+    source: 'test',
+    showInTogglePanel: false,
+    updateInterval: -1,
+    attachDataManager(dataManager) {
+      state.dataManager = dataManager;
+      dependencies.watchAdoptions(dataManager);
+    },
+    setParams(params = {}) {
+      if (typeof params.passive === 'boolean') state.passive = params.passive;
+    },
+    getParams: () => ({ passive: state.passive }),
+    init() {},
+    enable() {
+      state.enabled = true;
+      if (!state.passive) return dependencies.enableDependencies();
+      return true;
+    },
+    disable() {
+      state.enabled = false;
+      state.passive = true;
+      return dependencies.releaseOwnedDependencies(++state.activationId);
+    },
+    update() {},
+    getStats: () => ({ count: 0, lastUpdate: null }),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The Cockpit beside the real Context owner and data manager, so a Contacts
+ * exit runs its whole restore: the coordinator's releases, then the snapshot.
+ */
+async function liveFixture(t, { enabled = [], tracked = null } = {}) {
+  const manager = new DataLayerManager({});
+  for (const layerId of AIR_AND_SEA) manager.register(sourceLayer(layerId));
+  const coordinatorModule = contactsCoordinator();
+  manager.register(coordinatorModule);
+  coordinatorModule.attachDataManager(manager);
+  for (const layerId of enabled) await manager.setEnabled(layerId, true);
+  let cockpit = null;
+  const controls = new ContextControls({
+    elements: {},
+    installations: {},
+    actions: {
+      getCockpit: () => cockpit,
+      claimVisualAuthority() {},
+      showToast() {},
+      setClearBusy() {},
+      syncDetection() {},
+      scheduleLayout() {},
+      refreshRadio() {},
+      setPanelCollapsed() {},
+    },
+  });
+  controls.connect(manager);
+  t.after(() => {
+    controls.stop();
+    controls.disconnect();
+  });
+  const base = fixture(t, {
+    tracked,
+    dataManager: manager,
+    readContext: () => controls.getContextModeState(),
+  });
+  cockpit = base.cockpit;
+  /** Let every Context reaction the last change started settle. */
+  const settle = async () => {
+    for (let turn = 0; turn < 5; turn += 1) {
+      await controls._waitForContextLayerSettlement();
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    }
+  };
+  return { ...base, manager, controls, settle };
+}
+
+const on = (manager) =>
+  [...AIR_AND_SEA, 'military-awareness'].filter((layerId) =>
+    manager.isEnabled(layerId),
+  );
+
+test('Contacts ending in a Cockpit session keeps the ridden layer it had turned on', async (t) => {
+  for (const [label, endContacts] of [
+    [
+      'Military Flights off',
+      ({ manager }) =>
+        manager.setEnabled('military', false, { origin: 'user' }),
+    ],
+    [
+      'Contacts off by its own layer',
+      ({ manager }) =>
+        manager.setEnabled('military-awareness', false, { origin: 'user' }),
+    ],
+    [
+      'Contacts off from its chooser',
+      ({ controls }) => controls._selectContextMode(null),
+    ],
+  ]) {
+    await t.test(label, async (t) => {
+      // Live Flights is off on the map; Contacts turns it on as its own.
+      const live = await liveFixture(t, {
+        tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
+      });
+      const { manager, controls, cockpit, settle } = live;
+      assert.equal(await controls._selectContextMode('flights'), true);
+      await settle();
+      assert.deepEqual(on(manager), [...AIR_AND_SEA, 'military-awareness']);
+      assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+      await endContacts(live);
+      await settle();
+      assert.equal(controls.getContextModeState().mode, null, 'Contacts ended');
+      assert.equal(cockpit.active, true, 'the Cockpit rides on');
+      assert.deepEqual(
+        on(manager),
+        ['flights'],
+        'only the ridden layer outlives the pre-Contacts restore',
+      );
+    });
+  }
+});
+
+test('a ride handed to an aircraft on a layer Contacts turned on keeps that layer', async (t) => {
+  const live = await liveFixture(t, {
+    enabled: ['flights'],
+    tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
+  });
+  const { manager, controls, cockpit, retrack, settle } = live;
+  assert.equal(await controls._selectContextMode('flights'), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  // NEXT hands the view to a military aircraft; Contacts turned its layer on.
+  retrack({ layerId: 'military', info: MILITARY });
+  assert.equal(cockpit._adoptTrackedEntity(performance.now()), true);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.readSubjectLayerId(), 'military');
+  await manager.setEnabled('ais-live-vessels', false, { origin: 'user' });
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(controls.getContextModeState().mode, null);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+  assert.deepEqual(on(manager), ['flights', 'military']);
+});
+
+test('the ridden layer still ends the Cockpit while Contacts is on', async (t) => {
+  const live = await liveFixture(t, {
+    tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
+  });
+  const { manager, controls, cockpit, settle } = live;
+  assert.equal(await controls._selectContextMode('flights'), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await manager.setEnabled('flights', false, { origin: 'user' });
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+  assert.equal(manager.isEnabled('flights'), false);
+});
+
+test('without a Cockpit, ending Contacts restores the layers it found', async (t) => {
+  const live = await liveFixture(t, {
+    tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
+  });
+  const { manager, controls, settle } = live;
+  assert.equal(await controls._selectContextMode('flights'), true);
+  await settle();
+  await manager.setEnabled('military', false, { origin: 'user' });
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(controls.getContextModeState().mode, null);
+  assert.deepEqual(on(manager), [], 'Live Flights goes back off');
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js b/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
index 395db8116..32f25bdc8 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
@@ -74,6 +74,27 @@ export function dropCockpitSignal(key) {
   this.publishCockpitSignals();
 }
 
+/** Whether a row is one a Contacts snapshot builds, with its status rows. */
+const isContextSnapshotRow = (key) =>
+  key.startsWith('flight:') ||
+  ['input-status', 'feed-status', 'context-status'].includes(key);
+
+/**
+ * Take off every row a Contacts snapshot built, as when Contacts goes off:
+ * its contacts, distances and CURRENT would otherwise read as live. Rows the
+ * session made without Contacts, such as TRACK ACQUIRED, stay.
+ */
+export function dropContextSnapshotSignals() {
+  for (const key of [...this.signalSignatures.keys()])
+    if (isContextSnapshotRow(key)) this.signalSignatures.delete(key);
+  const kept = this.signalItems.filter(
+    (item) => !isContextSnapshotRow(item.key),
+  );
+  if (kept.length === this.signalItems.length) return;
+  this.signalItems = kept;
+  this.publishCockpitSignals();
+}
+
 /**
  * Rebuild the rows from a Contacts snapshot: the nearest flights, a row for
  * unknown inputs and, first, a row naming an air feed that is off.
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
index 3ad6267ff..8675f3908 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ export function _adoptTrackedEntity(nowMs, suppliedInfo = null) {
   this.lastContextUpdateMs = 0;
   this.lastCameraUpdateMs = 0;
   this.contextNavigationDeadlineMs = 0;
+  this.onRide?.(info.layerId);
   this.dispatchCockpitModeChanged(true, info);
   return true;
 }
@@ -230,6 +231,7 @@ export function enter() {
       this.mapViewButton?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
   });
   this.onEntered?.();
+  this.onRide?.(info.layerId);
   this.dispatchCockpitModeChanged(true, info);
   return true;
 }

From 395eba4548c1b7a7004f528760dff16c16909ab2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 15:38:32 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 133/262] Fit the tilt wording under the Realtime prompt
 ceiling

With main merged, the Overpass prompt measured 55,549 against the 55,500 ceiling. The pitchDeg and direction descriptions now read 'Absolute; -89 top-down.' and 'Needed for pan/rotate/tilt steps', bringing it to 55,497. The schema pin and the measured-size note follow.
---
 server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js | 5 ++---
 src/radioMarkup.test.mjs                    | 6 +++---
 src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs            | 2 +-
 src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs              | 7 ++++---
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
index 1deff2335..f4000ddad 100644
--- a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
+++ b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ export const ACTION_DESCRIPTIONS = {
       properties: {
         direction: {
           description:
-            'Required for pan/rotate and a tilt nudge; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
+            'Needed for pan/rotate/tilt steps; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
           $position: 2,
         },
         mode: {
@@ -532,8 +532,7 @@ export const ACTION_DESCRIPTIONS = {
           $position: 2,
         },
         pitchDeg: {
-          description:
-            'Absolute; steps use direction. -45 oblique (default), -89 top-down.',
+          description: 'Absolute; -89 top-down.',
           $position: 1,
         },
       },
diff --git a/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs b/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs
index 6e72d6318..3c59d989d 100644
--- a/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs
+++ b/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs
@@ -232,14 +232,14 @@ test('no unchanged Realtime tool definition drifts silently', () => {
     camera.description,
     'Direct the camera like a drone operator: orbit the current view target, pan, tilt, or rotate — one bounded nudge (mode=once) or continuous motion until stopped (mode=continuous). Continuous motion also stops on any manual camera input or when a navigation tool runs. Say the RESULTING state when confirming ("Orbiting slowly"). Globe rotation (rotate_globe) spins Earth right continuously by default; explicit direction, mode and speed take precedence. It checks fit and may refuse.',
   );
-  // Tilt to an angle adds pitchDeg and says a tilt nudge needs a
+  // Tilt to an angle adds an absolute pitchDeg and says tilt steps need a
   // direction; check them, then restore the legacy fields for the pin.
   assert.equal(
     camera.parameters.properties.direction.description,
-    'Required for pan/rotate and a tilt nudge; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
+    'Needed for pan/rotate/tilt steps; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
   );
   assert.equal(camera.parameters.properties.pitchDeg.type, 'number');
-  assert.match(camera.parameters.properties.pitchDeg.description, /-45 oblique/);
+  assert.match(camera.parameters.properties.pitchDeg.description, /^Absolute;/);
   delete camera.parameters.properties.pitchDeg;
   assert.equal(camera.parameters.properties.mode.description, 'once = bounded eased nudge; continuous = until stop/manual input. rotate_globe defaults continuous; other motions default once.');
   camera.parameters.properties.mode.description = 'once = bounded eased nudge (default); continuous = until stop/manual input.';
diff --git a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
index 13f593204..fa9d40bec 100644
--- a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ test('the complete Realtime tool payload pins the manifest-generated layer relea
     // control_cockpit states the own-layer entry rule (Contacts not required).
     // move_camera tilt takes an optional pitchDeg angle, described as
     // absolute, with steps sent as a direction.
-    '8698aee3cf691351f5c5a68e115a5913ec0f048067ecdf34b252a31afeeec737',
+    '17e54c1a04054edf48f2eddcf88c60ac66ec7c885fb48596b778bfee0be8a544',
   );
 });
 
diff --git a/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs b/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs
index 1f1993a07..c413477b8 100644
--- a/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs
@@ -350,9 +350,10 @@ test('deixis prompt lint: one short rule, and every sentinel it names exists in
   // the analyst area scopes) raised the ceiling to 55,500; tightening the
   // AREAS rule and the area tool descriptions left it at 55,103 as measured
   // below (every tool, osm_query included); main's Sea Marks and Ski Pistes
-  // layers bring it to 55,210, and the tilt pitchDeg argument to 55,335.
-  // integrationContract's Overpass prompt is the tightest, at 55,495 (5
-  // under). A new tool or rule has to fit under this ceiling.
+  // layers bring it to 55,210, and the tilt pitchDeg argument with main's
+  // cockpit entry rule to 55,337. integrationContract's Overpass prompt is
+  // the tightest, at 55,497 (3 under). A new tool or rule has to fit under
+  // this ceiling.
   const size = instructions.length + JSON.stringify(GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS).length;
   assert.ok(size <= 55_500, `prompt size ${size}`);
 });

From c4910d24d03713056affaad92dd67f72606daa98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 15:43:51 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 134/262] Keep the place centred when a far tilt reaches the
 horizon
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

From 550 to 1,000 km of range the camera's -5° limit lies past the place's own horizon. The swing ran into its 150 m clearance, let go of the pivot and tilted the rest in place, which lifted the crosshair onto the sky (28 to 63 km up from 600 to 900 km), and a return to top-down then landed hundreds of km from the place.

The swing now hands over to an in-place tilt only where the clearance is what stops it (within about 17 km). Farther out it stops with the camera 0.5° above the place's horizon, still pivoting: a tilt to an angle reports the angle it reached with a note, a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. Tests check that the crosshair stays on the place, frame by frame for a continuous tilt, and that top-down returns over it.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md   |   2 +-
 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs |  61 ++++++++++++++++++-
 src/cameraVerbs.js      | 132 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 3 files changed, 169 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 4b322618c..3166ab976 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5590,7 +5590,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, or the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. Beyond about 17 km of range the swing never hands over to an in-place tilt (that would lift the crosshair onto the sky); it keeps the camera at least 0.5° above the place's own horizon, which from roughly 500 km stops it short of -5° with the place still centred: a tilt to an angle beyond that stops at the angle reached and says so (`pitchDeg` is the angle reached, with a `note`), a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, or the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
index a82b2ce37..a67ecee86 100644
--- a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
@@ -460,10 +460,10 @@ test('from globe range a tilt happens in place', (t) => {
   assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(h.camera.positionWC, before) < 1e-3);
 });
 
-for (const height of [100_000, 400_000, 900_000])
+for (const height of [100_000, 400_000])
   test(`from ${height / 1000} km a tilt to -5° ends with the camera at -5°`, (t) => {
-    // The pivot pitch is shallower than the camera's by up to 8° at this
-    // range; the camera reached only -5.9° to -12.9° when the swing stopped
+    // The pivot pitch is shallower than the camera's by up to 4° at this
+    // range; the camera reached only -5.9° and -8.6° when the swing stopped
     // at a pivot pitch of -5°.
     const h = harness(t, { height });
     const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: 5 });
@@ -479,6 +479,61 @@ for (const height of [100_000, 400_000, 900_000])
     assert.match(nudge.error, /upper tilt limit/);
   });
 
+// From 550 km out the camera's -5° lies beyond the place's own horizon: the
+// swing ran into its clearance, let go of the pivot and tilted the rest in
+// place, which put the crosshair on the sky (28 to 63 km up), and a return
+// to top-down then landed 600 to 900 km from the place.
+for (const height of [600_000, 700_000, 900_000]) {
+  test(`from ${height / 1000} km a tilt to -5° keeps the place centred`, (t) => {
+    const h = harness(t, { height });
+    const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: 5 });
+    assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+    h.finish();
+    assert.ok(h.viewTarget(), 'the crosshair is on the sky');
+    assert.ok(centreDrift(h) < 100, `centre drifted ${centreDrift(h)} m`);
+    assert.ok(heightM(h.camera) > 149, `camera at ${heightM(h.camera)} m`);
+    // The reply names the angle the camera reached, not the one asked for.
+    assert.ok(result.pitchDeg < -5, `reported ${result.pitchDeg}°`);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - result.pitchDeg) < 0.5,
+      `camera at ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}°, reported ${result.pitchDeg}°`,
+    );
+    assert.match(result.note, /horizon/);
+    const nudge = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up' });
+    assert.equal(nudge.ok, false);
+    assert.match(nudge.error, /upper tilt limit/);
+    assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -89 }).ok, true);
+    h.finish();
+    assert.ok(centreDrift(h) < 100, `centre drifted ${centreDrift(h)} m`);
+    // Back over the place at the range it began with (-89° is ~1° off nadir).
+    const range = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(h.camera.positionWC, h.target);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(range - height) < height * 0.01,
+      `top-down ${range} m from the place`,
+    );
+  });
+
+  test(`a continuous tilt up from ${height / 1000} km stops with the place centred`, (t) => {
+    const h = harness(t, { height });
+    moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up', mode: 'continuous' });
+    for (let i = 0; i < 1200 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
+      h.tick();
+      assert.ok(h.viewTarget(), `the crosshair is on the sky at frame ${i}`);
+    }
+    assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'tilt must stop at its limit');
+    assert.ok(centreDrift(h) < 100, `centre drifted ${centreDrift(h)} m`);
+  });
+}
+
+test('a pitchDeg tilt toward the horizon limit says it is already there', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 900_000 });
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: 5 });
+  h.finish();
+  const again = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: 5 });
+  assert.equal(again.ok, false);
+  assert.match(again.error, /upper tilt limit/);
+});
+
 test('a regional tilt-up nudge goes to the camera horizon limit', (t) => {
   // 20 km up at -7°: the pivot 186 km out sits at -5.3°, but the camera can
   // still tilt up 2°.
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 70b83eff5..4618a434d 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -62,6 +62,13 @@ const TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M = 150;
  * crosshair point, so the tilt happens in place instead.
  */
 const TILT_PIVOT_MAX_RANGE_M = 1_000_000;
+/**
+ * The shallowest a pivot swing goes when its clearance is not what stops it.
+ * From several hundred km the camera's own horizon limit lies past the
+ * place's horizon; tilting the rest in place there would lift the crosshair
+ * onto the sky, so the swing stops with the place this far above it.
+ */
+const TILT_MIN_PIVOT_ELEVATION = Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5);
 
 /* ── Route dolly: cinematic tuning ──────────────────────────────────────────
  * Every knob an owner may want to retune lives in this block. The shaping is
@@ -1273,7 +1280,10 @@ function onTick() {
  * is clamped to [-89°, -5°] only in the direction of travel: a top-down view
  * sits at -90°, below the limit, and must still be able to tilt up out of it.
  * A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera, so it stops at
- * TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M and the rest tilts in place.
+ * TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M and the rest tilts in place. Farther out it stops with
+ * the camera TILT_MIN_PIVOT_ELEVATION above the place's horizon instead, and
+ * keeps the place centred: tilting in place there would lift the crosshair
+ * onto the sky.
  */
 function tickTilt(cam, m, scale, dt) {
   const from = cam.pitch;
@@ -1288,11 +1298,13 @@ function tickTilt(cam, m, scale, dt) {
   const limited = up
     ? Math.min(want, Math.max(from, PITCH_MAX))
     : Math.max(want, Math.min(from, PITCH_MIN));
+  let atLimit = false;
   if (m.hpr) {
     // Apply a range a zoom set since the last frame, even when the pitch
     // then has nowhere to go (a zoom in to the clearance ends the pivot).
     cam.lookAt(m.target, m.hpr);
-    // Up toward the horizon the swing lowers the camera: hold the clearance.
+    // Up toward the horizon the swing lowers the camera: hold the clearance,
+    // and keep the place below the horizon.
     const cap = up
       ? Math.max(m.hpr.pitch, tiltPivotPitchMax(m.hpr.range))
       : Infinity;
@@ -1309,21 +1321,77 @@ function tickTilt(cam, m, scale, dt) {
     // this last step re-took it.
     if (_active !== m) clearLookAt();
     if (up && m.hpr.pitch >= cap && cam.pitch < limited - 1e-6) {
-      // Down to its clearance: let go of the pivot and tilt the rest in
-      // place, which keeps the height.
-      if (_active === m) clearLookAt();
-      m.hpr = null;
-      m.target = null;
+      if (tiltClearanceBinds(m.hpr.range)) {
+        // Down to its clearance: let go of the pivot and tilt the rest in
+        // place, which keeps the height.
+        if (_active === m) clearLookAt();
+        m.hpr = null;
+        m.target = null;
+      } else {
+        // The place is at its horizon limit: stop here, still centred.
+        atLimit = true;
+      }
     }
   }
   if (!m.hpr) cam.lookUp(limited - cam.pitch);
-  if (m.mode !== 'once' && limited !== want)
+  if (m.mode !== 'once' && (limited !== want || atLimit))
     interruptCameraMotion('tilt-clamp');
 }
 
+/** The refusal for a tilt up the camera has no room left for. */
+function tiltUpLimitRefusal() {
+  return {
+    ok: false,
+    action: 'move_camera',
+    error:
+      'Already at the upper tilt limit (near the horizon) — tilt down, or zoom/pan instead.',
+  };
+}
+
 /** Shallowest pivot pitch that keeps the clearance at this range. */
 function tiltPivotPitchMax(range) {
-  return -Math.asin(Math.min(1, TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M / range));
+  return Math.min(
+    -Math.asin(Math.min(1, TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M / range)),
+    -TILT_MIN_PIVOT_ELEVATION,
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether the clearance, not the horizon, stops a swing at this range. Only
+ * then does the rest of the tilt happen in place: that close in (under ~17
+ * km) the camera's -5° limit stays well below its own horizon.
+ */
+function tiltClearanceBinds(range) {
+  return TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M / range >= Math.sin(TILT_MIN_PIVOT_ELEVATION);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The shallowest camera pitch a tilt starting from this frame can reach with
+ * the place under the crosshair still in view: PITCH_MAX, or less where a
+ * far pivot meets its horizon limit first.
+ */
+function tiltUpLimit({ target, pivot }) {
+  if (!pivot || tiltClearanceBinds(pivot.range)) return PITCH_MAX;
+  const pitch = Math.max(pivot.pitch, tiltPivotPitchMax(pivot.range));
+  // The camera's position for that pivot pitch, as lookAt places it.
+  const offset = new Cesium.Cartesian3(
+    -pivot.range * Math.cos(pitch) * Math.sin(pivot.heading),
+    -pivot.range * Math.cos(pitch) * Math.cos(pivot.heading),
+    -pivot.range * Math.sin(pitch),
+  );
+  const eye = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(
+    Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(target),
+    offset,
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  const look = Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(target, eye, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(look, look);
+  const ellipsoid = _viewer.scene.globe?.ellipsoid ?? Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84;
+  const upAtEye = ellipsoid.geodeticSurfaceNormal(eye, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  return Math.min(
+    PITCH_MAX,
+    Math.asin(Cesium.Math.clamp(Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(look, upAtEye), -1, 1)),
+  );
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1710,17 +1778,22 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
         error: `pitchDeg is an absolute angle, not a step: ${target}° from ${now}° tilts ${towards}, not ${direction}. Send direction alone for a nudge, or pitchDeg alone for an angle.`,
       };
     }
+    if (
+      towards === 'up' &&
+      from >=
+        tiltUpLimit(tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera)) - Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)
+    )
+      return tiltUpLimitRefusal();
   } else if (motion === 'tilt') {
     // Honest limits: at the clamp a tilt is a no-op — say so instead of
     // reporting success and letting the model gaslight itself (field test).
     const pitch = _viewer.camera.pitch;
-    if (direction === 'up' && pitch >= PITCH_MAX - Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)) {
-      return {
-        ok: false,
-        action: 'move_camera',
-        error:
-          'Already at the upper tilt limit (near the horizon) — tilt down, or zoom/pan instead.',
-      };
+    if (
+      direction === 'up' &&
+      pitch >=
+        tiltUpLimit(tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera)) - Cesium.Math.toRadians(0.5)
+    ) {
+      return tiltUpLimitRefusal();
     }
     if (
       direction === 'down' &&
@@ -1816,6 +1889,7 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
         error: 'Globe rotation requires a clear ellipsoid bounding sphere.',
       };
   }
+  let horizonLimited = null;
   const start = () => {
     interruptCameraMotion('replaced');
     const state = {
@@ -1825,27 +1899,36 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
       mode,
     };
     if (motion === 'tilt') {
-      const { target, pivot, from } = tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera);
+      const frame = tiltStartFrame(_viewer.camera);
+      const { target, pivot, from } = frame;
       if (pivot) {
         state.target = target;
         state.hpr = pivot;
       }
       state.startPitch = from;
+      const upLimit = tiltUpLimit(frame);
       if (tiltToPitch !== null) {
+        // From far out the place reaches its horizon before the camera
+        // reaches the asked angle: stop there, and say so.
+        const goal =
+          tiltToPitch > from
+            ? Math.min(tiltToPitch, Math.max(from, upLimit))
+            : tiltToPitch;
         state.mode = 'once';
-        state.direction = tiltToPitch > from ? 'up' : 'down';
-        state.goalPitch = tiltToPitch;
+        state.direction = goal > from ? 'up' : 'down';
+        state.goalPitch = goal;
         state.durationS = Math.max(
           ONCE.durationS,
-          Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(tiltToPitch - from)) / TILT_TO_DEG_S,
+          Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(goal - from)) / TILT_TO_DEG_S,
         );
+        if (goal !== tiltToPitch) horizonLimited = goal;
       } else {
         // A nudge stops at the limit it travels toward.
         const step =
           Cesium.Math.toRadians(ONCE.tiltDeg) * (direction === 'up' ? 1 : -1);
         state.goalPitch =
           step > 0
-            ? Math.min(from + step, Math.max(from, PITCH_MAX))
+            ? Math.min(from + step, Math.max(from, upLimit))
             : Math.max(from + step, Math.min(from, PITCH_MIN));
       }
     }
@@ -1937,7 +2020,12 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
       speed,
       mode: state.mode,
       ...(tiltToPitch !== null && {
-        pitchDeg: Math.round(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(tiltToPitch)),
+        pitchDeg: Math.round(
+          Cesium.Math.toDegrees(horizonLimited ?? tiltToPitch),
+        ),
+      }),
+      ...(horizonLimited !== null && {
+        note: `Stopped at ${Math.round(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(horizonLimited))}°: from this range a shallower angle puts the place past the horizon. Zoom in to tilt further.`,
       }),
     };
   };

From 1eef14454ae7bb2b3868578978897c00ed6383a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 15:48:21 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 135/262] Drop a queued voice motion when another navigation
 takes the camera mid-flight

A motion queued behind a voice fly-to checked only that its reply was current and that the user had not touched the map. A location-panel search, share link or file import stamps a deferred navigation without stopping the flight, so the flight landed, the motion took navigation, and the search's reassert then failed: the search was silently dropped while the camera kept orbiting.

The runner now counts camera handoffs from subscribeCameraHandoff, less the ones voice fly-tos make themselves, and each voice flight records that count when it starts. A motion whose flight saw another navigation since then is not run and says so. Voice fly-tos' own stamps do not count, so a later fly-to in the same reply, including a lookup that finds nothing, is still followed as before. The test harness now publishes handoffs and stamps its voice lookups, as the shell does.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md         |  2 +-
 src/voice/gevActions.js       | 26 ++++++++++
 src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs | 91 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 113 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 3166ab976..2f269ee48 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5590,7 +5590,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. Beyond about 17 km of range the swing never hands over to an in-place tilt (that would lift the crosshair onto the sky); it keeps the camera at least 0.5° above the place's own horizon, which from roughly 500 km stops it short of -5° with the place still centred: a tilt to an angle beyond that stops at the angle reached and says so (`pitchDeg` is the angle reached, with a `note`), a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, or the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. Beyond about 17 km of range the swing never hands over to an in-place tilt (that would lift the crosshair onto the sky); it keeps the camera at least 0.5° above the place's own horizon, which from roughly 500 km stops it short of -5° with the place still centred: a tilt to an angle beyond that stops at the angle reached and says so (`pitchDeg` is the angle reached, with a `note`), a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, or another navigation (a location-panel search, share link or file import, which leave the flight flying) takes the camera during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index 5a30a8cf3..045969a4f 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -296,6 +296,16 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
   let voiceFlight = null;
   // Waiters to tell when a newer voice flight begins.
   const voiceFlightWatchers = new Set();
+  // Camera handoffs (navigation stamps) seen, and how many of them voice
+  // fly-tos made. A search, share link or import that stamps during a flight
+  // leaves it flying; the motion queued behind it then yields to that one.
+  let cameraHandoffs = 0;
+  let voiceFlightHandoffs = 0;
+  const otherHandoffs = () => cameraHandoffs - voiceFlightHandoffs;
+  const unsubscribeCameraHandoff =
+    styleManager?.subscribeCameraHandoff?.(() => {
+      cameraHandoffs += 1;
+    }) ?? null;
   let analystEngine;
   // Area handles live for this runner (the page): resolve_area, the
   // analyst's region/area/drawn scopes, find_imagery and osm_query all read
@@ -1155,6 +1165,8 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
         prior && !prior.done ? prior.inputCount : undefined,
         prior,
       );
+      // Navigation by anything but a voice fly-to since this one began.
+      flight.handoffs = otherHandoffs();
       voiceFlight = flight;
       for (const notify of [...voiceFlightWatchers]) notify();
       // A motion already running (one the model sent before this fly-to) is
@@ -1164,9 +1176,13 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
         (hook) =>
         (...hookArgs) => {
           const before = getActiveCameraMotion();
+          const handoffsBefore = cameraHandoffs;
           try {
             return hook(...hookArgs);
           } finally {
+            // A voice fly-to's own stamps are not another navigation, even
+            // for the flight it replaces (a later lookup may find nothing).
+            voiceFlightHandoffs += cameraHandoffs - handoffsBefore;
             if (
               before &&
               !stoppedMotion &&
@@ -1383,6 +1399,15 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
             motion,
             error: `Not run: the user moved the camera during the flight, so the ${motion} was dropped.`,
           };
+        // A search, share link or import that took navigation during the
+        // flight leaves it flying; running now would cancel that navigation.
+        if (otherHandoffs() !== flight.handoffs)
+          return {
+            ok: false,
+            action: 'move_camera',
+            motion,
+            error: `Not run: another navigation took the camera during the flight, so the ${motion} was dropped.`,
+          };
       }
       return moveCamera(args, (navigate, releaseOptions) =>
         runManagedVoiceNavigation(
@@ -1712,6 +1737,7 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
     if (disposed) return;
     runVoiceAction.resetConversation();
     disposed = true;
+    unsubscribeCameraHandoff?.();
     voiceAreas.dispose();
   };
   return runVoiceAction;
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index b2cdbedc4..f94eb554b 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -143,6 +143,14 @@ test('track_entity runner narrates a callsign-less aircraft by its registration'
 function createVoiceNavigationHarness({ cockpitActive = false } = {}) {
   const order = [];
   let generation = 0;
+  // Camera handoffs, published on every navigation stamp as the shell does.
+  const handoffListeners = new Set();
+  const stamp = (noun) => {
+    generation += 1;
+    order.push(`stamp:${noun}`);
+    for (const listener of [...handoffListeners]) listener({ generation });
+    return generation;
+  };
   const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74, 30.26, 500);
   const viewer = {
     trackedEntity: { id: 'prior-aircraft' },
@@ -179,11 +187,7 @@ function createVoiceNavigationHarness({ cockpitActive = false } = {}) {
       return runExplicitNavigation({
         cockpitActive,
         noun,
-        stamp: () => {
-          generation += 1;
-          order.push(`stamp:${noun}`);
-          return generation;
-        },
+        stamp: () => stamp(noun),
         release: () => {
           order.push('release');
           viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
@@ -195,12 +199,21 @@ function createVoiceNavigationHarness({ cockpitActive = false } = {}) {
       });
     },
     getDetectionState: () => ({ detectionMode: 'DENSE' }),
+    subscribeCameraHandoff(listener) {
+      handoffListeners.add(listener);
+      return () => handoffListeners.delete(listener);
+    },
+    // A voice lookup stamps when it begins and leaves any flight flying.
+    beginDeferredLocationNavigation: () => stamp('location-lookup'),
+    reassertDeferredLocationNavigation: (stamped) => stamped === generation,
   };
   return {
     order,
     viewer,
     styleManager,
     currentGeneration: () => generation,
+    // A location-panel search: a deferred stamp that leaves a flight flying.
+    panelSearch: () => stamp('panel-search'),
   };
 }
 
@@ -921,6 +934,74 @@ test('a motion follows a newer fly-to that lands while its own lookup stalls', a
   assert.equal(result.motion, 'orbit');
 });
 
+// "Fly to Paris and orbit it", then a location-panel search while the camera
+// flies: the search stamps a deferred navigation without stopping the flight.
+// Run where the flight landed, the orbit took navigation and the search's
+// reassert failed, so the search was silently dropped.
+test('a motion queued behind a fly-to yields to a search started during the flight', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights, panelSearch, currentGeneration } =
+    tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  const search = panelSearch();
+  flights[0].complete();
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /Not run: another navigation took the camera/);
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+  assert.equal(currentGeneration(), search, 'the search still owns navigation');
+});
+
+test('a motion behind a geocoded fly-to yields to a search started while it flies', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager, panelSearch } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const searches = [];
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: (_viewer, query, options) => new Promise((resolve) => {
+      searches.push({ query, options, resolve });
+    }),
+  });
+  const fly = runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Place A' });
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'orbit' });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  searches[0].resolve({ label: 'Place A', navigationMode: 'city-overview' });
+  assert.equal((await fly).ok, true);
+  panelSearch();
+  searches[0].options.onComplete();
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+  assert.match(result.error, /another navigation took the camera/);
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+});
+
+test('a search before the fly-to does not drop the motion queued behind it', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights, panelSearch } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  panelSearch();
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' })).ok, true);
+  const moved = runner('move_camera', { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  flights[0].complete();
+  const result = await moved;
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.motion, 'tilt');
+});
+
 test('a fly-to that stops a running motion says so', async (t) => {
   t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
   const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();

From dae95e1c7f866d07dba57f10c5bd0675378eba0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 15:51:14 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 136/262] Refuse a motion after its reply's fly-to found
 nothing, also on Gemini

Gemini runs one turn's calls one after another. By the time "pan left" ran beside "fly to Xyzzyville", the lookup had already found nothing, so there was no flight to wait on and the pan moved the old view with ok: true. OpenAI's parallel calls refused the same reply.

The runner now remembers, for the latest reply that sent a voice fly-to, whether one moved the camera and whether one found nothing. A tilt, orbit, pan or rotate of that reply with no flight left to wait on is refused when its fly-to found nothing and none moved. The reply is Gemini's turn, passed as a per-turn reply object, or OpenAI's authorityGroup. A motion in a later reply, or beside a fly-to of the same reply that did land, runs as before.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md            |  2 +-
 src/voice/geminiSession.js       |  9 ++++
 src/voice/geminiSession.test.mjs | 28 ++++++++++++
 src/voice/gevActions.js          | 41 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs    | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 153 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 2f269ee48..9036db387 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5590,7 +5590,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. Beyond about 17 km of range the swing never hands over to an in-place tilt (that would lift the crosshair onto the sky); it keeps the camera at least 0.5° above the place's own horizon, which from roughly 500 km stops it short of -5° with the place still centred: a tilt to an angle beyond that stops at the angle reached and says so (`pitchDeg` is the angle reached, with a `note`), a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, or another navigation (a location-panel search, share link or file import, which leave the flight flying) takes the camera during it, the motion is not run and says so. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. Beyond about 17 km of range the swing never hands over to an in-place tilt (that would lift the crosshair onto the sky); it keeps the camera at least 0.5° above the place's own horizon, which from roughly 500 km stops it short of -5° with the place still centred: a tilt to an angle beyond that stops at the angle reached and says so (`pitchDeg` is the angle reached, with a `note`), a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, or another navigation (a location-panel search, share link or file import, which leave the flight flying) takes the camera during it, the motion is not run and says so. A motion that runs after a fly-to of the same reply has already found nothing (Gemini runs one turn's calls one by one, and passes its turn as the reply) is refused the same way rather than moving the old view; a motion in a later reply runs. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/src/voice/geminiSession.js b/src/voice/geminiSession.js
index da93b4bb6..8996774b3 100644
--- a/src/voice/geminiSession.js
+++ b/src/voice/geminiSession.js
@@ -184,6 +184,9 @@ export class GeminiSessionController {
     this.model = null;
     this.epoch = 0;
     this.turn = 0;
+    // Identifies one turn's tool calls to the runner as one reply; a new
+    // object each turn, so no two sessions or turns share it.
+    this.turnReply = {};
     this.globeToolsBlocked = false;
     this.globeResetFailed = false;
     this.inputGeneration = 0;
@@ -971,6 +974,7 @@ export class GeminiSessionController {
     const tools = [...this.tools.values()];
     this.turnAbort = new AbortController();
     this.turn++;
+    this.turnReply = {};
     this.typedIntent = null;
     this.radioStrongerCommit = null;
     this.pruneControls();
@@ -1544,6 +1548,7 @@ export class GeminiSessionController {
     )
       throw new Error(msg('Gemini requested too many simultaneous actions'));
     const turn = this.turn;
+    const reply = this.turnReply;
     this.userTurnPending = false;
     this.modelComplete = false;
     // Admit each valid native call ID once per connection.
@@ -1565,6 +1570,7 @@ export class GeminiSessionController {
       const action = new AbortController();
       action.call = { id: call.id, name: call.name };
       action.sequence = ++this.toolSequence;
+      action.reply = reply;
       this.tools.set(call.id, action);
       const priorTools = this.toolQueue;
       const args =
@@ -1674,6 +1680,9 @@ export class GeminiSessionController {
         this.runAction(call.name, args, {
           signal: toolSignal,
           callId: call.id,
+          // Calls run one by one, so a motion can follow a fly-to of the
+          // same reply that already found nothing.
+          reply: action.reply,
           progress: (update) => {
             if (actionCurrent()) this.narration.progress(call.id, update);
           },
diff --git a/src/voice/geminiSession.test.mjs b/src/voice/geminiSession.test.mjs
index 9ce8d351a..82f403ef7 100644
--- a/src/voice/geminiSession.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/geminiSession.test.mjs
@@ -1241,6 +1241,34 @@ test('successful stronger Radio stop still invalidates the prepared group', asyn
   h.c.stop();
 });
 
+test('Gemini tools of one turn share a reply identity, and a new turn gets another', async () => {
+  const replies = [];
+  const h = harness({
+    runAction: (name, _args, next) => {
+      replies.push([name, next.reply]);
+      return { ok: true, action: name };
+    },
+  });
+  await h.c.start({ pushToTalk: true });
+  h.c.sendTextCommand('Fly to Xyzzyville and pan left');
+  const ws = h.sockets[0];
+  requestTool(ws, 'fly', 'fly_to_location', { query: 'Xyzzyville' });
+  requestTool(ws, 'pan', 'move_camera', { motion: 'pan', direction: 'left' });
+  await h.c.toolQueue;
+  assert.equal(replies.length, 2);
+  assert.ok(replies[0][1], 'a sequentially run call carries its reply');
+  assert.equal(replies[1][1], replies[0][1]);
+  drainRadioReply(h);
+  await tick();
+  assert.equal(h.c.sendTextCommand('Pan left'), true);
+  requestTool(ws, 'pan-2', 'move_camera', { motion: 'pan', direction: 'left' });
+  await h.c.toolQueue;
+  assert.equal(replies.length, 3);
+  assert.ok(replies[2][1]);
+  assert.notEqual(replies[2][1], replies[0][1]);
+  h.c.stop();
+});
+
 test('slow Gemini tools reuse shared progress timing without injecting a conversation turn', async () => {
   const pending = deferred();
   let options;
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index 045969a4f..a01e3328e 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -299,6 +299,11 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
   // Camera handoffs (navigation stamps) seen, and how many of them voice
   // fly-tos made. A search, share link or import that stamps during a flight
   // leaves it flying; the motion queued behind it then yields to that one.
+  // The voice fly-tos of the latest reply that sent one: whether any moved
+  // the camera, and whether one found nothing. A motion of that reply run
+  // after its fly-to found nothing (Gemini runs a reply's calls one by one)
+  // has no flight to wait on, and must not move the old view instead.
+  let replyFlights = null;
   let cameraHandoffs = 0;
   let voiceFlightHandoffs = 0;
   const otherHandoffs = () => cameraHandoffs - voiceFlightHandoffs;
@@ -1168,6 +1173,10 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
       // Navigation by anything but a voice fly-to since this one began.
       flight.handoffs = otherHandoffs();
       voiceFlight = flight;
+      const reply = voiceReplyOf(runOptions);
+      if (reply !== null && replyFlights?.reply !== reply)
+        replyFlights = { reply, moved: false, foundNothing: false };
+      const replyRecord = reply !== null ? replyFlights : null;
       for (const notify of [...voiceFlightWatchers]) notify();
       // A motion already running (one the model sent before this fly-to) is
       // stopped when the flight takes navigation; the result says so.
@@ -1239,6 +1248,13 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
           flight.settle('failed');
         else notStarted();
       }, notStarted);
+      // After the outcome above, which marks a lookup that moved nothing.
+      const noteReply = (result) => {
+        if (!replyRecord) return;
+        if (result?.ok === true) replyRecord.moved = true;
+        else if (flight.movedNothing) replyRecord.foundNothing = true;
+      };
+      flown.then(noteReply, () => noteReply(null));
       return flown.then((result) =>
         stoppedMotion && result && typeof result === 'object'
           ? { ...result, stoppedMotion }
@@ -1349,6 +1365,21 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
       // A lookup that already found nothing does not hide the last flight
       // that moved: running now would cancel that flight mid-air.
       const pending = voiceFlightTarget(voiceFlight);
+      const reply = voiceReplyOf(runOptions);
+      if (
+        VOICE_FLIGHT_WAITING_MOTIONS.has(motion) &&
+        !(pending && !pending.done) &&
+        reply !== null &&
+        replyFlights?.reply === reply &&
+        replyFlights.foundNothing &&
+        !replyFlights.moved
+      )
+        return {
+          ok: false,
+          action: 'move_camera',
+          motion,
+          error: `Not run: the fly-to in this reply found nothing, so the ${motion} was not run at the old view.`,
+        };
       if (
         VOICE_FLIGHT_WAITING_MOTIONS.has(motion) &&
         pending &&
@@ -1724,6 +1755,7 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
    * forget the analyst's "last answer". Area handles stay (page lifetime).
    */
   runVoiceAction.resetConversation = () => {
+    replyFlights = null;
     conversationAbort.abort();
     conversationAbort = new AbortController();
     conversation++;
@@ -3012,6 +3044,15 @@ async function frameOverhead(viewer, dataManager, styleManager, args = {}) {
 
 let voiceFlightCount = 0;
 
+/**
+ * The model reply a voice call belongs to: Gemini's turn (`reply`), or the
+ * OpenAI response its sibling calls share (`authorityGroup`). Null when the
+ * caller names none.
+ */
+function voiceReplyOf(options) {
+  return options?.reply ?? options?.authorityGroup ?? null;
+}
+
 /**
  * A voice flight's end: 'arrived', 'cancelled' or 'failed', settled once.
  * `replaced` is the last flight that moved when this one began (past lookups
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index f94eb554b..f4be07148 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -938,6 +938,80 @@ test('a motion follows a newer fly-to that lands while its own lookup stalls', a
 // flies: the search stamps a deferred navigation without stopping the flight.
 // Run where the flight landed, the orbit took navigation and the search's
 // reassert failed, so the search was silently dropped.
+// Gemini runs one reply's calls one after another: by the time "pan left"
+// runs, "fly to Xyzzyville" has already found nothing, so there is no flight
+// to wait on, and the pan moved the old view with ok: true.
+test('a motion run after its reply\'s fly-to found nothing is not run', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: async () => null,
+  });
+  const reply = { turn: 1 };
+  const fly = await runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Xyzzyville' }, { reply });
+  assert.equal(fly.ok, false);
+  const pan = await runner(
+    'move_camera',
+    { motion: 'pan', direction: 'left' },
+    { reply },
+  );
+  assert.equal(pan.ok, false);
+  assert.match(pan.error, /Not run: the fly-to in this reply found nothing/);
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
+  // The same holds for OpenAI's reply identity.
+  const group = 'response-1';
+  await runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Xyzzyville' }, { authorityGroup: group });
+  const tilt = await runner(
+    'move_camera',
+    { motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -45 },
+    { authorityGroup: group },
+  );
+  assert.equal(tilt.ok, false);
+  assert.match(tilt.error, /found nothing/);
+});
+
+test('a motion in a later reply runs after a fly-to that found nothing', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: async () => null,
+  });
+  await runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Xyzzyville' }, { reply: { turn: 1 } });
+  const pan = await runner(
+    'move_camera',
+    { motion: 'pan', direction: 'left' },
+    { reply: { turn: 2 } },
+  );
+  assert.equal(pan.ok, true, pan.error);
+});
+
+test('a motion runs at a flight of its reply that landed after another lookup found nothing', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
+  const { viewer, styleManager, flights } = tiltAfterFlightHarness();
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer,
+    styleManager,
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+    searchNavigation: async () => null,
+  });
+  const reply = { turn: 1 };
+  await runner('fly_to_location', { query: 'Xyzzyville' }, { reply });
+  assert.equal((await runner('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'austin' }, { reply })).ok, true);
+  flights[0].complete();
+  const pan = await runner(
+    'move_camera',
+    { motion: 'pan', direction: 'left' },
+    { reply },
+  );
+  assert.equal(pan.ok, true, pan.error);
+});
+
 test('a motion queued behind a fly-to yields to a search started during the flight', async (t) => {
   t.after(() => interruptCameraMotion('test-cleanup'));
   const { viewer, styleManager, flights, panelSearch, currentGeneration } =

From a20076fc5ef8976b1007170a05a3fc91765c48d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 15:55:52 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 137/262] fix(camera): judge a voice tilt's frame limit by the
 way its pitch moves

The pre-check picked the in-place look from args.direction alone, while the tilt itself turns down for any direction but up. A tilt sent as left or right at the frame limit was checked as a turn left or right, refused as losing the globe, though it turns down toward the planet. A rotate sent as up or down was checked as a look up or down, though it turns right.

A tilt's look now comes from its goal pitch against the current pitch (tiltLook), and the tick tilts in place through tiltInPlaceWithinFrame(cam, m, goalPitch). Neither depends on the direction word, so a tilt to an absolute angle, or a tilt with no direction, can use them as they are.
---
 src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs | 20 ++++++++++++++++
 src/cameraVerbs.js               | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs b/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs
index 543c01bff..09fc93f00 100644
--- a/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs
@@ -1426,6 +1426,26 @@ test('voice tilt from orbit stops with the planet still on screen and then says
   assert.ok(camera.pitch > radians(-68.5) && camera.pitch < radians(-66));
 });
 
+// The frame limit judges a tilt by the way its pitch moves, not by the
+// direction word: a tilt sent as left or right turns down.
+for (const direction of ['left', 'right']) {
+  test(`a tilt ${direction} from the frame limit is judged as the look down it is`, (t) => {
+    withScope(t, false);
+    const { camera, finishOnce } = harness(t, {
+      pitch: -80,
+      viewportWidth: 1600,
+      viewportHeight: 900,
+    });
+    assert.equal(moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction: 'up' }).ok, true);
+    finishOnce();
+    const atLimit = camera.pitch;
+    const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', direction });
+    assert.equal(result.ok, true, result.error);
+    finishOnce();
+    assert.ok(camera.pitch < atLimit - radians(5), 'the tilt turned down');
+  });
+}
+
 test('voice turn in place from orbit stops with the planet still on screen', (t) => {
   withScope(t, false); // the whole frame is visible
   const { camera, tick } = harness(t, { pitch: -75 });
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 3c8424b82..9715e24f7 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -1090,6 +1090,23 @@ function lookWithinFrame(cam, m, look, angle) {
   if (allowed < angle) interruptCameraMotion('globe-out-of-frame');
 }
 
+/**
+ * The in-place look a pitch change from `fromPitch` to `goalPitch` makes:
+ * 'lookUp', 'lookDown', or null when it does not move. A tilt is judged by
+ * the way its pitch moves, whatever form or direction word it came in.
+ */
+function tiltLook(fromPitch, goalPitch) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(fromPitch) || !Number.isFinite(goalPitch)) return null;
+  if (goalPitch > fromPitch) return 'lookUp';
+  return goalPitch < fromPitch ? 'lookDown' : null;
+}
+
+/** Tilt `m` in place to `goalPitch`, as far as the frame limit allows. */
+function tiltInPlaceWithinFrame(cam, m, goalPitch) {
+  const look = tiltLook(cam.pitch, goalPitch);
+  if (look) lookWithinFrame(cam, m, look, Math.abs(goalPitch - cam.pitch));
+}
+
 /** True when the pre-check proved a half-degree `look` from `cam`'s pose. */
 function lookProven(cam, look) {
   return (
@@ -1358,7 +1375,7 @@ function onTick() {
           interruptCameraMotion('tilt-clamp');
           return;
         }
-        lookWithinFrame(cam, m, up ? 'lookUp' : 'lookDown', stepRad);
+        tiltInPlaceWithinFrame(cam, m, next);
       } else {
         lookWithinFrame(
           cam,
@@ -1662,15 +1679,20 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
       };
     }
   }
+  // A tilt is judged by the way its pitch will move (any direction other
+  // than up tilts down); a rotate turns left only when told to, as it runs.
   const look =
-    motion === 'tilt' || motion === 'rotate'
-      ? {
-          up: 'lookUp',
-          down: 'lookDown',
-          left: 'lookLeft',
-          right: 'lookRight',
-        }[direction]
-      : null;
+    motion === 'tilt'
+      ? tiltLook(
+          _viewer.camera.pitch,
+          _viewer.camera.pitch +
+            Cesium.Math.toRadians(ONCE.tiltDeg) * (direction === 'up' ? 1 : -1),
+        )
+      : motion === 'rotate'
+        ? direction === 'left'
+          ? 'lookLeft'
+          : 'lookRight'
+        : null;
   // Honest limits from orbit too: a stopped turn rests within 0.05° of its
   // limit, so one that cannot go half a degree further is refused rather than
   // run and reported as done, and one that can is then turned at least that

From 44106b2bfbc1634d5ea91175cc530f83c381cae5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 15:55:52 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 138/262] fix(camera): hold the globe recovery while a pointer
 is down

Holding a drag still for half a second on a view that already showed no surface looked like a camera at rest, so the recovery turned the view down under the user's hand. The recovery now defers while a pointer pressed on the canvas is held, and runs once it is released, as for a flight or a playing scene.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md        |  5 +++--
 src/app/application.test.mjs | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/app/viewer.js            | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 3 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 27c31f4ce..545c4efd8 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -103,8 +103,9 @@ zoom-out guard above keeps wheel and pinch zoom-outs in view; this catches the
 other ways a move can end looking away, such as a saved or shared view that did.
 Views with more surface than that, such as the oblique orbital Director shots,
 are left as they are, and so are tracked or locked cameras, a camera flight in
-progress, a Director scene while it plays (holds included) and the 2D and
-Columbus modes; a check a flight or scene defers runs once it ends. A Director
+progress, a Director scene while it plays (holds included), a pointer held
+down on the globe (a drag held still) and the 2D and Columbus modes; a check a
+flight, scene or held pointer defers runs once it ends. A Director
 shot loaded or replayed outside a run is not a playing scene. A view that loses
 its surface without a camera move (a resize, or turning the scope on) is left as
 it is until the next move. A voice turn requested while the camera is tracked is
diff --git a/src/app/application.test.mjs b/src/app/application.test.mjs
index da01ff61c..e25b2ce11 100644
--- a/src/app/application.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/application.test.mjs
@@ -778,6 +778,39 @@ test('a check a scene or flight defers runs once it ends', () => {
   }
 });
 
+// Holding a drag still for half a second on a view that already showed no
+// surface looked like a settled camera, and the view was turned down under
+// the user's hand.
+test('the recovery waits while a pointer is held on the globe', () => {
+  const timers = fakeTimers();
+  const { camera, scene, viewer } = realCamera({ width: 1225, height: 923 });
+  const document = new EventTarget();
+  scene.canvas = Object.assign(new EventTarget(), {
+    clientWidth: 1225,
+    clientHeight: 923,
+    ownerDocument: document,
+  });
+  const dispose = installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer, timers);
+  aim(camera, reportedStuckView);
+  scene.canvas.dispatchEvent(new Event('pointerdown'));
+  camera.moveStart.raiseEvent();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) timers.tick();
+  camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) timers.tick();
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(camera), true, 'left alone while held');
+  document.dispatchEvent(new Event('pointerup'));
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i += 1) timers.tick();
+  assert.ok(
+    Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6),
+    'recovered once the pointer is released',
+  );
+  dispose();
+  aim(camera, reportedStuckView);
+  scene.canvas.dispatchEvent(new Event('pointerdown'));
+  document.dispatchEvent(new Event('pointerup'));
+  assert.equal(timers.pending(), 0, 'disposed recovery holds no listeners');
+});
+
 function fakeTimers() {
   let next = 1;
   const pending = new Map();
diff --git a/src/app/viewer.js b/src/app/viewer.js
index ef36feb8a..12ef67269 100644
--- a/src/app/viewer.js
+++ b/src/app/viewer.js
@@ -172,9 +172,10 @@ const SETTLE_GIVE_UP_MS = 5 * 60_000;
  * catches a saved or shared view that looked away, or any other move that ends
  * looking away from the planet.
  * Heading and position are kept. Tracked cameras, locked ones (non-identity
- * transform), a camera flight in progress, the 2D and Columbus modes, and any
- * time `paused` returns true (an authored scene playing) are left alone; a
- * check they defer runs once they end, however long they last.
+ * transform), a camera flight in progress, a pointer held down on the canvas
+ * (a drag held still), the 2D and Columbus modes, and any time `paused`
+ * returns true (an authored scene playing) are left alone; a check they defer
+ * runs once they end, however long they last.
  * `keyholeRadius`
  * returns the radius of the visible circle when a scope mask hides the rest of
  * the frame (see `globeFrameShare`), or 0; it is read at every check.
@@ -205,12 +206,27 @@ export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
   if (!scene || !camera?.moveEnd || !camera?.moveStart)
     throw new TypeError('A complete Cesium viewer is required');
 
-  // Returns false while a flight or a paused scene defers the check, so the
-  // caller can try again once it ends.
+  // A pointer held on the globe is a gesture in progress, even when it holds
+  // still for half a second: the check waits for its release.
+  const canvas = scene.canvas;
+  const releaseTarget = canvas?.ownerDocument ?? canvas;
+  let pointerHeld = false;
+  const onPointerDown = () => {
+    pointerHeld = true;
+  };
+  const onPointerUp = () => {
+    pointerHeld = false;
+  };
+  canvas?.addEventListener?.('pointerdown', onPointerDown);
+  releaseTarget?.addEventListener?.('pointerup', onPointerUp);
+  releaseTarget?.addEventListener?.('pointercancel', onPointerUp);
+
+  // Returns false while a flight, a paused scene or a held pointer defers the
+  // check, so the caller can try again once it ends.
   const recover = () => {
     if (!isFreeGlobeCamera(viewer)) return true;
     // Cesium has no public running-flight flag.
-    if (camera._currentFlight || paused()) return false;
+    if (camera._currentFlight || paused() || pointerHeld) return false;
     const height = camera.positionCartographic?.height;
     if (
       !(height > minHeight) ||
@@ -294,6 +310,9 @@ export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
     stopSettling();
     removeMoveEnd();
     removeMoveStart();
+    canvas?.removeEventListener?.('pointerdown', onPointerDown);
+    releaseTarget?.removeEventListener?.('pointerup', onPointerUp);
+    releaseTarget?.removeEventListener?.('pointercancel', onPointerUp);
   };
 }
 

From 82138478d0ff25c57f5f906e494ed0beca723437 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:03:52 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 139/262] fix(wildlife): treat a valid empty Acartia snapshot
 as a fresh success

A quiet or fully filtered feed raised invalid_snapshot, so the proxy
answered 502 with a 15 s cooldown and re-polled about four times a
minute. Only a non-array payload is malformed now; an empty projection
caches for the normal ten minutes and clears earlier rows.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md             |  5 +-
 server/providers/acartia.js       |  4 +-
 server/providers/acartia.test.mjs | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 3 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 1b1b73d2c..b615bb70d 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -123,7 +123,10 @@ known `Retry-After`. Failures keep filters and drawn rows, reporting DEGRADED
 with retry timing; logs exclude request URLs and upstream exception text.
 
 `/api/acartia/sightings` adds Salish Sea marine mammals within 45.5–50.5° N,
-126–121° W, cached ten minutes and stale for at most 24 h. WHALES accepts only
+126–121° W, cached ten minutes and stale for at most 24 h. A valid empty
+snapshot, including one whose rows all fall outside coverage or the species
+checks, is a fresh success that clears earlier rows; only a malformed or failed
+upstream reply serves stale and starts a retry cooldown. WHALES accepts only
 recognized cetaceans; other identified marine mammals appear under ALL or
 MAMMALS. Sensitive iNaturalist locations remain 0.2° privacy cells; Acartia
 positions are rounded to 0.01° on the server. Acartia comments are never retained.
diff --git a/server/providers/acartia.js b/server/providers/acartia.js
index e3dafd220..c8f8b90d7 100644
--- a/server/providers/acartia.js
+++ b/server/providers/acartia.js
@@ -100,7 +100,9 @@ export function acartiaProxy({
         signal,
       );
       const rows = normalizeAcartiaSightings(payload, now());
-      if (!rows?.length) throw new Error('invalid_snapshot');
+      // Only a non-array is malformed. A quiet feed, or one whose rows all fall
+      // outside coverage or the species checks, is a valid empty snapshot.
+      if (!rows) throw new Error('invalid_snapshot');
       return { fetchedAt: now(), rows };
     } catch (error) {
       if (error.status !== 429) coolDown(502, FAILURE_COOLDOWN_MS);
diff --git a/server/providers/acartia.test.mjs b/server/providers/acartia.test.mjs
index bf61d987c..e7b3cd32e 100644
--- a/server/providers/acartia.test.mjs
+++ b/server/providers/acartia.test.mjs
@@ -221,43 +221,81 @@ test('one global snapshot single-flights and stays fresh for ten minutes', async
   assert.equal(calls, 2);
 });
 
-test('empty, unprojectable and invented wrapped snapshots never replace the cache', async () => {
-  for (const bad of [
+test('a valid empty or fully filtered snapshot is a fresh success that clears old rows', async () => {
+  for (const quiet of [
     [],
     [null],
     [{ ...sighting(), data_source_name: '' }],
-    { results: [sighting()] },
+    [{ ...sighting(), latitude: 37.8 }],
+    [{ ...sighting(), type: 'Unknown' }],
   ]) {
     let at = NOW;
-    let fail = false;
+    let calls = 0;
+    let empty = false;
     const cache = new Map();
     const request = install({
       cache,
       now: () => at,
-      fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(fail ? bad : [sighting()]),
+      fetchImpl: async () => {
+        calls += 1;
+        return Response.json(empty ? quiet : [sighting()]);
+      },
     });
-    const fresh = await request();
-    const retained = cache.get('sightings');
-    fail = true;
+    assert.equal((await request()).body.rows.length, 1);
+    empty = true;
     at += 600_001;
-    const stale = await request();
-    assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
-    assert.equal(stale.headers['X-Data-Stale'], 'true');
-    assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
-    assert.equal(stale.body.fetchedAt, fresh.body.fetchedAt);
-    assert.equal(cache.get('sightings'), retained);
-    const coldCache = new Map();
-    const cold = install({
-      cache: coldCache,
-      fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(bad),
-    });
-    const result = await cold();
-    assert.equal(result.status, 502);
-    assert.equal(result.body.error, 'acartia_unavailable');
-    assert.equal(coldCache.size, 0);
+    const result = await request();
+    assert.equal(result.status, 200);
+    assert.deepEqual(result.body, { fetchedAt: at, rows: [] });
+    assert.equal(result.headers['X-Data-Stale'], undefined);
+    assert.equal(result.headers['Retry-After'], undefined);
+    assert.deepEqual(cache.get('sightings').value.rows, []);
+    // The quiet feed keeps the normal ten-minute cadence, not a failure retry.
+    at += 599_999;
+    assert.equal((await request()).status, 200);
+    assert.equal(calls, 2);
+    at += 1;
+    await request();
+    assert.equal(calls, 3);
+    const cold = install({ fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(quiet) });
+    const coldResult = await cold();
+    assert.equal(coldResult.status, 200);
+    assert.deepEqual(coldResult.body, { fetchedAt: NOW, rows: [] });
   }
 });
 
+test('an invented wrapped snapshot never replaces the cache', async () => {
+  const bad = { results: [sighting()] };
+  let at = NOW;
+  let fail = false;
+  const cache = new Map();
+  const request = install({
+    cache,
+    now: () => at,
+    fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(fail ? bad : [sighting()]),
+  });
+  const fresh = await request();
+  const retained = cache.get('sightings');
+  fail = true;
+  at += 600_001;
+  const stale = await request();
+  assert.equal(stale.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(stale.headers['X-Data-Stale'], 'true');
+  assert.equal(stale.body.stale, true);
+  assert.equal(stale.body.fetchedAt, fresh.body.fetchedAt);
+  assert.equal(cache.get('sightings'), retained);
+  const coldCache = new Map();
+  const cold = install({
+    cache: coldCache,
+    fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(bad),
+  });
+  const result = await cold();
+  assert.equal(result.status, 502);
+  assert.equal(result.body.error, 'acartia_unavailable');
+  assert.equal(result.headers['Retry-After'], '15');
+  assert.equal(coldCache.size, 0);
+});
+
 test('failure serves stale for at most 24 hours and never reports a cold success', async () => {
   let at = NOW;
   let fail = false;

From 3cb30c3f975e8dfb87a3e7105a650c509d93b263 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:05:02 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 140/262] fix(wildlife): point the Acartia card link only at
 acartia.io

The card's "Acartia" link was built from the contributor-supplied
photo_url, so any https site could appear labelled as Acartia. Acartia
has no documented per-sighting page, so the source link is now always
the Acartia site, on the server projection and again in the card.
The separate "Open on Acartia" fallback link is no longer needed.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  3 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                      |  1 -
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                      |  1 -
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                      |  1 -
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                      |  1 -
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                      |  1 -
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                      |  1 -
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                      |  1 -
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                      |  1 -
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                      |  1 -
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                   |  1 -
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json                 |  1 -
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js       | 17 +++--------
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.test.mjs |  8 +++--
 src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue  |  5 ++--
 src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.test.mjs          | 30 +++++++++++++++++++
 16 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index b615bb70d..fbbaa19b0 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -174,7 +174,8 @@ compact anchored photo card. Selection stays pinned across camera, filter and
 sample changes until explicit deselection or layer disable. Its medium image
 uses `object-fit: contain`, with names, compact observed age and creator/licence.
 The card is the single source link to iNaturalist. Obscured sightings also stay
-text-only; Acartia stays text-only with provider credit and whale guidance.
+text-only; Acartia stays text-only with provider credit and whale guidance,
+and its source link is always `https://acartia.io/`, never a contributed URL.
 Placement avoids actual HUD, toolbar and rail rectangles, panning only when
 necessary while preserving zoom. Escape, close or an outside click closes the
 card and clears selection. Camera/layout changes reposition the card without
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index da291e035..b491c3c93 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3453,7 +3453,6 @@
   "Loading photo...": "جارٍ تحميل الصورة…",
   "Photo unavailable": "الصورة غير متاحة",
   "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "الموقع مخفي ضمن خلية بمقدار 0.2°",
-  "Open on Acartia ↗": "فتح على Acartia ↗",
   "Photo of {name}": "صورة {name}",
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 69b039fc5..d01ff292f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -3153,7 +3153,6 @@
   "Loading photo...": "Foto wird geladen…",
   "Photo unavailable": "Foto nicht verfügbar",
   "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Standort auf eine 0,2°-Rasterzelle verschleiert",
-  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Auf Acartia öffnen ↗",
   "Photo of {name}": "Foto von {name}",
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index a34a9bf39..aa403f743 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3228,7 +3228,6 @@
   "Loading photo...": "Cargando foto…",
   "Photo unavailable": "Foto no disponible",
   "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Ubicación oculta en una celda de 0,2°",
-  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Abrir en Acartia ↗",
   "Photo of {name}": "Foto de {name}",
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index a09806cfa..b3ae72189 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3228,7 +3228,6 @@
   "Loading photo...": "Chargement de la photo…",
   "Photo unavailable": "Photo indisponible",
   "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Localisation masquée dans une cellule de 0,2°",
-  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Ouvrir sur Acartia ↗",
   "Photo of {name}": "Photo de {name}",
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index b800b010c..4c69e1d4c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3228,7 +3228,6 @@
   "Loading photo...": "Caricamento della foto…",
   "Photo unavailable": "Foto non disponibile",
   "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Posizione oscurata in una cella di 0,2°",
-  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Apri su Acartia ↗",
   "Photo of {name}": "Foto di {name}",
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index fbfc9dd96..9a053f869 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -3078,7 +3078,6 @@
   "Loading photo...": "写真を読み込み中…",
   "Photo unavailable": "写真を表示できません",
   "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "位置は0.2°のセル内に秘匿されています",
-  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Acartiaで開く ↗",
   "Photo of {name}": "{name}の写真",
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index a57f4eeaf..79c507759 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3228,7 +3228,6 @@
   "Loading photo...": "Carregando foto…",
   "Photo unavailable": "Foto indisponível",
   "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Localização ocultada em uma célula de 0,2°",
-  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Abrir no Acartia ↗",
   "Photo of {name}": "Foto de {name}",
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 2946ba482..11fddb3e9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3303,7 +3303,6 @@
   "Loading photo...": "Загрузка фото…",
   "Photo unavailable": "Фото недоступно",
   "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Местоположение скрыто в ячейке 0,2°",
-  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Открыть на Acartia ↗",
   "Photo of {name}": "Фото {name}",
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 7f6c8c3e2..c0fab8533 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3303,7 +3303,6 @@
   "Loading photo...": "Завантаження фото…",
   "Photo unavailable": "Фото недоступне",
   "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "Місцеположення приховано в комірці 0,2°",
-  "Open on Acartia ↗": "Відкрити на Acartia ↗",
   "Photo of {name}": "Фото {name}",
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 28854ce5d..8687af790 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -3078,7 +3078,6 @@
   "Loading photo...": "正在加载照片…",
   "Photo unavailable": "照片不可用",
   "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "位置已模糊至0.2°网格",
-  "Open on Acartia ↗": "在Acartia上打开 ↗",
   "Photo of {name}": "{name}的照片",
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index 63088293a..a95e71dd5 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -3078,7 +3078,6 @@
   "Loading photo...": "正在載入照片…",
   "Photo unavailable": "照片無法使用",
   "Location obscured to a 0.2° cell": "位置已模糊至0.2°網格",
-  "Open on Acartia ↗": "在Acartia上開啟 ↗",
   "Photo of {name}": "{name}的照片",
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js
index a1e50f52c..1af1cc296 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js
@@ -247,18 +247,9 @@ export function normalizeInatObservations(
   return rows;
 }
 
-function acartiaLink(value) {
-  if (typeof value !== 'string' || value.length > 500)
-    return 'https://acartia.io';
-  try {
-    const url = new URL(value);
-    return url.protocol === 'https:' && !url.username && !url.password
-      ? url.href
-      : 'https://acartia.io';
-  } catch {
-    return 'https://acartia.io';
-  }
-}
+// Acartia has no documented per-sighting page, and photo_url is supplied by the
+// contributor. The source link is therefore always the Acartia site itself.
+export const ACARTIA_SITE = 'https://acartia.io/';
 
 /** Acartia documents flat rows only. Name and entity are text fields; unknown
  * shapes are skipped rather than guessing nested provider data. */
@@ -315,7 +306,7 @@ export function normalizeAcartiaSightings(payload, nowMs) {
       cetacean: speciesGroup === 'cetacean',
       threatened: false,
       provider: { name, entity: cleanText(raw.data_source_entity, 60) },
-      link: acartiaLink(raw.photo_url),
+      link: ACARTIA_SITE,
       photo: null,
       favesCount: 0,
       identificationAgreements: 0,
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.test.mjs
index 18a1693d8..9909338a1 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/records.test.mjs
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ test('Acartia requires flat provider text, handles trust, and sanitizes type', (
   );
 });
 
-test('Acartia rejects invalid times/positions and unsafe photo links become the canonical page', () => {
+test('Acartia rejects invalid times/positions and its link is always the Acartia site', () => {
   for (const overrides of [
     { created: new Date(now - 8 * 24 * hour - 1).toISOString() },
     { created: new Date(now + 10 * 60_000 + 1).toISOString() },
@@ -341,6 +341,10 @@ test('Acartia rejects invalid times/positions and unsafe photo links become the
   ])
     assert.deepEqual(normalizeAcartiaSightings([sighting(overrides)], now), []);
   for (const photo_url of [
+    // A contributor-supplied URL is never labelled as the Acartia source.
+    'https://provider.example/photo.jpg',
+    'https://phishing.example/acartia.io/login',
+    'https://acartia.io.attacker.example/',
     'http://provider.example/p.jpg',
     'https://user:secret@provider.example/p.jpg',
     'javascript:bad()',
@@ -349,7 +353,7 @@ test('Acartia rejects invalid times/positions and unsafe photo links become the
   ]) {
     assert.equal(
       normalizeAcartiaSightings([sighting({ photo_url })], now)[0].link,
-      'https://acartia.io',
+      'https://acartia.io/',
     );
   }
 });
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue
index fc92c7ee4..9caac8fdd 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/WildlifeSightingCard.vue
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import { computed, shallowRef, useTemplateRef, watch } from 'vue';
 import { formatDate, t, translateKnown } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
 import { photoCreator, formatAge } from '../../../layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js';
-import { inatLicenceLabel, inatPhotoUrl, isOpenPhoto } from '../../../layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js';
+import { ACARTIA_SITE, inatLicenceLabel, inatPhotoUrl, isOpenPhoto } from '../../../layers/wildlifeSightings/records.js';
 
 const props = defineProps({
   sighting: { type: Object, required: true },
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ const age = computed(() => {
 });
 const observedDate = computed(() => observedDay.value ? formatDate(Date.parse(`${observedDay.value}T00:00:00Z`), { year: 'numeric', month: 'short', day: 'numeric', timeZone: 'UTC' }) : '');
 const link = computed(() => {
+  // The "Acartia" label only ever points at the Acartia site, never a row URL.
+  if (acartia.value) return ACARTIA_SITE;
   try {
     const url = new URL(props.sighting.link);
     return url.protocol === 'https:' && !url.username && !url.password ? url.href : null;
@@ -89,7 +91,6 @@ watch([() => props.sighting.stableId, () => photo.value?.src], () => { loaded.va
       </div>
     </component>
     <p v-if="acartia || taxa === 'whales'" class="wildlife-sighting-card-guidance">
-      <a v-if="acartia && !/^https:\/\/acartia\.io\/?$/.test(link || '')" href="https://acartia.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">{{ t('Open on Acartia ↗') }}</a>
       <a href="https://www.bewhalewise.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">{{ t('Be Whale Wise') }}</a>
     </p>
   </section>
diff --git a/src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.test.mjs b/src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.test.mjs
index d7837af7f..f685c75e0 100644
--- a/src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/wildlifeSightingCard.test.mjs
@@ -373,6 +373,36 @@ test('missing, restricted, obscured and Acartia photos all use the same compact
     });
 });
 
+test('an Acartia card labels only the Acartia site as Acartia', async (context) => {
+  for (const link of [
+    'https://provider.example/photos/synthetic.jpg',
+    'https://acartia.io.attacker.example/',
+    'https://acartia.io/',
+  ])
+    await context.test(link, async (context) => {
+      const f = fixture(context, {
+        ...row,
+        origin: 'acartia',
+        stableId: 'acartia:456',
+        provider: { name: 'Synthetic network' },
+        link,
+      });
+      await f.click();
+      const card = f.cardElement();
+      const hrefs = [...card.querySelectorAll('a')].map((a) =>
+        a.getAttribute('href'),
+      );
+      assert.deepEqual(hrefs, [
+        'https://acartia.io/',
+        'https://www.bewhalewise.org',
+      ]);
+      assert.equal(
+        card.querySelector('.wildlife-sighting-card-source').textContent,
+        'Acartia ↗',
+      );
+    });
+});
+
 test('safe placements near each viewport edge exclude actual HUD, toolbar and rail rects', () => {
   const obstacles = [
     rect(0, 0, 260, 160),

From 5391687d4649c3fd9e7f0d0c46624caaf6c7582e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:06:41 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 141/262] fix(wildlife): draw what arrived when one sighting
 source fails

An iNaturalist rejection discarded a successful Acartia reply, and the
antimeridian Promise.all lost both halves when one failed. Each box now
settles independently; the failed part is reported on
sources.inaturalist (error and failed boxes), the layer keeps that
area's last iNaturalist rows and shows DEGRADED with retry timing, and
the update fails outright only when every requested source failed.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  4 +
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js     | 16 +++-
 .../wildlifeSightings/ownership.test.mjs      | 41 +++++++++++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js        | 26 ++++++-
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.test.mjs  | 73 +++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 155 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index fbbaa19b0..2449130f4 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -121,6 +121,10 @@ Provider 429 cooldown is shared; 5xx cooldown is resource-specific. Failed tiles
 retain good cells for at most one hour. Stale replies carry `X-Data-Stale` and
 known `Retry-After`. Failures keep filters and drawn rows, reporting DEGRADED
 with retry timing; logs exclude request URLs and upstream exception text.
+A partial failure still draws what arrived: a failed iNaturalist request, or
+one failed half of an antimeridian view, keeps a good Acartia reply and the
+other half, retains that area's last iNaturalist rows and reports DEGRADED.
+The update fails outright only when every requested source failed.
 
 `/api/acartia/sightings` adds Salish Sea marine mammals within 45.5–50.5° N,
 126–121° W, cached ten minutes and stale for at most 24 h. A valid empty
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
index e092a6ef1..6da425c7a 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
@@ -345,8 +345,18 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
         state.loadedScope = query.scope;
         state.pendingClear = false;
         // A successful page replaces this queried area, including a healthy
-        // empty page. Keep only other visited areas in the bounded LRU.
+        // empty page. Keep only other visited areas in the bounded LRU. Areas
+        // whose iNaturalist request failed keep their last iNaturalist rows.
+        const inat = snapshot.sources?.inaturalist;
+        const failedInatBoxes =
+          inat?.ok === false ? inat.failedBoxes || query.boxes : null;
         for (const [id, row] of state.rows) {
+          if (
+            failedInatBoxes &&
+            row.origin === 'inaturalist' &&
+            rowInWildlifeBoxes(row, failedInatBoxes, 0)
+          )
+            continue;
           if (rowInWildlifeBoxes(row, query.boxes, 0)) state.rows.delete(id);
         }
         for (const row of snapshot.rows) {
@@ -397,6 +407,10 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
       const sourceError =
         gridError ||
         staleError ||
+        (snapshot.sources?.inaturalist?.ok === false
+          ? snapshot.sources.inaturalist.error ||
+            new Error(msg('Wildlife sightings source unavailable'))
+          : null) ||
         (snapshot.sources?.acartia?.ok === false
           ? new Error(msg('Acartia feed unavailable'))
           : null);
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/ownership.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/ownership.test.mjs
index c8bfaac62..e118a87bc 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/ownership.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/ownership.test.mjs
@@ -1568,6 +1568,47 @@ test('provider credits sit in the layer row, never on the globe; Acartia failure
   h.layer.destroy();
 });
 
+test('an iNaturalist failure beside a good Acartia reply keeps both and reports degraded', async () => {
+  let inatHealthy = true;
+  const acartia = {
+    ...base,
+    stableId: 'acartia:1',
+    origin: 'acartia',
+    iconic: 'Mammalia',
+    lon: -122.3,
+    provider: { name: 'Synthetic Provider', entity: null },
+  };
+  const failure = Object.assign(new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 502'), {
+    status: 502,
+    retryAfterSec: 30,
+  });
+  const h = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => [],
+    getSnapshotDetail: async ({ boxes }) => ({
+      rows: inatHealthy ? [base, acartia] : [acartia],
+      sources: {
+        inaturalist: inatHealthy
+          ? { ok: true }
+          : { ok: false, error: failure, failedBoxes: boxes },
+        acartia: { ok: true },
+      },
+    }),
+  });
+  await h.update();
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 2);
+  inatHealthy = false;
+  await h.update();
+  // The failed iNaturalist area keeps its last rows; Acartia still refreshes.
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().count, 2);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().error, 'iNaturalist HTTP 502');
+  assert.equal(layerFeedState(h.layer.getStats()), 'degraded');
+  assert.equal(
+    h.layer.getRowControls().info,
+    'iNaturalist contributors · Acartia 1 (Salish Sea) · licences per record',
+  );
+  h.layer.destroy();
+});
+
 test('ambient cards prefilter the horizon, spread over screen regions and retain visible slots', async () => {
   const rows = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => ({
     ...photographed,
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
index 7af6d1e72..8bd41bf1d 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
@@ -454,7 +454,9 @@ export function createWildlifeSightingsSource({
       ['all', 'Mammalia', 'whales'].includes(preset) &&
       requestBoxes.some((bounds) => boxIntersects(bounds, ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX));
 
-    const inatRequest = Promise.all(
+    // Each box settles independently: one failed antimeridian half must not
+    // discard the other half, and neither may discard a good Acartia reply.
+    const inatRequest = Promise.allSettled(
       requestBoxes.map((bounds) => {
         const params = new URLSearchParams({
           scope: scope === 'global' ? 'global' : 'view',
@@ -480,8 +482,23 @@ export function createWildlifeSightingsSource({
       acartiaRequest,
     ]);
     signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    if (inatResult.status === 'rejected') throw inatResult.reason;
-    const inatSnapshots = inatResult.value;
+    const inatSnapshots = [];
+    const failedBoxes = [];
+    let inatError = null;
+    inatResult.value.forEach((result, index) => {
+      if (result.status === 'fulfilled') inatSnapshots.push(result.value);
+      else {
+        failedBoxes.push(requestBoxes[index]);
+        inatError ??= result.reason;
+      }
+    });
+    // Fail outright only when nothing succeeded; otherwise draw what arrived
+    // and report the failed source in its per-source status.
+    if (
+      !inatSnapshots.length &&
+      (!useAcartia || acartiaResult.status !== 'fulfilled')
+    )
+      throw inatError;
     const inatRows = inatSnapshots.flatMap((snapshot) => snapshot.rows);
     const acartiaSnapshot =
       acartiaResult.status === 'fulfilled' ? acartiaResult.value : null;
@@ -529,10 +546,11 @@ export function createWildlifeSightingsSource({
       ...(retryAfter.length ? { retryAfterSec: Math.max(...retryAfter) } : {}),
       sources: {
         inaturalist: {
-          ok: true,
+          ok: !inatError,
           stale: inatStale,
           fetchedAt: inatFetchedAt,
           count: rows.filter((row) => row.origin === 'inaturalist').length,
+          ...(inatError ? { error: inatError, failedBoxes } : {}),
         },
         acartia: {
           ok: !useAcartia || acartiaResult.status === 'fulfilled',
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.test.mjs
index 7c1191e4b..2a21ca372 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.test.mjs
@@ -148,6 +148,79 @@ test('Acartia failure preserves iNat rows with an explicit failed source', async
   assert.equal(result.sources.inaturalist.ok, true);
 });
 
+test('iNat failure keeps a successful Acartia result and reports iNat degraded', async () => {
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async (url) =>
+      url.startsWith('/api/acartia')
+        ? Response.json(acartiaEnvelope())
+        : new Response('', {
+            status: 502,
+            headers: { 'X-Upstream-Status': '503', 'Retry-After': '30' },
+          }),
+  });
+  const result = await source.getSnapshotDetail({ box: seattle });
+  assert.deepEqual(result.rows, [acartia]);
+  assert.equal(result.totalResults, 1);
+  assert.equal(result.fetchedAt, now);
+  assert.equal(result.sources.acartia.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(result.sources.inaturalist.ok, false);
+  assert.equal(result.sources.inaturalist.count, 0);
+  assert.equal(
+    result.sources.inaturalist.error.message,
+    'iNaturalist HTTP 502',
+  );
+  assert.equal(result.sources.inaturalist.error.retryAfterSec, 30);
+  assert.deepEqual(result.sources.inaturalist.failedBoxes, [seattle]);
+});
+
+test('observations reject only when every requested source failed', async () => {
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async (url) =>
+      new Response('', { status: url.startsWith('/api/acartia') ? 502 : 503 }),
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(source.getSnapshotDetail({ box: seattle }), {
+    message: 'iNaturalist HTTP 503',
+  });
+  const antimeridian = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response('', { status: 503 }),
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(
+    antimeridian.getSnapshotDetail({
+      boxes: [
+        { south: 10, west: 179, north: 12, east: 180 },
+        { south: 10, west: -180, north: 12, east: -178 },
+      ],
+    }),
+    { message: 'iNaturalist HTTP 503' },
+  );
+});
+
+test('one failed antimeridian half keeps the other half and reports the failed box', async () => {
+  const east = { south: 10, west: 179, north: 12, east: 180 };
+  const west = { south: 10, west: -180, north: 12, east: -178 };
+  const eastRow = { ...inat, stableId: 'inat:east', lat: 11, lon: 179.5 };
+  const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+    now: () => now,
+    fetchImpl: async (url) =>
+      new URL(url, 'https://example.test').searchParams.get('west') === '179'
+        ? Response.json(inatEnvelope({ rows: [eastRow], totalResults: 3 }))
+        : new Response('', { status: 503 }),
+  });
+  const result = await source.getSnapshotDetail({ boxes: [east, west] });
+  assert.deepEqual(result.rows, [eastRow]);
+  assert.equal(result.totalResults, 3);
+  assert.equal(result.sources.inaturalist.ok, false);
+  assert.equal(result.sources.inaturalist.count, 1);
+  assert.equal(
+    result.sources.inaturalist.error.message,
+    'iNaturalist HTTP 503',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(result.sources.inaturalist.failedBoxes, [west]);
+});
+
 test('proxy staleness and original fetch dates pass through with per-source counts', async () => {
   const fetchedAt = now - 50 * 60_000;
   const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({

From fb0a58ef3c55dd03eae038df8d510140c71f16c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:07:48 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 142/262] docs(wildlife): cite the documented iNaturalist
 UTFGrid endpoint and Acartia's key request

/grid/{z}/{x}/{y}.grid.json is documented in the v1 and v2 API docs as
Grid Tiles UTFGrid; only its per-cell records are unspecified, which is
what the schema guard covers. DATA_SOURCES.md now also notes that
Acartia's README asks API users to create an account and an API key,
although /sightings/current answers without one today.
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                            |  4 ++--
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                      |  3 ++-
 docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md                       |  8 +++++---
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/docs.test.mjs | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 1153015b8..f2b002428 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 - **OSRM on the FOSSGIS routing servers.** Keyless (no API key). Every route is requested by a person: clicking A and B in the Directions layer, or a voice "route from A to B". The server-side `/api/route` proxy sends an identifying `User-Agent`, pins the upstream host, accepts 2-12 coordinates, rejects any leg over 600 km or a total over 2,500 km, caps the buffered response at 8 MB, times the upstream out at 12 s, rate-limits per client, caches each route for 10 minutes, and coalesces identical requests that are in flight at the same time. Turn-by-turn maneuvers are asked for only when a caller wants them (`steps=1`), so the callers that do not read them send the smaller request. The "fix the map" link the policy asks for is in the Data attribution popover beside the OpenStreetMap credit.
 - **FAA Special Use Airspace.** Keyless. `/api/drone-airspace` queries the public FAA AIS FeatureServer for prohibited (P) and restricted (R) zones only — not MOAs, TFRs or other SUA types — with simplified geometry, a body cap, paging, a one-hour cache and stale-on-error. The layer is US coverage, informational only, and is not a substitute for B4UFLY, LAANC or a preflight briefing. Data is fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. US government public domain; courtesy attribution is registered in the Data attribution popover.
 - **iNaturalist.** Keyless. `/api/inaturalist/observations` returns cached random view samples (newest first globally), at most 200 per request. Recency uses observation time: the v1 `d1` filter and a rolling 48 h cutoff (whales 7 d); date-only rows qualify when their day starts within the window. Observation caches last 5 min (global 10 min), with stale fallback ≤1 h. `/api/inaturalist/grid` supplies density counts, cached 15 min. Both share a paced queue capped at 60/min and 8,000/day; only request counters persist in `.gev-cache/`. The server caches projected records, never raw responses. Private records are excluded; obscured coordinates become 0.2° cells. Observer identity is retained only for photo attribution. Eligible photos load directly from `inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com`, with creator credit on ambient cards and creator/licence on selection. Per-record licences and noncommercial restrictions apply as listed above. Attribution appears in the layer row and Data attribution popover. Coverage follows community observations, not a census; Acartia adds Salish Sea marine mammals.
-- **iNaturalist grid (undocumented endpoint risk).** `/api/inaturalist/grid` shares observation-date, taxa, quality, pacing and budget rules with observations. A strict 64×64 UTFGrid schema guard fails closed; only logical-cell keys, counts and coordinates survive projection. Raw tiles, observation identifiers and free text are not retained. Projected tiles use a 400-entry LRU, 15-minute freshness and at most one hour of stale fallback. Views request at most six tiles; cached and adjacent-zoom coverage publishes before network waits, independently of observation pages. Cells supply a noninteractive density glow ranked within the view, from teal to amber with mono/CRT support. Every sighting badge comes from a real observation at its public position. Counts describe observations, not a population census. The endpoint is outside the documented v1 contract; schema drift disables grids until revalidated. See `docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md`.
-- **Acartia.** Keyless. `/api/acartia/sightings` reads the current 7-day marine-mammal feed for ALL, MAMMALS and WHALES views intersecting 45.5–50.5° N, 126–121° W in the Salish Sea. WHALES accepts recognized cetaceans; other identified marine mammals appear under ALL/MAMMALS. The server rounds positions to 0.01° and drops comments before caching projected records (10 min fresh, stale ≤24 h); raw responses are not retained. Selected text cards credit the reporting provider under CC BY 4.0 and show Be Whale Wise guidance. Attribution also appears in the layer row and Data attribution popover. Opportunistic sightings, not a census.
+- **iNaturalist grid (cell schema risk).** `/api/inaturalist/grid` shares observation-date, taxa, quality, pacing and budget rules with observations. A strict 64×64 UTFGrid schema guard fails closed; only logical-cell keys, counts and coordinates survive projection. Raw tiles, observation identifiers and free text are not retained. Projected tiles use a 400-entry LRU, 15-minute freshness and at most one hour of stale fallback. Views request at most six tiles; cached and adjacent-zoom coverage publishes before network waits, independently of observation pages. Cells supply a noninteractive density glow ranked within the view, from teal to amber with mono/CRT support. Every sighting badge comes from a real observation at its public position. Counts describe observations, not a population census. The endpoint is documented in the v1 and v2 API docs as “Grid Tiles UTFGrid” (`/grid/{z}/{x}/{y}.grid.json`), but its per-cell records are not specified; schema drift disables grids until revalidated. See `docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md`.
+- **Acartia.** Keyless. `/api/acartia/sightings` reads the current 7-day marine-mammal feed for ALL, MAMMALS and WHALES views intersecting 45.5–50.5° N, 126–121° W in the Salish Sea. WHALES accepts recognized cetaceans; other identified marine mammals appear under ALL/MAMMALS. The server rounds positions to 0.01° and drops comments before caching projected records (10 min fresh, stale ≤24 h); raw responses are not retained. Selected text cards credit the reporting provider under CC BY 4.0 and show Be Whale Wise guidance. `/sightings/current` answers without a key today, but Acartia's README asks API users to create an account and generate an API key on the [Acartia dashboard](https://acartia.io/) and to follow its [community guidelines](https://acartia.io/register). Attribution also appears in the layer row and Data attribution popover. Opportunistic sightings, not a census.
 - **Mapped installations.** OpenFreeMap military polygons use a bundled Overture/OSM name index; wide views show named points. Optional operator-configured Overpass and explicit Google Places searches keep their own source paths. Mapped data does not establish current activity or complete coverage.
 - **Place search.** Named-place fly-to uses Google Geocoding when a Maps key is configured, then Photon (`PHOTON_URL`; unset uses the public instance, empty disables it), then `/api/geocode` (Nominatim search) when neither answers. `/api/geocode` and the voice outline route `/api/geocode/outline` share one Nominatim queue (`NOMINATIM_URL`; unset, empty and invalid values disable it; an operator must explicitly select an authorized endpoint): one request at a time at least 1.1 s apart, an identifying `User-Agent` and `Referer`, a short queue that refuses a burst, a pause after 429/403/5xx answers (honouring `Retry-After` in full), at most one retry after a network failure, and a per-install daily cap on public-instance requests (`NOMINATIM_DAILY_CAP`, default 50). Processes using the same installation state file hold one lock through the actual fetch invocation and recording the next public start, with the daily slot persisted before invocation; restarts share that count, spacing and any pause. An unfinished dispatch marker fails closed until operator recovery; it is never automatically reclaimed. Public access fails closed if the state file cannot be read, locked, written or semantically validated. This coordination does not span independent installations or state directories and does not establish an application-wide public-service allowance or authorize public use. An operator-selected non-public endpoint is outside the public cap, spacing and durable-state requirement; an upstream cooldown is kept with the endpoint that returned it rather than leaking across operator URLs. Answers are cached on disk (outlines 90 days, places 30 days, no-results 24 hours); failures are not cached. Outlines are looked up only for an explicit ask, after bundled data and any configured Overpass, and only results whose type suits the ask are used. Administrative outline responses expose country/admin-1/admin-2 identity only when the selected Nominatim row has a recognized, unambiguous address type consistent with its own name; numeric rank, ambiguous types, missing fields and contradictory names do not manufacture identity. It is not used for systematic or bulk queries.
 - **Street and building outlines.** Voice street highlights, pointed-at buildings and grounds use the OpenFreeMap vector tiles the traffic layer already loads. Traffic and outlines share one bounded pending fetch/decode owner per immutable XYZ tile; materialized outline geometry is charged to the retained-byte ceiling and capped by coordinate count. Consumer result caches and request lifetimes remain independent, while eviction or explicit teardown cancels queued idle projections and releases their decoded owner. No Overpass request is made unless `OVERPASS_UPSTREAMS` is configured. Named grounds require a returned name matching the selected place, except that an ask whose head noun names a kind of grounds (a school, university or college, hospital, cemetery, stadium or zoo) may use the part of the smallest unnamed tile area of that class that holds the resolved place; a differently named area never answers. Other anonymous landcover polygons cannot establish identity, so unsupported grounds stay unavailable rather than borrowing a nearby POI name.
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 2449130f4..96d85431f 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -160,7 +160,8 @@ adjacent-zoom tiles publish before network waits; each arriving tile replaces
 its covered area, including healthy empty tiles. Grid tiles publish even while
 the independent observation request is pending or failed. Enable waits for one
 camera settle; camera acquisition uses moveEnd with a 600 ms debounce. The
-undocumented UTFGrid endpoint has a schema guard; see `KNOWN-ISSUES.md`.
+documented UTFGrid endpoint's unspecified cell records have a schema guard;
+see `KNOWN-ISSUES.md`.
 
 Ambient cards use a fixed 96 px image width and a short creator name credit,
 with a bounded frame cache. New cards fill free screen regions; visible cards
diff --git a/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md b/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md
index ccd3ed906..3fdcbe67b 100644
--- a/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md
+++ b/docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md
@@ -10,12 +10,14 @@ For the roadmap and open backlog, see the repository issue tracker.
 
 ## Open
 
-### Wildlife grid is an undocumented iNaturalist endpoint
+### Wildlife grid relies on the iNaturalist UTFGrid cell schema
 
 Status: Open (guarded fallback)
 
-The operational `/v1/grid/{z}/{x}/{y}.grid.json` endpoint is not part of the
-published v1 Swagger contract. Its 64×64 UTFGrid shape, keys and cell records
+The `/v1/grid/{z}/{x}/{y}.grid.json` endpoint is documented in the v1 and v2
+API docs (“Grid Tiles UTFGrid”), but the documented response only defines the
+UTFGrid `grid`, `keys` and `data` members; the per-cell records are not
+specified. Its 64×64 UTFGrid shape, keys and cell records
 are validated in full at the allow-list proxy. A schema change or unavailable
 tile retains its last good cells for at most one hour; a cold unavailable grid
 uses sampled observations with the same badges and screen buckets, without
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/docs.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/docs.test.mjs
index 3f84357d3..794bd62b5 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/docs.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/docs.test.mjs
@@ -109,3 +109,21 @@ test('Wildlife docs describe one source link, name declutter and globe glow limi
   assert.match(section, /5% radius margin/);
   assert.match(section, /add no per-frame work/);
 });
+
+test('Wildlife docs cite the documented UTFGrid endpoint and the Acartia key request', () => {
+  for (const path of [
+    'docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md',
+    'DATA_SOURCES.md',
+    'docs/CURRENT-STATE.md',
+  ]) {
+    const text = read(path);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(text, /undocumented (iNaturalist|UTFGrid) endpoint/i);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(text, /grid \(undocumented/i);
+  }
+  for (const path of ['docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md', 'DATA_SOURCES.md'])
+    assert.match(read(path), /Grid Tiles UTFGrid/);
+  assert.match(
+    read('DATA_SOURCES.md'),
+    /create an account and generate an API key/,
+  );
+});

From 6479167b500357004ca2f0a11aaee1ae23d33a82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:14:27 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 143/262] Pivot a tilt at exactly 1,000 km and report where a
 zoom now ends it
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

A pivot range rebuilt from the camera's position came back a hair over the 1,000 km cutoff when the view sat exactly on it, so a tilt from 1,000 km ran in place and lifted the crosshair onto the sky. The cutoff now allows 1 m of slack.

A zoom during a tilt to an angle changes the range the pivot holds, and with it the place's horizon limit, but the tilt kept its old goal and its reply its old angle: from 400 km, a tilt to -5° zoomed out x2.5 reported -5° with no note and ended at -9.4°. The zoom now re-judges the goal at the new range, eases the tilt from where it is to it, and its result names the angle the tilt now ends at, with a note.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md   |  2 +-
 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs | 76 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/cameraVerbs.js      | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/voice/gevActions.js |  5 +++
 4 files changed, 139 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 9036db387..d41c435f1 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5590,7 +5590,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. Beyond about 17 km of range the swing never hands over to an in-place tilt (that would lift the crosshair onto the sky); it keeps the camera at least 0.5° above the place's own horizon, which from roughly 500 km stops it short of -5° with the place still centred: a tilt to an angle beyond that stops at the angle reached and says so (`pitchDeg` is the angle reached, with a `note`), a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, or another navigation (a location-panel search, share link or file import, which leave the flight flying) takes the camera during it, the motion is not run and says so. A motion that runs after a fly-to of the same reply has already found nothing (Gemini runs one turn's calls one by one, and passes its turn as the reply) is refused the same way rather than moving the old view; a motion in a later reply runs. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. Beyond about 17 km of range the swing never hands over to an in-place tilt (that would lift the crosshair onto the sky); it keeps the camera at least 0.5° above the place's own horizon, which from roughly 500 km stops it short of -5° with the place still centred: a tilt to an angle beyond that stops at the angle reached and says so (`pitchDeg` is the angle reached, with a `note`), a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. A zoom during a tilt to an angle re-judges the place's horizon limit at the new range: when that moves where the tilt ends, the tilt eases from where it is to the new end, and the zoom's result names that angle (`pitchDeg`) with a `note`. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, or another navigation (a location-panel search, share link or file import, which leave the flight flying) takes the camera during it, the motion is not run and says so. A motion that runs after a fly-to of the same reply has already found nothing (Gemini runs one turn's calls one by one, and passes its turn as the reply) is refused the same way rather than moving the old view; a motion in a later reply runs. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
index a67ecee86..0dcb2d1b0 100644
--- a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
@@ -610,3 +610,79 @@ for (const direction of ['left', 'right'])
     assert.match(angled.error, /pitchDeg alone/);
     assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null);
   });
+
+// The 1,000 km pivot cutoff includes its boundary: at exactly 1,000 km the
+// pivot range came back a hair over it, so the tilt ran in place and put the
+// crosshair on the sky.
+test('from exactly 1,000 km a tilt to -5° still pivots about the place', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 1_000_000 });
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: 5 });
+  assert.equal(result.ok, true);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(h.viewTarget(), 'the crosshair is on the sky');
+  assert.ok(centreDrift(h) < 100, `centre drifted ${centreDrift(h)} m`);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - result.pitchDeg) < 0.5,
+    `camera at ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}°, reported ${result.pitchDeg}°`,
+  );
+  assert.match(result.note, /horizon/);
+});
+
+// A zoom mid-tilt moves the pivot's horizon limit: the zoom's reply names the
+// angle the tilt now ends at, and the camera ends there.
+test('a zoom out during a tilt to an angle reports the angle it now ends at', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 400_000 });
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -5 });
+  assert.equal(result.pitchDeg, -5);
+  assert.equal(result.note, undefined);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i += 1) h.tick();
+  const zoom = adjustOrbitRange(2.5);
+  assert.equal(zoom.kind, 'tilt');
+  assert.equal(zoom.changed, true);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(h.viewTarget(), 'the crosshair is on the sky');
+  assert.ok(zoom.pitchDeg < -5, `zoom reported ${zoom.pitchDeg}°`);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - zoom.pitchDeg) < 0.5,
+    `camera at ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}°, zoom reported ${zoom.pitchDeg}°`,
+  );
+  assert.match(zoom.note, /horizon/);
+});
+
+test('a zoom in during a horizon-limited tilt reports the angle it now reaches', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 900_000 });
+  const result = moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -5 });
+  assert.ok(result.pitchDeg < -5, `reported ${result.pitchDeg}°`);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i += 1) h.tick();
+  const zoom = adjustOrbitRange(1 / 2.4);
+  assert.equal(zoom.changed, true);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.equal(zoom.pitchDeg, -5);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - -5) < 0.5,
+    `camera at ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}°`,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a voice zoom during a tilt to an angle passes on the new end angle', async (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 400_000 });
+  const runner = createGevActionRunner({
+    viewer: h.viewer,
+    styleManager: {},
+    dataManager: { layers: new Map(), getAll: () => [] },
+  });
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -5 });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i += 1) h.tick();
+  const zoom = await runner('adjust_camera_zoom', {
+    direction: 'out',
+    amount: 'lot',
+  });
+  assert.equal(zoom.ok, true);
+  assert.equal(zoom.tiltRangeAdjusted, true);
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - zoom.pitchDeg) < 0.5,
+    `camera at ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}°, zoom reported ${zoom.pitchDeg}°`,
+  );
+  assert.match(zoom.note, /horizon/);
+});
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 4618a434d..0681d6a2b 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -62,6 +62,12 @@ const TILT_MIN_CLEARANCE_M = 150;
  * crosshair point, so the tilt happens in place instead.
  */
 const TILT_PIVOT_MAX_RANGE_M = 1_000_000;
+/**
+ * A pivot range rebuilt from the camera's position comes back a hair off the
+ * range it was set at: a range this close past the cutoff still counts as on
+ * it.
+ */
+const TILT_PIVOT_RANGE_SLACK_M = 1;
 /**
  * The shallowest a pivot swing goes when its clearance is not what stops it.
  * From several hundred km the camera's own horizon limit lies past the
@@ -1403,10 +1409,20 @@ function tiltUpLimit({ target, pivot }) {
 function tiltStartFrame(cam) {
   const target = _viewer.trackedEntity ? null : _getTarget?.(_viewer);
   let pivot = target ? tiltPivot(cam, target) : null;
-  if (pivot && pivot.range > TILT_PIVOT_MAX_RANGE_M) pivot = null;
+  if (pivot && !tiltPivotInReach(pivot.range)) pivot = null;
   return { target, pivot, from: cam.pitch };
 }
 
+/** Whether a tilt may pivot at this range: up to and including the cutoff. */
+function tiltPivotInReach(range) {
+  return range <= TILT_PIVOT_MAX_RANGE_M + TILT_PIVOT_RANGE_SLACK_M;
+}
+
+/** The reply's note for a tilt the place's horizon stops short of its angle. */
+function tiltHorizonNote(pitch) {
+  return `Stopped at ${Math.round(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(pitch))}°: from this range a shallower angle puts the place past the horizon. Zoom in to tilt further.`;
+}
+
 /** Ground pivot for a tilt: heading, pitch and range in the target's own frame. */
 function tiltPivot(cam, target) {
   const local = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(
@@ -1917,6 +1933,9 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
         state.mode = 'once';
         state.direction = goal > from ? 'up' : 'down';
         state.goalPitch = goal;
+        // A zoom mid-tilt moves the horizon limit; it re-judges the goal
+        // against the angle asked for.
+        state.askedPitch = tiltToPitch;
         state.durationS = Math.max(
           ONCE.durationS,
           Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(goal - from)) / TILT_TO_DEG_S,
@@ -2024,9 +2043,7 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
           Cesium.Math.toDegrees(horizonLimited ?? tiltToPitch),
         ),
       }),
-      ...(horizonLimited !== null && {
-        note: `Stopped at ${Math.round(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(horizonLimited))}°: from this range a shallower angle puts the place past the horizon. Zoom in to tilt further.`,
-      }),
+      ...(horizonLimited !== null && { note: tiltHorizonNote(horizonLimited) }),
     };
   };
   const preserveCameraFlight =
@@ -2043,8 +2060,10 @@ export function moveCamera(args = {}, runNavigation = null) {
  * fight the per-frame lookAt (field test: "zoom out did literally nothing").
  * A tilt swinging about its pivot holds a range the same way.
  * @param {number} factor  >1 zooms out (radius grows), <1 zooms in.
- * @returns {{kind: string, changed: boolean}|null} the motion that consumed
- *   the zoom, and whether its range moved; null when none did.
+ * @returns {{kind: string, changed: boolean, pitchDeg?: number,
+ *   note?: string}|null} the motion that consumed the zoom, and whether its
+ *   range moved; null when none did. A tilt to an angle whose end the new
+ *   range moves also names the angle it now ends at (pitchDeg), with a note.
  */
 export function adjustOrbitRange(factor) {
   if (!_active || !['orbit', 'tilt'].includes(_active.kind) || !_active.hpr)
@@ -2066,7 +2085,38 @@ export function adjustOrbitRange(factor) {
     Math.min(Math.max(ceiling, range), range * factor),
   );
   // Under half a metre counts as not moved, as for a plain zoom.
-  return { kind, changed: Math.abs(hpr.range - range) >= 0.5 };
+  const changed = Math.abs(hpr.range - range) >= 0.5;
+  return { kind, changed, ...(changed && retargetTiltAfterZoom(_active)) };
+}
+
+/**
+ * A zoom changed the range a tilt to an angle holds, and with it the place's
+ * horizon limit: aim the tilt at the angle asked for or the new limit,
+ * whichever comes first, from where the camera is now. Returns the end angle
+ * and a note for the reply when that end moved, otherwise nothing.
+ */
+function retargetTiltAfterZoom(m) {
+  if (m.kind !== 'tilt' || m.mode !== 'once' || m.askedPitch === undefined)
+    return {};
+  const from = _viewer.camera.pitch;
+  if (!(m.askedPitch > from)) return {};
+  const limit = tiltUpLimit({ target: m.target, pivot: m.hpr });
+  const goal = Math.min(m.askedPitch, Math.max(from, limit));
+  if (Math.abs(goal - m.goalPitch) < 1e-6) return {};
+  m.goalPitch = goal;
+  m.startPitch = from;
+  m.elapsed = 0;
+  m.durationS = Math.max(
+    ONCE.durationS,
+    Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(goal - from)) / TILT_TO_DEG_S,
+  );
+  const limited = goal !== m.askedPitch;
+  return {
+    pitchDeg: Math.round(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(goal)),
+    note: limited
+      ? tiltHorizonNote(goal)
+      : `The tilt now reaches ${Math.round(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(goal))}°.`,
+  };
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index a01e3328e..9692edf94 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -471,6 +471,11 @@ export function createGevActionRunner({
           amount: amt,
           [held.kind === 'tilt' ? 'tiltRangeAdjusted' : 'orbitRadiusAdjusted']:
             true,
+          // A tilt to an angle names the angle the new range now ends it at.
+          ...(held.pitchDeg !== undefined && {
+            pitchDeg: held.pitchDeg,
+            note: held.note,
+          }),
         };
       }
     }

From 198c2faf4f9cf11f266e145afaa68b00157b8dff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:14:27 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 144/262] =?UTF-8?q?Say=20the=20-45=C2=B0=20tilt=20default?=
 =?UTF-8?q?=20in=20the=20pitchDeg=20description=20again?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

The trim that fitted the tilt wording under the Realtime prompt ceiling dropped the -45° default from pitchDeg, so the model no longer read why a bare tilt goes oblique. pitchDeg reads 'Absolute; -45 default, -89 top-down.' again, and the direction description becomes 'Pan/rotate/tilt steps; orbit/rotate_globe default right.' to pay for it: the Overpass prompt measures 55,499, 1 under the 55,500 ceiling. The schema pin and the measured-size note follow.
---
 server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js | 4 ++--
 src/radioMarkup.test.mjs                    | 8 +++++---
 src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs            | 4 ++--
 src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs              | 8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
index f4000ddad..c7e78c7d6 100644
--- a/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
+++ b/server/providers/openai/toolDescriptions.js
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ export const ACTION_DESCRIPTIONS = {
       properties: {
         direction: {
           description:
-            'Needed for pan/rotate/tilt steps; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
+            'Pan/rotate/tilt steps; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
           $position: 2,
         },
         mode: {
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ export const ACTION_DESCRIPTIONS = {
           $position: 2,
         },
         pitchDeg: {
-          description: 'Absolute; -89 top-down.',
+          description: 'Absolute; -45 default, -89 top-down.',
           $position: 1,
         },
       },
diff --git a/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs b/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs
index 3c59d989d..324adceb5 100644
--- a/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs
+++ b/src/radioMarkup.test.mjs
@@ -232,14 +232,16 @@ test('no unchanged Realtime tool definition drifts silently', () => {
     camera.description,
     'Direct the camera like a drone operator: orbit the current view target, pan, tilt, or rotate — one bounded nudge (mode=once) or continuous motion until stopped (mode=continuous). Continuous motion also stops on any manual camera input or when a navigation tool runs. Say the RESULTING state when confirming ("Orbiting slowly"). Globe rotation (rotate_globe) spins Earth right continuously by default; explicit direction, mode and speed take precedence. It checks fit and may refuse.',
   );
-  // Tilt to an angle adds an absolute pitchDeg and says tilt steps need a
-  // direction; check them, then restore the legacy fields for the pin.
+  // Tilt to an angle adds an absolute pitchDeg with its -45° default, and
+  // names tilt steps among the direction's uses; check them, then restore
+  // the legacy fields for the pin.
   assert.equal(
     camera.parameters.properties.direction.description,
-    'Needed for pan/rotate/tilt steps; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
+    'Pan/rotate/tilt steps; orbit/rotate_globe default right.',
   );
   assert.equal(camera.parameters.properties.pitchDeg.type, 'number');
   assert.match(camera.parameters.properties.pitchDeg.description, /^Absolute;/);
+  assert.match(camera.parameters.properties.pitchDeg.description, /-45 default/);
   delete camera.parameters.properties.pitchDeg;
   assert.equal(camera.parameters.properties.mode.description, 'once = bounded eased nudge; continuous = until stop/manual input. rotate_globe defaults continuous; other motions default once.');
   camera.parameters.properties.mode.description = 'once = bounded eased nudge (default); continuous = until stop/manual input.';
diff --git a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
index fa9d40bec..296ae0251 100644
--- a/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/actionSchemas.test.mjs
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ test('the complete Realtime tool payload pins the manifest-generated layer relea
     // tightened area tool wording follow review.
     // control_cockpit states the own-layer entry rule (Contacts not required).
     // move_camera tilt takes an optional pitchDeg angle, described as
-    // absolute, with steps sent as a direction.
-    '17e54c1a04054edf48f2eddcf88c60ac66ec7c885fb48596b778bfee0be8a544',
+    // absolute with its -45 default, with steps sent as a direction.
+    '6a0d154e68beb787c4e20f12d29a5c86577dc343f3e71d8b5651998ea45d8c3c',
   );
 });
 
diff --git a/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs b/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs
index c413477b8..5d6d0fdd1 100644
--- a/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/pointAndAsk.test.mjs
@@ -350,10 +350,10 @@ test('deixis prompt lint: one short rule, and every sentinel it names exists in
   // the analyst area scopes) raised the ceiling to 55,500; tightening the
   // AREAS rule and the area tool descriptions left it at 55,103 as measured
   // below (every tool, osm_query included); main's Sea Marks and Ski Pistes
-  // layers bring it to 55,210, and the tilt pitchDeg argument with main's
-  // cockpit entry rule to 55,337. integrationContract's Overpass prompt is
-  // the tightest, at 55,497 (3 under). A new tool or rule has to fit under
-  // this ceiling.
+  // layers bring it to 55,210, and the tilt pitchDeg argument (with its -45
+  // default) and main's cockpit entry rule to 55,339. integrationContract's
+  // Overpass prompt is the tightest, at 55,499 (1 under). A new tool or rule
+  // has to fit under this ceiling.
   const size = instructions.length + JSON.stringify(GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS).length;
   assert.ok(size <= 55_500, `prompt size ${size}`);
 });

From f332150689a889718b1389dc094470d44ca46bd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:16:05 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 145/262] fix(camera): hold the globe recovery until every
 pointer is released
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

The held-pointer guard was one flag, so with two fingers down, lifting one cleared it and the recovery turned the view down under the other (pitch -42° to -90°). It now tracks each pressed pointer by id and defers until the last is released.

A release outside the window that the page never sees could leave the recovery deferred for good. A lost window focus, a hidden page or a lost pointer capture now releases every held pointer, and a pointer that moves with no button down is released.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md        |  8 ++-
 src/app/application.test.mjs | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/app/viewer.js            | 43 +++++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 132 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 545c4efd8..08cdf3a49 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -104,8 +104,12 @@ other ways a move can end looking away, such as a saved or shared view that did.
 Views with more surface than that, such as the oblique orbital Director shots,
 are left as they are, and so are tracked or locked cameras, a camera flight in
 progress, a Director scene while it plays (holds included), a pointer held
-down on the globe (a drag held still) and the 2D and Columbus modes; a check a
-flight, scene or held pointer defers runs once it ends. A Director
+down on the globe (a drag held still; with several fingers down, until the
+last is released) and the 2D and Columbus modes; a check a flight, scene or
+held pointer defers runs once it ends. A release outside the window that the
+page never sees counts as given once the window loses focus, the page is
+hidden, the canvas loses the pointer's capture, or the pointer moves with no
+button down. A Director
 shot loaded or replayed outside a run is not a playing scene. A view that loses
 its surface without a camera move (a resize, or turning the scope on) is left as
 it is until the next move. A voice turn requested while the camera is tracked is
diff --git a/src/app/application.test.mjs b/src/app/application.test.mjs
index e25b2ce11..c01878d89 100644
--- a/src/app/application.test.mjs
+++ b/src/app/application.test.mjs
@@ -811,6 +811,102 @@ test('the recovery waits while a pointer is held on the globe', () => {
   assert.equal(timers.pending(), 0, 'disposed recovery holds no listeners');
 });
 
+/** A held-pointer recovery over a canvas in a document in a window. */
+function heldPointerRecovery() {
+  const timers = fakeTimers();
+  const { camera, scene, viewer } = realCamera({ width: 1225, height: 923 });
+  const window = new EventTarget();
+  const document = Object.assign(new EventTarget(), {
+    defaultView: window,
+    visibilityState: 'visible',
+  });
+  scene.canvas = Object.assign(new EventTarget(), {
+    clientWidth: 1225,
+    clientHeight: 923,
+    ownerDocument: document,
+  });
+  const dispose = installGlobeInViewRecovery(viewer, timers);
+  const pointer = (target, type, pointerId, init = {}) =>
+    target.dispatchEvent(
+      Object.assign(new Event(type), { pointerId, ...init }),
+    );
+  /** Press, move and hold still: the check defers while a pointer is held. */
+  const holdStill = () => {
+    aim(camera, reportedStuckView);
+    camera.moveStart.raiseEvent();
+    for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) timers.tick();
+    camera.moveEnd.raiseEvent();
+    for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) timers.tick();
+  };
+  const settle = () => {
+    for (let i = 0; i < 3; i += 1) timers.tick();
+  };
+  const recovered = () =>
+    Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(camera.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-6);
+  return {
+    camera,
+    document,
+    window,
+    dispose,
+    pointer,
+    holdStill,
+    settle,
+    recovered,
+    canvas: scene.canvas,
+  };
+}
+
+// Releasing one of two fingers cleared the held flag, and the recovery
+// turned the view down under the finger still on the glass.
+test('the recovery waits until every held pointer is released', () => {
+  const h = heldPointerRecovery();
+  h.pointer(h.canvas, 'pointerdown', 1);
+  h.pointer(h.canvas, 'pointerdown', 2);
+  h.holdStill();
+  h.pointer(h.document, 'pointerup', 1);
+  h.settle();
+  assert.equal(h.recovered(), false, 'left alone under the second finger');
+  assert.equal(globeOutOfFrame(h.camera), true);
+  h.pointer(h.document, 'pointercancel', 2);
+  h.settle();
+  assert.equal(h.recovered(), true, 'recovered once both are released');
+  h.dispose();
+});
+
+// A release the page never sees (the pointer let go outside the window)
+// must not hold the recovery off for good.
+for (const [label, lose] of [
+  ['the window loses focus', (h) => h.window.dispatchEvent(new Event('blur'))],
+  [
+    'the page is hidden',
+    (h) => {
+      h.document.visibilityState = 'hidden';
+      h.document.dispatchEvent(new Event('visibilitychange'));
+    },
+  ],
+  [
+    'the canvas loses the pointer capture',
+    (h) => h.pointer(h.canvas, 'lostpointercapture', 1),
+  ],
+  [
+    'the pointer moves with no button down',
+    (h) => h.pointer(h.document, 'pointermove', 1, { buttons: 0 }),
+  ],
+]) {
+  test(`a held pointer whose release is lost stops deferring when ${label}`, () => {
+    const h = heldPointerRecovery();
+    h.pointer(h.canvas, 'pointerdown', 1);
+    h.holdStill();
+    h.pointer(h.document, 'pointermove', 1, { buttons: 1 });
+    h.settle();
+    assert.equal(h.recovered(), false, 'left alone while held');
+    lose(h);
+    h.settle();
+    assert.equal(h.recovered(), true, 'recovered once the hold is let go');
+    h.dispose();
+  });
+}
+
 function fakeTimers() {
   let next = 1;
   const pending = new Map();
diff --git a/src/app/viewer.js b/src/app/viewer.js
index 12ef67269..fc75c0498 100644
--- a/src/app/viewer.js
+++ b/src/app/viewer.js
@@ -207,26 +207,43 @@ export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
     throw new TypeError('A complete Cesium viewer is required');
 
   // A pointer held on the globe is a gesture in progress, even when it holds
-  // still for half a second: the check waits for its release.
+  // still for half a second: the check waits until every pointer pressed on
+  // it (each finger of a pinch) is released. A release the page never sees,
+  // outside the window, is taken as given when the window loses focus, the
+  // page is hidden, the canvas loses the pointer's capture, or the pointer
+  // moves with no button down.
   const canvas = scene.canvas;
   const releaseTarget = canvas?.ownerDocument ?? canvas;
-  let pointerHeld = false;
-  const onPointerDown = () => {
-    pointerHeld = true;
+  const releaseWindow = canvas?.ownerDocument?.defaultView;
+  const heldPointers = new Set();
+  const onPointerDown = (event) => heldPointers.add(event?.pointerId);
+  const onPointerUp = (event) => heldPointers.delete(event?.pointerId);
+  const onPointerMove = (event) => {
+    if (event?.buttons === 0) heldPointers.delete(event.pointerId);
   };
-  const onPointerUp = () => {
-    pointerHeld = false;
+  const releaseAll = () => heldPointers.clear();
+  const onVisibilityChange = () => {
+    if (canvas.ownerDocument.visibilityState === 'hidden') releaseAll();
   };
-  canvas?.addEventListener?.('pointerdown', onPointerDown);
-  releaseTarget?.addEventListener?.('pointerup', onPointerUp);
-  releaseTarget?.addEventListener?.('pointercancel', onPointerUp);
+  const listeners = [
+    [canvas, 'pointerdown', onPointerDown],
+    [canvas, 'lostpointercapture', onPointerUp],
+    [releaseTarget, 'pointerup', onPointerUp],
+    [releaseTarget, 'pointercancel', onPointerUp],
+    [releaseTarget, 'pointermove', onPointerMove],
+    [canvas?.ownerDocument, 'visibilitychange', onVisibilityChange],
+    [releaseWindow, 'blur', releaseAll],
+  ];
+  for (const [target, type, listener] of listeners)
+    target?.addEventListener?.(type, listener);
 
   // Returns false while a flight, a paused scene or a held pointer defers the
   // check, so the caller can try again once it ends.
   const recover = () => {
     if (!isFreeGlobeCamera(viewer)) return true;
     // Cesium has no public running-flight flag.
-    if (camera._currentFlight || paused() || pointerHeld) return false;
+    if (camera._currentFlight || paused() || heldPointers.size > 0)
+      return false;
     const height = camera.positionCartographic?.height;
     if (
       !(height > minHeight) ||
@@ -310,9 +327,9 @@ export function installGlobeInViewRecovery(
     stopSettling();
     removeMoveEnd();
     removeMoveStart();
-    canvas?.removeEventListener?.('pointerdown', onPointerDown);
-    releaseTarget?.removeEventListener?.('pointerup', onPointerUp);
-    releaseTarget?.removeEventListener?.('pointercancel', onPointerUp);
+    for (const [target, type, listener] of listeners)
+      target?.removeEventListener?.(type, listener);
+    heldPointers.clear();
   };
 }
 

From 42fa974ee38a07293df64b70feabc45787737ed5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:27:19 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 146/262] fix(wildlife): keep each failed source's retry timing
 after a partial failure

A partial failure reset the layer's cooldown, so a camera move retried at
once. Acartia's error was discarded, an absent X-Upstream-Status hid the
HTTP 503 (the proxy's daily-budget reply), and a grid schema error masked
the observation 503. Each failed source now keeps its status and
Retry-After, the HTTP status counts when no upstream status is sent, and the
layer waits for the longest 429/5xx cooldown among them. The shown error is
the one that explains the cooldown.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |   6 +-
 .../wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs    | 136 +++++++++++++++++-
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js     |  79 ++++++----
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js        |  41 +++++-
 4 files changed, 229 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 96d85431f..5166e4a2a 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -124,7 +124,11 @@ with retry timing; logs exclude request URLs and upstream exception text.
 A partial failure still draws what arrived: a failed iNaturalist request, or
 one failed half of an antimeridian view, keeps a good Acartia reply and the
 other half, retains that area's last iNaturalist rows and reports DEGRADED.
-The update fails outright only when every requested source failed.
+The update fails outright only when every requested source failed. Each failed
+source keeps its HTTP status and `Retry-After` (the HTTP status counts when no
+`X-Upstream-Status` is sent), and the next request waits out the longest 429 or
+5xx cooldown among them. One update requests both sources, so the cooldown
+holds the whole layer; a fully successful refresh clears it.
 
 `/api/acartia/sightings` adds Salish Sea marine mammals within 45.5–50.5° N,
 126–121° W, cached ten minutes and stale for at most 24 h. A valid empty
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs
index ea1d6fc1a..d343ad9b0 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs
@@ -833,10 +833,10 @@ test('an empty tile retires its old zoom cells while uncovered density survives
   assert.equal(h.state.gridTotal, 2);
 });
 
-test('only marked upstream failures create cooldown; local pacing, network and schema errors can retry on the next view', async () => {
+test('only 429 and 5xx failures create cooldown; client, network and schema errors can retry on the next view', async () => {
   for (const error of [
-    Object.assign(new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 503'), {
-      status: 503,
+    Object.assign(new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 400'), {
+      status: 400,
       upstreamStatus: 0,
       retryAfterSec: 30,
     }),
@@ -873,6 +873,19 @@ test('only marked upstream failures create cooldown; local pacing, network and s
     2,
     'actual Retry-After is honored without imposing a 30s local floor',
   );
+  // The proxy's daily-budget 503 has no upstream status. Its HTTP status and
+  // Retry-After still govern the next request.
+  const budget = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => {
+      throw Object.assign(new Error('iNaturalist HTTP 503'), {
+        status: 503,
+        upstreamStatus: 0,
+        retryAfterSec: 3600,
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  await budget.layer.update();
+  assert.equal(budget.layer.getStats().retryInSec, 3600);
 });
 
 test('stale cached tiles with local pacing metadata keep their display and do not enter cooldown', async () => {
@@ -942,3 +955,120 @@ test('an explicit upstream Retry-After zero retries immediately while a missing
     }
   }
 });
+
+const salishSea = { south: 47.5, west: -122.5, north: 47.7, east: -122.2 };
+const inatRow = {
+  stableId: 'inat:301',
+  origin: 'inaturalist',
+  lat: 47.6,
+  lon: -122.3,
+  observedAt: NOW - 3_600_000,
+  iconic: 'Mammalia',
+};
+const acartiaRow = {
+  stableId: 'acartia:301',
+  origin: 'acartia',
+  lat: 47.6,
+  lon: -122.35,
+  observedAt: NOW - 3_600_000,
+  cetacean: true,
+  quality: 'research',
+  provider: { name: 'Provider', entity: null },
+};
+const emptyGrid = () =>
+  Response.json({ cells: [], totalResults: 0, fetchedAt: NOW });
+const unavailable = (headers = {}) =>
+  new Response('', {
+    status: 503,
+    headers: { 'Retry-After': '120', ...headers },
+  });
+
+// Each case runs the real source and lifecycle. A healthy source draws its
+// rows while the failed source's Retry-After holds the next acquisition.
+for (const [name, respond] of [
+  [
+    'Acartia alone returns 503',
+    (url) =>
+      url.startsWith('/api/acartia')
+        ? unavailable()
+        : url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?')
+          ? emptyGrid()
+          : Response.json({
+              rows: [inatRow],
+              totalResults: 1,
+              fetchedAt: NOW,
+            }),
+  ],
+  [
+    'iNaturalist returns 503 without X-Upstream-Status',
+    (url) =>
+      url.startsWith('/api/acartia')
+        ? Response.json({ rows: [acartiaRow], fetchedAt: NOW })
+        : url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?')
+          ? emptyGrid()
+          : unavailable(),
+  ],
+  [
+    'iNaturalist returns 503 while every grid tile fails its schema',
+    (url) =>
+      url.startsWith('/api/acartia')
+        ? Response.json({ rows: [acartiaRow], fetchedAt: NOW })
+        : url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?')
+          ? Response.json({ cells: 'malformed' })
+          : unavailable({ 'X-Upstream-Status': '503' }),
+  ],
+]) {
+  test(`a partial failure keeps its Retry-After: ${name}`, async () => {
+    let healthy = false;
+    let requests = 0;
+    const source = createWildlifeSightingsSource({
+      now: () => NOW,
+      fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+        if (!url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?')) requests++;
+        if (healthy)
+          return url.startsWith('/api/acartia')
+            ? Response.json({ rows: [acartiaRow], fetchedAt: NOW })
+            : url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?')
+              ? emptyGrid()
+              : Response.json({
+                  rows: [inatRow],
+                  totalResults: 1,
+                  fetchedAt: NOW,
+                });
+        return respond(url);
+      },
+    });
+    const h = harness(source);
+    h.bounds(salishSea);
+    h.state.enabled = false;
+    h.layer.enable();
+    const first = h.layer.update();
+    await h.advance(300);
+    await first;
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    assert.equal(h.state.renderedRows.length, 1, 'the healthy source draws');
+    assert.ok(h.state.error, 'the failed source is reported');
+    // The source clock stays at NOW; the layer settled 300 ms of camera time.
+    assert.equal(h.state.retryAt, NOW + 300 + 120_000);
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, 120);
+    const attempted = requests;
+    h.bounds({ ...salishSea, north: 47.8 });
+    h.moveEnd();
+    assert.equal([...h.timers.values()][0]?.delay, 120_000);
+    await h.advance(119_999);
+    await h.layer.update();
+    assert.equal(
+      requests,
+      attempted,
+      'neither a camera move nor manager polling skips the cooldown',
+    );
+    healthy = true;
+    await h.advance(1);
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+    assert.ok(requests > attempted, 'acquisition resumes at the deadline');
+    assert.equal(h.state.error, null);
+    assert.equal(h.state.retryAt, 0, 'a fully successful refresh clears it');
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, undefined);
+    assert.equal(h.state.renderedRows.length, 2);
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
index 6da425c7a..3b2a2999a 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 import { msg } from '../../i18n/marker.js';
 import { getWildlifeHeightBand, rowInWildlifeBoxes } from './model.js';
-import { combineWildlifeGridSnapshots } from './source.js';
+import {
+  combineWildlifeGridSnapshots,
+  wildlifeFailureRetryable,
+} from './source.js';
 import { wildlifeMeasure } from './performance.js';
 import { isRecentWildlifeSighting } from './records.js';
 import {
@@ -92,25 +95,26 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
     state.pendingParams = null;
   }
 
-  function applyRetry(error, retryAfterSec = null) {
-    // Only upstream failures impose cooldown; network/schema errors retry on pan.
-    const status =
-      error?.upstreamStatus ??
-      error?.status ??
-      Number(/HTTP (\d{3})/.exec(error?.message || '')?.[1]);
-    const retryDelays = [error?.retryAfterSec, retryAfterSec].filter(
-      (value) => Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0,
-    );
-    const retryFromSnapshot =
-      Number.isFinite(retryAfterSec) && retryAfterSec >= 0;
-    if (!(status === 429 || status >= 500) && !retryFromSnapshot) {
+  function applyRetry(errors, retryAfterSec = null) {
+    // Only upstream failures impose cooldown; network/schema errors retry on
+    // pan. Several sources can fail together: wait for the longest of them.
+    const failures = [errors].flat().filter(wildlifeFailureRetryable);
+    const snapshotDelay =
+      Number.isFinite(retryAfterSec) && retryAfterSec >= 0
+        ? retryAfterSec * 1000
+        : null;
+    if (!failures.length && snapshotDelay === null) {
       state.failures = 0;
       state.retryAt = 0;
       return;
     }
-    const backoff = retryDelays.length
-      ? Math.max(...retryDelays) * 1000
-      : retryDelayMs(state.failures || 0);
+    const delays = failures.map((error) =>
+      Number.isFinite(error.retryAfterSec) && error.retryAfterSec >= 0
+        ? error.retryAfterSec * 1000
+        : retryDelayMs(state.failures || 0),
+    );
+    if (snapshotDelay !== null) delays.push(snapshotDelay);
+    const backoff = Math.max(...delays);
     state.failures = backoff;
     state.retryAt = services.now() + backoff;
   }
@@ -404,16 +408,39 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
             },
           )
         : null;
-      const sourceError =
-        gridError ||
-        staleError ||
-        (snapshot.sources?.inaturalist?.ok === false
-          ? snapshot.sources.inaturalist.error ||
+      const inat = snapshot.sources?.inaturalist;
+      const acartia = snapshot.sources?.acartia;
+      // Keep each failed source's status and Retry-After; the displayed error
+      // is the one that explains the cooldown.
+      const sourceErrors = [
+        gridError,
+        staleError,
+        inat?.ok === false
+          ? inat.error ||
             new Error(msg('Wildlife sightings source unavailable'))
-          : null) ||
-        (snapshot.sources?.acartia?.ok === false
-          ? new Error(msg('Acartia feed unavailable'))
-          : null);
+          : null,
+        acartia?.ok === false
+          ? Object.assign(new Error(msg('Acartia feed unavailable')), {
+              ...(acartia.error?.status
+                ? { status: acartia.error.status }
+                : {}),
+              ...(acartia.error?.upstreamStatus
+                ? { upstreamStatus: acartia.error.upstreamStatus }
+                : {}),
+              ...(Number.isFinite(acartia.error?.retryAfterSec)
+                ? { retryAfterSec: acartia.error.retryAfterSec }
+                : {}),
+            })
+          : null,
+      ].filter(Boolean);
+      const sourceError =
+        sourceErrors.find(
+          (error) =>
+            wildlifeFailureRetryable(error) ||
+            Number.isFinite(error.retryAfterSec),
+        ) ||
+        sourceErrors[0] ||
+        null;
       state.stale =
         !sourceError && (snapshot.stale === true || grid?.stale === true);
       const fetchedAt = [snapshot.fetchedAt, grid?.fetchedAt].filter(
@@ -438,7 +465,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
       if (sourceError) {
         failParams(params);
         applyRetry(
-          sourceError,
+          sourceErrors,
           retryAfter.length ? Math.max(...retryAfter) : null,
         );
       } else {
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
index 8bd41bf1d..aa218f34e 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
@@ -102,6 +102,36 @@ function validProjectedRows(rows, origin) {
   );
 }
 
+/** Return the status a failure reports. The proxy marks upstream failures
+ * with X-Upstream-Status; without it the HTTP status is the signal. */
+function wildlifeFailureStatus(error) {
+  return (
+    error?.upstreamStatus ||
+    error?.status ||
+    Number(/HTTP (\d{3})/.exec(error?.message || '')?.[1]) ||
+    0
+  );
+}
+
+/** Whether a failure asks clients to wait before the next request. */
+export function wildlifeFailureRetryable(error) {
+  const status = wildlifeFailureStatus(error);
+  return status === 429 || status >= 500;
+}
+
+/** Prefer the failure that carries retry timing, then the longest wait. */
+export function preferredWildlifeFailure(errors) {
+  const failures = errors.filter(Boolean);
+  const retryable = failures.filter(wildlifeFailureRetryable);
+  if (!retryable.length) return failures[0] || null;
+  return retryable.reduce((best, error) =>
+    (Number.isFinite(error.retryAfterSec) ? error.retryAfterSec : -1) >
+    (Number.isFinite(best.retryAfterSec) ? best.retryAfterSec : -1)
+      ? error
+      : best,
+  );
+}
+
 /** Merge occupied cells incrementally; neighboring UTFGrid hit tiles can
  * report the same geographic cell, so source ids remain the dedupe key. */
 export function combineWildlifeGridSnapshots(snapshots, error = null) {
@@ -421,7 +451,7 @@ export function createWildlifeSightingsSource({
       ),
     );
     signal?.throwIfAborted();
-    const failure = failures.find(Boolean);
+    const failure = preferredWildlifeFailure(failures);
     if (!snapshots.some(Boolean) && failure) throw failure;
     return combineWildlifeGridSnapshots(snapshots.filter(Boolean), failure);
   }
@@ -494,11 +524,15 @@ export function createWildlifeSightingsSource({
     });
     // Fail outright only when nothing succeeded; otherwise draw what arrived
     // and report the failed source in its per-source status.
+    const acartiaError =
+      useAcartia && acartiaResult.status === 'rejected'
+        ? acartiaResult.reason
+        : null;
     if (
       !inatSnapshots.length &&
       (!useAcartia || acartiaResult.status !== 'fulfilled')
     )
-      throw inatError;
+      throw preferredWildlifeFailure([inatError, acartiaError]);
     const inatRows = inatSnapshots.flatMap((snapshot) => snapshot.rows);
     const acartiaSnapshot =
       acartiaResult.status === 'fulfilled' ? acartiaResult.value : null;
@@ -553,12 +587,13 @@ export function createWildlifeSightingsSource({
           ...(inatError ? { error: inatError, failedBoxes } : {}),
         },
         acartia: {
-          ok: !useAcartia || acartiaResult.status === 'fulfilled',
+          ok: !acartiaError,
           stale: acartiaStale,
           fetchedAt: Number.isFinite(acartiaSnapshot?.fetchedAt)
             ? acartiaSnapshot.fetchedAt
             : null,
           count: drawnAcartia,
+          ...(acartiaError ? { error: acartiaError } : {}),
         },
       },
     };

From 3438a88cc7780058fb971ec3b087addcdbdc404e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:31:46 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 147/262] Ease a late zoomed tilt to its new limit instead of
 jumping there
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

From 400 km, a tilt to -5° that a zoom out x2.5 caught at -8.0005° reported -8°, and the next frame jumped to -9.407° and ended there. The zoom kept the camera's pitch as the goal when it was already past the new range's horizon limit, but at the same pivot pitch the longer range looks down more steeply, so the next lookAt dropped the camera 1.4° at once.

The zoom now re-solves the pivot pitch so the new range keeps the camera's pitch, and aims the tilt at the asked angle or the new limit, even when that limit is below where the camera stands: the tilt eases down to it. The zoom's reply names that end, and the camera reaches it with no frame moving more than 0.1°.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md   |  2 +-
 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/cameraVerbs.js      | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 3 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index d41c435f1..d5ef4af05 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5590,7 +5590,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. Beyond about 17 km of range the swing never hands over to an in-place tilt (that would lift the crosshair onto the sky); it keeps the camera at least 0.5° above the place's own horizon, which from roughly 500 km stops it short of -5° with the place still centred: a tilt to an angle beyond that stops at the angle reached and says so (`pitchDeg` is the angle reached, with a `note`), a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. A zoom during a tilt to an angle re-judges the place's horizon limit at the new range: when that moves where the tilt ends, the tilt eases from where it is to the new end, and the zoom's result names that angle (`pitchDeg`) with a `note`. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, or another navigation (a location-panel search, share link or file import, which leave the flight flying) takes the camera during it, the motion is not run and says so. A motion that runs after a fly-to of the same reply has already found nothing (Gemini runs one turn's calls one by one, and passes its turn as the reply) is refused the same way rather than moving the old view; a motion in a later reply runs. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. Beyond about 17 km of range the swing never hands over to an in-place tilt (that would lift the crosshair onto the sky); it keeps the camera at least 0.5° above the place's own horizon, which from roughly 500 km stops it short of -5° with the place still centred: a tilt to an angle beyond that stops at the angle reached and says so (`pitchDeg` is the angle reached, with a `note`), a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. A zoom during a tilt to an angle re-judges the place's horizon limit at the new range: when that moves where the tilt ends, the tilt eases from where it is to the new end (holding the camera's pitch through the range change, and easing back down to a limit it is already past rather than jumping there), and the zoom's result names that angle (`pitchDeg`) with a `note`. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, or another navigation (a location-panel search, share link or file import, which leave the flight flying) takes the camera during it, the motion is not run and says so. A motion that runs after a fly-to of the same reply has already found nothing (Gemini runs one turn's calls one by one, and passes its turn as the reply) is refused the same way rather than moving the old view; a motion in a later reply runs. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
index 0dcb2d1b0..738c71e88 100644
--- a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
@@ -686,3 +686,32 @@ test('a voice zoom during a tilt to an angle passes on the new end angle', async
   );
   assert.match(zoom.note, /horizon/);
 });
+
+// Late in the tilt the camera is already past the angle the new range's
+// horizon allows (from 400 km at -8°, a zoom out x2.5 reported -8° and the
+// next frame jumped to -9.4°): it eases to that limit with no jump, and the
+// zoom's reply names the angle it ends at, not the one it stood at.
+test('a late zoom out during a tilt eases to the new limit and reports it', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 400_000 });
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -5 });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 70; i += 1) h.tick();
+  const zoom = adjustOrbitRange(2.5);
+  assert.equal(zoom.changed, true);
+  let last = pitchDeg(h.camera);
+  let maxStep = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
+    h.tick();
+    maxStep = Math.max(maxStep, Math.abs(pitchDeg(h.camera) - last));
+    last = pitchDeg(h.camera);
+  }
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'tilt must finish');
+  assert.ok(maxStep < 0.5, `pitch jumped ${maxStep}° in one frame`);
+  assert.ok(h.viewTarget(), 'the crosshair is on the sky');
+  // Replies give whole degrees: the reported angle is the reached one rounded.
+  assert.equal(
+    zoom.pitchDeg,
+    Math.round(pitchDeg(h.camera)),
+    `camera at ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}°, zoom reported ${zoom.pitchDeg}°`,
+  );
+  assert.match(zoom.note, /horizon/);
+});
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 0681d6a2b..437688d7a 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -1378,12 +1378,22 @@ function tiltClearanceBinds(range) {
  */
 function tiltUpLimit({ target, pivot }) {
   if (!pivot || tiltClearanceBinds(pivot.range)) return PITCH_MAX;
-  const pitch = Math.max(pivot.pitch, tiltPivotPitchMax(pivot.range));
-  // The camera's position for that pivot pitch, as lookAt places it.
+  return Math.min(
+    PITCH_MAX,
+    pivotCameraPitch(
+      target,
+      pivot,
+      Math.max(pivot.pitch, tiltPivotPitchMax(pivot.range)),
+    ),
+  );
+}
+
+/** The camera pitch lookAt gives for this pivot at the given pivot pitch. */
+function pivotCameraPitch(target, { heading, range }, pitch) {
   const offset = new Cesium.Cartesian3(
-    -pivot.range * Math.cos(pitch) * Math.sin(pivot.heading),
-    -pivot.range * Math.cos(pitch) * Math.cos(pivot.heading),
-    -pivot.range * Math.sin(pitch),
+    -range * Math.cos(pitch) * Math.sin(heading),
+    -range * Math.cos(pitch) * Math.cos(heading),
+    -range * Math.sin(pitch),
   );
   const eye = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(
     Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(target),
@@ -1394,9 +1404,8 @@ function tiltUpLimit({ target, pivot }) {
   Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(look, look);
   const ellipsoid = _viewer.scene.globe?.ellipsoid ?? Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84;
   const upAtEye = ellipsoid.geodeticSurfaceNormal(eye, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
-  return Math.min(
-    PITCH_MAX,
-    Math.asin(Cesium.Math.clamp(Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(look, upAtEye), -1, 1)),
+  return Math.asin(
+    Cesium.Math.clamp(Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(look, upAtEye), -1, 1),
   );
 }
 
@@ -2092,16 +2101,37 @@ export function adjustOrbitRange(factor) {
 /**
  * A zoom changed the range a tilt to an angle holds, and with it the place's
  * horizon limit: aim the tilt at the angle asked for or the new limit,
- * whichever comes first, from where the camera is now. Returns the end angle
- * and a note for the reply when that end moved, otherwise nothing.
+ * whichever comes first, from where the camera is now. The pivot pitch is
+ * re-solved so the new range keeps the camera's pitch, and a limit the camera
+ * is already past is eased down to rather than jumped to. Returns the end
+ * angle and a note for the reply when that end moved, otherwise nothing.
  */
 function retargetTiltAfterZoom(m) {
   if (m.kind !== 'tilt' || m.mode !== 'once' || m.askedPitch === undefined)
     return {};
   const from = _viewer.camera.pitch;
   if (!(m.askedPitch > from)) return {};
-  const limit = tiltUpLimit({ target: m.target, pivot: m.hpr });
-  const goal = Math.min(m.askedPitch, Math.max(from, limit));
+  if (m.hpr) {
+    // At the same pivot pitch a longer range looks down more steeply (the
+    // Earth curves away): find the pivot pitch that holds this camera pitch.
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
+      const error = from - pivotCameraPitch(m.target, m.hpr, m.hpr.pitch);
+      if (Math.abs(error) < 1e-7) break;
+      m.hpr.pitch = Cesium.Math.clamp(
+        m.hpr.pitch + error,
+        -Cesium.Math.PI_OVER_TWO,
+        0,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  const limit =
+    m.hpr && !tiltClearanceBinds(m.hpr.range)
+      ? Math.min(
+          PITCH_MAX,
+          pivotCameraPitch(m.target, m.hpr, tiltPivotPitchMax(m.hpr.range)),
+        )
+      : PITCH_MAX;
+  const goal = Math.min(m.askedPitch, limit);
   if (Math.abs(goal - m.goalPitch) < 1e-6) return {};
   m.goalPitch = goal;
   m.startPitch = from;

From dac9b5627d629655304f11eddd5e45f861f512b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:42:45 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 148/262] fix(wildlife): wait for the longest effective delay
 among every failed request

One error was chosen before each failure's delay was known. An antimeridian
box 400 hid the other box's 503 Retry-After; a grid tile 400 with Retry-After
set a cooldown through the snapshot metadata; a short Retry-After on one tile
undercut a sibling 5xx's default backoff; and a huge Retry-After made the
deadline Infinity.

Every failed request now keeps its status and Retry-After. One function gives
each failure's delay: 4xx other than 429 none, 429 and 5xx their Retry-After
or the default backoff. The layer waits for the longest, and shows the
failure that set it. Retry-After is capped at one day, the proxy's own
daily-budget deadline, and non-finite values are ignored. Each publish of
one acquisition derives the default backoff from the backoff before it
started, so repeated tile publishes no longer double it.
---
 .../wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs    | 95 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js     | 74 ++++++++-------
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js        |  3 +
 src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js        | 89 +++++++++++++----
 4 files changed, 209 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs
index d343ad9b0..b4ac47813 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/acquisition.test.mjs
@@ -1072,3 +1072,98 @@ for (const [name, respond] of [
     assert.equal(h.state.renderedRows.length, 2);
   });
 }
+
+// Every failed request keeps its own timing. The layer waits for the longest
+// effective delay: 4xx other than 429 never waits, 429/5xx wait for their
+// Retry-After or the default backoff. The shown error explains that wait.
+async function settleThroughSource(fetchImpl, bounds = salishSea) {
+  const h = harness(
+    createWildlifeSightingsSource({ now: () => NOW, fetchImpl }),
+  );
+  h.bounds(bounds);
+  h.state.enabled = false;
+  h.layer.enable();
+  const first = h.layer.update();
+  await h.advance(300);
+  await first;
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  return h;
+}
+const tileX = (url) =>
+  Number(new URL(url, 'https://example.test').searchParams.get('x'));
+const observations = () =>
+  Response.json({ rows: [inatRow], totalResults: 1, fetchedAt: NOW });
+
+test('an antimeridian box 400 never hides the other box 503 Retry-After', async () => {
+  for (const westFails of [true, false]) {
+    const h = await settleThroughSource(
+      async (url) => {
+        if (url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?')) return emptyGrid();
+        const west =
+          Number(
+            new URL(url, 'https://example.test').searchParams.get('west'),
+          ) > 0;
+        return west === westFails
+          ? new Response('', { status: 400 })
+          : unavailable();
+      },
+      { south: 10, west: 179, north: 12, east: -179 },
+    );
+    assert.equal(h.state.error, 'iNaturalist HTTP 503');
+    assert.equal(h.state.retryAt, NOW + 300 + 120_000);
+    assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, 120);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a grid tile 400 with Retry-After beside successful tiles creates no cooldown', async () => {
+  let tiles = new Set();
+  const h = await settleThroughSource(async (url) => {
+    if (!url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?')) return observations();
+    tiles.add(tileX(url));
+    return tileX(url) === Math.min(...tiles) && tiles.size === 1
+      ? new Response('', { status: 400, headers: { 'Retry-After': '120' } })
+      : emptyGrid();
+  });
+  assert.ok(tiles.size > 1, 'the view spans several grid tiles');
+  assert.equal(h.state.error, 'iNaturalist HTTP 400');
+  assert.equal(h.state.retryAt, 0);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, undefined);
+});
+
+test('a short grid Retry-After never undercuts a sibling 5xx default backoff', async () => {
+  let failed = 0;
+  const h = await settleThroughSource(async (url) => {
+    if (!url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?')) return observations();
+    failed++;
+    if (failed === 1)
+      return new Response('', { status: 503, headers: { 'Retry-After': '2' } });
+    if (failed === 2) return new Response('', { status: 502 });
+    return emptyGrid();
+  });
+  assert.ok(failed >= 2);
+  assert.equal(h.state.error, 'iNaturalist HTTP 502');
+  assert.equal(h.state.retryAt, NOW + 300 + 30_000);
+  assert.equal(h.layer.getStats().retryInSec, 30);
+});
+
+test('an enormous Retry-After is capped at one day and a non-finite one uses the default backoff', async () => {
+  for (const [header, delay] of [
+    ['1' + '0'.repeat(306), 86_400_000],
+    ['1' + '0'.repeat(400), 30_000],
+  ]) {
+    const h = await settleThroughSource(async (url) =>
+      url.startsWith('/api/inaturalist/grid?')
+        ? emptyGrid()
+        : url.startsWith('/api/acartia')
+          ? Response.json({ rows: [], fetchedAt: NOW })
+          : new Response('', {
+              status: 503,
+              headers: { 'Retry-After': header },
+            }),
+    );
+    assert.equal(h.state.error, 'iNaturalist HTTP 503');
+    assert.ok(Number.isFinite(h.state.retryAt));
+    assert.equal(h.state.retryAt, NOW + 300 + delay, header.length);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
index 3b2a2999a..0fe430fbe 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/lifecycle.js
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ import { msg } from '../../i18n/marker.js';
 import { getWildlifeHeightBand, rowInWildlifeBoxes } from './model.js';
 import {
   combineWildlifeGridSnapshots,
-  wildlifeFailureRetryable,
+  preferredWildlifeFailure,
+  wildlifeFailureDelayMs,
+  wildlifeFailures,
+  wildlifeRetryAfterMs,
 } from './source.js';
 import { wildlifeMeasure } from './performance.js';
 import { isRecentWildlifeSighting } from './records.js';
@@ -12,11 +15,7 @@ import {
   wildlifeGridTiles,
   wildlifeGridCellId,
 } from './gridViewport.js';
-import {
-  wildlifeViewportBoxes,
-  snapWildlifeBox,
-  retryDelayMs,
-} from './viewport.js';
+import { wildlifeViewportBoxes, snapWildlifeBox } from './viewport.js';
 import {
   WILDLIFE_DEBOUNCE_MS,
   WILDLIFE_MAX_ROWS,
@@ -95,25 +94,25 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
     state.pendingParams = null;
   }
 
-  function applyRetry(errors, retryAfterSec = null) {
-    // Only upstream failures impose cooldown; network/schema errors retry on
-    // pan. Several sources can fail together: wait for the longest of them.
-    const failures = [errors].flat().filter(wildlifeFailureRetryable);
-    const snapshotDelay =
-      Number.isFinite(retryAfterSec) && retryAfterSec >= 0
-        ? retryAfterSec * 1000
-        : null;
-    if (!failures.length && snapshotDelay === null) {
+  function applyRetry(
+    errors,
+    retryAfterSec = null,
+    previousMs = state.failures || 0,
+  ) {
+    // Only 429/5xx failures impose cooldown; client, network and schema
+    // errors retry on pan. Several requests can fail together: wait for the
+    // longest effective delay among them.
+    const delays = [
+      ...wildlifeFailures(errors).map((error) =>
+        wildlifeFailureDelayMs(error, previousMs),
+      ),
+      wildlifeRetryAfterMs(retryAfterSec),
+    ].filter((delay) => delay !== null);
+    if (!delays.length) {
       state.failures = 0;
       state.retryAt = 0;
       return;
     }
-    const delays = failures.map((error) =>
-      Number.isFinite(error.retryAfterSec) && error.retryAfterSec >= 0
-        ? error.retryAfterSec * 1000
-        : retryDelayMs(state.failures || 0),
-    );
-    if (snapshotDelay !== null) delays.push(snapshotDelay);
     const backoff = Math.max(...delays);
     state.failures = backoff;
     state.retryAt = services.now() + backoff;
@@ -282,6 +281,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
     request,
     signal,
     epoch,
+    previousFailures,
     replaceRows = true,
   }) {
     const current = currentQuery();
@@ -398,10 +398,14 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
             value.upstreamStatus === 429 ||
             value.upstreamStatus >= 500),
       );
+      // The filter above admits only 429/5xx or an unmarked stale answer.
       const staleError = failedStale.length
         ? Object.assign(
             new Error(msg('Wildlife sightings source unavailable')),
             {
+              upstreamStatus: Math.max(
+                ...failedStale.map((value) => value.upstreamStatus || 503),
+              ),
               retryAfterSec: Math.max(
                 ...failedStale.map((value) => value.retryAfterSec),
               ),
@@ -410,8 +414,8 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
         : null;
       const inat = snapshot.sources?.inaturalist;
       const acartia = snapshot.sources?.acartia;
-      // Keep each failed source's status and Retry-After; the displayed error
-      // is the one that explains the cooldown.
+      // Keep each failed request's status and Retry-After; the displayed
+      // error is the one whose effective delay sets the cooldown.
       const sourceErrors = [
         gridError,
         staleError,
@@ -433,14 +437,10 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
             })
           : null,
       ].filter(Boolean);
-      const sourceError =
-        sourceErrors.find(
-          (error) =>
-            wildlifeFailureRetryable(error) ||
-            Number.isFinite(error.retryAfterSec),
-        ) ||
-        sourceErrors[0] ||
-        null;
+      const sourceError = preferredWildlifeFailure(
+        sourceErrors,
+        previousFailures,
+      );
       state.stale =
         !sourceError && (snapshot.stale === true || grid?.stale === true);
       const fetchedAt = [snapshot.fetchedAt, grid?.fetchedAt].filter(
@@ -467,12 +467,13 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
         applyRetry(
           sourceErrors,
           retryAfter.length ? Math.max(...retryAfter) : null,
+          previousFailures,
         );
       } else {
         state.pendingParams = null;
         state.failedParams = null;
         state.retryAt = retryAfter.length
-          ? services.now() + Math.max(...retryAfter) * 1000
+          ? services.now() + wildlifeRetryAfterMs(Math.max(...retryAfter))
           : 0;
         state.failures = 0;
       }
@@ -632,6 +633,9 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
       state.request?.abort();
       const request = new AbortController();
       const requestLifetime = lifetimeEpoch;
+      // One acquisition publishes several times (tiles, rows, final grid).
+      // Each derives its default backoff from the backoff before it started.
+      const previousFailures = state.failures || 0;
       const supersededResult = () =>
         state.enabled &&
         !state.destroyed &&
@@ -699,6 +703,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
           request,
           signal,
           epoch: requestLifetime,
+          previousFailures,
         });
       }
       function finishTiles() {
@@ -804,11 +809,12 @@ export function createLifecycle({ state, services, parts }) {
         continueTiles();
         state.stale = false;
         state.error =
-          error?.message || msg('Wildlife sightings source unavailable');
+          preferredWildlifeFailure(error, previousFailures)?.message ||
+          msg('Wildlife sightings source unavailable');
         failParams(params);
         state.lastQueryKey = null;
         requestQueryKey = null;
-        applyRetry(error);
+        applyRetry(error, null, previousFailures);
         console.warn('[Data:WildlifeSightings] Update failed:', state.error);
         return true;
       } finally {
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js
index 4af9d7d17..f1b6df277 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/policy.js
@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ export { WILDLIFE_MAX_VIEW_DEGREES } from './bounds.js';
 export const WILDLIFE_VIEW_PADDING = 0.3;
 export const WILDLIFE_RETRY_MIN_MS = 30_000;
 export const WILDLIFE_RETRY_MAX_MS = 240_000;
+// Cap a Retry-After so one reply can never stall refresh forever. The proxy's
+// daily-budget reply waits until the next UTC midnight, so allow one day.
+export const WILDLIFE_RETRY_AFTER_MAX_SEC = 86_400;
 
 // Faster polling would reread the proxy's five-minute cache.
 export const WILDLIFE_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS = 5 * 60_000;
diff --git a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
index aa218f34e..e2e3f1b80 100644
--- a/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/wildlifeSightings/source.js
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 import { readResponseJsonCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
 import { mergeSightings } from './records.js';
 import { wildlifeMeasure } from './performance.js';
-import { ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX, TAXA_PRESETS } from './policy.js';
-import { boxIntersects } from './viewport.js';
+import {
+  ACARTIA_GUARD_BOX,
+  TAXA_PRESETS,
+  WILDLIFE_RETRY_AFTER_MAX_SEC,
+} from './policy.js';
+import { boxIntersects, retryDelayMs } from './viewport.js';
 import {
   WILDLIFE_GRID_MAX_ZOOM,
   WILDLIFE_GRID_TILE_CAP,
@@ -72,14 +76,19 @@ function retryAfterSeconds(value, nowMs) {
   const text = value.trim();
   if (/^\d+(?:\.\d+)?$/.test(text)) {
     const seconds = Number(text);
-    return Number.isFinite(seconds) ? Math.ceil(seconds) : null;
+    return Number.isFinite(seconds)
+      ? Math.min(WILDLIFE_RETRY_AFTER_MAX_SEC, Math.ceil(seconds))
+      : null;
   }
   // Reject malformed numeric values rather than letting Date.parse interpret
   // them as calendar dates. HTTP dates include a named weekday or month.
   if (!/[a-z]/i.test(text)) return null;
   const deadline = Date.parse(text);
   return Number.isFinite(deadline) && Number.isFinite(nowMs)
-    ? Math.max(0, Math.ceil((deadline - nowMs) / 1000))
+    ? Math.min(
+        WILDLIFE_RETRY_AFTER_MAX_SEC,
+        Math.max(0, Math.ceil((deadline - nowMs) / 1000)),
+      )
     : null;
 }
 
@@ -119,17 +128,56 @@ export function wildlifeFailureRetryable(error) {
   return status === 429 || status >= 500;
 }
 
-/** Prefer the failure that carries retry timing, then the longest wait. */
-export function preferredWildlifeFailure(errors) {
-  const failures = errors.filter(Boolean);
-  const retryable = failures.filter(wildlifeFailureRetryable);
-  if (!retryable.length) return failures[0] || null;
-  return retryable.reduce((best, error) =>
-    (Number.isFinite(error.retryAfterSec) ? error.retryAfterSec : -1) >
-    (Number.isFinite(best.retryAfterSec) ? best.retryAfterSec : -1)
-      ? error
-      : best,
-  );
+/** Return a Retry-After in milliseconds, capped at one day, or null when
+ * it is missing, negative or not finite. */
+export function wildlifeRetryAfterMs(seconds) {
+  return Number.isFinite(seconds) && seconds >= 0
+    ? Math.min(WILDLIFE_RETRY_AFTER_MAX_SEC, seconds) * 1000
+    : null;
+}
+
+/** Return how long a failure asks the layer to wait, or null for none:
+ * 429 and 5xx wait for their Retry-After, else the default backoff after
+ * `previousMs`; other failures may retry on the next view. */
+export function wildlifeFailureDelayMs(error, previousMs = 0) {
+  if (!error || !wildlifeFailureRetryable(error)) return null;
+  return wildlifeRetryAfterMs(error.retryAfterSec) ?? retryDelayMs(previousMs);
+}
+
+/** Flatten failures, expanding a group into every request that failed. */
+export function wildlifeFailures(errors) {
+  return [errors]
+    .flat()
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .flatMap((error) =>
+      Array.isArray(error.failures) && error.failures.length
+        ? error.failures
+        : [error],
+    );
+}
+
+/** Return the failure with the longest effective delay (the first failure
+ * when none waits), carrying every failure so the caller can recompute. */
+export function preferredWildlifeFailure(errors, previousMs = 0) {
+  const failures = wildlifeFailures(errors);
+  if (!failures.length) return null;
+  let chosen = failures[0];
+  let longest = wildlifeFailureDelayMs(chosen, previousMs) ?? -1;
+  for (const error of failures.slice(1)) {
+    const delay = wildlifeFailureDelayMs(error, previousMs) ?? -1;
+    if (delay > longest) [chosen, longest] = [error, delay];
+  }
+  if (failures.length === 1) return chosen;
+  // Grid errors are shared between consumers of one tile request; describe
+  // the group with a new error rather than mutating any of them.
+  return Object.assign(new Error(chosen.message, { cause: chosen }), {
+    ...(chosen.status ? { status: chosen.status } : {}),
+    ...(chosen.upstreamStatus ? { upstreamStatus: chosen.upstreamStatus } : {}),
+    ...(Number.isFinite(chosen.retryAfterSec)
+      ? { retryAfterSec: chosen.retryAfterSec }
+      : {}),
+    failures,
+  });
 }
 
 /** Merge occupied cells incrementally; neighboring UTFGrid hit tiles can
@@ -145,9 +193,12 @@ export function combineWildlifeGridSnapshots(snapshots, error = null) {
   const totalResults = cells.reduce((sum, cell) => sum + cell.cellCount, 0);
   if (!Number.isSafeInteger(totalResults))
     throw new Error('Malformed iNaturalist grid response');
+  // A failure's Retry-After counts only when its status asks for a wait.
   const retryAfter = [
     ...snapshots.map((snapshot) => snapshot.retryAfterSec),
-    error?.retryAfterSec,
+    ...wildlifeFailures(error)
+      .filter(wildlifeFailureRetryable)
+      .map((failure) => failure.retryAfterSec),
   ].filter(Number.isFinite);
   const stale = snapshots.some((snapshot) => snapshot.stale === true);
   return {
@@ -514,14 +565,16 @@ export function createWildlifeSightingsSource({
     signal?.throwIfAborted();
     const inatSnapshots = [];
     const failedBoxes = [];
-    let inatError = null;
+    const inatErrors = [];
     inatResult.value.forEach((result, index) => {
       if (result.status === 'fulfilled') inatSnapshots.push(result.value);
       else {
         failedBoxes.push(requestBoxes[index]);
-        inatError ??= result.reason;
+        inatErrors.push(result.reason);
       }
     });
+    // Keep every failed box; the layer waits for the longest of them.
+    const inatError = preferredWildlifeFailure(inatErrors);
     // Fail outright only when nothing succeeded; otherwise draw what arrived
     // and report the failed source in its per-source status.
     const acartiaError =

From 6d7fe53570465f0fabf19a678ae1ba3795cdf23b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:55:54 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 149/262] Let a shell without its navigation owner report no
 camera handoffs

The voice runner subscribes to camera handoffs as it is created. The Cyber sonar test builds its runner on a StyleManager made from the prototype, which has no navigation owner, so the facade's delegation threw and both Node jobs failed. The facade now returns nothing there, like its other optional owners; the real shell builds its navigation owner before voice creates a runner.
---
 scripts/format-scope.json   |  1 +
 src/ui/shellFacade.js       |  2 +-
 src/ui/shellFacade.test.mjs | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/ui/shellFacade.test.mjs

diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index a28a8c53c..40bca019a 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -1128,6 +1128,7 @@
   "src/dockerTrustedPeers.test.mjs",
   "src/cameraGlobeRotation.test.mjs",
   "src/cameraTilt.test.mjs",
+  "src/ui/shellFacade.test.mjs",
   "src/voice/globeResetConfirmation.test.mjs",
   "src/hudDms.test.mjs",
   "src/hudSummaryGate.test.mjs",
diff --git a/src/ui/shellFacade.js b/src/ui/shellFacade.js
index 95bf791d4..678b69c79 100644
--- a/src/ui/shellFacade.js
+++ b/src/ui/shellFacade.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 export class ShellFacade {
   /** Observe camera ownership transfers through the navigation owner. */
   subscribeCameraHandoff(listener) {
-    return this._navigation.subscribeCameraHandoff(listener);
+    return this._navigation?.subscribeCameraHandoff(listener);
   }
 
   get _models3dEnabled() {
diff --git a/src/ui/shellFacade.test.mjs b/src/ui/shellFacade.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..abb892b37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/shellFacade.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { ShellFacade } from './shellFacade.js';
+
+// A shell assembled without its navigation owner (as unit tests build one
+// from the prototype) has no handoffs to report, like the facade's other
+// optional owners; the voice runner subscribes as it is created.
+test('camera handoffs without a navigation owner subscribe to nothing', () => {
+  const shell = Object.create(ShellFacade.prototype);
+  assert.equal(
+    shell.subscribeCameraHandoff(() => {}),
+    undefined,
+  );
+});
+
+test('camera handoffs reach listeners through the navigation owner', () => {
+  const listeners = new Set();
+  const shell = Object.create(ShellFacade.prototype);
+  shell._navigation = {
+    subscribeCameraHandoff(listener) {
+      listeners.add(listener);
+      return () => listeners.delete(listener);
+    },
+  };
+  let handoffs = 0;
+  const unsubscribe = shell.subscribeCameraHandoff(() => {
+    handoffs += 1;
+  });
+  for (const listener of listeners) listener();
+  assert.equal(handoffs, 1);
+  unsubscribe();
+  assert.equal(listeners.size, 0);
+});

From 495139399719ad56fe38606931987331387ffdf9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 16:55:54 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 150/262] Keep the place in view when a late zoom out catches a
 tilt
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

From 400 km, a tilt to -5° that a zoom out x2.5 caught 70 frames in eased down from the camera's old pitch at the new range. That put the camera below the place's horizon: the first frame's crosshair hit the ground 186 km from London, and London stayed hidden for about 11 frames. The re-solve also left the pivot pitch at 0°, so a zoom in before the next frame computed an infinite clearance floor, was refused, and stayed at 1,000 km.

The re-solved pivot pitch now stops at the place's horizon limit, or where the pivot already was. A camera that the zoom leaves past that limit steps down to it with the zoom and holds it, and the zoom still reports that angle. A zoom in straight after brings the range back to 400 km.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md   |  2 +-
 src/cameraTilt.test.mjs | 66 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/cameraVerbs.js      | 13 ++++++--
 3 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index d5ef4af05..390c61c4a 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5590,7 +5590,7 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
 > branch: **2,281 on Node 25.6.1** (allocation suites skipped) = 2,255 on
 > `main` + 26 route pins; the same tree on Node 24 reports 2,295.
 
-- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. Beyond about 17 km of range the swing never hands over to an in-place tilt (that would lift the crosshair onto the sky); it keeps the camera at least 0.5° above the place's own horizon, which from roughly 500 km stops it short of -5° with the place still centred: a tilt to an angle beyond that stops at the angle reached and says so (`pitchDeg` is the angle reached, with a `note`), a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. A zoom during a tilt to an angle re-judges the place's horizon limit at the new range: when that moves where the tilt ends, the tilt eases from where it is to the new end (holding the camera's pitch through the range change, and easing back down to a limit it is already past rather than jumping there), and the zoom's result names that angle (`pitchDeg`) with a `note`. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, or another navigation (a location-panel search, share link or file import, which leave the flight flying) takes the camera during it, the motion is not run and says so. A motion that runs after a fly-to of the same reply has already found nothing (Gemini runs one turn's calls one by one, and passes its turn as the reply) is refused the same way rather than moving the old view; a motion in a later reply runs. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
+- **Camera verbs** (`src/cameraVerbs.js`) — one motion slot, driven per clock tick. `move_camera` orbits/pans/tilts/rotates; `fly_route` is a cinematic dolly along an existing route annotation. `rotate_globe` rotates the world-space camera rigidly around Earth's center using its screen-up axis, preserving geocentric range and framing. Left/right describe visible globe motion, while `rotate` turns the camera in place. `tilt` swings the camera about the ground under the crosshair, so the place stays centred and the heading is kept. It tilts in place instead with no ground under the crosshair, from beyond 1,000 km of range, or while an entity is tracked (voice releases the follow camera before moving, so a voice tilt from a tracked view still pivots); pitch stays within -89° to -5°, clamped only in the direction of travel so a top-down (-90°) view can tilt up out of it. Angles and limits are the camera's own pitch; at regional range the pivot's pitch is up to about 8° shallower (the Earth curves away), so the swing solves for the pivot pitch that gives the camera the angle asked for. A pivot swing toward the horizon lowers the camera (height above the pivot is range × sin|pitch|), so the swing stops lowering it at 150 m above the pivot (not above the terrain behind the camera) and the rest of the tilt happens in place. Beyond about 17 km of range the swing never hands over to an in-place tilt (that would lift the crosshair onto the sky); it keeps the camera at least 0.5° above the place's own horizon, which from roughly 500 km stops it short of -5° with the place still centred: a tilt to an angle beyond that stops at the angle reached and says so (`pitchDeg` is the angle reached, with a `note`), a continuous tilt stops there, and a further tilt up is refused as at the limit. A zoom during a pivoting tilt scales the range it holds, as for orbit, but a zoom in stops at the range that keeps that 150 m clearance; a zoom that can move no further (that floor, the 80 m floor, or the cap: 1,000 km for a tilt, where pivoting stops, and 5,000 km for an orbit) is reported as not zoomed. A zoom during a tilt to an angle re-judges the place's horizon limit at the new range: when that moves where the tilt ends, the tilt eases from where it is to the new end (holding the camera's pitch through the range change; a camera the zoom leaves past the new range's limit steps down to it with the zoom, since past it the place would drop behind the Earth), and the zoom's result names that angle (`pitchDeg`) with a `note`. Once the tilt continues in place, a zoom moves the camera like any zoom. A tilt with `pitchDeg` (or with neither angle nor direction, which means -45°) eases to that angle; a positive angle means the same angle below the horizon. `pitchDeg` is absolute, not a step: sent with a `direction` it contradicts, the tilt is refused. An angle the camera already holds answers `unchanged` but still takes navigation, so it stops a running motion and releases the follow camera. A tilt left or right is refused. A voice tilt, orbit, pan or rotate sent while a voice `fly_to_location` is still looking up or flying ("fly to London and tilt the camera" or "fly to Paris and orbit it" arrives as two sibling calls) waits for that flight to land, up to 15 s (moving to a later fly-to in the same reply as soon as it begins, whatever the earlier one reports), so it neither cancels the flight nor gets replaced by it; if the flight is cancelled, finds nothing or times out, the user grabs, touches or scrolls the map during it, or another navigation (a location-panel search, share link or file import, which leave the flight flying) takes the camera during it, the motion is not run and says so. A motion that runs after a fly-to of the same reply has already found nothing (Gemini runs one turn's calls one by one, and passes its turn as the reply) is refused the same way rather than moving the old view; a motion in a later reply runs. `stop` and `rotate_globe` do not wait, and a motion sent before its fly-to is not reordered: it runs at once, and the fly-to's result names the motion it stopped (`stoppedMotion`). Orbit still arms (`armed: 'waiting-for-arrival'`) when it starts during any other camera flight, and captures its target once the tween queue has been quiet for 0.8 s. Omitted globe direction/mode default to right/continuous; explicit values prevail. Other camera motions keep their once default. Admission requires 3D, no Cockpit/tracking owner and the whole globe inside the existing keyhole circle, using the shared keyhole/projection geometry and vertical camera FOV with a rotation-local bounding-sphere cone for off-axis containment. Canvas-edge clipping alone does not block a rigid rotation or its unchanged Globe View preset. There is no altitude cutoff. An already smaller, fully framed globe rotates directly; repeated nudges, direction and speed changes recheck current framing without demanding a reset merely because ellipsoid altitude varied. A close-up or overlap refuses without moving the camera. When the unchanged Globe View preset fits, voice says “Globe rotation isn’t available from this view. You can say ‘Reset to Globe View and rotate the globe.’” without asking a permission question or automatically resetting. Explicit Reset/Show Globe View commands remain direct; an explicit reset-and-rotate request waits for reset success before requesting rotation. If OpenAI dispatches both tools together, rotation waits for earlier same-response resets and is skipped if any fails or is cancelled. OpenAI rejects later tool calls in the same response after a globe refusal, including calls arriving while globe admission is pending, and preserves response-scoped `tool_choice: none` for the refusal follow-up; Gemini rejects further tool execution, including queued sibling calls, until fresh typed input or admitted speech. Model interruption, advisory captions and microphone toggles do not release that guard. There is no pending Yes/No offer. Outside the refused response, explicit-command interpretation and avoiding repeated resets remain model-guided; a distinct model-issued reset call is not an app-enforced proof of user intent. A failed standalone reset can still be retried by the model, and a reset result does not guarantee the camera has fully settled. Before suggesting a reset, a cloned camera checks the unchanged Globe View destination against the same keyhole/depth rules without moving the live camera. If that preset cannot fit, `globe-reset-unavailable` asks for further zoom and the refusal instructs further zoom instead of a reset; this also covers ultrawide views. Unsupported view geometry or non-WGS84 projection assumptions fail closed without the closer-zoom instruction. Supported camera inputs/navigation intents cancel rotation before their action. Finite radius greater than the ellipsoid's maximum radius proves whole-arc clearance at constant centre-distance; no low-altitude swept solver is needed. The unchanged Globe View reset preset remains 18,000,000 m. Terrain and buildings remain outside the guarantee.
   - **The route dolly is shaped, not linear** (2026-08-20). A trapezoid speed profile (smoothstep up, cruise, smoothstep down, distance taken as the closed-form integral) eases both ends without changing the pace — duration is still `totalM / ROUTE_M_S[speed]`, with one exception: a 0.5 s minimum keeps a degenerate route from being an instant teleport, so routes under 10 m (slow) / 20 m (normal) / 45 m (fast) fly SLOWER than the speed word, never faster. Turns bank up to **10°** (a 90° street corner settles near 7.5°), measured as a triangular pulse over a 4 s window centred on the camera so the roll leads in and unwinds after. Altitude breathes ±20 m around the 260 m mean and lifts up to 26 m into turns. Pitch is LOCKED at −32°; heading comes from a gaze that leads the path by 6.5 s of travel. `prefers-reduced-motion` zeroes the roll and the altitude shaping and keeps the easing.
   - **Invariants — do not "fix" these.** (1) **Every** release levels the roll: completion unwinds it through the ease-out envelope, and `interruptCameraMotion` zeroes it synchronously (heading/pitch/position preserved). Cesium keeps the last up vector it was handed, so skipping this leaves the user holding a tilted horizon. (2) Heading is interpolated as an ANGLE about the local up, never as a Cartesian lerp — a lerp cannot cross an antipodal pair, so an out-and-back route looked backwards for the entire return leg; `signedTurnRad` branches the exact-180° case deterministically because the cross product's sign there is a floating-point coin toss. (3) A COLD floor cell is missing data, not flat ground: route vertices carry height 0, so trusting them flew a mountain corridor at 260 m above the ELLIPSOID. The corridor warm is fire-and-forget, so the dolly ARMS — camera untouched, no teleport onto the route — for up to 1.2 s waiting for real floor data, falls back to a rendered-mesh probe (`scene.sampleHeight`) when the DEM stays cold — latched to ONE firing per flight, for exactly the cells the cache could not answer, so a route costs at most 8 `sampleHeight` calls however long it arms — and otherwise holds the launch altitude for the whole route. A corridor is only RESOLVED when every cell is accounted for: one warm cell says nothing about the ground under the other seven, and treating it as an answer let the dolly descend to 460 m over a 1,600 m rendered surface. The probe reads the rendered surface at the current LOD (rooftops and primitives included) — a better estimate than nothing, not a guaranteed upper bound. Never descend blind. The floor is SMOOTHED in both directions for the ride while the hard clearance clamp reads the RAW sample, so a cell boundary cannot pop the eye but a cliff is still cleared on the frame it is seen. A pre-departure floor is adopted whole; one arriving mid-flight is eased onto, and the eye's descent rate is capped.
   - Pins: `src/routeCinematics.test.mjs` (26 tests), with `scripts/qa-flyroute-mutations.mjs` reverting each fix individually to prove they are load-bearing (19 named defects); rendered proof `scripts/qa-flyroute-cinema.mjs` (drives the real voice runner, measures the real Cesium camera every frame, writes a labelled contact sheet).
diff --git a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
index 738c71e88..8a3d1447f 100644
--- a/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraTilt.test.mjs
@@ -688,15 +688,18 @@ test('a voice zoom during a tilt to an angle passes on the new end angle', async
 });
 
 // Late in the tilt the camera is already past the angle the new range's
-// horizon allows (from 400 km at -8°, a zoom out x2.5 reported -8° and the
-// next frame jumped to -9.4°): it eases to that limit with no jump, and the
-// zoom's reply names the angle it ends at, not the one it stood at.
-test('a late zoom out during a tilt eases to the new limit and reports it', (t) => {
+// horizon allows (from 400 km at -8°, a zoom out x2.5 reported -8°): past it
+// the place is behind the Earth, so the camera steps down to that limit with
+// the zoom, then holds it with no further jump, and the zoom's reply names
+// the angle it ends at, not the one it stood at.
+test('a late zoom out during a tilt steps to the new limit and reports it', (t) => {
   const h = harness(t, { height: 400_000 });
   moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -5 });
   for (let i = 0; i < 70; i += 1) h.tick();
   const zoom = adjustOrbitRange(2.5);
   assert.equal(zoom.changed, true);
+  h.tick();
+  assert.equal(zoom.pitchDeg, Math.round(pitchDeg(h.camera)));
   let last = pitchDeg(h.camera);
   let maxStep = 0;
   for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
@@ -705,7 +708,7 @@ test('a late zoom out during a tilt eases to the new limit and reports it', (t)
     last = pitchDeg(h.camera);
   }
   assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'tilt must finish');
-  assert.ok(maxStep < 0.5, `pitch jumped ${maxStep}° in one frame`);
+  assert.ok(maxStep < 0.1, `pitch jumped ${maxStep}° in one frame`);
   assert.ok(h.viewTarget(), 'the crosshair is on the sky');
   // Replies give whole degrees: the reported angle is the reached one rounded.
   assert.equal(
@@ -715,3 +718,56 @@ test('a late zoom out during a tilt eases to the new limit and reports it', (t)
   );
   assert.match(zoom.note, /horizon/);
 });
+
+// Easing from the camera's old pitch at the zoomed-out range put the camera
+// below the place's horizon: the first frame's crosshair hit the ground
+// 186 km from London, and London stayed hidden for ~11 frames.
+test('a late zoom out during a tilt keeps the place under the crosshair', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 400_000 });
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -5 });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 70; i += 1) h.tick();
+  const zoom = adjustOrbitRange(2.5);
+  assert.equal(zoom.changed, true);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 600 && getActiveCameraMotion(); i += 1) {
+    h.tick();
+    const hit = h.viewTarget();
+    assert.ok(hit, `frame ${i}: the crosshair is on the sky`);
+    const drift = centreDrift(h);
+    assert.ok(
+      drift < 100,
+      `frame ${i}: crosshair ${Math.round(drift)} m off the place`,
+    );
+  }
+  assert.equal(getActiveCameraMotion(), null, 'tilt must finish');
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pivotRange(h) - 1_000_000) < 1,
+    `range ${pivotRange(h)} m`,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    zoom.pitchDeg,
+    Math.round(pitchDeg(h.camera)),
+    `camera at ${pitchDeg(h.camera)}°, zoom reported ${zoom.pitchDeg}°`,
+  );
+  assert.match(zoom.note, /horizon/);
+});
+
+// The zoom out left the pivot pitch level with the place, so the zoom in's
+// clearance floor came out infinite and it was refused at 1,000 km.
+test('a zoom in right after a late zoom out brings the tilt back in', (t) => {
+  const h = harness(t, { height: 400_000 });
+  moveCamera({ motion: 'tilt', pitchDeg: -5 });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 70; i += 1) h.tick();
+  const range = pivotRange(h);
+  assert.equal(adjustOrbitRange(2.5).changed, true);
+  const zoomIn = adjustOrbitRange(0.4);
+  assert.equal(zoomIn.changed, true, 'the zoom in must not be refused');
+  h.finish();
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(pivotRange(h) - range) < 1,
+    `range ${pivotRange(h)} m, wanted ${range} m`,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    centreDrift(h) < 100,
+    `crosshair ${centreDrift(h)} m off the place`,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/cameraVerbs.js b/src/cameraVerbs.js
index 437688d7a..d7127c2f7 100644
--- a/src/cameraVerbs.js
+++ b/src/cameraVerbs.js
@@ -2109,20 +2109,27 @@ export function adjustOrbitRange(factor) {
 function retargetTiltAfterZoom(m) {
   if (m.kind !== 'tilt' || m.mode !== 'once' || m.askedPitch === undefined)
     return {};
-  const from = _viewer.camera.pitch;
+  let from = _viewer.camera.pitch;
   if (!(m.askedPitch > from)) return {};
   if (m.hpr) {
     // At the same pivot pitch a longer range looks down more steeply (the
     // Earth curves away): find the pivot pitch that holds this camera pitch.
+    // It stays below the place's horizon limit (or where the pivot already
+    // was): past it the place drops behind the Earth, so a camera the zoom
+    // leaves past that limit steps down to it with the zoom.
+    const cap = Math.max(m.hpr.pitch, tiltPivotPitchMax(m.hpr.range));
     for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
       const error = from - pivotCameraPitch(m.target, m.hpr, m.hpr.pitch);
       if (Math.abs(error) < 1e-7) break;
-      m.hpr.pitch = Cesium.Math.clamp(
+      const pitch = Cesium.Math.clamp(
         m.hpr.pitch + error,
         -Cesium.Math.PI_OVER_TWO,
-        0,
+        cap,
       );
+      if (pitch === m.hpr.pitch) break;
+      m.hpr.pitch = pitch;
     }
+    from = Math.min(from, pivotCameraPitch(m.target, m.hpr, m.hpr.pitch));
   }
   const limit =
     m.hpr && !tiltClearanceBinds(m.hpr.range)

From 58adbb11c7f3cfa33cefe85cc17952f4c923fef5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 21:21:26 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 151/262] fix(traffic): name an account's traffic limit instead
 of a daily budget

A failed flow tile now carries the server's reason. A hosted deployment that limits each account answers USAGE_LIMIT_REACHED or RATE_LIMITED, which the traffic panel labels as the monthly allowance or a rate limit; a 503 with another reason reads as the traffic service being unavailable, not a missing key. The local proxy's no_key and daily budget labels are unchanged.
---
 src/data/traffic.test.mjs          | 22 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json           |  3 +++
 src/i18n/locales/de.json           |  3 +++
 src/i18n/locales/es.json           |  3 +++
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json           |  3 +++
 src/i18n/locales/it.json           |  3 +++
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json           |  3 +++
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json           |  3 +++
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json           |  3 +++
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json           |  3 +++
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json        |  3 +++
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json      |  3 +++
 src/layers/traffic/flow.js         |  8 ++++++++
 src/layers/traffic/flowSource.js   | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/layers/traffic/source.test.mjs | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 15 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/data/traffic.test.mjs b/src/data/traffic.test.mjs
index 23924448a..0e8ada30a 100644
--- a/src/data/traffic.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/traffic.test.mjs
@@ -30,6 +30,28 @@ test('a superseded flow fetch is not an outage', () => {
   assert.equal(deriveTrafficFlowError(undefined), null);
 });
 
+test('hosted account limits and service failures name their own reason', () => {
+  const failure = (status, code) =>
+    deriveTrafficFlowError(
+      Object.assign(new Error(`TomTom flow unavailable (HTTP ${status})`), {
+        status,
+        code,
+      }),
+    );
+  assert.equal(
+    failure(429, 'USAGE_LIMIT_REACHED'),
+    'Monthly traffic allowance used',
+  );
+  assert.equal(failure(429, 'RATE_LIMITED'), 'Traffic rate limit reached');
+  assert.equal(failure(429, 'budget'), 'TomTom daily budget reached');
+  assert.equal(failure(503, 'no_key'), 'TomTom key unavailable');
+  assert.equal(failure(503, null), 'TomTom key unavailable');
+  assert.equal(
+    failure(503, 'USAGE_UNAVAILABLE'),
+    'Traffic service unavailable',
+  );
+});
+
 test('flow failures map onto short, specific reasons', () => {
   const reason = (message) => deriveTrafficFlowError(new Error(message));
   assert.equal(reason('flow tile 12/1/1: HTTP 503'), 'TomTom key unavailable');
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index b491c3c93..8a2b81e20 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -1749,6 +1749,9 @@
   "Hybrid": "هجين",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "مفتاح TomTom غير متاح",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "بلغت الحصة اليومية لـ TomTom",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "تم استهلاك حصة حركة المرور الشهرية",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "تم بلوغ حد طلبات حركة المرور",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "خدمة حركة المرور غير متاحة",
   "TomTom upstream unreachable": "تعذّر الوصول إلى خادم TomTom",
   "TomTom flow unavailable": "تدفق TomTom غير متاح",
   "SIMULATED — {reason}": "محاكى — {reason}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index d01ff292f..837a87471 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -1667,6 +1667,9 @@
   "Hybrid": "Hybrid",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "TomTom-Schlüssel nicht verfügbar",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "TomTom-Tagesbudget erreicht",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Monatliches Verkehrskontingent aufgebraucht",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "Verkehrs-Anfragelimit erreicht",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "Verkehrsdienst nicht verfügbar",
   "TomTom upstream unreachable": "TomTom-Upstream nicht erreichbar",
   "TomTom flow unavailable": "TomTom-Verkehrsfluss nicht verfügbar",
   "SIMULATED — {reason}": "SIMULIERT – {reason}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index aa403f743..57aa09eb7 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -2274,6 +2274,9 @@
   "SIMULATED — {reason}": "SIMULADO — {reason}",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "Clave de TomTom no disponible",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "Se alcanzó el límite diario de TomTom",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Cupo mensual de tráfico agotado",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "Límite de solicitudes de tráfico alcanzado",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "Servicio de tráfico no disponible",
   "TomTom upstream unreachable": "Servidor de TomTom inaccesible",
   "TomTom flow unavailable": "Flujo de TomTom no disponible",
   "API key rejected — check AISSTREAM_API_KEY": "Clave de API rechazada — revisa AISSTREAM_API_KEY",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index b3ae72189..bfd2a5975 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -1105,6 +1105,9 @@
   "Hybrid": "Hybride",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "Clé TomTom indisponible",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "Quota quotidien TomTom atteint",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Quota mensuel de trafic épuisé",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "Limite de requêtes de trafic atteinte",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "Service de trafic indisponible",
   "TomTom upstream unreachable": "Serveur TomTom injoignable",
   "TomTom flow unavailable": "Flux TomTom indisponible",
   "SIMULATED — {reason}": "SIMULÉ — {reason}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 4c69e1d4c..74c0d01aa 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -1105,6 +1105,9 @@
   "Hybrid": "Ibrido",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "Chiave TomTom non disponibile",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "Budget giornaliero TomTom esaurito",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Quota mensile del traffico esaurita",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "Limite di richieste del traffico raggiunto",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "Servizio traffico non disponibile",
   "TomTom upstream unreachable": "Servizio TomTom irraggiungibile",
   "TomTom flow unavailable": "Flusso TomTom non disponibile",
   "SIMULATED — {reason}": "SIMULATO: {reason}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 9a053f869..932d851e2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -1073,6 +1073,9 @@
   "Hybrid": "ハイブリッド",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "TomTomキーを利用できません",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "TomTomの1日の上限に達しました",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "今月の交通情報の上限に達しました",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "交通情報のリクエスト上限に達しました",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "交通情報サービスを利用できません",
   "TomTom upstream unreachable": "TomTomのサービスに接続できません",
   "TomTom flow unavailable": "TomTomの交通流を利用できません",
   "SIMULATED — {reason}": "シミュレーション：{reason}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 79c507759..e71f144d5 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -1103,6 +1103,9 @@
   "Hybrid": "Híbrido",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "Chave do TomTom indisponível",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "Limite diário do TomTom atingido",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Cota mensal de trânsito esgotada",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "Limite de solicitações de trânsito atingido",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "Serviço de trânsito indisponível",
   "TomTom upstream unreachable": "Servidor do TomTom inacessível",
   "TomTom flow unavailable": "Fluxo do TomTom indisponível",
   "SIMULATED — {reason}": "SIMULADO — {reason}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 11fddb3e9..6573ad11b 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -2313,6 +2313,9 @@
   "SIMULATED — {reason}": "СИМУЛЯЦИЯ — {reason}",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "Ключ TomTom недоступен",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "Исчерпан дневной лимит TomTom",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Месячный лимит данных о трафике исчерпан",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "Достигнут лимит запросов данных о трафике",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "Сервис данных о трафике недоступен",
   "TomTom upstream unreachable": "Сервер TomTom не отвечает",
   "TomTom flow unavailable": "Поток TomTom недоступен",
   "API key rejected — check AISSTREAM_API_KEY": "Ключ API отклонён — проверьте AISSTREAM_API_KEY",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index c0fab8533..18ea8dc4f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -1120,6 +1120,9 @@
   "Hybrid": "Гібрид",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "Ключ TomTom недоступний",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "Вичерпано денний ліміт TomTom",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Місячний ліміт даних про трафік вичерпано",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "Досягнуто ліміту запитів даних про трафік",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "Сервіс даних про трафік недоступний",
   "TomTom upstream unreachable": "Сервер TomTom не відповідає",
   "TomTom flow unavailable": "Потік TomTom недоступний",
   "SIMULATED — {reason}": "ІМІТАЦІЯ — {reason}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 8687af790..8d09b74a3 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -1049,6 +1049,9 @@
   "Hybrid": "混合",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "TomTom 密钥不可用",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "已达 TomTom 每日配额",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "本月交通流量额度已用完",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "已达到交通数据请求频率上限",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "交通服务不可用",
   "TomTom upstream unreachable": "TomTom 上游服务无法连接",
   "TomTom flow unavailable": "TomTom 路况不可用",
   "SIMULATED — {reason}": "模拟——{reason}",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index a95e71dd5..30801f0f9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -1044,6 +1044,9 @@
   "Hybrid": "混合",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "TomTom 密鑰不可用",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "已達 TomTom 每日配額",
+  "Monthly traffic allowance used": "本月交通流量額度已用完",
+  "Traffic rate limit reached": "已達交通資料請求頻率上限",
+  "Traffic service unavailable": "交通服務無法使用",
   "TomTom upstream unreachable": "TomTom 上游服務無法連接",
   "TomTom flow unavailable": "TomTom 路況不可用",
   "SIMULATED — {reason}": "模擬——{reason}",
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/flow.js b/src/layers/traffic/flow.js
index 2064c10ce..caf8aede2 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/flow.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/flow.js
@@ -38,7 +38,15 @@ export function createFlow({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const status = Number.isFinite(error.status)
       ? error.status
       : Number(message.match(/HTTP (\d{3})/)?.[1]);
+    const code = typeof error.code === 'string' ? error.code : null;
     // English in state; trafficFeedPresentation translates it for the panel.
+    // A hosted deployment limits each account (code from the server); the
+    // local proxy has one daily budget (`budget`) and answers `no_key`.
+    if (code === 'USAGE_LIMIT_REACHED')
+      return msg('Monthly traffic allowance used');
+    if (code === 'RATE_LIMITED') return msg('Traffic rate limit reached');
+    if (status === 503 && code && code !== 'no_key')
+      return msg('Traffic service unavailable');
     if (status === 503) return msg('TomTom key unavailable');
     if (status === 429) return msg('TomTom daily budget reached');
     if (status === 502 || status === 504)
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/flowSource.js b/src/layers/traffic/flowSource.js
index 12e746e43..e5402cf12 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/flowSource.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/flowSource.js
@@ -11,6 +11,26 @@ const FLOW_TILE_PATH = (z, x, y) => `/api/tomtom/flow/${z}/${x}/${y}.pbf`;
  * (STALE-BUDGET once the daily budget is spent, STALE-ERROR when TomTom
  * fails), and when the proxy fetched it.
  */
+/**
+ * The machine-readable reason a failed tile carries: `code` (hosted usage,
+ * e.g. USAGE_LIMIT_REACHED or RATE_LIMITED) or the local proxy's `error`
+ * (`no_key`, `budget`). Only short identifiers are kept; prose is ignored.
+ */
+async function failureCode(response) {
+  if (!/json/i.test(response.headers?.get?.('content-type') || '')) return null;
+  try {
+    const text = await response.text();
+    if (text.length > 4096) return null;
+    const body = JSON.parse(text);
+    const code = body?.code ?? body?.error;
+    return typeof code === 'string' && /^[A-Za-z_]{1,40}$/.test(code)
+      ? code
+      : null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
 function tileFreshness(response) {
   const status = response.headers?.get?.('x-tomtom-cache') || '';
   const fetchedAt = Number(response.headers?.get?.('x-tomtom-fetched-at'));
@@ -60,7 +80,16 @@ export function createFlowTileSource({
     },
     fetchImpl: async (url, init) => {
       const response = await fetchImpl(url, init);
-      if (response.ok && !init.signal.aborted) {
+      if (!response.ok) {
+        const code = await failureCode(response);
+        await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
+        throw Object.assign(
+          // Classified for display by deriveTrafficFlowError.
+          new Error(`TomTom flow unavailable (HTTP ${response.status})`),
+          { status: response.status, code },
+        );
+      }
+      if (!init.signal.aborted) {
         const path = String(url);
         const entry = {
           mark: tileFreshness(response),
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/source.test.mjs b/src/layers/traffic/source.test.mjs
index 779164b7c..e45f5ef0f 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/source.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/source.test.mjs
@@ -1050,3 +1050,29 @@ test('cancelling a flow body releases its freshness before a new request', async
   assert.equal(getEventListeners(requestSignal, 'abort').length, 0);
   assert.equal(source.getFlowSessionStats().cacheEntries, 0);
 });
+
+test('a failed flow tile carries the server reason for its label', async () => {
+  for (const [status, body, code] of [
+    [
+      429,
+      { error: 'Monthly usage limit reached', code: 'USAGE_LIMIT_REACHED' },
+      'USAGE_LIMIT_REACHED',
+    ],
+    [
+      429,
+      { error: 'Request rate limit reached', code: 'RATE_LIMITED' },
+      'RATE_LIMITED',
+    ],
+    [503, { error: 'no_key' }, 'no_key'],
+    [503, { error: 'Usage enforcement is temporarily unavailable' }, null],
+  ]) {
+    const source = createFlowTileSource({
+      fetchImpl: async () => Response.json(body, { status }),
+    });
+    await assert.rejects(source.fetchFlowForBounds(bounds), (error) => {
+      assert.equal(error.status, status);
+      assert.equal(error.code, code);
+      return true;
+    });
+  }
+});

From 0de347c328c5489648040039bd001dd9d0682665 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 14:45:36 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 152/262] Leave other camera flights running when Space
 Missions stops without a replay

---
 src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs | 18 ++++++++++++++++--
 src/layers/launches/replay.js            |  6 ++++--
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
index b82663597..9284e4fd2 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { createIngestion } from './ingestion.js';
 import { createPanel } from './panel.js';
 import { createControls } from './controls.js';
 import { createLifecycle } from './lifecycle.js';
+import { createReplay } from './replay.js';
 
 const noop = () => {};
 
@@ -81,6 +82,7 @@ function fakeCamera() {
       camera.flight = null;
       flight?.cancel?.();
     },
+    lookAtTransform: noop,
     setView({ destination, orientation }) {
       camera.position = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(destination);
       camera.heading = orientation.heading;
@@ -144,8 +146,8 @@ async function fixture(t) {
       clearMissionOverlaySources: noop,
       hideReplayVehicleOverlay: noop,
       destroyReplayVehicleOverlay: noop,
+      syncMissionOverlayEntries: noop,
     },
-    replay: { stopMissionReplay: noop, presentReplay: () => null },
     selection: {
       focusFullGlobe(target, flight) {
         target.camera.flyTo({
@@ -182,6 +184,7 @@ async function fixture(t) {
   parts.policyHelpers = createPolicyHelpers(context);
   parts.model = createModel(context);
   parts.panel = createPanel(context);
+  parts.replay = createReplay(context);
   parts.ingestion = createIngestion(context);
   parts.controls = createControls(context);
   parts.lifecycle = createLifecycle(context);
@@ -372,13 +375,24 @@ test('a navigation during a failed first load is not cancelled by the rollback',
   await untilFlown(f);
   // Search or Home: navigation releases mission camera ownership, then flies.
   f.missions.releaseCameraOwnership();
-  f.camera.flyTo({ destination: new Cesium.Cartesian3(5, 5, 5) });
+  let navigationCancelled = false;
+  f.camera.flyTo({
+    destination: new Cesium.Cartesian3(5, 5, 5),
+    cancel: () => {
+      navigationCancelled = true;
+    },
+  });
   const cancelled = f.camera.cancelled;
   const navigated = f.view();
 
   release();
   assert.equal(await entering, false);
   await f.settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    navigationCancelled,
+    false,
+    'the rollback does not cancel the Search/Home flight',
+  );
   assert.equal(f.camera.cancelled, cancelled);
   assert.deepEqual(f.view(), navigated);
 });
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/replay.js b/src/layers/launches/replay.js
index 86b6a08f0..e74c636f9 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/replay.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/replay.js
@@ -314,9 +314,11 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     layerState._replayCameraToken++;
     if (layerState._replayCameraRemover) layerState._replayCameraRemover();
     layerState._replayCameraRemover = null;
-    layerState._viewer?.camera?.cancelFlight();
-    if (layerState._viewer?.camera)
+    // Without a replay the camera is not ours: leave other flights running.
+    if (stoppedLaunchId && layerState._viewer?.camera) {
+      layerState._viewer.camera.cancelFlight();
       layerState._viewer.camera.lookAtTransform(Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY);
+    }
     layerState._replayCameraLaunchId = null;
     layerState._replayPaused = false;
     layerState._replayPausedAtMs = null;

From 5d8f2b878f5ef204b5efb4519a7fbbbc3699b59f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 15:47:36 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 153/262] chore(datacenters): drop the one-off Norway refresh
 script

The data refresh is committed and its provenance (extract, timestamp, MD5,
filter) stays in the dataset README. The script needed osmium-tool and could
only re-verify while Geofabrik still listed that extract, so it goes with its
test.
---
 changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md |   6 +-
 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py           | 259 ------------------
 src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs    |  95 -------
 src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md     |  12 +-
 4 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 369 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
 delete mode 100644 src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs

diff --git a/changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md b/changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md
index 48a019605..5db897234 100644
--- a/changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md
+++ b/changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 - Refresh Norway's datacenters from a Geofabrik OpenStreetMap extract
   (2026-10-05). Troll Housing joins the layer (4,352 features) and four
-  Norwegian sites pick up current OSM tags; no site moved or was removed.
-  `scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py` reproduces or `--verify`s the merge,
-  touching only features inside Geofabrik's Norway boundary, and the dataset
-  README records the extract, checksum and filter (trygvehhh, #953).
+  Norwegian sites pick up current OSM tags; no site moved or was removed
+  (trygvehhh, #953).
diff --git a/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py b/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c5eb92dd..000000000
--- a/scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,259 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-"""Maintainer-only Norway refresh of the bundled datacenter extract (osmium-tool).
-
-Downloads a dated Geofabrik Norway extract, verifies its MD5, filters
-telecom=data_center / building=data_center with osmium, and merges the result
-into datacenters.geojsonl: features inside the Geofabrik Norway boundary are
-added, updated or removed once no longer tagged; every other line is kept
-byte-for-byte.
-
-Geofabrik keeps only its newest dated extract, so --extract defaults to the
-current one and a recorded extract can be re-verified only while it is listed.
-"""
-import argparse
-import hashlib
-import json
-import math
-from pathlib import Path
-import shutil
-import subprocess
-import sys
-import urllib.request
-
-ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
-GEOFABRIK = 'https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/'
-DATASET = ROOT / 'src/data/local_data/datacenters/datacenters.geojsonl'
-CONTACT_TAGS = {'email', 'phone', 'fax', 'mobile', 'whatsapp', 'contact:email', 'contact:phone',
-                'contact:fax', 'contact:mobile', 'contact:whatsapp'}
-SAME_GEOMETRY_METERS = 0.05
-TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 60
-
-
-def latest_extract():
-    """Resolve norway-latest to the dated name Geofabrik redirects it to."""
-    request = urllib.request.Request(GEOFABRIK + 'norway-latest.osm.pbf', method='HEAD')
-    with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=TIMEOUT_SECONDS) as response:
-        name = response.geturl().rsplit('/', 1)[-1]
-    if not name.startswith('norway-') or not name.endswith('.osm.pbf') or name == 'norway-latest.osm.pbf':
-        raise RuntimeError('Unexpected Geofabrik latest target: %s' % name)
-    return name[:-len('.osm.pbf')]
-
-
-def fetch(url, target):
-    if not target.exists():
-        with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=TIMEOUT_SECONDS) as response, \
-                open(str(target) + '.part', 'wb') as out:
-            shutil.copyfileobj(response, out)
-        Path(str(target) + '.part').rename(target)
-    return target
-
-
-def md5(path):
-    digest = hashlib.md5()
-    with open(path, 'rb') as handle:
-        for block in iter(lambda: handle.read(1 << 20), b''):
-            digest.update(block)
-    return digest.hexdigest()
-
-
-def read_poly(path):
-    """Geofabrik .poly -> list of (ring, is_hole)."""
-    rings, ring, hole = [], None, False
-    for raw in path.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines()[1:]:
-        line = raw.strip()
-        if ring is None:
-            if line and line != 'END':
-                ring, hole = [], line.startswith('!')
-        elif line == 'END':
-            rings.append((ring, hole))
-            ring = None
-        elif line:
-            lon, lat = (float(v) for v in line.split())
-            ring.append((lon, lat))
-    return rings
-
-
-def inside(rings, lon, lat):
-    def in_ring(ring):
-        hit = False
-        for (x1, y1), (x2, y2) in zip(ring, ring[1:] + ring[:1]):
-            if (y1 > lat) != (y2 > lat) and lon < x1 + (lat - y1) * (x2 - x1) / (y2 - y1):
-                hit = not hit
-        return hit
-    return any(in_ring(r) for r, h in rings if not h) and not any(in_ring(r) for r, h in rings if h)
-
-
-def points(coordinates):
-    if isinstance(coordinates[0], (int, float)):
-        return [coordinates]
-    return [p for part in coordinates for p in points(part)]
-
-
-def osm_key(feature):
-    osm_id = feature['properties']['osm_id']
-    if osm_id < 0:
-        return 'r%d' % -osm_id
-    return ('n' if feature['geometry']['type'] == 'Point' else 'w') + str(osm_id)
-
-
-def export(osmium, pbf, cache, extract):
-    """Exported features by key, and the keys of every tagged object in the extract."""
-    filtered = cache / (extract + '-datacenters.osm.pbf')
-    listed = cache / (extract + '-datacenters.opl')
-    exported = cache / (extract + '-datacenters.geojsonseq')
-    subprocess.run([osmium, 'tags-filter', '-O', '-o', str(filtered), str(pbf),
-                    'nwr/telecom=data_center', 'nwr/building=data_center'], check=True)
-    subprocess.run([osmium, 'tags-filter', '-O', '-R', '-f', 'opl', '-o', str(listed), str(filtered),
-                    'nwr/telecom=data_center', 'nwr/building=data_center'], check=True)
-    tagged = {line.split(' ', 1)[0] for line in listed.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines() if line}
-    subprocess.run([osmium, 'export', '-O', '-f', 'geojsonseq', '--add-unique-id=type_id',
-                    '-o', str(exported), str(filtered)], check=True)
-    fresh = {}
-    for line in exported.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines():
-        line = line.lstrip('\x1e').strip()
-        if not line:
-            continue
-        feature = json.loads(line)
-        tags = {k: v for k, v in feature['properties'].items() if k not in CONTACT_TAGS}
-        if tags.get('telecom') != 'data_center' and tags.get('building') != 'data_center':
-            continue  # untagged member ways exported only for geometry
-        key = feature['id']
-        geometry = feature['geometry']
-        if key[0] == 'a':  # osmium area id: way * 2 or relation * 2 + 1
-            number = int(key[1:])
-            key = ('w%d' % (number // 2)) if number % 2 == 0 else ('r%d' % (number // 2))
-            if key[0] == 'r':
-                tags = {**tags, 'type': 'multipolygon'}
-            if geometry['type'] == 'MultiPolygon' and len(geometry['coordinates']) == 1:
-                geometry = {'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': geometry['coordinates'][0]}
-        elif key in fresh or geometry['type'] == 'LineString':
-            continue  # closed ways are taken from their area export
-        fresh[key] = {'geometry': geometry, 'tags': tags}
-    return fresh, tagged
-
-
-def same_geometry(old, new):
-    """Same type and rings within tolerance; ring start, winding and part or hole order may differ."""
-    if old['type'] != new['type']:
-        return False
-
-    def meters(p, q):
-        dx = (p[0] - q[0]) * 111320 * math.cos(math.radians(p[1]))
-        return math.hypot(dx, (p[1] - q[1]) * 110540)
-
-    def same_line(a, b):
-        return len(a) == len(b) and all(meters(p, q) <= SAME_GEOMETRY_METERS for p, q in zip(a, b))
-
-    def same_ring(a, b):
-        a, b = a[:-1], b[:-1]  # closed rings repeat their first vertex
-        return len(a) == len(b) and \
-            any(same_line(a[i:] + a[:i], c) for c in (b, b[::-1]) for i in range(len(a)))
-
-    def same_parts(a, b, same):
-        rest = list(b)
-        for part in a:
-            match = next((i for i, other in enumerate(rest) if same(part, other)), None)
-            if match is None:
-                return False
-            rest.pop(match)
-        return not rest
-
-    def same_polygon(a, b):
-        return same_ring(a[0], b[0]) and same_parts(a[1:], b[1:], same_ring)
-
-    a, b = old['coordinates'], new['coordinates']
-    if old['type'] == 'Point':
-        return same_line([a], [b])
-    if old['type'] == 'LineString':
-        return same_line(a, b)
-    if old['type'] == 'Polygon':
-        return same_polygon(a, b)
-    if old['type'] == 'MultiPolygon':
-        return same_parts(a, b, same_polygon)
-    return a == b
-
-
-def feature_line(key, sequence, fresh):
-    osm_id = int(key[1:]) * (-1 if key[0] == 'r' else 1)
-    feature = {'id': osm_id, 'type': 'Feature', 'geometry': fresh['geometry'],
-               'properties': {'id': sequence, 'tags': fresh['tags'], 'type': 'data_center',
-                              'osm_id': osm_id}}
-    return json.dumps(feature, separators=(',', ':'), ensure_ascii=False)
-
-
-def merge(lines, fresh, rings, tagged):
-    out, known, sequence = [], set(), 0
-    report = {'kept': 0, 'updated': [], 'removed': [], 'added': [], 'unexported': [], 'skipped': []}
-    for line in lines:
-        feature = json.loads(line)
-        sequence = max(sequence, feature['properties']['id'])
-        key = osm_key(feature)
-        known.add(key)
-        if key in fresh:
-            old_tags = feature['properties']['tags']
-            if old_tags == fresh[key]['tags'] and same_geometry(feature['geometry'], fresh[key]['geometry']):
-                out.append(line)
-                report['kept'] += 1
-            else:
-                out.append(feature_line(key, feature['properties']['id'], fresh[key]))
-                report['updated'].append(key)
-            continue
-        if key in tagged:  # still tagged, but osmium built no usable geometry: keep the old line
-            report['unexported'].append(key)
-            out.append(line)
-            continue
-        lon, lat = points(feature['geometry']['coordinates'])[0][:2]
-        if inside(rings, lon, lat):
-            report['removed'].append(key)
-            continue
-        out.append(line)
-    for key in sorted(set(fresh) - known, key=lambda k: (k[0], int(k[1:]))):
-        sequence += 1
-        out.append(feature_line(key, sequence, fresh[key]))
-        report['added'].append(key)
-    # newly tagged, but osmium built no usable geometry: nothing to add yet
-    report['skipped'] = sorted(set(tagged) - set(fresh) - known, key=lambda k: (k[0], int(k[1:])))
-    if len({osm_key(json.loads(line)) for line in out}) != len(out):
-        raise ValueError('Duplicate OSM identity')
-    return out, report
-
-
-def main():
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
-    parser.add_argument('--cache', type=Path, required=True)
-    parser.add_argument('--osmium', default=shutil.which('osmium') or 'osmium')
-    parser.add_argument('--extract', default='latest',
-                        help="dated Geofabrik name such as norway-261005, or 'latest'")
-    parser.add_argument('--verify', action='store_true')
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-    args.cache.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    extract = latest_extract() if args.extract == 'latest' else args.extract
-    pbf = fetch(GEOFABRIK + extract + '.osm.pbf', args.cache / (extract + '.osm.pbf'))
-    expected = fetch(GEOFABRIK + extract + '.osm.pbf.md5',
-                     args.cache / (extract + '.osm.pbf.md5')).read_text(encoding='utf-8').split()[0]
-    actual = md5(pbf)
-    if actual != expected:
-        raise RuntimeError('MD5 mismatch for %s: %s != %s' % (pbf.name, actual, expected))
-    rings = read_poly(fetch(GEOFABRIK + 'norway.poly', args.cache / 'norway.poly'))
-    fresh, tagged = export(args.osmium, pbf, args.cache, extract)
-    current = [line for line in DATASET.read_text(encoding='utf-8').splitlines() if line.strip()]
-    merged, report = merge(current, fresh, rings, tagged)
-    if report['unexported']:
-        print('warning: kept the old line of tagged features osmium did not export: %s'
-              % ', '.join(report['unexported']), file=sys.stderr)
-    if report['skipped']:
-        print('warning: did not add newly tagged features osmium did not export: %s'
-              % ', '.join(report['skipped']), file=sys.stderr)
-    payload = '\n'.join(merged) + '\n'
-    if args.verify:
-        if payload != DATASET.read_text(encoding='utf-8'):
-            raise SystemExit('datacenters.geojsonl is not the %s merge' % extract)
-    else:
-        with open(DATASET, 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline='\n') as handle:
-            handle.write(payload)
-    print(json.dumps({'extract': extract, 'md5': actual, 'norway': len(fresh),
-                      'features': len(merged), **report}))
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    main()
diff --git a/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs b/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs
deleted file mode 100644
index 99278769e..000000000
--- a/src/data/datacentersNorwayRefresh.test.mjs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-import test from 'node:test';
-import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process';
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
-
-const SCRIPT = fileURLToPath(
-  new URL('../../scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py', import.meta.url),
-);
-
-function python(t, source) {
-  const result = spawnSync('python3', ['-c', source, SCRIPT], {
-    encoding: 'utf8',
-  });
-  if (result.error?.code === 'ENOENT') return t.skip('python3 is not installed');
-  assert.equal(result.status, 0, result.stderr);
-}
-
-test('Norway refresh compares rings, not vertex sets', (t) => {
-  python(
-    t,
-    String.raw`
-import runpy, sys
-same = runpy.run_path(sys.argv[1])['same_geometry']
-poly = lambda *rings: {'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': list(rings)}
-multi = lambda *polys: {'type': 'MultiPolygon', 'coordinates': [p['coordinates'] for p in polys]}
-a, b, c, d, e = [0, 0], [4, 0], [4, 4], [0, 4], [2, 1]
-assert not same(poly([a, b, c, d, e, a]), poly([a, b, e, c, d, a])), 'reordered edges'
-assert same(poly([a, b, c, d, e, a]), poly([c, b, a, e, d, c])), 'ring start and winding'
-assert same(poly([a, b, c, d, a]), poly([[0, 1e-7], b, c, d, [0, 1e-7]])), 'tolerance'
-outer = [[0, 0], [9, 0], [9, 9], [0, 9], [0, 0]]
-one, two = [[1, 1], [2, 1], [2, 2], [1, 1]], [[5, 5], [6, 5], [6, 6], [5, 5]]
-assert same(poly(outer, one, two), poly(outer, two, one)), 'hole order'
-assert not same(poly(outer, one), poly(one, outer)), 'outer and inner roles swapped'
-assert same(multi(poly(one), poly(two)), multi(poly(two), poly(one))), 'part order'
-p, q, r, s, u, v = [0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 1], [5, 5], [6, 5], [5, 6]
-assert not same(multi(poly([p, q, r, p]), poly([s, u, v, s])),
-                multi(poly([p, q, s, p]), poly([r, u, v, r]))), 'vertices moved between parts'
-`,
-  );
-});
-
-test('Norway refresh keeps a still-tagged feature osmium did not export', (t) => {
-  python(
-    t,
-    String.raw`
-import json, runpy, sys
-merge = runpy.run_path(sys.argv[1])['merge']
-square = [[[10, 60], [10.01, 60], [10.01, 60.01], [10, 60.01], [10, 60]]]
-def line(osm_id, sequence):
-    return json.dumps({'id': osm_id, 'type': 'Feature', 'geometry': {'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': square},
-                       'properties': {'id': sequence, 'tags': {'building': 'data_center'},
-                                      'type': 'data_center', 'osm_id': osm_id}})
-norway = [([(0, 0), (20, 0), (20, 80), (0, 80)], False)]
-lines = [line(7, 1), line(8, 2)]
-fresh = {'w13': {'geometry': {'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': square}, 'tags': {'building': 'data_center'}}}
-out, report = merge(lines, fresh, norway, {'w7', 'w12', 'w13'})
-assert out[0] == lines[0] and len(out) == 2, out
-assert report['unexported'] == ['w7'] and report['removed'] == ['w8'], report
-assert report['skipped'] == ['w12'] and report['added'] == ['w13'], report
-`,
-  );
-});
-
-test('Norway refresh lists tagged objects apart from the exported geometry', (t) => {
-  python(
-    t,
-    String.raw`
-import json, runpy, subprocess, sys, tempfile
-from pathlib import Path
-export = runpy.run_path(sys.argv[1])['export']
-tags = {'building': 'data_center'}
-ring = [[10, 60], [10.01, 60], [10.01, 60.01], [10, 60]]
-features = [
-    {'id': 'n1', 'properties': {'telecom': 'data_center'}, 'geometry': {'type': 'Point', 'coordinates': [10, 60]}},
-    {'id': 'w5', 'properties': tags, 'geometry': {'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates': ring}},
-    {'id': 'a10', 'properties': tags, 'geometry': {'type': 'MultiPolygon', 'coordinates': [[ring]]}},
-    {'id': 'w7', 'properties': tags, 'geometry': {'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates': ring[:3]}},
-]
-outputs = {
-    '.opl': 'n1 v1 Ttelecom=data_center x10 y60\nw5 v1 Tbuilding=data_center Nn2,n3,n4,n2\n'
-            'w7 v1 Tbuilding=data_center Nn2,n3,n4\nr9 v1 Ttelecom=data_center Mw8@outer\n',
-    '.geojsonseq': ''.join(chr(30) + json.dumps({'type': 'Feature', **f}) + '\n' for f in features),
-}
-def run(args, check=False):
-    target = Path(args[args.index('-o') + 1])
-    target.write_text(outputs.get(target.suffix, ''), encoding='utf-8')
-subprocess.run = run
-with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as cache:
-    fresh, tagged = export('osmium', Path(cache) / 'norway-test.osm.pbf', Path(cache), 'norway-test')
-assert sorted(fresh) == ['n1', 'w5'], fresh
-assert fresh['w5']['geometry'] == {'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': [ring]}, fresh['w5']
-assert tagged == {'n1', 'w5', 'w7', 'r9'}, tagged
-`,
-  );
-});
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
index 86f573c61..c360ee527 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
@@ -26,14 +26,4 @@ reflects OSM as of the extract below, everything else the original snapshot.
 - Extract: Geofabrik `norway-261005.osm.pbf`, OSM data
   2026-10-05T20:21:35Z, MD5 `1d2cfdeb98980fce11b8891d0f9146c0`
 - Filter: `osmium tags-filter nwr/telecom=data_center nwr/building=data_center`
-- Contact tags are dropped as above; unchanged features keep their original
-  line, so geometry is only rewritten when tags or rings actually changed.
-  A feature is removed only once it is no longer tagged; one still tagged but
-  without an exportable geometry keeps its line and is reported as unexported,
-  and a newly tagged one osmium cannot export is reported as skipped.
-- Refresh: `python3 scripts/build-datacenters-norway.py --cache <dir>` uses
-  Geofabrik's current Norway extract and prints the dated name it used; record
-  that name, its OSM timestamp and MD5 here. Requires `osmium-tool`.
-- Check: add `--extract <dated name> --verify` to compare without writing.
-  Geofabrik keeps only its newest dated extract, so a recorded extract can be
-  re-verified only while it is still listed; the MD5 above identifies it.
+- Contact tags are dropped as above.

From 579acf50810f3d554898335970de723ffde04047 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Said Turksever <asturksever@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 01:03:41 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 154/262] Street Level: without a Mapillary key, light a
 keyless source instead of opening on KEY REQUIRED

---
 src/layers/streetLevel/index.js               | 23 ++++++-
 src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs         | 61 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../streetLevel/providers/mapillary/index.js  |  3 +
 src/layers/streetLevel/registry.js            |  2 +
 4 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
index 1f7b0f7f0..8d332c227 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
@@ -126,8 +126,17 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
     });
   }
 
-  // One source at a time: the first provider that defaults on.
-  const startsOn = defs.find((def) => def.defaultOn !== false);
+  /** `def`, or the first keyless provider not refused when `def` has no key. */
+  function keylessInstead(def, refused = () => false) {
+    if (def.keyReady?.() !== false) return def;
+    return defs.find((d) => !d.requiresKeyId && !refused(d.id)) || def;
+  }
+
+  // One source at a time: the first provider that defaults on. Without its
+  // key, the first keyless source instead, so a fresh keyless install opens
+  // on coverage rather than KEY REQUIRED.
+  const preferred = defs.find((def) => def.defaultOn !== false);
+  const startsOn = preferred && keylessInstead(preferred);
   for (const def of defs) {
     const entry = {
       def,
@@ -585,7 +594,15 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
         providerIds: state.providers.keys(),
         filter: state.filter,
       });
-      const lit = litByParams(decoded.providers);
+      // Links and stored state omit Mapillary when it is on (the codec
+      // default), so a keyless install would restore a source it cannot draw.
+      const asked = litByParams(decoded.providers);
+      const lit =
+        asked &&
+        keylessInstead(
+          state.providers.get(asked).def,
+          (id) => decoded.providers.get(id) === false,
+        ).id;
       const before = litIds();
       for (const [id, entry] of state.providers)
         if (id !== lit) switchProvider(entry, false);
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs
index 6c79a52ca..93fc96d23 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs
@@ -1127,3 +1127,64 @@ test('the panel says why a lit Street View draws nothing off Google 3D', async (
   const view = presentStreetLevelPanel(layer.getUIState());
   assert.match(view.meta, /Google Street View needs the Google 3D map/);
 });
+
+test('without a Mapillary key the first keyless source is lit instead', async (t) => {
+  const kartaViewSource = {
+    getTile: async () => ({ lines: [] }),
+    nearestPhotos: async () => [],
+    getPhoto: async () => {
+      throw new Error('KartaView has no such photo');
+    },
+    getSequencePhotos: async () => ({ photos: [], hasMore: false }),
+    probeImage: async () => true,
+  };
+  const lit = (hasToken) => {
+    const layer = createStreetLevelLayer({
+      providers: [
+        createMapillaryProvider({
+          source: fakeMapillarySource({ hasToken: () => hasToken }),
+          photoViewer: fakePhotoViewer(),
+        }),
+        createKartaViewProvider({ source: kartaViewSource }),
+      ],
+    });
+    t.after(() => layer.destroy());
+    return layer
+      .getUIState()
+      .providers.filter((provider) => provider.on)
+      .map((provider) => provider.id);
+  };
+  assert.deepEqual(lit(false), ['kartaview']);
+  assert.deepEqual(lit(true), ['mapillary']);
+});
+
+test('restoring the default "Mapillary on" without its key keeps a keyless source', (t) => {
+  const layer = createStreetLevelLayer({
+    providers: [
+      createMapillaryProvider({
+        source: fakeMapillarySource({ hasToken: () => false }),
+        photoViewer: fakePhotoViewer(),
+      }),
+      createKartaViewProvider({
+        source: {
+          getTile: async () => ({ lines: [] }),
+          nearestPhotos: async () => [],
+          getPhoto: async () => null,
+          getSequencePhotos: async () => ({ photos: [], hasMore: false }),
+          probeImage: async () => true,
+        },
+      }),
+    ],
+  });
+  t.after(() => layer.destroy());
+  const litIds = () =>
+    layer
+      .getUIState()
+      .providers.filter((provider) => provider.on)
+      .map((provider) => provider.id);
+  layer.setParams({ mapillary: true, providerSwitches: '' });
+  assert.deepEqual(litIds(), ['kartaview']);
+  // A link that switches KartaView off keeps its word.
+  layer.setParams({ mapillary: true, providerSwitches: 'kartaview-0' });
+  assert.deepEqual(litIds(), ['mapillary']);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/index.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/index.js
index 928922195..c2e9e7850 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/index.js
@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ export function createMapillaryProvider({ source, photoViewer = null }) {
     name: MAPILLARY_NAME,
     label: MAPILLARY_LABEL,
     requiresKeyId: MAPILLARY_KEY_ID,
+    /** A browser token or a token-adding Graph proxy; else KEY REQUIRED. */
+    keyReady: () =>
+      source.hasToken?.() !== false || Boolean(source.graphEndpoint),
     pickPrefix: PICK_PREFIX.root,
     colors: COLORS,
     credit: Object.freeze({ html: MAPILLARY_CREDIT_HTML }),
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/registry.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/registry.js
index 5e51929a6..4ba1763ab 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/registry.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/registry.js
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ export function filtersOf(provider) {
  * @property {boolean} [groundClick]   No coverage: a ground click at street zoom opens its nearest image.
  * @property {string} [requiresMapStack]   Usable only on this map stack.
  * @property {boolean} [defaultOn]     Default true; the first that defaults on is lit.
+ * @property {() => boolean} [keyReady] False when its key is missing now; the
+ *   first keyless provider is lit instead of a default that cannot draw.
  * @property {{kind: 'view-cone', color: string}} [marker]   Default: GEV's pin.
  * @property {Array<'pano'|'since'>} [filters]   Filters it honours (default both).
  * @property {{noun: string, action: string}} [coverageLabel]   How the panel counts its lines and says what a click does (default: sequences, "click a line for its photos").

From a69d0492d0cda16a1eef15d022629f4949f293b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 15:54:53 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 155/262] docs(datacenters): tighten the Norway refresh notes

---
 changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md | 6 ++----
 docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md                 | 2 +-
 src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md     | 6 ++----
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md b/changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md
index 5db897234..d60d4ac00 100644
--- a/changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md
+++ b/changelog.d/953-datacenters-norway-refresh.md
@@ -1,4 +1,2 @@
-- Refresh Norway's datacenters from a Geofabrik OpenStreetMap extract
-  (2026-10-05). Troll Housing joins the layer (4,352 features) and four
-  Norwegian sites pick up current OSM tags; no site moved or was removed
-  (trygvehhh, #953).
+- Add Troll Housing to the Datacenters layer (4,352 features) by refreshing
+  Norway from OpenStreetMap data of 2026-10-05 (trygvehhh, #953).
diff --git a/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md b/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md
index aa8cd0558..798ff09af 100644
--- a/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md
+++ b/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md
@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ globals.
 Dataset files and source/license notices remain under `src/data/local_data/`.
 Their input counts are 4,352 datacenter features and 704 dam features. Cesium may
 expand multipart geometries into multiple entities; entity and stem counts are
-different measurements. This change does not refresh or relicense the datasets.
+different measurements.
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
index c360ee527..a89894fdb 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/datacenters/README.md
@@ -19,11 +19,9 @@ snapshot. Future refreshes should record both before replacing the file.
 
 ## Norway refresh
 
-Features inside the Geofabrik Norway boundary (`norway.poly`, which includes
-Svalbard) were refreshed separately, so this file mixes two vintages: Norway
-reflects OSM as of the extract below, everything else the original snapshot.
+Features inside Geofabrik's Norway boundary (`norway.poly`, with Svalbard) come
+from a newer extract than the rest of the file. Contact tags are dropped as above.
 
 - Extract: Geofabrik `norway-261005.osm.pbf`, OSM data
   2026-10-05T20:21:35Z, MD5 `1d2cfdeb98980fce11b8891d0f9146c0`
 - Filter: `osmium tags-filter nwr/telecom=data_center nwr/building=data_center`
-- Contact tags are dropped as above.

From c058ecf21b98f3097adea6cd512b4931cb864723 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 15:57:27 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 156/262] docs(infrastructure): keep the dataset scope note

---
 docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md b/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md
index 798ff09af..aa8cd0558 100644
--- a/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md
+++ b/docs/INFRASTRUCTURE-LAYERS.md
@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ globals.
 Dataset files and source/license notices remain under `src/data/local_data/`.
 Their input counts are 4,352 datacenter features and 704 dam features. Cesium may
 expand multipart geometries into multiple entities; entity and stem counts are
-different measurements.
+different measurements. This change does not refresh or relicense the datasets.

From dda5ac6c000503b5f317d7b1df4132e071dd2833 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Said Turksever <asturksever@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 11:59:31 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 157/262] Changelog: 1601 fragment

---
 changelog.d/1601-street-level-keyless-default.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1601-street-level-keyless-default.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1601-street-level-keyless-default.md b/changelog.d/1601-street-level-keyless-default.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04d96b1bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1601-street-level-keyless-default.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Without a Mapillary token, Street Level starts on the first keyless source
+  (KartaView) instead of opening on Mapillary's `KEY REQUIRED` with nothing on
+  the globe. A share link that turns a source off is respected
+  (asturksever, #1601).

From 141181f83a0cc2fa6379a4c77af04469aee2df92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Said Turksever <asturksever@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 12:02:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 158/262] docs(flights): changelog names the one-in-13-ticks
 rotation, about once a second

---
 changelog.d/870-hidden-contact-dr.md | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/870-hidden-contact-dr.md b/changelog.d/870-hidden-contact-dr.md
index f88084d7a..aab55229e 100644
--- a/changelog.d/870-hidden-contact-dr.md
+++ b/changelog.d/870-hidden-contact-dr.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 - Reduce dead-reckoning work for flights already hidden behind the horizon.
-  Hidden contacts update on a staggered one-in-12-ticks rotation while visible
-  contacts and contacts with fleet models retain the full update path
-  (Wilmer Alzate, #870).
+  Hidden contacts update on a staggered one-in-13-ticks rotation (about once a
+  second) while visible contacts and contacts with fleet models retain the full
+  update path (Wilmer Alzate, #870).

From 4e518821b514e688d6e2663eded607395ea4e45f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 19:43:04 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 159/262] fix(cyclones): name the classification and mark a
 stale cache in shared context

- Publish classificationName next to the raw NHC code; unknown codes stay
  unexpanded.
- Publish staleCacheFetchedAt only while the proxy serves its cache.
- Touch the shared store on clear only after this layer published, so a
  feed failure no longer evicts another layer's dangling selection.
- Drop the unreachable no-storm branch and the unused return value.
- Tests: split the heading fixture into due north and stationary, cover
  the unavailable and failure paths with the real store, and check that
  clear/disable leave another layer's selection alone; fold the fake-store
  test into the real-store one.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md              |  12 +-
 src/layers/cyclones/index.js       |  33 ++-
 src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs | 349 ++++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 247 insertions(+), 147 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index fa535c295..a1b0874c1 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -743,12 +743,12 @@ NHC movement speed is converted from miles per hour to rounded knots by the
 proxy; advisory wind intensity is already in knots and is passed through.
 Cyclone markers, labels, tracks and cones are hidden beyond the horizon on every map source.
 Explicit cyclone selections publish one shared `weather-cyclones` record
-with official advisory provenance and source position. Switching storms removes
-the prior record; automatic row selection never claims global context, and
-refreshes do not re-announce selection. Clearing or losing an explicitly selected
-storm removes shared context rather than assigning a fallback.
-Deliberate clear/disable reports `deliberate`; feed disappearance reports
-`evicted`. Switching storms selects the replacement before pruning the old record.
+with official advisory provenance, source position, the English classification
+name and, while the proxy serves its cache, the cache fetch time. Switching
+storms selects the replacement before pruning the old record; automatic row
+selection never claims global context, and refreshes do not re-announce
+selection. Deliberate clear/disable reports `deliberate`; losing the selected
+storm from the feed reports `evicted` and assigns no fallback.
 Consult the linked official advisory for safety decisions.
 
 Voice and HUD snapshots reuse the existing feedState classifier. Analyst follow-ups retain their original data provenance; current-view results append provenance without replacing legacy fields. HUD context and deterministic telemetry include non-nominal feed state.
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
index ef8bbad27..8741ad8a3 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
@@ -96,19 +96,19 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
   const selected = () =>
     snapshot?.storms.find((storm) => storm.id === selectedId) || null;
   function clearSelectedContext({ evicted = false } = {}) {
-    if (!evicted)
-      context?.clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer?.('weather-cyclones');
-    context?.removeEntityContextsForLayer?.('weather-cyclones');
+    if (selectedContextStormId) {
+      if (!evicted)
+        context?.clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer?.('weather-cyclones');
+      context?.removeEntityContextsForLayer?.('weather-cyclones');
+    }
     selectedContextStormId = null;
     selectedContextEntity = null;
   }
 
+  // Callers publish only while selectedId names a storm in the snapshot.
   function publishSelectedContext({ announce = false } = {}) {
     const storm = selected();
-    if (!storm || !context) {
-      if (!storm) clearSelectedContext({ evicted: true });
-      return null;
-    }
+    if (!context) return;
     selectedContextEntity ||= { show: true };
     const contextId = `cyclone:${storm.id}`;
     const record = context.registerEntityContext?.(selectedContextEntity, {
@@ -116,13 +116,20 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
       layerId: 'weather-cyclones',
       layerName: 'Cyclone advisories',
       source: 'NOAA NHC / CPHC',
-      // Layer identity is already carried separately. Keep source names literal
-      // rather than adding an untranslated user-facing prefix.
+      // Keep official storm names verbatim; layerName identifies the layer.
       label: storm.name,
       latitude: storm.position.latitude,
       longitude: storm.position.longitude,
+      // At most 12 properties reach the voice summary; keep the list short.
       properties: {
         classification: storm.classification,
+        // English source meaning; unknown codes stay unexpanded.
+        classificationName: Object.hasOwn(
+          CLASSIFICATION_NAMES,
+          storm.classification,
+        )
+          ? CLASSIFICATION_NAMES[storm.classification]
+          : undefined,
         basin: storm.basin,
         advisoryNumber: storm.advisoryNumber,
         issuedAt: storm.issuedAt,
@@ -133,15 +140,19 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
         movementDirectionDegrees: storm.movement?.directionDegrees,
         movementSpeedKt: storm.movement?.speedKt,
         advisoryUrl: storm.advisoryUrl,
+        // Present only while the server serves its cache with NHC unreachable.
+        staleCacheFetchedAt:
+          snapshot.stale && Number.isFinite(snapshot.fetchedAt)
+            ? new Date(snapshot.fetchedAt).toISOString()
+            : undefined,
       },
     });
-    if (!record) return null;
+    if (!record) return;
     selectedContextStormId = storm.id;
     if (announce) context.selectEntityContext?.(selectedContextEntity);
     context.removeEntityContextsForLayer?.('weather-cyclones', {
       retainIds: new Set([contextId]),
     });
-    return record;
   }
 
   function select(id) {
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
index f70f4f6a8..a3e40fc95 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
@@ -405,96 +405,19 @@ function harness(
     },
   };
 }
-test('explicit cyclone selection publishes shared context without auto-claiming it', async () => {
-  let next = snapshot([storm(), storm('ep162026')]);
-  const records = new Map();
-  let selectedContext = null;
-  let selectedEvents = 0;
-  const context = {
-    registerEntityContext(entity, metadata) {
-      entity.__gevContextId = metadata.id;
-      const record = { ...metadata, entity };
-      records.set(metadata.id, record);
-      return record;
-    },
-    selectEntityContext(entity) {
-      selectedContext = records.get(entity.__gevContextId) || null;
-      selectedEvents += 1;
-      return selectedContext;
-    },
-    removeEntityContextsForLayer(layerId, { retainIds } = {}) {
-      for (const [id, record] of records) {
-        if (record.layerId === layerId && !retainIds?.has(id))
-          records.delete(id);
-      }
-      if (selectedContext && !records.has(selectedContext.id))
-        selectedContext = null;
-    },
-  };
-  const h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => next }, { context });
-  h.layer.enable();
-  await h.layer.update();
-
-  assert.equal(
-    selectedEvents,
-    0,
-    'the automatic first-storm row selection must not claim shared context',
-  );
-  assert.equal(records.size, 0);
-
-  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep162026' });
-  assert.equal(selectedEvents, 1);
-  assert.equal(selectedContext?.layerId, 'weather-cyclones');
-  assert.equal(selectedContext?.source, 'NOAA NHC / CPHC');
-  assert.equal(selectedContext?.label, 'Another system');
-  assert.equal(selectedContext?.latitude, 15.5);
-  assert.equal(selectedContext?.longitude, -125.8);
-  assert.equal(selectedContext?.properties.advisoryNumber, '10');
-
-  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
-  assert.deepEqual([...records.keys()], ['cyclone:ep152026']);
-  assert.equal(selectedContext?.id, 'cyclone:ep152026');
-  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep162026' });
-  assert.deepEqual([...records.keys()], ['cyclone:ep162026']);
-  assert.equal(selectedContext?.id, 'cyclone:ep162026');
-  assert.equal(selectedEvents, 3, 'each explicit storm switch announces once');
-
-  await h.layer.update();
-  assert.equal(
-    selectedEvents,
-    3,
-    'refresh updates the selected record without re-announcing the click',
-  );
-
-  next = snapshot([storm()]);
-  await h.layer.update();
-  assert.equal(
-    selectedContext,
-    null,
-    'a vanished user-selected storm must clear instead of transferring context to the fallback row',
-  );
-  assert.equal(records.size, 0);
-
-  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
-  assert.equal(selectedEvents, 4);
-  h.layer.setParams({ clear: true });
-  assert.equal(selectedContext, null);
-  assert.equal(records.size, 0);
-
-  h.layer.destroy();
-});
-
-test('shared cyclone context distinguishes switches, deliberate clears and feed eviction', async (t) => {
+// Runs a test body against the real shared-context store on a stand-in window,
+// with the voice runner reading the same store.
+async function withSharedContext(t, body) {
   const previousWindow = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(globalThis, 'window');
   const host = new EventTarget();
   Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'window', {
     configurable: true,
     value: host,
   });
-  let h;
+  const layers = [];
   t.after(() => {
     try {
-      h?.layer.destroy();
+      for (const layer of layers) layer.destroy();
     } finally {
       if (previousWindow)
         Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'window', previousWindow);
@@ -506,9 +429,9 @@ test('shared cyclone context distinguishes switches, deliberate clears and feed
     events.push(['selected', detail.id]),
   );
   host.addEventListener('gev:entity-selection-cleared', ({ detail }) =>
-    events.push(['cleared', detail.reason]),
+    events.push(['cleared', detail.layerId, detail.reason]),
   );
-  // The voice runner reads the same store and bounds its basemap wait.
+  // The voice runner bounds its basemap wait with the window timers.
   Object.assign(host, { setTimeout, clearTimeout });
   const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-125.8, 15.5, 5_000_000);
   const runner = createGevActionRunner({
@@ -535,55 +458,221 @@ test('shared cyclone context distinguishes switches, deliberate clears and feed
     assert.equal(result.scope, 'selected');
     return result.selected.properties;
   };
-  let next = snapshot([
-    { ...storm(), movement: { directionDegrees: 315, speedKt: 12 } },
-    { ...storm('ep162026'), movement: { directionDegrees: 0, speedKt: 0 } },
-  ]);
-  h = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => next }, { context: contextStore });
-  h.layer.enable();
-  await h.layer.update();
-  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
-  let properties = await selectedProperties();
-  assert.equal(
-    properties.movementDirectionDegrees,
-    '315',
-    'selected storm movement should survive voice summarization',
-  );
-  assert.equal(properties.movementSpeedKt, '12');
-  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep162026' });
-  properties = await selectedProperties();
-  assert.equal(
-    properties.movementDirectionDegrees,
-    '0',
-    'a due-north heading is a value, not a missing one',
-  );
-  assert.equal(properties.movementSpeedKt, '0', 'stationary is a value');
-  assert.deepEqual(events, [
-    ['selected', 'cyclone:ep152026'],
-    ['selected', 'cyclone:ep162026'],
-  ]);
-  assert.deepEqual(
-    [...contextStore.getContextStore().entities.keys()],
-    ['cyclone:ep162026'],
-  );
-  await h.layer.update();
-  assert.equal(events.length, 2, 'refresh must not announce selection');
+  const store = contextStore.getContextStore();
+  const open = (feed) => {
+    const h = harness(feed, { context: contextStore });
+    layers.push(h.layer);
+    return h;
+  };
+  await body({ events, selectedProperties, store, open });
+}
 
-  h.layer.setParams({ clear: true });
-  assert.deepEqual(events.at(-1), ['cleared', 'deliberate']);
-  assert.equal(contextStore.getContextStore().entities.size, 0);
+test('shared cyclone context distinguishes switches, deliberate clears and feed eviction', async (t) => {
+  await withSharedContext(
+    t,
+    async ({ events, selectedProperties, store, open }) => {
+      let next = snapshot([
+        { ...storm(), movement: { directionDegrees: 315, speedKt: 12 } },
+        {
+          ...storm('ep162026'),
+          movement: { directionDegrees: 0, speedKt: 10 },
+        },
+      ]);
+      const h = open({ getSnapshot: async () => next });
+      h.layer.enable();
+      await h.layer.update();
+      assert.deepEqual(
+        events,
+        [],
+        'the automatic first-storm row selection must not claim shared context',
+      );
+      assert.equal(store.entities.size, 0);
 
-  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep162026' });
-  next = snapshot([storm()]);
-  await h.layer.update();
-  assert.deepEqual(events.at(-1), ['cleared', 'evicted']);
-  assert.equal(contextStore.getContextStore().entities.size, 0);
-  assert.equal(contextStore.getContextStore().selectedEntityId, null);
+      h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
+      const record = store.entities.get('cyclone:ep152026');
+      assert.equal(record.layerId, 'weather-cyclones');
+      assert.equal(record.source, 'NOAA NHC / CPHC');
+      assert.equal(record.label, 'Fifteen-E');
+      assert.equal(record.latitude, 15.5);
+      assert.equal(record.longitude, -125.8);
+      let properties = await selectedProperties();
+      assert.equal(properties.classification, 'PTC');
+      assert.equal(properties.classificationName, 'Post-tropical cyclone');
+      assert.equal(properties.advisoryNumber, '10');
+      assert.equal(
+        properties.movementDirectionDegrees,
+        '315',
+        'selected storm movement should survive voice summarization',
+      );
+      assert.equal(properties.movementSpeedKt, '12');
+      assert.equal(
+        properties.advisoryUrl,
+        'https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/MIATCMEP5.shtml',
+      );
+      assert.equal(properties.staleCacheFetchedAt, undefined);
 
-  h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
-  h.layer.disable();
-  assert.deepEqual(events.at(-1), ['cleared', 'deliberate']);
-  assert.equal(contextStore.getContextStore().entities.size, 0);
+      h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep162026' });
+      properties = await selectedProperties();
+      assert.equal(
+        properties.movementDirectionDegrees,
+        '0',
+        'a due-north heading is a value, not a missing one',
+      );
+      assert.equal(properties.movementSpeedKt, '10');
+      assert.deepEqual(events, [
+        ['selected', 'cyclone:ep152026'],
+        ['selected', 'cyclone:ep162026'],
+      ]);
+      assert.deepEqual([...store.entities.keys()], ['cyclone:ep162026']);
+
+      next = snapshot([
+        { ...storm(), movement: { directionDegrees: 315, speedKt: 12 } },
+        { ...storm('ep162026'), movement: { directionDegrees: 0, speedKt: 0 } },
+      ]);
+      await h.layer.update();
+      assert.equal(events.length, 2, 'refresh must not announce selection');
+      properties = await selectedProperties();
+      assert.equal(
+        properties.movementSpeedKt,
+        '0',
+        'stationary is a value, refreshed into the selected record',
+      );
+
+      h.layer.setParams({ clear: true });
+      assert.deepEqual(events.at(-1), [
+        'cleared',
+        'weather-cyclones',
+        'deliberate',
+      ]);
+      assert.equal(store.entities.size, 0);
+
+      h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep162026' });
+      next = snapshot([storm()]);
+      await h.layer.update();
+      assert.deepEqual(
+        events.at(-1),
+        ['cleared', 'weather-cyclones', 'evicted'],
+        'a vanished user-selected storm must clear instead of transferring context to the fallback row',
+      );
+      assert.equal(store.entities.size, 0);
+      assert.equal(store.selectedEntityId, null);
+
+      h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
+      h.layer.disable();
+      assert.deepEqual(events.at(-1), [
+        'cleared',
+        'weather-cyclones',
+        'deliberate',
+      ]);
+      assert.equal(store.entities.size, 0);
+    },
+  );
+});
+
+test('shared cyclone context is evicted when the source fails and marks a stale cache', async (t) => {
+  await withSharedContext(
+    t,
+    async ({ events, selectedProperties, store, open }) => {
+      let next = snapshot([{ ...storm(), classification: 'XX' }]);
+      let fail = false;
+      const h = open({
+        getSnapshot: async () => {
+          if (fail) throw new Error('Network unavailable');
+          return next;
+        },
+      });
+      h.layer.enable();
+      await h.layer.update();
+      h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
+      let properties = await selectedProperties();
+      assert.equal(properties.classification, 'XX');
+      assert.equal(
+        properties.classificationName,
+        undefined,
+        'an unknown code is not given a guessed meaning',
+      );
+
+      next = { ...snapshot(), stale: true };
+      await h.layer.update();
+      properties = await selectedProperties();
+      assert.equal(properties.staleCacheFetchedAt, time);
+      assert.equal(events.length, 1, 'refresh must not announce selection');
+
+      next = {
+        ...snapshot([]),
+        unavailable: true,
+        reason: 'Cyclone data unavailable',
+      };
+      await h.layer.update();
+      assert.deepEqual(events.at(-1), [
+        'cleared',
+        'weather-cyclones',
+        'evicted',
+      ]);
+      assert.equal(store.entities.size, 0);
+
+      next = snapshot();
+      await h.layer.update();
+      h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
+      assert.equal(store.selectedEntityId, 'cyclone:ep152026');
+      fail = true;
+      await h.layer.update();
+      assert.deepEqual(events.at(-1), [
+        'cleared',
+        'weather-cyclones',
+        'evicted',
+      ]);
+      assert.equal(store.entities.size, 0);
+      assert.equal(store.selectedEntityId, null);
+    },
+  );
+});
+
+test('cyclone clears leave another layer selection and its records alone', async (t) => {
+  await withSharedContext(t, async ({ events, store, open }) => {
+    const h = open({ getSnapshot: async () => snapshot() });
+    h.layer.enable();
+    await h.layer.update();
+    h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
+    const foreign = {};
+    contextStore.registerEntityContext(foreign, {
+      id: 'flight:abc123',
+      layerId: 'flights',
+      label: 'Foreign',
+    });
+    contextStore.selectEntityContext(foreign);
+    const before = events.length;
+
+    h.layer.setParams({ clear: true });
+    assert.equal(store.selectedEntityId, 'flight:abc123');
+    assert.ok(store.entities.has('flight:abc123'));
+    assert.equal(store.entities.has('cyclone:ep152026'), false);
+    assert.equal(
+      events.length,
+      before,
+      'no clear is reported for a foreign selection',
+    );
+
+    h.layer.disable();
+    assert.equal(store.selectedEntityId, 'flight:abc123');
+    assert.equal(events.length, before);
+
+    // A foreign record removed without clearing its selection: a cyclone
+    // feed failure must not report that selection as evicted by cyclones.
+    store.entities.delete('flight:abc123');
+    let fail = false;
+    const other = open({
+      getSnapshot: async () => {
+        if (fail) throw new Error('Network unavailable');
+        return snapshot();
+      },
+    });
+    other.layer.enable();
+    await other.layer.update();
+    fail = true;
+    await other.layer.update();
+    assert.equal(events.length, before);
+  });
 });
 
 test('refresh preserves selection intent, including explicit clears and missing storms', async () => {

From 5e64e599e1c2079d08a7ddf153a4ad66d7c07c37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 20:07:56 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 160/262] docs(cyclones): tighten shared-context comments,
 changelog and notes

---
 changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md |  7 +++----
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                       | 13 ++++++-------
 src/app/layers/cyclones.js                  |  2 +-
 src/layers/cyclones/index.js                |  4 +---
 src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs          |  6 ++----
 5 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md b/changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md
index 24edf2ebb..150295823 100644
--- a/changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md
+++ b/changelog.d/847-cyclone-shared-selection.md
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-- Explicit cyclone selections publish only the currently selected NHC/CPHC
-  storm into shared context. Switching storms removes the previous identity
-  without a false eviction event. Deliberate clears remain distinct from feed
-  disappearance (kvnloo, #847; reviewed by quanticsoul4772).
+- Let the voice assistant read the storm you select in Cyclone advisories:
+  its official advisory, position, intensity and movement. Clearing the
+  selection and the storm leaving the feed are reported apart (kvnloo, #847).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 6df75c27e..f3b3d3396 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -742,13 +742,12 @@ geographic seams and releases on disable; forecast animation is not implied.
 NHC movement speed is converted from miles per hour to rounded knots by the
 proxy; advisory wind intensity is already in knots and is passed through.
 Cyclone markers, labels, tracks and cones are hidden beyond the horizon on every map source.
-Explicit cyclone selections publish one shared `weather-cyclones` record
-with official advisory provenance, source position, the English classification
-name and, while the proxy serves its cache, the cache fetch time. Switching
-storms selects the replacement before pruning the old record; automatic row
-selection never claims global context, and refreshes do not re-announce
-selection. Deliberate clear/disable reports `deliberate`; losing the selected
-storm from the feed reports `evicted` and assigns no fallback.
+Explicitly selecting a storm publishes one shared `weather-cyclones` record:
+advisory provenance, source position, the English classification name and,
+while the proxy serves its cache, the cache fetch time. The automatic row
+selection does not claim shared context; refreshes do not re-announce it.
+Clear or disable reports `deliberate`; a storm leaving the feed reports
+`evicted`, with no fallback.
 Consult the linked official advisory for safety decisions.
 
 Voice and HUD snapshots reuse the existing feedState classifier. Analyst follow-ups retain their original data provenance; current-view results append provenance without replacing legacy fields. HUD context and deterministic telemetry include non-nominal feed state.
diff --git a/src/app/layers/cyclones.js b/src/app/layers/cyclones.js
index d671a11eb..bed75c76e 100644
--- a/src/app/layers/cyclones.js
+++ b/src/app/layers/cyclones.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { createCyclonesLayer } from '../../layers/cyclones/index.js';
 import * as context from '../../data/contextStore.js';
 
-/** Wire cyclone selection into the application shared-context owner. */
+/** Wire cyclone selection to the application shared context. */
 export function createApplicationCyclones(options) {
   const browserContext = typeof window !== 'undefined' ? { context } : {};
   return createCyclonesLayer({
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
index 8741ad8a3..95655d5d0 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
@@ -116,14 +116,12 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
       layerId: 'weather-cyclones',
       layerName: 'Cyclone advisories',
       source: 'NOAA NHC / CPHC',
-      // Keep official storm names verbatim; layerName identifies the layer.
       label: storm.name,
       latitude: storm.position.latitude,
       longitude: storm.position.longitude,
       // At most 12 properties reach the voice summary; keep the list short.
       properties: {
         classification: storm.classification,
-        // English source meaning; unknown codes stay unexpanded.
         classificationName: Object.hasOwn(
           CLASSIFICATION_NAMES,
           storm.classification,
@@ -140,7 +138,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
         movementDirectionDegrees: storm.movement?.directionDegrees,
         movementSpeedKt: storm.movement?.speedKt,
         advisoryUrl: storm.advisoryUrl,
-        // Present only while the server serves its cache with NHC unreachable.
+        // Only while the proxy serves its cache because NHC is unreachable.
         staleCacheFetchedAt:
           snapshot.stale && Number.isFinite(snapshot.fetchedAt)
             ? new Date(snapshot.fetchedAt).toISOString()
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
index a3e40fc95..41ecaf3d1 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
@@ -405,8 +405,7 @@ function harness(
     },
   };
 }
-// Runs a test body against the real shared-context store on a stand-in window,
-// with the voice runner reading the same store.
+// Real shared-context store on a stand-in window; the voice runner reads it.
 async function withSharedContext(t, body) {
   const previousWindow = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(globalThis, 'window');
   const host = new EventTarget();
@@ -657,8 +656,7 @@ test('cyclone clears leave another layer selection and its records alone', async
     assert.equal(store.selectedEntityId, 'flight:abc123');
     assert.equal(events.length, before);
 
-    // A foreign record removed without clearing its selection: a cyclone
-    // feed failure must not report that selection as evicted by cyclones.
+    // A cyclone feed failure does not evict a dangling foreign selection.
     store.entities.delete('flight:abc123');
     let fail = false;
     const other = open({

From 5bab5ec26d9f4b13510e50660f06a1895340a4e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 20:15:27 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 161/262] refactor(cyclones): drop defensive shared-context
 state and checks

---
 src/app/layers/cyclones.js         |  3 +--
 src/layers/cyclones/index.js       | 15 ++++++---------
 src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs | 24 +++---------------------
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/app/layers/cyclones.js b/src/app/layers/cyclones.js
index bed75c76e..e0cd508b0 100644
--- a/src/app/layers/cyclones.js
+++ b/src/app/layers/cyclones.js
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ import * as context from '../../data/contextStore.js';
 
 /** Wire cyclone selection to the application shared context. */
 export function createApplicationCyclones(options) {
-  const browserContext = typeof window !== 'undefined' ? { context } : {};
   return createCyclonesLayer({
-    ...browserContext,
+    context: typeof window !== 'undefined' ? context : null,
     ...options,
   });
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
index 95655d5d0..90936edf3 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
@@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
     selectionIntent = 'auto',
     navigationGeneration = 0,
     selectedContextStormId = null,
-    selectedContextEntity = null,
     clickHandler = null,
     removeClickCapture = null;
   let enabled = false,
@@ -98,20 +97,19 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
   function clearSelectedContext({ evicted = false } = {}) {
     if (selectedContextStormId) {
       if (!evicted)
-        context?.clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer?.('weather-cyclones');
-      context?.removeEntityContextsForLayer?.('weather-cyclones');
+        context.clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer('weather-cyclones');
+      context.removeEntityContextsForLayer('weather-cyclones');
     }
     selectedContextStormId = null;
-    selectedContextEntity = null;
   }
 
   // Callers publish only while selectedId names a storm in the snapshot.
   function publishSelectedContext({ announce = false } = {}) {
     const storm = selected();
     if (!context) return;
-    selectedContextEntity ||= { show: true };
+    const entity = {};
     const contextId = `cyclone:${storm.id}`;
-    const record = context.registerEntityContext?.(selectedContextEntity, {
+    context.registerEntityContext(entity, {
       id: contextId,
       layerId: 'weather-cyclones',
       layerName: 'Cyclone advisories',
@@ -145,10 +143,9 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
             : undefined,
       },
     });
-    if (!record) return;
     selectedContextStormId = storm.id;
-    if (announce) context.selectEntityContext?.(selectedContextEntity);
-    context.removeEntityContextsForLayer?.('weather-cyclones', {
+    if (announce) context.selectEntityContext(entity);
+    context.removeEntityContextsForLayer('weather-cyclones', {
       retainIds: new Set([contextId]),
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
index 41ecaf3d1..e826f392e 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
@@ -488,12 +488,7 @@ test('shared cyclone context distinguishes switches, deliberate clears and feed
       assert.equal(store.entities.size, 0);
 
       h.layer.setParams({ stormId: 'ep152026' });
-      const record = store.entities.get('cyclone:ep152026');
-      assert.equal(record.layerId, 'weather-cyclones');
-      assert.equal(record.source, 'NOAA NHC / CPHC');
-      assert.equal(record.label, 'Fifteen-E');
-      assert.equal(record.latitude, 15.5);
-      assert.equal(record.longitude, -125.8);
+      assert.equal(store.entities.get('cyclone:ep152026').label, 'Fifteen-E');
       let properties = await selectedProperties();
       assert.equal(properties.classification, 'PTC');
       assert.equal(properties.classificationName, 'Post-tropical cyclone');
@@ -652,24 +647,11 @@ test('cyclone clears leave another layer selection and its records alone', async
       'no clear is reported for a foreign selection',
     );
 
+    // A cyclone clear does not report a dangling foreign selection as evicted.
+    store.entities.delete('flight:abc123');
     h.layer.disable();
     assert.equal(store.selectedEntityId, 'flight:abc123');
     assert.equal(events.length, before);
-
-    // A cyclone feed failure does not evict a dangling foreign selection.
-    store.entities.delete('flight:abc123');
-    let fail = false;
-    const other = open({
-      getSnapshot: async () => {
-        if (fail) throw new Error('Network unavailable');
-        return snapshot();
-      },
-    });
-    other.layer.enable();
-    await other.layer.update();
-    fail = true;
-    await other.layer.update();
-    assert.equal(events.length, before);
   });
 });
 

From 8917eebe1254aa0f7413f3d31370fda01103d106 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 20:20:11 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 162/262] Tighten failed-entry comments and docs

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                    |  2 +-
 src/layers/launches/controls.js          |  2 +-
 src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs | 13 ++++---------
 src/layers/launches/ingestion.js         |  5 ++---
 src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js         |  5 +----
 src/layers/launches/panel.js             |  5 +----
 src/layers/launches/replay.js            |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 57c1be594..456c8d8dc 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5329,7 +5329,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - Context is set for reading in every theme: mode, standby and action labels are 10 px, and the panel draws no glow halo. Outside Cyber, the two modes form one segmented control, the standby guidance is plain left-aligned text rather than a dashed placeholder, and the panel's section titles share the side panels' dock-label colour. Cyber keeps its separately framed mode buttons, its red panel titles, and in layout-focus a framed, centred standby card over its radar art.
 - The expanded desktop header omits the redundant `ON` label; the active mode button carries state. Expanded Contact results also omit the duplicate `GLOBAL CONTEXT` / `CONTEXT ONLY` status row and begin with the selected subject and its 250 km scope. Global Context does not fabricate a selected-entity model preview: the provisional hand-authored aircraft wireframe was removed because it was not geometry extracted from the selected entity's actual asset.
 - Dependency ownership is reversible: disabling Global Context releases only dependencies it enabled, while user-enabled layers remain on. This also removes the Military-layer suppression handoff when Global Context owned Military, allowing an already-enabled civilian Flights layer to resume its normal mixed rendering. If OpenSky is unavailable and has no last-good cache, Flights requests a capped 250 nm adsb.lol point snapshot around the current view anchor and labels that provenance explicitly; it never relabels military-feed rows as civilian data. If both inputs fail, Flights remains `UNKNOWN`.
-- Space Missions is replay-isolated: Rocket Launches and Satellites are the only Data Layers permitted while the mode is active. Direct UI and voice entry capture the same pre-entry snapshot; internal dependency and restoration enables do not create a user-owned Context session. Entry waits for incompatible layers to shut down, direct incompatible enables are blocked before lifecycle work, and the entry gate remains active through the complete Rocket Launches enable. That enable includes the first mission-index load: an HTTP error, timeout, network failure or malformed payload before any index has loaded fails the enable, so Context rolls back to the pre-entry layers and the camera returns to its pre-entry view instead of committing an empty, isolating mode. A valid empty index still enters, and a refresh failure after an index loaded keeps its records and the mode. The roster reads `LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX` while that first load is pending and `30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE` once it failed. A newer same-target ON request takes ownership of the pending entry without releasing its isolation snapshot, including when it arrives while the prior request is awaiting the adoption guard. A caller abort, resource cancellation, newer OFF, or layer teardown waits for exact manager settlement and restores that snapshot without resurrecting Rocket Launches. If an abort lands after only part of a restore settles, Context completes the same exact target without the stale caller signal and then replays newer explicit layer intent. Dedicated Voice Context cancellation reports a stable cancelled result plus the current Context state; generic layer visibility additionally exposes manager phase, reason, successor, and lifecycle details. Once an exact voice visibility intent commits, a newer voice turn cannot relabel it as cancelled while Context settlement completes; pre-commit aborts remain cancellable and final lifecycle mismatches remain failures. Clear Selected Layers reserves its complete captured OFF set before sequential teardown; a newer absolute request of any origin supersedes only its layer reservation and remains authoritative. A rejected layer teardown retains the truthful enabled state, rolls already-stopped siblings back to the captured pre-entry set, and aborts replay; rapid exit/re-entry serializes the full Satellite enabled-state and parameter restore before a new snapshot is taken. Contacts remains additive and restores user-enabled layers normally.
+- Space Missions is replay-isolated: Rocket Launches and Satellites are the only Data Layers permitted while the mode is active. Direct UI and voice entry capture the same pre-entry snapshot; internal dependency and restoration enables do not create a user-owned Context session. Entry waits for incompatible layers to shut down, direct incompatible enables are blocked before lifecycle work, and the entry gate remains active through the complete Rocket Launches enable. That enable includes the first mission-index load: an HTTP error, timeout, network failure or malformed payload before any index has loaded fails the enable, so Context rolls back to the pre-entry layers instead of committing an empty, isolating mode; the camera returns to its pre-entry view unless it moved after the entry flight. A valid empty index still enters, and a refresh failure after an index loaded keeps its records and the mode. The roster reads `LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX` while that first load is pending and `30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE` once it failed. A newer same-target ON request takes ownership of the pending entry without releasing its isolation snapshot, including when it arrives while the prior request is awaiting the adoption guard. A caller abort, resource cancellation, newer OFF, or layer teardown waits for exact manager settlement and restores that snapshot without resurrecting Rocket Launches. If an abort lands after only part of a restore settles, Context completes the same exact target without the stale caller signal and then replays newer explicit layer intent. Dedicated Voice Context cancellation reports a stable cancelled result plus the current Context state; generic layer visibility additionally exposes manager phase, reason, successor, and lifecycle details. Once an exact voice visibility intent commits, a newer voice turn cannot relabel it as cancelled while Context settlement completes; pre-commit aborts remain cancellable and final lifecycle mismatches remain failures. Clear Selected Layers reserves its complete captured OFF set before sequential teardown; a newer absolute request of any origin supersedes only its layer reservation and remains authoritative. A rejected layer teardown retains the truthful enabled state, rolls already-stopped siblings back to the captured pre-entry set, and aborts replay; rapid exit/re-entry serializes the full Satellite enabled-state and parameter restore before a new snapshot is taken. Contacts remains additive and restores user-enabled layers normally.
 - Enabled Data Layer controls report normalized feed health on the button (`LOADING`, `DEGRADED`, `STALE`, `FALLBACK`, or `UNAVAILABLE`) while the metadata line retains the source and reason. A partial CelesTrak group failure keeps the usable catalog and reports `DEGRADED`; a total outage keeps last-good catalog data visible but reports `UNAVAILABLE`.
 - On activation it focuses the nearest currently observed aircraft across the civilian and military feeds, with military winning an exact distance tie; if none are available, it focuses an observed AIS vessel. The aircraft search is deliberately uncapped and one refresh-tick retry handles initially empty feeds. This is an attention-priority navigation shortcut, not a high-risk, affiliation, or threat classification.
 - A selected aircraft, AIS vessel, or mapped installation gets a 250 km **context window** with nearby cohort counts, nearest examples, source labels, and stale/unavailable reasons. It emits `NEARBY` or `UNKNOWN`; no detection, engagement, affiliation, or sensor-activity conclusion is calculated.
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/controls.js b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
index 95a212a73..019154269 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
     /** Release only Space Mission camera ownership, preserving layer and selection state. */
     releaseCameraOwnership() {
-      // A failed entry no longer gives back the view it replaced.
+      // Navigation takes the camera; a failed entry must not restore the old view.
       layerState._entryCameraView = null;
       parts.panel.clearMissionRosterHover();
       parts.replay.stopMissionReplay();
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
index 9284e4fd2..7878a8e2d 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
-// A Space Missions entry whose mission index never loads must not commit the
-// mode. The real manager, Context coordinator and launches ingestion run
-// against a local /api/launches that answers 429, so the test follows the
-// same failure the browser sees: isolation clears the other layers, the first
-// update fails, and the entry rolls back to the layers and view it replaced.
+// The real manager, Context coordinator and launches ingestion run against a
+// local /api/launches, so a failed first load takes the browser's path.
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import http from 'node:http';
@@ -137,8 +134,7 @@ async function fixture(t) {
     dataSources: new Cesium.DataSourceCollection(),
     scene: { canvas, preRender: new Cesium.Event(), drillPick: () => [] },
   };
-  // Scene presentation is inert; source, ingestion, lifecycle, panel views
-  // and the satellites dependency run unchanged.
+  // Only scene presentation is stubbed.
   const parts = {
     overlays: {
       shortMissionLabel: (name) => name,
@@ -281,7 +277,6 @@ test('a direct Space Missions entry that gets HTTP 429 rolls back instead of iso
   assert.deepEqual(f.view(), before, 'the pre-entry view comes back');
   assert.ok(f.camera.cancelled > 0, 'the full-globe flight is cancelled');
 
-  // Nothing is left isolating the workspace.
   assert.equal(
     await f.manager.setEnabled('wind', true, { origin: 'user' }),
     true,
@@ -454,7 +449,7 @@ test('a refresh failure after a loaded index keeps the mode and its records', as
   assert.equal(f.missions.getStats().error, 'HTTP 429');
   assert.equal(f.rosters.at(-1).entries.length, 1);
 
-  // Leaving a mode that loaded keeps today's camera behaviour.
+  // Leaving a loaded mode does not restore the pre-entry view.
   await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', false, { origin: 'user' });
   await f.settle();
   assert.deepEqual(f.view(), framed);
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js b/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
index 171c95a63..9994acb86 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
@@ -229,9 +229,8 @@ export function createIngestion({
       if (layerState._enabled && token === layerState._lifecycleToken) {
         layerState._lastError = error.message;
         console.warn('[Data:RocketLaunches] Fetch error:', error);
-        // Without one usable index there is no mode to enter: report the
-        // failure so the manager fails the enable closed and Context rolls
-        // back. A refresh after a loaded index keeps its records instead.
+        // No index yet: fail the enable so Context rolls back.
+        // After a loaded index, a failed refresh keeps its records.
         if (layerState._lastUpdate === null) {
           parts.panel.renderMissionRoster();
           throw error;
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
index 6ef0ce4df..6d87b47d8 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
@@ -139,10 +139,7 @@ function sameCameraView(camera, view) {
   );
 }
 
-/**
- * Return to the pose before entry while the entry's full-globe flight still
- * holds the camera: in flight, or landed with nothing moved since.
- */
+/** Restore the pre-entry view if the entry flight still holds the camera. */
 function restoreCameraView(viewer, view, landedView) {
   const camera = viewer?.camera;
   if (!camera) return;
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/panel.js b/src/layers/launches/panel.js
index d45d4364c..b93fcb2e5 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/panel.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/panel.js
@@ -263,10 +263,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     publishPanel();
   }
 
-  /**
-   * The roster entries as the list shows them; null while the first index
-   * is still loading, and an empty failed roster once that load failed.
-   */
+  /** The roster as listed; null until the first index loads or fails. */
   function presentRoster() {
     if (layerState._lastUpdate === null && !layerState._launches.length) {
       if (!layerState._lastError) return null;
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/replay.js b/src/layers/launches/replay.js
index e74c636f9..bf6ad84de 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/replay.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/replay.js
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     layerState._replayCameraToken++;
     if (layerState._replayCameraRemover) layerState._replayCameraRemover();
     layerState._replayCameraRemover = null;
-    // Without a replay the camera is not ours: leave other flights running.
+    // Cancel only a replay's flight; any other flight runs on.
     if (stoppedLaunchId && layerState._viewer?.camera) {
       layerState._viewer.camera.cancelFlight();
       layerState._viewer.camera.lookAtTransform(Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY);

From c4298c44501a0e5c21216648f91e6bf9a2eeafd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mazeyar Moeini Feizabadi <mazy.moeini@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 17:25:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 163/262] fix(ghostmaps): keep age-window changes consistent
 and make the age choice a switch

Review fixes on top of #1528:
- Narrowing the age window only removes markers; a product loaded with a
  narrower window is reloaded when the window widens again. Fixes markers
  missing after 7d -> 1d -> 7d and avoids reparsing every KMZ on narrowing.
- A wider window over the same edition keeps the open report card.
- Date-only event dates cover their whole UTC day, so 1d still shows
  yesterday's reports.
- The age options are one labelled "Event age" radio switch (row
  `segmented` control, as FIRMS confidence) instead of toggle chips mixed
  with the product chips.
- Un-nest the per-product age test; QA compares data-source counts with the
  live defaults instead of a hard-coded 2.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                   |  61 ++++-----
 scripts/qa-ghostmaps.mjs                |  33 +++--
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json             |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json           |   1 +
 src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js           |  86 +++++++-----
 src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs | 175 +++++++++++++++++-------
 src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js         |   6 +-
 src/layers/ghostMaps/records.test.mjs   |  10 +-
 17 files changed, 247 insertions(+), 135 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 1a7205096..fe837e421 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -250,7 +250,6 @@ style listeners. Synthetic fixtures cover privacy, acquisition, rendering,
 selection and card placement. Deterministic operation checks run in `npm test`;
 wall-clock budgets run in `npm run test:perf`. All 11 locales are supported.
 
-
 ## Prohibited & Restricted Airspace — FAA special-use airspace
 
 The Infrastructure group includes **Prohibited & Restricted Airspace** (`drone-airspace`,
@@ -4342,35 +4341,35 @@ nearby place—always use station selection. Unqualified “turn on/start the ra
 requests use Play; a qualified Play-shaped tool call is normalized to Select so
 its criteria cannot be silently ignored.
 
-| Layer                  | Source                                                                                                                                                                                          | File                                                  | Proxy                                                    | Update Interval                                                                   |
-| ---------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| Live Flights ✈️        | OpenSky Network; bounded adsb.lol regional fallback                                                                                                                                             | `src/data/flights.js`                                 | `/api/flights` (OAuth + fallback)                        | 30s                                                                               |
-| Military Flights 🎖️    | adsb.lol /v2/mil                                                                                                                                                                                | `src/data/militaryFlights.js`                         | `/api/military`                                       | 15s                                                                               |
-| Live AIS Vessels 🚢    | AISStream websocket                                                                                                                                                                             | `src/data/aisLiveVessels.js`                          | `/api/vessels`                                          | 60s (+800ms visibility pass)                                                      |
-| Mapped Installations ⌖ | OpenFreeMap military areas; optional configured Overpass names and Google Places search | `src/data/militaryInstallations.js` | OpenFreeMap tiles, `/api/military-installations`, `/api/google/text-search` | viewport-driven; transient errors back off, missing capability switches to tiles |
-| Earthquakes            | USGS                                                                                                                                                                                            | `src/data/earthquakes.js`                             | —                                                        | 60s                                                                               |
-| Air quality            | ECCC MSC GeoMet OGC API (AQHI, Canada only)                                                                                                                                                      | `src/layers/airQuality/`                              | —                                                        | 20 min readings, 12 h station catalog                                             |
-| Satellites             | CelesTrak                                                                                                                                                                                       | `src/data/satellites.js`                              | `/api/celestrak`                                         | 120s                                                                              |
-| Space Missions (30d)   | Launch Library 2 + CelesTrak                                                                                                                                                                    | `src/data/rocketLaunches.js`                          | `/api/launches` + `/api/celestrak/active`                | 5 min                                                                             |
-| Traffic | Selectable TomTom / OpenStreetMap / Hybrid roads; optional TomTom flow (BYOK) | `src/data/traffic.js` | browser-direct OpenFreeMap tiles; `/api/tomtom` for flow | viewport-driven; capped tile cache |
-| CCTV                   | Austin + Caltrans (CA) + TfL London + Ontario 511 + Fintraffic (FI) + DriveBC (BC) + TxDOT (TX) + Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) + Live Traffic NSW + Open Calgary Open Data + Statens vegvesen (NO, stills + live HLS, Kartverket ground heights) + King County (WA) Open Data + WSDOT (WA) Open Data + NYC DOT TMC (opt-in) + City of Toronto RESCU + Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) + Hong Kong Transport Department + FL511 (FL, opt-in) + Freeway Bureau, MOTC (Taiwan) + Houston TranStar (opt-in) + Autostrada del Brennero (IT, A22 stills) + Street View fallback | `src/data/cctv.js`                                    | `/api/cctv`                                              | 10s (active)                                                                      |
-| Radio                  | Radio Browser (public-domain station directory)                                                                                                                                                 | `src/data/radio.js`                                   | `/api/radio/stations`, `/api/radio/click/:uuid`          | 45 min directory refresh                                                          |
-| Transit 🚌             | Operator GTFS-Realtime VehiclePositions (7 keyless regions, `src/data/transitFeeds.js`)                                                                                                         | `src/layers/transit/` via `src/app/layers/transit.js` | `/api/transit`                                           | 15s (poll + delayed playback)                                                     |
-| Bikeshare 🚲           | GBFS (Lyft + BCycle + Social Bicycles + PBSC incl. Bike Share Toronto, Bike Itaú (Brazil), Bicing (Barcelona) and seven other Spanish cities + Urban Sharing, Entur, JCDecaux (Lillestrøm, Valencia, Seville) + nextbike (AMBici))                                                                                                                                        | `src/data/bikeshare.js`                               | `/api/gbfs`                                              | 60s                                                                               |
-| Directions 🧭          | OSRM on FOSSGIS servers (OpenStreetMap)                                                                                                                                                         | `src/data/directions.js`                              | `/api/route` (`steps=1`)                                 | on placement / mode change                                                        |
-| Datacenters ▣          | OSM extract (bundled)                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/data/infrastructure.js`                          | —                                                        | static                                                                            |
-| Dams ▰                 | OpenInfraMap/OSM extract (bundled)                                                                                                                                                              | `src/data/infrastructure.js`                          | —                                                        | static                                                                            |
-| Submarine Cables ◠     | TeleGeography public map (bundled)                                                                                                                                                              | `src/data/telegeographySubmarineCables.js`            | —                                                        | static                                                                            |
-| FIRMS Active Fires ▲   | NASA FIRMS live (VIIRS ×3 NRT + MODIS NRT, trailing 24h)                                                                                                                                        | `src/data/firmsHeatmap.js`                            | `/api/firms` (`FIRMS_MAP_KEY`)                           | 10 min (proxy TTL 30 min)                                                         |
-| Street Level 📷 | Mapillary street-level imagery (vector tiles, Graph API, MapillaryJS) | `src/layers/streetLevel/` via `src/app/layers/streetLevel.js` | `/api/mapillary/status`, `/api/mapillary/tiles/coverage/{z}/{x}/{y}` (`MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN`) | camera-driven (320 ms debounce, ≤9 tiles, server memory cache 24 h) |
-| Wind 🌬                 | NOAA GFS 10 m wind (keyless, 0.25°→1° grid; animated particles)                                                                                                                                 | `src/data/wind.js`                                    | `/api/wind`                                              | 1 h (forecast cycle)                                                              |
-| GNSS Integrity 📡 (`gnss-integrity`) | adsb.lol point snapshot, low navigation accuracy binned per 0.5° cell (GEV NIC/NACp threshold + gpsjam.org formula and bands, keyless, ODbL) | `src/layers/gnss/` via `src/app/layers/gnss.js` | `/api/gnss-integrity` | camera-driven (600 ms debounce, minimum 2.5 s between reads) + 60s poll (server cache 60 s; 30 min rolling window) |
-| S2 GhostMaps 👻 (`s2-ghostmaps`) | S2 Underground's public GhostMaps repository on GitHub (KMZ intel products, keyless, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) | `src/layers/ghostMaps/` via `src/app/layers/ghostMaps.js` | `/api/ghostmaps/catalog`, `/api/ghostmaps/events` (server-sent events), `/api/ghostmaps/file/{product}` | branch head checked every 15 s; new commits pushed to the page; 5 min catalog backstop |
-| Sea Marks ⚓ (`sea-marks`) | OpenSeaMap seamark raster tiles (keyless; CC BY-SA 2.0 tiles, OSM data ODbL) | `src/data/osmOverlays.js` | — (browser-direct tiles) | on view (Cesium tile requests; no polling) |
-| Ski Pistes ⛷ (`ski-pistes`) | OpenSnowMap piste raster tiles (keyless; CC BY-SA tiles, OSM data ODbL; no bulk download) | `src/data/osmOverlays.js` | — (browser-direct tiles) | on view (Cesium tile requests; no polling) |
-| Fire Perimeters 🔥 | NIFC WFIGS current interagency perimeters (keyless, paged past the 2000-record cap); InciWeb catalog + incident page origin and update time checks for verified incident-page links | `src/layers/perimeters/` via `src/app/layers/perimeters.js` | `/api/fire-perimeters` + `/api/fire-perimeters/inciweb/*` | 5 min (server caches: catalog 1 h; publication 30 min) |
-| Prohibited & Restricted Airspace 🚫 | FAA Special Use Airspace prohibited (P) and restricted (R) zones (keyless FeatureServer, simplified geometry) | `src/layers/droneAirspace/` via `src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js` | `/api/drone-airspace` | 1 h (server cache 1 h; stale-on-error) |
-| Wildlife Sightings 🦉 | iNaturalist wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d), per view; Acartia Salish Sea marine mammal coverage (keyless) | `src/layers/wildlifeSightings/` via `src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js` | `/api/inaturalist/observations`, `/api/inaturalist/grid`, `/api/acartia/sightings` | camera moveEnd (600 ms debounce; enable settles 300 ms) + 5 min (observations 5 / 10 min; tiles 15 min; stale ≤ 1 h / 24 h) |
+| Layer                                | Source                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | File                                                                      | Proxy                                                                                                   | Update Interval                                                                                                             |
+| ------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Live Flights ✈️                      | OpenSky Network; bounded adsb.lol regional fallback                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | `src/data/flights.js`                                                     | `/api/flights` (OAuth + fallback)                                                                       | 30s                                                                                                                         |
+| Military Flights 🎖️                  | adsb.lol /v2/mil                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | `src/data/militaryFlights.js`                                             | `/api/military`                                                                                         | 15s                                                                                                                         |
+| Live AIS Vessels 🚢                  | AISStream websocket                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | `src/data/aisLiveVessels.js`                                              | `/api/vessels`                                                                                          | 60s (+800ms visibility pass)                                                                                                |
+| Mapped Installations ⌖               | OpenFreeMap military areas; optional configured Overpass names and Google Places search                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/data/militaryInstallations.js`                                       | OpenFreeMap tiles, `/api/military-installations`, `/api/google/text-search`                             | viewport-driven; transient errors back off, missing capability switches to tiles                                            |
+| Earthquakes                          | USGS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | `src/data/earthquakes.js`                                                 | —                                                                                                       | 60s                                                                                                                         |
+| Air quality                          | ECCC MSC GeoMet OGC API (AQHI, Canada only)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | `src/layers/airQuality/`                                                  | —                                                                                                       | 20 min readings, 12 h station catalog                                                                                       |
+| Satellites                           | CelesTrak                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | `src/data/satellites.js`                                                  | `/api/celestrak`                                                                                        | 120s                                                                                                                        |
+| Space Missions (30d)                 | Launch Library 2 + CelesTrak                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | `src/data/rocketLaunches.js`                                              | `/api/launches` + `/api/celestrak/active`                                                               | 5 min                                                                                                                       |
+| Traffic                              | Selectable TomTom / OpenStreetMap / Hybrid roads; optional TomTom flow (BYOK)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | `src/data/traffic.js`                                                     | browser-direct OpenFreeMap tiles; `/api/tomtom` for flow                                                | viewport-driven; capped tile cache                                                                                          |
+| CCTV                                 | Austin + Caltrans (CA) + TfL London + Ontario 511 + Fintraffic (FI) + DriveBC (BC) + TxDOT (TX) + Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) + Live Traffic NSW + Open Calgary Open Data + Statens vegvesen (NO, stills + live HLS, Kartverket ground heights) + King County (WA) Open Data + WSDOT (WA) Open Data + NYC DOT TMC (opt-in) + City of Toronto RESCU + Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) + Hong Kong Transport Department + FL511 (FL, opt-in) + Freeway Bureau, MOTC (Taiwan) + Houston TranStar (opt-in) + Autostrada del Brennero (IT, A22 stills) + Street View fallback | `src/data/cctv.js`                                                        | `/api/cctv`                                                                                             | 10s (active)                                                                                                                |
+| Radio                                | Radio Browser (public-domain station directory)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | `src/data/radio.js`                                                       | `/api/radio/stations`, `/api/radio/click/:uuid`                                                         | 45 min directory refresh                                                                                                    |
+| Transit 🚌                           | Operator GTFS-Realtime VehiclePositions (7 keyless regions, `src/data/transitFeeds.js`)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/layers/transit/` via `src/app/layers/transit.js`                     | `/api/transit`                                                                                          | 15s (poll + delayed playback)                                                                                               |
+| Bikeshare 🚲                         | GBFS (Lyft + BCycle + Social Bicycles + PBSC incl. Bike Share Toronto, Bike Itaú (Brazil), Bicing (Barcelona) and seven other Spanish cities + Urban Sharing, Entur, JCDecaux (Lillestrøm, Valencia, Seville) + nextbike (AMBici))                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/data/bikeshare.js`                                                   | `/api/gbfs`                                                                                             | 60s                                                                                                                         |
+| Directions 🧭                        | OSRM on FOSSGIS servers (OpenStreetMap)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/data/directions.js`                                                  | `/api/route` (`steps=1`)                                                                                | on placement / mode change                                                                                                  |
+| Datacenters ▣                        | OSM extract (bundled)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | `src/data/infrastructure.js`                                              | —                                                                                                       | static                                                                                                                      |
+| Dams ▰                               | OpenInfraMap/OSM extract (bundled)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/data/infrastructure.js`                                              | —                                                                                                       | static                                                                                                                      |
+| Submarine Cables ◠                   | TeleGeography public map (bundled)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/data/telegeographySubmarineCables.js`                                | —                                                                                                       | static                                                                                                                      |
+| FIRMS Active Fires ▲                 | NASA FIRMS live (VIIRS ×3 NRT + MODIS NRT, trailing 24h)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | `src/data/firmsHeatmap.js`                                                | `/api/firms` (`FIRMS_MAP_KEY`)                                                                          | 10 min (proxy TTL 30 min)                                                                                                   |
+| Street Level 📷                      | Mapillary street-level imagery (vector tiles, Graph API, MapillaryJS)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | `src/layers/streetLevel/` via `src/app/layers/streetLevel.js`             | `/api/mapillary/status`, `/api/mapillary/tiles/coverage/{z}/{x}/{y}` (`MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN`)         | camera-driven (320 ms debounce, ≤9 tiles, server memory cache 24 h)                                                         |
+| Wind 🌬                               | NOAA GFS 10 m wind (keyless, 0.25°→1° grid; animated particles)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | `src/data/wind.js`                                                        | `/api/wind`                                                                                             | 1 h (forecast cycle)                                                                                                        |
+| GNSS Integrity 📡 (`gnss-integrity`) | adsb.lol point snapshot, low navigation accuracy binned per 0.5° cell (GEV NIC/NACp threshold + gpsjam.org formula and bands, keyless, ODbL)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | `src/layers/gnss/` via `src/app/layers/gnss.js`                           | `/api/gnss-integrity`                                                                                   | camera-driven (600 ms debounce, minimum 2.5 s between reads) + 60s poll (server cache 60 s; 30 min rolling window)          |
+| S2 GhostMaps 👻 (`s2-ghostmaps`)     | S2 Underground's public GhostMaps repository on GitHub (KMZ intel products, keyless, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | `src/layers/ghostMaps/` via `src/app/layers/ghostMaps.js`                 | `/api/ghostmaps/catalog`, `/api/ghostmaps/events` (server-sent events), `/api/ghostmaps/file/{product}` | branch head checked every 15 s; new commits pushed to the page; 5 min catalog backstop                                      |
+| Sea Marks ⚓ (`sea-marks`)           | OpenSeaMap seamark raster tiles (keyless; CC BY-SA 2.0 tiles, OSM data ODbL)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | `src/data/osmOverlays.js`                                                 | — (browser-direct tiles)                                                                                | on view (Cesium tile requests; no polling)                                                                                  |
+| Ski Pistes ⛷ (`ski-pistes`)          | OpenSnowMap piste raster tiles (keyless; CC BY-SA tiles, OSM data ODbL; no bulk download)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | `src/data/osmOverlays.js`                                                 | — (browser-direct tiles)                                                                                | on view (Cesium tile requests; no polling)                                                                                  |
+| Fire Perimeters 🔥                   | NIFC WFIGS current interagency perimeters (keyless, paged past the 2000-record cap); InciWeb catalog + incident page origin and update time checks for verified incident-page links                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | `src/layers/perimeters/` via `src/app/layers/perimeters.js`               | `/api/fire-perimeters` + `/api/fire-perimeters/inciweb/*`                                               | 5 min (server caches: catalog 1 h; publication 30 min)                                                                      |
+| Prohibited & Restricted Airspace 🚫  | FAA Special Use Airspace prohibited (P) and restricted (R) zones (keyless FeatureServer, simplified geometry)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | `src/layers/droneAirspace/` via `src/app/layers/droneAirspace.js`         | `/api/drone-airspace`                                                                                   | 1 h (server cache 1 h; stale-on-error)                                                                                      |
+| Wildlife Sightings 🦉                | iNaturalist wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d), per view; Acartia Salish Sea marine mammal coverage (keyless)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | `src/layers/wildlifeSightings/` via `src/app/layers/wildlifeSightings.js` | `/api/inaturalist/observations`, `/api/inaturalist/grid`, `/api/acartia/sightings`                      | camera moveEnd (600 ms debounce; enable settles 300 ms) + 5 min (observations 5 / 10 min; tiles 15 min; stale ≤ 1 h / 24 h) |
 
 GNSS Integrity samples a 250 nm circle around the Earth point under the screen
 centre. Camera reads debounce for 600 ms with a monotonic 2.5 s minimum gap;
@@ -6008,7 +6007,7 @@ request viewbox and continues searching without that geographic preference.
 
 - **What it shows.** Events ▸ **S2 GhostMaps** draws the current edition of S2 Underground's KMZ intel products from `github.com/s2underground/GhostMaps`. The products are the Common Intelligence Picture and the 30-day kinetic pull (both on by default), the Border Crisis Map, the Iran Common Intelligence Picture, Iran Kinetic Events, Yemen FLOT, and **Latest Drop**: the newest dated incident file outside those series, `0_Archive`, `Basedata` and `Reference Material`. Each product has a chip in the row. The chip choice is kept in `localStorage` (`gev.ghostmaps.products`) and falls back to the defaults when storage is blocked.
 - **Editions.** `src/layers/ghostMaps/catalog.js` (pure) matches whole repository paths per product. The newest edition wins by the date written in the file name, then by `Export_N`/`vN`. Undated names, such as the fixed 30-day file, are identified by blob sha. Files over 50 MiB are left out (the 62 MB census KMZ, for example). A renamed folder drops the product rather than matching elsewhere.
-- **Event age filter.** The same filter applies to every selected S2 product, including Border Crisis, Iran Picture, Iran Kinetic, Yemen FLOT and Latest Drop. S2 products default to seven days, with row buttons for 1, 3, 7, 14 or 30 days and **All markers**. The choice persists independently of product selection in `localStorage` (`gev.ghostmaps.ageDays`); missing, invalid or blocked storage uses seven days. Only the placemark's `Date of Event` (or `EventDate`/`Date`) determines its age, never report dates, dates in prose or KMZ edition/upload dates. Undated, blank or unparseable event dates and future dates stay visible. ArcGIS `M/D/YYYY` dates and optional AM/PM times, plus ISO dates/timestamps, are supported; values without a zone use UTC and date-only values use midnight UTC. The exact cutoff is included. Events age out every minute and during catalog updates, even without a new file or a successful catalog fetch. Widening the window or choosing All markers restores omitted events from the cached KMZ. Removed entities and selected cards disappear together; surviving pick ids stay stable. Product defaults and the update stream are unchanged.
+- **Event age filter.** One **Event age** switch in the S2 GhostMaps row applies to every selected product: 1, 3, 7 (default), 14 or 30 days, or **All markers**. The choice is saved separately from product selection in `localStorage` (`gev.ghostmaps.ageDays`); missing, invalid or blocked storage falls back to seven days. Age comes only from the placemark's `Date of Event` (or `EventDate`/`Date`), never from report, prose or KMZ edition dates. Undated, unparseable and future dates stay visible. ArcGIS `M/D/YYYY` dates with optional AM/PM times and ISO dates are read as UTC when no zone is given; a date without a time covers its whole UTC day, so **1d** still shows yesterday's reports. Events age out every minute while the layer is on. Narrowing the window only removes markers; widening restores them from the cached KMZ. An open card stays while its marker is shown.
 - **Updates.** The repository is not ours, so there is no webhook. `server/providers/ghostMaps.js` starts with the first `/api/ghostmaps` request, so an install that never enables the layer never contacts GitHub.
   - It reads the branch head from git's smart-HTTP ref advertisement (`/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack`, about 0.5 KB, outside the REST rate limit) every `GHOSTMAPS_POLL_SECONDS` (15 s by default, 5 s minimum). Failures back off from 15 s to 5 min.
   - Only a new head costs REST calls: one recursive tree and one commit. An optional `GITHUB_TOKEN` raises the REST limit.
diff --git a/scripts/qa-ghostmaps.mjs b/scripts/qa-ghostmaps.mjs
index 24edcc60b..3c3f0b880 100644
--- a/scripts/qa-ghostmaps.mjs
+++ b/scripts/qa-ghostmaps.mjs
@@ -203,15 +203,12 @@ async function main() {
     );
     record(
       'LIVE: one chip per product, defaults pressed',
-      chips.filter((chip) => !chip.id.startsWith('age-')).length ===
-        catalog.products.length &&
-        chips
-          .filter((chip) => !chip.id.startsWith('age-'))
-          .every(
-            (chip) =>
-              chip.active ===
-              catalog.products.find((p) => p.id === chip.id)?.defaultOn,
-          ),
+      chips.length === catalog.products.length &&
+        chips.every(
+          (chip) =>
+            chip.active ===
+            catalog.products.find((p) => p.id === chip.id)?.defaultOn,
+        ),
       chips.map((c) => `${c.id}${c.active ? '*' : ''}`).join(' '),
     );
     const stream = await page
@@ -229,7 +226,18 @@ async function main() {
     record('LIVE: the /api/ghostmaps/events stream is open', stream);
     await page.screenshot({ path: path.join(SHOTS_DIR, 'ghostmaps-live.png') });
 
-    const ageChips = chips.filter((chip) => chip.id.startsWith('age-'));
+    const ageChips = await page.evaluate(
+      (id) =>
+        [
+          ...document.querySelectorAll(
+            `[data-layer-id="${id}"] [data-segmented-id="age"] [role="radio"]`,
+          ),
+        ].map((option) => ({
+          id: option.dataset.chipId,
+          active: option.getAttribute('aria-checked') === 'true',
+        })),
+      LAYER_ID,
+    );
     record(
       'AGE: seven days is the default with an All markers option',
       live.ageDays === 7 &&
@@ -262,7 +270,8 @@ async function main() {
     const all = await selectAge(null);
     record(
       'AGE: All markers restores old events without duplicate data sources',
-      all.count > live.count && (await sources(page)).length === 2,
+      all.count > live.count &&
+        (await sources(page)).length === live.products.length,
       `${live.count} → ${all.count}`,
     );
     await page.reload({ waitUntil: 'domcontentloaded' });
@@ -279,7 +288,7 @@ async function main() {
     const one = await selectAge(1);
     const seven = await selectAge(7);
     record(
-      'AGE: shorter and longer windows change the count and seven days restores the default',
+      'AGE: counts follow the window order and seven days restores the default',
       one.count <= live.count &&
         thirty.count >= live.count &&
         thirty.count <= all.count &&
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 456917068..99826e32c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3471,5 +3471,6 @@
   "All markers": "كل العلامات",
   "Show markers of every age": "عرض العلامات من جميع الأعمار",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "الحد الأقصى لعمر الحدث: {days} يوم؛ تُحفظ العلامات غير المؤرخة",
+  "Event age": "عمر الحدث",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "عمر الحدث: {days} يوم · الاحتفاظ بغير المؤرخ"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index d38cc685f..826091ee8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -3171,5 +3171,6 @@
   "All markers": "Alle Markierungen",
   "Show markers of every age": "Markierungen jeden Alters anzeigen",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Maximales Ereignisalter: {days} Tage; undatierte Markierungen bleiben",
+  "Event age": "Ereignisalter",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Ereignisalter: {days} Tage · undatierte bleiben"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 45fd1961c..2f1cc02f1 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3246,5 +3246,6 @@
   "All markers": "Todos los marcadores",
   "Show markers of every age": "Mostrar marcadores de cualquier antigüedad",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Antigüedad máxima: {days} días; se conservan los marcadores sin fecha",
+  "Event age": "Antigüedad",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Antigüedad: {days} días · se conservan los marcadores sin fecha"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 528d01d9c..ff0b02c01 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3246,5 +3246,6 @@
   "All markers": "Tous les marqueurs",
   "Show markers of every age": "Afficher les marqueurs de tout âge",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Ancienneté maximale : {days} j ; marqueurs sans date conservés",
+  "Event age": "Ancienneté",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Ancienneté : {days} j · marqueurs sans date conservés"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index b8204a980..4a26811fa 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3246,5 +3246,6 @@
   "All markers": "Tutti gli indicatori",
   "Show markers of every age": "Mostra gli indicatori di qualsiasi età",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Età massima degli eventi: {days} giorni; indicatori senza data mantenuti",
+  "Event age": "Età degli eventi",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Età degli eventi: {days} giorni · senza data mantenuti"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 6f88bd36d..9f111d91d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -3096,5 +3096,6 @@
   "All markers": "すべてのマーカー",
   "Show markers of every age": "日付にかかわらずすべてのマーカーを表示",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "イベントの最大経過日数：{days}日。日付のないマーカーは保持",
+  "Event age": "経過日数",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "経過日数：{days}日以内 · 日付なしは保持"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 0f328d23b..ed83191d9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3246,5 +3246,6 @@
   "All markers": "Todos os marcadores",
   "Show markers of every age": "Mostrar marcadores de qualquer idade",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Idade máxima do evento: {days} dias; marcadores sem data mantidos",
+  "Event age": "Idade do evento",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Idade do evento: {days} dias · sem data mantidos"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index f3d050aba..82aa91f06 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3321,5 +3321,6 @@
   "All markers": "Все метки",
   "Show markers of every age": "Показать метки любого возраста",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Максимальный возраст события: {days} дн.; метки без даты сохранены",
+  "Event age": "Возраст события",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Возраст события: {days} дн. · метки без даты сохранены"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index e340f2e12..4d8ff9711 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3321,5 +3321,6 @@
   "All markers": "Усі позначки",
   "Show markers of every age": "Показати позначки будь-якого віку",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Максимальний вік події: {days} дн.; позначки без дати збережено",
+  "Event age": "Вік події",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Вік події: {days} дн. · позначки без дати збережено"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 9e088ac3e..a7cb60910 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -3096,5 +3096,6 @@
   "All markers": "所有标记",
   "Show markers of every age": "显示所有时间的标记",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "事件最长保留时间：{days}天；保留无日期标记",
+  "Event age": "事件时间",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "事件时间：{days}天内 · 保留无日期标记"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index 578fbcf40..ebbf0680c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -3096,5 +3096,6 @@
   "All markers": "所有標記",
   "Show markers of every age": "顯示所有時間的標記",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "事件最長保留時間：{days}天；保留無日期標記",
+  "Event age": "事件時間",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "事件時間：{days}天內 · 保留無日期標記"
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js b/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js
index 7899c26b5..7d8716483 100644
--- a/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js
@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
     return (_catalog?.products || []).filter(wanted).map(({ id }) => id);
   }
 
-  function unload(id) {
+  function unload(id, keepSelection = false) {
     const item = _loaded.get(id);
     if (!item) return;
     _loaded.delete(id);
     _viewer?.dataSources?.remove(item.dataSource, true);
     item.urls.forEach((url) => URL.revokeObjectURL(url));
-    if (_selectedKey?.startsWith(`${id}:`)) clearSelection();
+    if (!keepSelection && _selectedKey?.startsWith(`${id}:`)) clearSelection();
   }
 
   // Remove expired entities, rather than hiding them: horizon culling must
@@ -423,8 +423,9 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
           // Cull before the first frame so far-side pins never flash.
           _horizon.update(next.pins);
           await _viewer.dataSources.add(next.dataSource);
-          // The new edition is on the globe before the old one leaves.
-          unload(product.id);
+          // The new edition is on the globe before the old one leaves. A wider
+          // window over the same edition keeps indices, so the card stays.
+          unload(product.id, loaded?.version === next.version);
           _loaded.set(product.id, next);
         } catch (error) {
           if (signal.aborted) return;
@@ -473,9 +474,16 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
       /* private window or blocked storage: keep the session choice */
     }
     expireEvents();
+    // Narrowing only removes markers. A product loaded with a narrower window
+    // keeps its old ageDays, so sync() restores omitted placemarks from the
+    // cached KMZ even though its upstream version has not changed.
+    for (const item of _loaded.values())
+      if (
+        item.ageDays === null ||
+        (ageDays !== null && item.ageDays >= ageDays)
+      )
+        item.ageDays = ageDays;
     notifyRow();
-    // A wider window must restore previously omitted placemarks from the
-    // cached KMZ, even though its upstream version has not changed.
     return sync();
   }
 
@@ -730,8 +738,10 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
             })
         : t('Connecting to the S2 GhostMaps repository…');
       return {
-        chips: [
-          ...GHOSTMAPS_AGE_OPTIONS.map((days) => ({
+        segmented: {
+          id: 'age',
+          label: t('Event age'),
+          options: GHOSTMAPS_AGE_OPTIONS.map((days) => ({
             id: `age-${days ?? 'all'}`,
             label:
               days === null
@@ -746,36 +756,36 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
             active: days === _ageDays,
             onClick: () => setAgeDays(days),
           })),
-          ...products.map((product) => {
-            const loaded = _loaded.get(product.id);
-            const failed = _failed.get(product.id);
-            return {
-              id: product.id,
-              label: t(PRODUCT_LABELS[product.id] || product.title),
-              active: wanted(product),
-              busy: _loading.has(product.id),
-              state: failed ? 'error' : undefined,
-              color: PRODUCT_COLORS[product.id],
-              title: [
-                product.fileTitle,
-                loaded
-                  ? tn(
-                      loaded.features.size,
-                      '{count} placemark',
-                      '{count} placemarks',
-                      {
-                        count: formatNumber(loaded.features.size),
-                      },
-                    )
-                  : null,
-                failed ? t(failed) : null,
-              ]
-                .filter(Boolean)
-                .join(' · '),
-              onClick: () => toggleProduct(product.id),
-            };
-          }),
-        ],
+        },
+        chips: products.map((product) => {
+          const loaded = _loaded.get(product.id);
+          const failed = _failed.get(product.id);
+          return {
+            id: product.id,
+            label: t(PRODUCT_LABELS[product.id] || product.title),
+            active: wanted(product),
+            busy: _loading.has(product.id),
+            state: failed ? 'error' : undefined,
+            color: PRODUCT_COLORS[product.id],
+            title: [
+              product.fileTitle,
+              loaded
+                ? tn(
+                    loaded.features.size,
+                    '{count} placemark',
+                    '{count} placemarks',
+                    {
+                      count: formatNumber(loaded.features.size),
+                    },
+                  )
+                : null,
+              failed ? t(failed) : null,
+            ]
+              .filter(Boolean)
+              .join(' · '),
+            onClick: () => toggleProduct(product.id),
+          };
+        }),
         legend: [],
         info: `${_ageDays === null ? t('All markers') : t('Event age: {days}d · undated kept', { days: formatNumber(_ageDays) })} · ${info}`,
         infoTitle: t(
diff --git a/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs b/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs
index 0b3a580e6..7d1a067e6 100644
--- a/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs
@@ -203,7 +203,9 @@ const dated = (name, value, label = 'Date') => ({
 });
 
 const ageChip = (layer, days) =>
-  layer.getRowControls().chips.find(({ id }) => id === `age-${days ?? 'all'}`);
+  layer
+    .getRowControls()
+    .segmented.options.find(({ id }) => id === `age-${days ?? 'all'}`);
 
 test('age controls default to seven days and widening restores filtered and expired reports', async (t) => {
   let at = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12);
@@ -233,10 +235,16 @@ test('age controls default to seven days and widening restores filtered and expi
   await ageChip(layer, null).onClick();
   assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 4);
   assert.equal(mounted.size, 1, 'filter changes never duplicate data sources');
-  const ageChips = layer
-    .getRowControls()
-    .chips.filter(({ id }) => id.startsWith('age-'));
-  assert.equal(ageChips.filter(({ active }) => active).length, 1);
+  const controls = layer.getRowControls();
+  assert.equal(
+    controls.segmented.options.filter(({ active }) => active).length,
+    1,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    controls.chips.some(({ id }) => id.startsWith('age-')),
+    false,
+    'age options are one switch, not product chips',
+  );
   assert.equal(ageChip(layer, null).active, true);
 });
 
@@ -309,49 +317,49 @@ test('a filter changed during a pending load never installs the superseded filte
     created.length - 1,
     'discarded load releases icons',
   );
+});
 
-  test('age filtering and All markers apply to every conflict-map product, including optional maps', async (t) => {
-    for (const product of [...GHOSTMAPS_PRODUCTS, GHOSTMAPS_LATEST_DROP]) {
-      await t.test(product.id, async (t) => {
-        const { layer, viewer, mounted } = fixture(t, {
-          now: () => Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12),
-          products: [{ ...product, version: 'a'.repeat(40) }],
-          reports: [
-            dated(
-              'Old event',
-              '10/1/2026',
-              product.id === 'cip' ? 'Date of Event' : 'Date',
-            ),
-            dated('Recent event', '11/2/2026'),
-            { name: 'Undated reference feature' },
-          ],
-        });
-        await layer.update(viewer);
-        if (!product.defaultOn) {
-          layer
-            .getRowControls()
-            .chips.find(({ id }) => id === product.id)
-            .onClick();
-          await layer.update(viewer);
-        }
-        assert.deepEqual(layer.getStats().products, [product.id]);
-        assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2);
-        assert.deepEqual(
-          layer.getAnalystRecords().map(({ name }) => name),
-          ['Recent event', 'Undated reference feature'],
-        );
-        await ageChip(layer, null).onClick();
-        assert.equal(
-          layer.getStats().count,
-          3,
-          "All markers restores this product's old events",
-        );
-        await ageChip(layer, 7).onClick();
-        assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2);
-        assert.equal(mounted.size, 1);
+test('age filtering and All markers apply to every conflict-map product, including optional maps', async (t) => {
+  for (const product of [...GHOSTMAPS_PRODUCTS, GHOSTMAPS_LATEST_DROP]) {
+    await t.test(product.id, async (t) => {
+      const { layer, viewer, mounted } = fixture(t, {
+        now: () => Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12),
+        products: [{ ...product, version: 'a'.repeat(40) }],
+        reports: [
+          dated(
+            'Old event',
+            '10/1/2026',
+            product.id === 'cip' ? 'Date of Event' : 'Date',
+          ),
+          dated('Recent event', '11/2/2026'),
+          { name: 'Undated reference feature' },
+        ],
       });
-    }
-  });
+      await layer.update(viewer);
+      if (!product.defaultOn) {
+        layer
+          .getRowControls()
+          .chips.find(({ id }) => id === product.id)
+          .onClick();
+        await layer.update(viewer);
+      }
+      assert.deepEqual(layer.getStats().products, [product.id]);
+      assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2);
+      assert.deepEqual(
+        layer.getAnalystRecords().map(({ name }) => name),
+        ['Recent event', 'Undated reference feature'],
+      );
+      await ageChip(layer, null).onClick();
+      assert.equal(
+        layer.getStats().count,
+        3,
+        "All markers restores this product's old events",
+      );
+      await ageChip(layer, 7).onClick();
+      assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2);
+      assert.equal(mounted.size, 1);
+    });
+  }
 });
 
 test('default products filter old event dates while keeping recent, future and undated markers', async (t) => {
@@ -448,7 +456,8 @@ test('unchanged cached products age out on the timer, clear selected cards and k
 
 test('expiry removes every geometry and polygon outline belonging to an old report', async (t) => {
   t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setInterval'] });
-  let at = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3);
+  // 10/27 is a whole UTC day: at 7d it expires when 11/3 ends.
+  let at = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 4) - 30_000;
   const polygon = element('Polygon', [
     element('outerBoundaryIs', [
       element('LinearRing', [
@@ -477,3 +486,75 @@ test('expiry removes every geometry and polygon outline belonging to an old repo
   assert.equal(ds.entities.values.length, 0);
   assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 0);
 });
+
+test('narrowing then returning to the previous window restores its reports without a duplicate source', async (t) => {
+  const { layer, viewer, mounted } = fixture(t, {
+    now: () => Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12),
+    reports: [dated('Today', '11/3/2026'), dated('Three days', '10/31/2026')],
+  });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2);
+  await ageChip(layer, 1).onClick();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 1);
+  await ageChip(layer, 7).onClick();
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2, '7d must show both reports again');
+  assert.equal(mounted.size, 1);
+});
+
+test('two quick clicks, 1d then 7d, restore the report', async (t) => {
+  const at = Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12);
+  const { layer, viewer } = fixture(t, {
+    now: () => at,
+    reports: [dated('Today', '11/3/2026'), dated('Three days', '10/31/2026')],
+  });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  const a = ageChip(layer, 1).onClick();
+  const b = ageChip(layer, 7).onClick();
+  await a;
+  await b;
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2);
+});
+
+test('narrowing the window keeps the open card of a surviving marker', async (t) => {
+  let click;
+  const cards = [];
+  const { layer, viewer } = fixture(t, {
+    now: () => Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12),
+    reports: [dated('Recent', '11/2/2026'), dated('Older', '10/20/2026')],
+    controls: {
+      overlayHost: { setEntries: (_id, entries) => cards.push(entries) },
+      screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory: () => ({
+        setInputAction: (fn) => {
+          click = fn;
+        },
+        destroy() {},
+      }),
+      picking: { resolvePickId: (picked) => picked },
+    },
+  });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  await ageChip(layer, 30).onClick();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2);
+  viewer.scene.pick = () => 'ghostmaps:cip:0:0';
+  click({ position: { x: 0, y: 0 } });
+  assert.equal(cards.at(-1).length, 1);
+  await ageChip(layer, 3).onClick();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 1);
+  assert.equal(
+    cards.at(-1).length,
+    1,
+    'card of the surviving marker stays open',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a report dated yesterday is shown by 1d one hour into today (UTC)', async (t) => {
+  const { layer, viewer } = fixture(t, {
+    now: () => Date.UTC(2026, 10, 6, 1),
+    reports: [dated('Yesterday', '11/5/2026')],
+  });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  await ageChip(layer, 1).onClick();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 1);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js b/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js
index 3c307fa63..62e48d3b3 100644
--- a/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.js
@@ -73,7 +73,9 @@ export const GHOSTMAPS_DEFAULT_AGE_DAYS = 7;
 export const GHOSTMAPS_AGE_OPTIONS = Object.freeze([1, 3, 7, 14, 30, null]);
 
 /** ArcGIS US dates (optionally with a time) and ISO dates, interpreted in UTC
- * when no zone is supplied. Reject calendar rollovers instead of guessing. */
+ * when no zone is supplied. A date without a time means the whole UTC day, so
+ * it resolves to the day's last millisecond: "1d" still shows yesterday's
+ * reports. Reject calendar rollovers instead of guessing. */
 export function parseGhostMapsEventDate(value) {
   const input = String(value ?? '').trim();
   const us =
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ export function parseGhostMapsEventDate(value) {
     const parsed = Date.parse(zoned);
     return Number.isFinite(parsed) ? parsed : null;
   }
-  return at;
+  return us?.[4] ? at : at + 86400_000 - 1;
 }
 
 /** The event's date, never its report/upload date or dates mentioned in prose. */
diff --git a/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.test.mjs b/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.test.mjs
index a28d1f36d..f674fb1cb 100644
--- a/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/ghostMaps/records.test.mjs
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@ import {
 
 test('event dates parse ArcGIS calendar dates and timestamps consistently in UTC', () => {
   for (const [value, iso] of [
-    ['10/28/2026', '2026-10-28T00:00:00Z'],
+    ['10/28/2026', '2026-10-28T23:59:59.999Z'],
     ['10/28/2026 6:12:00 PM', '2026-10-28T18:12:00Z'],
     ['1/17/2026 9:46:41 AM', '2026-01-17T09:46:41Z'],
     ['10/28/2026 12:00 AM', '2026-10-28T00:00:00Z'],
     ['10/28/2026 12:00 PM', '2026-10-28T12:00:00Z'],
-    ['2026-10-28', '2026-10-28T00:00:00Z'],
+    ['2026-10-28', '2026-10-28T23:59:59.999Z'],
     ['2026-10-28T12:34:56', '2026-10-28T12:34:56Z'],
     ['2026-10-28T12:34:56.123-04:00', '2026-10-28T16:34:56.123Z'],
-    ['2/29/2024', '2024-02-29T00:00:00Z'],
+    ['2/29/2024', '2024-02-29T23:59:59.999Z'],
   ])
     assert.equal(parseGhostMapsEventDate(value), Date.parse(iso), value);
   for (const value of [
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ test('event date fields take precedence over report dates and prose, even after
     row('Date', '10/30/2026') +
     row('Date of Event', '10/28/2026')
   }</table></td></tr></table>`;
-  assert.equal(ghostMapsEventDate(html), Date.UTC(2026, 9, 28));
+  assert.equal(ghostMapsEventDate(html), Date.UTC(2026, 9, 29) - 1);
   assert.equal(
     ghostMapsEventDate(
       `<table>${row('Date', '&lt;Null&gt;')}${row('Date Of Report', '11/2/2026')}</table>`,
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ test('event date fields take precedence over report dates and prose, even after
   );
   assert.equal(
     ghostMapsEventDate(`<table>${row('Date_Of_Event', '10/28/2026')}</table>`),
-    Date.UTC(2026, 9, 28),
+    Date.UTC(2026, 9, 29) - 1,
   );
   assert.equal(ghostMapsEventDate('Occurred 10/28/2026'), null);
   assert.equal(

From 91ab9b5811c93cb66fbd292fff66f051e1854ed7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mazeyar Moeini Feizabadi <mazy.moeini@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 17:37:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 164/262] fix(ghostmaps): follow-up review fixes for the age
 switch

- Keep the open card across a widened reload only when its index still
  holds the same report; the server may answer a pinned version with newer
  bytes.
- Narrowing to a window the loaded data already covers clears a failed
  wider reload, so the row no longer stays in error.
- Label the every-age option "All" (contextual) so the six-option switch
  fits the row in every locale; tooltip and info line keep "All markers".

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                   |  2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json             |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json           |  1 +
 src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js           | 24 +++++++++---
 src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 14 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index fe837e421..0e1cd7889 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -6007,7 +6007,7 @@ request viewbox and continues searching without that geographic preference.
 
 - **What it shows.** Events ▸ **S2 GhostMaps** draws the current edition of S2 Underground's KMZ intel products from `github.com/s2underground/GhostMaps`. The products are the Common Intelligence Picture and the 30-day kinetic pull (both on by default), the Border Crisis Map, the Iran Common Intelligence Picture, Iran Kinetic Events, Yemen FLOT, and **Latest Drop**: the newest dated incident file outside those series, `0_Archive`, `Basedata` and `Reference Material`. Each product has a chip in the row. The chip choice is kept in `localStorage` (`gev.ghostmaps.products`) and falls back to the defaults when storage is blocked.
 - **Editions.** `src/layers/ghostMaps/catalog.js` (pure) matches whole repository paths per product. The newest edition wins by the date written in the file name, then by `Export_N`/`vN`. Undated names, such as the fixed 30-day file, are identified by blob sha. Files over 50 MiB are left out (the 62 MB census KMZ, for example). A renamed folder drops the product rather than matching elsewhere.
-- **Event age filter.** One **Event age** switch in the S2 GhostMaps row applies to every selected product: 1, 3, 7 (default), 14 or 30 days, or **All markers**. The choice is saved separately from product selection in `localStorage` (`gev.ghostmaps.ageDays`); missing, invalid or blocked storage falls back to seven days. Age comes only from the placemark's `Date of Event` (or `EventDate`/`Date`), never from report, prose or KMZ edition dates. Undated, unparseable and future dates stay visible. ArcGIS `M/D/YYYY` dates with optional AM/PM times and ISO dates are read as UTC when no zone is given; a date without a time covers its whole UTC day, so **1d** still shows yesterday's reports. Events age out every minute while the layer is on. Narrowing the window only removes markers; widening restores them from the cached KMZ. An open card stays while its marker is shown.
+- **Event age filter.** One **Event age** switch in the S2 GhostMaps row applies to every selected product: 1, 3, 7 (default), 14 or 30 days, or **All** (every marker). The choice is saved separately from product selection in `localStorage` (`gev.ghostmaps.ageDays`); missing, invalid or blocked storage falls back to seven days. Age comes only from the placemark's `Date of Event` (or `EventDate`/`Date`), never from report, prose or KMZ edition dates. Undated, unparseable and future dates stay visible. ArcGIS `M/D/YYYY` dates with optional AM/PM times and ISO dates are read as UTC when no zone is given; a date without a time covers its whole UTC day, so **1d** still shows yesterday's reports. Events age out every minute while the layer is on. Narrowing the window only removes markers; widening restores them from the cached KMZ. An open card stays while its marker is shown.
 - **Updates.** The repository is not ours, so there is no webhook. `server/providers/ghostMaps.js` starts with the first `/api/ghostmaps` request, so an install that never enables the layer never contacts GitHub.
   - It reads the branch head from git's smart-HTTP ref advertisement (`/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack`, about 0.5 KB, outside the REST rate limit) every `GHOSTMAPS_POLL_SECONDS` (15 s by default, 5 s minimum). Failures back off from 15 s to 5 min.
   - Only a new head costs REST calls: one recursive tree and one commit. An optional `GITHUB_TOKEN` raises the REST limit.
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 99826e32c..f1d9903ed 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3471,6 +3471,7 @@
   "All markers": "كل العلامات",
   "Show markers of every age": "عرض العلامات من جميع الأعمار",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "الحد الأقصى لعمر الحدث: {days} يوم؛ تُحفظ العلامات غير المؤرخة",
+  "event age filter|All": "الكل",
   "Event age": "عمر الحدث",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "عمر الحدث: {days} يوم · الاحتفاظ بغير المؤرخ"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 826091ee8..50715c99f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -3171,6 +3171,7 @@
   "All markers": "Alle Markierungen",
   "Show markers of every age": "Markierungen jeden Alters anzeigen",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Maximales Ereignisalter: {days} Tage; undatierte Markierungen bleiben",
+  "event age filter|All": "Alle",
   "Event age": "Ereignisalter",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Ereignisalter: {days} Tage · undatierte bleiben"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 2f1cc02f1..6adb40da9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3246,6 +3246,7 @@
   "All markers": "Todos los marcadores",
   "Show markers of every age": "Mostrar marcadores de cualquier antigüedad",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Antigüedad máxima: {days} días; se conservan los marcadores sin fecha",
+  "event age filter|All": "Todos",
   "Event age": "Antigüedad",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Antigüedad: {days} días · se conservan los marcadores sin fecha"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index ff0b02c01..788210f89 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3246,6 +3246,7 @@
   "All markers": "Tous les marqueurs",
   "Show markers of every age": "Afficher les marqueurs de tout âge",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Ancienneté maximale : {days} j ; marqueurs sans date conservés",
+  "event age filter|All": "Tous",
   "Event age": "Ancienneté",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Ancienneté : {days} j · marqueurs sans date conservés"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 4a26811fa..567c3c6ed 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3246,6 +3246,7 @@
   "All markers": "Tutti gli indicatori",
   "Show markers of every age": "Mostra gli indicatori di qualsiasi età",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Età massima degli eventi: {days} giorni; indicatori senza data mantenuti",
+  "event age filter|All": "Tutti",
   "Event age": "Età degli eventi",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Età degli eventi: {days} giorni · senza data mantenuti"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 9f111d91d..5b96cb3a8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -3096,6 +3096,7 @@
   "All markers": "すべてのマーカー",
   "Show markers of every age": "日付にかかわらずすべてのマーカーを表示",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "イベントの最大経過日数：{days}日。日付のないマーカーは保持",
+  "event age filter|All": "すべて",
   "Event age": "経過日数",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "経過日数：{days}日以内 · 日付なしは保持"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index ed83191d9..20bbea5aa 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3246,6 +3246,7 @@
   "All markers": "Todos os marcadores",
   "Show markers of every age": "Mostrar marcadores de qualquer idade",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Idade máxima do evento: {days} dias; marcadores sem data mantidos",
+  "event age filter|All": "Todos",
   "Event age": "Idade do evento",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Idade do evento: {days} dias · sem data mantidos"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 82aa91f06..ca4813a5a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3321,6 +3321,7 @@
   "All markers": "Все метки",
   "Show markers of every age": "Показать метки любого возраста",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Максимальный возраст события: {days} дн.; метки без даты сохранены",
+  "event age filter|All": "Все",
   "Event age": "Возраст события",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Возраст события: {days} дн. · метки без даты сохранены"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 4d8ff9711..9b7ae1f61 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3321,6 +3321,7 @@
   "All markers": "Усі позначки",
   "Show markers of every age": "Показати позначки будь-якого віку",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Максимальний вік події: {days} дн.; позначки без дати збережено",
+  "event age filter|All": "Усі",
   "Event age": "Вік події",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Вік події: {days} дн. · позначки без дати збережено"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index a7cb60910..9b17dc66f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -3096,6 +3096,7 @@
   "All markers": "所有标记",
   "Show markers of every age": "显示所有时间的标记",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "事件最长保留时间：{days}天；保留无日期标记",
+  "event age filter|All": "全部",
   "Event age": "事件时间",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "事件时间：{days}天内 · 保留无日期标记"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index ebbf0680c..e3d9b716c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -3096,6 +3096,7 @@
   "All markers": "所有標記",
   "Show markers of every age": "顯示所有時間的標記",
   "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "事件最長保留時間：{days}天；保留無日期標記",
+  "event age filter|All": "全部",
   "Event age": "事件時間",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "事件時間：{days}天內 · 保留無日期標記"
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js b/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js
index 7d8716483..79971c715 100644
--- a/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/ghostMaps/index.js
@@ -423,9 +423,18 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
           // Cull before the first frame so far-side pins never flash.
           _horizon.update(next.pins);
           await _viewer.dataSources.add(next.dataSource);
-          // The new edition is on the globe before the old one leaves. A wider
-          // window over the same edition keeps indices, so the card stays.
-          unload(product.id, loaded?.version === next.version);
+          // The new edition is on the globe before the old one leaves. The card
+          // stays only if its index still holds the same report: the server
+          // may answer a pinned version with newer bytes.
+          const index = Number(_selectedKey?.split(':')[1]);
+          const before = loaded?.features.get(index);
+          const after = next.features.get(index);
+          unload(
+            product.id,
+            Boolean(before && after) &&
+              before.name === after.name &&
+              before.description === after.description,
+          );
           _loaded.set(product.id, next);
         } catch (error) {
           if (signal.aborted) return;
@@ -477,12 +486,15 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
     // Narrowing only removes markers. A product loaded with a narrower window
     // keeps its old ageDays, so sync() restores omitted placemarks from the
     // cached KMZ even though its upstream version has not changed.
-    for (const item of _loaded.values())
+    for (const [id, item] of _loaded)
       if (
         item.ageDays === null ||
         (ageDays !== null && item.ageDays >= ageDays)
-      )
+      ) {
         item.ageDays = ageDays;
+        // A failed wider reload no longer matters; a stale edition retries.
+        _failed.delete(id);
+      }
     notifyRow();
     return sync();
   }
@@ -745,7 +757,7 @@ export function createGhostMapsLayer({
             id: `age-${days ?? 'all'}`,
             label:
               days === null
-                ? t('All markers')
+                ? t('All', { context: 'event age filter' })
                 : t('{days}d', { days: formatNumber(days) }),
             title:
               days === null
diff --git a/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs b/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs
index 7d1a067e6..ae9f63911 100644
--- a/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/ghostMaps/lifecycle.test.mjs
@@ -558,3 +558,54 @@ test('a report dated yesterday is shown by 1d one hour into today (UTC)', async
   await ageChip(layer, 1).onClick();
   assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 1);
 });
+
+test('a widened reload that returns a different report at the selected index closes its card', async (t) => {
+  let click;
+  const cards = [];
+  const reports = [dated('Recent', '11/2/2026'), dated('Older', '10/20/2026')];
+  const { layer, viewer } = fixture(t, {
+    now: () => Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12),
+    reports,
+    controls: {
+      overlayHost: { setEntries: (_id, entries) => cards.push(entries) },
+      screenSpaceEventHandlerFactory: () => ({
+        setInputAction: (fn) => {
+          click = fn;
+        },
+        destroy() {},
+      }),
+      picking: { resolvePickId: (picked) => picked },
+    },
+  });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  viewer.scene.pick = () => 'ghostmaps:cip:0:0';
+  click({ position: { x: 0, y: 0 } });
+  assert.equal(cards.at(-1).length, 1);
+  // The server answers the pinned version with a newer edition's bytes.
+  reports[0] = dated('Replacement', '11/2/2026');
+  await ageChip(layer, 30).onClick();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 2);
+  assert.equal(
+    cards.at(-1).length,
+    0,
+    'a different report must not keep the old card',
+  );
+});
+
+test('narrowing to a window the loaded data covers clears a failed wider reload', async (t) => {
+  let fail = false;
+  const { layer, viewer } = fixture(t, {
+    now: () => Date.UTC(2026, 10, 3, 12),
+    reports: [dated('Recent', '11/2/2026'), dated('Older', '10/20/2026')],
+    beforeFileReturns: () => {
+      if (fail) throw new Error('network down');
+    },
+  });
+  await layer.update(viewer);
+  fail = true;
+  await ageChip(layer, 30).onClick();
+  assert.ok(layer.getStats().error, 'the wider reload failed');
+  await ageChip(layer, 3).onClick();
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().error, null);
+  assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 1);
+});

From 8a7402d80c4f1e14d48918e38a75e9306263e089 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mazeyar Moeini Feizabadi <mazy.moeini@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 18:14:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 165/262] fix(street-level): keep explicit provider choices on
 filter-only updates
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Review fixes on top of #1601:
- Only redirect a provider the params switch on to a keyless source, so a
  filter-only setParams (360°, SINCE) no longer moves an explicitly chosen
  keyless Mapillary to KartaView.
- Keyless QA gate: assert the new KartaView default and that the Mapillary
  chip explains its key instead of switching (it used to expect KEY REQUIRED).
- Tests: Graph-proxy keyReady, filter-only updates; shared test helper.
- README and CURRENT-STATE describe the keyless default.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 README.md                                     |  4 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  8 +-
 scripts/qa-street-level.mjs                   | 30 +++++-
 src/layers/streetLevel/index.js               | 18 ++--
 src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs         | 91 +++++++++----------
 .../streetLevel/providers/mapillary/index.js  |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c9eb6e52f..32981b337 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -485,9 +485,9 @@ _The Space Missions layer replaying a Falcon 9 ascent — labeled `RECONSTRUCTED
 
 > Street-level photos from any provider in one panel. This build ships **Mapillary** (a free client token), **Google Street View** (your Google Maps key), **KartaView** and **Panoramax** (no key).
 
-**Setup.** At [mapillary.com/dashboard/developers](https://www.mapillary.com/dashboard/developers), register an application with **Read** access and copy its **Client Token** (`MLY|…`). Paste it into **POWER UP → Mapillary**, or set `MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN` in `.env` and restart. Without it the panel reads **KEY REQUIRED**. **Google Street View** uses `GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY` with the **Maps JavaScript API** enabled for it in Google Cloud; its chip starts off, since every panorama is billed to the key. **KartaView** and **Panoramax** need nothing: their public APIs are keyless.
+**Setup.** At [mapillary.com/dashboard/developers](https://www.mapillary.com/dashboard/developers), register an application with **Read** access and copy its **Client Token** (`MLY|…`). Paste it into **POWER UP → Mapillary**, or set `MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN` in `.env` and restart. Without it Street Level starts on **KartaView** instead, and the Mapillary chip says which key to add. **Google Street View** uses `GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY` with the **Maps JavaScript API** enabled for it in Google Cloud; its chip starts off, since every panorama is billed to the key. **KartaView** and **Panoramax** need nothing: their public APIs are keyless.
 
-**Use.** Turn on **Street Level** under DATA LAYERS → Cameras, or with the pill in the STREET LEVEL panel header. Each provider has a chip in its own colour (Mapillary green), and one is lit at a time: lighting one switches the others off. Mapillary, which is free, is lit by default. Zoom in to street level (below 60 km) for the coverage lines; from orbit the panel says to zoom in. The **IMAGERY** (ALL / 360° / FLAT) and **SINCE** filters apply to Mapillary, KartaView and Panoramax; Street View panoramas are all 360°, so with Street View lit the filters are hidden. Click a coverage line for its image cones and a cone to open the photo. Light **KARTAVIEW** (purple) and zoom in below about 6 km: its lines are the streets KartaView has photos of, and a click on one opens the photo nearest the click, flat or 360° (drag to look around), with cones along its drive; **‹ ›** or ← → step through the drive (Shift+← →, ↑ ↓ and + − look around a 360° photo; pinch zooms on a phone). Photos KartaView has archived are skipped, and where all are archived the panel says so. For KartaView, **SINCE** goes by upload date, as KartaView's own map does (it can filter by nothing else), and the panel notes it beside the SINCE value (ANY DATE (by upload date)); KartaView filters its lines on its own server, and a filtered area KartaView has not drawn before can take several seconds. Light **PANORAMAX** (orange) for the open, federated commons (strongest in France and Belgium): below about 60 km its lines are sequences. A click on a line opens that sequence's picture nearest the click without moving the camera, flat or 360°, with cones along the sequence around it; **‹ ›** or ← → step through it, and both filters apply. Its caption names the picture's authors (or the instance holding it) and licence (mostly CC BY-SA 4.0; pictures on the IGN instance are Licence Ouverte 2.0). On the **Google 3D** map (Google's terms keep Street View off other maps, where it does not appear), light **GOOGLE STREET VIEW** and click a street from below 3 km, or press **OPEN STREET VIEW** for the view centre, to open Google's panorama there; step along its arrows. Above the photo: **EXPAND** (full screen; Esc leaves) and **FIT / FILL** (Mapillary, and flat KartaView and Panoramax photos). The caption links to the image on the provider's site, and the globe credits each provider that is on ("© Mapillary contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0", "Street View imagery © Google", "© KartaView contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0", "© Panoramax contributors, licence per picture"). KartaView's own photo pages fail for signed-out visitors, so its link opens the full-size photo.
+**Use.** Turn on **Street Level** under DATA LAYERS → Cameras, or with the pill in the STREET LEVEL panel header. Each provider has a chip in its own colour (Mapillary green), and one is lit at a time: lighting one switches the others off. Mapillary, which is free, is lit by default when its token is set; otherwise KartaView is. Zoom in to street level (below 60 km) for the coverage lines; from orbit the panel says to zoom in. The **IMAGERY** (ALL / 360° / FLAT) and **SINCE** filters apply to Mapillary, KartaView and Panoramax; Street View panoramas are all 360°, so with Street View lit the filters are hidden. Click a coverage line for its image cones and a cone to open the photo. Light **KARTAVIEW** (purple) and zoom in below about 6 km: its lines are the streets KartaView has photos of, and a click on one opens the photo nearest the click, flat or 360° (drag to look around), with cones along its drive; **‹ ›** or ← → step through the drive (Shift+← →, ↑ ↓ and + − look around a 360° photo; pinch zooms on a phone). Photos KartaView has archived are skipped, and where all are archived the panel says so. For KartaView, **SINCE** goes by upload date, as KartaView's own map does (it can filter by nothing else), and the panel notes it beside the SINCE value (ANY DATE (by upload date)); KartaView filters its lines on its own server, and a filtered area KartaView has not drawn before can take several seconds. Light **PANORAMAX** (orange) for the open, federated commons (strongest in France and Belgium): below about 60 km its lines are sequences. A click on a line opens that sequence's picture nearest the click without moving the camera, flat or 360°, with cones along the sequence around it; **‹ ›** or ← → step through it, and both filters apply. Its caption names the picture's authors (or the instance holding it) and licence (mostly CC BY-SA 4.0; pictures on the IGN instance are Licence Ouverte 2.0). On the **Google 3D** map (Google's terms keep Street View off other maps, where it does not appear), light **GOOGLE STREET VIEW** and click a street from below 3 km, or press **OPEN STREET VIEW** for the view centre, to open Google's panorama there; step along its arrows. Above the photo: **EXPAND** (full screen; Esc leaves) and **FIT / FILL** (Mapillary, and flat KartaView and Panoramax photos). The caption links to the image on the provider's site, and the globe credits each provider that is on ("© Mapillary contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0", "Street View imagery © Google", "© KartaView contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0", "© Panoramax contributors, licence per picture"). KartaView's own photo pages fail for signed-out visitors, so its link opens the full-size photo.
 
 Share links carry the provider switches and filters (`0.m.0` Mapillary off, `0.m.0_0.r.google-1` Street View on, `0.m.0_0.r.google-0*kartaview-1*panoramax-0` KartaView on and `0.m.0_0.r.google-0*kartaview-0*panoramax-1` Panoramax on, as the app writes them (`0.m.0_0.r.kartaview-1` and `0.m.0_0.r.panoramax-1` work too; a link that leaves out `m` keeps Mapillary, the default, lit), `0.p.p` panoramas only, `0.s.365` the last year). To add a provider, implement the contract in `src/layers/streetLevel/registry.js` and register it in `src/app/layers/streetLevel.js`.
 
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 3540c3096..7bfb74470 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -4429,8 +4429,10 @@ provider draws in one colour (`PROVIDER_COLORS` in
 sequence is GEV cyan. Share options: `m` (Mapillary), `r` (the other providers' switches by id,
 e.g. `google-1` for Street View), `p` (`a`/`p`/`f` panoramas), `s` (since, days). Mapillary, Google
 Street View, KartaView and Panoramax are registered. Without
-`MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN` the panel reads KEY REQUIRED and the controls are
-disabled. With it, coverage draws as z11–14 sequence lines below 60 km; the proxy strips the unused `image` layer from z14
+`MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN` (and no Graph proxy) Street Level starts on the first
+keyless provider (KartaView), including a restored "Mapillary on" unless the link
+switches the keyless providers off; filter-only updates never change the source.
+With it, coverage draws as z11–14 sequence lines below 60 km; the proxy strips the unused `image` layer from z14
 tiles (12 MB → ~80 KB) and shares one upstream fetch between concurrent
 requests for a tile.
 
@@ -4444,7 +4446,7 @@ the camera, nearest first, at most 9 (the halves of a view across
 the date line count a shared tile once). Lines are draped
 `GroundPolylinePrimitive`s (`ClassificationType.BOTH`), so they follow terrain
 and Google 3D tiles alike; cones and the photo marker are ground-clamped
-billboards with a horizon cull. Without `MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN` the panel
+billboards with a horizon cull. When Mapillary is lit without `MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN` the panel
 reads KEY REQUIRED, says which key to add and disables the filters; a rejected
 key reads KEY REJECTED and stops tile requests until the layer goes off; a 429
 pauses them for its Retry-After.
diff --git a/scripts/qa-street-level.mjs b/scripts/qa-street-level.mjs
index 0dd841acf..4b5a0d958 100644
--- a/scripts/qa-street-level.mjs
+++ b/scripts/qa-street-level.mjs
@@ -296,6 +296,22 @@ async function expandPanel(page) {
   );
 }
 
+/** A keyless bundle opens on the first keyless source with live controls. */
+async function assertKeylessDefault(page) {
+  await page.evaluate(() =>
+    window.__godsEyeView.dataManager.setEnabled('street-level', true, {
+      origin: 'user',
+    }),
+  );
+  await uiUntil(page, litAlone, 'kartaview');
+  const shown = await page.evaluate(() => ({
+    status: document.getElementById('sl-status').textContent,
+    disabled: document.getElementById('sl-controls').disabled,
+  }));
+  assert.notEqual(shown.status, 'KEY REQUIRED');
+  assert.equal(shown.disabled, false, 'controls stay live');
+}
+
 async function assertKeyRequired(page) {
   await page.evaluate(() =>
     window.__godsEyeView.dataManager.setEnabled('street-level', true, {
@@ -529,8 +545,16 @@ async function main() {
 
     await expandPanel(page);
     if (!configured) {
-      await step('keyless server: KEY REQUIRED gates the controls', () =>
-        assertKeyRequired(page),
+      await step('keyless server: opens on KartaView, not KEY REQUIRED', () =>
+        assertKeylessDefault(page),
+      );
+      await step(
+        'keyless server: the MAPILLARY chip explains its key instead of switching',
+        async () => {
+          await press(page, '#sl-provider-chips [data-chip-id="mapillary"]');
+          await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 500));
+          assert.ok(litAlone(await getUI(page), 'kartaview'));
+        },
       );
       skip('no Mapillary key', 'the keyed steps');
     } else {
@@ -751,6 +775,8 @@ async function main() {
       await park(page);
 
       await fixtureStep(
+        // The fixture bundle carries a token, so this covers a keyless
+        // server behind a keyed bundle; the keyless default is checked above.
         'keyless server (second page): KEY REQUIRED gates the controls',
         async () => {
           const keyless = await open(
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
index 8d332c227..9c22b95a5 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
     });
   }
 
-  /** `def`, or the first keyless provider not refused when `def` has no key. */
+  /** `def` if its key is ready, else the first keyless provider not refused. */
   function keylessInstead(def, refused = () => false) {
     if (def.keyReady?.() !== false) return def;
     return defs.find((d) => !d.requiresKeyId && !refused(d.id)) || def;
@@ -594,15 +594,17 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
         providerIds: state.providers.keys(),
         filter: state.filter,
       });
-      // Links and stored state omit Mapillary when it is on (the codec
-      // default), so a keyless install would restore a source it cannot draw.
+      // A restored "Mapillary on" (the codec default) would light a source a
+      // keyless install cannot draw. Only redirect a provider the params switch
+      // on: a filter-only update keeps whatever the user chose.
       const asked = litByParams(decoded.providers);
       const lit =
-        asked &&
-        keylessInstead(
-          state.providers.get(asked).def,
-          (id) => decoded.providers.get(id) === false,
-        ).id;
+        asked && decoded.providers.get(asked) === true
+          ? keylessInstead(
+              state.providers.get(asked).def,
+              (id) => decoded.providers.get(id) === false,
+            ).id
+          : asked;
       const before = litIds();
       for (const [id, entry] of state.providers)
         if (id !== lit) switchProvider(entry, false);
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs
index 93fc96d23..0a26df1f1 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs
@@ -1128,63 +1128,58 @@ test('the panel says why a lit Street View draws nothing off Google 3D', async (
   assert.match(view.meta, /Google Street View needs the Google 3D map/);
 });
 
-test('without a Mapillary key the first keyless source is lit instead', async (t) => {
-  const kartaViewSource = {
-    getTile: async () => ({ lines: [] }),
-    nearestPhotos: async () => [],
-    getPhoto: async () => {
-      throw new Error('KartaView has no such photo');
-    },
-    getSequencePhotos: async () => ({ photos: [], hasMore: false }),
-    probeImage: async () => true,
-  };
-  const lit = (hasToken) => {
-    const layer = createStreetLevelLayer({
-      providers: [
-        createMapillaryProvider({
-          source: fakeMapillarySource({ hasToken: () => hasToken }),
-          photoViewer: fakePhotoViewer(),
-        }),
-        createKartaViewProvider({ source: kartaViewSource }),
-      ],
-    });
-    t.after(() => layer.destroy());
-    return layer
-      .getUIState()
-      .providers.filter((provider) => provider.on)
-      .map((provider) => provider.id);
-  };
-  assert.deepEqual(lit(false), ['kartaview']);
-  assert.deepEqual(lit(true), ['mapillary']);
-});
-
-test('restoring the default "Mapillary on" without its key keeps a keyless source', (t) => {
+/** Mapillary (keyless unless `mapillary` says otherwise) plus KartaView. */
+function keylessLayer(t, mapillary = { hasToken: () => false }) {
   const layer = createStreetLevelLayer({
     providers: [
       createMapillaryProvider({
-        source: fakeMapillarySource({ hasToken: () => false }),
+        source: fakeMapillarySource(mapillary),
         photoViewer: fakePhotoViewer(),
       }),
-      createKartaViewProvider({
-        source: {
-          getTile: async () => ({ lines: [] }),
-          nearestPhotos: async () => [],
-          getPhoto: async () => null,
-          getSequencePhotos: async () => ({ photos: [], hasMore: false }),
-          probeImage: async () => true,
-        },
-      }),
+      createKartaViewProvider(),
     ],
   });
   t.after(() => layer.destroy());
-  const litIds = () =>
-    layer
-      .getUIState()
-      .providers.filter((provider) => provider.on)
-      .map((provider) => provider.id);
+  return layer;
+}
+const litProviders = (layer) =>
+  layer
+    .getUIState()
+    .providers.filter((provider) => provider.on)
+    .map((provider) => provider.id);
+
+test('without a Mapillary key the first keyless source is lit instead', (t) => {
+  assert.deepEqual(litProviders(keylessLayer(t)), ['kartaview']);
+  assert.deepEqual(litProviders(keylessLayer(t, {})), ['mapillary']);
+  // A token-adding Graph proxy counts as a key.
+  const proxied = keylessLayer(t, {
+    hasToken: () => false,
+    graphEndpoint: '/api/mapillary/graph',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(litProviders(proxied), ['mapillary']);
+});
+
+test('restoring the default "Mapillary on" without its key keeps a keyless source', (t) => {
+  const layer = keylessLayer(t);
   layer.setParams({ mapillary: true, providerSwitches: '' });
-  assert.deepEqual(litIds(), ['kartaview']);
+  assert.deepEqual(litProviders(layer), ['kartaview']);
   // A link that switches KartaView off keeps its word.
   layer.setParams({ mapillary: true, providerSwitches: 'kartaview-0' });
-  assert.deepEqual(litIds(), ['mapillary']);
+  assert.deepEqual(litProviders(layer), ['mapillary']);
+});
+
+test('filter-only updates keep the lit source, even a chosen keyless Mapillary', (t) => {
+  const layer = keylessLayer(t);
+  layer.setParams({ pano: 'pano' });
+  assert.deepEqual(litProviders(layer), ['kartaview']);
+  // What the MAPILLARY chip sends, and what stored state restores.
+  layer.setParams({ mapillary: true, providerSwitches: 'kartaview-0' });
+  for (const params of [{ pano: 'pano' }, { sinceDays: 365 }, {}]) {
+    layer.setParams(params);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      litProviders(layer),
+      ['mapillary'],
+      JSON.stringify(params),
+    );
+  }
 });
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/index.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/index.js
index c2e9e7850..b930405f1 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/index.js
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ export function createMapillaryProvider({ source, photoViewer = null }) {
     name: MAPILLARY_NAME,
     label: MAPILLARY_LABEL,
     requiresKeyId: MAPILLARY_KEY_ID,
-    /** A browser token or a token-adding Graph proxy; else KEY REQUIRED. */
+    /** A browser token, or a Graph proxy that adds one server-side. */
     keyReady: () =>
       source.hasToken?.() !== false || Boolean(source.graphEndpoint),
     pickPrefix: PICK_PREFIX.root,

From f7b9a2e5af07fc285af4f1273346c307fd605a1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mazeyar Moeini Feizabadi <mazy.moeini@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 18:20:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 166/262] test(street-level): keyless QA branch handles a keyed
 bundle behind a keyless server

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 scripts/qa-street-level.mjs | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/scripts/qa-street-level.mjs b/scripts/qa-street-level.mjs
index 4b5a0d958..982c4e581 100644
--- a/scripts/qa-street-level.mjs
+++ b/scripts/qa-street-level.mjs
@@ -544,7 +544,13 @@ async function main() {
       );
 
     await expandPanel(page);
-    if (!configured) {
+    if (!configured && litAlone(await getUI(page), 'mapillary')) {
+      // A keyed bundle behind a server without the token keeps Mapillary.
+      await step('keyless server: KEY REQUIRED gates the controls', () =>
+        assertKeyRequired(page),
+      );
+      skip('no Mapillary key', 'the keyed steps');
+    } else if (!configured) {
       await step('keyless server: opens on KartaView, not KEY REQUIRED', () =>
         assertKeylessDefault(page),
       );

From 096b891099e15cefd9c08ea982fcb8e323fff80f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 22:01:39 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 167/262] Simplify failed-entry camera handling and tests

---
 .../1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md       |   6 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |   2 +-
 src/layers/launches/controls.js               |   2 -
 src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs      | 107 +++++++-----------
 src/layers/launches/ingestion.js              |   1 -
 src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js              |   9 +-
 6 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md b/changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md
index 9ad1630db..cb910d30e 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
 - Space Missions no longer locks the workspace when its mission index fails to
-  load. A 429, timeout or bad payload on `/api/launches` now rolls the entry
-  back to the previous layers and camera view instead of leaving an empty,
-  isolating mode, and the roster reads `30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE`
-  rather than loading forever (German, @gekh, #1578).
+  load: the entry rolls back to the previous layers and view, and the roster
+  reports the index as unavailable (German, @gekh, #1578).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 456c8d8dc..98b61b3b5 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5329,7 +5329,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - Context is set for reading in every theme: mode, standby and action labels are 10 px, and the panel draws no glow halo. Outside Cyber, the two modes form one segmented control, the standby guidance is plain left-aligned text rather than a dashed placeholder, and the panel's section titles share the side panels' dock-label colour. Cyber keeps its separately framed mode buttons, its red panel titles, and in layout-focus a framed, centred standby card over its radar art.
 - The expanded desktop header omits the redundant `ON` label; the active mode button carries state. Expanded Contact results also omit the duplicate `GLOBAL CONTEXT` / `CONTEXT ONLY` status row and begin with the selected subject and its 250 km scope. Global Context does not fabricate a selected-entity model preview: the provisional hand-authored aircraft wireframe was removed because it was not geometry extracted from the selected entity's actual asset.
 - Dependency ownership is reversible: disabling Global Context releases only dependencies it enabled, while user-enabled layers remain on. This also removes the Military-layer suppression handoff when Global Context owned Military, allowing an already-enabled civilian Flights layer to resume its normal mixed rendering. If OpenSky is unavailable and has no last-good cache, Flights requests a capped 250 nm adsb.lol point snapshot around the current view anchor and labels that provenance explicitly; it never relabels military-feed rows as civilian data. If both inputs fail, Flights remains `UNKNOWN`.
-- Space Missions is replay-isolated: Rocket Launches and Satellites are the only Data Layers permitted while the mode is active. Direct UI and voice entry capture the same pre-entry snapshot; internal dependency and restoration enables do not create a user-owned Context session. Entry waits for incompatible layers to shut down, direct incompatible enables are blocked before lifecycle work, and the entry gate remains active through the complete Rocket Launches enable. That enable includes the first mission-index load: an HTTP error, timeout, network failure or malformed payload before any index has loaded fails the enable, so Context rolls back to the pre-entry layers instead of committing an empty, isolating mode; the camera returns to its pre-entry view unless it moved after the entry flight. A valid empty index still enters, and a refresh failure after an index loaded keeps its records and the mode. The roster reads `LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX` while that first load is pending and `30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE` once it failed. A newer same-target ON request takes ownership of the pending entry without releasing its isolation snapshot, including when it arrives while the prior request is awaiting the adoption guard. A caller abort, resource cancellation, newer OFF, or layer teardown waits for exact manager settlement and restores that snapshot without resurrecting Rocket Launches. If an abort lands after only part of a restore settles, Context completes the same exact target without the stale caller signal and then replays newer explicit layer intent. Dedicated Voice Context cancellation reports a stable cancelled result plus the current Context state; generic layer visibility additionally exposes manager phase, reason, successor, and lifecycle details. Once an exact voice visibility intent commits, a newer voice turn cannot relabel it as cancelled while Context settlement completes; pre-commit aborts remain cancellable and final lifecycle mismatches remain failures. Clear Selected Layers reserves its complete captured OFF set before sequential teardown; a newer absolute request of any origin supersedes only its layer reservation and remains authoritative. A rejected layer teardown retains the truthful enabled state, rolls already-stopped siblings back to the captured pre-entry set, and aborts replay; rapid exit/re-entry serializes the full Satellite enabled-state and parameter restore before a new snapshot is taken. Contacts remains additive and restores user-enabled layers normally.
+- Space Missions is replay-isolated: Rocket Launches and Satellites are the only Data Layers permitted while the mode is active. Direct UI and voice entry capture the same pre-entry snapshot; internal dependency and restoration enables do not create a user-owned Context session. Entry waits for incompatible layers to shut down, direct incompatible enables are blocked before lifecycle work, and the entry gate remains active through the complete Rocket Launches enable. That enable includes the first mission-index load: an HTTP error, timeout, network failure or malformed payload before any index has loaded fails the enable, so Context rolls back to the pre-entry layers instead of committing an empty, isolating mode; the camera returns to its pre-entry view unless it moved after the entry flight. A valid empty index still enters, and a refresh failure after an index loaded keeps its records and the mode. A newer same-target ON request takes ownership of the pending entry without releasing its isolation snapshot, including when it arrives while the prior request is awaiting the adoption guard. A caller abort, resource cancellation, newer OFF, or layer teardown waits for exact manager settlement and restores that snapshot without resurrecting Rocket Launches. If an abort lands after only part of a restore settles, Context completes the same exact target without the stale caller signal and then replays newer explicit layer intent. Dedicated Voice Context cancellation reports a stable cancelled result plus the current Context state; generic layer visibility additionally exposes manager phase, reason, successor, and lifecycle details. Once an exact voice visibility intent commits, a newer voice turn cannot relabel it as cancelled while Context settlement completes; pre-commit aborts remain cancellable and final lifecycle mismatches remain failures. Clear Selected Layers reserves its complete captured OFF set before sequential teardown; a newer absolute request of any origin supersedes only its layer reservation and remains authoritative. A rejected layer teardown retains the truthful enabled state, rolls already-stopped siblings back to the captured pre-entry set, and aborts replay; rapid exit/re-entry serializes the full Satellite enabled-state and parameter restore before a new snapshot is taken. Contacts remains additive and restores user-enabled layers normally.
 - Enabled Data Layer controls report normalized feed health on the button (`LOADING`, `DEGRADED`, `STALE`, `FALLBACK`, or `UNAVAILABLE`) while the metadata line retains the source and reason. A partial CelesTrak group failure keeps the usable catalog and reports `DEGRADED`; a total outage keeps last-good catalog data visible but reports `UNAVAILABLE`.
 - On activation it focuses the nearest currently observed aircraft across the civilian and military feeds, with military winning an exact distance tie; if none are available, it focuses an observed AIS vessel. The aircraft search is deliberately uncapped and one refresh-tick retry handles initially empty feeds. This is an attention-priority navigation shortcut, not a high-risk, affiliation, or threat classification.
 - A selected aircraft, AIS vessel, or mapped installation gets a 250 km **context window** with nearby cohort counts, nearest examples, source labels, and stale/unavailable reasons. It emits `NEARBY` or `UNKNOWN`; no detection, engagement, affiliation, or sensor-activity conclusion is calculated.
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/controls.js b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
index 019154269..b0dc035cb 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
     /** Release only Space Mission camera ownership, preserving layer and selection state. */
     releaseCameraOwnership() {
-      // Navigation takes the camera; a failed entry must not restore the old view.
-      layerState._entryCameraView = null;
       parts.panel.clearMissionRosterHover();
       parts.replay.stopMissionReplay();
       parts.selection.stopMissionZoomAnchor();
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
index 7878a8e2d..0b5a20e04 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 // The real manager, Context coordinator and launches ingestion run against a
-// local /api/launches, so a failed first load takes the browser's path.
+// stubbed /api/launches, so a failed first load takes the browser's path.
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import http from 'node:http';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { DataLayerManager } from '../../data/manager.js';
 import { ContextControls } from '../../ui/contextControls.js';
@@ -92,24 +91,15 @@ function fakeCamera() {
 
 async function fixture(t) {
   const upstream = { status: 429, results: [launchRecord] };
-  const server = http.createServer(async (req, res) => {
-    if (req.url === '/api/celestrak/active') {
-      res.end('');
-      return;
-    }
-    if (upstream.hold) await upstream.hold;
-    if (upstream.status !== 200) {
-      res.writeHead(upstream.status, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
-      res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: 'Launch Library 2 unavailable' }));
-      return;
-    }
-    res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
-    res.end(JSON.stringify({ results: upstream.results }));
-  });
-  await new Promise((resolve) => server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
-  const origin = `http://127.0.0.1:${server.address().port}`;
   const source = createLaunchSource({
-    fetchImpl: (url, options) => fetch(new URL(url, origin), options),
+    async fetchImpl(url) {
+      if (url === '/api/celestrak/active') return new Response('');
+      if (upstream.hold) await upstream.hold;
+      return Response.json(
+        upstream.status === 200 ? { results: upstream.results } : {},
+        { status: upstream.status },
+      );
+    },
   });
 
   const services = {
@@ -200,14 +190,13 @@ async function fixture(t) {
   manager.register(missions);
   missions.attachDataManager(manager);
 
-  const toasts = [];
   const controls = new ContextControls({
     elements: {},
     installations: {},
     actions: {
       getCockpit: () => null,
       claimVisualAuthority: noop,
-      showToast: (message) => toasts.push(message),
+      showToast: noop,
       setClearBusy: noop,
       syncDetection: noop,
       scheduleLayout: noop,
@@ -223,8 +212,6 @@ async function fixture(t) {
     for (const id of ['rocket-launches', 'satellites', 'earthquakes', 'wind'])
       await manager.setEnabled(id, false);
     await missions.destroy(viewer);
-    server.closeAllConnections();
-    await new Promise((resolve) => server.close(resolve));
   });
 
   const enabledIds = () => [...manager.getEnabledLayerIds()].sort();
@@ -249,56 +236,46 @@ async function fixture(t) {
     state,
     camera,
     rosters,
-    toasts,
     enabledIds,
     view,
     settle,
   };
 }
 
-test('a direct Space Missions entry that gets HTTP 429 rolls back instead of isolating', async (t) => {
-  const f = await fixture(t);
-  assert.equal(
-    await f.manager.setEnabled('earthquakes', true, { origin: 'user' }),
-    true,
-  );
-  const before = f.view();
+const entries = {
+  direct: (f) =>
+    f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, { origin: 'user' }),
+  'Context-panel': async (f) =>
+    (
+      await f.controls.setContextMode('space-missions', {
+        claimVisualAuthority: false,
+      })
+    ).ok,
+};
 
-  const entered = await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, {
-    origin: 'user',
+for (const [path, enter] of Object.entries(entries))
+  test(`a ${path} Space Missions entry that gets HTTP 429 rolls back instead of isolating`, async (t) => {
+    const f = await fixture(t);
+    await f.manager.setEnabled('earthquakes', true, { origin: 'user' });
+    const before = f.view();
+
+    const entered = await enter(f);
+    await f.settle();
+
+    assert.equal(entered, false, 'a failed mission index fails the enable');
+    assert.deepEqual(f.enabledIds(), ['earthquakes']);
+    assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().mode, null);
+    assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().active, false);
+    assert.equal(f.missions.getStats().error, 'HTTP 429');
+    assert.deepEqual(f.view(), before, 'the pre-entry view comes back');
+    assert.ok(f.camera.cancelled > 0, 'the full-globe flight is cancelled');
+
+    assert.equal(
+      await f.manager.setEnabled('wind', true, { origin: 'user' }),
+      true,
+      'an unrelated layer is not blocked after the failed entry',
+    );
   });
-  await f.settle();
-
-  assert.equal(entered, false, 'a failed mission index fails the enable');
-  assert.deepEqual(f.enabledIds(), ['earthquakes']);
-  assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().mode, null);
-  assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().active, false);
-  assert.equal(f.missions.getStats().error, 'HTTP 429');
-  assert.deepEqual(f.view(), before, 'the pre-entry view comes back');
-  assert.ok(f.camera.cancelled > 0, 'the full-globe flight is cancelled');
-
-  assert.equal(
-    await f.manager.setEnabled('wind', true, { origin: 'user' }),
-    true,
-    'an unrelated layer is not blocked after the failed entry',
-  );
-});
-
-test('a Context-panel Space Missions entry that gets HTTP 429 restores the previous layers', async (t) => {
-  const f = await fixture(t);
-  await f.manager.setEnabled('earthquakes', true, { origin: 'user' });
-  const before = f.view();
-
-  const result = await f.controls.setContextMode('space-missions', {
-    claimVisualAuthority: false,
-  });
-  await f.settle();
-
-  assert.equal(result.ok, false);
-  assert.deepEqual(f.enabledIds(), ['earthquakes']);
-  assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().mode, null);
-  assert.deepEqual(f.view(), before);
-});
 
 // Holds the /api/launches reply until the returned release is called.
 function holdReply(f) {
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js b/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
index 9994acb86..e0366a1e7 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
@@ -235,7 +235,6 @@ export function createIngestion({
           parts.panel.renderMissionRoster();
           throw error;
         }
-        layerState._entryCameraView = null;
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
index 6d87b47d8..a8de16d06 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
@@ -241,12 +241,12 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         // A new attempt at an index that never loaded starts from loading.
         layerState._lastError = null;
         parts.panel.renderMissionRoster();
+        // Kept until the mission index loads, so an entry that never does
+        // gives the view back. A newer flight takes the camera and drops it.
+        layerState._entryCameraView = captureCameraView(layerState._viewer);
+        layerState._entryLandedView = null;
       }
-      // Kept until the mission index loads, so an entry that never does
-      // gives the view back. A newer flight takes the camera and drops it.
       const token = layerState._lifecycleToken;
-      layerState._entryCameraView = captureCameraView(layerState._viewer);
-      layerState._entryLandedView = null;
       const flying = parts.selection.focusFullGlobe(layerState._viewer, {
         complete: () => {
           if (token === layerState._lifecycleToken)
@@ -304,7 +304,6 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._sourceController.abort();
       releaseContinuousRender('rocket-launches'); // direct-destroy path (perf wave 2 fix)
       layerState._enabled = false;
-      layerState._entryCameraView = null;
       layerState._lifecycleToken++;
       layerState._updateDirty = false;
       await parts.ingestion.restoreSatelliteDependency();

From 13219828e379494ff56d842d031aeae608fb424d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mazeyar Moeini Feizabadi <mazy.moeini@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 19:20:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 168/262] fix(launches): cancel mission flights on exit and
 name a failed index load

Review fixes on top of #1578:
- Exiting Space Missions cancels the layer's own camera flights again (entry,
  roster preview, mission focus); only a flight navigation started after
  releaseCameraOwnership() runs on.
- A failed first index load says so: "Space Missions unavailable: the
  mission index could not load. Try again later." on both the Context and
  Data Layers routes, instead of a generic transition toast. Translated.
- Regression tests for both; docs and changelog describe the real feedback.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .../1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md       |  7 ++--
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  2 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                      |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                      |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                      |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                      |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                      |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                      |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                      |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                      |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                      |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                   |  1 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json                 |  1 +
 src/layers/launches/controls.js               |  1 +
 src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs      | 39 ++++++++++++++++++-
 src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js          |  1 +
 src/layers/launches/replay.js                 |  8 +++-
 src/layers/launches/selection.js              |  3 ++
 src/layers/launches/state.js                  |  3 ++
 src/ui/contextActions.js                      | 17 +++++++-
 src/ui/contextBindings.js                     |  9 +++--
 src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js                 | 13 +++++--
 22 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md b/changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md
index 9ad1630db..5d8d67735 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1578-space-missions-failed-entry.md
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 - Space Missions no longer locks the workspace when its mission index fails to
-  load. A 429, timeout or bad payload on `/api/launches` now rolls the entry
-  back to the previous layers and camera view instead of leaving an empty,
-  isolating mode, and the roster reads `30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE`
-  rather than loading forever (German, @gekh, #1578).
+  load (429, timeout or bad payload): entry rolls back to the previous layers
+  and camera view and a toast says the index could not load (German, @gekh,
+  #1578).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index c261c6205..76deeb9a0 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5336,7 +5336,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - Context is set for reading in every theme: mode, standby and action labels are 10 px, and the panel draws no glow halo. Outside Cyber, the two modes form one segmented control, the standby guidance is plain left-aligned text rather than a dashed placeholder, and the panel's section titles share the side panels' dock-label colour. Cyber keeps its separately framed mode buttons, its red panel titles, and in layout-focus a framed, centred standby card over its radar art.
 - The expanded desktop header omits the redundant `ON` label; the active mode button carries state. Expanded Contact results also omit the duplicate `GLOBAL CONTEXT` / `CONTEXT ONLY` status row and begin with the selected subject and its 250 km scope. Global Context does not fabricate a selected-entity model preview: the provisional hand-authored aircraft wireframe was removed because it was not geometry extracted from the selected entity's actual asset.
 - Dependency ownership is reversible: disabling Global Context releases only dependencies it enabled, while user-enabled layers remain on. This also removes the Military-layer suppression handoff when Global Context owned Military, allowing an already-enabled civilian Flights layer to resume its normal mixed rendering. If OpenSky is unavailable and has no last-good cache, Flights requests a capped 250 nm adsb.lol point snapshot around the current view anchor and labels that provenance explicitly; it never relabels military-feed rows as civilian data. If both inputs fail, Flights remains `UNKNOWN`.
-- Space Missions is replay-isolated: Rocket Launches and Satellites are the only Data Layers permitted while the mode is active. Direct UI and voice entry capture the same pre-entry snapshot; internal dependency and restoration enables do not create a user-owned Context session. Entry waits for incompatible layers to shut down, direct incompatible enables are blocked before lifecycle work, and the entry gate remains active through the complete Rocket Launches enable. That enable includes the first mission-index load: an HTTP error, timeout, network failure or malformed payload before any index has loaded fails the enable, so Context rolls back to the pre-entry layers instead of committing an empty, isolating mode; the camera returns to its pre-entry view unless it moved after the entry flight. A valid empty index still enters, and a refresh failure after an index loaded keeps its records and the mode. The roster reads `LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX` while that first load is pending and `30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE` once it failed. A newer same-target ON request takes ownership of the pending entry without releasing its isolation snapshot, including when it arrives while the prior request is awaiting the adoption guard. A caller abort, resource cancellation, newer OFF, or layer teardown waits for exact manager settlement and restores that snapshot without resurrecting Rocket Launches. If an abort lands after only part of a restore settles, Context completes the same exact target without the stale caller signal and then replays newer explicit layer intent. Dedicated Voice Context cancellation reports a stable cancelled result plus the current Context state; generic layer visibility additionally exposes manager phase, reason, successor, and lifecycle details. Once an exact voice visibility intent commits, a newer voice turn cannot relabel it as cancelled while Context settlement completes; pre-commit aborts remain cancellable and final lifecycle mismatches remain failures. Clear Selected Layers reserves its complete captured OFF set before sequential teardown; a newer absolute request of any origin supersedes only its layer reservation and remains authoritative. A rejected layer teardown retains the truthful enabled state, rolls already-stopped siblings back to the captured pre-entry set, and aborts replay; rapid exit/re-entry serializes the full Satellite enabled-state and parameter restore before a new snapshot is taken. Contacts remains additive and restores user-enabled layers normally.
+- Space Missions is replay-isolated: Rocket Launches and Satellites are the only Data Layers permitted while the mode is active. Direct UI and voice entry capture the same pre-entry snapshot; internal dependency and restoration enables do not create a user-owned Context session. Entry waits for incompatible layers to shut down, direct incompatible enables are blocked before lifecycle work, and the entry gate remains active through the complete Rocket Launches enable. That enable includes the first mission-index load: an HTTP error, timeout, network failure or malformed payload before any index has loaded fails the enable, so Context rolls back to the pre-entry layers instead of committing an empty, isolating mode; the camera returns to its pre-entry view unless navigation took it, and a toast says the mission index could not load. A valid empty index still enters, and a refresh failure after an index loaded keeps its records and the mode. Exiting cancels the layer's own camera flights but never one navigation started. A newer same-target ON request takes ownership of the pending entry without releasing its isolation snapshot, including when it arrives while the prior request is awaiting the adoption guard. A caller abort, resource cancellation, newer OFF, or layer teardown waits for exact manager settlement and restores that snapshot without resurrecting Rocket Launches. If an abort lands after only part of a restore settles, Context completes the same exact target without the stale caller signal and then replays newer explicit layer intent. Dedicated Voice Context cancellation reports a stable cancelled result plus the current Context state; generic layer visibility additionally exposes manager phase, reason, successor, and lifecycle details. Once an exact voice visibility intent commits, a newer voice turn cannot relabel it as cancelled while Context settlement completes; pre-commit aborts remain cancellable and final lifecycle mismatches remain failures. Clear Selected Layers reserves its complete captured OFF set before sequential teardown; a newer absolute request of any origin supersedes only its layer reservation and remains authoritative. A rejected layer teardown retains the truthful enabled state, rolls already-stopped siblings back to the captured pre-entry set, and aborts replay; rapid exit/re-entry serializes the full Satellite enabled-state and parameter restore before a new snapshot is taken. Contacts remains additive and restores user-enabled layers normally.
 - Enabled Data Layer controls report normalized feed health on the button (`LOADING`, `DEGRADED`, `STALE`, `FALLBACK`, or `UNAVAILABLE`) while the metadata line retains the source and reason. A partial CelesTrak group failure keeps the usable catalog and reports `DEGRADED`; a total outage keeps last-good catalog data visible but reports `UNAVAILABLE`.
 - On activation it focuses the nearest currently observed aircraft across the civilian and military feeds, with military winning an exact distance tie; if none are available, it focuses an observed AIS vessel. The aircraft search is deliberately uncapped and one refresh-tick retry handles initially empty feeds. This is an attention-priority navigation shortcut, not a high-risk, affiliation, or threat classification.
 - A selected aircraft, AIS vessel, or mapped installation gets a 250 km **context window** with nearby cohort counts, nearest examples, source labels, and stale/unavailable reasons. It emits `NEARBY` or `UNKNOWN`; no detection, engagement, affiliation, or sensor-activity conclusion is calculated.
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 10d7ab268..1cd3834d4 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -301,6 +301,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "المهام المتاحة",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "اختر مهمة لفحصها",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "جارٍ تحميل فهرس مهام 30 يومًا",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "المهام الفضائية غير متاحة: تعذّر تحميل فهرس المهام. حاول مرة أخرى لاحقًا.",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "فهرس مهام 30 يومًا غير متاح",
   "RADIO": "الراديو",
   "ENABLE": "تفعيل",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index ca4df37f7..d7e73583e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -760,6 +760,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "VERFÜGBARE MISSIONEN",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "MISSION ZUM ANSEHEN WÄHLEN",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "30-TAGE-MISSIONSINDEX WIRD GELADEN",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "Raummissionen nicht verfügbar: Der Missionsindex konnte nicht geladen werden. Später erneut versuchen.",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "30-TAGE-MISSIONSINDEX NICHT VERFÜGBAR",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB: VORSCHAU · ENTER / LEERTASTE: AUSWAHL",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "Internetradio und lokales SDR",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 5f43c2a35..a9ce5da9f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "MISIONES DISPONIBLES",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "SELECCIONA UNA MISIÓN PARA INSPECCIONAR",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "CARGANDO ÍNDICE DE MISIONES DE 30 DÍAS",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "Misiones espaciales no disponibles: no se pudo cargar el índice de misiones. Inténtalo más tarde.",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "ÍNDICE DE MISIONES DE 30 DÍAS NO DISPONIBLE",
   "RADIO": "RADIO",
   "ENABLE": "ACTIVAR",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index a610754ed..2d64b3e2a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -2805,6 +2805,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "MISSIONS DISPONIBLES",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "CHOISIR UNE MISSION À EXAMINER",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "CHARGEMENT DE L'INDEX DES MISSIONS À 30 JOURS",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "Missions spatiales indisponibles : impossible de charger l’index des missions. Réessayez plus tard.",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "INDEX DES MISSIONS À 30 JOURS INDISPONIBLE",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB APERÇU · ENTER / SPACE SÉLECTIONNE",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "Radio Internet et SDR local",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 4ab1283fc..d349fe1e9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -2805,6 +2805,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "MISSIONI DISPONIBILI",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "SELEZIONA UNA MISSIONE DA ESAMINARE",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "CARICAMENTO INDICE MISSIONI A 30 GIORNI",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "Missioni spaziali non disponibili: impossibile caricare l’indice delle missioni. Riprova più tardi.",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "INDICE MISSIONI A 30 GIORNI NON DISPONIBILE",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB: ANTEPRIMA · ENTER / SPACE: SELEZIONA",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "Radio internet e SDR locale",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index b278db058..5d0585cf7 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -2663,6 +2663,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "利用可能なミッション",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "ミッションを選択して詳細を表示",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "30日間のミッション一覧を読込中",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "宇宙ミッションを利用できません：ミッション一覧を読み込めませんでした。後でもう一度お試しください。",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "30日間のミッション一覧を取得できません",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "Tabでプレビュー · Enter / Spaceで選択",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "インターネットラジオとローカルSDR",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index bd0ca7299..6ddf3238e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -2807,6 +2807,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "MISSÕES DISPONÍVEIS",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "SELECIONE UMA MISSÃO PARA INSPECIONAR",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "CARREGANDO ÍNDICE DE MISSÕES DE 30 DIAS",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "Missões espaciais indisponíveis: não foi possível carregar o índice de missões. Tente novamente mais tarde.",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "ÍNDICE DE MISSÕES DE 30 DIAS INDISPONÍVEL",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB MOSTRA PRÉVIA · ENTER / SPACE SELECIONA",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "Rádio pela internet e SDR local",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index e5374f3c0..861e4245d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -722,6 +722,7 @@
   "Contact Context actions": "Действия контекста контакта",
   "Available Space Missions": "Доступные космические миссии",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "ЗАГРУЗКА ИНДЕКСА МИССИЙ ЗА 30 ДНЕЙ",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "Космические миссии недоступны: не удалось загрузить список миссий. Повторите попытку позже.",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "ИНДЕКС МИССИЙ ЗА 30 ДНЕЙ НЕДОСТУПЕН",
   "Radio playback": "Воспроизведение радио",
   "Radio volume": "Громкость радио",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index b94a91dd5..67efb91bb 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -2875,6 +2875,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "ДОСТУПНІ МІСІЇ",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "ВИБЕРІТЬ МІСІЮ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕГЛЯДУ",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "ЗАВАНТАЖЕННЯ ІНДЕКСУ МІСІЙ ЗА 30 ДНІВ",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "Космічні місії недоступні: не вдалося завантажити список місій. Спробуйте пізніше.",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "ІНДЕКС МІСІЙ ЗА 30 ДНІВ НЕДОСТУПНИЙ",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB — ОГЛЯД · ENTER / SPACE — ВИБІР",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "Інтернет-радіо та локальний SDR",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 0875775b2..8832de1fe 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -2562,6 +2562,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "可用任务",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "选择一项任务以查看",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "正在加载 30 天任务索引",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "太空任务不可用：无法加载任务索引。请稍后重试。",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "30 天任务索引不可用",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB 预览 · ENTER / 空格键选择",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "网络电台与本地 SDR",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index c6bff6cb6..dce0b2e75 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -2550,6 +2550,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "可用任務",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "選擇一項任務以查看",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "正在加載 30 天任務索引",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "太空任務無法使用：無法載入任務索引。請稍後再試。",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "30 天任務索引不可用",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB 預覽 · ENTER / 空格鍵選擇",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "網絡電臺與本地 SDR",
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/controls.js b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
index 019154269..d8b4c6d6a 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       parts.panel.clearMissionRosterHover();
       parts.replay.stopMissionReplay();
       parts.selection.stopMissionZoomAnchor();
+      layerState._cameraReleased = true;
     },
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
index 7878a8e2d..52adcb792 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ async function fixture(t) {
     dataSources: new Cesium.DataSourceCollection(),
     scene: { canvas, preRender: new Cesium.Event(), drillPick: () => [] },
   };
-  // Only scene presentation is stubbed.
+  // Scene presentation is stubbed; ingestion, lifecycle and panel are real.
   const parts = {
     overlays: {
       shortMissionLabel: (name) => name,
@@ -454,3 +454,40 @@ test('a refresh failure after a loaded index keeps the mode and its records', as
   await f.settle();
   assert.deepEqual(f.view(), framed);
 });
+// Append to src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs (uses its fixture()).
+test('exiting during a successful entry flight cancels the mission-owned flight', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.upstream.status = 200;
+  assert.equal(
+    await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, { origin: 'user' }),
+    true,
+  );
+  await f.settle();
+  assert.ok(f.camera.flight, 'the 2.4 s entry flight is still in progress');
+
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', false, { origin: 'user' });
+  await f.settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    f.camera.flight,
+    null,
+    'leaving Space Missions stops the flight it started (main cancels it)',
+  );
+});
+// Append to src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs (uses its fixture()).
+// Encodes the "surface the reason where the user acted" fix: the roster that
+// carries 30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE is hidden by the rollback, so the
+// lasting feedback (the toast) has to name the cause.
+test('a failed first load tells the user the mission index is unavailable', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('earthquakes', true, { origin: 'user' });
+
+  await f.controls.setContextMode('space-missions', {
+    claimVisualAuthority: false,
+  });
+  await f.settle();
+  assert.equal(f.controls.getContextModeState().mode, null, 'rolled back');
+  assert.ok(
+    f.toasts.some((message) => /mission index/i.test(message)),
+    `visible feedback names the failure, got ${JSON.stringify(f.toasts)}`,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js b/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js
index d4539289a..b0ec18373 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js
@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ export function createPolicyHelpers({
       layerState._viewer.camera.positionCartographic?.height,
     );
     const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(launch.lon, launch.lat);
+    layerState._cameraReleased = false;
     layerState._viewer.camera.flyToBoundingSphere(
       new Cesium.BoundingSphere(position, 0),
       {
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/replay.js b/src/layers/launches/replay.js
index bf6ad84de..d2fe51bb4 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/replay.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/replay.js
@@ -314,8 +314,12 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     layerState._replayCameraToken++;
     if (layerState._replayCameraRemover) layerState._replayCameraRemover();
     layerState._replayCameraRemover = null;
-    // Cancel only a replay's flight; any other flight runs on.
-    if (stoppedLaunchId && layerState._viewer?.camera) {
+    // Cancel the layer's own flights, never one navigation started after
+    // taking the camera.
+    if (
+      (stoppedLaunchId || !layerState._cameraReleased) &&
+      layerState._viewer?.camera
+    ) {
       layerState._viewer.camera.cancelFlight();
       layerState._viewer.camera.lookAtTransform(Cesium.Matrix4.IDENTITY);
     }
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/selection.js b/src/layers/launches/selection.js
index 0f7955551..6d7ae40cb 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/selection.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/selection.js
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ export function createSelection({
     );
     const distance = earthRadius / Math.max(Math.sin(angularRadius), 1e-4);
     const altitude = Math.max(earthRadius * 1.55, distance - earthRadius);
+    layerState._cameraReleased = false;
     viewer.camera.flyTo({
       destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(
         cartographic.longitude,
@@ -191,6 +192,7 @@ export function createSelection({
       Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(right, direction, new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
       new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
     );
+    layerState._cameraReleased = false;
     layerState._viewer.camera.flyTo({
       destination,
       orientation: { direction, up },
@@ -213,6 +215,7 @@ export function createSelection({
     layerState._viewer.selectedEntity = layerState._dataSource.entities.getById(
       `rocket-launch:${launch.id}`,
     );
+    layerState._cameraReleased = false;
     layerState._viewer.camera.flyToBoundingSphere(
       new Cesium.BoundingSphere(launchPosition, 0),
       {
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/state.js b/src/layers/launches/state.js
index 9ef571428..beb8d1bf7 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/state.js
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state._entryLandedView = null;
 
+  /** Navigation took the camera; set until the layer flies again. */
+  state._cameraReleased = false;
+
   state._stale = false;
 
   state._orbitMatches = 0;
diff --git a/src/ui/contextActions.js b/src/ui/contextActions.js
index a621137ad..702130073 100644
--- a/src/ui/contextActions.js
+++ b/src/ui/contextActions.js
@@ -4,6 +4,18 @@ import {
   contextModeWord,
 } from '../contextModePolicy.js';
 
+/** Why a Space Missions entry failed, when its mission index never loaded. */
+export function spaceMissionsIndexFailure(dataManager) {
+  const stats = dataManager?.layers
+    ?.get('rocket-launches')
+    ?.module?.getStats?.();
+  return stats?.error && stats.lastUpdate == null
+    ? t(
+        'Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.',
+      )
+    : null;
+}
+
 export async function _runUserFacingContextAction(
   operation,
   message = t('Context could not restore every layer; try again'),
@@ -19,7 +31,10 @@ export async function _runUserFacingContextAction(
       onFailure: (error) => {
         if (this.destroyed) return;
         console.warn('[Context] user-facing transition failed', error);
-        this.showToast(localizedMessage || message);
+        this.showToast(
+          localizedMessage ||
+            (typeof message === 'function' ? message() : message),
+        );
       },
     });
   } finally {
diff --git a/src/ui/contextBindings.js b/src/ui/contextBindings.js
index cc09c49bf..c5e4fc52e 100644
--- a/src/ui/contextBindings.js
+++ b/src/ui/contextBindings.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { spaceMissionsIndexFailure } from './contextActions.js';
 import { shouldExpandGlobalContextPanel } from '../rightRailPolicy.js';
 
 export function _initGlobalContextPanel() {
@@ -62,9 +63,11 @@ export function _initGlobalContextPanel() {
     void this._runUserFacingContextAction(
       (notificationToken) =>
         this._selectContextMode(nextMode, { notificationToken }),
-      t(
-        'Space Missions could not complete the requested transition; try again',
-      ),
+      () =>
+        (nextMode && spaceMissionsIndexFailure(this._dataManager)) ||
+        t(
+          'Space Missions could not complete the requested transition; try again',
+        ),
     ).then((succeeded) => {
       if (
         !this.destroyed &&
diff --git a/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js b/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js
index d4ddd6cd5..295242239 100644
--- a/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js
+++ b/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   spaceMissionEntryCancellationDisposition,
 } from '../contextModePolicy.js';
 import { localizeLayerName } from './layerNames.js';
+import { spaceMissionsIndexFailure } from './contextActions.js';
 
 /**
  * A blocked-visibility reason in the UI language. Reasons stay English (voice
@@ -120,10 +121,14 @@ export function _handleContextLayerChange(change) {
     return;
   }
   if (change?.type === 'visibility-failed') {
-    const failureMessage = t('{layerId} could not {action} cleanly', {
-      layerId: change.layerId,
-      action: change.enabled ? t('start') : t('stop'),
-    });
+    const failureMessage =
+      (change.layerId === 'rocket-launches' &&
+        change.enabled &&
+        spaceMissionsIndexFailure(this._dataManager)) ||
+      t('{layerId} could not {action} cleanly', {
+        layerId: change.layerId,
+        action: change.enabled ? t('start') : t('stop'),
+      });
     // A failed direct Context-shell START has already had its siblings
     // cleared by the visibility guard. Wait outside the synchronous manager
     // notification for this queue to settle, then reconcile the complete

From efa4374644a8558b900aa927ea57d6beae6dbb52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mazeyar Moeini Feizabadi <mazy.moeini@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 19:28:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 169/262] fix(launches): hand the camera over before stopping,
 and only blame a fresh index error

- releaseCameraOwnership marks the camera released before stopping, so a
  flight navigation asked to preserve survives; exit also releases it, so an
  inactive layer never cancels another owner's flight.
- The failure toast names the mission index only when its error is from the
  current Context attempt (stats.errorAt), not an earlier one.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 src/layers/launches/controls.js          |  3 ++-
 src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/layers/launches/ingestion.js         |  1 +
 src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js         |  2 ++
 src/layers/launches/state.js             |  2 ++
 src/ui/contextActions.js                 |  7 ++---
 src/ui/contextBindings.js                |  3 ++-
 7 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/launches/controls.js b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
index d8b4c6d6a..9adc88922 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/controls.js
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     releaseCameraOwnership() {
       // Navigation takes the camera; a failed entry must not restore the old view.
       layerState._entryCameraView = null;
+      layerState._cameraReleased = true;
       parts.panel.clearMissionRosterHover();
       parts.replay.stopMissionReplay();
       parts.selection.stopMissionZoomAnchor();
-      layerState._cameraReleased = true;
     },
 
     /**
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         orbitMatches: layerState._orbitMatches,
         lastUpdate: layerState._lastUpdate,
         error: layerState._lastError,
+        errorAt: layerState._lastErrorAt,
         stale: layerState._stale,
       };
     },
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
index 52adcb792..4330cf0d8 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import http from 'node:http';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { DataLayerManager } from '../../data/manager.js';
 import { ContextControls } from '../../ui/contextControls.js';
+import { spaceMissionsIndexFailure } from '../../ui/contextActions.js';
 import { createLaunchSource } from './source.js';
 import { createState } from './state.js';
 import { createModel } from './model.js';
@@ -454,7 +455,6 @@ test('a refresh failure after a loaded index keeps the mode and its records', as
   await f.settle();
   assert.deepEqual(f.view(), framed);
 });
-// Append to src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs (uses its fixture()).
 test('exiting during a successful entry flight cancels the mission-owned flight', async (t) => {
   const f = await fixture(t);
   f.upstream.status = 200;
@@ -473,10 +473,7 @@ test('exiting during a successful entry flight cancels the mission-owned flight'
     'leaving Space Missions stops the flight it started (main cancels it)',
   );
 });
-// Append to src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs (uses its fixture()).
-// Encodes the "surface the reason where the user acted" fix: the roster that
-// carries 30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE is hidden by the rollback, so the
-// lasting feedback (the toast) has to name the cause.
+// The rollback hides the roster, so the toast has to name the cause.
 test('a failed first load tells the user the mission index is unavailable', async (t) => {
   const f = await fixture(t);
   await f.manager.setEnabled('earthquakes', true, { origin: 'user' });
@@ -491,3 +488,29 @@ test('a failed first load tells the user the mission index is unavailable', asyn
     `visible feedback names the failure, got ${JSON.stringify(f.toasts)}`,
   );
 });
+
+test('navigation taking the camera keeps a mission flight it asked to preserve', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.upstream.status = 200;
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, { origin: 'user' });
+  await f.settle();
+  const flight = f.camera.flight;
+  assert.ok(flight, 'the entry flight is in progress');
+  f.missions.releaseCameraOwnership();
+  assert.equal(f.camera.flight, flight, 'navigation decides about the flight');
+  // After exit an inactive layer never cancels another owner's flight.
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', false, { origin: 'user' });
+  await f.settle();
+  f.camera.flyTo({ destination: new Cesium.Cartesian3(1, 1, 1) });
+  const other = f.camera.flight;
+  f.missions.releaseCameraOwnership();
+  assert.equal(f.camera.flight, other);
+});
+
+test("an earlier attempt's index error is not blamed for a later failure", async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  await f.manager.setEnabled('rocket-launches', true, { origin: 'user' });
+  await f.settle();
+  assert.match(spaceMissionsIndexFailure(f.manager), /mission index/);
+  assert.equal(spaceMissionsIndexFailure(f.manager, Date.now() + 1), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js b/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
index 9994acb86..be6190815 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/ingestion.js
@@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
     } catch (error) {
       if (layerState._enabled && token === layerState._lifecycleToken) {
         layerState._lastError = error.message;
+        layerState._lastErrorAt = Date.now();
         console.warn('[Data:RocketLaunches] Fetch error:', error);
         // No index yet: fail the enable so Context rolls back.
         // After a loaded index, a failed refresh keeps its records.
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
index 6d87b47d8..13150e805 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/lifecycle.js
@@ -285,6 +285,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       parts.ingestion.clearPostTleRetry();
       parts.panel.clearMissionRosterHover();
       parts.replay.stopMissionReplay();
+      layerState._cameraReleased = true;
       parts.selection.stopMissionZoomAnchor();
       if (layerState._dataSource) layerState._dataSource.show = false;
       parts.orbitRendering.syncMissionOrbitPrimitiveVisibility();
@@ -310,6 +311,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       await parts.ingestion.restoreSatelliteDependency();
       parts.panel.clearMissionRosterHover();
       parts.replay.stopMissionReplay();
+      layerState._cameraReleased = true;
       parts.selection.stopMissionZoomAnchor();
       parts.ingestion.clearPostTleRetry();
       if (layerState._clickHandler) layerState._clickHandler.destroy();
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/state.js b/src/layers/launches/state.js
index beb8d1bf7..fd2ae7176 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/state.js
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state._lastError = null;
 
+  state._lastErrorAt = null;
+
   state._entryCameraView = null;
 
   state._entryLandedView = null;
diff --git a/src/ui/contextActions.js b/src/ui/contextActions.js
index 702130073..eeb22fefe 100644
--- a/src/ui/contextActions.js
+++ b/src/ui/contextActions.js
@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ import {
   contextModeWord,
 } from '../contextModePolicy.js';
 
-/** Why a Space Missions entry failed, when its mission index never loaded. */
-export function spaceMissionsIndexFailure(dataManager) {
+/** Why a Space Missions entry failed: its mission index never loaded, and
+ * the error is no older than `since` (an earlier attempt's is not the cause). */
+export function spaceMissionsIndexFailure(dataManager, since = 0) {
   const stats = dataManager?.layers
     ?.get('rocket-launches')
     ?.module?.getStats?.();
-  return stats?.error && stats.lastUpdate == null
+  return stats?.error && stats.lastUpdate == null && stats.errorAt >= since
     ? t(
         'Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.',
       )
diff --git a/src/ui/contextBindings.js b/src/ui/contextBindings.js
index c5e4fc52e..8c6b8760e 100644
--- a/src/ui/contextBindings.js
+++ b/src/ui/contextBindings.js
@@ -60,11 +60,12 @@ export function _initGlobalContextPanel() {
     const nextMode =
       this._contextMode === 'space-missions' ? null : 'space-missions';
     this._claimContextVisualAuthority();
+    const startedAt = Date.now();
     void this._runUserFacingContextAction(
       (notificationToken) =>
         this._selectContextMode(nextMode, { notificationToken }),
       () =>
-        (nextMode && spaceMissionsIndexFailure(this._dataManager)) ||
+        (nextMode && spaceMissionsIndexFailure(this._dataManager, startedAt)) ||
         t(
           'Space Missions could not complete the requested transition; try again',
         ),

From 8da8c05eaf5b065fdb547480f18a5342e00d4f42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mazeyar Moeini Feizabadi <mazy.moeini@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 20:10:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 170/262] test(launches): keep the fixture's toast recorder for
 the failure-message test

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
index d43a5c6e9..a2bccad7d 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/launches/failedEntry.test.mjs
@@ -191,13 +191,14 @@ async function fixture(t) {
   manager.register(missions);
   missions.attachDataManager(manager);
 
+  const toasts = [];
   const controls = new ContextControls({
     elements: {},
     installations: {},
     actions: {
       getCockpit: () => null,
       claimVisualAuthority: noop,
-      showToast: noop,
+      showToast: (message) => toasts.push(message),
       setClearBusy: noop,
       syncDetection: noop,
       scheduleLayout: noop,
@@ -234,6 +235,7 @@ async function fixture(t) {
     manager,
     controls,
     missions,
+    toasts,
     state,
     camera,
     rosters,

From 9c8bb206ef9175bf36b13bbf0bbba69d4207b4cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 11:37:57 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 171/262] feat(traffic): Lines and Dots toggles; hosts choose
 which road modes they offer

createTrafficSource({ roadModes }) lets a host offer a subset of the TomTom,
OSM and Hybrid road modes (all three by default). Without OSM the layer never
draws simulated roads, and a single mode shows no road chip.

While flow is live the Street Traffic row offers Lines (every road with flow
as a steady green/amber/red line, from the heat-line renderer) and Dots (the
moving dots), saved in layer state and share links. Defaults: Lines off,
Dots on.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                       |  23 +-
 src/data/layerState.js                      |   3 +
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                    |   5 +
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                    |   5 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                    |   5 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                    |   5 +
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                    |   5 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                    |   5 +
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                    |   5 +
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                    |   5 +
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                    |   5 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                 |   5 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json               |   5 +
 src/layers/traffic/animation.js             |  19 +-
 src/layers/traffic/controls.js              | 115 +++++--
 src/layers/traffic/hostModes.test.mjs       | 326 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/traffic/index.js                 |   2 +-
 src/layers/traffic/ingestion.js             |  42 ++-
 src/layers/traffic/lifecycle.js             |  10 +-
 src/layers/traffic/policy.js                |  17 +
 src/layers/traffic/rendering.js             | 191 ++++++++----
 src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js             |  45 ++-
 src/layers/traffic/roadStatus.i18n.test.mjs |  43 ++-
 src/layers/traffic/source.js                |  57 +++-
 src/layers/traffic/state.js                 |  23 +-
 src/layers/traffic/style.js                 |   8 +-
 src/share/viewCodec.js                      |   2 +-
 27 files changed, 868 insertions(+), 113 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/layers/traffic/hostModes.test.mjs

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 76deeb9a0..c91f1c439 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ existing batch size and one bounded upstream chunk. Larger requests return HTTP
 413 before disk-cache loading or upstream work; malformed coordinates remain 400.
 The browser continues to split larger workloads into sequential 64-point requests.
 
-Traffic holds continuous rendering only while enabled with animated dots or a pulsing jam heat-line. Empty and high-altitude views release the hold. A failed load leaves no hold only when no animated content is retained: if an earlier load succeeded, ingestion keeps its animated points and the hold stays. Population admission reacquires the hold and resets animation time. Clear, disable, and destroy also release it. Retained fading dots keep animation alive until they are removed. When the last point leaves mid height correction, the correction is settled at once, before the hold is released, so it cannot keep the layer reporting loading.
+Traffic holds continuous rendering only while enabled with shown animated dots, a pulsing jam heat-line, or road lines whose geometry is still building (replaced lines stay drawn until their successors are ready, so a rebuild never blinks); hidden dots (`dots` off) and settled flow lines hold nothing. Empty and high-altitude views release the hold. A failed load leaves no hold only when no animated content is retained: if an earlier load succeeded, ingestion keeps its animated points and the hold stays. Population admission reacquires the hold and resets animation time. Clear, disable, and destroy also release it. Retained fading dots keep animation alive until they are removed. When the last point leaves mid height correction, the correction is settled at once, before the hold is released, so it cannot keep the layer reporting loading.
 
 Shared distance checks use `src/geoDistance.js` with `{ lat, lon }` points and
 the IUGG mean spherical Earth radius, 6371.0088 km. `greatCircleKm` is
@@ -6437,7 +6437,26 @@ easier to meet (detection is now on more often), but does not create it.
 - Road source (`src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js`): the Street Traffic row has
   TomTom / OSM / Hybrid chips (`roadMode` param, stored in the existing layer
   state `lo` field, no new share token); `?trafficRoads=tomtom|osm|hybrid`
-  overrides restored state until the user picks a chip. With no stored choice
+  overrides restored state until the user picks a chip. A host may offer
+  fewer modes with `createTrafficSource({ roadModes })` (a non-empty subset,
+  default all three): only offered modes get chips (none for a single mode),
+  and other choices from chips, restores, share links or the query are
+  ignored. Without `osm` the layer never simulates: keyless or with the
+  status probe unreachable, loads fail with "TomTom roads need a TomTom key"
+  or "TomTom roads unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable" and
+  no roads are drawn.
+- Row toggles (live mode only): after the road-source chips, Lines draws
+  every road with flow as a steady draped line in its bucket color (green
+  free, amber slow, red jam; jam first, then slow, then free, longest first,
+  capped at 1,500; on 3D tiles under photoreal, on terrain or tiles
+  otherwise), and Dots shows or hides the moving dots (hidden dots are kept,
+  are not offered to detection overlays, and hold no render frames).
+  Without live flow only a hidden Dots toggle is offered, so dots hidden by a
+  live choice, a restore or a share link can always be shown again.
+  Defaults: Lines off, Dots on. Both are `lines` / `dots` params stored in the
+  layer state `lo` field (`l`, `d`). Toggling either restyles in place, with
+  no refetch. The owner `jamViz` heat-line prototype is unchanged when Lines
+  is off. With no stored choice
   the default is Hybrid with a TomTom key and OSM without one; share links
   without a road-source choice (including older ones) likewise use the
   installation's default (Hybrid when keyed, OpenStreetMap when keyless). Without a key
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.js b/src/data/layerState.js
index 4c679f7af..ed53abeb1 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.js
+++ b/src/data/layerState.js
@@ -335,6 +335,9 @@ const OPTION_GROUPS = Object.freeze({
       osm: 'o',
       hybrid: 'h',
     }),
+    // Street Traffic row toggles: flow-colored road lines, moving dots.
+    booleanOption('lines', 'l', false),
+    booleanOption('dots', 'd', true),
   ]),
   'weather-lightning': Object.freeze([
     enumOption('opacity', 'o', 'strong', ['light', 'strong'], {
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 1cd3834d4..5baf976f3 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -1749,6 +1749,11 @@
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "طرق TomTom أولًا؛ ويكمل OpenStreetMap الباقي بتدفق محاكى",
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "طرق TomTom أولًا؛ ويكمل OpenStreetMap الباقي بتدفق محاكى (يحتاج إلى مفتاح TomTom)",
   "Hybrid": "هجين",
+  "Lines": "خطوط",
+  "Dots": "نقاط",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "خطوط الطرق ملوّنة حسب التدفق المباشر: من الأخضر إلى الأحمر",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "نقاط متحركة ملوّنة حسب التدفق المباشر",
+  "Moving dots": "نقاط متحركة",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "مفتاح TomTom غير متاح",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "بلغت الحصة اليومية لـ TomTom",
   "Monthly traffic allowance used": "تم استهلاك حصة حركة المرور الشهرية",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index d7e73583e..2f1af958f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -1667,6 +1667,11 @@
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "Zuerst TomTom-Straßen; OpenStreetMap füllt den Rest, simuliert",
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "Zuerst TomTom-Straßen; OpenStreetMap füllt den Rest, simuliert (braucht einen TomTom-Schlüssel)",
   "Hybrid": "Hybrid",
+  "Lines": "Linien",
+  "Dots": "Punkte",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "Straßenlinien nach Live-Verkehrsfluss gefärbt: grün bis rot",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "Bewegte Punkte nach Live-Verkehrsfluss gefärbt",
+  "Moving dots": "Bewegte Punkte",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "TomTom-Schlüssel nicht verfügbar",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "TomTom-Tagesbudget erreicht",
   "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Monatliches Verkehrskontingent aufgebraucht",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index a9ce5da9f..b7a09e4ee 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -2699,6 +2699,11 @@
   "Zoom in for vector tile coverage": "Acércate para cargar las teselas vectoriales",
   "Camera coverage unavailable": "Cobertura de cámaras no disponible",
   "Hybrid": "Híbrido",
+  "Lines": "Líneas",
+  "Dots": "Puntos",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "Líneas de vías coloreadas por el flujo en vivo: de verde a rojo",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "Puntos en movimiento coloreados por el flujo en vivo",
+  "Moving dots": "Puntos en movimiento",
   "TomTom roads only, each with its live flow": "Solo vías de TomTom, cada una con su flujo en vivo",
   "TomTom roads only, each with its live flow (needs a TomTom key)": "Solo vías de TomTom, cada una con su flujo en vivo (necesita una clave de TomTom)",
   "OpenStreetMap roads, with TomTom flow matched when available": "Vías de OpenStreetMap, con el flujo de TomTom emparejado cuando está disponible",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 2d64b3e2a..738800324 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -1103,6 +1103,11 @@
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "Routes TomTom d'abord ; OpenStreetMap complète le reste, en simulation",
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "Routes TomTom d'abord ; OpenStreetMap complète le reste, en simulation (nécessite une clé TomTom)",
   "Hybrid": "Hybride",
+  "Lines": "Lignes",
+  "Dots": "Points",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "Routes colorées selon le trafic en direct : du vert au rouge",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "Points mobiles colorés selon le trafic en direct",
+  "Moving dots": "Points mobiles",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "Clé TomTom indisponible",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "Quota quotidien TomTom atteint",
   "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Quota mensuel de trafic épuisé",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index d349fe1e9..afdc4fdc5 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -1103,6 +1103,11 @@
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "Prima le strade TomTom; OpenStreetMap completa il resto, simulato",
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "Prima le strade TomTom; OpenStreetMap completa il resto, simulato (richiede una chiave TomTom)",
   "Hybrid": "Ibrido",
+  "Lines": "Linee",
+  "Dots": "Punti",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "Strade colorate in base al traffico in tempo reale: dal verde al rosso",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "Punti in movimento colorati in base al traffico in tempo reale",
+  "Moving dots": "Punti in movimento",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "Chiave TomTom non disponibile",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "Budget giornaliero TomTom esaurito",
   "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Quota mensile del traffico esaurita",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 5d0585cf7..10f183da9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -1071,6 +1071,11 @@
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "TomTomの道路を優先し、残りはOpenStreetMapで補完（シミュレーション）",
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "TomTomの道路を優先し、残りはOpenStreetMapで補完（シミュレーション、TomTomキーが必要）",
   "Hybrid": "ハイブリッド",
+  "Lines": "ライン",
+  "Dots": "ドット",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "ライブの交通流で色分けした道路ライン（緑から赤）",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "ライブの交通流で色分けした移動ドット",
+  "Moving dots": "移動ドット",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "TomTomキーを利用できません",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "TomTomの1日の上限に達しました",
   "Monthly traffic allowance used": "今月の交通情報の上限に達しました",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 6ddf3238e..6194cd31b 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -1101,6 +1101,11 @@
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "Primeiro as vias do TomTom; o OpenStreetMap completa o resto com fluxo simulado",
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "Primeiro as vias do TomTom; o OpenStreetMap completa o resto com fluxo simulado (precisa de uma chave do TomTom)",
   "Hybrid": "Híbrido",
+  "Lines": "Linhas",
+  "Dots": "Pontos",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "Vias coloridas pelo fluxo ao vivo: do verde ao vermelho",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "Pontos em movimento coloridos pelo fluxo ao vivo",
+  "Moving dots": "Pontos em movimento",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "Chave do TomTom indisponível",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "Limite diário do TomTom atingido",
   "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Cota mensal de trânsito esgotada",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 861e4245d..f0a52cf0a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -2757,6 +2757,11 @@
   "Zoom in for vector tile coverage": "Приблизьте карту, чтобы загрузить векторные тайлы",
   "Camera coverage unavailable": "Покрытие камер недоступно",
   "Hybrid": "Гибрид",
+  "Lines": "Линии",
+  "Dots": "Точки",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "Линии дорог по потоку онлайн: от зелёного к красному",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "Движущиеся точки, окрашенные по потоку онлайн",
+  "Moving dots": "Движущиеся точки",
   "TomTom roads only, each with its live flow": "Только дороги TomTom, у каждой — свой поток онлайн",
   "TomTom roads only, each with its live flow (needs a TomTom key)": "Только дороги TomTom, у каждой — свой поток онлайн (нужен ключ TomTom)",
   "OpenStreetMap roads, with TomTom flow matched when available": "Дороги OpenStreetMap; поток TomTom сопоставляется, где он есть",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 67efb91bb..f01e84504 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -1118,6 +1118,11 @@
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "Спершу дороги TomTom; решту доповнює OpenStreetMap з імітацією потоку",
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "Спершу дороги TomTom; решту доповнює OpenStreetMap з імітацією потоку (потрібен ключ TomTom)",
   "Hybrid": "Гібрид",
+  "Lines": "Лінії",
+  "Dots": "Точки",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "Лінії доріг за потоком онлайн: від зеленого до червоного",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "Рухомі точки, забарвлені за потоком онлайн",
+  "Moving dots": "Рухомі точки",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "Ключ TomTom недоступний",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "Вичерпано денний ліміт TomTom",
   "Monthly traffic allowance used": "Місячний ліміт даних про трафік вичерпано",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 8832de1fe..3ddcb3b34 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -1047,6 +1047,11 @@
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "优先使用 TomTom 道路及实时路况；缺失路段由 OpenStreetMap 补充，并模拟其路况",
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "优先使用 TomTom 道路及实时路况；缺失路段由 OpenStreetMap 补充，并模拟其路况（需要 TomTom 密钥）",
   "Hybrid": "混合",
+  "Lines": "线条",
+  "Dots": "圆点",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "按实时路况着色的道路线条：从绿到红",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "按实时路况着色的移动圆点",
+  "Moving dots": "移动圆点",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "TomTom 密钥不可用",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "已达 TomTom 每日配额",
   "Monthly traffic allowance used": "本月交通流量额度已用完",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index dce0b2e75..590ea6e15 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -1042,6 +1042,11 @@
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "優先使用 TomTom 道路及實時路況；缺失路段由 OpenStreetMap 補充，並模擬其路況",
   "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "優先使用 TomTom 道路及實時路況；缺失路段由 OpenStreetMap 補充，並模擬其路況（需要 TomTom 密鑰）",
   "Hybrid": "混合",
+  "Lines": "線條",
+  "Dots": "圓點",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "依即時路況著色的道路線條：由綠到紅",
+  "Moving dots colored by live flow": "依即時路況著色的移動圓點",
+  "Moving dots": "移動圓點",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "TomTom 密鑰不可用",
   "TomTom daily budget reached": "已達 TomTom 每日配額",
   "Monthly traffic allowance used": "本月交通流量額度已用完",
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/animation.js b/src/layers/traffic/animation.js
index 6c58a57a4..de520587c 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/animation.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/animation.js
@@ -21,9 +21,20 @@ export function createAnimation({
   source,
 }) {
   function syncRenderDemand() {
+    // Hidden dots (`dots` off) need no frames. Lines need them only while
+    // their asynchronous geometry builds (or old lines wait to be retired),
+    // and the heat-line prototype's jam batch while it pulses.
+    const lines = [
+      layerState._heatJamPrim,
+      layerState._heatSlowPrim,
+      layerState._heatFreePrim,
+    ].filter(Boolean);
     const needed = Boolean(
       layerState._enabled &&
-      (layerState._dots.length || layerState._heatJamPrim),
+      ((layerState._showDots !== false && layerState._dots.length) ||
+        (layerState._heatJamPrim && !layerState._showLines) ||
+        layerState._heatRetired?.length ||
+        lines.some((primitive) => !primitive.ready)),
     );
     // Height easing only runs in a held frame. Settle it before releasing, so
     // a population emptied mid-correction cannot report loading forever.
@@ -224,6 +235,7 @@ export function createAnimation({
    */
 
   function animate() {
+    parts.rendering.retireHeatLines?.();
     syncRenderDemand();
     if (!layerState._renderHeld) return;
     const now = Date.now();
@@ -317,8 +329,9 @@ export function createAnimation({
     }
 
     // Jam heat-lines throb (~1.6 s period) — one shared material uniform for
-    // the whole jam batch, no geometry rebuild. Null outside live heatline mode.
-    if (layerState._heatJamPrim?.appearance) {
+    // the whole jam batch, no geometry rebuild. Null outside live heatline
+    // mode; the steady flow lines (`lines` toggle) never pulse.
+    if (layerState._heatJamPrim?.appearance && !layerState._showLines) {
       layerState._heatJamPrim.appearance.material.uniforms.color.alpha =
         HEAT_JAM_BASE_ALPHA + HEAT_JAM_PULSE_ALPHA * Math.sin(now / 260);
     }
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/controls.js b/src/layers/traffic/controls.js
index 6570c7958..403aaaa88 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/controls.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import {
   normalizeRoadMode,
   resolveRoadMode,
-  TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES,
+  roadModesSimulate,
 } from './roadModes.js';
 import {
   trafficBucketTier,
@@ -19,19 +19,25 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const notes = [feed.loadingLabel];
     if (!layerState._liveMode || feed.error)
       notes.push(t('Roads: {source}', { source }));
-    // An explicit TomTom or Hybrid choice without a key draws OpenStreetMap.
+    // An explicit TomTom or Hybrid choice without a key draws OpenStreetMap;
+    // a host without OpenStreetMap draws nothing.
+    const requested = roadModesSimulate(layerState._roadModes)
+      ? layerState._roadMode
+      : resolveRoadMode(layerState._roadMode, true, layerState._roadModes);
+    // A host without OpenStreetMap waits for the probe before naming a key.
     if (
       !layerState._liveMode &&
-      ['tomtom', 'hybrid'].includes(layerState._roadMode)
+      ['tomtom', 'hybrid'].includes(requested) &&
+      (roadModesSimulate(layerState._roadModes) || layerState._flowStatusKnown)
     )
       notes.push(
         layerState._flowStatusUnavailable
-          ? layerState._roadMode === 'tomtom'
+          ? requested === 'tomtom'
             ? t(
                 'TomTom roads unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable',
               )
             : t('Hybrid unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable')
-          : layerState._roadMode === 'tomtom'
+          : requested === 'tomtom'
             ? t('TomTom roads need a TomTom key')
             : t('Hybrid needs a TomTom key'),
       );
@@ -62,10 +68,13 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     updateInterval: 0,
 
     /**
-     * Update user-adjustable parameters (road source, density and speed scaling).
+     * Update user-adjustable parameters (road source, row toggles, density and
+     * speed scaling).
      *
      * @param {Object}  [params]
-     * @param {'tomtom'|'osm'|'hybrid'|null} [params.roadMode] - Road source; null = default.
+     * @param {'tomtom'|'osm'|'hybrid'|null} [params.roadMode] - Road source; null = default; outside the host's modes = ignored.
+     * @param {boolean} [params.lines] - Draw flow-colored road lines (live mode).
+     * @param {boolean} [params.dots]  - Draw the moving dots.
      * @param {number}  [params.densityScale] - Dot density multiplier (clamped 0.2–2.5).
      * @param {number}  [params.speedScale]   - Dot speed multiplier (clamped 0.3–3.0).
      * @param {{origin?:string}} [options] - Intent origin; restores never beat `?trafficRoads=`.
@@ -75,7 +84,8 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       const previousSpeed = layerState._speedScale;
       if (
         Object.hasOwn(params, 'roadMode') &&
-        (params.roadMode === null || normalizeRoadMode(params.roadMode))
+        (params.roadMode === null ||
+          normalizeRoadMode(params.roadMode, layerState._roadModes))
       ) {
         const explicit = ['user', 'voice', 'tool'].includes(origin);
         const mode =
@@ -98,6 +108,31 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
             parts.viewport.onCameraChanged({ immediate: true });
         }
       }
+      if (
+        typeof params.lines === 'boolean' &&
+        params.lines !== layerState._showLines
+      ) {
+        layerState._showLines = params.lines;
+        // Rebuild in place from the roads on screen: no refetch, no respawn.
+        if (layerState._enabled)
+          parts.rendering.rebuildHeatLines(
+            parts.rendering.visibleRoadsForAltitude(
+              layerState._roads,
+              layerState._lastRenderAltitude,
+            ),
+          );
+      }
+      if (
+        typeof params.dots === 'boolean' &&
+        params.dots !== layerState._showDots
+      ) {
+        layerState._showDots = params.dots;
+        // Hidden dots are kept, so showing them again is instant.
+        if (layerState._enabled && layerState._pointCollection)
+          layerState._pointCollection.show = params.dots;
+        parts.animation.syncRenderDemand();
+        layerState._viewer?.scene?.requestRender?.();
+      }
       if (typeof params.densityScale === 'number') {
         layerState._densityScale = Math.max(
           0.2,
@@ -154,11 +189,14 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
     /**
      * Return the current user-adjustable parameters.
-     * @returns {{densityScale:number, speedScale:number}}
+     * @returns {{roadMode:string|null, lines:boolean, dots:boolean,
+     *   densityScale:number, speedScale:number}}
      */
     getParams() {
       return {
         roadMode: layerState._roadMode,
+        lines: layerState._showLines,
+        dots: layerState._showDots,
         densityScale: layerState._densityScale,
         speedScale: layerState._speedScale,
         uncoveredRoads: layerState._uncoveredMode,
@@ -167,10 +205,15 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       };
     },
 
-    /** Road-source chips on the Street Traffic row (TomTom / OSM / Hybrid). */
+    /**
+     * Street Traffic row chips: a road-source chip per offered mode (none for
+     * a single mode), then Lines and Dots toggles while live flow colors them.
+     */
     getRowControls() {
+      const modes = layerState._roadModes;
       const selected =
-        layerState._roadMode || resolveRoadMode(null, layerState._liveMode);
+        layerState._roadMode ||
+        resolveRoadMode(null, layerState._liveMode, modes);
       const live = layerState._liveMode;
       const titles = {
         tomtom: live
@@ -187,14 +230,36 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       };
       // TomTom and OSM are provider names and stay as they are.
       const labels = { tomtom: 'TomTom', osm: 'OSM', hybrid: t('Hybrid') };
+      const lines = {
+        id: 'lines',
+        label: t('Lines'),
+        title: t('Road lines colored by live flow: green to red'),
+        active: layerState._showLines,
+        params: { lines: !layerState._showLines },
+      };
+      const dots = {
+        id: 'dots',
+        label: t('Dots'),
+        title: live ? t('Moving dots colored by live flow') : t('Moving dots'),
+        active: layerState._showDots,
+        params: { dots: !layerState._showDots },
+      };
+      // Lines need live flow. Dots, once hidden (a live choice, a restore or
+      // a share link), stay offered so they can always be shown again.
+      const toggles = live ? [lines, dots] : layerState._showDots ? [] : [dots];
       return {
-        chips: TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES.map((mode) => ({
-          id: `roads-${mode}`,
-          label: labels[mode],
-          title: titles[mode],
-          active: mode === selected,
-          params: { roadMode: mode },
-        })),
+        chips: [
+          ...(modes.length > 1
+            ? modes.map((mode) => ({
+                id: `roads-${mode}`,
+                label: labels[mode],
+                title: titles[mode],
+                active: mode === selected,
+                params: { roadMode: mode },
+              }))
+            : []),
+          ...toggles,
+        ],
       };
     },
 
@@ -211,7 +276,13 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
      * @returns {Array<{position:Cesium.Cartesian3, id:string, type:string}>}
      */
     getDetectableObjects(options = {}) {
-      if (!layerState._enabled || layerState._dots.length === 0) return [];
+      // Hidden dots are not on screen to detect.
+      if (
+        !layerState._enabled ||
+        !layerState._showDots ||
+        layerState._dots.length === 0
+      )
+        return [];
       const maxCount = Number.isFinite(options.maxCount)
         ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(options.maxCount))
         : layerState._dots.length;
@@ -382,7 +453,11 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         // in one had better be the honest one. This is also where LIVE vs
         // SIMULATED mode is surfaced, and it must never imply a live feed the
         // layer does not have.
-        roadMode: resolveRoadMode(layerState._roadMode, layerState._liveMode),
+        roadMode: resolveRoadMode(
+          layerState._roadMode,
+          layerState._liveMode,
+          layerState._roadModes,
+        ),
         roadModeRequested: layerState._roadMode,
         roadSource: layerState._roadSource,
         source: layerState._roadSource,
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/hostModes.test.mjs b/src/layers/traffic/hostModes.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..630e38a37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/hostModes.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+// A host's road-source offer (createTrafficSource `roadModes`) and the
+// Street Traffic Lines / Dots row toggles.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  normalizeRoadModes,
+  resolveRoadMode,
+  roadModesSimulate,
+  TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES,
+} from './roadModes.js';
+import { createTrafficSource } from './source.js';
+import { createTrafficLayer } from './index.js';
+import {
+  createDefaultLayerState,
+  decodeLayerStateParams,
+  encodeLayerStateParams,
+  parseStoredLayerState,
+  serializeStoredLayerState,
+} from '../../data/layerState.js';
+
+const box = { west: -97.75, east: -97.74, south: 30.26, north: 30.27 };
+const flow = {
+  coords: [
+    [-97.744, 30.267],
+    [-97.742, 30.267],
+  ],
+  trafficLevel: 0.3,
+  closure: false,
+  roadType: 'Major road',
+};
+
+function tomtomOnlySource() {
+  let requests = 0;
+  const source = createTrafficSource({
+    roadModes: ['tomtom'],
+    mapTiles: {
+      async fetchBounds() {
+        requests++;
+        return { tiles: [], partial: false };
+      },
+      async getMetadata() {
+        requests++;
+      },
+      clear() {},
+    },
+  });
+  return { source, requests: () => requests };
+}
+
+test('host road modes are a non-empty subset in canonical order', () => {
+  assert.equal(normalizeRoadModes(undefined), TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES);
+  assert.deepEqual(normalizeRoadModes(['hybrid', 'tomtom']), [
+    'tomtom',
+    'hybrid',
+  ]);
+  assert.ok(Object.isFrozen(normalizeRoadModes(['tomtom'])));
+  for (const bad of [[], ['bogus'], ['tomtom', 'tomtom'], 'tomtom', null])
+    assert.throws(() => normalizeRoadModes(bad), TypeError, String(bad));
+  assert.throws(() => createTrafficSource({ roadModes: [] }), TypeError);
+  assert.equal(roadModesSimulate(), true);
+  assert.equal(roadModesSimulate(['tomtom', 'hybrid']), false);
+});
+
+test('a TomTom-only host resolves every request to TomTom, keyed or not', () => {
+  for (const value of [null, 'osm', 'hybrid', 'tomtom'])
+    for (const hasKey of [true, false])
+      assert.equal(resolveRoadMode(value, hasKey, ['tomtom']), 'tomtom');
+  // Without Hybrid the default is the first offered mode.
+  assert.equal(resolveRoadMode(null, true, ['tomtom', 'osm']), 'tomtom');
+  assert.equal(resolveRoadMode(null, false, ['tomtom', 'osm']), 'osm');
+});
+
+test('a TomTom-only source draws TomTom roads and never requests OpenStreetMap', async () => {
+  const f = tomtomOnlySource();
+  assert.deepEqual(f.source.roadModes, ['tomtom']);
+  for (const roadMode of [null, 'osm', 'hybrid']) {
+    const data = await (
+      await f.source.requestRoads(box, {
+        roadMode,
+        flowSnapshot: Promise.resolve({ hasKey: true, segments: [flow] }),
+      })
+    ).json();
+    assert.equal(data.roadSource, 'TomTom', String(roadMode));
+    assert.equal(data.roads.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(data.roads[0].directFlow, true);
+  }
+  assert.equal(f.requests(), 0);
+  await assert.rejects(f.source.requestRoads(box, {}), TypeError);
+});
+
+test('a TomTom-only source never simulates: keyless or unreachable loads fail with the reason', async () => {
+  const f = tomtomOnlySource();
+  const failure = (snapshot) =>
+    f.source
+      .requestRoads(box, { flowSnapshot: Promise.resolve(snapshot) })
+      .then(
+        () => assert.fail('a keyless load drew roads'),
+        (error) => error,
+      );
+  const keyless = await failure({ hasKey: false, segments: [] });
+  assert.equal(keyless.message, 'TomTom roads need a TomTom key');
+  assert.equal(keyless.retryable, false);
+  const unreachable = await failure({
+    hasKey: false,
+    segments: [],
+    statusUnavailable: true,
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    unreachable.message,
+    'TomTom roads unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable',
+  );
+  assert.equal(unreachable.retryable, true);
+  const late = await failure({
+    hasKey: false,
+    segments: [],
+    error: 'TomTom flow timed out',
+  });
+  assert.equal(late.message, 'TomTom flow timed out');
+  assert.equal(f.requests(), 0);
+});
+
+test('a TomTom-only layer offers no road chips and ignores other road choices', () => {
+  const oldLocation = globalThis.location;
+  globalThis.location = { search: '?trafficRoads=osm' };
+  try {
+    const { source } = tomtomOnlySource();
+    const layer = createTrafficLayer({
+      services: { credits: {}, render: {} },
+      source,
+    });
+    assert.equal(layer.getParams().roadMode, null);
+    for (const origin of ['user', 'local-restore', 'share-restore'])
+      layer.setParams({ roadMode: 'osm' }, { origin });
+    assert.equal(layer.getParams().roadMode, null);
+    assert.deepEqual(layer.getRowControls().chips, []);
+    const stats = layer.getStats();
+    assert.equal(stats.roadMode, 'tomtom');
+    // No key verdict before the status probe settles.
+    assert.doesNotMatch(stats.loadingLabel, /need a TomTom key/);
+  } finally {
+    if (oldLocation === undefined) delete globalThis.location;
+    else globalThis.location = oldLocation;
+  }
+});
+
+test('Lines and Dots are boolean params that only appear as chips with live flow', () => {
+  const layer = createTrafficLayer({
+    services: { credits: {}, render: {} },
+    source: tomtomOnlySource().source,
+  });
+  assert.equal(layer.getParams().lines, false);
+  assert.equal(layer.getParams().dots, true);
+  // Keyless (the status probe has not reported a key): nothing to color.
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getRowControls().chips, []);
+  layer.setParams({ lines: true });
+  assert.equal(layer.getParams().lines, true);
+  layer.setParams({ lines: 'no', dots: 0 });
+  assert.equal(layer.getParams().lines, true, 'non-boolean ignored');
+  assert.equal(layer.getParams().dots, true, 'non-boolean ignored');
+  layer.setParams({ lines: false, dots: false });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [layer.getParams().lines, layer.getParams().dots],
+    [false, false],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getDetectableObjects(), []);
+  // Hidden dots stay recoverable without live flow (restore, share link).
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    layer.getRowControls().chips.map((chip) => [chip.id, chip.title]),
+    [['dots', 'Moving dots']],
+  );
+  layer.setParams(layer.getRowControls().chips[0].params, { origin: 'user' });
+  assert.equal(layer.getParams().dots, true);
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getRowControls().chips, []);
+});
+
+test('live chips toggle each control without touching the other', async () => {
+  const { createState } = await import('./state.js');
+  const { createControls } = await import('./controls.js');
+  const state = createState({
+    services: {},
+    source: { roadModes: ['tomtom'] },
+  });
+  state._liveMode = true;
+  const controls = createControls({
+    state,
+    services: {},
+    source: { getFlowSessionStats: () => ({}) },
+    parts: {
+      animation: { syncRenderDemand() {} },
+      rendering: {},
+    },
+  }).methods;
+  const chip = (id) =>
+    controls.getRowControls().chips.find((entry) => entry.id === id);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    controls.getRowControls().chips.map((entry) => entry.id),
+    ['lines', 'dots'],
+  );
+  assert.equal(chip('lines').active, false);
+  assert.equal(chip('dots').active, true);
+  controls.setParams(chip('lines').params, { origin: 'user' });
+  assert.equal(chip('lines').active, true);
+  assert.equal(chip('dots').active, true);
+  controls.setParams(chip('dots').params, { origin: 'user' });
+  assert.equal(chip('dots').active, false);
+  assert.equal(chip('lines').active, true);
+  // Every mode keeps its road chips beside the toggles.
+  const all = createState({ services: {}, source: {} });
+  all._liveMode = true;
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    createControls({
+      state: all,
+      services: {},
+      source: { getFlowSessionStats: () => ({}) },
+      parts: {},
+    })
+      .methods.getRowControls()
+      .chips.map((entry) => entry.id),
+    ['roads-tomtom', 'roads-osm', 'roads-hybrid', 'lines', 'dots'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('hiding dots hides the point collection of an enabled layer', async () => {
+  const { createState } = await import('./state.js');
+  const { createControls } = await import('./controls.js');
+  const state = createState({ services: {}, source: {} });
+  let demand = 0;
+  state._enabled = true;
+  state._pointCollection = { show: true };
+  const controls = createControls({
+    state,
+    services: {},
+    source: { getFlowSessionStats: () => ({}) },
+    parts: { animation: { syncRenderDemand: () => demand++ } },
+  }).methods;
+  controls.setParams({ dots: false });
+  assert.equal(state._pointCollection.show, false);
+  controls.setParams({ dots: true });
+  assert.equal(state._pointCollection.show, true);
+  assert.equal(demand, 2);
+});
+
+test('Lines and Dots persist in layer state and local storage', () => {
+  const state = createDefaultLayerState();
+  assert.equal(state.options.traffic.lines, false);
+  assert.equal(state.options.traffic.dots, true);
+  state.enabledLayerIds = ['traffic'];
+  state.options.traffic.lines = true;
+  state.options.traffic.dots = false;
+  const params = new URLSearchParams('v=2');
+  encodeLayerStateParams(params, state);
+  const decoded = decodeLayerStateParams(params).options.traffic;
+  assert.equal(decoded.lines, true);
+  assert.equal(decoded.dots, false);
+  const stored = parseStoredLayerState(serializeStoredLayerState(state)).options
+    .traffic;
+  assert.equal(stored.lines, true);
+  assert.equal(stored.dots, false);
+});
+
+test('rebuilt lines keep the old ones drawn until the new geometry is ready', async () => {
+  const { createRendering } = await import('./rendering.js');
+  const removed = [];
+  const state = {
+    _viewer: {
+      scene: { groundPrimitives: { remove: (p) => removed.push(p) } },
+    },
+    _liveMode: false,
+    _heatFreePrim: { ready: true, id: 'old' },
+    _heatRetired: [],
+  };
+  const parts = {
+    style: { heatlineOn: () => true },
+    animation: { syncRenderDemand() {} },
+  };
+  const rendering = createRendering({ state, services: {}, parts, source: {} });
+  // Nothing new to draw (not live): the old line goes at once.
+  rendering.rebuildHeatLines([]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    removed.map((p) => p.id),
+    ['old'],
+  );
+  // A pending successor holds the retired line until it is ready.
+  const next = { ready: false, id: 'new' };
+  state._heatRetired = [{ id: 'older' }];
+  state._heatJamPrim = next;
+  rendering.retireHeatLines();
+  assert.equal(state._heatRetired.length, 1);
+  next.ready = true;
+  rendering.retireHeatLines();
+  assert.deepEqual(state._heatRetired, []);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    removed.map((p) => p.id),
+    ['old', 'older'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('lines hold frames only while building; hidden dots hold none', async () => {
+  const { createAnimation } = await import('./animation.js');
+  const calls = [];
+  const state = {
+    _enabled: true,
+    _dots: [{}],
+    _showDots: false,
+    _showLines: true,
+    _motion: { rebuilds: 0 },
+  };
+  const animation = createAnimation({
+    state,
+    services: {
+      render: {
+        holdContinuousRender: () => calls.push('hold'),
+        releaseContinuousRender: () => calls.push('release'),
+      },
+    },
+    parts: {},
+  });
+  animation.syncRenderDemand();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, []);
+  state._heatFreePrim = { ready: false };
+  animation.syncRenderDemand();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['hold']);
+  state._heatFreePrim.ready = true;
+  animation.syncRenderDemand();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['hold', 'release']);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/index.js b/src/layers/traffic/index.js
index 1a7201281..4a5839f7d 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/index.js
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ export function createTrafficLayer({ services, source }) {
     ].every((key) => typeof source?.[key] === 'function')
   )
     throw new TypeError('A traffic source is required');
-  const state = createState({ services });
+  const state = createState({ services, source });
   const parts = {};
   const context = { state, services, parts, source };
   parts.style = createStyle(context);
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/ingestion.js b/src/layers/traffic/ingestion.js
index 8bb1da5f4..a5e09f543 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/ingestion.js
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { requestWithDeadline } from '../../sources/requestDeadline.js';
-import { resolveRoadMode, ROAD_SOURCE_LABELS } from './roadModes.js';
+import {
+  normalizeRoadMode,
+  resolveRoadMode,
+  roadModesSimulate,
+  ROAD_SOURCE_LABELS,
+} from './roadModes.js';
 import { phaseTiming } from '../../sources/phaseTiming.js';
 import { RoadRequestError, roadRequestError } from './source.js';
 import {
@@ -294,10 +299,14 @@ export function createIngestion({
     // settled; before that (a session's first load) the cache is skipped
     // rather than waiting on the probe. Writes are decided by the snapshot.
     const cacheMode =
-      layerState._roadMode === 'osm'
+      normalizeRoadMode(layerState._roadMode, layerState._roadModes) === 'osm'
         ? 'osm'
         : layerState._flowStatusKnown
-          ? resolveRoadMode(layerState._roadMode, layerState._liveMode)
+          ? resolveRoadMode(
+              layerState._roadMode,
+              layerState._liveMode,
+              layerState._roadModes,
+            )
           : null;
     // Cache key: fixed-precision bounding-box string for deterministic lookups
     const cacheKey =
@@ -378,6 +387,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
           (segments) => ({
             segments,
             hasKey: layerState._liveMode,
+            statusUnavailable: layerState._flowStatusUnavailable,
             partial: source.getFlowSessionStats?.().partial,
           }),
           (error) => {
@@ -388,6 +398,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
             return {
               segments: [],
               hasKey: layerState._liveMode,
+              statusUnavailable: layerState._flowStatusUnavailable,
               error: reason,
             };
           },
@@ -397,7 +408,9 @@ export function createIngestion({
       // This uses the same shared XYZ cache and cap, with no extra ring.
       if (
         altitude <= FAST_FETCH_ALTITUDE &&
-        layerState._roadMode !== 'tomtom'
+        resolveRoadMode(layerState._roadMode, true, layerState._roadModes) !==
+          'tomtom' &&
+        (roadModesSimulate(layerState._roadModes) || layerState._liveMode)
       ) {
         source
           .requestOsmRoads?.(clamped, {
@@ -411,8 +424,19 @@ export function createIngestion({
           .catch(() => {});
       }
       requestSignal.throwIfAborted();
-      // Until the probe settles only OpenStreetMap roads can be drawn.
-      layerState._roadSource = ROAD_SOURCE_LABELS[cacheMode || 'osm'];
+      // Until the probe settles only OpenStreetMap roads can be drawn (or,
+      // for a host without them, the TomTom roads still to come).
+      layerState._roadSource =
+        ROAD_SOURCE_LABELS[
+          cacheMode ||
+            (roadModesSimulate(layerState._roadModes)
+              ? 'osm'
+              : resolveRoadMode(
+                  layerState._roadMode,
+                  true,
+                  layerState._roadModes,
+                ))
+        ];
       let cache =
         cacheMode === 'osm' ? layerState._tileCache.get(cacheKey) : null;
       if (cache) {
@@ -581,7 +605,11 @@ export function createIngestion({
       if (generation === layerState._loadGeneration && !renderedSomething)
         layerState._roadSource =
           ROAD_SOURCE_LABELS[
-            resolveRoadMode(layerState._roadMode, layerState._liveMode)
+            resolveRoadMode(
+              layerState._roadMode,
+              layerState._liveMode,
+              layerState._roadModes,
+            )
           ];
       retryable = !isUnavailableCapability(e);
       layerState._roadRetryStopped = !retryable;
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/traffic/lifecycle.js
index 1c53e3ebe..b89077cf7 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/lifecycle.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { observeTrafficSurface } from './surface.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { TRAFFIC_TIMING_ENABLED } from './policy.js';
+import { resolveRoadMode } from './roadModes.js';
 import {
   claimCameraSensitivity,
   releaseCameraSensitivity,
@@ -81,10 +82,15 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       if (layerState._enabled) return;
       layerState._enabled = true;
       layerState._surfaceFrameRemover = observeTrafficSurface(viewer.scene);
-      if (layerState._roadMode !== 'tomtom') source.prefetch?.();
+      // OpenFreeMap metadata, unless only TomTom roads can be drawn.
+      if (
+        resolveRoadMode(layerState._roadMode, true, layerState._roadModes) !==
+        'tomtom'
+      )
+        source.prefetch?.();
       parts.animation.syncRenderDemand();
       layerState._lastAnimTime = 0;
-      layerState._pointCollection.show = true;
+      layerState._pointCollection.show = layerState._showDots;
 
       layerState._preRenderRemover = viewer.scene.preRender.addEventListener(
         parts.animation.animate,
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/policy.js b/src/layers/traffic/policy.js
index c20b15e41..13f5b101c 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/policy.js
@@ -117,6 +117,23 @@ export const FLOW_BUCKET_COLORS = {
   jam: Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString('#e05252').withAlpha(0.9),
 };
 
+// ─── Flow road lines (`lines` row toggle, live mode only) ────────────────
+/**
+ * @const {number} Max flow-colored road lines per render. Jam first, then
+ * slow, then free-flow, longest first within a bucket, so a dense city keeps
+ * its congestion when the cap trims the free roads.
+ */
+
+export const FLOW_LINE_CAP = 1500;
+
+/** @const {number} Px — flow road-line width (every bucket). */
+
+export const FLOW_LINE_WIDTH = 4;
+
+/** @const {number} Flow road-line opacity: the bucket colors, steady. */
+
+export const FLOW_LINE_ALPHA = 0.8;
+
 // ─── Jam-viz prototype (live mode only — see 2026-07-21 design doc) ────────
 /** @const {number} Max congestion heat-line polylines per render (jam first). */
 
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/rendering.js b/src/layers/traffic/rendering.js
index bf0132b98..402cd08b6 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/rendering.js
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { flowBucket } from '../../data/trafficFlowStyle.js';
 import { trafficStyleProfile } from '../../data/trafficPresetStyle.js';
 import {
+  FLOW_BUCKET_COLORS,
+  FLOW_LINE_ALPHA,
+  FLOW_LINE_CAP,
+  FLOW_LINE_WIDTH,
   HEAT_LINE_CAP,
   HEAT_JAM_COLOR,
   HEAT_SLOW_COLOR,
@@ -34,45 +38,81 @@ export function createRendering({
       : roads;
   }
 
-  /** Remove both heat-line ground primitives from the scene. */
+  const LINE_KEYS = ['_heatJamPrim', '_heatSlowPrim', '_heatFreePrim'];
 
-  function removeHeatLines() {
-    if (layerState._heatJamPrim) {
-      layerState._viewer?.scene.groundPrimitives.remove(
-        layerState._heatJamPrim,
-      );
-      layerState._heatJamPrim = null;
-    }
-    if (layerState._heatSlowPrim) {
-      layerState._viewer?.scene.groundPrimitives.remove(
-        layerState._heatSlowPrim,
-      );
-      layerState._heatSlowPrim = null;
+  /** Detach the current line primitives, leaving them in the scene. */
+  function takeHeatLines() {
+    const taken = [];
+    for (const key of LINE_KEYS) {
+      if (layerState[key]) taken.push(layerState[key]);
+      layerState[key] = null;
     }
     layerState._heatLineCount = 0;
+    return taken;
+  }
+
+  function removePrimitives(primitives) {
+    for (const primitive of primitives)
+      layerState._viewer?.scene.groundPrimitives.remove(primitive);
+  }
+
+  /** Remove the heat-line / flow-line ground primitives from the scene. */
+
+  function removeHeatLines() {
+    removePrimitives(takeHeatLines());
+    removePrimitives(layerState._heatRetired || []);
+    layerState._heatRetired = [];
     parts.animation.syncRenderDemand?.();
   }
 
   /**
-   * Rebuild the congestion heat-line underlay (jam-viz heatline prototype):
-   * slow/jam roads drape a corridor line onto the rendered 3D tiles — glowing
-   * pulsing red for jam, faint flat amber for slow — with the dots animating
-   * on top. Two batched GroundPolylinePrimitives (one per bucket) so the jam
-   * batch pulses through one shared material. Capped at HEAT_LINE_CAP (jam
-   * first, longest first); overflow is logged. No-op in sim mode, when the
-   * heatline mode is off, or without ground-primitive support.
+   * Replaced lines stay drawn until their successors finish building
+   * (GroundPolylinePrimitive geometry is asynchronous), so a rebuild never
+   * blinks. Called every held frame.
+   */
+
+  function retireHeatLines() {
+    if (!layerState._heatRetired?.length) return;
+    if (LINE_KEYS.some((key) => layerState[key] && !layerState[key].ready))
+      return;
+    removePrimitives(layerState._heatRetired);
+    layerState._heatRetired = [];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Rebuild the road-line underlay drawn from live flow, in one of two looks:
+   *
+   * - Flow lines (the `lines` row toggle): every road with flow drapes a
+   *   steady line in its bucket color — green free-flow, amber slow, red jam.
+   *   Capped at FLOW_LINE_CAP.
+   * - Heat-lines (jam-viz `heatline` prototype): only slow/jam roads, a
+   *   glowing pulsing red for jam and a faint flat amber for slow. Capped at
+   *   HEAT_LINE_CAP.
+   *
+   * One batched GroundPolylinePrimitive per bucket, so the heat-line jam batch
+   * pulses through one shared material. Kept roads are jam first, then slow,
+   * then free, longest first; overflow is logged. Lines drape on 3D tiles when
+   * the globe is hidden (photoreal) and on terrain or tiles otherwise. No-op in
+   * sim mode, when both looks are off, or without ground-primitive support.
    *
    * @param {Array} roads - Road objects visible in the current render.
    */
 
   function rebuildHeatLines(roads) {
-    removeHeatLines();
+    const previous = takeHeatLines();
+    const finish = () => {
+      // Nothing new to wait for: the old lines go now.
+      if (LINE_KEYS.some((key) => layerState[key]))
+        (layerState._heatRetired ||= []).push(...previous);
+      else removePrimitives(previous);
+      parts.animation.syncRenderDemand?.();
+    };
     if (
       !layerState._viewer ||
       !layerState._liveMode ||
       !parts.style.heatlineOn()
     )
-      return;
+      return finish();
     if (layerState._heatSupported === null) {
       layerState._heatSupported = Cesium.GroundPolylinePrimitive.isSupported(
         layerState._viewer.scene,
@@ -82,22 +122,25 @@ export function createRendering({
           '[Data:Traffic] GroundPolylinePrimitive unsupported — heat-lines disabled',
         );
     }
-    if (!layerState._heatSupported) return;
+    if (!layerState._heatSupported) return finish();
 
+    const flowLines = layerState._showLines;
+    const cap = flowLines ? FLOW_LINE_CAP : HEAT_LINE_CAP;
+    const rank = { jam: 0, slow: 1, free: 2 };
     const candidates = [];
     for (const road of roads) {
       const flow = road.flow;
       if (!flow || flow.closure) continue;
       const bucket = flowBucket(flow.level);
-      if (bucket === 'free') continue;
+      if (bucket === 'free' && !flowLines) continue;
       let len = 0;
       for (const d of road.segmentDist) len += d;
       candidates.push({ road, bucket, len });
     }
     candidates.sort((a, b) =>
-      a.bucket === b.bucket ? b.len - a.len : a.bucket === 'jam' ? -1 : 1,
+      a.bucket === b.bucket ? b.len - a.len : rank[a.bucket] - rank[b.bucket],
     );
-    const kept = candidates.slice(0, HEAT_LINE_CAP);
+    const kept = candidates.slice(0, cap);
 
     const instancesFor = (bucket, width) =>
       kept
@@ -112,51 +155,72 @@ export function createRendering({
             }),
         );
 
-    // Mono presets (NVG/FLIR/noir) discard hue — heat-lines re-encode in
-    // luminance like the dots: jam = white glow, slow = faint gray.
-    const monoHeat =
+    // Mono presets (NVG/FLIR/noir) discard hue — lines re-encode in
+    // luminance like the dots: jam = white, slow = gray, free = dim gray.
+    const mono =
       layerState._presetDots === 'on' &&
       trafficStyleProfile(layerState._stylePreset) === 'mono';
-    const jamLineColor = monoHeat ? Cesium.Color.WHITE : HEAT_JAM_COLOR;
-    const slowLineColor = monoHeat
-      ? new Cesium.Color(0.7, 0.7, 0.7, HEAT_SLOW_COLOR.alpha)
-      : HEAT_SLOW_COLOR;
-
-    const jamInstances = instancesFor('jam', HEAT_LINE_JAM_WIDTH);
-    if (jamInstances.length) {
-      layerState._heatJamPrim = layerState._viewer.scene.groundPrimitives.add(
-        new Cesium.GroundPolylinePrimitive({
-          geometryInstances: jamInstances,
-          classificationType: Cesium.ClassificationType.CESIUM_3D_TILE,
-          appearance: new Cesium.PolylineMaterialAppearance({
-            material: Cesium.Material.fromType('PolylineGlow', {
-              color: jamLineColor.withAlpha(HEAT_JAM_BASE_ALPHA),
-              glowPower: 0.25,
+    const gray = (level, alpha) => new Cesium.Color(level, level, level, alpha);
+    const classificationType =
+      layerState._viewer.scene.globe?.show === false
+        ? Cesium.ClassificationType.CESIUM_3D_TILE
+        : flowLines
+          ? Cesium.ClassificationType.BOTH
+          : Cesium.ClassificationType.CESIUM_3D_TILE;
+    const add = (instances, material) =>
+      instances.length
+        ? layerState._viewer.scene.groundPrimitives.add(
+            new Cesium.GroundPolylinePrimitive({
+              geometryInstances: instances,
+              classificationType,
+              appearance: new Cesium.PolylineMaterialAppearance({ material }),
             }),
+          )
+        : null;
+
+    // Lines take the dots' active (preset-aware) colors.
+    const dotColor = (bucket) =>
+      layerState._activeBucketColors?.[bucket] || FLOW_BUCKET_COLORS[bucket];
+    if (flowLines) {
+      const lineColor = {
+        jam: mono ? gray(1, FLOW_LINE_ALPHA) : dotColor('jam'),
+        slow: mono ? gray(0.7, FLOW_LINE_ALPHA) : dotColor('slow'),
+        free: mono ? gray(0.45, FLOW_LINE_ALPHA) : dotColor('free'),
+      };
+      for (const [bucket, key] of [
+        ['free', '_heatFreePrim'],
+        ['slow', '_heatSlowPrim'],
+        ['jam', '_heatJamPrim'],
+      ])
+        layerState[key] = add(
+          instancesFor(bucket, FLOW_LINE_WIDTH),
+          Cesium.Material.fromType('Color', {
+            color: lineColor[bucket].withAlpha(FLOW_LINE_ALPHA),
           }),
+        );
+    } else {
+      const jamLineColor = mono ? Cesium.Color.WHITE : HEAT_JAM_COLOR;
+      const slowLineColor = mono
+        ? gray(0.7, HEAT_SLOW_COLOR.alpha)
+        : HEAT_SLOW_COLOR;
+      layerState._heatJamPrim = add(
+        instancesFor('jam', HEAT_LINE_JAM_WIDTH),
+        Cesium.Material.fromType('PolylineGlow', {
+          color: jamLineColor.withAlpha(HEAT_JAM_BASE_ALPHA),
+          glowPower: 0.25,
         }),
       );
-    }
-    const slowInstances = instancesFor('slow', HEAT_LINE_SLOW_WIDTH);
-    if (slowInstances.length) {
-      layerState._heatSlowPrim = layerState._viewer.scene.groundPrimitives.add(
-        new Cesium.GroundPolylinePrimitive({
-          geometryInstances: slowInstances,
-          classificationType: Cesium.ClassificationType.CESIUM_3D_TILE,
-          appearance: new Cesium.PolylineMaterialAppearance({
-            material: Cesium.Material.fromType('Color', {
-              color: slowLineColor,
-            }),
-          }),
-        }),
+      layerState._heatSlowPrim = add(
+        instancesFor('slow', HEAT_LINE_SLOW_WIDTH),
+        Cesium.Material.fromType('Color', { color: slowLineColor }),
       );
     }
 
     layerState._heatLineCount = kept.length;
-    parts.animation.syncRenderDemand?.();
+    finish();
     if (candidates.length > kept.length) {
       console.log(
-        `[Data:Traffic] Heat-lines capped at ${HEAT_LINE_CAP} (${candidates.length} congested roads in view)`,
+        `[Data:Traffic] ${flowLines ? 'Flow lines' : 'Heat-lines'} capped at ${cap} (${candidates.length} roads in view)`,
       );
     }
   }
@@ -270,7 +334,13 @@ export function createRendering({
           renderMetrics,
         )
       : null;
-    if (!label.includes('tile')) rebuildHeatLines(filteredRoads);
+    // The flow recolor above already rebuilt the lines from every retained
+    // road; without dots to recolor, rebuild them here.
+    if (
+      !label.includes('tile') &&
+      !(layerState._liveMode && layerState._dots.length)
+    )
+      rebuildHeatLines(visibleRoadsForAltitude(layerState._roads, altitude));
     if (state) {
       const heatEnd = parts.timing.trafficTimingMark(
         state,
@@ -314,6 +384,7 @@ export function createRendering({
   return {
     visibleRoadsForAltitude,
     removeHeatLines,
+    retireHeatLines,
     rebuildHeatLines,
     renderRoadsForAltitude,
   };
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js b/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js
index ce62f5e1f..785390d93 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js
@@ -46,24 +46,59 @@ const PAIRED_SIDE_SAMPLES = [0.25, 0.5, 0.75];
 const CONTROLLED_ACCESS_FLOW = new Set(['Motorway', 'International road']);
 const CONTROLLED_ACCESS_OSM = new Set(['motorway', 'trunk']);
 
+/**
+ * Validate a host's road-source list (`createTrafficSource({ roadModes })`):
+ * a non-empty subset of TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES, kept in canonical order.
+ * @param {*} value - Candidate list; undefined means every mode.
+ * @returns {ReadonlyArray<'tomtom'|'osm'|'hybrid'>}
+ */
+export function normalizeRoadModes(value) {
+  if (value === undefined) return TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES;
+  const modes = Array.isArray(value)
+    ? TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES.filter((mode) => value.includes(mode))
+    : [];
+  if (!modes.length || modes.length !== value.length)
+    throw new TypeError(
+      `Traffic road modes must be a non-empty subset of ${TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES.join(', ')}`,
+    );
+  return Object.freeze(modes);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a host's modes allow simulated roads. Without OpenStreetMap the
+ * layer never simulates: keyless, it draws no roads and says why.
+ * @param {ReadonlyArray<string>} [modes]
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function roadModesSimulate(modes = TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES) {
+  return modes.includes('osm');
+}
+
 /**
  * Validate an explicit choice.
  * @param {*} value - Candidate mode.
+ * @param {ReadonlyArray<string>} [modes] - The host's offered modes.
  * @returns {'tomtom'|'osm'|'hybrid'|null} Null means "use the default".
  */
-export function normalizeRoadMode(value) {
-  return TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES.includes(value) ? value : null;
+export function normalizeRoadMode(value, modes = TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES) {
+  return modes.includes(value) ? value : null;
 }
 
 /**
  * Resolve the mode actually drawn. Without a TomTom key every choice draws
- * OpenStreetMap roads; with one, an explicit choice wins over Hybrid.
+ * OpenStreetMap roads when the host offers them; with one, an explicit
+ * choice wins over Hybrid. A host that offers no OpenStreetMap mode keeps
+ * its TomTom choice keyless (nothing is drawn; the status names the reason),
+ * and a host without Hybrid defaults to its first offered mode.
  * @param {*} value - Requested mode (null for the default).
  * @param {boolean} hasKey - The server reported a TomTom key.
+ * @param {ReadonlyArray<string>} [modes] - The host's offered modes.
  * @returns {'tomtom'|'osm'|'hybrid'}
  */
-export function resolveRoadMode(value, hasKey) {
-  return hasKey ? normalizeRoadMode(value) || 'hybrid' : 'osm';
+export function resolveRoadMode(value, hasKey, modes = TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES) {
+  const chosen = normalizeRoadMode(value, modes);
+  if (!hasKey && roadModesSimulate(modes)) return 'osm';
+  return chosen || (modes.includes('hybrid') ? 'hybrid' : modes[0]);
 }
 
 const FLOW_ROAD_TYPES = Object.freeze({
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/roadStatus.i18n.test.mjs b/src/layers/traffic/roadStatus.i18n.test.mjs
index 655ae6557..17dc074a3 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/roadStatus.i18n.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/roadStatus.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -74,7 +74,23 @@ function roadChips(liveMode) {
     source: { getFlowSessionStats: () => ({}) },
     parts: {},
   });
-  return controls.methods.getRowControls().chips;
+  return controls.methods
+    .getRowControls()
+    .chips.filter((chip) => chip.id.startsWith('roads-'));
+}
+
+function toggleChips() {
+  const state = createState({ services: {} });
+  state._liveMode = true;
+  const controls = createControls({
+    state,
+    services: {},
+    source: { getFlowSessionStats: () => ({}) },
+    parts: {},
+  });
+  return controls.methods
+    .getRowControls()
+    .chips.filter((chip) => !chip.id.startsWith('roads-'));
 }
 
 test('en: road-source chips keep their English labels and titles', () => {
@@ -124,3 +140,28 @@ for (const [locale, hybrid] of [
     }
   });
 }
+
+test('en: the Lines and Dots toggles keep their English labels and titles', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    toggleChips().map((chip) => [chip.id, chip.label, chip.title]),
+    [
+      ['lines', 'Lines', 'Road lines colored by live flow: green to red'],
+      ['dots', 'Dots', 'Moving dots colored by live flow'],
+    ],
+  );
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['ru', 'es', 'ja']) {
+  test(`${locale}: the Lines and Dots toggles are translated`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      for (const chip of toggleChips()) {
+        assert.doesNotMatch(chip.label, /^(Lines|Dots)$/, locale);
+        assert.doesNotMatch(chip.title, /colored by live flow/, locale);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/source.js b/src/layers/traffic/source.js
index e23dac27c..7327a3f98 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/source.js
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 import {
   createHybridFill,
   flowSegmentsToRoads,
+  normalizeRoadMode,
+  normalizeRoadModes,
   resolveRoadMode,
+  roadModesSimulate,
   ROAD_SOURCE_LABELS,
 } from './roadModes.js';
 import { phaseTiming } from '../../sources/phaseTiming.js';
@@ -80,7 +83,15 @@ export function roadRequestError(status, cause) {
   });
 }
 
-/** Supply tile-derived road geometry and flow availability without Overpass queries. */
+/**
+ * Supply tile-derived road geometry and flow availability without Overpass queries.
+ *
+ * `roadModes` is the host's offer of road sources (default: all three). The
+ * layer shows a chip per offered mode (none for a single mode) and never
+ * draws one outside it. Without `osm` nothing is simulated: keyless, or with
+ * the traffic service unreachable, requests fail with the reason instead of
+ * drawing white OpenStreetMap dots.
+ */
 export function createTrafficSource({
   fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
   tileFetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
@@ -88,10 +99,13 @@ export function createTrafficSource({
     fetchImpl: tileFetchImpl,
     selectDecoded: ({ roads }) => ({ roads }),
   }),
+  roadModes,
 } = {}) {
+  const modes = normalizeRoadModes(roadModes);
   const flow = createFlowTileSource({ fetchImpl });
   const api = {
     ...flow,
+    roadModes: modes,
     prefetch: () => mapTiles.getMetadata().catch(() => {}),
     resetFlowTileCache() {
       flow.resetFlowTileCache();
@@ -247,8 +261,8 @@ export function createTrafficSource({
    *
    * @param {{south:number, west:number, north:number, east:number}} box
    * @param {Object} [options]
-   * @param {'tomtom'|'osm'|'hybrid'|null} [options.roadMode] - Requested mode (null = default).
-   * @param {Promise<{segments:Array, hasKey:boolean, error?:string, partial?:boolean}>} [options.flowSnapshot]
+   * @param {'tomtom'|'osm'|'hybrid'|null} [options.roadMode] - Requested mode (null = default; outside `roadModes` = default).
+   * @param {Promise<{segments:Array, hasKey:boolean, error?:string, partial?:boolean, statusUnavailable?:boolean}>} [options.flowSnapshot]
    * @param {() => boolean} [options.liveModeHint] - Key state if the snapshot misses the pass deadline.
    * @param {number} [options.timeoutSec=20] - Pass deadline, also bounding the snapshot wait.
    * @param {(data:Object) => void} [options.onTile] - Incremental snapshots; `replace` resets.
@@ -269,7 +283,16 @@ export function createTrafficSource({
       box.east - box.west > 10
     )
       throw new TypeError('A bounded road viewport is required');
-    if (roadMode === 'osm' || !flowSnapshot)
+    roadMode = normalizeRoadMode(roadMode, modes);
+    if (!roadModesSimulate(modes) && !flowSnapshot)
+      throw new TypeError(
+        'Road selection requires a flow availability snapshot',
+      );
+    if (
+      roadMode === 'osm' ||
+      !flowSnapshot ||
+      (modes.length === 1 && modes[0] === 'osm')
+    )
       return api.requestOsmRoads(box, { ...options, onTile });
     const signal = options.signal;
     const osm = [];
@@ -332,7 +355,13 @@ export function createTrafficSource({
         osmError = error;
       }
     };
-    const osmJob = roadMode === 'tomtom' ? null : loadOsm();
+    // A host without OpenStreetMap waits for the key before fetching fill.
+    const osmJob =
+      roadMode === 'tomtom' ||
+      modes.every((entry) => entry === 'tomtom') ||
+      !roadModesSimulate(modes)
+        ? null
+        : loadOsm();
     osmJob?.catch(() => {});
     // The snapshot waits on the status probe and flow tiles; never let it
     // hold the road pass past its own deadline. A late snapshot counts as a
@@ -357,7 +386,21 @@ export function createTrafficSource({
       throw new TypeError(
         'Road selection requires a flow availability snapshot',
       );
-    mode = resolveRoadMode(roadMode, live.hasKey);
+    mode = resolveRoadMode(roadMode, live.hasKey, modes);
+    // A host without OpenStreetMap never simulates: name why no roads draw.
+    if (!live.hasKey && !roadModesSimulate(modes))
+      throw Object.assign(
+        new RoadRequestError(
+          live.error ||
+            (live.statusUnavailable
+              ? msg(
+                  'TomTom roads unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable',
+                )
+              : msg('TomTom roads need a TomTom key')),
+        ),
+        // A known missing key cannot recover this session; the rest can.
+        { retryable: Boolean(live.error || live.statusUnavailable) },
+      );
     if (mode === 'tomtom' && live.error) throw new RoadRequestError(live.error);
     if (mode !== 'osm') {
       tomtom = flowSegmentsToRoads(live.segments);
@@ -365,7 +408,7 @@ export function createTrafficSource({
       publish(composed(), true);
     }
     if (osmJob) await osmJob;
-    else if (mode === 'osm') await loadOsm();
+    else if (mode !== 'tomtom') await loadOsm();
     signal?.throwIfAborted();
     if (osmError && (mode === 'osm' || !tomtom.length)) throw osmError;
     const data = snapshot(composed(), true);
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/state.js b/src/layers/traffic/state.js
index ecd34c9ee..8c2fd9f94 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/state.js
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-import { normalizeRoadMode } from './roadModes.js';
+import { normalizeRoadMode, normalizeRoadModes } from './roadModes.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { FLOW_BUCKET_COLORS } from './policy.js';
 
-export function createState({ services }) {
+export function createState({ services, source }) {
   const layerState = {};
+  /** The host's offered road sources (createTrafficSource `roadModes`). */
+  layerState._roadModes = normalizeRoadModes(source?.roadModes);
   layerState._roadMode =
     typeof location === 'undefined'
       ? null
       : normalizeRoadMode(
           new URLSearchParams(location.search).get('trafficRoads'),
+          layerState._roadModes,
         );
   // The query override is consumed at construction and shields passive restoration.
   layerState._roadModeUrlOverride = layerState._roadMode;
@@ -167,6 +170,14 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   layerState._jamViz = 'density';
 
+  /**
+   * Row toggles (`lines` / `dots` params): flow-colored road lines draped on
+   * the surface, and the moving dots. Live mode only for lines — the keyless
+   * simulation has no flow to color them with.
+   */
+  layerState._showLines = false;
+  layerState._showDots = true;
+
   /**
    * Congestion heat-lines are GroundPolylinePrimitive batches draped onto the
    * rendered 3D tiles (ClassificationType.CESIUM_3D_TILE). One
@@ -181,6 +192,14 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   layerState._heatSlowPrim = null;
 
+  /** @type {Cesium.GroundPolylinePrimitive|null} Free-flow road-line batch (`lines` only). */
+
+  layerState._heatFreePrim = null;
+
+  /** @type {Cesium.GroundPolylinePrimitive[]} Replaced lines kept until successors are ready. */
+
+  layerState._heatRetired = [];
+
   /** @type {number} Heat-lines in the current render (stats). */
 
   layerState._heatLineCount = 0;
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/style.js b/src/layers/traffic/style.js
index 6d236da92..f303e69a9 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/style.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/style.js
@@ -137,10 +137,14 @@ export function createStyle({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     return layerState._jamViz === 'density' || layerState._jamViz === 'both';
   }
 
-  /** @returns {boolean} Heat-line prototype active. */
+  /** @returns {boolean} Road lines drawn: the `lines` toggle or the heat-line prototype. */
 
   function heatlineOn() {
-    return layerState._jamViz === 'heatline' || layerState._jamViz === 'both';
+    return (
+      layerState._showLines ||
+      layerState._jamViz === 'heatline' ||
+      layerState._jamViz === 'both'
+    );
   }
   return {
     presetProfileActive,
diff --git a/src/share/viewCodec.js b/src/share/viewCodec.js
index f54ff23d8..809e0a57b 100644
--- a/src/share/viewCodec.js
+++ b/src/share/viewCodec.js
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ export const SHARE_VIEW_FLAGS = freezeAll([
  */
 export const SHARE_VIEW_LAYER_OPTION_ABSENT = Object.freeze({
   'local-firms': Object.freeze({ minFrp: 0, confidence: 'all' }),
-  traffic: Object.freeze({ roadMode: null }),
+  traffic: Object.freeze({ roadMode: null, lines: false, dots: true }),
   'weather-lightning': Object.freeze({ opacity: 'strong' }),
   'weather-radar': Object.freeze({ opacity: 'strong' }),
   'weather-satellite': Object.freeze({

From 574430fb1d00526b1bbdbc28b5d1da9554e1ccd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 11:44:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 172/262] docs(changelog): Street Traffic Lines and Dots
 toggles (#1609)

---
 changelog.d/1609-traffic-lines-dots-toggles.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1609-traffic-lines-dots-toggles.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1609-traffic-lines-dots-toggles.md b/changelog.d/1609-traffic-lines-dots-toggles.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be5060b45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1609-traffic-lines-dots-toggles.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Street Traffic offers separate Lines and Dots toggles while live flow is on:
+  Lines draws each road with flow in green, amber or red, and Dots shows or
+  hides the moving dots. A host can choose which road modes it offers; without
+  OpenStreetMap the layer never draws simulated roads (#1609).

From b86c650428db01c0b09fadda54eabbf523ca506b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Enzo Abyie <enzo@abiyeenzo.dev>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 20:14:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 173/262] i18n(fr): typography, terminology and wording fixes

---
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json | 36 ++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 738800324..485d3a93a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -1018,11 +1018,11 @@
   "Longitudes must be within ±180°": "Les longitudes doivent être comprises entre −180° et +180°",
   "Select one side of the dateline": "Ne traversez pas la ligne de changement de date",
   "Box must enclose an area": "La zone doit délimiter une surface",
-  "Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)": "Ajouter toute la constellation Starlink (des milliers de points en plus)",
-  "Loading the Starlink shell…": "Chargement de la constellation Starlink…",
+  "Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)": "Ajouter toute la couche de la constellation Starlink (des milliers de points en plus)",
+  "Loading the Starlink shell…": "Chargement de la couche de la constellation Starlink…",
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail} — cliquer pour réessayer",
   "load failed": "échec du chargement",
-  "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "Constellation Starlink complète affichée — cliquer pour le catalogue de base seulement",
+  "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "Couche complète de la constellation Starlink affichée — cliquer pour le catalogue de base seulement",
   "DENSE ···": "DENSE ···",
   "DENSE ✕": "DENSE ✕",
   "DENSE": "DENSE",
@@ -1105,7 +1105,7 @@
   "Hybrid": "Hybride",
   "Lines": "Lignes",
   "Dots": "Points",
-  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "Routes colorées selon le trafic en direct : du vert au rouge",
+  "Road lines colored by live flow: green to red": "Routes colorées selon le trafic en direct : du vert au rouge",
   "Moving dots colored by live flow": "Points mobiles colorés selon le trafic en direct",
   "Moving dots": "Points mobiles",
   "TomTom key unavailable": "Clé TomTom indisponible",
@@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@
   "LIVE · Roads: {source} · No flow roads in view": "DIRECT · Routes : {source} · Aucune route avec flux dans la vue",
   "LIVE · Roads: {source} · Flow {percent}%": "DIRECT · Routes : {source} · Flux {percent} %",
   "SIMULATED · Roads: {source} · Flow {percent}%": "SIMULÉ · Routes : {source} · Flux {percent} %",
-  "STALE · Roads: {source} · Flow: cached TomTom tiles": "OBSOLÈTE · Routes : {source} · Flux : tuiles TomTom en cache",
+  "STALE · Roads: {source} · Flow: cached TomTom tiles": "OBSOLÈTE · Routes : {source} · Flux : tuiles TomTom en cache",
   "Syncing flow · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · Unmatched: simulated": "Synchro du flux · Routes : OpenStreetMap · Flux : TomTom · Non appariées : simulées",
   "LIVE · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · {percent}% cov · Unmatched: simulated": "DIRECT · Routes : OpenStreetMap · Flux : TomTom · couv. {percent} % · Non appariées : simulées",
   "LIVE · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · {percent}% cov": "DIRECT · Routes : OpenStreetMap · Flux : TomTom · couv. {percent} %",
@@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@
   "Contiguous US · gaps ≠ no rain": "États-Unis contigus · lacunes ≠ absence de pluie",
   "Americas + Pacific · not individual strikes": "Amériques + Pacifique · pas des impacts individuels",
   "Color: strikes/km²/min ×10³": "Couleur : impacts/km²/min ×10³",
-  "Color: {units}": "Couleur : {units}",
+  "Color: {units}": "Couleur : {units}",
   "RADAR · {units}": "RADAR · {units}",
   "60°S–60°N · typically 2–3 h delayed": "60°S–60°N · retard habituel de 2 à 3 h",
   "North America · infrared imagery": "Amérique du Nord · imagerie infrarouge",
@@ -1350,7 +1350,7 @@
   "{label} is unavailable": "{label} est indisponible",
   "This map stack": "Ce fond de carte",
   "{label} unavailable: {hint}": "{label} indisponible : {hint}",
-  "Google 3D tiles unavailable — check the key's API restrictions, quota, or network": "Tuiles Google 3D indisponibles — vérifiez les restrictions d'API de la clé, le quota ou le réseau",
+  "Google 3D tiles unavailable — check the key's API restrictions, quota, or network": "Google 3D Tiles indisponible — vérifiez les restrictions d'API de la clé, le quota ou le réseau",
   "Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings — or a Cesium ion token for the ion-hosted route": "Nécessite {envVars} — à ajouter dans les paramètres des fournisseurs — ou un jeton Cesium ion pour la variante hébergée par ion",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a camera": "Quittez le cockpit pour rejoindre une caméra",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a location": "Quittez le cockpit pour rejoindre un lieu",
@@ -1489,7 +1489,7 @@
   "Apply details": "Appliquer les détails",
   "Select a scene first": "Sélectionnez d'abord une scène",
   "Share selected scene": "Partager la scène sélectionnée",
-  "Scene JSON preserves authored settings and attribution. It does not include asset files. Bundles include only pack files you choose here or previously imported bundle files.": "Le JSON de scène conserve les réglages de l'auteur et l'attribution. Il n'inclut pas les fichiers de ressources. Les archives n'incluent que les fichiers de paquets choisis ici ou ceux d'archives déjà importées.",
+  "Scene JSON preserves authored settings and attribution. It does not include asset files. Bundles include only pack files you choose here or previously imported bundle files.": "Le JSON de scène conserve les paramètres de l'auteur et l'attribution. Il n'inclut pas les fichiers de ressources. Les archives n'incluent que les fichiers de paquets choisis ici ou ceux d'archives déjà importées.",
   "Download scene JSON": "Télécharger le JSON de scène",
   "Choose data-pack files": "Choisir des fichiers de paquet de données",
   "Or choose a data-pack folder": "Ou choisir un dossier de paquet de données",
@@ -2574,7 +2574,7 @@
   "{layer} is enabled on the {source} feed, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet": "La couche {layer} est activée sur le flux {source}, mais aucun aéronef en vol n'est encore chargé dans la vue {place}",
   "{layer} is enabled, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet": "La couche {layer} est activée, mais aucun aéronef en vol n'est encore chargé dans la vue {place}",
   "{layer} is enabled, but its aircraft feed is unavailable": "La couche {layer} est activée, mais son flux d'aéronefs est indisponible",
-  "{layer} is enabled, but its destination refresh did not complete": "La couche {layer} est activée, mais son actualisation à destination ne s'est pas terminée",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but its destination refresh did not complete": "La couche {layer} est activée, mais l'actualisation de ses destinations ne s'est pas terminée",
   "{layer} is enabled, but {source} is unavailable": "La couche {layer} est activée, mais {source} est indisponible",
   "Could not arrive at {place}": "Impossible d'atteindre {place}",
   "{name} is no longer loaded": "{name} n'est plus chargé",
@@ -2810,7 +2810,7 @@
   "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "MISSIONS DISPONIBLES",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "CHOISIR UNE MISSION À EXAMINER",
   "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "CHARGEMENT DE L'INDEX DES MISSIONS À 30 JOURS",
-  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "Missions spatiales indisponibles : impossible de charger l’index des missions. Réessayez plus tard.",
+  "Space Missions unavailable: the mission index could not load. Try again later.": "Missions spatiales indisponibles : impossible de charger l'index des missions. Réessayez plus tard.",
   "30-DAY MISSION INDEX UNAVAILABLE": "INDEX DES MISSIONS À 30 JOURS INDISPONIBLE",
   "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB APERÇU · ENTER / SPACE SÉLECTIONNE",
   "Internet radio and local SDR": "Radio Internet et SDR local",
@@ -2831,7 +2831,7 @@
   "Radio volume": "Volume de la radio",
   "STATION SITE": "SITE DE LA STATION",
   "DIRECTORY: RADIO BROWSER": "ANNUAIRE : RADIO BROWSER",
-  "Audio connects directly to the broadcaster when you press play, choose a station on the globe or ask voice to play. Your IP is visible to that broadcaster.": "Le flux audio se connecte directement au diffuseur dès que vous lancez la lecture, choisissez une station sur le globe ou la demandez par la voix. Votre IP est visible par ce diffuseur.",
+  "Audio connects directly to the broadcaster when you press play, choose a station on the globe or ask voice to play. Your IP is visible to that broadcaster.": "Le flux audio se connecte directement au diffuseur lorsque vous lancez la lecture, que vous choisissez une station sur le globe ou que vous demandez sa lecture à la voix. Votre IP est visible par ce diffuseur.",
   "Local RTL-SDR receiver": "Récepteur RTL-SDR local",
   "LOCAL RTL-SDR": "RTL-SDR LOCAL",
   "Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · one local tuner shared by FM and the Local ADS-B layer.": "Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · un seul tuner local partagé entre la FM et la couche ADS-B local.",
@@ -3194,7 +3194,7 @@
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Le fournisseur a refusé l'accès pour cette clé. Vérifiez le projet, la région ou les autorisations de la clé.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Le compte du fournisseur n'a plus de crédit. Vérifiez la facturation ou choisissez un autre fournisseur d'IA dans les paramètres.",
   "SIGHTING": "OBSERVATION",
-  "Show {name} sighting": "Afficher l’observation de {name}",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "Afficher l'observation de {name}",
   "seen {age} ago": "vu il y a {age}",
   "observed {age} ago": "observé il y a {age}",
   "Be Whale Wise": "Respectez les cétacés",
@@ -3232,7 +3232,7 @@
   "Cetacean": "Cétacé",
   "Wildlife Sightings": "Observations naturalistes",
   "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting": "Quittez le cockpit pour rejoindre une observation",
-  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "Quittez le cockpit pour rejoindre une zone d’observation",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a sighting area": "Quittez le cockpit pour rejoindre une zone d'observation",
   "Wildlife": "Faune et flore",
   "Zoom in for local sightings": "Zoomez pour les observations locales",
   "Loading photo...": "Chargement de la photo…",
@@ -3242,18 +3242,18 @@
   "Acartia": "Acartia",
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
   "{count} sightings in view": "{count} observations dans la vue",
-  "Close sighting": "Fermer l’observation",
-  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "Faune observée au cours des dernières 48 h (cétacés 7 jours). La couleur et le pictogramme du badge indiquent le groupe taxonomique. Les espèces sensibles sont limitées à des cellules de 0,2° ; les signalements de mammifères marins Acartia en mer des Salish sont arrondis à 0,01°. Pas un recensement.",
+  "Close sighting": "Fermer l'observation",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "Faune observée au cours des dernières 48 h (cétacés 7 jours). La couleur et le pictogramme du badge indiquent le groupe taxonomique. Les espèces sensibles sont limitées à des cellules de 0,2° ; les signalements de mammifères marins Acartia en mer des Salish sont arrondis à 0,01°. Pas un recensement.",
   "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "Ouvrir {name} sur iNaturalist",
   "Open {name} on Acartia": "Ouvrir {name} sur Acartia",
   "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
   "iNaturalist contributors · licences per record": "Contributeurs iNaturalist · licences par observation",
   "iNaturalist contributors · Acartia {count} (Salish Sea) · licences per record": "Contributeurs iNaturalist · Acartia {count} (mer des Salish) · licences par observation",
-  "{days}d": "{days}j",
+  "{days}d": "{days} j",
   "All markers": "Tous les marqueurs",
   "Show markers of every age": "Afficher les marqueurs de tout âge",
-  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Ancienneté maximale : {days} j ; marqueurs sans date conservés",
+  "Maximum event age: {days}d; undated markers are kept": "Ancienneté maximale : {days} j ; marqueurs sans date conservés",
   "event age filter|All": "Tous",
   "Event age": "Ancienneté",
-  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Ancienneté : {days} j · marqueurs sans date conservés"
+  "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Ancienneté : {days} j · marqueurs sans date conservés"
 }

From 36c29d6ab49ada6ae6b89f912a10d6640e96ded5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Enzo Abyie <enzo@abiyeenzo.dev>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 20:14:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 174/262] changelog: french catalog review

---
 changelog.d/1611-fr-catalog-review.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1611-fr-catalog-review.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1611-fr-catalog-review.md b/changelog.d/1611-fr-catalog-review.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dad302092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1611-fr-catalog-review.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+- French catalog review: missing narrow no-break spaces, apostrophes, one
+  mistranslated message and the Starlink shell wording (abiyeenzo, #1611).

From 5e42a83d88227daea88c1b9434d6af76f92040a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 21:51:46 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 175/262] fix(chat): send OpenAI chat tool schemas Chat
 Completions accepts

OpenAI refused every typed chat request with 400 invalid_function_parameters:
resolve_area's area-id pattern uses Unicode property classes (\p{L}), which
Chat Completions does not accept as a regex. OpenAI chat now leaves such
patterns out of the tool schemas it sends; each action still checks its
arguments against its own contract, and realtime voice keeps the patterns.
---
 server/providers/openai/chat.js | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/textChatServer.test.mjs     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/server/providers/openai/chat.js b/server/providers/openai/chat.js
index 413d69ba9..6ca4648d6 100644
--- a/server/providers/openai/chat.js
+++ b/server/providers/openai/chat.js
@@ -64,6 +64,30 @@ function validMessages(messages) {
   return !pending.length;
 }
 
+/**
+ * A tool schema without the `pattern`s Chat Completions refuses: it answers
+ * 400 for a whole request whose tool uses Unicode property classes (`\p{L}`),
+ * as `resolve_area`'s area ids do. Every argument is still checked against
+ * the action's own contract before the tool runs, so the model loses a hint,
+ * not a rule. Realtime voice accepts these patterns and keeps them.
+ */
+export function chatSchema(schema) {
+  if (Array.isArray(schema)) return schema.map(chatSchema);
+  if (!object(schema)) return schema;
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries(schema)
+      .filter(
+        ([key, value]) =>
+          !(
+            key === 'pattern' &&
+            typeof value === 'string' &&
+            /\\[pP]\{/.test(value)
+          ),
+      )
+      .map(([key, value]) => [key, chatSchema(value)]),
+  );
+}
+
 export function createOpenAiChatHandler({
   annotationGuidance,
   tools = GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS,
@@ -126,7 +150,12 @@ export function createOpenAiChatHandler({
           tools: offeredTools(tools, { overpass }).map(
             ({ name, description, parameters }) => ({
               type: 'function',
-              function: { name, description, parameters, strict: false },
+              function: {
+                name,
+                description,
+                parameters: chatSchema(parameters),
+                strict: false,
+              },
             }),
           ),
         },
diff --git a/src/textChatServer.test.mjs b/src/textChatServer.test.mjs
index 61b09e987..b7137bbdd 100644
--- a/src/textChatServer.test.mjs
+++ b/src/textChatServer.test.mjs
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import http from 'node:http';
 import { once } from 'node:events';
 import { createGeminiChatHandler } from '../server/providers/gemini/chat.js';
-import { createOpenAiChatHandler } from '../server/providers/openai/chat.js';
+import {
+  chatSchema,
+  createOpenAiChatHandler,
+} from '../server/providers/openai/chat.js';
 import { GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS } from '../server/providers/openai/tools.js';
 import {
   realtimeDirectives,
@@ -534,6 +537,11 @@ for (const [name, provider] of Object.entries(providers)) {
       assert.equal(offered.includes('osm_query'), overpass);
       assert.equal(prompt.includes('osm_query'), overpass);
       assert.ok(offered.includes('resolve_area'));
+      // Chat Completions answers 400 invalid_function_parameters for a
+      // pattern with Unicode property classes, as resolve_area's area ids
+      // use; OpenAI chat leaves those patterns out.
+      if (name === 'openai')
+        assert.doesNotMatch(JSON.stringify(body.tools), /\\\\[pP]\{/);
     }
   });
   test(`${name} throttled replies say they are rate limited`, async (t) => {
@@ -697,3 +705,25 @@ test('OpenAI empty tool arrays are removed before history is returned', async (t
   const body = await (await f.send()).json();
   assert.equal(body.content.tool_calls, undefined);
 });
+
+test('OpenAI chat schemas drop only the patterns Chat Completions refuses', () => {
+  assert.match(JSON.stringify(GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS), /\\\\[pP]\{/);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    chatSchema({
+      type: 'object',
+      properties: {
+        id: { type: 'string', pattern: '^ne:[\\p{L}]+$', maxLength: 80 },
+        code: { type: 'string', pattern: '^[A-Z]{2}$' },
+        list: { type: 'array', items: [{ pattern: '\\P{N}' }] },
+      },
+    }),
+    {
+      type: 'object',
+      properties: {
+        id: { type: 'string', maxLength: 80 },
+        code: { type: 'string', pattern: '^[A-Z]{2}$' },
+        list: { type: 'array', items: [{}] },
+      },
+    },
+  );
+});

From 8ec92eb48c97291fcdb755728fca2fadf5df85ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2026 21:52:03 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 176/262] docs(changelog): OpenAI chat tool patterns (#1616)

---
 changelog.d/1616-openai-chat-tool-patterns.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1616-openai-chat-tool-patterns.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1616-openai-chat-tool-patterns.md b/changelog.d/1616-openai-chat-tool-patterns.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..225d3f4a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1616-openai-chat-tool-patterns.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Typed chat on OpenAI answers again: OpenAI refused every message because
+  `resolve_area`'s area-id pattern uses Unicode classes Chat Completions does
+  not accept. Chat leaves those patterns out; area ids are still checked
+  before the tool runs (samehkhamis, #1616).

From 021e887f94929578544b8654eb68d77b99a0b023 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: daika <daika.ginza@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2026 12:57:08 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 177/262] =?UTF-8?q?feat(cctv):=20add=20Iceland=20(Vegager?=
 =?UTF-8?q?=C3=B0in=20/=20IRCA)=20as=20a=20keyless=20CCTV=20source=20pack?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

One JSON list from gagnaveita.vegagerdin.is (about 500 camera views at roughly
170 road stations). Frames are JPEG stills in a single directory on
www.vegagerdin.is; only links inside that directory are registered, and the
media proxy pins the same directory.

The list decides ids, coordinates and which frame path is proxied, so it is
fetched over https with redirects refused and the body read capped at 2 MiB;
every rejection path releases the response body. Camera ids come from the frame
file name, which is unique per view in the live feed, and repeated frames
collapse before the cap.

The feed's view description (`Skyring`) is the label. An explicit Icelandic
facing ("til vesturs", "í suður", "séð austur") sets a high-confidence heading
(264 of 499 views); a view that states none, or two different ones, keeps the
id-hash low-confidence pose. A bare road direction ("Miklabraut austur") is not
read as a facing.

IRCA publishes road camera images under CC BY 4.0 and asks that the licensor is
acknowledged without implying endorsement; the attribution is in the Data
attribution popover and DATA_SOURCES.md, and every camera carries the licence
string. Default cap is 250 with anchors at Reykjavík and four regional centres so
a cap keeps every region. CCTV_ICELAND_ENABLED=0 turns the pack off.

Verified against the live feed through fetchCctvImageFromUpstream: 499 of 499
frames returned a JPEG, all distinct, all under 20 minutes old.
---
 .env.example                       |   2 +
 DATA_SOURCES.md                    |   2 +
 README.md                          |   2 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md              |   2 +-
 server/providers/cctv/catalog.js   |   6 +
 server/providers/cctv/constants.js |  31 +++
 server/providers/cctv/media.js     |   2 +
 server/providers/cctv/normalize.js |  11 +
 server/providers/cctv/sources.js   | 164 +++++++++++++++
 src/data/cctvIceland.test.mjs      | 327 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/dataCredits.js            |   7 +
 11 files changed, 554 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/data/cctvIceland.test.mjs

diff --git a/.env.example b/.env.example
index b3de4cefa..169ec66e3 100644
--- a/.env.example
+++ b/.env.example
@@ -238,6 +238,8 @@ AISSTREAM_API_KEY=
 # CCTV_CALGARY_ROWS_URL=                               # override the Open Calgary catalog URL
 # CCTV_CATALONIA_ENABLED=1                             # set 0 to disable the Servei Català de Trànsit cameras
 # CCTV_CATALONIA_MAX_SOURCES=150                       # cap cameras loaded from Catalonia (~130 exist today)
+# CCTV_ICELAND_ENABLED=1                               # set 0 to disable the Vegagerðin (Iceland) road cameras
+# CCTV_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES=250                         # cap cameras loaded from Iceland (~500 views exist today)
 # CCTV_HK_ENABLED=1                                   # set 0 to disable the Hong Kong Transport Department cameras
 # CCTV_HK_MAX_SOURCES=1100                            # cap cameras loaded from Hong Kong (~1,013 exist today); min 8, max 1200
 # CCTV_HK_CAMERAS_URL=                                # override the DATA.GOV.HK camera locations XML URL
diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 03747265d..94f581fe4 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ How to read this:
 | **DriveBC** (Government of British Columbia)                          | CCTV camera catalog + frames, British Columbia highways                                                                             | [Open Government Licence – British Columbia](https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/open-data/open-government-licence-bc) — attribution REQUIRED                                                                                                                                                                                                     | "DriveBC. Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – British Columbia"                                               |
 | **Open Calgary** (`data.calgary.ca`)                                  | CCTV camera catalog + frames, Calgary                                                                                               | [Open Government Licence – City of Calgary](https://data.calgary.ca/stories/s/Open-Calgary-Terms-of-Use/u45n-7awa) — attribution REQUIRED                                                                                                                                                                                                             | "Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence – City of Calgary"                                                         |
 | **Servei Català de Trànsit** (+ Ajuntament de Barcelona, Ajuntament de Terrassa) | CCTV camera catalog + frames, Catalonia                                                                              | [Llicència oberta d'ús d'informació - Catalunya](https://web.gencat.cat/ca/generalitat/dades-indicadors/dades-obertes/llicencies) — attribution REQUIRED                                                                                                                                                                                             | "Servei Català de Trànsit"; partner-supplied cameras also name their owner                                                                  |
+| **Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin, IRCA)** | CCTV camera catalog + frames, Iceland road cameras | [CC BY 4.0](https://www.vegagerdin.is/vegagerdin/gagnasafn/vefthjonustur/terms-and-conditions) (IRCA terms of use, Act 45/2018) — attribution REQUIRED; no suggestion of IRCA endorsement; IRCA and State logos are excluded; real-time data is provided as is | "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)", CC BY 4.0 |
 | **King County Road Services** (`services.arcgis.com`, King County GIS) | CCTV camera catalog + frames, unincorporated King County WA road network                                                            | [KCGIS Center terms](https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/kcit/data-information-services/gis-center/about/terms-conditions-copyrights) — attribution required; public ArcGIS layer                                                                                                                                                                          | "King County Road Services" (partner-city cameras name their owner)                                                                         |
 | **WSDOT** (`data.wsdot.wa.gov`)                                       | CCTV camera catalog + frames, Washington State highways                                                                             | [WSDOT travel information disclaimer](https://wsdot.wa.gov/about/policies/travel-information-disclaimer) — public "low volume" feed; catalog cached, frames on WSDOT's own image host only                                                                                                                                                            | "Washington State Department of Transportation (Travel Center)" (courtesy)                                                                  |
 | **Hong Kong Transport Department / DATA.GOV.HK**                      | CCTV camera catalog + frames, Hong Kong traffic snapshot cameras                                                                    | [DATA.GOV.HK Terms of Use](https://data.gov.hk/en/terms-and-conditions) — attribution REQUIRED                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | "Hong Kong Transport Department / DATA.GOV.HK"                                                                                              |
@@ -178,6 +179,7 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 - **Open Calgary traffic cameras.** Keyless. The camera list is the public Socrata dataset `k7p9-kppz` on `data.calgary.ca`; frames are stills on the city's own `trafficcam.calgary.ca` host, and only that host is registered. Most rows publish an `http://` frame URL and the host redirects those to HTTPS, so URLs are upgraded and pinned to that origin before registration. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. The dataset publishes no camera facing: the `quadrant` field and the quadrant suffix on each camera name are Calgary's address grid, not a bearing, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence and are corrected with the in-app calibration gizmo. The licence requires the attribution statement above. Disable with `CCTV_CALGARY_ENABLED=0`.
 - **FL511 Florida cameras.** Off by default; set `CCTV_FLORIDA_ENABLED=1` to load them. The camera list is the keyless FL511 traffic camera layer on ArcGIS (`services.arcgis.com/.../FL511_Traffic_Cameras`), published from a Florida Division of Emergency Management account rather than by FL511 directly, and the service carries no licence text of its own. It is paged up to 2,000 rows at a time, ordered by the layer's object id and following ArcGIS's `exceededTransferLimit`, to cover the ~4,000-camera statewide set. Frames are stills on two Divas Cloud hosts (`images-dis.divas.cloud`, `snapshots.divas.cloud`); both are host-pinned and a row whose image resolves elsewhere is dropped. `CCTV_FLORIDA_MAX_SOURCES` caps the pack (default 500, anchored per region across the state). Each catalog page is read under a 2 MiB cap and redirects are refused. Frames are fetched live at request time and never stored or redistributed. FL511's terms (fl511.com/privacy#disclaimer) license its content for individual, personal use only; any other use, including a public deployment, needs FDOT's express written consent.
 - **Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) cameras.** The camera list is the keyless `https://www.gencat.cat/transit/opendata/cameres.xml` WFS/GML feed, fetched over https with redirects refused and the body read capped at 1 MiB, since the list decides ids, coordinates and which allowlisted frame path is proxied. It carries a `font` field naming the real publisher per camera; this pack keeps SCT's own highway cameras plus hotlinked Barcelona (IMI) and Terrassa municipal cameras (~130 total), each confirmed to return a real frame, so frame URLs are checked against a small host allowlist (`mct.gencat.cat`, `www.bcn.cat`, `emap.terrassa.cat`) rather than one pinned origin (a link carrying `user:pass@` userinfo or an explicit port, or pointing outside that host's frame directory, is rejected even on an allowed host; an SCT `sctidcam` must be a bare `.gif`/`.jpg` filename), and every non-SCT camera carries its real owner as a `credit` shown beside the shared `provider`. The feed carries no compass heading, so every camera loads at low heading confidence (same as TfL and Fintraffic). SCT's own feed link (`RenderService`) needed a workaround: it always 302s to a second endpoint (`TransitCamera`) on a Location the upstream hardcodes as plain http even when requested over https — refused by `fetchWithinHost`'s same-origin (scheme-included) redirect policy — and separately, `mct.gencat.cat`'s TLS setup fails the handshake with Node's fetch outright (`ERR_SSL_WRONG_SIGNATURE_TYPE`) even though other HTTP clients complete it. The loader therefore builds the `TransitCamera` URL itself, over plain http, from `RenderService`'s `sctidcam` id, rather than registering the (broken) upstream link — the only transport this one host actually serves to this runtime. Camera ids are built from the SCT camera file or the partner image path, not the feed's `fid` (which embeds an upstream server-start stamp and changes on every upstream restart), and rows the feed lists more than once collapse to one camera. The feed carries no camera status field, so a camera its publisher has taken offline still registers and shows the publisher's own "image unavailable" still (SCT and Barcelona both serve one with HTTP 200), the same as other packs without a status field. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. The feed itself states no licence; the pack relies on the Generalitat de Catalunya open-data portal's terms for this dataset (the licence and attribution above). Disable with `CCTV_CATALONIA_ENABLED=0`.
+- **Iceland (Vegagerðin / IRCA) cameras.** The camera list is the keyless `https://gagnaveita.vegagerdin.is/api/vefmyndavelar2014_1` JSON feed (about 500 camera views at roughly 170 stations), fetched over https with redirects refused and the body read capped at 2 MiB, since the list decides ids, coordinates and which frame path is proxied. Frames are JPEG stills in `https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/`; only links inside that directory are registered (userinfo, explicit ports and encoded path separators are rejected). Camera ids come from the frame file name. The feed's `Skyring` view description is the camera label, and a stated facing ("til vesturs", "í suður", "séð austur") sets a high-confidence heading; a view that states none, or two different ones ("niður á veg", a bare road direction), takes the id-hash low-confidence pose. The feed has no elevation, so cameras carry a flat prior that the client's ground snap corrects. IRCA publishes road camera images under CC BY 4.0 and requires the licensor to be acknowledged without implying endorsement; the pack shows the attribution above in the Data attribution popover and carries the licence string on every camera. IRCA describes the images as fetched several times per hour (a live frame's `Last-Modified` was about four minutes old on 2026-11-06) and the real-time data as provided as is, without warranty. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. Disable with `CCTV_ICELAND_ENABLED=0`.
 - **King County road cameras.** Keyless. The camera list is one public ArcGIS FeatureServer GeoJSON query (King County DOT Road Services, "King County and WSDOT Traffic Cameras"). The `outFields` list is explicit on purpose: the layer also carries asset-administration columns — including staff names — that are never fetched. Only live, active cameras with frames on the county's own `info.kingcounty.gov` image handler are registered (the feed writes `http://`; the handler serves HTTPS, so URLs are upgraded and pinned before registration). WSDOT-owned rows in the layer are skipped because their frames are WSDOT-hosted, outside the pinned image origin; partner-city cameras hosted on the county image handler (e.g. Newcastle) name their owner as the per-camera credit. The layer publishes no facing, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence. Uniquely, the county publishes each camera's hardware `Manufacturer`/`Model` (Cohu 3950/3965, Bosch AUTODOME, Axis PTZ domes); both are carried on the source (and served by `/api/cctv/sources`) as `model` and `manufacturer` for identified-hardware consumers (vendor-generic strings such as `PTZ` name no model and are omitted). Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. Disable with `CCTV_KINGCOUNTY_ENABLED=0`.
 - **WSDOT highway cameras.** Keyless. The camera list is the Esri JSON layer `data.wsdot.wa.gov/travelcenter/Cameras.json` — the same layer WSDOT's own Travel Center map consumes (~1,700 point features, EPSG:3857 geometry converted to WGS84 on load; the body carries Windows-1252 bytes and is decoded as such). Only frames on WSDOT's own `images.wsdot.wa.gov` host are registered — the catalog also lists ~70 partner cameras (Oregon DOT, City of Seattle, lodges, airports) whose own terms apply, and those are skipped rather than proxied. WSDOT's layer metadata marks the feed for "low volume" use (see WSDOT's [travel information disclaimer](https://wsdot.wa.gov/about/policies/travel-information-disclaimer)). The catalog is fetched once per CCTV catalog refresh (every 15 minutes), and a camera's frame is fetched only when that camera is viewed; frames are never stored or redistributed. The live feed's `CompassDirection` is a single cardinal (N/E/S/W), `B` (both directions — most rows), `O`, or null. A single cardinal gives a high-confidence heading (the diagonals NE/SE/SW/NW are mapped too should they appear); `B`, `O`, null, and any other code carry no single facing and use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence. By default the 250 cameras nearest Seattle and Spokane load; `CCTV_WSDOT_MAX_SOURCES` changes the cap (8–1,200) and `CCTV_WSDOT_ENABLED=0` turns the pack off. A keyed WSDOT Traveler Information API serves the same population for higher-volume use and is deliberately not required here.
 - **Hong Kong Transport Department traffic snapshot cameras.** Keyless. The English camera list is the public DATA.GOV.HK XML at `static.data.gov.hk/td/traffic-snapshot-images/code/Traffic_Camera_Locations_En.xml`; frames are stills on `tdcctv.data.one.gov.hk`, and only that host is registered. Frame URLs are rebuilt from each camera key (`https://tdcctv.data.one.gov.hk/{KEY}.JPG`) rather than taken verbatim from the catalog. Stills were probed to answer directly on that origin with no redirect hop. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. The dataset publishes no camera facing, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence and are corrected with the in-app calibration gizmo. By default nearly the full catalog loads (~1,013; pack cap 1,100), prioritized nearest Central, Tsim Sha Tsui, Sha Tin, Tsuen Wan, Tai Po, Fanling, Tuen Mun, Yuen Long and Tseung Kwan O so a lowered cap still spans Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories. When the sum of packs exceeds the catalog-wide ceiling, shared round-robin keeps every lane represented. `CCTV_HK_MAX_SOURCES` (8–1200) changes the cap and `CCTV_HK_ENABLED=0` turns the pack off. The DATA.GOV.HK Terms of Use require attribution to the Government / Transport Department / DATA.GOV.HK.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 32981b337..8af137fcb 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ Twenty-two layers and map sources. **Twenty have a keyless path.** Some offer ad
 | 🌍 **Earthquakes**          | Global seismic activity, last 24h                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | USGS                                    | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | ◍ **Air quality**           | Live AQHI on the published 1–10+ health-risk scale, with a Weather-panel card showing the band legend and the highest readings in view. **Canada only** — ECCC is the first registered provider | ECCC MSC GeoMet                          | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🚗 **Traffic**              | Simulated vehicles on OSM roads. With TomTom, live flow speeds drive the simulation and congestion colors below ~8 km; individual vehicle positions are not live observations                                                                                                                                                                                                       | TomTom + OSM                            | 🟢 simulation · 🟡 live flow speeds                                                                 |
-| 📹 **CCTV Mesh**            | ~4,000 public cameras (shared cap) projected _into_ the 3D space — Austin · Texas (TxDOT) · California (Caltrans) · London (TfL) · Ontario (511, free developer key) · Finland (Fintraffic) · British Columbia (DriveBC) · Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) · Delaware (DelDOT live video) · New South Wales (Live Traffic NSW) · Calgary · Norway (Statens vegvesen) · Toronto · King County (WA) · Washington (WSDOT) · Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) · Hong Kong (Transport Department) · Taiwan (Freeway Bureau, MOTC) · Italy (A22 Brennero motorway), plus opt-in New York City (NYC DOT TMC, needs your own NYC DOT agreement), opt-in Lithuania (Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo, photo licence unconfirmed), opt-in Florida (FL511, individual personal use only; other use needs FDOT's written consent) and opt-in Houston (TranStar, enable only with TxDOT's written permission per TranStar's Content Usage terms). Positions are published; poses are estimated priors **you calibrate by dragging a gizmo on the camera itself** | City APIs                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
+| 📹 **CCTV Mesh**            | ~4,000 public cameras (shared cap) projected _into_ the 3D space — Austin · Texas (TxDOT) · California (Caltrans) · London (TfL) · Ontario (511, free developer key) · Finland (Fintraffic) · British Columbia (DriveBC) · Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) · Delaware (DelDOT live video) · New South Wales (Live Traffic NSW) · Calgary · Norway (Statens vegvesen) · Toronto · King County (WA) · Washington (WSDOT) · Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) · Iceland (Vegagerðin) · Hong Kong (Transport Department) · Taiwan (Freeway Bureau, MOTC) · Italy (A22 Brennero motorway), plus opt-in New York City (NYC DOT TMC, needs your own NYC DOT agreement), opt-in Lithuania (Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo, photo licence unconfirmed), opt-in Florida (FL511, individual personal use only; other use needs FDOT's written consent) and opt-in Houston (TranStar, enable only with TxDOT's written permission per TranStar's Content Usage terms). Positions are published; poses are estimated priors **you calibrate by dragging a gizmo on the camera itself** | City APIs                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 📷 **Mapped ALPR Cameras**  | License-plate-reader camera locations tagged by OpenStreetMap contributors, loaded one city-sized view at a time, with **SHOW NEAREST**. Locations and tags only: no plate data, no video                                                                                                                                                                                           | OpenStreetMap (incl. DeFlock mapping)   | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 📷 **Street Level**         | Street-level photos behind one panel, one chip per provider: coverage on the streets, image cones, an embedded viewer with full-screen **EXPAND**. Mapillary, Google Street View, KartaView and Panoramax | Mapillary · Google · KartaView · Panoramax | 🟢 KartaView, Panoramax · 🟡 Mapillary token · 🔴 Google Maps key |
 | 📻 **Radio**                | Geolocated world radio with an **analog tuner** — drag the needle across up to 750 stations and the globe flies to each broadcaster                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | Radio Browser / broadcasters            | 🟢                                                                                                  |
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index c91f1c439..b16fd30d1 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -4358,7 +4358,7 @@ its criteria cannot be silently ignored.
 | Satellites                           | CelesTrak                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | `src/data/satellites.js`                                                  | `/api/celestrak`                                                                                        | 120s                                                                                                                        |
 | Space Missions (30d)                 | Launch Library 2 + CelesTrak                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | `src/data/rocketLaunches.js`                                              | `/api/launches` + `/api/celestrak/active`                                                               | 5 min                                                                                                                       |
 | Traffic                              | Selectable TomTom / OpenStreetMap / Hybrid roads; optional TomTom flow (BYOK)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | `src/data/traffic.js`                                                     | browser-direct OpenFreeMap tiles; `/api/tomtom` for flow                                                | viewport-driven; capped tile cache                                                                                          |
-| CCTV                                 | Austin + Caltrans (CA) + TfL London + Ontario 511 + Fintraffic (FI) + DriveBC (BC) + TxDOT (TX) + Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) + Live Traffic NSW + Open Calgary Open Data + Statens vegvesen (NO, stills + live HLS, Kartverket ground heights) + King County (WA) Open Data + WSDOT (WA) Open Data + NYC DOT TMC (opt-in) + City of Toronto RESCU + Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) + Hong Kong Transport Department + FL511 (FL, opt-in) + Freeway Bureau, MOTC (Taiwan) + Houston TranStar (opt-in) + Autostrada del Brennero (IT, A22 stills) + Street View fallback | `src/data/cctv.js`                                                        | `/api/cctv`                                                                                             | 10s (active)                                                                                                                |
+| CCTV                                 | Austin + Caltrans (CA) + TfL London + Ontario 511 + Fintraffic (FI) + DriveBC (BC) + TxDOT (TX) + Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) + Live Traffic NSW + Open Calgary Open Data + Statens vegvesen (NO, stills + live HLS, Kartverket ground heights) + King County (WA) Open Data + WSDOT (WA) Open Data + NYC DOT TMC (opt-in) + City of Toronto RESCU + Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) + Iceland (Vegagerðin / IRCA) + Hong Kong Transport Department + FL511 (FL, opt-in) + Freeway Bureau, MOTC (Taiwan) + Houston TranStar (opt-in) + Autostrada del Brennero (IT, A22 stills) + Street View fallback | `src/data/cctv.js`                                                        | `/api/cctv`                                                                                             | 10s (active)                                                                                                                |
 | Radio                                | Radio Browser (public-domain station directory)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | `src/data/radio.js`                                                       | `/api/radio/stations`, `/api/radio/click/:uuid`                                                         | 45 min directory refresh                                                                                                    |
 | Transit 🚌                           | Operator GTFS-Realtime VehiclePositions (7 keyless regions, `src/data/transitFeeds.js`)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/layers/transit/` via `src/app/layers/transit.js`                     | `/api/transit`                                                                                          | 15s (poll + delayed playback)                                                                                               |
 | Bikeshare 🚲                         | GBFS (Lyft + BCycle + Social Bicycles + PBSC incl. Bike Share Toronto, Bike Itaú (Brazil), Bicing (Barcelona) and seven other Spanish cities + Urban Sharing, Entur, JCDecaux (Lillestrøm, Valencia, Seville) + nextbike (AMBici))                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/data/bikeshare.js`                                                   | `/api/gbfs`                                                                                             | 60s                                                                                                                         |
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/catalog.js b/server/providers/cctv/catalog.js
index 4d3cf63fe..b5128e02a 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/catalog.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/catalog.js
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import {
   loadNswSourcesFromOpenData,
   loadCalgarySourcesFromOpenData,
   loadCataloniaSourcesFromOpenData,
+  loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData,
   loadHkSourcesFromOpenData,
   loadDelDOTSourcesFromOpenData,
   loadKingCountySourcesFromOpenData,
@@ -110,6 +111,11 @@ const LIVE_PACKS = [
     enabled: () => envEnabled('CCTV_CATALONIA_ENABLED'),
     load: loadCataloniaSourcesFromOpenData,
   },
+  {
+    name: 'iceland',
+    enabled: () => envEnabled('CCTV_ICELAND_ENABLED'),
+    load: loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData,
+  },
   {
     name: 'hk',
     enabled: () => envEnabled('CCTV_HK_ENABLED'),
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/constants.js b/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
index e49567c1f..096a67f96 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
@@ -309,6 +309,37 @@ export const CATALONIA_ANCHORS = [
   { lat: 41.5636, lon: 2.0111 }, // Terrassa
 ];
 
+/**
+ * Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin, IRCA) road cameras:
+ * one keyless JSON list, one row per camera view (about 500 views at roughly
+ * 170 stations, verified 2026-11-06). Frames are stills on the IRCA host, each
+ * rewritten by the publisher every few minutes. Camera images are published
+ * under CC BY 4.0 (IRCA terms of use, "Open data" section).
+ */
+export const ICELAND_CAMERAS_URL =
+  'https://gagnaveita.vegagerdin.is/api/vefmyndavelar2014_1';
+/** The only directory Iceland camera frames may come from. */
+export const ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN =
+  'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/';
+/** Byte ceiling for the Iceland catalog read (~150 KB observed 2026-11-06). */
+export const ICELAND_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
+/** Ground-elevation prior in metres: the feed carries none, and the country
+ * runs from sea level to highland passes. The client's ground snap corrects
+ * this on 3D-tile stacks. */
+export const ICELAND_GROUND_ELEVATION_M = 60;
+/** The feed lists about 500 views; the default keeps half so the shared
+ * catalog cap still leaves room for denser regions. */
+export const DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES = 250;
+/** Prioritization anchors: Reykjavík and the regional centres, so a cap keeps
+ * every region's nearest cameras instead of only the capital's. */
+export const ICELAND_ANCHORS = [
+  { lat: 64.1466, lon: -21.9426 }, // Reykjavík
+  { lat: 65.6885, lon: -18.1262 }, // Akureyri
+  { lat: 65.2639, lon: -14.3948 }, // Egilsstaðir
+  { lat: 66.0749, lon: -23.1351 }, // Ísafjörður
+  { lat: 63.9331, lon: -20.9971 }, // Selfoss
+];
+
 /** Hong Kong Transport Department traffic snapshot cameras: keyless English
  * locations XML on DATA.GOV.HK; frames are stills on the TD CCTV host. */
 export const DEFAULT_HK_CAMERAS_URL =
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/media.js b/server/providers/cctv/media.js
index 7f89f2ae1..ecb423c4f 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/media.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/media.js
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   NSW_IMAGE_USER_AGENT,
   TALLINN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TARKTEE_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TFL_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   WARENDORF_IMAGE_ORIGINS,
   WSDOT_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
@@ -523,6 +524,7 @@ for (const prefix of [
   TFL_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TALLINN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TARKTEE_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   ...WARENDORF_IMAGE_ORIGINS,
   NSW_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   CALGARY_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js b/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js
index e49d12ffa..a1815eedc 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js
@@ -460,6 +460,17 @@ export function isLikelyCataloniaCoordinate(lat, lon) {
   );
 }
 
+/** Iceland bounding box (mainland and nearby islands, with a margin). */
+export function isLikelyIcelandCoordinate(lat, lon) {
+  return (
+    isPlausibleLatLon(lat, lon) &&
+    lat >= 63.0 &&
+    lat <= 66.7 &&
+    lon >= -25.0 &&
+    lon <= -13.0
+  );
+}
+
 /**
  * Decode numeric HTML character references, decimal ("&#237;") and hex
  * ("&#xED;") alike, the entity form the Catalonia feed uses for accented
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/sources.js b/server/providers/cctv/sources.js
index 1ae4de637..1a7cf9f54 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/sources.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/sources.js
@@ -134,6 +134,12 @@ import {
   HOUSTON_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES,
   HOUSTON_GROUND_ELEVATION_M,
   HOUSTON_ANCHORS,
+  ICELAND_CAMERAS_URL,
+  ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  ICELAND_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES,
+  ICELAND_GROUND_ELEVATION_M,
+  DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES,
+  ICELAND_ANCHORS,
 } from './constants.js';
 import {
   toFiniteNumber,
@@ -152,6 +158,7 @@ import {
   isLikelyCalgaryCoordinate,
   isLikelyFloridaCoordinate,
   isLikelyCataloniaCoordinate,
+  isLikelyIcelandCoordinate,
   decodeNumericEntities,
   isLikelyNycCoordinate,
   isLikelyHoustonCoordinate,
@@ -2029,6 +2036,163 @@ export async function loadCataloniaSourcesFromOpenData() {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Compass headings for Icelandic direction words, as they appear after "til"
+ * (genitive: "til vesturs"), "í" (accusative: "í vestur") or "séð" ("seen",
+ * as in "séð austur").
+ */
+const ICELAND_DIRECTION_HEADINGS = {
+  norður: 0,
+  norðaustur: 45,
+  austur: 90,
+  suðaustur: 135,
+  suður: 180,
+  suðvestur: 225,
+  vestur: 270,
+  norðvestur: 315,
+};
+const ICELAND_DIRECTION_RE =
+  /(?<![\p{L}])(?:til|í|séð)\s+(norðaustur|norðvestur|suðaustur|suðvestur|norður|suður|austur|vestur)s?(?![\p{L}])/gu;
+
+/**
+ * The compass heading an Icelandic view description states, or NaN. Only an
+ * explicit "til <átt>", "í <átt>" or "séð <átt>" counts: a bare place name or
+ * a road direction ("Miklabraut austur") is not a facing. A description naming two
+ * different directions is ambiguous and yields NaN, and "niður á veg" (down
+ * onto the road) states none.
+ *
+ * @param {string} text - The feed's `Skyring` field.
+ * @returns {number} Heading in degrees [0..360), or NaN.
+ */
+export function icelandHeadingFromDescription(text) {
+  const headings = new Set();
+  for (const match of String(text || '')
+    .toLowerCase()
+    .matchAll(ICELAND_DIRECTION_RE)) {
+    headings.add(ICELAND_DIRECTION_HEADINGS[match[1]]);
+  }
+  return headings.size === 1 ? headings.values().next().value : NaN;
+}
+
+/**
+ * One Vegagerðin camera row -> one catalog source, or null. A row is one camera
+ * view; a station (`Maelist_nr`) carries several. The id comes from the frame
+ * file name, which is unique per view in the live feed.
+ *
+ * @param {object} row - Element of the `vefmyndavelar2014_1` array.
+ * @returns {?object}
+ */
+export function icelandCameraToSource(row) {
+  const url = pinnedCameraUrl(row?.Slod, ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN);
+  if (!url || !/\.jpe?g$/i.test(new URL(url).pathname)) return null;
+  // Numbers only: Number(null) and Number('') are 0.
+  const lat = typeof row.Breidd === 'number' ? row.Breidd : NaN;
+  const lon = typeof row.Lengd === 'number' ? row.Lengd : NaN;
+  if (!isLikelyIcelandCoordinate(lat, lon)) return null;
+  const stem = new URL(url).pathname
+    .slice(new URL(ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN).pathname.length)
+    .replace(/\.jpe?g$/i, '')
+    .toLowerCase();
+  if (!/^[a-z0-9_-]+$/.test(stem)) return null;
+  const cameraId = `is-vegagerdin-${stem}`;
+  const description = String(row.Skyring || '')
+    .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
+    .replace(/\b(\p{L}+) \1\b/giu, '$1')
+    .trim();
+  const station = String(row.Myndavel || '').trim();
+  const heading = icelandHeadingFromDescription(description);
+  const hasHeading = Number.isFinite(heading);
+  return {
+    id: cameraId,
+    name: description || station || `Vegagerðin ${row.Maelist_nr}`,
+    city: 'Iceland',
+    cityId: 'iceland',
+    provider: 'Vegagerðin (IRCA)',
+    lat,
+    lon,
+    headingDeg: hasHeading ? heading : fallbackHeadingFromId(cameraId),
+    headingConfidence: hasHeading ? 'high' : 'low',
+    pitchDeg: hasHeading ? -24 : -18,
+    fovDeg: hasHeading ? 56 : 44,
+    rangeM: hasHeading ? 210 : 145,
+    mountHeightM: hasHeading ? 10 : 8,
+    groundElevationM: ICELAND_GROUND_ELEVATION_M,
+    feedType: 'image',
+    url,
+    snapshotUrl: url,
+    sourceKind: 'iceland-vegagerdin',
+    license:
+      'Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (IRCA) — road camera images, CC BY 4.0',
+    code: cameraDisplayCode(station.toUpperCase() || description),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fetch Icelandic road cameras (Vegagerðin / IRCA), keyless: one JSON list.
+ * Frames are stills on the IRCA host and the loader registers only links
+ * inside that host's camera directory (ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN). The list decides
+ * ids, coordinates, labels and which frame path is proxied, so it is fetched
+ * over https, redirects are refused and the body read is capped at
+ * ICELAND_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES.
+ *
+ * @returns {Promise<Array<object>>} Normalized camera source objects.
+ */
+export async function loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData() {
+  try {
+    const resp = await fetch(ICELAND_CAMERAS_URL, {
+      headers: {
+        Accept: 'application/json',
+        'User-Agent': 'gods-eye-view-cctv-proxy/1.0',
+      },
+      redirect: 'manual',
+      signal: AbortSignal.timeout(CCTV_SOURCE_FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS),
+    });
+    // A response this loader will not read still owns its transport until the
+    // body is released, so every rejection path cancels before returning.
+    const discard = async () => {
+      try {
+        await resp.body?.cancel();
+      } catch {
+        /* no-op */
+      }
+      return [];
+    };
+    if (resp.status >= 300 && resp.status < 400) {
+      console.warn(
+        '[CCTV] Iceland catalog redirected; redirects are not followed',
+      );
+      return discard();
+    }
+    if (!resp.ok) {
+      console.warn('[CCTV] Iceland camera download failed:', resp.status);
+      return discard();
+    }
+    const body = await readResponseJsonCapped(resp, ICELAND_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES);
+    const rows = Array.isArray(body) ? body : [];
+    const cameras = rows.map(icelandCameraToSource).filter(Boolean);
+    const unique = Array.from(
+      new Map(cameras.map((camera) => [camera.id, camera])).values(),
+    );
+    const maxRaw = Number(
+      process.env.CCTV_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES || DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES,
+    );
+    const maxCount = Number.isFinite(maxRaw)
+      ? Math.max(8, Math.min(600, Math.floor(maxRaw)))
+      : DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES;
+    const prioritized = prioritizeSources(unique, maxCount, ICELAND_ANCHORS);
+    console.log(
+      `[CCTV] Loaded Iceland camera sources: ${unique.length} (using nearest ${prioritized.length})`,
+    );
+    return prioritized;
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.warn(
+      '[CCTV] Iceland camera download error:',
+      error?.message || error,
+    );
+    return [];
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Read one XML child tag's text from an `<image>` block.
  *
diff --git a/src/data/cctvIceland.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvIceland.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d1d6384c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/cctvIceland.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import os from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { createCctvCatalog } from '../../server/providers/cctv/catalog.js';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES,
+  ICELAND_CAMERAS_URL,
+  ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
+  ICELAND_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES,
+} from '../../server/providers/cctv/constants.js';
+import { isLikelyIcelandCoordinate } from '../../server/providers/cctv/normalize.js';
+import {
+  icelandCameraToSource,
+  icelandHeadingFromDescription,
+  loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData,
+} from '../../server/providers/cctv/sources.js';
+
+/** Set (or, for `undefined`, delete) environment variables for one test. */
+function withEnv(t, env) {
+  for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(env)) {
+    const previous = process.env[name];
+    t.after(() => {
+      if (previous === undefined) delete process.env[name];
+      else process.env[name] = previous;
+    });
+    if (value === undefined) delete process.env[name];
+    else process.env[name] = value;
+  }
+}
+
+/** One row shaped like the live `vefmyndavelar2014_1` payload. */
+const row = (over = {}) => ({
+  Maelist_nr: 7001,
+  Myndavel: 'Hellisheiði',
+  Vegheiti: 'Hringvegur',
+  NrVegur: '1',
+  Skyring: 'Hellisheiði séð til vesturs',
+  Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}hellisheidi_1.jpg`,
+  PntX: 395000,
+  PntY: 390000,
+  Breidd: 64.0136,
+  Lengd: -21.4,
+  ...over,
+});
+
+/** A live response body plus a flag that flips when the stream is cancelled. */
+const streamingResponse = (init = {}) => {
+  const state = { cancelled: false };
+  const body = new ReadableStream({
+    start(controller) {
+      controller.enqueue(new TextEncoder().encode('['));
+    },
+    cancel() {
+      state.cancelled = true;
+    },
+  });
+  return { response: new Response(body, init), state };
+};
+
+const json = (value) =>
+  new Response(JSON.stringify(value), {
+    status: 200,
+    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+  });
+
+test('an Iceland row maps to a source on the pinned frame directory', () => {
+  const source = icelandCameraToSource(row());
+  assert.equal(source.id, 'is-vegagerdin-hellisheidi_1');
+  assert.equal(source.name, 'Hellisheiði séð til vesturs');
+  assert.equal(source.city, 'Iceland');
+  assert.equal(source.cityId, 'iceland');
+  assert.equal(source.provider, 'Vegagerðin (IRCA)');
+  assert.equal(source.lat, 64.0136);
+  assert.equal(source.lon, -21.4);
+  assert.equal(source.headingDeg, 270);
+  assert.equal(source.headingConfidence, 'high');
+  assert.equal(source.feedType, 'image');
+  assert.equal(source.sourceKind, 'iceland-vegagerdin');
+  assert.equal(source.code, 'HELLISHEIÐI');
+  assert.match(source.license, /CC BY 4\.0/);
+  assert.ok(source.url.startsWith(ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN));
+  assert.equal(source.snapshotUrl, source.url);
+});
+
+test('a view that states no facing takes the low-confidence id-hash pose', () => {
+  const source = icelandCameraToSource(
+    row({
+      Skyring: 'Hellisheiði séð niður á veg',
+      Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}hellisheidi_2.jpg`,
+    }),
+  );
+  assert.equal(source.headingConfidence, 'low');
+  assert.equal(source.headingDeg % 22.5, 0);
+  assert.equal(
+    source.headingDeg,
+    icelandCameraToSource(
+      row({ Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}hellisheidi_2.jpg` }),
+    ).headingDeg,
+    'the fallback depends on the id, not on the text',
+  );
+});
+
+test('the label collapses the feed’s doubled spaces and repeated words', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    icelandCameraToSource(
+      row({ Skyring: 'Strandarheiði séð niður á veg til  til austurs' }),
+    ).name,
+    'Strandarheiði séð niður á veg til austurs',
+  );
+});
+
+test('only an explicit facing sets a heading', () => {
+  const cases = [
+    ['Hellisheiði séð til vesturs', 270],
+    ['Holtavörðuheiði til norðurs', 0],
+    ['Klettsháls í suður', 180],
+    ['Arnarneshæð séð austur', 90],
+    ['Bústaðabrú séð norður Kringlumýrarbraut', 0],
+    ['Staður séð til norðausturs', 45],
+    ['Staður séð til suðausturs', 135],
+    ['Staður séð í suðvestur', 225],
+    ['Staður séð til norðvesturs', 315],
+    ['STAÐUR SÉÐ TIL VESTURS', 270],
+  ];
+  for (const [text, heading] of cases) {
+    assert.equal(icelandHeadingFromDescription(text), heading, text);
+  }
+  for (const text of [
+    '',
+    null,
+    'Gautsdalur niður á veg',
+    'Miklabraut austur', // a road direction, not a facing
+    'Biskupsháls - norður',
+    'Hringtorg norðan Selfoss',
+    'Norðurárdalur niður á veg', // a place name that contains a cardinal
+    'Staður séð til suðurlands', // a longer word, not "suður"
+    'Staður séð til norðurs og til suðurs', // two facings: ambiguous
+    'Norðfjarðargöng séð til Eskifjarðar',
+  ]) {
+    assert.ok(Number.isNaN(icelandHeadingFromDescription(text)), String(text));
+  }
+});
+
+test('rows off the pinned directory, or with unusable frames or places, are dropped', () => {
+  const bad = [
+    { Slod: 'https://example.com/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a_1.jpg' },
+    { Slod: 'http://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a_1.jpg' },
+    { Slod: 'https://user:pw@www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a_1.jpg' },
+    { Slod: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is:8443/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a_1.jpg' },
+    { Slod: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/other/a_1.jpg' },
+    { Slod: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/../x/a_1.jpg' },
+    { Slod: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a%2Fb_1.jpg' },
+    { Slod: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a_1.php' },
+    { Slod: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a_1' },
+    { Slod: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/' },
+    { Slod: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a b_1.jpg' },
+    { Slod: '' },
+    { Slod: null },
+    { Breidd: 0, Lengd: 0 },
+    { Breidd: null, Lengd: null },
+    { Breidd: '64.01', Lengd: '-21.4' },
+    { Breidd: '64.01' }, // each coordinate must be a number on its own
+    { Lengd: '-21.4' },
+    { Breidd: 59.9, Lengd: 10.7 }, // Oslo
+    { Breidd: 64.01, Lengd: 21.4 }, // wrong hemisphere
+  ];
+  for (const over of bad) {
+    assert.equal(icelandCameraToSource(row(over)), null, JSON.stringify(over));
+  }
+  assert.equal(icelandCameraToSource(null), null);
+  assert.equal(icelandCameraToSource({}), null);
+  assert.equal(isLikelyIcelandCoordinate(64.1466, -21.9426), true);
+  assert.equal(isLikelyIcelandCoordinate(66.3, -14.0), true);
+});
+
+test('the Iceland loader reads the list with redirects refused and keeps the nearest cameras', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  withEnv(t, { CCTV_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES: '8' });
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: 12 }, (_, i) =>
+    row({
+      Maelist_nr: 8000 + i,
+      Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}far_${i}.jpg`,
+      Skyring: `Far ${i}`,
+      Breidd: 66.2,
+      Lengd: -15.9 + i * 0.01,
+    }),
+  );
+  // Reykjavík cameras come last in the feed but first in the priority order.
+  rows.push(
+    row({ Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}rvk_1.jpg`, Breidd: 64.1466, Lengd: -21.9426 }),
+  );
+  rows.push(row({ Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}rvk_1.jpg` })); // repeated frame
+  const seen = [];
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url, init) => {
+    seen.push([String(url), init.redirect]);
+    return json(rows);
+  });
+  const sources = await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData();
+  assert.deepEqual(seen, [[ICELAND_CAMERAS_URL, 'manual']]);
+  assert.equal(sources.length, 8);
+  assert.equal(sources[0].id, 'is-vegagerdin-rvk_1');
+  assert.equal(
+    new Set(sources.map((s) => s.id)).size,
+    sources.length,
+    'a frame the feed repeats collapses to one camera',
+  );
+  assert.equal(sources.available, 13);
+});
+
+test('the default Iceland cap is DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  withEnv(t, { CCTV_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES: undefined });
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES + 40 }, (_, i) =>
+    row({ Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}cam_${i}.jpg` }),
+  );
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => json(rows));
+  assert.equal(
+    (await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData()).length,
+    DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES,
+  );
+});
+
+test('the Iceland loader fails soft on HTTP errors, bad payloads and network errors', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => new Response('x', { status: 503 }));
+  assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
+  t.mock.restoreAll();
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => json({ rows: [] }));
+  assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => new Response('<html>', { status: 200 }));
+  assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => {
+    throw new Error('network down');
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
+});
+
+test('the Iceland catalog fetch refuses redirects and oversized bodies', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  const redirected = streamingResponse({
+    status: 302,
+    headers: { location: 'http://gagnaveita.vegagerdin.is/api/vefmyndavelar2014_1' },
+  });
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => redirected.response);
+  assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
+  assert.equal(redirected.state.cancelled, true, 'the redirect body is cancelled');
+
+  t.mock.restoreAll();
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  const failed = streamingResponse({ status: 500 });
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => failed.response);
+  assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
+  assert.equal(failed.state.cancelled, true, 'the error body is cancelled');
+
+  const valid = JSON.stringify([row()]);
+  t.mock.restoreAll();
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => {
+    return new Response(valid, {
+      headers: { 'content-length': String(ICELAND_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES + 1) },
+    });
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
+
+  t.mock.restoreAll();
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => {
+    const padded = valid + ' '.repeat(ICELAND_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES + 1024);
+    return new Response(
+      new ReadableStream({
+        start(controller) {
+          controller.enqueue(new TextEncoder().encode(padded));
+          controller.close();
+        },
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
+});
+
+test('CCTV catalog merges Iceland cameras and CCTV_ICELAND_ENABLED=0 skips the request', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  const sourceRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gev-cctv-catalog-iceland-'));
+  t.after(() => fs.rmSync(sourceRoot, { recursive: true, force: true }));
+  withEnv(t, {
+    CCTV_SOURCES_FILE: undefined,
+    CCTV_SOURCES_JSON: undefined,
+    CCTV_FORCE_AUSTIN: undefined,
+    CCTV_PREFER_AUSTIN: undefined,
+    CCTV_MAX_SOURCES: undefined,
+    CCTV_CALTRANS_DISTRICTS: undefined,
+    CCTV_TFL_ENABLED: undefined,
+    CCTV_ICELAND_ENABLED: undefined,
+    CCTV_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES: undefined,
+  });
+  const requested = [];
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url, init) => {
+    requested.push([String(url), init.redirect]);
+    if (String(url) !== ICELAND_CAMERAS_URL) {
+      return new Response('unavailable', { status: 503 });
+    }
+    return json([row()]);
+  });
+
+  const sources = await createCctvCatalog({ sourceRoot })();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    sources.map((source) => source.id),
+    ['is-vegagerdin-hellisheidi_1'],
+  );
+
+  process.env.CCTV_ICELAND_ENABLED = '0';
+  requested.length = 0;
+  assert.deepEqual(await createCctvCatalog({ sourceRoot })(), []);
+  assert.ok(requested.length > 0, 'the other live packs still load');
+  assert.equal(
+    requested.some(([url]) => url === ICELAND_CAMERAS_URL),
+    false,
+    'a disabled pack makes no request',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.js b/src/data/dataCredits.js
index 7d88c6462..1734809c6 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.js
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.js
@@ -321,6 +321,13 @@ export const DATA_CREDITS = [
       '(Llicència oberta d’ús d’informació - Catalunya); some cameras are supplied by partners ' +
       '(Ajuntament de Barcelona, Ajuntament de Terrassa), each named in the CCTV panel',
   },
+  {
+    key: 'iceland-cctv',
+    html:
+      'CCTV cameras &amp; frames (Iceland): ' +
+      '<a href="https://www.vegagerdin.is/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)</a> — ' +
+      '<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CC BY 4.0</a>',
+  },
   {
     key: 'kingcounty-cctv',
     html:

From f5d5da702376cce3fcc346e62a7002d02e029949 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: daika <daika.ginza@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2026 12:57:48 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 178/262] docs(changelog): add the Iceland CCTV pack fragment

---
 changelog.d/1617-cctv-iceland.md | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1617-cctv-iceland.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1617-cctv-iceland.md b/changelog.d/1617-cctv-iceland.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf66651bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1617-cctv-iceland.md
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+- Add Icelandic road cameras from the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration
+  (Vegagerðin) as a CCTV pack. The camera list is one keyless JSON request to
+  `gagnaveita.vegagerdin.is/api/vefmyndavelar2014_1` (about 500 views at 166
+  stations); frames are JPEG stills in `www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/`,
+  and only links inside that directory are registered. The catalog is fetched
+  over https with redirects refused and a 2 MiB body cap. An explicit facing in
+  the view description ("til vesturs", "í suður", "séð austur") sets a
+  high-confidence heading; other views keep the low-confidence fallback pose.
+  IRCA publishes the images under CC BY 4.0, credited in the Data attribution
+  popover. Loads the 250 views nearest Reykjavík, Akureyri, Egilsstaðir,
+  Ísafjörður and Selfoss; `CCTV_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES` changes that cap and
+  `CCTV_ICELAND_ENABLED=0` turns the pack off (daikaginza, #1617).

From 891eb560918d3bfe51bc9d46673d5aca42543f3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NeoXrated23 <12134461+NeoXrated23@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2026 11:46:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 179/262] feat(cctv): add optional Giroc camera and support
 larger HLS segments

---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                  |  1 +
 SECURITY.md                      |  2 +-
 config/cctv_sources.romania.json | 23 +++++++++++
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md            | 23 +++++++++++
 server/providers/cctv/stream.js  |  4 +-
 src/data/cctvHlsStream.test.mjs  | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/dataCredits.js          |  8 ++++
 7 files changed, 130 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 config/cctv_sources.romania.json

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 03747265d..0426b6aa1 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ How to read this:
 | **King County Road Services** (`services.arcgis.com`, King County GIS) | CCTV camera catalog + frames, unincorporated King County WA road network                                                            | [KCGIS Center terms](https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/kcit/data-information-services/gis-center/about/terms-conditions-copyrights) — attribution required; public ArcGIS layer                                                                                                                                                                          | "King County Road Services" (partner-city cameras name their owner)                                                                         |
 | **WSDOT** (`data.wsdot.wa.gov`)                                       | CCTV camera catalog + frames, Washington State highways                                                                             | [WSDOT travel information disclaimer](https://wsdot.wa.gov/about/policies/travel-information-disclaimer) — public "low volume" feed; catalog cached, frames on WSDOT's own image host only                                                                                                                                                            | "Washington State Department of Transportation (Travel Center)" (courtesy)                                                                  |
 | **Hong Kong Transport Department / DATA.GOV.HK**                      | CCTV camera catalog + frames, Hong Kong traffic snapshot cameras                                                                    | [DATA.GOV.HK Terms of Use](https://data.gov.hk/en/terms-and-conditions) — attribution REQUIRED                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | "Hong Kong Transport Department / DATA.GOV.HK"                                                                                              |
+| **Webcam Romania — Giroc** (`webcamromania.ro`, `w4.webcamromania.ro`) | Optional Giroc camera metadata, JPEG snapshot and live HLS video | [Provider terms](https://webcamromania.ro/termeni-si-conditii/): video belongs to the original camera operator; no open video redistribution licence asserted. The [camera page](https://webcamromania.ro/webcam-orase/webcam-giroc/) offers an embed. Local opt-in via `CCTV_SOURCES_FILE`; media is fetched at runtime, never bundled. | "Webcam Romania · webcamromania.ro"; source link and rights notice in the Data attribution popover |
 | **Statens vegvesen** (catalog `ogckart-sn1.atlas.vegvesen.no`, frames `kamera.atlas.vegvesen.no`, HLS `kamera.vegvesen.no`) | CCTV camera catalog + frames + live HLS video, Norway road cameras                                                                                   | [NLOD 2.0](https://data.norge.no/nlod/en/2.0) — attribution REQUIRED | "Contains data under the Norwegian licence for Open Government data (NLOD) distributed by Statens vegvesen" |
 | **Kartverket** (`ws.geonorge.no/hoydedata/v1/punkt`)               | Terrain heights (NN2000) used as the ground prior for Statens vegvesen cameras                                                     | [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) — attribution REQUIRED | "© Kartverket", modified (heights over water set to 0 m, rounded to 0.1 m) |
 | **NYC DOT Traffic Management Center** (`webcams.nyctmc.org`) | CCTV camera catalog + frames, New York City five boroughs | NYC DOT requires developers to sign a [data-sharing agreement](https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/datafeeds.shtml) for the camera feed. **Off by default**; enable only under your own agreement | "NYC DOT Traffic Management Center" + NYC DOT's required application disclaimer (in the Data attribution popover) |
diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
index 7b894c346..d0fd19b3e 100644
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ browser-key fallback for existing single-key setups.
 The data proxies under `server/providers/` are written so the browser cannot turn the server into an open relay:
 
 - **No arbitrary-URL fetching.** The CCTV frame proxy fetches only server-registered camera/frame URLs — clients cannot pass an upstream URL to fetch (SSRF mitigation). Other proxies target fixed upstream hosts.
-- **Live HLS is bounded and origin-pinned.** Registered HTTP(S) HLS sources use a Node puller that rejects redirects and off-origin playlist references, bounds playlists and segment bodies while streaming, and aborts timed-out or released sessions. At most two sessions retain 12 segments/24 MiB each, plus bounded download buffers. Stores are memory-only and idle sessions expire after 15 seconds. RTMP/ffmpeg execution is not enabled. Locally configured source URLs remain an operator trust boundary.
+- **Live HLS is bounded and origin-pinned.** Registered HTTP(S) HLS sources use a Node puller that rejects redirects and off-origin playlist references, bounds playlists to 256 KiB and segment bodies to 8 MiB while streaming, and aborts timed-out or released sessions. At most two sessions retain 12 segments/24 MiB each, plus bounded download buffers. Stores are memory-only and idle sessions expire after 15 seconds. RTMP/ffmpeg execution is not enabled. Locally configured source URLs remain an operator trust boundary.
 - **Radio is not an audio relay.** `/api/radio/stations` contacts only allowlisted Radio Browser HTTPS hosts and paths, rejects redirects, rejects any hostname with a loopback/private/link-local/metadata/non-public A or AAAA result, and pins each TLS connection to a validated address. It returns normalized public HTTPS stream URLs; `/api/radio/click/:uuid` applies the same destination policy and accepts only station IDs from the current bounded catalog. The browser then connects directly to the broadcaster after an explicit playback action, so the broadcaster sees the listener's IP address. GEV never proxies, caches, records, or redistributes audio.
 - **No verbatim client headers upstream.** The CCTV media route is the one route that relays a request header (`Range`, for video seeking). It is parsed and canonicalized before it is forwarded: one `bytes=` range only, with every accepted form — explicit span, open-ended and suffix — bounded to the same 64 MiB ceiling the relay applies to a declared response body. Multi-range, malformed, inverted and non-`bytes` values are dropped and the request proceeds without a `Range`, as RFC 7233 §3.1 prescribes. Bounding the request bounds what is asked for: a response that declares no length — live streamed media, or a chunked body from an upstream that ignores the `Range` — has no ceiling. An upstream request the browser has stopped waiting for is cancelled rather than left running, whether the viewer leaves before the headers arrive or during the body.
 - **Transit fetches registered feeds only.** `/api/transit/vehicles/<id>` resolves the id against `src/data/transitFeeds.js`; the browser never supplies a URL, and a feed that is registered but disabled does not resolve at all. Redirects are followed manually and each hop is validated against the feed's own https origin before it is requested, so an off-origin or downgraded hop is refused rather than contacted. Bodies are capped at 8 MB, the protobuf is decoded server-side under entity-count and string-length ceilings, a differential feed is refused, and snapshots live 15 s in memory with no disk cache. A per-feed admission limiter and a failure cooldown ladder bound what this process can ask of any operator.
diff --git a/config/cctv_sources.romania.json b/config/cctv_sources.romania.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11b3f9696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config/cctv_sources.romania.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[
+  {
+    "id": "ro-giroc-webcamromania",
+    "name": "Giroc — Webcam Romania",
+    "city": "Giroc, Timiș",
+    "cityId": "giroc",
+    "provider": "Webcam Romania · webcamromania.ro",
+    "sourceKind": "configured",
+    "feedType": "hls",
+    "url": "https://w4.webcamromania.ro/giroc/index.m3u8",
+    "snapshotUrl": "https://webcamromania.ro/media/snapshots/01a0267e-d893-7203-a7eb-7ce3c8c99703/latest.jpg",
+    "lat": 45.70028947266781,
+    "lon": 21.233675914004227,
+    "headingDeg": 0,
+    "headingConfidence": "low",
+    "pitchDeg": -17,
+    "fovDeg": 74,
+    "rangeM": 700,
+    "mountHeightM": 24,
+    "groundElevationM": 87,
+    "license": "Public camera: https://webcamromania.ro/webcam-orase/webcam-giroc/ . Provider terms: https://webcamromania.ro/termeni-si-conditii/ . Video rights remain with the camera operator. Coordinates corrected by the contributor; direction, height, elevation and field of view are uncalibrated estimates."
+  }
+]
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index c91f1c439..9c5678270 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1558,6 +1558,29 @@ owners. Tuner calculations have a pure entry, with existing layer exports
 preserved. Destruction removes listeners and state subscriptions before ending
 tuning; a delayed Enable result cannot reveal or refocus removed controls.
 
+## Giroc / Webcam Romania CCTV source pack
+
+`config/cctv_sources.romania.json` is an optional single-camera pack for Giroc,
+Timiș, Romania. To use it, set `CCTV_SOURCES_FILE=config/cctv_sources.romania.json`
+in the local `.env` and restart the server. Set `CCTV_FORCE_AUSTIN=1` as well to
+retain the built-in live packs; despite its historical name, this flag applies
+to all live packs. The default catalog is unchanged.
+
+The camera uses Webcam Romania's public HLS stream and JPEG snapshot, fetched
+at runtime without an API key. Its position, 45.70028947266781, 21.233675914004227,
+was corrected by the contributor rather than copied from the directory's
+inaccurate pin. Heading, pitch, field of view, mounting height and ground
+elevation are uncalibrated priors; the camera retains the RAW PRIOR badge.
+See `DATA_SOURCES.md` for attribution and provider terms.
+
+The existing HLS puller resolves same-origin relative master/media references
+and serves local leased playlists and segments. It downloads complete segments
+without forwarding a browser Range header. Its per-segment streamed-byte cap
+is 8 MiB: Giroc's roughly ten-second 2702×1520 segments can exceed the former
+4 MiB cap (one measured 6,437,120 bytes). Retained data remains capped at
+24 MiB and 12 segments per session, with two sessions maximum. Redirect
+refusal, origin pinning, timeouts and lease expiry are unchanged.
+
 ## NYC DOT TMC CCTV source pack
 
 The CCTV catalog can add New York City traffic cameras from the NYC DOT
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/stream.js b/server/providers/cctv/stream.js
index da811f5f9..4e37cda20 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/stream.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/stream.js
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ export const HLS_LIMITS = Object.freeze({
   sessions: 2,
   leasesPerSession: 8,
   playlistBytes: 256 * 1024,
-  segmentBytes: 4 * 1024 * 1024,
+  // High-resolution cameras can exceed 4 MiB in a single ten-second TS segment.
+  // Retained data still shares the independent 24 MiB session budget below.
+  segmentBytes: 8 * 1024 * 1024,
   sessionBytes: 24 * 1024 * 1024,
   segments: 12,
   pollMs: 2000,
diff --git a/src/data/cctvHlsStream.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvHlsStream.test.mjs
index a087eebdf..4a5f4afbc 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvHlsStream.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvHlsStream.test.mjs
@@ -10,6 +10,77 @@ const playlist =
   '#EXTM3U\n#EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:12\n#EXTINF:2,\na.ts\n#EXTINF:2,\nb.ts\n#EXTINF:2,\nc.ts\n';
 const base = 'https://camera.example/live/list.m3u8';
 
+test('high-resolution HLS segments play while the retained session cache stays bounded', async (t) => {
+  // Giroc publishes roughly ten-second TS segments; one measured 6,437,120
+  // bytes. The former 4 MiB download cap rejected it before playback began.
+  const segmentBytes = 6_437_120;
+  const master =
+    '#EXTM3U\n#EXT-X-STREAM-INF:BANDWIDTH=4570000\ntracks-v1a1/mono.m3u8\n';
+  const media =
+    '#EXTM3U\n#EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:100\n' +
+    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4].map((i) => `#EXTINF:10.272,\n${i}.ts\n`).join('');
+  const manager = createHlsPuller({
+    limits: { ...HLS_LIMITS, pollMs: 100000 },
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      if (url === base) return new Response(master);
+      if (url === 'https://camera.example/live/tracks-v1a1/mono.m3u8')
+        return new Response(media);
+      const match =
+        /^https:\/\/camera\.example\/live\/tracks-v1a1\/([0-4])\.ts$/.exec(url);
+      if (!match) throw new Error('Unexpected playlist reference');
+      // No Content-Length: the actual streamed bytes must also be accepted.
+      return new Response(Buffer.alloc(segmentBytes, Number(match[1])));
+    },
+  });
+  t.after(() => manager.shutdown());
+  const entry = await manager.ensure('giroc', base);
+  await entry.polling;
+  const result = await manager.buildPlaylist(entry, 'giroc');
+  assert.ok(result, 'large valid segments should produce a playable playlist');
+  assert.match(result, /#EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:2\n/);
+  assert.equal(manager.getSegment('giroc', entry.token, 0), null);
+  const newest = manager.getSegment('giroc', entry.token, 4);
+  assert.equal(newest.length, segmentBytes);
+  assert.equal(newest[0], 4);
+  assert.deepEqual(manager.stats(), { sessions: 1, bytes: 19_311_360 });
+});
+
+test('HLS downloads still reject declared and chunked bodies above 8 MiB', async () => {
+  for (const declared of [true, false]) {
+    let chunks = 0;
+    let cancelled = false;
+    await assert.rejects(
+      fetchHlsBytes(base, {
+        maxBytes: HLS_LIMITS.segmentBytes,
+        fetchImpl: async () =>
+          new Response(
+            declared
+              ? 'small body'
+              : new ReadableStream({
+                  pull(controller) {
+                    // Each chunk fits on its own; only their cumulative size
+                    // crosses the cap. Leave it open to verify cancellation.
+                    controller.enqueue(
+                      Buffer.alloc(4 * 1024 * 1024 + (++chunks === 2 ? 1 : 0)),
+                    );
+                  },
+                  cancel() {
+                    cancelled = true;
+                  },
+                }),
+            {
+              headers: declared
+                ? { 'content-length': String(8 * 1024 * 1024 + 1) }
+                : {},
+            },
+          ),
+      }),
+      /HLS response too large/,
+    );
+    if (!declared) assert.equal(cancelled, true);
+  }
+});
+
 test('playlist parser uses sequence, refuses escaping and unsupported references', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(
     parseHlsMedia(playlist, base).map((s) => s.seq),
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.js b/src/data/dataCredits.js
index 7d88c6462..b7895321f 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.js
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.js
@@ -345,6 +345,14 @@ export const DATA_CREDITS = [
       '<a href="https://data.gov.hk/en-data/dataset/hk-td-tis_2-traffic-snapshot-images" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Transport Department / DATA.GOV.HK</a> ' +
       '(<a href="https://data.gov.hk/en/terms-and-conditions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Terms of Use</a> — attribution required)',
   },
+  {
+    key: 'webcamromania-cctv',
+    html:
+      'Giroc camera (when configured): ' +
+      '<a href="https://webcamromania.ro/webcam-orase/webcam-giroc/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Webcam Romania</a>. ' +
+      'Video rights remain with the camera operator; ' +
+      '<a href="https://webcamromania.ro/termeni-si-conditii/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">provider terms</a> apply.',
+  },
   {
     key: 'vegvesen-cctv',
     html:

From 9b65d41bab29327b9934f4214898ecfb0318107d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NeoXrated23 <12134461+NeoXrated23@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2026 11:48:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 180/262] docs: add changelog entry for Giroc camera
 contribution

---
 changelog.d/1619-giroc-camera-hls-segments.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1619-giroc-camera-hls-segments.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1619-giroc-camera-hls-segments.md b/changelog.d/1619-giroc-camera-hls-segments.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f47718e16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1619-giroc-camera-hls-segments.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- Add an optional Giroc / Webcam Romania CCTV source pack with corrected
+  coordinates, live HLS, a snapshot fallback and provider attribution. Allow
+  HLS segments up to 8 MiB so high-resolution cameras whose segments exceed
+  4 MiB can play, while retaining the 24 MiB per-session cache and existing
+  origin and session limits (NeoXrated23, #1619).

From 479286a6a61fa14c455ca2357096238ae2b43b92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2026 03:52:38 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 181/262] CCTV opens on the camera nearest the viewer, not the
 first in the catalog

Turning CCTV on picked the first catalog record, so at King's Cross it
showed a Sydney camera. enable() now picks the camera nearest the viewer.
Until someone chooses a camera, each settled move re-picks the nearest,
so a share link whose flight lands after CCTV turned on still opens
nearby.
---
 src/data/cctv.js                    |   2 +
 src/data/cctv.test.mjs              | 116 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/sharedOsmDisplays.test.mjs |   2 +-
 src/layers/cctv/index.js            |   2 +
 src/layers/cctv/lifecycle.js        |  13 ++--
 src/layers/cctv/navigation.js       |  32 ++++++++
 src/layers/cctv/selection.js        |   2 +
 src/layers/cctv/state.js            |   6 ++
 src/layers/cctv/testing.js          |   2 +
 9 files changed, 170 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/data/cctv.js b/src/data/cctv.js
index ad95f2794..ed3f56654 100644
--- a/src/data/cctv.js
+++ b/src/data/cctv.js
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ export const _extractPickedCameraIdForTest =
 export const _setCctvCoverageStateForTest = layer._setCctvCoverageStateForTest;
 export const focusCctvRecord = layer.focusCctvRecord;
 export const maybeAutoHop = layer.maybeAutoHop;
+export const openingCameraId = layer.openingCameraId;
+export const reopenNearestCamera = layer.reopenNearestCamera;
 export const cctvCycleIndex = layer.cctvCycleIndex;
 export {
   CCTV_CALIBRATION_STORAGE_KEY_V1,
diff --git a/src/data/cctv.test.mjs b/src/data/cctv.test.mjs
index f76acdb72..bcd5c48ab 100644
--- a/src/data/cctv.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctv.test.mjs
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ import cctvLayer, {
   materializeCctvActiveCoverageEntities,
   materializeCctvVisibleCoverageEntities,
   maybeAutoHop,
+  openingCameraId,
+  reopenNearestCamera,
   prioritizeActiveCctvGeometryRecord,
   processCctvGeometryDrainBatch,
   processCctvGeometryQueueBatch,
@@ -1296,6 +1298,120 @@ test('CCTV null-active coverage, auto-hop, cycling, and panel targets stay hones
   }
 });
 
+test('CCTV opens on the camera nearest the viewer, not the first in the catalog', () => {
+  // QA 2026-11-05: at King's Cross, turning CCTV on showed a Sydney camera,
+  // the first catalog record, instead of the TfL camera 0.3 km away.
+  const viewer = makeDeselectViewer();
+  viewer.camera.positionCartographic = Cesium.Cartographic.fromDegrees(
+    -0.1209,
+    51.5295,
+    187,
+  );
+  viewer.camera.positionWC = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+    -0.1209,
+    51.5295,
+    187,
+  );
+  const sydney = makeDeselectRecord('au-sydney');
+  sydney.camera = { ...sydney.camera, lat: -34.03, lon: 151.11 };
+  const london = makeDeselectRecord('gb-kings-cross');
+  london.camera = { ...london.camera, lat: 51.5318, lon: -0.1209 };
+  try {
+    _setCctvCoverageStateForTest({
+      viewer,
+      records: [sydney, london],
+      activeCameraId: null,
+      enabled: false,
+    });
+    assert.equal(openingCameraId(), 'gb-kings-cross');
+    _setCctvCoverageStateForTest({
+      viewer: null,
+      records: [sydney, london],
+      activeCameraId: null,
+      enabled: false,
+    });
+    assert.equal(
+      openingCameraId(),
+      'au-sydney',
+      'with no viewer position the first record is the fallback',
+    );
+    _setCctvCoverageStateForTest({ viewer, records: [], enabled: false });
+    assert.equal(openingCameraId(), null);
+  } finally {
+    _setCctvCoverageStateForTest({ enabled: false });
+  }
+});
+
+test('the opening camera follows a shared view that lands after CCTV turned on, until someone picks one', () => {
+  // A share link turns CCTV on before its flight lands, so enable() picks
+  // from the startup view; the flight's settled move re-picks near London.
+  const viewer = makeDeselectViewer();
+  viewer.camera.positionCartographic = Cesium.Cartographic.fromDegrees(
+    -0.1209,
+    51.5295,
+    187,
+  );
+  const sydney = makeDeselectRecord('au-sydney');
+  sydney.camera = { ...sydney.camera, lat: -34.03, lon: 151.11 };
+  const london = makeDeselectRecord('gb-kings-cross');
+  london.camera = { ...london.camera, lat: 51.5318, lon: -0.1209 };
+  for (const record of [sydney, london])
+    Object.assign(record, {
+      groundResolved: {},
+      groundSamples: {},
+      groundPrior: 0,
+      frustumGeometry: null,
+      frustumPositions: null,
+      probeClampRangeM: null,
+    });
+  _setCctvOverlayHostForTest({
+    setEntries() {},
+    setVisible() {},
+    clearSource() {},
+  });
+  // Activation builds the projection canvas and frame image.
+  const originalDocument = globalThis.document;
+  const originalImage = globalThis.Image;
+  globalThis.document = {
+    createElement: () => ({ getContext: () => null }),
+  };
+  globalThis.Image = class {};
+  try {
+    _setCctvCoverageStateForTest({
+      viewer,
+      records: [sydney, london],
+      activeCameraId: 'au-sydney',
+      enabled: true,
+      openingCameraProvisional: true,
+    });
+    assert.equal(reopenNearestCamera(), true);
+    assert.equal(cctvLayer.getUIState().activeCameraId, 'gb-kings-cross');
+    assert.equal(reopenNearestCamera(), false, 'already the nearest');
+
+    // Someone chooses a camera: settled moves leave it alone.
+    setActiveCamera('au-sydney');
+    assert.equal(reopenNearestCamera(), false);
+    assert.equal(cctvLayer.getUIState().activeCameraId, 'au-sydney');
+
+    // A deselect is a choice too.
+    _setCctvCoverageStateForTest({
+      viewer,
+      records: [sydney, london],
+      activeCameraId: 'au-sydney',
+      enabled: true,
+      openingCameraProvisional: true,
+    });
+    deactivateActiveCamera();
+    assert.equal(reopenNearestCamera(), false);
+    assert.equal(cctvLayer.getUIState().activeCameraId, null);
+  } finally {
+    globalThis.document = originalDocument;
+    globalThis.Image = originalImage;
+    _setCctvOverlayHostForTest();
+    _setCctvCoverageStateForTest({ enabled: false });
+  }
+});
+
 test('CCTV disable clears and hides its shared-host source through the real layer lifecycle', () => {
   const calls = [];
   _setCctvOverlayHostForTest({
diff --git a/src/data/sharedOsmDisplays.test.mjs b/src/data/sharedOsmDisplays.test.mjs
index 273a9dc56..46b5d8894 100644
--- a/src/data/sharedOsmDisplays.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/sharedOsmDisplays.test.mjs
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ test('Warendorf webcam display introduces the shared OSM credit', (t) => {
   const v = viewer(t), empty = new Proxy({}, { get: () => noop });
   const lifecycle = createCctvLifecycle({ state: { _viewer: v, _records: [{ camera: { id: 'warendorf-marktplatz-rathaus', cityId: 'warendorf' } }], _recordById: new Map(), _cctvOverlayHost: overlayHost },
     services: { credits: { showOsmCredit, hideOsmCredit }, sprites: empty, activation: empty, picking: empty, focus: empty, render: empty },
-    parts: { selection: empty, geometryQueue: empty, rendering: empty, projection: empty, cards: empty, presentation: empty }, source: {} });
+    parts: { selection: empty, geometryQueue: empty, rendering: empty, projection: empty, cards: empty, presentation: empty, navigation: empty }, source: {} });
   lifecycle.methods.enable(); assertCredit(v); lifecycle.methods.disable();
   assert.equal(v.credits.filter(c => c.showOnScreen).length, 0);
 });
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/index.js b/src/layers/cctv/index.js
index 6f1cc77c7..36e1360b4 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/index.js
@@ -112,6 +112,8 @@ export function createCctvLayer({ services, source }) {
       _setCctvCoverageStateForTest: parts.testing._setCctvCoverageStateForTest,
       focusCctvRecord: parts.navigation.focusCctvRecord,
       maybeAutoHop: parts.navigation.maybeAutoHop,
+      openingCameraId: parts.navigation.openingCameraId,
+      reopenNearestCamera: parts.navigation.reopenNearestCamera,
       cctvCycleIndex: parts.navigation.cctvCycleIndex,
     },
   );
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/cctv/lifecycle.js
index 4e4443df8..0a10d0090 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/lifecycle.js
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._enabled = false;
       layerState._activeCameraId = null;
       layerState._autoHopSuspended = false;
+      layerState._openingCameraProvisional = false;
       layerState._lastHopAt = 0;
       layerState._lastViewContext = '';
       layerState._calibrationById = parts.calibration.loadCalibrationStore();
@@ -299,11 +300,8 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       }
 
       layerState._count = layerState._records.length;
-      if (layerState._records.length > 0) {
-        // Projection runtime + first frame fetch are deferred to enable() so
-        // initializing the catalog stays render-cheap.
-        layerState._activeCameraId = layerState._records[0].camera.id;
-      }
+      // No camera is picked here: enable() opens on the one nearest the
+      // viewer, unless restored params selected one first.
 
       // Task 5: if the prior batch lost init's bounded race, apply it post-hoc
       // when it lands (pure recomputes — applyLateGroundPriors guards against
@@ -361,6 +359,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         layerState._horizonCullListener = () => {
           layerState._cameraMoving = false;
           stopViewMotionTimer();
+          parts.navigation.reopenNearestCamera();
           settleView();
         };
         layerState._viewer.camera.moveEnd.addEventListener(
@@ -508,8 +507,9 @@ export function createLifecycle({
         return Boolean(coverage && layerState._recordById.has(coverage[1]));
       });
       if (!layerState._activeCameraId && layerState._records.length) {
-        layerState._activeCameraId = layerState._records[0].camera.id;
+        layerState._activeCameraId = parts.navigation.openingCameraId();
         layerState._autoHopSuspended = false;
+        layerState._openingCameraProvisional = true;
       }
       const activeRecord = parts.selection.getActiveRecord();
       if (activeRecord) {
@@ -629,6 +629,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._enabled = false;
       layerState._activeCameraId = null;
       layerState._autoHopSuspended = false;
+      layerState._openingCameraProvisional = false;
       // Clear existing subscribers rather than replacing the Set —
       // replacing would silently orphan any unsubscribe() closures
       layerState._listeners.clear();
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/navigation.js b/src/layers/cctv/navigation.js
index 6c576bb4f..5ee3ed2a4 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/navigation.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/navigation.js
@@ -33,6 +33,36 @@ export function createNavigation({
     return best?.id || null;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The camera the layer opens on when none is selected: the one nearest the
+   * viewer, or the first record when the viewer has no position yet.
+   * @returns {string|null} Camera ID, or null when the catalog is empty.
+   */
+
+  function openingCameraId() {
+    return (
+      nearestCameraIdToViewer() || layerState._records[0]?.camera?.id || null
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * After a settled move, moves the opening camera to the one nearest the
+   * view, until someone chooses a camera. A shared view's flight lands after
+   * enable() picked from the startup view.
+   * @returns {boolean} True when the active camera changed.
+   */
+
+  function reopenNearestCamera() {
+    if (!layerState._openingCameraProvisional || !layerState._enabled)
+      return false;
+    const nearest = nearestCameraIdToViewer();
+    if (!nearest || nearest === layerState._activeCameraId) return false;
+    parts.selection.setActiveCamera(nearest);
+    // setActiveCamera ends the opening pick; this is still that pick.
+    layerState._openingCameraProvisional = true;
+    return true;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Flies the Cesium viewer camera to frame the specified CCTV camera,
    * looking along its heading from above.
@@ -149,6 +179,8 @@ export function createNavigation({
   }
   return {
     nearestCameraIdToViewer,
+    openingCameraId,
+    reopenNearestCamera,
     focusCctvRecord,
     focusCamera,
     maybeAutoHop,
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/selection.js b/src/layers/cctv/selection.js
index c86425fd0..f4c8f639e 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/selection.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/selection.js
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ export function createSelection({
     }
     layerState._activeCameraId = cameraId;
     layerState._autoHopSuspended = false;
+    layerState._openingCameraProvisional = false;
     // A real activation creates projection work — wake the self-stopping loop.
     parts.projection.startProjectionLoop();
     if (previousActiveRecord && previousActiveRecord !== record) {
@@ -169,6 +170,7 @@ export function createSelection({
     if (!record) return false;
     layerState._activeCameraId = null;
     layerState._autoHopSuspended = true;
+    layerState._openingCameraProvisional = false;
     record.activationDone = false;
     parts.geometry.clearProbeClampOnDeactivation(record, (previous) => {
       parts.geometry.applyFrustumGeometry(
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/state.js b/src/layers/cctv/state.js
index 78c2b8fa9..5e70c814f 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/state.js
@@ -36,6 +36,12 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   layerState._autoHop = false;
 
+  // True while the active camera is the one enable() opened on and nobody has
+  // chosen a camera since: each settled move then re-picks the one nearest
+  // the view, so a share flight that lands after enable still opens nearby.
+
+  layerState._openingCameraProvisional = false;
+
   // An explicit empty-space deselect keeps AUTO HOP configured but prevents its
   // timer from silently choosing a replacement. A later explicit activation or
   // AUTO HOP toggle-on releases the hold.
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/testing.js b/src/layers/cctv/testing.js
index c4aada9bb..207256f36 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/testing.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/testing.js
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ export function createTesting({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     coverageMode = 'on',
     showProjection = false,
     healthById = new Map(),
+    openingCameraProvisional = false,
   } = {}) {
     layerState._viewer = viewer;
     layerState._records = Array.isArray(records) ? records : [];
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ export function createTesting({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     layerState._billboards = null;
     layerState._activeCameraId = activeCameraId;
     layerState._autoHopSuspended = false;
+    layerState._openingCameraProvisional = !!openingCameraProvisional;
     layerState._enabled = !!enabled;
     layerState._coverageMode = parts.model.normalizeCoverageMode(
       coverageMode,

From 2cac463c6f4f69bad5e0657998cc303cf2fba50c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2026 03:52:54 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 182/262] Changelog: CCTV opening camera

---
 changelog.d/1620-cctv-opening-camera.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1620-cctv-opening-camera.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1620-cctv-opening-camera.md b/changelog.d/1620-cctv-opening-camera.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10aa13f19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1620-cctv-opening-camera.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Turning CCTV on opens the camera nearest you instead of the first camera in
+  the catalog, which showed a Sydney camera in London. A share link opens on
+  the camera nearest the shared view once its flight lands (samehkhamis, #1620).

From 872bbefb630718a16a454cbcb6ebab4125c956b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Said Turksever <asturksever@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2026 14:29:06 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 183/262] docs(cctv): README HLS cap to 8 MiB; Giroc pack
 local-only note

---
 README.md             | 2 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md | 5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 32981b337..4098305da 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ and panel. DelDOT uses its official HTTPS HLS catalog links. Disable that
 pack with `CCTV_DELDOT_ENABLED=0`.
 
 The server allows two concurrent sessions. Each retains at most 12 segments
-and 24 MiB in memory; individual downloads are capped at 4 MiB with a ten
+and 24 MiB in memory; individual downloads are capped at 8 MiB with a ten
 second deadline. There are no segment files or ffmpeg processes. Redirects,
 off-origin references, encrypted playlists and non-MPEG-TS segments are refused.
 Each decoder has its own client lease (at most eight per session), including
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 9c5678270..62f617f2a 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1571,7 +1571,10 @@ at runtime without an API key. Its position, 45.70028947266781, 21.2336759140042
 was corrected by the contributor rather than copied from the directory's
 inaccurate pin. Heading, pitch, field of view, mounting height and ground
 elevation are uncalibrated priors; the camera retains the RAW PRIOR badge.
-See `DATA_SOURCES.md` for attribution and provider terms.
+See `DATA_SOURCES.md` for attribution and provider terms. Webcam Romania's
+terms grant no reuse licence for the video and name no camera operator; the
+provider's sanctioned route is its iframe embed. Keep this pack to local use
+and off hosted deployments unless the operator grants permission.
 
 The existing HLS puller resolves same-origin relative master/media references
 and serves local leased playlists and segments. It downloads complete segments

From 39d70fa1c0e1878e6208068b1876d16614274fba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Said Turksever <asturksever@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2026 14:38:52 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 184/262] fix(cctv): keep Icelandic labels intact and treat
 'og' facings as ambiguous
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

- Label repeat-collapse uses letter lookarounds instead of ASCII-only \b, so
  'Þverá Árnessýslu' is no longer joined and 'séð séð' collapses.
- 'til austurs og vesturs' and 'í norður og suður' name two facings and keep
  the low-confidence pose.
- Fallback name uses the frame stem when the station number is missing.
- Tests: label and heading regressions, dedupe keeps the last row, cap clamp,
  high-confidence pose, frame redirect pin; file added to format scope.
- Credit names the dataset, links the terms and states no endorsement.
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                  |   2 +-
 scripts/format-scope.json        |   1 +
 server/providers/cctv/sources.js |  27 ++++---
 src/data/cctvIceland.test.mjs    | 120 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/data/dataCredits.js          |   6 +-
 5 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 94f581fe4..e97d2f021 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 - **Open Calgary traffic cameras.** Keyless. The camera list is the public Socrata dataset `k7p9-kppz` on `data.calgary.ca`; frames are stills on the city's own `trafficcam.calgary.ca` host, and only that host is registered. Most rows publish an `http://` frame URL and the host redirects those to HTTPS, so URLs are upgraded and pinned to that origin before registration. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. The dataset publishes no camera facing: the `quadrant` field and the quadrant suffix on each camera name are Calgary's address grid, not a bearing, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence and are corrected with the in-app calibration gizmo. The licence requires the attribution statement above. Disable with `CCTV_CALGARY_ENABLED=0`.
 - **FL511 Florida cameras.** Off by default; set `CCTV_FLORIDA_ENABLED=1` to load them. The camera list is the keyless FL511 traffic camera layer on ArcGIS (`services.arcgis.com/.../FL511_Traffic_Cameras`), published from a Florida Division of Emergency Management account rather than by FL511 directly, and the service carries no licence text of its own. It is paged up to 2,000 rows at a time, ordered by the layer's object id and following ArcGIS's `exceededTransferLimit`, to cover the ~4,000-camera statewide set. Frames are stills on two Divas Cloud hosts (`images-dis.divas.cloud`, `snapshots.divas.cloud`); both are host-pinned and a row whose image resolves elsewhere is dropped. `CCTV_FLORIDA_MAX_SOURCES` caps the pack (default 500, anchored per region across the state). Each catalog page is read under a 2 MiB cap and redirects are refused. Frames are fetched live at request time and never stored or redistributed. FL511's terms (fl511.com/privacy#disclaimer) license its content for individual, personal use only; any other use, including a public deployment, needs FDOT's express written consent.
 - **Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) cameras.** The camera list is the keyless `https://www.gencat.cat/transit/opendata/cameres.xml` WFS/GML feed, fetched over https with redirects refused and the body read capped at 1 MiB, since the list decides ids, coordinates and which allowlisted frame path is proxied. It carries a `font` field naming the real publisher per camera; this pack keeps SCT's own highway cameras plus hotlinked Barcelona (IMI) and Terrassa municipal cameras (~130 total), each confirmed to return a real frame, so frame URLs are checked against a small host allowlist (`mct.gencat.cat`, `www.bcn.cat`, `emap.terrassa.cat`) rather than one pinned origin (a link carrying `user:pass@` userinfo or an explicit port, or pointing outside that host's frame directory, is rejected even on an allowed host; an SCT `sctidcam` must be a bare `.gif`/`.jpg` filename), and every non-SCT camera carries its real owner as a `credit` shown beside the shared `provider`. The feed carries no compass heading, so every camera loads at low heading confidence (same as TfL and Fintraffic). SCT's own feed link (`RenderService`) needed a workaround: it always 302s to a second endpoint (`TransitCamera`) on a Location the upstream hardcodes as plain http even when requested over https — refused by `fetchWithinHost`'s same-origin (scheme-included) redirect policy — and separately, `mct.gencat.cat`'s TLS setup fails the handshake with Node's fetch outright (`ERR_SSL_WRONG_SIGNATURE_TYPE`) even though other HTTP clients complete it. The loader therefore builds the `TransitCamera` URL itself, over plain http, from `RenderService`'s `sctidcam` id, rather than registering the (broken) upstream link — the only transport this one host actually serves to this runtime. Camera ids are built from the SCT camera file or the partner image path, not the feed's `fid` (which embeds an upstream server-start stamp and changes on every upstream restart), and rows the feed lists more than once collapse to one camera. The feed carries no camera status field, so a camera its publisher has taken offline still registers and shows the publisher's own "image unavailable" still (SCT and Barcelona both serve one with HTTP 200), the same as other packs without a status field. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. The feed itself states no licence; the pack relies on the Generalitat de Catalunya open-data portal's terms for this dataset (the licence and attribution above). Disable with `CCTV_CATALONIA_ENABLED=0`.
-- **Iceland (Vegagerðin / IRCA) cameras.** The camera list is the keyless `https://gagnaveita.vegagerdin.is/api/vefmyndavelar2014_1` JSON feed (about 500 camera views at roughly 170 stations), fetched over https with redirects refused and the body read capped at 2 MiB, since the list decides ids, coordinates and which frame path is proxied. Frames are JPEG stills in `https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/`; only links inside that directory are registered (userinfo, explicit ports and encoded path separators are rejected). Camera ids come from the frame file name. The feed's `Skyring` view description is the camera label, and a stated facing ("til vesturs", "í suður", "séð austur") sets a high-confidence heading; a view that states none, or two different ones ("niður á veg", a bare road direction), takes the id-hash low-confidence pose. The feed has no elevation, so cameras carry a flat prior that the client's ground snap corrects. IRCA publishes road camera images under CC BY 4.0 and requires the licensor to be acknowledged without implying endorsement; the pack shows the attribution above in the Data attribution popover and carries the licence string on every camera. IRCA describes the images as fetched several times per hour (a live frame's `Last-Modified` was about four minutes old on 2026-11-06) and the real-time data as provided as is, without warranty. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. Disable with `CCTV_ICELAND_ENABLED=0`.
+- **Iceland (Vegagerðin / IRCA) cameras.** The camera list is the keyless `https://gagnaveita.vegagerdin.is/api/vefmyndavelar2014_1` JSON feed (about 500 camera views at roughly 170 stations), fetched over https with redirects refused and the body read capped at 2 MiB, since the list decides ids, coordinates and which frame path is proxied. Frames are JPEG stills in `https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/`; only links inside that directory are registered (userinfo, explicit ports and encoded path separators are rejected). Camera ids come from the frame file name. The feed's `Skyring` view description is the camera label, and a stated facing ("til vesturs", "í suður", "séð austur") sets a high-confidence heading; a view that states none, or two different ones ("niður á veg", a bare road direction), takes the id-hash low-confidence pose. The feed has no elevation, so cameras carry a flat prior that the client's ground snap corrects. IRCA publishes road camera images under CC BY 4.0 and requires the licensor to be acknowledged without implying endorsement; the pack shows the attribution above (licensor, dataset, CC BY 4.0, terms link and no-endorsement note) in the Data attribution popover, and every camera record carries the licence string. IRCA describes the images as fetched several times per hour (a live frame's `Last-Modified` was about four minutes old on 2026-11-06) and the real-time data as provided as is, without warranty. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. Disable with `CCTV_ICELAND_ENABLED=0`.
 - **King County road cameras.** Keyless. The camera list is one public ArcGIS FeatureServer GeoJSON query (King County DOT Road Services, "King County and WSDOT Traffic Cameras"). The `outFields` list is explicit on purpose: the layer also carries asset-administration columns — including staff names — that are never fetched. Only live, active cameras with frames on the county's own `info.kingcounty.gov` image handler are registered (the feed writes `http://`; the handler serves HTTPS, so URLs are upgraded and pinned before registration). WSDOT-owned rows in the layer are skipped because their frames are WSDOT-hosted, outside the pinned image origin; partner-city cameras hosted on the county image handler (e.g. Newcastle) name their owner as the per-camera credit. The layer publishes no facing, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence. Uniquely, the county publishes each camera's hardware `Manufacturer`/`Model` (Cohu 3950/3965, Bosch AUTODOME, Axis PTZ domes); both are carried on the source (and served by `/api/cctv/sources`) as `model` and `manufacturer` for identified-hardware consumers (vendor-generic strings such as `PTZ` name no model and are omitted). Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. Disable with `CCTV_KINGCOUNTY_ENABLED=0`.
 - **WSDOT highway cameras.** Keyless. The camera list is the Esri JSON layer `data.wsdot.wa.gov/travelcenter/Cameras.json` — the same layer WSDOT's own Travel Center map consumes (~1,700 point features, EPSG:3857 geometry converted to WGS84 on load; the body carries Windows-1252 bytes and is decoded as such). Only frames on WSDOT's own `images.wsdot.wa.gov` host are registered — the catalog also lists ~70 partner cameras (Oregon DOT, City of Seattle, lodges, airports) whose own terms apply, and those are skipped rather than proxied. WSDOT's layer metadata marks the feed for "low volume" use (see WSDOT's [travel information disclaimer](https://wsdot.wa.gov/about/policies/travel-information-disclaimer)). The catalog is fetched once per CCTV catalog refresh (every 15 minutes), and a camera's frame is fetched only when that camera is viewed; frames are never stored or redistributed. The live feed's `CompassDirection` is a single cardinal (N/E/S/W), `B` (both directions — most rows), `O`, or null. A single cardinal gives a high-confidence heading (the diagonals NE/SE/SW/NW are mapped too should they appear); `B`, `O`, null, and any other code carry no single facing and use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence. By default the 250 cameras nearest Seattle and Spokane load; `CCTV_WSDOT_MAX_SOURCES` changes the cap (8–1,200) and `CCTV_WSDOT_ENABLED=0` turns the pack off. A keyed WSDOT Traveler Information API serves the same population for higher-volume use and is deliberately not required here.
 - **Hong Kong Transport Department traffic snapshot cameras.** Keyless. The English camera list is the public DATA.GOV.HK XML at `static.data.gov.hk/td/traffic-snapshot-images/code/Traffic_Camera_Locations_En.xml`; frames are stills on `tdcctv.data.one.gov.hk`, and only that host is registered. Frame URLs are rebuilt from each camera key (`https://tdcctv.data.one.gov.hk/{KEY}.JPG`) rather than taken verbatim from the catalog. Stills were probed to answer directly on that origin with no redirect hop. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. The dataset publishes no camera facing, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence and are corrected with the in-app calibration gizmo. By default nearly the full catalog loads (~1,013; pack cap 1,100), prioritized nearest Central, Tsim Sha Tsui, Sha Tin, Tsuen Wan, Tai Po, Fanling, Tuen Mun, Yuen Long and Tseung Kwan O so a lowered cap still spans Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories. When the sum of packs exceeds the catalog-wide ceiling, shared round-robin keeps every lane represented. `CCTV_HK_MAX_SOURCES` (8–1200) changes the cap and `CCTV_HK_ENABLED=0` turns the pack off. The DATA.GOV.HK Terms of Use require attribution to the Government / Transport Department / DATA.GOV.HK.
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index dc9700593..b23ab75b0 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -583,6 +583,7 @@
   "src/data/cctvHk.test.mjs",
   "src/data/cctvVegvesen.test.mjs",
   "src/data/cctvA22.test.mjs",
+  "src/data/cctvIceland.test.mjs",
   "src/data/cctvNyc.test.mjs",
   "src/data/cctvHouston.test.mjs",
   "src/data/cctvNswSource.test.mjs",
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/sources.js b/server/providers/cctv/sources.js
index 1a7cf9f54..f6bfa35be 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/sources.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/sources.js
@@ -2051,15 +2051,22 @@ const ICELAND_DIRECTION_HEADINGS = {
   vestur: 270,
   norðvestur: 315,
 };
-const ICELAND_DIRECTION_RE =
-  /(?<![\p{L}])(?:til|í|séð)\s+(norðaustur|norðvestur|suðaustur|suðvestur|norður|suður|austur|vestur)s?(?![\p{L}])/gu;
+const ICELAND_DIRECTION_WORD =
+  '(norðaustur|norðvestur|suðaustur|suðvestur|norður|suður|austur|vestur)s?';
+/** A facing, plus a second one joined by "og" ("til austurs og vesturs"). */
+const ICELAND_DIRECTION_RE = new RegExp(
+  `(?<![\\p{L}])(?:til|í|séð)\\s+${ICELAND_DIRECTION_WORD}` +
+    `(?:\\s+og\\s+(?:til\\s+|í\\s+)?${ICELAND_DIRECTION_WORD})?(?![\\p{L}])`,
+  'gu',
+);
 
 /**
  * The compass heading an Icelandic view description states, or NaN. Only an
  * explicit "til <átt>", "í <átt>" or "séð <átt>" counts: a bare place name or
- * a road direction ("Miklabraut austur") is not a facing. A description naming two
- * different directions is ambiguous and yields NaN, and "niður á veg" (down
- * onto the road) states none.
+ * a road direction ("Miklabraut austur") is not a facing. A description naming
+ * two different directions ("til norðurs og til suðurs", "til austurs og
+ * vesturs") is ambiguous and yields NaN, and "niður á veg" (down onto the
+ * road) states none.
  *
  * @param {string} text - The feed's `Skyring` field.
  * @returns {number} Heading in degrees [0..360), or NaN.
@@ -2069,7 +2076,9 @@ export function icelandHeadingFromDescription(text) {
   for (const match of String(text || '')
     .toLowerCase()
     .matchAll(ICELAND_DIRECTION_RE)) {
-    headings.add(ICELAND_DIRECTION_HEADINGS[match[1]]);
+    for (const word of [match[1], match[2]]) {
+      if (word) headings.add(ICELAND_DIRECTION_HEADINGS[word]);
+    }
   }
   return headings.size === 1 ? headings.values().next().value : NaN;
 }
@@ -2097,14 +2106,16 @@ export function icelandCameraToSource(row) {
   const cameraId = `is-vegagerdin-${stem}`;
   const description = String(row.Skyring || '')
     .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
-    .replace(/\b(\p{L}+) \1\b/giu, '$1')
+    // Letter lookarounds, not \b: \b is ASCII-only and would join "Þverá
+    // Árnessýslu" while missing "séð séð".
+    .replace(/(?<!\p{L})(\p{L}+) \1(?!\p{L})/giu, '$1')
     .trim();
   const station = String(row.Myndavel || '').trim();
   const heading = icelandHeadingFromDescription(description);
   const hasHeading = Number.isFinite(heading);
   return {
     id: cameraId,
-    name: description || station || `Vegagerðin ${row.Maelist_nr}`,
+    name: description || station || `Vegagerðin ${row.Maelist_nr ?? stem}`,
     city: 'Iceland',
     cityId: 'iceland',
     provider: 'Vegagerðin (IRCA)',
diff --git a/src/data/cctvIceland.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvIceland.test.mjs
index 3d1d6384c..1db511478 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvIceland.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvIceland.test.mjs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   ICELAND_MAX_CATALOG_BYTES,
 } from '../../server/providers/cctv/constants.js';
+import { fetchWithinHost } from '../../server/providers/cctv/media.js';
 import { isLikelyIcelandCoordinate } from '../../server/providers/cctv/normalize.js';
 import {
   icelandCameraToSource,
@@ -76,6 +77,10 @@ test('an Iceland row maps to a source on the pinned frame directory', () => {
   assert.equal(source.lon, -21.4);
   assert.equal(source.headingDeg, 270);
   assert.equal(source.headingConfidence, 'high');
+  assert.equal(source.pitchDeg, -24);
+  assert.equal(source.fovDeg, 56);
+  assert.equal(source.rangeM, 210);
+  assert.equal(source.mountHeightM, 10);
   assert.equal(source.feedType, 'image');
   assert.equal(source.sourceKind, 'iceland-vegagerdin');
   assert.equal(source.code, 'HELLISHEIÐI');
@@ -109,6 +114,27 @@ test('the label collapses the feed’s doubled spaces and repeated words', () =>
     ).name,
     'Strandarheiði séð niður á veg til austurs',
   );
+  const label = (Skyring) => icelandCameraToSource(row({ Skyring })).name;
+  // Repeats of words with Icelandic letters collapse too.
+  assert.equal(
+    label('Hellisheiði séð séð til austurs'),
+    'Hellisheiði séð til austurs',
+  );
+  assert.equal(label('Brú á á Jökulsá'), 'Brú á Jökulsá');
+  // A word ending in a letter the next word starts with is not a repeat.
+  for (const text of [
+    'Þverá Árnessýslu',
+    'brú Úlfarsá',
+    'Vesturlandsvegur við Elliðaá Ártúnsbrekku',
+  ])
+    assert.equal(label(text), text);
+});
+
+test('a row with no label, station or station number is named by its frame', () => {
+  const source = icelandCameraToSource(
+    row({ Skyring: '', Myndavel: '', Maelist_nr: undefined }),
+  );
+  assert.equal(source.name, 'Vegagerðin hellisheidi_1');
 });
 
 test('only an explicit facing sets a heading', () => {
@@ -123,6 +149,8 @@ test('only an explicit facing sets a heading', () => {
     ['Staður séð í suðvestur', 225],
     ['Staður séð til norðvesturs', 315],
     ['STAÐUR SÉÐ TIL VESTURS', 270],
+    ['Brú séð til austurs og Selfoss', 90], // "og" then a place, not a facing
+    ['Staður séð til austurs og Vesturlandsvegur', 90],
   ];
   for (const [text, heading] of cases) {
     assert.equal(icelandHeadingFromDescription(text), heading, text);
@@ -137,6 +165,9 @@ test('only an explicit facing sets a heading', () => {
     'Norðurárdalur niður á veg', // a place name that contains a cardinal
     'Staður séð til suðurlands', // a longer word, not "suður"
     'Staður séð til norðurs og til suðurs', // two facings: ambiguous
+    'Staður séð til austurs og vesturs', // the second facing shares "til"
+    'Staður séð í norður og suður',
+    'Staður séð í norður og í suður',
     'Norðfjarðargöng séð til Eskifjarðar',
   ]) {
     assert.ok(Number.isNaN(icelandHeadingFromDescription(text)), String(text));
@@ -189,10 +220,16 @@ test('the Iceland loader reads the list with redirects refused and keeps the nea
     }),
   );
   // Reykjavík cameras come last in the feed but first in the priority order.
+  // A frame the feed repeats keeps its last row, as the other packs do.
+  rows.push(row({ Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}rvk_1.jpg`, Skyring: 'Old' }));
   rows.push(
-    row({ Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}rvk_1.jpg`, Breidd: 64.1466, Lengd: -21.9426 }),
+    row({
+      Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}rvk_1.jpg`,
+      Skyring: 'Kringlumýrarbraut',
+      Breidd: 64.1466,
+      Lengd: -21.9426,
+    }),
   );
-  rows.push(row({ Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}rvk_1.jpg` })); // repeated frame
   const seen = [];
   t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url, init) => {
     seen.push([String(url), init.redirect]);
@@ -202,6 +239,8 @@ test('the Iceland loader reads the list with redirects refused and keeps the nea
   assert.deepEqual(seen, [[ICELAND_CAMERAS_URL, 'manual']]);
   assert.equal(sources.length, 8);
   assert.equal(sources[0].id, 'is-vegagerdin-rvk_1');
+  assert.equal(sources[0].name, 'Kringlumýrarbraut');
+  assert.equal(sources[0].lat, 64.1466);
   assert.equal(
     new Set(sources.map((s) => s.id)).size,
     sources.length,
@@ -213,8 +252,9 @@ test('the Iceland loader reads the list with redirects refused and keeps the nea
 test('the default Iceland cap is DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES', async (t) => {
   t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
   withEnv(t, { CCTV_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES: undefined });
-  const rows = Array.from({ length: DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES + 40 }, (_, i) =>
-    row({ Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}cam_${i}.jpg` }),
+  const rows = Array.from(
+    { length: DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES + 40 },
+    (_, i) => row({ Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}cam_${i}.jpg` }),
   );
   t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => json(rows));
   assert.equal(
@@ -223,17 +263,71 @@ test('the default Iceland cap is DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES', async (t) => {
   );
 });
 
+test('CCTV_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES is clamped to 8..600 and ignored when not a number', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  withEnv(t, { CCTV_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES: undefined });
+  const rows = Array.from({ length: 650 }, (_, i) =>
+    row({ Slod: `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}cam_${i}.jpg` }),
+  );
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => json(rows));
+  for (const [value, expected] of [
+    ['0', 8],
+    ['3', 8],
+    ['1000', 600],
+    ['abc', DEFAULT_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES],
+  ]) {
+    process.env.CCTV_ICELAND_MAX_SOURCES = value;
+    assert.equal(
+      (await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData()).length,
+      expected,
+      value,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('a redirect on the Iceland frame host stays inside vefmyndavelar/', async () => {
+  const frame = `${ICELAND_IMAGE_ORIGIN}hellisheidi_1.jpg`;
+  const redirectTo = (location) => async (url) =>
+    url === frame
+      ? new Response(null, { status: 302, headers: { location } })
+      : new Response('frame', { headers: { 'content-type': 'image/jpeg' } });
+  for (const location of [
+    '/vgdata/other/x.jpg',
+    '/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/../x.jpg',
+    '/',
+  ])
+    assert.equal(
+      await fetchWithinHost(frame, {}, redirectTo(location)),
+      null,
+      location,
+    );
+  const followed = await fetchWithinHost(
+    frame,
+    {},
+    redirectTo('/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/hellisheidi_1b.jpg'),
+  );
+  assert.equal(await followed.text(), 'frame');
+});
+
 test('the Iceland loader fails soft on HTTP errors, bad payloads and network errors', async (t) => {
   t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
   t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
-  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => new Response('x', { status: 503 }));
+  t.mock.method(
+    globalThis,
+    'fetch',
+    async () => new Response('x', { status: 503 }),
+  );
   assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
   t.mock.restoreAll();
   t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
   t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
   t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => json({ rows: [] }));
   assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
-  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => new Response('<html>', { status: 200 }));
+  t.mock.method(
+    globalThis,
+    'fetch',
+    async () => new Response('<html>', { status: 200 }),
+  );
   assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
   t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => {
     throw new Error('network down');
@@ -245,11 +339,17 @@ test('the Iceland catalog fetch refuses redirects and oversized bodies', async (
   t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
   const redirected = streamingResponse({
     status: 302,
-    headers: { location: 'http://gagnaveita.vegagerdin.is/api/vefmyndavelar2014_1' },
+    headers: {
+      location: 'http://gagnaveita.vegagerdin.is/api/vefmyndavelar2014_1',
+    },
   });
   t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => redirected.response);
   assert.deepEqual(await loadIcelandSourcesFromOpenData(), []);
-  assert.equal(redirected.state.cancelled, true, 'the redirect body is cancelled');
+  assert.equal(
+    redirected.state.cancelled,
+    true,
+    'the redirect body is cancelled',
+  );
 
   t.mock.restoreAll();
   t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
@@ -287,7 +387,9 @@ test('the Iceland catalog fetch refuses redirects and oversized bodies', async (
 test('CCTV catalog merges Iceland cameras and CCTV_ICELAND_ENABLED=0 skips the request', async (t) => {
   t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
   t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
-  const sourceRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gev-cctv-catalog-iceland-'));
+  const sourceRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(
+    path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'gev-cctv-catalog-iceland-'),
+  );
   t.after(() => fs.rmSync(sourceRoot, { recursive: true, force: true }));
   withEnv(t, {
     CCTV_SOURCES_FILE: undefined,
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.js b/src/data/dataCredits.js
index 1734809c6..704db7fb8 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.js
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.js
@@ -324,9 +324,11 @@ export const DATA_CREDITS = [
   {
     key: 'iceland-cctv',
     html:
-      'CCTV cameras &amp; frames (Iceland): ' +
+      'CCTV cameras &amp; frames (Iceland): road camera images, fetched live, from the ' +
       '<a href="https://www.vegagerdin.is/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)</a> — ' +
-      '<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CC BY 4.0</a>',
+      '<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CC BY 4.0</a> ' +
+      '(<a href="https://www.vegagerdin.is/vegagerdin/gagnasafn/vefthjonustur/terms-and-conditions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">terms</a>); ' +
+      'no endorsement by IRCA is implied',
   },
   {
     key: 'kingcounty-cctv',

From 6af14f7f13e6be7421f8da4883a87a1c1452f4de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Said Turksever <asturksever@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2026 17:53:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 185/262] fix(cctv): leave Iceland to its own pack, credit
 World and Canada packs
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Main now ships an Iceland pack that loads the full live Vegagerðin list
(about 500 views) with its CC BY 4.0 credit. The World catalog's 166
Vegagerðin rows point at the same frames under different ids, so every one
of those cameras would be drawn twice. Drop them from the World export and
its loader policy; World is now 2,230 rows and the default catalog limit
7,350 (4,000 shared slots plus 3,350 reserved).

Register Data attribution entries for Ottawa, Québec, TripCheck and MLIT,
as every other CCTV pack has. MLIT's terms ask for the source in the form
"出典：国土交通省 川の防災情報" with the page link, and ODOT asks for
"Camera courtesy of ODOT"; TripCheck partner cameras keep their owner's
name in the label.

The Houston guard test from main checked the old 4,000 default ceiling;
check the 4,000 shared slots instead, like the other pack tests.
---
 .env.example                                  |    4 +-
 DATA_SOURCES.md                               |    4 +-
 README.md                                     |    2 +-
 .../1506-cctv-taiwan-quebec-ottawa-world.md   |    4 +-
 config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json  | 2656 -----------------
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |   22 +-
 scripts/dev-fresh.sh                          |    2 +-
 server/providers/cctv/constants.js            |    8 +-
 server/providers/cctv/media.js                |    2 -
 server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js         |   12 +-
 src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs              |    4 +-
 src/data/cctvHouston.test.mjs                 |    6 +-
 src/data/cctvWorldQuebec.test.mjs             |   68 +-
 src/data/dataCredits.js                       |   32 +
 src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs                 |   14 +
 15 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 2725 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.env.example b/.env.example
index bf4c0438f..8b3b5f831 100644
--- a/.env.example
+++ b/.env.example
@@ -275,8 +275,8 @@ AISSTREAM_API_KEY=
 # CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES=250                          # cap Ottawa cameras (8-500, nearest downtown first)
 # CCTV_QUEBEC_ENABLED=1                                # set 0 to skip the Québec camera locations (MTQ, Montréal, scenic links)
 # CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED=                           # off by default; set 1 to let viewers play Québec 511 clips in their browser after pressing Play (511 terms of use unconfirmed; see DATA_SOURCES.md)
-# CCTV_WORLD_CAMERAS_ENABLED=1                         # set 0 to skip the Iceland, Oregon and MLIT (Japan) still cameras
-# CCTV_MAX_SOURCES=7516                                # catalog-wide ceiling: 4,000 slots shared round-robin, the rest reserved for Québec and World
+# CCTV_WORLD_CAMERAS_ENABLED=1                         # set 0 to skip the Oregon and MLIT (Japan) still cameras
+# CCTV_MAX_SOURCES=7350                                # catalog-wide ceiling: 4,000 slots shared round-robin, the rest reserved for Québec and World
 # CCTV_PREFER_AUSTIN=1                                 # prioritize Austin cameras in the registry
 # CCTV_FORCE_AUSTIN=                                   # force live default sources when a source-pack JSON is configured
 
diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index d7ef60b80..baf154774 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ The optional Local ADS-B layer and the broadcast-FM receiver use radio you recei
 - **Fintraffic weathercams.** The camera list is one keyless GeoJSON request to `tie.digitraffic.fi/api/weathercam/v1/stations` (809 stations / 2,275 presets), sent with the `Digitraffic-User: gods-eye-view` header the service asks clients to identify themselves with and with gzip; frames are stills on `weathercam.digitraffic.fi`, refreshed on each station's 600 s collection interval, which is also the client's ambient-still refresh cadence for this pack (the active camera keeps the usual 10-second refresh). One preset (a fixed camera view) is one camera; stations not `GATHERING` and presets not `inCollection` are dropped. Attribution is required by the CC BY 4.0 licence and is registered in the Data attribution popover. `CCTV_FINTRAFFIC_ENABLED=0` is the kill switch.
 - **DriveBC highway cameras.** The camera list comes from the keyless `https://www.drivebc.ca/api/webcams/` endpoint served by the DriveBC.ca site ([bcgov/DriveBC.ca](https://github.com/bcgov/DriveBC.ca)); frames come from `https://www.drivebc.ca/images/<id>.jpg`, built from the numeric camera id. DataBC's [DriveBC HighwayCams](https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/bc-highwaycams) catalogue entry publishes the same cameras under the Open Government Licence – British Columbia, but its CSV still lists the retired `images.drivebc.ca` frame URLs, which now return a placeholder. The licence's attribution statement is required and is registered in the Data attribution popover. By default the 250 cameras nearest Vancouver and Victoria load; `CCTV_DRIVEBC_MAX_SOURCES` changes the cap and `CCTV_DRIVEBC_ENABLED=0` turns the pack off. Some cameras in the feed are supplied by partners (TransLink, the City of Vancouver, the City of Surrey, Parks Canada / Alberta Motor Association and others); the feed's per-camera credit is carried onto the camera record and shown beside the provider in the CCTV panel.
 - **City of Ottawa traffic cameras.** Camera images come from the city's [Traffic Camera Images API](https://traffic.ottawa.ca/en/traffic-map-data-lists-and-resources/about-the-data), which requires an access certificate requested through the city's registration form and allows one certificate and user id to fetch a camera at most once every 60 seconds. Set `OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE`; without it the pack is skipped and makes no request. The camera list is the documented keyless `traffic.ottawa.ca/map/service/camera` JSON (camera number, English and French names, coordinates, owner). Frames are `traffic.ottawa.ca/opendata/camera?c=<number>`; the server adds the certificate and the user id `gev` at fetch time, so no catalog response carries the key, and serves each camera from one shared in-memory frame per minute. MTO cameras carried on the city feed keep their owner as a per-camera credit. The feed publishes no bearing, so headings use the shared id-hash fallback at low confidence, and no status field, so a camera the city takes offline still registers. Frames are never stored on disk. The city states no redistribution licence for the images; the certificate request asks how they will be used, so describe the deployment there. `CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES` caps the pack (default 250, nearest downtown) and `CCTV_OTTAWA_ENABLED=0` turns it off.
-- **World cams image subset.** The normal CCTV catalog adds 166 Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration cameras, 1,176 Oregon TripCheck stills, and 1,054 MLIT river cameras from the curated `config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` export; disable it with `CCTV_WORLD_CAMERAS_ENABLED=0`. The server validates and pins each image URL to its provider path. [Vegagerðin's data-service licence](https://www.vegagerdin.is/vegagerdin/gagnasafn/vefthjonustur/terms-and-conditions) permits reuse with attribution but excludes third-party rights; [ODOT allows TripCheck image use and requests credit](https://www.tripcheck.com/Pages/Frequently-Asked-Questions); MLIT's [site terms](https://www.river.go.jp/kawabou/kwb_apend/html/caution.html) are CC BY-compatible with attribution and warn against high-volume/periodic collection, so those frames refresh at ten minutes per camera. Images are not bundled or persisted; a bounded 32 MB in-memory cache reuses them until the per-source cadence. The 249 NZTA Journey Planner rows are excluded because its [website terms prohibit scraping](https://www.journeys.nzta.govt.nz/about-this-site/terms-of-use); use an authorized API feed or obtain permission before adding those rows.
+- **World cams image subset.** The normal CCTV catalog adds 1,176 Oregon TripCheck stills and 1,054 MLIT river cameras from the curated `config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` export; disable it with `CCTV_WORLD_CAMERAS_ENABLED=0`. The export's Vegagerðin rows are left out because the Iceland pack already loads those cameras. The server validates and pins each image URL to its provider path, fetches a frame only when a camera is viewed, and never stores or redistributes it. [ODOT allows businesses, private citizens and organizations to use TripCheck images and asks for credit](https://www.tripcheck.com/Pages/Frequently-Asked-Questions) ("Camera courtesy of ODOT"); TripCheck also carries partner cameras run by Oregon counties and cities, Caltrans and WSDOT, which keep their owner's name in the camera label. MLIT's [site terms](https://www.river.go.jp/kawabou/kwb_apend/html/caution.html) follow the Government of Japan Standard Terms of Use 2.0 (CC BY 4.0 compatible, commercial use allowed, source credit required) and ask tools not to collect data periodically, pointing regular collection to the river information data service; frames are therefore fetched only on view and refresh at most every ten minutes per camera. Both credits are registered in the Data attribution popover.
 - **TxDOT ITS cameras.** The catalog comes from the keyless `its.txdot.gov/its/DistrictIts/GetCctvStatusListByDistrict` endpoint, one call per district. Frames come from the per-camera `GetCctvSnapshotByIcdId` endpoint, which answers JSON carrying a base64 JPEG rather than an image body; the proxy decodes it only for responses from the official TxDOT origin and validates the JPEG header before serving. Only cameras reporting `Device Online` are registered. Districts default to Austin and San Antonio (`CCTV_TXDOT_DISTRICTS`; 25 codes exist statewide); `CCTV_TXDOT_MAX_SOURCES` caps the pack and `CCTV_TXDOT_ENABLED=0` turns it off. Frames are fetched live at request time and are never stored or redistributed.
 - **Tallinn ristmikud.** Intersection camera stills are fetched live from `ristmikud.tallinn.ee` (`/last/camNNN.jpg`). The curated catalog (`config/cctv_sources.tallinn.json`) supplies coordinates and heading priors; only server-registered ristmikud HTTPS URLs are proxied. Frames are fetched at request time and never stored or redistributed. Disable with `CCTV_TALLINN_ENABLED=0`.
 - **Tarktee / Transpordiamet.** Estonia road-weather camera locations and current JPEG URLs come from keyless DATEX2 endpoints on `tarktee.transpordiamet.ee` (`/api/v1/datex/roadCameraLocations` + `roadCameraImages`). Frame URLs rotate with each capture; the 15-minute CCTV source cache refreshes them. Only `https://tarktee.transpordiamet.ee/images/…` URLs are registered. Disable with `CCTV_TARKTEE_ENABLED=0`.
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ The [Bhote Koshi event pack](public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/README.md), under `p
 | **Dams** (704) | `dams/` | **ODbL 1.0** (OpenInfraMap / OSM extract) | ✅ (attribution + share-alike on data) | © OpenStreetMap contributors (shared credit) + Open Infrastructure Map |
 | **Military area names** (36,466) | `osm_military_names/` | **ODbL 1.0** (OpenStreetMap, via Overture Maps) | ✅ (attribution + share-alike on data) | © OpenStreetMap contributors (shared credit) + Overture Maps Foundation |
 | **Québec CCTV source catalog** (1,120 locations) | `public/quebec-cameras.json` | Mixed: MTQ locations CC BY 4.0; Montréal camera nodes ODbL 1.0; scenic records retain per-record provenance. No video files are bundled or cached. | Location data is per-record; video remains hosted by Québec 511 and its platform terms apply; scenic source pages may have separate terms | MTQ / Données Québec CC BY 4.0; © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL); scenic operator and position source shown in the selected-camera panel |
-| **World camera image subset** (2,396 locations) | `config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` | Mixed: Vegagerðin open-government licence, ODOT TripCheck public images, and MLIT site content compatible with CC BY 4.0. Frames are not bundled or persisted; the server holds a bounded in-memory cache. | Per-source terms apply; NZTA Journey Planner web-cache rows are excluded | Vegagerðin, Oregon Department of Transportation, and Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) |
+| **World camera image subset** (2,230 locations) | `config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` | Mixed: ODOT TripCheck public images (ODOT permits use with credit) and MLIT site content under terms compatible with CC BY 4.0. Frames are not bundled or persisted; the server holds a bounded in-memory cache. | Per-source terms apply; NZTA Journey Planner web-cache rows are excluded; Vegagerðin rows are served by the Iceland pack instead | Oregon Department of Transportation (Camera courtesy of ODOT) and Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (出典：国土交通省 川の防災情報) |
 | **TeleGeography Submarine Cable Map** (712 cables + 1,917 landing points)   | `telegeography_submarine_cables/` | **CC BY-NC-SA 3.0**                                                                                       | ❌ **NonCommercial — remove for commercial use** | "© TeleGeography — submarinecablemap.com"                                   |
 | **Natural Earth physical regions** (1,046 land + 292 marine named polygons) | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
 | **DataSF Analysis Neighborhoods** (41 SF neighborhood polygons)             | `neighborhoods/`                  | **PDDL 1.0** (public domain)                                                                              | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "City & County of San Francisco — DataSF" (courtesy — not legally required) |
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 41e01dc71..ef2eb0767 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ Twenty-two layers and map sources. **Twenty have a keyless path.** Some offer ad
 | 🌍 **Earthquakes**          | Global seismic activity, last 24h                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | USGS                                    | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | ◍ **Air quality**           | Live AQHI on the published 1–10+ health-risk scale, with a Weather-panel card showing the band legend and the highest readings in view. **Canada only** — ECCC is the first registered provider | ECCC MSC GeoMet                          | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🚗 **Traffic**              | Simulated vehicles on OSM roads. With TomTom, live flow speeds drive the simulation and congestion colors below ~8 km; individual vehicle positions are not live observations                                                                                                                                                                                                       | TomTom + OSM                            | 🟢 simulation · 🟡 live flow speeds                                                                 |
-| 📹 **CCTV Mesh**            | up to 7,516 camera locations (4,000 shared round-robin slots, plus room for 1,120 Québec and 2,396 World image cameras) projected _into_ the 3D space — Austin · Texas (TxDOT) · California (Caltrans) · London (TfL) · Ontario (511, free developer key) · Ottawa (City of Ottawa, free access certificate) · Finland (Fintraffic) · British Columbia (DriveBC) · Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) · Delaware (DelDOT live video) · New South Wales (Live Traffic NSW) · Calgary · Norway (Statens vegvesen) · Toronto · King County (WA) · Washington (WSDOT) · Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) · Iceland (Vegagerðin) · Hong Kong (Transport Department) · Taiwan (Freeway Bureau, MOTC) · Québec (MTQ locations with Québec 511 links, Montréal locations, regional webcams) · Oregon (TripCheck) · Japan (MLIT river cameras) · Italy (A22 Brennero motorway), plus opt-in New York City (NYC DOT TMC, needs your own NYC DOT agreement), opt-in Lithuania (Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo, photo licence unconfirmed), opt-in Québec 511 in-browser video (embedding terms unconfirmed), opt-in Florida (FL511, individual personal use only; other use needs FDOT's written consent) and opt-in Houston (TranStar, enable only with TxDOT's written permission per TranStar's Content Usage terms). Positions are published or attributed; poses are estimated priors **you calibrate by dragging a gizmo on the camera itself** | City APIs                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
+| 📹 **CCTV Mesh**            | up to 7,350 camera locations (4,000 shared round-robin slots, plus room for 1,120 Québec and 2,230 World image cameras) projected _into_ the 3D space — Austin · Texas (TxDOT) · California (Caltrans) · London (TfL) · Ontario (511, free developer key) · Ottawa (City of Ottawa, free access certificate) · Finland (Fintraffic) · British Columbia (DriveBC) · Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) · Delaware (DelDOT live video) · New South Wales (Live Traffic NSW) · Calgary · Norway (Statens vegvesen) · Toronto · King County (WA) · Washington (WSDOT) · Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) · Iceland (Vegagerðin) · Hong Kong (Transport Department) · Taiwan (Freeway Bureau, MOTC) · Québec (MTQ locations with Québec 511 links, Montréal locations, regional webcams) · Oregon (TripCheck) · Japan (MLIT river cameras) · Italy (A22 Brennero motorway), plus opt-in New York City (NYC DOT TMC, needs your own NYC DOT agreement), opt-in Lithuania (Via Lietuva / Eismoinfo, photo licence unconfirmed), opt-in Québec 511 in-browser video (embedding terms unconfirmed), opt-in Florida (FL511, individual personal use only; other use needs FDOT's written consent) and opt-in Houston (TranStar, enable only with TxDOT's written permission per TranStar's Content Usage terms). Positions are published or attributed; poses are estimated priors **you calibrate by dragging a gizmo on the camera itself** | City APIs                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 📷 **Mapped ALPR Cameras**  | License-plate-reader camera locations tagged by OpenStreetMap contributors, loaded one city-sized view at a time, with **SHOW NEAREST**. Locations and tags only: no plate data, no video                                                                                                                                                                                           | OpenStreetMap (incl. DeFlock mapping)   | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 📷 **Street Level**         | Street-level photos behind one panel, one chip per provider: coverage on the streets, image cones, an embedded viewer with full-screen **EXPAND**. Mapillary, Google Street View, KartaView and Panoramax | Mapillary · Google · KartaView · Panoramax | 🟢 KartaView, Panoramax · 🟡 Mapillary token · 🔴 Google Maps key |
 | 📻 **Radio**                | Geolocated world radio with an **analog tuner** — drag the needle across up to 750 stations and the globe flies to each broadcaster                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | Radio Browser / broadcasters            | 🟢                                                                                                  |
diff --git a/changelog.d/1506-cctv-taiwan-quebec-ottawa-world.md b/changelog.d/1506-cctv-taiwan-quebec-ottawa-world.md
index 466c97830..25e0c832d 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1506-cctv-taiwan-quebec-ottawa-world.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1506-cctv-taiwan-quebec-ottawa-world.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 - Expand CCTV coverage with a keyless Taiwan Highway Bureau fallback, 1,120
   Québec camera locations, City of Ottawa traffic cameras (needs a free city
-  access certificate, `OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE`), and 2,396 curated
-  image-backed cameras from Iceland, Oregon, and Japan (InoukT, #1506).
+  access certificate, `OTTAWA_CAMERA_CERTIFICATE`), and 2,230 curated
+  image-backed cameras from Oregon and Japan (InoukT, #1506).
 - Québec 511 in-browser video is opt-in (`CCTV_QUEBEC_VIDEO_ENABLED=1`) and
   loads only after the viewer presses Play; enforce provider-specific frame
   refresh limits, and report recognized MLIT maintenance images as degraded
diff --git a/config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json b/config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json
index cb3738ac6..7bddd62a1 100644
--- a/config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json
+++ b/config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json
@@ -1,2660 +1,4 @@
 [
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7075",
-    "name": "Almannaskarð - norður",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 64.291877,
-    "lon": -15.028035,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7076",
-    "name": "Almannaskarð - suður",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 64.282717,
-    "lon": -15.039817,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_3.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_3.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7185",
-    "name": "Almenningar",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 66.158108,
-    "lon": -19.0424,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almenningar_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almenningar_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7038",
-    "name": "Arnarneshæð",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 64.099812,
-    "lon": -21.916253,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/arnarneshaed_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/arnarneshaed_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7143",
-    "name": "Arnarnesvegur",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 64.088166,
-    "lon": -21.831622,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/arnarnesvegur_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/arnarnesvegur_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7085",
-    "name": "BB-göng_BO",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 66.072533,
-    "lon": -23.321167,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_5.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_5.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7083",
-    "name": "BB-göng_BR",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 66.028351,
-    "lon": -23.343915,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7084",
-    "name": "BB-göng_TU",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 66.0555,
-    "lon": -23.22625,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_3.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bb-gong_3.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7107",
-    "name": "Bakkaselsbrekka",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 65.476392,
-    "lon": -18.665278,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bakkaselsbrekka_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bakkaselsbrekka_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7027",
-    "name": "Biskupsháls",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 65.561817,
-    "lon": -16.021983,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/biskupshals_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/biskupshals_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7063",
-    "name": "Blikdalsá",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 64.26805,
-    "lon": -21.829398,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/blikdalsa_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/blikdalsa_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7097",
-    "name": "Blönduós",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 65.668366,
-    "lon": -20.234482,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/blonduos_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/blonduos_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7052",
-    "name": "Bolungarvíkurgöng við Bolungarvík",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 66.143108,
-    "lon": -23.222907,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/bolungarvikurgong_3.jpg",
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-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 63.931028,
-    "lon": -21.392668,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/threngsli_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/threngsli_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7043",
-    "name": "Þröskuldar",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 65.550184,
-    "lon": -21.833513,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/throskuldar_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/throskuldar_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7020",
-    "name": "Þverárfjall",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 65.781272,
-    "lon": -20.013938,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/thverarfjall_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/thverarfjall_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7147",
-    "name": "Þverárfjall á Laxárdalsheiði",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 65.808028,
-    "lon": -19.847833,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/thverarfjall_laxardal_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/thverarfjall_laxardal_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
-  {
-    "id": "world-is-7088",
-    "name": "Þyrill",
-    "city": "Iceland",
-    "cityId": "iceland",
-    "provider": "Vegagerðin road cameras",
-    "lat": 64.388697,
-    "lon": -21.421562,
-    "feedType": "image",
-    "sourceKind": "vegagerdin-road",
-    "license": "Vegagerðin (Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration) public road camera",
-    "credit": "Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (Vegagerðin)",
-    "url": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/thyrill_1.jpg",
-    "snapshotUrl": "https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/thyrill_1.jpg",
-    "frameRefreshMs": 300000
-  },
   {
     "id": "world-jp-river-310497008",
     "name": "中津隈8号橋",
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 8185641b3..3f7e96e44 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1574,8 +1574,8 @@ id-hash fallback at low confidence.
 
 Once enabled, the 250 cameras nearest the five borough cores load.
 `CCTV_NYC_MAX_SOURCES` sets the pack cap (8–400). The default catalog limit is
-7,516: 4,000 shared round-robin slots, plus room above them for the 1,120
-Québec locations and 2,396 World image sources. Lower explicit
+7,350: 4,000 shared round-robin slots, plus room above them for the 1,120
+Québec locations and 2,230 World image sources. Lower explicit
 `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` values are honored; reservations only use the capacity
 above the 4,000 shared slots.
 
@@ -1594,7 +1594,7 @@ cameras return a 200 "Image Unavailable" placeholder frame instead of an error.
 By default all ~336 cameras load, nearest downtown first.
 `CCTV_TORONTO_MAX_SOURCES` sets the pack cap (8–500) and
 `CCTV_TORONTO_ENABLED=0` turns the pack off. The pack shares the default
-7,516-source catalog limit with the other packs; Québec and the World image
+7,350-source catalog limit with the other packs; Québec and the World image
 pack have reserved slots and the remaining sources use round-robin allocation.
 
 ## Lithuania CCTV source pack
@@ -5409,8 +5409,8 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
   kill switch `CCTV_FINTRAFFIC_ENABLED=0`) are the fourth pack: one keyless GeoJSON station list
   covering the whole country, where one _preset_ (a station's fixed view) is one camera — 806
   GATHERING stations carry 2,256 in-collection presets, prioritized to 300 against seven anchors
-  on the main road spine. `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` defaults to 7,516: 4,000 shared
-  round-robin slots plus 3,516 reserved Québec and World image slots.
+  on the main road spine. `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` defaults to 7,350: 4,000 shared
+  round-robin slots plus 3,350 reserved Québec and World image slots.
   Reservations only use capacity above the 4,000 shared slots, so at 4,000 or
   less every pack, Québec and World included, shares the cap round-robin.
   ~1,100 cameras total, all RAW PRIOR poses, stills-first. The catalog lives for 15 minutes; once
@@ -7095,8 +7095,8 @@ configure automatic restarts.
 The regular CCTV source loader reads `public/quebec-cameras.json` by default
 when `CCTV_QUEBEC_ENABLED` is not `0`. The pack contains 1,120 records: 680
 MTQ highway cameras, 426 Montréal OSM camera locations, and 14 scenic webcams.
-The default catalog limit is 7,516: it reserves all 1,120 Québec locations and
-2,396 World image feeds, and keeps 4,000 slots for the existing round-robin
+The default catalog limit is 7,350: it reserves all 1,120 Québec locations and
+2,230 World image feeds, and keeps 4,000 slots for the existing round-robin
 camera packs. Reservations only use capacity above those 4,000 slots: a lower
 explicit `CCTV_MAX_SOURCES` thins every pack round-robin, Québec and World
 included, instead of taking the shared slots.
@@ -7143,16 +7143,16 @@ id-hash fallback at low confidence. `CCTV_OTTAWA_MAX_SOURCES` caps the pack
 ## World camera image feeds
 
 The default `world-cameras` pack reads only the checked-in, curated
-`config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` file. It adds 166 Vegagerðin,
-1,176 Oregon TripCheck, and 1,054 MLIT river cameras. Duplicate Canadian feeds
-are excluded because DriveBC, Ottawa, and Québec already have app packs. NZTA's
+`config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` file. It adds 1,176 Oregon
+TripCheck and 1,054 MLIT river cameras. Duplicate feeds are excluded because
+DriveBC, Ottawa, Québec and Iceland (Vegagerðin) already have app packs. NZTA's
 249 rows are excluded because they were collected from a Journey Planner web
 cache whose current terms prohibit automated scraping; an authorized API feed
 or permission is required before adding them. The wider discovery export is
 not shipped with the app.
 
 The app validates and pins each still-image URL to its provider directory
-before the server proxy uses it. Iceland and Oregon frames refresh no faster
+before the server proxy uses it. Oregon frames refresh no faster
 than every five minutes; MLIT river frames refresh every ten minutes to reduce
 requests. Images are not persisted; the proxy reuses frames in a bounded 32 MB
 in-memory cache until their provider cadence. Set
diff --git a/scripts/dev-fresh.sh b/scripts/dev-fresh.sh
index f4a26953f..5d5ba872f 100755
--- a/scripts/dev-fresh.sh
+++ b/scripts/dev-fresh.sh
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ CCTV_NSW_ENABLED="${CCTV_NSW_ENABLED:-1}"
 CCTV_NSW_MAX_SOURCES="${CCTV_NSW_MAX_SOURCES:-250}"
 CCTV_CALGARY_ENABLED="${CCTV_CALGARY_ENABLED:-1}"
 CCTV_CALGARY_MAX_SOURCES="${CCTV_CALGARY_MAX_SOURCES:-220}"
-CCTV_MAX_SOURCES="${CCTV_MAX_SOURCES:-7516}"
+CCTV_MAX_SOURCES="${CCTV_MAX_SOURCES:-7350}"
 
 # Capture which provider credentials genuinely came from the parent shell
 # before this launcher resolves dotenv and Keychain fallbacks. Only names are
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/constants.js b/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
index 038994010..79b05573f 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/constants.js
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ export const DEFAULT_AUSTIN_MAX_SOURCES = 250;
 export const CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS = 4000;
 /**
  * Catalog-wide default: the 4,000 shared slots plus room reserved for the
- * 1,120 Québec and 2,396 World image locations.
+ * 1,120 Québec and 2,230 World image locations.
  */
-export const DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES = 7516;
+export const DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES = 7350;
 /** Hard upper bound for CCTV_MAX_SOURCES; also sizes the health map. */
 export const CCTV_MAX_SOURCES_CEILING = 8000;
 /** Reference point for Austin camera prioritization (Congress & 6th). */
@@ -227,14 +227,12 @@ export const TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_IMAGE_ORIGINS = Object.freeze(
   [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].map((n) => `https://cctv-ss0${n}.thb.gov.tw/`),
 );
 /** Direct still-image directories from the World cams add-on's eligible packs. */
-export const VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN =
-  'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/';
 export const TRIPCHECK_IMAGE_ORIGIN =
   'https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/';
 export const MLIT_RIVER_IMAGE_ORIGIN = 'https://cam.river.go.jp/cam/now/';
 export const DEFAULT_WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_FILE =
   'config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json';
-export const WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT = 2396;
+export const WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT = 2230;
 /** Tallinn intersection cameras: curated catalog + public stills on ristmikud.tallinn.ee. */
 export const DEFAULT_TALLINN_SOURCE_FILE = 'config/cctv_sources.tallinn.json';
 export const DEFAULT_TALLINN_MAX_SOURCES = 255;
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/media.js b/server/providers/cctv/media.js
index 667f42f55..7dac9f03a 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/media.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/media.js
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import {
   TRIPCHECK_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   NSW_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   NSW_IMAGE_USER_AGENT,
-  VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   OTTAWA_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TALLINN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TARKTEE_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
@@ -538,7 +537,6 @@ for (const prefix of [
   KING_COUNTY_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   WSDOT_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   A22_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
-  VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TRIPCHECK_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   MLIT_RIVER_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   ...TAIWAN_HIGHWAY_IMAGE_ORIGINS,
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js b/server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js
index 4614ef9c3..a4c68647d 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/worldCameras.js
@@ -5,19 +5,11 @@ import {
   DEFAULT_WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_FILE,
   MLIT_RIVER_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   TRIPCHECK_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
-  VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
   WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT,
 } from './constants.js';
 import { pinnedCameraUrl } from './normalize.js';
 
 const SOURCE_POLICIES = Object.freeze({
-  'vegagerdin-road': {
-    idPrefix: 'world-is-',
-    origin: VEGAGERDIN_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
-    bounds: [63, 68, -26, -12],
-    filename: /^\/vgdata\/vefmyndavelar\/[^/]+\.jpg$/i,
-    frameRefreshMs: 5 * 60 * 1000,
-  },
   'tripcheck-odot': {
     idPrefix: 'world-or-',
     origin: TRIPCHECK_IMAGE_ORIGIN,
@@ -72,7 +64,9 @@ function inBounds(lat, lon, [minLat, maxLat, minLon, maxLon]) {
 /**
  * Load only the new image-backed networks from the add-on export. Existing
  * Canadian networks, Québec entries, JMA placeholder images, and NZTA's
- * scraped Journey Planner rows are deliberately excluded.
+ * scraped Journey Planner rows are deliberately excluded. Vegagerðin (Iceland)
+ * rows are excluded too: the Iceland pack loads the full live list of those
+ * cameras, so a World copy would draw each one twice.
  */
 export function loadWorldCameraSources({ sourceRoot = process.cwd() } = {}) {
   const filename = path.resolve(sourceRoot, DEFAULT_WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_FILE);
diff --git a/src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs
index f4b368379..445322375 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvCatalogCap.test.mjs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ test('duplicate ids resolve last-pack-wins and count against the winning pack',
 const reservedFixture = () => [
   ...Array.from({ length: 20 }, (_, i) => pack(`shared${i}`, 250)),
   { ...pack('quebec', 1120), reservedCount: 1120 },
-  { ...pack('world', 2396), reservedCount: 2396 },
+  { ...pack('world', 2230), reservedCount: 2230 },
 ];
 const keptByName = (packs) =>
   Object.fromEntries(packs.map(({ name, kept }) => [name, kept]));
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ test('at the default cap reserved packs are whole and shared packs keep the floo
   const kept = keptByName(packs);
   assert.equal(sources.length, DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES);
   assert.equal(kept.quebec, 1120);
-  assert.equal(kept.world, 2396);
+  assert.equal(kept.world, 2230);
   for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) assert.equal(kept[`shared${i}`], 200);
   assert.match(
     sources[0].id,
diff --git a/src/data/cctvHouston.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvHouston.test.mjs
index 82153152e..19d4331e2 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvHouston.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvHouston.test.mjs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   loadHoustonSourcesFromOpenData,
 } from '../../server/providers/cctv/sources.js';
 import {
-  DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES,
+  CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS,
   DEFAULT_HOUSTON_MAX_SOURCES,
   HOUSTON_CAMERAS_URL,
   HOUSTON_GROUND_ELEVATION_M,
@@ -387,8 +387,8 @@ test('Houston stays unloaded unless CCTV_HOUSTON_ENABLED=1', async (t) => {
   }
 });
 
-test('the shipped catalog ceiling is not raised to make room for this pack', () => {
-  assert.equal(DEFAULT_CCTV_MAX_SOURCES, 4000);
+test('the shared catalog slots are not raised to make room for this pack', () => {
+  assert.equal(CCTV_SHARED_SOURCE_SLOTS, 4000);
   assert.equal(DEFAULT_HOUSTON_MAX_SOURCES, 250);
 });
 
diff --git a/src/data/cctvWorldQuebec.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvWorldQuebec.test.mjs
index 0859329af..605831382 100644
--- a/src/data/cctvWorldQuebec.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/cctvWorldQuebec.test.mjs
@@ -58,16 +58,15 @@ function sourceRoot(t, { world = [], quebec = null } = {}) {
   return root;
 }
 
-const icelandRow = (overrides = {}) => ({
-  id: 'world-is-7075',
-  name: 'Almannaskarð - norður',
-  provider: 'Vegagerðin road cameras',
-  lat: 64.291877,
-  lon: -15.028035,
-  sourceKind: 'vegagerdin-road',
-  url: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_1.jpg',
-  snapshotUrl:
-    'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_1.jpg',
+const oregonRow = (overrides = {}) => ({
+  id: 'world-or-764',
+  name: '3rd St at Harwood MP18.35',
+  provider: 'TripCheck (ODOT)',
+  lat: 44.3029,
+  lon: -120.8549,
+  sourceKind: 'tripcheck-odot',
+  url: 'https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Harwood_pid3527.jpg',
+  snapshotUrl: 'https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/Harwood_pid3527.jpg',
   ...overrides,
 });
 
@@ -76,7 +75,8 @@ test('the shipped World catalog loads every curated row', (t) => {
   const sources = loadWorldCameraSources({ sourceRoot: REPO_ROOT });
   assert.equal(sources.length, WORLD_CCTV_SOURCE_COUNT);
   const byKind = Object.groupBy(sources, (source) => source.sourceKind);
-  assert.equal(byKind['vegagerdin-road'].length, 166);
+  // Iceland comes from the live Iceland pack, never a second World copy.
+  assert.equal(byKind['vegagerdin-road'], undefined);
   assert.equal(byKind['tripcheck-odot'].length, 1176);
   assert.equal(byKind['mlit-river'].length, 1054);
   for (const source of byKind['mlit-river'])
@@ -87,31 +87,41 @@ test('the World loader accepts a pinned row and rejects anything outside its pol
   quiet(t);
   const rejected = [
     ['unknown kind', { sourceKind: 'nzta-journeys' }],
-    ['wrong id prefix', { id: 'world-or-7075' }],
+    [
+      'Iceland duplicates the Iceland pack',
+      {
+        sourceKind: 'vegagerdin-road',
+        lat: 64.291877,
+        lon: -15.028035,
+        url: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_1.jpg',
+        snapshotUrl: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/almannaskard_1.jpg',
+      },
+    ],
+    ['wrong id prefix', { id: 'world-jp-river-7075' }],
     ['outside bounds', { lat: 40, lon: -15 }],
-    ['other host', { url: 'https://evil.test/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a.jpg' }],
-    ['other directory', { url: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/other/a.jpg' }],
-    ['query string', { url: icelandRow().url + '?x=1' }],
-    ['not a jpg', { url: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/a.png' }],
-    ['plain http', { url: icelandRow().url.replace('https:', 'http:') }],
+    ['other host', { url: 'https://evil.test/roadcams/cams/a.jpg' }],
+    ['other directory', { url: 'https://www.tripcheck.com/other/a.jpg' }],
+    ['query string', { url: oregonRow().url + '?x=1' }],
+    ['not a jpg', { url: 'https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/a.png' }],
+    ['plain http', { url: oregonRow().url.replace('https:', 'http:') }],
     [
       'url and snapshot differ',
-      { snapshotUrl: 'https://www.vegagerdin.is/vgdata/vefmyndavelar/b.jpg' },
+      { snapshotUrl: 'https://www.tripcheck.com/roadcams/cams/b.jpg' },
     ],
   ];
   const root = sourceRoot(t, {
     world: [
-      icelandRow(),
-      icelandRow(), // duplicate id
+      oregonRow(),
+      oregonRow(), // duplicate id
       ...rejected.map(([, overrides], i) =>
-        icelandRow({ id: `world-is-${9000 + i}`, ...overrides }),
+        oregonRow({ id: `world-or-${9000 + i}`, ...overrides }),
       ),
     ],
   });
   const sources = loadWorldCameraSources({ sourceRoot: root });
   assert.deepEqual(
     sources.map((source) => source.id),
-    ['world-is-7075'],
+    ['world-or-764'],
   );
   assert.equal(sources[0].frameRefreshMs, 5 * 60 * 1000);
   assert.equal(sources[0].feedType, 'image');
@@ -238,14 +248,14 @@ test('/sources lists Québec browser media only when the operator opts in', asyn
 
 test('a World frame is fetched once per refresh floor and the cooldown never spends Street View', async (t) => {
   quiet(t);
-  const root = sourceRoot(t, { world: [icelandRow()] });
+  const root = sourceRoot(t, { world: [oregonRow()] });
   let answer = () => new Response(JPEG, { headers: { 'content-type': 'image/jpeg' } });
   const app = mount(t, root, (url) =>
-    url === icelandRow().url ? answer() : null,
+    url === oregonRow().url ? answer() : null,
   );
-  const frame = '/frame/world-is-7075';
+  const frame = '/frame/world-or-764';
   const upstreamHits = () =>
-    app.requests.filter((url) => url === icelandRow().url).length;
+    app.requests.filter((url) => url === oregonRow().url).length;
 
   const first = await app.call(frame);
   assert.equal(first.headers['X-CCTV-Source'], 'upstream-image');
@@ -255,17 +265,17 @@ test('a World frame is fetched once per refresh floor and the cooldown never spe
 
   // A camera whose first fetch fails is inside its failure backoff: it gets
   // the placeholder, not Google Street View, and no second upstream request.
-  const failRoot = sourceRoot(t, { world: [icelandRow()] });
+  const failRoot = sourceRoot(t, { world: [oregonRow()] });
   answer = () => new Response('down', { status: 503 });
   const failing = mount(t, failRoot, (url) =>
-    url === icelandRow().url ? answer() : null,
+    url === oregonRow().url ? answer() : null,
   );
   const failed = await failing.call(frame);
   assert.notEqual(failed.headers['X-CCTV-Source'], 'upstream-image');
   const retry = await failing.call(frame);
   assert.equal(retry.headers['X-CCTV-Source'], 'synthetic');
   assert.equal(
-    failing.requests.filter((url) => url === icelandRow().url).length,
+    failing.requests.filter((url) => url === oregonRow().url).length,
     1,
     'the backoff holds the provider cadence',
   );
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.js b/src/data/dataCredits.js
index 704db7fb8..8ffbf3aaf 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.js
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.js
@@ -299,6 +299,38 @@ export const DATA_CREDITS = [
       'CCTV static data (MOTC 2.0), released under the ' +
       '<a href="https://data.gov.tw/license" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Open Government Data License, Taiwan (Version 1.0)</a>',
   },
+  {
+    key: 'ottawa-cctv',
+    html:
+      'Traffic cameras (Ottawa, with an access certificate): ' +
+      '<a href="https://traffic.ottawa.ca/en/traffic-map-data-lists-and-resources/about-the-data" target="_blank" rel="noopener">City of Ottawa Traffic Camera Images API</a>',
+  },
+  {
+    key: 'quebec-cctv',
+    html:
+      'Camera locations (Québec): Ministère des Transports et de la Mobilité durable via ' +
+      '<a href="https://www.donneesquebec.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Données Québec</a> ' +
+      '(<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CC BY 4.0</a>); ' +
+      'Montréal camera locations © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL). ' +
+      'Video (when enabled) and linked webcam pages stay with ' +
+      '<a href="https://www.quebec511.info/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Québec 511</a> and each operator, under their own terms',
+  },
+  {
+    key: 'tripcheck-cctv',
+    html:
+      'Road camera stills (Oregon): camera courtesy of ODOT, via ' +
+      '<a href="https://www.tripcheck.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TripCheck</a>; ' +
+      'partner cameras (counties, cities, Caltrans, WSDOT) are named in the camera label',
+  },
+  {
+    key: 'mlit-river-cctv',
+    html:
+      'River camera stills (Japan): 出典：国土交通省 ' +
+      '<a href="https://www.river.go.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">川の防災情報</a> ' +
+      '(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; ' +
+      '<a href="https://www.river.go.jp/kawabou/kwb_apend/html/caution.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">terms</a>), ' +
+      'fetched on view, at most every ten minutes per camera',
+  },
   {
     key: 'calgary-cctv',
     html:
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs b/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
index 023c79671..79305ad6f 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
@@ -153,3 +153,17 @@ test('every Street Level imagery source is in the attribution lightbox', () => {
       `${key} has no credit`,
     );
 });
+
+test('the PR #1506 camera packs are credited with their sources and terms', () => {
+  const html = (key) => DATA_CREDITS.find((entry) => entry.key === key)?.html;
+  assert.match(html('ottawa-cctv') || '', /traffic\.ottawa\.ca/);
+  assert.match(html('quebec-cctv') || '', /CC BY 4\.0/);
+  assert.match(html('quebec-cctv') || '', /OpenStreetMap contributors/);
+  assert.match(html('tripcheck-cctv') || '', /courtesy of ODOT/);
+  // MLIT's terms ask for the source in this form, with the page link.
+  assert.match(html('mlit-river-cctv') || '', /出典：国土交通省/);
+  assert.match(
+    html('mlit-river-cctv') || '',
+    /href="https:\/\/www\.river\.go\.jp\//,
+  );
+});

From 72112ecb45e2275401aa8e2bf9fcbab4e2312898 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 17:04:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 186/262] feat(cockpit): ride the selected vessel from its
 bridge

With no aircraft tracked, Cockpit can ride the selected AIS vessel. Entry
needs only Live AIS Vessels and a selected vessel; C, double-click and the
entry buttons (reading BRIDGE with a ship icon) enter it, while voice stays
aircraft-only.

The eye sits on the AIS position at a representative bridge height for the
vessel's type family, looks along true heading and moves along course over
ground. The last fix is dead-reckoned for up to 180 s between the layer's
refreshes, and on rivers and lakes the waterline is read from the rendered
surface around the ship rather than the geoid.

The bridge HUD shows speed and course over ground, a straight heading
tape, window mullions, the AIS destination as a reported voyage and a
heading-up radar of nearby ships (3 to 24 NM). The arrow keys look around,
Home or 0 looks ahead again. The vessel layer hides the ridden ship's
sprite and card, ignores scene clicks while held, and returns the camera
to the vessel's map view on exit.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                      |   89 +-
 index.html                                 |    2 +-
 scripts/package-boundaries.json            |   23 +
 src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs                 |    5 +-
 src/cockpitLook.js                         |  183 +++
 src/cockpitLook.test.mjs                   |  137 ++
 src/cockpitMath.js                         |   40 +
 src/cockpitMath.test.mjs                   |   42 +
 src/cockpitRadar.js                        |  166 +++
 src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs                  |  140 +++
 src/cockpitSubjects.js                     |  170 +++
 src/cockpitSubjects.test.mjs               |  137 ++
 src/cockpitTracking.js                     |    3 +-
 src/contextModePolicy.js                   |   12 +
 src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs             |   12 +
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                   |   48 +-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                   |   44 +-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                   |   45 +-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                   |   45 +-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                   |   45 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                   |   43 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                   |   45 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                   |   46 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                   |   46 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                |   43 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json              |   43 +-
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json              |   18 +-
 src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js       |  142 +++
 src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.test.mjs |  113 ++
 src/layers/vessels/queries.js              |  102 ++
 src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs  |  118 ++
 src/layers/vessels/records.js              |   31 +
 src/layers/vessels/records.test.mjs        |   30 +
 src/layers/vessels/rendering.js            |   12 +-
 src/layers/vessels/selection.js            |    3 +
 src/layers/vessels/state.js                |    2 +
 src/ui/applicationShell.js                 |    3 +
 src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs         |    2 +-
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs              | 1319 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js                  |    2 +-
 src/ui/cockpitCamera.js                    |  230 +++-
 src/ui/cockpitController.js                |  121 +-
 src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js               |   52 +-
 src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs           |   36 +-
 src/ui/cockpitInput.js                     |  122 +-
 src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js           |   15 +
 src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js               |  212 ++++
 src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js              |    8 +-
 src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js        |  164 ++-
 src/ui/stores/cockpit.js                   |   25 +-
 src/ui/styles/cockpit.css                  |  454 +++++++
 src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css             |  193 +++
 src/ui/views/CockpitView.vue               |   86 +-
 src/ui/views/ContextView.vue               |    4 +-
 src/ui/views/IntelHudView.vue              |    4 +-
 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRadar.vue       |  164 +++
 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRoute.vue       |    8 +-
 style.css                                  |    1 +
 58 files changed, 5313 insertions(+), 137 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitLook.js
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitLook.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitRadar.js
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitSubjects.js
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitSubjects.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css
 create mode 100644 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRadar.vue

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 3bf6b1051..f8f69be47 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1524,6 +1524,77 @@ retained Cockpit actions cannot restart a disposed controller. Input, subscripti
 and queued panel work stop before asynchronous layer restoration; final camera
 and portal cleanup follows that restoration.
 
+### Ship bridge view
+
+With no aircraft tracked, Cockpit can ride the selected AIS vessel instead.
+Entry needs only the layer of the vessel it rides, Live AIS Vessels, and a
+selected vessel; Contacts and every other layer may be off, before or during
+the bridge (`bridgeEntryAllowed` in `src/contextModePolicy.js`). A Context mode
+change still in flight blocks entry until it settles. `C` enters it, and the
+entry button reads BRIDGE with a ship icon both in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`)
+and under the selected vessel's Intel HUD readout in the bottom-right corner
+(`#cockpit-entry-readout`, shown with the HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber
+layouts). Turning Live AIS Vessels off ends the bridge: the layer then has no
+subject (`getCockpitSubject` returns null). The bridge picture uses AIS alone,
+so no other feed being off makes it partial.
+Voice (`control_cockpit`) and the selection entry transaction stay aircraft-only.
+The vessel layer supplies the subject (`getCockpitSubject`), hides that ship's
+sprite, card and detection bracket while it is held (`setCockpitSubject`), and
+ignores scene clicks so open water cannot deselect it. The eye sits on the AIS
+position at a representative bridge height for the AIS type family
+(`src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js`: cargo and tanker 30 m, passenger 25 m,
+tug 7 m, fishing 6 m, ferry and AIS "Other" (codes 90–99, or a feed's text
+type "Other") 4 m, sailing and pleasure 3 m; 12 m when the type names no
+family, including the reserved and wing-in-ground codes the vessel layer also
+files under OTHER), pitched 2° down with 2 m clearance over the shared ground floor
+(`src/cockpitSubjects.js`). The camera faces true heading (course over ground
+when heading is missing) and moves along course over ground. A ship reporting
+neither has no direction: the camera keeps the heading it had on entry, the
+heading readout shows `---`, the visor reads NO HEADING · AIS, the entry signal
+names the ship without a heading, no bow or stern mark is drawn, and the eye
+stays on the fix rather than moving along a made-up course. The vessel layer
+redraws a ship only on its 60-second refresh, so the camera's target is the last
+fix dead-reckoned along course over ground for up to 180 s, and the existing
+inertial anchor absorbs each new fix. The fix's age is read without comparing
+the two clocks (`vesselFixAgeSec`): the time since this client first received
+the fix, plus how far it trailed that refresh's newest fix, so a client clock
+running fast or slow neither projects the ship nor marks it stale, and a fix
+the feed keeps re-serving from its cache goes on ageing into STALE FEED. A
+stale vessel, or a projection past that limit, holds the camera on the target.
+The vessel layer floats ships on the geoid, which on a river or lake can lie
+well below the water (the Seine through Paris is ~27 m up), so the bridge also
+reads the rendered surface around its ship: the ship's position and a ring of
+eight probes 30 m out, the lowest probe taken as the water when it is 2 m to
+4,000 m above sea level. The first read starts from the tiles already loaded, then
+the full-detail read replaces it; it repeats every 5 s. Only one full-detail
+read runs at a time: while one is still running, a refresh reads the loaded
+tiles instead, and the slow read applies whenever it lands unless a newer
+one has. A failed read keeps the sea surface.
+
+The HUD keeps its frame, vision styles, briefing, weather and Display/Radio
+utilities. It names the ship, reads `{type} · LIVE AIS · EYE {height}`, shows
+speed over ground in knots, true heading and course over ground in place of
+altitude, hides the altitude tape, and shows the crew-entered AIS destination as
+a Reported Voyage card without an origin or direction arrow. The arrow keys
+look around the bridge in 5° steps (Shift for 45°): Left and Right turn the
+view all the way round, Up and Down pitch it up to ±90°, and the camera eases
+there unless the user prefers reduced motion. Home or `0`, or the LOOK AHEAD
+button shown while the view is turned, bring it back over the bow at the rest
+pitch. The keys stay with a focused text field, slider, tab, radio group, list
+or menu. The heading tape is a straight strip that scrolls continuously with
+the camera, so the caret reads the view's exact heading, while the readout
+above it keeps the ship's true heading; a ring with a centre dot marks the bow
+(prograde) and a ring with a cross the stern (retrograde) at their bearings
+from the caret. The bridge radar
+shows nearby AIS ships heading-up and opens at 3 NM
+(`DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM` in `src/cockpitRadar.js`); its range button steps
+3, 6, 12 and 24 NM and the chosen range is kept across bridges. Contact
+Previous/Next and Live Signals aircraft handoffs are refused on the bridge and
+the Contact card stays hidden. Exit returns the camera to the vessel's map view
+through the layer's own focus. Tracking an aircraft or losing the vessel
+selection ends the bridge without refocusing the ship. `src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs`
+covers entry, readouts, refusal and exit.
+
 ## Context coordination
 
 Context controls own Contacts/Space Missions state, entry and exit transactions,
@@ -6270,14 +6341,16 @@ apply to `public/` assets or built-preview serving.
   `src/contextModePolicy.js`). Contacts is not required, and the other aircraft
   layer, Live AIS Vessels and every other layer may be turned on or off before
   or during a session. A Context mode change still in flight blocks entry until
-  it settles. Turning off the layer the view rides ends it. Riding an aircraft
-  while Contacts is on adopts its layer as the user's own, as a direct selection
-  does (`adoptLayerVisibility`), so Contacts ending, by its own switch or one of
-  its layers going off, restores the pre-Contacts layers but keeps the ridden
-  one and the view; Live Signals then drops the rows Contacts built and shows
-  `CONTEXT STANDBY`. The visible Cockpit actions, the `C` shortcut and voice use
-  the same gate; voice entry still opens Contacts first, as its layer-targeted
-  entry navigates through Contacts.
+  it settles. Turning off the layer the view rides ends it. Riding an aircraft,
+  or a vessel from its bridge, while Contacts is on adopts its layer as the
+  user's own, as a direct selection does (`adoptLayerVisibility`), so Contacts
+  ending, by its own switch or one of its layers going off, restores the
+  pre-Contacts layers but keeps the ridden one and the view; Live Signals then
+  drops the rows Contacts built and shows `CONTEXT STANDBY`. The visible
+  Cockpit actions, the `C` shortcut and voice use the same gate; voice entry
+  still opens Contacts first, as its layer-targeted entry navigates through
+  Contacts. The ship bridge has its own own-layer gate (`bridgeEntryAllowed`;
+  see [Ship bridge view](#ship-bridge-view)).
 - **Aircraft cockpit view:** selecting a commercial or military aircraft reveals a `COCKPIT` action (`C`) once that aircraft's own layer is on; Contacts is not required. The action shows in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`) and under the Intel HUD's bottom-right readout (`#cockpit-entry-readout`, with the HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber layouts), so entry needs no Contacts panel. Turning off the ridden aircraft's layer ends the view (the layer clears its tracking). When an air feed the surrounding picture uses is off, the Cockpit says so instead of blocking: Live Signals leads with `MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE` or `FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE`, and the Contact card shows that line in place of its inputs status, so a partial picture is never presented as complete. `control_cockpit` refuses entry with `entryBlockedReason` `contacts-starting` (a Context change in flight), `subject-layer-off` (the aircraft's layer, or with none tracked any aircraft layer, is off) or `no-tracked-aircraft`. Cockpit mode temporarily releases Cesium's orbit-follow transform and drives a first-person camera from the tracked aircraft's existing smoothed display position and course. Its concave helmet-visor HUD shows callsign, UTC time, coordinates, curved roll/pitch guides, and a seven-division heading tape. Ambient commercial and military AIR contacts use a Cockpit near/far band selected by the shared Display 3D mode: Proximity admits at 150 km and retains to 185 km; All admits at 400 km and retains to 450 km. The shared 3D toggle now applies in Cockpit: Off keeps in-range contacts as rotating 2D aircraft silhouettes, while On lets a ready admitted glTF take over without a drawing gap. The Cockpit model cap remains 60 and can only lower the map budget; in-range contacts that are capped or still loading remain 2D silhouettes instead of degrading to out-of-range dots. Contacts outside the selected band use small rotation-free cyan-white pips for civilian aircraft and amber pips for military. The pilot's own airframe is not drawn in first person, and exiting clears the Cockpit band and restores normal map silhouettes/models. The normal left accordion remains available for Layers and Authoring and keeps the same 26vh HUD-aligned anchor used in map mode, independent of whether the bottom-left Contact card is expanded or collapsed; the right-rail CCTV and Context chooser are hidden to avoid duplicating or overlapping the cockpit presentation. When the intelligence HUD is enabled, its classification, scene summary, collection/orbit metadata, coordinates, and imaging-status text remain visible as reduced peripheral cockpit telemetry; the optical center and flight instruments stay clear, and turning the HUD off still hides it. Ground speed, exact heading, and rendered altitude form one compact lower-center instrument cluster, keeping the horizon and peripheral view open. A second live altitude tape hugs the inside-right visor rim: its rail and nine moving ticks are derived from the same responsive keyhole radius, remain 20 px inside the circular edge even on wide displays, fade deeply at both vertical ends, and move continuously behind a fixed current-altitude pointer; its interval tightens automatically near the surface and it is suppressed on narrow screens. Cockpit mode also has a weather-backed transparent volumetric-cloud pass derived from the supplied FBM/domain-warped R&D shader. It renders at no more than 520×320, uses 24 ray steps/three FBM octaves at 12 FPS, is clipped to the visor, fails clear when Open-Meteo is unavailable, and stops its animation completely on cockpit exit. It does not restore the prior CPU weather canvases, precipitation, scene fog, or any map-mode effect. When Contacts is active for the tracked aircraft, the compact `CONTACT` rail adds the 250 km subject window, four cohort counts, nearest observed/mapped example with relative bearing and distance, freshness, explicit uncertainty, and Previous and Next controls plus its own collapse control. The mirrored right rail is a three-page **cockpit briefing carousel**: source-backed live signals, location-matched regional headlines, and physical-region/current-weather context from bundled Natural Earth polygons and Open-Meteo. It is manual-first: Previous, Next, and direct page controls are always available, and the visible `CYCLE OFF` / `CYCLE ON` control starts or stops the nine-second page cycle. The cycle pauses on hover or keyboard focus and stops while collapsed, hidden, or outside cockpit mode; live signal data continues refreshing either way. Empty news matches and unavailable news use compact text states rather than reserving an empty media frame; partial local data remains explicit. Article links open their original publisher, and no headline is treated as verified risk intelligence. On desktop both cockpit rails use the same width and share a bottom-aligned safe baseline in opposite corners above the peripheral MGRS/GSD/time telemetry, leaving both that text and the lower-center instrument cluster readable. They collapse independently to slim tabs without stopping live data updates. Narrow screens use separated top/bottom fallbacks. Empty-space globe clicks are inert while cockpit owns the camera; `C`, `Escape`, or `EXIT COCKPIT` explicitly exits and restores the same tracked entity and standard follow camera. Unknown feeds remain unknown, selection loss still exits safely without inventing a replacement track, and the cockpit never presents the summary as threat scoring or an all-clear. This is a desktop first-person presentation, not a WebXR session.
 - **Cockpit left-panel clearance:** the Cockpit Contact card and peripheral HUD participate in the adaptive left accordion's live obstacle measurements, including live viewport-height changes. Expanding Layers or Authoring keeps the active panel in the available upper-left corridor with internal scrolling; it does not cover the Contact card, lower Cockpit controls, or Cesium credit line. Outside Cockpit the hidden card does not alter the normal corridor.
 - **Cockpit Context scope:** the 250 km radius applies to the air/sea proximity cohorts. Installation counts come only from the currently loaded viewport and are labeled `CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY` in the cockpit as well as the normal Context panel; neither surface presents them as a complete 250 km installation survey.
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index f5e3adc83..39ee7e01d 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
        with the sources: src/materialSymbolsSubset.test.mjs fails when a source
        names a glyph this list is missing, because a missing glyph does not draw
        a box — the ligature never forms and the element renders the literal word. -->
-  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&icon_names=adjust,arrow_drop_down,arrow_forward,arrow_left,arrow_right,bolt,bug_report,category,chevron_left,chevron_right,close,close_fullscreen,dark_mode,draw,east,eco,egg_alt,flare,flight,handyman,layers,layers_clear,light_mode,local_fire_department,location_on,more_horiz,movie,my_location,navigation,normal,on,open_in_full,partly_cloudy_day,pentagon,pest_control,pets,public,question_mark,radar,radio,raven,right_panel_close,right_panel_open,rocket_launch,satellite_alt,search,set_meal,settings,skip_next,skip_previous,streetview,timeline,traffic,tune,umbrella,upload_file,videocam,view_in_ar,visibility,visibility_off,water_drop" rel="stylesheet" />
+  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&icon_names=adjust,arrow_drop_down,arrow_forward,arrow_left,arrow_right,bolt,bug_report,category,chevron_left,chevron_right,close,close_fullscreen,dark_mode,directions_boat,draw,east,eco,egg_alt,flare,flight,handyman,layers,layers_clear,light_mode,local_fire_department,location_on,more_horiz,movie,my_location,navigation,normal,on,open_in_full,partly_cloudy_day,pentagon,pest_control,pets,public,question_mark,radar,radio,raven,right_panel_close,right_panel_open,rocket_launch,satellite_alt,search,set_meal,settings,skip_next,skip_previous,streetview,timeline,traffic,tune,umbrella,upload_file,videocam,view_in_ar,visibility,visibility_off,water_drop" rel="stylesheet" />
 </head>
 <body>
   <div class="gev-view" data-gev-view="scene-chrome"></div>
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index e224cd87e..8c175d027 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitBriefing.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitContext.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRoute.vue",
+      "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRadar.vue",
       "src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js",
       "src/data/headingDegrees.js",
       "src/data/distanceFormat.js",
@@ -904,6 +905,11 @@
       "src/cockpitMath.js",
       "src/cockpitUtilityLayout.js",
       "src/cockpitVisionPolicy.js",
+      "src/cockpitSubjects.js",
+      "src/cockpitRadar.js",
+      "src/cockpitLook.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
+      "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/ui/panelRailGeometry.js",
       "src/i18n/index.js",
       "src/i18n/locale.js",
@@ -972,6 +978,11 @@
       "src/cockpitTracking.js",
       "src/cockpitUtilityLayout.js",
       "src/cockpitVisionPolicy.js",
+      "src/cockpitSubjects.js",
+      "src/cockpitRadar.js",
+      "src/cockpitLook.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
+      "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/contactsDetectionPolicy.js",
       "src/contextModePolicy.js",
       "src/data/detectionPolicy.js",
@@ -1515,6 +1526,8 @@
       "src/layers/vessels/records.js",
       "src/layers/vessels/recordPolicy.js",
       "src/layers/vessels/snapshotRenderer.js",
+      "src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
       "src/i18n/index.js",
       "src/i18n/locale.js",
@@ -2383,6 +2396,9 @@
       "src/cockpitTracking.js",
       "src/cockpitUtilityLayout.js",
       "src/cockpitVisionPolicy.js",
+      "src/cockpitSubjects.js",
+      "src/cockpitRadar.js",
+      "src/cockpitLook.js",
       "src/contactsDetectionPolicy.js",
       "src/contextModePolicy.js",
       "src/creditKeyboard.js",
@@ -2944,6 +2960,7 @@
       "src/layers/vessels/records.js",
       "src/layers/vessels/recordPolicy.js",
       "src/layers/vessels/snapshotRenderer.js",
+      "src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js",
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
       "src/annotations/drawMarks.js",
       "src/annotations/drawMode.js",
@@ -3729,6 +3746,7 @@
       "src/layers/vessels/records.js",
       "src/layers/vessels/recordPolicy.js",
       "src/layers/vessels/snapshotRenderer.js",
+      "src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js",
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
       "src/annotations/worldAnnotationRenderer.js",
       "src/cameraGroundGuard.js",
@@ -4145,6 +4163,11 @@
       "src/ui/radioPanelPlacement.js",
       "src/bloom.js",
       "src/cockpitVisionPolicy.js",
+      "src/cockpitSubjects.js",
+      "src/cockpitRadar.js",
+      "src/cockpitLook.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
+      "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/contactsDetectionPolicy.js",
       "src/data/detectionPolicy.js",
       "src/styles/anime.js",
diff --git a/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs b/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs
index 398c51c34..a668180fe 100644
--- a/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ function ordered(source, needles, label) {
 test('Cockpit takeover invalidates deferred work before camera cancellation', () => {
   const enter = cockpitEnter.toString();
   ordered(enter, [
-    'if (!info || !entity?.position) return false;',
+    'if (!info || (!vessel && !entity?.position)) return false;',
     'this.onCameraTakeover?.();',
     'this.viewer.camera.cancelFlight();',
     'this.viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;',
@@ -106,7 +106,8 @@ test('voice Cockpit entry reaches the camera only through stamping seams', () =>
   );
   ordered(transaction, [
     /if \(\s*!selectedLayer\.trackById\?\.\(selectedTarget\.id, \{\s*origin: selectionOrigin,?\s*\}\)\s*\) \{/,
-    'if (!entryError) entered = Boolean(cockpitView.enter());',
+    // Aircraft-only: a selected vessel must not stand in for a voice target.
+    "if (!entryError) entered = Boolean(cockpitView.enter({ kind: 'aircraft' }));",
   ], 'Cockpit entry transaction');
   // No direct camera control: every mutation goes through a layer tracker or
   // the cockpit controller, both of which stamp.
diff --git a/src/cockpitLook.js b/src/cockpitLook.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8292cde25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitLook.js
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+/**
+ * Bridge look-around policy: how the arrow keys turn the bridge camera away
+ * from the bow and back, and how a turned view is described. Yaw is relative
+ * to the ship's heading; pitch is the view's absolute pitch. Pure: no DOM, no
+ * Cesium and no translated text; the Cockpit words the readout.
+ */
+
+/** One arrow press turns the view this far. */
+export const LOOK_STEP_DEG = 5;
+
+/** One Shift+arrow press turns the view this far: two reach either beam. */
+export const LOOK_COARSE_STEP_DEG = 45;
+
+/** The view pitches no further than straight up or straight down. */
+export const LOOK_PITCH_LIMIT_DEG = 90;
+
+/**
+ * The eased view's time constant. Three of them (about 180 ms) close 95% of
+ * a step, so a press glides rather than snaps and a held key turns smoothly.
+ */
+export const LOOK_EASE_TAU_MS = 60;
+
+/** Closer than this the eased view lands on its target. */
+const LOOK_SETTLE_DEG = 0.05;
+
+/** Arrow key → the axis it turns and the direction it turns it. */
+const LOOK_ARROWS = Object.freeze({
+  ArrowLeft: Object.freeze({ axis: 'yaw', sign: -1 }),
+  ArrowRight: Object.freeze({ axis: 'yaw', sign: 1 }),
+  ArrowUp: Object.freeze({ axis: 'pitch', sign: 1 }),
+  ArrowDown: Object.freeze({ axis: 'pitch', sign: -1 }),
+});
+
+/**
+ * Wrap a yaw to (-180, 180]: negative to port, positive to starboard.
+ * @param {number} deg Yaw in degrees; a non-finite yaw reads as ahead.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function wrapLookYaw(deg) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(deg)) return 0;
+  const wrapped = (((deg % 360) + 360) % 360) - 360;
+  const yaw = wrapped <= -180 ? wrapped + 360 : wrapped;
+  return yaw === 0 ? 0 : yaw;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Clamp a view pitch to [-90, 90].
+ * @param {number} deg Pitch in degrees; a non-finite pitch reads as level.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function clampLookPitch(deg) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(deg)) return 0;
+  const pitch = Math.min(
+    LOOK_PITCH_LIMIT_DEG,
+    Math.max(-LOOK_PITCH_LIMIT_DEG, deg),
+  );
+  return pitch === 0 ? 0 : pitch;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The step an arrow key asks for, or null for any other key.
+ * @param {string} key `KeyboardEvent.key`.
+ * @param {boolean} [coarse] Shift is held: step 45° instead of 5°.
+ * @returns {{axis: 'yaw'|'pitch', sign: 1|-1, stepDeg: number}|null}
+ */
+export function lookKeyStep(key, coarse = false) {
+  const arrow = LOOK_ARROWS[key];
+  if (!arrow) return null;
+  return {
+    ...arrow,
+    stepDeg: coarse ? LOOK_COARSE_STEP_DEG : LOOK_STEP_DEG,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Move one value to the next multiple of `stepDeg` in the direction `sign`.
+ * A value off the grid (the bridge's -2° rest pitch) lands on it first, so
+ * the readout shows round angles.
+ */
+function nextOnGrid(value, sign, stepDeg) {
+  const cells = value / stepDeg;
+  const next =
+    sign > 0 ? Math.floor(cells + 1e-9) + 1 : Math.ceil(cells - 1e-9) - 1;
+  return next * stepDeg;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply one key step to a look target.
+ * @param {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}} target Current look target.
+ * @param {{axis: 'yaw'|'pitch', sign: number, stepDeg: number}} step From
+ *   {@link lookKeyStep}.
+ * @returns {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}} The new target: yaw wrapped
+ *   to (-180, 180], pitch clamped to [-90, 90].
+ */
+export function stepLook(target, step) {
+  const yawDeg = wrapLookYaw(target?.yawDeg ?? 0);
+  const pitchDeg = clampLookPitch(target?.pitchDeg ?? 0);
+  if (!step) return { yawDeg, pitchDeg };
+  if (step.axis === 'yaw')
+    return {
+      yawDeg: wrapLookYaw(nextOnGrid(yawDeg, step.sign, step.stepDeg)),
+      pitchDeg,
+    };
+  return {
+    yawDeg,
+    pitchDeg: clampLookPitch(nextOnGrid(pitchDeg, step.sign, step.stepDeg)),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Advance the eased view toward its target. Yaw takes the shorter way
+ * round; with `immediate` (reduced motion) the view jumps to the target.
+ * @param {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}} current Eased view now.
+ * @param {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}} target Look target.
+ * @param {number} dtMs Milliseconds since the previous step.
+ * @param {{immediate?: boolean}} [options]
+ * @returns {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}}
+ */
+export function easeLook(current, target, dtMs, { immediate = false } = {}) {
+  const goalYaw = wrapLookYaw(target?.yawDeg ?? 0);
+  const goalPitch = clampLookPitch(target?.pitchDeg ?? 0);
+  if (immediate || !current) return { yawDeg: goalYaw, pitchDeg: goalPitch };
+  const fraction =
+    Number.isFinite(dtMs) && dtMs > 0
+      ? 1 - Math.exp(-dtMs / LOOK_EASE_TAU_MS)
+      : 0;
+  const fromYaw = wrapLookYaw(current.yawDeg);
+  const yawError = wrapLookYaw(goalYaw - fromYaw);
+  const pitchError = goalPitch - clampLookPitch(current.pitchDeg);
+  const yawDeg =
+    Math.abs(yawError * (1 - fraction)) < LOOK_SETTLE_DEG
+      ? goalYaw
+      : wrapLookYaw(fromYaw + yawError * fraction);
+  const pitchDeg =
+    Math.abs(pitchError * (1 - fraction)) < LOOK_SETTLE_DEG
+      ? goalPitch
+      : clampLookPitch(current.pitchDeg + pitchError * fraction);
+  return { yawDeg, pitchDeg };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a look differs from the rest view (ahead at `restPitchDeg`).
+ * @param {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}} look
+ * @param {number} restPitchDeg The camera profile's pitch.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function lookIsOffset(look, restPitchDeg) {
+  return (
+    wrapLookYaw(look?.yawDeg ?? 0) !== 0 ||
+    clampLookPitch(look?.pitchDeg ?? restPitchDeg) !==
+      clampLookPitch(restPitchDeg)
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The parts of a look readout, for the Cockpit to word. A part is null when
+ * that axis rests: yaw ahead, or pitch at the rest pitch.
+ * @param {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}} look Look target.
+ * @param {number} restPitchDeg The camera profile's pitch.
+ * @returns {{side: 'port'|'starboard'|'astern'|null, bearingDeg: number,
+ *   elevation: 'up'|'down'|'level'|null, angleDeg: number}} `bearingDeg` is
+ *   the angle off the bow (0–180) and `angleDeg` the angle off level (0–90),
+ *   both rounded to whole degrees.
+ */
+export function lookReadoutParts(look, restPitchDeg) {
+  const yaw = Math.round(wrapLookYaw(look?.yawDeg ?? 0));
+  const pitch = Math.round(clampLookPitch(look?.pitchDeg ?? restPitchDeg));
+  const pitchOffset =
+    clampLookPitch(look?.pitchDeg ?? restPitchDeg) !==
+    clampLookPitch(restPitchDeg);
+  let side = null;
+  if (Math.abs(yaw) >= 180) side = 'astern';
+  else if (yaw > 0) side = 'starboard';
+  else if (yaw < 0) side = 'port';
+  let elevation = null;
+  if (pitchOffset) elevation = pitch > 0 ? 'up' : pitch < 0 ? 'down' : 'level';
+  return {
+    side,
+    bearingDeg: Math.abs(yaw),
+    elevation,
+    angleDeg: Math.abs(pitch),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/cockpitLook.test.mjs b/src/cockpitLook.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1f4a239c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitLook.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+// src/cockpitLook.test.mjs — the bridge look-around policy: arrow steps,
+// yaw wrapping, pitch limits, easing and the readout's parts.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  LOOK_COARSE_STEP_DEG,
+  LOOK_STEP_DEG,
+  clampLookPitch,
+  easeLook,
+  lookIsOffset,
+  lookKeyStep,
+  lookReadoutParts,
+  stepLook,
+  wrapLookYaw,
+} from './cockpitLook.js';
+
+const REST = { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: -2 };
+
+/** Press one key `count` times from `start`. */
+function press(start, key, count = 1, coarse = false) {
+  let look = start;
+  for (let index = 0; index < count; index += 1)
+    look = stepLook(look, lookKeyStep(key, coarse));
+  return look;
+}
+
+test('yaw wraps to (-180, 180] and pitch clamps to [-90, 90]', () => {
+  assert.equal(wrapLookYaw(0), 0);
+  assert.equal(wrapLookYaw(-0), 0);
+  assert.equal(wrapLookYaw(180), 180);
+  assert.equal(wrapLookYaw(-180), 180);
+  assert.equal(wrapLookYaw(185), -175);
+  assert.equal(wrapLookYaw(-185), 175);
+  assert.equal(wrapLookYaw(720 + 45), 45);
+  assert.equal(wrapLookYaw(NaN), 0);
+  assert.equal(clampLookPitch(120), 90);
+  assert.equal(clampLookPitch(-120), -90);
+  assert.equal(clampLookPitch(-0), 0);
+  assert.equal(clampLookPitch(Infinity), 0);
+});
+
+test('only the arrows step, 5° plain and 45° with Shift', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(lookKeyStep('ArrowLeft'), {
+    axis: 'yaw',
+    sign: -1,
+    stepDeg: LOOK_STEP_DEG,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(lookKeyStep('ArrowUp', true), {
+    axis: 'pitch',
+    sign: 1,
+    stepDeg: LOOK_COARSE_STEP_DEG,
+  });
+  assert.equal(lookKeyStep('ArrowDown').sign, -1);
+  assert.equal(lookKeyStep('ArrowRight').sign, 1);
+  for (const key of ['Home', '0', 'a', 'Escape', undefined])
+    assert.equal(lookKeyStep(key), null);
+});
+
+test('arrows turn the yaw in 5° steps and Shift reaches either beam in two', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(press(REST, 'ArrowRight'), { yawDeg: 5, pitchDeg: -2 });
+  assert.deepEqual(press(REST, 'ArrowLeft', 3), { yawDeg: -15, pitchDeg: -2 });
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowRight', 2, true).yawDeg, 90);
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowLeft', 2, true).yawDeg, -90);
+  // A coarse step from off the 45° grid lands on it.
+  assert.equal(press({ ...REST, yawDeg: 5 }, 'ArrowRight', 1, true).yawDeg, 45);
+  // Past astern the yaw wraps to the other side.
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowRight', 4, true).yawDeg, 180);
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowRight', 5, true).yawDeg, -135);
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowLeft', 37).yawDeg, 175);
+});
+
+test('pitch steps onto the 5° grid from the rest pitch and stops at ±90°', () => {
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowUp').pitchDeg, 0);
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowUp', 3).pitchDeg, 10);
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowDown').pitchDeg, -5);
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowUp', 40).pitchDeg, 90);
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowDown', 40).pitchDeg, -90);
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowUp', 3, true).pitchDeg, 90);
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowDown', 2, true).pitchDeg, -90);
+  assert.equal(press(REST, 'ArrowUp').yawDeg, 0, 'pitch leaves the yaw');
+});
+
+test('the eased view closes most of a step in about 180 ms', () => {
+  const target = { yawDeg: 90, pitchDeg: -2 };
+  let view = { ...REST };
+  view = easeLook(view, target, 180);
+  assert.ok(view.yawDeg > 85 && view.yawDeg < 90, `yaw ${view.yawDeg}`);
+  for (let step = 0; step < 20; step += 1) view = easeLook(view, target, 50);
+  assert.deepEqual(view, target, 'it lands exactly on the target');
+  assert.deepEqual(easeLook(REST, target, 0), REST, 'no time, no motion');
+});
+
+test('the eased yaw takes the short way across astern', () => {
+  const view = easeLook(
+    { yawDeg: 170, pitchDeg: 0 },
+    { yawDeg: -170, pitchDeg: 0 },
+    30,
+  );
+  assert.ok(view.yawDeg > 170 || view.yawDeg < -170, `yaw ${view.yawDeg}`);
+});
+
+test('reduced motion jumps straight to the target', () => {
+  const target = { yawDeg: -45, pitchDeg: 30 };
+  assert.deepEqual(easeLook(REST, target, 1, { immediate: true }), target);
+});
+
+test('the readout names the side, the bearing and the elevation', () => {
+  assert.equal(lookIsOffset(REST, -2), false);
+  assert.equal(lookIsOffset({ yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 }, -2), true);
+  assert.equal(lookIsOffset({ yawDeg: 5, pitchDeg: -2 }, -2), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(lookReadoutParts({ yawDeg: 45, pitchDeg: 10 }, -2), {
+    side: 'starboard',
+    bearingDeg: 45,
+    elevation: 'up',
+    angleDeg: 10,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(lookReadoutParts({ yawDeg: -90, pitchDeg: -2 }, -2), {
+    side: 'port',
+    bearingDeg: 90,
+    elevation: null,
+    angleDeg: 2,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(lookReadoutParts({ yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: -30 }, -2), {
+    side: null,
+    bearingDeg: 0,
+    elevation: 'down',
+    angleDeg: 30,
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    lookReadoutParts({ yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 }, -2).elevation,
+    'level',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    lookReadoutParts({ yawDeg: 180, pitchDeg: -2 }, -2).side,
+    'astern',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/cockpitMath.js b/src/cockpitMath.js
index 3186b1f3c..53daa63d1 100644
--- a/src/cockpitMath.js
+++ b/src/cockpitMath.js
@@ -176,6 +176,46 @@ export function compassDivisions(heading) {
   );
 }
 
+/**
+ * A heading tape that scrolls continuously: the 30-degree divisions within
+ * `reach` divisions of `heading`, each placed by its offset from the exact
+ * heading in division slots, so the centre caret reads the heading itself
+ * rather than the nearest division. `nearest` marks the division closest to
+ * the caret.
+ * @param {number} heading Degrees true.
+ * @param {number} [reach] Divisions each side of the caret.
+ * @returns {Array<{heading: number, slot: number, nearest: boolean}>}
+ */
+export function scrollingCompassDivisions(heading, reach = 4) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(heading)) return [];
+  const exact = normalizeHeading(heading);
+  const centre = Math.round(exact / 30) * 30;
+  const divisions = [];
+  for (let step = -reach; step <= reach; step += 1) {
+    const division = normalizeHeading(centre + step * 30);
+    divisions.push({
+      heading: division,
+      slot: Number((relativeBearing(division, exact) / 30).toFixed(4)),
+      nearest: step === 0,
+    });
+  }
+  return divisions;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Where a heading falls on the `scrollingCompassDivisions(tapeHeading)` tape:
+ * its offset from the caret (the tape's exact heading) in division slots of
+ * 30 degrees, or null when it lies more than three divisions out.
+ * @param {number} heading Degrees true.
+ * @param {number} tapeHeading The heading under the tape's caret.
+ * @returns {?number}
+ */
+export function compassMarkerSlot(heading, tapeHeading) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(heading) || !Number.isFinite(tapeHeading)) return null;
+  const slot = Number((relativeBearing(heading, tapeHeading) / 30).toFixed(4));
+  return Math.abs(slot) <= 3 ? slot : null;
+}
+
 /** Format a compass division as a cardinal/intercardinal label or degrees. */
 export function formatCompassDivision(heading) {
   const normalized = normalizeHeading(heading);
diff --git a/src/cockpitMath.test.mjs b/src/cockpitMath.test.mjs
index 5a7f029c0..a59a4b029 100644
--- a/src/cockpitMath.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitMath.test.mjs
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import {
   cockpitSurfaceWaitExpired,
   cockpitUiUpdateDue,
   compassDivisions,
+  compassMarkerSlot,
+  scrollingCompassDivisions,
   formatAltitudeRulerTick,
   formatCockpitContextScope,
   formatCockpitEmergency,
@@ -151,6 +153,46 @@ test('compass divisions remain ordered across north', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(compassDivisions(359), [270, 300, 330, 0, 30, 60, 90]);
 });
 
+test('compass marks sit in division slots off the caret, or off the tape', () => {
+  // Measured from the exact heading under the caret, not the nearest division.
+  assert.equal(compassMarkerSlot(350, 350), 0);
+  assert.equal(compassMarkerSlot(35, 350), 1.5);
+  assert.equal(compassMarkerSlot(260, 350), -3);
+  assert.equal(compassMarkerSlot(80, 350), 3);
+  assert.equal(compassMarkerSlot(90, 350), null);
+  assert.equal(compassMarkerSlot(180, 350), null);
+  assert.equal(compassMarkerSlot(Number.NaN, 0), null);
+});
+
+test('a scrolling tape puts the exact heading under the caret', () => {
+  // At 100° the divisions sit a third of a slot off their snapped places,
+  // so the bow mark (also 100°) lines up with the caret, not 10° beside it.
+  const tape = scrollingCompassDivisions(100);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    tape.map(({ heading }) => heading),
+    [330, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210],
+  );
+  const nearest = tape.find((division) => division.nearest);
+  assert.equal(nearest.heading, 90);
+  assert.equal(nearest.slot, -0.3333);
+  assert.equal(tape.find(({ heading }) => heading === 120).slot, 0.6667);
+  assert.equal(compassMarkerSlot(100, 100), 0);
+  assert.equal(compassMarkerSlot(90, 100), nearest.slot);
+  // Across north the slots stay continuous.
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    scrollingCompassDivisions(355, 1).map(({ heading, slot }) => [
+      heading,
+      slot,
+    ]),
+    [
+      [330, -0.8333],
+      [0, 0.1667],
+      [30, 1.1667],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(scrollingCompassDivisions(Number.NaN), []);
+});
+
 test('compass labels use cardinals where exact and degrees elsewhere', () => {
   assert.equal(formatCompassDivision(270), 'W');
   assert.equal(formatCompassDivision(30), '030');
diff --git a/src/cockpitRadar.js b/src/cockpitRadar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cf1f90f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitRadar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+/**
+ * Bridge radar policy: the range steps, the range rings and the heading-up
+ * projection of nearby AIS vessels onto the radar's range circle. Pure: no
+ * DOM, no Cesium and no translated text; the Cockpit words the labels.
+ */
+import {
+  bearingBetweenCoordinates,
+  normalizeHeading,
+  relativeBearing,
+} from './cockpitMath.js';
+import { greatCircleMeters } from './geoDistance.js';
+
+/** Metres in one international nautical mile. */
+export const METRES_PER_NM = 1852;
+
+/** The radar's range steps in nautical miles, shortest first. */
+export const RADAR_RANGES_NM = Object.freeze([3, 6, 12, 24]);
+
+/** The range the radar opens on. */
+export const DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM = 3;
+
+/** At most this many contacts are drawn, nearest first. */
+export const RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS = 60;
+
+/** Range rings divide the range into this many equal steps. */
+export const RADAR_RING_COUNT = 4;
+
+/**
+ * Normalize a range to one of the radar's steps.
+ * @param {number} rangeNm Requested range in nautical miles.
+ * @returns {number} The range when it is a step, else the default range.
+ */
+export function radarRangeNm(rangeNm) {
+  return RADAR_RANGES_NM.includes(rangeNm) ? rangeNm : DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The range after this one; the longest range wraps to the shortest.
+ * @param {number} rangeNm Current range in nautical miles.
+ * @returns {number} The next range step.
+ */
+export function nextRadarRange(rangeNm) {
+  const index = RADAR_RANGES_NM.indexOf(radarRangeNm(rangeNm));
+  return RADAR_RANGES_NM[(index + 1) % RADAR_RANGES_NM.length];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Range ring distances at each quarter of the range, innermost first.
+ * @param {number} rangeNm Range in nautical miles.
+ * @returns {number[]} Ring distances in nautical miles; the last is the range.
+ */
+export function radarRingsNm(rangeNm) {
+  const range = radarRangeNm(rangeNm);
+  return Array.from(
+    { length: RADAR_RING_COUNT },
+    (_, index) => (range * (index + 1)) / RADAR_RING_COUNT,
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The search radius for a range, in metres.
+ * @param {number} rangeNm Range in nautical miles.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function radarRangeM(rangeNm) {
+  return radarRangeNm(rangeNm) * METRES_PER_NM;
+}
+
+const round4 = (value) => Math.round(value * 1e4) / 1e4;
+
+/**
+ * Project vessel contacts onto a heading-up radar.
+ *
+ * Positions are fractions of the range circle: x to the right (starboard),
+ * y up (ahead), both in [-1, 1]. Contacts outside the range, or without a
+ * position, are left out; the rest come nearest first, at most `maxCount`.
+ * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number, headingDeg: number}} own
+ *   Own ship position and the heading the radar is drawn up from.
+ * @param {Array<{id: string, name?: string, latitude: number,
+ *   longitude: number, course?: number|null, color?: string,
+ *   stale?: boolean}>} contacts Nearby vessels.
+ * @param {{rangeNm?: number, maxCount?: number}} [options]
+ * @returns {Array<{id: string, name: string, x: number, y: number,
+ *   distanceNm: number, relativeBearingDeg: number,
+ *   relativeCourseDeg: number|null, color: string, stale: boolean}>}
+ *   relativeBearingDeg and relativeCourseDeg are clockwise from the bow in
+ *   [-180, 180).
+ */
+export function projectRadarContacts(own, contacts, options = {}) {
+  const rangeNm = radarRangeNm(options.rangeNm ?? DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM);
+  const cap =
+    Number.isFinite(options.maxCount) && options.maxCount > 0
+      ? Math.floor(options.maxCount)
+      : RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS;
+  const lat = Number(own?.latitude);
+  const lon = Number(own?.longitude);
+  if (
+    !Number.isFinite(lat) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(lon) ||
+    !Array.isArray(contacts)
+  )
+    return [];
+  const heading = normalizeHeading(own.headingDeg ?? 0);
+  const projected = [];
+  for (const contact of contacts) {
+    const toLat = Number(contact?.latitude);
+    const toLon = Number(contact?.longitude);
+    const distanceNm =
+      greatCircleMeters({ lat, lon }, { lat: toLat, lon: toLon }) /
+      METRES_PER_NM;
+    if (!Number.isFinite(distanceNm) || distanceNm > rangeNm) continue;
+    const bearing = bearingBetweenCoordinates(lat, lon, toLat, toLon);
+    const relativeBearingDeg =
+      bearing === null ? 0 : relativeBearing(bearing, heading);
+    const radians = (relativeBearingDeg * Math.PI) / 180;
+    const fraction = distanceNm / rangeNm;
+    const course =
+      contact.course === null || contact.course === undefined
+        ? NaN
+        : Number(contact.course);
+    projected.push({
+      id: String(contact.id),
+      name: String(contact.name || contact.id),
+      x: round4(Math.sin(radians) * fraction),
+      y: round4(Math.cos(radians) * fraction),
+      distanceNm,
+      relativeBearingDeg,
+      relativeCourseDeg: Number.isFinite(course)
+        ? relativeBearing(course, heading)
+        : null,
+      color: contact.color || '',
+      stale: contact.stale === true,
+    });
+  }
+  projected.sort((a, b) => a.distanceNm - b.distanceNm);
+  return projected.slice(0, cap);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The radar presentation without its worded labels.
+ * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number, headingDeg: number,
+ *   courseDeg?: number|null}} own Own ship; `courseDeg` is course over ground.
+ * @param {Array<object>} contacts See {@link projectRadarContacts}.
+ * @param {number} rangeNm Range in nautical miles.
+ * @returns {{rangeNm: number, ringsNm: number[], headingDeg: number,
+ *   ownRelativeCourseDeg: number|null, contacts: Array<object>}}
+ */
+export function radarPicture(own, contacts, rangeNm) {
+  const range = radarRangeNm(rangeNm);
+  const headingDeg = normalizeHeading(own?.headingDeg ?? 0);
+  const course =
+    own?.courseDeg === null || own?.courseDeg === undefined
+      ? NaN
+      : Number(own.courseDeg);
+  return {
+    rangeNm: range,
+    ringsNm: radarRingsNm(range),
+    headingDeg,
+    ownRelativeCourseDeg: Number.isFinite(course)
+      ? relativeBearing(course, headingDeg)
+      : null,
+    contacts: projectRadarContacts({ ...own, headingDeg }, contacts, {
+      rangeNm: range,
+    }),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs b/src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e18403972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs — the bridge radar's range steps, rings and
+// heading-up contact projection.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM,
+  METRES_PER_NM,
+  RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS,
+  RADAR_RANGES_NM,
+  nextRadarRange,
+  projectRadarContacts,
+  radarPicture,
+  radarRangeM,
+  radarRingsNm,
+} from './cockpitRadar.js';
+
+const OWN = Object.freeze({ latitude: 54.5, longitude: 10.2, headingDeg: 0 });
+/** One nautical mile of latitude, in degrees. */
+const NM_LAT = 1 / 60;
+/** One nautical mile of longitude at 54.5°N, in degrees. */
+const NM_LON = 1 / (60 * Math.cos((54.5 * Math.PI) / 180));
+
+function contact(id, northNm, eastNm, extra = {}) {
+  return {
+    id,
+    name: id,
+    latitude: OWN.latitude + northNm * NM_LAT,
+    longitude: OWN.longitude + eastNm * NM_LON,
+    course: null,
+    color: '#fff',
+    stale: false,
+    ...extra,
+  };
+}
+
+test('the range steps 3, 6, 12, 24 NM, opens on 3 and wraps', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(RADAR_RANGES_NM, [3, 6, 12, 24]);
+  assert.equal(DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM, 3);
+  assert.equal(nextRadarRange(3), 6);
+  assert.equal(nextRadarRange(6), 12);
+  assert.equal(nextRadarRange(12), 24);
+  assert.equal(nextRadarRange(24), 3);
+  assert.equal(nextRadarRange(7), 6, 'an unknown range steps from the default');
+  assert.equal(radarRangeM(6), 6 * METRES_PER_NM);
+});
+
+test('range rings sit at each quarter of the range', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(radarRingsNm(6), [1.5, 3, 4.5, 6]);
+  assert.deepEqual(radarRingsNm(24), [6, 12, 18, 24]);
+});
+
+test('a contact dead ahead is straight up the scope', () => {
+  const [ahead] = projectRadarContacts(OWN, [contact('A', 3, 0)], {
+    rangeNm: 6,
+  });
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(ahead.x) < 0.01, `x ${ahead.x}`);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(ahead.y - 0.5) < 0.01, `y ${ahead.y}`);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(ahead.distanceNm - 3) < 0.02);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(ahead.relativeBearingDeg) < 0.5);
+});
+
+test('heading-up turns the picture with the bow', () => {
+  // Heading east: a contact to the north is on the port beam, one to the
+  // south on the starboard beam, one to the east dead ahead.
+  const own = { ...OWN, headingDeg: 90 };
+  const byId = Object.fromEntries(
+    projectRadarContacts(own, [
+      contact('N', 2, 0),
+      contact('S', -2, 0),
+      contact('E', 0, 2),
+    ]).map((entry) => [entry.id, entry]),
+  );
+  assert.ok(byId.N.x < -0.3 && Math.abs(byId.N.y) < 0.02, 'north is to port');
+  assert.ok(
+    byId.S.x > 0.3 && Math.abs(byId.S.y) < 0.02,
+    'south is to starboard',
+  );
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(byId.E.x) < 0.02 && byId.E.y > 0.3, 'east is ahead');
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(byId.S.relativeBearingDeg - 90) < 1);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(byId.N.relativeBearingDeg + 90) < 1);
+});
+
+test('a contact to starboard is right of the centre', () => {
+  const [starboard] = projectRadarContacts(OWN, [contact('B', 0, 1.5)]);
+  assert.ok(starboard.x > 0.2, `x ${starboard.x}`);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(starboard.y) < 0.01);
+});
+
+test('course is drawn relative to the bow and stays null when unknown', () => {
+  const own = { ...OWN, headingDeg: 90 };
+  const [crossing, drifting] = projectRadarContacts(own, [
+    contact('A', 1, 0, { course: 180 }),
+    contact('B', 2, 0, { course: null }),
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(crossing.relativeCourseDeg, 90);
+  assert.equal(drifting.relativeCourseDeg, null);
+});
+
+test('contacts beyond the range are left out', () => {
+  const contacts = projectRadarContacts(
+    OWN,
+    [contact('in', 5.9, 0), contact('out', 6.2, 0), contact('far', 0, 30)],
+    { rangeNm: 6 },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    contacts.map((entry) => entry.id),
+    ['in'],
+  );
+  assert.ok(contacts.every((entry) => Math.hypot(entry.x, entry.y) <= 1));
+});
+
+test('contacts come nearest first, capped', () => {
+  const many = Array.from({ length: RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS + 15 }, (_, index) =>
+    contact(`V${index}`, 0, 5.5 - index * 0.07),
+  );
+  const contacts = projectRadarContacts(OWN, many, { rangeNm: 6 });
+  assert.equal(contacts.length, RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS);
+  for (let index = 1; index < contacts.length; index += 1)
+    assert.ok(contacts[index - 1].distanceNm <= contacts[index].distanceNm);
+  assert.equal(
+    projectRadarContacts(OWN, many, { rangeNm: 6, maxCount: 3 }).length,
+    3,
+    'a smaller cap is honoured',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a picture carries the range, rings, heading and own course over ground', () => {
+  const picture = radarPicture(
+    { ...OWN, headingDeg: 350, courseDeg: 10 },
+    [contact('A', 1, 0)],
+    12,
+  );
+  assert.equal(picture.rangeNm, 12);
+  assert.deepEqual(picture.ringsNm, [3, 6, 9, 12]);
+  assert.equal(picture.headingDeg, 350);
+  assert.equal(picture.ownRelativeCourseDeg, 20);
+  assert.equal(picture.contacts.length, 1);
+  assert.ok(picture.contacts[0].x > 0, 'north is to starboard of 350°');
+  assert.equal(radarPicture(OWN, [], 6).ownRelativeCourseDeg, null);
+});
diff --git a/src/cockpitSubjects.js b/src/cockpitSubjects.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aab08ff72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitSubjects.js
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+/**
+ * Camera policy for first-person subjects other than aircraft: where a
+ * vessel's bridge eye sits and how its reported fix advances between feed
+ * refreshes. No DOM or i18n dependencies, so the policy is unit-testable.
+ */
+import { projectGroundArcLatLon } from './data/motionModel.js';
+
+/** Bridge cameras look along the horizon; a ship's eye is already high. */
+export const VESSEL_BRIDGE_PITCH_DEG = -2;
+
+/** The AIS antenna usually sits on the bridge, so the eye is not moved forward. */
+export const VESSEL_BRIDGE_FORWARD_OFFSET_M = 0;
+
+/** Clearance over the shared ground floor for a camera that floats on water. */
+export const VESSEL_BRIDGE_MIN_CLEARANCE_M = 2;
+
+/** Eye height used when the vessel layer knows no height for the type. */
+export const VESSEL_DEFAULT_EYE_HEIGHT_M = 12;
+
+/**
+ * A reported fix older than this stops advancing: the vessel holds where the
+ * last projection left it instead of sailing on through a feed outage.
+ */
+export const VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S = 180;
+
+/**
+ * The vessel layer floats every ship on the geoid (mean sea level), but a
+ * river or lake can sit well above it: the Seine through Paris is ~27 m up,
+ * which put a bridge eye under the water. The bridge reads the rendered
+ * surface around its ship instead: probes on a ring this far out, plus one
+ * at the ship itself.
+ */
+export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_PROBE_RADIUS_M = 30;
+
+/** Probes on the ring around the ship. */
+export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_PROBE_COUNT = 8;
+
+/** How often the bridge reads the water under its ship again, ms. */
+export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_REFRESH_MS = 5000;
+
+/** A surface less than this above sea level is the sea itself, metres. */
+export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_MIN_RISE_M = 2;
+
+/** Highest navigable water trusted from a sample (Lake Titicaca ~3,810 m). */
+export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_MAX_RISE_M = 4000;
+
+/**
+ * Where to read the surface around a ship: the ship's own position, then a
+ * ring of probes around it.
+ * @param {number} latitude
+ * @param {number} longitude
+ * @returns {Array<{lat: number, lon: number}>}
+ */
+export function waterlineProbePoints(
+  latitude,
+  longitude,
+  radiusM = VESSEL_WATERLINE_PROBE_RADIUS_M,
+  count = VESSEL_WATERLINE_PROBE_COUNT,
+) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(latitude) || !Number.isFinite(longitude)) return [];
+  const points = [{ lat: latitude, lon: longitude }];
+  const metresPerDegLat = 111_320;
+  const metresPerDegLon =
+    metresPerDegLat * Math.max(0.01, Math.cos((latitude * Math.PI) / 180));
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i += 1) {
+    const bearing = (2 * Math.PI * i) / count;
+    points.push({
+      lat: latitude + (radiusM * Math.cos(bearing)) / metresPerDegLat,
+      lon: longitude + (radiusM * Math.sin(bearing)) / metresPerDegLon,
+    });
+  }
+  return points;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The water surface a bridge floats on, ellipsoidal metres. Quays, bridges,
+ * moored boats and the ship's own model all stand above the water, so the
+ * lowest probe is the water. A lowest probe barely above sea level is the
+ * sea; one implausibly high is a bad sample. Either way the geoid stands.
+ * @param {number} seaSurfaceM The geoid sea surface the layer floats ships on.
+ * @param {Array<number|null|undefined>} sampleHeightsM Rendered-surface probes.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function vesselWaterlineM(seaSurfaceM, sampleHeightsM) {
+  const heights = (sampleHeightsM || []).filter(Number.isFinite);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(seaSurfaceM) || !heights.length) return seaSurfaceM;
+  const lowest = Math.min(...heights);
+  const rise = lowest - seaSurfaceM;
+  return rise >= VESSEL_WATERLINE_MIN_RISE_M &&
+    rise <= VESSEL_WATERLINE_MAX_RISE_M
+    ? lowest
+    : seaSurfaceM;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Camera placement for a vessel subject, in the shape the Cockpit camera
+ * reads for every subject kind.
+ * @param {{eyeHeightM?: number|null}} info Vessel subject info.
+ * @returns {{forwardM: number, upM: number, pitchDeg: number, minClearanceM: number}}
+ */
+export function vesselCameraProfile(info) {
+  return {
+    forwardM: VESSEL_BRIDGE_FORWARD_OFFSET_M,
+    upM: Number.isFinite(info?.eyeHeightM)
+      ? info.eyeHeightM
+      : VESSEL_DEFAULT_EYE_HEIGHT_M,
+    pitchDeg: VESSEL_BRIDGE_PITCH_DEG,
+    minClearanceM: VESSEL_BRIDGE_MIN_CLEARANCE_M,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * How old a vessel's fix is now, seconds, or null without a fix time.
+ *
+ * The fix time is on the AIS feed's clock and `nowMs` on this client's, so
+ * comparing them directly would turn a client clock running minutes fast
+ * into minutes of age (every bridge projecting its full limit and reading
+ * STALE FEED). With the time this client first received the fix (client
+ * clock) and the newest fix in that refresh (feed clock), the age is the
+ * time since the fix arrived plus how far it trailed that newest fix; each
+ * part is read on one clock. A fix the feed keeps re-serving keeps its first
+ * receipt, so it ages into STALE FEED. The age leaves out the newest fix's
+ * own delay before the refresh, typically seconds: a feed that was already
+ * stalled when the bridge first saw it ages from then. Without them it falls
+ * back to the clock difference, never negative.
+ * @param {{fixEpochMs: number|null, receivedAtMs?: number|null,
+ *   feedEpochMs?: number|null}} fix
+ * @param {number} nowMs Wall-clock time, ms.
+ * @returns {number|null}
+ */
+export function vesselFixAgeSec(fix, nowMs) {
+  const { fixEpochMs, receivedAtMs, feedEpochMs } = fix || {};
+  if (!Number.isFinite(fixEpochMs) || !Number.isFinite(nowMs)) return null;
+  if (Number.isFinite(receivedAtMs) && Number.isFinite(feedEpochMs))
+    return (
+      Math.max(0, (nowMs - receivedAtMs) / 1000) +
+      Math.max(0, (feedEpochMs - fixEpochMs) / 1000)
+    );
+  return Math.max(0, (nowMs - fixEpochMs) / 1000);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Advance a vessel's last reported fix along its course over ground.
+ *
+ * The vessel layer redraws a ship only when the feed refreshes, so its icon
+ * stands still between fixes. A camera converging on that still point would
+ * sail backwards against its own motion. Projecting the fix forward gives the
+ * Cockpit anchor a moving target, and the bounded age keeps a silent feed from
+ * carrying the ship away indefinitely.
+ * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number, courseDeg: number|null,
+ *   speedMps: number|null, fixEpochMs: number|null,
+ *   receivedAtMs?: number|null, feedEpochMs?: number|null}} fix Last
+ *   report; its age is `vesselFixAgeSec`.
+ * @param {number} nowMs Wall-clock time, ms.
+ * @returns {{latitude: number, longitude: number, ageSec: number|null}}
+ */
+export function deadReckonVesselFix(fix, nowMs) {
+  const { latitude, longitude, courseDeg, speedMps } = fix || {};
+  const ageSec = vesselFixAgeSec(fix, nowMs);
+  if (ageSec === null) return { latitude, longitude, ageSec: null };
+  const { lat, lon } = projectGroundArcLatLon(
+    latitude,
+    longitude,
+    courseDeg,
+    speedMps,
+    0,
+    Math.min(ageSec, VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S),
+  );
+  return { latitude: lat, longitude: lon, ageSec };
+}
diff --git a/src/cockpitSubjects.test.mjs b/src/cockpitSubjects.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf1ff1b58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitSubjects.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+// src/cockpitSubjects.test.mjs — the vessel camera profile and dead
+// reckoning of AIS fixes between feed refreshes.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  VESSEL_BRIDGE_MIN_CLEARANCE_M,
+  VESSEL_BRIDGE_PITCH_DEG,
+  VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S,
+  VESSEL_DEFAULT_EYE_HEIGHT_M,
+  VESSEL_WATERLINE_PROBE_RADIUS_M,
+  deadReckonVesselFix,
+  vesselFixAgeSec,
+  vesselCameraProfile,
+  vesselWaterlineM,
+  waterlineProbePoints,
+} from './cockpitSubjects.js';
+
+const EARTH_M_PER_DEG_LAT = 111_195;
+
+test('the vessel camera profile puts the eye at the bridge, looking at the horizon', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(vesselCameraProfile({ eyeHeightM: 30 }), {
+    forwardM: 0,
+    upM: 30,
+    pitchDeg: VESSEL_BRIDGE_PITCH_DEG,
+    minClearanceM: VESSEL_BRIDGE_MIN_CLEARANCE_M,
+  });
+});
+
+test('a vessel with no known eye height uses the default', () => {
+  for (const info of [{}, { eyeHeightM: null }, null]) {
+    assert.equal(vesselCameraProfile(info).upM, VESSEL_DEFAULT_EYE_HEIGHT_M);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a fix advances along course over ground for its age', () => {
+  const fixEpochMs = 1_000_000;
+  const advanced = deadReckonVesselFix(
+    {
+      latitude: 0,
+      longitude: 0,
+      courseDeg: 0,
+      speedMps: 10,
+      fixEpochMs,
+    },
+    fixEpochMs + 60_000,
+  );
+  assert.equal(advanced.ageSec, 60);
+  // Sixty seconds north at 10 m/s.
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(advanced.latitude * EARTH_M_PER_DEG_LAT - 600) < 2,
+    `expected ~600 m north, got ${advanced.latitude * EARTH_M_PER_DEG_LAT}`,
+  );
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(advanced.longitude) < 1e-9);
+});
+
+test('projection stops at the dead-reckoning limit', () => {
+  const fixEpochMs = 0;
+  const at = (ageSec) =>
+    deadReckonVesselFix(
+      { latitude: 0, longitude: 0, courseDeg: 90, speedMps: 5, fixEpochMs },
+      fixEpochMs + ageSec * 1000,
+    );
+  const limit = at(VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S);
+  const later = at(VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S * 4);
+  assert.equal(later.longitude, limit.longitude);
+  assert.equal(later.ageSec, VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S * 4);
+});
+
+test('a fix without time, course or speed stays where it was reported', () => {
+  const fix = {
+    latitude: 54.3,
+    longitude: 10.1,
+    courseDeg: null,
+    speedMps: 6,
+    fixEpochMs: 0,
+  };
+  assert.deepEqual(deadReckonVesselFix(fix, 30_000), {
+    latitude: 54.3,
+    longitude: 10.1,
+    ageSec: 30,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    deadReckonVesselFix({ ...fix, courseDeg: 90, fixEpochMs: null }, 30_000),
+    { latitude: 54.3, longitude: 10.1, ageSec: null },
+  );
+});
+
+test('waterline probes ring the ship at the probe radius', () => {
+  const points = waterlineProbePoints(48.859, 2.293);
+  assert.equal(points.length, 9);
+  assert.deepEqual(points[0], { lat: 48.859, lon: 2.293 });
+  for (const point of points.slice(1)) {
+    const northM = (point.lat - 48.859) * 111_320;
+    const eastM =
+      (point.lon - 2.293) * 111_320 * Math.cos((48.859 * Math.PI) / 180);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(Math.hypot(northM, eastM) - VESSEL_WATERLINE_PROBE_RADIUS_M) <
+        0.01,
+    );
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(waterlineProbePoints(Number.NaN, 2), []);
+});
+
+test('the waterline is the lowest probe when it stands clear of the sea', () => {
+  // The Seine at the Eiffel Tower: geoid 44.6 m, water about 71 m.
+  assert.equal(vesselWaterlineM(44.6, [80, 71.2, 75, null, 90]), 71.2);
+  // Swell and tile noise are the sea itself.
+  assert.equal(vesselWaterlineM(44.6, [45.5, 46]), 44.6);
+  // Under the sea surface (a dock, a bad tile) never sinks the ship.
+  assert.equal(vesselWaterlineM(44.6, [30, 71]), 44.6);
+  // Nothing sampled, or implausibly high.
+  assert.equal(vesselWaterlineM(44.6, [undefined, Number.NaN]), 44.6);
+  assert.equal(vesselWaterlineM(44.6, [9000]), 44.6);
+});
+
+test("a fix's age is read on each clock, so a fast client clock adds none", () => {
+  const fixEpochMs = 1_800_000_000_000;
+  // The refresh's newest fix is 10 s newer than this one; the client, its
+  // clock five minutes fast, received the refresh 5 s ago.
+  const receivedAtMs = fixEpochMs + 12_000 + 300_000;
+  const fix = {
+    latitude: 0,
+    longitude: 0,
+    courseDeg: 90,
+    speedMps: 5,
+    fixEpochMs,
+    receivedAtMs,
+    feedEpochMs: fixEpochMs + 10_000,
+  };
+  assert.equal(vesselFixAgeSec(fix, receivedAtMs + 5000), 15);
+  assert.equal(deadReckonVesselFix(fix, receivedAtMs + 5000).ageSec, 15);
+  // Without receive data the clocks are compared, never below zero.
+  const bare = { fixEpochMs };
+  assert.equal(vesselFixAgeSec(bare, fixEpochMs + 60_000), 60);
+  assert.equal(vesselFixAgeSec(bare, fixEpochMs - 60_000), 0);
+  assert.equal(vesselFixAgeSec({ fixEpochMs: null }, fixEpochMs), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/cockpitTracking.js b/src/cockpitTracking.js
index 3671e3a36..97aa50d8e 100644
--- a/src/cockpitTracking.js
+++ b/src/cockpitTracking.js
@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ export function enterCockpitWithTracking({
         );
       }
     }
-    if (!entryError) entered = Boolean(cockpitView.enter());
+    // This transaction selects aircraft; a selected vessel must not stand in.
+    if (!entryError) entered = Boolean(cockpitView.enter({ kind: 'aircraft' }));
   } catch (error) {
     entryThrew = true;
     entryError = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error));
diff --git a/src/contextModePolicy.js b/src/contextModePolicy.js
index fd3324760..4c477127a 100644
--- a/src/contextModePolicy.js
+++ b/src/contextModePolicy.js
@@ -445,6 +445,18 @@ export function cockpitEntryAllowed({
   );
 }
 
+/**
+ * Whether the selected vessel's bridge view can be entered. Like aircraft
+ * Cockpit it needs only its own layer, Live AIS Vessels, with a vessel
+ * selected. A Context mode change in flight still owns the camera, so entry
+ * waits it out.
+ * @param {{vesselsEnabled: boolean, contextModeChanging: boolean}} state
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function bridgeEntryAllowed({ vesselsEnabled, contextModeChanging }) {
+  return Boolean(vesselsEnabled) && !contextModeChanging;
+}
+
 /**
  * Internal context-mode id → the word the voice tools accept for it.
  *
diff --git a/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs b/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs
index 0453bd9b8..e9828834f 100644
--- a/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import {
+  bridgeEntryAllowed,
   cockpitEntryAllowed,
   contextAllowedLayerIds,
   contextLayerEnableBlockReason,
@@ -426,6 +427,17 @@ test("cockpit entry needs only the tracked aircraft's own layer", () => {
     subjectLayerEnabled: false,
     contextModeChanging: false,
   }), false, 'there is no aircraft to ride');
+  assert.equal(cockpitEntryAllowed({
+    subjectLayerId: 'ais-live-vessels',
+    subjectLayerEnabled: true,
+    contextModeChanging: false,
+  }), false, "a vessel is the bridge gate's subject, not Cockpit's");
+});
+
+test('bridge entry needs only Live AIS Vessels', () => {
+  assert.equal(bridgeEntryAllowed({ vesselsEnabled: true, contextModeChanging: false }), true);
+  assert.equal(bridgeEntryAllowed({ vesselsEnabled: false, contextModeChanging: false }), false);
+  assert.equal(bridgeEntryAllowed({ vesselsEnabled: true, contextModeChanging: true }), false);
 });
 
 test('context teardown guard restores coordination state after success and failure', async () => {
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 189a025d5..362e8ff7e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -149,11 +149,26 @@
   "Voice model: {pendingId} — click to switch to {target}; applies next session": "النموذج الصوتي: {pendingId} — انقر للتبديل إلى {target}؛ يسري في الجلسة التالية",
   "Estimated session cost on {modelId} — {responses} response(s). Warns at {warn}, ends the session at {cap}.": "التكلفة التقديرية للجلسة على {modelId} — عدد الاستجابات: {responses}. تنبيه عند {warn}، وتنتهي الجلسة عند {cap}.",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "عرض قمرة قيادة الطائرة",
+  "Ship bridge view": "عرض غرفة قيادة السفينة",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "الخروج من القمرة",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "الخروج من غرفة القيادة",
   "GROUND SPEED": "السرعة الأرضية",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "السرعة فوق القاع",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "المسار فوق القاع",
   "ALTITUDE": "الارتفاع",
   "CONTACT": "الهدف",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "الأهداف · 250 كم",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "الحلقات كل {spacing} ميل بحري",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "zero": "لا أهداف ({count})",
+    "one": "هدف واحد ({count})",
+    "two": "هدفان ({count})",
+    "few": "{count} أهداف",
+    "many": "{count} هدفًا",
+    "other": "{count} هدف"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "مدى الرادار {range}. اختر للانتقال إلى المدى التالي.",
+  "Bridge radar": "رادار غرفة القيادة",
   "LIVE SIGNALS": "إشارات مباشرة",
   "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "إشارات مرصودة / مرسومة",
   "CURRENT": "الحالي",
@@ -226,16 +241,32 @@
   "Landmark: --": "المَعلم: --",
   "Search any location": "البحث عن أي موقع",
   "Search any location...": "ابحث عن أي موقع…",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "النظر إلى الميمنة {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "النظر إلى الميسرة {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "النظر إلى المؤخرة",
+  "UP {angle}°": "أعلى {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "أسفل {angle}°",
   "LEVEL": "أفقي",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "النظر {elevation}",
   "Estimated destination direction": "اتجاه الوجهة التقديري",
   "DEST ---°": "الوجهة ---°",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "نافذة غرفة القيادة · الأمام",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "المستوى البصري · 01",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "تثبيت الاتجاه · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "لا اتجاه · AIS",
   "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "قفل واقي الخوذة · نشط",
   "FIRST PERSON": "منظور الشخص الأول",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "عرض غرفة القيادة",
   "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "تتبّع مباشر · بمحاذاة المسار",
   "Cockpit vision style": "نمط رؤية القمرة",
   "Current aircraft heading": "اتجاه الطائرة الحالي",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "النظر إلى الأمام: إعادة عرض غرفة القيادة نحو مقدمة السفينة",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "النظر إلى الأمام (Home أو 0)",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "النظر إلى الأمام",
+  "Current vessel heading": "اتجاه السفينة الحالي",
   "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "السرعة الأرضية · عقدة",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "السرعة فوق القاع · عقدة",
   "ALTITUDE · FT": "الارتفاع · قدم",
   "PREV": "السابق",
   "Previous cockpit vision style": "نمط رؤية القمرة السابق",
@@ -247,9 +278,16 @@
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "الخروج من القمرة والعودة إلى عرض الكرة الأرضية كاملة",
   "RESET": "إعادة ضبط",
   "Exit cockpit view": "الخروج من عرض القمرة",
+  "Exit bridge view": "الخروج من عرض غرفة القيادة",
   "Estimated flight plan": "خطة الرحلة التقديرية",
+  "Reported voyage": "الرحلة المُبلَّغ عنها",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "خطة الرحلة التقديرية",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "الرحلة المُبلَّغ عنها",
   "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "بيانات المسار غير متاحة",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "التنقل بين الأهداف متوقف",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "تبقى غرفة القيادة مع السفينة المحددة",
+  "{range} NM": "{range} ميل بحري",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "وجهة AIS · أبلغ عنها الطاقم",
   "FROM": "من",
   "TO": "إلى",
   "UNKNOWN": "غير معروف",
@@ -292,6 +330,7 @@
   "SELECT CONTEXT": "اختر السياق",
   "Contact Context actions": "إجراءات سياق الهدف",
   "COCKPIT": "القمرة",
+  "BRIDGE": "غرفة القيادة",
   "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "البحث عن المواقع القريبة",
   "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "إعادة تصنيف الهدف المتتبَّع إلى TR-3B",
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "إعادة التصنيف إلى TR-3B",
@@ -331,6 +370,8 @@
   "Current style: {style} — click for next": "النمط الحالي: {style} — انقر للتالي",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "تم التقاط الهدف",
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · المسار {heading}°",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · الاتجاه {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · لا اتجاه",
   "Select flight {title}": "اختيار الرحلة {title}",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "السياق في وضع الاستعداد",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "فعّل السياق العالمي لإشارات العناصر القريبة",
@@ -358,6 +399,8 @@
   "STALE FEED": "مصدر متقادم",
   "LIVE TRACK": "تتبّع مباشر",
   "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · بمحاذاة المسار",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · ارتفاع العين {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "AIS مباشر",
   "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "سهم · اتجاه تقديري",
   "DEST {bearing}": "الوجهة {bearing}",
   "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "فُقد الهدف · آخر قراءة معروفة · لا يعني أن الوضع آمن",
@@ -3110,6 +3153,8 @@
   "LOCAL": "محلي",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC خروج",
   "C TOGGLE": "C تبديل",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "الأسهم للنظر",
+  "HOME RESET": "Home إعادة الضبط",
   "Active weather products": "منتجات الطقس النشطة",
   "RECENT IMAGERY": "الصور الحديثة",
   "Imagery days in the box": "أيام الصور في المنطقة",
@@ -3484,5 +3529,6 @@
   "Close camera preview": "إغلاق معاينة الكاميرا",
   "Refresh map still": "تحديث صورة الخريطة الثابتة",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "تستخدم صورة الخريطة طلبًا منفصلًا وقد تعرض لحظة مختلفة.",
-  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "يُشغَّل الفيديو من Québec 511، الذي يرى عنوان IP الخاص بك."
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "يُشغَّل الفيديو من Québec 511، الذي يرى عنوان IP الخاص بك.",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "تثبيت المسار · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 419afc9a6..902169ca1 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -431,8 +431,14 @@
   "LIVE TRACK": "LIVE-TRACK",
   "COMMERCIAL": "ZIVIL",
   "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · IN KURSRICHTUNG",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · AUGESHÖHE {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "LIVE-AIS",
   "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "PFEIL · GESCHÄTZTE RICHTUNG",
   "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "ROUTENDATEN NICHT VERFÜGBAR",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "KONTAKTNAVIGATION AUS",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "DIE BRÜCKE BLEIBT BEIM GEWÄHLTEN SCHIFF",
+  "{range} NM": "{range} SM",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "AIS-ZIEL · VON DER BESATZUNG GEMELDET",
   "DEST {bearing}": "DEST {bearing}",
   "Disable cockpit weather effects": "Cockpit-Wettereffekte deaktivieren",
   "Enable cockpit weather effects": "Cockpit-Wettereffekte aktivieren",
@@ -477,6 +483,8 @@
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Als TR-3B umklassifizieren",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "TRACK ERFASST",
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · KURS {heading}°",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · STEUERKURS {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · KEIN STEUERKURS",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "Kontext konnte nicht alle Ebenen wiederherstellen; erneut versuchen",
   "No selected data layers": "Keine Datenebenen ausgewählt",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -663,14 +671,27 @@
   "Session ended — cost cap {cost}": "Sitzung beendet: Kostenlimit {cost}",
   "Radio did not start": "Radio wurde nicht gestartet",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Flugzeug-Cockpitansicht",
+  "Ship bridge view": "Ansicht von der Schiffsbrücke",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "BLICK STEUERBORD {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "BLICK BACKBORD {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "BLICK ACHTERAUS",
+  "UP {angle}°": "HOCH {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "TIEF {angle}°",
   "LEVEL": "HORIZONT",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "BLICK {elevation}",
   "Estimated destination direction": "Geschätzte Richtung zum Ziel",
   "DEST ---°": "DEST ---°",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "BRÜCKENFENSTER · VORAUS",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "OPTISCHE EBENE · 01",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "STEUERKURS FIX · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "KEIN STEUERKURS · AIS",
   "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "VISIER-LOCK · AKTIV",
   "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "GESCHW. ÜBER GRUND · KN",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "FAHRT ÜBER GRUND · KN",
   "ALTITUDE · FT": "HÖHE · FT",
   "FIRST PERSON": "EGO-PERSPEKTIVE",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "BRÜCKENANSICHT",
   "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "LIVE-TRACK · IN KURSRICHTUNG",
   "Cockpit vision style": "Sichtstil im Cockpit",
   "Previous cockpit vision style": "Vorheriger Cockpit-Sichtstil",
@@ -679,11 +700,24 @@
   "Next cockpit vision style": "Nächster Cockpit-Sichtstil",
   "Next vision style": "Nächster Sichtstil",
   "Current aircraft heading": "Aktueller Flugzeugkurs",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "Blick voraus: Brückenansicht zurück zum Bug drehen",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "Blick voraus (Pos1 oder 0)",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "BLICK VORAUS",
+  "Current vessel heading": "Aktueller Steuerkurs des Schiffs",
   "GROUND SPEED": "GESCHW. ÜBER GRUND",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "FAHRT ÜBER GRUND",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "KURS ÜBER GRUND",
   "ALTITUDE": "HÖHE",
   "Contact cockpit summary": "Cockpit-Zusammenfassung des Kontakts",
   "CONTACT": "KONTAKT",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "KONTAKTE · 250 KM",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "RINGE {spacing} SM",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "one": "{count} KONTAKT",
+    "other": "{count} KONTAKTE"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "Radarreichweite {range}. Auswählen, um zur nächsten Reichweite zu wechseln.",
+  "Bridge radar": "Brückenradar",
   "Contact navigation": "Kontaktnavigation",
   "CONTEXT ONLY": "NUR KONTEXT",
   "Nearby cohort counts": "Anzahl Kontakte in der Nähe",
@@ -691,7 +725,9 @@
   "AVAILABLE INPUTS ONLY · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "NUR VERFÜGBARE QUELLEN · KEINE ENTWARNUNG",
   "Cockpit briefing carousel": "Cockpit-Briefing-Karussell",
   "Estimated flight plan": "Geschätzter Flugplan",
+  "Reported voyage": "Gemeldete Reise",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "GESCHÄTZTER FLUGPLAN",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "GEMELDETE REISE",
   "FROM": "VON",
   "TO": "NACH",
   "Cockpit briefing controls": "Cockpit-Briefing-Steuerung",
@@ -722,7 +758,9 @@
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Cockpit verlassen und zur Vollglobus-Ansicht zurückkehren",
   "RESET": "RESET",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Cockpitansicht verlassen",
+  "Exit bridge view": "Brückenansicht verlassen",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "COCKPIT VERLASSEN",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "BRÜCKE VERLASSEN",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Steuerung für Navigation, Sprache und visuelle Presets",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "Visuelle Presets ausklappen",
   "Pin visual presets": "Visuelle Presets anheften",
@@ -752,6 +790,7 @@
   "SELECT CONTEXT": "KONTEXT WÄHLEN",
   "Contact Context actions": "Aktionen für Kontaktkontext",
   "COCKPIT": "COCKPIT",
+  "BRIDGE": "BRÜCKE",
   "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "STANDORTE IN DER NÄHE SUCHEN",
   "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "Verfolgten Kontakt als TR-3B umklassifizieren",
   "CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF": "KONTAKTKONTEXT AUS",
@@ -2836,6 +2875,8 @@
   "LOCAL": "LOKAL",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC BEENDEN",
   "C TOGGLE": "C UMSCHALTEN",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "PFEILE UMSEHEN",
+  "HOME RESET": "POS1 ZURÜCKSETZEN",
   "Active weather products": "Aktive Wetterprodukte",
   "RECENT IMAGERY": "AKTUELLE BILDDATEN",
   "Imagery days in the box": "Bildtage im Bereich",
@@ -3184,5 +3225,6 @@
   "Close camera preview": "Kameravorschau schließen",
   "Refresh map still": "Kartenstandbild aktualisieren",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Das Kartenstandbild wird separat abgerufen und kann einen anderen Moment zeigen.",
-  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Das Video wird von Québec 511 abgespielt, das Ihre IP-Adresse sieht."
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Das Video wird von Québec 511 abgespielt, das Ihre IP-Adresse sieht.",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "KURS FIX · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 48963ac30..8c83513ed 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -38,11 +38,23 @@
   "REFRESHING LIVE DATA": "ACTUALIZANDO DATOS",
   "Close data attribution": "Cerrar la atribución de datos",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Vista de cabina de la aeronave",
+  "Ship bridge view": "Vista desde el puente del buque",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "SALIR DE CABINA",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "SALIR DEL PUENTE",
   "GROUND SPEED": "VEL. SUELO",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "VEL. SOBRE FONDO",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "RUMBO SOBRE FONDO",
   "ALTITUDE": "ALTITUD",
   "CONTACT": "CONTACTO",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "CONTACTOS · 250 KM",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "ANILLOS {spacing} MN",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "one": "{count} CONTACTO",
+    "many": "{count} DE CONTACTOS",
+    "other": "{count} CONTACTOS"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "Alcance del radar {range}. Selecciona para pasar al siguiente alcance.",
+  "Bridge radar": "Radar del puente",
   "LIVE SIGNALS": "SEÑALES EN VIVO",
   "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "PINGS OBSERVADOS / MAPEADOS",
   "CURRENT": "ACTUAL",
@@ -115,16 +127,32 @@
   "Landmark: --": "Punto de interés: --",
   "Search any location": "Buscar un lugar",
   "Search any location...": "Buscar un lugar…",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "VISTA ESTRIBOR {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "VISTA BABOR {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "VISTA A POPA",
+  "UP {angle}°": "ARRIBA {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "ABAJO {angle}°",
   "LEVEL": "NIVEL",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "VISTA {elevation}",
   "Estimated destination direction": "Dirección estimada del destino",
   "DEST ---°": "DEST ---°",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "VENTANA DEL PUENTE · AVANTE",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "PLANO ÓPTICO · 01",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "BLOQUEO DE PROA · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "SIN PROA · AIS",
   "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "BLOQUEO DE VISERA · ACTIVO",
   "FIRST PERSON": "PRIMERA PERSONA",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "VISTA DEL PUENTE",
   "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "RASTREO EN VIVO · RUMBO ALINEADO",
   "Cockpit vision style": "Estilo de visión de la cabina",
   "Current aircraft heading": "Rumbo actual de la aeronave",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "Mirar a proa: girar de nuevo la vista del puente hacia la proa",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "Mirar a proa (Inicio o 0)",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "MIRAR A PROA",
+  "Current vessel heading": "Proa actual del buque",
   "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "VEL. SUELO · KN",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "VEL. SOBRE FONDO · KN",
   "ALTITUDE · FT": "ALTITUD · FT",
   "PREV": "ANT.",
   "Previous cockpit vision style": "Estilo de visión de cabina anterior",
@@ -137,9 +165,16 @@
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Salir de la cabina y volver a la vista de globo completo",
   "RESET": "RESTABLECER",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Salir de la vista de cabina",
+  "Exit bridge view": "Salir de la vista del puente",
   "Estimated flight plan": "Plan de vuelo estimado",
+  "Reported voyage": "Viaje notificado",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "PLAN DE VUELO ESTIMADO",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "VIAJE NOTIFICADO",
   "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "DATOS DE RUTA NO DISPONIBLES",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "NAVEGACIÓN DE CONTACTOS DESACTIVADA",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "EL PUENTE PERMANECE EN EL BUQUE SELECCIONADO",
+  "{range} NM": "{range} MN",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "DESTINO AIS · NOTIFICADO POR LA TRIPULACIÓN",
   "FROM": "DESDE",
   "TO": "HACIA",
   "UNKNOWN": "DESCONOCIDO",
@@ -183,6 +218,7 @@
   "SELECT CONTEXT": "SELECCIONAR CONTEXTO",
   "Contact Context actions": "Acciones de contexto de contacto",
   "COCKPIT": "CABINA",
+  "BRIDGE": "PUENTE",
   "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "BUSCAR SITIOS CERCANOS",
   "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "Reclasificar el contacto rastreado como TR-3B",
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Reclasificar como TR-3B",
@@ -223,6 +259,8 @@
   "Current style: {style} — click for next": "Estilo actual: {style} — haz clic para el siguiente",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "RASTREO ADQUIRIDO",
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · RUMBO {heading}°",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · PROA {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · SIN PROA",
   "Select flight {title}": "Seleccionar el vuelo {title}",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "CONTEXTO EN ESPERA",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "ACTIVAR CONTEXTO GLOBAL PARA PINGS DE PROXIMIDAD",
@@ -247,6 +285,8 @@
   "STALE FEED": "FUENTE DESACTUALIZADA",
   "LIVE TRACK": "RASTREO EN VIVO",
   "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · RUMBO ALINEADO",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · ALT. OJO {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "AIS EN VIVO",
   "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "FLECHA · DIRECCIÓN ESTIMADA",
   "DEST {bearing}": "DEST {bearing}",
   "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "CONTACTO PERDIDO · ÚLTIMA LECTURA CONOCIDA · NO IMPLICA TODO DESPEJADO",
@@ -1605,6 +1645,8 @@
   "Weather data by Open-Meteo.com": "Datos meteorológicos de Open-Meteo.com",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC SALIR",
   "C TOGGLE": "C ALTERNAR",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "FLECHAS MIRAR",
+  "HOME RESET": "INICIO RESTABLECER",
   "SIG": "SIG",
   "NEWS": "NOTICIAS",
   "LOCAL": "LOCAL",
@@ -3259,5 +3301,6 @@
   "Close camera preview": "Cerrar vista previa de la cámara",
   "Refresh map still": "Actualizar imagen fija del mapa",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "La imagen del mapa usa una solicitud independiente y puede mostrar otro momento.",
-  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "El vídeo se reproduce desde Québec 511, que ve tu dirección IP."
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "El vídeo se reproduce desde Québec 511, que ve tu dirección IP.",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "BLOQUEO DE RUMBO · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 16fc249b6..b98b2cd0a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -1700,8 +1700,14 @@
   "COMMERCIAL": "COMMERCIAL",
   "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
   "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · ALIGNÉ SUR LA ROUTE",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · HAUTEUR D'ŒIL {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "AIS EN DIRECT",
   "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "FLÈCHE · DIRECTION ESTIMÉE",
   "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "DONNÉES DE ROUTE INDISPONIBLES",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "NAVIGATION DES CONTACTS DÉSACTIVÉE",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "LA PASSERELLE RESTE SUR LE NAVIRE SÉLECTIONNÉ",
+  "{range} NM": "{range} MN",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "DESTINATION AIS · DÉCLARÉE PAR L'ÉQUIPAGE",
   "DEST {bearing}": "DEST {bearing}",
   "Disable cockpit weather effects": "Désactiver les effets météo du cockpit",
   "Enable cockpit weather effects": "Activer les effets météo du cockpit",
@@ -1748,6 +1754,8 @@
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Reclasser en TR-3B",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "PISTE ACQUISE",
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · ROUTE {heading}°",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · CAP {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · SANS CAP",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "Le contexte n'a pas pu restaurer toutes les couches ; réessayez",
   "No selected data layers": "Aucune couche de données sélectionnée",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2697,14 +2705,27 @@
   "Recent speech": "Propos récents",
   "HERE": "ICI",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Vue cockpit de l'aéronef",
+  "Ship bridge view": "Vue depuis la passerelle du navire",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "VUE TRIBORD {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "VUE BÂBORD {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "VUE ARRIÈRE",
+  "UP {angle}°": "HAUT {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "BAS {angle}°",
   "LEVEL": "HORIZON",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "VUE {elevation}",
   "Estimated destination direction": "Direction estimée de la destination",
   "DEST ---°": "DEST ---°",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "VITRE PASSERELLE · AVANT",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "PLAN OPTIQUE · 01",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "VERROU CAP · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "SANS CAP · AIS",
   "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "VERROU VISIÈRE · ACTIF",
   "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "VITESSE SOL · ND",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "VITESSE FOND · ND",
   "ALTITUDE · FT": "ALTITUDE · FT",
   "FIRST PERSON": "PREMIÈRE PERSONNE",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "VUE PASSERELLE",
   "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "PISTE EN DIRECT · ALIGNÉ SUR LA ROUTE",
   "Cockpit vision style": "Style de vision du cockpit",
   "Previous cockpit vision style": "Style de vision précédent du cockpit",
@@ -2713,13 +2734,27 @@
   "Next cockpit vision style": "Style de vision suivant du cockpit",
   "Next vision style": "Style de vision suivant",
   "Current aircraft heading": "Cap actuel de l'aéronef",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "Vue avant : ramener la vue passerelle vers l'étrave",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "Vue avant (Home ou 0)",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "VUE AVANT",
+  "Current vessel heading": "Cap actuel du navire",
   "GROUND SPEED": "VITESSE SOL",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "VITESSE FOND",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "ROUTE FOND",
   "KTS": "ND",
   "ALTITUDE": "ALTITUDE",
   "FT": "FT",
   "Contact cockpit summary": "Résumé cockpit du contact",
   "CONTACT": "CONTACT",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "CONTACTS · 250 KM",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "CERCLES {spacing} MN",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "one": "{count} CONTACT",
+    "many": "{count} DE CONTACTS",
+    "other": "{count} CONTACTS"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "Portée radar {range}. Sélectionnez pour passer à la portée suivante.",
+  "Bridge radar": "Radar de passerelle",
   "Contact navigation": "Navigation des contacts",
   "CONTEXT ONLY": "CONTEXTE SEULEMENT",
   "Nearby cohort counts": "Nombre de contacts par groupe à proximité",
@@ -2731,7 +2766,9 @@
   "WX": "MÉTÉO",
   "Cockpit briefing carousel": "Carrousel de briefing du cockpit",
   "Estimated flight plan": "Plan de vol estimé",
+  "Reported voyage": "Voyage déclaré",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "PLAN DE VOL ESTIMÉ",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "VOYAGE DÉCLARÉ",
   "FROM": "DE",
   "TO": "VERS",
   "Cockpit briefing controls": "Commandes du briefing du cockpit",
@@ -2765,11 +2802,15 @@
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "Volume de la Radio du cockpit",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC QUITTER",
   "C TOGGLE": "C BASCULER",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "FLÈCHES REGARDER",
+  "HOME RESET": "HOME RECENTRER",
   "View switcher": "Sélecteur de vue",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Quitter le cockpit et revenir à la vue du globe entier",
   "RESET": "RÉINIT.",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Quitter la vue cockpit",
+  "Exit bridge view": "Quitter la vue passerelle",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "QUITTER LE COCKPIT",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "QUITTER LA PASSERELLE",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Commandes de navigation, de voix et de préréglages visuels",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "Développer les préréglages visuels",
   "Pin visual presets": "Épingler les préréglages visuels",
@@ -2802,6 +2843,7 @@
   "SELECT CONTEXT": "CHOISIR UN CONTEXTE",
   "Contact Context actions": "Actions du contexte Contact",
   "COCKPIT": "COCKPIT",
+  "BRIDGE": "PASSERELLE",
   "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "CHERCHER SITES PROCHES",
   "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "Reclasser le contact suivi en TR-3B",
   "CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF": "CONTEXTE CONTACTS DÉSACTIVÉ",
@@ -3259,5 +3301,6 @@
   "Close camera preview": "Fermer l’aperçu de la caméra",
   "Refresh map still": "Actualiser l’image fixe sur la carte",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "L’image fixe de la carte utilise une requête distincte et peut montrer un autre moment.",
-  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "La vidéo est lue depuis Québec 511, qui voit votre adresse IP."
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "La vidéo est lue depuis Québec 511, qui voit votre adresse IP.",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "VERROU ROUTE · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 7f130832f..3fbf91cc2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -1700,8 +1700,14 @@
   "COMMERCIAL": "COMMERCIALE",
   "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
   "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · ROTTA ALLINEATA",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · ALTEZZA OCCHIO {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "AIS LIVE",
   "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "FRECCIA · DIREZIONE STIMATA",
   "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "DATI ROTTA NON DISPONIBILI",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "NAVIGAZIONE CONTATTI DISATTIVATA",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "LA PLANCIA RESTA SULLA NAVE SELEZIONATA",
+  "{range} NM": "{range} MN",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "DESTINAZIONE AIS · DICHIARATA DALL'EQUIPAGGIO",
   "DEST {bearing}": "DEST {bearing}",
   "Disable cockpit weather effects": "Disattiva gli effetti meteo del cockpit",
   "Enable cockpit weather effects": "Attiva gli effetti meteo del cockpit",
@@ -1748,6 +1754,8 @@
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Riclassifica come TR-3B",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "TRACCIA ACQUISITA",
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · ROTTA {heading}°",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · PRUA {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · NESSUNA PRUA",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "Il Contesto non ha potuto ripristinare tutti i livelli; riprova",
   "No selected data layers": "Nessun livello dati selezionato",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2697,14 +2705,27 @@
   "Recent speech": "Parlato recente",
   "HERE": "QUI",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Vista cockpit dell'aereo",
+  "Ship bridge view": "Vista dalla plancia della nave",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "VISTA DRITTA {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "VISTA SINISTRA {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "VISTA A POPPA",
+  "UP {angle}°": "SU {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "GIÙ {angle}°",
   "LEVEL": "ORIZZONTE",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "VISTA {elevation}",
   "Estimated destination direction": "Direzione stimata della destinazione",
   "DEST ---°": "DEST ---°",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "FINESTRA PLANCIA · AVANTI",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "PIANO OTTICO · 01",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "BLOCCO PRUA · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "NESSUNA PRUA · AIS",
   "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "BLOCCO VISIERA · ATTIVO",
   "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "VEL. AL SUOLO · KTS",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "VEL. SUL FONDO · KTS",
   "ALTITUDE · FT": "QUOTA · FT",
   "FIRST PERSON": "PRIMA PERSONA",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "VISTA PLANCIA",
   "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "TRACCIA LIVE · ROTTA ALLINEATA",
   "Cockpit vision style": "Stile di visione del cockpit",
   "Previous cockpit vision style": "Stile di visione precedente del cockpit",
@@ -2713,13 +2734,27 @@
   "Next cockpit vision style": "Stile di visione successivo del cockpit",
   "Next vision style": "Stile di visione successivo",
   "Current aircraft heading": "Prua attuale dell'aereo",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "Guarda a prua: riporta la vista plancia verso la prua",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "Guarda a prua (Home o 0)",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "GUARDA A PRUA",
+  "Current vessel heading": "Prua attuale della nave",
   "GROUND SPEED": "VEL. AL SUOLO",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "VEL. SUL FONDO",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "ROTTA SUL FONDO",
   "KTS": "KTS",
   "ALTITUDE": "ALTITUDINE",
   "FT": "FT",
   "Contact cockpit summary": "Riepilogo contatto del cockpit",
   "CONTACT": "CONTATTO",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "CONTATTI · 250 KM",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "CERCHI {spacing} MN",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "one": "{count} CONTATTO",
+    "many": "{count} DI CONTATTI",
+    "other": "{count} CONTATTI"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "Portata radar {range}. Seleziona per passare alla portata successiva.",
+  "Bridge radar": "Radar di plancia",
   "Contact navigation": "Navigazione contatti",
   "CONTEXT ONLY": "SOLO CONTESTO",
   "Nearby cohort counts": "Conteggi dei gruppi vicini",
@@ -2731,7 +2766,9 @@
   "WX": "METEO",
   "Cockpit briefing carousel": "Carosello briefing del cockpit",
   "Estimated flight plan": "Piano di volo stimato",
+  "Reported voyage": "Viaggio dichiarato",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "PIANO DI VOLO STIMATO",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "VIAGGIO DICHIARATO",
   "FROM": "DA",
   "TO": "A",
   "Cockpit briefing controls": "Controlli briefing del cockpit",
@@ -2765,11 +2802,15 @@
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "Volume Radio del cockpit",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC ESCI",
   "C TOGGLE": "C ALTERNA",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "FRECCE GUARDA",
+  "HOME RESET": "HOME RIPRISTINA",
   "View switcher": "Selettore vista",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Esci dal cockpit e torna alla vista del globo intero",
   "RESET": "RESET",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Esci dalla vista cockpit",
+  "Exit bridge view": "Esci dalla vista plancia",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "ESCI DAL COCKPIT",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "ESCI DALLA PLANCIA",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Controlli di navigazione, voce e preset visivi",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "Espandi Preset visivi",
   "Pin visual presets": "Fissa i preset visivi",
@@ -2802,6 +2843,7 @@
   "SELECT CONTEXT": "SELEZIONA CONTESTO",
   "Contact Context actions": "Azioni Contesto contatto",
   "COCKPIT": "COCKPIT",
+  "BRIDGE": "PLANCIA",
   "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "CERCA SITI VICINI",
   "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "Riclassifica il contatto tracciato come TR-3B",
   "CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF": "CONTESTO CONTATTI DISATTIVATO",
@@ -3259,5 +3301,6 @@
   "Close camera preview": "Chiudi anteprima della telecamera",
   "Refresh map still": "Aggiorna immagine fissa sulla mappa",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "L’immagine sulla mappa usa una richiesta separata e può mostrare un momento diverso.",
-  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Il video viene riprodotto da Québec 511, che vede il tuo indirizzo IP."
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Il video viene riprodotto da Québec 511, che vede il tuo indirizzo IP.",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "BLOCCO ROTTA · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 62e8af101..4c764fe96 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -1650,8 +1650,14 @@
   "COMMERCIAL": "民間",
   "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
   "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · 針路一致",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · 眼高 {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "ライブAIS",
   "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "矢印 · 推定方向",
   "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "経路データなし",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "コンタクトナビゲーション オフ",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "ブリッジは選択中の船舶に固定",
+  "{range} NM": "{range}海里",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "AIS目的地 · 乗組員入力",
   "DEST {bearing}": "目的地 {bearing}",
   "Disable cockpit weather effects": "コックピットの天候エフェクトを無効にする",
   "Enable cockpit weather effects": "コックピットの天候エフェクトを有効にする",
@@ -1696,6 +1702,8 @@
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "TR-3Bに再分類",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "追跡開始",
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 対地針路 {heading}°",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · 船首方位 {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · 船首方位なし",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "コンテキストがすべてのレイヤーを復元できませんでした。もう一度お試しください",
   "No selected data layers": "選択中のデータレイヤーはありません",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2555,14 +2563,27 @@
   "Recent speech": "最近の発話",
   "HERE": "ここ",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "航空機コックピットビュー",
+  "Ship bridge view": "船舶ブリッジビュー",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "視線 右舷 {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "視線 左舷 {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "視線 船尾方向",
+  "UP {angle}°": "上 {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "下 {angle}°",
   "LEVEL": "水平",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "視線 {elevation}",
   "Estimated destination direction": "推定目的地の方向",
   "DEST ---°": "目的地 ---°",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "ブリッジ窓 · 前方",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "光学面 · 01",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "船首方位保持 · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "船首方位なし · AIS",
   "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "バイザーロック · 有効",
   "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "対地速度 · KT",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "対地速力 · KT",
   "ALTITUDE · FT": "高度 · FT",
   "FIRST PERSON": "一人称視点",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "ブリッジビュー",
   "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "ライブ追跡 · 針路一致",
   "Cockpit vision style": "コックピットのビジョンスタイル",
   "Previous cockpit vision style": "前のコックピットビジョンスタイル",
@@ -2571,13 +2592,25 @@
   "Next cockpit vision style": "次のコックピットビジョンスタイル",
   "Next vision style": "次のビジョンスタイル",
   "Current aircraft heading": "現在の機首方位",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "前方を見る：ブリッジビューを船首方向に戻す",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "前方を見る（Homeまたは0）",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "前方を見る",
+  "Current vessel heading": "現在の船首方位",
   "GROUND SPEED": "対地速度",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "対地速力",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "対地針路",
   "KTS": "KT",
   "ALTITUDE": "高度",
   "FT": "FT",
   "Contact cockpit summary": "コンタクトのコックピット概要",
   "CONTACT": "コンタクト",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "コンタクト · 250 km",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "距離環 {spacing}海里",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "other": "コンタクト {count}件"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "レーダーレンジ {range}。選択すると次のレンジに切り替わります。",
+  "Bridge radar": "ブリッジレーダー",
   "Contact navigation": "コンタクトナビゲーション",
   "CONTEXT ONLY": "参考情報のみ",
   "Nearby cohort counts": "周辺の種別ごとの件数",
@@ -2589,7 +2622,9 @@
   "WX": "気象",
   "Cockpit briefing carousel": "コックピットブリーフィングカルーセル",
   "Estimated flight plan": "推定フライトプラン",
+  "Reported voyage": "申告された航海",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "推定フライトプラン",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "申告された航海",
   "FROM": "出発",
   "TO": "到着",
   "Cockpit briefing controls": "コックピットブリーフィングの操作",
@@ -2623,11 +2658,15 @@
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "コックピットラジオの音量",
   "ESC EXIT": "Escで終了",
   "C TOGGLE": "Cで切替",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "矢印キーで見回す",
+  "HOME RESET": "Homeでリセット",
   "View switcher": "ビュー切替",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "コックピットを終了して地球全体ビューに戻る",
   "RESET": "リセット",
   "Exit cockpit view": "コックピットビューを終了",
+  "Exit bridge view": "ブリッジビューを終了",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "コックピット終了",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "ブリッジ終了",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "ナビゲーション、音声、ビジュアルプリセットの操作",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "ビジュアルプリセットを展開",
   "Pin visual presets": "ビジュアルプリセットを固定",
@@ -2660,6 +2699,7 @@
   "SELECT CONTEXT": "コンテキストを選択",
   "Contact Context actions": "コンタクトコンテキストの操作",
   "COCKPIT": "コックピット",
+  "BRIDGE": "ブリッジ",
   "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "周辺施設を検索",
   "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "追跡中のコンタクトをTR-3Bに再分類",
   "CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF": "コンタクトコンテキスト オフ",
@@ -3109,5 +3149,6 @@
   "Close camera preview": "カメラのプレビューを閉じる",
   "Refresh map still": "地図上の静止画を更新",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地図上の静止画は別のリクエストで取得されるため、異なる時点を表示する場合があります。",
-  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "動画は Québec 511 から再生され、Québec 511 にはあなたの IP アドレスが見えます。"
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "動画は Québec 511 から再生され、Québec 511 にはあなたの IP アドレスが見えます。",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "対地針路保持 · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 04cf3ccfb..ff0f567b8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -1700,8 +1700,14 @@
   "COMMERCIAL": "COMERCIAL",
   "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
   "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · CURSO ALINHADO",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · ALT. DO OLHO {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "AIS AO VIVO",
   "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "SETA · DIREÇÃO ESTIMADA",
   "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "DADOS DE ROTA INDISPONÍVEIS",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "NAVEGAÇÃO DE CONTATOS DESLIGADA",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "O PASSADIÇO PERMANECE NA EMBARCAÇÃO SELECIONADA",
+  "{range} NM": "{range} MN",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "DESTINO AIS · INFORMADO PELA TRIPULAÇÃO",
   "DEST {bearing}": "DEST {bearing}",
   "Disable cockpit weather effects": "Desativar efeitos de clima na cabine",
   "Enable cockpit weather effects": "Ativar efeitos de clima na cabine",
@@ -1748,6 +1754,8 @@
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Reclassificar como TR-3B",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "RASTRO ADQUIRIDO",
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · RUMO {heading}°",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · PROA {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · SEM PROA",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "O contexto não conseguiu restaurar todas as camadas; tente novamente",
   "No selected data layers": "Nenhuma camada de dados selecionada",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2699,14 +2707,27 @@
   "Recent speech": "Fala recente",
   "HERE": "AQUI",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Vista da cabine da aeronave",
+  "Ship bridge view": "Vista do passadiço da embarcação",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "VISTA BORESTE {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "VISTA BOMBORDO {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "VISTA À RÉ",
+  "UP {angle}°": "ACIMA {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "ABAIXO {angle}°",
   "LEVEL": "NIVELADO",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "VISTA {elevation}",
   "Estimated destination direction": "Direção estimada do destino",
   "DEST ---°": "DEST ---°",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "JANELA DO PASSADIÇO · VANTE",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "PLANO ÓPTICO · 01",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "TRAVA DE PROA · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "SEM PROA · AIS",
   "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "TRAVA DO VISOR · ATIVA",
   "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "VELOC. SOLO · KT",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "VELOC. NO FUNDO · KT",
   "ALTITUDE · FT": "ALTITUDE · FT",
   "FIRST PERSON": "PRIMEIRA PESSOA",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "VISTA DO PASSADIÇO",
   "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "RASTRO AO VIVO · CURSO ALINHADO",
   "Cockpit vision style": "Estilo de visão da cabine",
   "Previous cockpit vision style": "Estilo anterior de visão da cabine",
@@ -2715,13 +2736,27 @@
   "Next cockpit vision style": "Próximo estilo de visão da cabine",
   "Next vision style": "Próximo estilo de visão",
   "Current aircraft heading": "Rumo atual da aeronave",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "Olhar à vante: voltar a vista do passadiço para a proa",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "Olhar à vante (Home ou 0)",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "OLHAR À VANTE",
+  "Current vessel heading": "Proa atual da embarcação",
   "GROUND SPEED": "VELOC. SOLO",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "VELOC. NO FUNDO",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "RUMO NO FUNDO",
   "KTS": "KT",
   "ALTITUDE": "ALTITUDE",
   "FT": "FT",
   "Contact cockpit summary": "Resumo do contato na cabine",
   "CONTACT": "CONTATO",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "CONTATOS · 250 KM",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "ANÉIS {spacing} MN",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "one": "{count} CONTATO",
+    "many": "{count} DE CONTATOS",
+    "other": "{count} CONTATOS"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "Alcance do radar {range}. Selecione para passar ao próximo alcance.",
+  "Bridge radar": "Radar do passadiço",
   "Contact navigation": "Navegação de contatos",
   "CONTEXT ONLY": "SÓ CONTEXTO",
   "Nearby cohort counts": "Contagens por categoria nas proximidades",
@@ -2733,7 +2768,9 @@
   "WX": "WX",
   "Cockpit briefing carousel": "Carrossel de briefing da cabine",
   "Estimated flight plan": "Plano de voo estimado",
+  "Reported voyage": "Viagem informada",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "PLANO DE VOO ESTIMADO",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "VIAGEM INFORMADA",
   "FROM": "DE",
   "TO": "PARA",
   "Cockpit briefing controls": "Controles do briefing da cabine",
@@ -2767,11 +2804,15 @@
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "Volume do rádio da cabine",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC SAIR",
   "C TOGGLE": "C ALTERNAR",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "SETAS OLHAR",
+  "HOME RESET": "HOME REDEFINIR",
   "View switcher": "Alternador de vista",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Sair da cabine e voltar à vista do globo completo",
   "RESET": "REDEFINIR",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Sair da vista da cabine",
+  "Exit bridge view": "Sair da vista do passadiço",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "SAIR DA CABINE",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "SAIR DO PASSADIÇO",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Controles de navegação, voz e predefinições visuais",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "Expandir predefinições visuais",
   "Pin visual presets": "Fixar predefinições visuais",
@@ -2804,6 +2845,7 @@
   "SELECT CONTEXT": "SELECIONE O CONTEXTO",
   "Contact Context actions": "Ações de contexto do contato",
   "COCKPIT": "CABINE",
+  "BRIDGE": "PASSADIÇO",
   "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "BUSCAR LOCAIS PRÓXIMOS",
   "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "Reclassificar o contato rastreado como TR-3B",
   "CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF": "CONTEXTO DE CONTATOS DESLIGADO",
@@ -3259,5 +3301,6 @@
   "Close camera preview": "Fechar prévia da câmera",
   "Refresh map still": "Atualizar imagem fixa no mapa",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "A imagem no mapa usa uma solicitação separada e pode mostrar outro momento.",
-  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "O vídeo é reproduzido a partir do Québec 511, que vê o seu endereço IP."
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "O vídeo é reproduzido a partir do Québec 511, que vê o seu endereço IP.",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "TRAVA DE RUMO · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index eb0080bce..5e6f5ed44 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -411,10 +411,16 @@
   "STALE FEED": "ПОТОК УСТАРЕЛ",
   "LIVE TRACK": "ТРЕК ОНЛАЙН",
   "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · КУРС СОВМЕЩЁН",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · ВЫСОТА ГЛАЗА {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "AIS ОНЛАЙН",
   "COMMERCIAL": "ГРАЖДАНСКИЙ",
   "UNKNOWN": "НЕИЗВЕСТНО",
   "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "СТРЕЛКА · РАСЧЁТНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ",
   "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "ДАННЫЕ МАРШРУТА НЕДОСТУПНЫ",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "НАВИГАЦИЯ ПО КОНТАКТАМ ВЫКЛЮЧЕНА",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "МОСТИК ОСТАЁТСЯ НА ВЫБРАННОМ СУДНЕ",
+  "{range} NM": "{range} МОР. МИЛЬ",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "ПУНКТ НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ AIS · УКАЗАН ЭКИПАЖЕМ",
   "DEST {bearing}": "НАЗН. {bearing}",
   "Disable cockpit weather effects": "Выключить погодные эффекты кабины",
   "Enable cockpit weather effects": "Включить погодные эффекты кабины",
@@ -459,6 +465,8 @@
   "Select flight {title}": "Выбрать рейс {title}",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "ЦЕЛЬ ЗАХВАЧЕНА",
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · ПУТЕВОЙ УГОЛ {heading}°",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · КУРС {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · НЕТ КУРСА",
   "Restore real aircraft": "Вернуть реальный самолёт",
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Переклассифицировать как TR-3B",
   "No selected data layers": "Нет выбранных слоёв данных",
@@ -639,11 +647,19 @@
   "Next filtered radio station": "Следующая отфильтрованная радиостанция",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Выйти из кабины и вернуться к виду всего глобуса",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Выйти из кабины",
+  "Exit bridge view": "Выйти с мостика",
   "Estimated destination direction": "Расчётное направление на пункт назначения",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "ОКНО МОСТИКА · ПО НОСУ",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "ОПТИЧЕСКАЯ ПЛОСКОСТЬ · 01",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "УДЕРЖАНИЕ КУРСА · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "НЕТ КУРСА · AIS",
   "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "БЛОКИРОВКА ВИЗОРА · АКТИВНА",
   "Cockpit vision style": "Стиль обзора кабины",
   "Current aircraft heading": "Текущий курс самолёта",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "Взгляд по носу: развернуть вид с мостика обратно к носу",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "Взгляд по носу (Home или 0)",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "ВЗГЛЯД ПО НОСУ",
+  "Current vessel heading": "Текущий курс судна",
   "Nearby cohort counts": "Счётчики контактов поблизости",
   "Cockpit display options": "Параметры экрана кабины",
   "Cockpit compact Radio controls": "Компактное управление радио кабины",
@@ -652,23 +668,37 @@
   "Cockpit briefing controls": "Управление брифингом кабины",
   "View switcher": "Переключатель вида",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Вид кабины самолёта",
+  "Ship bridge view": "Вид с ходового мостика",
   "Estimated flight plan": "Расчётный план полёта",
+  "Reported voyage": "Заявленный рейс",
   "Live signals": "Сигналы в реальном времени",
   "Latest regional news": "Последние региональные новости",
   "Location-based information": "Информация по текущему месту",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "ВЗГЛЯД ПР. БОРТ {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "ВЗГЛЯД ЛЕВ. БОРТ {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "ВЗГЛЯД ЗА КОРМУ",
+  "UP {angle}°": "ВВЕРХ {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "ВНИЗ {angle}°",
   "LEVEL": "ГОРИЗОНТ",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "ВЗГЛЯД {elevation}",
   "DEST ---°": "НАЗН. ---°",
   "CURRENT": "ТЕКУЩИЙ",
   "NEAREST OBSERVED / MAPPED": "БЛИЖАЙШИЕ НАБЛЮДАЕМЫЕ / НА КАРТЕ",
   "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "ПУТЕВАЯ СКОРОСТЬ · УЗ",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "СКОРОСТЬ ПО ГРУНТУ · УЗ",
   "ALTITUDE · FT": "ВЫСОТА · ФТ",
   "FIRST PERSON": "ОТ ПЕРВОГО ЛИЦА",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "ВИД С МОСТИКА",
   "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "ТРЕК ОНЛАЙН · КУРС СОВМЕЩЁН",
   "GROUND SPEED": "ПУТЕВАЯ СКОРОСТЬ",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "СКОРОСТЬ ПО ГРУНТУ",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "КУРС ПО ГРУНТУ",
   "ALTITUDE": "ВЫСОТА",
   "CONTEXT ONLY": "ТОЛЬКО КОНТЕКСТ",
   "AVAILABLE INPUTS ONLY · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "ТОЛЬКО ДОСТУПНЫЕ ДАННЫЕ · ОТСУТСТВИЕ УГРОЗ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "РАСЧЁТНЫЙ ПЛАН ПОЛЁТА",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "ЗАЯВЛЕННЫЙ РЕЙС",
   "FROM": "ОТКУДА",
   "TO": "КУДА",
   "TEMP": "ТЕМП.",
@@ -679,7 +709,17 @@
   "VOLUME": "ГРОМКОСТЬ",
   "RESET": "СБРОС",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "ВЫЙТИ ИЗ КАБИНЫ",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "ВЫЙТИ С МОСТИКА",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "КОНТАКТЫ · 250 КМ",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "КОЛЬЦА {spacing} МОР. МИЛЬ",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "one": "{count} КОНТАКТ",
+    "few": "{count} КОНТАКТА",
+    "many": "{count} КОНТАКТОВ",
+    "other": "{count} КОНТАКТА"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "Шкала дальности радара {range}. Выберите, чтобы перейти к следующей шкале.",
+  "Bridge radar": "Радар ходового мостика",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "Развернуть визуальные пресеты",
   "Pin visual presets": "Закрепить визуальные пресеты",
   "Keep visual presets open": "Держать визуальные пресеты открытыми",
@@ -735,6 +775,7 @@
   "CONTEXT": "КОНТЕКСТ",
   "SPACE MISSIONS": "КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ МИССИИ",
   "COCKPIT": "КАБИНА",
+  "BRIDGE": "МОСТИК",
   "SELECT CONTACTS TO LOAD OBSERVED / MAPPED PROXIMITY": "ВЫБЕРИТЕ КОНТАКТЫ, ЧТОБЫ ЗАГРУЗИТЬ НАБЛЮДАЕМОЕ / КАРТОГРАФИРОВАННОЕ ОКРУЖЕНИЕ",
   "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "ВЫБЕРИТЕ МИССИЮ ДЛЯ ПРОСМОТРА",
   "Enable Radio, then choose a globe marker or use next.": "Включите радио, затем выберите маркер на глобусе или переключите на следующую станцию.",
@@ -1632,6 +1673,8 @@
   "Weather data by Open-Meteo.com": "Данные о погоде: Open-Meteo.com",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC ВЫХОД",
   "C TOGGLE": "C ПЕРЕКЛ.",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "СТРЕЛКИ ОБЗОР",
+  "HOME RESET": "HOME СБРОС",
   "SIG": "СИГН.",
   "NEWS": "НОВОСТИ",
   "LOCAL": "МЕСТН.",
@@ -3334,5 +3377,6 @@
   "Close camera preview": "Закрыть просмотр камеры",
   "Refresh map still": "Обновить кадр на карте",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Кадр на карте запрашивается отдельно и может показывать другой момент.",
-  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Видео воспроизводится с Québec 511, который видит ваш IP-адрес."
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Видео воспроизводится с Québec 511, который видит ваш IP-адрес.",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "УДЕРЖАНИЕ ПУТЕВОГО УГЛА · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index a61335f2d..807e62da1 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -1724,8 +1724,14 @@
   "COMMERCIAL": "КОМЕРЦІЙНИЙ",
   "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
   "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · КАМЕРА ЗА КУРСОМ",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · ВИСОТА ОКА {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "AIS ОНЛАЙН",
   "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "СТРІЛКА · ОРІЄНТОВНИЙ НАПРЯМОК",
   "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "ДАНІ МАРШРУТУ НЕДОСТУПНІ",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "НАВІГАЦІЮ КОНТАКТАМИ ВИМКНЕНО",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "МІСТОК ЗАЛИШАЄТЬСЯ НА ВИБРАНОМУ СУДНІ",
+  "{range} NM": "{range} МОР. МИЛЬ",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ AIS · ВКАЗАНО ЕКІПАЖЕМ",
   "DEST {bearing}": "ПРИЗН. {bearing}",
   "Disable cockpit weather effects": "Вимкнути погодні ефекти кабіни",
   "Enable cockpit weather effects": "Увімкнути погодні ефекти кабіни",
@@ -1773,6 +1779,8 @@
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Перекласифікувати як TR-3B",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "ТРЕК ЗАХОПЛЕНО",
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · ШЛЯХОВИЙ КУТ {heading}°",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · КУРС {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · НЕМАЄ КУРСУ",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "Не вдалося відновити всі шари контексту; спробуйте ще раз",
   "No selected data layers": "Шари даних не вибрано",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2767,14 +2775,27 @@
   "Recent speech": "Нещодавнє мовлення",
   "HERE": "ТУТ",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Вигляд кабіни повітряного судна",
+  "Ship bridge view": "Вигляд з ходового містка судна",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "ПОГЛЯД ПР. БОРТ {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "ПОГЛЯД ЛІВ. БОРТ {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "ПОГЛЯД ЗА КОРМУ",
+  "UP {angle}°": "ВГОРУ {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "ВНИЗ {angle}°",
   "LEVEL": "ГОРИЗОНТ",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "ПОГЛЯД {elevation}",
   "Estimated destination direction": "Орієнтовний напрямок до пункту призначення",
   "DEST ---°": "ПРИЗН. ---°",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "ВІКНО МІСТКА · ПО НОСІ",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "ОПТИЧНА ПЛОЩИНА · 01",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "УТРИМАННЯ КУРСУ · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "НЕМАЄ КУРСУ · AIS",
   "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "ФІКСАЦІЯ ВІЗОРА · АКТИВНА",
   "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "ШЛЯХОВА ШВИДКІСТЬ · ВУЗ",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "ШВИДКІСТЬ ЩОДО ҐРУНТУ · ВУЗ",
   "ALTITUDE · FT": "ВИСОТА · ФТ",
   "FIRST PERSON": "ВІД ПЕРШОЇ ОСОБИ",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "ВИГЛЯД З МІСТКА",
   "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "ТРЕК ОНЛАЙН · КАМЕРА ЗА КУРСОМ",
   "Cockpit vision style": "Візуальний стиль у кабіні",
   "Previous cockpit vision style": "Попередній візуальний стиль у кабіні",
@@ -2783,13 +2804,28 @@
   "Next cockpit vision style": "Наступний візуальний стиль у кабіні",
   "Next vision style": "Наступний візуальний стиль",
   "Current aircraft heading": "Поточний курс повітряного судна",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "Погляд по носі: повернути вигляд з містка назад до носа",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "Погляд по носі (Home або 0)",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "ПОГЛЯД ПО НОСІ",
+  "Current vessel heading": "Поточний курс судна",
   "GROUND SPEED": "ШЛЯХОВА ШВИДКІСТЬ",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "ШВИДКІСТЬ ЩОДО ҐРУНТУ",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "КУРС ЩОДО ҐРУНТУ",
   "KTS": "ВУЗ",
   "ALTITUDE": "ВИСОТА",
   "FT": "ФТ",
   "Contact cockpit summary": "Зведення контакту в кабіні",
   "CONTACT": "КОНТАКТ",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "КОНТАКТИ · 250 КМ",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "КІЛЬЦЯ {spacing} МОР. МИЛЬ",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "one": "{count} КОНТАКТ",
+    "few": "{count} КОНТАКТИ",
+    "many": "{count} КОНТАКТІВ",
+    "other": "{count} КОНТАКТУ"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "Шкала дальності радара {range}. Виберіть, щоб перейти до наступної шкали.",
+  "Bridge radar": "Радар ходового містка",
   "Contact navigation": "Навігація контактами",
   "CONTEXT ONLY": "ЛИШЕ КОНТЕКСТ",
   "Nearby cohort counts": "Кількість контактів поблизу за типами",
@@ -2801,7 +2837,9 @@
   "WX": "ПОГОДА",
   "Cockpit briefing carousel": "Карусель брифінгу кабіни",
   "Estimated flight plan": "Орієнтовний план польоту",
+  "Reported voyage": "Заявлений рейс",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "ОРІЄНТОВНИЙ ПЛАН ПОЛЬОТУ",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "ЗАЯВЛЕНИЙ РЕЙС",
   "FROM": "ЗВІДКИ",
   "TO": "КУДИ",
   "Cockpit briefing controls": "Керування брифінгом кабіни",
@@ -2835,11 +2873,15 @@
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "Гучність радіо кабіни",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC ВИХІД",
   "C TOGGLE": "C ПЕРЕМК.",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "СТРІЛКИ ОГЛЯД",
+  "HOME RESET": "HOME СКИДАННЯ",
   "View switcher": "Перемикач вигляду",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Вийти з кабіни та повернутися до вигляду всього глобуса",
   "RESET": "СКИНУТИ",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Вийти з вигляду кабіни",
+  "Exit bridge view": "Вийти з вигляду містка",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "ВИЙТИ З КАБІНИ",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "ВИЙТИ З МІСТКА",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Керування навігацією, голосом і візуальними пресетами",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "Розгорнути візуальні пресети",
   "Pin visual presets": "Закріпити візуальні пресети",
@@ -2872,6 +2914,7 @@
   "SELECT CONTEXT": "ВИБЕРІТЬ КОНТЕКСТ",
   "Contact Context actions": "Дії контексту контактів",
   "COCKPIT": "КАБІНА",
+  "BRIDGE": "МІСТОК",
   "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "ПОШУК НАЙБЛИЖЧИХ ОБʼЄКТІВ",
   "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "Перекласифікувати відстежуваний контакт як TR-3B",
   "CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF": "КОНТЕКСТ КОНТАКТІВ ВИМКНЕНО",
@@ -3334,5 +3377,6 @@
   "Close camera preview": "Закрити перегляд камери",
   "Refresh map still": "Оновити кадр на карті",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Кадр на карті запитується окремо та може показувати інший момент.",
-  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Відео відтворюється з Québec 511, який бачить вашу IP-адресу."
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Відео відтворюється з Québec 511, який бачить вашу IP-адресу.",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "УТРИМАННЯ ШЛЯХОВОГО КУТА · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 89236f024..f8cce3a03 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -1626,8 +1626,14 @@
   "COMMERCIAL": "商用",
   "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
   "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · 航向对准",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · 眼高 {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "实时 AIS",
   "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "箭头 · 预估方向",
   "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "航线数据不可用",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "目标导航已关闭",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "驾驶台保持在所选船舶上",
+  "{range} NM": "{range}海里",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "AIS 目的地 · 船员申报",
   "DEST {bearing}": "目的地 {bearing}",
   "Disable cockpit weather effects": "停用座舱天气效果",
   "Enable cockpit weather effects": "启用座舱天气效果",
@@ -1672,6 +1678,8 @@
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "重新归类为 TR-3B",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "已获取航迹",
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 对地航向 {heading}°",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · 船首向 {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · 无船首向",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "态势未能恢复所有图层，请重试",
   "No selected data layers": "没有已选数据图层",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2454,14 +2462,27 @@
   "DONE": "完成",
   "HERE": "此处",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "飞机座舱视图",
+  "Ship bridge view": "船舶驾驶台视图",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "视线 右舷 {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "视线 左舷 {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "视线 船尾",
+  "UP {angle}°": "上 {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "下 {angle}°",
   "LEVEL": "水平",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "视线 {elevation}",
   "Estimated destination direction": "预估目的地方向",
   "DEST ---°": "目的地 ---°",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "驾驶台窗口 · 前方",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "光学平面 · 01",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "船首向保持 · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "无船首向 · AIS",
   "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "面罩锁定 · 激活",
   "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "地速 · kn",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "对地航速 · kn",
   "ALTITUDE · FT": "高度 · ft",
   "FIRST PERSON": "第一人称",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "驾驶台视图",
   "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "实时航迹 · 航向对准",
   "Cockpit vision style": "座舱视觉样式",
   "Previous cockpit vision style": "上一个座舱视觉样式",
@@ -2470,13 +2491,25 @@
   "Next cockpit vision style": "下一个座舱视觉样式",
   "Next vision style": "下一个视觉样式",
   "Current aircraft heading": "飞机当前航向",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "看向前方：将驾驶台视图转回船首",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "看向前方（Home 或 0）",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "看向前方",
+  "Current vessel heading": "船舶当前船首向",
   "GROUND SPEED": "地速",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "对地航速",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "对地航向",
   "KTS": "kn",
   "ALTITUDE": "高度",
   "FT": "ft",
   "Contact cockpit summary": "目标座舱摘要",
   "CONTACT": "目标",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "目标 · 250 km",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "距标圈 {spacing}海里",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "other": "{count} 个目标"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "雷达量程 {range}。选择以切换到下一量程。",
+  "Bridge radar": "驾驶台雷达",
   "Contact navigation": "目标导航",
   "CONTEXT ONLY": "仅供参考",
   "Nearby cohort counts": "附近各类目标数量",
@@ -2488,7 +2521,9 @@
   "WX": "天气",
   "Cockpit briefing carousel": "座舱简报轮播",
   "Estimated flight plan": "预估飞行计划",
+  "Reported voyage": "申报航次",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "预估飞行计划",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "申报航次",
   "FROM": "出发",
   "TO": "到达",
   "Cockpit briefing controls": "座舱简报控件",
@@ -2522,11 +2557,15 @@
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "座舱电台音量",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC 退出",
   "C TOGGLE": "C 切换",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "方向键 环视",
+  "HOME RESET": "HOME 复位",
   "View switcher": "视图切换",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "退出座舱并返回完整地球视图",
   "RESET": "重置",
   "Exit cockpit view": "退出座舱视图",
+  "Exit bridge view": "退出驾驶台视图",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "退出座舱",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "退出驾驶台",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "导航、语音和视觉预设控件",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "展开视觉预设",
   "Pin visual presets": "固定视觉预设",
@@ -2559,6 +2598,7 @@
   "SELECT CONTEXT": "选择态势",
   "Contact Context actions": "目标态势操作",
   "COCKPIT": "座舱",
+  "BRIDGE": "驾驶台",
   "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "搜索附近设施",
   "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "将跟踪目标重新归类为 TR-3B",
   "CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF": "目标态势已关闭",
@@ -3109,5 +3149,6 @@
   "Close camera preview": "关闭摄像头预览",
   "Refresh map still": "刷新地图静止画面",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地图静止画面通过单独的请求获取，可能显示不同的时刻。",
-  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "视频从 Québec 511 播放，Québec 511 会看到你的 IP 地址。"
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "视频从 Québec 511 播放，Québec 511 会看到你的 IP 地址。",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "对地航向保持 · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index e3ce492df..a4c7c5460 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -1616,8 +1616,14 @@
   "COMMERCIAL": "商用",
   "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
   "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · 航向對準",
+  "{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}": "{vesselType} · {feedState} · 眼高 {height}",
+  "LIVE AIS": "實時 AIS",
   "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "箭頭 · 預估方向",
   "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "航線數據不可用",
+  "CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF": "目標導航已關閉",
+  "THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL": "駕駛台保持在所選船舶上",
+  "{range} NM": "{range}海里",
+  "AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED": "AIS 目的地 · 船員申報",
   "DEST {bearing}": "目的地 {bearing}",
   "Disable cockpit weather effects": "停用座艙天氣效果",
   "Enable cockpit weather effects": "啟用座艙天氣效果",
@@ -1662,6 +1668,8 @@
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "重新歸類為 TR-3B",
   "TRACK ACQUIRED": "已獲取航跡",
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 對地航向 {heading}°",
+  "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · 船首向 {heading}°",
+  "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · 無船首向",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "態勢未能恢復所有圖層，請重試",
   "No selected data layers": "沒有已選數據圖層",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2442,14 +2450,27 @@
   "DONE": "完成",
   "HERE": "此處",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "飛機座艙視圖",
+  "Ship bridge view": "船舶駕駛台視圖",
+  "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "視線 右舷 {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "視線 左舷 {bearing}°",
+  "LOOK ASTERN": "視線 船尾",
+  "UP {angle}°": "上 {angle}°",
+  "DOWN {angle}°": "下 {angle}°",
   "LEVEL": "水平",
+  "{direction} · {elevation}": "{direction} · {elevation}",
+  "LOOK {elevation}": "視線 {elevation}",
   "Estimated destination direction": "預估目的地方向",
   "DEST ---°": "目的地 ---°",
+  "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "駕駛台窗口 · 前方",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "光學平面 · 01",
+  "HEADING HOLD · AIS": "船首向保持 · AIS",
+  "NO HEADING · AIS": "無船首向 · AIS",
   "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "面罩鎖定 · 激活",
   "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "地速 · kn",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS": "對地航速 · kn",
   "ALTITUDE · FT": "高度 · ft",
   "FIRST PERSON": "第一人稱",
+  "BRIDGE VIEW": "駕駛台視圖",
   "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "實時航跡 · 航向對準",
   "Cockpit vision style": "座艙視覺樣式",
   "Previous cockpit vision style": "上一個座艙視覺樣式",
@@ -2458,13 +2479,25 @@
   "Next cockpit vision style": "下一個座艙視覺樣式",
   "Next vision style": "下一個視覺樣式",
   "Current aircraft heading": "飛機當前航向",
+  "Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow": "看向前方：將駕駛台視圖轉回船首",
+  "Look ahead (Home or 0)": "看向前方（Home 或 0）",
+  "LOOK AHEAD": "看向前方",
+  "Current vessel heading": "船舶當前船首向",
   "GROUND SPEED": "地速",
+  "SPEED OVER GROUND": "對地航速",
+  "COURSE OVER GROUND": "對地航向",
   "KTS": "kn",
   "ALTITUDE": "高度",
   "FT": "ft",
   "Contact cockpit summary": "目標座艙摘要",
   "CONTACT": "目標",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "目標 · 250 km",
+  "RINGS {spacing} NM": "距標圈 {spacing}海里",
+  "{count} CONTACTS": {
+    "other": "{count} 個目標"
+  },
+  "Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.": "雷達量程 {range}。選擇以切換到下一量程。",
+  "Bridge radar": "駕駛台雷達",
   "Contact navigation": "目標導航",
   "CONTEXT ONLY": "僅供參考",
   "Nearby cohort counts": "附近各類目標數量",
@@ -2476,7 +2509,9 @@
   "WX": "天氣",
   "Cockpit briefing carousel": "座艙簡報輪播",
   "Estimated flight plan": "預估飛行計劃",
+  "Reported voyage": "申報航次",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "預估飛行計劃",
+  "REPORTED VOYAGE": "申報航次",
   "FROM": "出發",
   "TO": "到達",
   "Cockpit briefing controls": "座艙簡報控件",
@@ -2510,11 +2545,15 @@
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "座艙電臺音量",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC 退出",
   "C TOGGLE": "C 切換",
+  "ARROWS LOOK": "方向鍵 環視",
+  "HOME RESET": "HOME 復位",
   "View switcher": "視圖切換",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "退出座艙並返回完整地球視圖",
   "RESET": "重置",
   "Exit cockpit view": "退出座艙視圖",
+  "Exit bridge view": "退出駕駛台視圖",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "退出座艙",
+  "EXIT BRIDGE": "退出駕駛台",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "導航、語音和視覺預設控件",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "展開視覺預設",
   "Pin visual presets": "固定視覺預設",
@@ -2547,6 +2586,7 @@
   "SELECT CONTEXT": "選擇態勢",
   "Contact Context actions": "目標態勢操作",
   "COCKPIT": "座艙",
+  "BRIDGE": "駕駛台",
   "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "搜索附近設施",
   "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "將跟蹤目標重新歸類為 TR-3B",
   "CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF": "目標態勢已關閉",
@@ -3109,5 +3149,6 @@
   "Close camera preview": "關閉攝影機預覽",
   "Refresh map still": "重新整理地圖靜態畫面",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地圖靜態畫面使用獨立請求，顯示的時間可能不同。",
-  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "影片從 Québec 511 播放，Québec 511 會看到你的 IP 位址。"
+  "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "影片從 Québec 511 播放，Québec 511 會看到你的 IP 位址。",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "對地航向保持 · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index 0dc9841f7..860bc740d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
     "hPa",
     "iNaturalist",
     "iNaturalist ↗",
+    "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
   ],
@@ -202,6 +203,7 @@
     "view band|GLOBAL",
     "{city} CCTV",
     "{county} County",
+    "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
     "{speed} kn",
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
@@ -335,6 +337,7 @@
     "panel",
     "view band|GLOBAL",
     "voice|ERROR",
+    "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{speed} kn",
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
@@ -532,9 +535,11 @@
     "standard",
     "station",
     "voice|OFF",
+    "{count} CONTACTS",
     "{count} MSGS",
     "{count} SOURCES",
     "{count} messages",
+    "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{n} cyclones",
     "{n} satellites",
     "{rate} msg/s",
@@ -707,6 +712,7 @@
     "{count} MSGS",
     "{count} feeds live",
     "{count} scenes",
+    "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{scene} / {pack}: {status}. File: {path}. {attribution} · {license}",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
@@ -773,6 +779,7 @@
     "kt",
     "mph",
     "{city} CCTV",
+    "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
     "{speed} kn",
@@ -906,6 +913,7 @@
     "mph",
     "nominal",
     "view band|GLOBAL",
+    "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "{value} KM",
@@ -942,7 +950,8 @@
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "acartia.io ↗",
     "iNaturalist",
-    "iNaturalist ↗"
+    "iNaturalist ↗",
+    "{direction} · {elevation}"
   ],
   "uk": [
     "AIS: --",
@@ -960,7 +969,8 @@
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "acartia.io ↗",
     "iNaturalist",
-    "iNaturalist ↗"
+    "iNaturalist ↗",
+    "{direction} · {elevation}"
   ],
   "zh-CN": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -1009,6 +1019,7 @@
     "kts",
     "mph",
     "{city} CCTV",
+    "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
     "{speed} kn",
@@ -1051,9 +1062,9 @@
     "MM",
     "NVG",
     "REC",
-    "SRC {value}",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "S2 · {name}",
+    "SRC {value}",
     "Sentinel-2",
     "Techno",
     "Trance",
@@ -1072,6 +1083,7 @@
     "kts",
     "mph",
     "{city} CCTV",
+    "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
     "{speed} kn",
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js b/src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d92689a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/**
+ * The selected vessel as a Cockpit bridge subject: identity, motion, its
+ * displayed type and a representative bridge eye height from the AIS type.
+ * The Cockpit owns camera placement; this module owns what AIS says.
+ */
+import { normalizeVesselType } from '../../data/vesselTypes.js';
+import { displayVesselType } from '../../data/vesselLabels.js';
+
+/** The layer id a vessel subject carries through Cockpit events and state. */
+export const VESSEL_COCKPIT_LAYER_ID = 'ais-live-vessels';
+
+/** Knots to metres per second, as the AIS source uses. */
+const KNOTS_TO_MPS = 0.514444;
+
+/**
+ * Bridge eye height above the waterline by normalized AIS type family. AIS
+ * reports no hull height, so these are representative values: deep-sea
+ * cargo and tanker bridges, passenger and cruise ship bridges, harbour
+ * craft, small craft. River and harbour ferries, matched by name in the
+ * patterns below, sit low. Text types from non-numeric feeds fall through
+ * to the patterns.
+ */
+const EYE_HEIGHT_BY_FAMILY = Object.freeze({
+  CARGO: 30,
+  TANKER: 30,
+  PASSENGER: 25,
+  MILITARY: 18,
+  'HIGH-SPEED': 8,
+  DREDGER: 10,
+  TOWING: 7,
+  TUG: 7,
+  PILOT: 6,
+  SAR: 6,
+  'PORT TENDER': 6,
+  'ANTI-POLLUTION': 7,
+  'LAW ENFORCE': 7,
+  MEDICAL: 7,
+  'DIVE OPS': 5,
+  FISHING: 6,
+  SAILING: 3,
+  PLEASURE: 3,
+  // AIS "Other" (90-99) is mostly small craft such as river boats. Only
+  // that type takes it (see isAisOther).
+  OTHER: 4,
+});
+
+const EYE_HEIGHT_PATTERNS = Object.freeze([
+  { pattern: /tanker|cargo|container|bulk|carrier/i, heightM: 30 },
+  { pattern: /passenger|cruise|ro-?ro/i, heightM: 25 },
+  // River and harbour ferries: a low wheelhouse just above the water.
+  { pattern: /ferry/i, heightM: 4 },
+  { pattern: /tug|tow|pilot|supply|service/i, heightM: 7 },
+  { pattern: /fishing|trawler/i, heightM: 6 },
+  { pattern: /sail|pleasure|yacht/i, heightM: 3 },
+]);
+
+/**
+ * Whether a raw type is AIS "Other" proper: codes 90 to 99, or a feed's text
+ * type. normalizeVesselType also files the reserved, wing-in-ground and
+ * spare codes (1-29, 38-39, 56-57, 59) under OTHER, but they name no family.
+ */
+function isAisOther(type) {
+  const text = String(type ?? '').trim();
+  if (!/^\d+$/.test(text)) return true;
+  const code = Number(text);
+  return code >= 90 && code <= 99;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Representative bridge eye height for an AIS vessel type.
+ * @param {string|number} type Raw AIS type: a numeric code or feed text.
+ * @returns {number|null} Metres above the waterline, or null when the type
+ *   names no known family (the Cockpit then uses its default).
+ */
+export function vesselEyeHeightM(type) {
+  const family = normalizeVesselType(type).toUpperCase();
+  if (family === 'OTHER' && !isAisOther(type)) return null;
+  if (Object.hasOwn(EYE_HEIGHT_BY_FAMILY, family))
+    return EYE_HEIGHT_BY_FAMILY[family];
+  const matched = EYE_HEIGHT_PATTERNS.find((entry) =>
+    entry.pattern.test(family),
+  );
+  return matched ? matched.heightM : null;
+}
+
+function finiteOrNull(value) {
+  if (value === null || value === undefined || value === '') return null;
+  const number = Number(value);
+  return Number.isFinite(number) ? number : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize a selected vessel record into Cockpit subject info.
+ *
+ * `track` is where the camera looks and `motionCourse` is where the hull
+ * moves: a ship faces its true heading while current and wind set it along
+ * its course over ground. Either falls back to the other when one is missing.
+ * @param {object|null} record Vessel record from the vessel layer.
+ * @returns {object|null} Subject info, or null without a usable fix.
+ */
+export function vesselCockpitInfo(record) {
+  if (!record?.mmsi) return null;
+  const latitude = Number(record.lat);
+  const longitude = Number(record.lon);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(latitude) || !Number.isFinite(longitude)) return null;
+  const heading = finiteOrNull(record.heading);
+  const course = finiteOrNull(record.course);
+  const speedKt = finiteOrNull(record.speed);
+  const epochSec = finiteOrNull(record.lastPositionEpoch);
+  const feedEpochSec = finiteOrNull(record.fixFeedEpoch);
+  return {
+    kind: 'vessel',
+    layerId: VESSEL_COCKPIT_LAYER_ID,
+    id: String(record.mmsi),
+    mmsi: String(record.mmsi),
+    name: String(record.name || record.mmsi),
+    type: String(record.type || ''),
+    typeLabel: displayVesselType(record.type),
+    destination: String(record.destination || '').trim(),
+    latitude,
+    longitude,
+    heading,
+    course,
+    speedKt,
+    velocityMps: speedKt === null ? null : Math.max(0, speedKt) * KNOTS_TO_MPS,
+    track: heading ?? course,
+    // What `track` is: the true heading, or course over ground standing in
+    // for a ship that reports none. The HUD says which.
+    trackSource:
+      heading !== null ? 'heading' : course !== null ? 'course' : null,
+    motionCourse: course ?? heading,
+    fixEpochMs: epochSec === null ? null : epochSec * 1000,
+    // When this client first received the fix (its own clock) and the
+    // newest fix in that refresh (the feed's clock): the fix's age without
+    // clock skew, still ageing while the feed re-serves it.
+    receivedAtMs: finiteOrNull(record.fixReceivedAtMs),
+    feedEpochMs: feedEpochSec === null ? null : feedEpochSec * 1000,
+    eyeHeightM: vesselEyeHeightM(record.type),
+    stale: (record.missedRefreshes || 0) > 0,
+    onGround: false,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.test.mjs b/src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..572ff199d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.test.mjs — bridge eye heights by AIS
+// type and the selected vessel as Cockpit subject info.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  VESSEL_COCKPIT_LAYER_ID,
+  vesselCockpitInfo,
+  vesselEyeHeightM,
+} from './cockpitSubject.js';
+
+test('bridge eye height follows the AIS type family', () => {
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('71'), 30, 'cargo');
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('84'), 30, 'tanker');
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('60'), 25, 'passenger');
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('52'), 7, 'tug');
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('30'), 6, 'fishing');
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('37'), 3, 'pleasure');
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('36'), 3, 'sailing');
+});
+
+test('text vessel types resolve through the same families', () => {
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('Container Ship'), 30);
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('Cruise ship'), 25);
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('Ferry'), 4);
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM(99), 4, 'AIS Other');
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('90'), 4, 'AIS Other');
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('Other'), 4, 'a feed text type Other');
+  assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM('Yacht'), 3);
+});
+
+test('codes filed under OTHER that are not AIS Other keep the default', () => {
+  // Reserved (1-19), wing in ground (20-29), reserved (38-39), spare
+  // (56-57) and local (59) codes name no family.
+  for (const type of ['1', '19', '20', '29', '38', '39', '56', '57', '59'])
+    assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM(type), null, type);
+});
+
+test('an unknown or missing type has no eye height of its own', () => {
+  for (const type of ['', '0', '255', 'Research vessel', null]) {
+    assert.equal(vesselEyeHeightM(type), null, String(type));
+  }
+});
+
+test('vessel info faces the true heading and moves along course over ground', () => {
+  const info = vesselCockpitInfo({
+    mmsi: '211000000',
+    name: 'NORDIC STAR',
+    type: '70',
+    destination: ' KIEL ',
+    lat: 54.5,
+    lon: 10.2,
+    speed: 12,
+    course: 95,
+    heading: 90,
+    lastPositionEpoch: 1_700_000_000,
+    missedRefreshes: 0,
+  });
+  assert.equal(info.kind, 'vessel');
+  assert.equal(info.layerId, VESSEL_COCKPIT_LAYER_ID);
+  assert.equal(info.id, '211000000');
+  assert.equal(info.typeLabel, 'CARGO');
+  assert.equal(info.track, 90);
+  assert.equal(info.motionCourse, 95);
+  assert.equal(info.destination, 'KIEL');
+  assert.equal(info.eyeHeightM, 30);
+  assert.equal(info.fixEpochMs, 1_700_000_000_000);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(info.velocityMps - 12 * 0.514444) < 1e-9);
+  assert.equal(info.stale, false);
+  assert.equal(info.onGround, false);
+});
+
+test('a missing heading or course falls back to the other', () => {
+  const base = { mmsi: '1', lat: 1, lon: 1, speed: 3 };
+  assert.equal(vesselCockpitInfo({ ...base, course: 40 }).track, 40);
+  assert.equal(vesselCockpitInfo({ ...base, heading: 50 }).motionCourse, 50);
+  const neither = vesselCockpitInfo(base);
+  assert.equal(neither.track, null);
+  assert.equal(neither.motionCourse, null);
+});
+
+test('the subject says whether its track is the heading or the course', () => {
+  const base = { mmsi: '1', lat: 1, lon: 1, speed: 3 };
+  assert.equal(
+    vesselCockpitInfo({ ...base, heading: 50, course: 40 }).trackSource,
+    'heading',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    vesselCockpitInfo({ ...base, course: 40 }).trackSource,
+    'course',
+  );
+  // A heading of 0 is due north, not a missing heading.
+  assert.equal(
+    vesselCockpitInfo({ ...base, heading: 0 }).trackSource,
+    'heading',
+  );
+  assert.equal(vesselCockpitInfo(base).trackSource, null);
+});
+
+test('a vessel without identity or position is not a subject', () => {
+  assert.equal(vesselCockpitInfo(null), null);
+  assert.equal(vesselCockpitInfo({ lat: 1, lon: 1 }), null);
+  assert.equal(vesselCockpitInfo({ mmsi: '1', lat: 'x', lon: 1 }), null);
+});
+
+test('a vessel missing from recent refreshes reads as stale', () => {
+  const info = vesselCockpitInfo({
+    mmsi: '1',
+    lat: 1,
+    lon: 1,
+    missedRefreshes: 2,
+  });
+  assert.equal(info.stale, true);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
index d4d9ef796..4fd53c35c 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { t, msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { vesselCockpitInfo } from './cockpitSubject.js';
+import { vesselTypeCss } from '../../data/vesselLabels.js';
+import { greatCircleMeters } from '../../geoDistance.js';
 
 // ingestion.js is a portable export (package.json) and writes English labels
 // into state; translate the known ones here, pass anything else through.
@@ -20,6 +23,7 @@ import {
   AIS_STATUS_REASON,
   REFRESH_MS,
   FOCUS_EVIDENCE_DEV,
+  VESSEL_LIFT_M,
 } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createQueries({
@@ -346,6 +350,58 @@ export function createQueries({
       return entries.slice(0, cap);
     },
 
+    /**
+     * Vessels around a point for the Cockpit bridge radar, nearest first.
+     * The ship whose bridge the Cockpit occupies is left out. Distances are
+     * great-circle from the AIS positions, so no rendered visual is needed.
+     * @param {number} lat Latitude of the centre, degrees.
+     * @param {number} lon Longitude of the centre, degrees.
+     * @param {number} rangeM Max distance in metres.
+     * @param {number} [maxCount=60] Maximum entries to return.
+     * @returns {Array<{ id: string, name: string, latitude: number,
+     *   longitude: number, course: number|null, heading: number|null,
+     *   type: string, color: string, stale: boolean }>} Empty while the
+     *   layer is off.
+     */
+    getRadarContacts(lat, lon, rangeM, maxCount = 60) {
+      const records = state.records.all;
+      if (!state.feed.enabled || !Array.isArray(records) || !records.length)
+        return [];
+      if (!Number.isFinite(rangeM) || rangeM <= 0) return [];
+      const cap =
+        Number.isFinite(maxCount) && maxCount > 0 ? Math.floor(maxCount) : 60;
+      const center = { lat, lon };
+      const subject = state.cockpitSubjectMmsi;
+      const finite = (value) => {
+        if (value === null || value === undefined || value === '') return null;
+        const number = Number(value);
+        return Number.isFinite(number) ? number : null;
+      };
+
+      const entries = [];
+      for (const record of records) {
+        if (subject && String(record.mmsi) === subject) continue;
+        const distanceM = greatCircleMeters(center, {
+          lat: record.lat,
+          lon: record.lon,
+        });
+        if (!(distanceM <= rangeM)) continue;
+        entries.push({ record, distanceM });
+      }
+      entries.sort((a, b) => a.distanceM - b.distanceM);
+      return entries.slice(0, cap).map(({ record }) => ({
+        id: String(record.mmsi),
+        name: String(record.name || record.mmsi),
+        latitude: record.lat,
+        longitude: record.lon,
+        course: finite(record.course),
+        heading: finite(record.heading),
+        type: String(record.type || ''),
+        color: vesselTypeCss(record.type),
+        stale: (record.missedRefreshes || 0) > 0,
+      }));
+    },
+
     /**
      * Get positions of all currently loaded vessels.
      * @param {number} [maxCount=800] Maximum entries to return.
@@ -462,6 +518,52 @@ export function createQueries({
       };
     },
 
+    /**
+     * Describe the selected vessel for the Cockpit bridge view.
+     * @returns {object|null} `vesselCockpitInfo` fields plus `seaSurfaceHeightM`
+     *   (the local geoid height the sprite datum uses) and `markHeightM` (the
+     *   height the sprite is drawn at), or null when the layer is off or
+     *   nothing is selected.
+     */
+    getCockpitSubject() {
+      if (!state.feed.enabled) return null;
+      const info = vesselCockpitInfo(state.selectedRecord);
+      if (!info) return null;
+      const geoidN = components.tracking.currentGeoidN(
+        info.latitude,
+        info.longitude,
+      );
+      return {
+        ...info,
+        seaSurfaceHeightM: vesselDatumHeightM(geoidN, 0),
+        markHeightM: vesselDatumHeightM(geoidN, VESSEL_LIFT_M),
+      };
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Mark the vessel whose bridge the Cockpit camera occupies, or release it.
+     * Its sprite, card and detection bracket stay hidden while it is held.
+     * @param {string|number|null} mmsi Subject MMSI, or null to release.
+     * @returns {boolean} Always true.
+     */
+    setCockpitSubject(mmsi) {
+      const next = normalizeSelectionMmsi(mmsi);
+      if (state.cockpitSubjectMmsi === next) return true;
+      state.cockpitSubjectMmsi = next;
+      components.rendering.updateVisibility(true);
+      return true;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Return the camera to the selected vessel's map view, as a click on it does.
+     * @returns {boolean} True when a selected vessel took the camera.
+     */
+    focusSelectedVessel() {
+      const record = state.selectedRecord;
+      if (!record || !state.feed.enabled) return false;
+      return components.selection.selectAndFocusVessel(record);
+    },
+
     /**
      * Return a subset of vessels for the universal detection overlay.
      * Deterministic stride sampling distributes selections evenly across the
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs b/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9366e7e3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs — the vessels the Cockpit bridge
+// radar draws: within range, nearest first, without the ship it rides.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createVesselLayer } from './index.js';
+import { vesselTypeCss } from '../../data/vesselLabels.js';
+
+const noop = () => {};
+function services() {
+  return {
+    context: {
+      clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer: noop,
+      registerEntityContext: () => null,
+    },
+    trails: {
+      createTrail: () => ({ setPositions: noop, clear: noop, destroy: noop }),
+    },
+    labels: {},
+    picking: { unregisterPickOwner: noop },
+    overlay: {
+      setOverlayEntries: noop,
+      setOverlaySourceVisible: noop,
+      clearOverlaySource: noop,
+    },
+    geoid: {},
+    sprites: {},
+    focus: {
+      focusNowMs: (now) => now,
+      getFocusTarget: () => null,
+      focusPassIsNeeded: () => false,
+      forgetSpriteFocus: noop,
+    },
+    worldFocus: {},
+    render: {
+      holdContinuousRender: noop,
+      releaseContinuousRender: noop,
+      governorRequestRender: noop,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/** A vessel `northNm` nautical miles north of 54.5°N 10.2°E. */
+function record(mmsi, northNm, extra = {}) {
+  return {
+    mmsi,
+    name: `SHIP ${mmsi}`,
+    type: '70',
+    lat: 54.5 + northNm / 60,
+    lon: 10.2,
+    speed: 10,
+    course: 45,
+    heading: 40,
+    missedRefreshes: 0,
+    ...extra,
+  };
+}
+
+function layerWith(records, options = {}) {
+  const layer = createVesselLayer({
+    source: { getSnapshot: noop },
+    services: services(),
+  });
+  layer.testing._setVesselStateForTest({
+    viewer: {},
+    records,
+    billboardCollection: { add: (entry) => ({ ...entry }), remove: noop },
+    ...options,
+  });
+  return layer;
+}
+
+test('radar contacts are within range, nearest first and capped', () => {
+  const layer = layerWith([
+    record('3', 5),
+    record('1', 1),
+    record('far', 20),
+    record('2', 3, { course: null, heading: '', missedRefreshes: 2 }),
+  ]);
+  const contacts = layer.getRadarContacts(54.5, 10.2, 6 * 1852, 60);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    contacts.map((entry) => entry.id),
+    ['1', '2', '3'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(contacts[0], {
+    id: '1',
+    name: 'SHIP 1',
+    latitude: 54.5 + 1 / 60,
+    longitude: 10.2,
+    course: 45,
+    heading: 40,
+    type: '70',
+    color: vesselTypeCss('70'),
+    stale: false,
+  });
+  assert.equal(contacts[1].course, null);
+  assert.equal(contacts[1].heading, null);
+  assert.equal(contacts[1].stale, true);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    layer.getRadarContacts(54.5, 10.2, 6 * 1852, 2).map((entry) => entry.id),
+    ['1', '2'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('the ship whose bridge the Cockpit rides is not its own contact', () => {
+  const layer = layerWith([record('own', 0), record('other', 2)]);
+  layer.setCockpitSubject('own');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    layer.getRadarContacts(54.5, 10.2, 6 * 1852).map((entry) => entry.id),
+    ['other'],
+  );
+  layer.setCockpitSubject(null);
+  assert.equal(layer.getRadarContacts(54.5, 10.2, 6 * 1852).length, 2);
+});
+
+test('a disabled layer has no radar contacts', () => {
+  const layer = layerWith([record('1', 1)], { enabled: false });
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getRadarContacts(54.5, 10.2, 6 * 1852), []);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/records.js b/src/layers/vessels/records.js
index ad6d85cbd..2a00fca3c 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/records.js
@@ -26,6 +26,18 @@ export function normalizeVessel(row) {
   };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Note when a fix was first received (`fixReceivedAtMs`, this client's
+ * clock) and the newest fix in that refresh (`fixFeedEpoch`, the feed's
+ * clock): its age is then read on each clock separately, so neither a
+ * skewed client clock nor a re-served cached row hides how old it is.
+ * `receivedAtMs` stays the time the row was last seen, for retention.
+ */
+function stampFix(record, receivedAtMs, feedLatestEpoch) {
+  record.fixReceivedAtMs = receivedAtMs;
+  record.fixFeedEpoch = feedLatestEpoch;
+}
+
 function finiteNumber(value) {
   if (value === null || value === undefined || value === '') return null;
   const number = Number(value);
@@ -46,6 +58,18 @@ export class VesselRecords {
     effects,
   ) {
     const receivedAtMs = this.now();
+    // The newest fix in the batch: the feed's own "now", so a fix's age can
+    // be read on the feed's clock rather than against this client's (see
+    // stampFix).
+    let feedLatestEpoch = null;
+    for (const row of rows) {
+      const epoch = finiteNumber(row?.last_position_epoch);
+      if (
+        epoch !== null &&
+        (feedLatestEpoch === null || epoch > feedLatestEpoch)
+      )
+        feedLatestEpoch = epoch;
+    }
     for (const record of this.unkeyed) effects.remove(record, false);
     this.unkeyed = [];
     const seen = new Set();
@@ -53,6 +77,7 @@ export class VesselRecords {
       const next = normalizeVessel(row);
       if (!next) continue;
       next.receivedAtMs = receivedAtMs;
+      stampFix(next, receivedAtMs, feedLatestEpoch);
       if (!next.mmsi) {
         effects.add(next);
         this.unkeyed.push(next);
@@ -63,6 +88,12 @@ export class VesselRecords {
       const record = this.byMmsi.get(next.mmsi);
       if (record) {
         const before = effects.beforeUpdate(record);
+        // A feed re-serving a cached row repeats its fix: the fix keeps the
+        // time it was first received, so it goes on ageing.
+        if (next.lastPositionEpoch !== record.lastPositionEpoch) {
+          record.fixReceivedAtMs = next.fixReceivedAtMs;
+          record.fixFeedEpoch = next.fixFeedEpoch;
+        }
         record.reference = next.reference;
         record.receivedAtMs = next.receivedAtMs;
         record.lat = next.lat;
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/records.test.mjs b/src/layers/vessels/records.test.mjs
index d3e19dcd6..9efa91130 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/records.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/records.test.mjs
@@ -111,3 +111,33 @@ test('unkeyed records rebuild on each refresh and numeric coercion keeps unknown
   assert.equal(probe.store.all.length, 1);
   assert.equal(normalizeVessel(row('bad', { lon: Infinity })), null);
 });
+
+test("each fix keeps when it was first received and its refresh's newest fix", () => {
+  const probe = setup();
+  probe.reconcile([
+    row('111', { last_position_epoch: 1_800_000_000 }),
+    row('222', { last_position_epoch: 1_800_000_030 }),
+    row('333'),
+  ]);
+  for (const mmsi of ['111', '222', '333']) {
+    const record = probe.store.byMmsi.get(mmsi);
+    assert.equal(record.fixFeedEpoch, 1_800_000_030, mmsi);
+    assert.equal(record.fixReceivedAtMs, 1000, mmsi);
+  }
+  // A new fix is stamped afresh.
+  probe.advance(60_000);
+  probe.reconcile([row('111', { last_position_epoch: 1_800_000_050 })]);
+  const record = probe.store.byMmsi.get('111');
+  assert.equal(record.fixFeedEpoch, 1_800_000_050);
+  assert.equal(record.fixReceivedAtMs, 61_000);
+  // The same fix re-served by later polls keeps its first receipt, while
+  // the row itself counts as seen for retention.
+  probe.advance(30_000);
+  probe.reconcile([
+    row('111', { last_position_epoch: 1_800_000_050 }),
+    row('222', { last_position_epoch: 1_800_000_090 }),
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(record.fixReceivedAtMs, 61_000);
+  assert.equal(record.fixFeedEpoch, 1_800_000_050);
+  assert.equal(record.receivedAtMs, 91_000);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/rendering.js b/src/layers/vessels/rendering.js
index 328dd4aee..aefc43bed 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/rendering.js
@@ -286,7 +286,9 @@ export function createRendering({
         const visual = getVisual(record);
         const visible = isVisible(visual.surfacePosition, occluder);
         if (visual.billboard) {
-          visual.billboard.show = visible;
+          // The bridge camera sits on this sprite; showing it would fill the view.
+          visual.billboard.show =
+            visible && record.mmsi !== state.cockpitSubjectMmsi;
           if (visible && doRotations && scene) {
             const rot = screenProjectedRotation(
               scene,
@@ -422,7 +424,11 @@ export function createRendering({
     const viewer = state.viewer;
     const scene = viewer?.scene;
     const selected = state.selectedRecord;
-    const entries = selected
+    // From the bridge, the selected vessel is the viewer; its card would be
+    // pinned to the camera position.
+    const selectedCarded =
+      selected && selected.mmsi !== state.cockpitSubjectMmsi;
+    const entries = selectedCarded
       ? [components.cards.buildSelectedVesselCard(selected)]
       : [];
     const maxLabels = labelRowLimit();
@@ -458,7 +464,7 @@ export function createRendering({
     // Greedy min-separation pass over the priority-ranked cell winners: the
     // selected card's anchor seeds the accepted set so ambient cards keep clear.
     const accepted = [];
-    if (selected) {
+    if (selectedCarded) {
       const screen = Cesium.SceneTransforms.worldToWindowCoordinates(
         scene,
         getVisual(selected).billboard?.position || getVisual(selected).position,
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/selection.js b/src/layers/vessels/selection.js
index 96c5df6eb..4b801b9c9 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/selection.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/selection.js
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ export function createSelection({
       // A tool owns the pointer (src/data/inputOwnership.js): yield the click.
       if (!isPointerFree()) return;
       if (!state.feed.enabled) return;
+      // The bridge view owns the selection: a click on open water must not
+      // deselect the vessel the camera is riding.
+      if (state.cockpitSubjectMmsi) return;
       const picked = pickContact
         ? pickContact(viewer.scene, click.position)
         : viewer.scene.pick(click.position);
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/state.js b/src/layers/vessels/state.js
index 3ccaf08d9..3cd769c3e 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/state.js
@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@ export function createVesselState({ source, services }) {
     activeFocusCount: 0,
     activeLabelCount: 0,
     selectedRecord: null,
+    /** @type {string|null} MMSI whose bridge the Cockpit camera occupies; its sprite and card stay hidden. */
+    cockpitSubjectMmsi: null,
     /** @type {{setPositions: Function, clear: Function, destroy: Function}|null} Selected-vessel fading trail */
     trail: null,
     /** @type {Cesium.Cartesian3[]} Chronological trail vertices (oldest first) */
diff --git a/src/ui/applicationShell.js b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
index c1effdd7c..13303410f 100644
--- a/src/ui/applicationShell.js
+++ b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
@@ -361,6 +361,7 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
       services: {
         flightsLayer: services.flightsLayer,
         militaryFlightsLayer: services.militaryFlightsLayer,
+        aisLiveVesselsLayer: services.aisLiveVesselsLayer,
         isTr3b: services.isTr3b,
         toggleTr3b: services.toggleTr3b,
         militaryAwarenessLayer: services.militaryAwarenessLayer,
@@ -400,6 +401,8 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishVision(view),
           signals: (rows) =>
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishSignals(rows),
+          radar: (view) =>
+            useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishRadar(view),
           utilityLayout: (layout) =>
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishUtilityLayout(layout),
         },
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs
index adf897ce8..8636c83e8 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ function cockpitBodyClasses() {
 
 test('the Cockpit adds its subject classes to <body>', () => {
   const classes = cockpitBodyClasses();
-  for (const name of ['cockpit-mode']) {
+  for (const name of ['cockpit-mode', 'cockpit-bridge']) {
     assert.ok(classes.includes(name), `${name} is not added to <body>`);
   }
 });
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3da1d72e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,1319 @@
+// src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs — a selected vessel's bridge view: entry,
+// the vessel layer's sprite hold, the bridge readouts, refused contact
+// navigation and the ways the bridge ends, over happy-dom.
+import '../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
+import { createApp, defineComponent, h, nextTick } from 'vue';
+import { CockpitViewController } from './cockpitController.js';
+import { useCockpitStore } from './stores/cockpit.js';
+import CockpitView from './views/CockpitView.vue';
+import ContextView from './views/ContextView.vue';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { vesselCockpitInfo } from '../layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js';
+import { VesselRecords } from '../layers/vessels/records.js';
+
+const RECORD = Object.freeze({
+  mmsi: '211000000',
+  name: 'NORDIC STAR',
+  type: '70',
+  destination: 'KIEL',
+  lat: 54.5,
+  lon: 10.2,
+  speed: 12,
+  course: 95,
+  heading: 90,
+  lastPositionEpoch: null,
+  missedRefreshes: 0,
+});
+
+/** A ship 2 NM north of RECORD, inside the radar's default range. */
+const NEIGHBOUR = Object.freeze({
+  id: '211000001',
+  name: 'BALTIC TERN',
+  latitude: RECORD.lat + 2 / 60,
+  longitude: RECORD.lon,
+  course: 270,
+  heading: 270,
+  type: '30',
+  color: '#ffd166',
+  stale: false,
+});
+
+function vesselLayer(record) {
+  const calls = [];
+  const radarQueries = [];
+  let selected = record;
+  let subject = null;
+  let enabled = true;
+  return {
+    calls,
+    radarQueries,
+    deselect() {
+      selected = null;
+    },
+    /** Live AIS Vessels turned off: like the layer, it then has no subject. */
+    disable() {
+      enabled = false;
+    },
+    getCockpitSubject: () =>
+      enabled && selected
+        ? { ...vesselCockpitInfo(selected), seaSurfaceHeightM: 0 }
+        : null,
+    setCockpitSubject(mmsi) {
+      calls.push(['subject', mmsi]);
+      subject = mmsi;
+      return true;
+    },
+    // Like the layer, leaves out the ship whose bridge the Cockpit rides.
+    getRadarContacts(lat, lon, rangeM, maxCount) {
+      radarQueries.push({ lat, lon, rangeM, maxCount });
+      const own = {
+        ...NEIGHBOUR,
+        id: record.mmsi,
+        latitude: record.lat,
+        longitude: record.lon,
+      };
+      return [own, NEIGHBOUR].filter((contact) => contact.id !== subject);
+    },
+    focusSelectedVessel() {
+      calls.push(['focus']);
+      return true;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function fixture(
+  t,
+  { bridgeAllowed = true, record = RECORD, aircraftInfo = null } = {},
+) {
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  const host = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+  const pinia = createPinia();
+  const app = createApp(
+    defineComponent(() => () => [h(ContextView), h(CockpitView)]),
+  ).use(pinia);
+  app.mount(host);
+  const store = useCockpitStore(pinia);
+  const listeners = () => ({ addEventListener: () => () => {} });
+  const aircraftPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(10.2, 54.5, 3000);
+  const aircraft = {
+    position: {
+      getValue: (time, result) =>
+        Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(aircraftPosition, result),
+    },
+    show: true,
+    gevTrackedId: aircraftInfo ? `flights:${aircraftInfo.icao24}` : '',
+  };
+  const views = [];
+  // Each placed camera: where it is and where it looks.
+  const shots = [];
+  const viewer = {
+    trackedEntity: undefined,
+    clock: { currentTime: null },
+    camera: {
+      cancelFlight() {},
+      setView({ destination, orientation }) {
+        views.push(Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(destination));
+        shots.push({
+          destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(destination),
+          direction: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(orientation.direction),
+          up: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(orientation.up),
+        });
+      },
+    },
+    entities: { contains: (candidate) => candidate === aircraft },
+    scene: {
+      preUpdate: listeners(),
+      screenSpaceCameraController: { enableInputs: true },
+    },
+    trackedEntityChanged: listeners(),
+  };
+  const vessels = vesselLayer(record);
+  const navigations = [];
+  // Turning Live Flights off clears its tracking, as the layer does.
+  let flightsEnabled = true;
+  const disableFlights = () => {
+    flightsEnabled = false;
+  };
+  const cockpit = new CockpitViewController(viewer, {
+    services: {
+      flightsLayer: {
+        getTrackedInfo: () => (flightsEnabled ? aircraftInfo : null),
+      },
+      militaryFlightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: () => null },
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer: vessels,
+      militaryAwarenessLayer: {
+        navigateNext: () => navigations.push('next') > 0,
+        navigatePrevious: () => navigations.push('previous') > 0,
+      },
+      isTr3b: () => false,
+      holdContinuousRender() {},
+      releaseContinuousRender() {},
+      // Open water: no rendered floor above the sea surface.
+      cachedGroundFloor: () => null,
+      GROUND_FLOOR_LIFT_M: 0,
+    },
+    // The aircraft gate stays shut: the bridge must not depend on Contacts.
+    isEntryAllowed: () => Boolean(aircraftInfo),
+    isBridgeEntryAllowed: () => bridgeAllowed,
+    publish: {
+      presence: (view) => store.publishPresence(view),
+      instruments: (view) => store.publishInstruments(view),
+      route: (view) => store.publishRoute(view),
+      radar: (view) => store.publishRadar(view),
+    },
+  });
+  // The briefing and signals have their own tests; the bridge keeps only
+  // what it shows and owns.
+  Object.assign(cockpit, {
+    setVisionMode() {},
+    showBriefPage() {},
+    startBriefRotation() {},
+    stopBriefRotation() {},
+    pushCockpitSignal() {},
+    scheduleContextLayout() {},
+    updateLocalPosition() {},
+    maybeRefreshRegionalBrief() {},
+  });
+  // An aircraft session's Contact card and flight plan have their own tests.
+  if (aircraftInfo)
+    Object.assign(cockpit, { updateContext() {}, updateRoute() {} });
+  t.after(() => {
+    cockpit.stop();
+    app.unmount();
+    document.body.classList.remove('cockpit-mode');
+  });
+  const $ = (selector) => document.querySelector(selector);
+  return {
+    $,
+    cockpit,
+    viewer,
+    vessels,
+    aircraft,
+    disableFlights,
+    navigations,
+    views,
+    shots,
+    store,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Replace both clocks the bridge reads; returns a stepper and a restore. */
+function manualClock(t, startMs) {
+  const originalNow = performance.now;
+  const originalDateNow = Date.now;
+  let nowMs = startMs;
+  performance.now = () => nowMs;
+  Date.now = () => nowMs;
+  t.after(() => {
+    performance.now = originalNow;
+    Date.now = originalDateNow;
+  });
+  return {
+    advance(ms) {
+      nowMs += ms;
+    },
+    set(ms) {
+      nowMs = ms;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+async function settle() {
+  await nextTick();
+  await Promise.resolve();
+}
+
+test('a selected vessel offers a BRIDGE entry without Contacts', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit } = fixture(t);
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  await nextTick();
+  const entry = $('#cockpit-entry');
+  assert.equal(entry.hidden, false);
+  assert.match(entry.textContent, /directions_boat/);
+  assert.match(entry.textContent, /BRIDGE/);
+  assert.equal($('#tr3b-toggle').hidden, true, 'TR-3B stays aircraft-only');
+});
+
+test('a shut bridge gate keeps the entry hidden', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit } = fixture(t, { bridgeAllowed: false });
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-entry').hidden, true);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), false);
+});
+
+test('entering the bridge hides the vessel and shows bridge readouts', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, vessels } = fixture(t);
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  await nextTick();
+  $('#cockpit-entry').click();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'vessel');
+  assert.deepEqual(vessels.calls, [['subject', RECORD.mmsi]]);
+  assert.equal(document.body.classList.contains('cockpit-mode'), true);
+
+  assert.equal(
+    $('#cockpit-hud').getAttribute('aria-label'),
+    'Ship bridge view',
+  );
+  assert.match($('.cockpit-kicker').textContent, /BRIDGE VIEW/);
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-callsign').textContent, 'NORDIC STAR');
+  assert.match($('#cockpit-aircraft-meta').textContent, /CARGO · LIVE AIS/);
+  assert.match($('#cockpit-aircraft-meta').textContent, /EYE 30/);
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-altitude-rim').hidden, true);
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-altitude-value'), null);
+  assert.ok($('#cockpit-course-value'), 'course over ground replaces altitude');
+  assert.match($('#map-view-switch').textContent, /EXIT BRIDGE/);
+  assert.equal(
+    $('#map-view-switch').getAttribute('aria-label'),
+    'Exit bridge view',
+  );
+
+  const route = $('#cockpit-route');
+  assert.equal(route.hidden, false);
+  assert.match(route.textContent, /REPORTED VOYAGE/);
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-route-to').textContent, 'KIEL');
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-route-from'), null, 'AIS reports no origin');
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-route-direction').hidden, true);
+});
+
+test('entering the bridge names Live AIS Vessels as the ridden layer', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit } = fixture(t);
+  const rides = [];
+  cockpit.onRide = (layerId) => rides.push(layerId);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(rides, ['ais-live-vessels']);
+});
+
+test('exiting the bridge releases the vessel and returns to its map view', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, vessels } = fixture(t);
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  $('#map-view-switch').click();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, null);
+  assert.deepEqual(vessels.calls, [
+    ['subject', RECORD.mmsi],
+    ['subject', null],
+    ['focus'],
+  ]);
+  assert.match($('#map-view-switch').textContent, /EXIT COCKPIT/);
+});
+
+test('the bridge radar shows nearby ships without its own and steps its range', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, vessels, store } = fixture(t);
+  assert.equal(store.radar, null, 'no radar before the bridge');
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  const radar = store.radar;
+  assert.ok(radar, 'entering the bridge publishes a radar');
+  assert.equal(radar.rangeNm, 3);
+  assert.equal(radar.rangeLabel, '3 NM');
+  assert.deepEqual(radar.ringsNm, [0.75, 1.5, 2.25, 3]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    radar.contacts.map((contact) => contact.id),
+    [NEIGHBOUR.id],
+    'the cockpit subject is not its own contact',
+  );
+  const [neighbour] = radar.contacts;
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(neighbour.distanceNm - 2) < 0.02);
+  // Heading 090: a ship to the north is on the port beam, heading west.
+  assert.ok(neighbour.x < -0.3 && Math.abs(neighbour.y) < 0.02);
+  assert.equal(neighbour.relativeCourseDeg, -180);
+  assert.equal(radar.ownRelativeCourseDeg, 5, 'COG 095 from heading 090');
+  assert.equal(vessels.radarQueries.at(-1).rangeM, 3 * 1852);
+
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-radar').hidden, false);
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-radar-range').textContent.trim(), '3 NM');
+  assert.equal($('.cockpit-radar-count').textContent.trim(), '1 CONTACT');
+  assert.equal(document.querySelectorAll('.cockpit-radar-contact').length, 1);
+
+  $('#cockpit-radar-range').click();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.radar.rangeNm, 6);
+  assert.equal(vessels.radarQueries.at(-1).rangeM, 6 * 1852);
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-radar-range').textContent.trim(), '6 NM');
+  assert.match(
+    $('#cockpit-radar-range').getAttribute('aria-label'),
+    /Radar range 6 NM/,
+  );
+
+  cockpit.exit();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.radar, null, 'the radar ends with the bridge');
+  assert.ok(!$('#cockpit-radar') || $('#cockpit-radar').hidden);
+});
+
+test('contact navigation does not jump ship from the bridge', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, navigations } = fixture(t);
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.navigateContext(1, { origin: 'user' }), false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.navigateContext(-1, { origin: 'user' }), false);
+  assert.deepEqual(navigations, []);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'vessel');
+});
+
+test('tracking an aircraft from the bridge ends it without refocusing the vessel', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, vessels, aircraft } = fixture(t);
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  viewer.trackedEntity = aircraft;
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+  assert.equal(viewer.trackedEntity, aircraft, 'the aircraft keeps tracking');
+  assert.equal(aircraft.show, true, 'the aircraft was never adopted');
+  assert.deepEqual(vessels.calls, [
+    ['subject', RECORD.mmsi],
+    ['subject', null],
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('a vessel that leaves the selection ends the bridge', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, vessels } = fixture(t);
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  vessels.deselect();
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(vessels.calls.at(-1), ['subject', null]);
+});
+
+test('turning off Live AIS Vessels ends the bridge', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, vessels } = fixture(t);
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+  vessels.disable();
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(vessels.calls.at(-1), ['subject', null]);
+});
+
+test("turning off the ridden aircraft's layer ends the cockpit", async (t) => {
+  const aircraftInfo = {
+    icao24: 'abc123',
+    callsign: 'TEST1',
+    latitude: 54.5,
+    longitude: 10.2,
+    altitudeM: 3000,
+    velocityMps: 200,
+    track: 45,
+    onGround: false,
+  };
+  const { cockpit, viewer, aircraft, disableFlights } = fixture(t, {
+    aircraftInfo,
+  });
+  viewer.trackedEntity = aircraft;
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter({ kind: 'aircraft' }), true);
+  await settle();
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+  disableFlights();
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+});
+
+test('C enters the selected vessel bridge and aircraft-only entry refuses it', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit } = fixture(t);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter({ kind: 'aircraft' }), false);
+  const event = {
+    key: 'c',
+    target: document.body,
+    defaultPrevented: false,
+    preventDefault() {
+      this.defaultPrevented = true;
+    },
+    stopImmediatePropagation() {},
+  };
+  cockpit.onKeyDown(event);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'vessel');
+  assert.equal(event.defaultPrevented, true);
+});
+
+test('a slow-frame bridge keeps pace with its ship', async (t) => {
+  // One rendered frame a second, as software rendering manages. The bridge
+  // must still cover the ship's distance, not a capped fraction of it.
+  const startMs = 1_800_000_000_000;
+  const clock = manualClock(t, startMs);
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: startMs / 1000 };
+  const { cockpit, views } = fixture(t, { record });
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  for (let frame = 0; frame <= 20; frame += 1) {
+    cockpit.update();
+    clock.advance(1000);
+  }
+  assert.ok(
+    views.length >= 20,
+    `expected a view per frame, got ${views.length}`,
+  );
+  const travelledM = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(views[0], views.at(-1));
+  const expectedM = (views.length - 1) * RECORD.speed * 0.514444;
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(travelledM - expectedM) < expectedM * 0.05,
+    `travelled ${travelledM.toFixed(1)} m, expected ~${expectedM.toFixed(1)} m`,
+  );
+});
+
+/** Press a key through the Cockpit's keydown handler. */
+function press(
+  cockpit,
+  key,
+  { shiftKey = false, repeat = false, target = document.body } = {},
+) {
+  const event = {
+    key,
+    shiftKey,
+    repeat,
+    target,
+    defaultPrevented: false,
+    preventDefault() {
+      this.defaultPrevented = true;
+    },
+    stopImmediatePropagation() {},
+  };
+  cockpit.onKeyDown(event);
+  return event;
+}
+
+/** A placed camera's view heading and pitch in its local east-north-up frame. */
+function viewAngles({ destination, direction }) {
+  const enu = Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(destination);
+  const toLocal = Cesium.Matrix4.inverseTransformation(
+    enu,
+    new Cesium.Matrix4(),
+  );
+  const local = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPointAsVector(
+    toLocal,
+    direction,
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  const headingDeg =
+    ((Cesium.Math.toDegrees(Math.atan2(local.x, local.y)) % 360) + 360) % 360;
+  const pitchDeg = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(
+    Math.asin(Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, local.z))),
+  );
+  return { headingDeg, pitchDeg };
+}
+
+/** Run `count` camera updates 50 ms apart; returns the last view. */
+function frames(cockpit, clock, shots, count = 20) {
+  for (let frame = 0; frame < count; frame += 1) {
+    clock.advance(50);
+    cockpit.update();
+  }
+  return viewAngles(shots.at(-1));
+}
+
+const near = (actual, expected, label, tolerance = 0.2) =>
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(actual - expected) <= tolerance,
+    `${label}: ${actual.toFixed(3)} not within ${tolerance} of ${expected}`,
+  );
+
+const START_MS = 1_800_000_000_000;
+
+async function bridgeAt(t, clock) {
+  clock.set(START_MS);
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000 };
+  const scene = fixture(t, { record });
+  scene.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  scene.cockpit.update();
+  return scene;
+}
+
+test('arrows turn the bridge view without moving the eye off its path', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  // A bridge left alone, for the eye's path.
+  const still = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  frames(still.cockpit, clock, still.shots, 30);
+  const stillPath = still.shots.map((shot) => shot.destination);
+  still.cockpit.stop();
+
+  const { cockpit, shots, store, $ } = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  let view = viewAngles(shots.at(-1));
+  near(view.headingDeg, RECORD.heading, 'starts over the bow');
+  near(view.pitchDeg, -2, 'at the rest pitch');
+  assert.equal(store.instruments.look.offset, false);
+
+  const event = press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight', { shiftKey: true });
+  assert.equal(event.defaultPrevented, true);
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight', { shiftKey: true });
+  // Partway through the ease the view is between the bow and the beam.
+  clock.advance(50);
+  cockpit.update();
+  const midway = viewAngles(shots.at(-1)).headingDeg;
+  assert.ok(midway > 100 && midway < 175, `midway heading ${midway}`);
+  view = frames(cockpit, clock, shots, 9);
+  near(view.headingDeg, RECORD.heading + 90, 'starboard beam');
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp');
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp');
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp');
+  view = frames(cockpit, clock, shots, 20);
+  near(view.pitchDeg, 10, 'pitched up');
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpit.lookTarget, { yawDeg: 90, pitchDeg: 10 });
+
+  // The eye followed exactly the path of the bridge left alone.
+  assert.equal(shots.length, stillPath.length);
+  shots.forEach((shot, index) =>
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(shot.destination, stillPath[index]) < 1e-6,
+      `frame ${index} moved the eye`,
+    ),
+  );
+
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.instruments.look.offset, true);
+  assert.equal(store.instruments.look.yawDeg, 90);
+  assert.equal($('.cockpit-look').hidden, false);
+  assert.equal(
+    $('#cockpit-look-readout').textContent,
+    'LOOK STBD 090° · UP 10°',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    $('.cockpit-radar-look'),
+    'the radar draws the look line while the view is turned',
+  );
+  assert.match($('.cockpit-help').textContent, /ARROWS LOOK · HOME RESET/);
+  // The heading readout keeps the ship's heading.
+  assert.equal(store.instruments.heading.text, '090');
+});
+
+test('the bridge view pitches no further than straight up or down', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const { cockpit, shots, store } = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  for (let index = 0; index < 4; index += 1)
+    press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp', { shiftKey: true });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.lookTarget.pitchDeg, 90);
+  let view = frames(cockpit, clock, shots);
+  near(view.pitchDeg, 90, 'straight up', 0.5);
+  const up = viewAngles({
+    destination: shots.at(-1).destination,
+    direction: shots.at(-1).up,
+  });
+  near(up.headingDeg, (RECORD.heading + 180) % 360, 'up stays valid', 1);
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < 5; index += 1)
+    press(cockpit, 'ArrowDown', { shiftKey: true });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.lookTarget.pitchDeg, -90);
+  view = frames(cockpit, clock, shots);
+  near(view.pitchDeg, -90, 'straight down', 0.5);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.instruments.look.readout, 'LOOK DOWN 90°');
+});
+
+test('the heading tape follows the bridge look; bow and stern marks stay on the ship', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const { cockpit, shots, store, $ } = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  const tape = async () => {
+    frames(cockpit, clock, shots, 40);
+    await settle();
+    const { compass, compassMarkers, heading } = store.instruments;
+    return {
+      centre: compass.find((division) => division.active).label,
+      heading: heading.value,
+      ...compassMarkers,
+    };
+  };
+  // Over the bow: the tape centres on the ship's heading, east.
+  let reading = await tape();
+  assert.equal(reading.centre, 'E');
+  assert.equal(reading.prograde, 0);
+  assert.equal(reading.retrograde, null, 'the stern is off the tape');
+  assert.equal($('.cockpit-compass-retrograde'), null);
+  const bow = $('.cockpit-compass-prograde');
+  assert.equal(bow.getAttribute('aria-hidden'), 'true');
+  assert.equal(bow.style.getPropertyValue('--slot'), '0');
+  // Turned to port onto north: the tape follows the camera, the HDG readout
+  // keeps the ship's heading and both marks sit at their relative bearings.
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowLeft', { shiftKey: true });
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowLeft', { shiftKey: true });
+  reading = await tape();
+  assert.equal(reading.centre, 'N');
+  near(reading.heading, RECORD.heading, 'the HDG readout', 1e-6);
+  near(reading.prograde, 3, 'the bow, 90° to starboard', 1e-6);
+  near(reading.retrograde, -3, 'the stern, 90° to port', 1e-6);
+  assert.equal(
+    $('.cockpit-compass-retrograde').getAttribute('aria-hidden'),
+    'true',
+  );
+  // Further round, onto 315°: the bow leaves the tape, the stern comes
+  // under W, 45° to port.
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowLeft', { shiftKey: true });
+  reading = await tape();
+  assert.equal(reading.prograde, null);
+  near(reading.retrograde, -1.5, 'the stern, under W', 1e-6);
+  const west = store.instruments.compass.find(({ label }) => label === 'W');
+  near(west.slot, reading.retrograde, 'W over the stern mark', 1e-6);
+  assert.equal($('.cockpit-compass-prograde'), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    $('.cockpit-compass-retrograde').style.getPropertyValue('--slot'),
+    String(reading.retrograde),
+  );
+});
+
+test('a held arrow keeps turning the bridge view', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const { cockpit } = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowLeft');
+  for (let index = 0; index < 5; index += 1) {
+    const event = press(cockpit, 'ArrowLeft', { repeat: true });
+    assert.equal(event.defaultPrevented, true);
+  }
+  assert.equal(cockpit.lookTarget.yawDeg, -30);
+  // A held Home or C still acts only once.
+  press(cockpit, 'Home', { repeat: true });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.lookTarget.yawDeg, -30);
+  press(cockpit, 'c', { repeat: true });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+});
+
+test('Home, 0 and LOOK AHEAD bring the bridge view back over the bow', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const { cockpit, shots, store, $ } = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  const turnAway = () => {
+    press(cockpit, 'ArrowLeft', { shiftKey: true });
+    press(cockpit, 'ArrowDown');
+    frames(cockpit, clock, shots);
+  };
+  const resets = [
+    () => press(cockpit, 'Home'),
+    () => press(cockpit, '0'),
+    () => $('#cockpit-look-ahead').click(),
+  ];
+  for (const reset of resets) {
+    turnAway();
+    await settle();
+    assert.equal($('.cockpit-look').hidden, false);
+    assert.equal(
+      $('#cockpit-look-ahead').getAttribute('aria-label'),
+      'Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow',
+    );
+    reset();
+    assert.deepEqual(cockpit.lookTarget, { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: -2 });
+    // It eases back rather than snapping.
+    clock.advance(50);
+    cockpit.update();
+    const easing = viewAngles(shots.at(-1)).headingDeg;
+    assert.ok(easing > 46 && easing < 89, `easing heading ${easing}`);
+    const view = frames(cockpit, clock, shots);
+    near(view.headingDeg, RECORD.heading, 'back over the bow');
+    near(view.pitchDeg, -2, 'back at the rest pitch');
+    await settle();
+    assert.equal(store.instruments.look.offset, false);
+    assert.equal($('.cockpit-look').hidden, true);
+    assert.equal($('.cockpit-radar-look'), null);
+  }
+});
+
+test('arrows keep their meaning in sliders, fields and open utilities', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const { cockpit } = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  const slider = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+  slider.setAttribute('role', 'slider');
+  const thumb = slider.appendChild(document.createElement('span'));
+  const field = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('input'));
+  for (const target of [slider, thumb, field]) {
+    for (const key of ['ArrowLeft', 'ArrowUp', 'Home', '0']) {
+      const event = press(cockpit, key, { target });
+      assert.equal(
+        event.defaultPrevented,
+        false,
+        `${key} in ${target.tagName}`,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  cockpit.isUtilityDisclosureOpen = () => true;
+  assert.equal(press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight').defaultPrevented, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpit.lookTarget, { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: -2 });
+
+  // A plain HUD button, where focus sits after entry, still turns the view.
+  cockpit.isUtilityDisclosureOpen = () => false;
+  const exit = document.getElementById('map-view-switch');
+  const event = press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight', { target: exit });
+  assert.equal(event.defaultPrevented, true);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.lookTarget.yawDeg, 5);
+});
+
+test('the bridge view opens over the bow on every entry', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const { cockpit, shots, store } = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight', { shiftKey: true });
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp');
+  frames(cockpit, clock, shots, 5);
+  cockpit.exit();
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpit.lookTarget, { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: -2 });
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpit.lookView, { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: -2 });
+  assert.equal(store.instruments.look.offset, false);
+  assert.equal(press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight').defaultPrevented, false);
+
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  clock.advance(50);
+  cockpit.update();
+  const view = viewAngles(shots.at(-1));
+  near(view.headingDeg, RECORD.heading, 're-entry looks over the bow');
+  near(view.pitchDeg, -2, 're-entry at the rest pitch');
+});
+
+test('arrows do nothing new in an aircraft cockpit', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const aircraftInfo = {
+    icao24: 'abc123',
+    callsign: 'TEST1',
+    latitude: 54.5,
+    longitude: 10.2,
+    altitudeM: 3000,
+    velocityMps: 200,
+    track: 45,
+    onGround: false,
+  };
+  const { cockpit, viewer, aircraft, shots, store } = fixture(t, {
+    aircraftInfo,
+  });
+  viewer.trackedEntity = aircraft;
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter({ kind: 'aircraft' }), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'aircraft');
+  const before = frames(cockpit, clock, shots, 3);
+  near(before.headingDeg, 45, 'the aircraft looks along its track');
+  const keys = ['ArrowLeft', 'ArrowRight', 'ArrowUp', 'ArrowDown', 'Home', '0'];
+  for (const key of keys) {
+    for (const shiftKey of [false, true]) {
+      const event = press(cockpit, key, { shiftKey });
+      assert.equal(event.defaultPrevented, false, `${key} in an aircraft`);
+    }
+  }
+  const held = press(cockpit, 'ArrowLeft', { repeat: true });
+  assert.equal(held.defaultPrevented, false);
+  const after = frames(cockpit, clock, shots, 3);
+  // The aircraft flies on, so its local frame shifts by a hair.
+  near(after.headingDeg, before.headingDeg, 'the aircraft heading', 1e-6);
+  near(after.pitchDeg, before.pitchDeg, 'the aircraft pitch', 1e-6);
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpit.lookTarget, { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: -2 });
+  assert.equal(store.instruments.look.offset, false);
+  assert.equal(document.querySelector('.cockpit-look'), null);
+  // The tape stays on the aircraft's heading, with no bow or stern marks.
+  const centre = store.instruments.compass.find(
+    (division) => division.slot === 0,
+  );
+  assert.equal(centre.label, '060');
+  assert.deepEqual(store.instruments.compassMarkers, {
+    prograde: null,
+    retrograde: null,
+  });
+  assert.equal(document.querySelector('.cockpit-compass-marker'), null);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    document.querySelector('.cockpit-help').textContent,
+    /ARROWS LOOK/,
+  );
+});
+
+/** The eye's ellipsoidal height in a placed camera, metres. */
+const eyeHeightM = (shot) =>
+  Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(shot.destination).height;
+
+test('a bridge on a river above sea level rides the water, not the geoid', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  // Sea level, as every ship is floated today.
+  const sea = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  frames(sea.cockpit, clock, sea.shots, 60);
+  const seaEyeM = eyeHeightM(sea.shots.at(-1));
+  sea.cockpit.exit();
+
+  clock.set(START_MS);
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000 };
+  const river = fixture(t, { record });
+  const probed = [];
+  // The ship's own model reads 40 m; the ring finds the river at 27 m and
+  // a quay at 33 m.
+  river.viewer.scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = async (positions) => {
+    probed.push(positions.length);
+    return positions.map((position, index) =>
+      Object.assign(position, {
+        height: index === 0 ? 40 : index % 2 ? 27 : 33,
+      }),
+    );
+  };
+  river.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  river.cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  frames(river.cockpit, clock, river.shots, 60);
+  near(
+    eyeHeightM(river.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM,
+    27,
+    'raised by the river',
+    0.5,
+  );
+  assert.equal(probed[0], 9, 'the ship and eight probes around it');
+  const reads = probed.length;
+  frames(river.cockpit, clock, river.shots, 20);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(probed.length, reads, 'no new read inside five seconds');
+  frames(river.cockpit, clock, river.shots, 80);
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(probed.length > reads, 'a fresh read every five seconds');
+});
+
+test('a bridge at sea keeps the geoid when the probes find no raised water', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const sea = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  frames(sea.cockpit, clock, sea.shots, 60);
+  const seaEyeM = eyeHeightM(sea.shots.at(-1));
+  sea.cockpit.exit();
+
+  clock.set(START_MS);
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000 };
+  const open = fixture(t, { record });
+  // Swell and tiles a metre off the geoid, and a probe that found nothing.
+  open.viewer.scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = async (positions) =>
+    positions.map((position, index) =>
+      Object.assign(position, { height: index === 3 ? undefined : 1 }),
+    );
+  open.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  open.cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  frames(open.cockpit, clock, open.shots, 60);
+  near(eyeHeightM(open.shots.at(-1)), seaEyeM, 'still on the geoid', 0.5);
+});
+
+test('a bridge rides the river at once from the tiles already loaded', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const sea = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  frames(sea.cockpit, clock, sea.shots, 60);
+  const seaEyeM = eyeHeightM(sea.shots.at(-1));
+  sea.cockpit.exit();
+
+  clock.set(START_MS);
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000 };
+  const river = fixture(t, { record });
+  // The full-detail read is still loading tiles; the loaded ones already
+  // show the river at 27 m beside a quay at 33 m.
+  river.viewer.scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = () => new Promise(() => {});
+  let index = 0;
+  river.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => (index++ % 2 ? 27 : 33);
+  river.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  river.cockpit.update();
+  frames(river.cockpit, clock, river.shots, 60);
+  near(
+    eyeHeightM(river.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM,
+    27,
+    'on the river before the detailed read',
+    0.5,
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * A scene that draws a world point at (400, 300 − its height in metres): a
+ * mark's height above the ellipsoid moves it on screen.
+ */
+function heightSensitiveProjection(viewer, { x = 400 } = {}) {
+  viewer.scene.cartesianToCanvasCoordinates = (position, result) => {
+    const { height } = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position);
+    return Object.assign(result, { x, y: 300 - height });
+  };
+}
+
+test('a vessel double-click aims at the sprite as drawn, on the geoid', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store } = fixture(t);
+  // The Baltic geoid sits ~35 m above the ellipsoid; the sprite 3 m above it.
+  const subject = cockpit.services.aisLiveVesselsLayer.getCockpitSubject;
+  cockpit.services.aisLiveVesselsLayer.getCockpitSubject = () => ({
+    ...subject(),
+    seaSurfaceHeightM: 35,
+    markHeightM: 38,
+  });
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer);
+  // Where an ellipsoid-height projection would put it: no hit.
+  assert.equal(cockpit.onSceneDoubleClick({ x: 400, y: 300 }), false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.onSceneDoubleClick({ x: 400, y: 262 }), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.presence.active, true);
+});
+
+test('a vessel double-click lands even when the first click moved the ship', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store } = fixture(t);
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer);
+  // The first press finds the ship at (400, 300); selecting it again
+  // re-centres the camera, so by the double-click it is drawn at (600, 300).
+  cockpit.onScenePointerDown(1000);
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer, { x: 600 });
+  // Too late to count as one gesture.
+  assert.equal(cockpit.onSceneDoubleClick({ x: 400, y: 300 }, 1800), false);
+  cockpit.onScenePointerDown(2000);
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer, { x: 800 });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.onSceneDoubleClick({ x: 600, y: 300 }, 2300), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.presence.active, true);
+});
+
+test('re-entering a ship reads its water afresh, never the last session height', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const sea = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  frames(sea.cockpit, clock, sea.shots, 60);
+  const seaEyeM = eyeHeightM(sea.shots.at(-1));
+  sea.cockpit.exit();
+
+  clock.set(START_MS);
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000 };
+  const ship = fixture(t, { record });
+  const scene = ship.viewer.scene;
+  // First visit: on a river 27 m up.
+  scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = async (positions) =>
+    positions.map((position) => Object.assign(position, { height: 27 }));
+  ship.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  ship.cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 60);
+  near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM, 27, 'on the river', 0.5);
+  ship.cockpit.exit();
+  await settle();
+  // Back on the same ship, now at sea; the detailed read is slow, the
+  // loaded tiles already show the sea.
+  let late;
+  scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = () =>
+    new Promise((resolve) => {
+      late = resolve;
+    });
+  scene.sampleHeight = () => 0.5;
+  ship.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  ship.cockpit.update();
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 60);
+  near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)), seaEyeM, 'at sea, not on the river', 0.5);
+  // A read from before the exit, landing now, changes nothing.
+  ship.cockpit.exit();
+  ship.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  late?.([{ height: 27 }]);
+  await settle();
+  ship.cockpit.update();
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 60);
+  near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)), seaEyeM, 'the late read is dropped', 0.5);
+});
+
+test('a failed water read keeps the sea and tries again', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const sea = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  frames(sea.cockpit, clock, sea.shots, 60);
+  const seaEyeM = eyeHeightM(sea.shots.at(-1));
+  sea.cockpit.exit();
+
+  clock.set(START_MS);
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000 };
+  const ship = fixture(t, { record });
+  let reads = 0;
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = async () => {
+    reads += 1;
+    throw new Error('tiles unavailable');
+  };
+  ship.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  ship.cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 60);
+  near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)), seaEyeM, 'still on the sea', 0.5);
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 120);
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(reads >= 2, `retried: ${reads} reads`);
+});
+
+test('the water is read where the ship is now, not at its last report', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  // Reported a minute ago at 12 kn on course 095: since then ~370 m east.
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: (START_MS - 60_000) / 1000 };
+  const ship = fixture(t, { record });
+  const centres = [];
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = async (positions) => {
+    centres.push(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(positions[0].longitude));
+    return positions;
+  };
+  ship.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  ship.cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(centres.length > 0, 'a read was made');
+  const eastM =
+    (centres[0] - RECORD.lon) *
+    111_320 *
+    Math.cos((RECORD.lat * Math.PI) / 180);
+  assert.ok(eastM > 300 && eastM < 450, `probed ${eastM.toFixed(0)} m east`);
+});
+
+test('the radar look line turns the short way across astern', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const { $, store } = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  const lookAt = async (yawDeg) => {
+    store.publishInstruments({
+      ...store.instruments,
+      look: { ...store.instruments.look, offset: true, yawDeg },
+    });
+    await settle();
+    return $('.cockpit-radar-look')?.getAttribute('style') ?? '';
+  };
+  assert.match(await lookAt(170), /rotate\(170deg\)/);
+  // From 170° to -170° is 20° through astern, not 340° back over the bow.
+  assert.match(await lookAt(-170), /rotate\(190deg\)/);
+});
+
+test('a ship with no true heading is held, and labelled, on its course', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  clock.set(START_MS);
+  const record = {
+    ...RECORD,
+    heading: null,
+    lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000,
+  };
+  const { $, cockpit } = fixture(t, { record });
+  const signals = [];
+  cockpit.pushCockpitSignal = (...args) => signals.push(args);
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  assert.match(
+    $('.cockpit-visor-status-right').textContent,
+    /COURSE HOLD · AIS/,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    signals.some(([, , , detail]) => /COURSE 095°/.test(detail)),
+    JSON.stringify(signals),
+  );
+});
+
+test('both entries name the subject the same way', async () => {
+  const { cockpitEntryFace } = await import('./cockpitPresentation.js');
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpitEntryFace('vessel'), {
+    icon: 'directions_boat',
+    label: 'BRIDGE',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpitEntryFace('aircraft'), {
+    icon: 'flight',
+    label: 'COCKPIT',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpitEntryFace(null), cockpitEntryFace('aircraft'));
+});
+
+test('a ship with neither heading nor course makes up no direction', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const record = {
+    ...RECORD,
+    heading: null,
+    course: null,
+    lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000,
+  };
+  const { $, cockpit, viewer, shots, store } = fixture(t, { record });
+  // The map camera looks south-south-west as the bridge opens.
+  viewer.camera.heading = Cesium.Math.toRadians(200);
+  const signals = [];
+  cockpit.pushCockpitSignal = (...args) => signals.push(args);
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  cockpit.update();
+  const start = shots.at(-1).destination;
+  // Ten seconds at 12 kn would carry a made-up course some 60 m.
+  const view = frames(cockpit, clock, shots, 200);
+  await settle();
+  near(view.headingDeg, 200, 'keeps the entry camera heading');
+  const driftM = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(start, shots.at(-1).destination);
+  assert.ok(driftM < 1, `the eye stays on the fix, drifted ${driftM} m`);
+  assert.equal(store.instruments.heading.text, '---');
+  assert.deepEqual(store.instruments.compassMarkers, {
+    prograde: null,
+    retrograde: null,
+  });
+  assert.equal(document.querySelector('.cockpit-compass-marker'), null);
+  assert.match(
+    $('.cockpit-visor-status-right').textContent,
+    /NO HEADING · AIS/,
+  );
+  const details = signals.map(([, , , detail]) => detail);
+  assert.ok(details.includes('NORDIC STAR · NO HEADING'), details.join(' | '));
+  assert.ok(!details.some((detail) => /000°/.test(detail)), details.join());
+});
+
+test('the bridge tape reads the exact heading at the caret', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const record = {
+    ...RECORD,
+    heading: 100,
+    lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000,
+  };
+  const { cockpit, shots, store } = fixture(t, { record });
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  frames(cockpit, clock, shots, 40);
+  await settle();
+  const { compass, compassMarkers } = store.instruments;
+  // Over the bow at 100°: the bow mark sits under the caret, and the tape
+  // has scrolled a third of a division past 090.
+  near(compassMarkers.prograde, 0, 'the bow under the caret', 1e-3);
+  const nearest = compass.find((division) => division.active);
+  assert.equal(nearest.label, 'E');
+  near(nearest.slot, -1 / 3, 'E a third of a division to port', 1e-3);
+  const tape = document.querySelector('#cockpit-compass-tape');
+  near(
+    Number(tape.style.getPropertyValue('--tape-shift')),
+    -1 / 3,
+    'the minor ticks scroll with it',
+    1e-3,
+  );
+  const east = [...tape.querySelectorAll('span')].find(
+    (span) => span.textContent === 'E',
+  );
+  assert.equal(east.className, 'active');
+  near(Number(east.style.getPropertyValue('--slot')), -1 / 3, 'E drawn', 1e-3);
+});
+
+test('a slow water read is never stacked, and lands however late', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const sea = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  frames(sea.cockpit, clock, sea.shots, 60);
+  const seaEyeM = eyeHeightM(sea.shots.at(-1));
+  sea.cockpit.exit();
+
+  clock.set(START_MS);
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000 };
+  const ship = fixture(t, { record });
+  const reads = [];
+  // Every full-detail read hangs until the test answers it.
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = (positions) =>
+    new Promise((resolve) => reads.push({ positions, resolve }));
+  let loadedReads = 0;
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => {
+    loadedReads += 1;
+    return 0;
+  };
+  ship.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  ship.cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(reads.length, 1);
+  const loadedAtStart = loadedReads;
+  // Twelve seconds on, still one read in flight; the refreshes read the
+  // loaded tiles meanwhile.
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 240);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(reads.length, 1, 'no second read while the first runs');
+  assert.ok(loadedReads > loadedAtStart, 'the loaded tiles are read again');
+  // The 12 s read lands (a river at 27 m) and applies.
+  const [slow] = reads;
+  slow.resolve(
+    slow.positions.map((position) => Object.assign(position, { height: 27 })),
+  );
+  await settle();
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 120);
+  await settle();
+  near(
+    eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM,
+    27,
+    'raised by the late read',
+    0.5,
+  );
+  // Settled, the next refresh starts a new read.
+  assert.equal(reads.length, 2);
+  // It hangs over tiles not loaded yet: the refreshes sample nothing, and the
+  // river height stands rather than falling back to the sea.
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => undefined;
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 240);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(reads.length, 2);
+  near(
+    eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM,
+    27,
+    'kept through refreshes that sample nothing',
+    0.5,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a client clock minutes fast does not age the bridge into a stale feed', async (t) => {
+  // The feed's newest fix is this ship's; the client clock runs 200 s
+  // ahead of the feed and received the refresh just now.
+  const skewMs = 200_000;
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS + skewMs);
+  const record = {
+    ...RECORD,
+    lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000,
+    fixFeedEpoch: START_MS / 1000,
+    fixReceivedAtMs: START_MS + skewMs,
+  };
+  const { $, cockpit, shots } = fixture(t, { record });
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  cockpit.update();
+  frames(cockpit, clock, shots, 20);
+  await settle();
+  assert.match($('#cockpit-aircraft-meta').textContent, /LIVE AIS/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch($('#cockpit-aircraft-meta').textContent, /STALE/);
+});
+
+test('a fix the feed keeps re-serving goes on ageing into a stale feed', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  // The layer's own records, polled every 30 s with the same fix, as a feed
+  // serving its cache does.
+  const records = new VesselRecords({ now: () => Date.now() });
+  const effects = {
+    add() {},
+    remove() {},
+    beforeUpdate() {},
+    updated() {},
+    staleSelected() {},
+    removed() {},
+  };
+  const poll = () =>
+    records.reconcile(
+      [
+        {
+          ...RECORD,
+          last_position_epoch: START_MS / 1000,
+        },
+      ],
+      { complete: true },
+      effects,
+    );
+  poll();
+  const record = records.byMmsi.get(RECORD.mmsi);
+  const { $, cockpit, shots } = fixture(t, { record });
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  assert.match($('#cockpit-aircraft-meta').textContent, /LIVE AIS/);
+  // Seven polls later (210 s), the fix is past the 180 s projection.
+  for (let polls = 0; polls < 7; polls += 1) {
+    frames(cockpit, clock, shots, 600);
+    poll();
+  }
+  frames(cockpit, clock, shots, 20);
+  await settle();
+  assert.match($('#cockpit-aircraft-meta').textContent, /STALE FEED/);
+});
+
+test("a double-click's second press keeps the first press's picture of the ship", async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store } = fixture(t);
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer);
+  // The first press finds the ship at (400, 300); the first click
+  // re-centres the camera, so the second press finds it at (600, 300).
+  cockpit.onScenePointerDown(1000);
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer, { x: 600 });
+  cockpit.onScenePointerDown(1200);
+  // By the double-click it has moved again; the gesture began at (400, 300).
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer, { x: 800 });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.onSceneDoubleClick({ x: 400, y: 300 }, 1250), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.presence.active, true);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
index a5c6d8c5a..b701ddab0 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ export function maybeRefreshRegionalBrief(info) {
     !Number.isFinite(info.longitude)
   )
     return;
-  const subjectId = `${info.layerId || 'aircraft'}:${info.icao24 || info.registration || info.callsign || 'unknown'}`;
+  const subjectId = `${info.layerId || 'aircraft'}:${info.icao24 || info.mmsi || info.registration || info.callsign || 'unknown'}`;
   if (subjectId !== this.regionalBriefSubjectId) {
     this.regionalBriefAbort?.abort();
     this.regionalBriefAbort = null;
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
index 0a2d1f372..50a43510f 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
@@ -7,6 +7,15 @@ import {
   cockpitUiUpdateDue,
   slewHeading,
 } from '../cockpitMath.js';
+import {
+  VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S,
+  VESSEL_WATERLINE_REFRESH_MS,
+  deadReckonVesselFix,
+  vesselCameraProfile,
+  vesselWaterlineM,
+  waterlineProbePoints,
+} from '../cockpitSubjects.js';
+import { easeLook } from '../cockpitLook.js';
 import {
   COCKPIT_HEADING_SLEW_DPS,
   COCKPIT_FORWARD_OFFSET_M,
@@ -44,6 +53,10 @@ export function update() {
   }
 
   const nowMs = performance.now();
+  if (this.subjectKind === 'vessel') {
+    updateVessel.call(this, nowMs);
+    return;
+  }
   const info = this.readAircraftInfo();
 
   // Adopt a newly selected track before the camera cadence gate. A context
@@ -86,17 +99,208 @@ export function update() {
   placeCamera.call(this, target, info, nowMs, dtSec, AIRCRAFT_CAMERA_PROFILE);
 }
 
+/**
+ * The surface the ridden ship floats on: the layer's geoid sea surface, or
+ * the water read off the rendered scene when that sits higher (a river or
+ * lake above sea level). The read runs in the background every
+ * VESSEL_WATERLINE_REFRESH_MS. The full-detail read can take many seconds
+ * from cold tiles, so a new ship's first read starts from the tiles already
+ * on screen; until any read lands the sea surface stands. Only one
+ * full-detail read runs at a time (each is nine picks Cesium traverses
+ * every frame until it settles): while one is still running, a refresh
+ * reads the loaded tiles instead, and the slow read applies whenever it
+ * lands unless a newer one has.
+ * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number}} [at] Where to read the
+ *   water: the dead-reckoned position the camera rides.
+ * @returns {number} Ellipsoidal metres.
+ */
+function vesselSurfaceM(info, nowMs, at = info) {
+  const seaM = Number.isFinite(info.seaSurfaceHeightM)
+    ? info.seaSurfaceHeightM
+    : 0;
+  const scene = this.viewer.scene;
+  let read =
+    this.vesselWaterline?.mmsi === info.mmsi ? this.vesselWaterline : null;
+  if (
+    typeof scene?.sampleHeightMostDetailed === 'function' &&
+    (!read || nowMs - read.sampledMs >= VESSEL_WATERLINE_REFRESH_MS)
+  ) {
+    const probes = waterlineProbePoints(at.latitude, at.longitude).map(
+      ({ lat, lon }) => Cesium.Cartographic.fromDegrees(lon, lat),
+    );
+    if (!read) {
+      read = {
+        mmsi: info.mmsi,
+        heightM: loadedWaterlineM(scene, probes, seaM),
+        sampledMs: nowMs,
+        // Full-detail reads by number: the last started, the last applied.
+        startedSeq: 0,
+        landedSeq: 0,
+        inFlight: false,
+      };
+      this.vesselWaterline = read;
+    } else {
+      read.sampledMs = nowMs;
+      if (read.inFlight) {
+        const loadedM = loadedWaterlineM(scene, probes, seaM);
+        if (Number.isFinite(loadedM)) read.heightM = loadedM;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!read.inFlight) readWaterline.call(this, read, scene, probes, seaM);
+  }
+  return read && Number.isFinite(read.heightM)
+    ? Math.max(seaM, read.heightM)
+    : seaM;
+}
+
+/** Start one full-detail water read for `read`; its answer lands on it. */
+function readWaterline(read, scene, probes, seaM) {
+  const seq = ++read.startedSeq;
+  read.inFlight = true;
+  Promise.resolve()
+    .then(() => scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed(probes))
+    .then(
+      (samples) => {
+        if (this.vesselWaterline !== read) return;
+        read.inFlight = false;
+        // However late it lands, it applies unless a newer read has.
+        if (seq <= read.landedSeq) return;
+        read.landedSeq = seq;
+        read.heightM = vesselWaterlineM(
+          seaM,
+          (samples || []).map((sample) => sample?.height),
+        );
+      },
+      () => {
+        if (this.vesselWaterline === read) read.inFlight = false;
+      },
+    );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The waterline from the tiles already loaded, read at once: a first answer
+ * while the full-detail read loads. Null when the scene cannot sample or no
+ * probe met loaded geometry: nothing sampled is no answer, not the sea, so it
+ * never undoes a river height a full read set.
+ */
+function loadedWaterlineM(scene, probes, seaM) {
+  if (typeof scene.sampleHeight !== 'function') return null;
+  if (scene.sampleHeightSupported === false) return null;
+  try {
+    const heights = probes.map((probe) => scene.sampleHeight(probe));
+    if (!heights.some(Number.isFinite)) return null;
+    return vesselWaterlineM(seaM, heights);
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Drive the bridge camera from the selected vessel. The vessel layer redraws
+ * a ship only when its feed refreshes, so the target is the last fix advanced
+ * along course over ground; the shared anchor smoothing then absorbs the
+ * correction each new fix brings.
+ */
+function updateVessel(nowMs) {
+  // Tracking an aircraft from the bridge clears the vessel selection; end the
+  // bridge and leave Cesium tracking with that aircraft.
+  if (this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position) {
+    this.exit({ restoreTracking: false });
+    return;
+  }
+  const info = this.readVesselInfo();
+  if (!info || info.mmsi !== this.subjectId) {
+    this.exit({ restoreTracking: false });
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    !cockpitUiUpdateDue(
+      nowMs,
+      this.lastCameraUpdateMs,
+      COCKPIT_CAMERA_UPDATE_MS,
+    )
+  )
+    return;
+  this.lastCameraUpdateMs = nowMs;
+
+  const fix = deadReckonVesselFix(
+    {
+      latitude: info.latitude,
+      longitude: info.longitude,
+      courseDeg: info.motionCourse,
+      speedMps: info.velocityMps,
+      fixEpochMs: info.fixEpochMs,
+      receivedAtMs: info.receivedAtMs,
+      feedEpochMs: info.feedEpochMs,
+    },
+    Date.now(),
+  );
+  const target = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+    fix.longitude,
+    fix.latitude,
+    // Read the water where the ship is now, not at its last report.
+    vesselSurfaceM.call(this, info, nowMs, fix),
+    Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+    this.scratchTarget,
+  );
+  // The target advances in wall-clock time, so the anchor must too: the
+  // aircraft path's 0.1 s step cap would leave a slow-frame or hitching bridge
+  // falling ever further behind its own ship.
+  const dtSec = Math.min(
+    VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S,
+    Math.max(0, (nowMs - this.lastFrameMs) / 1000),
+  );
+  this.lastFrameMs = nowMs;
+  if (Number.isFinite(info.track)) {
+    this.heading = slewHeading(
+      this.heading ?? info.track,
+      info.track,
+      COCKPIT_HEADING_SLEW_DPS * dtSec,
+    );
+  }
+  // Past the projection limit the target stops advancing; hold on it rather
+  // than let the inertial anchor sail on alone.
+  const projectionExpired =
+    Number.isFinite(fix.ageSec) && fix.ageSec > VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S;
+  // The look eases on its own clock: the anchor's step is capped differently.
+  this.lookView = easeLook(
+    this.lookView,
+    this.lookTarget,
+    nowMs - (this.lookLastMs || nowMs),
+  );
+  this.lookLastMs = nowMs;
+  // A ship reporting neither course nor heading has no direction to move
+  // in: its anchor stays on the fix, as the dead reckoning does.
+  const ridden = Number.isFinite(info.motionCourse)
+    ? info
+    : { ...info, velocityMps: 0 };
+  placeCamera.call(
+    this,
+    target,
+    projectionExpired ? { ...ridden, stale: true } : ridden,
+    nowMs,
+    dtSec,
+    vesselCameraProfile(info),
+    this.lookView,
+  );
+}
+
 /**
  * Place the camera for one update: advance the inertial anchor, clamp it and
  * the eye against the rendered surface, and look along the slewed heading.
  * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} target Authoritative subject position.
- * @param {object} info Subject info.
+ * @param {object} info Subject info; `motionCourse` (when present) is the
+ *   direction the subject moves, otherwise it moves where it faces.
  * @param {number} nowMs Frame time.
  * @param {number} dtSec Seconds since the previous camera update.
  * @param {{forwardM: number, upM: number, pitchDeg: number,
  *   minClearanceM: number}} profile Eye offsets for the subject kind.
+ * @param {?{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}} [look] A bridge view turned
+ *   off the bow: yaw relative to the heading and absolute pitch. It turns
+ *   only the view; the eye and its motion keep the heading and course.
+ *   Aircraft pass none and look along the heading at the profile pitch.
  */
-function placeCamera(target, info, nowMs, dtSec, profile) {
+function placeCamera(target, info, nowMs, dtSec, profile, look = null) {
   if (!this.cockpitAnchorValid) {
     Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(target, this.cockpitAnchor);
     this.cockpitAnchorValid = true;
@@ -110,7 +314,15 @@ function placeCamera(target, info, nowMs, dtSec, profile) {
   // 15/30-second interpolation and per-frame cache without exposing its
   // sample-boundary corrections to the camera.
   const headingRad = Cesium.Math.toRadians(this.heading ?? 0);
-  const pitchRad = Cesium.Math.toRadians(profile.pitchDeg);
+  const courseRad = Number.isFinite(info.motionCourse)
+    ? Cesium.Math.toRadians(info.motionCourse)
+    : headingRad;
+  const pitchRad = Cesium.Math.toRadians(
+    look ? look.pitchDeg : profile.pitchDeg,
+  );
+  const viewHeadingRad = look
+    ? Cesium.Math.toRadians((this.heading ?? 0) + look.yawDeg)
+    : headingRad;
   const speedMps = Number.isFinite(info.velocityMps)
     ? Math.max(0, info.velocityMps)
     : 0;
@@ -126,8 +338,8 @@ function placeCamera(target, info, nowMs, dtSec, profile) {
       Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
       this.scratchEnu,
     );
-    this.scratchLocal.x = Math.sin(headingRad);
-    this.scratchLocal.y = Math.cos(headingRad);
+    this.scratchLocal.x = Math.sin(courseRad);
+    this.scratchLocal.y = Math.cos(courseRad);
     this.scratchLocal.z = 0;
     Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPointAsVector(
       this.scratchEnu,
@@ -296,8 +508,8 @@ function placeCamera(target, info, nowMs, dtSec, profile) {
   );
   Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(this.scratchHorizontal, this.scratchHorizontal);
 
-  this.scratchLocal.x = Math.sin(headingRad) * Math.cos(pitchRad);
-  this.scratchLocal.y = Math.cos(headingRad) * Math.cos(pitchRad);
+  this.scratchLocal.x = Math.sin(viewHeadingRad) * Math.cos(pitchRad);
+  this.scratchLocal.y = Math.cos(viewHeadingRad) * Math.cos(pitchRad);
   this.scratchLocal.z = Math.sin(pitchRad);
   Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPointAsVector(
     this.scratchEnu,
@@ -306,8 +518,8 @@ function placeCamera(target, info, nowMs, dtSec, profile) {
   );
   Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(this.scratchForward, this.scratchForward);
 
-  this.scratchLocal.x = -Math.sin(headingRad) * Math.sin(pitchRad);
-  this.scratchLocal.y = -Math.cos(headingRad) * Math.sin(pitchRad);
+  this.scratchLocal.x = -Math.sin(viewHeadingRad) * Math.sin(pitchRad);
+  this.scratchLocal.y = -Math.cos(viewHeadingRad) * Math.sin(pitchRad);
   this.scratchLocal.z = Math.cos(pitchRad);
   Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPointAsVector(
     this.scratchEnu,
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitController.js b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
index 6010c3ce7..1fd4b7733 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /** Coordinate Cockpit lifecycle through supplied aircraft, terrain, rendering and briefing operations. */
 import {
   readAircraftInfo,
+  readVesselInfo,
   readSubjectLayerId,
   resolveEntryKind,
   dispatchCockpitModeChanged,
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@ import {
   publishRouteView,
   updateHud,
   updateRoute,
+  updateRadar,
+  presentLook,
   syncWeatherToggle,
   setVisionMode,
   cycleVisionMode,
@@ -67,10 +70,21 @@ import {
 import {
   onKeyDown,
   onSceneDoubleClick,
+  onScenePointerDown,
   routeSceneDoubleClick,
 } from './cockpitInput.js';
+import { DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM, nextRadarRange } from '../cockpitRadar.js';
+import { VESSEL_BRIDGE_PITCH_DEG } from '../cockpitSubjects.js';
+import { stepLook } from '../cockpitLook.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 
+/** Whether the user asked for reduced motion: look turns then jump. */
+function prefersReducedMotion() {
+  return Boolean(
+    globalThis.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)')?.matches,
+  );
+}
+
 export class CockpitViewController {
   constructor(
     viewer,
@@ -80,6 +94,7 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
       getInitialVisionMode = null,
       onCameraTakeover = null,
       isEntryAllowed = null,
+      isBridgeEntryAllowed = null,
       isUtilityDisclosureOpen = null,
       onEntered = null,
       onExited = null,
@@ -93,6 +108,10 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this.destroyed = false;
     this.disposed = false;
     this.active = false;
+    /** 'aircraft' or 'vessel' while active; which subject the camera rides. */
+    this.subjectKind = null;
+    /** The vessel subject's MMSI; aircraft are identified by trackedEntity. */
+    this.subjectId = null;
     this.trackedEntity = null;
     this.trackedEntityWasShown = true;
     this.heading = null;
@@ -105,6 +124,14 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this.surfaceWaitStartedMs = 0;
     this.surfaceAcquiring = false;
     this.surfaceFallback = false;
+    /**
+     * Where the bridge view is turned to (`lookTarget`) and where the camera
+     * looks on its way there (`lookView`): yaw off the bow, starboard
+     * positive, and absolute pitch. Aircraft never turn it.
+     */
+    this.lookTarget = { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: VESSEL_BRIDGE_PITCH_DEG };
+    this.lookView = { ...this.lookTarget };
+    this.lookLastMs = 0;
     this.entry = document.getElementById('cockpit-entry');
     this.tr3bToggle = document.getElementById('tr3b-toggle');
     this._tr3bSignature = null;
@@ -130,6 +157,11 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
         : () => false;
     this.isEntryAllowed =
       typeof isEntryAllowed === 'function' ? isEntryAllowed : () => true;
+    // Without a supplied gate there is no vessel layer to ride either.
+    this.isBridgeEntryAllowed =
+      typeof isBridgeEntryAllowed === 'function'
+        ? isBridgeEntryAllowed
+        : () => false;
     this.isUtilityDisclosureOpen =
       typeof isUtilityDisclosureOpen === 'function'
         ? isUtilityDisclosureOpen
@@ -164,9 +196,15 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this.publishVision = publish.vision ?? (() => {});
     this.publishSignals = publish.signals ?? (() => {});
     this.publishUtilityLayout = publish.utilityLayout ?? (() => {});
+    this.publishRadar = publish.radar ?? (() => {});
+    /** The bridge radar's range in nautical miles; kept across bridges. */
+    this.radarRangeNm = DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM;
     this.presence = {
       active: false,
       entryAvailable: false,
+      // Which subject the entry button would enter, and the active subject.
+      entryKind: null,
+      subjectKind: null,
       tr3b: null,
       context: false,
       // The Contact and briefing cards' collapse, which their toggles show.
@@ -216,9 +254,15 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     );
     this._listen(this.entry, 'click', () => this.enter());
     // Double-clicking the followed track is a third way in.
+    this._listen(
+      viewer.scene?.canvas,
+      'pointerdown',
+      () => this.onScenePointerDown(),
+      true,
+    );
     this._listenerRemovers.push(routeSceneDoubleClick.call(this));
     // The readout's entry renders inside the Intel HUD, which may mount after
-    // this controller, so its clicks are delegated.
+    // this controller; delegated like the radar's range button.
     this._listen(document, 'click', (event) => {
       if (event.target?.closest?.('#cockpit-entry-readout')) this.enter();
     });
@@ -248,6 +292,15 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this._listen(window, 'gev:cockpit-weather-state', (event) => {
       this.syncWeatherToggle(event?.detail?.enabled !== false);
     });
+    // The radar mounts only on a bridge, so its range button is delegated.
+    this._listen(document, 'click', (event) => {
+      if (event.target?.closest?.('#cockpit-radar-range'))
+        this.cycleRadarRange();
+    });
+    // The look-ahead button shows only on a turned bridge view; delegated.
+    this._listen(document, 'click', (event) => {
+      if (event.target?.closest?.('#cockpit-look-ahead')) this.lookAhead();
+    });
     this._listen(this.signalToggle, 'click', () =>
       this.setSignalCollapsed(!this.signalCollapsed, { user: true }),
     );
@@ -289,6 +342,9 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   readAircraftInfo() {
     return readAircraftInfo.call(this);
   }
+  readVesselInfo() {
+    return readVesselInfo.call(this);
+  }
   readSubjectLayerId() {
     return readSubjectLayerId.call(this);
   }
@@ -316,8 +372,8 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   _adoptTrackedEntity(nowMs, suppliedInfo) {
     return _adoptTrackedEntity.call(this, nowMs, suppliedInfo);
   }
-  enter() {
-    return enter.call(this);
+  enter(options) {
+    return enter.call(this, options);
   }
   exit(options) {
     return exit.call(this, options);
@@ -337,6 +393,58 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   updateRoute(info) {
     return updateRoute.call(this, info);
   }
+  updateRadar(info) {
+    return updateRadar.call(this, info);
+  }
+  /** Step the bridge radar to its next range and redraw it at once. */
+  cycleRadarRange() {
+    this.radarRangeNm = nextRadarRange(this.radarRangeNm);
+    if (this.active && this.subjectKind === 'vessel' && this.lastAircraftInfo)
+      this.updateRadar(this.lastAircraftInfo);
+  }
+  presentLook() {
+    return presentLook.call(this);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Turn the bridge view one arrow step (see `lookKeyStep`). The camera
+   * eases there unless the user prefers reduced motion.
+   * @param {{axis: 'yaw'|'pitch', sign: number, stepDeg: number}} step
+   * @returns {boolean} True when a bridge view was turned.
+   */
+  turnLook(step) {
+    if (!this.active || this.subjectKind !== 'vessel' || !step) return false;
+    this.lookTarget = stepLook(this.lookTarget, step);
+    if (prefersReducedMotion()) this.lookView = { ...this.lookTarget };
+    this.presentLook();
+    this.publishInstrumentsView();
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Point the bridge view back over the bow at the rest pitch.
+   * @param {{immediate?: boolean}} [options] Jump there instead of easing,
+   *   as entry and exit do.
+   */
+  resetLook({ immediate = false } = {}) {
+    this.lookTarget = { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: VESSEL_BRIDGE_PITCH_DEG };
+    if (immediate || prefersReducedMotion())
+      this.lookView = { ...this.lookTarget };
+    this.lookLastMs = performance.now();
+    this.presentLook();
+    this.publishInstrumentsView();
+  }
+  /**
+   * The LOOK AHEAD control and the Home and 0 keys: ease the bridge view
+   * back over the bow. Focus leaves the button before it hides.
+   * @returns {boolean} True on a bridge.
+   */
+  lookAhead() {
+    if (!this.active || this.subjectKind !== 'vessel') return false;
+    const button = document.getElementById('cockpit-look-ahead');
+    const hadFocus = !!button && button.contains(document.activeElement);
+    this.resetLook();
+    if (hadFocus) this.mapViewButton?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
+    return true;
+  }
   syncWeatherToggle(enabled) {
     return syncWeatherToggle.call(this, enabled);
   }
@@ -426,8 +534,11 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   onKeyDown(event) {
     return onKeyDown.call(this, event);
   }
-  onSceneDoubleClick(position) {
-    return onSceneDoubleClick.call(this, position);
+  onSceneDoubleClick(position, nowMs) {
+    return onSceneDoubleClick.call(this, position, nowMs);
+  }
+  onScenePointerDown(nowMs) {
+    return onScenePointerDown.call(this, nowMs);
   }
 
   handleSignalClick(event) {
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
index 3839aa3af..9a0eb258a 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { nextTick } from 'vue';
 import { CockpitViewController, CockpitDisplayPortal } from './cockpit.js';
 import {
   COCKPIT_AIRCRAFT_LAYER_IDS,
+  bridgeEntryAllowed,
   cockpitEntryAllowed,
 } from '../contextModePolicy.js';
 import { formatAwarenessLabel } from '../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
     const {
       flightsLayer,
       militaryFlightsLayer,
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer,
       isTr3b,
       toggleTr3b,
       militaryAwarenessLayer,
@@ -60,6 +62,7 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
       services: {
         flightsLayer,
         militaryFlightsLayer,
+        aisLiveVesselsLayer,
         isTr3b,
         toggleTr3b,
         militaryAwarenessLayer,
@@ -93,6 +96,11 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
           contextModeChanging: this._contextModeChanging,
         });
       },
+      isBridgeEntryAllowed: () =>
+        bridgeEntryAllowed({
+          vesselsEnabled: !!this._dataManager?.isEnabled('ais-live-vessels'),
+          contextModeChanging: this._contextModeChanging,
+        }),
       publish: this.publishCockpit,
       isUtilityDisclosureOpen: () => !!this.readUtilityDisclosureOpen?.(),
       onEntered: () => this.enterPanels(),
@@ -129,15 +137,21 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
     return Boolean(layerId) && !!this._dataManager?.isEnabled(layerId);
   }
   /**
-   * Make the ridden aircraft's layer the user's own while Contacts is on.
-   * Contacts may have turned that layer on, and it releases the layers it
-   * owns when it goes off; the Cockpit must outlive Contacts, so riding an
-   * aircraft adopts its layer as a direct selection does. Contacts then stops
-   * owning it and the Context restore keeps it (session `userAdded`).
-   * @param {string|null} layerId The ridden aircraft's layer.
+   * Make the ridden layer the user's own while Contacts is on. Contacts may
+   * have turned that layer on (an aircraft layer, or Live AIS Vessels), and
+   * it releases the layers it owns when it goes off; the Cockpit must outlive
+   * Contacts, so riding an aircraft or a vessel adopts its layer as a direct
+   * selection does. Contacts then stops owning it and the Context restore
+   * keeps it (session `userAdded`).
+   * @param {string|null} layerId The ridden aircraft's layer, or
+   *   'ais-live-vessels' on a bridge.
    */
   _adoptRiddenLayer(layerId) {
-    if (!COCKPIT_AIRCRAFT_LAYER_IDS.includes(layerId)) return;
+    if (
+      !COCKPIT_AIRCRAFT_LAYER_IDS.includes(layerId) &&
+      layerId !== 'ais-live-vessels'
+    )
+      return;
     if (!this._isLayerEnabled('military-awareness')) return;
     this._dataManager?.adoptLayerVisibility?.(layerId, true, {
       origin: 'user',
@@ -167,6 +181,11 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
     const snapshot = militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot?.();
     const info = this.cockpitView?.readAircraftInfo?.();
     const active = Boolean(this.cockpitView?.active);
+    // Voice enters aircraft only; a bridge in use is still reported as it is.
+    const vessel =
+      active && this.cockpitView?.subjectKind === 'vessel'
+        ? this.cockpitView.readVesselInfo?.()
+        : null;
     const gateOpen = Boolean(this.cockpitView?.isEntryAllowed?.());
     // "Could Cockpit be ENTERED right now" — so it is false while already
     // inside, unconditionally. Cockpit takes the entity off
@@ -195,13 +214,22 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
               ? 'subject-layer-off'
               : 'no-tracked-aircraft',
       visionMode: this.cockpitView?.visionMode || null,
-      subject: info
+      subject: vessel
         ? {
-            id: info.icao24 || info.id || null,
-            layerId: info.layerId || null,
-            callsign: info.callsign || null,
+            kind: 'vessel',
+            id: vessel.mmsi,
+            layerId: vessel.layerId,
+            callsign: null,
+            name: vessel.name,
           }
-        : null,
+        : info
+          ? {
+              kind: 'aircraft',
+              id: info.icao24 || info.id || null,
+              layerId: info.layerId || null,
+              callsign: info.callsign || null,
+            }
+          : null,
       navigation: snapshot
         ? {
             canPrevious: Boolean(snapshot.navigation?.canPrevious),
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
index 834f1866f..d7e8fd226 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ function fixture(
     services: {
       flightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: trackedFrom('flights') },
       militaryFlightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: trackedFrom('military') },
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer: { getCockpitSubject: () => null },
       militaryAwarenessLayer: { getContextSnapshot: () => null },
       isTr3b: () => false,
       holdContinuousRender() {},
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ function fixture(
   t.after(() => {
     coordinator.stop();
     app.unmount();
-    document.body.classList.remove('cockpit-mode');
+    document.body.classList.remove('cockpit-mode', 'cockpit-bridge');
   });
   /** Turn a layer off and tell the Context owner, as the data manager does. */
   const disable = (layerId) => {
@@ -157,6 +158,7 @@ test('a civilian aircraft enters with Live Flights alone: no Contacts, no Milita
   assert.equal(state.entryAllowed, true);
   assert.equal(state.entryBlockedReason, null);
   assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'aircraft');
 });
 
 test('a military aircraft enters with Military Flights alone', (t) => {
@@ -439,6 +441,22 @@ test('a ride handed to an aircraft on a layer Contacts turned on keeps that laye
   assert.deepEqual(on(manager), ['flights', 'military']);
 });
 
+test('a bridge ride keeps Live AIS Vessels when Contacts had turned it on', async (t) => {
+  const live = await liveFixture(t, {
+    tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
+  });
+  const { manager, controls, coordinator, settle } = live;
+  assert.equal(await controls._selectContextMode('flights'), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(manager.isEnabled('ais-live-vessels'), true);
+  // The bridge reports its layer on entry (cockpitBridge.test.mjs).
+  coordinator._adoptRiddenLayer('ais-live-vessels');
+  await controls._selectContextMode(null);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(controls.getContextModeState().mode, null);
+  assert.deepEqual(on(manager), ['ais-live-vessels']);
+});
+
 test('the ridden layer still ends the Cockpit while Contacts is on', async (t) => {
   const live = await liveFixture(t, {
     tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
@@ -465,3 +483,19 @@ test('without a Cockpit, ending Contacts restores the layers it found', async (t
   assert.equal(controls.getContextModeState().mode, null);
   assert.deepEqual(on(manager), [], 'Live Flights goes back off');
 });
+
+test('the readout entry reads BRIDGE for a selected vessel', async (t) => {
+  const { $, store } = fixture(t);
+  store.publishPresence({
+    active: false,
+    entryAvailable: true,
+    entryKind: 'vessel',
+    subjectKind: null,
+    tr3b: null,
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  const readoutEntry = $('#cockpit-entry-readout');
+  assert.equal(readoutEntry.hidden, false);
+  assert.match(readoutEntry.textContent, /directions_boat/);
+  assert.match(readoutEntry.textContent, /BRIDGE/);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
index 15b4207e1..a5c1146c2 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /** Route Cockpit keys while preserving the active disclosure and form-control owner. */
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { lookKeyStep } from '../cockpitLook.js';
 import { isPointerFree } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
 
 /** How far from the followed track a double-click may land, CSS pixels. */
@@ -22,14 +23,33 @@ export function doubleClickHitsSubject(
   return Number.isFinite(distance) && distance <= radiusPx;
 }
 
+/**
+ * How long the first press of a double-click keeps its picture of the track,
+ * ms: a click on a selected ship re-centres the camera, so the ship can move
+ * on screen before the second click lands.
+ */
+export const DOUBLE_CLICK_MEMORY_MS = 700;
+
 /** Where the track `kind` would ride is drawn now, as a world position. */
 function subjectWorldPosition(kind) {
-  if (kind !== 'aircraft') return null;
-  return (
-    this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position?.getValue?.(
-      this.viewer.clock?.currentTime,
-    ) ?? null
-  );
+  if (kind === 'aircraft') {
+    return (
+      this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position?.getValue?.(
+        this.viewer.clock?.currentTime,
+      ) ?? null
+    );
+  }
+  const info = this.readVesselInfo();
+  if (!Number.isFinite(info?.latitude) || !Number.isFinite(info?.longitude))
+    return null;
+  // The sprite floats on the geoid, not on the ellipsoid (tens of metres
+  // apart): project the height it is drawn at.
+  const heightM = Number.isFinite(info.markHeightM)
+    ? info.markHeightM
+    : Number.isFinite(info.seaSurfaceHeightM)
+      ? info.seaSurfaceHeightM
+      : 0;
+  return Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(info.longitude, info.latitude, heightM);
 }
 
 /** The followed track's canvas position now, or null off screen. */
@@ -44,21 +64,43 @@ function subjectCanvasPosition() {
   );
 }
 
+/**
+ * Note where the followed track is drawn as a press begins, for a
+ * double-click whose first click moves it. The second press of the gesture
+ * keeps the first one's picture: by then the first click may have moved it.
+ * @param {number} [nowMs]
+ */
+export function onScenePointerDown(nowMs = performance.now()) {
+  if (this.active || this.destroyed) return;
+  const start = this.doubleClickStart;
+  if (start && nowMs - start.atMs <= DOUBLE_CLICK_MEMORY_MS) return;
+  const at = subjectCanvasPosition.call(this);
+  this.doubleClickStart = at ? { x: at.x, y: at.y, atMs: nowMs } : null;
+}
+
 /**
  * Enter first person when the followed track itself is double-clicked: the
- * same entry, and the same gates, as C and the entry buttons. A
+ * same entry, and the same gates, as C and the entry buttons. The click may
+ * land where the track is drawn now or where it was as the gesture began. A
  * double-click anywhere else, or one a tool owns (drawing ends a shape with
  * one), is left alone.
  * @param {{x: number, y: number}|null|undefined} position Canvas position.
+ * @param {number} [nowMs]
  * @returns {boolean} True when it landed on the followed track, entered or
  *   refused by the gate: the caller does nothing else with it.
  */
-export function onSceneDoubleClick(position) {
+export function onSceneDoubleClick(position, nowMs = performance.now()) {
+  const start = this.doubleClickStart;
+  this.doubleClickStart = null;
   if (this.active || this.destroyed || !isPointerFree()) return false;
   if (!Number.isFinite(position?.x) || !Number.isFinite(position?.y))
     return false;
-  if (!doubleClickHitsSubject(position, subjectCanvasPosition.call(this)))
-    return false;
+  const hit =
+    doubleClickHitsSubject(position, subjectCanvasPosition.call(this)) ||
+    (Boolean(start) &&
+      nowMs - start.atMs <= DOUBLE_CLICK_MEMORY_MS &&
+      doubleClickHitsSubject(position, start));
+  if (!hit) return false;
   this.enter();
   return true;
 }
@@ -91,12 +133,55 @@ export function routeSceneDoubleClick() {
 }
 
 /**
- * The Cockpit's capture-phase keydown: Escape and C.
+ * Focus inside one of these keeps its arrows (and Home): text entry, sliders,
+ * tabs, radio groups, lists and menus all move with them.
+ */
+const LOOK_KEY_OWNERS = [
+  'input',
+  'textarea',
+  'select',
+  '[contenteditable]',
+  '[role=slider]',
+  '[role=tab]',
+  '[role=tablist]',
+  '[role=radio]',
+  '[role=radiogroup]',
+  '[role=listbox]',
+  '[role=menu]',
+  '[role=menuitem]',
+  '[role=option]',
+].join(', ');
+
+/**
+ * Turn the bridge view with the arrow keys (Shift for 45° steps) and bring
+ * it back over the bow with Home or 0. Only a bridge looks around, and only
+ * while focus is on the scene or a plain HUD button.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the key was taken.
+ */
+function handleLookKey(event) {
+  if (!this.active || this.subjectKind !== 'vessel') return false;
+  if (event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.altKey) return false;
+  const step = lookKeyStep(event.key, event.shiftKey);
+  const reset = !event.repeat && (event.key === 'Home' || event.key === '0');
+  if (!step && !reset) return false;
+  if (event.target?.closest?.(LOOK_KEY_OWNERS)) return false;
+  if (this.isUtilityDisclosureOpen?.()) return false;
+  event.preventDefault();
+  if (step) this.turnLook(step);
+  else this.lookAhead();
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The Cockpit's capture-phase keydown: Escape and C, and on a bridge the
+ * look-around keys.
  * @param {KeyboardEvent} event
  */
 export function onKeyDown(event) {
   if (this.destroyed) return false;
-  if (event.repeat || event.isComposing) return;
+  if (event.isComposing) return;
+  // Held arrows turn a bridge view smoothly; every other key acts once.
+  if (event.repeat && !lookKeyStep(event.key)) return;
   if (event.key === 'Escape' && this.active) {
     // The credit lightbox owns Escape while its Close control or links hold
     // focus. Its target handler closes the overlay and restores attribution
@@ -139,19 +224,28 @@ export function onKeyDown(event) {
   }
   if (event.target?.closest?.('input, textarea, select, [contenteditable]'))
     return;
+  if (handleLookKey.call(this, event)) return;
   const key = event.key?.toLowerCase();
   if (key === 'c' && !event.metaKey && !event.ctrlKey && !event.altKey) {
     if (!this.active) {
       const cockpitAttempt = !!(
         this.readAircraftInfo() && this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position
       );
-      if (!cockpitAttempt) return;
+      // With no tracked aircraft, C takes the selected vessel's bridge.
+      const bridgeAttempt = !cockpitAttempt && !!this.readVesselInfo();
+      if (!cockpitAttempt && !bridgeAttempt) return;
+      if (bridgeAttempt) {
+        event.preventDefault();
+        event.stopImmediatePropagation();
+        if (this.isBridgeEntryAllowed()) this.enter({ kind: 'vessel' });
+        return;
+      }
     }
     event.preventDefault();
     event.stopImmediatePropagation();
     if (!this.active && !this.isEntryAllowed()) return;
     if (this.active) this.exit();
-    else this.enter();
+    else this.enter({ kind: 'aircraft' });
     return;
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js b/src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js
index 90b553ea5..0ba28d89a 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js
@@ -52,15 +52,28 @@ function createRimState(value) {
  */
 export function createInstrumentState() {
   return {
+    // 'aircraft' or 'vessel': which readouts the HUD labels and shows.
+    kind: 'aircraft',
     layer: null,
     callsign: t('AIRCRAFT'),
     meta: { text: t('LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED'), emergency: false },
     speed: null,
     altitude: null,
+    // A vessel's course over ground, shown where an aircraft shows altitude.
+    course: null,
     heading: null,
+    // A vessel's `heading` readout is its true heading, or its course over
+    // ground when it reports none: 'heading' | 'course' | null.
+    trackSource: null,
     speedRim: createRimState('---'),
     altitudeRim: createRimState('-----'),
     compass: [],
+    // A bridge tape's bow (prograde) and stern (retrograde) marks, in
+    // division slots off its centre; null when off the tape or not a bridge.
+    compassMarkers: { prograde: null, retrograde: null },
+    // A bridge view turned off the bow: whether it is, the target yaw off
+    // the bow (degrees, -180..180, starboard positive) and its worded readout.
+    look: { offset: false, yawDeg: 0, readout: '' },
     clock: '--:--:--Z',
     position: '--° · --°',
   };
@@ -73,6 +86,8 @@ export function createInstrumentState() {
  */
 export function createRouteState() {
   return {
+    // A vessel's card shows only the free-text AIS destination.
+    kind: 'aircraft',
     visible: false,
     from: t('UNKNOWN'),
     to: t('UNKNOWN'),
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
index dc9964ff8..1d32a4cd4 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import {
   cockpitAltitudeDisplayFt,
   cockpitUiUpdateDue,
   compassDivisions,
+  compassMarkerSlot,
+  scrollingCompassDivisions,
   formatAltitudeRulerTick,
   formatCompassDivision,
   formatCockpitEmergency,
@@ -22,10 +24,23 @@ import {
 } from '../cockpitMath.js';
 import {
   COCKPIT_CONTEXT_UPDATE_MS,
+  cockpitUnitCase,
   compassPointLabel,
   formatCockpitCoordinate,
 } from './cockpitPresentation.js';
 import { createVisionState } from './cockpitInstrumentState.js';
+import { unitLabel } from './unitLabels.js';
+import {
+  VESSEL_BRIDGE_PITCH_DEG,
+  vesselCameraProfile,
+} from '../cockpitSubjects.js';
+import { lookIsOffset, lookReadoutParts, wrapLookYaw } from '../cockpitLook.js';
+import {
+  RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS,
+  radarPicture,
+  radarRangeM,
+  radarRangeNm,
+} from '../cockpitRadar.js';
 
 /** A transponder status name (src/data/aircraftEmergency.js) for the HUD. */
 const emergencyLabel = ({ name }) => t(name).toUpperCase();
@@ -68,20 +83,68 @@ export function publishInstrumentsView() {
     meta: { ...view.meta },
     speed: view.speed && { ...view.speed },
     altitude: view.altitude && { ...view.altitude },
+    course: view.course && { ...view.course },
     heading: view.heading && { ...view.heading },
     speedRim: rim(view.speedRim),
     altitudeRim: rim(view.altitudeRim),
     compass: view.compass.map((division) => ({ ...division })),
+    compassMarkers: { ...view.compassMarkers },
+    look: { ...view.look },
   });
 }
 
+/** Word a bridge look's readout parts (see `lookReadoutParts`). */
+function wordLook({ side, bearingDeg, elevation, angleDeg }) {
+  const bearing = formatHeadingReadout(bearingDeg);
+  const angle = formatNumber(angleDeg);
+  let direction = '';
+  if (side === 'starboard') direction = t('LOOK STBD {bearing}°', { bearing });
+  else if (side === 'port') direction = t('LOOK PORT {bearing}°', { bearing });
+  else if (side === 'astern') direction = t('LOOK ASTERN');
+  let tilt = '';
+  if (elevation === 'up') tilt = t('UP {angle}°', { angle });
+  else if (elevation === 'down') tilt = t('DOWN {angle}°', { angle });
+  else if (elevation === 'level') tilt = t('LEVEL');
+  if (direction && tilt)
+    return t('{direction} · {elevation}', { direction, elevation: tilt });
+  if (tilt) return t('LOOK {elevation}', { elevation: tilt });
+  return direction;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Present the bridge look target: whether the view is turned off the bow,
+ * its yaw for the radar and its worded readout. Outside a bridge the look
+ * always rests. The caller publishes.
+ */
+export function presentLook() {
+  const target = this.lookTarget;
+  const offset =
+    this.active &&
+    this.subjectKind === 'vessel' &&
+    lookIsOffset(target, VESSEL_BRIDGE_PITCH_DEG);
+  this.instruments.look = offset
+    ? {
+        offset: true,
+        yawDeg: wrapLookYaw(target.yawDeg),
+        readout: wordLook(lookReadoutParts(target, VESSEL_BRIDGE_PITCH_DEG)),
+      }
+    : { offset: false, yawDeg: 0, readout: '' };
+}
+
 export function updateHud(
   info,
   nowMs = performance.now(),
   forceContext = false,
 ) {
+  if (info?.kind === 'vessel') {
+    updateVesselHud.call(this, info, nowMs, forceContext);
+    return;
+  }
   this.lastAircraftInfo = info;
   const view = this.instruments;
+  view.kind = 'aircraft';
+  view.trackSource = null;
+  view.course = null;
   const heading = normalizeHeading(this.heading ?? info.track ?? 0);
   view.callsign =
     info.callsign || info.registration || info.icao24 || t('AIRCRAFT');
@@ -128,6 +191,7 @@ export function updateHud(
     slot: index - 3,
     label: compassPointLabel(formatCompassDivision(division)),
   }));
+  view.compassMarkers = { prograde: null, retrograde: null };
   view.clock = new Date().toISOString().slice(11, 19) + 'Z';
   const lat = Number.isFinite(info.latitude)
     ? formatCockpitCoordinate(info.latitude, 'N', 'S')
@@ -175,6 +239,153 @@ export function updateHud(
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Present the bridge readouts: speed and course over ground, true heading,
+ * the vessel type and its assumed eye height. Contact navigation and Live
+ * Signals stay aircraft-only, so the Contact card is withdrawn.
+ */
+function updateVesselHud(info, nowMs, forceContext) {
+  this.lastAircraftInfo = info;
+  const view = this.instruments;
+  view.kind = 'vessel';
+  view.trackSource = info.trackSource ?? null;
+  // A ship reporting neither heading nor course has no heading to read out
+  // and no bow to mark; the tape still follows the camera.
+  const headingKnown = Number.isFinite(info.track);
+  const cameraHeading = normalizeHeading(this.heading ?? info.track ?? 0);
+  const heading = headingKnown ? cameraHeading : null;
+  view.callsign = info.name;
+  const speedKt = Number.isFinite(info.speedKt)
+    ? Math.max(0, info.speedKt)
+    : null;
+  view.speed = {
+    text: formatSpeedRulerTick(speedKt),
+    value: speedKt,
+    immediate: forceContext,
+  };
+  view.speedRim.unavailable = speedKt === null;
+  view.speedRim.value = formatSpeedRulerTick(speedKt);
+  placeRimTicks(
+    view.speedRim.ticks,
+    speedRulerTicks(speedKt, view.speedRim.ticks.length),
+    (tick) => formatSpeedRulerTick(tick.valueKt),
+  );
+  view.altitude = null;
+  view.altitudeRim.unavailable = true;
+  const course = Number.isFinite(info.course)
+    ? normalizeHeading(info.course)
+    : null;
+  view.course = {
+    text: formatHeadingReadout(course),
+    value: course,
+    immediate: forceContext,
+  };
+  view.heading = {
+    text: formatHeadingReadout(heading),
+    value: heading,
+    immediate: forceContext,
+  };
+  // Looking around turns the tape with the camera; the readout above it
+  // keeps the ship's heading, and the bow and stern marks stay on the ship.
+  const viewHeading = normalizeHeading(
+    cameraHeading + (this.lookView?.yawDeg ?? 0),
+  );
+  // The tape scrolls continuously, so the caret reads the view's exact
+  // heading and the marks sit at their true bearings from it.
+  view.compass = scrollingCompassDivisions(viewHeading).map((division) => ({
+    slot: division.slot,
+    heading: division.heading,
+    active: division.nearest,
+    label: compassPointLabel(formatCompassDivision(division.heading)),
+  }));
+  view.compassMarkers = headingKnown
+    ? {
+        prograde: compassMarkerSlot(heading, viewHeading),
+        retrograde: compassMarkerSlot(heading + 180, viewHeading),
+      }
+    : { prograde: null, retrograde: null };
+  view.clock = new Date().toISOString().slice(11, 19) + 'Z';
+  view.position = `${formatCockpitCoordinate(info.latitude, 'N', 'S')} · ${formatCockpitCoordinate(info.longitude, 'E', 'W')}`;
+  const eyeHeightM = vesselCameraProfile(info).upM;
+  view.meta.text = t('{vesselType} · {feedState} · EYE {height}', {
+    vesselType: info.typeLabel || t('VESSEL'),
+    feedState: info.stale ? t('STALE FEED') : t('LIVE AIS'),
+    height: `${formatNumber(Math.round(eyeHeightM))} ${cockpitUnitCase(unitLabel('m'))}`,
+  });
+  view.meta.emergency = false;
+  view.layer = info.layerId;
+  // Reworded here too, so a language switch reaches the look readout.
+  this.presentLook();
+  this.publishInstrumentsView();
+  updateVesselRoute.call(this, info);
+  if (
+    forceContext ||
+    cockpitUiUpdateDue(
+      nowMs,
+      this.lastContextUpdateMs,
+      COCKPIT_CONTEXT_UPDATE_MS,
+    )
+  ) {
+    this.lastContextUpdateMs = nowMs;
+    this.updateLocalPosition(info);
+    this.maybeRefreshRegionalBrief(info);
+    this.updateRadar(info);
+    this.showContextCard(false);
+    this.pushCockpitSignal(
+      'context-status',
+      'info',
+      t('CONTACT NAVIGATION OFF'),
+      t('THE BRIDGE STAYS WITH THE SELECTED VESSEL'),
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Publish the bridge radar: nearby AIS vessels drawn heading-up from the
+ * camera's current heading, within the chosen range.
+ * @param {object} info The vessel subject (`readVesselInfo`).
+ */
+export function updateRadar(info) {
+  const layer = this.services.aisLiveVesselsLayer;
+  if (!info || typeof layer?.getRadarContacts !== 'function') {
+    this.publishRadar(null);
+    return;
+  }
+  const rangeNm = radarRangeNm(this.radarRangeNm);
+  const contacts = layer.getRadarContacts(
+    info.latitude,
+    info.longitude,
+    radarRangeM(rangeNm),
+    RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS,
+  );
+  const picture = radarPicture(
+    {
+      latitude: info.latitude,
+      longitude: info.longitude,
+      headingDeg: normalizeHeading(this.heading ?? info.track ?? 0),
+      courseDeg: info.course,
+    },
+    contacts,
+    rangeNm,
+  );
+  this.publishRadar({
+    ...picture,
+    rangeLabel: t('{range} NM', { range: formatNumber(rangeNm) }),
+  });
+}
+
+/** Show the AIS voyage destination; it is crew-entered text, not a place. */
+function updateVesselRoute(info) {
+  const route = this.routeView;
+  route.kind = 'vessel';
+  route.from = '';
+  route.to = info.destination || t('UNKNOWN');
+  route.status = t('AIS DESTINATION · CREW REPORTED');
+  route.visible = Boolean(info.destination);
+  // No coordinates, so no arrow; clearing also publishes the card.
+  this.clearPredictiveRoute();
+}
+
 /** Publish the route card and destination arrow when either changed. */
 export function publishRouteView() {
   const signature = JSON.stringify(this.routeView);
@@ -188,6 +399,7 @@ export function publishRouteView() {
 
 export function updateRoute(info) {
   const route = this.routeView;
+  route.kind = 'aircraft';
   const origin = info?.route?.origin;
   const destination = info?.route?.destination;
   const validDestination =
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
index b56a81892..d6088d559 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
@@ -146,16 +146,18 @@ export function formatCockpitWindDirection(value) {
 }
 
 /**
- * The Cockpit entry for each subject it can ride: an aircraft's cockpit.
- * Both entry buttons (Contacts and the Intel HUD readout) show it.
+ * The Cockpit entry for each subject it can ride: an aircraft's cockpit or a
+ * vessel's bridge. Both entry buttons (Contacts and
+ * the Intel HUD readout) show it.
  */
 const COCKPIT_ENTRY_FACES = Object.freeze({
   aircraft: Object.freeze({ icon: 'flight', label: msg('COCKPIT') }),
+  vessel: Object.freeze({ icon: 'directions_boat', label: msg('BRIDGE') }),
 });
 
 /**
  * The entry's glyph and localized label for the subject it would ride.
- * @param {'aircraft'|null|undefined} kind
+ * @param {'aircraft'|'vessel'|null|undefined} kind
  * @returns {{icon: string, label: string}}
  */
 export function cockpitEntryFace(kind) {
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
index 8675f3908..38a24ef8a 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
@@ -6,6 +6,12 @@ import {
   resolveTrackedAircraftInfo,
 } from '../cockpitMath.js';
 
+/** The camera's own heading in degrees, or 0 when it has none. */
+function cameraHeadingDeg(camera) {
+  const heading = camera?.heading;
+  return Number.isFinite(heading) ? (heading * 180) / Math.PI : 0;
+}
+
 export function readAircraftInfo() {
   // In cockpit mode the controller takes the entity off `viewer.trackedEntity`
   // (see update()), so the cockpit's own handle is the tracked identity there.
@@ -17,14 +23,20 @@ export function readAircraftInfo() {
   });
 }
 
+/** The selected vessel the bridge view would ride, or rides; null without one. */
+export function readVesselInfo() {
+  return this.services.aisLiveVesselsLayer?.getCockpitSubject?.() || null;
+}
+
 /**
- * The layer the active view rides: the aircraft's own layer. It is read from
- * the tracked entity's id once the layer has dropped its tracking, so a layer
- * turned off still names itself.
- * @returns {'flights'|'military'|null}
+ * The layer the active view rides: Live AIS Vessels on a bridge, else the
+ * aircraft's own layer. It is read from the tracked entity's id once the
+ * layer has dropped its tracking, so a layer turned off still names itself.
+ * @returns {'flights'|'military'|'ais-live-vessels'|null}
  */
 export function readSubjectLayerId() {
   if (!this.active) return null;
+  if (this.subjectKind === 'vessel') return 'ais-live-vessels';
   const layerId = this.readAircraftInfo()?.layerId;
   if (layerId) return layerId;
   const [prefix] = String(this.trackedEntity?.gevTrackedId || '').split(':');
@@ -32,23 +44,26 @@ export function readSubjectLayerId() {
 }
 
 /**
- * The subject entry would take: a Cesium-tracked aircraft.
- * @returns {'aircraft'|null}
+ * The subject entry would take: a Cesium-tracked aircraft first, else the
+ * selected vessel. Vessels never take Cesium tracking, so an aircraft and a
+ * vessel cannot be live through the same owner.
+ * @returns {'aircraft'|'vessel'|null}
  */
 export function resolveEntryKind() {
-  return this.readAircraftInfo() && this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position
-    ? 'aircraft'
-    : null;
+  if (this.readAircraftInfo() && this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position)
+    return 'aircraft';
+  return this.readVesselInfo() ? 'vessel' : null;
 }
 
 export function dispatchCockpitModeChanged(active, info = null) {
   const subjectId = active
-    ? String(info?.icao24 || '')
+    ? String(info?.icao24 || info?.mmsi || '')
         .trim()
         .toLowerCase() || null
     : null;
   const layerId =
-    active && ['flights', 'military'].includes(info?.layerId)
+    active &&
+    ['flights', 'military', 'ais-live-vessels'].includes(info?.layerId)
       ? info.layerId
       : null;
   window.dispatchEvent(
@@ -103,17 +118,29 @@ export function syncEntry() {
   const info = this.readAircraftInfo();
   const trackedContact = !!(info && this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position);
   this.syncTr3bToggle(trackedContact ? info : null);
-  const available = !!(this.isEntryAllowed() && trackedContact);
+  const bridgeContact = !trackedContact && !!this.readVesselInfo();
+  let entryKind = null;
+  if (trackedContact) entryKind = this.isEntryAllowed() ? 'aircraft' : null;
+  else if (bridgeContact)
+    entryKind = this.isBridgeEntryAllowed() ? 'vessel' : null;
+  const available = entryKind !== null;
   // Change-only publishes: this runs on a preUpdate cadence, and a fresh
   // presence every frame would re-render the views even when nothing
   // changed. (perf item 9)
-  if (this.presence.entryAvailable === available) return;
+  if (
+    this.presence.entryAvailable === available &&
+    this.presence.entryKind === entryKind
+  )
+    return;
   this.presence.entryAvailable = available;
+  this.presence.entryKind = entryKind;
   this.publishPresenceView();
 }
 
 export function navigateContext(direction, options = {}) {
   if (this.destroyed) return false;
+  // Contact navigation moves between aircraft; a bridge does not jump ship.
+  if (this.subjectKind === 'vessel') return false;
   const method = direction < 0 ? 'navigatePrevious' : 'navigateNext';
   const wasActive = this.active;
   if (wasActive) this.contextNavigationDeadlineMs = performance.now() + 1500;
@@ -132,6 +159,9 @@ export function navigateContext(direction, options = {}) {
 }
 
 export function _adoptTrackedEntity(nowMs, suppliedInfo = null) {
+  // An aircraft tracked from the bridge ends it (see the vessel camera
+  // update); it is never adopted as the bridge's subject.
+  if (this.subjectKind === 'vessel') return false;
   const nextEntity = this.viewer.trackedEntity;
   if (
     !this.active ||
@@ -160,13 +190,24 @@ export function _adoptTrackedEntity(nowMs, suppliedInfo = null) {
   return true;
 }
 
-export function enter() {
+/**
+ * Enter first person on a tracked aircraft or, with none tracked, the
+ * selected vessel's bridge.
+ * @param {{kind?: 'aircraft'|'vessel'|null}} [options] Restrict
+ *   entry to one subject kind; voice entry is aircraft-only.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the view was entered.
+ */
+export function enter({ kind = null } = {}) {
   if (this.destroyed) return false;
   if (this.active) return false;
-  if (!this.isEntryAllowed()) return false;
-  const info = this.readAircraftInfo();
-  const entity = this.viewer.trackedEntity;
-  if (!info || !entity?.position) return false;
+  const subjectKind = kind ?? this.resolveEntryKind() ?? 'aircraft';
+  const vessel = subjectKind === 'vessel';
+  const allowed = vessel ? this.isBridgeEntryAllowed() : this.isEntryAllowed();
+  if (!allowed) return false;
+  const info = vessel ? this.readVesselInfo() : this.readAircraftInfo();
+  // Only an aircraft is ridden through its Cesium entity.
+  const entity = vessel ? null : this.viewer.trackedEntity;
+  if (!info || (!vessel && !entity?.position)) return false;
   this.entryFocusOrigin =
     document.activeElement instanceof HTMLElement
       ? document.activeElement
@@ -174,10 +215,26 @@ export function enter() {
   // Retire deferred navigation before cancelFlight can run its callbacks.
   this.onCameraTakeover?.();
   this.viewer.camera.cancelFlight();
+  this.subjectKind = subjectKind;
+  // Each session reads its own water: never a height left from the last.
+  this.vesselWaterline = null;
+  this.subjectId = vessel ? info.mmsi : null;
   this.trackedEntity = entity;
-  this.trackedEntityWasShown = entity.show;
-  entity.show = false;
-  this.heading = normalizeHeading(info.track ?? 0);
+  if (entity) {
+    this.trackedEntityWasShown = entity.show;
+    entity.show = false;
+  } else {
+    this.services.aisLiveVesselsLayer?.setCockpitSubject?.(info.mmsi);
+  }
+  // A ship reporting neither heading nor course keeps the camera's own
+  // heading: no direction is made up for it.
+  this.heading = normalizeHeading(
+    Number.isFinite(info.track)
+      ? info.track
+      : vessel
+        ? cameraHeadingDeg(this.viewer.camera)
+        : 0,
+  );
   this.lastFrameMs = performance.now();
   this.lastCameraUpdateMs = 0;
   this.lastHudUpdateMs = 0;
@@ -189,6 +246,8 @@ export function enter() {
   this.surfaceFallback = false;
   this.cockpitAnchorValid = false;
   this.lastCameraUpdateMs = 0;
+  // Every bridge opens looking over the bow.
+  this.resetLook({ immediate: true });
   this.active = true;
   // Cockpit animates the camera from preUpdate every frame — preUpdate only
   // runs on rendered frames, so idle mode would freeze the cockpit solid.
@@ -197,31 +256,58 @@ export function enter() {
   this.viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
   this.viewer.scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableInputs = false;
   document.body.classList.add('cockpit-mode');
+  // Bridge styling reaches surfaces outside the HUD (exit row, side panels).
+  if (vessel) document.body.classList.add('cockpit-bridge');
   // Activation hides the entry and TR-3B chip; clearing the chip's signature
   // lets the exit-path syncEntry publish it again.
   this._tr3bSignature = null;
   Object.assign(this.presence, {
     active: true,
     entryAvailable: false,
+    entryKind: null,
+    subjectKind,
     tr3b: null,
   });
   this.publishPresenceView();
+  // Only a bridge has a radar.
+  if (!vessel) this.publishRadar(null);
   this.signalItems = [];
   this.signalSignatures.clear();
   this.showBriefPage(0);
   this.startBriefRotation();
-  const trackLabel =
-    info.callsign || info.registration || info.icao24 || t('AIRCRAFT');
   const trackHeading = formatHeadingReadout(info.track ?? 0);
-  this.pushCockpitSignal(
-    'track',
-    'track',
-    t('TRACK ACQUIRED'),
-    t('{label} · COURSE {heading}°', {
-      label: trackLabel,
-      heading: trackHeading,
-    }),
-  );
+  if (vessel) {
+    this.pushCockpitSignal(
+      'track',
+      'track',
+      t('TRACK ACQUIRED'),
+      // A ship with no true heading is held on its course over ground; one
+      // with neither is named without a direction.
+      info.trackSource === 'course'
+        ? t('{label} · COURSE {heading}°', {
+            label: info.name,
+            heading: trackHeading,
+          })
+        : info.trackSource === 'heading'
+          ? t('{label} · HEADING {heading}°', {
+              label: info.name,
+              heading: trackHeading,
+            })
+          : t('{label} · NO HEADING', { label: info.name }),
+    );
+  } else {
+    const trackLabel =
+      info.callsign || info.registration || info.icao24 || t('AIRCRAFT');
+    this.pushCockpitSignal(
+      'track',
+      'track',
+      t('TRACK ACQUIRED'),
+      t('{label} · COURSE {heading}°', {
+        label: trackLabel,
+        heading: trackHeading,
+      }),
+    );
+  }
   this.updateHud(info, performance.now(), true);
   this.setVisionMode(this.getInitialVisionMode());
   this.scheduleContextLayout();
@@ -239,10 +325,15 @@ export function enter() {
 export function exit({ restoreTracking = true } = {}) {
   if (!this.active) return false;
   const entity = this.trackedEntity;
+  const vesselSubject = this.subjectKind === 'vessel' ? this.subjectId : null;
   this.active = false;
+  this.subjectKind = null;
+  this.vesselWaterline = null;
+  this.subjectId = null;
   this.services.releaseContinuousRender('cockpit');
   this.trackedEntity = null;
   this.heading = null;
+  this.resetLook({ immediate: true });
   this.cockpitAnchorValid = false;
   this.surfaceWaitStartedMs = 0;
   this.surfaceAcquiring = false;
@@ -255,22 +346,29 @@ export function exit({ restoreTracking = true } = {}) {
   this.regionalBriefAbort = null;
   this.regionalBriefRequestToken += 1;
   this.regionalBriefSubjectId = null;
-  document.body.classList.remove('cockpit-mode');
+  document.body.classList.remove('cockpit-mode', 'cockpit-bridge');
   this.onExited?.();
   this.publishUtilityLayout(null);
   this.presence.active = false;
+  this.presence.subjectKind = null;
   this.publishPresenceView();
   this.routeView.visible = false;
   this.clearPredictiveRoute();
+  this.publishRadar(null);
   this.setVisionMode('optical');
   this.viewer.scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableInputs = true;
   if (entity && this.viewer.entities.contains(entity))
     entity.show = this.trackedEntityWasShown;
   this.trackedEntityWasShown = true;
+  if (vesselSubject)
+    this.services.aisLiveVesselsLayer?.setCockpitSubject?.(null);
   this.dispatchCockpitModeChanged(false);
   if (restoreTracking && entity && this.viewer.entities.contains(entity)) {
     this.viewer.trackedEntity = entity;
     this.restoreTrackingFrame(entity);
+  } else if (restoreTracking && vesselSubject) {
+    // Back to the selected vessel's map view, through the layer's own focus.
+    this.services.aisLiveVesselsLayer?.focusSelectedVessel?.();
   }
   this.syncEntry();
   // Back to whichever entry was used: the Contacts button or the readout's.
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js b/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
index 03f38f911..2f4bfdb08 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
@@ -34,7 +34,13 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
     context.value = next && markRaw(next);
   }
 
-  /** The presented instruments; null until the first HUD update. */
+  /**
+   * The presented instruments; null until the first HUD update. Besides the
+   * readouts, `look: { offset, yawDeg, readout }` says whether a bridge view
+   * is turned off the bow, the yaw it is turned to (degrees in -180..180,
+   * starboard positive; the radar draws its look line there) and the worded
+   * readout. An aircraft's look always rests (`offset: false`).
+   */
   const instruments = shallowRef(null);
 
   /** @param {?object} next A fresh presentation of the instruments. */
@@ -66,6 +72,21 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
     signals.value = next && markRaw(next);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The bridge radar: null outside a vessel bridge. Shape:
+   * `{ rangeNm, rangeLabel, ringsNm: number[], headingDeg,
+   *    ownRelativeCourseDeg|null,
+   *    contacts: [{ id, name, x, y, distanceNm, relativeBearingDeg,
+   *    relativeCourseDeg|null, color, stale }] }` where x/y are heading-up
+   * screen fractions in [-1, 1] (x right, y up) of the range circle.
+   */
+  const radar = shallowRef(null);
+
+  /** @param {?object} next A fresh presentation of the bridge radar. */
+  function publishRadar(next) {
+    radar.value = next && markRaw(next);
+  }
+
   /**
    * The utility strip's measured layout: its top and height limits as CSS
    * lengths (null leaves the stylesheet's), whether only the expanded control
@@ -101,6 +122,8 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
     publishVision,
     signals,
     publishSignals,
+    radar,
+    publishRadar,
     utilityLayout,
     publishUtilityLayout,
   };
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
index d7ad845b6..ae842d593 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
@@ -283,6 +283,10 @@ body.cockpit-mode:has(#left-panel-stack > .panel-collapsible:not(.collapsed))
   color: var(--cockpit-accent);
   opacity: 0.9;
 }
+/* A bridge has no altitude tape; course over ground replaces the readout. */
+#cockpit-altitude-rim[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
 .cockpit-altitude-rim-label {
   position: absolute;
   top: 20%;
@@ -2249,3 +2253,453 @@ body.cockpit-mode #intel-hud .hud-right-edge {
     animation: none;
   }
 }
+
+/* Ship bridge
+   A vessel's bridge reads as a wheelhouse window rather than an aircraft
+   visor: straight mullions, a straight speed tape and heading tape, square
+   panels, and a radar console in the bottom-right corner. Every rule is
+   scoped to the bridge, so the aircraft cockpit keeps its keyhole. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
+  --cockpit-radar-size: 240px;
+  --cockpit-radar-label-height: 28px;
+  --cockpit-radar-right: clamp(24px, 4vw, 58px);
+  /* Above the position readout, which sits above the language picker. */
+  --cockpit-radar-bottom: calc(max(clamp(22px, 4vh, 42px), 3.5rem) + 40px);
+  /* From the viewport bottom to clear above the console (border + gap). */
+  --cockpit-radar-clearance: calc(
+    var(--cockpit-radar-bottom) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) +
+      var(--cockpit-radar-label-height) + 14px
+  );
+}
+:root[data-ui-theme='cyber'] #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
+  --cockpit-radar-right: 30px;
+}
+:root[data-ui-theme='cyber'] #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']::before {
+  clip-path: none;
+}
+:root:not([data-ui-theme='cyber']) body.cockpit-bridge {
+  --panel-radius: 2px;
+  --btn-radius: 2px;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-bridge-frame {
+  display: block;
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 32%, transparent);
+  stroke-width: 1;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-bridge-frame path {
+  vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-reticle {
+  width: 36px;
+  height: 14px;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 0;
+  color: transparent;
+  background:
+    linear-gradient(var(--cockpit-accent), var(--cockpit-accent)) 50% 0 / 1px
+      100% no-repeat,
+    linear-gradient(90deg, var(--cockpit-accent), var(--cockpit-accent)) 0 50% /
+      100% 1px no-repeat;
+  font-size: 0;
+  box-shadow: none;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-reticle::before,
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-reticle::after {
+  display: none;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-horizon-guide {
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-horizon-guide span,
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-visor-status {
+  transform: none;
+}
+
+/* Speed over ground: a straight vertical tape beside the left pane post. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-speed-rim {
+  top: 22vh;
+  right: auto;
+  left: calc(27vw + 14px);
+  width: 150px;
+  height: 46vh;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-label {
+  top: 0;
+  right: auto;
+  left: 0;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  :is(.cockpit-altitude-rim-rail, .cockpit-altitude-rim-scale) {
+  inset: 18px 0 0;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-rail {
+  background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.3), transparent 70%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-rail::before {
+  top: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  width: 0;
+  height: auto;
+  border: 0;
+  border-left: 2px solid
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 72%, transparent);
+  border-radius: 0;
+  box-shadow: -3px 0 12px
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 18%, transparent);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-scale
+  > span {
+  left: 2px;
+  transform: translateY(-50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-pointer {
+  z-index: 1;
+  top: calc(50% + 9px);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-pointer
+  strong {
+  min-width: 0;
+  padding: 2px 5px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--cockpit-accent);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.78);
+}
+
+/* Heading: a straight horizontal tape under flat readouts. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass {
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] :is(.cockpit-speed, .cockpit-altitude) {
+  transform: none;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape {
+  height: 44px;
+  margin-top: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  /* The minor ticks below scroll by a fraction of the tape's width. */
+  container-type: inline-size;
+  transform-style: flat;
+  -webkit-mask-image: linear-gradient(
+    90deg,
+    transparent,
+    #000 12% 88%,
+    transparent
+  );
+  mask-image: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #000 12% 88%, transparent);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape::before {
+  inset: 0 0 auto;
+  height: 26px;
+  border-top: 1px solid
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 78%, transparent);
+  border-bottom: 1px solid
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 22%, transparent);
+  border-radius: 0;
+  /* Minor ticks every 10 degrees, centred on the 30-degree divisions. */
+  background:
+    linear-gradient(
+        90deg,
+        transparent calc(50% - 0.5px),
+        color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 46%, transparent)
+          calc(50% - 0.5px) calc(50% + 0.5px),
+        transparent calc(50% + 0.5px)
+      )
+      50% 0 / calc(14% / 3) 6px repeat-x,
+    rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.34);
+  /* Scrolled with the divisions (--tape-shift slots of 14% each). */
+  background-position:
+    calc(50% + var(--tape-shift, 0) * 14cqw) 0,
+    0 0;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape span {
+  top: 0;
+  left: calc(50% + (var(--slot) * 14%));
+  font-size: 11px;
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape span::before {
+  height: 10px;
+  margin: 0 auto 5px;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape span.active {
+  font-size: 15px;
+}
+/* The tape follows the look; the bow (prograde: a ring and centre dot) and
+   stern (retrograde: a ring and cross) marks sit under it at the ship's
+   heading and its reciprocal. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-marker {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 30px;
+  left: calc(50% + (var(--slot) * 14%));
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  width: 11px;
+  height: 11px;
+  border: 1.5px solid var(--cockpit-accent);
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-marker::before,
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::after {
+  content: '';
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 50%;
+  left: 50%;
+  background: var(--cockpit-accent);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-prograde::before {
+  width: 3px;
+  height: 3px;
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::before,
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::after {
+  width: 1.5px;
+  height: 9px;
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(45deg);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::after {
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(-45deg);
+}
+
+/* Square panels and buttons. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  :is(
+    .cockpit-vision-controls,
+    .cockpit-vision-controls button,
+    .cockpit-card-actions button,
+    .cockpit-utility-glyph,
+    .cockpit-radio-transport button,
+    .cockpit-route-direction small,
+    #cockpit-brief-auto
+  ) {
+  border-radius: 2px;
+}
+body.cockpit-bridge #view-switcher button {
+  border-radius: 2px;
+}
+
+/* The briefing card sits flat and shorter, above the radar console. Its top
+   leaves the utility strip room below the REC readout. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-signal-window {
+  bottom: var(--cockpit-radar-clearance);
+  max-height: max(
+    44px,
+    min(30vh, 280px, calc(100vh - var(--cockpit-radar-clearance) - 290px))
+  );
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  transform: none;
+}
+/* Cyber anchors the card's top from the layout pass; bound its height. */
+:root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-signal-window {
+  bottom: auto;
+  max-height: max(
+    44px,
+    min(
+      30vh,
+      280px,
+      calc(
+        100vh - var(--cockpit-signal-top, clamp(255px, 28vh, 300px)) -
+          var(--cockpit-radar-clearance)
+      )
+    )
+  );
+  clip-path: none;
+}
+
+/* The radar console: CockpitRadar fills it, label row included. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-console {
+  position: absolute;
+  z-index: 4;
+  right: var(--cockpit-radar-right);
+  bottom: var(--cockpit-radar-bottom);
+  display: grid;
+  width: var(--cockpit-radar-size);
+  height: calc(var(--cockpit-radar-size) + var(--cockpit-radar-label-height));
+  overflow: hidden;
+  border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 30%, transparent);
+  border-top-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 64%, transparent);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.68);
+  box-shadow:
+    inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04),
+    0 0 28px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);
+  backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
+  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-radar-console:has(> .cockpit-radar[hidden]) {
+  display: none;
+}
+:root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-radar-console {
+  border-color: rgba(105, 203, 209, 0.34);
+  border-top-color: rgba(196, 84, 84, 0.82);
+  background:
+    linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(105, 203, 209, 0.07), transparent 38%),
+    rgba(8, 23, 27, 0.78);
+}
+
+@media (min-width: 761px) {
+  /* The heading tape narrows to stay clear of the console. */
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass {
+    width: min(
+      760px,
+      72vw,
+      calc(
+        100vw - 2 *
+          (var(--cockpit-radar-right) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) + 24px)
+      )
+    );
+  }
+  :root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
+    #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+    .cockpit-compass {
+    width: min(
+      650px,
+      56vw,
+      calc(
+        100vw - 2 *
+          (var(--cockpit-radar-right) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) + 24px)
+      )
+    );
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 761px) and (min-height: 601px) {
+  /* The console takes the intel HUD's bottom-right corner. */
+  body.cockpit-bridge #intel-hud .hud-bottom-right {
+    display: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1280px), (max-height: 820px) {
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
+    --cockpit-radar-size: 192px;
+    --cockpit-radar-label-height: 24px;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 960px) {
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
+    --cockpit-radar-size: 152px;
+    --cockpit-radar-label-height: 22px;
+  }
+}
+/* Too small for a console: the briefing card returns to its usual place. */
+@media (max-width: 760px), (max-height: 600px) {
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
+    --cockpit-radar-clearance: var(--cockpit-bottom-rail-safe);
+  }
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-console {
+    display: none;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Look around: the readout and LOOK AHEAD control sit beside the radar
+   console, out of the forward view, while the view is turned off the bow;
+   the radar scope draws the matching look line. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look {
+  position: absolute;
+  right: calc(var(--cockpit-radar-right) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) + 14px);
+  bottom: var(--cockpit-radar-bottom);
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  align-items: flex-end;
+  gap: 6px;
+  opacity: 0.78;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look:focus-within,
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look:hover {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+/* Without the console, the controls take its corner. */
+@media (max-width: 760px), (max-height: 600px) {
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look {
+    right: var(--cockpit-radar-right);
+  }
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-readout {
+  padding: 2px 6px;
+  border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 46%, transparent);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.62);
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent);
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 11px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-ahead {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 4px;
+  padding: 3px 8px;
+  border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 64%, transparent);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.78);
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-size: 10px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-ahead:hover {
+  border-color: var(--cockpit-accent);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-ahead:focus-visible {
+  outline: 2px solid var(--cockpit-accent);
+  outline-offset: 2px;
+}
+/* A narrow wedge from own ship with a line along its centre, eased with the
+   camera's turn. Both point up (ahead) before rotation. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-look {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: conic-gradient(
+    from -6deg,
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 18%, transparent) 0deg 12deg,
+    transparent 12deg
+  );
+  pointer-events: none;
+  transition: transform 180ms ease-out;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-look::before {
+  position: absolute;
+  bottom: 50%;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: 0;
+  height: 50%;
+  border-left: 1px dashed
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 80%, transparent);
+  content: '';
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-look {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2377c24ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+/* Bridge radar internals (src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRadar.vue). The
+   Cockpit view places and sizes the console; the radar fills it, with a
+   square scope as large as the smaller side allows. */
+.cockpit-radar {
+  --radar-line: color-mix(
+    in srgb,
+    var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 34%,
+    transparent
+  );
+  --radar-faint: color-mix(
+    in srgb,
+    var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 16%,
+    transparent
+  );
+  --radar-readout-height: 22px;
+  container-type: size;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  gap: 4px;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  min-width: 0;
+  min-height: 0;
+  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.82);
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 10px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+}
+.cockpit-radar[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+.cockpit-radar-scope {
+  position: relative;
+  flex: none;
+  width: min(100cqw, calc(100cqh - var(--radar-readout-height) - 4px));
+  aspect-ratio: 1;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  border: 1px solid var(--radar-line);
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: radial-gradient(
+    circle,
+    rgba(0, 24, 32, 0.72) 0%,
+    rgba(0, 9, 14, 0.82) 100%
+  );
+  box-shadow: inset 0 0 18px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
+}
+.cockpit-radar-ring,
+.cockpit-radar-sweep,
+.cockpit-radar-own,
+.cockpit-radar-contact {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 50%;
+  left: 50%;
+}
+.cockpit-radar-ring {
+  border: 1px solid var(--radar-faint);
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
+}
+.cockpit-radar-tick {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+}
+.cockpit-radar-tick::before {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: 1px;
+  height: 5px;
+  background: var(--radar-line);
+  content: '';
+}
+.cockpit-radar-tick-major::before {
+  height: 8px;
+  background: color-mix(
+    in srgb,
+    var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 62%,
+    transparent
+  );
+}
+.cockpit-radar-sweep {
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  margin: -50% 0 0 -50%;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  /* The bright edge leads clockwise; the trail fades behind it. */
+  background: conic-gradient(
+    transparent 0deg 270deg,
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 4%, transparent) 300deg,
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 26%, transparent) 357deg,
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 70%, transparent) 360deg
+  );
+  will-change: transform;
+}
+.cockpit-radar-heading-line {
+  position: absolute;
+  bottom: 50%;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: 1px;
+  height: 50%;
+  background: color-mix(
+    in srgb,
+    var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 72%,
+    transparent
+  );
+}
+.cockpit-radar-own {
+  width: 7px;
+  height: 7px;
+  margin: -3.5px 0 0 -3.5px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  border-radius: 1px;
+  background: rgba(0, 9, 14, 0.9);
+}
+.cockpit-radar-contact {
+  --radar-contact-color: #9fb3c8;
+  width: 5px;
+  height: 5px;
+  margin: -2.5px 0 0 -2.5px;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: var(--radar-contact-color);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 4px var(--radar-contact-color);
+  will-change: opacity;
+}
+.cockpit-radar-contact-stale {
+  border: 1px solid var(--radar-contact-color);
+  background: transparent;
+  box-shadow: none;
+}
+/* A course vector starts at the mark's centre and points along the course. */
+.cockpit-radar-vector {
+  position: absolute;
+  bottom: 50%;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: 1px;
+  height: 9px;
+  margin-left: -0.5px;
+  background: var(--radar-contact-color);
+  transform-origin: 50% 100%;
+}
+.cockpit-radar-own-vector {
+  height: 14px;
+  background: #f4fbff;
+}
+.cockpit-radar-readout {
+  display: flex;
+  flex: none;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 6px;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: var(--radar-readout-height);
+  overflow: hidden;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.cockpit-radar-range {
+  flex: none;
+  min-width: 44px;
+  height: 20px;
+  padding: 0 6px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--radar-line);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.6);
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+.cockpit-radar-range:hover,
+.cockpit-radar-range:focus-visible {
+  border-color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  color: #fff;
+  outline: none;
+}
+.cockpit-radar-rings,
+.cockpit-radar-count {
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+}
+.cockpit-radar-count {
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .cockpit-radar-sweep {
+    display: none;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/views/CockpitView.vue b/src/ui/views/CockpitView.vue
index 32f2166ee..0ec7e675a 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/CockpitView.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/CockpitView.vue
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { useCockpitStore } from '../stores/cockpit.js';
 import { useGlobeActionsStore } from '../stores/globeActions.js';
 import CockpitBriefing from './panels/CockpitBriefing.vue';
 import CockpitContext from './panels/CockpitContext.vue';
+import CockpitRadar from './panels/CockpitRadar.vue';
 import CockpitRollingValue from './panels/CockpitRollingValue.vue';
 import CockpitUtilityControls from './panels/CockpitUtilityControls.vue';
 
@@ -23,13 +24,32 @@ import CockpitUtilityControls from './panels/CockpitUtilityControls.vue';
 const { presence, instruments, route, vision, utilityLayout } =
   storeToRefs(useCockpitStore());
 const active = computed(() => Boolean(presence.value?.active));
+// A vessel subject swaps the aviation readouts for bridge ones.
+const bridge = computed(() => presence.value?.subjectKind === 'vessel');
+const subject = computed(() => (bridge.value ? 'vessel' : 'aircraft'));
+const hudLabel = computed(() =>
+  bridge.value ? t('Ship bridge view') : t('Aircraft cockpit view'),
+);
+const exitLabel = computed(() =>
+  bridge.value ? t('Exit bridge view') : t('Exit cockpit view'),
+);
+const exitText = computed(() =>
+  bridge.value ? t('EXIT BRIDGE') : t('EXIT COCKPIT'),
+);
 const globe = useGlobeActionsStore();
 const { resetBusy } = storeToRefs(globe);
 const initialInstruments = createInstrumentState();
 const initialRoute = createRouteState();
 const initialVision = createVisionState();
 const hud = computed(() => instruments.value ?? initialInstruments);
+// The bridge tape scrolls continuously: its minor ticks shift with the
+// division nearest the caret.
+const tapeShift = computed(
+  () => hud.value.compass?.find((division) => division.active)?.slot ?? 0,
+);
 const direction = computed(() => (route.value ?? initialRoute).direction);
+// Where a bridge view is turned; an aircraft's always rests.
+const look = computed(() => hud.value.look ?? initialInstruments.look);
 const v = computed(() => vision.value ?? initialVision);
 const visionLabel = computed(() =>
   t('Current cockpit vision style: {style}. Activate for next style.', {
@@ -54,11 +74,20 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
 </script>
 
 <template>
-  <!-- Aircraft first-person view. It can be entered from the visible view switcher. -->
-  <section id="cockpit-hud" :aria-label="t('Aircraft cockpit view')" :hidden="!active" :style="utilityStyle" v-class-toggle="{ 'signals-active': active, 'context-active': Boolean(presence?.context) }" :data-layer="hud.layer ?? undefined">
+  <!-- Aircraft first-person view or a vessel's bridge. It can be entered from the visible view switcher. -->
+  <section id="cockpit-hud" :aria-label="hudLabel" :hidden="!active" :data-subject="subject" :style="utilityStyle" v-class-toggle="{ 'signals-active': active, 'context-active': Boolean(presence?.context) }" :data-layer="hud.layer ?? undefined">
     <!-- One optical coordinate system: every targeting mark shares this center.
-         Decorative only; telemetry and interactive panels remain separate. -->
-    <svg class="cockpit-frame-lines" viewBox="0 0 1200 720" preserveAspectRatio="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
+         Decorative only; telemetry and interactive panels remain separate.
+         A bridge looks out through straight window mullions instead: a header
+         beam, two pane posts and the sill either side of the console. -->
+    <svg v-if="bridge" class="cockpit-frame-lines cockpit-bridge-frame" viewBox="0 0 1200 720" preserveAspectRatio="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
+      <g fill="none" stroke="currentColor">
+        <path d="M0 96H1200 M0 101H1200"/>
+        <path d="M324 101V600 M876 101V600"/>
+        <path d="M0 600H324 M876 600H1200"/>
+      </g>
+    </svg>
+    <svg v-else class="cockpit-frame-lines" viewBox="0 0 1200 720" preserveAspectRatio="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
       <g fill="none" stroke="currentColor">
         <path d="M42 106H234L266 126H334 M866 126H934L966 106H1158 M42 114H226L258 136H318 M882 136H942L974 114H1158"/>
         <path d="M42 616H226L254 598H320 M880 598H946L974 616H1158 M42 624H238L266 606H330 M870 606H934L962 624H1158"/>
@@ -68,7 +97,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
       <path class="cockpit-frame-warning" d="M338 645H476L490 654H710L724 645H862" fill="none"/>
       <path class="cockpit-frame-meter" d="M372 642H418 M782 642H828"/>
     </svg>
-    <div class="cockpit-scan-array" aria-hidden="true">
+    <div v-if="!bridge" class="cockpit-scan-array" aria-hidden="true">
       <svg class="cockpit-target-geometry" viewBox="0 0 600 600" fill="none" focusable="false">
         <g class="cockpit-target-hairline">
           <circle cx="300" cy="300" r="276"/>
@@ -101,7 +130,8 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
       </svg>
     </div>
     <div class="cockpit-visor-shell" aria-hidden="true">
-      <div class="cockpit-roll-arc">
+      <!-- A ship's bridge keeps no roll arc or pitch ladder. -->
+      <div v-if="!bridge" class="cockpit-roll-arc">
         <span style="--slot:-3;--depth:3">−30</span>
         <span style="--slot:-2;--depth:2">−20</span>
         <span style="--slot:-1;--depth:1">−10</span>
@@ -110,10 +140,10 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
         <span style="--slot:2;--depth:2">+20</span>
         <span style="--slot:3;--depth:3">+30</span>
       </div>
-      <div class="cockpit-pitch-rail cockpit-pitch-rail-left">
+      <div v-if="!bridge" class="cockpit-pitch-rail cockpit-pitch-rail-left">
         <span>+20</span><span>+10</span><span class="active">00</span><span>−10</span><span>−20</span>
       </div>
-      <div class="cockpit-pitch-rail cockpit-pitch-rail-right">
+      <div v-if="!bridge" class="cockpit-pitch-rail cockpit-pitch-rail-right">
         <span>+20</span><span>+10</span><span class="active">00</span><span>−10</span><span>−20</span>
       </div>
       <div class="cockpit-horizon-guide">
@@ -125,11 +155,11 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
         </svg>
         <small id="cockpit-route-direction-label">{{ direction.label }}</small>
       </div>
-      <div class="cockpit-visor-status cockpit-visor-status-left">{{ t('OPTICAL PLANE · 01') }}</div>
-      <div class="cockpit-visor-status cockpit-visor-status-right">{{ t('VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE') }}</div>
+      <div class="cockpit-visor-status cockpit-visor-status-left">{{ bridge ? t('BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD') : t('OPTICAL PLANE · 01') }}</div>
+      <div class="cockpit-visor-status cockpit-visor-status-right">{{ bridge ? (hud.trackSource === 'course' ? t('COURSE HOLD · AIS') : hud.trackSource === 'heading' ? t('HEADING HOLD · AIS') : t('NO HEADING · AIS')) : t('VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE') }}</div>
     </div>
     <div id="cockpit-speed-rim" class="cockpit-altitude-rim cockpit-speed-rim" v-class-toggle="{ unavailable: hud.speedRim.unavailable }">
-      <span class="cockpit-altitude-rim-label">{{ t('GROUND SPEED · KTS') }}</span>
+      <span class="cockpit-altitude-rim-label">{{ bridge ? t('SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS') : t('GROUND SPEED · KTS') }}</span>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-rail"></div>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-scale">
         <span v-for="(tick, index) in hud.speedRim.ticks" :key="index" data-speed-rim-tick :hidden="tick.hidden" :class="{ major: tick.major }" :style="tickStyle(tick)"><b>{{ tick.label }}</b><i></i></span>
@@ -139,7 +169,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
         <strong id="cockpit-speed-rim-value">{{ hud.speedRim.value }}</strong>
       </div>
     </div>
-    <div id="cockpit-altitude-rim" class="cockpit-altitude-rim" v-class-toggle="{ unavailable: hud.altitudeRim.unavailable }">
+    <div id="cockpit-altitude-rim" class="cockpit-altitude-rim" :hidden="bridge" v-class-toggle="{ unavailable: hud.altitudeRim.unavailable }">
       <span class="cockpit-altitude-rim-label">{{ t('ALTITUDE · FT') }}</span>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-rail"></div>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-scale">
@@ -152,7 +182,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
     </div>
     <div class="cockpit-topline">
       <div>
-        <span class="cockpit-kicker">{{ t('FIRST PERSON') }}</span>
+        <span class="cockpit-kicker">{{ bridge ? t('BRIDGE VIEW') : t('FIRST PERSON') }}</span>
         <strong id="cockpit-callsign">{{ hud.callsign }}</strong>
         <span id="cockpit-aircraft-meta" v-class-toggle="{ emergency: hud.meta.emergency }" class="cockpit-aircraft-meta">{{ hud.meta.text }}</span>
       </div>
@@ -172,22 +202,34 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="cockpit-reticle material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">my_location</div>
-    <div class="cockpit-compass" :aria-label="t('Current aircraft heading')">
+    <!-- A bridge view turned off the bow says where it looks and offers the way back. -->
+    <div v-if="bridge" class="cockpit-look" :hidden="!look.offset">
+      <span id="cockpit-look-readout" class="cockpit-look-readout" aria-live="polite">{{ look.readout }}</span>
+      <button id="cockpit-look-ahead" type="button" class="cockpit-look-ahead" :aria-label="t('Look ahead: turn the bridge view back to the bow')" :title="t('Look ahead (Home or 0)')" aria-keyshortcuts="Home 0">
+        <span>{{ t('LOOK AHEAD') }}</span>
+      </button>
+    </div>
+    <div class="cockpit-compass" :aria-label="bridge ? t('Current vessel heading') : t('Current aircraft heading')">
       <div class="cockpit-instrument-row">
         <div class="cockpit-readout cockpit-speed">
-          <span class="cockpit-readout-label">{{ t('GROUND SPEED') }}</span>
+          <span class="cockpit-readout-label">{{ bridge ? t('SPEED OVER GROUND') : t('GROUND SPEED') }}</span>
           <CockpitRollingValue id="cockpit-speed-value" tag="strong" :reading="hud.speed" placeholder="---" />
           <span class="cockpit-readout-unit">{{ t('KTS') }}</span>
         </div>
         <div class="cockpit-heading-value"><CockpitRollingValue id="cockpit-heading-value" :reading="hud.heading" placeholder="---" :circular-range="360" /><small>°</small></div>
-        <div class="cockpit-readout cockpit-altitude">
+        <div v-if="bridge" class="cockpit-readout cockpit-altitude cockpit-course">
+          <span class="cockpit-readout-label">{{ t('COURSE OVER GROUND') }}</span>
+          <CockpitRollingValue id="cockpit-course-value" tag="strong" :reading="hud.course" placeholder="---" :circular-range="360" />
+          <span class="cockpit-readout-unit">°</span>
+        </div>
+        <div v-else class="cockpit-readout cockpit-altitude">
           <span class="cockpit-readout-label">{{ t('ALTITUDE') }}</span>
           <CockpitRollingValue id="cockpit-altitude-value" tag="strong" :reading="hud.altitude" placeholder="-----" />
           <span class="cockpit-readout-unit">{{ t('FT') }}</span>
         </div>
       </div>
       <span class="cockpit-heading-caret material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">arrow_drop_down</span>
-      <div class="cockpit-compass-tape" id="cockpit-compass-tape" aria-hidden="true"><span v-for="division in hud.compass" :key="division.slot" :class="division.slot === 0 ? 'active' : ''" :style="{ '--slot': division.slot, '--depth': Math.abs(division.slot) }">{{ division.label }}</span></div>
+      <div class="cockpit-compass-tape" id="cockpit-compass-tape" aria-hidden="true" :style="bridge ? { '--tape-shift': tapeShift } : undefined"><span v-for="division in hud.compass" :key="division.heading ?? division.slot" :class="(division.active ?? division.slot === 0) ? 'active' : ''" :style="{ '--slot': division.slot, '--depth': Math.abs(division.slot) }">{{ division.label }}</span><template v-if="bridge"><i v-if="hud.compassMarkers?.prograde != null" class="cockpit-compass-marker cockpit-compass-prograde" aria-hidden="true" :style="{ '--slot': hud.compassMarkers.prograde }"></i><i v-if="hud.compassMarkers?.retrograde != null" class="cockpit-compass-marker cockpit-compass-retrograde" aria-hidden="true" :style="{ '--slot': hud.compassMarkers.retrograde }"></i></template></div>
     </div>
     <div class="cockpit-position-readout">
       <span id="cockpit-clock">{{ hud.clock }}</span>
@@ -195,8 +237,12 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
     </div>
     <CockpitContext />
     <CockpitBriefing />
+    <!-- The bridge radar's console: bottom right, below the briefing card. -->
+    <div v-if="bridge" class="cockpit-radar-console">
+      <CockpitRadar />
+    </div>
     <CockpitUtilityControls />
-    <div class="cockpit-help"><bdi>{{ t('ESC EXIT') }}</bdi> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('C TOGGLE') }}</bdi></div>
+    <div class="cockpit-help"><bdi>{{ t('ESC EXIT') }}</bdi> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('C TOGGLE') }}</bdi><template v-if="bridge"> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('ARROWS LOOK') }}</bdi> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('HOME RESET') }}</bdi></template></div>
   </section>
 
   <nav id="view-switcher" :aria-label="t('View switcher')">
@@ -204,9 +250,9 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
       <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">public</span>
       <span>{{ t('RESET') }}</span>
     </button>
-    <button id="map-view-switch" type="button" :aria-label="t('Exit cockpit view')" aria-keyshortcuts="Escape C" :title="t('Exit cockpit view')" :hidden="!active">
+    <button id="map-view-switch" type="button" :aria-label="exitLabel" aria-keyshortcuts="Escape C" :title="exitLabel" :hidden="!active">
       <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">close_fullscreen</span>
-      <span>{{ t('EXIT COCKPIT') }}</span>
+      <span>{{ exitText }}</span>
     </button>
   </nav>
 </template>
diff --git a/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue b/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue
index c40665fe4..93e05abe4 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/ContextView.vue
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ import { cockpitEntryFace } from '../cockpitPresentation.js';
 // publishes them; until it does, the panel shows its initial markup.
 const { view: ctx } = storeToRefs(useContextStore());
 const { presence: cockpit } = storeToRefs(useCockpitStore());
-// The entry rides the tracked aircraft (cockpitEntryFace).
-const entry = computed(() => cockpitEntryFace('aircraft'));
+// The entry names the subject it would ride (cockpitEntryFace).
+const entry = computed(() => cockpitEntryFace(cockpit.value?.entryKind));
 // While the Bhote Koshi event is on, its panel is the rail's only content.
 const { panel: bhotePanel } = storeToRefs(useBhoteKoshiPanelStore());
 // The Scene runtime chip SceneControls presents while a scene plays.
diff --git a/src/ui/views/IntelHudView.vue b/src/ui/views/IntelHudView.vue
index 6f60bce76..d49f9aa6f 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/IntelHudView.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/IntelHudView.vue
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ const view = computed(() => hud.value ?? EMPTY);
 // button, so first person needs no Contacts panel. The Cockpit controller
 // answers its clicks.
 const { presence: cockpit } = storeToRefs(useCockpitStore());
-// The entry rides the tracked aircraft (cockpitEntryFace).
-const entry = computed(() => cockpitEntryFace('aircraft'));
+// The entry names the subject it would ride (cockpitEntryFace).
+const entry = computed(() => cockpitEntryFace(cockpit.value?.entryKind));
 </script>
 
 <template>
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRadar.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRadar.vue
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7127692d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRadar.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+<script setup>
+import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia';
+import { computed, onBeforeUnmount, ref, watch } from 'vue';
+import { formatNumber, t, tn } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
+import { useCockpitStore } from '../../stores/cockpit.js';
+
+// The bridge radar: a heading-up scope of nearby AIS vessels, with a line
+// where the bridge view looks when it is turned off the bow. The Cockpit
+// controller presents them as positions on the range circle and keeps the
+// range button's listener; this view draws them. The sweep and each
+// contact's afterglow are compositor animations sharing one clock, so a
+// contact brightens as the sweep crosses its bearing without a frame loop.
+
+/** One sweep turn, in milliseconds. */
+const SWEEP_MS = 4000;
+/** Relative bearings of the rim ticks. */
+const RIM_TICKS = Array.from({ length: 12 }, (_, index) => index * 30);
+const SWEEP_FRAMES = [
+  { transform: 'rotate(0turn)' },
+  { transform: 'rotate(1turn)' },
+];
+const GLOW_FRAMES = [
+  { opacity: 1, offset: 0 },
+  { opacity: 0.6, offset: 0.2 },
+  { opacity: 0.25, offset: 1 },
+];
+
+const { radar, instruments } = storeToRefs(useCockpitStore());
+
+// The bridge view's look line: the yaw the view is turned to off the bow,
+// kept unwrapped so its turn eases the short way across astern. Unwrapping
+// needs the last angle shown, so it is state a watch keeps, not a computed.
+const lookDeg = ref(null);
+watch(
+  () => {
+    const look = instruments.value?.look;
+    return look?.offset && look.yawDeg !== 0 ? look.yawDeg : null;
+  },
+  (yawDeg) => {
+    if (yawDeg === null) {
+      lookDeg.value = null;
+      return;
+    }
+    const from = lookDeg.value ?? 0;
+    lookDeg.value = from + ((((yawDeg - from) % 360) + 540) % 360) - 180;
+  },
+  { immediate: true },
+);
+
+const motionQuery =
+  typeof window.matchMedia === 'function'
+    ? window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)')
+    : null;
+const reducedMotion = ref(Boolean(motionQuery?.matches));
+const onMotionChange = (event) => {
+  reducedMotion.value = event.matches;
+};
+motionQuery?.addEventListener?.('change', onMotionChange);
+onBeforeUnmount(() =>
+  motionQuery?.removeEventListener?.('change', onMotionChange),
+);
+
+/**
+ * Run an element's sweep-phased animation, or stop it (`phaseMs` null).
+ * Each animation starts on the document timeline at its phase, so every
+ * one keeps time with the sweep however late it was created.
+ */
+function phase(el, frames, phaseMs) {
+  if (phaseMs === null || typeof el.animate !== 'function') {
+    el._radarAnimation?.cancel();
+    el._radarAnimation = null;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (!el._radarAnimation) {
+    el._radarAnimation = el.animate(frames, {
+      duration: SWEEP_MS,
+      iterations: Infinity,
+      easing: 'linear',
+    });
+    // Cancelling on unmount rejects `finished`; nothing waits on it.
+    el._radarAnimation.finished?.catch(() => {});
+  }
+  // Before zero, so the animation is already running at page start.
+  const startTime = phaseMs - SWEEP_MS;
+  if (el._radarAnimation.startTime !== startTime)
+    el._radarAnimation.startTime = startTime;
+}
+
+const vSweep = {
+  mounted: (el) => phase(el, SWEEP_FRAMES, 0),
+  unmounted: (el) => phase(el, SWEEP_FRAMES, null),
+};
+
+const vAfterglow = {
+  mounted: (el, { value }) => phase(el, GLOW_FRAMES, value),
+  updated: (el, { value }) => phase(el, GLOW_FRAMES, value),
+  unmounted: (el) => phase(el, GLOW_FRAMES, null),
+};
+
+/** When in the sweep's turn a bearing is crossed, or null when steady. */
+function glowPhase(relativeBearingDeg) {
+  if (reducedMotion.value) return null;
+  const clockwise = (((relativeBearingDeg % 360) + 360) % 360) / 360;
+  return Math.round(clockwise * SWEEP_MS);
+}
+
+const percent = (fraction) => `${(fraction * 100).toFixed(2)}%`;
+const contactStyle = (contact) => ({
+  left: percent(0.5 + contact.x / 2),
+  top: percent(0.5 - contact.y / 2),
+  '--radar-contact-color': contact.color || undefined,
+});
+const rotate = (deg) => ({ transform: `rotate(${deg}deg)` });
+
+const rangeLabel = computed(() => radar.value?.rangeLabel ?? '');
+const ringFractions = computed(() =>
+  radar.value
+    ? radar.value.ringsNm.map((ring) => ring / radar.value.rangeNm)
+    : [],
+);
+const ringLabel = computed(() =>
+  radar.value?.ringsNm.length
+    ? t('RINGS {spacing} NM', {
+        spacing: formatNumber(radar.value.ringsNm[0]),
+      })
+    : '',
+);
+const countLabel = computed(() => {
+  const count = radar.value?.contacts.length ?? 0;
+  return tn(count, '{count} CONTACT', '{count} CONTACTS', {
+    count: formatNumber(count),
+  });
+});
+const rangeAction = computed(() =>
+  t('Radar range {range}. Select for the next range.', {
+    range: rangeLabel.value,
+  }),
+);
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <section id="cockpit-radar" class="cockpit-radar" :aria-label="t('Bridge radar')" :hidden="!radar">
+    <div class="cockpit-radar-scope" aria-hidden="true">
+      <template v-if="radar">
+        <span v-for="fraction in ringFractions" :key="fraction" class="cockpit-radar-ring" :style="{ width: percent(fraction), height: percent(fraction) }"></span>
+        <span v-for="tick in RIM_TICKS" :key="tick" class="cockpit-radar-tick" :class="{ 'cockpit-radar-tick-major': tick % 90 === 0 }" :style="rotate(tick)"></span>
+        <span v-if="!reducedMotion" v-sweep class="cockpit-radar-sweep"></span>
+        <span class="cockpit-radar-heading-line"></span>
+        <span v-if="lookDeg !== null" class="cockpit-radar-look" :style="rotate(lookDeg)"></span>
+        <span v-for="contact in radar.contacts" :key="contact.id" v-afterglow="glowPhase(contact.relativeBearingDeg)" class="cockpit-radar-contact" :class="{ 'cockpit-radar-contact-stale': contact.stale }" :style="contactStyle(contact)">
+          <span v-if="contact.relativeCourseDeg !== null" class="cockpit-radar-vector" :style="rotate(contact.relativeCourseDeg)"></span>
+        </span>
+        <span class="cockpit-radar-own">
+          <span v-if="radar.ownRelativeCourseDeg !== null && radar.ownRelativeCourseDeg !== undefined" class="cockpit-radar-vector cockpit-radar-own-vector" :style="rotate(radar.ownRelativeCourseDeg)"></span>
+        </span>
+      </template>
+    </div>
+    <div class="cockpit-radar-readout">
+      <button id="cockpit-radar-range" type="button" class="cockpit-radar-range" :aria-label="rangeAction" :title="rangeAction">{{ rangeLabel }}</button>
+      <span class="cockpit-radar-rings">{{ ringLabel }}</span>
+      <span class="cockpit-radar-count">{{ countLabel }}</span>
+    </div>
+  </section>
+</template>
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRoute.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRoute.vue
index bb421402d..4ee8d7cf2 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRoute.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRoute.vue
@@ -14,17 +14,17 @@ const r = computed(() => route.value ?? initial);
 </script>
 
 <template>
-  <section id="cockpit-route" class="cockpit-route-card" :aria-label="t('Estimated flight plan')" :hidden="!r.visible">
+  <section id="cockpit-route" class="cockpit-route-card" :aria-label="r.kind === 'vessel' ? t('Reported voyage') : t('Estimated flight plan')" :hidden="!r.visible">
     <div class="cockpit-route-heading">
-      <span class="cockpit-route-kicker">{{ t('ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN') }}</span>
+      <span class="cockpit-route-kicker">{{ r.kind === 'vessel' ? t('REPORTED VOYAGE') : t('ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN') }}</span>
       <small id="cockpit-route-status">{{ r.status }}</small>
     </div>
     <div class="cockpit-route-endpoints">
-      <div class="cockpit-route-airport">
+      <div v-if="r.kind !== 'vessel'" class="cockpit-route-airport">
         <span>{{ t('FROM') }}</span>
         <strong id="cockpit-route-from">{{ r.from }}</strong>
       </div>
-      <span class="cockpit-route-arrow material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">east</span>
+      <span v-if="r.kind !== 'vessel'" class="cockpit-route-arrow material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">east</span>
       <div class="cockpit-route-airport">
         <span>{{ t('TO') }}</span>
         <strong id="cockpit-route-to">{{ r.to }}</strong>
diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
index eada54442..84061e5c7 100644
--- a/style.css
+++ b/style.css
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 @import './src/ui/styles/location.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/status.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpit.css';
+@import './src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/overlays.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/layers.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/radio.css';

From d55acd2ac590953097a21d02075a2f0d2f86d520 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 20:29:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 187/262] docs(changelog): add the #1557 fragment

---
 changelog.d/1557-cockpit-ship-bridge.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1557-cockpit-ship-bridge.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1557-cockpit-ship-bridge.md b/changelog.d/1557-cockpit-ship-bridge.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f07545c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1557-cockpit-ship-bridge.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Ride the selected AIS vessel from its bridge: an eye height by vessel type,
+  dead reckoning between fixes, a bridge HUD with a 3–24 NM radar, look-around
+  with the arrow keys, and a waterline read from the scene so river boats sit on
+  the river rather than at sea level (Denis Groshev, @ZloyS, #1557).

From c5bdcdf37f575543deea0424a46db1b221046e8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: daika <daika.ginza@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 04:02:47 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 188/262] chore(format): adopt responseCompression.test.mjs
 into the format scope

---
 scripts/format-scope.json | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index b23ab75b0..6c5354aa2 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -1120,6 +1120,7 @@
   "src/sky/starrySky.test.mjs",
   "src/tooling/skyAssets.test.mjs",
   "src/tooling/skyAssets.paintOut.test.mjs",
+  "src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs",
   "scripts/qa-anime-sky.mjs",
   "scripts/qa-sky-model-lighting.mjs",
   "server/providers/overpass/requestAdmission.test.mjs",

From b98bc4b0dc1a06d30812c7eeba2914440af4ce8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:15:51 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 189/262] fix(cockpit): C stays the CCTV shortcut when the
 bridge cannot be entered

With a vessel selected and no aircraft tracked, Cockpit took C and stopped
it even when the bridge gate was shut, so the key did nothing and CCTV no
longer toggled. C is now taken only when the bridge can be entered.

The arrow keys also stay with comboboxes, spinbuttons, trees, grids,
menubars, scrollbars and text boxes on a bridge, which move with them.
---
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitInput.js        | 22 +++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
index 3da1d72e5..0eb68022a 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -439,6 +439,27 @@ test('C enters the selected vessel bridge and aircraft-only entry refuses it', a
   assert.equal(event.defaultPrevented, true);
 });
 
+test('C stays the CCTV shortcut when the bridge gate is shut', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit } = fixture(t, { bridgeAllowed: false });
+  let stopped = false;
+  const event = {
+    key: 'c',
+    target: document.body,
+    defaultPrevented: false,
+    preventDefault() {
+      this.defaultPrevented = true;
+    },
+    stopImmediatePropagation() {
+      stopped = true;
+    },
+  };
+  cockpit.onKeyDown(event);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+  assert.equal(event.defaultPrevented, false);
+  assert.equal(stopped, false, 'the application shortcut still sees C');
+});
+
 test('a slow-frame bridge keeps pace with its ship', async (t) => {
   // One rendered frame a second, as software rendering manages. The bridge
   // must still cover the ship's distance, not a capped fraction of it.
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
index a5c1146c2..227ccb4c7 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
@@ -141,7 +141,18 @@ const LOOK_KEY_OWNERS = [
   'textarea',
   'select',
   '[contenteditable]',
+  '[role=combobox]',
+  '[role=grid]',
+  '[role=menubar]',
+  '[role=menuitemcheckbox]',
+  '[role=menuitemradio]',
+  '[role=scrollbar]',
+  '[role=searchbox]',
   '[role=slider]',
+  '[role=spinbutton]',
+  '[role=textbox]',
+  '[role=tree]',
+  '[role=treeitem]',
   '[role=tab]',
   '[role=tablist]',
   '[role=radio]',
@@ -231,13 +242,18 @@ export function onKeyDown(event) {
       const cockpitAttempt = !!(
         this.readAircraftInfo() && this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position
       );
-      // With no tracked aircraft, C takes the selected vessel's bridge.
-      const bridgeAttempt = !cockpitAttempt && !!this.readVesselInfo();
+      // With no tracked aircraft, C takes the selected vessel's bridge, but
+      // only when the bridge can be entered: otherwise C stays the CCTV
+      // shortcut, as it is with nothing selected.
+      const bridgeAttempt =
+        !cockpitAttempt &&
+        !!this.readVesselInfo() &&
+        this.isBridgeEntryAllowed();
       if (!cockpitAttempt && !bridgeAttempt) return;
       if (bridgeAttempt) {
         event.preventDefault();
         event.stopImmediatePropagation();
-        if (this.isBridgeEntryAllowed()) this.enter({ kind: 'vessel' });
+        this.enter({ kind: 'vessel' });
         return;
       }
     }

From 36a22165280e8452a04b4cfbbe73c3d6e3fe7ae0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:17:02 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 190/262] fix(cockpit): voice refuses entry while on a vessel
 bridge

Voice entry tracked an aircraft first, which cleared the vessel selection
and ended the bridge, and then failed because Cockpit was still active:
no bridge, no cockpit, no selected ship, and voice said entry was
unavailable. It now refuses before it touches tracking and says to exit
the bridge first.
---
 src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js     |  4 ++++
 src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
index 9a0eb258a..51f81b965 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
@@ -172,6 +172,10 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
   _cockpitEntryRefusal() {
     if (this._contextModeChanging)
       return 'Context is still changing — try Cockpit again in a moment';
+    // Tracking an aircraft from the bridge ends the bridge and clears the
+    // vessel selection before the entry can run, leaving neither.
+    if (this.cockpitView?.active && this.cockpitView.subjectKind === 'vessel')
+      return 'Cockpit is on a vessel bridge — exit the bridge first, then track an aircraft to enter Cockpit';
     if (!this._aircraftLayerEnabled)
       return 'No aircraft layer is on — turn on Flights or Military Flights and track an aircraft to enter Cockpit';
     return null;
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
index d7e8fd226..adf3d916d 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
@@ -199,6 +199,27 @@ test('with no aircraft layer on, entry is refused for that reason, never for Con
   assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
 });
 
+test('voice entry on a vessel bridge refuses before it touches tracking', (t) => {
+  const { coordinator, cockpit } = fixture(t, { enabled: ['flights'] });
+  let navigated = false;
+  coordinator.services.militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext = () => {
+    navigated = true;
+    return true;
+  };
+  // Stand in for a bridge ride: the refusal reads only these two.
+  cockpit.active = true;
+  cockpit.subjectKind = 'vessel';
+  t.after(() => {
+    cockpit.active = false;
+    cockpit.subjectKind = null;
+  });
+  const voice = coordinator.controlCockpit('enter', { targetLayer: 'flights' });
+  assert.equal(voice.ok, false);
+  assert.match(voice.error, /vessel bridge/);
+  assert.equal(navigated, false, 'no aircraft was tracked');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'vessel');
+});
+
 test('with an aircraft layer on but nothing tracked, the reason is the missing aircraft', (t) => {
   const { coordinator } = fixture(t, { enabled: ['military'] });
   assert.equal(

From 18c15d0352e5b4bf6329947cb7819ce17b49cb14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:18:40 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 191/262] fix(cockpit): a river bridge keeps its water height
 through empty and coarse reads

A full-detail water read that sampled nothing (tiles not loaded) fell back
to the geoid, and while a full read ran, a loaded-tile read with one coarse
low probe did the same: on the Seine either dropped the eye ~27 m under the
water until the next read. An empty read is now no answer, and once a
full-detail read has answered only full-detail reads change the height.

The read sequence numbers go: only one full-detail read runs at a time,
so a late read can never be older than one already applied.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md         |  6 ++--
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs | 53 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitCamera.js       | 26 ++++++++---------
 3 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index f8f69be47..a5b85c825 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1568,8 +1568,10 @@ eight probes 30 m out, the lowest probe taken as the water when it is 2 m to
 4,000 m above sea level. The first read starts from the tiles already loaded, then
 the full-detail read replaces it; it repeats every 5 s. Only one full-detail
 read runs at a time: while one is still running, a refresh reads the loaded
-tiles instead, and the slow read applies whenever it lands unless a newer
-one has. A failed read keeps the sea surface.
+tiles instead, and the slow read applies whenever it lands. Once a
+full-detail read has answered, loaded-tile reads no longer change the height,
+and a read that sampled nothing keeps the height it had. A failed read keeps
+the sea surface.
 
 The HUD keeps its frame, vision styles, briefing, weather and Display/Radio
 utilities. It names the ship, reads `{type} · LIVE AIS · EYE {height}`, shows
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
index 0eb68022a..b0302b50e 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -1261,6 +1261,59 @@ test('a slow water read is never stacked, and lands however late', async (t) =>
   );
 });
 
+test('a river height stands through reads that sample nothing or one coarse probe', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const sea = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  frames(sea.cockpit, clock, sea.shots, 60);
+  const seaEyeM = eyeHeightM(sea.shots.at(-1));
+  sea.cockpit.exit();
+
+  clock.set(START_MS);
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000 };
+  const ship = fixture(t, { record });
+  const reads = [];
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = (positions) =>
+    new Promise((resolve) => reads.push({ positions, resolve }));
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => undefined;
+  const answer = (read, height) =>
+    read.resolve(
+      read.positions.map((position) => Object.assign(position, { height })),
+    );
+  ship.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  ship.cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  answer(reads[0], 27);
+  await settle();
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 120);
+  await settle();
+  near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM, 27, 'on the river', 0.5);
+  // The next full read lands over tiles not loaded yet: every probe empty.
+  assert.equal(reads.length, 2);
+  answer(reads[1], undefined);
+  await settle();
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 120);
+  await settle();
+  near(
+    eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM,
+    27,
+    'an empty full read is no answer',
+    0.5,
+  );
+  // While the next one runs, coarse loaded tiles read the sea.
+  assert.equal(reads.length, 3);
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => 0.5;
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 240);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(reads.length, 3, 'still the one read in flight');
+  near(
+    eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM,
+    27,
+    'loaded tiles do not undo a full read',
+    0.5,
+  );
+});
+
 test('a client clock minutes fast does not age the bridge into a stale feed', async (t) => {
   // The feed's newest fix is this ship's; the client clock runs 200 s
   // ahead of the feed and received the refresh just now.
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
index 50a43510f..2e114dd47 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
@@ -109,7 +109,10 @@ export function update() {
  * full-detail read runs at a time (each is nine picks Cesium traverses
  * every frame until it settles): while one is still running, a refresh
  * reads the loaded tiles instead, and the slow read applies whenever it
- * lands unless a newer one has.
+ * lands. Once a full-detail read has answered, only full-detail reads
+ * change the height: a loaded-tile read stands in only until the first
+ * lands, so one coarse probe cannot drop a river bridge to the sea, and a
+ * read that sampled nothing keeps the height it had.
  * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number}} [at] Where to read the
  *   water: the dead-reckoned position the camera rides.
  * @returns {number} Ellipsoidal metres.
@@ -133,15 +136,14 @@ function vesselSurfaceM(info, nowMs, at = info) {
         mmsi: info.mmsi,
         heightM: loadedWaterlineM(scene, probes, seaM),
         sampledMs: nowMs,
-        // Full-detail reads by number: the last started, the last applied.
-        startedSeq: 0,
-        landedSeq: 0,
+        // Whether a full-detail read has answered for this ship.
+        landed: false,
         inFlight: false,
       };
       this.vesselWaterline = read;
     } else {
       read.sampledMs = nowMs;
-      if (read.inFlight) {
+      if (read.inFlight && !read.landed) {
         const loadedM = loadedWaterlineM(scene, probes, seaM);
         if (Number.isFinite(loadedM)) read.heightM = loadedM;
       }
@@ -155,7 +157,6 @@ function vesselSurfaceM(info, nowMs, at = info) {
 
 /** Start one full-detail water read for `read`; its answer lands on it. */
 function readWaterline(read, scene, probes, seaM) {
-  const seq = ++read.startedSeq;
   read.inFlight = true;
   Promise.resolve()
     .then(() => scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed(probes))
@@ -163,13 +164,12 @@ function readWaterline(read, scene, probes, seaM) {
       (samples) => {
         if (this.vesselWaterline !== read) return;
         read.inFlight = false;
-        // However late it lands, it applies unless a newer read has.
-        if (seq <= read.landedSeq) return;
-        read.landedSeq = seq;
-        read.heightM = vesselWaterlineM(
-          seaM,
-          (samples || []).map((sample) => sample?.height),
-        );
+        // However late it lands, it applies; one that sampled nothing (tiles
+        // not loaded yet) is no answer and keeps the height already read.
+        const heights = (samples || []).map((sample) => sample?.height);
+        if (!heights.some(Number.isFinite)) return;
+        read.landed = true;
+        read.heightM = vesselWaterlineM(seaM, heights);
       },
       () => {
         if (this.vesselWaterline === read) read.inFlight = false;

From 052731202dd82967356f720ee37b406368e9accc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:25:15 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 192/262] fix(cockpit): the bridge radar matches the view out
 of the window

The radar centred on the ship's last AIS fix while the camera rode that fix
dead-reckoned up to 180 s ahead: at 20 kn about a nautical mile apart, so a
ship already passed still showed ahead. Own ship now sits where the camera
rides and each contact is dead-reckoned to the same moment; the query reaches
past the range for ships that have since moved into it.

Ships with no MMSI each get a key of their own instead of all sharing an
empty one on the scope.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     |  5 ++-
 src/cockpitRadar.js                       | 42 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs                 | 20 +++++++++
 src/layers/vessels/queries.js             | 49 ++++++++++++++---------
 src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs | 16 ++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs             | 21 +++++++++-
 src/ui/cockpitCamera.js                   |  2 +
 src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js              | 26 ++++++++----
 src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js       |  2 +
 9 files changed, 154 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index a5b85c825..b52605c99 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1590,7 +1590,10 @@ above it keeps the ship's true heading; a ring with a centre dot marks the bow
 from the caret. The bridge radar
 shows nearby AIS ships heading-up and opens at 3 NM
 (`DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM` in `src/cockpitRadar.js`); its range button steps
-3, 6, 12 and 24 NM and the chosen range is kept across bridges. Contact
+3, 6, 12 and 24 NM and the chosen range is kept across bridges. Own ship
+sits where the camera rides, and every contact's last fix is dead-reckoned
+along its course over ground to the same moment (`deadReckonRadarContacts`),
+so the scope matches the view out of the window. Contact
 Previous/Next and Live Signals aircraft handoffs are refused on the bridge and
 the Contact card stays hidden. Exit returns the camera to the vessel's map view
 through the layer's own focus. Tracking an aircraft or losing the vessel
diff --git a/src/cockpitRadar.js b/src/cockpitRadar.js
index 5cf1f90f7..502e87529 100644
--- a/src/cockpitRadar.js
+++ b/src/cockpitRadar.js
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ import {
   relativeBearing,
 } from './cockpitMath.js';
 import { greatCircleMeters } from './geoDistance.js';
+import {
+  deadReckonVesselFix,
+  VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S,
+} from './cockpitSubjects.js';
 
 /** Metres in one international nautical mile. */
 export const METRES_PER_NM = 1852;
@@ -22,6 +26,14 @@ export const DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM = 3;
 /** At most this many contacts are drawn, nearest first. */
 export const RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS = 60;
 
+/**
+ * How far past the range a contact's last fix can lie and still be in range
+ * once dead-reckoned: the projection limit at 40 kn, faster than all but a
+ * few high-speed craft.
+ */
+export const RADAR_REACH_M =
+  VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S * 40 * (METRES_PER_NM / 3600);
+
 /** Range rings divide the range into this many equal steps. */
 export const RADAR_RING_COUNT = 4;
 
@@ -68,6 +80,36 @@ export function radarRangeM(rangeNm) {
 
 const round4 = (value) => Math.round(value * 1e4) / 1e4;
 
+/**
+ * Advance each contact's last fix along its course over ground to `nowMs`,
+ * as the bridge camera advances its own ship, so own ship and contacts are
+ * drawn at the same moment. A contact with no direction stays on its fix.
+ * @param {Array<object>} contacts Contacts with the `vesselCockpitInfo`
+ *   motion fields (`motionCourse`, `velocityMps`, `fixEpochMs`,
+ *   `receivedAtMs`, `feedEpochMs`).
+ * @param {number} nowMs Client clock, ms.
+ * @returns {Array<object>} The contacts with dead-reckoned positions.
+ */
+export function deadReckonRadarContacts(contacts, nowMs) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(contacts)) return [];
+  return contacts.map((contact) => {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(contact?.motionCourse)) return contact;
+    const fix = deadReckonVesselFix(
+      {
+        latitude: contact.latitude,
+        longitude: contact.longitude,
+        courseDeg: contact.motionCourse,
+        speedMps: contact.velocityMps,
+        fixEpochMs: contact.fixEpochMs,
+        receivedAtMs: contact.receivedAtMs,
+        feedEpochMs: contact.feedEpochMs,
+      },
+      nowMs,
+    );
+    return { ...contact, latitude: fix.latitude, longitude: fix.longitude };
+  });
+}
+
 /**
  * Project vessel contacts onto a heading-up radar.
  *
diff --git a/src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs b/src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs
index e18403972..98ad47e50 100644
--- a/src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   METRES_PER_NM,
   RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS,
   RADAR_RANGES_NM,
+  deadReckonRadarContacts,
   nextRadarRange,
   projectRadarContacts,
   radarPicture,
@@ -96,6 +97,25 @@ test('course is drawn relative to the bow and stays null when unknown', () => {
   assert.equal(drifting.relativeCourseDeg, null);
 });
 
+test('contacts are dead-reckoned along course over ground to now', () => {
+  const nowMs = 1_800_000_000_000;
+  const fixEpochMs = nowMs - 120_000;
+  // 12 kn due north, fix received a minute ago: ~370 m (0.2 NM) on.
+  const moving = contact('moving', 1, 0, {
+    motionCourse: 0,
+    velocityMps: 12 * 0.514444,
+    fixEpochMs,
+    feedEpochMs: fixEpochMs,
+    receivedAtMs: nowMs - 60_000,
+  });
+  const adrift = contact('adrift', 1, 0, { motionCourse: null });
+  const [ahead, still] = deadReckonRadarContacts([moving, adrift], nowMs);
+  const movedNm = (ahead.latitude - moving.latitude) / NM_LAT;
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(movedNm - 0.2) < 0.005, `moved ${movedNm} NM`);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(ahead.longitude - moving.longitude) < 1e-9);
+  assert.equal(still, adrift, 'no direction, no move');
+});
+
 test('contacts beyond the range are left out', () => {
   const contacts = projectRadarContacts(
     OWN,
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
index 4fd53c35c..8f1f874e0 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
@@ -360,8 +360,12 @@ export function createQueries({
      * @param {number} [maxCount=60] Maximum entries to return.
      * @returns {Array<{ id: string, name: string, latitude: number,
      *   longitude: number, course: number|null, heading: number|null,
-     *   type: string, color: string, stale: boolean }>} Empty while the
-     *   layer is off.
+     *   type: string, color: string, stale: boolean,
+     *   motionCourse: number|null, velocityMps: number|null,
+     *   fixEpochMs: number|null, receivedAtMs: number|null,
+     *   feedEpochMs: number|null }>} Empty while the layer is off. The
+     *   motion fields are `vesselCockpitInfo`'s, for dead reckoning; a
+     *   ship with no MMSI has no motion fields and an `unkeyed:` id.
      */
     getRadarContacts(lat, lon, rangeM, maxCount = 60) {
       const records = state.records.all;
@@ -379,27 +383,36 @@ export function createQueries({
       };
 
       const entries = [];
-      for (const record of records) {
-        if (subject && String(record.mmsi) === subject) continue;
+      records.forEach((record, index) => {
+        if (subject && String(record.mmsi) === subject) return;
         const distanceM = greatCircleMeters(center, {
           lat: record.lat,
           lon: record.lon,
         });
-        if (!(distanceM <= rangeM)) continue;
-        entries.push({ record, distanceM });
-      }
+        if (!(distanceM <= rangeM)) return;
+        entries.push({ record, index, distanceM });
+      });
       entries.sort((a, b) => a.distanceM - b.distanceM);
-      return entries.slice(0, cap).map(({ record }) => ({
-        id: String(record.mmsi),
-        name: String(record.name || record.mmsi),
-        latitude: record.lat,
-        longitude: record.lon,
-        course: finite(record.course),
-        heading: finite(record.heading),
-        type: String(record.type || ''),
-        color: vesselTypeCss(record.type),
-        stale: (record.missedRefreshes || 0) > 0,
-      }));
+      return entries.slice(0, cap).map(({ record, index }) => {
+        const motion = vesselCockpitInfo(record);
+        return {
+          // A ship with no MMSI still needs a key of its own on the scope.
+          id: record.mmsi ? String(record.mmsi) : `unkeyed:${index}`,
+          name: String(record.name || record.mmsi || ''),
+          latitude: record.lat,
+          longitude: record.lon,
+          course: finite(record.course),
+          heading: finite(record.heading),
+          type: String(record.type || ''),
+          color: vesselTypeCss(record.type),
+          stale: (record.missedRefreshes || 0) > 0,
+          motionCourse: motion?.motionCourse ?? null,
+          velocityMps: motion?.velocityMps ?? null,
+          fixEpochMs: motion?.fixEpochMs ?? null,
+          receivedAtMs: motion?.receivedAtMs ?? null,
+          feedEpochMs: motion?.feedEpochMs ?? null,
+        };
+      });
     },
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs b/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
index 9366e7e3a..d0797aae1 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
@@ -91,6 +91,11 @@ test('radar contacts are within range, nearest first and capped', () => {
     type: '70',
     color: vesselTypeCss('70'),
     stale: false,
+    motionCourse: 45,
+    velocityMps: 10 * 0.514444,
+    fixEpochMs: null,
+    receivedAtMs: null,
+    feedEpochMs: null,
   });
   assert.equal(contacts[1].course, null);
   assert.equal(contacts[1].heading, null);
@@ -112,6 +117,17 @@ test('the ship whose bridge the Cockpit rides is not its own contact', () => {
   assert.equal(layer.getRadarContacts(54.5, 10.2, 6 * 1852).length, 2);
 });
 
+test('ships with no MMSI each keep a key of their own', () => {
+  const layer = layerWith([
+    record('', 1, { name: 'A' }),
+    record('', 2, { name: 'B' }),
+  ]);
+  const ids = layer.getRadarContacts(54.5, 10.2, 6 * 1852).map((c) => c.id);
+  assert.equal(ids.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(new Set(ids).size, 2, ids.join(', '));
+  assert.ok(ids.every((id) => id.startsWith('unkeyed:')));
+});
+
 test('a disabled layer has no radar contacts', () => {
   const layer = layerWith([record('1', 1)], { enabled: false });
   assert.deepEqual(layer.getRadarContacts(54.5, 10.2, 6 * 1852), []);
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
index b0302b50e..1273b5617 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import ContextView from './views/ContextView.vue';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { vesselCockpitInfo } from '../layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js';
 import { VesselRecords } from '../layers/vessels/records.js';
+import { RADAR_REACH_M } from '../cockpitRadar.js';
 
 const RECORD = Object.freeze({
   mmsi: '211000000',
@@ -327,7 +328,8 @@ test('the bridge radar shows nearby ships without its own and steps its range',
   assert.ok(neighbour.x < -0.3 && Math.abs(neighbour.y) < 0.02);
   assert.equal(neighbour.relativeCourseDeg, -180);
   assert.equal(radar.ownRelativeCourseDeg, 5, 'COG 095 from heading 090');
-  assert.equal(vessels.radarQueries.at(-1).rangeM, 3 * 1852);
+  // Past the range by the dead-reckoning reach, for ships moving into it.
+  assert.equal(vessels.radarQueries.at(-1).rangeM, 3 * 1852 + RADAR_REACH_M);
 
   assert.equal($('#cockpit-radar').hidden, false);
   assert.equal($('#cockpit-radar-range').textContent.trim(), '3 NM');
@@ -337,7 +339,7 @@ test('the bridge radar shows nearby ships without its own and steps its range',
   $('#cockpit-radar-range').click();
   await settle();
   assert.equal(store.radar.rangeNm, 6);
-  assert.equal(vessels.radarQueries.at(-1).rangeM, 6 * 1852);
+  assert.equal(vessels.radarQueries.at(-1).rangeM, 6 * 1852 + RADAR_REACH_M);
   assert.equal($('#cockpit-radar-range').textContent.trim(), '6 NM');
   assert.match(
     $('#cockpit-radar-range').getAttribute('aria-label'),
@@ -1075,6 +1077,21 @@ test('the water is read where the ship is now, not at its last report', async (t
   assert.ok(eastM > 300 && eastM < 450, `probed ${eastM.toFixed(0)} m east`);
 });
 
+test('the radar centres where the camera rides, not at the last report', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  // Reported a minute ago at 12 kn on course 095: since then ~370 m east.
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: (START_MS - 60_000) / 1000 };
+  const ship = fixture(t, { record });
+  ship.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 20);
+  await settle();
+  const query = ship.vessels.radarQueries.at(-1);
+  const eastM =
+    (query.lon - RECORD.lon) * 111_320 * Math.cos((RECORD.lat * Math.PI) / 180);
+  assert.ok(eastM > 300 && eastM < 450, `centred ${eastM.toFixed(0)} m east`);
+});
+
 test('the radar look line turns the short way across astern', async (t) => {
   const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
   const { $, store } = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
index 2e114dd47..fd076663c 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
@@ -235,6 +235,8 @@ function updateVessel(nowMs) {
     },
     Date.now(),
   );
+  // The radar centres here too, so it agrees with the view out the window.
+  this.vesselFix = fix;
   const target = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
     fix.longitude,
     fix.latitude,
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
index 1d32a4cd4..9e6109811 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ import {
 import { lookIsOffset, lookReadoutParts, wrapLookYaw } from '../cockpitLook.js';
 import {
   RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS,
+  RADAR_REACH_M,
+  deadReckonRadarContacts,
   radarPicture,
   radarRangeM,
   radarRangeNm,
@@ -342,7 +344,9 @@ function updateVesselHud(info, nowMs, forceContext) {
 
 /**
  * Publish the bridge radar: nearby AIS vessels drawn heading-up from the
- * camera's current heading, within the chosen range.
+ * camera's current heading, within the chosen range. Own ship sits where
+ * the camera rides (its fix dead-reckoned), and every contact is
+ * dead-reckoned to the same moment, so the picture matches the window.
  * @param {object} info The vessel subject (`readVesselInfo`).
  */
 export function updateRadar(info) {
@@ -352,16 +356,22 @@ export function updateRadar(info) {
     return;
   }
   const rangeNm = radarRangeNm(this.radarRangeNm);
-  const contacts = layer.getRadarContacts(
-    info.latitude,
-    info.longitude,
-    radarRangeM(rangeNm),
-    RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS,
+  const own = this.vesselFix ?? info;
+  // Ask past the range for ships that have since moved into it; the picture
+  // trims them to the range once they are dead-reckoned.
+  const contacts = deadReckonRadarContacts(
+    layer.getRadarContacts(
+      own.latitude,
+      own.longitude,
+      radarRangeM(rangeNm) + RADAR_REACH_M,
+      RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS * 4,
+    ),
+    Date.now(),
   );
   const picture = radarPicture(
     {
-      latitude: info.latitude,
-      longitude: info.longitude,
+      latitude: own.latitude,
+      longitude: own.longitude,
       headingDeg: normalizeHeading(this.heading ?? info.track ?? 0),
       courseDeg: info.course,
     },
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
index 38a24ef8a..f300fe1c2 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
@@ -218,6 +218,7 @@ export function enter({ kind = null } = {}) {
   this.subjectKind = subjectKind;
   // Each session reads its own water: never a height left from the last.
   this.vesselWaterline = null;
+  this.vesselFix = null;
   this.subjectId = vessel ? info.mmsi : null;
   this.trackedEntity = entity;
   if (entity) {
@@ -329,6 +330,7 @@ export function exit({ restoreTracking = true } = {}) {
   this.active = false;
   this.subjectKind = null;
   this.vesselWaterline = null;
+  this.vesselFix = null;
   this.subjectId = null;
   this.services.releaseContinuousRender('cockpit');
   this.trackedEntity = null;

From 3ce3fce46f5ffd8bfdae8dd9cb153949b8ba4d35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:25:55 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 193/262] fix(cockpit): the bridge reads its floor where the
 ship is now

The ground clamp read the floor at the ship's last AIS fix while the camera
rode that fix dead-reckoned up to 180 s ahead, so a quay or bridge deck at
the old position could lift the eye. Vessels now read the floor at the
dead-reckoned target, as the water read already does; aircraft are
unchanged.
---
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitCamera.js       | 13 +++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
index 1273b5617..b73ff2a1f 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -1077,6 +1077,27 @@ test('the water is read where the ship is now, not at its last report', async (t
   assert.ok(eastM > 300 && eastM < 450, `probed ${eastM.toFixed(0)} m east`);
 });
 
+test('the bridge floor is read where the ship is now, not at its last report', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  // Reported a minute ago at 12 kn on course 095: since then ~370 m east.
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: (START_MS - 60_000) / 1000 };
+  const ship = fixture(t, { record });
+  const floors = [];
+  const cached = ship.cockpit.services.cachedGroundFloor;
+  ship.cockpit.services.cachedGroundFloor = (lat, lon) => {
+    floors.push({ lat, lon });
+    return cached(lat, lon);
+  };
+  ship.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 20);
+  const first = floors[0];
+  assert.ok(first, 'the floor was read');
+  const eastM =
+    (first.lon - RECORD.lon) * 111_320 * Math.cos((RECORD.lat * Math.PI) / 180);
+  assert.ok(eastM > 300 && eastM < 450, `read ${eastM.toFixed(0)} m east`);
+});
+
 test('the radar centres where the camera rides, not at the last report', async (t) => {
   const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
   // Reported a minute ago at 12 kn on course 095: since then ~370 m east.
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
index fd076663c..2a70ef280 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
@@ -401,9 +401,18 @@ function placeCamera(target, info, nowMs, dtSec, profile, look = null) {
     Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
     this.scratchTargetCartographic,
   );
+  // A bridge's target is its fix dead-reckoned up to minutes ahead: read
+  // the floor where the ship is now, as its water is.
+  const floorAt =
+    info.kind === 'vessel'
+      ? {
+          latitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(targetCartographic.latitude),
+          longitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(targetCartographic.longitude),
+        }
+      : info;
   let cockpitFloorM = this.services.cachedGroundFloor(
-    info.latitude,
-    info.longitude,
+    floorAt.latitude,
+    floorAt.longitude,
   );
   if (info.onGround === true) {
     const groundPoint = [{ lat: info.latitude, lon: info.longitude }];

From bbe33b48c7bcebb5007ddb8a802264737330be16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:26:45 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 194/262] fix(vessels): hide the ridden ship's trail while its
 bridge is held

The sprite and card were hidden from the bridge but the selected-vessel
trail was not: at sea it ran astern from under the eye, and on a raised
river it lay buried under the water. It is now hidden while the bridge
holds its ship, keeping its history, and shown again on release.
---
 src/layers/vessels/queries.js             |  3 +++
 src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs | 21 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
index 8f1f874e0..710e7cccd 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
@@ -563,6 +563,9 @@ export function createQueries({
       const next = normalizeSelectionMmsi(mmsi);
       if (state.cockpitSubjectMmsi === next) return true;
       state.cockpitSubjectMmsi = next;
+      // The ridden ship's trail runs from under the eye: hidden, its history
+      // kept, while the bridge holds the ship it belongs to.
+      state.trail?.setVisible?.(!next || next !== state.trailMmsi);
       components.rendering.updateVisibility(true);
       return true;
     },
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs b/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
index d0797aae1..86855b512 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs — the vessels the Cockpit bridge
-// radar draws: within range, nearest first, without the ship it rides.
+// radar draws: within range, nearest first, without the ship it rides; and
+// the ridden ship's own trail, hidden while the bridge holds it.
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { createVesselLayer } from './index.js';
@@ -128,6 +129,24 @@ test('ships with no MMSI each keep a key of their own', () => {
   assert.ok(ids.every((id) => id.startsWith('unkeyed:')));
 });
 
+test("the ridden ship's trail is hidden while the bridge holds it", () => {
+  const shown = [];
+  const trail = {
+    setPositions() {},
+    clear() {},
+    destroy() {},
+    setVisible: (visible) => shown.push(visible),
+  };
+  const layer = layerWith([record('own', 0), record('other', 2)], {
+    trail,
+    trailMmsi: 'own',
+  });
+  layer.setCockpitSubject('own');
+  assert.deepEqual(shown, [false]);
+  layer.setCockpitSubject(null);
+  assert.deepEqual(shown, [false, true]);
+});
+
 test('a disabled layer has no radar contacts', () => {
   const layer = layerWith([record('1', 1)], { enabled: false });
   assert.deepEqual(layer.getRadarContacts(54.5, 10.2, 6 * 1852), []);

From 620a18608e01b1b7dc75a61b05d3445cfee3afd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:27:51 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 195/262] fix(cockpit): only a ship's double-click remembers
 where it began

The first press's picture of the track is there because a click on a
selected ship re-centres the camera. It applied to followed aircraft too,
widening their double-click hit area to wherever the aircraft was drawn
as the gesture began. Aircraft are back to the hit where they are drawn.
---
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitInput.js        |  8 +++++++-
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
index b73ff2a1f..05ece6b89 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -1415,6 +1415,28 @@ test('a fix the feed keeps re-serving goes on ageing into a stale feed', async (
   assert.match($('#cockpit-aircraft-meta').textContent, /STALE FEED/);
 });
 
+test('a followed aircraft keeps its own double-click hit area', async (t) => {
+  const aircraftInfo = {
+    icao24: 'abc123',
+    callsign: 'TEST1',
+    latitude: 54.5,
+    longitude: 10.2,
+    altitudeM: 3000,
+    velocityMps: 200,
+    track: 45,
+    onGround: false,
+  };
+  const { cockpit, viewer, aircraft } = fixture(t, { aircraftInfo });
+  viewer.trackedEntity = aircraft;
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer);
+  // Drawn at (400, -2700) as the press begins, at (600, -2700) by the
+  // double-click: a click there is not on the aircraft.
+  cockpit.onScenePointerDown(1000);
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer, { x: 600 });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.onSceneDoubleClick({ x: 400, y: -2700 }, 1250), false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+});
+
 test("a double-click's second press keeps the first press's picture of the ship", async (t) => {
   const { cockpit, viewer, store } = fixture(t);
   heightSensitiveProjection(viewer);
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
index 227ccb4c7..1dd662007 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ function subjectCanvasPosition() {
 }
 
 /**
- * Note where the followed track is drawn as a press begins, for a
+ * Note where the selected ship is drawn as a press begins, for a
  * double-click whose first click moves it. The second press of the gesture
  * keeps the first one's picture: by then the first click may have moved it.
  * @param {number} [nowMs]
@@ -74,6 +74,12 @@ export function onScenePointerDown(nowMs = performance.now()) {
   if (this.active || this.destroyed) return;
   const start = this.doubleClickStart;
   if (start && nowMs - start.atMs <= DOUBLE_CLICK_MEMORY_MS) return;
+  // Only a ship moves under its own click (selecting it re-centres the
+  // camera); a followed aircraft stays put, so its hit area stays its own.
+  if (this.resolveEntryKind() !== 'vessel') {
+    this.doubleClickStart = null;
+    return;
+  }
   const at = subjectCanvasPosition.call(this);
   this.doubleClickStart = at ? { x: at.x, y: at.y, atMs: nowMs } : null;
 }

From af2121991120a5d0dd86ca954264c0f604f169d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:28:03 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 196/262] refactor(cockpit): lastAircraftInfo is
 lastSubjectInfo

It holds the ridden vessel on a bridge, and the radar range button reads a
vessel from it.
---
 src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js    |  4 ++--
 src/ui/cockpitController.js  | 11 ++++++-----
 src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
index b701ddab0..40f442256 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
@@ -85,11 +85,11 @@ export function relocalizeBrief() {
   Object.assign(this.brief, cycleWords(this.briefAutoRotateEnabled));
   this.showBriefPage(this.briefPageIndex);
   if (this.regionalBrief)
-    this.renderRegionalBrief(this.regionalBrief, this.lastAircraftInfo);
+    this.renderRegionalBrief(this.regionalBrief, this.lastSubjectInfo);
   else if (this.brief.news.state)
     this.renderRegionalBriefStatus(
       this.brief.news.state,
-      this.lastAircraftInfo,
+      this.lastSubjectInfo,
     );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitController.js b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
index 1fd4b7733..011e32ebc 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
@@ -217,7 +217,8 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this.contextView = createContextState();
     this.brief = createBriefState();
     this.briefTimer = null;
-    this.lastAircraftInfo = null;
+    // The last aircraft or vessel the HUD drew.
+    this.lastSubjectInfo = null;
     this.regionalBrief = null;
     this.regionalBriefAnchor = null;
     this.regionalBriefFetchedAt = 0;
@@ -399,8 +400,8 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   /** Step the bridge radar to its next range and redraw it at once. */
   cycleRadarRange() {
     this.radarRangeNm = nextRadarRange(this.radarRangeNm);
-    if (this.active && this.subjectKind === 'vessel' && this.lastAircraftInfo)
-      this.updateRadar(this.lastAircraftInfo);
+    if (this.active && this.subjectKind === 'vessel' && this.lastSubjectInfo)
+      this.updateRadar(this.lastSubjectInfo);
   }
   presentLook() {
     return presentLook.call(this);
@@ -555,10 +556,10 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this.relocalizeBrief();
     this.publishVision(createVisionState(this.visionMode));
     this.routeSignature = null;
-    if (this.active && this.lastAircraftInfo) {
+    if (this.active && this.lastSubjectInfo) {
       this.rewordingSignals = true;
       try {
-        this.updateHud(this.lastAircraftInfo, performance.now(), true);
+        this.updateHud(this.lastSubjectInfo, performance.now(), true);
       } finally {
         this.rewordingSignals = false;
       }
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
index 9e6109811..413727f3b 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ export function updateHud(
     updateVesselHud.call(this, info, nowMs, forceContext);
     return;
   }
-  this.lastAircraftInfo = info;
+  this.lastSubjectInfo = info;
   const view = this.instruments;
   view.kind = 'aircraft';
   view.trackSource = null;
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ export function updateHud(
  * Signals stay aircraft-only, so the Contact card is withdrawn.
  */
 function updateVesselHud(info, nowMs, forceContext) {
-  this.lastAircraftInfo = info;
+  this.lastSubjectInfo = info;
   const view = this.instruments;
   view.kind = 'vessel';
   view.trackSource = info.trackSource ?? null;

From 0faa29dfbd482c6bd5f1ea66e86f35b991803308 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:30:25 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 197/262] style(cockpit): format the lastSubjectInfo rename

---
 src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
index 40f442256..9c74195c4 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
@@ -87,10 +87,7 @@ export function relocalizeBrief() {
   if (this.regionalBrief)
     this.renderRegionalBrief(this.regionalBrief, this.lastSubjectInfo);
   else if (this.brief.news.state)
-    this.renderRegionalBriefStatus(
-      this.brief.news.state,
-      this.lastSubjectInfo,
-    );
+    this.renderRegionalBriefStatus(this.brief.news.state, this.lastSubjectInfo);
 }
 
 export function setBriefAutoRotate(enabled) {

From 9abc105266d5477b6ce7d678b140f1f514e17151 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:30:25 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 198/262] refactor(cockpit): the bridge styles get their own
 stylesheet

The ship bridge rules were appended to cockpit.css, taking it to 2705
lines; they move unchanged to cockpitBridge.css, imported right after it so
the cascade is the same. cockpitBridge.css and cockpitRadar.css join the
format scope and the styles package.
---
 scripts/format-scope.json       |   2 +
 scripts/package-boundaries.json |   2 +
 src/ui/styles/cockpit.css       | 450 --------------------------------
 src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css | 449 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 style.css                       |   1 +
 5 files changed, 454 insertions(+), 450 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css

diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index b23ab75b0..5ed51e7fd 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -328,6 +328,8 @@
   "src/ui/styles/responsive.css",
   "src/ui/styles/voice-cost.css",
   "src/ui/styles/cockpit.css",
+  "src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css",
+  "src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css",
   "src/ui/styles/command-dock-compact.css",
   "src/app/stateChannel.js",
   "src/app/stateChannel.test.mjs",
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 8c175d027..76515b200 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -1211,6 +1211,8 @@
       "src/ui/styles/location.css",
       "src/ui/styles/status.css",
       "src/ui/styles/cockpit.css",
+      "src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css",
+      "src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css",
       "src/ui/styles/overlays.css",
       "src/ui/styles/layers.css",
       "src/ui/styles/radio.css",
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
index ae842d593..f6e466e43 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
@@ -2253,453 +2253,3 @@ body.cockpit-mode #intel-hud .hud-right-edge {
     animation: none;
   }
 }
-
-/* Ship bridge
-   A vessel's bridge reads as a wheelhouse window rather than an aircraft
-   visor: straight mullions, a straight speed tape and heading tape, square
-   panels, and a radar console in the bottom-right corner. Every rule is
-   scoped to the bridge, so the aircraft cockpit keeps its keyhole. */
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
-  --cockpit-radar-size: 240px;
-  --cockpit-radar-label-height: 28px;
-  --cockpit-radar-right: clamp(24px, 4vw, 58px);
-  /* Above the position readout, which sits above the language picker. */
-  --cockpit-radar-bottom: calc(max(clamp(22px, 4vh, 42px), 3.5rem) + 40px);
-  /* From the viewport bottom to clear above the console (border + gap). */
-  --cockpit-radar-clearance: calc(
-    var(--cockpit-radar-bottom) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) +
-      var(--cockpit-radar-label-height) + 14px
-  );
-}
-:root[data-ui-theme='cyber'] #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
-  --cockpit-radar-right: 30px;
-}
-:root[data-ui-theme='cyber'] #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']::before {
-  clip-path: none;
-}
-:root:not([data-ui-theme='cyber']) body.cockpit-bridge {
-  --panel-radius: 2px;
-  --btn-radius: 2px;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-bridge-frame {
-  display: block;
-  position: absolute;
-  inset: 0;
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 100%;
-  pointer-events: none;
-  color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 32%, transparent);
-  stroke-width: 1;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-bridge-frame path {
-  vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-reticle {
-  width: 36px;
-  height: 14px;
-  border: 0;
-  border-radius: 0;
-  color: transparent;
-  background:
-    linear-gradient(var(--cockpit-accent), var(--cockpit-accent)) 50% 0 / 1px
-      100% no-repeat,
-    linear-gradient(90deg, var(--cockpit-accent), var(--cockpit-accent)) 0 50% /
-      100% 1px no-repeat;
-  font-size: 0;
-  box-shadow: none;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-reticle::before,
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-reticle::after {
-  display: none;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-horizon-guide {
-  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-horizon-guide span,
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-visor-status {
-  transform: none;
-}
-
-/* Speed over ground: a straight vertical tape beside the left pane post. */
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-speed-rim {
-  top: 22vh;
-  right: auto;
-  left: calc(27vw + 14px);
-  width: 150px;
-  height: 46vh;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-  .cockpit-speed-rim
-  .cockpit-altitude-rim-label {
-  top: 0;
-  right: auto;
-  left: 0;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-  .cockpit-speed-rim
-  :is(.cockpit-altitude-rim-rail, .cockpit-altitude-rim-scale) {
-  inset: 18px 0 0;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-  .cockpit-speed-rim
-  .cockpit-altitude-rim-rail {
-  background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.3), transparent 70%);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-  .cockpit-speed-rim
-  .cockpit-altitude-rim-rail::before {
-  top: 0;
-  bottom: 0;
-  left: 0;
-  width: 0;
-  height: auto;
-  border: 0;
-  border-left: 2px solid
-    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 72%, transparent);
-  border-radius: 0;
-  box-shadow: -3px 0 12px
-    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 18%, transparent);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-  .cockpit-speed-rim
-  .cockpit-altitude-rim-scale
-  > span {
-  left: 2px;
-  transform: translateY(-50%);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-  .cockpit-speed-rim
-  .cockpit-altitude-rim-pointer {
-  z-index: 1;
-  top: calc(50% + 9px);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-  .cockpit-speed-rim
-  .cockpit-altitude-rim-pointer
-  strong {
-  min-width: 0;
-  padding: 2px 5px;
-  border: 1px solid var(--cockpit-accent);
-  border-radius: 2px;
-  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.78);
-}
-
-/* Heading: a straight horizontal tape under flat readouts. */
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass {
-  transform: translateX(-50%);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] :is(.cockpit-speed, .cockpit-altitude) {
-  transform: none;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape {
-  height: 44px;
-  margin-top: 0;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  /* The minor ticks below scroll by a fraction of the tape's width. */
-  container-type: inline-size;
-  transform-style: flat;
-  -webkit-mask-image: linear-gradient(
-    90deg,
-    transparent,
-    #000 12% 88%,
-    transparent
-  );
-  mask-image: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #000 12% 88%, transparent);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape::before {
-  inset: 0 0 auto;
-  height: 26px;
-  border-top: 1px solid
-    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 78%, transparent);
-  border-bottom: 1px solid
-    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 22%, transparent);
-  border-radius: 0;
-  /* Minor ticks every 10 degrees, centred on the 30-degree divisions. */
-  background:
-    linear-gradient(
-        90deg,
-        transparent calc(50% - 0.5px),
-        color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 46%, transparent)
-          calc(50% - 0.5px) calc(50% + 0.5px),
-        transparent calc(50% + 0.5px)
-      )
-      50% 0 / calc(14% / 3) 6px repeat-x,
-    rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.34);
-  /* Scrolled with the divisions (--tape-shift slots of 14% each). */
-  background-position:
-    calc(50% + var(--tape-shift, 0) * 14cqw) 0,
-    0 0;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape span {
-  top: 0;
-  left: calc(50% + (var(--slot) * 14%));
-  font-size: 11px;
-  transform: translateX(-50%);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape span::before {
-  height: 10px;
-  margin: 0 auto 5px;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape span.active {
-  font-size: 15px;
-}
-/* The tape follows the look; the bow (prograde: a ring and centre dot) and
-   stern (retrograde: a ring and cross) marks sit under it at the ship's
-   heading and its reciprocal. */
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-marker {
-  position: absolute;
-  top: 30px;
-  left: calc(50% + (var(--slot) * 14%));
-  box-sizing: border-box;
-  width: 11px;
-  height: 11px;
-  border: 1.5px solid var(--cockpit-accent);
-  border-radius: 50%;
-  transform: translateX(-50%);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-marker::before,
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::after {
-  content: '';
-  position: absolute;
-  top: 50%;
-  left: 50%;
-  background: var(--cockpit-accent);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-prograde::before {
-  width: 3px;
-  height: 3px;
-  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::before,
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::after {
-  width: 1.5px;
-  height: 9px;
-  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(45deg);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::after {
-  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(-45deg);
-}
-
-/* Square panels and buttons. */
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-  :is(
-    .cockpit-vision-controls,
-    .cockpit-vision-controls button,
-    .cockpit-card-actions button,
-    .cockpit-utility-glyph,
-    .cockpit-radio-transport button,
-    .cockpit-route-direction small,
-    #cockpit-brief-auto
-  ) {
-  border-radius: 2px;
-}
-body.cockpit-bridge #view-switcher button {
-  border-radius: 2px;
-}
-
-/* The briefing card sits flat and shorter, above the radar console. Its top
-   leaves the utility strip room below the REC readout. */
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-signal-window {
-  bottom: var(--cockpit-radar-clearance);
-  max-height: max(
-    44px,
-    min(30vh, 280px, calc(100vh - var(--cockpit-radar-clearance) - 290px))
-  );
-  border-radius: 2px;
-  transform: none;
-}
-/* Cyber anchors the card's top from the layout pass; bound its height. */
-:root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
-  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-  .cockpit-signal-window {
-  bottom: auto;
-  max-height: max(
-    44px,
-    min(
-      30vh,
-      280px,
-      calc(
-        100vh - var(--cockpit-signal-top, clamp(255px, 28vh, 300px)) -
-          var(--cockpit-radar-clearance)
-      )
-    )
-  );
-  clip-path: none;
-}
-
-/* The radar console: CockpitRadar fills it, label row included. */
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-console {
-  position: absolute;
-  z-index: 4;
-  right: var(--cockpit-radar-right);
-  bottom: var(--cockpit-radar-bottom);
-  display: grid;
-  width: var(--cockpit-radar-size);
-  height: calc(var(--cockpit-radar-size) + var(--cockpit-radar-label-height));
-  overflow: hidden;
-  border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 30%, transparent);
-  border-top-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 64%, transparent);
-  border-radius: 2px;
-  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.68);
-  box-shadow:
-    inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04),
-    0 0 28px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);
-  backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
-  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
-  pointer-events: auto;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-  .cockpit-radar-console:has(> .cockpit-radar[hidden]) {
-  display: none;
-}
-:root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
-  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-  .cockpit-radar-console {
-  border-color: rgba(105, 203, 209, 0.34);
-  border-top-color: rgba(196, 84, 84, 0.82);
-  background:
-    linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(105, 203, 209, 0.07), transparent 38%),
-    rgba(8, 23, 27, 0.78);
-}
-
-@media (min-width: 761px) {
-  /* The heading tape narrows to stay clear of the console. */
-  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass {
-    width: min(
-      760px,
-      72vw,
-      calc(
-        100vw - 2 *
-          (var(--cockpit-radar-right) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) + 24px)
-      )
-    );
-  }
-  :root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
-    #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
-    .cockpit-compass {
-    width: min(
-      650px,
-      56vw,
-      calc(
-        100vw - 2 *
-          (var(--cockpit-radar-right) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) + 24px)
-      )
-    );
-  }
-}
-@media (min-width: 761px) and (min-height: 601px) {
-  /* The console takes the intel HUD's bottom-right corner. */
-  body.cockpit-bridge #intel-hud .hud-bottom-right {
-    display: none;
-  }
-}
-@media (max-width: 1280px), (max-height: 820px) {
-  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
-    --cockpit-radar-size: 192px;
-    --cockpit-radar-label-height: 24px;
-  }
-}
-@media (max-width: 960px) {
-  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
-    --cockpit-radar-size: 152px;
-    --cockpit-radar-label-height: 22px;
-  }
-}
-/* Too small for a console: the briefing card returns to its usual place. */
-@media (max-width: 760px), (max-height: 600px) {
-  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
-    --cockpit-radar-clearance: var(--cockpit-bottom-rail-safe);
-  }
-  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-console {
-    display: none;
-  }
-}
-
-/* Look around: the readout and LOOK AHEAD control sit beside the radar
-   console, out of the forward view, while the view is turned off the bow;
-   the radar scope draws the matching look line. */
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look {
-  position: absolute;
-  right: calc(var(--cockpit-radar-right) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) + 14px);
-  bottom: var(--cockpit-radar-bottom);
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  align-items: flex-end;
-  gap: 6px;
-  opacity: 0.78;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look:focus-within,
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look:hover {
-  opacity: 1;
-}
-/* Without the console, the controls take its corner. */
-@media (max-width: 760px), (max-height: 600px) {
-  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look {
-    right: var(--cockpit-radar-right);
-  }
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look[hidden] {
-  display: none;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-readout {
-  padding: 2px 6px;
-  border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 46%, transparent);
-  border-radius: 2px;
-  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.62);
-  color: var(--cockpit-accent);
-  font-family: var(--font-mono);
-  font-size: 11px;
-  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-ahead {
-  display: inline-flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 4px;
-  padding: 3px 8px;
-  border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 64%, transparent);
-  border-radius: 2px;
-  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.78);
-  color: #f4fbff;
-  font: inherit;
-  font-size: 10px;
-  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
-  cursor: pointer;
-  pointer-events: auto;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-ahead:hover {
-  border-color: var(--cockpit-accent);
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-ahead:focus-visible {
-  outline: 2px solid var(--cockpit-accent);
-  outline-offset: 2px;
-}
-/* A narrow wedge from own ship with a line along its centre, eased with the
-   camera's turn. Both point up (ahead) before rotation. */
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-look {
-  position: absolute;
-  inset: 0;
-  border-radius: 50%;
-  background: conic-gradient(
-    from -6deg,
-    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 18%, transparent) 0deg 12deg,
-    transparent 12deg
-  );
-  pointer-events: none;
-  transition: transform 180ms ease-out;
-}
-#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-look::before {
-  position: absolute;
-  bottom: 50%;
-  left: 50%;
-  width: 0;
-  height: 50%;
-  border-left: 1px dashed
-    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 80%, transparent);
-  content: '';
-}
-@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
-  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-look {
-    transition: none;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf5144ac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+/* Ship bridge
+   A vessel's bridge reads as a wheelhouse window rather than an aircraft
+   visor: straight mullions, a straight speed tape and heading tape, square
+   panels, and a radar console in the bottom-right corner. Every rule is
+   scoped to the bridge, so the aircraft cockpit keeps its keyhole. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
+  --cockpit-radar-size: 240px;
+  --cockpit-radar-label-height: 28px;
+  --cockpit-radar-right: clamp(24px, 4vw, 58px);
+  /* Above the position readout, which sits above the language picker. */
+  --cockpit-radar-bottom: calc(max(clamp(22px, 4vh, 42px), 3.5rem) + 40px);
+  /* From the viewport bottom to clear above the console (border + gap). */
+  --cockpit-radar-clearance: calc(
+    var(--cockpit-radar-bottom) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) +
+      var(--cockpit-radar-label-height) + 14px
+  );
+}
+:root[data-ui-theme='cyber'] #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
+  --cockpit-radar-right: 30px;
+}
+:root[data-ui-theme='cyber'] #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']::before {
+  clip-path: none;
+}
+:root:not([data-ui-theme='cyber']) body.cockpit-bridge {
+  --panel-radius: 2px;
+  --btn-radius: 2px;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-bridge-frame {
+  display: block;
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  width: 100%;
+  height: 100%;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 32%, transparent);
+  stroke-width: 1;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-bridge-frame path {
+  vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-reticle {
+  width: 36px;
+  height: 14px;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 0;
+  color: transparent;
+  background:
+    linear-gradient(var(--cockpit-accent), var(--cockpit-accent)) 50% 0 / 1px
+      100% no-repeat,
+    linear-gradient(90deg, var(--cockpit-accent), var(--cockpit-accent)) 0 50% /
+      100% 1px no-repeat;
+  font-size: 0;
+  box-shadow: none;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-reticle::before,
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-reticle::after {
+  display: none;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-horizon-guide {
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-horizon-guide span,
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-visor-status {
+  transform: none;
+}
+
+/* Speed over ground: a straight vertical tape beside the left pane post. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-speed-rim {
+  top: 22vh;
+  right: auto;
+  left: calc(27vw + 14px);
+  width: 150px;
+  height: 46vh;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-label {
+  top: 0;
+  right: auto;
+  left: 0;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  :is(.cockpit-altitude-rim-rail, .cockpit-altitude-rim-scale) {
+  inset: 18px 0 0;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-rail {
+  background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.3), transparent 70%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-rail::before {
+  top: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  width: 0;
+  height: auto;
+  border: 0;
+  border-left: 2px solid
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 72%, transparent);
+  border-radius: 0;
+  box-shadow: -3px 0 12px
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 18%, transparent);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-scale
+  > span {
+  left: 2px;
+  transform: translateY(-50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-pointer {
+  z-index: 1;
+  top: calc(50% + 9px);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-speed-rim
+  .cockpit-altitude-rim-pointer
+  strong {
+  min-width: 0;
+  padding: 2px 5px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--cockpit-accent);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.78);
+}
+
+/* Heading: a straight horizontal tape under flat readouts. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass {
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] :is(.cockpit-speed, .cockpit-altitude) {
+  transform: none;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape {
+  height: 44px;
+  margin-top: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  /* The minor ticks below scroll by a fraction of the tape's width. */
+  container-type: inline-size;
+  transform-style: flat;
+  -webkit-mask-image: linear-gradient(
+    90deg,
+    transparent,
+    #000 12% 88%,
+    transparent
+  );
+  mask-image: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, #000 12% 88%, transparent);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape::before {
+  inset: 0 0 auto;
+  height: 26px;
+  border-top: 1px solid
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 78%, transparent);
+  border-bottom: 1px solid
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 22%, transparent);
+  border-radius: 0;
+  /* Minor ticks every 10 degrees, centred on the 30-degree divisions. */
+  background:
+    linear-gradient(
+        90deg,
+        transparent calc(50% - 0.5px),
+        color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 46%, transparent)
+          calc(50% - 0.5px) calc(50% + 0.5px),
+        transparent calc(50% + 0.5px)
+      )
+      50% 0 / calc(14% / 3) 6px repeat-x,
+    rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.34);
+  /* Scrolled with the divisions (--tape-shift slots of 14% each). */
+  background-position:
+    calc(50% + var(--tape-shift, 0) * 14cqw) 0,
+    0 0;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape span {
+  top: 0;
+  left: calc(50% + (var(--slot) * 14%));
+  font-size: 11px;
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape span::before {
+  height: 10px;
+  margin: 0 auto 5px;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-tape span.active {
+  font-size: 15px;
+}
+/* The tape follows the look; the bow (prograde: a ring and centre dot) and
+   stern (retrograde: a ring and cross) marks sit under it at the ship's
+   heading and its reciprocal. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-marker {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 30px;
+  left: calc(50% + (var(--slot) * 14%));
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  width: 11px;
+  height: 11px;
+  border: 1.5px solid var(--cockpit-accent);
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-marker::before,
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::after {
+  content: '';
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 50%;
+  left: 50%;
+  background: var(--cockpit-accent);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-prograde::before {
+  width: 3px;
+  height: 3px;
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::before,
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::after {
+  width: 1.5px;
+  height: 9px;
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(45deg);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass-retrograde::after {
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(-45deg);
+}
+
+/* Square panels and buttons. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  :is(
+    .cockpit-vision-controls,
+    .cockpit-vision-controls button,
+    .cockpit-card-actions button,
+    .cockpit-utility-glyph,
+    .cockpit-radio-transport button,
+    .cockpit-route-direction small,
+    #cockpit-brief-auto
+  ) {
+  border-radius: 2px;
+}
+body.cockpit-bridge #view-switcher button {
+  border-radius: 2px;
+}
+
+/* The briefing card sits flat and shorter, above the radar console. Its top
+   leaves the utility strip room below the REC readout. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-signal-window {
+  bottom: var(--cockpit-radar-clearance);
+  max-height: max(
+    44px,
+    min(30vh, 280px, calc(100vh - var(--cockpit-radar-clearance) - 290px))
+  );
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  transform: none;
+}
+/* Cyber anchors the card's top from the layout pass; bound its height. */
+:root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-signal-window {
+  bottom: auto;
+  max-height: max(
+    44px,
+    min(
+      30vh,
+      280px,
+      calc(
+        100vh - var(--cockpit-signal-top, clamp(255px, 28vh, 300px)) -
+          var(--cockpit-radar-clearance)
+      )
+    )
+  );
+  clip-path: none;
+}
+
+/* The radar console: CockpitRadar fills it, label row included. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-console {
+  position: absolute;
+  z-index: 4;
+  right: var(--cockpit-radar-right);
+  bottom: var(--cockpit-radar-bottom);
+  display: grid;
+  width: var(--cockpit-radar-size);
+  height: calc(var(--cockpit-radar-size) + var(--cockpit-radar-label-height));
+  overflow: hidden;
+  border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 30%, transparent);
+  border-top-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 64%, transparent);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.68);
+  box-shadow:
+    inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04),
+    0 0 28px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26);
+  backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
+  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-radar-console:has(> .cockpit-radar[hidden]) {
+  display: none;
+}
+:root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+  .cockpit-radar-console {
+  border-color: rgba(105, 203, 209, 0.34);
+  border-top-color: rgba(196, 84, 84, 0.82);
+  background:
+    linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(105, 203, 209, 0.07), transparent 38%),
+    rgba(8, 23, 27, 0.78);
+}
+
+@media (min-width: 761px) {
+  /* The heading tape narrows to stay clear of the console. */
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-compass {
+    width: min(
+      760px,
+      72vw,
+      calc(
+        100vw - 2 *
+          (var(--cockpit-radar-right) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) + 24px)
+      )
+    );
+  }
+  :root[data-ui-theme='cyber']
+    #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel']
+    .cockpit-compass {
+    width: min(
+      650px,
+      56vw,
+      calc(
+        100vw - 2 *
+          (var(--cockpit-radar-right) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) + 24px)
+      )
+    );
+  }
+}
+@media (min-width: 761px) and (min-height: 601px) {
+  /* The console takes the intel HUD's bottom-right corner. */
+  body.cockpit-bridge #intel-hud .hud-bottom-right {
+    display: none;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 1280px), (max-height: 820px) {
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
+    --cockpit-radar-size: 192px;
+    --cockpit-radar-label-height: 24px;
+  }
+}
+@media (max-width: 960px) {
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
+    --cockpit-radar-size: 152px;
+    --cockpit-radar-label-height: 22px;
+  }
+}
+/* Too small for a console: the briefing card returns to its usual place. */
+@media (max-width: 760px), (max-height: 600px) {
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] {
+    --cockpit-radar-clearance: var(--cockpit-bottom-rail-safe);
+  }
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-console {
+    display: none;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Look around: the readout and LOOK AHEAD control sit beside the radar
+   console, out of the forward view, while the view is turned off the bow;
+   the radar scope draws the matching look line. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look {
+  position: absolute;
+  right: calc(var(--cockpit-radar-right) + var(--cockpit-radar-size) + 14px);
+  bottom: var(--cockpit-radar-bottom);
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  align-items: flex-end;
+  gap: 6px;
+  opacity: 0.78;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look:focus-within,
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look:hover {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+/* Without the console, the controls take its corner. */
+@media (max-width: 760px), (max-height: 600px) {
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look {
+    right: var(--cockpit-radar-right);
+  }
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-readout {
+  padding: 2px 6px;
+  border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 46%, transparent);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.62);
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent);
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 11px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-ahead {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 4px;
+  padding: 3px 8px;
+  border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 64%, transparent);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.78);
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-size: 10px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-ahead:hover {
+  border-color: var(--cockpit-accent);
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-look-ahead:focus-visible {
+  outline: 2px solid var(--cockpit-accent);
+  outline-offset: 2px;
+}
+/* A narrow wedge from own ship with a line along its centre, eased with the
+   camera's turn. Both point up (ahead) before rotation. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-look {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: conic-gradient(
+    from -6deg,
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 18%, transparent) 0deg 12deg,
+    transparent 12deg
+  );
+  pointer-events: none;
+  transition: transform 180ms ease-out;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-look::before {
+  position: absolute;
+  bottom: 50%;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: 0;
+  height: 50%;
+  border-left: 1px dashed
+    color-mix(in srgb, var(--cockpit-accent) 80%, transparent);
+  content: '';
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  #cockpit-hud[data-subject='vessel'] .cockpit-radar-look {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
index 84061e5c7..e879e16d5 100644
--- a/style.css
+++ b/style.css
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 @import './src/ui/styles/location.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/status.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpit.css';
+@import './src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/overlays.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/layers.css';

From 0ba7ba651212cf5d95d130170cba494bb8577cac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:31:25 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 199/262] test(cockpit): the real vessel layer keeps the ridden
 ship on a water click

The bridge tests drive a hand-written layer, so nothing exercised the
vessel layer's own scene-click gate. A wire test now clicks open water with
the bridge holding the ship, then again after release.

The Contacts test that adopts Live AIS Vessels directly is renamed to say
so: it never rides a bridge.
---
 src/data/aisLiveVessels.test.mjs | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/data/aisLiveVessels.test.mjs b/src/data/aisLiveVessels.test.mjs
index 8e12bff94..6cae48234 100644
--- a/src/data/aisLiveVessels.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/aisLiveVessels.test.mjs
@@ -989,6 +989,22 @@ test('vessel interaction wire: trail pick does not deselect', () => {
   }
 });
 
+test('vessel interaction wire: a click on open water keeps the ship the bridge rides', () => {
+  const harness = installWireHarness({ id: 'gev-trailing-contact' });
+  try {
+    aisLiveVesselsLayer.setCockpitSubject(harness.record.mmsi);
+    harness.handler.click({ position: { x: 10, y: 20 } });
+    assert.equal(aisLiveVesselsLayer.getSelectedInfo()?.mmsi, harness.record.mmsi);
+    assert.equal(harness.trail.clearCalls, 0);
+    // Released, the same click deselects as it always has.
+    aisLiveVesselsLayer.setCockpitSubject(null);
+    harness.handler.click({ position: { x: 10, y: 20 } });
+    assert.equal(aisLiveVesselsLayer.getSelectedInfo(), null);
+  } finally {
+    harness.cleanup();
+  }
+});
+
 test('vessel interaction wire: only the gev-trail: namespace receives the trail no-op', () => {
   const harness = installWireHarness({ id: 'gev-trailing-contact' });
   try {
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
index adf3d916d..81c8ccf40 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ test('a ride handed to an aircraft on a layer Contacts turned on keeps that laye
   assert.deepEqual(on(manager), ['flights', 'military']);
 });
 
-test('a bridge ride keeps Live AIS Vessels when Contacts had turned it on', async (t) => {
+test('Live AIS Vessels, once adopted as the ridden layer, outlives Contacts', async (t) => {
   const live = await liveFixture(t, {
     tracked: { layerId: 'flights', info: CIVIL },
   });

From f96a89a9ef6731c954866b88d5701e34c517b7c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:47:37 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 200/262] fix(cockpit): radar contacts stay where the vessel
 layer draws them

The vessel layer draws other ships at their last AIS fix and does not
advance them, so dead-reckoning radar contacts moved the mismatch from own
ship to everyone else: a 15 kn ferry reported 90 s ago showed ~700 m ahead
of the ship out of the window. Own ship stays centred where the camera
rides; contacts go back to their last fixes, and the query drops the extra
reach and candidates (which could also cut the nearest ship in a crowd).
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                     |  6 ++--
 src/cockpitRadar.js                       | 42 -----------------------
 src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs                 | 20 -----------
 src/layers/vessels/queries.js             | 40 ++++++++-------------
 src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs |  5 ---
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs             |  6 ++--
 src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js              | 22 +++++-------
 7 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index b52605c99..372fd4dc9 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1591,9 +1591,9 @@ from the caret. The bridge radar
 shows nearby AIS ships heading-up and opens at 3 NM
 (`DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM` in `src/cockpitRadar.js`); its range button steps
 3, 6, 12 and 24 NM and the chosen range is kept across bridges. Own ship
-sits where the camera rides, and every contact's last fix is dead-reckoned
-along its course over ground to the same moment (`deadReckonRadarContacts`),
-so the scope matches the view out of the window. Contact
+sits where the camera rides (its fix dead-reckoned) and contacts at their
+last fixes, where the vessel layer draws them, so the scope matches the view
+out of the window. Contact
 Previous/Next and Live Signals aircraft handoffs are refused on the bridge and
 the Contact card stays hidden. Exit returns the camera to the vessel's map view
 through the layer's own focus. Tracking an aircraft or losing the vessel
diff --git a/src/cockpitRadar.js b/src/cockpitRadar.js
index 502e87529..5cf1f90f7 100644
--- a/src/cockpitRadar.js
+++ b/src/cockpitRadar.js
@@ -9,10 +9,6 @@ import {
   relativeBearing,
 } from './cockpitMath.js';
 import { greatCircleMeters } from './geoDistance.js';
-import {
-  deadReckonVesselFix,
-  VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S,
-} from './cockpitSubjects.js';
 
 /** Metres in one international nautical mile. */
 export const METRES_PER_NM = 1852;
@@ -26,14 +22,6 @@ export const DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM = 3;
 /** At most this many contacts are drawn, nearest first. */
 export const RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS = 60;
 
-/**
- * How far past the range a contact's last fix can lie and still be in range
- * once dead-reckoned: the projection limit at 40 kn, faster than all but a
- * few high-speed craft.
- */
-export const RADAR_REACH_M =
-  VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S * 40 * (METRES_PER_NM / 3600);
-
 /** Range rings divide the range into this many equal steps. */
 export const RADAR_RING_COUNT = 4;
 
@@ -80,36 +68,6 @@ export function radarRangeM(rangeNm) {
 
 const round4 = (value) => Math.round(value * 1e4) / 1e4;
 
-/**
- * Advance each contact's last fix along its course over ground to `nowMs`,
- * as the bridge camera advances its own ship, so own ship and contacts are
- * drawn at the same moment. A contact with no direction stays on its fix.
- * @param {Array<object>} contacts Contacts with the `vesselCockpitInfo`
- *   motion fields (`motionCourse`, `velocityMps`, `fixEpochMs`,
- *   `receivedAtMs`, `feedEpochMs`).
- * @param {number} nowMs Client clock, ms.
- * @returns {Array<object>} The contacts with dead-reckoned positions.
- */
-export function deadReckonRadarContacts(contacts, nowMs) {
-  if (!Array.isArray(contacts)) return [];
-  return contacts.map((contact) => {
-    if (!Number.isFinite(contact?.motionCourse)) return contact;
-    const fix = deadReckonVesselFix(
-      {
-        latitude: contact.latitude,
-        longitude: contact.longitude,
-        courseDeg: contact.motionCourse,
-        speedMps: contact.velocityMps,
-        fixEpochMs: contact.fixEpochMs,
-        receivedAtMs: contact.receivedAtMs,
-        feedEpochMs: contact.feedEpochMs,
-      },
-      nowMs,
-    );
-    return { ...contact, latitude: fix.latitude, longitude: fix.longitude };
-  });
-}
-
 /**
  * Project vessel contacts onto a heading-up radar.
  *
diff --git a/src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs b/src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs
index 98ad47e50..e18403972 100644
--- a/src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitRadar.test.mjs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import {
   METRES_PER_NM,
   RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS,
   RADAR_RANGES_NM,
-  deadReckonRadarContacts,
   nextRadarRange,
   projectRadarContacts,
   radarPicture,
@@ -97,25 +96,6 @@ test('course is drawn relative to the bow and stays null when unknown', () => {
   assert.equal(drifting.relativeCourseDeg, null);
 });
 
-test('contacts are dead-reckoned along course over ground to now', () => {
-  const nowMs = 1_800_000_000_000;
-  const fixEpochMs = nowMs - 120_000;
-  // 12 kn due north, fix received a minute ago: ~370 m (0.2 NM) on.
-  const moving = contact('moving', 1, 0, {
-    motionCourse: 0,
-    velocityMps: 12 * 0.514444,
-    fixEpochMs,
-    feedEpochMs: fixEpochMs,
-    receivedAtMs: nowMs - 60_000,
-  });
-  const adrift = contact('adrift', 1, 0, { motionCourse: null });
-  const [ahead, still] = deadReckonRadarContacts([moving, adrift], nowMs);
-  const movedNm = (ahead.latitude - moving.latitude) / NM_LAT;
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(movedNm - 0.2) < 0.005, `moved ${movedNm} NM`);
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(ahead.longitude - moving.longitude) < 1e-9);
-  assert.equal(still, adrift, 'no direction, no move');
-});
-
 test('contacts beyond the range are left out', () => {
   const contacts = projectRadarContacts(
     OWN,
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
index 710e7cccd..8cc32927e 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
@@ -360,12 +360,8 @@ export function createQueries({
      * @param {number} [maxCount=60] Maximum entries to return.
      * @returns {Array<{ id: string, name: string, latitude: number,
      *   longitude: number, course: number|null, heading: number|null,
-     *   type: string, color: string, stale: boolean,
-     *   motionCourse: number|null, velocityMps: number|null,
-     *   fixEpochMs: number|null, receivedAtMs: number|null,
-     *   feedEpochMs: number|null }>} Empty while the layer is off. The
-     *   motion fields are `vesselCockpitInfo`'s, for dead reckoning; a
-     *   ship with no MMSI has no motion fields and an `unkeyed:` id.
+     *   type: string, color: string, stale: boolean }>} Empty while the
+     *   layer is off. A ship with no MMSI has an `unkeyed:` id.
      */
     getRadarContacts(lat, lon, rangeM, maxCount = 60) {
       const records = state.records.all;
@@ -393,26 +389,18 @@ export function createQueries({
         entries.push({ record, index, distanceM });
       });
       entries.sort((a, b) => a.distanceM - b.distanceM);
-      return entries.slice(0, cap).map(({ record, index }) => {
-        const motion = vesselCockpitInfo(record);
-        return {
-          // A ship with no MMSI still needs a key of its own on the scope.
-          id: record.mmsi ? String(record.mmsi) : `unkeyed:${index}`,
-          name: String(record.name || record.mmsi || ''),
-          latitude: record.lat,
-          longitude: record.lon,
-          course: finite(record.course),
-          heading: finite(record.heading),
-          type: String(record.type || ''),
-          color: vesselTypeCss(record.type),
-          stale: (record.missedRefreshes || 0) > 0,
-          motionCourse: motion?.motionCourse ?? null,
-          velocityMps: motion?.velocityMps ?? null,
-          fixEpochMs: motion?.fixEpochMs ?? null,
-          receivedAtMs: motion?.receivedAtMs ?? null,
-          feedEpochMs: motion?.feedEpochMs ?? null,
-        };
-      });
+      return entries.slice(0, cap).map(({ record, index }) => ({
+        // A ship with no MMSI still needs a key of its own on the scope.
+        id: record.mmsi ? String(record.mmsi) : `unkeyed:${index}`,
+        name: String(record.name || record.mmsi || ''),
+        latitude: record.lat,
+        longitude: record.lon,
+        course: finite(record.course),
+        heading: finite(record.heading),
+        type: String(record.type || ''),
+        color: vesselTypeCss(record.type),
+        stale: (record.missedRefreshes || 0) > 0,
+      }));
     },
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs b/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
index 86855b512..d89d7cf5d 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/radarContacts.test.mjs
@@ -92,11 +92,6 @@ test('radar contacts are within range, nearest first and capped', () => {
     type: '70',
     color: vesselTypeCss('70'),
     stale: false,
-    motionCourse: 45,
-    velocityMps: 10 * 0.514444,
-    fixEpochMs: null,
-    receivedAtMs: null,
-    feedEpochMs: null,
   });
   assert.equal(contacts[1].course, null);
   assert.equal(contacts[1].heading, null);
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
index 05ece6b89..89bb54b2b 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import ContextView from './views/ContextView.vue';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { vesselCockpitInfo } from '../layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js';
 import { VesselRecords } from '../layers/vessels/records.js';
-import { RADAR_REACH_M } from '../cockpitRadar.js';
 
 const RECORD = Object.freeze({
   mmsi: '211000000',
@@ -328,8 +327,7 @@ test('the bridge radar shows nearby ships without its own and steps its range',
   assert.ok(neighbour.x < -0.3 && Math.abs(neighbour.y) < 0.02);
   assert.equal(neighbour.relativeCourseDeg, -180);
   assert.equal(radar.ownRelativeCourseDeg, 5, 'COG 095 from heading 090');
-  // Past the range by the dead-reckoning reach, for ships moving into it.
-  assert.equal(vessels.radarQueries.at(-1).rangeM, 3 * 1852 + RADAR_REACH_M);
+  assert.equal(vessels.radarQueries.at(-1).rangeM, 3 * 1852);
 
   assert.equal($('#cockpit-radar').hidden, false);
   assert.equal($('#cockpit-radar-range').textContent.trim(), '3 NM');
@@ -339,7 +337,7 @@ test('the bridge radar shows nearby ships without its own and steps its range',
   $('#cockpit-radar-range').click();
   await settle();
   assert.equal(store.radar.rangeNm, 6);
-  assert.equal(vessels.radarQueries.at(-1).rangeM, 6 * 1852 + RADAR_REACH_M);
+  assert.equal(vessels.radarQueries.at(-1).rangeM, 6 * 1852);
   assert.equal($('#cockpit-radar-range').textContent.trim(), '6 NM');
   assert.match(
     $('#cockpit-radar-range').getAttribute('aria-label'),
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
index 413727f3b..b68279643 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
@@ -37,8 +37,6 @@ import {
 import { lookIsOffset, lookReadoutParts, wrapLookYaw } from '../cockpitLook.js';
 import {
   RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS,
-  RADAR_REACH_M,
-  deadReckonRadarContacts,
   radarPicture,
   radarRangeM,
   radarRangeNm,
@@ -345,8 +343,9 @@ function updateVesselHud(info, nowMs, forceContext) {
 /**
  * Publish the bridge radar: nearby AIS vessels drawn heading-up from the
  * camera's current heading, within the chosen range. Own ship sits where
- * the camera rides (its fix dead-reckoned), and every contact is
- * dead-reckoned to the same moment, so the picture matches the window.
+ * the camera rides (its fix dead-reckoned); contacts sit at their last
+ * fixes, where the vessel layer draws them, so the scope matches the
+ * window.
  * @param {object} info The vessel subject (`readVesselInfo`).
  */
 export function updateRadar(info) {
@@ -357,16 +356,11 @@ export function updateRadar(info) {
   }
   const rangeNm = radarRangeNm(this.radarRangeNm);
   const own = this.vesselFix ?? info;
-  // Ask past the range for ships that have since moved into it; the picture
-  // trims them to the range once they are dead-reckoned.
-  const contacts = deadReckonRadarContacts(
-    layer.getRadarContacts(
-      own.latitude,
-      own.longitude,
-      radarRangeM(rangeNm) + RADAR_REACH_M,
-      RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS * 4,
-    ),
-    Date.now(),
+  const contacts = layer.getRadarContacts(
+    own.latitude,
+    own.longitude,
+    radarRangeM(rangeNm),
+    RADAR_MAX_CONTACTS,
   );
   const picture = radarPicture(
     {

From 5c937e67e1b51a22e10136f85b14e24d817d6d96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:47:37 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 201/262] fix(cockpit): a ship's double-click memory belongs to
 that ship

The first press's picture of the ship survived a change of followed
subject: following an aircraft (or another ship) within 700 ms let a
double-click on the old ship's spot enter the new subject. The memory now
carries the ship's MMSI and is used only while that ship is still the one
followed.
---
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitInput.js        |  7 ++++++-
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
index 89bb54b2b..86bd639f0 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -1435,6 +1435,28 @@ test('a followed aircraft keeps its own double-click hit area', async (t) => {
   assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
 });
 
+test("a ship's double-click memory does not carry over to an aircraft followed since", async (t) => {
+  const aircraftInfo = {
+    icao24: 'abc123',
+    callsign: 'TEST1',
+    latitude: 54.5,
+    longitude: 10.2,
+    altitudeM: 3000,
+    velocityMps: 200,
+    track: 45,
+    onGround: false,
+  };
+  const { cockpit, viewer, aircraft } = fixture(t, { aircraftInfo });
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer);
+  // The press finds the ship at (400, 300).
+  cockpit.onScenePointerDown(1000);
+  // Within the memory, an aircraft is followed, drawn elsewhere.
+  viewer.trackedEntity = aircraft;
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer, { x: 900 });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.onSceneDoubleClick({ x: 400, y: 300 }, 1250), false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+});
+
 test("a double-click's second press keeps the first press's picture of the ship", async (t) => {
   const { cockpit, viewer, store } = fixture(t);
   heightSensitiveProjection(viewer);
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
index 1dd662007..694897975 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
@@ -81,7 +81,8 @@ export function onScenePointerDown(nowMs = performance.now()) {
     return;
   }
   const at = subjectCanvasPosition.call(this);
-  this.doubleClickStart = at ? { x: at.x, y: at.y, atMs: nowMs } : null;
+  const mmsi = this.readVesselInfo()?.mmsi ?? null;
+  this.doubleClickStart = at ? { x: at.x, y: at.y, atMs: nowMs, mmsi } : null;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -105,6 +106,10 @@ export function onSceneDoubleClick(position, nowMs = performance.now()) {
     doubleClickHitsSubject(position, subjectCanvasPosition.call(this)) ||
     (Boolean(start) &&
       nowMs - start.atMs <= DOUBLE_CLICK_MEMORY_MS &&
+      // The memory is the ship's it was taken for: one followed since (an
+      // aircraft, another ship) is hit only where it is drawn.
+      this.resolveEntryKind() === 'vessel' &&
+      start.mmsi === (this.readVesselInfo()?.mmsi ?? null) &&
       doubleClickHitsSubject(position, start));
   if (!hit) return false;
   this.enter();

From 80a33ba52c328ebc687467c67ac9f08d83ec65f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:48:55 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 202/262] fix(cockpit): a coarse read never takes a river
 bridge back to the sea

Before the first full-detail water read lands (it can take many seconds
from cold tiles), a refresh's loaded-tile read with one low probe still
dropped a river height to the geoid. Before that landing, loaded-tile reads
may now find raised water but only a full-detail read lowers it.

CURRENT-STATE also says what the earlier fixes changed: C stays the CCTV
shortcut when the bridge cannot be entered, voice entry is refused on a
bridge, and the ridden ship's trail is hidden with its sprite.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md         | 15 ++++++++++-----
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitCamera.js       | 14 ++++++++++----
 3 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 372fd4dc9..b5174c081 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1530,16 +1530,20 @@ With no aircraft tracked, Cockpit can ride the selected AIS vessel instead.
 Entry needs only the layer of the vessel it rides, Live AIS Vessels, and a
 selected vessel; Contacts and every other layer may be off, before or during
 the bridge (`bridgeEntryAllowed` in `src/contextModePolicy.js`). A Context mode
-change still in flight blocks entry until it settles. `C` enters it, and the
+change still in flight blocks entry until it settles. `C` enters it (when
+the bridge cannot be entered, `C` stays the CCTV shortcut), and the
 entry button reads BRIDGE with a ship icon both in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`)
 and under the selected vessel's Intel HUD readout in the bottom-right corner
 (`#cockpit-entry-readout`, shown with the HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber
 layouts). Turning Live AIS Vessels off ends the bridge: the layer then has no
 subject (`getCockpitSubject` returns null). The bridge picture uses AIS alone,
 so no other feed being off makes it partial.
-Voice (`control_cockpit`) and the selection entry transaction stay aircraft-only.
+Voice (`control_cockpit`) and the selection entry transaction stay aircraft-only;
+voice `enter` on a bridge is refused before it touches tracking, with the
+reason to exit the bridge first.
 The vessel layer supplies the subject (`getCockpitSubject`), hides that ship's
-sprite, card and detection bracket while it is held (`setCockpitSubject`), and
+sprite, card, detection bracket and trail while it is held
+(`setCockpitSubject`), and
 ignores scene clicks so open water cannot deselect it. The eye sits on the AIS
 position at a representative bridge height for the AIS type family
 (`src/layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js`: cargo and tanker 30 m, passenger 25 m,
@@ -1569,8 +1573,9 @@ eight probes 30 m out, the lowest probe taken as the water when it is 2 m to
 the full-detail read replaces it; it repeats every 5 s. Only one full-detail
 read runs at a time: while one is still running, a refresh reads the loaded
 tiles instead, and the slow read applies whenever it lands. Once a
-full-detail read has answered, loaded-tile reads no longer change the height,
-and a read that sampled nothing keeps the height it had. A failed read keeps
+full-detail read has answered, loaded-tile reads no longer change the height;
+before then they may find raised water but never take it back to the sea.
+A read that sampled nothing keeps the height it had. A failed read keeps
 the sea surface.
 
 The HUD keeps its frame, vision styles, briefing, weather and Display/Radio
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
index 86bd639f0..13a0ced35 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -1350,6 +1350,30 @@ test('a river height stands through reads that sample nothing or one coarse prob
   );
 });
 
+test('before any full read lands, a coarse loaded read keeps the river it found', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const sea = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  frames(sea.cockpit, clock, sea.shots, 60);
+  const seaEyeM = eyeHeightM(sea.shots.at(-1));
+  sea.cockpit.exit();
+
+  clock.set(START_MS);
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000 };
+  const ship = fixture(t, { record });
+  // The full-detail read is cold and never lands in this test.
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = () => new Promise(() => {});
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => 27;
+  ship.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  ship.cockpit.update();
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 60);
+  near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM, 27, 'on the river', 0.5);
+  // A refresh meets one low probe on coarse tiles.
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => 0.5;
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 240);
+  near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM, 27, 'still on the river', 0.5);
+});
+
 test('a client clock minutes fast does not age the bridge into a stale feed', async (t) => {
   // The feed's newest fix is this ship's; the client clock runs 200 s
   // ahead of the feed and received the refresh just now.
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
index 2a70ef280..d5c268b35 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
@@ -110,9 +110,10 @@ export function update() {
  * every frame until it settles): while one is still running, a refresh
  * reads the loaded tiles instead, and the slow read applies whenever it
  * lands. Once a full-detail read has answered, only full-detail reads
- * change the height: a loaded-tile read stands in only until the first
- * lands, so one coarse probe cannot drop a river bridge to the sea, and a
- * read that sampled nothing keeps the height it had.
+ * change the height; before then a loaded-tile read may find raised water
+ * but never takes a raised height back to the sea. One coarse probe cannot
+ * drop a river bridge to the sea, and a read that sampled nothing keeps
+ * the height it had.
  * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number}} [at] Where to read the
  *   water: the dead-reckoned position the camera rides.
  * @returns {number} Ellipsoidal metres.
@@ -145,7 +146,12 @@ function vesselSurfaceM(info, nowMs, at = info) {
       read.sampledMs = nowMs;
       if (read.inFlight && !read.landed) {
         const loadedM = loadedWaterlineM(scene, probes, seaM);
-        if (Number.isFinite(loadedM)) read.heightM = loadedM;
+        // Taking a river back to the sea is the full-detail read's to say.
+        const lowers =
+          Number.isFinite(read.heightM) &&
+          read.heightM > seaM &&
+          !(loadedM > seaM);
+        if (Number.isFinite(loadedM) && !lowers) read.heightM = loadedM;
       }
     }
     if (!read.inFlight) readWaterline.call(this, read, scene, probes, seaM);

From 1bc4f980e0651008935c0729e9101ad1679e9baf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 13:56:41 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 203/262] fix(cockpit): a stalled water read is given up, and
 coarse reads only raise

Before the first full-detail read lands, a loaded-tile read could still
lower a river height partway (27 m to a 15 m bank). Loaded-tile reads now
only raise it; lowering is the full-detail read's to say.

That makes a full read that never lands (stalled tile requests) hold a
wrong height for the whole bridge, so one still running after 30 s is given
up for a fresh one; its late answer is dropped.

Also tests the other half of the double-click memory fix: another ship
selected within the memory is not entered through the first ship's spot.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md         |  5 +--
 src/cockpitSubjects.js        |  7 ++++
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitCamera.js       | 47 ++++++++++++++++--------
 4 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index b5174c081..91a1f8028 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1574,8 +1574,9 @@ the full-detail read replaces it; it repeats every 5 s. Only one full-detail
 read runs at a time: while one is still running, a refresh reads the loaded
 tiles instead, and the slow read applies whenever it lands. Once a
 full-detail read has answered, loaded-tile reads no longer change the height;
-before then they may find raised water but never take it back to the sea.
-A read that sampled nothing keeps the height it had. A failed read keeps
+before then they may only raise it. A read that sampled nothing keeps the
+height it had, and a full-detail read still running after 30 s
+(`VESSEL_WATERLINE_READ_TIMEOUT_MS`) is given up for a fresh one. A failed read keeps
 the sea surface.
 
 The HUD keeps its frame, vision styles, briefing, weather and Display/Radio
diff --git a/src/cockpitSubjects.js b/src/cockpitSubjects.js
index aab08ff72..aff25b680 100644
--- a/src/cockpitSubjects.js
+++ b/src/cockpitSubjects.js
@@ -38,6 +38,13 @@ export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_PROBE_COUNT = 8;
 /** How often the bridge reads the water under its ship again, ms. */
 export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_REFRESH_MS = 5000;
 
+/**
+ * A full-detail water read still running after this long is given up and
+ * a fresh one started, ms: tile requests can stall, and one read that never
+ * lands would otherwise hold the height for the rest of the bridge.
+ */
+export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_READ_TIMEOUT_MS = 30000;
+
 /** A surface less than this above sea level is the sea itself, metres. */
 export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_MIN_RISE_M = 2;
 
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
index 13a0ced35..d5b4d2789 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ function vesselLayer(record) {
     deselect() {
       selected = null;
     },
+    /** Another ship selected in its place. */
+    select(next) {
+      selected = next;
+    },
     /** Live AIS Vessels turned off: like the layer, it then has no subject. */
     disable() {
       enabled = false;
@@ -1372,6 +1376,59 @@ test('before any full read lands, a coarse loaded read keeps the river it found'
   ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => 0.5;
   frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 240);
   near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM, 27, 'still on the river', 0.5);
+  // Nor partway down: a probe on a 15 m bank is not the river either.
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => 15;
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 240);
+  near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM, 27, 'not lowered partway', 0.5);
+});
+
+test('a full water read that never lands is given up for a fresh one', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
+  const sea = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
+  frames(sea.cockpit, clock, sea.shots, 60);
+  const seaEyeM = eyeHeightM(sea.shots.at(-1));
+  sea.cockpit.exit();
+
+  clock.set(START_MS);
+  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000 };
+  const ship = fixture(t, { record });
+  const reads = [];
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = (positions) =>
+    new Promise((resolve) => reads.push({ positions, resolve }));
+  // Coarse tiles first put the ship 27 m up; it is really at sea.
+  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => 27;
+  ship.cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  ship.cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(reads.length, 1);
+  // The first read stalls. Twenty seconds on, still no second read.
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 400);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(reads.length, 1, 'not stacked while it may still land');
+  // Past the timeout, a fresh read starts, and its answer applies.
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 300);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(reads.length, 2, 'a fresh read after the stalled one');
+  const answer = (read, height) =>
+    read.resolve(
+      read.positions.map((position) => Object.assign(position, { height })),
+    );
+  answer(reads[1], 0.5);
+  await settle();
+  // The eye eases down; give it time to settle.
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 400);
+  near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)), seaEyeM, 'back on the sea', 0.5);
+  // The stalled read landing now changes nothing.
+  answer(reads[0], 27);
+  await settle();
+  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 60);
+  near(
+    eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)),
+    seaEyeM,
+    'the given-up read is dropped',
+    0.5,
+  );
 });
 
 test('a client clock minutes fast does not age the bridge into a stale feed', async (t) => {
@@ -1481,6 +1538,17 @@ test("a ship's double-click memory does not carry over to an aircraft followed s
   assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
 });
 
+test("a ship's double-click memory does not carry over to another ship", async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, vessels } = fixture(t);
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer);
+  cockpit.onScenePointerDown(1000);
+  // Within the memory another ship is selected, drawn elsewhere.
+  vessels.select({ ...RECORD, mmsi: '211000009', name: 'OTHER' });
+  heightSensitiveProjection(viewer, { x: 900 });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.onSceneDoubleClick({ x: 400, y: 300 }, 1250), false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+});
+
 test("a double-click's second press keeps the first press's picture of the ship", async (t) => {
   const { cockpit, viewer, store } = fixture(t);
   heightSensitiveProjection(viewer);
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
index d5c268b35..e3efdfa99 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
 } from '../cockpitMath.js';
 import {
   VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S,
+  VESSEL_WATERLINE_READ_TIMEOUT_MS,
   VESSEL_WATERLINE_REFRESH_MS,
   deadReckonVesselFix,
   vesselCameraProfile,
@@ -110,10 +111,11 @@ export function update() {
  * every frame until it settles): while one is still running, a refresh
  * reads the loaded tiles instead, and the slow read applies whenever it
  * lands. Once a full-detail read has answered, only full-detail reads
- * change the height; before then a loaded-tile read may find raised water
- * but never takes a raised height back to the sea. One coarse probe cannot
- * drop a river bridge to the sea, and a read that sampled nothing keeps
- * the height it had.
+ * change the height; before then a loaded-tile read may only raise it, so
+ * one coarse probe cannot drop a river bridge, and a read that sampled
+ * nothing keeps the height it had. A full-detail read still running after
+ * VESSEL_WATERLINE_READ_TIMEOUT_MS is given up for a fresh one, so a
+ * stalled read cannot hold a wrong height for the whole bridge.
  * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number}} [at] Where to read the
  *   water: the dead-reckoned position the camera rides.
  * @returns {number} Ellipsoidal metres.
@@ -140,35 +142,49 @@ function vesselSurfaceM(info, nowMs, at = info) {
         // Whether a full-detail read has answered for this ship.
         landed: false,
         inFlight: false,
+        // The running full-detail read: its number and start time.
+        attempt: 0,
+        startedMs: 0,
       };
       this.vesselWaterline = read;
     } else {
       read.sampledMs = nowMs;
       if (read.inFlight && !read.landed) {
         const loadedM = loadedWaterlineM(scene, probes, seaM);
-        // Taking a river back to the sea is the full-detail read's to say.
-        const lowers =
-          Number.isFinite(read.heightM) &&
-          read.heightM > seaM &&
-          !(loadedM > seaM);
-        if (Number.isFinite(loadedM) && !lowers) read.heightM = loadedM;
+        // Lowering the water is the full-detail read's to say.
+        if (
+          Number.isFinite(loadedM) &&
+          !(Number.isFinite(read.heightM) && loadedM < read.heightM)
+        )
+          read.heightM = loadedM;
       }
+      if (
+        read.inFlight &&
+        nowMs - read.startedMs >= VESSEL_WATERLINE_READ_TIMEOUT_MS
+      )
+        read.inFlight = false;
     }
-    if (!read.inFlight) readWaterline.call(this, read, scene, probes, seaM);
+    if (!read.inFlight)
+      readWaterline.call(this, read, scene, probes, seaM, nowMs);
   }
   return read && Number.isFinite(read.heightM)
     ? Math.max(seaM, read.heightM)
     : seaM;
 }
 
-/** Start one full-detail water read for `read`; its answer lands on it. */
-function readWaterline(read, scene, probes, seaM) {
+/**
+ * Start one full-detail water read for `read`; its answer lands on it
+ * unless it was given up for a newer read.
+ */
+function readWaterline(read, scene, probes, seaM, nowMs) {
+  const attempt = ++read.attempt;
   read.inFlight = true;
+  read.startedMs = nowMs;
   Promise.resolve()
     .then(() => scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed(probes))
     .then(
       (samples) => {
-        if (this.vesselWaterline !== read) return;
+        if (this.vesselWaterline !== read || attempt !== read.attempt) return;
         read.inFlight = false;
         // However late it lands, it applies; one that sampled nothing (tiles
         // not loaded yet) is no answer and keeps the height already read.
@@ -178,7 +194,8 @@ function readWaterline(read, scene, probes, seaM) {
         read.heightM = vesselWaterlineM(seaM, heights);
       },
       () => {
-        if (this.vesselWaterline === read) read.inFlight = false;
+        if (this.vesselWaterline === read && attempt === read.attempt)
+          read.inFlight = false;
       },
     );
 }

From 1b9bb844e69cf6da456fcfb6646a8a965a236240 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:02:35 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 204/262] revert(cockpit): no water read timeout, and loaded
 reads not raise-only

Both reviews of the timeout found that Cesium cannot cancel a full-detail
read: each one given up kept its nine picks traversing every frame, so
stalled tiles piled up a new set every 30 s, while slow but valid answers
were dropped. Raise-only loaded reads then locked in a wrong-high height.
Back to one full-detail read at a time whose answer always applies, and
loaded reads that may adjust a river height but never take it to the sea;
a coarse probe can again lower it partway until the full read lands.

Keeps the test for another ship selected inside the double-click memory,
and corrects CURRENT-STATE: a failed read keeps the height it had.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md         |  7 ++---
 src/cockpitSubjects.js        |  7 -----
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs | 53 -----------------------------------
 src/ui/cockpitCamera.js       | 47 ++++++++++---------------------
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 96 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 91a1f8028..c30a25840 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1574,10 +1574,9 @@ the full-detail read replaces it; it repeats every 5 s. Only one full-detail
 read runs at a time: while one is still running, a refresh reads the loaded
 tiles instead, and the slow read applies whenever it lands. Once a
 full-detail read has answered, loaded-tile reads no longer change the height;
-before then they may only raise it. A read that sampled nothing keeps the
-height it had, and a full-detail read still running after 30 s
-(`VESSEL_WATERLINE_READ_TIMEOUT_MS`) is given up for a fresh one. A failed read keeps
-the sea surface.
+before then they may find raised water but never take it back to the sea.
+A read that sampled nothing, or failed, keeps the height it had and is
+tried again on the next refresh.
 
 The HUD keeps its frame, vision styles, briefing, weather and Display/Radio
 utilities. It names the ship, reads `{type} · LIVE AIS · EYE {height}`, shows
diff --git a/src/cockpitSubjects.js b/src/cockpitSubjects.js
index aff25b680..aab08ff72 100644
--- a/src/cockpitSubjects.js
+++ b/src/cockpitSubjects.js
@@ -38,13 +38,6 @@ export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_PROBE_COUNT = 8;
 /** How often the bridge reads the water under its ship again, ms. */
 export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_REFRESH_MS = 5000;
 
-/**
- * A full-detail water read still running after this long is given up and
- * a fresh one started, ms: tile requests can stall, and one read that never
- * lands would otherwise hold the height for the rest of the bridge.
- */
-export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_READ_TIMEOUT_MS = 30000;
-
 /** A surface less than this above sea level is the sea itself, metres. */
 export const VESSEL_WATERLINE_MIN_RISE_M = 2;
 
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
index d5b4d2789..7c4ad4b1a 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -1376,59 +1376,6 @@ test('before any full read lands, a coarse loaded read keeps the river it found'
   ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => 0.5;
   frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 240);
   near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM, 27, 'still on the river', 0.5);
-  // Nor partway down: a probe on a 15 m bank is not the river either.
-  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => 15;
-  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 240);
-  near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)) - seaEyeM, 27, 'not lowered partway', 0.5);
-});
-
-test('a full water read that never lands is given up for a fresh one', async (t) => {
-  const clock = manualClock(t, START_MS);
-  const sea = await bridgeAt(t, clock);
-  frames(sea.cockpit, clock, sea.shots, 60);
-  const seaEyeM = eyeHeightM(sea.shots.at(-1));
-  sea.cockpit.exit();
-
-  clock.set(START_MS);
-  const record = { ...RECORD, lastPositionEpoch: START_MS / 1000 };
-  const ship = fixture(t, { record });
-  const reads = [];
-  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed = (positions) =>
-    new Promise((resolve) => reads.push({ positions, resolve }));
-  // Coarse tiles first put the ship 27 m up; it is really at sea.
-  ship.viewer.scene.sampleHeight = () => 27;
-  ship.cockpit.enter();
-  await settle();
-  ship.cockpit.update();
-  await settle();
-  assert.equal(reads.length, 1);
-  // The first read stalls. Twenty seconds on, still no second read.
-  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 400);
-  await settle();
-  assert.equal(reads.length, 1, 'not stacked while it may still land');
-  // Past the timeout, a fresh read starts, and its answer applies.
-  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 300);
-  await settle();
-  assert.equal(reads.length, 2, 'a fresh read after the stalled one');
-  const answer = (read, height) =>
-    read.resolve(
-      read.positions.map((position) => Object.assign(position, { height })),
-    );
-  answer(reads[1], 0.5);
-  await settle();
-  // The eye eases down; give it time to settle.
-  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 400);
-  near(eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)), seaEyeM, 'back on the sea', 0.5);
-  // The stalled read landing now changes nothing.
-  answer(reads[0], 27);
-  await settle();
-  frames(ship.cockpit, clock, ship.shots, 60);
-  near(
-    eyeHeightM(ship.shots.at(-1)),
-    seaEyeM,
-    'the given-up read is dropped',
-    0.5,
-  );
 });
 
 test('a client clock minutes fast does not age the bridge into a stale feed', async (t) => {
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
index e3efdfa99..d5c268b35 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import {
 } from '../cockpitMath.js';
 import {
   VESSEL_DEAD_RECKON_MAX_S,
-  VESSEL_WATERLINE_READ_TIMEOUT_MS,
   VESSEL_WATERLINE_REFRESH_MS,
   deadReckonVesselFix,
   vesselCameraProfile,
@@ -111,11 +110,10 @@ export function update() {
  * every frame until it settles): while one is still running, a refresh
  * reads the loaded tiles instead, and the slow read applies whenever it
  * lands. Once a full-detail read has answered, only full-detail reads
- * change the height; before then a loaded-tile read may only raise it, so
- * one coarse probe cannot drop a river bridge, and a read that sampled
- * nothing keeps the height it had. A full-detail read still running after
- * VESSEL_WATERLINE_READ_TIMEOUT_MS is given up for a fresh one, so a
- * stalled read cannot hold a wrong height for the whole bridge.
+ * change the height; before then a loaded-tile read may find raised water
+ * but never takes a raised height back to the sea. One coarse probe cannot
+ * drop a river bridge to the sea, and a read that sampled nothing keeps
+ * the height it had.
  * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number}} [at] Where to read the
  *   water: the dead-reckoned position the camera rides.
  * @returns {number} Ellipsoidal metres.
@@ -142,49 +140,35 @@ function vesselSurfaceM(info, nowMs, at = info) {
         // Whether a full-detail read has answered for this ship.
         landed: false,
         inFlight: false,
-        // The running full-detail read: its number and start time.
-        attempt: 0,
-        startedMs: 0,
       };
       this.vesselWaterline = read;
     } else {
       read.sampledMs = nowMs;
       if (read.inFlight && !read.landed) {
         const loadedM = loadedWaterlineM(scene, probes, seaM);
-        // Lowering the water is the full-detail read's to say.
-        if (
-          Number.isFinite(loadedM) &&
-          !(Number.isFinite(read.heightM) && loadedM < read.heightM)
-        )
-          read.heightM = loadedM;
+        // Taking a river back to the sea is the full-detail read's to say.
+        const lowers =
+          Number.isFinite(read.heightM) &&
+          read.heightM > seaM &&
+          !(loadedM > seaM);
+        if (Number.isFinite(loadedM) && !lowers) read.heightM = loadedM;
       }
-      if (
-        read.inFlight &&
-        nowMs - read.startedMs >= VESSEL_WATERLINE_READ_TIMEOUT_MS
-      )
-        read.inFlight = false;
     }
-    if (!read.inFlight)
-      readWaterline.call(this, read, scene, probes, seaM, nowMs);
+    if (!read.inFlight) readWaterline.call(this, read, scene, probes, seaM);
   }
   return read && Number.isFinite(read.heightM)
     ? Math.max(seaM, read.heightM)
     : seaM;
 }
 
-/**
- * Start one full-detail water read for `read`; its answer lands on it
- * unless it was given up for a newer read.
- */
-function readWaterline(read, scene, probes, seaM, nowMs) {
-  const attempt = ++read.attempt;
+/** Start one full-detail water read for `read`; its answer lands on it. */
+function readWaterline(read, scene, probes, seaM) {
   read.inFlight = true;
-  read.startedMs = nowMs;
   Promise.resolve()
     .then(() => scene.sampleHeightMostDetailed(probes))
     .then(
       (samples) => {
-        if (this.vesselWaterline !== read || attempt !== read.attempt) return;
+        if (this.vesselWaterline !== read) return;
         read.inFlight = false;
         // However late it lands, it applies; one that sampled nothing (tiles
         // not loaded yet) is no answer and keeps the height already read.
@@ -194,8 +178,7 @@ function readWaterline(read, scene, probes, seaM, nowMs) {
         read.heightM = vesselWaterlineM(seaM, heights);
       },
       () => {
-        if (this.vesselWaterline === read && attempt === read.attempt)
-          read.inFlight = false;
+        if (this.vesselWaterline === read) read.inFlight = false;
       },
     );
 }

From e9346cef19dae6b79c48944686d1eb6f0f997b9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:19:56 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 205/262] Layer state keeps only layers the application
 registered

An application built with fewer layers no longer restores, stores or shares a
layer it does not have when a link or saved state from a build that has it
names that layer. LayerStateCoordinator drops unregistered enabled-layer ids
before normalizing, so dependent options (a tracked selection) go with them.
An application with every layer registered is unchanged.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md             |  7 ++++
 src/data/layerState.test.mjs      | 67 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js | 33 ++++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 3bf6b1051..851ead891 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5627,6 +5627,13 @@ and unreachable upstream (502/504) separately from road geometry.
   explicit-empty form); unknown option tokens are ignored. Restoration
   settles independently per layer so one failed or unavailable source cannot
   block its siblings.
+- An application that registers fewer layers (an embedder with a smaller
+  catalog) keeps only its own: `LayerStateCoordinator` drops enabled-layer ids
+  the application did not register before it normalizes a share, saved state or
+  explicit change, so such a layer is never restored, written to local storage
+  or carried into a link this application shares. Options that depend on a
+  dropped layer (a tracked selection) go with it. An application with every
+  layer registered is unchanged.
 - Layer tokens are permanent public compatibility identifiers. The reservation
   JSON ledger at `src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json` pins all existing
   one-character assignments (all letters plus `0`, `1` and
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
index b75565285..2e843db2a 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
@@ -3121,3 +3121,70 @@ test('Active Fires: the codec accepts whole megawatts in bounds and the three co
     confidence: 'nominal',
   });
 });
+
+// An application built without a layer (a smaller catalog) receives a link or
+// saved state from a build that has it: the layer is neither restored nor
+// stored nor carried into the links this application shares.
+function managerWithout(withheld) {
+  const manager = new DataLayerManager({});
+  for (const id of REGISTERED_LAYER_IDS)
+    if (!withheld.includes(id)) manager.register(fakeLayer(id));
+  manager.finalizeRegistrations(
+    LAYER_STATE_REGISTRY.filter(({ id }) => !withheld.includes(id)),
+  );
+  return manager;
+}
+
+test('layers the application did not register are never restored, stored or shared', async () => {
+  const manager = managerWithout(['earthquakes']);
+  const storage = memoryStorage();
+  const share = shareSink();
+  const coordinator = new LayerStateCoordinator(manager, share, { storage });
+  const incoming = createDefaultLayerState();
+  incoming.enabledLayerIds = ['earthquakes', 'traffic'];
+  await coordinator.start({ shareLayerState: incoming });
+
+  assert.deepEqual(coordinator.getDurableState().enabledLayerIds, ['traffic']);
+  assert.deepEqual(share.provider().enabledLayerIds, ['traffic']);
+  assert.equal(manager.layers.has('earthquakes'), false);
+
+  await manager.setEnabled('cctv', true, { origin: 'user' });
+  const [[, written]] = storage.writes;
+  assert.deepEqual(parseStoredLayerState(written).enabledLayerIds, [
+    'cctv',
+    'traffic',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(share.provider().enabledLayerIds, ['cctv', 'traffic']);
+
+  await coordinator.applyShareLayerState({ shareLayerState: incoming });
+  assert.deepEqual(coordinator.getDurableState().enabledLayerIds, ['traffic']);
+  coordinator.destroy();
+
+  const saved = createDefaultLayerState();
+  saved.enabledLayerIds = ['earthquakes', 'traffic'];
+  const local = new LayerStateCoordinator(
+    managerWithout(['earthquakes']),
+    shareSink(),
+    { storage: memoryStorage(serializeStoredLayerState(saved)) },
+  );
+  await local.start();
+  assert.equal(local.source, 'local');
+  assert.deepEqual(local.getDurableState().enabledLayerIds, ['traffic']);
+  local.destroy();
+});
+
+test('an application with every layer registered keeps every requested layer', async () => {
+  const coordinator = new LayerStateCoordinator(
+    productionManager(),
+    shareSink(),
+    { storage: memoryStorage() },
+  );
+  const incoming = createDefaultLayerState();
+  incoming.enabledLayerIds = ['earthquakes', 'traffic'];
+  await coordinator.start({ shareLayerState: incoming });
+  assert.deepEqual(coordinator.getDurableState().enabledLayerIds, [
+    'earthquakes',
+    'traffic',
+  ]);
+  coordinator.destroy();
+});
diff --git a/src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js b/src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js
index 40208831a..7cd554539 100644
--- a/src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js
+++ b/src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js
@@ -106,9 +106,7 @@ export class LayerStateCoordinator {
   } = {}) {
     if (this._destroyed)
       throw new Error('Layer-state coordinator is destroyed');
-    let selected = shareLayerState
-      ? normalizeLayerState(shareLayerState)
-      : null;
+    let selected = shareLayerState ? this._normalize(shareLayerState) : null;
     if (selected) {
       this._source = 'share';
       this._shareCreatedAtMs = Number.isFinite(shareCreatedAtMs)
@@ -124,7 +122,7 @@ export class LayerStateCoordinator {
         /* best effort */
       }
       if (stored) {
-        selected = stored;
+        selected = this._normalize(stored);
         this._source = 'local';
       }
     } else {
@@ -163,9 +161,7 @@ export class LayerStateCoordinator {
     for (const controller of this._restoreControllers.values())
       controller.abort('superseded-by-share-navigation');
     this._revokePendingTrackingWatch('superseded-by-share-navigation');
-    const selected = shareLayerState
-      ? normalizeLayerState(shareLayerState)
-      : null;
+    const selected = shareLayerState ? this._normalize(shareLayerState) : null;
     this._source = selected ? 'share' : 'legacy-share';
     this._shareCreatedAtMs =
       selected && Number.isFinite(shareCreatedAtMs) ? shareCreatedAtMs : null;
@@ -182,6 +178,25 @@ export class LayerStateCoordinator {
     return this._source;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Canonical layer state holding only the layers this application
+   * registered. An application built without a layer never restores, stores
+   * or shares it, even when a link or saved state from a build that has it
+   * names it. Filtering before normalizing lets normalization drop options
+   * that depend on a layer that is not here (a tracked selection).
+   */
+  _normalize(candidate) {
+    const input = candidate && typeof candidate === 'object' ? candidate : {};
+    return normalizeLayerState({
+      ...input,
+      enabledLayerIds: Array.isArray(input.enabledLayerIds)
+        ? input.enabledLayerIds.filter((id) =>
+            this.dataManager.layers.has(String(id)),
+          )
+        : [],
+    });
+  }
+
   getDurableState() {
     return cloneLayerState(this._durableState);
   }
@@ -345,7 +360,7 @@ export class LayerStateCoordinator {
   }
 
   _commitExplicit(candidate) {
-    this._durableState = normalizeLayerState(candidate);
+    this._durableState = this._normalize(candidate);
     const serialized = serializeStoredLayerState(this._durableState);
     try {
       if (this.storage?.getItem?.(LAYER_STATE_STORAGE_KEY) !== serialized) {
@@ -478,7 +493,7 @@ export class LayerStateCoordinator {
       ...this._durableState.options[selected.optionOwner],
       [selected.optionKey]: null,
     };
-    this._durableState = normalizeLayerState({
+    this._durableState = this._normalize({
       ...this._durableState,
       options: {
         ...this._durableState.options,

From f62d947a822561ac790bcba980dc017dde95e161 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:21:09 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 206/262] Changelog: layer state keeps only registered layers

---
 changelog.d/1634-layer-state-registered-only.md | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1634-layer-state-registered-only.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1634-layer-state-registered-only.md b/changelog.d/1634-layer-state-registered-only.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d8eaa897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1634-layer-state-registered-only.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- An application built with fewer layers no longer restores, saves or shares a
+  layer it does not have when a link or saved state from a full build names it
+  (samehkhamis, #1634).

From c56f098d07e4e5c31e43ac24aa7d5440c90e4196 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 17:04:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 207/262] feat(satellites): file satellites under six classes
 with a toggle each

The satellites layer now sorts every object into Stations, Imaging,
Telecom, Starlink, Probes or Debris, each with a chip and a live count on
the layer row. Stations and Imaging show by default; the Starlink chip is
the former DENSE catalog switch. Hidden classes keep their points, so a
toggle needs no reload, and they leave the detection overlay and the voice
position lists.

A class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type
and status, served by a new /api/celestrak-satcat/<group> proxy route and
cached for a day), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (operator, owner
country and purpose), name patterns for later launches, and the CelesTrak
group. The core catalog also reads the resource, weather, planet, sar and
science groups. Payloads with no evidence of life launched 20 or more years
ago are filed as debris. The UCS pack, its build script and its data credit
are added.
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                               |   7 +-
 README.md                                     |   2 +-
 docs/CODE-BOUNDARIES.md                       |   3 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  11 +-
 scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py               | 120 +++
 scripts/package-boundaries.json               |  26 +-
 server/providers/space/celestrak.js           | 185 +++--
 src/data/dataCredits.js                       |   9 +-
 src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs                 |  14 +
 src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md  |  51 ++
 .../ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json        |   1 +
 src/data/satelliteClass.js                    |  93 +--
 src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs              | 204 ++---
 src/data/spaceProviderRequests.js             |   8 +
 src/data/ucsSatellites.js                     |  64 ++
 src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs               |  84 ++
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                      |  19 +-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                      |  19 +-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                      |  19 +-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                      |  19 +-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                      |  19 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                      |  19 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                      |  19 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                      |  19 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                      |  19 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                   |  19 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json                 |  19 +-
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json                 |  39 +-
 src/layers/satellites/catalog.js              |   6 +
 src/layers/satellites/classes.js              | 725 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs        | 260 +++++++
 src/layers/satellites/controls.js             | 264 +++++--
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js            | 168 +++-
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs      |  92 ++-
 src/layers/satellites/policy.js               |  48 +-
 src/layers/satellites/records.js              |   8 +-
 src/layers/satellites/rendering.js            |   3 +-
 src/layers/satellites/source.js               |  36 +
 src/layers/satellites/source.test.mjs         |  21 +
 src/layers/satellites/stale.test.mjs          |  38 +-
 src/layers/satellites/state.js                |  23 +-
 src/layers/satellites/tracking.js             |   9 +-
 src/proxyErrorResponses.test.mjs              |   5 +-
 src/tooling/spaceProviders.test.mjs           |  56 ++
 44 files changed, 2530 insertions(+), 362 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
 create mode 100644 src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
 create mode 100644 src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
 create mode 100644 src/data/ucsSatellites.js
 create mode 100644 src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/satellites/classes.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 613a1d918..52f72641c 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ How to read this:
 | **adsb.lol**                                                          | Military flights + aircraft traces                                                                                                  | ODbL 1.0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | "adsb.lol" (ODbL)                                                                                                                           |
 | **adsbdb** (`api.adsbdb.com`) | Aircraft type, model name and registration by ICAO hex for enriched flights; airline and origin/destination airports for the tracked flight's callsign | No licence or rate limit is published for the service. Its own credits: aircraft data from PlaneBase, ICAO-to-N-number conversion by Guillaume Michel, and flight route data that "is the work of David Taylor, Edinburgh and Jim Mason, Glasgow, and may not be copied, published, or incorporated into other databases without the explicit permission of David J Taylor, Edinburgh" | "adsbdb — api.adsbdb.com" (courtesy); route data credited to David Taylor, Edinburgh, and Jim Mason, Glasgow |
 | **AISStream.io**                                                      | Live vessels (AIS)                                                                                                                  | Free, beta, no formal ToS; AIS is a public broadcast                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | "AISStream.io" (courtesy)                                                                                                                   |
-| **CelesTrak**                                                         | Satellite TLEs (SGP4)                                                                                                               | US-government-origin data, no license; citation requested                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | "CelesTrak (celestrak.org), Dr. T.S. Kelso"                                                                                                 |
+| **CelesTrak**                                                         | Satellite TLEs (SGP4) and SATCAT records (object type, operational status, owner) that file each satellite under a class                                                                                                            | US-government-origin data, no license; citation requested                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | "CelesTrak (celestrak.org), Dr. T.S. Kelso"                                                                                                 |
 | **The Space Devs — Launch Library 2 v2.3**                            | Recent launch, payload, stage, and recovery metadata for Space Missions (30d)                                                       | [The Space Devs terms of use](https://github.com/TheSpaceDevs/Tutorials/blob/main/faqs/faq_TSD.md#terms-of-use): data may be used and shared in any form; avoid forwarding it without added value; attribution is encouraged (not mandatory). [Official API limits](https://ll.thespacedevs.com/docs/): 15 unauthenticated calls/hour; optional token | "Launch Library 2 — The Space Devs" (courtesy attribution)                                                                                  |
 | **Esri World Imagery** (ArcGIS Online tile service)                   | The keyless satellite basemap — the default landing when no Google/ion credential is configured, and the "Esri Satellite" map stack | [Esri Master Agreement](https://www.esri.com/en-us/legal/terms/full-master-agreement): the public World Imagery service is usable in public-facing apps with attribution; no key is required for this classic endpoint, but Esri governs and can change access — an app at scale should review current ArcGIS Location Platform terms                 | "Powered by Esri — Source: Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics, and the GIS User Community" (provider carries the service's own credit line) |
 | **USGS**                                                              | Earthquakes                                                                                                                         | U.S. public domain                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | "Data courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey"                                                                                               |
@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ The [Bhote Koshi event pack](public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/README.md), under `p
 | **Québec CCTV source catalog** (1,120 locations) | `public/quebec-cameras.json` | Mixed: MTQ locations CC BY 4.0; Montréal camera nodes ODbL 1.0; scenic records retain per-record provenance. No video files are bundled or cached. | Location data is per-record; video remains hosted by Québec 511 and its platform terms apply; scenic source pages may have separate terms | MTQ / Données Québec CC BY 4.0; © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL); scenic operator and position source shown in the selected-camera panel |
 | **World camera image subset** (2,230 locations) | `config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` | Mixed: ODOT TripCheck public images (ODOT permits use with credit) and MLIT site content under terms compatible with CC BY 4.0. Frames are not bundled or persisted; the server holds a bounded in-memory cache. | Per-source terms apply; NZTA Journey Planner web-cache rows are excluded; Vegagerðin rows are served by the Iceland pack instead | Oregon Department of Transportation (Camera courtesy of ODOT) and Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (出典：国土交通省 川の防災情報) |
 | **TeleGeography Submarine Cable Map** (712 cables + 1,917 landing points)   | `telegeography_submarine_cables/` | **CC BY-NC-SA 3.0**                                                                                       | ❌ **NonCommercial — remove for commercial use** | "© TeleGeography — submarinecablemap.com"                                   |
+| **UCS Satellite Database** UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023 (3,564 records; operator, owner country, purpose) | `ucs_satellites/` | **Free, unrestricted use** (UCS database manual, section 3) | ✅ (acknowledgement requested) | "UCS Satellite Database (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database" |
 | **Natural Earth physical regions** (1,046 land + 292 marine named polygons) | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
 | **DataSF Analysis Neighborhoods** (41 SF neighborhood polygons)             | `neighborhoods/`                  | **PDDL 1.0** (public domain)                                                                              | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "City & County of San Francisco — DataSF" (courtesy — not legally required) |
 | **Natural Earth countries, states and provinces** (260 admin-0/map units + 4,587 admin-1 polygons)             | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
@@ -293,6 +294,10 @@ transaction quota. Requires a free `FIRMS_MAP_KEY`
 (https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/api/map_key/); the layer is empty without it.
 The former bundled 2026-05-25 snapshot was removed 2026-07-16.
 
+### UCS Satellite Database (`ucs_satellites/`)
+
+Operator, owner country and purpose for active satellites, keyed by NORAD number, from the Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database release **UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023** (data current through 2023-05-01; https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database). The satellites layer joins it to CelesTrak positions and SATCAT records to file each satellite as a station, imaging, telecom, Starlink, probe or debris object, and to name its operator and owner. Section 3 of the UCS database manual: "The Database is free and its use is unrestricted. We request that its use be acknowledged and referenced in written materials. References should include the version of the Database that was used, which is indicated by the name of the Excel file, and a link to or URL for the webpage www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database." The app acknowledges it in the Data attribution popover. UCS has paused updates since this release; Starlink rows are dropped (Starlink is classed by name). Build: `scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py`; curation in the folder README.
+
 ### Natural Earth physical regions (`natural_earth/`)
 
 Curated from the **Natural Earth 10m physical vectors** (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/ —
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 00f65bf3b..b957046ff 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ Twenty-two layers and map sources. **Twenty have a keyless path.** Some offer ad
 | 📡 **GNSS Integrity** | Regional navigation accuracy scores; anomalies do not confirm interference | adsb.lol, GPSJAM aggregation | 🟢 |
 | 🔥 **Fire Perimeters** | Incident boundaries and reported containment | WFIGS / NIFC | 🟢 |
 | 🚢 **Live Vessels**         | Thousands of ships worldwide                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | AISStream                               | 🟡                                                                                                  |
-| 🛰️ **Satellites**           | 838-object catalog, color-coded by class with a live legend — the **DENSE** chip drops in the whole Starlink shell                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | CelesTrak                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
+| 🛰️ **Satellites**           | About 1,300 objects in six classes (Stations, Imaging, Telecom, Starlink, Probes, Debris) with a toggle and a live count each; Starlink loads its whole shell                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | CelesTrak                               | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🌍 **Earthquakes**          | Global seismic activity, last 24h                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | USGS                                    | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | ◍ **Air quality**           | Live AQHI on the published 1–10+ health-risk scale, with a Weather-panel card showing the band legend and the highest readings in view. **Canada only** — ECCC is the first registered provider | ECCC MSC GeoMet                          | 🟢                                                                                                  |
 | 🚗 **Traffic**              | Simulated vehicles on OSM roads. With TomTom, live flow speeds drive the simulation and congestion colors below ~8 km; individual vehicle positions are not live observations                                                                                                                                                                                                       | TomTom + OSM                            | 🟢 simulation · 🟡 live flow speeds                                                                 |
diff --git a/docs/CODE-BOUNDARIES.md b/docs/CODE-BOUNDARIES.md
index f0bb9e979..e5b337a51 100644
--- a/docs/CODE-BOUNDARIES.md
+++ b/docs/CODE-BOUNDARIES.md
@@ -163,7 +163,8 @@ local composition mounts them in the same order. Importing the entry performs
 no acquisition; factory calls create independent cache state.
 
 `gods-eye-view/sources/space` owns only fixed upstream URL construction: the
-CelesTrak group/TLE query and Launch Library's recent 30-day detailed feed.
+CelesTrak group/TLE and SATCAT record queries and Launch Library's recent
+30-day detailed feed.
 Callers supply the group or end date and own validation, credentials, transport,
 response limits and cache policy. The boundary gate checks this portable entry
 separately from the Node providers. Satellite rendering and launch replay remain
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index c30a25840..3e62496db 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5454,11 +5454,12 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - **Flights (commercial + military)** render one poll interval behind real time (30s/15s) and interpolate between two known feed-stamped fixes (OpenSky `time_position`; adsb.lol `receipt − seen_pos`). The display latency is an intentional product decision — do not "fix" it away. The fleet dead-reckons at ~12Hz (1m² write gating); a contact already hidden behind the horizon whose last position still is re-reckons on a staggered one-in-13-ticks rotation (about once a second) instead, so the worldwide feed's ~13k contacts no longer cost a full pass when well under 1% are on screen. Anything that position puts in view, and any contact with a fleet model, takes the full pass immediately, and hidden-inclusive proximity queries read positions at most about a second old; aircraft get a 3-poll grace period (faded icon) before removal. When a position epoch pauses, both layers coast for at least 60 seconds of contact grace with an absolute five-minute ceiling. Source backoff marks each contact and the cockpit `STALE`; the cockpit then holds the exact layer position instead of continuing inertial flight. Repeated-position kinematic changes create a forward-only synthetic fix rather than mutating history, and grounded history is lifted only when no owned 3D model already controls its datum. A nominally successful worldwide OpenSky response whose own snapshot epoch is more than two minutes old prefers the existing 250-nm viewport-scoped adsb.lol fallback and labels the source/coverage accordingly when that upstream is available. If the fallback is also unavailable, the layer's freshness/error fields use the source epoch—never the cache receipt time—so the UI reports an old snapshot rather than “just now.”
 - **World-space headings at every angle** (`src/data/iconOrientation.js`): aircraft/vessel icon rotation uses the camera right/up basis per tick (alignedAxis always ZERO), which is exact at screen center and for orthographic/nadir views and remains stable through >180° tracked orbits. Perspective rays vary across the viewport, so off-center contacts at oblique pitch can diverge from an exact finite-difference window projection; a regression test pins that known regime, and field evidence decides whether to adopt exact projection with the basis method as fallback. Fleet rotations refresh on camera-pose change; tracked entities per frame. Billboards are horizon-culled via a shared EllipsoidalOccluder.
 - **Military/OpenSky reconciliation** (`src/data/militaryRegistry.js`): known-military ICAOs render amber in the flights layer (60s self-poll of the cached mil endpoint when the military layer is off) and are suppressed there while the military layer renders them.
-- **Satellites**: 838-sat core catalog (stations/visual/GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/GEO), tracking lands ~726km out via `viewFrom` (tracked entity owns a point graphic so the tracking camera engages), rings realign via primitive modelMatrix (no per-second rebuild flicker), optional `setParams({catalog:'dense'})` Starlink mode.
-- **Satellite classes** (`src/data/satelliteClass.js`): every satellite is classified from the CelesTrak group it was ingested with — no extra fetch and no heuristics — into STATION (warm white), NAV (cyan; GPS/GLONASS/Galileo deliberately share one color so the GNSS family reads as one thing), GEO (violet), VISUAL (muted blue-gray catch-all), and COMMS (dim slate, dense Starlink shell only). That module is the single source of truth for class, label, and color, so the dot, the card, and the legend swatch cannot disagree. Two deliberate palette rules: no class may sit in the 40–48° amber band, which is the app-wide known-military convention; and COMMS stays far below VISUAL in Rec.601 luminance so the dense shell stays separable when NVG/FLIR collapse the scene to one channel. The ISS keeps its long-standing red hero dot rather than the STATION color — it carries a permanent name label and its card still reads `STATION · ISS`. `satelliteClassOf` is the single owner of that ISS rule, so the card label and the legend tally can never disagree: during a stations-feed outage the ISS is ingested as `visual`, and both surfaces still file it under STATION.
-- Class is also a **text field**, not just a color: `NAV · GPS` / `GEO` / `COMMS · STARLINK` / `STATION · ISS` leads the tracked card's detail block and replaces the raw CelesTrak tag on the detection-overlay label. Because that canvas composites above the post-FX chain, the class stays readable in NVG/FLIR after the in-scene dot colors are flattened.
-- The satellites row in DATA LAYERS carries per-layer sub-controls (`DataLayerManager._syncRowControls`, the first consumer of the optional `getRowControls()` layer hook): a **DENSE** chip exposing the existing `catalog` param, and a swatch legend with live per-class counts. Default is the sparse core catalog. The chip is stateless — it declares the params to apply and the manager owns the write — so the Space Missions capture/restore path over the same param stays authoritative. Controls stay hidden while the layer is off. An explicit CORE or DENSE choice participates in versioned local and share-link state; temporary Space Missions overrides do not.
-- **The DENSE chip reports the dense LOAD, not the catalog param.** The param flips synchronously while the Starlink shell takes seconds to arrive over a chunked load, and CelesTrak 502s that feed regularly. So the chip reads `DENSE ···` (busy, disabled) while loading, ACTIVE only once dense points are actually on screen, and `DENSE ✕` with the reason on hover when the load fails — a failure also reverts `catalog` to `core`, drops any partial chunk, and leaves the chip clickable to retry. A load is judged by points added, not by HTTP status: a 200 carrying an empty body, a passed-through HTML error page, or only TLEs the core catalog already owns fails with the same revert semantics as a 502. Any explicit request for `core` clears a latched error even when the mode does not change, so a Space Missions restore of an already-core snapshot never leaves the user with a failure they did not cause. Because the load settles asynchronously, the layer pushes a re-render through the optional `setRowControlsListener()` hook; nothing else would repaint that row before the 5-minute catalog refresh, so the count and legend would otherwise sit stale.
+- **Satellites**: core catalog from CelesTrak's stations, visual, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, GEO, resource, weather, planet, SAR and science groups, tracking lands ~726km out via `viewFrom` (tracked entity owns a point graphic so the tracking camera engages), rings realign via primitive modelMatrix (no per-second rebuild flicker), optional `setParams({catalog:'dense'})` Starlink mode.
+- **Satellite classes** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): every satellite is filed under one of six classes, each with its own point colour, legend swatch and toggle: STATIONS (warm white), IMAGING (cyan), TELECOM (violet; communications and navigation, so GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou read as one family), STARLINK (dim slate), PROBES (muted blue-gray) and DEBRIS (receding brown-gray). That module is the single source of truth for class, label and colour, so the dot, the card and the legend swatch cannot disagree. Two deliberate palette rules: no class may sit in the 40–48° amber band, which is the app-wide known-military convention; and STARLINK stays far below PROBES in Rec.601 luminance so the dense shell stays separable when NVG/FLIR collapse the scene to one channel. The ISS keeps its long-standing red hero dot rather than the STATIONS colour — it carries a permanent name label and its card still reads `STATIONS · ISS`; it is a station whichever group ingested it, so a stations-feed outage cannot refile it. `src/data/satelliteClass.js` keeps the group-based labels beneath the classes: the constellation subtype and a group's own label for a satellite with no class.
+- Class is also a **text field**, not just a color: `TELECOM · GPS` / `STARLINK` / `STATIONS · ISS` leads the tracked card's detail block and replaces the raw CelesTrak tag on the detection-overlay label. Because that canvas composites above the post-FX chain, the class stays readable in NVG/FLIR after the in-scene dot colors are flattened.
+- The satellites row in DATA LAYERS carries per-layer sub-controls (`DataLayerManager._syncRowControls`, the first consumer of the optional `getRowControls()` layer hook): one chip per class (the STARLINK chip exposes the existing `catalog` param), a swatch legend with live per-class counts, and an info line while SATCAT is stale or unavailable (`Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy` / `Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable`). Default is the sparse core catalog. The chips are stateless — each declares the params to apply and the manager owns the write — so the Space Missions capture/restore path over the same param stays authoritative. Controls stay hidden while the layer is off. An explicit CORE or DENSE choice participates in versioned local and share-link state; temporary Space Missions overrides do not.
+- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS and IMAGING on by default; TELECOM (communications and navigation), STARLINK, PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects and dead payloads) off. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay and the voice/framing position lists, and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: operator, owner country and purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak group. Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. Class visibility is a runtime param (`classes`) and is not yet part of share links; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param, which is.
+- **The STARLINK chip (formerly DENSE) reports the dense LOAD, not the catalog param.** The param flips synchronously while the Starlink shell takes seconds to arrive over a chunked load, and CelesTrak 502s that feed regularly. So the chip reads `STARLINK ···` (busy, disabled) while loading, ACTIVE only once dense points are actually on screen, and `STARLINK ✕` with the reason on hover when the load fails — a failure also reverts `catalog` to `core`, drops any partial chunk, and leaves the chip clickable to retry. A load is judged by points added, not by HTTP status: a 200 carrying an empty body, a passed-through HTML error page, or only TLEs the core catalog already owns fails with the same revert semantics as a 502. Any explicit request for `core` clears a latched error even when the mode does not change, so a Space Missions restore of an already-core snapshot never leaves the user with a failure they did not cause. Because the load settles asynchronously, the layer pushes a re-render through the optional `setRowControlsListener()` hook; nothing else would repaint that row before the 5-minute catalog refresh, so the count and legend would otherwise sit stale.
 - **A dependency owner takes the row with it.** Space Missions borrows this layer for TLE lookup with `showPoints:false`; while points are hidden the layer returns empty row controls, so the legend never describes an empty sky and the chip cannot accept a write that the owner's restore would silently revert.
 - The detection-overlay record cache (`_detectionObjects`) is cleared with the catalog on every rebuild: it stamps id/class at creation only, and a rebuild can re-tag a satellite when a partial CelesTrak outage changes which group wins dedupe.
 - **Catalog numbers above 99999** can be written in a TLE as Alpha-5: a letter A–Z, skipping I and O, for the first two digits, so `A0000` is 100000 and `Z9999` is 339999. CelesTrak's TLE feed carries no satellite above 99999 (that needs the OMM feed, #1191), so this is compatibility with Alpha-5 TLEs. `src/sources/tle.js` decodes the field through one shared helper: `noradIdFromSatnum()` for the satellites layer, which keys and deduplicates its catalog by that number, and `tleCatalogNumber()` for the satellite tools. Plain digits read as before (`noradIdFromSatnum()` accepts any length, as an OMM satrec carries the number unpadded); a malformed field — a sign, decimal point, hex, exponent, embedded space, stray or lowercase letter, or blank — is rejected rather than partly read, as `NaN` in the layer and `null` in the tools.
diff --git a/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py b/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1a0b6fd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+'''Maintainer-only UCS Satellite Database pack build (openpyxl).
+
+Reads the UCS Excel release and writes the compact pack the satellites layer
+loads: one row per satellite, keyed by NORAD number, with string-table indexes
+for the repeated text columns. Starlink rows are left out: the layer files
+every STARLINK object under its own class and operator without them.
+
+Usage: python scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py "<path>/UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023.xlsx"
+'''
+import argparse
+import json
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+
+import openpyxl
+
+LOG = logging.getLogger('build-ucs-satellites')
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+PACK = ROOT / 'src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites'
+VERSION = 'UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023'
+DATA_CURRENT_TO = '2023-05-01'
+URL = 'https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database'
+
+# Output column -> spreadsheet header.
+COLUMNS = {
+    'operator': 'Operator/Owner',
+    'operatorCountry': 'Country of Operator/Owner',
+    'purpose': 'Purpose',
+    'detailedPurpose': 'Detailed Purpose',
+    'users': 'Users',
+    'orbitClass': 'Class of Orbit',
+}
+STARLINK = re.compile(r'\bstarlink\b', re.I)
+
+
+def clean(value: object) -> str:
+    '''One cell as tidy text; UCS's placeholders for nothing become ''.'''
+    text = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', str(value or '')).strip()
+    return '' if text.lower() in ('', 'none', 'n/a') else text
+
+
+def build(xlsx: Path) -> dict:
+    '''Read the release's first sheet into the pack the layer loads.'''
+    sheet = openpyxl.load_workbook(xlsx, read_only=True, data_only=True).worksheets[0]
+    rows = sheet.iter_rows(values_only=True)
+    header = {str(h).strip(): i for i, h in enumerate(next(rows)) if h}
+    names = [header['Current Official Name of Satellite'], header['Name of Satellite, Alternate Names']]
+    norad_col = header['NORAD Number']
+    tables = {key: [''] for key in COLUMNS}
+    index = {key: {'': 0} for key in COLUMNS}
+    records = {}
+    source_rows = skipped_starlink = invalid_norad = 0
+    for row in rows:
+        if not any(row):
+            continue
+        source_rows += 1
+        if any(STARLINK.search(clean(row[i])) for i in names):
+            skipped_starlink += 1
+            continue
+        try:
+            norad = int(float(row[norad_col]))
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            invalid_norad += 1
+            continue
+        record = [norad]
+        for key, column in COLUMNS.items():
+            text = clean(row[header[column]])
+            if key == 'orbitClass':
+                text = text.upper()
+            if text not in index[key]:
+                index[key][text] = len(tables[key])
+                tables[key].append(text)
+            record.append(index[key][text])
+        # A duplicate NORAD number keeps the first row, as UCS lists it.
+        records.setdefault(norad, record)
+    ordered = [records[n] for n in sorted(records)]
+    return {
+        'meta': {
+            'source': 'Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database',
+            'version': VERSION,
+            'url': URL,
+            'dataCurrentTo': DATA_CURRENT_TO,
+            'license': 'Free, unrestricted use; acknowledgement requested (UCS database manual, section 3)',
+            'curation': {
+                'sourceRows': source_rows,
+                'starlinkRowsDropped': skipped_starlink,
+                'invalidNoradDropped': invalid_norad,
+                'duplicateNoradDropped': source_rows - skipped_starlink - invalid_norad - len(ordered),
+                'columns': COLUMNS,
+            },
+            'recordCount': len(ordered),
+        },
+        'fields': ['noradId', *COLUMNS],
+        'strings': tables,
+        'records': ordered,
+    }
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    '''Build the pack from the release given on the command line.'''
+    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format='%(message)s')
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Build the UCS satellite pack from the UCS Excel release.')
+    parser.add_argument('xlsx', type=Path, help='UCS-Satellite-Database <version>.xlsx')
+    pack = build(parser.parse_args().xlsx)
+    PACK.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    out = PACK / 'ucs_satellites.json'
+    # LF on every platform: the repository stores text with LF endings.
+    out.write_text(
+        json.dumps(pack, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(',', ':')) + '\n',
+        encoding='utf-8',
+        newline='\n',
+    )
+    LOG.info('%s: %d records, %d bytes', out.relative_to(ROOT), pack['meta']['recordCount'], out.stat().st_size)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 76515b200..fbfb9fbf1 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -1660,7 +1660,11 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
-      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/classes.js",
+      "src/data/ucsSatellites.js",
+      "src/data/bundledJson.js",
+      "src/data/retryableLoad.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "satellite.js"]
   },
@@ -3348,7 +3352,9 @@
       "src/ui/wildlifeSightingPlacement.js",
       "src/overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js",
       "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js",
-      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js"
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/classes.js",
+      "src/data/ucsSatellites.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -3999,7 +4005,9 @@
       "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/sprites.js",
       "src/overlays/worldOverlayChrome.js",
       "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js",
-      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js"
+      "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/classes.js",
+      "src/data/ucsSatellites.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -4501,7 +4509,13 @@
   },
   "satellites-source": {
     "exports": ["./layers/satellites/source"],
-    "modules": ["src/layers/satellites/source.js"],
+    "modules": [
+      "src/layers/satellites/source.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/classes.js",
+      "src/data/ucsSatellites.js",
+      "src/data/bundledJson.js",
+      "src/data/retryableLoad.js"
+    ],
     "external": []
   },
   "traffic-source-factory": {
@@ -5118,7 +5132,9 @@
       "src/layers/alpr/records.js",
       "src/layers/alpr/tileRecords.js",
       "src/sources/infrastructureData.js",
-      "src/sources/eventPacks.js"
+      "src/sources/eventPacks.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/classes.js",
+      "src/data/ucsSatellites.js"
     ],
     "external": ["@mapbox/vector-tile", "pbf"]
   },
diff --git a/server/providers/space/celestrak.js b/server/providers/space/celestrak.js
index 013fce1b1..fe326e325 100644
--- a/server/providers/space/celestrak.js
+++ b/server/providers/space/celestrak.js
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { promises as fsp } from 'node:fs';
-import { celestrakTleUrl } from '../../../src/data/spaceProviderRequests.js';
+import {
+  celestrakSatcatUrl,
+  celestrakTleUrl,
+} from '../../../src/data/spaceProviderRequests.js';
 import { providerCooldownMs } from './cooldown.js';
 import { admitSameSiteKeyless } from '../common/same-site.js';
 import { readResponseTextCapped } from '../common/http.js';
@@ -22,84 +25,124 @@ import { readResponseTextCapped } from '../common/http.js';
  * 6 h; on upstream failure the freshest stale copy is served (a stale TLE
  * beats an empty satellites layer). Pattern mirrors openSkyProxy's
  * cache+serve-stale. Adapted from skylight's TleStore (MIT).
+ *
+ * The same plugin serves CelesTrak SATCAT records for the satellites layer's
+ * groups at `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>` (object type, operational status
+ * and owner, which file each object under a class). The catalog changes
+ * slowly, so SATCAT is cached for a day; both routes share the upstream
+ * cooldown, since CelesTrak throttles the client, not the endpoint.
  */
 export function celestrakProxy() {
   const TLE_TTL_MS = 6 * 3600_000;
+  const SATCAT_TTL_MS = 24 * 3600_000;
   const CACHE_DIR = path.join(process.cwd(), '.gev-cache');
-  const groups = new Set([
+  /** The satellites layer's core groups (src/layers/satellites/policy.js). */
+  const coreGroups = [
     'stations',
     'visual',
     'gps-ops',
     'glo-ops',
     'galileo',
     'geo',
-    'starlink',
-    // Space Missions (`getActiveTle`) reads the full active catalog.
-    'active',
-  ]);
+    'resource',
+    'weather',
+    'planet',
+    'sar',
+    'science',
+  ];
+  const feeds = [
+    {
+      route: '/api/celestrak',
+      ttlMs: TLE_TTL_MS,
+      cacheHeader: 'x-tle-cache',
+      cachedAtHeader: 'X-TLE-Cached-At',
+      diskName: (group) => `celestrak-${group}.json`,
+      upstreamUrl: celestrakTleUrl,
+      groups: new Set([
+        ...coreGroups,
+        'starlink',
+        // Space Missions (`getActiveTle`) reads the full active catalog.
+        'active',
+      ]),
+      // An upstream error page parses to zero TLEs — treat as failure, keep cache.
+      validate: (body) => /^1 /m.test(body),
+      invalid: 'no TLE lines in response',
+    },
+    {
+      route: '/api/celestrak-satcat',
+      ttlMs: SATCAT_TTL_MS,
+      cacheHeader: 'x-satcat-cache',
+      cachedAtHeader: 'X-SATCAT-Cached-At',
+      diskName: (group) => `celestrak-satcat-${group}.json`,
+      upstreamUrl: celestrakSatcatUrl,
+      groups: new Set(coreGroups),
+      // A real answer, even for an empty group, starts with the CSV header.
+      validate: (body) => /^OBJECT_NAME,/.test(body),
+      invalid: 'no SATCAT header in response',
+    },
+  ];
   let cooldownUntil = 0;
-  const mem = new Map(); // group -> { at: epochMs, body: string }
-  const inflight = new Map(); // group -> Promise<{at, body}|null>
-
-  const diskPath = (group) => path.join(CACHE_DIR, `celestrak-${group}.json`);
-
-  async function readDisk(group) {
-    try {
-      const parsed = JSON.parse(await fsp.readFile(diskPath(group), 'utf8'));
-      if (typeof parsed?.body === 'string' && Number.isFinite(parsed?.at))
-        return parsed;
-    } catch {
-      /* no disk cache yet */
-    }
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  async function writeDisk(group, entry) {
-    try {
-      await fsp.mkdir(CACHE_DIR, { recursive: true });
-      await fsp.writeFile(diskPath(group), JSON.stringify(entry), 'utf8');
-    } catch (err) {
-      console.warn('[celestrak-proxy] cache write failed');
-    }
-  }
 
   /** The largest group (`active`) measures ~2.7 MB; this bounds a runaway body. */
   const CELESTRAK_MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
 
-  async function fetchUpstream(group) {
-    const url = celestrakTleUrl(group);
-    const signal = AbortSignal.timeout(20000);
-    const res = await fetch(url.toString(), {
-      signal,
-      // CelesTrak 403s bulk groups (e.g. `active`) unless the request carries a
-      // descriptive User-Agent with a contact point.
-      headers: {
-        'User-Agent':
-          'gods-eye-view-celestrak-proxy/1.0 (+https://github.com/bilawalsidhu/gods-eye-view)',
-      },
-    });
-    if (!res.ok) {
-      // Group refreshes run in parallel: a later failure without Retry-After
-      // must never shorten a longer deadline an earlier one already set.
-      cooldownUntil = Math.max(
-        cooldownUntil,
-        Date.now() + providerCooldownMs(res),
-      );
-      void res.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
-      throw new Error(`HTTP ${res.status}`);
-    }
-    const body = await readResponseTextCapped(
-      res,
-      CELESTRAK_MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES,
-      signal,
-    );
-    // An upstream error page parses to zero TLEs — treat as failure, keep cache.
-    if (!/^1 /m.test(body)) throw new Error('no TLE lines in response');
-    return { at: Date.now(), body };
-  }
+  function createFeedHandler(feed) {
+    const mem = new Map(); // group -> { at: epochMs, body: string }
+    const inflight = new Map(); // group -> Promise<{at, body}|null>
+    const diskPath = (group) => path.join(CACHE_DIR, feed.diskName(group));
 
-  const installMiddleware = (server) => {
-    server.middlewares.use('/api/celestrak', async (req, res) => {
+    async function readDisk(group) {
+      try {
+        const parsed = JSON.parse(await fsp.readFile(diskPath(group), 'utf8'));
+        if (typeof parsed?.body === 'string' && Number.isFinite(parsed?.at))
+          return parsed;
+      } catch {
+        /* no disk cache yet */
+      }
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    async function writeDisk(group, entry) {
+      try {
+        await fsp.mkdir(CACHE_DIR, { recursive: true });
+        await fsp.writeFile(diskPath(group), JSON.stringify(entry), 'utf8');
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.warn('[celestrak-proxy] cache write failed');
+      }
+    }
+
+    async function fetchUpstream(group) {
+      const url = feed.upstreamUrl(group);
+      const signal = AbortSignal.timeout(20000);
+      const res = await fetch(url.toString(), {
+        signal,
+        // CelesTrak 403s bulk groups (e.g. `active`) unless the request carries a
+        // descriptive User-Agent with a contact point.
+        headers: {
+          'User-Agent':
+            'gods-eye-view-celestrak-proxy/1.0 (+https://github.com/bilawalsidhu/gods-eye-view)',
+        },
+      });
+      if (!res.ok) {
+        // Group refreshes run in parallel: a later failure without Retry-After
+        // must never shorten a longer deadline an earlier one already set.
+        cooldownUntil = Math.max(
+          cooldownUntil,
+          Date.now() + providerCooldownMs(res),
+        );
+        void res.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
+        throw new Error(`HTTP ${res.status}`);
+      }
+      const body = await readResponseTextCapped(
+        res,
+        CELESTRAK_MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES,
+        signal,
+      );
+      if (!feed.validate(body)) throw new Error(feed.invalid);
+      return { at: Date.now(), body };
+    }
+
+    return async (req, res) => {
       const group = String(req.url || '')
         .replace(/^\//, '')
         .split('?')[0];
@@ -111,7 +154,7 @@ export function celestrakProxy() {
         res.end();
         return;
       }
-      if (!groups.has(group)) {
+      if (!feed.groups.has(group)) {
         res.writeHead(400, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' });
         res.end('invalid group');
         return;
@@ -123,10 +166,10 @@ export function celestrakProxy() {
         if (res.headersSent) return;
         res.writeHead(status, {
           'Content-Type': 'text/plain',
-          'x-tle-cache': cacheStatus,
+          [feed.cacheHeader]: cacheStatus,
           'Cache-Control': 'no-store',
           ...(entry
-            ? { 'X-TLE-Cached-At': new Date(entry.at).toISOString() }
+            ? { [feed.cachedAtHeader]: new Date(entry.at).toISOString() }
             : {}),
           ...(cooldownUntil > 0 && Date.now() < cooldownUntil
             ? {
@@ -145,7 +188,7 @@ export function celestrakProxy() {
           entry = await readDisk(group);
           if (entry) mem.set(group, entry);
         }
-        if (entry && now - entry.at < TLE_TTL_MS) {
+        if (entry && now - entry.at < feed.ttlMs) {
           send(200, entry.body, 'HIT', entry);
           return;
         }
@@ -191,7 +234,13 @@ export function celestrakProxy() {
         console.error('[celestrak-proxy] request failed');
         send(500, 'celestrak proxy error', 'ERROR');
       }
-    });
+    };
+  }
+
+  const handlers = feeds.map((feed) => [feed.route, createFeedHandler(feed)]);
+  const installMiddleware = (server) => {
+    for (const [route, handler] of handlers)
+      server.middlewares.use(route, handler);
   };
   return {
     name: 'celestrak-proxy',
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.js b/src/data/dataCredits.js
index 82184b6dd..a55bed9e4 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.js
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.js
@@ -143,10 +143,17 @@ export const DATA_CREDITS = [
   {
     key: 'celestrak',
     html:
-      'Satellites (TLEs): CelesTrak ' +
+      'Satellites (TLEs and SATCAT): CelesTrak ' +
       '(<a href="https://celestrak.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">celestrak.org</a>), ' +
       'Dr. T.S. Kelso',
   },
+  {
+    key: 'ucs-satellite-database',
+    html:
+      'Satellite operators and purposes: ' +
+      '<a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UCS Satellite Database</a> ' +
+      '(UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), Union of Concerned Scientists',
+  },
   {
     key: 'launch-library-2',
     html:
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs b/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
index 79305ad6f..d4cd8c54a 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
@@ -38,6 +38,20 @@ test('adsbdb is credited and carries its published route-data restriction', () =
   assert.match(credit.html, /href="https:\/\/www\.adsbdb\.com"/);
 });
 
+test('the UCS Satellite Database is acknowledged with its version and webpage', () => {
+  // UCS database manual, section 3: references name the version (the Excel
+  // file's name) and link www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database.
+  const credit = DATA_CREDITS.find(
+    (entry) => entry.key === 'ucs-satellite-database',
+  );
+  assert.ok(credit, 'the satellite classes and operators come from UCS');
+  assert.match(credit.html, /UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023/);
+  assert.match(
+    credit.html,
+    /href="https:\/\/www\.ucsusa\.org\/satellite_database"/,
+  );
+});
+
 test('OpenStreetMap has one generic data credit with separate tile and names distributors', () => {
   const osm = DATA_CREDITS.filter((entry) =>
     entry.html.includes('openstreetmap.org/copyright'),
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26cb06607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# UCS Satellite Database pack
+
+Offline operator, owner-country and purpose records for active satellites,
+keyed by NORAD catalog number. The satellites layer joins them to CelesTrak's
+positions to file each satellite under a class (stations, imaging, telecom,
+probes) and to name its operator and owner country
+(`src/data/ucsSatellites.js`, `src/layers/satellites/classes.js`).
+
+| File | Source dataset | Records |
+|------|----------------|---------|
+| `ucs_satellites.json` | UCS Satellite Database, release **UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023** (data current through 2023-05-01) | 3,564 |
+
+**Source:** Union of Concerned Scientists, https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database.
+The same release is mirrored on Hugging Face as
+`juliensimon/ucs-satellite-database` (identical rows). UCS has paused updates
+since this release, so satellites launched after May 2023 are not in it; the
+layer classifies those from CelesTrak SATCAT, CelesTrak groups and name
+patterns instead.
+
+**License:** free, unrestricted use. Section 3 of the UCS database manual:
+"The Database is free and its use is unrestricted. We request that its use be
+acknowledged and referenced in written materials. References should include
+the version of the Database that was used, which is indicated by the name of
+the Excel file, and a link to or URL for the webpage
+www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database."
+
+**Acknowledgement:** "Satellite operators and purposes: UCS Satellite Database
+(UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database".
+It is also listed in the app's Data attribution popover and in
+DATA_SOURCES.md.
+
+**Build:** `python scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py "<path>/UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023.xlsx"`
+(openpyxl). The file's `meta` header records the curation.
+
+**Curation:**
+
+- Kept columns: Operator/Owner, Country of Operator/Owner, Purpose, Detailed
+  Purpose, Users, Class of Orbit (upper-cased, which folds the source's one
+  `LEo`). Everything else (masses, contractors, launch data, sources) is left
+  out.
+- Repeated text is stored once in `strings`; each record is
+  `[noradId, operator, operatorCountry, purpose, detailedPurpose, users,
+  orbitClass]` with string-table indexes, `0` meaning empty.
+- The 3,996 Starlink rows are dropped: every Starlink object is classed and
+  credited to SpaceX by name, so they would only add size.
+- Rows without a readable NORAD number are dropped and counted apart from
+  duplicate NORAD numbers (the first row of a duplicate is kept); both counts
+  are 0 in this release.
+- Owner countries stay as UCS writes them ("USA", "USA/Japan", "ESA",
+  "Multinational"); `src/layers/satellites/classes.js` normalises them, together with
+  CelesTrak SATCAT owner codes, in one table.
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f27ee92d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"meta":{"source":"Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database","version":"UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023","url":"https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database","dataCurrentTo":"2023-05-01","license":"Free, unrestricted use; acknowledgement requested (UCS database manual, section 3)","curation":{"sourceRows":7560,"starlinkRowsDropped":3996,"invalidNoradDropped":0,"duplicateNoradDropped":0,"columns":{"operator":"Operator/Owner","operatorCountry":"Country of Operator/Owner","purpose":"Purpose","detailedPurpose":"Detailed Purpose","users":"Users","orbitClass":"Class of Orbit"}},"recordCount":3564},"fields":["noradId","operator","operatorCountry","purpose","detailedPurpose","users","orbitClass"],"strings":{"operator":["","Hera Systems","AAC Clyde Space","Aalto University","University of Aalborg","Asia Broadcast Satellite Ltd.","Asher Space Research Institute at Technion/Israeli Aircraft Industries","Austrian Space Forum (OEWF)/Spire","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)","US Air Force","Department of Homeland Security","European Space Agency (ESA)","Aerospace Corporation","EUTELSAT S.A.","Aurora Insight","Center for Atmospheric Sciences, Hampton University/NASA","Norwegian Coastal Admnistration","AISTech","Al Yah Satellite Communications Co. (YAHSAT)","Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","Algerian Space Agency (ASAL)","Astro Live Experiences","University of Brasilia","US Air Force Institute of Technology","Algerian Space Agency (ASAL)/UK Space Agency","Hispamar (subsidiary of Hispasat - Spain)","National Institute for Space Research (INPE)","SES S.A.","Moscow State University","Space-Communication Ltd.","AMSAT-NA","Agency for Defense Development","ANDESITE - Boston University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","AngoSat","Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.)","Aprize Satellite, Argentina","APT Satellite Holdings Ltd.","Arab Satellite Communications Org. (ASCO)","University of South Florida, Institute of Applied Engineering (IAE).","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo","Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory","Planetary Resources","ArSat","Aerospacelab","Istanbul Technical University","Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd.","1Worldspace","Japan Space Systems","Chiba Institute of Technology","Astranis","Astrocast","Telemetry Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) Centre","DirecTV, Inc.","PointView Tech","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)","Microspace Rapid Pvt Ltd.","Azercosmos","Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC)","Tianyi Research Institute","Ministry of Defense","Space Development Agency","Central European Institute of Technology","Technical University Berlin","Chinese Ministry of National Defense","21st Century Aerospace Technology (21AT)","Beijing Landview Mapping Information Technology Co. Ltd (BLMIT)","Changsha Tianyi space science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. (Spacety)","Belintersat","Institute of Space Sensor Technology and Planetary Exploration","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)/","German Aerospace Center (DLR)","Salish Kootenai College","National Academy of Sciences","BlackSky Global","NanoAvionics","AST SpaceMobile","Embratel Star One","SpaceQuest, Ltd.","Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI)","University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies","BRITE Consortium","UnseenLabs","AstroForge","Broadcasting Satellite System Corp.","Broadcasting Satellite System Corp./Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation","Defence Science and Technology Group/University of New South Wales","China Academy of Space Technology (CAST)","Satellogic S.A.","Bulsatcom","Capital Technology University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/NASA","University of Louisiana at Lafayette","Capella Space","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)","Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)","Canadian Space Agency","China National Space Administration (CNSA)/National Institute for Space Research (Brazil)","Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.","Earth-i/Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.","Canon Electronics","Air Force Research Laboratory","Fleet Space Technologies","Beijing Future Navigation Technology Co. Ltd.","NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","Ministry of Armed Forces","Defense Innovation Unit/Cesium Astro","China National Space Administration (CNSA)/National Centre for Space Studies (CNES)","TELNET Holding","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center","Spacety Aerospace Company","Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites","Spacety Co. Ltd.","Nanjing University","Epic Aerospace","University of Florida","Chinese Academy of Sciences","GeoOptics Inc.","GeoOptics, Inc.","Ciel Satellite Group","University of California-Berkeley/Imperial College-London","Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder","Utah State University","Unknown US agency","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Colorado State University","Department of Defense/Missile Defense Agency","FH Aachen","Armed Forces","Plan-S","US Air Force/ US Navy/NASA","Astro Digital","Taiwan's National Space Organization/National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Admistration (NOAA)","National Space Program Office (NSPO)/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Boulder, CO","Italian Space Agency/Ministry of Defense","California Polytechnic State University/NASA JPL","University of Colorado","Directorate General of Armaments (DGA)","Argentinian Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation/Radio Club Bariloche","University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","Department of Astronautics, University of Tokyo","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Science, UC Boulder/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","University of Michigan/NASA Earth Science Technology Office","German Orbital Systems","Mexican Space Agency/NanoAvionics","Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)","North Idaho STEM Charter Academy","ADA Space (?)","China Amateur Satellite - CAMSAT","Deimos Imaging/DMC International Imaging (DMCII)","Technical University, Delft","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA)","Khalifa University","DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)","Sky and Space Global, UK","SpacePharma","IT University of Copenhagen, University of Southern Denmark, Aalborg University and Aarhus University","Philippines’ Department of Science and Technology, University of the Philippines Diliman, and Japan’s Hokkaido University and Tohoku University","Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt","Mohammend Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC)","DoD/NOAA","University of Southern California, Space Engineering Research Center/Lockheed Martin","Planet Labs, Inc.","China National Space Administration","Kawasaki Heavy Industries","Singapore Armed Forces","Emirates Institution for Advanced Science & Technology (EIAST)","Academy of Military Science","ESPACE","Global Eagle Entertainment","OHB Italia","Echostar Satellite Services, LLC","HughesNet leased from Echostar Technologies, LLC","Echostar Satellite Services, LLC/Intelsat","Equator Technological University","Airbus","National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS)","Momentus","Roshydromet - Planeta","University of California","DGA (Arms Procurement Agency)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","Clyde Space Ltd./EUTELSAT","Astroscale","Defence Research and Development Organization","EOS Data Analytics","Earth Sciences Enterprise (NASA)","Goddard Space Flight Center/EOS Data and Operations System","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - Earth Science Enterprise/Japan Meteorological Agency/Brazilian Space Agency","Defense Ministry","ImageSat International, NV/Ministry of Defense","EUTELSAT S.A./Es'hailSat","Es’hailSat","ESA/European Maritime Safety Agency","European University Network","Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute","EUTELSAT Americas","EUTELSAT S.A./Nilesat","exactEarth","Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)","California Polytechnic Institute","Russian Satellite Communications Company","Exseed Space","CNES (Centre national d'études spatiales)","Colombian Air Force","US Air Force Academy","InSpace","University of Texas - Austin","Link Space Aerospace Technology","China Meteorological Administration","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/GSFC","University of Stuttgart","US Navy","National Space Organization","Los Alamos National Laboratory","Jihua Laboratory","Copernicus Land and Marine Environment services","AMSAT-UK","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/Sky Perfect JSAT Corp.","Intelsat S.A.","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/DirecTV, Inc.","Gama","China National Academy of Sciences (CNSAS)","China’s Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and Ministry of Agriculture","State Oceanic Administration (SOA)","China's Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and Ministry of Agriculture","Ministry of Natural Resources/Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development/National Bureau of Statistics","People's Liberation Army (C41)","GomSpace ApS","Air Force Research Laboratory/Globalstar","NearSpace Launch/Air Force Research Laboratory","Geespace","Bigelow Aerospace","Korea Meteorological Administration/National Meteorological Satellite Center","DigitalGlobe Corporation","Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/NASA/ESA","Marshall Intec","GHGSat, Inc.","Orbital Sidekick","Globalstar","OHB SE (Orbitale Hochtechnologie Bremen)","PlanetiQ","NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration)","Turkish Ministry of National Defense","Gonets Satcom","JAXA, Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Environmental Studies","Lunasonde","LuxGovSat","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/JAXA","NASA/German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ)","Axelspace","Indian Navy","Indian Air Force","Air Force Satellite Control Network","U.S. Army’s Space and Missile Defense Command","Department of Defense/Army Space and Missile Defense Command","Sanya Institute of Remote Sensing","Xiamen University/Aerospace Dongfanghong Satellite Co. Ltd. {CASC)","Department of Defense/Space Test Program","Hunan Hangsheng Satellite Technology Co., Ltd.","US Army Space and Missile Defense Command","HawkEye 360","HEAD Aerospace","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Délégation Générale de l'Armement (DGA)","Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd.","Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd./INMARSAT","Tokyo Institute of Technology","Hiber Global","Japan Meteorological Agency/Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC)","Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science/NASA","Spacety","Hispasat","National Remote Sensing Center (NRSCC)","China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application (CRESDA)","University of Tokyo and NESTRA","PIESAT","China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)","China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC)","Horizons 2 Satellite, LLC (Intelsat, Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation)","Egyptian Space Agency","Kyushu Institute of Technology (KIT)","Harris Corporation","Shanghai Lizheng Satellite Application Technology","Ministry of Ecology and Environment/Ministry of Emergency Management","European Space Agency (ESA)/NASA","Huaian Youth Comprehensive Development Base","National Space Science Center (NSSC)","Avanti Communications, PLC","ICEYE Ltd.","Cabinet Satellite Intelligence Center (CSIC)","TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute","INMARSAT, Ltd.","INMARSAT, Ltd./European Space Agency (ESA)","Astronautic Technology Sdn. Bhd (ATSB)","University of Colorado’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics/Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology","NRS Lab. Atmospheres, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (Verrieres)","European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)/NASA/Russia","Intelsat S.A./Sky Perfect JSAT Corp.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Multinational","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center","D-Orbit","Iridium Communications, Inc.","National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCKU)","NASA Small Satellite Technology Program","iSky Technology","NASA/CalPoly","TrustPoint, Inc.","ITU Space Systems Design & Test Laboratory","Radio Amateur Society of Thailand (RAST)","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/NOAA/EUMETSAT","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/Kacific","Space OK (Shanghai Ok Space Co Ltd.)","Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd.","Beijing ZeroG Space Technology Co., Ltd./Hong Kong Aerospace Tech Group","Shanghai Jiao Tong University/APSCO","Gang Hang Ke","Hong Kong Aerospace Technology Group","Chinese University Corporation for Polar Research","Crown Prince Foundation","China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp. (CASC)","Scientific Production Corporation (joint stock creation of Russian Space Agency)","Roscosmos State Corporation","Kazcosmos","JSC KazSat","Ghalam LLP","National University of Singapore","Kepler Communications","US Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command","Revolutionary Guard Corps","GUMUSH AeroSpace/University of Turkish Aeronautical Association (UTAA)","Tsinghua University","Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology","KLEO Connect","Chosun University","KT Corporation/Korean Agency for Defense Development (ADD)","KT Corporation","National Institute of Technology at Kochi College","Kleos Space","College of Engineering, King Saud University","Kuwait University","Lacuna Space","Lacuna Space/NanoAvionics","Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/US Geological Survey","Laos National Authority for Science and Technology","Indonesian National Aeronautics and Space Agency (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional - LAPAN)","Aprize Satellite Argentina","US Space Force","Sapienza","Spire Global Inc.","California Polytechnic State University","Harbin Institute/China Amateur Satellite - CAMSAT","General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems","Xinwei Telecom Technology Company","Beijing ZeroG Technology Co. Ltd.","Nanjing and Hong Kong Universities","Changchun Institute of Optics","Russian Federal Space Agency","Federal Security Service (FSB)","SkyFox Labs","Shanghai Academy of Space Technology","University of Vigo/Alén Space","Wuhan University","Lynk Global Inc.","University of Michigan/Montana University","Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC)/Canadian Space Agency","CTRS Morocco/Institut für Luft-und Raumfahrttechnik (Berlin)","Max Valier school Bolzano, Italy, Oskar von Miller school, Merano, Italy","Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT)","MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd.","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","Open Cosmos","PT Telkomunikasi","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)/US Air Force","Military Space Forces (VKS)","Analytical Space","Russian Federal Service For Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (ROSHYDROMET)","EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites)","ESA/EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meterological Satellites)","Space Logistics LLC","Mexico Telecomm","Masdar Institute of Science and Technology","Vietnam National Space Center","MIT/Lincoln Laboratory-University of Massachusetts Amherst","Kingdom of Morocco","Technical University of Munich","Mozhaisky Space Engineering Academy","Mobile Satellite Ventures","DoD/US Navy","ACMEO","Tyvak Nanosatellite Systems, Inc.","Instituto Nacional de Técnia Aeroespacial (INTA)","Brazilian National Institute of Space Research (INPE/MCTI), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)","Shanghai Weixing Keji","Thai Air Force","National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences","DoD/US Air Force","Center of Excellence for Space Sciences and Technologies (SPACE-SI)","Origin Space","Deimos","Unknown","Würzburg Center for Telematics","Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)","Nihon University","NigComSat","National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA)","Egyptian Radio and TV Union","Echostar Corporation (entire payload leased from Telesat Canada Ltd.)","Ningxia Jingui Information Technology Co. Ltd.","Noorul Islam University","PT Pasifik Satelit Nntara","National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (part of international program)","Novosibirsk State University","Norwegian Space Center","Norwegian Space Center/Statsat","UK Government/Surrey Satellite Technologies","National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/NASA","F Space Test Office","NSLComm","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-Ames Research Center/Stanford University","O3b Networks Ltd.","Michigan Technological University/Air Force Research Laboratory","Swedish National Space Board","U.S. Space Force","OneWeb Satellites","Spanish Space Agency","Italian Defense Ministry","Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom)","Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom)/Australian Ministry of Defense","ORBCOMM Inc.","DARPA/Tethers Unlimited","Portland State Aerospace Society","F /ORSO (Operationally Responsive Space Office)","General Atomics - Electromagnetic Systems Group","Mexico Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA)","Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)/PakSat International","Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)","National Reconnaissance Office","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Cornell University","US Naval Academy","Helios Wire/Echostar Global Australia","Hisdesat","Tiger Innovations","Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (NTO) consortium","Dauria Aerospace","Peruvian Space Agency","Rocket Labs","Brigham Young University","German Aerospace Center (DLR-IKN)/TESAT Spacecom","University of Chile for Aerospace Investigation)","Ministry of Defense/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) - cooperation with Austria, Belgium, Spain, Sweden","Ministry of Defense//Centre National d/Etudes Spatiales (CNES) - cooperation with Austria, Belgium, Spain, Sweden","Airbus Defense and Space","US Coast Guard","University of Colorado, Boulder","National Technical University","St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","Italian Space Agency","Naval Post-Graduate School","Georgia Institute of Technology","Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology","Astrodynamics and Control Laboratory of Yonsei University","Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)","Von Karman Institute (VKI)","Qiansheng Exploration Technology Co. Ltd.","Shandong Institutes of Industrial Technology","Orbital Space","iQPS","University of Science and Technology","SES S.A. -- total capacity leased to subsidiary of EchoStar Corp.","University of New South Wales/Department of Defence","MDA Corporation","C3S","Vanderbilt University/AMSAT","Robertsville Middle School, Oak Ridge, Tennessee","Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.","Space Technologies Research Institute","Regional African Satellite Communications Organization (RASCOM)","Applied Physics Laboratory/NASA","Reaktor Space Lab","Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)","Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/exactEarth","Tohoku University","Tohoku University/Hokkaido University","University of Montpellier","Orbital Solutions Monaco","European Space Agency (ESA) (and 250 international scientific investigators)","National Autonomous University of Mexico","AMSAT/Nepal","National Space Activities Commission (CONAE)","Stanford Student Space Initiative","Department of National Defense","EASF/Bundeswehr","Sateliot IoT","Department of Computer Science and the Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University","Riyadh Space Research Institute","Space Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)/US Navy","Strategic Space Command/Space Surveillance Network","Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)","University of North Carolina - Wilmington","SES S.A./EchoStar Satellite Services, LLC","Telebras/Brazilian Air Force","Teen Satellite Project","NASA Langley Research Center","China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom)","Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT)","Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering","Chinese Academy of Space Techology (CAST)","National Space Program","Italian Defense Ministry/Telespazio","Italian Defense Ministry/French Defense Ministry","ESA/Royal Meteorological Institute, Belgium","SRI International","Sirius XM Holdings","XM Satellite Radio","China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co. Ltd.","Sky Mexico","NBN Co (operated by Optus)","DirecTV Latin America/Intelsat","Skykraft","Intelsat/Paradigm Secure Communications (wholly owned by EADS Astrium)","Ministry of Defense/Paradigm Secure Communications (wholly owned by EADS Astrium)","LightSquared","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/European Space Agency (ESA)","US Southern Command","Seoul National University","National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (JPN)","Astrotech SOHLA","Technical University Dresden","University of Würzburg","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Office/Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Univ. of Colorado","COSMIAC (Configurable Space Microsystems Innovations & Applications Center)","South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation","Swarm Technologies","Hughes Space and Communications Co.","Hisdesat/Ministry of Defense","Air Force Research Laboratory/Swedish Defense Materiel Administration","Omnispace","Endurosat","Astro Space Center of Moscow/Russian Academy of Sciences","Ministry of Defense/General Delegation for Ordnance (DGA)","Spot Image","SRM University","Government of Sudan","Chilean Air Force","Beihang University/APSCO","Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO)","Singapore Telecommunications Ltd. (SingTel)/Chunghwa Telecom Co. Ltd.","Sony","Scanway/German Orbital Systems","SatRevolution/Steamjet","Sternula","SatRevolution","Atlas 5","Synspective","Missile Defense Agency (MDA)","University of Chile","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/DSN Corp.","Beijing Space View Technology","Goddard Space Flight Center/Penn State University","Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lanne (EPFL)","Naval Research Laboratory","Operational Responsive Space (ORS) Office","Kenya Space Agency","Beijing MinoSpace Technology Co., Ltd.","Minospace","German Aerospace Center (DLR)/Astrium","Alibaba","Orbit Fab","Herzliya Science Center","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/SES Americom (SES [Société Européenne des Satellites (SES)])","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Ames Research Center","Teikyo University","AgilSpace","Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.)/APT Satellite Holdings Ltd.","Colorado State University","German Aerospace Center (DLR)/Infoterra","TerraStar Corporation","U.S. Space Force/Other Transaction Authority","Thaicom Public Company Ltd.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/University of California, Berkeley (in partnership with Germany, France, Austria, Canada)","Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA)","Telenor Satellite Broadcasting","Thuraya Satellite Communications","China Manned Space Engineering Office (CMSEO)","Tianjin University","Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CASIC)","Xiyong Microelectrics Park","Guodian Gaoke","GasTianta and GZH-HNJ BDS AGR Co., Ltd.","Sun Yat-sen University","Insight Position Digital Intelligence Technology Service Co., Ltd.","China Telecom","National University of Defense Technology","China Electronic Technology Group","CASIOM","Spacety Aerospace Company/ThrustMe","Spacety Aerospace Company/Changsha Gaoxinqu Tianyi Research Institute","Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)/China Academy of Space Technology","Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","La Sapienza University of Rome","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins","Bolivia Aerospace Bureau","Tomorrow.io","University of Malibor/SkyLabs","MyRadar","Tallinn University of Technology","Technical University of Graz","Turkmenistan Ministry of Communications/SSI-Monaco","Turksat","Elbit Systems","UK/DMC International Imaging (DMCII)","UMBRA","Alba Orbital","Wakayama University (UNIFORM consortium)","Polytechnic University of Madrid","University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)/National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)","NASA/Carnegie Mellon University","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","VISIONA Tecnologia Espacial S.A.","Care Weather Technologies","Nanyang Technological University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Israel Space Agency","ViaSat, Inc.","Momentus, Inc.","Vietnamese Posts and Telecommunications Group (VNPT)","C3S LLC","Space Technology Institute-Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (STI-VAST)","Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities","Shanghai Micro Satellite Engineering Center","CENTI (China-Europe Networks of technology and Innovation)","Military Satellite Communications - US Air Force","WildBlue Communications","La Sapienza University of Rome/Machakos University/University of Nairobi, Kenya","Weathernews, Inc.","Maxar Technologies Inc.","Centre for Research in Satellite Technology (CREST)","MinoSpace Technology","Chengdu Guoxing Aerospace Technology Co. Ltd.","Xingyun Satellite Co.","DFH Satellite Co. Ltd.","European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)","Ministry of Defense/XTAR","DFH Satellite Co. Ltd./AMSAT-China","Chinese Amateur Satellite (CAMSAT)","Loft Orbital/Fugro","Loft Orbital","Gazprom Space Systems","Bauman Moscow State Technical University","GalaxySpace","Galaxy Space","Hubei University of Technology (HUT)","Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","French South African Institute of Technology/Cape Peninsula University of Technology","QOSMOSYS","China Earthquake Administration/Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics","Zhejiang University","Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd.","Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology Co."],"operatorCountry":["","USA","United Kingdom","Finland","Denmark","Multinational","Israel","Austria","ESA","Lithuania","Norway","Spain","United Arab Emirates","Kazakhstan","Algeria","Japan","Brazil","Russia","South Korea","Angola","Canada","Argentina","USA/Argentina","China","Belgium","Turkey","Luxembourg","Switzerland","India","France/Italy","Singapore","Azerbaijan","Bangladesh","Czech Republic","Germany","Belarus","Netherlands","Indonesia","France","Australia","Bulgaria","China/Brazil","China/France","Tunisia","Taiwan","Italy","Mexico","Ecuador","Egypt","USA/Canada/Japan","USA/Japan/Brazil","Ethiopia","Colombia","USA/Japan","USA/Germany","France/Italy/Belgium/Spain/Greece","Greece","Greece/United Kingdom","United Kingdom/ESA","Malaysia","USA/India/Singapore/Taiwan","ESA/Russia","Thailand","USA/France","Japan/Singapore","Jordan","Iran","Saudi Arabia","Kuwait","United Kingdom/Netherlands","Laos","Morocco/Germany","South Africa","India/France","Vietnam","Morocco","USA/Canada","Slovenia","Sinapore","Nigeria","Sweden","Pakistan","Peru","New Zealand","Chile","Ukraine","Hungary","India/Canada","Monaco","Nepal","France/Belgium/Sweden","Sudan","Singapore/Taiwan","USA/Poland","Poland/UK","Poland","USA/United Kingdom/Italy","Kenya","Iraq","Bolivia","Estonia","Turkmenistan/Monaco","France/Israel","Venezuela","China/Italy"],"purpose":["","Earth Observation","Technology Development","Communications","Earth Science","Space Science","Space Science/Technology Demonstration","Communications/Technology Development","Communications/Maritime Tracking","Technology Demonstration","Unknown","Navigation/Global Positioning","Earth Observation/Technology Development","Earth Observation/Communications","Earth/Space Observation","Educational","Earth Observation/Earth Science","Platform","Earth Observation/Space Science","Earth Observation/Navigation","Communications/Navigation","Space 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1],[55081,458,85,2,0,2,1],[55082,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55083,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55084,223,38,2,0,1,1],[55085,340,26,1,0,1,1],[55086,340,26,1,0,1,1],[55087,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55088,352,26,1,35,1,1],[55089,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55090,115,21,9,0,1,1],[55091,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55092,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55093,71,10,1,9,4,1],[55094,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55095,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55096,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55097,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55098,63,33,3,8,2,1],[55099,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55100,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55101,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55102,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55103,342,68,2,0,2,1],[55107,2,2,1,2,1,1],[55108,659,30,2,0,1,1],[55133,315,23,2,26,1,1],[55134,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55135,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55136,593,23,2,0,1,1],[55137,396,23,2,0,2,1],[55138,583,1,2,0,4,2],[55140,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55141,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55142,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55143,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55144,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55145,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55146,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55147,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55148,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55149,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55150,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55151,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55152,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55153,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55154,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55155,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55156,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55157,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55158,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55159,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55160,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55161,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55162,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55163,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55164,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55165,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55166,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55167,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55168,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55169,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55239,37,23,3,0,1,2],[55242,512,23,2,0,3,1],[55243,512,23,2,0,3,1],[55244,65,23,1,5,4,1],[55248,468,23,1,5,3,1],[55249,468,23,1,5,3,1],[55250,365,23,1,5,2,1],[55251,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55252,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55253,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55254,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55255,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55256,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55257,68,23,1,7,1,1],[55258,318,23,1,5,1,1],[55259,318,23,1,5,1,1],[55260,318,23,1,5,1,1],[55261,604,23,2,0,3,1],[55263,9,1,3,0,4,2],[55264,350,1,2,0,4,2],[55268,399,1,11,0,5,4],[55324,263,1,22,3,1,1],[55326,263,1,22,3,1,1],[55327,263,1,22,3,1,1],[55329,291,15,1,7,3,1],[55506,180,17,1,6,3,2],[55508,25,11,3,0,1,2],[55562,95,28,9,0,3,1],[55683,293,2,3,0,1,2],[55686,509,23,3,0,1,2],[55690,281,48,1,26,3,1],[55801,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55802,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55803,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55804,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55805,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55806,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55807,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55808,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55809,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55810,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55811,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55812,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55813,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55814,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55815,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55816,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55817,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55818,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55819,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55820,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55821,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55822,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55823,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55824,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55825,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55826,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55827,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55828,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55829,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55830,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55836,322,23,1,5,3,1],[55839,322,23,1,5,3,1],[55841,361,17,3,0,3,2],[55844,281,48,1,26,3,1],[55861,511,23,2,0,3,1],[55909,94,1,1,12,1,1],[55910,94,1,1,12,1,1],[55912,224,23,1,5,3,2],[55970,27,26,3,0,1,2],[55971,27,26,3,0,1,2],[55973,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55974,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55975,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55976,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55978,61,17,1,3,4,1],[55982,75,1,1,5,1,1],[55983,75,1,1,5,1,1],[56055,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56056,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56057,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56058,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56059,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56060,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56061,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56062,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56063,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56064,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56065,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56066,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56067,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56068,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56069,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56070,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56071,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56072,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56073,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56074,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56075,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56076,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56077,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56078,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56079,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56080,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56081,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56083,61,6,1,7,4,1],[56091,61,17,14,0,4,1],[56153,277,39,1,7,1,1],[56154,277,39,1,7,1,1],[56155,277,39,1,7,1,1],[56156,277,39,1,7,1,1],[56157,65,23,1,7,4,1],[56162,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56163,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56164,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56165,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56166,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56167,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56168,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56169,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56170,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56171,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56174,221,1,3,0,1,2],[56178,292,25,1,13,2,1],[56179,84,2,2,0,1,1],[56180,153,12,1,5,3,1],[56181,332,25,3,2,10,1],[56182,352,1,1,35,1,1],[56183,497,1,3,30,1,1],[56184,551,5,2,0,2,1],[56185,83,38,1,11,1,1],[56186,239,20,4,0,1,1],[56187,7,7,4,0,2,1],[56188,122,1,5,0,2,1],[56189,308,1,2,0,1,1],[56190,89,21,1,0,1,1],[56191,263,1,22,3,1,1],[56193,263,1,22,3,1,1],[56194,417,10,1,2,3,1],[56195,240,1,1,21,1,1],[56196,629,1,2,0,1,1],[56197,240,1,1,21,1,1],[56198,617,1,1,7,1,1],[56199,608,1,2,51,1,1],[56201,89,21,1,0,1,1],[56202,89,21,1,0,1,1],[56203,89,21,1,0,1,1],[56204,239,20,4,0,1,1],[56205,205,52,1,5,4,1],[56206,352,1,1,35,1,1],[56207,568,97,1,13,3,1],[56208,455,38,2,0,1,1],[56209,239,20,4,0,1,1],[56210,129,25,1,13,1,1],[56211,297,38,14,0,3,1],[56212,489,88,2,0,2,1],[56213,494,1,1,5,2,1],[56214,344,9,3,30,1,1],[56215,624,16,9,0,1,1],[56216,183,38,9,0,1,1],[56217,329,20,3,0,1,1],[56218,329,20,3,0,1,1],[56219,12,1,4,0,1,1],[56220,12,1,4,0,1,1],[56221,304,44,5,0,3,1],[56222,158,4,5,0,2,1],[56223,631,86,9,0,1,1]]}
diff --git a/src/data/satelliteClass.js b/src/data/satelliteClass.js
index df4f25c6a..aad7b5232 100644
--- a/src/data/satelliteClass.js
+++ b/src/data/satelliteClass.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 /**
- * Satellite classification — CelesTrak source group → operator-legible class.
+ * Satellite labels and colours by CelesTrak source group, beneath the six
+ * classes.
  *
- * The catalog already tags every satellite with the CelesTrak group it was
- * ingested from (`CATALOG_GROUPS` in satellites.js), so classification is a
- * pure lookup: no extra fetch, no heuristics, no per-frame work. This module is
- * the single source of truth for the class a satellite belongs to, the label
- * shown on its card, and the point color it renders in — the render path, the
- * tracked card, and the row legend all read the same table, so a palette edit
- * can never leave one surface disagreeing with another.
+ * The class a satellite is filed under (STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM,
+ * STARLINK, PROBES or DEBRIS) is decided in src/layers/satellites/classes.js
+ * from SATCAT, the UCS database, names and the group, and that module owns
+ * each class's colour, legend label and toggle. This module keeps the
+ * group-based layer: the constellation subtype a card adds to the class
+ * (`TELECOM · GPS`, `STATIONS · ISS`; satelliteClassText), the group's own
+ * label for a satellite with no class (satelliteClassLabel), and the colour
+ * per group (satelliteClassColor), which the layer's base point styles use
+ * where a satellite has no class (src/layers/satellites/policy.js).
  *
- * Deliberately Cesium-free: colors are CSS hex strings that satellites.js
- * converts once at module load. That keeps this file unit-testable and lets the
- * legend swatches reuse the exact same strings the points are drawn with.
- *
- * Class order below is the legend order: crewed first (the objects people look
- * for), then the constellations users can actually name, then the grab-bag.
+ * Deliberately Cesium-free: colors are CSS hex strings that the layer
+ * converts once at module load, so this file stays unit-testable.
  */
 
 import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY } from '../layers/satellites/classes.js';
 
 /**
  * Class registry: the point color of each class. The card and legend text is
@@ -167,50 +167,25 @@ export function satelliteClassLabel(
 }
 
 /**
- * Tally satellites into a class → count record.
- * Split from the legend builder so the counting rule stays independent of how
- * the legend is presented. Entries may be bare group tags, or `{ group, isIss }`
- * descriptors when the caller can identify the ISS — the tally classifies
- * through satelliteClassOf, so the legend and the card always agree.
- * @param {Iterable<string|undefined|null|{group?: string, isIss?: boolean}>} entries
- *   One entry per satellite.
- * @returns {Record<string, number>} Class key → count.
+ * The class a satellite shows on its card, label, overlay and orbital
+ * readout: its class (src/layers/satellites/classes.js) with the CelesTrak group's
+ * subtype where one says more ("TELECOM · GPS", "STATIONS · ISS"). A subtype
+ * that only repeats the class ("STARLINK · STARLINK") is dropped. Without a
+ * class the group's label stands (satelliteClassLabel).
+ * @param {string|null|undefined} satelliteClass Six-class id.
+ * @param {string|undefined|null} group CelesTrak group tag.
+ * @param {{ isIss?: boolean, localize?: boolean }} [options] As for
+ *   satelliteClassLabel.
+ * @returns {string} Display label.
  */
-export function tallySatelliteClasses(entries) {
-  const counts = Object.create(null);
-  for (const entry of entries || []) {
-    const descriptor =
-      entry && typeof entry === 'object' ? entry : { group: entry };
-    const { klass } = satelliteClassOf(descriptor.group, {
-      isIss: descriptor.isIss,
-    });
-    counts[klass] = (counts[klass] || 0) + 1;
-  }
-  return counts;
-}
-
-/**
- * Build the layer-row legend from a class tally.
- * Classes with no members are omitted so the legend never advertises a class
- * that is not on screen (COMMS only appears once DENSE is on).
- * @param {Record<string, number>} counts Class key → count (see tallySatelliteClasses).
- * @returns {Array<{ klass: string, label: string, color: string, blurb: string, count: number }>}
- *   Present classes in legend order.
- */
-export function satelliteClassLegend(counts) {
-  const result = [];
-  for (const klass of SATELLITE_CLASS_ORDER) {
-    const count = counts?.[klass];
-    if (!(count > 0)) continue;
-    const spec = SATELLITE_CLASSES[klass];
-    const display = CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS[klass];
-    result.push({
-      klass,
-      label: t(display.label),
-      color: spec.color,
-      blurb: t(display.blurb),
-      count,
-    });
-  }
-  return result;
+export function satelliteClassText(
+  satelliteClass,
+  group,
+  { isIss = false, localize = true } = {},
+) {
+  const display = SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY[satelliteClass];
+  if (!display) return satelliteClassLabel(group, { isIss, localize });
+  const base = localize ? t(display.label) : display.label;
+  const { subtype } = satelliteClassOf(group, { isIss });
+  return subtype && subtype !== display.label ? `${base} · ${subtype}` : base;
 }
diff --git a/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs b/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
index dc5fa417a..6e0645cda 100644
--- a/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@ import {
   SATELLITE_CLASS_ORDER,
   satelliteClassColor,
   satelliteClassLabel,
-  satelliteClassLegend,
   satelliteClassOf,
-  tallySatelliteClasses,
+  satelliteClassText,
 } from './satelliteClass.js';
 import satellitesLayer, {
   _catalogGroupForTest,
@@ -35,13 +34,17 @@ const ISS_TLE = tleFor('25544', 'ISS (ZARYA)');
 /** Poll the chip until the async dense load settles (or give up). */
 async function settleChip(maxTicks = 50) {
   for (let i = 0; i < maxTicks; i++) {
-    const chip = satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips[0];
+    const chip = starlinkChip();
     if (chip && !chip.busy) return chip;
     await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1));
   }
-  return satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips[0];
+  return starlinkChip();
 }
 
+/** The STARLINK class chip: the dense catalog toggle (id `catalog`). */
+const starlinkChip = () =>
+  satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.find((entry) => entry.id === 'catalog');
+
 /** Every CelesTrak group the catalog ingests, plus the dense-mode tag. */
 const INGESTED_GROUPS = ['stations', 'visual', 'gps-ops', 'glonass', 'galileo', 'geo', 'dense'];
 
@@ -146,69 +149,7 @@ test('the dense shell stays dimmer than the class it sits among', () => {
   );
 });
 
-test('tallying groups counts by class, folding the GNSS constellations together', () => {
-  const counts = tallySatelliteClasses([
-    'gps-ops', 'gps-ops', 'glonass', 'galileo',
-    'geo', 'geo', 'geo',
-    'stations',
-    'visual',
-    'dense', 'dense',
-  ]);
-  assert.equal(counts.nav, 4, 'all three GNSS groups fold into NAV');
-  assert.equal(counts.geo, 3);
-  assert.equal(counts.station, 1);
-  assert.equal(counts.visual, 1);
-  assert.equal(counts.comms, 2);
-});
-
-test('tallying tolerates an empty or missing input', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual({ ...tallySatelliteClasses([]) }, {});
-  assert.deepEqual({ ...tallySatelliteClasses(undefined) }, {});
-});
-
-test('the tally files the ISS under STATION even when a partial outage moved it', () => {
-  // The legend and the card must never disagree. With the stations feed down,
-  // the ISS is ingested as `visual`; counting it there would let STATION vanish
-  // from the legend while the tracked card still reads "STATION · ISS".
-  const outage = tallySatelliteClasses([
-    { group: 'visual', isIss: true },
-    { group: 'visual' },
-    { group: 'visual' },
-  ]);
-  assert.equal(outage.station, 1, 'the ISS is counted as a STATION');
-  assert.equal(outage.visual, 2, 'and is not double-counted under VISUAL');
-
-  const legend = satelliteClassLegend(outage);
-  assert.equal(legend.some((row) => row.klass === 'station'), true,
-    'STATION stays in the legend, matching the card');
-
-  // Bare group tags still work — the descriptor form is additive.
-  assert.deepEqual({ ...tallySatelliteClasses(['visual', 'visual']) }, { visual: 2 });
-  assert.equal(satelliteClassOf('visual', { isIss: true }).klass, 'station',
-    'one helper owns the rule for every consumer');
-});
-
-test('the legend lists present classes in order and omits absent ones', () => {
-  const legend = satelliteClassLegend(tallySatelliteClasses(['geo', 'gps-ops', 'stations']));
-  assert.deepEqual(legend.map((row) => row.klass), ['station', 'nav', 'geo'],
-    'legend follows SATELLITE_CLASS_ORDER, not input order');
-  // COMMS only exists in DENSE mode — the legend must not advertise a class
-  // that has nothing on screen.
-  assert.equal(legend.some((row) => row.klass === 'comms'), false);
-
-  const row = legend.find((entry) => entry.klass === 'nav');
-  assert.equal(row.label, 'NAV');
-  assert.equal(row.color, SATELLITE_CLASSES.nav.color);
-  assert.equal(row.count, 1);
-  assert.ok(row.blurb.length > 0, 'every legend row carries a plain-language gloss');
-});
-
-test('the legend drops zero and negative counts', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual(satelliteClassLegend({ nav: 0, geo: -1, station: 2 }).map((r) => r.klass), ['station']);
-  assert.deepEqual(satelliteClassLegend(null), []);
-});
-
-test('the DENSE row chip is stateless and declares the params to apply', () => {
+test('the STARLINK row chip is stateless and declares the params to apply', () => {
   // The chip never carries its own state: it declares the params to apply, so
   // whatever else drives the catalog param (Space Missions capture/restore)
   // stays authoritative. Whether it reads ACTIVE is decided by the dense LOAD,
@@ -217,7 +158,7 @@ test('the DENSE row chip is stateless and declares the params to apply', () => {
     _setDenseCatalogStateForTest({});
     const chip = satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.find((entry) => entry.id === 'catalog');
     assert.equal(chip.id, 'catalog');
-    assert.equal(chip.label, 'DENSE');
+    assert.equal(chip.label, 'STARLINK');
     assert.equal(chip.active, false);
     assert.equal(chip.busy, false);
     assert.equal(chip.state, 'idle');
@@ -236,7 +177,7 @@ test('an invalid catalog mode is rejected without disturbing the chip', () => {
   assert.equal(chip.active, false);
 });
 
-test('DENSE reports loading, then ACTIVE only once the points exist', async () => {
+test('STARLINK reports loading, then ACTIVE only once the points exist', async () => {
   const originalFetch = globalThis.fetch;
   const refreshes = [];
   try {
@@ -247,7 +188,7 @@ test('DENSE reports loading, then ACTIVE only once the points exist', async () =
     satellitesLayer.setParams({ catalog: 'dense' });
     // The param flips synchronously, but the shell has not arrived yet — the
     // chip must say BUSY, never ACTIVE.
-    const pending = satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips[0];
+    const pending = starlinkChip();
     assert.equal(pending.busy, true);
     assert.equal(pending.disabled, true);
     assert.equal(pending.active, false, 'never active before the points exist');
@@ -256,21 +197,21 @@ test('DENSE reports loading, then ACTIVE only once the points exist', async () =
     const settled = await settleChip();
     assert.equal(settled.active, true, 'active once the dense points are on screen');
     assert.equal(settled.state, 'active');
-    assert.equal(settled.label, 'DENSE');
+    assert.equal(settled.label, 'STARLINK');
     assert.deepEqual(settled.params, { catalog: 'core' }, 'a settled chip toggles back off');
 
-    // The completion pushed a refresh, and the legend gained COMMS with it —
+    // The completion pushed a refresh, and the legend gained STARLINK with it —
     // without that push the row would keep the pre-load counts for 5 minutes.
     assert.ok(refreshes.length >= 2, 'load start and load completion each pushed a refresh');
     const legend = satellitesLayer.getRowControls().legend;
-    assert.equal(legend.some((row) => row.klass === 'comms'), true);
+    assert.equal(legend.some((row) => row.klass === 'starlink'), true);
   } finally {
     globalThis.fetch = originalFetch;
     _clearDenseCatalogStateForTest();
   }
 });
 
-test('a failed DENSE load reverts the mode rather than leaving an active chip', async () => {
+test('a failed STARLINK load reverts the mode rather than leaving an active chip', async () => {
   const originalFetch = globalThis.fetch;
   const warn = console.warn;
   console.warn = () => {};
@@ -285,14 +226,14 @@ test('a failed DENSE load reverts the mode rather than leaving an active chip',
 
     assert.equal(settled.active, false, 'a 502 must never present as a live dense catalog');
     assert.equal(settled.state, 'error');
-    assert.equal(settled.label, 'DENSE ✕');
+    assert.equal(settled.label, 'STARLINK ✕');
     assert.match(settled.title, /502/, 'the chip explains why');
     assert.equal(satellitesLayer.getParams().catalog, 'core', 'the mode reverts to reality');
     assert.deepEqual(settled.params, { catalog: 'dense' }, 'clicking retries');
     assert.equal(
-      satellitesLayer.getRowControls().legend.some((row) => row.klass === 'comms'),
+      satellitesLayer.getRowControls().legend.some((row) => row.klass === 'starlink'),
       false,
-      'no COMMS class is advertised when nothing loaded',
+      'no STARLINK class is advertised when nothing loaded',
     );
     assert.ok(pushes >= 2, 'the failure pushed its own refresh');
 
@@ -365,9 +306,9 @@ test('an explicit return to core clears a failure the user never caused', async
 
     // A no-op restore of the pre-mission snapshot.
     satellitesLayer.setParams({ catalog: 'core', showPoints: true, showOrbits: true });
-    const restored = satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips[0];
+    const restored = starlinkChip();
     assert.equal(restored.state, 'idle', 'the error does not survive the restore');
-    assert.equal(restored.label, 'DENSE');
+    assert.equal(restored.label, 'STARLINK');
     assert.doesNotMatch(restored.title, /502/);
   } finally {
     console.warn = warn;
@@ -376,7 +317,7 @@ test('an explicit return to core clears a failure the user never caused', async
   }
 });
 
-test('a real stations-feed outage keeps STATION in the legend, matching the card', async () => {
+test('a real stations-feed outage keeps the ISS under STATIONS in the legend', async () => {
   // End-to-end version of the tally rule: drive a real rebuild in which only
   // the `visual` group answers, so the ISS is genuinely ingested as `visual`.
   // The legend must still file it under STATION or it disagrees with the card.
@@ -398,10 +339,9 @@ test('a real stations-feed outage keeps STATION in the legend, matching the card
       'the outage really did ingest the ISS from the visual group');
 
     const legend = satellitesLayer.getRowControls().legend;
-    assert.equal(legend.find((row) => row.klass === 'station')?.count, 1,
-      'STATION survives the outage because the ISS is counted there');
-    assert.equal(legend.some((row) => row.klass === 'visual'), false,
-      'and it is not also counted under VISUAL');
+    assert.equal(legend.find((row) => row.klass === 'stations')?.count, 1,
+      'STATIONS survives the outage because the ISS is counted there');
+    assert.equal(legend.length, 1, 'and it is not also counted under another class');
     assert.equal(satelliteClassLabel('visual', { isIss: true }), 'STATION · ISS',
       'the card says the same thing the legend does');
   } finally {
@@ -431,15 +371,21 @@ test('a catalog rebuild refreshes the detection overlay class strings', async ()
       text: async () => (String(url).endsWith(`/${homeGroup}`) ? ALT_TLE : ''),
     });
 
+    // Every class on: the seeded satellite's class must not hide it.
+    satellitesLayer.setParams({
+      classes: { telecom: true, probes: true, debris: true },
+    });
     await satellitesLayer.update(viewer);
     const first = satellitesLayer.getDetectableObjects().find((o) => o.sourceId === 33333);
     assert.ok(first, 'the seeded satellite is collectable');
-    assert.equal(first.klass, 'GEO');
+    // A payload with no SATCAT record and no recognisable name takes its
+    // group's class (src/layers/satellites/classes.js).
+    assert.equal(first.klass, 'TELECOM');
 
-    homeGroup = 'visual';
+    homeGroup = 'resource';
     await satellitesLayer.update(viewer);
     const second = satellitesLayer.getDetectableObjects().find((o) => o.sourceId === 33333);
-    assert.equal(second.klass, 'VISUAL', 'the cached record does not outlive its catalog');
+    assert.equal(second.klass, 'IMAGING', 'the cached record does not outlive its catalog');
   } finally {
     console.log = log;
     console.warn = warn;
@@ -451,7 +397,7 @@ test('a catalog rebuild refreshes the detection overlay class strings', async ()
 test('a dependency owner hiding the points surrenders the whole row', async () => {
   try {
     _setDenseCatalogStateForTest({});
-    assert.equal(satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.length, 1);
+    assert.equal(satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.length, 6);
 
     // Space Missions borrows this layer for TLE lookup with showPoints:false.
     satellitesLayer.setParams({ showPoints: false });
@@ -460,8 +406,88 @@ test('a dependency owner hiding the points surrenders the whole row', async () =
     assert.deepEqual(owned.legend, [], 'no legend describing an empty sky');
 
     satellitesLayer.setParams({ showPoints: true });
-    assert.equal(satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.length, 1, 'released on restore');
+    assert.equal(satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.length, 6, 'released on restore');
   } finally {
     _clearDenseCatalogStateForTest();
   }
 });
+
+test('stations and imaging show by default; each class chip turns its class on and off', async () => {
+  const originalFetch = globalThis.fetch;
+  const log = console.log;
+  const warn = console.warn;
+  console.log = () => {};
+  console.warn = () => {};
+  const served = {
+    '/api/celestrak/stations': ISS_TLE,
+    '/api/celestrak/resource': tleFor('40002', 'SENTINEL-2A'),
+    '/api/celestrak/gps-ops': tleFor('40001', 'GPS BIII-1'),
+    '/api/celestrak/visual': tleFor('40003', 'SL-16 R/B'),
+  };
+  const shown = () => satellitesLayer.getAllPositions().map((row) => row.id).sort();
+  const chip = (id) =>
+    satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.find((entry) => entry.id === `class-${id}`);
+  try {
+    _setDenseCatalogStateForTest({});
+    globalThis.fetch = async (url) => ({
+      ok: true,
+      text: async () => served[String(url)] || '',
+    });
+    await satellitesLayer.update({ scene: { primitives: { add: (p) => p, remove() {} } } });
+    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40002], 'stations and imaging only');
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.map((entry) => entry.label),
+      ['STATIONS', 'IMAGING', 'TELECOM', 'STARLINK', 'PROBES', 'DEBRIS'],
+    );
+    assert.equal(chip('imaging').active, true);
+    assert.equal(chip('telecom').active, false);
+    assert.deepEqual(chip('telecom').params, { classes: { telecom: true } });
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      satellitesLayer.getRowControls().legend.map((row) => row.klass),
+      ['stations', 'imaging'],
+      'the legend keys only what is on screen',
+    );
+
+    satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('telecom').params);
+    satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('debris').params);
+    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40001, 40002, 40003]);
+    assert.equal(chip('debris').active, true);
+    assert.deepEqual(satellitesLayer.getParams().classes, {
+      stations: true,
+      imaging: true,
+      telecom: true,
+      starlink: false,
+      probes: false,
+      debris: true,
+    });
+
+    satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('imaging').params);
+    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40001, 40003], 'imaging off');
+    assert.equal(satellitesLayer.setParams({ classes: 'all' }), false, 'malformed request refused');
+  } finally {
+    console.log = log;
+    console.warn = warn;
+    globalThis.fetch = originalFetch;
+    _clearDenseCatalogStateForTest();
+  }
+});
+
+test('the shown class is the six-class one, with a subtype that says more', () => {
+  assert.equal(satelliteClassText('telecom', 'gps-ops'), 'TELECOM · GPS');
+  assert.equal(
+    satelliteClassText('stations', 'visual', { isIss: true }),
+    'STATIONS · ISS',
+  );
+  assert.equal(satelliteClassText('imaging', 'resource'), 'IMAGING');
+  assert.equal(satelliteClassText('imaging', 'visual'), 'IMAGING');
+  // A subtype that only repeats the class is dropped.
+  assert.equal(satelliteClassText('starlink', 'dense'), 'STARLINK');
+  // A dead geostationary comsat is debris, not GEO.
+  assert.equal(satelliteClassText('debris', 'geo'), 'DEBRIS');
+  // Without a class the group's label stands.
+  assert.equal(satelliteClassText(null, 'gps-ops'), 'NAV · GPS');
+  assert.equal(
+    satelliteClassText('telecom', 'gps-ops', { localize: false }),
+    'TELECOM · GPS',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/data/spaceProviderRequests.js b/src/data/spaceProviderRequests.js
index e0f1707f4..a70952698 100644
--- a/src/data/spaceProviderRequests.js
+++ b/src/data/spaceProviderRequests.js
@@ -6,6 +6,14 @@ export function celestrakTleUrl(group) {
   return url;
 }
 
+/** CelesTrak SATCAT records (object type, status, owner) for a GP group, as CSV. */
+export function celestrakSatcatUrl(group) {
+  const url = new URL('https://celestrak.org/satcat/records.php');
+  url.searchParams.set('GROUP', group);
+  url.searchParams.set('FORMAT', 'CSV');
+  return url;
+}
+
 export function launchLibraryRecentUrl(end) {
   // Stable minute boundaries let different installations share LL2's cache.
   const roundedEnd = new Date(Math.floor(end.getTime() / 60000) * 60000);
diff --git a/src/data/ucsSatellites.js b/src/data/ucsSatellites.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a87a2bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/ucsSatellites.js
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/**
+ * @file The bundled UCS Satellite Database pack: operator, owner country and
+ * purpose for active satellites, keyed by NORAD catalog number.
+ *
+ * Data: `local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json`, built by
+ * `scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py` from UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023
+ * (https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database; free, unrestricted use, with an
+ * acknowledgement). Loaded once, on demand, by the satellites layer; a failed
+ * load is retried after a cooldown rather than remembered for the session.
+ *
+ * @module data/ucsSatellites
+ */
+
+import { loadBundledJson } from './bundledJson.js';
+import { createRetryableLoader } from './retryableLoad.js';
+
+const PACK_URL = new URL(
+  './local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json',
+  import.meta.url,
+);
+
+/**
+ * One UCS row: what UCS says about a satellite's operator and purpose.
+ * @typedef {{noradId: number, operator: string|null,
+ *   operatorCountry: string|null, purpose: string|null,
+ *   detailedPurpose: string|null, users: string|null,
+ *   orbitClass: string|null}} UcsSatellite
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Expand the pack's string-table rows into records keyed by NORAD number.
+ * A pack of the wrong shape throws: read as an empty pack it would be kept
+ * for the session, and every satellite would quietly lose its UCS evidence.
+ * A malformed row is skipped.
+ * @param {{fields: string[], strings: Record<string, string[]>,
+ *   records: Array<number[]>}} pack Parsed `ucs_satellites.json`.
+ * @returns {Map<number, UcsSatellite>}
+ */
+export function indexUcsPack(pack) {
+  const byNorad = new Map();
+  const fields = pack?.fields;
+  if (
+    !Array.isArray(fields) ||
+    fields[0] !== 'noradId' ||
+    !Array.isArray(pack.records)
+  )
+    throw new TypeError('UCS pack has an unexpected shape');
+  for (const row of pack.records) {
+    const noradId = row?.[0];
+    if (!Number.isInteger(noradId) || noradId <= 0) continue;
+    const record = { noradId };
+    for (let i = 1; i < fields.length; i++) {
+      const text = pack.strings?.[fields[i]]?.[row[i]];
+      record[fields[i]] = text ? text : null;
+    }
+    byNorad.set(noradId, record);
+  }
+  return byNorad;
+}
+
+/** The pack, loaded and indexed once. */
+export const loadUcsSatellites = createRetryableLoader(async () =>
+  indexUcsPack(await loadBundledJson(PACK_URL)),
+);
diff --git a/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs b/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86df68e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { indexUcsPack, loadUcsSatellites } from './ucsSatellites.js';
+
+const PACK_URL = new URL(
+  './local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json',
+  import.meta.url,
+);
+
+test('the bundled UCS pack names its release, licence and curation', () => {
+  const pack = JSON.parse(readFileSync(PACK_URL, 'utf8'));
+  assert.equal(pack.meta.version, 'UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023');
+  assert.equal(pack.meta.url, 'https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database');
+  assert.equal(pack.meta.dataCurrentTo, '2023-05-01');
+  assert.match(pack.meta.license, /unrestricted/);
+  assert.equal(pack.meta.recordCount, pack.records.length);
+  assert.equal(
+    pack.meta.curation.sourceRows,
+    pack.records.length +
+      pack.meta.curation.starlinkRowsDropped +
+      pack.meta.curation.invalidNoradDropped +
+      pack.meta.curation.duplicateNoradDropped,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(pack.fields, [
+    'noradId',
+    'operator',
+    'operatorCountry',
+    'purpose',
+    'detailedPurpose',
+    'users',
+    'orbitClass',
+  ]);
+  // Small enough to load with the layer.
+  assert.ok(readFileSync(PACK_URL).length < 200_000);
+});
+
+test('the pack loads into records keyed by NORAD number', async () => {
+  const records = await loadUcsSatellites();
+  assert.equal(records, await loadUcsSatellites(), 'loaded once');
+  const iss = records.get(25544);
+  assert.ok(iss, 'the ISS is in UCS');
+  assert.equal(iss.noradId, 25544);
+  assert.ok(iss.operator);
+  assert.ok(iss.purpose);
+  for (const record of records.values()) {
+    assert.doesNotMatch(
+      `${record.operator ?? ''} ${record.purpose ?? ''}`,
+      /starlink/i,
+      'Starlink rows are dropped',
+    );
+    if (record.orbitClass) assert.match(record.orbitClass, /^(LEO|MEO|GEO|ELLIPTICAL)$/);
+  }
+});
+
+test('indexing reads the string tables and turns empty strings into null', () => {
+  const records = indexUcsPack({
+    fields: ['noradId', 'operator', 'purpose'],
+    strings: { operator: ['', 'ESA'], purpose: ['', 'Earth Observation'] },
+    records: [
+      [39634, 1, 1],
+      [40000, 0, 1],
+      ['bad', 1, 1],
+      [-5, 1, 1],
+    ],
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual([...records.keys()], [39634, 40000]);
+  assert.deepEqual(records.get(39634), {
+    noradId: 39634,
+    operator: 'ESA',
+    purpose: 'Earth Observation',
+  });
+  assert.equal(records.get(40000).operator, null);
+});
+
+test('a pack of the wrong shape throws, so the loader tries again', () => {
+  // Read as empty, it would be cached for the session as a success.
+  assert.throws(() => indexUcsPack(null), TypeError);
+  assert.throws(
+    () => indexUcsPack({ fields: ['name'], records: [[1]] }),
+    TypeError,
+  );
+  assert.throws(() => indexUcsPack({ fields: ['noradId'] }), TypeError);
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 362e8ff7e..cdb5659ab 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -821,8 +821,6 @@
   "Ascent replay": "إعادة عرض الصعود",
   "Orbit replay": "إعادة عرض المدار",
   ", paused": "، متوقف مؤقتًا",
-  "DENSE ···": "كثيف ···",
-  "DENSE ✕": "كثيف ✕",
   "Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)": "إضافة غلاف Starlink للنطاق العريض كاملًا (آلاف النقاط الإضافية)",
   "Loading the Starlink shell…": "جارٍ تحميل غلاف Starlink…",
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail} — انقر لإعادة المحاولة",
@@ -3530,5 +3528,22 @@
   "Refresh map still": "تحديث صورة الخريطة الثابتة",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "تستخدم صورة الخريطة طلبًا منفصلًا وقد تعرض لحظة مختلفة.",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "يُشغَّل الفيديو من Québec 511، الذي يرى عنوان IP الخاص بك.",
+  "STATIONS": "المحطات",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "المحطات المأهولة والمركبات التي تزورها",
+  "IMAGING": "التصوير",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "رصد الأرض: بصري ورادار وطقس وعلوم",
+  "TELECOM": "الاتصالات",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "أقمار الاتصالات والملاحة، باستثناء Starlink",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "كوكبة Starlink (آلاف النقاط الإضافية)",
+  "PROBES": "المسابير",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "علوم الفضاء والعروض التقنية وحمولات أخرى",
+  "DEBRIS": "الحطام",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "مراحل الصواريخ والشظايا والأقمار المعطلة",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "قد تتأخر الفئات: SATCAT نسخة مخزنة",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "قد تتأخر الفئات: SATCAT غير متاح",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "يعطي SATCAT من CelesTrak نوع كل جسم وحالته. من دون نسخة حديثة تستند الفئات إلى قاعدة بيانات UCS والأسماء ومجموعات CelesTrak، فقد يظهر قمر صناعي توقف عن العمل منذ ذلك الحين وكأنه يعمل.",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "تثبيت المسار · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 902169ca1..3a6f465a8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -278,8 +278,6 @@
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink: {detail} – zum erneuten Versuch klicken",
   "load failed": "Laden fehlgeschlagen",
   "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "Komplette Starlink-Schale sichtbar: klicken, um nur den Kernkatalog zu zeigen",
-  "DENSE ···": "DICHT ···",
-  "DENSE ✕": "DICHT ✕",
   "DENSE": "DICHT",
   "Syncing flow · Roads: {source}": "Verkehrsfluss wird synchronisiert · Straßen: {source}",
   "LIVE · Roads: {source} · Roads without flow hidden": "LIVE · Straßen: {source} · Straßen ohne Verkehrsdaten ausgeblendet",
@@ -3226,5 +3224,22 @@
   "Refresh map still": "Kartenstandbild aktualisieren",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Das Kartenstandbild wird separat abgerufen und kann einen anderen Moment zeigen.",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Das Video wird von Québec 511 abgespielt, das Ihre IP-Adresse sieht.",
+  "STATIONS": "STATIONEN",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "Bemannte Stationen und die Raumfahrzeuge, die sie anfliegen",
+  "IMAGING": "BILDGEBUNG",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "Erdbeobachtung: optisch, Radar, Wetter und Wissenschaft",
+  "TELECOM": "TELEKOM",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "Kommunikations- und Navigationssatelliten, ohne Starlink",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "Die Starlink-Konstellation (Tausende zusätzliche Punkte)",
+  "PROBES": "SONDEN",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "Weltraumforschung, Technologiedemonstration und andere Nutzlasten",
+  "DEBRIS": "TRÜMMER",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "Raketenstufen, Fragmente und ausgefallene Satelliten",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "Klassen evtl. veraltet: SATCAT ist eine zwischengespeicherte Kopie",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "Klassen evtl. veraltet: SATCAT nicht verfügbar",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT liefert Typ und Status jedes Objekts. Ohne aktuelle Kopie stützen sich die Klassen auf die UCS-Datenbank, Namen und CelesTrak-Gruppen, sodass ein inzwischen ausgefallener Satellit noch als aktiv erscheinen kann.",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "KURS FIX · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 8c83513ed..0769449be 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -679,8 +679,6 @@
   "Ascent replay": "Repetición del ascenso",
   "Orbit replay": "Repetición en órbita",
   ", paused": ", en pausa",
-  "DENSE ···": "DENSO ···",
-  "DENSE ✕": "DENSO ✕",
   "Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)": "Añade la capa completa de banda ancha de Starlink (miles de puntos extra)",
   "Loading the Starlink shell…": "Cargando la capa de Starlink…",
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail} — clic para reintentar",
@@ -3302,5 +3300,22 @@
   "Refresh map still": "Actualizar imagen fija del mapa",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "La imagen del mapa usa una solicitud independiente y puede mostrar otro momento.",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "El vídeo se reproduce desde Québec 511, que ve tu dirección IP.",
+  "STATIONS": "ESTACIONES",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "Estaciones tripuladas y las naves que las visitan",
+  "IMAGING": "IMÁGENES",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "Observación de la Tierra: óptica, radar, meteorología y ciencia",
+  "TELECOM": "TELECOM",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "Satélites de comunicaciones y navegación, excepto Starlink",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "La constelación Starlink (miles de puntos adicionales)",
+  "PROBES": "SONDAS",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "Ciencia espacial, demostración tecnológica y otras cargas útiles",
+  "DEBRIS": "DESECHOS",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "Cuerpos de cohete, fragmentos y satélites inactivos",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "Las clases pueden estar desfasadas: SATCAT es una copia en caché",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "Las clases pueden estar desfasadas: SATCAT no disponible",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "SATCAT de CelesTrak da el tipo y el estado de cada objeto. Sin una copia actual, las clases se basan en la base de datos UCS, los nombres y los grupos de CelesTrak, así que un satélite que haya dejado de funcionar puede seguir apareciendo como operativo.",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "BLOQUEO DE RUMBO · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index b98b2cd0a..ce2b8e4c3 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -1023,8 +1023,6 @@
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail} — cliquer pour réessayer",
   "load failed": "échec du chargement",
   "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "Constellation Starlink complète affichée — cliquer pour le catalogue de base seulement",
-  "DENSE ···": "DENSE ···",
-  "DENSE ✕": "DENSE ✕",
   "DENSE": "DENSE",
   "CelesTrak unreachable": "CelesTrak injoignable",
   "DOCKED · {name} · +{extra}": "AMARRÉ · {name} · +{extra}",
@@ -3302,5 +3300,22 @@
   "Refresh map still": "Actualiser l’image fixe sur la carte",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "L’image fixe de la carte utilise une requête distincte et peut montrer un autre moment.",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "La vidéo est lue depuis Québec 511, qui voit votre adresse IP.",
+  "STATIONS": "STATIONS",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "Stations habitées et les vaisseaux qui s’y rendent",
+  "IMAGING": "IMAGERIE",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "Observation de la Terre : optique, radar, météo et science",
+  "TELECOM": "TÉLÉCOM",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "Satellites de communication et de navigation, hors Starlink",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "La constellation Starlink (des milliers de points supplémentaires)",
+  "PROBES": "SONDES",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "Sciences spatiales, démonstrations technologiques et autres charges utiles",
+  "DEBRIS": "DÉBRIS",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "Étages de fusée, fragments et satellites hors service",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "Classes peut-être en retard : SATCAT est une copie en cache",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "Classes peut-être en retard : SATCAT indisponible",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "SATCAT de CelesTrak donne le type et l’état de chaque objet. Sans copie à jour, les classes reposent sur la base UCS, les noms et les groupes CelesTrak : un satellite hors service depuis peut encore apparaître comme actif.",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "VERROU ROUTE · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 3fbf91cc2..c51ca0173 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -1023,8 +1023,6 @@
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail}: clic per riprovare",
   "load failed": "caricamento non riuscito",
   "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "Shell Starlink completo visualizzato: clic per mostrare solo il catalogo principale",
-  "DENSE ···": "DENSO ···",
-  "DENSE ✕": "DENSO ✕",
   "DENSE": "DENSO",
   "CelesTrak unreachable": "CelesTrak irraggiungibile",
   "DOCKED · {name} · +{extra}": "AGGANCIATO · {name} · +{extra}",
@@ -3302,5 +3300,22 @@
   "Refresh map still": "Aggiorna immagine fissa sulla mappa",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "L’immagine sulla mappa usa una richiesta separata e può mostrare un momento diverso.",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Il video viene riprodotto da Québec 511, che vede il tuo indirizzo IP.",
+  "STATIONS": "STAZIONI",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "Stazioni con equipaggio e i veicoli che le visitano",
+  "IMAGING": "IMMAGINI",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "Osservazione della Terra: ottica, radar, meteo e scienza",
+  "TELECOM": "TELECOM",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "Satelliti di comunicazione e navigazione, Starlink escluso",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "La costellazione Starlink (migliaia di punti in più)",
+  "PROBES": "SONDE",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "Scienza spaziale, dimostrazioni tecnologiche e altri carichi utili",
+  "DEBRIS": "DETRITI",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "Stadi di razzi, frammenti e satelliti non operativi",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "Le classi potrebbero essere in ritardo: SATCAT è una copia in cache",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "Le classi potrebbero essere in ritardo: SATCAT non disponibile",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "SATCAT di CelesTrak fornisce tipo e stato di ogni oggetto. Senza una copia aggiornata le classi si basano sul database UCS, sui nomi e sui gruppi CelesTrak, quindi un satellite che nel frattempo ha cessato di funzionare può ancora risultare operativo.",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "BLOCCO ROTTA · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 4c764fe96..a6bd37c88 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -991,8 +991,6 @@
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail}：クリックで再試行",
   "load failed": "読込失敗",
   "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "Starlinkシェル全体を表示中：クリックでコアカタログのみに戻す",
-  "DENSE ···": "高密度 ···",
-  "DENSE ✕": "高密度 ✕",
   "DENSE": "高密度",
   "CelesTrak unreachable": "CelesTrakに接続できません",
   "DOCKED · {name} · +{extra}": "ドッキング中 · {name} · +{extra}",
@@ -3150,5 +3148,22 @@
   "Refresh map still": "地図上の静止画を更新",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地図上の静止画は別のリクエストで取得されるため、異なる時点を表示する場合があります。",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "動画は Québec 511 から再生され、Québec 511 にはあなたの IP アドレスが見えます。",
+  "STATIONS": "ステーション",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "有人宇宙ステーションと、そこを訪れる宇宙機",
+  "IMAGING": "地球観測",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "地球観測：光学、レーダー、気象、科学",
+  "TELECOM": "通信",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "通信・測位衛星（Starlinkを除く）",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "Starlinkコンステレーション（数千個の追加ポイント）",
+  "PROBES": "探査機",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "宇宙科学、技術実証、その他のペイロード",
+  "DEBRIS": "デブリ",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "ロケット機体、破片、運用を終えた衛星",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "分類が古い可能性: SATCAT はキャッシュのコピーです",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "分類が古い可能性: SATCAT を取得できません",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT は各物体の種別と運用状態を示します。最新のコピーがない間、分類は UCS データベース、名称、CelesTrak のグループのみに基づくため、その後機能を失った衛星がまだ稼働中と表示されることがあります。",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "対地針路保持 · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index ff0f567b8..3b6bc2e0f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -1021,8 +1021,6 @@
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail} — clique para tentar novamente",
   "load failed": "falha ao carregar",
   "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "Mostrando toda a camada orbital da Starlink — clique para ver só o catálogo principal",
-  "DENSE ···": "DENSO ···",
-  "DENSE ✕": "DENSO ✕",
   "DENSE": "DENSO",
   "CelesTrak unreachable": "CelesTrak inacessível",
   "DOCKED · {name} · +{extra}": "ACOPLADO · {name} · +{extra}",
@@ -3302,5 +3300,22 @@
   "Refresh map still": "Atualizar imagem fixa no mapa",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "A imagem no mapa usa uma solicitação separada e pode mostrar outro momento.",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "O vídeo é reproduzido a partir do Québec 511, que vê o seu endereço IP.",
+  "STATIONS": "ESTAÇÕES",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "Estações tripuladas e as naves que as visitam",
+  "IMAGING": "IMAGENS",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "Observação da Terra: óptica, radar, meteorologia e ciência",
+  "TELECOM": "TELECOM",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "Satélites de comunicações e navegação, exceto Starlink",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "A constelação Starlink (milhares de pontos extras)",
+  "PROBES": "SONDAS",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "Ciência espacial, demonstração tecnológica e outras cargas úteis",
+  "DEBRIS": "DETRITOS",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "Corpos de foguetes, fragmentos e satélites inativos",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "As classes podem estar desatualizadas: SATCAT é uma cópia em cache",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "As classes podem estar desatualizadas: SATCAT indisponível",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "O SATCAT da CelesTrak dá o tipo e o estado de cada objeto. Sem uma cópia atual, as classes se baseiam no banco de dados UCS, nos nomes e nos grupos da CelesTrak, então um satélite que deixou de funcionar pode ainda aparecer como operacional.",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "TRAVA DE RUMO · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 5e6f5ed44..05b8bcbb5 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -247,8 +247,6 @@
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink: {detail} — нажмите, чтобы повторить",
   "load failed": "ошибка загрузки",
   "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "Показана полная оболочка Starlink — нажмите, чтобы оставить только основной каталог",
-  "DENSE ···": "ПЛОТНО ···",
-  "DENSE ✕": "ПЛОТНО ✕",
   "DENSE": "ПЛОТНЫЙ",
   "Syncing flow · Roads: {source}": "Синхронизация потока · Дороги: {source}",
   "LIVE · Roads: {source} · Roads without flow hidden": "ОНЛАЙН · Дороги: {source} · Дороги без потока скрыты",
@@ -3378,5 +3376,22 @@
   "Refresh map still": "Обновить кадр на карте",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Кадр на карте запрашивается отдельно и может показывать другой момент.",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Видео воспроизводится с Québec 511, который видит ваш IP-адрес.",
+  "STATIONS": "СТАНЦИИ",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "Пилотируемые станции и прилетающие к ним корабли",
+  "IMAGING": "СЪЁМКА",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "Наблюдение Земли: оптика, радар, погода и наука",
+  "TELECOM": "СВЯЗЬ",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "Спутники связи и навигации, кроме Starlink",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "Группировка Starlink (тысячи дополнительных точек)",
+  "PROBES": "ЗОНДЫ",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "Космическая наука, демонстрация технологий и другие полезные нагрузки",
+  "DEBRIS": "МУСОР",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "Ступени ракет, обломки и неработающие спутники",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "Классы могут отставать: SATCAT — кэшированная копия",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "Классы могут отставать: SATCAT недоступен",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT сообщает тип и состояние каждого объекта. Без актуальной копии классы опираются на базу UCS, названия и группы CelesTrak, поэтому вышедший с тех пор из строя спутник может по-прежнему показываться работающим.",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "УДЕРЖАНИЕ ПУТЕВОГО УГЛА · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 807e62da1..f4d2601f6 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -1038,8 +1038,6 @@
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink: {detail} — клацніть, щоб повторити",
   "load failed": "помилка завантаження",
   "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "Показано повну оболонку Starlink — клацніть, щоб лишити лише основний каталог",
-  "DENSE ···": "ЩІЛЬНО ···",
-  "DENSE ✕": "ЩІЛЬНО ✕",
   "DENSE": "ЩІЛЬНО",
   "CelesTrak unreachable": "CelesTrak недоступний",
   "DOCKED · {name} · +{extra}": "ПРИСТИКОВАНО · {name} · +{extra}",
@@ -3378,5 +3376,22 @@
   "Refresh map still": "Оновити кадр на карті",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "Кадр на карті запитується окремо та може показувати інший момент.",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "Відео відтворюється з Québec 511, який бачить вашу IP-адресу.",
+  "STATIONS": "СТАНЦІЇ",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "Пілотовані станції та кораблі, що до них прилітають",
+  "IMAGING": "ЗЙОМКА",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "Спостереження Землі: оптика, радар, погода й наука",
+  "TELECOM": "ЗВ’ЯЗОК",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "Супутники зв’язку та навігації, крім Starlink",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "Угруповання Starlink (тисячі додаткових точок)",
+  "PROBES": "ЗОНДИ",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "Космічна наука, демонстрація технологій та інші корисні навантаження",
+  "DEBRIS": "УЛАМКИ",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "Ступені ракет, уламки й непрацюючі супутники",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "Класи можуть відставати: SATCAT — кешована копія",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "Класи можуть відставати: SATCAT недоступний",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT повідомляє тип і стан кожного об’єкта. Без актуальної копії класи спираються на базу UCS, назви та групи CelesTrak, тож супутник, що відтоді вийшов з ладу, може й далі показуватися робочим.",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "УТРИМАННЯ ШЛЯХОВОГО КУТА · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index f8cce3a03..631b3b9c2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -970,8 +970,6 @@
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail}——点击重试",
   "load failed": "加载失败",
   "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "正在显示完整的 Starlink 星座——点击仅显示核心目录",
-  "DENSE ···": "密集 ···",
-  "DENSE ✕": "密集 ✕",
   "DENSE": "密集",
   "CelesTrak unreachable": "CelesTrak 无法连接",
   "DOCKED · {name} · +{extra}": "对接 · {name} · +{extra}",
@@ -3150,5 +3148,22 @@
   "Refresh map still": "刷新地图静止画面",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地图静止画面通过单独的请求获取，可能显示不同的时刻。",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "视频从 Québec 511 播放，Québec 511 会看到你的 IP 地址。",
+  "STATIONS": "空间站",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "载人空间站及来访飞行器",
+  "IMAGING": "成像",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "对地观测：光学、雷达、气象与科学",
+  "TELECOM": "通信",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "通信与导航卫星（不含 Starlink）",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "Starlink 星座（数千个额外点位）",
+  "PROBES": "探测器",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "空间科学、技术验证及其他载荷",
+  "DEBRIS": "碎片",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "火箭残骸、碎片和失效卫星",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "分类可能滞后：SATCAT 为缓存副本",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "分类可能滞后：SATCAT 不可用",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT 给出每个物体的类型和运行状态。没有最新副本时，分类仅依据 UCS 数据库、名称和 CelesTrak 分组，因此此后已失效的卫星可能仍显示为在轨工作。",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "对地航向保持 · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index a4c7c5460..bd47c3cd7 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -965,8 +965,6 @@
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail}——點擊重試",
   "load failed": "加載失敗",
   "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "正在顯示完整的 Starlink 星座——點擊僅顯示核心目錄",
-  "DENSE ···": "密集 ···",
-  "DENSE ✕": "密集 ✕",
   "DENSE": "密集",
   "CelesTrak unreachable": "CelesTrak 無法連接",
   "DOCKED · {name} · +{extra}": "對接 · {name} · +{extra}",
@@ -3150,5 +3148,22 @@
   "Refresh map still": "重新整理地圖靜態畫面",
   "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "地圖靜態畫面使用獨立請求，顯示的時間可能不同。",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "影片從 Québec 511 播放，Québec 511 會看到你的 IP 位址。",
+  "STATIONS": "太空站",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "載人太空站及來訪飛行器",
+  "IMAGING": "成像",
+  "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "對地觀測：光學、雷達、氣象與科學",
+  "TELECOM": "通訊",
+  "Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted": "通訊與導航衛星（不含 Starlink）",
+  "STARLINK": "STARLINK",
+  "The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)": "Starlink 星座（數千個額外點位）",
+  "PROBES": "探測器",
+  "Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads": "太空科學、技術驗證及其他酬載",
+  "DEBRIS": "碎片",
+  "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "火箭殘骸、碎片與失效衛星",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "分類可能落後：SATCAT 為快取副本",
+  "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "分類可能落後：SATCAT 無法取得",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT 提供每個物體的類型與運作狀態。沒有最新副本時，分類僅依據 UCS 資料庫、名稱與 CelesTrak 群組，因此此後已失效的衛星可能仍顯示為運作中。",
+  "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
+  "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "對地航向保持 · AIS"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index 860bc740d..a5e8a2535 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
     "SRC {value}",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
     "Sentinel-2",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "acartia.io ↗",
@@ -153,6 +156,9 @@
     "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
     "SSW",
     "STANDARD",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
     "START",
     "STATION",
     "STATUS",
@@ -306,11 +312,15 @@
     "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
     "SRC {value}",
     "SSE",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
     "STD",
     "San Francisco",
     "Sector",
     "Sonar",
     "Soul",
+    "TELECOM",
     "Techno",
     "Trance",
     "USB {rate} msg/s",
@@ -401,8 +411,6 @@
     "Cyber",
     "Cyclones · NHC / CPHC",
     "DENSE",
-    "DENSE ···",
-    "DENSE ✕",
     "DEST ---°",
     "DEST {bearing}",
     "DESTINATION",
@@ -490,7 +498,11 @@
     "SRC {value}",
     "SSE",
     "STANDARD",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
     "STATION",
+    "STATIONS",
     "STD",
     "San Francisco",
     "Satellites",
@@ -664,6 +676,9 @@
     "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
     "SSE",
     "STANDARD",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
     "STD",
     "STOP",
     "SYNC",
@@ -672,6 +687,7 @@
     "Sentinel-2",
     "Sonar",
     "Soul",
+    "TELECOM",
     "TEMP",
     "TIMEOUT",
     "Talk",
@@ -765,6 +781,9 @@
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "SRC {value}",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
     "Sentinel-2",
     "USB {rate} msg/s",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
@@ -881,6 +900,9 @@
     "SNAPSHOT",
     "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
     "SSE",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
     "STATUS",
     "STATUS · ",
     "Sentinel-2",
@@ -888,6 +910,7 @@
     "Sonar",
     "Soul",
     "TAGS · {tags}",
+    "TELECOM",
     "TEMP",
     "Tallinn",
     "Techno",
@@ -946,6 +969,9 @@
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "S2 · {name}",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
     "VS",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "acartia.io ↗",
@@ -966,6 +992,9 @@
     "NVG",
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "acartia.io ↗",
     "iNaturalist",
@@ -1001,6 +1030,9 @@
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "S2 · {name}",
     "SRC {value}",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
     "Sentinel-2",
     "Techno",
     "Trance",
@@ -1065,6 +1097,9 @@
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "S2 · {name}",
     "SRC {value}",
+    "STARLINK",
+    "STARLINK ···",
+    "STARLINK ✕",
     "Sentinel-2",
     "Techno",
     "Trance",
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
index f4a347af2..1e7c939bb 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
@@ -124,6 +124,12 @@ export function createCatalog({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
             satrec,
             group: 'dense',
             launchYear: tleLineLaunchYear(entry.line1),
+            line1: entry.line1,
+            line2: entry.line2,
+            // The dense feed is CelesTrak's Starlink group.
+            satelliteClass: 'starlink',
+            ucs: null,
+            satcat: null,
           });
           const point = layerState._pointCollection.add({
             position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c42592ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+/**
+ * @file Satellite classes: which of six KSP-style classes an object in orbit
+ * belongs to, who owns it and who operates it.
+ *
+ * Classes, in legend order:
+ * - stations: crewed stations and the craft that visit them (ISS, Tiangong,
+ *   Soyuz, Shenzhou, Dragon, Progress, Cygnus…), by name. The CubeSats
+ *   CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the
+ *   ISS are classed like any other satellite. Retired stations and the
+ *   shuttles have re-entered, so they have no orbit to show.
+ * - imaging: Earth observation of every kind (optical, radar, multispectral,
+ *   hyperspectral, weather, Earth science, surveillance).
+ * - telecom: communications and navigation (GEO comsats, Iridium, OneWeb,
+ *   GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou…), Starlink excepted.
+ * - starlink: the Starlink constellation.
+ * - probes: other working payloads (space science, technology development and
+ *   demonstration, education, unknown purpose).
+ * - debris: rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects and payloads that no
+ *   longer work. Shown and tracked on request, never ridden in the Cockpit.
+ *
+ * The evidence, strongest first: CelesTrak SATCAT's object type and
+ * operational status (current, so it overrules UCS on a satellite that has
+ * died since), the UCS Satellite Database's purpose (May 2023), name patterns
+ * for satellites launched after it, and the CelesTrak group the TLE came in.
+ * Pure: no Cesium, no fetches, so the tables are unit-tested directly.
+ *
+ * @module satelliteClasses
+ */
+
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
+/** Class ids in legend order. */
+export const SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS = Object.freeze([
+  'stations',
+  'imaging',
+  'telecom',
+  'starlink',
+  'probes',
+  'debris',
+]);
+
+/** Which classes show when nobody has chosen. */
+export const DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES = Object.freeze({
+  stations: true,
+  imaging: true,
+  telecom: false,
+  starlink: false,
+  probes: false,
+  debris: false,
+});
+
+/**
+ * Point colour and the legend and chip text for each class. Colours reuse the
+ * layer's established palette (src/data/satelliteClass.js); debris recedes.
+ */
+export const SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY = Object.freeze({
+  stations: Object.freeze({
+    color: '#fff6e5',
+    label: msg('STATIONS'),
+    blurb: msg('Crewed stations and the craft that visit them'),
+  }),
+  imaging: Object.freeze({
+    color: '#4fd8ff',
+    label: msg('IMAGING'),
+    blurb: msg('Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science'),
+  }),
+  telecom: Object.freeze({
+    color: '#c89bff',
+    label: msg('TELECOM'),
+    blurb: msg('Communications and navigation satellites, Starlink excepted'),
+  }),
+  starlink: Object.freeze({
+    color: '#54697f',
+    label: msg('STARLINK'),
+    blurb: msg('The Starlink constellation (thousands of extra points)'),
+  }),
+  probes: Object.freeze({
+    color: '#9fb3c4',
+    label: msg('PROBES'),
+    blurb: msg('Space science, technology demonstration and other payloads'),
+  }),
+  debris: Object.freeze({
+    color: '#7d7468',
+    label: msg('DEBRIS'),
+    blurb: msg('Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites'),
+  }),
+});
+
+/** The ISS, a station whatever else says. */
+const ISS_NORAD = 25544;
+
+/** SATCAT object types that are never a working payload. */
+const DEBRIS_OBJECT_TYPES = new Set(['R/B', 'DEB', 'UNK']);
+/** SATCAT operational status: nonoperational, decayed. */
+const DEAD_STATUSES = new Set(['-', 'D']);
+/** SATCAT operational status left blank or unknown. */
+const UNKNOWN_STATUSES = new Set(['', '?']);
+/**
+ * A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no
+ * recognisable name, that launched this many years ago is presumed dead (old
+ * weather and science satellites the "visual" group keeps for their
+ * brightness). Without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed.
+ */
+export const PRESUMED_DEAD_AFTER_YEARS = 20;
+
+const DEBRIS_NAME = /\bR\/B\b|\bDEB\b|\bAKM\b|ROCKET BODY/i;
+const STATION_NAME =
+  /^(ISS\b|TIANGONG|TIANHE|WENTIAN|MENGTIAN|CSS\b|SHENZHOU|TIANZHOU|SOYUZ|PROGRESS|CREW DRAGON|DRAGON|CYGNUS|STARLINER|HTV\b|AXIOM)/i;
+const STARLINK_NAME = /^STARLINK/i;
+const IMAGING_NAME =
+  /^(SENTINEL|LANDSAT|WORLDVIEW|GEOEYE|PLEIADES|SPOT[ -]\d|ICEYE|CAPELLA|UMBRA|FLOCK|SKYSAT|PELICAN|SUPERDOVE|DOVE\b|NOAA[ -]?\d|GOES|METEOSAT|METOP|HIMAWARI|FENGYUN|FY-?\d|GAOFEN|JILIN|SUPERVIEW|KOMPSAT|RADARSAT|RCM-|TERRA\b|AQUA\b|SUOMI NPP|JPSS|CARTOSAT|RESOURCESAT|RISAT|EOS-\d|ALOS|COSMO-SKYMED|CSG-|TERRASAR|TANDEM-X|PAZ\b|SAOCOM|KANOPUS|RESURS|METEOR-M|ELEKTRO-L|ARKTIKA-M|YAOGAN|NUSAT|NEWSAT|BLACKSKY|GLOBAL-\d|GHGSAT|LEMUR|HAIYANG|HY-\d|ZIYUAN|ZY-\d|TIANHUI|SWOT|ICESAT|GRACE|CRYOSAT|SMAP|SMOS|PROBA-V|DEIMOS|THEOS|GOKTURK|EROS|OFEQ|OPTSAT|PRISMA|ENMAP|NISAR|BIOMASS|EARTHCARE|FORMOSAT|CBERS|AMAZONIA|SICH|DMSP|ELECTRO)/i;
+const TELECOM_NAME =
+  /^(ONEWEB|IRIDIUM|GLOBALSTAR|ORBCOMM|INTELSAT|IS-\d|SES[ -]?\d|ASTRA|EUTELSAT|INMARSAT|VIASAT|ECHOSTAR|DIRECTV|SIRIUS|XM-|TDRS|NAVSTAR|GPS\b|GLONASS|GSAT0|GALILEO|BEIDOU|QZS|IRNSS|NVS-|KUIPER|LYNK|BLUEBIRD|O3B|TELESAT|ANIK|NIMIQ|AMAZONAS|HISPASAT|ARABSAT|NILESAT|TURKSAT|YAMAL|EXPRESS-|CHINASAT|ZHONGXING|APSTAR|ASIASAT|THAICOM|MEASAT|JCSAT|SUPERBIRD|OPTUS|SKYNET|WGS|MUOS|AEHF|MILSTAR|QIANFAN|GUOWANG|SPACEMOBILE|GONETS|MERIDIAN|LUCH|RADUGA|SKYTERRA|TERRESTAR|SPACEWAY|HYLAS|ARSAT|AMOS|BADR|KA-SAT|YAHSAT|THURAYA)/i;
+
+const IMAGING_PURPOSE =
+  /earth observation|earth science|meteorolog|surveillance/i;
+const TELECOM_PURPOSE = /communications|navigation|positioning/i;
+
+/**
+ * CelesTrak groups whose members are, by default, of one class. Not
+ * stations: it also carries CubeSats deployed from the ISS.
+ */
+const GROUP_CLASS = Object.freeze({
+  dense: 'starlink',
+  starlink: 'starlink',
+  resource: 'imaging',
+  weather: 'imaging',
+  planet: 'imaging',
+  sar: 'imaging',
+  'gps-ops': 'telecom',
+  glonass: 'telecom',
+  'glo-ops': 'telecom',
+  galileo: 'telecom',
+  geo: 'telecom',
+  science: 'probes',
+});
+
+/** The year of a SATCAT launch date (`2024-03-15`), or null. */
+function launchYearOf(launchDate) {
+  const match = /^(\d{4})-/.exec(String(launchDate || ''));
+  return match ? Number(match[1]) : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The class a satellite belongs to.
+ * @param {{noradId?: number, name?: string, group?: string|null,
+ *   ucs?: {purpose?: string|null}|null,
+ *   satcat?: {objectType?: string, opsStatus?: string,
+ *     launchDate?: string|null}|null,
+ *   launchYear?: number|null, nowYear?: number}} subject `launchYear` is
+ *   the TLE designator's; SATCAT's launch date wins where it has one (an
+ *   object deployed from the ISS carries the station's 1998 designator).
+ * @returns {'stations'|'imaging'|'telecom'|'starlink'|'probes'|'debris'}
+ */
+export function classifySatellite({
+  noradId,
+  name = '',
+  group = null,
+  ucs = null,
+  satcat = null,
+  launchYear = null,
+  nowYear = new Date().getUTCFullYear(),
+} = {}) {
+  if (noradId === ISS_NORAD) return 'stations';
+  const label = String(name || '').trim();
+  const objectType = satcat?.objectType || null;
+  const status = satcat?.opsStatus ?? null;
+  if (objectType && DEBRIS_OBJECT_TYPES.has(objectType)) return 'debris';
+  if (!objectType && DEBRIS_NAME.test(label)) return 'debris';
+  if (status !== null && DEAD_STATUSES.has(status)) return 'debris';
+
+  // CelesTrak's stations group also carries the CubeSats deployed from the
+  // ISS (they share its 1998-067 designator): only a station or a visiting
+  // craft, by name, is a station.
+  if (STATION_NAME.test(label)) return 'stations';
+  if (group === 'dense' || STARLINK_NAME.test(label)) return 'starlink';
+
+  const purpose = ucs?.purpose || '';
+  if (IMAGING_PURPOSE.test(purpose)) return 'imaging';
+  if (TELECOM_PURPOSE.test(purpose)) return 'telecom';
+  if (purpose) return 'probes';
+
+  if (IMAGING_NAME.test(label)) return 'imaging';
+  if (TELECOM_NAME.test(label)) return 'telecom';
+
+  // UCS lists working satellites only: a payload it never knew, whose SATCAT
+  // record gives no status and whose launch is decades old, is presumed
+  // dead. Without a SATCAT record (its read failed or has not landed) there
+  // is no evidence either way, so nothing is presumed.
+  const launched = launchYearOf(satcat?.launchDate) ?? launchYear;
+  if (
+    satcat &&
+    UNKNOWN_STATUSES.has(status ?? '') &&
+    Number.isFinite(launched) &&
+    nowYear - launched >= PRESUMED_DEAD_AFTER_YEARS
+  )
+    return 'debris';
+
+  return GROUP_CLASS[group] || 'probes';
+}
+
+/** Whether a class may be ridden in the Cockpit's orbital view. */
+export function satelliteClassEnterable(satelliteClass) {
+  return (
+    SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS.includes(satelliteClass) && satelliteClass !== 'debris'
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Merge a partial class-visibility request into the current choice.
+ * Unknown keys and non-boolean values are ignored.
+ * @param {Record<string, unknown>|null|undefined} request
+ * @param {Record<string, boolean>} [current]
+ * @returns {Record<string, boolean>}
+ */
+export function mergeClassVisibility(
+  request,
+  current = DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES,
+) {
+  const next = {};
+  for (const id of SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS) {
+    const value = request?.[id];
+    next[id] = typeof value === 'boolean' ? value : current[id] === true;
+  }
+  return next;
+}
+
+// ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code → short English name, for every owner below.
+const COUNTRY_NAMES = Object.freeze({
+  AE: 'United Arab Emirates',
+  AM: 'Armenia',
+  AO: 'Angola',
+  AR: 'Argentina',
+  AT: 'Austria',
+  AU: 'Australia',
+  AZ: 'Azerbaijan',
+  BD: 'Bangladesh',
+  BE: 'Belgium',
+  BG: 'Bulgaria',
+  BH: 'Bahrain',
+  BM: 'Bermuda',
+  BO: 'Bolivia',
+  BR: 'Brazil',
+  BT: 'Bhutan',
+  BW: 'Botswana',
+  BY: 'Belarus',
+  CA: 'Canada',
+  CH: 'Switzerland',
+  CL: 'Chile',
+  CN: 'China',
+  CO: 'Colombia',
+  CR: 'Costa Rica',
+  CZ: 'Czechia',
+  DE: 'Germany',
+  DJ: 'Djibouti',
+  DK: 'Denmark',
+  DZ: 'Algeria',
+  EC: 'Ecuador',
+  EE: 'Estonia',
+  EG: 'Egypt',
+  ES: 'Spain',
+  ET: 'Ethiopia',
+  FI: 'Finland',
+  FR: 'France',
+  GB: 'United Kingdom',
+  GH: 'Ghana',
+  GR: 'Greece',
+  GT: 'Guatemala',
+  HR: 'Croatia',
+  HU: 'Hungary',
+  ID: 'Indonesia',
+  IE: 'Ireland',
+  IL: 'Israel',
+  IN: 'India',
+  IQ: 'Iraq',
+  IR: 'Iran',
+  IT: 'Italy',
+  JO: 'Jordan',
+  JP: 'Japan',
+  KE: 'Kenya',
+  KP: 'North Korea',
+  KR: 'South Korea',
+  KW: 'Kuwait',
+  KZ: 'Kazakhstan',
+  LA: 'Laos',
+  LK: 'Sri Lanka',
+  LT: 'Lithuania',
+  LU: 'Luxembourg',
+  MA: 'Morocco',
+  MC: 'Monaco',
+  MD: 'Moldova',
+  ME: 'Montenegro',
+  MM: 'Myanmar',
+  MN: 'Mongolia',
+  MU: 'Mauritius',
+  MX: 'Mexico',
+  MY: 'Malaysia',
+  NG: 'Nigeria',
+  NL: 'Netherlands',
+  NO: 'Norway',
+  NP: 'Nepal',
+  NZ: 'New Zealand',
+  PE: 'Peru',
+  PH: 'Philippines',
+  PK: 'Pakistan',
+  PL: 'Poland',
+  PT: 'Portugal',
+  PY: 'Paraguay',
+  QA: 'Qatar',
+  RO: 'Romania',
+  RU: 'Russia',
+  RW: 'Rwanda',
+  SA: 'Saudi Arabia',
+  SB: 'Solomon Islands',
+  SD: 'Sudan',
+  SE: 'Sweden',
+  SG: 'Singapore',
+  SI: 'Slovenia',
+  SN: 'Senegal',
+  TH: 'Thailand',
+  TM: 'Turkmenistan',
+  TN: 'Tunisia',
+  TR: 'Türkiye',
+  TW: 'Taiwan',
+  UA: 'Ukraine',
+  US: 'United States',
+  UY: 'Uruguay',
+  VA: 'Vatican City',
+  VE: 'Venezuela',
+  VN: 'Vietnam',
+  ZA: 'South Africa',
+  ZW: 'Zimbabwe',
+});
+
+// UCS "Country of Operator/Owner" → ISO code. Joint owners ("USA/Japan") and
+// organisations are not countries and resolve through ORGANISATIONS or as a
+// joint label.
+const UCS_COUNTRIES = Object.freeze({
+  Algeria: 'DZ',
+  Angola: 'AO',
+  Argentina: 'AR',
+  Australia: 'AU',
+  Austria: 'AT',
+  Azerbaijan: 'AZ',
+  Bangladesh: 'BD',
+  Belarus: 'BY',
+  Belgium: 'BE',
+  Bolivia: 'BO',
+  Brazil: 'BR',
+  Bulgaria: 'BG',
+  Canada: 'CA',
+  Chile: 'CL',
+  China: 'CN',
+  Colombia: 'CO',
+  'Czech Republic': 'CZ',
+  Denmark: 'DK',
+  Ecuador: 'EC',
+  Egypt: 'EG',
+  Estonia: 'EE',
+  Ethiopia: 'ET',
+  Finland: 'FI',
+  France: 'FR',
+  Germany: 'DE',
+  Greece: 'GR',
+  Hungary: 'HU',
+  India: 'IN',
+  Indonesia: 'ID',
+  Iran: 'IR',
+  Iraq: 'IQ',
+  Israel: 'IL',
+  Italy: 'IT',
+  Japan: 'JP',
+  Jordan: 'JO',
+  Kazakhstan: 'KZ',
+  Kenya: 'KE',
+  Kuwait: 'KW',
+  Laos: 'LA',
+  Lithuania: 'LT',
+  Luxembourg: 'LU',
+  Malaysia: 'MY',
+  Mexico: 'MX',
+  Monaco: 'MC',
+  Morocco: 'MA',
+  Nepal: 'NP',
+  Netherlands: 'NL',
+  'New Zealand': 'NZ',
+  Nigeria: 'NG',
+  Norway: 'NO',
+  Pakistan: 'PK',
+  Peru: 'PE',
+  Poland: 'PL',
+  Russia: 'RU',
+  'Saudi Arabia': 'SA',
+  Sinapore: 'SG',
+  Singapore: 'SG',
+  Slovenia: 'SI',
+  'South Africa': 'ZA',
+  'South Korea': 'KR',
+  Spain: 'ES',
+  Sudan: 'SD',
+  Sweden: 'SE',
+  Switzerland: 'CH',
+  Taiwan: 'TW',
+  Thailand: 'TH',
+  Tunisia: 'TN',
+  Turkey: 'TR',
+  UK: 'GB',
+  USA: 'US',
+  Ukraine: 'UA',
+  'United Arab Emirates': 'AE',
+  'United Kingdom': 'GB',
+  Venezuela: 'VE',
+  Vietnam: 'VN',
+});
+
+// CelesTrak SATCAT OWNER code → ISO code (https://celestrak.org/satcat/sources.php).
+// CIS (former USSR) is filed under Russia, its continuing state.
+const SATCAT_COUNTRIES = Object.freeze({
+  ALG: 'DZ',
+  ANG: 'AO',
+  ARGN: 'AR',
+  ARM: 'AM',
+  ASRA: 'AT',
+  AUS: 'AU',
+  AZER: 'AZ',
+  BEL: 'BE',
+  BELA: 'BY',
+  BERM: 'BM',
+  BGD: 'BD',
+  BHR: 'BH',
+  BHUT: 'BT',
+  BOL: 'BO',
+  BRAZ: 'BR',
+  BUL: 'BG',
+  BWA: 'BW',
+  CA: 'CA',
+  CHLE: 'CL',
+  CIS: 'RU',
+  COL: 'CO',
+  CRI: 'CR',
+  CZCH: 'CZ',
+  DEN: 'DK',
+  DJI: 'DJ',
+  ECU: 'EC',
+  EGYP: 'EG',
+  EST: 'EE',
+  ETH: 'ET',
+  FIN: 'FI',
+  FR: 'FR',
+  GER: 'DE',
+  GHA: 'GH',
+  GREC: 'GR',
+  GUAT: 'GT',
+  HRV: 'HR',
+  HUN: 'HU',
+  IND: 'IN',
+  INDO: 'ID',
+  IRAN: 'IR',
+  IRAQ: 'IQ',
+  IRL: 'IE',
+  ISRA: 'IL',
+  ISRO: 'IN',
+  IT: 'IT',
+  JPN: 'JP',
+  KAZ: 'KZ',
+  KEN: 'KE',
+  LAOS: 'LA',
+  LKA: 'LK',
+  LTU: 'LT',
+  LUXE: 'LU',
+  MA: 'MA',
+  MALA: 'MY',
+  MCO: 'MC',
+  MDA: 'MD',
+  MEX: 'MX',
+  MMR: 'MM',
+  MNE: 'ME',
+  MNG: 'MN',
+  MUS: 'MU',
+  NETH: 'NL',
+  NIG: 'NG',
+  NKOR: 'KP',
+  NOR: 'NO',
+  NPL: 'NP',
+  NZ: 'NZ',
+  PAKI: 'PK',
+  PERU: 'PE',
+  POL: 'PL',
+  POR: 'PT',
+  PRC: 'CN',
+  PRY: 'PY',
+  QAT: 'QA',
+  ROC: 'TW',
+  ROM: 'RO',
+  RP: 'PH',
+  RWA: 'RW',
+  SAFR: 'ZA',
+  SAUD: 'SA',
+  SDN: 'SD',
+  SEN: 'SN',
+  SING: 'SG',
+  SKOR: 'KR',
+  SLB: 'SB',
+  SPN: 'ES',
+  SVN: 'SI',
+  SWED: 'SE',
+  SWTZ: 'CH',
+  THAI: 'TH',
+  TUN: 'TN',
+  TURK: 'TR',
+  UAE: 'AE',
+  UK: 'GB',
+  UKR: 'UA',
+  URY: 'UY',
+  US: 'US',
+  VAT: 'VA',
+  VENZ: 'VE',
+  VTNM: 'VN',
+  ZWE: 'ZW',
+});
+
+// Organisations, by SATCAT code and by UCS name: no flag, a short label.
+const ORGANISATIONS = Object.freeze({
+  AB: 'Arabsat',
+  ABS: 'ABS',
+  AC: 'AsiaSat',
+  ESA: 'ESA',
+  ESRO: 'ESRO',
+  EUME: 'EUMETSAT',
+  EUTE: 'Eutelsat',
+  GLOB: 'Globalstar',
+  IM: 'Inmarsat',
+  IRID: 'Iridium',
+  ISS: 'ISS partners',
+  ITSO: 'Intelsat',
+  NATO: 'NATO',
+  NICO: 'New ICO',
+  O3B: 'O3b',
+  ORB: 'ORBCOMM',
+  RASC: 'RascomStar-QAF',
+  SEAL: 'Sea Launch',
+  SES: 'SES',
+  Multinational: 'Multinational',
+});
+
+// SATCAT codes for joint ownership, as their parts.
+const SATCAT_JOINT = Object.freeze({
+  CHBZ: ['CN', 'BR'],
+  CHTU: ['CN', 'TR'],
+  FGER: ['FR', 'DE'],
+  FRIT: ['FR', 'IT'],
+  GRSA: ['GR', 'SA'],
+  PRES: ['CN', 'ESA'],
+  SGJP: ['SG', 'JP'],
+  STCT: ['SG', 'TW'],
+  TMMC: ['TM', 'MC'],
+  USBZ: ['US', 'BR'],
+});
+
+function country(code) {
+  return COUNTRY_NAMES[code]
+    ? { countryCode: code, label: COUNTRY_NAMES[code] }
+    : null;
+}
+
+function joint(parts) {
+  const labels = parts.map(
+    (part) => COUNTRY_NAMES[part] || ORGANISATIONS[part] || part,
+  );
+  return { countryCode: null, label: labels.join(' / ') };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalise a UCS owner country ("USA", "China/France", "ESA",
+ * "Multinational") to `{ countryCode, label }`.
+ * @param {string|null|undefined} text
+ * @returns {{countryCode: string|null, label: string}|null}
+ */
+export function ownerFromUcs(text) {
+  const value = String(text || '').trim();
+  if (!value) return null;
+  if (UCS_COUNTRIES[value]) return country(UCS_COUNTRIES[value]);
+  if (ORGANISATIONS[value])
+    return { countryCode: null, label: ORGANISATIONS[value] };
+  if (value.includes('/'))
+    return joint(
+      value
+        .split('/')
+        .map((part) => part.trim())
+        .map((part) => UCS_COUNTRIES[part] || part),
+    );
+  return { countryCode: null, label: value };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalise a CelesTrak SATCAT OWNER code ("US", "PRC", "CIS", "ITSO") to
+ * `{ countryCode, label }`; null for TBD, UNK and blanks.
+ * @param {string|null|undefined} code
+ * @returns {{countryCode: string|null, label: string}|null}
+ */
+export function ownerFromSatcat(code) {
+  const value = String(code || '')
+    .trim()
+    .toUpperCase();
+  if (!value || value === 'TBD' || value === 'UNK') return null;
+  if (SATCAT_COUNTRIES[value]) return country(SATCAT_COUNTRIES[value]);
+  if (ORGANISATIONS[value])
+    return { countryCode: null, label: ORGANISATIONS[value] };
+  if (SATCAT_JOINT[value]) return joint(SATCAT_JOINT[value]);
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Who owns a satellite: UCS names the operator's country, SATCAT the
+ * registering owner; UCS wins where both exist. Starlink without either is
+ * SpaceX's, so United States.
+ * @returns {{countryCode: string|null, label: string}|null}
+ */
+export function satelliteOwner({
+  ucs = null,
+  satcat = null,
+  satelliteClass,
+} = {}) {
+  return (
+    ownerFromUcs(ucs?.operatorCountry) ||
+    ownerFromSatcat(satcat?.owner) ||
+    (satelliteClass === 'starlink' ? country('US') : null)
+  );
+}
+
+/** Who operates a satellite: UCS's operator, or SpaceX for Starlink. */
+export function satelliteOperator({ ucs = null, satelliteClass } = {}) {
+  if (ucs?.operator) return ucs.operator;
+  return satelliteClass === 'starlink' ? 'SpaceX' : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The international designator (COSPAR id) from TLE line 1, columns 10–17:
+ * `98067A` → `1998-067A`. Two-digit years below 57 are 20xx.
+ * @param {string|null|undefined} line1
+ * @returns {string|null}
+ */
+export function cosparIdFromTleLine1(line1) {
+  const field = String(line1 || '')
+    .slice(9, 17)
+    .trim();
+  const match = /^(\d{2})(\d{3})([A-Z]{1,3})$/.exec(field);
+  if (!match) return null;
+  const yy = Number(match[1]);
+  return `${yy < 57 ? 2000 + yy : 1900 + yy}-${match[2]}${match[3]}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The TLE's epoch as epoch milliseconds, from satellite.js's Julian date.
+ * @param {{jdsatepoch?: number, jdsatepochF?: number}|null|undefined} satrec
+ * @returns {number|null}
+ */
+export function tleEpochMs(satrec) {
+  const jd = Number(satrec?.jdsatepoch) + (Number(satrec?.jdsatepochF) || 0);
+  return Number.isFinite(jd) && jd > 0
+    ? Math.round((jd - 2440587.5) * 86_400_000)
+    : null;
+}
+
+/** Split one RFC 4180 CSV line (quoted fields may hold commas). */
+function csvFields(line) {
+  const fields = [];
+  let field = '';
+  let quoted = false;
+  for (let i = 0; i < line.length; i++) {
+    const ch = line[i];
+    if (quoted) {
+      if (ch === '"' && line[i + 1] === '"') {
+        field += '"';
+        i++;
+      } else if (ch === '"') quoted = false;
+      else field += ch;
+    } else if (ch === '"') quoted = true;
+    else if (ch === ',') {
+      fields.push(field);
+      field = '';
+    } else field += ch;
+  }
+  fields.push(field);
+  return fields;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse CelesTrak SATCAT CSV into records keyed by NORAD number.
+ * @param {string} text `records.php?…&FORMAT=CSV` body.
+ * @returns {Map<number, {objectType: string, opsStatus: string,
+ *   owner: string, cosparId: string|null, launchDate: string|null}>}
+ */
+export function parseSatcatCsv(text) {
+  const records = new Map();
+  const lines = String(text || '')
+    .split(/\r?\n/)
+    .filter((line) => line.trim());
+  if (!lines.length) return records;
+  const header = csvFields(lines[0]).map((name) => name.trim());
+  const at = (name) => header.indexOf(name);
+  const col = {
+    norad: at('NORAD_CAT_ID'),
+    type: at('OBJECT_TYPE'),
+    status: at('OPS_STATUS_CODE'),
+    owner: at('OWNER'),
+    id: at('OBJECT_ID'),
+    launch: at('LAUNCH_DATE'),
+  };
+  if (col.norad < 0 || col.type < 0) return records;
+  for (const line of lines.slice(1)) {
+    const fields = csvFields(line);
+    const noradId = Number(fields[col.norad]);
+    if (!Number.isInteger(noradId) || noradId <= 0) continue;
+    const text = (index) => (index < 0 ? '' : (fields[index] ?? '').trim());
+    records.set(noradId, {
+      objectType: text(col.type).toUpperCase(),
+      opsStatus: text(col.status),
+      owner: text(col.owner),
+      cosparId: text(col.id) || null,
+      launchDate: text(col.launch) || null,
+    });
+  }
+  return records;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d52c694e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { twoline2satrec } from 'satellite.js';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES,
+  PRESUMED_DEAD_AFTER_YEARS,
+  SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY,
+  SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS,
+  classifySatellite,
+  cosparIdFromTleLine1,
+  mergeClassVisibility,
+  ownerFromSatcat,
+  ownerFromUcs,
+  parseSatcatCsv,
+  satelliteClassEnterable,
+  satelliteOperator,
+  satelliteOwner,
+  tleEpochMs,
+} from './classes.js';
+
+const NOW = 2026;
+const classify = (subject) => classifySatellite({ nowYear: NOW, ...subject });
+
+test('six classes, with stations and imaging on by default and the rest off', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS, [
+    'stations',
+    'imaging',
+    'telecom',
+    'starlink',
+    'probes',
+    'debris',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS.filter((id) => DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES[id]),
+    ['stations', 'imaging'],
+  );
+  for (const id of SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS) {
+    const display = SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY[id];
+    assert.match(display.color, /^#[0-9a-f]{6}$/, id);
+    assert.ok(display.label && display.blurb, id);
+  }
+});
+
+test('SATCAT object type and status file debris first, overruling UCS', () => {
+  const imaging = { purpose: 'Earth Observation' };
+  for (const objectType of ['R/B', 'DEB', 'UNK'])
+    assert.equal(classify({ name: 'X', satcat: { objectType, opsStatus: '' } }), 'debris', objectType);
+  // A satellite UCS listed in 2023 that SATCAT now calls dead or decayed.
+  for (const opsStatus of ['-', 'D'])
+    assert.equal(
+      classify({ name: 'OLDSAT', ucs: imaging, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus } }),
+      'debris',
+      opsStatus,
+    );
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'OLDSAT', ucs: imaging, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '+' } }),
+    'imaging',
+  );
+  // Debris riding in the stations group (CelesTrak lists FREGAT DEB there).
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'FREGAT DEB', group: 'stations' }), 'debris');
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'SL-16 R/B', group: 'visual' }), 'debris');
+});
+
+test('the ISS is a station whatever else says', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ noradId: 25544, name: 'ISS (ZARYA)', group: 'visual', satcat: { objectType: 'DEB' } }),
+    'stations',
+  );
+});
+
+test('stations: crewed stations and visiting vehicles by name', () => {
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'CSS (TIANHE)', group: 'stations' }), 'stations');
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'ISS (NAUKA)', group: 'stations' }), 'stations');
+  for (const name of ['SHENZHOU-21', 'TIANZHOU-9', 'SOYUZ-MS 28', 'PROGRESS-MS 31', 'CREW DRAGON 11', 'CYGNUS NG-23'])
+    assert.equal(classify({ name, group: 'visual' }), 'stations', name);
+});
+
+test('UCS purpose decides imaging, telecom and probes', () => {
+  const table = [
+    ['Earth Observation', 'imaging'],
+    ['Earth Science', 'imaging'],
+    ['Meteorological', 'imaging'],
+    ['Surveillance', 'imaging'],
+    ['Earth Observation/Navigation', 'imaging'],
+    ['Communications', 'telecom'],
+    ['Navigation/Global Positioning', 'telecom'],
+    ['Navigation/Regional Positioning', 'telecom'],
+    ['Technology Development', 'probes'],
+    ['Technology Demonstration', 'probes'],
+    ['Space Science', 'probes'],
+    ['Unknown', 'probes'],
+  ];
+  for (const [purpose, expected] of table)
+    assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', ucs: { purpose } }), expected, purpose);
+});
+
+test('satellites launched after the UCS snapshot are classed by name', () => {
+  const table = [
+    ['ICEYE-X50', 'imaging'],
+    ['CAPELLA-17', 'imaging'],
+    ['FLOCK 4Y-12', 'imaging'],
+    ['PELICAN-3', 'imaging'],
+    ['SENTINEL-1C', 'imaging'],
+    ['LANDSAT 9', 'imaging'],
+    ['GOES 19', 'imaging'],
+    ['ONEWEB-0712', 'telecom'],
+    ['IRIDIUM 180', 'telecom'],
+    ['GPS BIII-8  (PRN 14)', 'telecom'],
+    ['KUIPER-00042', 'telecom'],
+    ['STARLINK-34012', 'starlink'],
+  ];
+  for (const [name, expected] of table)
+    assert.equal(classify({ name, group: 'visual', launchYear: 2025 }), expected, name);
+});
+
+test('the group the TLE came in is the last resort', () => {
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'resource', launchYear: 2024 }), 'imaging');
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'geo', launchYear: 2024 }), 'telecom');
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'science', launchYear: 2024 }), 'probes');
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'STARLINK-1', group: 'dense' }), 'starlink');
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: 2024 }), 'probes');
+});
+
+test('CubeSats deployed from the ISS are not stations', () => {
+  // They ride in CelesTrak's stations group under the ISS's 1998 designator.
+  for (const name of ['DUPLEX', 'KNACKSAT-2', 'GXIBA-1', 'LEOPARD', 'HMU-SAT2']) {
+    assert.equal(
+      classify({ name, group: 'stations', launchYear: 1998 }),
+      'probes',
+      `${name} without SATCAT`,
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      classify({
+        name,
+        group: 'stations',
+        launchYear: 1998,
+        satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '', launchDate: '2025-04-21' },
+      }),
+      'probes',
+      `${name}: SATCAT's 2025 launch, not the designator's 1998`,
+    );
+  }
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'stations', ucs: { purpose: 'Earth Observation' } }),
+    'imaging',
+  );
+});
+
+test('an unknown old payload is presumed dead; a recognisable one is not', () => {
+  const old = NOW - PRESUMED_DEAD_AFTER_YEARS;
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'ATLAS CENTAUR 2', group: 'visual', launchYear: 1963 }),
+    'probes',
+    'without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'ATLAS CENTAUR 2', group: 'visual', launchYear: 1963, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '' } }),
+    'debris',
+    'a blank SATCAT status is no evidence of life',
+  );
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: old + 1 }), 'probes');
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'NOAA 15', group: 'weather', launchYear: 1998 }), 'imaging');
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: 1990, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '+' } }),
+    'probes',
+    'SATCAT says it works',
+  );
+});
+
+test('only debris is refused the Cockpit', () => {
+  for (const id of SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS)
+    assert.equal(satelliteClassEnterable(id), id !== 'debris', id);
+  assert.equal(satelliteClassEnterable('nonsense'), false);
+});
+
+test('class visibility merges booleans and ignores everything else', () => {
+  const next = mergeClassVisibility({ telecom: true, imaging: false, debris: 'yes', bogus: true });
+  assert.deepEqual(next, { ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES, telecom: true, imaging: false });
+  assert.deepEqual(mergeClassVisibility(null), { ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES });
+  assert.equal(Object.hasOwn(next, 'bogus'), false);
+});
+
+test('UCS owner countries normalise to ISO codes, organisations and joint owners', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('USA'), { countryCode: 'US', label: 'United States' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('United Kingdom'), { countryCode: 'GB', label: 'United Kingdom' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('Sinapore'), { countryCode: 'SG', label: 'Singapore' }, 'UCS typo');
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('Turkey'), { countryCode: 'TR', label: 'Türkiye' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('ESA'), { countryCode: null, label: 'ESA' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('Multinational'), { countryCode: null, label: 'Multinational' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('China/France'), { countryCode: null, label: 'China / France' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('United Kingdom/ESA'), { countryCode: null, label: 'United Kingdom / ESA' });
+  assert.equal(ownerFromUcs(''), null);
+  assert.equal(ownerFromUcs(null), null);
+});
+
+test('SATCAT owner codes normalise the same way', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('US'), { countryCode: 'US', label: 'United States' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('PRC'), { countryCode: 'CN', label: 'China' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('CIS'), { countryCode: 'RU', label: 'Russia' }, 'former USSR');
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('ISRO'), { countryCode: 'IN', label: 'India' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('itso'), { countryCode: null, label: 'Intelsat' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('EUME'), { countryCode: null, label: 'EUMETSAT' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('PRES'), { countryCode: null, label: 'China / ESA' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('TMMC'), { countryCode: null, label: 'Turkmenistan / Monaco' });
+  for (const code of ['TBD', 'UNK', '', null, 'ZZZZ']) assert.equal(ownerFromSatcat(code), null, String(code));
+});
+
+test('owner prefers UCS, falls back to SATCAT, and Starlink is American', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    satelliteOwner({ ucs: { operatorCountry: 'ESA' }, satcat: { owner: 'FR' } }),
+    { countryCode: null, label: 'ESA' },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(satelliteOwner({ satcat: { owner: 'FR' } }), { countryCode: 'FR', label: 'France' });
+  assert.deepEqual(satelliteOwner({ satelliteClass: 'starlink' }), { countryCode: 'US', label: 'United States' });
+  assert.equal(satelliteOwner({}), null);
+  assert.equal(satelliteOperator({ ucs: { operator: 'Planet Labs, Inc.' } }), 'Planet Labs, Inc.');
+  assert.equal(satelliteOperator({ satelliteClass: 'starlink' }), 'SpaceX');
+  assert.equal(satelliteOperator({ satelliteClass: 'imaging' }), null);
+});
+
+const ISS_LINE1 = '1 25544U 98067A   24001.50000000  .00016717  00000-0  30370-3 0  9993';
+const ISS_LINE2 = '2 25544  51.6416 247.4627 0006703 130.5360 325.0288 15.50377579432323';
+
+test('COSPAR ids come from TLE line 1, across the 1957 century pivot', () => {
+  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1), '1998-067A');
+  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1.replace('98067A  ', '24123BC ')), '2024-123BC');
+  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1.replace('98067A  ', '57001A  ')), '1957-001A');
+  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1.replace('98067A  ', '        ')), null);
+  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(null), null);
+});
+
+test('the TLE epoch is read as epoch milliseconds', () => {
+  const satrec = twoline2satrec(ISS_LINE1, ISS_LINE2);
+  // Day 001.5 of 2024: 1 January 2024, 12:00 UTC.
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(tleEpochMs(satrec) - Date.UTC(2024, 0, 1, 12)) < 1000);
+  assert.equal(tleEpochMs(null), null);
+  assert.equal(tleEpochMs({}), null);
+});
+
+test('SATCAT CSV parses, quoted commas included, keyed by NORAD id', () => {
+  const csv = [
+    'OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID,NORAD_CAT_ID,OBJECT_TYPE,OPS_STATUS_CODE,OWNER,LAUNCH_DATE',
+    'ISS (ZARYA),1998-067A,25544,PAY,+,ISS,1998-11-20',
+    '"THOR AGENA, D R/B",1964-002A,733,r/b,,US,1964-01-19',
+    'BROKEN,,notanumber,PAY,+,US,',
+    '',
+  ].join('\r\n');
+  const records = parseSatcatCsv(csv);
+  assert.deepEqual([...records.keys()], [25544, 733]);
+  assert.deepEqual(records.get(25544), {
+    objectType: 'PAY',
+    opsStatus: '+',
+    owner: 'ISS',
+    cosparId: '1998-067A',
+    launchDate: '1998-11-20',
+  });
+  assert.equal(records.get(733).objectType, 'R/B');
+  assert.equal(parseSatcatCsv('<html>busy</html>').size, 0);
+  assert.equal(parseSatcatCsv('').size, 0);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
index f3327b332..d3d16cbab 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-import {
-  tallySatelliteClasses,
-  satelliteClassLabel,
-  satelliteClassLegend,
-} from '../../data/satelliteClass.js';
+import { satelliteClassText } from '../../data/satelliteClass.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
-import { ISS_NORAD, POINT_STYLES } from './policy.js';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES,
+  SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY,
+  SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS,
+  mergeClassVisibility,
+} from './classes.js';
+import { ISS_NORAD, POINT_STYLES, classPointStyle } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   const { isExplicitLayerStateOrigin } = services.layerState;
@@ -19,7 +21,60 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   function _pointStyleFor(noradId, group) {
     if (noradId === ISS_NORAD) return POINT_STYLES.iss;
-    return POINT_STYLES[group] || POINT_STYLES.visual;
+    return classPointStyle(
+      group,
+      layerState._catalog.get(noradId)?.satelliteClass,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** The class-visibility choice, defaults filled in. */
+  function _classes() {
+    return layerState._params.classes || DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Whether a satellite's class is shown. Starlink follows the catalog mode:
+   * its points exist only in dense mode. An unclassed entry shows.
+   * @param {number} noradId NORAD catalog number.
+   */
+  function _classVisible(noradId) {
+    const satelliteClass = layerState._catalog.get(noradId)?.satelliteClass;
+    if (!satelliteClass) return true;
+    if (satelliteClass === 'starlink')
+      return layerState._params.catalog === 'dense';
+    return _classes()[satelliteClass] === true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Show or hide every point by its class. The tracked satellite's point
+   * stays hidden (its entity draws the dot).
+   */
+  function _applyClassVisibility() {
+    for (const [noradId, point] of layerState._points) {
+      if (noradId === layerState._trackedNorad) continue;
+      point.show = _classVisible(noradId);
+    }
+    layerState._detectionObjects.clear();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The row's info line while the classes rest on old or missing SATCAT
+   * evidence (`_satcatState`), and an empty one otherwise.
+   * @returns {{info: string, infoTitle: string}}
+   */
+  function classEvidenceNotice() {
+    const evidence = layerState._satcatState;
+    if (evidence !== 'stale' && evidence !== 'unavailable')
+      return { info: '', infoTitle: '' };
+    return {
+      info:
+        evidence === 'stale'
+          ? t('Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy')
+          : t('Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable'),
+      infoTitle: t(
+        "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.",
+      ),
+    };
   }
 
   /** Tell the manager to re-render this layer's row (chip state / legend counts). */
@@ -46,14 +101,11 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     ) {
       return layerState._classTallyCache.counts;
     }
-    const entries = [];
-    // Pass the ISS flag, not just the group: during a stations-feed outage the
-    // ISS is ingested as `visual`, and the legend must file it exactly where its
-    // card does (STATION) rather than letting STATION vanish from the legend.
-    for (const [noradId, sat] of layerState._catalog) {
-      entries.push({ group: sat.group, isIss: noradId === ISS_NORAD });
+    const counts = Object.create(null);
+    for (const sat of layerState._catalog.values()) {
+      const satelliteClass = sat.satelliteClass || 'probes';
+      counts[satelliteClass] = (counts[satelliteClass] || 0) + 1;
     }
-    const counts = tallySatelliteClasses(entries);
     layerState._classTallyCache = {
       revision: layerState._catalogRevision,
       counts,
@@ -88,6 +140,47 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       requestedCatalog !== currentCatalog
     );
   }
+  /** The STARLINK chip: the dense catalog, with its load state. */
+  function _starlinkChip() {
+    const loading = layerState._denseStatus === 'loading';
+    const failed = layerState._denseStatus === 'failed';
+    const active =
+      layerState._params.catalog === 'dense' &&
+      layerState._denseStatus === 'ready';
+    let title = t(
+      'Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)',
+    );
+    if (loading) title = t('Loading the Starlink shell…');
+    else if (failed)
+      title = t('Starlink {detail} — click to retry', {
+        detail: layerState._denseError || t('load failed'),
+      });
+    else if (active)
+      title = t(
+        'Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only',
+      );
+    return {
+      id: 'catalog',
+      label: loading
+        ? t('STARLINK ···')
+        : failed
+          ? t('STARLINK ✕')
+          : t('STARLINK'),
+      active,
+      busy: loading,
+      disabled: loading,
+      state: loading
+        ? 'loading'
+        : failed
+          ? 'error'
+          : active
+            ? 'active'
+            : 'idle',
+      title,
+      params: { catalog: active ? 'core' : 'dense' },
+    };
+  }
+
   const methods = {
     id: 'satellites',
 
@@ -129,6 +222,8 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         if (!shouldTake) continue;
         if (!point.position) continue;
         const isTracked = noradId === layerState._trackedNorad;
+        // A hidden class is not on screen, so nothing is bracketed on it.
+        if (!isTracked && !_classVisible(noradId)) continue;
         // A docked companion sits at the tracked subject's own position, so its
         // mark and label would stack underneath the tracked card. It is listed on
         // that card instead. Only members of the tracked cluster are affected —
@@ -141,15 +236,16 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
             sourceId: noradId,
             id: cat?.name || `SAT-${noradId}`,
             type: 'SAT',
-            // Human class ("NAV · GPS"), not the raw CelesTrak tag ("GPS-OPS").
-            // The detection canvas composites ABOVE the post-FX chain, so this
-            // is how class survives NVG/FLIR once the dot colors are collapsed.
-            klass: satelliteClassLabel(cat?.group, {
-              isIss: noradId === ISS_NORAD,
-            }),
           };
           layerState._detectionObjects.set(noradId, object);
         }
+        // Human class ("TELECOM · GPS"), not the raw CelesTrak tag
+        // ("GPS-OPS"). The detection canvas composites ABOVE the post-FX
+        // chain, so this is how class survives NVG/FLIR once the dot colors
+        // are collapsed. Read each time: SATCAT can reclassify a satellite.
+        object.klass = satelliteClassText(cat?.satelliteClass, cat?.group, {
+          isIss: noradId === ISS_NORAD,
+        });
         object.position = point.position;
         object.skipLabel = isTracked;
         result.push(object);
@@ -222,6 +318,7 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       for (const [noradId, point] of layerState._points) {
         if (result.length >= cap) break;
         if (!point.position) continue;
+        if (!_classVisible(noradId)) continue;
         // Dense extras are points-only — keep voice/framing lists to the core catalog.
         if (
           layerState._denseIds.length > 0 &&
@@ -380,9 +477,11 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
     /**
      * Runtime params (DataLayerManager.setLayerParams path).
-     * catalog: 'core' (default, ~840 sats) | 'dense' (adds the Starlink shell
-     * as points-only extras on a relaxed propagation budget).
-     * @param {{ catalog?: 'core'|'dense', showPoints?: boolean, showOrbits?: boolean, selectedSatTrackingId?: number|null }} [params]
+     * catalog: 'core' (default, about 1,300 satellites from the CelesTrak
+     * groups) | 'dense' (adds the Starlink shell as points-only extras on a
+     * relaxed propagation budget). classes: which of the six classes show
+     * (src/layers/satellites/classes.js); Starlink's toggle is the dense catalog.
+     * @param {{ catalog?: 'core'|'dense', classes?: Record<string, boolean>, showPoints?: boolean, showOrbits?: boolean, selectedSatTrackingId?: number|null }} [params]
      */
     setParams(params = {}, { origin = 'programmatic' } = {}) {
       if (
@@ -391,9 +490,22 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       ) {
         parts.tracking._cancelPendingTrackingRestore();
       }
-      const catalog = params.catalog;
+      let catalog = params.catalog;
       if (catalog !== undefined && catalog !== 'core' && catalog !== 'dense')
         return false;
+      if (params.classes !== undefined) {
+        if (!params.classes || typeof params.classes !== 'object') return false;
+        // Starlink's toggle is the dense catalog: its points load on demand.
+        if (
+          typeof params.classes.starlink === 'boolean' &&
+          catalog === undefined
+        )
+          catalog = params.classes.starlink ? 'dense' : 'core';
+        layerState._params.classes = mergeClassVisibility(
+          params.classes,
+          _classes(),
+        );
+      }
       const catalogChanged = satelliteCatalogModeChanged(
         layerState._params.catalog,
         catalog,
@@ -431,6 +543,13 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       }
       if (catalogChanged)
         console.log(`[Data:Satellites] Catalog mode: ${catalog}`);
+      if (params.classes !== undefined || catalogChanged) {
+        layerState._params.classes = {
+          ..._classes(),
+          starlink: layerState._params.catalog === 'dense',
+        };
+        _applyClassVisibility();
+      }
       if (Object.hasOwn(params, 'selectedSatTrackingId')) {
         const requested = parts.tracking._normalizeTrackedNorad(
           params.selectedSatTrackingId,
@@ -462,25 +581,29 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         catalog: layerState._params.catalog,
         showPoints: layerState._params.showPoints,
         showOrbits: layerState._params.showOrbits,
+        classes: { ..._classes() },
         selectedSatTrackingId: layerState._trackedNorad,
       };
     },
 
     /**
-     * Layer-row sub-controls (DataLayerManager row-controls contract): the DENSE
-     * catalog chip plus a class legend so the point colors are learnable without
-     * a new panel.
+     * Layer-row sub-controls (DataLayerManager row-controls contract): one
+     * toggle chip per satellite class (src/layers/satellites/classes.js), and a legend
+     * of the classes on screen so the point colours are learnable.
      *
-     * The chip is stateless — it declares the params to apply and the manager
+     * Chips are stateless — each declares the params to apply and the manager
      * owns the write, so the Space Missions snapshot/restore path (which drives
-     * the same `catalog` param) stays the single source of truth and the chip
+     * the same `catalog` param) stays the single source of truth and a chip
      * always renders whatever the layer actually has.
      *
-     * The chip reports the dense LOAD state, not the catalog param: the param
-     * flips synchronously while the Starlink shell takes seconds to arrive and
-     * frequently 502s, so ACTIVE means "dense points are on screen" and nothing
-     * less. The legend tally is cached against the catalog revision.
-     * @returns {{ chips: Array<object>, legend: Array<object> }} Row controls.
+     * STARLINK is the dense catalog (chip id `catalog`) and reports the dense
+     * LOAD state, not the param: the param flips synchronously while the shell
+     * takes seconds to arrive and frequently 502s, so ACTIVE means "Starlink
+     * points are on screen" and nothing less. The legend tally is cached
+     * against the catalog revision. While SATCAT is stale or unavailable the
+     * info line says the classes may lag (see `classEvidenceNotice`).
+     * @returns {{ chips: Array<object>, legend: Array<object>, info: string,
+     *   infoTitle: string }} Row controls.
      */
     getRowControls() {
       // A dependency owner (Space Missions) borrows this layer for TLE lookup
@@ -489,48 +612,36 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       // restore. Surrender the row rather than lie about it.
       if (!layerState._params.showPoints) return { chips: [], legend: [] };
 
-      const loading = layerState._denseStatus === 'loading';
-      const failed = layerState._denseStatus === 'failed';
-      const active =
-        layerState._params.catalog === 'dense' &&
-        layerState._denseStatus === 'ready';
-      let title = t(
-        'Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)',
+      const classes = _classes();
+      const chips = SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS.map((id) =>
+        id === 'starlink'
+          ? _starlinkChip()
+          : {
+              id: `class-${id}`,
+              label: t(SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY[id].label),
+              active: classes[id] === true,
+              state: classes[id] === true ? 'active' : 'idle',
+              title: t(SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY[id].blurb),
+              params: { classes: { [id]: classes[id] !== true } },
+            },
       );
-      if (loading) title = t('Loading the Starlink shell…');
-      else if (failed)
-        title = t('Starlink {detail} — click to retry', {
-          detail: layerState._denseError || t('load failed'),
+      const counts = _classTally();
+      const legend = [];
+      for (const id of SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS) {
+        const shown =
+          id === 'starlink'
+            ? layerState._params.catalog === 'dense'
+            : classes[id] === true;
+        if (!shown || !(counts[id] > 0)) continue;
+        legend.push({
+          klass: id,
+          label: t(SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY[id].label),
+          color: SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY[id].color,
+          blurb: t(SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY[id].blurb),
+          count: counts[id],
         });
-      else if (active)
-        title = t(
-          'Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only',
-        );
-      return {
-        chips: [
-          {
-            id: 'catalog',
-            label: loading
-              ? t('DENSE ···')
-              : failed
-                ? t('DENSE ✕')
-                : t('DENSE'),
-            active,
-            busy: loading,
-            disabled: loading,
-            state: loading
-              ? 'loading'
-              : failed
-                ? 'error'
-                : active
-                  ? 'active'
-                  : 'idle',
-            title,
-            params: { catalog: active ? 'core' : 'dense' },
-          },
-        ],
-        legend: satelliteClassLegend(_classTally()),
-      };
+      }
+      return { chips, legend, ...classEvidenceNotice() };
     },
 
     /**
@@ -559,6 +670,9 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
                 ? 'stale'
                 : 'nominal',
         error: layerState._lastError,
+        // SATCAT refines the classes; when it is stale or unavailable the
+        // classes rest on UCS, names and groups alone.
+        classEvidence: layerState._satcatState,
       };
     },
   };
@@ -567,6 +681,8 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     _pointStyleFor,
     _notifyRowControls,
     _classTally,
+    _classVisible,
+    _applyClassVisibility,
     satelliteVisualsVisible,
     satelliteCatalogModeChanged,
     methods,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index d2cc16e15..e1d888081 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -3,6 +3,14 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { noradIdFromSatnum, tleLineLaunchYear } from '../../sources/tle.js';
 import { CATALOG_GROUPS, ISS_NORAD, POINT_STYLES } from './policy.js';
+import { classifySatellite, parseSatcatCsv } from './classes.js';
+
+/**
+ * How long a catalog rebuild waits for SATCAT before it classifies without
+ * it, ms. SATCAT can hang for the proxy's whole upstream timeout (20 s); the
+ * late answer reclassifies in place.
+ */
+export const SATCAT_WAIT_MS = 3000;
 
 export function createIngestion({
   state: layerState,
@@ -10,6 +18,125 @@ export function createIngestion({
   parts,
   source,
 }) {
+  /**
+   * The local pack the classes are read from: the UCS pack. It is not needed
+   * to render: a failed read leaves the last pack (or none) and
+   * classification falls back to names and groups.
+   */
+  async function _readLocalEvidence() {
+    if (layerState._ucs) return;
+    const pack = await Promise.resolve()
+      .then(() => source.readUcs?.())
+      .then((loaded) => (loaded instanceof Map ? loaded : null))
+      .catch((error) => {
+        console.warn('[Data:Satellites] UCS pack unavailable:', error);
+        return null;
+      });
+    if (pack) layerState._ucs = pack;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * CelesTrak SATCAT for every core group: type and status, which refine the
+   * classes. A group whose read failed gives null.
+   * @returns {Promise<Array<{records: Map, stale: boolean}|null>>}
+   */
+  function _readSatcat(signal) {
+    if (typeof source.readSatcat !== 'function') return Promise.resolve([]);
+    return Promise.all(
+      CATALOG_GROUPS.map((groupDef) =>
+        source
+          .readSatcat(groupDef.path, { signal })
+          .then((res) =>
+            res?.ok
+              ? { records: parseSatcatCsv(res.text), stale: Boolean(res.stale) }
+              : null,
+          )
+          .catch((error) => {
+            if (signal.aborted || error?.name === 'AbortError') throw error;
+            return null;
+          }),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Merge SATCAT reads and say how current they are: 'current', 'stale' (a
+   * group came from the proxy's last copy) or 'unavailable' (a group failed;
+   * its earlier records, if any, stay).
+   */
+  function _mergeSatcat(groups) {
+    let satcatState = 'current';
+    for (const group of groups) {
+      if (!group) {
+        satcatState = 'unavailable';
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (group.stale && satcatState === 'current') satcatState = 'stale';
+      for (const [noradId, record] of group.records)
+        layerState._satcat.set(noradId, record);
+    }
+    if (!groups.length) return;
+    const changed = layerState._satcatState !== satcatState;
+    layerState._satcatState = satcatState;
+    if (satcatState !== 'current')
+      console.warn(`[Data:Satellites] SATCAT ${satcatState}: classes may lag`);
+    // The row's info line says so (getRowControls).
+    if (changed) parts.controls._notifyRowControls();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Classify the catalog again once SATCAT lands after it was built: only
+   * entries whose SATCAT record changed are read again; a changed class
+   * restyles its point and refreshes visibility, the legend and the overlay.
+   */
+  function _reclassifyFromSatcat() {
+    let changed = false;
+    for (const [noradId, sat] of layerState._catalog) {
+      if (sat.group === 'dense') continue;
+      const satcat = layerState._satcat.get(noradId) || null;
+      if (satcat === sat.satcat) continue;
+      sat.satcat = satcat;
+      const next = classifySatellite({
+        noradId,
+        name: sat.name,
+        group: sat.group,
+        ucs: sat.ucs,
+        satcat,
+        launchYear: sat.launchYear,
+      });
+      if (next === sat.satelliteClass) continue;
+      sat.satelliteClass = next;
+      changed = true;
+      const point = layerState._points.get(noradId);
+      if (point) {
+        const style = parts.controls._pointStyleFor(noradId, sat.group);
+        point.pixelSize = style.pixelSize;
+        point.color = style.color;
+        point.outlineColor = style.outlineColor;
+        point.outlineWidth = style.outlineWidth;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!changed) return;
+    parts.controls._applyClassVisibility();
+    layerState._catalogRevision++;
+    parts.controls._notifyRowControls();
+  }
+
+  /** Resolve null after `ms`, or at once when `signal` aborts. */
+  function _waitOrAbort(ms, signal) {
+    return new Promise((resolve) => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(resolve, ms, null);
+      signal.addEventListener(
+        'abort',
+        () => {
+          clearTimeout(timer);
+          resolve(null);
+        },
+        { once: true },
+      );
+    });
+  }
+
   const methods = {
     async update(viewer, { signal = null } = {}) {
       const trackingRefreshEpoch = ++layerState._trackingRefreshEpoch;
@@ -27,6 +154,10 @@ export function createIngestion({
         updateSignal.throwIfAborted();
         // Load all core groups in parallel; a failed/empty group degrades
         // gracefully (parseTLE of an upstream error body yields []).
+        const localEvidence = _readLocalEvidence();
+        const satcat = _readSatcat(updateSignal);
+        // An abort can reject this before the groups settle and it is awaited.
+        satcat.catch(() => {});
         const results = await Promise.all(
           CATALOG_GROUPS.map(async (groupDef) => {
             try {
@@ -49,7 +180,23 @@ export function createIngestion({
             }
           }),
         );
+        await localEvidence;
+        // SATCAT only refines classes: wait a moment for it, then classify
+        // with what is held and let a late answer reclassify in place.
+        const satcatInTime = await Promise.race([
+          satcat.then((groups) => ({ groups })),
+          _waitOrAbort(SATCAT_WAIT_MS, updateSignal),
+        ]).catch(() => null);
         updateSignal.throwIfAborted();
+        if (satcatInTime) _mergeSatcat(satcatInTime.groups);
+        else
+          satcat
+            .then((groups) => {
+              if (updateSignal.aborted || !layerState._enabled) return;
+              _mergeSatcat(groups);
+              _reclassifyFromSatcat();
+            })
+            .catch(() => {});
 
         const failed = results.filter((r) => !r.ok).map((r) => r.path);
         if (failed.length > 0) {
@@ -62,7 +209,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
         );
 
         // CelesTrak outage guard (H3): if EVERY group failed, bail BEFORE clearing.
-        // Wiping the collection + catalog here would blank all 838 satellites while
+        // Wiping the collection + catalog here would blank every satellite while
         // the chip still read "just now". Keep the existing (stale) catalog on
         // screen and surface the outage instead — do NOT stamp _lastUpdate.
         if (results.every((r) => !r.ok)) {
@@ -125,12 +272,27 @@ export function createIngestion({
           seen.add(noradId);
 
           // Store in catalog
+          const launchYear = tleLineLaunchYear(entry.line1);
+          const ucs = layerState._ucs?.get(noradId) || null;
+          const satcat = layerState._satcat.get(noradId) || null;
           layerState._catalog.set(noradId, {
             name: entry.name,
             satrec,
             group: entry.group,
             // satellite.js does not keep the designator the year match reads.
-            launchYear: tleLineLaunchYear(entry.line1),
+            launchYear,
+            line1: entry.line1,
+            line2: entry.line2,
+            satelliteClass: classifySatellite({
+              noradId,
+              name: entry.name,
+              group: entry.group,
+              ucs,
+              satcat,
+              launchYear,
+            }),
+            ucs,
+            satcat,
           });
 
           coreStale ||= entry.stale;
@@ -156,6 +318,8 @@ export function createIngestion({
             scaleByDistance: new Cesium.NearFarScalar(1e6, 1.5, 2e7, 0.6),
             id: noradId,
           });
+          // Hidden classes keep their point, so a toggle needs no rebuild.
+          point.show = parts.controls._classVisible(noradId);
 
           layerState._points.set(noradId, point);
         }
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
index beea1a518..494ff8e09 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { parseTleText, tleLineLaunchYear } from '../../sources/tle.js';
-import { createIngestion } from './ingestion.js';
+import { SATCAT_WAIT_MS, createIngestion } from './ingestion.js';
 import { createOrbits } from './orbits.js';
+import { createControls } from './controls.js';
 
 // The ISS set (1 January 2024) with its catalog field swapped per satellite.
 const ISS_LINE1 =
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ function tleSet(name, field) {
   ].join('\n');
 }
 
-function ingestionFor(catalogText) {
+function ingestionFor(catalogText, { source: sourceExtras = {} } = {}) {
   const state = {
     _trackingRefreshEpoch: 0,
     _activeUpdateControllers: new Set(),
@@ -33,6 +34,8 @@ function ingestionFor(catalogText) {
     _denseLoadToken: 0,
     _catalogRevision: 0,
     _params: { catalog: 'core', showOrbits: false },
+    _satcat: new Map(),
+    _ucs: null,
   };
   const parts = {
     orbits: {
@@ -40,7 +43,16 @@ function ingestionFor(catalogText) {
       propagatePosition: () => ({ longitude: 0, latitude: 0, altitude: 4e5 }),
     },
     labels: { _syncIssOverlay() {} },
-    controls: { _pointStyleFor: () => ({}) },
+    controls: {
+      _pointStyleFor: () => ({}),
+      _classVisible: () => true,
+      _applyClassVisibility() {
+        state.visibilityApplied = (state.visibilityApplied || 0) + 1;
+      },
+      _notifyRowControls() {
+        state.rowNotified = (state.rowNotified || 0) + 1;
+      },
+    },
     rendering: { _showOrbitPath() {} },
     tracking: {
       async _reconcileTrackedSubjectContext() {},
@@ -52,6 +64,7 @@ function ingestionFor(catalogText) {
     async readGroup() {
       return { ok: true, text: catalogText };
     },
+    ...sourceExtras,
   };
   const { methods } = createIngestion({ state, services: {}, parts, source });
   return { state, update: () => methods.update({ scene: {} }) };
@@ -119,3 +132,76 @@ test('a satellite with a blank designator keeps matching by name', async (t) =>
     69728,
   );
 });
+
+test('a hanging SATCAT read neither holds the catalog nor is lost when it lands', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  let answer;
+  const satcatAnswer = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    answer = resolve;
+  });
+  const { state, update } = ingestionFor(tleSet('OLD STAGE', '40115'), {
+    source: { readSatcat: () => satcatAnswer },
+  });
+  state._enabled = true;
+  const settle = async () => {
+    for (let turn = 0; turn < 20; turn += 1)
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  };
+  const rebuilt = update();
+  await settle();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(SATCAT_WAIT_MS);
+  await rebuilt;
+  // Built without SATCAT: neither name nor group says what it is (the
+  // stations group alone makes no station).
+  assert.equal(state._catalog.get(40115).satelliteClass, 'probes');
+  const revision = state._catalogRevision;
+  // SATCAT lands late: a rocket body.
+  answer({
+    ok: true,
+    stale: true,
+    text: 'OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID,NORAD_CAT_ID,OBJECT_TYPE,OPS_STATUS_CODE,OWNER\nOLD STAGE,2014-048B,40115,R/B,,US',
+  });
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(state._catalog.get(40115).satelliteClass, 'debris');
+  assert.equal(state._catalogRevision, revision + 1, 'the legend refreshes');
+  assert.ok(state.visibilityApplied >= 1 && state.rowNotified >= 1);
+  assert.equal(state._satcatState, 'stale', 'its staleness is kept');
+});
+
+test('a failed SATCAT read is told on the layer row, not only the console', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  const { state, update } = ingestionFor(tleSet('OLD STAGE', '40115'), {
+    source: { readSatcat: async () => ({ ok: false, text: '' }) },
+  });
+  await update();
+  assert.equal(state._satcatState, 'unavailable');
+  assert.ok(state.rowNotified >= 1, 'the row repaints');
+  const controls = createControls({
+    state: {
+      ...state,
+      _params: { ...state._params, showPoints: true },
+      _classTallyCache: {},
+    },
+    services: { layerState: { isExplicitLayerStateOrigin: () => false } },
+    parts: {},
+    source: {},
+  });
+  const row = controls.methods.getRowControls();
+  assert.equal(row.info, 'Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable');
+  assert.match(row.infoTitle, /SATCAT/);
+  const current = createControls({
+    state: {
+      ...state,
+      _satcatState: 'current',
+      _params: { ...state._params, showPoints: true },
+      _classTallyCache: {},
+    },
+    services: { layerState: { isExplicitLayerStateOrigin: () => false } },
+    parts: {},
+    source: {},
+  });
+  assert.equal(current.methods.getRowControls().info, '');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/policy.js b/src/layers/satellites/policy.js
index e7ea5456d..48152e818 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/policy.js
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { satelliteClassColor } from '../../data/satelliteClass.js';
+import { SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY, SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS } from './classes.js';
 
 /**
  * Satellite Orbits — Real-time positions via CelesTrak TLE + SGP4 propagation.
  *
- * Loads six CelesTrak groups (~840 sats): stations, visual, GPS, GLONASS,
- * Galileo, and the geosynchronous belt. Optional dense mode (setParams
- * catalog:'dense') adds the Starlink shell as points-only extras.
+ * Loads eleven CelesTrak groups: stations, visual, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, the
+ * geosynchronous belt, and the Earth resources, weather, Planet, SAR and
+ * science groups. Each object is filed under one of six classes
+ * (src/layers/satellites/classes.js) whose visibility the layer row toggles; dense mode
+ * (setParams catalog:'dense', the STARLINK toggle) adds the Starlink shell as
+ * points-only extras.
  * Renders positions via PointPrimitiveCollection, orbital paths as polylines.
  * Click any satellite to track it with camera follow + orbital path.
  *
@@ -49,6 +53,13 @@ export const CATALOG_GROUPS = [
   { tag: 'glonass', path: 'glo-ops' },
   { tag: 'galileo', path: 'galileo' },
   { tag: 'geo', path: 'geo' },
+  // Earth observation launched after the UCS snapshot, and science probes.
+  // Each object's class comes from src/layers/satellites/classes.js, not its group.
+  { tag: 'resource', path: 'resource' },
+  { tag: 'weather', path: 'weather' },
+  { tag: 'planet', path: 'planet' },
+  { tag: 'sar', path: 'sar' },
+  { tag: 'science', path: 'science' },
 ];
 
 // Dense-catalog mode (setParams({ catalog: 'dense' })): Starlink shell as
@@ -157,6 +168,37 @@ export const POINT_STYLES = {
   },
 };
 
+const CLASS_COLORS = Object.fromEntries(
+  SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS.map((id) => [
+    id,
+    Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY[id].color),
+  ]),
+);
+const _classStyles = new Map();
+
+/**
+ * A satellite's point style: its group's size and outline, in its class's
+ * colour (src/layers/satellites/classes.js), so the dots match the class legend and
+ * toggles. Styles are shared per group and class.
+ * @param {string|undefined} group Catalog group tag.
+ * @param {string|undefined} satelliteClass Class id.
+ */
+export function classPointStyle(group, satelliteClass) {
+  const base = POINT_STYLES[group] || POINT_STYLES.visual;
+  const color = CLASS_COLORS[satelliteClass];
+  if (!color) return base;
+  const key = `${group}|${satelliteClass}`;
+  let style = _classStyles.get(key);
+  if (!style) {
+    style = Object.freeze({
+      ...base,
+      color: group === 'dense' ? color.withAlpha(0.9) : color,
+    });
+    _classStyles.set(key, style);
+  }
+  return style;
+}
+
 /**
  * Physically DOCKED vehicles are separate real tracks sharing one position: the
  * station and everything berthed to it sit within metres of each other. Their
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/records.js b/src/layers/satellites/records.js
index d4fb4d076..a25a92bf3 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/records.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { satelliteClassLabel } from '../../data/satelliteClass.js';
+import { satelliteClassText } from '../../data/satelliteClass.js';
 import { ISS_NORAD } from './policy.js';
 
 /**
@@ -38,7 +38,10 @@ export function mapAnalystRecord(raw) {
     // must not leak onto a row that has no satellite identity.
     satelliteClass:
       noradId || group
-        ? satelliteClassLabel(group, { isIss, localize: false })
+        ? satelliteClassText(text(raw?.satelliteClass), group, {
+            isIss,
+            localize: false,
+          })
         : null,
     group,
   };
@@ -90,6 +93,7 @@ export function createRecords({ state, parts }) {
           noradId,
           name: sat?.name,
           group: sat?.group,
+          satelliteClass: sat?.satelliteClass,
           lat: pos.lat,
           lon: pos.lon,
           altitudeM: pos.altitudeM,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js b/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
index 08e4396bc..c54fbd61e 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
@@ -138,7 +138,8 @@ export function createRendering({
 
   /**
    * Propagate all CORE satellite positions and update point primitives.
-   * (~840 sats ≈ 1.6 ms/pass — fine at the 1s/200ms cadence.) Dense extras are
+   * (About 1,300 core satellites: ~840 measured at ≈ 1.6 ms/pass, so ≈ 2.5 ms,
+   * fine at the 1s/200ms cadence.) Dense extras are
    * excluded: they refresh on the round-robin budget in _propagateDenseChunk.
    */
 
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/source.js b/src/layers/satellites/source.js
index e900d34b0..2b7fe74bf 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/source.js
@@ -6,11 +6,24 @@ const GROUPS = new Set([
   'galileo',
   'geo',
   'starlink',
+  // Imaging coverage beyond the UCS May 2023 snapshot, and science probes.
+  'resource',
+  'weather',
+  'planet',
+  'sar',
+  'science',
 ]);
 
+/** The UCS pack, loaded on first use (see src/data/ucsSatellites.js). */
+async function loadBundledUcs() {
+  const { loadUcsSatellites } = await import('../../data/ucsSatellites.js');
+  return loadUcsSatellites();
+}
+
 /** Read catalog text from the existing group endpoint using a supplied transport. */
 export function createSatelliteSource({
   fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
+  loadUcs = loadBundledUcs,
 } = {}) {
   return {
     async readGroup(group, { signal } = {}) {
@@ -24,5 +37,28 @@ export function createSatelliteSource({
       const stale = response.headers?.get?.('x-tle-cache') === 'STALE-ERROR';
       return { ok: response.ok, status: response.status, text, stale };
     },
+
+    /**
+     * CelesTrak SATCAT records (CSV) for one group: object type, operational
+     * status and owner, through the proxy's day-long cache.
+     */
+    async readSatcat(group, { signal } = {}) {
+      if (!GROUPS.has(group)) throw new TypeError('Unknown satellite group');
+      signal?.throwIfAborted();
+      const response = await fetchImpl(`/api/celestrak-satcat/${group}`, {
+        signal,
+      });
+      const text = response.ok ? await response.text() : '';
+      signal?.throwIfAborted();
+      // The proxy serves its last copy, marked STALE-ERROR, when CelesTrak
+      // is down.
+      const stale = response.headers?.get?.('x-satcat-cache') === 'STALE-ERROR';
+      return { ok: response.ok, status: response.status, text, stale };
+    },
+
+    /** The UCS Satellite Database pack, keyed by NORAD number. */
+    readUcs() {
+      return loadUcs();
+    },
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/source.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/source.test.mjs
index 810b0d111..a6617935c 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/source.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/source.test.mjs
@@ -164,3 +164,24 @@ test('satellite pass prediction methods report no-tle on cold catalog and coerce
     { status: 'no-tle' },
   );
 });
+
+test('a SATCAT read says when the proxy served its last copy', async () => {
+  const headers = (cache) => ({
+    get: (name) => (name === 'x-satcat-cache' ? cache : null),
+  });
+  let cache = 'STALE-ERROR';
+  const source = createSatelliteSource({
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      assert.equal(url, '/api/celestrak-satcat/visual');
+      return {
+        ok: true,
+        status: 200,
+        headers: headers(cache),
+        text: async () => 'OBJECT_NAME,NORAD_CAT_ID,OBJECT_TYPE',
+      };
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal((await source.readSatcat('visual')).stale, true);
+  cache = 'HIT';
+  assert.equal((await source.readSatcat('visual')).stale, false);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/stale.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/stale.test.mjs
index 9cca23610..64e43a665 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/stale.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/stale.test.mjs
@@ -24,7 +24,15 @@ const GROUPS = [
   'galileo',
   'geo',
   'starlink',
+  // Added after Starlink so the fixture ids above keep their numbers.
+  'resource',
+  'weather',
+  'planet',
+  'sar',
+  'science',
 ];
+/** The core catalog's groups, one owned satellite each. */
+const CORE = GROUPS.filter((group) => group !== 'starlink');
 
 function tle(id, invalid = false) {
   // Owned synthetic catalog IDs over one valid element set; never live requests.
@@ -143,10 +151,10 @@ test('stale core records surface through actual HTTP, ingestion and feed state,
   const f = await fixture(t);
   await f.update();
   assert.equal(f.feed(), 'nominal');
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 6);
-  f.policy.stale = new Set(GROUPS.slice(0, 6));
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length);
+  f.policy.stale = new Set(CORE);
   await f.update();
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 6);
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length);
   assert.equal(f.stats().stale, true);
   assert.equal(f.feed(), 'stale');
   f.policy.stale = new Set(['visual']);
@@ -163,13 +171,13 @@ test('a stale duplicate cannot taint its earlier fresh winning record', async (t
   f.policy.stale.add('visual');
   f.policy.ids.visual = 25545;
   await f.update();
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 5);
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length - 1);
   assert.equal(f.state._catalog.get(25545).group, 'stations');
   assert.equal(f.stats().stale, false);
   assert.equal(f.feed(), 'nominal');
   f.policy.stale = new Set(['stations']);
   await f.update();
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 5);
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length - 1);
   assert.equal(
     f.stats().stale,
     true,
@@ -182,7 +190,7 @@ test('invalid stale orbital elements are not admitted as provenance', async (t)
   f.policy.stale.add('visual');
   f.policy.invalid.add('visual');
   await f.update();
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 5);
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length - 1);
   assert.equal(f.state._catalog.has(25546), false);
   assert.equal(f.stats().stale, false);
 });
@@ -194,17 +202,17 @@ test('failed and aborted core refreshes keep provenance of retained records', as
   const priorTime = f.stats().lastUpdate;
   f.policy.status = 503;
   await f.update();
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 6);
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length);
   assert.equal(f.stats().stale, true);
   assert.equal(f.stats().status, 'unavailable');
   assert.equal(f.stats().lastUpdate, priorTime);
   f.policy.hold = true;
   const controller = new AbortController();
   const work = f.update({ signal: controller.signal });
-  await f.waitHeld(6);
+  await f.waitHeld(CORE.length);
   controller.abort();
   await assert.rejects(work, { name: 'AbortError' });
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 6);
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length);
   assert.equal(f.stats().stale, true);
   assert.equal(f.stats().lastUpdate, priorTime);
   assert.equal(f.state._activeUpdateControllers.size, 0);
@@ -216,11 +224,11 @@ test('dense provenance belongs to its admitted records and clears on removal', a
   f.policy.stale.add('starlink');
   f.state._params.catalog = 'dense';
   assert.equal((await f.parts.catalog._loadDenseCatalog()).status, 'ready');
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 7);
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length + 1);
   assert.equal(f.feed(), 'stale');
   f.state._params.catalog = 'core';
   f.parts.catalog._removeDenseCatalog();
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 6);
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length);
   assert.equal(f.feed(), 'nominal');
   f.policy.stale = new Set(['stations']);
   await f.update();
@@ -261,13 +269,13 @@ test('cancelling dense replacement preserves admitted stale extras until rebuild
   await f.waitHeld(1);
   controller.abort();
   assert.equal((await work).status, 'cancelled');
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 7);
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length + 1);
   assert.equal(f.feed(), 'stale');
   f.policy.hold = false;
   f.policy.stale.clear();
   f.state._params.catalog = 'core';
   await f.update();
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 6);
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length);
   assert.equal(f.feed(), 'nominal');
 });
 
@@ -277,7 +285,7 @@ test('destroy aborts an in-flight response and initialization starts with new ow
   await f.update();
   f.policy.hold = true;
   const work = f.update();
-  await f.waitHeld(6);
+  await f.waitHeld(CORE.length);
   const rejected = assert.rejects(work, { name: 'AbortError' });
   f.parts.lifecycle.methods.destroy(f.viewer);
   assert.equal(f.stats().count, 0);
@@ -288,6 +296,6 @@ test('destroy aborts an in-flight response and initialization starts with new ow
   f.policy.hold = false;
   f.policy.stale.clear();
   await f.update();
-  assert.equal(f.stats().count, 6);
+  assert.equal(f.stats().count, CORE.length);
   assert.equal(f.feed(), 'nominal');
 });
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/state.js b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
index 50a127b54..d346a2cb2 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES } from './classes.js';
 
 export function createState({ services }) {
   const { setOverlayEntries, setOverlaySourceVisible, clearOverlaySource } =
@@ -13,7 +14,9 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state._overlayHost = state.DEFAULT_OVERLAY_HOST;
 
-  // Satellite catalog: { noradId → { name, satrec, group } }
+  // Satellite catalog: { noradId → { name, satrec, group, line1, line2,
+  // satelliteClass, ucs, satcat } } — class, UCS and SATCAT records from
+  // src/layers/satellites/classes.js and the sources the update read.
 
   state._catalog = new Map();
 
@@ -42,6 +45,9 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   // Cache provenance belongs to admitted core and dense records separately.
   state._coreStale = false;
+  // How current the SATCAT records behind the classes are: null before any
+  // read, then 'current' | 'stale' | 'unavailable' (see ingestion.js).
+  state._satcatState = null;
   state._denseStale = false;
 
   state._activeUpdateControllers = new Set();
@@ -92,9 +98,22 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   // Runtime params (DataLayerManager.setLayerParams path)
 
-  state._params = { catalog: 'core', showPoints: true, showOrbits: true };
+  state._params = {
+    catalog: 'core',
+    showPoints: true,
+    showOrbits: true,
+    // Which satellite classes show (src/layers/satellites/classes.js). Starlink
+    // follows `catalog`: its points exist only in dense mode.
+    classes: { ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES },
+  };
   // 'core' | 'dense'
 
+  /** SATCAT records (object type, status, owner) by NORAD id, last update. */
+  state._satcat = new Map();
+
+  /** The UCS pack by NORAD id, once loaded; null until then or if it failed. */
+  state._ucs = null;
+
   state._denseIds = [];
   // norad ids of dense extras, round-robin order
 
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
index 2b2624ff7..fd944f924 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { satelliteClassLabel } from '../../data/satelliteClass.js';
+import { satelliteClassText } from '../../data/satelliteClass.js';
 import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { formatQuantity, unitLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 import {
@@ -95,7 +95,8 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         layerState._trackedNorad,
         layerState._catalog.get(layerState._trackedNorad)?.group,
       );
-      lastPos.show = true;
+      // Back to its class's visibility: a hidden class stays hidden.
+      lastPos.show = parts.controls._classVisible(layerState._trackedNorad);
       lastPos.pixelSize = style.pixelSize;
       lastPos.color = style.color;
       lastPos.outlineColor = style.outlineColor;
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         name,
         operator: '',
         noradId: String(noradId),
-        class: satelliteClassLabel(sat.group, {
+        class: satelliteClassText(sat.satelliteClass, sat.group, {
           isIss: noradId === ISS_NORAD,
           localize: false,
         }),
@@ -366,7 +367,7 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     // looking at, and it stays readable under the IR styles that flatten the
     // dot colors to a single channel (the card is painted above post-FX).
     const details = [
-      satelliteClassLabel(sat?.group, {
+      satelliteClassText(sat?.satelliteClass, sat?.group, {
         isIss: layerState._trackedNorad === ISS_NORAD,
       }),
       detail,
diff --git a/src/proxyErrorResponses.test.mjs b/src/proxyErrorResponses.test.mjs
index 4f9ef7602..50afc5431 100644
--- a/src/proxyErrorResponses.test.mjs
+++ b/src/proxyErrorResponses.test.mjs
@@ -45,10 +45,11 @@ function fixture(name, overrides = {}, preview = false) {
     resolveTerrainHeightRequest: async () => { throw new Error(detail); },
     ...overrides,
   };
-  const helpers = ['launchLibraryRequestHeaders', 'celestrakTleUrl', 'launchLibraryRecentUrl'].map(extract).join('\n');
+  const helpers = ['launchLibraryRequestHeaders', 'celestrakTleUrl', 'celestrakSatcatUrl', 'launchLibraryRecentUrl'].map(extract).join('\n');
   const plugin = new Function(...Object.keys(deps), `${helpers}\n${extract(name)}\nreturn ${name}();`)(...Object.values(deps));
   let middleware;
-  plugin[preview ? 'configurePreviewServer' : 'configureServer']({ middlewares: { use(_route, handler) { middleware = handler; } } });
+  // A plugin with several routes (CelesTrak: TLEs, then SATCAT) is tested on its first.
+  plugin[preview ? 'configurePreviewServer' : 'configureServer']({ middlewares: { use(_route, handler) { middleware ??= handler; } } });
   return {
     logs,
     async request(url = '/', method = 'GET') {
diff --git a/src/tooling/spaceProviders.test.mjs b/src/tooling/spaceProviders.test.mjs
index 7aef775b1..c8dd701c1 100644
--- a/src/tooling/spaceProviders.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/spaceProviders.test.mjs
@@ -303,6 +303,62 @@ test('Space Missions reads the active catalog through the real proxy while unkno
   assert.deepEqual(fetched, ['active'], 'rejected groups never reach upstream');
 });
 
+test('SATCAT is proxied per core group for a day, separately from TLEs, and served stale on failure', async (t) => {
+  isolateDisk(t);
+  let now = Date.now();
+  t.mock.method(Date, 'now', () => now);
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  const csv =
+    'OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID,NORAD_CAT_ID,OBJECT_TYPE,OPS_STATUS_CODE,OWNER\nSL-16 R/B,1992-093B,22285,R/B,,CIS\n';
+  const fetched = [];
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url) => {
+    const parsed = new URL(url);
+    fetched.push(`${parsed.pathname}?${parsed.searchParams.get('GROUP')}`);
+    return new Response(csv);
+  });
+  const written = [];
+  t.mock.method(fsp, 'writeFile', async (file) => {
+    written.push(String(file).split(/[\\/]/).pop());
+  });
+  const request = install(celestrakProxy());
+  for (const group of ['/starlink', '/active', '/../visual', '/nope'])
+    assert.equal(
+      (await request('/api/celestrak-satcat', group)).status,
+      400,
+      group,
+    );
+  assert.deepEqual(fetched, [], 'rejected groups never reach upstream');
+
+  const first = await request('/api/celestrak-satcat', '/visual');
+  assert.equal(first.status, 200);
+  assert.equal(first.body, csv);
+  assert.equal(first.headers['x-satcat-cache'], 'MISS');
+  assert.deepEqual(fetched, ['/satcat/records.php?visual']);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    written,
+    ['celestrak-satcat-visual.json'],
+    'its own disk cache',
+  );
+
+  now += 23 * 3600_000;
+  assert.equal(
+    (await request('/api/celestrak-satcat', '/visual')).headers[
+      'x-satcat-cache'
+    ],
+    'HIT',
+    'a day-long cache, unlike the 6 h TLEs',
+  );
+  now += 2 * 3600_000;
+  t.mock.method(
+    globalThis,
+    'fetch',
+    async () => new Response('<html>busy</html>'),
+  );
+  const stale = await request('/api/celestrak-satcat', '/visual');
+  assert.equal(stale.body, csv, 'an error page never replaces good records');
+  assert.equal(stale.headers['x-satcat-cache'], 'STALE-ERROR');
+});
+
 test('CelesTrak admits a same-origin request behind the documented reverse proxy and refuses foreign origins', async (t) => {
   isolateDisk(t);
   let calls = 0;

From 63e6338c19603859e95a74351f468db0ada16a0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 20:29:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 208/262] docs(changelog): add the #1558 fragment

---
 changelog.d/1558-satellite-classes.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1558-satellite-classes.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1558-satellite-classes.md b/changelog.d/1558-satellite-classes.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a46d678ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1558-satellite-classes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- File satellites under six classes, Stations, Imaging, Telecom, Starlink,
+  Probes and Debris, each with a toggle; Stations and Imaging show by default.
+  Classes come from CelesTrak SATCAT, the UCS Satellite Database and name rules
+  (Denis Groshev, @ZloyS, #1558).

From d404445da3ae031608e095f0e9dfbf29468d7efa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:37:29 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 209/262] fix(satellites): every class but Starlink shows by
 default

Showing only Stations and Imaging by default hid GPS, GEO comsats, Hubble
and the rest of what the layer showed before classes, for every existing
user and saved view. Every class now starts on except Starlink, which stays
off as the DENSE switch was.
---
 changelog.d/1558-satellite-classes.md  |  2 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                  |  2 +-
 src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs       | 27 +++++++++++++++-----------
 src/layers/satellites/classes.js       | 11 +++++++----
 src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1558-satellite-classes.md b/changelog.d/1558-satellite-classes.md
index a46d678ac..baaed9bff 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1558-satellite-classes.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1558-satellite-classes.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 - File satellites under six classes, Stations, Imaging, Telecom, Starlink,
-  Probes and Debris, each with a toggle; Stations and Imaging show by default.
+  Probes and Debris, each with a toggle; all but Starlink show by default.
   Classes come from CelesTrak SATCAT, the UCS Satellite Database and name rules
   (Denis Groshev, @ZloyS, #1558).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 3e62496db..46b608a8d 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5458,7 +5458,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - **Satellite classes** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): every satellite is filed under one of six classes, each with its own point colour, legend swatch and toggle: STATIONS (warm white), IMAGING (cyan), TELECOM (violet; communications and navigation, so GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou read as one family), STARLINK (dim slate), PROBES (muted blue-gray) and DEBRIS (receding brown-gray). That module is the single source of truth for class, label and colour, so the dot, the card and the legend swatch cannot disagree. Two deliberate palette rules: no class may sit in the 40–48° amber band, which is the app-wide known-military convention; and STARLINK stays far below PROBES in Rec.601 luminance so the dense shell stays separable when NVG/FLIR collapse the scene to one channel. The ISS keeps its long-standing red hero dot rather than the STATIONS colour — it carries a permanent name label and its card still reads `STATIONS · ISS`; it is a station whichever group ingested it, so a stations-feed outage cannot refile it. `src/data/satelliteClass.js` keeps the group-based labels beneath the classes: the constellation subtype and a group's own label for a satellite with no class.
 - Class is also a **text field**, not just a color: `TELECOM · GPS` / `STARLINK` / `STATIONS · ISS` leads the tracked card's detail block and replaces the raw CelesTrak tag on the detection-overlay label. Because that canvas composites above the post-FX chain, the class stays readable in NVG/FLIR after the in-scene dot colors are flattened.
 - The satellites row in DATA LAYERS carries per-layer sub-controls (`DataLayerManager._syncRowControls`, the first consumer of the optional `getRowControls()` layer hook): one chip per class (the STARLINK chip exposes the existing `catalog` param), a swatch legend with live per-class counts, and an info line while SATCAT is stale or unavailable (`Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy` / `Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable`). Default is the sparse core catalog. The chips are stateless — each declares the params to apply and the manager owns the write — so the Space Missions capture/restore path over the same param stays authoritative. Controls stay hidden while the layer is off. An explicit CORE or DENSE choice participates in versioned local and share-link state; temporary Space Missions overrides do not.
-- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS and IMAGING on by default; TELECOM (communications and navigation), STARLINK, PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects and dead payloads) off. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay and the voice/framing position lists, and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: operator, owner country and purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak group. Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. Class visibility is a runtime param (`classes`) and is not yet part of share links; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param, which is.
+- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay and the voice/framing position lists, and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: operator, owner country and purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak group. Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. Class visibility is a runtime param (`classes`) and is not yet part of share links; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param, which is.
 - **The STARLINK chip (formerly DENSE) reports the dense LOAD, not the catalog param.** The param flips synchronously while the Starlink shell takes seconds to arrive over a chunked load, and CelesTrak 502s that feed regularly. So the chip reads `STARLINK ···` (busy, disabled) while loading, ACTIVE only once dense points are actually on screen, and `STARLINK ✕` with the reason on hover when the load fails — a failure also reverts `catalog` to `core`, drops any partial chunk, and leaves the chip clickable to retry. A load is judged by points added, not by HTTP status: a 200 carrying an empty body, a passed-through HTML error page, or only TLEs the core catalog already owns fails with the same revert semantics as a 502. Any explicit request for `core` clears a latched error even when the mode does not change, so a Space Missions restore of an already-core snapshot never leaves the user with a failure they did not cause. Because the load settles asynchronously, the layer pushes a re-render through the optional `setRowControlsListener()` hook; nothing else would repaint that row before the 5-minute catalog refresh, so the count and legend would otherwise sit stale.
 - **A dependency owner takes the row with it.** Space Missions borrows this layer for TLE lookup with `showPoints:false`; while points are hidden the layer returns empty row controls, so the legend never describes an empty sky and the chip cannot accept a write that the owner's restore would silently revert.
 - The detection-overlay record cache (`_detectionObjects`) is cleared with the catalog on every rebuild: it stamps id/class at creation only, and a rebuild can re-tag a satellite when a partial CelesTrak outage changes which group wins dedupe.
diff --git a/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs b/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
index 6e0645cda..ba9e8893b 100644
--- a/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ test('a dependency owner hiding the points surrenders the whole row', async () =
   }
 });
 
-test('stations and imaging show by default; each class chip turns its class on and off', async () => {
+test('every class but Starlink shows by default; each class chip turns its class on and off', async () => {
   const originalFetch = globalThis.fetch;
   const log = console.log;
   const warn = console.warn;
@@ -434,35 +434,40 @@ test('stations and imaging show by default; each class chip turns its class on a
       text: async () => served[String(url)] || '',
     });
     await satellitesLayer.update({ scene: { primitives: { add: (p) => p, remove() {} } } });
-    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40002], 'stations and imaging only');
+    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40001, 40002, 40003], 'all but Starlink');
     assert.deepEqual(
       satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.map((entry) => entry.label),
       ['STATIONS', 'IMAGING', 'TELECOM', 'STARLINK', 'PROBES', 'DEBRIS'],
     );
     assert.equal(chip('imaging').active, true);
-    assert.equal(chip('telecom').active, false);
-    assert.deepEqual(chip('telecom').params, { classes: { telecom: true } });
+    assert.equal(chip('telecom').active, true);
+    assert.equal(
+      satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.find((entry) => entry.id === 'catalog').active,
+      false,
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(chip('telecom').params, { classes: { telecom: false } });
     assert.deepEqual(
       satellitesLayer.getRowControls().legend.map((row) => row.klass),
-      ['stations', 'imaging'],
+      ['stations', 'imaging', 'telecom', 'debris'],
       'the legend keys only what is on screen',
     );
 
     satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('telecom').params);
     satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('debris').params);
-    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40001, 40002, 40003]);
-    assert.equal(chip('debris').active, true);
+    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40002], 'telecom and debris off');
+    assert.equal(chip('debris').active, false);
     assert.deepEqual(satellitesLayer.getParams().classes, {
       stations: true,
       imaging: true,
-      telecom: true,
+      telecom: false,
       starlink: false,
-      probes: false,
-      debris: true,
+      probes: true,
+      debris: false,
     });
 
+    satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('telecom').params);
     satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('imaging').params);
-    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40001, 40003], 'imaging off');
+    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40001], 'telecom back on, imaging off');
     assert.equal(satellitesLayer.setParams({ classes: 'all' }), false, 'malformed request refused');
   } finally {
     console.log = log;
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
index c42592ee8..07822089e 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
@@ -39,14 +39,17 @@ export const SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS = Object.freeze([
   'debris',
 ]);
 
-/** Which classes show when nobody has chosen. */
+/**
+ * Which classes show when nobody has chosen: everything the layer showed
+ * before classes existed. Starlink stays off, as the DENSE switch was.
+ */
 export const DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES = Object.freeze({
   stations: true,
   imaging: true,
-  telecom: false,
+  telecom: true,
   starlink: false,
-  probes: false,
-  debris: false,
+  probes: true,
+  debris: true,
 });
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
index 7d52c694e..cf73fde14 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ test('six classes, with stations and imaging on by default and the rest off', ()
   ]);
   assert.deepEqual(
     SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS.filter((id) => DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES[id]),
-    ['stations', 'imaging'],
+    ['stations', 'imaging', 'telecom', 'probes', 'debris'],
   );
   for (const id of SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS) {
     const display = SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY[id];

From 8ae56587c3122baa230496b3b129063315344741 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:39:36 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 210/262] fix(satellites): a SATCAT failure no longer stops TLE
 refreshes

Both CelesTrak routes shared one cooldown, and any failure set it: one bad
SATCAT answer made /api/celestrak return 502 "cooling down" for a minute,
failing the Starlink load and stalling every TLE group past its cache.
Throttling (403/429) still holds both routes off, since CelesTrak throttles
the client; any other failure holds off only the route that failed.
---
 server/providers/space/celestrak.js | 31 ++++++++++++++++----------
 src/tooling/spaceProviders.test.mjs | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/server/providers/space/celestrak.js b/server/providers/space/celestrak.js
index fe326e325..9845da26e 100644
--- a/server/providers/space/celestrak.js
+++ b/server/providers/space/celestrak.js
@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ import { readResponseTextCapped } from '../common/http.js';
  * The same plugin serves CelesTrak SATCAT records for the satellites layer's
  * groups at `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>` (object type, operational status
  * and owner, which file each object under a class). The catalog changes
- * slowly, so SATCAT is cached for a day; both routes share the upstream
- * cooldown, since CelesTrak throttles the client, not the endpoint.
+ * slowly, so SATCAT is cached for a day. CelesTrak throttles the client, not
+ * the endpoint, so a 403 or 429 holds both routes off; any other failure
+ * holds off only the route that failed, so a bad SATCAT answer never stops
+ * TLE refreshes.
  */
 export function celestrakProxy() {
   const TLE_TTL_MS = 6 * 3600_000;
@@ -81,12 +83,17 @@ export function celestrakProxy() {
       invalid: 'no SATCAT header in response',
     },
   ];
-  let cooldownUntil = 0;
+  // CelesTrak throttling (403/429) is per client, so it holds every feed
+  // off; any other failure holds off only the feed that failed, so a bad
+  // SATCAT answer never blocks the TLEs the layer cannot do without.
+  let hostCooldownUntil = 0;
 
   /** The largest group (`active`) measures ~2.7 MB; this bounds a runaway body. */
   const CELESTRAK_MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
 
   function createFeedHandler(feed) {
+    let feedCooldownUntil = 0;
+    const cooldownUntil = () => Math.max(hostCooldownUntil, feedCooldownUntil);
     const mem = new Map(); // group -> { at: epochMs, body: string }
     const inflight = new Map(); // group -> Promise<{at, body}|null>
     const diskPath = (group) => path.join(CACHE_DIR, feed.diskName(group));
@@ -126,10 +133,10 @@ export function celestrakProxy() {
       if (!res.ok) {
         // Group refreshes run in parallel: a later failure without Retry-After
         // must never shorten a longer deadline an earlier one already set.
-        cooldownUntil = Math.max(
-          cooldownUntil,
-          Date.now() + providerCooldownMs(res),
-        );
+        const until = Date.now() + providerCooldownMs(res);
+        if (res.status === 403 || res.status === 429)
+          hostCooldownUntil = Math.max(hostCooldownUntil, until);
+        else feedCooldownUntil = Math.max(feedCooldownUntil, until);
         void res.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
         throw new Error(`HTTP ${res.status}`);
       }
@@ -171,10 +178,10 @@ export function celestrakProxy() {
           ...(entry
             ? { [feed.cachedAtHeader]: new Date(entry.at).toISOString() }
             : {}),
-          ...(cooldownUntil > 0 && Date.now() < cooldownUntil
+          ...(cooldownUntil() > 0 && Date.now() < cooldownUntil()
             ? {
                 'Retry-After': String(
-                  Math.ceil((cooldownUntil - Date.now()) / 1000),
+                  Math.ceil((cooldownUntil() - Date.now()) / 1000),
                 ),
               }
             : {}),
@@ -192,7 +199,7 @@ export function celestrakProxy() {
           send(200, entry.body, 'HIT', entry);
           return;
         }
-        if (Date.now() < cooldownUntil) {
+        if (Date.now() < cooldownUntil()) {
           send(
             entry ? 200 : 502,
             entry?.body || 'celestrak upstream cooling down',
@@ -212,8 +219,8 @@ export function celestrakProxy() {
                 return fresh;
               })
               .catch((err) => {
-                if (Date.now() >= cooldownUntil)
-                  cooldownUntil = Date.now() + 60000;
+                if (Date.now() >= feedCooldownUntil)
+                  feedCooldownUntil = Date.now() + 60000;
                 console.warn(
                   '[celestrak-proxy] refresh failed — serving cache if any',
                 );
diff --git a/src/tooling/spaceProviders.test.mjs b/src/tooling/spaceProviders.test.mjs
index c8dd701c1..5c6ebee2b 100644
--- a/src/tooling/spaceProviders.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/spaceProviders.test.mjs
@@ -359,6 +359,40 @@ test('SATCAT is proxied per core group for a day, separately from TLEs, and serv
   assert.equal(stale.headers['x-satcat-cache'], 'STALE-ERROR');
 });
 
+test('a SATCAT failure never holds off the TLEs, but CelesTrak throttling holds off both', async (t) => {
+  isolateDisk(t);
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  const tle =
+    'ISS (ZARYA)\n1 25544U 98067A   24001.00000000  .00016717  00000-0  10270-3 0  9001\n2 25544  51.6416 247.4627 0006703 130.5360 325.0288 15.50000000    04\n';
+  let satcatAnswer = () => new Response('<html>not csv</html>');
+  const fetched = [];
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (url) => {
+    const parsed = new URL(url);
+    fetched.push(parsed.pathname);
+    return parsed.pathname.startsWith('/satcat/')
+      ? satcatAnswer()
+      : new Response(tle);
+  });
+  const request = install(celestrakProxy());
+  assert.equal((await request('/api/celestrak-satcat', '/sar')).status, 502);
+  const starlink = await request('/api/celestrak', '/starlink');
+  assert.equal(starlink.status, 200, 'the TLE feed is not cooling down');
+  assert.equal(starlink.body, tle);
+
+  // A 429 is CelesTrak throttling this client: every feed waits it out.
+  satcatAnswer = () =>
+    new Response('slow down', {
+      status: 429,
+      headers: { 'Retry-After': '120' },
+    });
+  const throttled = install(celestrakProxy());
+  await throttled('/api/celestrak-satcat', '/visual');
+  const before = fetched.length;
+  const held = await throttled('/api/celestrak', '/geo');
+  assert.equal(held.status, 502);
+  assert.equal(fetched.length, before, 'nothing went upstream');
+});
+
 test('CelesTrak admits a same-origin request behind the documented reverse proxy and refuses foreign origins', async (t) => {
   isolateDisk(t);
   let calls = 0;

From c84cfcadeba088fb3cc27b0c18501b5106890414 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:45:59 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 211/262] fix(satellites): class choices survive a reload and
 travel in share links

Only catalog and the tracked satellite were saved for the layer, so a class
chip lasted until the next reload and no share link carried it. The choice
is now the satellites option `classes`: one letter per class shown
(`sitpd` by default, `0` for none), with Starlink left to `catalog`, and
the layer takes the letters back through setParams. A partial request
(`{debris: false}`) hides only what it names.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                   |  2 +-
 scripts/package-boundaries.json         | 12 ++++++
 src/data/layerState.js                  | 11 +++++
 src/data/layerState.test.mjs            | 35 ++++++++++++++++
 src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs | 13 +++---
 src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs        | 12 ++++++
 src/data/satelliteClassMask.js          | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/satellites/controls.js       | 15 +++++--
 src/share/viewCodec.js                  |  6 ++-
 9 files changed, 148 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/data/satelliteClassMask.js

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 46b608a8d..325f571e2 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5458,7 +5458,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - **Satellite classes** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): every satellite is filed under one of six classes, each with its own point colour, legend swatch and toggle: STATIONS (warm white), IMAGING (cyan), TELECOM (violet; communications and navigation, so GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou read as one family), STARLINK (dim slate), PROBES (muted blue-gray) and DEBRIS (receding brown-gray). That module is the single source of truth for class, label and colour, so the dot, the card and the legend swatch cannot disagree. Two deliberate palette rules: no class may sit in the 40–48° amber band, which is the app-wide known-military convention; and STARLINK stays far below PROBES in Rec.601 luminance so the dense shell stays separable when NVG/FLIR collapse the scene to one channel. The ISS keeps its long-standing red hero dot rather than the STATIONS colour — it carries a permanent name label and its card still reads `STATIONS · ISS`; it is a station whichever group ingested it, so a stations-feed outage cannot refile it. `src/data/satelliteClass.js` keeps the group-based labels beneath the classes: the constellation subtype and a group's own label for a satellite with no class.
 - Class is also a **text field**, not just a color: `TELECOM · GPS` / `STARLINK` / `STATIONS · ISS` leads the tracked card's detail block and replaces the raw CelesTrak tag on the detection-overlay label. Because that canvas composites above the post-FX chain, the class stays readable in NVG/FLIR after the in-scene dot colors are flattened.
 - The satellites row in DATA LAYERS carries per-layer sub-controls (`DataLayerManager._syncRowControls`, the first consumer of the optional `getRowControls()` layer hook): one chip per class (the STARLINK chip exposes the existing `catalog` param), a swatch legend with live per-class counts, and an info line while SATCAT is stale or unavailable (`Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy` / `Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable`). Default is the sparse core catalog. The chips are stateless — each declares the params to apply and the manager owns the write — so the Space Missions capture/restore path over the same param stays authoritative. Controls stay hidden while the layer is off. An explicit CORE or DENSE choice participates in versioned local and share-link state; temporary Space Missions overrides do not.
-- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay and the voice/framing position lists, and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: operator, owner country and purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak group. Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. Class visibility is a runtime param (`classes`) and is not yet part of share links; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param, which is.
+- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay and the voice/framing position lists, and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: operator, owner country and purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak group. Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. An explicit class choice is kept in local and share-link state as the `classes` option, one letter per class shown (`sitpd`: stations, imaging, telecom, probes, debris; `0`: none; `src/data/satelliteClassMask.js`), and the layer takes those letters back through `setParams({classes})`; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param instead.
 - **The STARLINK chip (formerly DENSE) reports the dense LOAD, not the catalog param.** The param flips synchronously while the Starlink shell takes seconds to arrive over a chunked load, and CelesTrak 502s that feed regularly. So the chip reads `STARLINK ···` (busy, disabled) while loading, ACTIVE only once dense points are actually on screen, and `STARLINK ✕` with the reason on hover when the load fails — a failure also reverts `catalog` to `core`, drops any partial chunk, and leaves the chip clickable to retry. A load is judged by points added, not by HTTP status: a 200 carrying an empty body, a passed-through HTML error page, or only TLEs the core catalog already owns fails with the same revert semantics as a 502. Any explicit request for `core` clears a latched error even when the mode does not change, so a Space Missions restore of an already-core snapshot never leaves the user with a failure they did not cause. Because the load settles asynchronously, the layer pushes a re-render through the optional `setRowControlsListener()` hook; nothing else would repaint that row before the 5-minute catalog refresh, so the count and legend would otherwise sit stale.
 - **A dependency owner takes the row with it.** Space Missions borrows this layer for TLE lookup with `showPoints:false`; while points are hidden the layer returns empty row controls, so the legend never describes an empty sky and the chip cannot accept a write that the owner's restore would silently revert.
 - The detection-overlay record cache (`_detectionObjects`) is cleared with the catalog on every rebuild: it stamps id/class at creation only, and a rebuild can re-tag a satellite when a partial CelesTrak outage changes which group wins dedupe.
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index fbfb9fbf1..f5443b2e5 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -990,6 +990,7 @@
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js",
@@ -1371,6 +1372,7 @@
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/modelVisualAnchor.js",
       "src/data/aircraftModelLighting.js",
@@ -1434,6 +1436,7 @@
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/modelVisualAnchor.js",
       "src/data/aircraftModelLighting.js",
@@ -1488,6 +1491,7 @@
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/modelVisualAnchor.js",
@@ -1629,6 +1633,7 @@
     "exports": ["./layers/satellites"],
     "modules": [
       "src/data/satelliteClass.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/satellitePass.js",
       "src/sources/tle.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/catalog.js",
@@ -2077,6 +2082,7 @@
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/radioCountry.js",
       "src/layers/radio/catalogModel.js",
@@ -2469,6 +2475,7 @@
       "src/data/labelArbiter.js",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/lifecycle.js",
@@ -3466,6 +3473,7 @@
       "src/data/labelArbiter.js",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/localGeojsonCore.js",
       "src/data/localGeojsonLod.js",
@@ -4141,6 +4149,7 @@
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/loadingFeedback.js",
@@ -4884,6 +4893,7 @@
       "src/view/index.js",
       "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/detectionPolicy.js",
@@ -5009,6 +5019,7 @@
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/vesselTypes.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/sources/gbfsStations.js",
       "src/sources/tle.js",
@@ -5145,6 +5156,7 @@
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/firmsIntensity.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
+      "src/data/satelliteClassMask.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/visualStylePolicy.js"
     ],
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.js b/src/data/layerState.js
index ed53abeb1..8e8cdb1e1 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.js
+++ b/src/data/layerState.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Local, not i18n/marker.js: the token-ledger tests run this file in isolation.
 const msg = (text) => text;
 import { normalizeIdSwitches, patchRequestedIdSwitches } from './idSwitches.js';
+import { normalizeSatelliteClassMask } from './satelliteClassMask.js';
 import reservationRows from './layerStateTokenReservations.json' with { type: 'json' };
 
 const VALID_DISPOSITIONS = new Set([
@@ -416,6 +417,16 @@ const OPTION_GROUPS = Object.freeze({
       dense: 'd',
     }),
     integerOption('selectedSatTrackingId', 't', null),
+    // Every class but Starlink shows by default (satellites/classes.js).
+    Object.freeze({
+      key: 'classes',
+      token: 'k',
+      defaultValue: 'sitpd',
+      normalize: normalizeSatelliteClassMask,
+      encode: (value) => value,
+      decode: (value) =>
+        typeof value === 'string' ? normalizeSatelliteClassMask(value) : null,
+    }),
   ]),
   cctv: Object.freeze([
     enumOption('coverageMode', 'c', 'on', ['off', 'on', 'viewshed'], {
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
index b75565285..7deb73e7f 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerState.test.mjs
@@ -970,6 +970,41 @@ test('a direct Context selection promotes its owned tracker layer before persist
   coordinator.destroy();
 });
 
+test('a satellite class choice is saved, shared and restored', async () => {
+  const storage = memoryStorage();
+  const manager = productionManager();
+  const coordinator = new LayerStateCoordinator(manager, shareSink(), {
+    storage,
+  });
+  await coordinator.start();
+  await manager.setEnabled('satellites', true, { origin: 'user' });
+  assert.equal(
+    coordinator.getDurableState().options.satellites.classes,
+    'sitpd',
+    'every class but Starlink by default',
+  );
+  manager.setLayerParams(
+    'satellites',
+    { classes: { debris: false } },
+    { origin: 'user' },
+  );
+  const durable = coordinator.getDurableState();
+  assert.equal(durable.options.satellites.classes, 'sitp');
+  assert.equal(
+    new URLSearchParams(encode(durable)).get('lo')?.includes('s.k.sitp'),
+    true,
+  );
+  coordinator.destroy();
+
+  // A reload hands the layer its letters back (the layer decodes them:
+  // src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs).
+  const reloaded = productionManager();
+  const next = new LayerStateCoordinator(reloaded, shareSink(), { storage });
+  await next.start();
+  assert.equal(reloaded.getLayerParams('satellites')?.classes, 'sitp');
+  next.destroy();
+});
+
 test('explicit Flight to Satellite replacement keeps the new Satellite ID durable', async () => {
   const manager = productionManager();
   const coordinator = new LayerStateCoordinator(manager, shareSink(), {
diff --git a/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs b/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
index a6c3390ec..f7453b2c2 100644
--- a/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/layerStateTokenLedger.test.mjs
@@ -102,12 +102,13 @@ const preWildlifeRows = reservationRows.filter(
 );
 
 function writeCodecFixture(cwd, rows, entries) {
-  const providerCodec = path.join(cwd, 'src/data/idSwitches.js');
-  mkdirSync(path.dirname(providerCodec), { recursive: true });
-  writeFileSync(
-    providerCodec,
-    readFileSync(new URL('./idSwitches.js', import.meta.url)),
-  );
+  mkdirSync(path.join(cwd, 'src/data'), { recursive: true });
+  // The codec's own imports, beside it.
+  for (const name of ['idSwitches.js', 'satelliteClassMask.js'])
+    writeFileSync(
+      path.join(cwd, 'src/data', name),
+      readFileSync(new URL(`./${name}`, import.meta.url)),
+    );
   let source = readFileSync(CODEC_SOURCE_PATH, 'utf8');
   if (!rows.some(([id]) => id === 'wildlife-sightings'))
     source = source.replace(
diff --git a/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs b/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
index ba9e8893b..7792cb765 100644
--- a/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
@@ -469,6 +469,18 @@ test('every class but Starlink shows by default; each class chip turns its class
     satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('imaging').params);
     assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40001], 'telecom back on, imaging off');
     assert.equal(satellitesLayer.setParams({ classes: 'all' }), false, 'malformed request refused');
+
+    // A saved or shared choice comes back as class letters.
+    assert.equal(satellitesLayer.setParams({ classes: 'sip' }), true);
+    assert.deepEqual(satellitesLayer.getParams().classes, {
+      stations: true,
+      imaging: true,
+      telecom: false,
+      starlink: false,
+      probes: true,
+      debris: false,
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40002], 'restored from letters');
   } finally {
     console.log = log;
     console.warn = warn;
diff --git a/src/data/satelliteClassMask.js b/src/data/satelliteClassMask.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95e74602a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/satelliteClassMask.js
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+ * @file The satellites layer's class choice as share-link and saved-state
+ * letters. Shared by the layer-state codec and the layer, which takes a saved
+ * choice back in this form.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Satellite classes shown, as one letter each in legend order: stations,
+ * imaging, telecom, probes, debris (`sitpd`, every one; `0`, none).
+ * Starlink is the `catalog` option's, so it has no letter here.
+ */
+const SATELLITE_CLASS_LETTERS = Object.freeze([
+  ['stations', 's'],
+  ['imaging', 'i'],
+  ['telecom', 't'],
+  ['probes', 'p'],
+  ['debris', 'd'],
+]);
+const SATELLITE_CLASS_MASK = /^(0|s?i?t?p?d?)$/;
+
+/**
+ * The canonical class letters for a class choice (an object of booleans, as
+ * the layer's `classes` param, or a partial one) or for letters already,
+ * else null.
+ * @param {unknown} value
+ * @returns {string|null}
+ */
+export function normalizeSatelliteClassMask(value) {
+  if (typeof value === 'string')
+    return value && SATELLITE_CLASS_MASK.test(value) ? value : null;
+  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') return null;
+  // A class the choice leaves out keeps its default, which is shown: a
+  // partial request (`{debris: false}`) hides only what it names.
+  const letters = SATELLITE_CLASS_LETTERS.filter(([id]) => value[id] !== false)
+    .map(([, letter]) => letter)
+    .join('');
+  return letters || '0';
+}
+
+/**
+ * The class choice the letters stand for, without Starlink, or null.
+ * @param {string} mask
+ * @returns {Record<string, boolean>|null}
+ */
+export function decodeSatelliteClassMask(mask) {
+  const normalized = normalizeSatelliteClassMask(mask);
+  if (normalized === null || typeof mask !== 'string') return null;
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    SATELLITE_CLASS_LETTERS.map(([id, letter]) => [
+      id,
+      normalized.includes(letter),
+    ]),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
index d3d16cbab..0baedfcd8 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { satelliteClassText } from '../../data/satelliteClass.js';
+import { decodeSatelliteClassMask } from '../../data/satelliteClassMask.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
@@ -493,16 +494,22 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       let catalog = params.catalog;
       if (catalog !== undefined && catalog !== 'core' && catalog !== 'dense')
         return false;
+      // A saved or shared choice arrives as class letters (layerState.js).
+      const requestedClasses =
+        typeof params.classes === 'string'
+          ? decodeSatelliteClassMask(params.classes)
+          : params.classes;
       if (params.classes !== undefined) {
-        if (!params.classes || typeof params.classes !== 'object') return false;
+        if (!requestedClasses || typeof requestedClasses !== 'object')
+          return false;
         // Starlink's toggle is the dense catalog: its points load on demand.
         if (
-          typeof params.classes.starlink === 'boolean' &&
+          typeof requestedClasses.starlink === 'boolean' &&
           catalog === undefined
         )
-          catalog = params.classes.starlink ? 'dense' : 'core';
+          catalog = requestedClasses.starlink ? 'dense' : 'core';
         layerState._params.classes = mergeClassVisibility(
-          params.classes,
+          requestedClasses,
           _classes(),
         );
       }
diff --git a/src/share/viewCodec.js b/src/share/viewCodec.js
index 809e0a57b..af18adcab 100644
--- a/src/share/viewCodec.js
+++ b/src/share/viewCodec.js
@@ -273,7 +273,11 @@ export const SHARE_VIEW_LAYER_OPTION_ABSENT = Object.freeze({
     selectedFlightsTrackingId: null,
     selectedMilitaryTrackingId: null,
   }),
-  satellites: Object.freeze({ catalog: 'core', selectedSatTrackingId: null }),
+  satellites: Object.freeze({
+    catalog: 'core',
+    selectedSatTrackingId: null,
+    classes: 'sitpd',
+  }),
   cctv: Object.freeze({
     coverageMode: 'on',
     showProjection: true,

From 8bd16b0be9617e4882376b46ec4814aabbc605d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:47:55 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 212/262] fix(satellites): classes read every group a TLE came
 in, and current SATCAT

Deduplication kept only the first group's tag, so a recent imaging
satellite in both visual and resource, with no UCS record or known name,
fell to Probes. The catalog entry now keeps every group, and the
last-resort class is the first of them that names one.

SATCAT groups merged in group order, so a stale cached copy read later
overwrote a current record of the same object: a satellite SATCAT now
calls dead stayed in Imaging. A stale copy no longer overrules a current
read, from the same merge or an earlier one.
---
 src/layers/satellites/classes.js         | 12 +++++-
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js       | 32 ++++++++++++++-
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
index 07822089e..deaf1b3da 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
@@ -147,10 +147,14 @@ function launchYearOf(launchDate) {
 /**
  * The class a satellite belongs to.
  * @param {{noradId?: number, name?: string, group?: string|null,
+ *   groups?: string[]|null,
  *   ucs?: {purpose?: string|null}|null,
  *   satcat?: {objectType?: string, opsStatus?: string,
  *     launchDate?: string|null}|null,
- *   launchYear?: number|null, nowYear?: number}} subject `launchYear` is
+ *   launchYear?: number|null, nowYear?: number}} subject `groups` is every
+ *   CelesTrak group the TLE came in (`group` is the one it is shown under):
+ *   the first of them that names a class gives the last-resort class, so a
+ *   satellite in both `visual` and `resource` is still imaging. `launchYear` is
  *   the TLE designator's; SATCAT's launch date wins where it has one (an
  *   object deployed from the ISS carries the station's 1998 designator).
  * @returns {'stations'|'imaging'|'telecom'|'starlink'|'probes'|'debris'}
@@ -161,6 +165,7 @@ export function classifySatellite({
   group = null,
   ucs = null,
   satcat = null,
+  groups = null,
   launchYear = null,
   nowYear = new Date().getUTCFullYear(),
 } = {}) {
@@ -199,7 +204,10 @@ export function classifySatellite({
   )
     return 'debris';
 
-  return GROUP_CLASS[group] || 'probes';
+  const memberships = groups?.length ? groups : [group];
+  for (const membership of memberships)
+    if (GROUP_CLASS[membership]) return GROUP_CLASS[membership];
+  return 'probes';
 }
 
 /** Whether a class may be ridden in the Cockpit's orbital view. */
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index e1d888081..f65b476ee 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -72,8 +72,16 @@ export function createIngestion({
         continue;
       }
       if (group.stale && satcatState === 'current') satcatState = 'stale';
-      for (const [noradId, record] of group.records)
-        layerState._satcat.set(noradId, record);
+      for (const [noradId, record] of group.records) {
+        // A group served from the proxy's last copy never overrules a
+        // current read of the same object, from this merge or an earlier one.
+        const held = layerState._satcat.get(noradId);
+        if (group.stale && held && !held.stale) continue;
+        layerState._satcat.set(
+          noradId,
+          group.stale ? { ...record, stale: true } : record,
+        );
+      }
     }
     if (!groups.length) return;
     const changed = layerState._satcatState !== satcatState;
@@ -100,6 +108,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
         noradId,
         name: sat.name,
         group: sat.group,
+        groups: sat.groups,
         ucs: sat.ucs,
         satcat,
         launchYear: sat.launchYear,
@@ -259,6 +268,18 @@ export function createIngestion({
             allEntries.push({ ...e, group: r.tag, stale: r.stale });
         }
 
+        // Every group each TLE came in, keyed by its catalog-number column:
+        // the shown tag is the first, but classification reads them all.
+        const groupsByNumber = new Map();
+        for (const entry of allEntries) {
+          const number = String(entry.line1 || '')
+            .slice(2, 7)
+            .trim();
+          const groups = groupsByNumber.get(number);
+          if (!groups) groupsByNumber.set(number, [entry.group]);
+          else if (!groups.includes(entry.group)) groups.push(entry.group);
+        }
+
         // Deduplicate by NORAD ID — first (most specific) group tag wins
         const seen = new Set();
         let coreStale = false;
@@ -275,10 +296,16 @@ export function createIngestion({
           const launchYear = tleLineLaunchYear(entry.line1);
           const ucs = layerState._ucs?.get(noradId) || null;
           const satcat = layerState._satcat.get(noradId) || null;
+          const groups = groupsByNumber.get(
+            String(entry.line1 || '')
+              .slice(2, 7)
+              .trim(),
+          ) || [entry.group];
           layerState._catalog.set(noradId, {
             name: entry.name,
             satrec,
             group: entry.group,
+            groups,
             // satellite.js does not keep the designator the year match reads.
             launchYear,
             line1: entry.line1,
@@ -287,6 +314,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
               noradId,
               name: entry.name,
               group: entry.group,
+              groups,
               ucs,
               satcat,
               launchYear,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
index 494ff8e09..c25b90158 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
@@ -61,8 +61,10 @@ function ingestionFor(catalogText, { source: sourceExtras = {} } = {}) {
     catalog: {},
   };
   const source = {
-    async readGroup() {
-      return { ok: true, text: catalogText };
+    async readGroup(path) {
+      const text =
+        typeof catalogText === 'function' ? catalogText(path) : catalogText;
+      return { ok: true, text };
     },
     ...sourceExtras,
   };
@@ -141,9 +143,10 @@ test('a hanging SATCAT read neither holds the catalog nor is lost when it lands'
   const satcatAnswer = new Promise((resolve) => {
     answer = resolve;
   });
-  const { state, update } = ingestionFor(tleSet('OLD STAGE', '40115'), {
-    source: { readSatcat: () => satcatAnswer },
-  });
+  const { state, update } = ingestionFor(
+    (path) => (path === 'stations' ? tleSet('OLD STAGE', '40115') : ''),
+    { source: { readSatcat: () => satcatAnswer } },
+  );
   state._enabled = true;
   const settle = async () => {
     for (let turn = 0; turn < 20; turn += 1)
@@ -170,6 +173,45 @@ test('a hanging SATCAT read neither holds the catalog nor is lost when it lands'
   assert.equal(state._satcatState, 'stale', 'its staleness is kept');
 });
 
+test('a satellite in visual and resource is imaging, whichever group shows it', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  // A name no pattern knows, no UCS record and no SATCAT: only its groups.
+  const { state, update } = ingestionFor((path) =>
+    path === 'visual' || path === 'resource' ? tleSet('ZZ TESTSAT', '50001') : '',
+  );
+  await update();
+  const sat = state._catalog.get(50001);
+  assert.equal(sat.group, 'visual', 'shown under the first group');
+  assert.deepEqual(sat.groups, ['visual', 'resource']);
+  assert.equal(sat.satelliteClass, 'imaging');
+});
+
+test('a stale SATCAT copy never overrules a current read of the same object', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  const header =
+    'OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID,NORAD_CAT_ID,OBJECT_TYPE,OPS_STATUS_CODE,OWNER\n';
+  const { state, update } = ingestionFor(tleSet('ZZ TESTSAT', '50002'), {
+    source: {
+      // visual is current and says it died; resource, a cached copy, still
+      // says it works.
+      readSatcat: async (path) =>
+        path === 'visual'
+          ? { ok: true, text: `${header}ZZ TESTSAT,2015-001A,50002,PAY,-,US` }
+          : path === 'resource'
+            ? {
+                ok: true,
+                stale: true,
+                text: `${header}ZZ TESTSAT,2015-001A,50002,PAY,+,US`,
+              }
+            : { ok: true, text: header },
+    },
+  });
+  await update();
+  assert.equal(state._catalog.get(50002).satelliteClass, 'debris');
+});
+
 test('a failed SATCAT read is told on the layer row, not only the console', async (t) => {
   t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
   t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});

From b59eb8b18c06922e3fda870af3e69dad8bf7656d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:49:24 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 213/262] fix(satellites): a hidden class takes the ISS ring,
 label and docked names

Class toggles only hid points: with Stations off the ISS's orbit ring and
its label still drew, and each catalog refresh showed the ring again. The
ring and label now follow the ISS's class, and the tracked card no longer
names a docked companion whose class is hidden.

A failed Starlink load reverted to the core catalog without applying class
visibility again, so the core catalog's own Starlink points stayed on while
the chip, legend and lists said Starlink was off, and classes.starlink kept
reading true. Both are put right on failure.
---
 src/layers/satellites/catalog.js       |  8 ++++
 src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/satellites/controls.js      | 30 +++++++++---
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js     |  5 +-
 src/layers/satellites/labels.js        |  3 ++
 5 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
index 1e7c939bb..bb20e646a 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
@@ -209,6 +209,14 @@ export function createCatalog({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     if (token !== layerState._denseLoadToken) return;
     layerState._params.catalog = 'core';
     _removeDenseCatalog();
+    // Back on core, Starlink is off: hide the core catalog's own Starlink
+    // points again, and say so in the class choice.
+    if (layerState._params.classes)
+      layerState._params.classes = {
+        ...layerState._params.classes,
+        starlink: false,
+      };
+    parts.controls._applyClassVisibility?.();
     layerState._denseStatus = 'failed';
     layerState._denseError = reason;
     parts.controls._notifyRowControls();
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
index cf73fde14..b0cd9307d 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
@@ -258,3 +258,69 @@ test('SATCAT CSV parses, quoted commas included, keyed by NORAD id', () => {
   assert.equal(parseSatcatCsv('<html>busy</html>').size, 0);
   assert.equal(parseSatcatCsv('').size, 0);
 });
+
+test('turning Stations off takes the ISS ring and label with its point', async () => {
+  const { createControls } = await import('./controls.js');
+  let overlaySyncs = 0;
+  const ring = { primitive: { show: true } };
+  const state = {
+    _enabled: true,
+    _params: {
+      catalog: 'core',
+      showOrbits: true,
+      classes: { ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES, stations: false },
+    },
+    _catalog: new Map([[25544, { satelliteClass: 'stations' }]]),
+    _points: new Map([[25544, { show: true }]]),
+    _orbitPaths: new Map([[25544, ring]]),
+    _detectionObjects: new Map(),
+    _trackedNorad: null,
+  };
+  const controls = createControls({
+    state,
+    services: { layerState: { isExplicitLayerStateOrigin: () => false } },
+    parts: { labels: { _syncIssOverlay: () => (overlaySyncs += 1) } },
+    source: {},
+  });
+  controls._applyClassVisibility();
+  assert.equal(state._points.get(25544).show, false);
+  assert.equal(ring.primitive.show, false, 'the ring goes with the class');
+  assert.ok(overlaySyncs >= 1, 'the label is re-synced');
+  state._params.classes = { ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES };
+  controls._applyClassVisibility();
+  assert.equal(ring.primitive.show, true, 'and comes back with it');
+});
+
+test('a failed Starlink load hides the core catalog Starlink points again', async () => {
+  const { createCatalog } = await import('./catalog.js');
+  let applied = 0;
+  const state = {
+    _params: {
+      catalog: 'dense',
+      classes: { ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES, starlink: true },
+    },
+    _denseLoadToken: 3,
+    _denseIds: [],
+    _catalog: new Map(),
+    _points: new Map(),
+    _detectionObjects: new Map(),
+    _trackedNorad: null,
+    _activeUpdateControllers: new Set(),
+  };
+  const catalog = createCatalog({
+    state,
+    services: {},
+    parts: {
+      controls: {
+        _applyClassVisibility: () => (applied += 1),
+        _notifyRowControls() {},
+      },
+      labels: { _syncIssOverlay() {} },
+    },
+    source: {},
+  });
+  catalog._denseLoadFailed(state._denseLoadToken, 'feed unreachable');
+  assert.equal(state._params.catalog, 'core');
+  assert.equal(state._params.classes.starlink, false, 'the choice says so');
+  assert.ok(applied >= 1, 'class visibility is applied again');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
index 0baedfcd8..c4c26f2f8 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
@@ -48,16 +48,30 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   /**
    * Show or hide every point by its class. The tracked satellite's point
-   * stays hidden (its entity draws the dot).
+   * stays hidden (its entity draws the dot). The ISS's ring and label go
+   * with its class.
    */
   function _applyClassVisibility() {
     for (const [noradId, point] of layerState._points) {
       if (noradId === layerState._trackedNorad) continue;
       point.show = _classVisible(noradId);
     }
+    const issPath = layerState._orbitPaths.get(ISS_NORAD);
+    if (issPath) issPath.primitive.show = _issOrbitVisible();
+    parts.labels?._syncIssOverlay?.();
     layerState._detectionObjects.clear();
   }
 
+  /** Whether the ISS's ring shows: orbits on, the layer drawing, its class on. */
+  function _issOrbitVisible() {
+    return (
+      satelliteVisualsVisible(
+        layerState._enabled,
+        layerState._params.showOrbits,
+      ) && _classVisible(ISS_NORAD)
+    );
+  }
+
   /**
    * The row's info line while the classes rest on old or missing SATCAT
    * evidence (`_satcatState`), and an empty one otherwise.
@@ -530,11 +544,14 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       }
       if (params.showOrbits !== undefined) {
         layerState._params.showOrbits = params.showOrbits !== false;
-        for (const path of layerState._orbitPaths.values())
-          path.primitive.show = satelliteVisualsVisible(
-            layerState._enabled,
-            layerState._params.showOrbits,
-          );
+        for (const [noradId, path] of layerState._orbitPaths)
+          path.primitive.show =
+            noradId === ISS_NORAD
+              ? _issOrbitVisible()
+              : satelliteVisualsVisible(
+                  layerState._enabled,
+                  layerState._params.showOrbits,
+                );
         parts.labels._syncIssOverlay();
       }
       if (catalogChanged && catalog === 'dense') {
@@ -690,6 +707,7 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     _classTally,
     _classVisible,
     _applyClassVisibility,
+    _issOrbitVisible,
     satelliteVisualsVisible,
     satelliteCatalogModeChanged,
     methods,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index f65b476ee..e5fdb5caa 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -356,7 +356,10 @@ export function createIngestion({
         if (layerState._catalog.has(ISS_NORAD)) {
           parts.rendering._showOrbitPath(ISS_NORAD, POINT_STYLES.iss.color);
           const issPath = layerState._orbitPaths.get(ISS_NORAD);
-          if (issPath) issPath.primitive.show = layerState._params.showOrbits;
+          if (issPath)
+            issPath.primitive.show =
+              layerState._params.showOrbits &&
+              parts.controls._classVisible(ISS_NORAD);
 
           parts.labels._syncIssOverlay();
         }
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/labels.js b/src/layers/satellites/labels.js
index c62bbb308..612996968 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/labels.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/labels.js
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@ export function createLabels({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   function _dockedCompanionNames() {
     const names = [];
     for (const noradId of layerState._dockedCompanions) {
+      // A hidden class is not named on the tracked card either.
+      if (parts.controls?._classVisible?.(noradId) === false) continue;
       names.push(
         layerState._catalog.get(noradId)?.name?.trim() || `SAT-${noradId}`,
       );
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@ export function createLabels({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       layerState._trackedNorad !== ISS_NORAD &&
       !layerState._dockedCompanions.has(ISS_NORAD) &&
       layerState._catalog.has(ISS_NORAD) &&
+      parts.controls?._classVisible?.(ISS_NORAD) !== false &&
       _issDisplayCached();
     if (!visible) {
       layerState._overlayHost.clearSource(ISS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID);

From 7dcf671b2e7e28f299a925fd0f75959cc8ed4c6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:51:34 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 214/262] fix(satellites): a hidden class stays out of analyst
 and voice answers; the tracked satellite still answers

---
 src/data/satellites.analyst.test.mjs | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/satellites/records.js     |  6 ++++
 src/layers/satellites/testing.js     |  8 ++++-
 3 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/data/satellites.analyst.test.mjs b/src/data/satellites.analyst.test.mjs
index 9f1e9bd3f..543014f21 100644
--- a/src/data/satellites.analyst.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/satellites.analyst.test.mjs
@@ -152,3 +152,52 @@ test('satellite getAnalystRecords: core rows beat dense extras under the cap', (
     _clearDenseCatalogStateForTest();
   }
 });
+
+test('satellite getAnalystRecords: a hidden class stays out, the tracked one stays in', () => {
+  const satrec = twoline2satrec(ISS_L1, ISS_L2);
+  const at = (lon, alt) => ({
+    position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, 10, alt),
+  });
+  _setTrackedSatelliteRefreshStateForTest({
+    noradId: ISS_NORAD,
+    name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
+    satrec,
+    entity: {},
+    point: at(-97, 420_000),
+    viewer: {},
+    now: () => Date.now(),
+    satelliteClass: 'stations',
+    classes: {
+      stations: false,
+      imaging: true,
+      telecom: false,
+      starlink: false,
+      probes: true,
+      debris: true,
+    },
+    neighbours: [
+      {
+        noradId: 24876,
+        name: 'GPS BIIR-2',
+        group: 'gps-ops',
+        satelliteClass: 'telecom',
+        point: at(-100, 20_200_000),
+      },
+      {
+        noradId: 90001,
+        name: 'TEST IMAGER',
+        group: 'resource',
+        satelliteClass: 'imaging',
+        point: at(-80, 700_000),
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+  try {
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      satellitesLayer.getAnalystRecords(10).map((r) => r.noradId),
+      ['25544', '90001'],
+    );
+  } finally {
+    _clearDenseCatalogStateForTest();
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/records.js b/src/layers/satellites/records.js
index a25a92bf3..84ca0e3ff 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/records.js
@@ -86,6 +86,12 @@ export function createRecords({ state, parts }) {
     const result = [];
     const emit = (noradId, sat) => {
       if (result.length >= limit) return false;
+      // A class the user hid stays out of answers too; the tracked one stays.
+      if (
+        noradId !== state._trackedNorad &&
+        parts.controls?._classVisible?.(noradId) === false
+      )
+        return true;
       const pos = analystGeo(noradId, sat, now);
       if (!pos) return true;
       result.push(
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/testing.js b/src/layers/satellites/testing.js
index e0f394a50..28f3b09d1 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/testing.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/testing.js
@@ -26,10 +26,14 @@ export function createTesting({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     // Extra catalog/point rows so a test can exercise a docked cluster (and a
     // control satellite that must NOT be treated as part of it).
     neighbours = [],
+    // Optional class of the tracked satellite and class visibility, e.g.
+    // { telecom: false }.
+    satelliteClass = undefined,
+    classes = null,
   }) {
     layerState._viewer = viewer;
     layerState._catalog = new Map([
-      [noradId, { name, satrec, group: 'stations' }],
+      [noradId, { name, satrec, group: 'stations', satelliteClass }],
     ]);
     layerState._points = new Map([[noradId, point]]);
     for (const neighbour of neighbours) {
@@ -37,6 +41,7 @@ export function createTesting({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         name: neighbour.name,
         satrec: neighbour.satrec || satrec,
         group: neighbour.group || 'stations',
+        satelliteClass: neighbour.satelliteClass,
       });
       layerState._points.set(neighbour.noradId, neighbour.point);
     }
@@ -51,6 +56,7 @@ export function createTesting({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       catalog: 'core',
       showPoints: false,
       showOrbits: false,
+      ...(classes ? { classes } : {}),
     };
     layerState._enabled = true;
   }

From 3bb742ae7ec16aeca074c0cae1c3f0236fa2578b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:54:16 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 215/262] refactor(satellites): remove the unused owner,
 operator, COSPAR and orbital-view groundwork; the UCS pack keeps only the
 purpose the classes read

---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                               |   4 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |   2 +-
 scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py               |  16 +-
 src/data/dataCredits.js                       |   2 +-
 src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md  |  32 +-
 .../ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json        |   2 +-
 src/data/ucsSatellites.js                     |  11 +-
 src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs               |  34 +-
 src/layers/satellites/catalog.js              |   2 -
 src/layers/satellites/classes.js              | 450 +-----------------
 src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs        | 206 ++++----
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js            |   2 -
 src/layers/satellites/state.js                |   2 +-
 13 files changed, 148 insertions(+), 617 deletions(-)

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 52f72641c..7e11d6a03 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ The [Bhote Koshi event pack](public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/README.md), under `p
 | **Québec CCTV source catalog** (1,120 locations) | `public/quebec-cameras.json` | Mixed: MTQ locations CC BY 4.0; Montréal camera nodes ODbL 1.0; scenic records retain per-record provenance. No video files are bundled or cached. | Location data is per-record; video remains hosted by Québec 511 and its platform terms apply; scenic source pages may have separate terms | MTQ / Données Québec CC BY 4.0; © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL); scenic operator and position source shown in the selected-camera panel |
 | **World camera image subset** (2,230 locations) | `config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` | Mixed: ODOT TripCheck public images (ODOT permits use with credit) and MLIT site content under terms compatible with CC BY 4.0. Frames are not bundled or persisted; the server holds a bounded in-memory cache. | Per-source terms apply; NZTA Journey Planner web-cache rows are excluded; Vegagerðin rows are served by the Iceland pack instead | Oregon Department of Transportation (Camera courtesy of ODOT) and Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (出典：国土交通省 川の防災情報) |
 | **TeleGeography Submarine Cable Map** (712 cables + 1,917 landing points)   | `telegeography_submarine_cables/` | **CC BY-NC-SA 3.0**                                                                                       | ❌ **NonCommercial — remove for commercial use** | "© TeleGeography — submarinecablemap.com"                                   |
-| **UCS Satellite Database** UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023 (3,564 records; operator, owner country, purpose) | `ucs_satellites/` | **Free, unrestricted use** (UCS database manual, section 3) | ✅ (acknowledgement requested) | "UCS Satellite Database (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database" |
+| **UCS Satellite Database** UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023 (3,564 records; purpose) | `ucs_satellites/` | **Free, unrestricted use** (UCS database manual, section 3) | ✅ (acknowledgement requested) | "UCS Satellite Database (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database" |
 | **Natural Earth physical regions** (1,046 land + 292 marine named polygons) | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
 | **DataSF Analysis Neighborhoods** (41 SF neighborhood polygons)             | `neighborhoods/`                  | **PDDL 1.0** (public domain)                                                                              | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "City & County of San Francisco — DataSF" (courtesy — not legally required) |
 | **Natural Earth countries, states and provinces** (260 admin-0/map units + 4,587 admin-1 polygons)             | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ The former bundled 2026-05-25 snapshot was removed 2026-07-16.
 
 ### UCS Satellite Database (`ucs_satellites/`)
 
-Operator, owner country and purpose for active satellites, keyed by NORAD number, from the Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database release **UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023** (data current through 2023-05-01; https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database). The satellites layer joins it to CelesTrak positions and SATCAT records to file each satellite as a station, imaging, telecom, Starlink, probe or debris object, and to name its operator and owner. Section 3 of the UCS database manual: "The Database is free and its use is unrestricted. We request that its use be acknowledged and referenced in written materials. References should include the version of the Database that was used, which is indicated by the name of the Excel file, and a link to or URL for the webpage www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database." The app acknowledges it in the Data attribution popover. UCS has paused updates since this release; Starlink rows are dropped (Starlink is classed by name). Build: `scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py`; curation in the folder README.
+The purpose of each active satellite, keyed by NORAD number, from the Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database release **UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023** (data current through 2023-05-01; https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database). The satellites layer joins it to CelesTrak positions and SATCAT records to file each satellite as a station, imaging, telecom, Starlink, probe or debris object. Section 3 of the UCS database manual: "The Database is free and its use is unrestricted. We request that its use be acknowledged and referenced in written materials. References should include the version of the Database that was used, which is indicated by the name of the Excel file, and a link to or URL for the webpage www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database." The app acknowledges it in the Data attribution popover. UCS has paused updates since this release; Starlink rows are dropped (Starlink is classed by name). Build: `scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py`; curation in the folder README.
 
 ### Natural Earth physical regions (`natural_earth/`)
 
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 325f571e2..2fe237109 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5458,7 +5458,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - **Satellite classes** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): every satellite is filed under one of six classes, each with its own point colour, legend swatch and toggle: STATIONS (warm white), IMAGING (cyan), TELECOM (violet; communications and navigation, so GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou read as one family), STARLINK (dim slate), PROBES (muted blue-gray) and DEBRIS (receding brown-gray). That module is the single source of truth for class, label and colour, so the dot, the card and the legend swatch cannot disagree. Two deliberate palette rules: no class may sit in the 40–48° amber band, which is the app-wide known-military convention; and STARLINK stays far below PROBES in Rec.601 luminance so the dense shell stays separable when NVG/FLIR collapse the scene to one channel. The ISS keeps its long-standing red hero dot rather than the STATIONS colour — it carries a permanent name label and its card still reads `STATIONS · ISS`; it is a station whichever group ingested it, so a stations-feed outage cannot refile it. `src/data/satelliteClass.js` keeps the group-based labels beneath the classes: the constellation subtype and a group's own label for a satellite with no class.
 - Class is also a **text field**, not just a color: `TELECOM · GPS` / `STARLINK` / `STATIONS · ISS` leads the tracked card's detail block and replaces the raw CelesTrak tag on the detection-overlay label. Because that canvas composites above the post-FX chain, the class stays readable in NVG/FLIR after the in-scene dot colors are flattened.
 - The satellites row in DATA LAYERS carries per-layer sub-controls (`DataLayerManager._syncRowControls`, the first consumer of the optional `getRowControls()` layer hook): one chip per class (the STARLINK chip exposes the existing `catalog` param), a swatch legend with live per-class counts, and an info line while SATCAT is stale or unavailable (`Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy` / `Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable`). Default is the sparse core catalog. The chips are stateless — each declares the params to apply and the manager owns the write — so the Space Missions capture/restore path over the same param stays authoritative. Controls stay hidden while the layer is off. An explicit CORE or DENSE choice participates in versioned local and share-link state; temporary Space Missions overrides do not.
-- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay and the voice/framing position lists, and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: operator, owner country and purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak group. Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. An explicit class choice is kept in local and share-link state as the `classes` option, one letter per class shown (`sitpd`: stations, imaging, telecom, probes, debris; `0`: none; `src/data/satelliteClassMask.js`), and the layer takes those letters back through `setParams({classes})`; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param instead.
+- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay, the voice/framing position lists and analyst answers (the tracked satellite still answers), and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: each satellite's purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak group. Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. An explicit class choice is kept in local and share-link state as the `classes` option, one letter per class shown (`sitpd`: stations, imaging, telecom, probes, debris; `0`: none; `src/data/satelliteClassMask.js`), and the layer takes those letters back through `setParams({classes})`; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param instead.
 - **The STARLINK chip (formerly DENSE) reports the dense LOAD, not the catalog param.** The param flips synchronously while the Starlink shell takes seconds to arrive over a chunked load, and CelesTrak 502s that feed regularly. So the chip reads `STARLINK ···` (busy, disabled) while loading, ACTIVE only once dense points are actually on screen, and `STARLINK ✕` with the reason on hover when the load fails — a failure also reverts `catalog` to `core`, drops any partial chunk, and leaves the chip clickable to retry. A load is judged by points added, not by HTTP status: a 200 carrying an empty body, a passed-through HTML error page, or only TLEs the core catalog already owns fails with the same revert semantics as a 502. Any explicit request for `core` clears a latched error even when the mode does not change, so a Space Missions restore of an already-core snapshot never leaves the user with a failure they did not cause. Because the load settles asynchronously, the layer pushes a re-render through the optional `setRowControlsListener()` hook; nothing else would repaint that row before the 5-minute catalog refresh, so the count and legend would otherwise sit stale.
 - **A dependency owner takes the row with it.** Space Missions borrows this layer for TLE lookup with `showPoints:false`; while points are hidden the layer returns empty row controls, so the legend never describes an empty sky and the chip cannot accept a write that the owner's restore would silently revert.
 - The detection-overlay record cache (`_detectionObjects`) is cleared with the catalog on every rebuild: it stamps id/class at creation only, and a rebuild can re-tag a satellite when a partial CelesTrak outage changes which group wins dedupe.
diff --git a/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py b/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
index d1a0b6fd8..cd7080fb3 100644
--- a/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
+++ b/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 '''Maintainer-only UCS Satellite Database pack build (openpyxl).
 
 Reads the UCS Excel release and writes the compact pack the satellites layer
-loads: one row per satellite, keyed by NORAD number, with string-table indexes
-for the repeated text columns. Starlink rows are left out: the layer files
-every STARLINK object under its own class and operator without them.
+loads: one row per satellite, keyed by NORAD number, with a string-table index
+for its purpose, the one column the layer's classes read. Starlink rows are
+left out: the layer files every STARLINK object under its own class by name.
 
 Usage: python scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py "<path>/UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023.xlsx"
 '''
@@ -26,12 +26,7 @@ URL = 'https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database'
 
 # Output column -> spreadsheet header.
 COLUMNS = {
-    'operator': 'Operator/Owner',
-    'operatorCountry': 'Country of Operator/Owner',
     'purpose': 'Purpose',
-    'detailedPurpose': 'Detailed Purpose',
-    'users': 'Users',
-    'orbitClass': 'Class of Orbit',
 }
 STARLINK = re.compile(r'\bstarlink\b', re.I)
 
@@ -65,11 +60,12 @@ def build(xlsx: Path) -> dict:
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             invalid_norad += 1
             continue
+        if norad <= 0:
+            invalid_norad += 1
+            continue
         record = [norad]
         for key, column in COLUMNS.items():
             text = clean(row[header[column]])
-            if key == 'orbitClass':
-                text = text.upper()
             if text not in index[key]:
                 index[key][text] = len(tables[key])
                 tables[key].append(text)
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.js b/src/data/dataCredits.js
index a55bed9e4..a30d7c2b5 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.js
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.js
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ export const DATA_CREDITS = [
   {
     key: 'ucs-satellite-database',
     html:
-      'Satellite operators and purposes: ' +
+      'Satellite purposes: ' +
       '<a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UCS Satellite Database</a> ' +
       '(UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), Union of Concerned Scientists',
   },
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
index 26cb06607..4e2a0cbb0 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 # UCS Satellite Database pack
 
-Offline operator, owner-country and purpose records for active satellites,
-keyed by NORAD catalog number. The satellites layer joins them to CelesTrak's
-positions to file each satellite under a class (stations, imaging, telecom,
-probes) and to name its operator and owner country
+Offline purpose records for active satellites, keyed by NORAD catalog number.
+The satellites layer joins them to CelesTrak's positions to file each
+satellite under a class (stations, imaging, telecom, probes)
 (`src/data/ucsSatellites.js`, `src/layers/satellites/classes.js`).
 
 | File | Source dataset | Records |
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ the version of the Database that was used, which is indicated by the name of
 the Excel file, and a link to or URL for the webpage
 www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database."
 
-**Acknowledgement:** "Satellite operators and purposes: UCS Satellite Database
+**Acknowledgement:** "Satellite purposes: UCS Satellite Database
 (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database".
 It is also listed in the app's Data attribution popover and in
 DATA_SOURCES.md.
@@ -34,18 +33,13 @@ DATA_SOURCES.md.
 
 **Curation:**
 
-- Kept columns: Operator/Owner, Country of Operator/Owner, Purpose, Detailed
-  Purpose, Users, Class of Orbit (upper-cased, which folds the source's one
-  `LEo`). Everything else (masses, contractors, launch data, sources) is left
-  out.
+- Kept column: Purpose, the one the classes read. Everything else
+  (operators, owners, orbits, masses, contractors, launch data, sources) is
+  left out.
 - Repeated text is stored once in `strings`; each record is
-  `[noradId, operator, operatorCountry, purpose, detailedPurpose, users,
-  orbitClass]` with string-table indexes, `0` meaning empty.
-- The 3,996 Starlink rows are dropped: every Starlink object is classed and
-  credited to SpaceX by name, so they would only add size.
-- Rows without a readable NORAD number are dropped and counted apart from
-  duplicate NORAD numbers (the first row of a duplicate is kept); both counts
-  are 0 in this release.
-- Owner countries stay as UCS writes them ("USA", "USA/Japan", "ESA",
-  "Multinational"); `src/layers/satellites/classes.js` normalises them, together with
-  CelesTrak SATCAT owner codes, in one table.
+  `[noradId, purpose]` with a string-table index, `0` meaning empty.
+- The 3,996 Starlink rows are dropped: every Starlink object is classed by
+  name, so they would only add size.
+- Rows without a readable, positive NORAD number are dropped and counted apart
+  from duplicate NORAD numbers (the first row of a duplicate is kept); both
+  counts are 0 in this release.
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
index f27ee92d8..398fd2db9 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
+++ b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"meta":{"source":"Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database","version":"UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023","url":"https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database","dataCurrentTo":"2023-05-01","license":"Free, unrestricted use; acknowledgement requested (UCS database manual, section 3)","curation":{"sourceRows":7560,"starlinkRowsDropped":3996,"invalidNoradDropped":0,"duplicateNoradDropped":0,"columns":{"operator":"Operator/Owner","operatorCountry":"Country of Operator/Owner","purpose":"Purpose","detailedPurpose":"Detailed Purpose","users":"Users","orbitClass":"Class of Orbit"}},"recordCount":3564},"fields":["noradId","operator","operatorCountry","purpose","detailedPurpose","users","orbitClass"],"strings":{"operator":["","Hera Systems","AAC Clyde Space","Aalto University","University of Aalborg","Asia Broadcast Satellite Ltd.","Asher Space Research Institute at Technion/Israeli Aircraft Industries","Austrian Space Forum (OEWF)/Spire","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)","US Air Force","Department of Homeland Security","European Space Agency (ESA)","Aerospace Corporation","EUTELSAT S.A.","Aurora Insight","Center for Atmospheric Sciences, Hampton University/NASA","Norwegian Coastal Admnistration","AISTech","Al Yah Satellite Communications Co. (YAHSAT)","Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","Algerian Space Agency (ASAL)","Astro Live Experiences","University of Brasilia","US Air Force Institute of Technology","Algerian Space Agency (ASAL)/UK Space Agency","Hispamar (subsidiary of Hispasat - Spain)","National Institute for Space Research (INPE)","SES S.A.","Moscow State University","Space-Communication Ltd.","AMSAT-NA","Agency for Defense Development","ANDESITE - Boston University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","AngoSat","Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.)","Aprize Satellite, Argentina","APT Satellite Holdings Ltd.","Arab Satellite Communications Org. (ASCO)","University of South Florida, Institute of Applied Engineering (IAE).","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo","Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory","Planetary Resources","ArSat","Aerospacelab","Istanbul Technical University","Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd.","1Worldspace","Japan Space Systems","Chiba Institute of Technology","Astranis","Astrocast","Telemetry Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) Centre","DirecTV, Inc.","PointView Tech","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)","Microspace Rapid Pvt Ltd.","Azercosmos","Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC)","Tianyi Research Institute","Ministry of Defense","Space Development Agency","Central European Institute of Technology","Technical University Berlin","Chinese Ministry of National Defense","21st Century Aerospace Technology (21AT)","Beijing Landview Mapping Information Technology Co. Ltd (BLMIT)","Changsha Tianyi space science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. (Spacety)","Belintersat","Institute of Space Sensor Technology and Planetary Exploration","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)/","German Aerospace Center (DLR)","Salish Kootenai College","National Academy of Sciences","BlackSky Global","NanoAvionics","AST SpaceMobile","Embratel Star One","SpaceQuest, Ltd.","Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI)","University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies","BRITE Consortium","UnseenLabs","AstroForge","Broadcasting Satellite System Corp.","Broadcasting Satellite System Corp./Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation","Defence Science and Technology Group/University of New South Wales","China Academy of Space Technology (CAST)","Satellogic S.A.","Bulsatcom","Capital Technology University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/NASA","University of Louisiana at Lafayette","Capella Space","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)","Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)","Canadian Space Agency","China National Space Administration (CNSA)/National Institute for Space Research (Brazil)","Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.","Earth-i/Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.","Canon Electronics","Air Force Research Laboratory","Fleet Space Technologies","Beijing Future Navigation Technology Co. Ltd.","NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","Ministry of Armed Forces","Defense Innovation Unit/Cesium Astro","China National Space Administration (CNSA)/National Centre for Space Studies (CNES)","TELNET Holding","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center","Spacety Aerospace Company","Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites","Spacety Co. Ltd.","Nanjing University","Epic Aerospace","University of Florida","Chinese Academy of Sciences","GeoOptics Inc.","GeoOptics, Inc.","Ciel Satellite Group","University of California-Berkeley/Imperial College-London","Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder","Utah State University","Unknown US agency","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Colorado State University","Department of Defense/Missile Defense Agency","FH Aachen","Armed Forces","Plan-S","US Air Force/ US Navy/NASA","Astro Digital","Taiwan's National Space Organization/National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Admistration (NOAA)","National Space Program Office (NSPO)/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Boulder, CO","Italian Space Agency/Ministry of Defense","California Polytechnic State University/NASA JPL","University of Colorado","Directorate General of Armaments (DGA)","Argentinian Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation/Radio Club Bariloche","University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","Department of Astronautics, University of Tokyo","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Science, UC Boulder/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","University of Michigan/NASA Earth Science Technology Office","German Orbital Systems","Mexican Space Agency/NanoAvionics","Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)","North Idaho STEM Charter Academy","ADA Space (?)","China Amateur Satellite - CAMSAT","Deimos Imaging/DMC International Imaging (DMCII)","Technical University, Delft","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA)","Khalifa University","DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)","Sky and Space Global, UK","SpacePharma","IT University of Copenhagen, University of Southern Denmark, Aalborg University and Aarhus University","Philippines’ Department of Science and Technology, University of the Philippines Diliman, and Japan’s Hokkaido University and Tohoku University","Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt","Mohammend Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC)","DoD/NOAA","University of Southern California, Space Engineering Research Center/Lockheed Martin","Planet Labs, Inc.","China National Space Administration","Kawasaki Heavy Industries","Singapore Armed Forces","Emirates Institution for Advanced Science & Technology (EIAST)","Academy of Military Science","ESPACE","Global Eagle Entertainment","OHB Italia","Echostar Satellite Services, LLC","HughesNet leased from Echostar Technologies, LLC","Echostar Satellite Services, LLC/Intelsat","Equator Technological University","Airbus","National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS)","Momentus","Roshydromet - Planeta","University of California","DGA (Arms Procurement Agency)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","Clyde Space Ltd./EUTELSAT","Astroscale","Defence Research and Development Organization","EOS Data Analytics","Earth Sciences Enterprise (NASA)","Goddard Space Flight Center/EOS Data and Operations System","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - Earth Science Enterprise/Japan Meteorological Agency/Brazilian Space Agency","Defense Ministry","ImageSat International, NV/Ministry of Defense","EUTELSAT S.A./Es'hailSat","Es’hailSat","ESA/European Maritime Safety Agency","European University Network","Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute","EUTELSAT Americas","EUTELSAT S.A./Nilesat","exactEarth","Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)","California Polytechnic Institute","Russian Satellite Communications Company","Exseed Space","CNES (Centre national d'études spatiales)","Colombian Air Force","US Air Force Academy","InSpace","University of Texas - Austin","Link Space Aerospace Technology","China Meteorological Administration","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/GSFC","University of Stuttgart","US Navy","National Space Organization","Los Alamos National Laboratory","Jihua Laboratory","Copernicus Land and Marine Environment services","AMSAT-UK","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/Sky Perfect JSAT Corp.","Intelsat S.A.","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/DirecTV, Inc.","Gama","China National Academy of Sciences (CNSAS)","China’s Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and Ministry of Agriculture","State Oceanic Administration (SOA)","China's Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and Ministry of Agriculture","Ministry of Natural Resources/Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development/National Bureau of Statistics","People's Liberation Army (C41)","GomSpace ApS","Air Force Research Laboratory/Globalstar","NearSpace Launch/Air Force Research Laboratory","Geespace","Bigelow Aerospace","Korea Meteorological Administration/National Meteorological Satellite Center","DigitalGlobe Corporation","Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/NASA/ESA","Marshall Intec","GHGSat, Inc.","Orbital Sidekick","Globalstar","OHB SE (Orbitale Hochtechnologie Bremen)","PlanetiQ","NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration)","Turkish Ministry of National Defense","Gonets Satcom","JAXA, Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Environmental Studies","Lunasonde","LuxGovSat","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/JAXA","NASA/German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ)","Axelspace","Indian Navy","Indian Air Force","Air Force Satellite Control Network","U.S. Army’s Space and Missile Defense Command","Department of Defense/Army Space and Missile Defense Command","Sanya Institute of Remote Sensing","Xiamen University/Aerospace Dongfanghong Satellite Co. Ltd. {CASC)","Department of Defense/Space Test Program","Hunan Hangsheng Satellite Technology Co., Ltd.","US Army Space and Missile Defense Command","HawkEye 360","HEAD Aerospace","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Délégation Générale de l'Armement (DGA)","Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd.","Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd./INMARSAT","Tokyo Institute of Technology","Hiber Global","Japan Meteorological Agency/Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC)","Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science/NASA","Spacety","Hispasat","National Remote Sensing Center (NRSCC)","China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application (CRESDA)","University of Tokyo and NESTRA","PIESAT","China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)","China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC)","Horizons 2 Satellite, LLC (Intelsat, Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation)","Egyptian Space Agency","Kyushu Institute of Technology (KIT)","Harris Corporation","Shanghai Lizheng Satellite Application Technology","Ministry of Ecology and Environment/Ministry of Emergency Management","European Space Agency (ESA)/NASA","Huaian Youth Comprehensive Development Base","National Space Science Center (NSSC)","Avanti Communications, PLC","ICEYE Ltd.","Cabinet Satellite Intelligence Center (CSIC)","TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute","INMARSAT, Ltd.","INMARSAT, Ltd./European Space Agency (ESA)","Astronautic Technology Sdn. Bhd (ATSB)","University of Colorado’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics/Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology","NRS Lab. Atmospheres, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (Verrieres)","European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)/NASA/Russia","Intelsat S.A./Sky Perfect JSAT Corp.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Multinational","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center","D-Orbit","Iridium Communications, Inc.","National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCKU)","NASA Small Satellite Technology Program","iSky Technology","NASA/CalPoly","TrustPoint, Inc.","ITU Space Systems Design & Test Laboratory","Radio Amateur Society of Thailand (RAST)","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/NOAA/EUMETSAT","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/Kacific","Space OK (Shanghai Ok Space Co Ltd.)","Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd.","Beijing ZeroG Space Technology Co., Ltd./Hong Kong Aerospace Tech Group","Shanghai Jiao Tong University/APSCO","Gang Hang Ke","Hong Kong Aerospace Technology Group","Chinese University Corporation for Polar Research","Crown Prince Foundation","China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp. (CASC)","Scientific Production Corporation (joint stock creation of Russian Space Agency)","Roscosmos State Corporation","Kazcosmos","JSC KazSat","Ghalam LLP","National University of Singapore","Kepler Communications","US Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command","Revolutionary Guard Corps","GUMUSH AeroSpace/University of Turkish Aeronautical Association (UTAA)","Tsinghua University","Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology","KLEO Connect","Chosun University","KT Corporation/Korean Agency for Defense Development (ADD)","KT Corporation","National Institute of Technology at Kochi College","Kleos Space","College of Engineering, King Saud University","Kuwait University","Lacuna Space","Lacuna Space/NanoAvionics","Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/US Geological Survey","Laos National Authority for Science and Technology","Indonesian National Aeronautics and Space Agency (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional - LAPAN)","Aprize Satellite Argentina","US Space Force","Sapienza","Spire Global Inc.","California Polytechnic State University","Harbin Institute/China Amateur Satellite - CAMSAT","General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems","Xinwei Telecom Technology Company","Beijing ZeroG Technology Co. Ltd.","Nanjing and Hong Kong Universities","Changchun Institute of Optics","Russian Federal Space Agency","Federal Security Service (FSB)","SkyFox Labs","Shanghai Academy of Space Technology","University of Vigo/Alén Space","Wuhan University","Lynk Global Inc.","University of Michigan/Montana University","Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC)/Canadian Space Agency","CTRS Morocco/Institut für Luft-und Raumfahrttechnik (Berlin)","Max Valier school Bolzano, Italy, Oskar von Miller school, Merano, Italy","Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT)","MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd.","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","Open Cosmos","PT Telkomunikasi","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)/US Air Force","Military Space Forces (VKS)","Analytical Space","Russian Federal Service For Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (ROSHYDROMET)","EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites)","ESA/EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meterological Satellites)","Space Logistics LLC","Mexico Telecomm","Masdar Institute of Science and Technology","Vietnam National Space Center","MIT/Lincoln Laboratory-University of Massachusetts Amherst","Kingdom of Morocco","Technical University of Munich","Mozhaisky Space Engineering Academy","Mobile Satellite Ventures","DoD/US Navy","ACMEO","Tyvak Nanosatellite Systems, Inc.","Instituto Nacional de Técnia Aeroespacial (INTA)","Brazilian National Institute of Space Research (INPE/MCTI), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)","Shanghai Weixing Keji","Thai Air Force","National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences","DoD/US Air Force","Center of Excellence for Space Sciences and Technologies (SPACE-SI)","Origin Space","Deimos","Unknown","Würzburg Center for Telematics","Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)","Nihon University","NigComSat","National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA)","Egyptian Radio and TV Union","Echostar Corporation (entire payload leased from Telesat Canada Ltd.)","Ningxia Jingui Information Technology Co. Ltd.","Noorul Islam University","PT Pasifik Satelit Nntara","National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (part of international program)","Novosibirsk State University","Norwegian Space Center","Norwegian Space Center/Statsat","UK Government/Surrey Satellite Technologies","National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/NASA","F Space Test Office","NSLComm","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-Ames Research Center/Stanford University","O3b Networks Ltd.","Michigan Technological University/Air Force Research Laboratory","Swedish National Space Board","U.S. Space Force","OneWeb Satellites","Spanish Space Agency","Italian Defense Ministry","Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom)","Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom)/Australian Ministry of Defense","ORBCOMM Inc.","DARPA/Tethers Unlimited","Portland State Aerospace Society","F /ORSO (Operationally Responsive Space Office)","General Atomics - Electromagnetic Systems Group","Mexico Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA)","Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)/PakSat International","Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)","National Reconnaissance Office","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Cornell University","US Naval Academy","Helios Wire/Echostar Global Australia","Hisdesat","Tiger Innovations","Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (NTO) consortium","Dauria Aerospace","Peruvian Space Agency","Rocket Labs","Brigham Young University","German Aerospace Center (DLR-IKN)/TESAT Spacecom","University of Chile for Aerospace Investigation)","Ministry of Defense/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) - cooperation with Austria, Belgium, Spain, Sweden","Ministry of Defense//Centre National d/Etudes Spatiales (CNES) - cooperation with Austria, Belgium, Spain, Sweden","Airbus Defense and Space","US Coast Guard","University of Colorado, Boulder","National Technical University","St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","Italian Space Agency","Naval Post-Graduate School","Georgia Institute of Technology","Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology","Astrodynamics and Control Laboratory of Yonsei University","Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)","Von Karman Institute (VKI)","Qiansheng Exploration Technology Co. Ltd.","Shandong Institutes of Industrial Technology","Orbital Space","iQPS","University of Science and Technology","SES S.A. -- total capacity leased to subsidiary of EchoStar Corp.","University of New South Wales/Department of Defence","MDA Corporation","C3S","Vanderbilt University/AMSAT","Robertsville Middle School, Oak Ridge, Tennessee","Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.","Space Technologies Research Institute","Regional African Satellite Communications Organization (RASCOM)","Applied Physics Laboratory/NASA","Reaktor Space Lab","Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)","Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/exactEarth","Tohoku University","Tohoku University/Hokkaido University","University of Montpellier","Orbital Solutions Monaco","European Space Agency (ESA) (and 250 international scientific investigators)","National Autonomous University of Mexico","AMSAT/Nepal","National Space Activities Commission (CONAE)","Stanford Student Space Initiative","Department of National Defense","EASF/Bundeswehr","Sateliot IoT","Department of Computer Science and the Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University","Riyadh Space Research Institute","Space Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)/US Navy","Strategic Space Command/Space Surveillance Network","Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)","University of North Carolina - Wilmington","SES S.A./EchoStar Satellite Services, LLC","Telebras/Brazilian Air Force","Teen Satellite Project","NASA Langley Research Center","China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom)","Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT)","Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering","Chinese Academy of Space Techology (CAST)","National Space Program","Italian Defense Ministry/Telespazio","Italian Defense Ministry/French Defense Ministry","ESA/Royal Meteorological Institute, Belgium","SRI International","Sirius XM Holdings","XM Satellite Radio","China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co. Ltd.","Sky Mexico","NBN Co (operated by Optus)","DirecTV Latin America/Intelsat","Skykraft","Intelsat/Paradigm Secure Communications (wholly owned by EADS Astrium)","Ministry of Defense/Paradigm Secure Communications (wholly owned by EADS Astrium)","LightSquared","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/European Space Agency (ESA)","US Southern Command","Seoul National University","National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (JPN)","Astrotech SOHLA","Technical University Dresden","University of Würzburg","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Office/Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Univ. of Colorado","COSMIAC (Configurable Space Microsystems Innovations & Applications Center)","South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation","Swarm Technologies","Hughes Space and Communications Co.","Hisdesat/Ministry of Defense","Air Force Research Laboratory/Swedish Defense Materiel Administration","Omnispace","Endurosat","Astro Space Center of Moscow/Russian Academy of Sciences","Ministry of Defense/General Delegation for Ordnance (DGA)","Spot Image","SRM University","Government of Sudan","Chilean Air Force","Beihang University/APSCO","Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO)","Singapore Telecommunications Ltd. (SingTel)/Chunghwa Telecom Co. Ltd.","Sony","Scanway/German Orbital Systems","SatRevolution/Steamjet","Sternula","SatRevolution","Atlas 5","Synspective","Missile Defense Agency (MDA)","University of Chile","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/DSN Corp.","Beijing Space View Technology","Goddard Space Flight Center/Penn State University","Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lanne (EPFL)","Naval Research Laboratory","Operational Responsive Space (ORS) Office","Kenya Space Agency","Beijing MinoSpace Technology Co., Ltd.","Minospace","German Aerospace Center (DLR)/Astrium","Alibaba","Orbit Fab","Herzliya Science Center","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/SES Americom (SES [Société Européenne des Satellites (SES)])","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Ames Research Center","Teikyo University","AgilSpace","Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.)/APT Satellite Holdings Ltd.","Colorado State University","German Aerospace Center (DLR)/Infoterra","TerraStar Corporation","U.S. Space Force/Other Transaction Authority","Thaicom Public Company Ltd.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/University of California, Berkeley (in partnership with Germany, France, Austria, Canada)","Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA)","Telenor Satellite Broadcasting","Thuraya Satellite Communications","China Manned Space Engineering Office (CMSEO)","Tianjin University","Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CASIC)","Xiyong Microelectrics Park","Guodian Gaoke","GasTianta and GZH-HNJ BDS AGR Co., Ltd.","Sun Yat-sen University","Insight Position Digital Intelligence Technology Service Co., Ltd.","China Telecom","National University of Defense Technology","China Electronic Technology Group","CASIOM","Spacety Aerospace Company/ThrustMe","Spacety Aerospace Company/Changsha Gaoxinqu Tianyi Research Institute","Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)/China Academy of Space Technology","Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","La Sapienza University of Rome","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins","Bolivia Aerospace Bureau","Tomorrow.io","University of Malibor/SkyLabs","MyRadar","Tallinn University of Technology","Technical University of Graz","Turkmenistan Ministry of Communications/SSI-Monaco","Turksat","Elbit Systems","UK/DMC International Imaging (DMCII)","UMBRA","Alba Orbital","Wakayama University (UNIFORM consortium)","Polytechnic University of Madrid","University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)/National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)","NASA/Carnegie Mellon University","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","VISIONA Tecnologia Espacial S.A.","Care Weather Technologies","Nanyang Technological University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Israel Space Agency","ViaSat, Inc.","Momentus, Inc.","Vietnamese Posts and Telecommunications Group (VNPT)","C3S LLC","Space Technology Institute-Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (STI-VAST)","Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities","Shanghai Micro Satellite Engineering Center","CENTI (China-Europe Networks of technology and Innovation)","Military Satellite Communications - US Air Force","WildBlue Communications","La Sapienza University of Rome/Machakos University/University of Nairobi, Kenya","Weathernews, Inc.","Maxar Technologies Inc.","Centre for Research in Satellite Technology (CREST)","MinoSpace Technology","Chengdu Guoxing Aerospace Technology Co. Ltd.","Xingyun Satellite Co.","DFH Satellite Co. Ltd.","European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)","Ministry of Defense/XTAR","DFH Satellite Co. Ltd./AMSAT-China","Chinese Amateur Satellite (CAMSAT)","Loft Orbital/Fugro","Loft Orbital","Gazprom Space Systems","Bauman Moscow State Technical University","GalaxySpace","Galaxy Space","Hubei University of Technology (HUT)","Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","French South African Institute of Technology/Cape Peninsula University of Technology","QOSMOSYS","China Earthquake Administration/Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics","Zhejiang University","Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd.","Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology Co."],"operatorCountry":["","USA","United Kingdom","Finland","Denmark","Multinational","Israel","Austria","ESA","Lithuania","Norway","Spain","United Arab Emirates","Kazakhstan","Algeria","Japan","Brazil","Russia","South Korea","Angola","Canada","Argentina","USA/Argentina","China","Belgium","Turkey","Luxembourg","Switzerland","India","France/Italy","Singapore","Azerbaijan","Bangladesh","Czech Republic","Germany","Belarus","Netherlands","Indonesia","France","Australia","Bulgaria","China/Brazil","China/France","Tunisia","Taiwan","Italy","Mexico","Ecuador","Egypt","USA/Canada/Japan","USA/Japan/Brazil","Ethiopia","Colombia","USA/Japan","USA/Germany","France/Italy/Belgium/Spain/Greece","Greece","Greece/United Kingdom","United Kingdom/ESA","Malaysia","USA/India/Singapore/Taiwan","ESA/Russia","Thailand","USA/France","Japan/Singapore","Jordan","Iran","Saudi Arabia","Kuwait","United Kingdom/Netherlands","Laos","Morocco/Germany","South Africa","India/France","Vietnam","Morocco","USA/Canada","Slovenia","Sinapore","Nigeria","Sweden","Pakistan","Peru","New Zealand","Chile","Ukraine","Hungary","India/Canada","Monaco","Nepal","France/Belgium/Sweden","Sudan","Singapore/Taiwan","USA/Poland","Poland/UK","Poland","USA/United Kingdom/Italy","Kenya","Iraq","Bolivia","Estonia","Turkmenistan/Monaco","France/Israel","Venezuela","China/Italy"],"purpose":["","Earth Observation","Technology Development","Communications","Earth Science","Space Science","Space Science/Technology Demonstration","Communications/Technology Development","Communications/Maritime Tracking","Technology Demonstration","Unknown","Navigation/Global Positioning","Earth Observation/Technology Development","Earth Observation/Communications","Earth/Space Observation","Educational","Earth Observation/Earth Science","Platform","Earth Observation/Space Science","Earth Observation/Navigation","Communications/Navigation","Space 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Imaging (video)","Video Imaging","Optical Imaging/Automatic Identification System (AIS)","Radio Frequency Monitoring","Meteorology, Automatic Identification System (AIS)","X-ray Astronomy","Technology Development","Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)","Optical/Infrared Imaging","Optical/Video Imaging","Radio Spectrum Monitoring","Surveillance","Optical/Hyperspectral Imaging","Situational Awareness","Radar Imaging/Electronic Intelligence","Microwave Radiometer","Meteorology/Earth Science","Data Relay","Optical, Near-Infrared","Synthetic Aperture Imaging","Meteorology/Radar","Navigation","Optical Imaging/Infrared 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diff --git a/src/data/ucsSatellites.js b/src/data/ucsSatellites.js
index 5a87a2bd4..e3c67a2e2 100644
--- a/src/data/ucsSatellites.js
+++ b/src/data/ucsSatellites.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
- * @file The bundled UCS Satellite Database pack: operator, owner country and
- * purpose for active satellites, keyed by NORAD catalog number.
+ * @file The bundled UCS Satellite Database pack: the purpose of each active
+ * satellite, keyed by NORAD catalog number.
  *
  * Data: `local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json`, built by
  * `scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py` from UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023
@@ -20,11 +20,8 @@ const PACK_URL = new URL(
 );
 
 /**
- * One UCS row: what UCS says about a satellite's operator and purpose.
- * @typedef {{noradId: number, operator: string|null,
- *   operatorCountry: string|null, purpose: string|null,
- *   detailedPurpose: string|null, users: string|null,
- *   orbitClass: string|null}} UcsSatellite
+ * One UCS row: what UCS says a satellite is for.
+ * @typedef {{noradId: number, purpose: string|null}} UcsSatellite
  */
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs b/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
index 86df68e81..3b52a4e92 100644
--- a/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
@@ -22,15 +22,7 @@ test('the bundled UCS pack names its release, licence and curation', () => {
       pack.meta.curation.invalidNoradDropped +
       pack.meta.curation.duplicateNoradDropped,
   );
-  assert.deepEqual(pack.fields, [
-    'noradId',
-    'operator',
-    'operatorCountry',
-    'purpose',
-    'detailedPurpose',
-    'users',
-    'orbitClass',
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(pack.fields, ['noradId', 'purpose']);
   // Small enough to load with the layer.
   assert.ok(readFileSync(PACK_URL).length < 200_000);
 });
@@ -41,36 +33,26 @@ test('the pack loads into records keyed by NORAD number', async () => {
   const iss = records.get(25544);
   assert.ok(iss, 'the ISS is in UCS');
   assert.equal(iss.noradId, 25544);
-  assert.ok(iss.operator);
   assert.ok(iss.purpose);
-  for (const record of records.values()) {
-    assert.doesNotMatch(
-      `${record.operator ?? ''} ${record.purpose ?? ''}`,
-      /starlink/i,
-      'Starlink rows are dropped',
-    );
-    if (record.orbitClass) assert.match(record.orbitClass, /^(LEO|MEO|GEO|ELLIPTICAL)$/);
-  }
 });
 
 test('indexing reads the string tables and turns empty strings into null', () => {
   const records = indexUcsPack({
-    fields: ['noradId', 'operator', 'purpose'],
-    strings: { operator: ['', 'ESA'], purpose: ['', 'Earth Observation'] },
+    fields: ['noradId', 'purpose'],
+    strings: { purpose: ['', 'Earth Observation'] },
     records: [
-      [39634, 1, 1],
-      [40000, 0, 1],
-      ['bad', 1, 1],
-      [-5, 1, 1],
+      [39634, 1],
+      [40000, 0],
+      ['bad', 1],
+      [-5, 1],
     ],
   });
   assert.deepEqual([...records.keys()], [39634, 40000]);
   assert.deepEqual(records.get(39634), {
     noradId: 39634,
-    operator: 'ESA',
     purpose: 'Earth Observation',
   });
-  assert.equal(records.get(40000).operator, null);
+  assert.equal(records.get(40000).purpose, null);
 });
 
 test('a pack of the wrong shape throws, so the loader tries again', () => {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
index bb20e646a..a7fd060a5 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
@@ -124,8 +124,6 @@ export function createCatalog({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
             satrec,
             group: 'dense',
             launchYear: tleLineLaunchYear(entry.line1),
-            line1: entry.line1,
-            line2: entry.line2,
             // The dense feed is CelesTrak's Starlink group.
             satelliteClass: 'starlink',
             ucs: null,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
index deaf1b3da..3d1337328 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
@@ -210,13 +210,6 @@ export function classifySatellite({
   return 'probes';
 }
 
-/** Whether a class may be ridden in the Cockpit's orbital view. */
-export function satelliteClassEnterable(satelliteClass) {
-  return (
-    SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS.includes(satelliteClass) && satelliteClass !== 'debris'
-  );
-}
-
 /**
  * Merge a partial class-visibility request into the current choice.
  * Unknown keys and non-boolean values are ignored.
@@ -236,443 +229,6 @@ export function mergeClassVisibility(
   return next;
 }
 
-// ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code → short English name, for every owner below.
-const COUNTRY_NAMES = Object.freeze({
-  AE: 'United Arab Emirates',
-  AM: 'Armenia',
-  AO: 'Angola',
-  AR: 'Argentina',
-  AT: 'Austria',
-  AU: 'Australia',
-  AZ: 'Azerbaijan',
-  BD: 'Bangladesh',
-  BE: 'Belgium',
-  BG: 'Bulgaria',
-  BH: 'Bahrain',
-  BM: 'Bermuda',
-  BO: 'Bolivia',
-  BR: 'Brazil',
-  BT: 'Bhutan',
-  BW: 'Botswana',
-  BY: 'Belarus',
-  CA: 'Canada',
-  CH: 'Switzerland',
-  CL: 'Chile',
-  CN: 'China',
-  CO: 'Colombia',
-  CR: 'Costa Rica',
-  CZ: 'Czechia',
-  DE: 'Germany',
-  DJ: 'Djibouti',
-  DK: 'Denmark',
-  DZ: 'Algeria',
-  EC: 'Ecuador',
-  EE: 'Estonia',
-  EG: 'Egypt',
-  ES: 'Spain',
-  ET: 'Ethiopia',
-  FI: 'Finland',
-  FR: 'France',
-  GB: 'United Kingdom',
-  GH: 'Ghana',
-  GR: 'Greece',
-  GT: 'Guatemala',
-  HR: 'Croatia',
-  HU: 'Hungary',
-  ID: 'Indonesia',
-  IE: 'Ireland',
-  IL: 'Israel',
-  IN: 'India',
-  IQ: 'Iraq',
-  IR: 'Iran',
-  IT: 'Italy',
-  JO: 'Jordan',
-  JP: 'Japan',
-  KE: 'Kenya',
-  KP: 'North Korea',
-  KR: 'South Korea',
-  KW: 'Kuwait',
-  KZ: 'Kazakhstan',
-  LA: 'Laos',
-  LK: 'Sri Lanka',
-  LT: 'Lithuania',
-  LU: 'Luxembourg',
-  MA: 'Morocco',
-  MC: 'Monaco',
-  MD: 'Moldova',
-  ME: 'Montenegro',
-  MM: 'Myanmar',
-  MN: 'Mongolia',
-  MU: 'Mauritius',
-  MX: 'Mexico',
-  MY: 'Malaysia',
-  NG: 'Nigeria',
-  NL: 'Netherlands',
-  NO: 'Norway',
-  NP: 'Nepal',
-  NZ: 'New Zealand',
-  PE: 'Peru',
-  PH: 'Philippines',
-  PK: 'Pakistan',
-  PL: 'Poland',
-  PT: 'Portugal',
-  PY: 'Paraguay',
-  QA: 'Qatar',
-  RO: 'Romania',
-  RU: 'Russia',
-  RW: 'Rwanda',
-  SA: 'Saudi Arabia',
-  SB: 'Solomon Islands',
-  SD: 'Sudan',
-  SE: 'Sweden',
-  SG: 'Singapore',
-  SI: 'Slovenia',
-  SN: 'Senegal',
-  TH: 'Thailand',
-  TM: 'Turkmenistan',
-  TN: 'Tunisia',
-  TR: 'Türkiye',
-  TW: 'Taiwan',
-  UA: 'Ukraine',
-  US: 'United States',
-  UY: 'Uruguay',
-  VA: 'Vatican City',
-  VE: 'Venezuela',
-  VN: 'Vietnam',
-  ZA: 'South Africa',
-  ZW: 'Zimbabwe',
-});
-
-// UCS "Country of Operator/Owner" → ISO code. Joint owners ("USA/Japan") and
-// organisations are not countries and resolve through ORGANISATIONS or as a
-// joint label.
-const UCS_COUNTRIES = Object.freeze({
-  Algeria: 'DZ',
-  Angola: 'AO',
-  Argentina: 'AR',
-  Australia: 'AU',
-  Austria: 'AT',
-  Azerbaijan: 'AZ',
-  Bangladesh: 'BD',
-  Belarus: 'BY',
-  Belgium: 'BE',
-  Bolivia: 'BO',
-  Brazil: 'BR',
-  Bulgaria: 'BG',
-  Canada: 'CA',
-  Chile: 'CL',
-  China: 'CN',
-  Colombia: 'CO',
-  'Czech Republic': 'CZ',
-  Denmark: 'DK',
-  Ecuador: 'EC',
-  Egypt: 'EG',
-  Estonia: 'EE',
-  Ethiopia: 'ET',
-  Finland: 'FI',
-  France: 'FR',
-  Germany: 'DE',
-  Greece: 'GR',
-  Hungary: 'HU',
-  India: 'IN',
-  Indonesia: 'ID',
-  Iran: 'IR',
-  Iraq: 'IQ',
-  Israel: 'IL',
-  Italy: 'IT',
-  Japan: 'JP',
-  Jordan: 'JO',
-  Kazakhstan: 'KZ',
-  Kenya: 'KE',
-  Kuwait: 'KW',
-  Laos: 'LA',
-  Lithuania: 'LT',
-  Luxembourg: 'LU',
-  Malaysia: 'MY',
-  Mexico: 'MX',
-  Monaco: 'MC',
-  Morocco: 'MA',
-  Nepal: 'NP',
-  Netherlands: 'NL',
-  'New Zealand': 'NZ',
-  Nigeria: 'NG',
-  Norway: 'NO',
-  Pakistan: 'PK',
-  Peru: 'PE',
-  Poland: 'PL',
-  Russia: 'RU',
-  'Saudi Arabia': 'SA',
-  Sinapore: 'SG',
-  Singapore: 'SG',
-  Slovenia: 'SI',
-  'South Africa': 'ZA',
-  'South Korea': 'KR',
-  Spain: 'ES',
-  Sudan: 'SD',
-  Sweden: 'SE',
-  Switzerland: 'CH',
-  Taiwan: 'TW',
-  Thailand: 'TH',
-  Tunisia: 'TN',
-  Turkey: 'TR',
-  UK: 'GB',
-  USA: 'US',
-  Ukraine: 'UA',
-  'United Arab Emirates': 'AE',
-  'United Kingdom': 'GB',
-  Venezuela: 'VE',
-  Vietnam: 'VN',
-});
-
-// CelesTrak SATCAT OWNER code → ISO code (https://celestrak.org/satcat/sources.php).
-// CIS (former USSR) is filed under Russia, its continuing state.
-const SATCAT_COUNTRIES = Object.freeze({
-  ALG: 'DZ',
-  ANG: 'AO',
-  ARGN: 'AR',
-  ARM: 'AM',
-  ASRA: 'AT',
-  AUS: 'AU',
-  AZER: 'AZ',
-  BEL: 'BE',
-  BELA: 'BY',
-  BERM: 'BM',
-  BGD: 'BD',
-  BHR: 'BH',
-  BHUT: 'BT',
-  BOL: 'BO',
-  BRAZ: 'BR',
-  BUL: 'BG',
-  BWA: 'BW',
-  CA: 'CA',
-  CHLE: 'CL',
-  CIS: 'RU',
-  COL: 'CO',
-  CRI: 'CR',
-  CZCH: 'CZ',
-  DEN: 'DK',
-  DJI: 'DJ',
-  ECU: 'EC',
-  EGYP: 'EG',
-  EST: 'EE',
-  ETH: 'ET',
-  FIN: 'FI',
-  FR: 'FR',
-  GER: 'DE',
-  GHA: 'GH',
-  GREC: 'GR',
-  GUAT: 'GT',
-  HRV: 'HR',
-  HUN: 'HU',
-  IND: 'IN',
-  INDO: 'ID',
-  IRAN: 'IR',
-  IRAQ: 'IQ',
-  IRL: 'IE',
-  ISRA: 'IL',
-  ISRO: 'IN',
-  IT: 'IT',
-  JPN: 'JP',
-  KAZ: 'KZ',
-  KEN: 'KE',
-  LAOS: 'LA',
-  LKA: 'LK',
-  LTU: 'LT',
-  LUXE: 'LU',
-  MA: 'MA',
-  MALA: 'MY',
-  MCO: 'MC',
-  MDA: 'MD',
-  MEX: 'MX',
-  MMR: 'MM',
-  MNE: 'ME',
-  MNG: 'MN',
-  MUS: 'MU',
-  NETH: 'NL',
-  NIG: 'NG',
-  NKOR: 'KP',
-  NOR: 'NO',
-  NPL: 'NP',
-  NZ: 'NZ',
-  PAKI: 'PK',
-  PERU: 'PE',
-  POL: 'PL',
-  POR: 'PT',
-  PRC: 'CN',
-  PRY: 'PY',
-  QAT: 'QA',
-  ROC: 'TW',
-  ROM: 'RO',
-  RP: 'PH',
-  RWA: 'RW',
-  SAFR: 'ZA',
-  SAUD: 'SA',
-  SDN: 'SD',
-  SEN: 'SN',
-  SING: 'SG',
-  SKOR: 'KR',
-  SLB: 'SB',
-  SPN: 'ES',
-  SVN: 'SI',
-  SWED: 'SE',
-  SWTZ: 'CH',
-  THAI: 'TH',
-  TUN: 'TN',
-  TURK: 'TR',
-  UAE: 'AE',
-  UK: 'GB',
-  UKR: 'UA',
-  URY: 'UY',
-  US: 'US',
-  VAT: 'VA',
-  VENZ: 'VE',
-  VTNM: 'VN',
-  ZWE: 'ZW',
-});
-
-// Organisations, by SATCAT code and by UCS name: no flag, a short label.
-const ORGANISATIONS = Object.freeze({
-  AB: 'Arabsat',
-  ABS: 'ABS',
-  AC: 'AsiaSat',
-  ESA: 'ESA',
-  ESRO: 'ESRO',
-  EUME: 'EUMETSAT',
-  EUTE: 'Eutelsat',
-  GLOB: 'Globalstar',
-  IM: 'Inmarsat',
-  IRID: 'Iridium',
-  ISS: 'ISS partners',
-  ITSO: 'Intelsat',
-  NATO: 'NATO',
-  NICO: 'New ICO',
-  O3B: 'O3b',
-  ORB: 'ORBCOMM',
-  RASC: 'RascomStar-QAF',
-  SEAL: 'Sea Launch',
-  SES: 'SES',
-  Multinational: 'Multinational',
-});
-
-// SATCAT codes for joint ownership, as their parts.
-const SATCAT_JOINT = Object.freeze({
-  CHBZ: ['CN', 'BR'],
-  CHTU: ['CN', 'TR'],
-  FGER: ['FR', 'DE'],
-  FRIT: ['FR', 'IT'],
-  GRSA: ['GR', 'SA'],
-  PRES: ['CN', 'ESA'],
-  SGJP: ['SG', 'JP'],
-  STCT: ['SG', 'TW'],
-  TMMC: ['TM', 'MC'],
-  USBZ: ['US', 'BR'],
-});
-
-function country(code) {
-  return COUNTRY_NAMES[code]
-    ? { countryCode: code, label: COUNTRY_NAMES[code] }
-    : null;
-}
-
-function joint(parts) {
-  const labels = parts.map(
-    (part) => COUNTRY_NAMES[part] || ORGANISATIONS[part] || part,
-  );
-  return { countryCode: null, label: labels.join(' / ') };
-}
-
-/**
- * Normalise a UCS owner country ("USA", "China/France", "ESA",
- * "Multinational") to `{ countryCode, label }`.
- * @param {string|null|undefined} text
- * @returns {{countryCode: string|null, label: string}|null}
- */
-export function ownerFromUcs(text) {
-  const value = String(text || '').trim();
-  if (!value) return null;
-  if (UCS_COUNTRIES[value]) return country(UCS_COUNTRIES[value]);
-  if (ORGANISATIONS[value])
-    return { countryCode: null, label: ORGANISATIONS[value] };
-  if (value.includes('/'))
-    return joint(
-      value
-        .split('/')
-        .map((part) => part.trim())
-        .map((part) => UCS_COUNTRIES[part] || part),
-    );
-  return { countryCode: null, label: value };
-}
-
-/**
- * Normalise a CelesTrak SATCAT OWNER code ("US", "PRC", "CIS", "ITSO") to
- * `{ countryCode, label }`; null for TBD, UNK and blanks.
- * @param {string|null|undefined} code
- * @returns {{countryCode: string|null, label: string}|null}
- */
-export function ownerFromSatcat(code) {
-  const value = String(code || '')
-    .trim()
-    .toUpperCase();
-  if (!value || value === 'TBD' || value === 'UNK') return null;
-  if (SATCAT_COUNTRIES[value]) return country(SATCAT_COUNTRIES[value]);
-  if (ORGANISATIONS[value])
-    return { countryCode: null, label: ORGANISATIONS[value] };
-  if (SATCAT_JOINT[value]) return joint(SATCAT_JOINT[value]);
-  return null;
-}
-
-/**
- * Who owns a satellite: UCS names the operator's country, SATCAT the
- * registering owner; UCS wins where both exist. Starlink without either is
- * SpaceX's, so United States.
- * @returns {{countryCode: string|null, label: string}|null}
- */
-export function satelliteOwner({
-  ucs = null,
-  satcat = null,
-  satelliteClass,
-} = {}) {
-  return (
-    ownerFromUcs(ucs?.operatorCountry) ||
-    ownerFromSatcat(satcat?.owner) ||
-    (satelliteClass === 'starlink' ? country('US') : null)
-  );
-}
-
-/** Who operates a satellite: UCS's operator, or SpaceX for Starlink. */
-export function satelliteOperator({ ucs = null, satelliteClass } = {}) {
-  if (ucs?.operator) return ucs.operator;
-  return satelliteClass === 'starlink' ? 'SpaceX' : null;
-}
-
-/**
- * The international designator (COSPAR id) from TLE line 1, columns 10–17:
- * `98067A` → `1998-067A`. Two-digit years below 57 are 20xx.
- * @param {string|null|undefined} line1
- * @returns {string|null}
- */
-export function cosparIdFromTleLine1(line1) {
-  const field = String(line1 || '')
-    .slice(9, 17)
-    .trim();
-  const match = /^(\d{2})(\d{3})([A-Z]{1,3})$/.exec(field);
-  if (!match) return null;
-  const yy = Number(match[1]);
-  return `${yy < 57 ? 2000 + yy : 1900 + yy}-${match[2]}${match[3]}`;
-}
-
-/**
- * The TLE's epoch as epoch milliseconds, from satellite.js's Julian date.
- * @param {{jdsatepoch?: number, jdsatepochF?: number}|null|undefined} satrec
- * @returns {number|null}
- */
-export function tleEpochMs(satrec) {
-  const jd = Number(satrec?.jdsatepoch) + (Number(satrec?.jdsatepochF) || 0);
-  return Number.isFinite(jd) && jd > 0
-    ? Math.round((jd - 2440587.5) * 86_400_000)
-    : null;
-}
-
 /** Split one RFC 4180 CSV line (quoted fields may hold commas). */
 function csvFields(line) {
   const fields = [];
@@ -700,7 +256,7 @@ function csvFields(line) {
  * Parse CelesTrak SATCAT CSV into records keyed by NORAD number.
  * @param {string} text `records.php?…&FORMAT=CSV` body.
  * @returns {Map<number, {objectType: string, opsStatus: string,
- *   owner: string, cosparId: string|null, launchDate: string|null}>}
+ *   launchDate: string|null}>}
  */
 export function parseSatcatCsv(text) {
   const records = new Map();
@@ -714,8 +270,6 @@ export function parseSatcatCsv(text) {
     norad: at('NORAD_CAT_ID'),
     type: at('OBJECT_TYPE'),
     status: at('OPS_STATUS_CODE'),
-    owner: at('OWNER'),
-    id: at('OBJECT_ID'),
     launch: at('LAUNCH_DATE'),
   };
   if (col.norad < 0 || col.type < 0) return records;
@@ -727,8 +281,6 @@ export function parseSatcatCsv(text) {
     records.set(noradId, {
       objectType: text(col.type).toUpperCase(),
       opsStatus: text(col.status),
-      owner: text(col.owner),
-      cosparId: text(col.id) || null,
       launchDate: text(col.launch) || null,
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
index b0cd9307d..aa134fa2d 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
@@ -1,27 +1,19 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import { twoline2satrec } from 'satellite.js';
 import {
   DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES,
   PRESUMED_DEAD_AFTER_YEARS,
   SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY,
   SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS,
   classifySatellite,
-  cosparIdFromTleLine1,
   mergeClassVisibility,
-  ownerFromSatcat,
-  ownerFromUcs,
   parseSatcatCsv,
-  satelliteClassEnterable,
-  satelliteOperator,
-  satelliteOwner,
-  tleEpochMs,
 } from './classes.js';
 
 const NOW = 2026;
 const classify = (subject) => classifySatellite({ nowYear: NOW, ...subject });
 
-test('six classes, with stations and imaging on by default and the rest off', () => {
+test('six classes, every one but Starlink on by default', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS, [
     'stations',
     'imaging',
@@ -44,16 +36,28 @@ test('six classes, with stations and imaging on by default and the rest off', ()
 test('SATCAT object type and status file debris first, overruling UCS', () => {
   const imaging = { purpose: 'Earth Observation' };
   for (const objectType of ['R/B', 'DEB', 'UNK'])
-    assert.equal(classify({ name: 'X', satcat: { objectType, opsStatus: '' } }), 'debris', objectType);
+    assert.equal(
+      classify({ name: 'X', satcat: { objectType, opsStatus: '' } }),
+      'debris',
+      objectType,
+    );
   // A satellite UCS listed in 2023 that SATCAT now calls dead or decayed.
   for (const opsStatus of ['-', 'D'])
     assert.equal(
-      classify({ name: 'OLDSAT', ucs: imaging, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus } }),
+      classify({
+        name: 'OLDSAT',
+        ucs: imaging,
+        satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus },
+      }),
       'debris',
       opsStatus,
     );
   assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'OLDSAT', ucs: imaging, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '+' } }),
+    classify({
+      name: 'OLDSAT',
+      ucs: imaging,
+      satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '+' },
+    }),
     'imaging',
   );
   // Debris riding in the stations group (CelesTrak lists FREGAT DEB there).
@@ -63,15 +67,33 @@ test('SATCAT object type and status file debris first, overruling UCS', () => {
 
 test('the ISS is a station whatever else says', () => {
   assert.equal(
-    classify({ noradId: 25544, name: 'ISS (ZARYA)', group: 'visual', satcat: { objectType: 'DEB' } }),
+    classify({
+      noradId: 25544,
+      name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
+      group: 'visual',
+      satcat: { objectType: 'DEB' },
+    }),
     'stations',
   );
 });
 
 test('stations: crewed stations and visiting vehicles by name', () => {
-  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'CSS (TIANHE)', group: 'stations' }), 'stations');
-  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'ISS (NAUKA)', group: 'stations' }), 'stations');
-  for (const name of ['SHENZHOU-21', 'TIANZHOU-9', 'SOYUZ-MS 28', 'PROGRESS-MS 31', 'CREW DRAGON 11', 'CYGNUS NG-23'])
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'CSS (TIANHE)', group: 'stations' }),
+    'stations',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'ISS (NAUKA)', group: 'stations' }),
+    'stations',
+  );
+  for (const name of [
+    'SHENZHOU-21',
+    'TIANZHOU-9',
+    'SOYUZ-MS 28',
+    'PROGRESS-MS 31',
+    'CREW DRAGON 11',
+    'CYGNUS NG-23',
+  ])
     assert.equal(classify({ name, group: 'visual' }), 'stations', name);
 });
 
@@ -91,7 +113,11 @@ test('UCS purpose decides imaging, telecom and probes', () => {
     ['Unknown', 'probes'],
   ];
   for (const [purpose, expected] of table)
-    assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', ucs: { purpose } }), expected, purpose);
+    assert.equal(
+      classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', ucs: { purpose } }),
+      expected,
+      purpose,
+    );
 });
 
 test('satellites launched after the UCS snapshot are classed by name', () => {
@@ -110,20 +136,42 @@ test('satellites launched after the UCS snapshot are classed by name', () => {
     ['STARLINK-34012', 'starlink'],
   ];
   for (const [name, expected] of table)
-    assert.equal(classify({ name, group: 'visual', launchYear: 2025 }), expected, name);
+    assert.equal(
+      classify({ name, group: 'visual', launchYear: 2025 }),
+      expected,
+      name,
+    );
 });
 
 test('the group the TLE came in is the last resort', () => {
-  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'resource', launchYear: 2024 }), 'imaging');
-  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'geo', launchYear: 2024 }), 'telecom');
-  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'science', launchYear: 2024 }), 'probes');
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'resource', launchYear: 2024 }),
+    'imaging',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'geo', launchYear: 2024 }),
+    'telecom',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'science', launchYear: 2024 }),
+    'probes',
+  );
   assert.equal(classify({ name: 'STARLINK-1', group: 'dense' }), 'starlink');
-  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: 2024 }), 'probes');
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: 2024 }),
+    'probes',
+  );
 });
 
 test('CubeSats deployed from the ISS are not stations', () => {
   // They ride in CelesTrak's stations group under the ISS's 1998 designator.
-  for (const name of ['DUPLEX', 'KNACKSAT-2', 'GXIBA-1', 'LEOPARD', 'HMU-SAT2']) {
+  for (const name of [
+    'DUPLEX',
+    'KNACKSAT-2',
+    'GXIBA-1',
+    'LEOPARD',
+    'HMU-SAT2',
+  ]) {
     assert.equal(
       classify({ name, group: 'stations', launchYear: 1998 }),
       'probes',
@@ -141,7 +189,11 @@ test('CubeSats deployed from the ISS are not stations', () => {
     );
   }
   assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'stations', ucs: { purpose: 'Earth Observation' } }),
+    classify({
+      name: 'UNNAMED-1',
+      group: 'stations',
+      ucs: { purpose: 'Earth Observation' },
+    }),
     'imaging',
   );
 });
@@ -154,89 +206,53 @@ test('an unknown old payload is presumed dead; a recognisable one is not', () =>
     'without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed',
   );
   assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'ATLAS CENTAUR 2', group: 'visual', launchYear: 1963, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '' } }),
+    classify({
+      name: 'ATLAS CENTAUR 2',
+      group: 'visual',
+      launchYear: 1963,
+      satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '' },
+    }),
     'debris',
     'a blank SATCAT status is no evidence of life',
   );
-  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: old + 1 }), 'probes');
-  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'NOAA 15', group: 'weather', launchYear: 1998 }), 'imaging');
   assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: 1990, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '+' } }),
+    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: old + 1 }),
+    'probes',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'NOAA 15', group: 'weather', launchYear: 1998 }),
+    'imaging',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({
+      name: 'UNNAMED-1',
+      group: 'visual',
+      launchYear: 1990,
+      satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '+' },
+    }),
     'probes',
     'SATCAT says it works',
   );
 });
 
-test('only debris is refused the Cockpit', () => {
-  for (const id of SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS)
-    assert.equal(satelliteClassEnterable(id), id !== 'debris', id);
-  assert.equal(satelliteClassEnterable('nonsense'), false);
-});
-
 test('class visibility merges booleans and ignores everything else', () => {
-  const next = mergeClassVisibility({ telecom: true, imaging: false, debris: 'yes', bogus: true });
-  assert.deepEqual(next, { ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES, telecom: true, imaging: false });
-  assert.deepEqual(mergeClassVisibility(null), { ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES });
+  const next = mergeClassVisibility({
+    telecom: true,
+    imaging: false,
+    debris: 'yes',
+    bogus: true,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(next, {
+    ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES,
+    telecom: true,
+    imaging: false,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(mergeClassVisibility(null), {
+    ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES,
+  });
   assert.equal(Object.hasOwn(next, 'bogus'), false);
 });
 
-test('UCS owner countries normalise to ISO codes, organisations and joint owners', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('USA'), { countryCode: 'US', label: 'United States' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('United Kingdom'), { countryCode: 'GB', label: 'United Kingdom' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('Sinapore'), { countryCode: 'SG', label: 'Singapore' }, 'UCS typo');
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('Turkey'), { countryCode: 'TR', label: 'Türkiye' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('ESA'), { countryCode: null, label: 'ESA' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('Multinational'), { countryCode: null, label: 'Multinational' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('China/France'), { countryCode: null, label: 'China / France' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('United Kingdom/ESA'), { countryCode: null, label: 'United Kingdom / ESA' });
-  assert.equal(ownerFromUcs(''), null);
-  assert.equal(ownerFromUcs(null), null);
-});
-
-test('SATCAT owner codes normalise the same way', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('US'), { countryCode: 'US', label: 'United States' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('PRC'), { countryCode: 'CN', label: 'China' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('CIS'), { countryCode: 'RU', label: 'Russia' }, 'former USSR');
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('ISRO'), { countryCode: 'IN', label: 'India' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('itso'), { countryCode: null, label: 'Intelsat' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('EUME'), { countryCode: null, label: 'EUMETSAT' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('PRES'), { countryCode: null, label: 'China / ESA' });
-  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('TMMC'), { countryCode: null, label: 'Turkmenistan / Monaco' });
-  for (const code of ['TBD', 'UNK', '', null, 'ZZZZ']) assert.equal(ownerFromSatcat(code), null, String(code));
-});
-
-test('owner prefers UCS, falls back to SATCAT, and Starlink is American', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual(
-    satelliteOwner({ ucs: { operatorCountry: 'ESA' }, satcat: { owner: 'FR' } }),
-    { countryCode: null, label: 'ESA' },
-  );
-  assert.deepEqual(satelliteOwner({ satcat: { owner: 'FR' } }), { countryCode: 'FR', label: 'France' });
-  assert.deepEqual(satelliteOwner({ satelliteClass: 'starlink' }), { countryCode: 'US', label: 'United States' });
-  assert.equal(satelliteOwner({}), null);
-  assert.equal(satelliteOperator({ ucs: { operator: 'Planet Labs, Inc.' } }), 'Planet Labs, Inc.');
-  assert.equal(satelliteOperator({ satelliteClass: 'starlink' }), 'SpaceX');
-  assert.equal(satelliteOperator({ satelliteClass: 'imaging' }), null);
-});
-
-const ISS_LINE1 = '1 25544U 98067A   24001.50000000  .00016717  00000-0  30370-3 0  9993';
-const ISS_LINE2 = '2 25544  51.6416 247.4627 0006703 130.5360 325.0288 15.50377579432323';
-
-test('COSPAR ids come from TLE line 1, across the 1957 century pivot', () => {
-  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1), '1998-067A');
-  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1.replace('98067A  ', '24123BC ')), '2024-123BC');
-  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1.replace('98067A  ', '57001A  ')), '1957-001A');
-  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1.replace('98067A  ', '        ')), null);
-  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(null), null);
-});
-
-test('the TLE epoch is read as epoch milliseconds', () => {
-  const satrec = twoline2satrec(ISS_LINE1, ISS_LINE2);
-  // Day 001.5 of 2024: 1 January 2024, 12:00 UTC.
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(tleEpochMs(satrec) - Date.UTC(2024, 0, 1, 12)) < 1000);
-  assert.equal(tleEpochMs(null), null);
-  assert.equal(tleEpochMs({}), null);
-});
-
 test('SATCAT CSV parses, quoted commas included, keyed by NORAD id', () => {
   const csv = [
     'OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID,NORAD_CAT_ID,OBJECT_TYPE,OPS_STATUS_CODE,OWNER,LAUNCH_DATE',
@@ -250,8 +266,6 @@ test('SATCAT CSV parses, quoted commas included, keyed by NORAD id', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(records.get(25544), {
     objectType: 'PAY',
     opsStatus: '+',
-    owner: 'ISS',
-    cosparId: '1998-067A',
     launchDate: '1998-11-20',
   });
   assert.equal(records.get(733).objectType, 'R/B');
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index e5fdb5caa..c69b14f30 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -308,8 +308,6 @@ export function createIngestion({
             groups,
             // satellite.js does not keep the designator the year match reads.
             launchYear,
-            line1: entry.line1,
-            line2: entry.line2,
             satelliteClass: classifySatellite({
               noradId,
               name: entry.name,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/state.js b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
index d346a2cb2..16c210a77 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state._overlayHost = state.DEFAULT_OVERLAY_HOST;
 
-  // Satellite catalog: { noradId → { name, satrec, group, line1, line2,
+  // Satellite catalog: { noradId → { name, satrec, group, launchYear,
   // satelliteClass, ucs, satcat } } — class, UCS and SATCAT records from
   // src/layers/satellites/classes.js and the sources the update read.
 

From cc24da165b87bbf32d587bf6dbcf48e91997ce3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:55:14 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 216/262] fix(satellites): a current SATCAT read is kept six
 hours instead of re-reading eleven groups every update; the tracking
 regression serves SATCAT locally

---
 scripts/track-regression.mjs             |  9 +++++
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js       | 14 +++++++
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/layers/satellites/state.js           |  3 ++
 4 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/track-regression.mjs b/scripts/track-regression.mjs
index e00dadfc3..16c345db5 100644
--- a/scripts/track-regression.mjs
+++ b/scripts/track-regression.mjs
@@ -409,6 +409,15 @@ async function main() {
             status: 'ready',
           }));
         }
+        // CelesTrak SATCAT, which the satellite classes read beside the TLEs.
+        // An empty CSV (header only) keeps the run hermetic: the classes fall
+        // back to names and groups, as they do when SATCAT is unavailable.
+        if (isAppRequest && url.pathname.startsWith('/api/celestrak-satcat/')) {
+          return Promise.resolve(new Response(
+            'OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID,NORAD_CAT_ID,OBJECT_TYPE,OPS_STATUS_CODE,LAUNCH_DATE\n',
+            { status: 200, headers: { 'Content-Type': 'text/csv' } },
+          ));
+        }
         // CelesTrak TLE groups. Served from a fixed two-satellite catalog so
         // the satellite assertions are deterministic and the run never depends
         // on an upstream that rate-limits (it was answering 403 the night this
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index c69b14f30..dc20968a3 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -12,6 +12,13 @@ import { classifySatellite, parseSatcatCsv } from './classes.js';
  */
 export const SATCAT_WAIT_MS = 3000;
 
+/**
+ * How long a complete, current SATCAT read is kept before the layer asks
+ * again, ms. SATCAT changes daily and the proxy caches it a day, so the
+ * five-minute TLE update does not read all eleven groups each time.
+ */
+export const SATCAT_KEEP_MS = 6 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+
 export function createIngestion({
   state: layerState,
   services,
@@ -42,6 +49,12 @@ export function createIngestion({
    */
   function _readSatcat(signal) {
     if (typeof source.readSatcat !== 'function') return Promise.resolve([]);
+    // A complete, current read is kept; a stale or failed one is asked again.
+    if (
+      layerState._satcatState === 'current' &&
+      Date.now() - layerState._satcatReadAtMs < SATCAT_KEEP_MS
+    )
+      return Promise.resolve([]);
     return Promise.all(
       CATALOG_GROUPS.map((groupDef) =>
         source
@@ -86,6 +99,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
     if (!groups.length) return;
     const changed = layerState._satcatState !== satcatState;
     layerState._satcatState = satcatState;
+    layerState._satcatReadAtMs = Date.now();
     if (satcatState !== 'current')
       console.warn(`[Data:Satellites] SATCAT ${satcatState}: classes may lag`);
     // The row's info line says so (getRowControls).
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
index c25b90158..3871e57a3 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { parseTleText, tleLineLaunchYear } from '../../sources/tle.js';
-import { SATCAT_WAIT_MS, createIngestion } from './ingestion.js';
+import {
+  SATCAT_KEEP_MS,
+  SATCAT_WAIT_MS,
+  createIngestion,
+} from './ingestion.js';
 import { createOrbits } from './orbits.js';
 import { createControls } from './controls.js';
 
@@ -178,7 +182,9 @@ test('a satellite in visual and resource is imaging, whichever group shows it',
   t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
   // A name no pattern knows, no UCS record and no SATCAT: only its groups.
   const { state, update } = ingestionFor((path) =>
-    path === 'visual' || path === 'resource' ? tleSet('ZZ TESTSAT', '50001') : '',
+    path === 'visual' || path === 'resource'
+      ? tleSet('ZZ TESTSAT', '50001')
+      : '',
   );
   await update();
   const sat = state._catalog.get(50001);
@@ -247,3 +253,40 @@ test('a failed SATCAT read is told on the layer row, not only the console', asyn
   });
   assert.equal(current.methods.getRowControls().info, '');
 });
+
+test('a current SATCAT read is kept between updates; a failed one is asked again', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  const header =
+    'OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID,NORAD_CAT_ID,OBJECT_TYPE,OPS_STATUS_CODE\n';
+  let reads = 0;
+  let ok = true;
+  const { state, update } = ingestionFor(tleSet('ZZ TESTSAT', '50003'), {
+    source: {
+      readSatcat: async () => {
+        reads++;
+        return ok
+          ? { ok: true, text: `${header}ZZ TESTSAT,2015-001A,50003,PAY,-` }
+          : { ok: false, text: '' };
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  await update();
+  const perUpdate = reads;
+  assert.ok(perUpdate > 0);
+  await update();
+  assert.equal(reads, perUpdate, 'a fresh read is not asked again');
+  assert.equal(
+    state._catalog.get(50003).satelliteClass,
+    'debris',
+    'the held records still class the rebuilt catalog',
+  );
+
+  state._satcatReadAtMs -= SATCAT_KEEP_MS;
+  ok = false;
+  await update();
+  assert.equal(reads, 2 * perUpdate, 'an old read is asked again');
+  assert.equal(state._satcatState, 'unavailable');
+  await update();
+  assert.equal(reads, 3 * perUpdate, 'a failed read is asked again');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/state.js b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
index 16c210a77..42823ee00 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
   // How current the SATCAT records behind the classes are: null before any
   // read, then 'current' | 'stale' | 'unavailable' (see ingestion.js).
   state._satcatState = null;
+  // When _satcatState was last set (Date.now()); a current read is kept
+  // SATCAT_KEEP_MS (src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js).
+  state._satcatReadAtMs = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
   state._denseStale = false;
 
   state._activeUpdateControllers = new Set();

From 608ab4adea5688e87a0f7cd6a4933aca9199dda7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:56:03 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 217/262] fix(satellites): an unknown object from a launch
 under two years old is not debris yet; Earth/Space Observation is imaging;
 the data-sources table names SATCAT

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                  |  4 ++--
 src/layers/satellites/classes.js       | 14 +++++++++++---
 src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 2fe237109..153a7396a 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -4449,7 +4449,7 @@ its criteria cannot be silently ignored.
 | Mapped Installations ⌖               | OpenFreeMap military areas; optional configured Overpass names and Google Places search                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      | `src/data/militaryInstallations.js`                                       | OpenFreeMap tiles, `/api/military-installations`, `/api/google/text-search`                             | viewport-driven; transient errors back off, missing capability switches to tiles                                            |
 | Earthquakes                          | USGS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | `src/data/earthquakes.js`                                                 | —                                                                                                       | 60s                                                                                                                         |
 | Air quality                          | ECCC MSC GeoMet OGC API (AQHI, Canada only)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | `src/layers/airQuality/`                                                  | —                                                                                                       | 20 min readings, 12 h station catalog                                                                                       |
-| Satellites                           | CelesTrak                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | `src/data/satellites.js`                                                  | `/api/celestrak`                                                                                        | 120s                                                                                                                        |
+| Satellites                           | CelesTrak TLE + SATCAT; bundled UCS pack (purpose)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           | `src/data/satellites.js`                                                  | `/api/celestrak` + `/api/celestrak-satcat`                                                              | 120s                                                                                                                        |
 | Space Missions (30d)                 | Launch Library 2 + CelesTrak                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | `src/data/rocketLaunches.js`                                              | `/api/launches` + `/api/celestrak/active`                                                               | 5 min                                                                                                                       |
 | Traffic                              | Selectable TomTom / OpenStreetMap / Hybrid roads; optional TomTom flow (BYOK)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | `src/data/traffic.js`                                                     | browser-direct OpenFreeMap tiles; `/api/tomtom` for flow                                                | viewport-driven; capped tile cache                                                                                          |
 | CCTV                                 | Austin + Caltrans (CA) + TfL London + Ontario 511 + Fintraffic (FI) + DriveBC (BC) + TxDOT (TX) + Estonia (Tallinn, Tarktee) + Live Traffic NSW + Open Calgary Open Data + Statens vegvesen (NO, stills + live HLS, Kartverket ground heights) + King County (WA) Open Data + WSDOT (WA) Open Data + NYC DOT TMC (opt-in) + City of Toronto RESCU + Catalonia (Servei Català de Trànsit) + Iceland (Vegagerðin / IRCA) + Hong Kong Transport Department + FL511 (FL, opt-in) + Freeway Bureau, MOTC (Taiwan) + Houston TranStar (opt-in) + Autostrada del Brennero (IT, A22 stills) + Street View fallback | `src/data/cctv.js`                                                        | `/api/cctv`                                                                                             | 10s (active)                                                                                                                |
@@ -5458,7 +5458,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - **Satellite classes** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): every satellite is filed under one of six classes, each with its own point colour, legend swatch and toggle: STATIONS (warm white), IMAGING (cyan), TELECOM (violet; communications and navigation, so GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou read as one family), STARLINK (dim slate), PROBES (muted blue-gray) and DEBRIS (receding brown-gray). That module is the single source of truth for class, label and colour, so the dot, the card and the legend swatch cannot disagree. Two deliberate palette rules: no class may sit in the 40–48° amber band, which is the app-wide known-military convention; and STARLINK stays far below PROBES in Rec.601 luminance so the dense shell stays separable when NVG/FLIR collapse the scene to one channel. The ISS keeps its long-standing red hero dot rather than the STATIONS colour — it carries a permanent name label and its card still reads `STATIONS · ISS`; it is a station whichever group ingested it, so a stations-feed outage cannot refile it. `src/data/satelliteClass.js` keeps the group-based labels beneath the classes: the constellation subtype and a group's own label for a satellite with no class.
 - Class is also a **text field**, not just a color: `TELECOM · GPS` / `STARLINK` / `STATIONS · ISS` leads the tracked card's detail block and replaces the raw CelesTrak tag on the detection-overlay label. Because that canvas composites above the post-FX chain, the class stays readable in NVG/FLIR after the in-scene dot colors are flattened.
 - The satellites row in DATA LAYERS carries per-layer sub-controls (`DataLayerManager._syncRowControls`, the first consumer of the optional `getRowControls()` layer hook): one chip per class (the STARLINK chip exposes the existing `catalog` param), a swatch legend with live per-class counts, and an info line while SATCAT is stale or unavailable (`Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy` / `Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable`). Default is the sparse core catalog. The chips are stateless — each declares the params to apply and the manager owns the write — so the Space Missions capture/restore path over the same param stays authoritative. Controls stay hidden while the layer is off. An explicit CORE or DENSE choice participates in versioned local and share-link state; temporary Space Missions overrides do not.
-- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay, the voice/framing position lists and analyst answers (the tracked satellite still answers), and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: each satellite's purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak group. Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. An explicit class choice is kept in local and share-link state as the `classes` option, one letter per class shown (`sitpd`: stations, imaging, telecom, probes, debris; `0`: none; `src/data/satelliteClassMask.js`), and the layer takes those letters back through `setParams({classes})`; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param instead.
+- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects two or more years after launch and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay, the voice/framing position lists and analyst answers (the tracked satellite still answers), and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day by the proxy; the layer keeps a current read six hours rather than asking on every five-minute update), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: each satellite's purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak group. Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. An explicit class choice is kept in local and share-link state as the `classes` option, one letter per class shown (`sitpd`: stations, imaging, telecom, probes, debris; `0`: none; `src/data/satelliteClassMask.js`), and the layer takes those letters back through `setParams({classes})`; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param instead.
 - **The STARLINK chip (formerly DENSE) reports the dense LOAD, not the catalog param.** The param flips synchronously while the Starlink shell takes seconds to arrive over a chunked load, and CelesTrak 502s that feed regularly. So the chip reads `STARLINK ···` (busy, disabled) while loading, ACTIVE only once dense points are actually on screen, and `STARLINK ✕` with the reason on hover when the load fails — a failure also reverts `catalog` to `core`, drops any partial chunk, and leaves the chip clickable to retry. A load is judged by points added, not by HTTP status: a 200 carrying an empty body, a passed-through HTML error page, or only TLEs the core catalog already owns fails with the same revert semantics as a 502. Any explicit request for `core` clears a latched error even when the mode does not change, so a Space Missions restore of an already-core snapshot never leaves the user with a failure they did not cause. Because the load settles asynchronously, the layer pushes a re-render through the optional `setRowControlsListener()` hook; nothing else would repaint that row before the 5-minute catalog refresh, so the count and legend would otherwise sit stale.
 - **A dependency owner takes the row with it.** Space Missions borrows this layer for TLE lookup with `showPoints:false`; while points are hidden the layer returns empty row controls, so the legend never describes an empty sky and the chip cannot accept a write that the owner's restore would silently revert.
 - The detection-overlay record cache (`_detectionObjects`) is cleared with the catalog on every rebuild: it stamps id/class at creation only, and a rebuild can re-tag a satellite when a partial CelesTrak outage changes which group wins dedupe.
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
index 3d1337328..0315d4ebb 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
@@ -93,7 +93,12 @@ export const SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY = Object.freeze({
 const ISS_NORAD = 25544;
 
 /** SATCAT object types that are never a working payload. */
-const DEBRIS_OBJECT_TYPES = new Set(['R/B', 'DEB', 'UNK']);
+const DEBRIS_OBJECT_TYPES = new Set(['R/B', 'DEB']);
+/**
+ * SATCAT files a new launch's objects as UNK until it identifies them, so an
+ * unknown object launched this recently (years) is not presumed debris.
+ */
+export const UNIDENTIFIED_GRACE_YEARS = 2;
 /** SATCAT operational status: nonoperational, decayed. */
 const DEAD_STATUSES = new Set(['-', 'D']);
 /** SATCAT operational status left blank or unknown. */
@@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ const TELECOM_NAME =
   /^(ONEWEB|IRIDIUM|GLOBALSTAR|ORBCOMM|INTELSAT|IS-\d|SES[ -]?\d|ASTRA|EUTELSAT|INMARSAT|VIASAT|ECHOSTAR|DIRECTV|SIRIUS|XM-|TDRS|NAVSTAR|GPS\b|GLONASS|GSAT0|GALILEO|BEIDOU|QZS|IRNSS|NVS-|KUIPER|LYNK|BLUEBIRD|O3B|TELESAT|ANIK|NIMIQ|AMAZONAS|HISPASAT|ARABSAT|NILESAT|TURKSAT|YAMAL|EXPRESS-|CHINASAT|ZHONGXING|APSTAR|ASIASAT|THAICOM|MEASAT|JCSAT|SUPERBIRD|OPTUS|SKYNET|WGS|MUOS|AEHF|MILSTAR|QIANFAN|GUOWANG|SPACEMOBILE|GONETS|MERIDIAN|LUCH|RADUGA|SKYTERRA|TERRESTAR|SPACEWAY|HYLAS|ARSAT|AMOS|BADR|KA-SAT|YAHSAT|THURAYA)/i;
 
 const IMAGING_PURPOSE =
-  /earth observation|earth science|meteorolog|surveillance/i;
+  /earth observation|earth\/space observation|earth science|meteorolog|surveillance/i;
 const TELECOM_PURPOSE = /communications|navigation|positioning/i;
 
 /**
@@ -173,7 +178,11 @@ export function classifySatellite({
   const label = String(name || '').trim();
   const objectType = satcat?.objectType || null;
   const status = satcat?.opsStatus ?? null;
+  const launched = launchYearOf(satcat?.launchDate) ?? launchYear;
+  const recent =
+    Number.isFinite(launched) && nowYear - launched < UNIDENTIFIED_GRACE_YEARS;
   if (objectType && DEBRIS_OBJECT_TYPES.has(objectType)) return 'debris';
+  if (objectType === 'UNK' && !recent) return 'debris';
   if (!objectType && DEBRIS_NAME.test(label)) return 'debris';
   if (status !== null && DEAD_STATUSES.has(status)) return 'debris';
 
@@ -195,7 +204,6 @@ export function classifySatellite({
   // record gives no status and whose launch is decades old, is presumed
   // dead. Without a SATCAT record (its read failed or has not landed) there
   // is no evidence either way, so nothing is presumed.
-  const launched = launchYearOf(satcat?.launchDate) ?? launchYear;
   if (
     satcat &&
     UNKNOWN_STATUSES.has(status ?? '') &&
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
index aa134fa2d..8e148a32d 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
@@ -60,6 +60,24 @@ test('SATCAT object type and status file debris first, overruling UCS', () => {
     }),
     'imaging',
   );
+  // SATCAT calls a new launch's objects UNK until it names them: only an
+  // old unknown object, or one with no launch date, is debris.
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({
+      name: 'OBJECT C',
+      group: 'resource',
+      satcat: { objectType: 'UNK', opsStatus: '', launchDate: '2025-11-02' },
+    }),
+    'imaging',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({
+      name: 'OBJECT C',
+      group: 'resource',
+      satcat: { objectType: 'UNK', opsStatus: '', launchDate: '2019-04-01' },
+    }),
+    'debris',
+  );
   // Debris riding in the stations group (CelesTrak lists FREGAT DEB there).
   assert.equal(classify({ name: 'FREGAT DEB', group: 'stations' }), 'debris');
   assert.equal(classify({ name: 'SL-16 R/B', group: 'visual' }), 'debris');
@@ -104,6 +122,7 @@ test('UCS purpose decides imaging, telecom and probes', () => {
     ['Meteorological', 'imaging'],
     ['Surveillance', 'imaging'],
     ['Earth Observation/Navigation', 'imaging'],
+    ['Earth/Space Observation', 'imaging'],
     ['Communications', 'telecom'],
     ['Navigation/Global Positioning', 'telecom'],
     ['Navigation/Regional Positioning', 'telecom'],

From 83dd1af22ed16707bb28dbd401b30e4ad3bc7172 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 14:57:10 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 218/262] test(satellites): the card check reads the real
 record, the group checks cover every ingested group, and fixtures use NORAD
 ids UCS does not know

---
 src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs       | 20 +++++++++---------
 src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs b/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
index 7792cb765..e7cb6794b 100644
--- a/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/satelliteClass.test.mjs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import satellitesLayer, {
   _clearDenseCatalogStateForTest,
   _setDenseCatalogStateForTest,
 } from './satellites.js';
+import { CATALOG_GROUPS } from '../layers/satellites/policy.js';
 
 /**
  * A real, parseable TLE under an arbitrary 5-digit catalog number, so the dense
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ const starlinkChip = () =>
   satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.find((entry) => entry.id === 'catalog');
 
 /** Every CelesTrak group the catalog ingests, plus the dense-mode tag. */
-const INGESTED_GROUPS = ['stations', 'visual', 'gps-ops', 'glonass', 'galileo', 'geo', 'dense'];
+const INGESTED_GROUPS = [...CATALOG_GROUPS.map((group) => group.tag), 'dense'];
 
 test('every ingested CelesTrak group resolves to a real class', () => {
   // Guards against drift: adding a group to CATALOG_GROUPS without classifying
@@ -342,7 +343,8 @@ test('a real stations-feed outage keeps the ISS under STATIONS in the legend', a
     assert.equal(legend.find((row) => row.klass === 'stations')?.count, 1,
       'STATIONS survives the outage because the ISS is counted there');
     assert.equal(legend.length, 1, 'and it is not also counted under another class');
-    assert.equal(satelliteClassLabel('visual', { isIss: true }), 'STATION · ISS',
+    const [iss] = satellitesLayer.getAnalystRecords();
+    assert.equal(iss?.satelliteClass, 'STATIONS · ISS',
       'the card says the same thing the legend does');
   } finally {
     console.log = log;
@@ -420,9 +422,9 @@ test('every class but Starlink shows by default; each class chip turns its class
   console.warn = () => {};
   const served = {
     '/api/celestrak/stations': ISS_TLE,
-    '/api/celestrak/resource': tleFor('40002', 'SENTINEL-2A'),
-    '/api/celestrak/gps-ops': tleFor('40001', 'GPS BIII-1'),
-    '/api/celestrak/visual': tleFor('40003', 'SL-16 R/B'),
+    '/api/celestrak/resource': tleFor('90002', 'SENTINEL-2A'),
+    '/api/celestrak/gps-ops': tleFor('90001', 'GPS BIII-1'),
+    '/api/celestrak/visual': tleFor('90003', 'SL-16 R/B'),
   };
   const shown = () => satellitesLayer.getAllPositions().map((row) => row.id).sort();
   const chip = (id) =>
@@ -434,7 +436,7 @@ test('every class but Starlink shows by default; each class chip turns its class
       text: async () => served[String(url)] || '',
     });
     await satellitesLayer.update({ scene: { primitives: { add: (p) => p, remove() {} } } });
-    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40001, 40002, 40003], 'all but Starlink');
+    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 90001, 90002, 90003], 'all but Starlink');
     assert.deepEqual(
       satellitesLayer.getRowControls().chips.map((entry) => entry.label),
       ['STATIONS', 'IMAGING', 'TELECOM', 'STARLINK', 'PROBES', 'DEBRIS'],
@@ -454,7 +456,7 @@ test('every class but Starlink shows by default; each class chip turns its class
 
     satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('telecom').params);
     satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('debris').params);
-    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40002], 'telecom and debris off');
+    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 90002], 'telecom and debris off');
     assert.equal(chip('debris').active, false);
     assert.deepEqual(satellitesLayer.getParams().classes, {
       stations: true,
@@ -467,7 +469,7 @@ test('every class but Starlink shows by default; each class chip turns its class
 
     satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('telecom').params);
     satellitesLayer.setParams(chip('imaging').params);
-    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40001], 'telecom back on, imaging off');
+    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 90001], 'telecom back on, imaging off');
     assert.equal(satellitesLayer.setParams({ classes: 'all' }), false, 'malformed request refused');
 
     // A saved or shared choice comes back as class letters.
@@ -480,7 +482,7 @@ test('every class but Starlink shows by default; each class chip turns its class
       probes: true,
       debris: false,
     });
-    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 40002], 'restored from letters');
+    assert.deepEqual(shown(), [25544, 90002], 'restored from letters');
   } finally {
     console.log = log;
     console.warn = warn;
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
index 8e148a32d..6d9427d62 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   mergeClassVisibility,
   parseSatcatCsv,
 } from './classes.js';
+import { CATALOG_GROUPS } from './policy.js';
 
 const NOW = 2026;
 const classify = (subject) => classifySatellite({ nowYear: NOW, ...subject });
@@ -357,3 +358,30 @@ test('a failed Starlink load hides the core catalog Starlink points again', asyn
   assert.equal(state._params.classes.starlink, false, 'the choice says so');
   assert.ok(applied >= 1, 'class visibility is applied again');
 });
+
+test('every ingested group names the class its unnamed members fall back to', () => {
+  // A group added to CATALOG_GROUPS without a class would file its members
+  // under PROBES, the catch-all.
+  const expected = {
+    stations: 'probes',
+    visual: 'probes',
+    'gps-ops': 'telecom',
+    glonass: 'telecom',
+    galileo: 'telecom',
+    geo: 'telecom',
+    resource: 'imaging',
+    weather: 'imaging',
+    planet: 'imaging',
+    sar: 'imaging',
+    science: 'probes',
+  };
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    Object.fromEntries(
+      CATALOG_GROUPS.map(({ tag }) => [
+        tag,
+        classify({ noradId: 99999, name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: tag }),
+      ]),
+    ),
+    expected,
+  );
+});

From eaf2b8f5b47ca6b2525d53e67aed33df237f75a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 15:09:11 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 219/262] fix(satellites): the ISS ring follows its class
 through re-enable and rebuilds and stays while tracked; a mission group
 outranks geo; an Unknown UCS purpose is no evidence; the UNK grace is stated
 in calendar years

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                    |  2 +-
 src/layers/satellites/classes.js         | 19 ++++-
 src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs   | 98 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/layers/satellites/controls.js        | 18 ++++-
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js       |  6 +-
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs |  1 +
 src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js       | 15 ++--
 src/layers/satellites/tracking.js        |  2 +
 8 files changed, 142 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 153a7396a..4ddc05b45 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5458,7 +5458,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - **Satellite classes** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): every satellite is filed under one of six classes, each with its own point colour, legend swatch and toggle: STATIONS (warm white), IMAGING (cyan), TELECOM (violet; communications and navigation, so GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou read as one family), STARLINK (dim slate), PROBES (muted blue-gray) and DEBRIS (receding brown-gray). That module is the single source of truth for class, label and colour, so the dot, the card and the legend swatch cannot disagree. Two deliberate palette rules: no class may sit in the 40–48° amber band, which is the app-wide known-military convention; and STARLINK stays far below PROBES in Rec.601 luminance so the dense shell stays separable when NVG/FLIR collapse the scene to one channel. The ISS keeps its long-standing red hero dot rather than the STATIONS colour — it carries a permanent name label and its card still reads `STATIONS · ISS`; it is a station whichever group ingested it, so a stations-feed outage cannot refile it. `src/data/satelliteClass.js` keeps the group-based labels beneath the classes: the constellation subtype and a group's own label for a satellite with no class.
 - Class is also a **text field**, not just a color: `TELECOM · GPS` / `STARLINK` / `STATIONS · ISS` leads the tracked card's detail block and replaces the raw CelesTrak tag on the detection-overlay label. Because that canvas composites above the post-FX chain, the class stays readable in NVG/FLIR after the in-scene dot colors are flattened.
 - The satellites row in DATA LAYERS carries per-layer sub-controls (`DataLayerManager._syncRowControls`, the first consumer of the optional `getRowControls()` layer hook): one chip per class (the STARLINK chip exposes the existing `catalog` param), a swatch legend with live per-class counts, and an info line while SATCAT is stale or unavailable (`Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy` / `Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable`). Default is the sparse core catalog. The chips are stateless — each declares the params to apply and the manager owns the write — so the Space Missions capture/restore path over the same param stays authoritative. Controls stay hidden while the layer is off. An explicit CORE or DENSE choice participates in versioned local and share-link state; temporary Space Missions overrides do not.
-- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects two or more years after launch and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay, the voice/framing position lists and analyst answers (the tracked satellite still answers), and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day by the proxy; the layer keeps a current read six hours rather than asking on every five-minute update), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: each satellite's purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak group. Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. An explicit class choice is kept in local and share-link state as the `classes` option, one letter per class shown (`sitpd`: stations, imaging, telecom, probes, debris; `0`: none; `src/data/satelliteClassMask.js`), and the layer takes those letters back through `setParams({classes})`; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param instead.
+- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects launched before last year and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay, the voice/framing position lists and analyst answers (the tracked satellite still answers), and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day by the proxy; the layer keeps a current read six hours rather than asking on every five-minute update), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: each satellite's purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak groups the TLE came in (a mission group such as `weather` before the orbit group `geo`; a UCS purpose of "Unknown" counts as none). Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. An explicit class choice is kept in local and share-link state as the `classes` option, one letter per class shown (`sitpd`: stations, imaging, telecom, probes, debris; `0`: none; `src/data/satelliteClassMask.js`), and the layer takes those letters back through `setParams({classes})`; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param instead.
 - **The STARLINK chip (formerly DENSE) reports the dense LOAD, not the catalog param.** The param flips synchronously while the Starlink shell takes seconds to arrive over a chunked load, and CelesTrak 502s that feed regularly. So the chip reads `STARLINK ···` (busy, disabled) while loading, ACTIVE only once dense points are actually on screen, and `STARLINK ✕` with the reason on hover when the load fails — a failure also reverts `catalog` to `core`, drops any partial chunk, and leaves the chip clickable to retry. A load is judged by points added, not by HTTP status: a 200 carrying an empty body, a passed-through HTML error page, or only TLEs the core catalog already owns fails with the same revert semantics as a 502. Any explicit request for `core` clears a latched error even when the mode does not change, so a Space Missions restore of an already-core snapshot never leaves the user with a failure they did not cause. Because the load settles asynchronously, the layer pushes a re-render through the optional `setRowControlsListener()` hook; nothing else would repaint that row before the 5-minute catalog refresh, so the count and legend would otherwise sit stale.
 - **A dependency owner takes the row with it.** Space Missions borrows this layer for TLE lookup with `showPoints:false`; while points are hidden the layer returns empty row controls, so the legend never describes an empty sky and the chip cannot accept a write that the owner's restore would silently revert.
 - The detection-overlay record cache (`_detectionObjects`) is cleared with the catalog on every rebuild: it stamps id/class at creation only, and a rebuild can re-tag a satellite when a partial CelesTrak outage changes which group wins dedupe.
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
index 0315d4ebb..dea3dcc38 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
@@ -96,7 +96,9 @@ const ISS_NORAD = 25544;
 const DEBRIS_OBJECT_TYPES = new Set(['R/B', 'DEB']);
 /**
  * SATCAT files a new launch's objects as UNK until it identifies them, so an
- * unknown object launched this recently (years) is not presumed debris.
+ * unknown object launched within this many calendar years (2: this year or
+ * last) is not presumed debris. Years, not dates: the TLE designator, the
+ * fallback when SATCAT has no launch date, carries only the year.
  */
 export const UNIDENTIFIED_GRACE_YEARS = 2;
 /** SATCAT operational status: nonoperational, decayed. */
@@ -143,6 +145,9 @@ const GROUP_CLASS = Object.freeze({
   science: 'probes',
 });
 
+/** CelesTrak groups named for an orbit, not a mission: the last resort. */
+const ORBIT_GROUPS = new Set(['geo']);
+
 /** The year of a SATCAT launch date (`2024-03-15`), or null. */
 function launchYearOf(launchDate) {
   const match = /^(\d{4})-/.exec(String(launchDate || ''));
@@ -192,7 +197,10 @@ export function classifySatellite({
   if (STATION_NAME.test(label)) return 'stations';
   if (group === 'dense' || STARLINK_NAME.test(label)) return 'starlink';
 
-  const purpose = ucs?.purpose || '';
+  // UCS writes "Unknown" for a purpose it does not know: no evidence.
+  const purpose = /^unknown$/i.test(ucs?.purpose || '')
+    ? ''
+    : ucs?.purpose || '';
   if (IMAGING_PURPOSE.test(purpose)) return 'imaging';
   if (TELECOM_PURPOSE.test(purpose)) return 'telecom';
   if (purpose) return 'probes';
@@ -212,8 +220,13 @@ export function classifySatellite({
   )
     return 'debris';
 
+  // A mission group (weather, resource, science…) says more than an orbit
+  // group: a weather satellite in geostationary orbit is in both.
   const memberships = groups?.length ? groups : [group];
-  for (const membership of memberships)
+  for (const membership of [
+    ...memberships.filter((m) => !ORBIT_GROUPS.has(m)),
+    ...memberships.filter((m) => ORBIT_GROUPS.has(m)),
+  ])
     if (GROUP_CLASS[membership]) return GROUP_CLASS[membership];
   return 'probes';
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
index 6d9427d62..40346b949 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
@@ -385,3 +385,101 @@ test('every ingested group names the class its unnamed members fall back to', ()
     expected,
   );
 });
+
+test('enabling the layer leaves a hidden Stations class without its ISS ring', async () => {
+  const { createLifecycle } = await import('./lifecycle.js');
+  const iss = { primitive: { show: false } };
+  const other = { primitive: { show: false } };
+  let issVisible = false;
+  const state = {
+    _params: { showPoints: true, showOrbits: true },
+    _orbitPaths: new Map([
+      [25544, iss],
+      [90001, other],
+    ]),
+    _points: new Map(),
+  };
+  const { methods } = createLifecycle({
+    state,
+    services: {
+      focus: { clearFocusTarget() {} },
+      render: { holdContinuousRender() {}, releaseContinuousRender() {} },
+      picking: { registerPickOwner() {}, unregisterPickOwner() {} },
+    },
+    parts: {
+      controls: {
+        satelliteVisualsVisible: (enabled, on) => enabled && on !== false,
+        _issOrbitVisible: () => issVisible,
+      },
+      labels: { _syncIssOverlay() {} },
+      interaction: { _installClickHandler() {} },
+      tracking: { _applyPendingTrackingRestore() {} },
+      rendering: {},
+    },
+  });
+  methods.enable(null);
+  assert.equal(iss.primitive.show, false, 'the ISS ring follows its class');
+  assert.equal(other.primitive.show, true, 'other rings follow showOrbits');
+  issVisible = true;
+  methods.enable(null);
+  assert.equal(iss.primitive.show, true);
+});
+
+test('a mission group outranks an orbit group, and an Unknown UCS purpose is no evidence', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'MTG-X1', group: 'geo', groups: ['geo', 'weather'] }),
+    'imaging',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'geo', groups: ['geo'] }),
+    'telecom',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({
+      name: 'GPS BIII-9',
+      group: 'visual',
+      ucs: { purpose: 'Unknown' },
+    }),
+    'telecom',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    classify({
+      name: 'UNNAMED-1',
+      group: 'resource',
+      ucs: { purpose: 'Unknown' },
+    }),
+    'imaging',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a tracked ISS keeps its ring while Stations is hidden', async () => {
+  const { createControls } = await import('./controls.js');
+  const ring = { primitive: { show: true } };
+  const state = {
+    _enabled: true,
+    _params: {
+      catalog: 'core',
+      showOrbits: true,
+      classes: { ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES, stations: false },
+    },
+    _catalog: new Map([[25544, { satelliteClass: 'stations' }]]),
+    _points: new Map([[25544, { show: true }]]),
+    _orbitPaths: new Map([[25544, ring]]),
+    _detectionObjects: new Map(),
+    _trackedNorad: null,
+  };
+  const controls = createControls({
+    state,
+    services: { layerState: { isExplicitLayerStateOrigin: () => false } },
+    parts: { labels: { _syncIssOverlay() {} } },
+    source: {},
+  });
+  controls._syncIssOrbit();
+  assert.equal(ring.primitive.show, false);
+  state._trackedNorad = 25544;
+  controls._syncIssOrbit();
+  assert.equal(ring.primitive.show, true, 'tracked, it keeps its ring');
+  state._params.showOrbits = false;
+  controls._syncIssOrbit();
+  assert.equal(ring.primitive.show, false, 'orbits off still hides it');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
index c4c26f2f8..efd42af2a 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
@@ -56,22 +56,31 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       if (noradId === layerState._trackedNorad) continue;
       point.show = _classVisible(noradId);
     }
-    const issPath = layerState._orbitPaths.get(ISS_NORAD);
-    if (issPath) issPath.primitive.show = _issOrbitVisible();
+    _syncIssOrbit();
     parts.labels?._syncIssOverlay?.();
     layerState._detectionObjects.clear();
   }
 
-  /** Whether the ISS's ring shows: orbits on, the layer drawing, its class on. */
+  /**
+   * Whether the ISS's ring shows: orbits on, the layer drawing, and its
+   * class on or the ISS tracked (a tracked satellite keeps its ring).
+   */
   function _issOrbitVisible() {
     return (
       satelliteVisualsVisible(
         layerState._enabled,
         layerState._params.showOrbits,
-      ) && _classVisible(ISS_NORAD)
+      ) &&
+      (_classVisible(ISS_NORAD) || layerState._trackedNorad === ISS_NORAD)
     );
   }
 
+  /** Show or hide the ISS's ring by _issOrbitVisible, if it is built. */
+  function _syncIssOrbit() {
+    const issPath = layerState._orbitPaths.get(ISS_NORAD);
+    if (issPath) issPath.primitive.show = _issOrbitVisible();
+  }
+
   /**
    * The row's info line while the classes rest on old or missing SATCAT
    * evidence (`_satcatState`), and an empty one otherwise.
@@ -708,6 +717,7 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     _classVisible,
     _applyClassVisibility,
     _issOrbitVisible,
+    _syncIssOrbit,
     satelliteVisualsVisible,
     satelliteCatalogModeChanged,
     methods,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index dc20968a3..ee9477fc6 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -367,11 +367,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
         // Show ISS orbital path by default
         if (layerState._catalog.has(ISS_NORAD)) {
           parts.rendering._showOrbitPath(ISS_NORAD, POINT_STYLES.iss.color);
-          const issPath = layerState._orbitPaths.get(ISS_NORAD);
-          if (issPath)
-            issPath.primitive.show =
-              layerState._params.showOrbits &&
-              parts.controls._classVisible(ISS_NORAD);
+          parts.controls._syncIssOrbit();
 
           parts.labels._syncIssOverlay();
         }
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
index 3871e57a3..f7e9094cc 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ function ingestionFor(catalogText, { source: sourceExtras = {} } = {}) {
     controls: {
       _pointStyleFor: () => ({}),
       _classVisible: () => true,
+      _syncIssOrbit() {},
       _applyClassVisibility() {
         state.visibilityApplied = (state.visibilityApplied || 0) + 1;
       },
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
index 642a6879f..527b03527 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { ISS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID } from './policy.js';
+import { ISS_NORAD, ISS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createLifecycle({
   state: layerState,
@@ -72,11 +72,14 @@ export function createLifecycle({
             layerState._params.showPoints,
           );
       // Orbit ring primitives + persistent ISS host label — show them
-      for (const path of layerState._orbitPaths.values())
-        path.primitive.show = parts.controls.satelliteVisualsVisible(
-          layerState._enabled,
-          layerState._params.showOrbits,
-        );
+      for (const [noradId, path] of layerState._orbitPaths)
+        path.primitive.show =
+          noradId === ISS_NORAD
+            ? parts.controls._issOrbitVisible()
+            : parts.controls.satelliteVisualsVisible(
+                layerState._enabled,
+                layerState._params.showOrbits,
+              );
       parts.labels._syncIssOverlay();
       // Re-attach input handlers and preRender propagation
       parts.interaction._installClickHandler(viewer);
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
index fd944f924..af37a8bba 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       layerState._trackedEntity = null;
     }
     layerState._trackedNorad = null;
+    parts.controls._syncIssOrbit?.();
     parts.labels._syncIssOverlay();
     clearTrackedSubjectContext('satellites');
     layerState._contextRefreshedAtMs = 0;
@@ -421,6 +422,7 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
     // Show orbital path
     parts.rendering._showOrbitPath(noradId, Cesium.Color.YELLOW);
+    if (noradId === ISS_NORAD) parts.controls._syncIssOrbit?.();
 
     // Tracked entity position propagates per evaluation through the per-frame
     // cache (WS-D2) — dot, host readout, and camera share one SGP4 epoch per frame.

From a648c9b665fe2ea789cd11009b35ba01c8000072 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2026 00:22:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 220/262] feat(satellites): owner, operator and COSPAR
 groundwork for the orbital view

The orbital view reads a satellite's owner country, operator, COSPAR id,
TLE epoch and whether its class can be ridden. #1558 now carries only
what the class toggles read, so this brings the rest back here, where it
is first used: the classes.js helpers and the UCS pack's operator and
owner fields.
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                               |   4 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |   2 +-
 scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py               |  16 +-
 src/data/dataCredits.js                       |   2 +-
 src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md  |  32 +-
 .../ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json        |   2 +-
 src/data/ucsSatellites.js                     |  11 +-
 src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs               |  34 +-
 src/layers/satellites/catalog.js              |   2 +
 src/layers/satellites/classes.js              | 450 +++++++++++++++++-
 src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs        | 206 ++++----
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js            |   2 +
 src/layers/satellites/state.js                |   2 +-
 13 files changed, 617 insertions(+), 148 deletions(-)

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 7e11d6a03..52f72641c 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ The [Bhote Koshi event pack](public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/README.md), under `p
 | **Québec CCTV source catalog** (1,120 locations) | `public/quebec-cameras.json` | Mixed: MTQ locations CC BY 4.0; Montréal camera nodes ODbL 1.0; scenic records retain per-record provenance. No video files are bundled or cached. | Location data is per-record; video remains hosted by Québec 511 and its platform terms apply; scenic source pages may have separate terms | MTQ / Données Québec CC BY 4.0; © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL); scenic operator and position source shown in the selected-camera panel |
 | **World camera image subset** (2,230 locations) | `config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` | Mixed: ODOT TripCheck public images (ODOT permits use with credit) and MLIT site content under terms compatible with CC BY 4.0. Frames are not bundled or persisted; the server holds a bounded in-memory cache. | Per-source terms apply; NZTA Journey Planner web-cache rows are excluded; Vegagerðin rows are served by the Iceland pack instead | Oregon Department of Transportation (Camera courtesy of ODOT) and Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (出典：国土交通省 川の防災情報) |
 | **TeleGeography Submarine Cable Map** (712 cables + 1,917 landing points)   | `telegeography_submarine_cables/` | **CC BY-NC-SA 3.0**                                                                                       | ❌ **NonCommercial — remove for commercial use** | "© TeleGeography — submarinecablemap.com"                                   |
-| **UCS Satellite Database** UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023 (3,564 records; purpose) | `ucs_satellites/` | **Free, unrestricted use** (UCS database manual, section 3) | ✅ (acknowledgement requested) | "UCS Satellite Database (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database" |
+| **UCS Satellite Database** UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023 (3,564 records; operator, owner country, purpose) | `ucs_satellites/` | **Free, unrestricted use** (UCS database manual, section 3) | ✅ (acknowledgement requested) | "UCS Satellite Database (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database" |
 | **Natural Earth physical regions** (1,046 land + 292 marine named polygons) | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
 | **DataSF Analysis Neighborhoods** (41 SF neighborhood polygons)             | `neighborhoods/`                  | **PDDL 1.0** (public domain)                                                                              | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "City & County of San Francisco — DataSF" (courtesy — not legally required) |
 | **Natural Earth countries, states and provinces** (260 admin-0/map units + 4,587 admin-1 polygons)             | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ The former bundled 2026-05-25 snapshot was removed 2026-07-16.
 
 ### UCS Satellite Database (`ucs_satellites/`)
 
-The purpose of each active satellite, keyed by NORAD number, from the Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database release **UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023** (data current through 2023-05-01; https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database). The satellites layer joins it to CelesTrak positions and SATCAT records to file each satellite as a station, imaging, telecom, Starlink, probe or debris object. Section 3 of the UCS database manual: "The Database is free and its use is unrestricted. We request that its use be acknowledged and referenced in written materials. References should include the version of the Database that was used, which is indicated by the name of the Excel file, and a link to or URL for the webpage www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database." The app acknowledges it in the Data attribution popover. UCS has paused updates since this release; Starlink rows are dropped (Starlink is classed by name). Build: `scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py`; curation in the folder README.
+Operator, owner country and purpose for active satellites, keyed by NORAD number, from the Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database release **UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023** (data current through 2023-05-01; https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database). The satellites layer joins it to CelesTrak positions and SATCAT records to file each satellite as a station, imaging, telecom, Starlink, probe or debris object, and to name its operator and owner. Section 3 of the UCS database manual: "The Database is free and its use is unrestricted. We request that its use be acknowledged and referenced in written materials. References should include the version of the Database that was used, which is indicated by the name of the Excel file, and a link to or URL for the webpage www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database." The app acknowledges it in the Data attribution popover. UCS has paused updates since this release; Starlink rows are dropped (Starlink is classed by name). Build: `scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py`; curation in the folder README.
 
 ### Natural Earth physical regions (`natural_earth/`)
 
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 4ddc05b45..ab92553b2 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -5458,7 +5458,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - **Satellite classes** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): every satellite is filed under one of six classes, each with its own point colour, legend swatch and toggle: STATIONS (warm white), IMAGING (cyan), TELECOM (violet; communications and navigation, so GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou read as one family), STARLINK (dim slate), PROBES (muted blue-gray) and DEBRIS (receding brown-gray). That module is the single source of truth for class, label and colour, so the dot, the card and the legend swatch cannot disagree. Two deliberate palette rules: no class may sit in the 40–48° amber band, which is the app-wide known-military convention; and STARLINK stays far below PROBES in Rec.601 luminance so the dense shell stays separable when NVG/FLIR collapse the scene to one channel. The ISS keeps its long-standing red hero dot rather than the STATIONS colour — it carries a permanent name label and its card still reads `STATIONS · ISS`; it is a station whichever group ingested it, so a stations-feed outage cannot refile it. `src/data/satelliteClass.js` keeps the group-based labels beneath the classes: the constellation subtype and a group's own label for a satellite with no class.
 - Class is also a **text field**, not just a color: `TELECOM · GPS` / `STARLINK` / `STATIONS · ISS` leads the tracked card's detail block and replaces the raw CelesTrak tag on the detection-overlay label. Because that canvas composites above the post-FX chain, the class stays readable in NVG/FLIR after the in-scene dot colors are flattened.
 - The satellites row in DATA LAYERS carries per-layer sub-controls (`DataLayerManager._syncRowControls`, the first consumer of the optional `getRowControls()` layer hook): one chip per class (the STARLINK chip exposes the existing `catalog` param), a swatch legend with live per-class counts, and an info line while SATCAT is stale or unavailable (`Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy` / `Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable`). Default is the sparse core catalog. The chips are stateless — each declares the params to apply and the manager owns the write — so the Space Missions capture/restore path over the same param stays authoritative. Controls stay hidden while the layer is off. An explicit CORE or DENSE choice participates in versioned local and share-link state; temporary Space Missions overrides do not.
-- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects launched before last year and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay, the voice/framing position lists and analyst answers (the tracked satellite still answers), and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day by the proxy; the layer keeps a current read six hours rather than asking on every five-minute update), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: each satellite's purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak groups the TLE came in (a mission group such as `weather` before the orbit group `geo`; a UCS purpose of "Unknown" counts as none). Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. An explicit class choice is kept in local and share-link state as the `classes` option, one letter per class shown (`sitpd`: stations, imaging, telecom, probes, debris; `0`: none; `src/data/satelliteClassMask.js`), and the layer takes those letters back through `setParams({classes})`; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param instead.
+- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects launched before last year and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay, the voice/framing position lists and analyst answers (the tracked satellite still answers), and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day by the proxy; the layer keeps a current read six hours rather than asking on every five-minute update), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: operator, owner country and purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak groups the TLE came in (a mission group such as `weather` before the orbit group `geo`; a UCS purpose of "Unknown" counts as none). Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. An explicit class choice is kept in local and share-link state as the `classes` option, one letter per class shown (`sitpd`: stations, imaging, telecom, probes, debris; `0`: none; `src/data/satelliteClassMask.js`), and the layer takes those letters back through `setParams({classes})`; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param instead.
 - **The STARLINK chip (formerly DENSE) reports the dense LOAD, not the catalog param.** The param flips synchronously while the Starlink shell takes seconds to arrive over a chunked load, and CelesTrak 502s that feed regularly. So the chip reads `STARLINK ···` (busy, disabled) while loading, ACTIVE only once dense points are actually on screen, and `STARLINK ✕` with the reason on hover when the load fails — a failure also reverts `catalog` to `core`, drops any partial chunk, and leaves the chip clickable to retry. A load is judged by points added, not by HTTP status: a 200 carrying an empty body, a passed-through HTML error page, or only TLEs the core catalog already owns fails with the same revert semantics as a 502. Any explicit request for `core` clears a latched error even when the mode does not change, so a Space Missions restore of an already-core snapshot never leaves the user with a failure they did not cause. Because the load settles asynchronously, the layer pushes a re-render through the optional `setRowControlsListener()` hook; nothing else would repaint that row before the 5-minute catalog refresh, so the count and legend would otherwise sit stale.
 - **A dependency owner takes the row with it.** Space Missions borrows this layer for TLE lookup with `showPoints:false`; while points are hidden the layer returns empty row controls, so the legend never describes an empty sky and the chip cannot accept a write that the owner's restore would silently revert.
 - The detection-overlay record cache (`_detectionObjects`) is cleared with the catalog on every rebuild: it stamps id/class at creation only, and a rebuild can re-tag a satellite when a partial CelesTrak outage changes which group wins dedupe.
diff --git a/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py b/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
index cd7080fb3..d1a0b6fd8 100644
--- a/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
+++ b/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 '''Maintainer-only UCS Satellite Database pack build (openpyxl).
 
 Reads the UCS Excel release and writes the compact pack the satellites layer
-loads: one row per satellite, keyed by NORAD number, with a string-table index
-for its purpose, the one column the layer's classes read. Starlink rows are
-left out: the layer files every STARLINK object under its own class by name.
+loads: one row per satellite, keyed by NORAD number, with string-table indexes
+for the repeated text columns. Starlink rows are left out: the layer files
+every STARLINK object under its own class and operator without them.
 
 Usage: python scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py "<path>/UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023.xlsx"
 '''
@@ -26,7 +26,12 @@ URL = 'https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database'
 
 # Output column -> spreadsheet header.
 COLUMNS = {
+    'operator': 'Operator/Owner',
+    'operatorCountry': 'Country of Operator/Owner',
     'purpose': 'Purpose',
+    'detailedPurpose': 'Detailed Purpose',
+    'users': 'Users',
+    'orbitClass': 'Class of Orbit',
 }
 STARLINK = re.compile(r'\bstarlink\b', re.I)
 
@@ -60,12 +65,11 @@ def build(xlsx: Path) -> dict:
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             invalid_norad += 1
             continue
-        if norad <= 0:
-            invalid_norad += 1
-            continue
         record = [norad]
         for key, column in COLUMNS.items():
             text = clean(row[header[column]])
+            if key == 'orbitClass':
+                text = text.upper()
             if text not in index[key]:
                 index[key][text] = len(tables[key])
                 tables[key].append(text)
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.js b/src/data/dataCredits.js
index a30d7c2b5..a55bed9e4 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.js
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.js
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ export const DATA_CREDITS = [
   {
     key: 'ucs-satellite-database',
     html:
-      'Satellite purposes: ' +
+      'Satellite operators and purposes: ' +
       '<a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UCS Satellite Database</a> ' +
       '(UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), Union of Concerned Scientists',
   },
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
index 4e2a0cbb0..26cb06607 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 # UCS Satellite Database pack
 
-Offline purpose records for active satellites, keyed by NORAD catalog number.
-The satellites layer joins them to CelesTrak's positions to file each
-satellite under a class (stations, imaging, telecom, probes)
+Offline operator, owner-country and purpose records for active satellites,
+keyed by NORAD catalog number. The satellites layer joins them to CelesTrak's
+positions to file each satellite under a class (stations, imaging, telecom,
+probes) and to name its operator and owner country
 (`src/data/ucsSatellites.js`, `src/layers/satellites/classes.js`).
 
 | File | Source dataset | Records |
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ the version of the Database that was used, which is indicated by the name of
 the Excel file, and a link to or URL for the webpage
 www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database."
 
-**Acknowledgement:** "Satellite purposes: UCS Satellite Database
+**Acknowledgement:** "Satellite operators and purposes: UCS Satellite Database
 (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database".
 It is also listed in the app's Data attribution popover and in
 DATA_SOURCES.md.
@@ -33,13 +34,18 @@ DATA_SOURCES.md.
 
 **Curation:**
 
-- Kept column: Purpose, the one the classes read. Everything else
-  (operators, owners, orbits, masses, contractors, launch data, sources) is
-  left out.
+- Kept columns: Operator/Owner, Country of Operator/Owner, Purpose, Detailed
+  Purpose, Users, Class of Orbit (upper-cased, which folds the source's one
+  `LEo`). Everything else (masses, contractors, launch data, sources) is left
+  out.
 - Repeated text is stored once in `strings`; each record is
-  `[noradId, purpose]` with a string-table index, `0` meaning empty.
-- The 3,996 Starlink rows are dropped: every Starlink object is classed by
-  name, so they would only add size.
-- Rows without a readable, positive NORAD number are dropped and counted apart
-  from duplicate NORAD numbers (the first row of a duplicate is kept); both
-  counts are 0 in this release.
+  `[noradId, operator, operatorCountry, purpose, detailedPurpose, users,
+  orbitClass]` with string-table indexes, `0` meaning empty.
+- The 3,996 Starlink rows are dropped: every Starlink object is classed and
+  credited to SpaceX by name, so they would only add size.
+- Rows without a readable NORAD number are dropped and counted apart from
+  duplicate NORAD numbers (the first row of a duplicate is kept); both counts
+  are 0 in this release.
+- Owner countries stay as UCS writes them ("USA", "USA/Japan", "ESA",
+  "Multinational"); `src/layers/satellites/classes.js` normalises them, together with
+  CelesTrak SATCAT owner codes, in one table.
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
index 398fd2db9..f27ee92d8 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
+++ b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"meta":{"source":"Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database","version":"UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023","url":"https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database","dataCurrentTo":"2023-05-01","license":"Free, unrestricted use; acknowledgement requested (UCS database manual, section 3)","curation":{"sourceRows":7560,"starlinkRowsDropped":3996,"invalidNoradDropped":0,"duplicateNoradDropped":0,"columns":{"purpose":"Purpose"}},"recordCount":3564},"fields":["noradId","purpose"],"strings":{"purpose":["","Earth Observation","Technology Development","Communications","Earth Science","Space Science","Space Science/Technology Demonstration","Communications/Technology Development","Communications/Maritime Tracking","Technology Demonstration","Unknown","Navigation/Global Positioning","Earth Observation/Technology Development","Earth Observation/Communications","Earth/Space Observation","Educational","Earth Observation/Earth Science","Platform","Earth Observation/Space Science","Earth Observation/Navigation","Communications/Navigation","Space Observation","Surveillance","Navigation/Regional Positioning","Space Science/Technology Development","Mission Extension Technology","Earth Science/Earth Observation","Earth Observation/Communications/Space Science","Meteorological","Technology Development/Educational","Satellite Positioning"]},"records":[[7530,3],[19548,3],[20253,3],[20580,5],[20776,3],[21639,3],[22049,5],[22314,3],[22491,1],[22787,3],[22988,3],[23223,1],[23467,3],[23553,3],[23613,3],[23628,3],[23855,1],[23893,3],[24674,3],[24753,1],[24812,3],[24876,11],[24916,3],[24920,1],[24936,3],[25019,3],[25034,1],[25071,3],[25112,3],[25113,3],[25114,3],[25115,3],[25116,3],[25117,3],[25118,3],[25119,3],[25153,3],[25159,3],[25258,3],[25336,1],[25338,1],[25414,3],[25415,3],[25416,3],[25418,3],[25419,3],[25420,3],[25462,3],[25475,3],[25477,3],[25481,3],[25504,1],[25544,5],[25639,3],[25652,3],[25682,1],[25757,4],[25867,5],[25924,3],[25933,11],[25967,3],[25980,3],[25981,3],[25982,3],[25984,3],[25985,3],[25989,5],[25991,1],[25994,1],[26038,3],[26052,3],[26107,3],[26356,1],[26360,11],[26369,3],[26388,3],[26390,3],[26407,11],[26410,5],[26411,5],[26451,3],[26463,5],[26464,5],[26469,3],[26473,1],[26483,3],[26554,3],[26575,3],[26580,3],[26590,3],[26605,11],[26608,3],[26624,3],[26626,3],[26638,3],[26690,11],[26694,3],[26702,1],[26715,3],[26719,3],[26766,3],[26824,3],[26853,3],[26880,1],[26900,3],[26958,9],[26959,12],[26998,5],[27004,2],[27056,3],[27057,3],[27168,3],[27378,3],[27380,3],[27389,3],[27399,3],[27400,3],[27414,3],[27424,1],[27426,3],[27434,1],[27438,3],[27445,3],[27460,3],[27464,3],[27465,3],[27509,1],[27513,3],[27528,3],[27540,5],[27566,3],[27603,3],[27606,3],[27607,3],[27612,3],[27640,1],[27651,5],[27663,11],[27691,3],[27704,11],[27711,3],[27715,3],[27811,3],[27825,3],[27831,3],[27843,5],[27848,2],[27854,3],[27858,5],[27868,3],[27869,3],[27875,3],[27937,1],[27939,2],[27954,3],[28051,1],[28054,1],[28058,3],[28089,3],[28117,3],[28158,1],[28184,3],[28187,3],[28190,11],[28220,1],[28252,3],[28358,3],[28366,7],[28369,2],[28370,2],[28371,1],[28372,7],[28376,1],[28378,3],[28384,3],[28413,5],[28414,5],[28419,3],[28420,3],[28446,3],[28470,1],[28474,11],[28485,5],[28492,1],[28493,3],[28526,3],[28537,1],[28541,1],[28542,3],[28626,3],[28628,3],[28646,1],[28649,1],[28654,1],[28659,3],[28702,3],[28707,3],[28737,5],[28786,3],[28790,3],[28810,2],[28868,3],[28874,11],[28884,3],[28885,3],[28888,1],[28890,1],[28899,3],[28903,3],[28908,3],[28912,1],[28924,3],[28935,3],[28945,3],[28946,3],[29045,3],[29047,1],[29048,1],[29050,1],[29051,1],[29052,1],[29055,3],[29079,1],[29107,1],[29108,4],[29155,1],[29162,3],[29236,3],[29249,1],[29252,2],[29268,12],[29270,3],[29272,3],[29273,3],[29349,3],[29479,5],[29486,11],[29494,3],[29495,3],[29505,5],[29506,5],[29520,3],[29522,1],[29526,3],[29601,11],[29643,3],[29644,3],[29658,1],[29670,11],[29671,11],[29709,12],[29710,1],[30580,5],[30776,2],[30794,3],[30797,5],[30798,5],[31102,3],[31118,1],[31119,3],[31121,3],[31124,3],[31125,3],[31127,3],[31304,1],[31306,3],[31307,3],[31571,3],[31573,3],[31574,3],[31576,3],[31598,1],[31601,1],[31698,1],[31701,1],[31708,1],[31789,2],[31792,1],[31797,1],[31800,3],[31862,3],[32018,3],[32019,3],[32060,1],[32252,3],[32253,3],[32258,3],[32260,11],[32263,3],[32264,3],[32265,3],[32275,11],[32276,11],[32283,1],[32293,3],[32294,3],[32299,3],[32376,1],[32378,3],[32382,1],[32384,11],[32388,3],[32393,11],[32395,11],[32404,3],[32476,1],[32478,3],[32487,3],[32706,1],[32711,11],[32729,3],[32750,1],[32763,3],[32767,3],[32768,3],[32779,3],[32783,1],[32789,2],[32790,2],[32791,2],[32794,3],[32951,3],[32954,3],[32955,3],[32956,3],[33051,3],[33053,5],[33055,3],[33056,3],[33153,3],[33154,3],[33207,3],[33244,1],[33274,3],[33275,3],[33278,3],[33320,1],[33321,1],[33331,1],[33373,3],[33376,3],[33396,1],[33401,5],[33408,5],[33409,5],[33412,1],[33433,1],[33434,1],[33436,3],[33446,1],[33453,3],[33459,3],[33460,3],[33490,1],[33492,1],[33496,2],[33499,2],[33591,1],[33595,3],[33749,3],[33750,3],[33751,2],[33752,2],[34111,3],[34710,3],[34713,3],[34810,3],[34839,1],[34903,2],[34941,3],[35362,3],[35491,1],[35493,3],[35496,3],[35498,3],[35500,3],[35681,1],[35683,1],[35684,8],[35685,7],[35686,8],[35696,3],[35752,11],[35755,3],[35756,3],[35815,1],[35873,3],[35932,2],[35935,2],[35942,3],[35943,3],[35946,1],[35951,1],[36032,3],[36033,3],[36036,1],[36037,9],[36088,5],[36095,1],[36097,3],[36101,3],[36106,3],[36108,3],[36110,1],[36111,11],[36112,11],[36121,1],[36122,3],[36124,1],[36131,3],[36358,3],[36395,5],[36397,3],[36400,11],[36401,11],[36402,11],[36411,1],[36413,1],[36414,1],[36415,1],[36499,3],[36508,1],[36516,3],[36581,3],[36582,3],[36585,11],[36592,3],[36596,2],[36605,1],[36608,1],[36744,13],[36745,3],[36792,3],[36795,1],[36797,3],[36798,1],[36828,11],[36830,3],[36831,3],[36834,1],[36985,1],[37139,11],[37150,3],[37152,3],[37154,3],[37158,23],[37162,1],[37165,1],[37166,5],[37167,5],[37168,21],[37179,1],[37180,1],[37185,3],[37188,3],[37189,3],[37190,3],[37191,3],[37192,3],[37193,3],[37207,3],[37210,11],[37212,3],[37214,1],[37216,1],[37218,3],[37224,5],[37227,2],[37232,1],[37234,3],[37237,3],[37238,3],[37256,11],[37258,3],[37264,3],[37265,3],[37344,1],[37348,1],[37364,2],[37372,11],[37377,3],[37384,11],[37386,1],[37387,1],[37388,5],[37389,1],[37391,1],[37392,3],[37393,3],[37398,3],[37481,1],[37602,3],[37605,20],[37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(YAHSAT)","Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","Algerian Space Agency (ASAL)","Astro Live Experiences","University of Brasilia","US Air Force Institute of Technology","Algerian Space Agency (ASAL)/UK Space Agency","Hispamar (subsidiary of Hispasat - Spain)","National Institute for Space Research (INPE)","SES S.A.","Moscow State University","Space-Communication Ltd.","AMSAT-NA","Agency for Defense Development","ANDESITE - Boston University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","AngoSat","Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.)","Aprize Satellite, Argentina","APT Satellite Holdings Ltd.","Arab Satellite Communications Org. (ASCO)","University of South Florida, Institute of Applied Engineering (IAE).","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo","Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory","Planetary Resources","ArSat","Aerospacelab","Istanbul Technical University","Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd.","1Worldspace","Japan Space Systems","Chiba Institute of Technology","Astranis","Astrocast","Telemetry Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) Centre","DirecTV, Inc.","PointView Tech","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)","Microspace Rapid Pvt Ltd.","Azercosmos","Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC)","Tianyi Research Institute","Ministry of Defense","Space Development Agency","Central European Institute of Technology","Technical University Berlin","Chinese Ministry of National Defense","21st Century Aerospace Technology (21AT)","Beijing Landview Mapping Information Technology Co. Ltd (BLMIT)","Changsha Tianyi space science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. (Spacety)","Belintersat","Institute of Space Sensor Technology and Planetary Exploration","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)/","German Aerospace Center (DLR)","Salish Kootenai College","National Academy of Sciences","BlackSky Global","NanoAvionics","AST SpaceMobile","Embratel Star One","SpaceQuest, Ltd.","Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI)","University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies","BRITE Consortium","UnseenLabs","AstroForge","Broadcasting Satellite System Corp.","Broadcasting Satellite System Corp./Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation","Defence Science and Technology Group/University of New South Wales","China Academy of Space Technology (CAST)","Satellogic S.A.","Bulsatcom","Capital Technology University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/NASA","University of Louisiana at Lafayette","Capella Space","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)","Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)","Canadian Space Agency","China National Space Administration (CNSA)/National Institute for Space Research (Brazil)","Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.","Earth-i/Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.","Canon Electronics","Air Force Research Laboratory","Fleet Space Technologies","Beijing Future Navigation Technology Co. Ltd.","NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","Ministry of Armed Forces","Defense Innovation Unit/Cesium Astro","China National Space Administration (CNSA)/National Centre for Space Studies (CNES)","TELNET Holding","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center","Spacety Aerospace Company","Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites","Spacety Co. Ltd.","Nanjing University","Epic Aerospace","University of Florida","Chinese Academy of Sciences","GeoOptics Inc.","GeoOptics, Inc.","Ciel Satellite Group","University of California-Berkeley/Imperial College-London","Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder","Utah State University","Unknown US agency","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Colorado State University","Department of Defense/Missile Defense Agency","FH Aachen","Armed Forces","Plan-S","US Air Force/ US Navy/NASA","Astro Digital","Taiwan's National Space Organization/National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Admistration (NOAA)","National Space Program Office (NSPO)/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Boulder, CO","Italian Space Agency/Ministry of Defense","California Polytechnic State University/NASA JPL","University of Colorado","Directorate General of Armaments (DGA)","Argentinian Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation/Radio Club Bariloche","University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","Department of Astronautics, University of Tokyo","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Science, UC Boulder/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","University of Michigan/NASA Earth Science Technology Office","German Orbital Systems","Mexican Space Agency/NanoAvionics","Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)","North Idaho STEM Charter Academy","ADA Space (?)","China Amateur Satellite - CAMSAT","Deimos Imaging/DMC International Imaging (DMCII)","Technical University, Delft","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA)","Khalifa University","DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)","Sky and Space Global, UK","SpacePharma","IT University of Copenhagen, University of Southern Denmark, Aalborg University and Aarhus University","Philippines’ Department of Science and Technology, University of the Philippines Diliman, and Japan’s Hokkaido University and Tohoku University","Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt","Mohammend Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC)","DoD/NOAA","University of Southern California, Space Engineering Research Center/Lockheed Martin","Planet Labs, Inc.","China National Space Administration","Kawasaki Heavy Industries","Singapore Armed Forces","Emirates Institution for Advanced Science & Technology (EIAST)","Academy of Military Science","ESPACE","Global Eagle Entertainment","OHB Italia","Echostar Satellite Services, LLC","HughesNet leased from Echostar Technologies, LLC","Echostar Satellite Services, LLC/Intelsat","Equator Technological University","Airbus","National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS)","Momentus","Roshydromet - Planeta","University of California","DGA (Arms Procurement Agency)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","Clyde Space Ltd./EUTELSAT","Astroscale","Defence Research and Development Organization","EOS Data Analytics","Earth Sciences Enterprise (NASA)","Goddard Space Flight Center/EOS Data and Operations System","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - Earth Science Enterprise/Japan Meteorological Agency/Brazilian Space Agency","Defense Ministry","ImageSat International, NV/Ministry of Defense","EUTELSAT S.A./Es'hailSat","Es’hailSat","ESA/European Maritime Safety Agency","European University Network","Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute","EUTELSAT Americas","EUTELSAT S.A./Nilesat","exactEarth","Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)","California Polytechnic Institute","Russian Satellite Communications Company","Exseed Space","CNES (Centre national d'études spatiales)","Colombian Air Force","US Air Force Academy","InSpace","University of Texas - Austin","Link Space Aerospace Technology","China Meteorological Administration","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/GSFC","University of Stuttgart","US Navy","National Space Organization","Los Alamos National Laboratory","Jihua Laboratory","Copernicus Land and Marine Environment services","AMSAT-UK","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/Sky Perfect JSAT Corp.","Intelsat S.A.","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/DirecTV, Inc.","Gama","China National Academy of Sciences (CNSAS)","China’s Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and Ministry of Agriculture","State Oceanic Administration (SOA)","China's Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and Ministry of Agriculture","Ministry of Natural Resources/Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development/National Bureau of Statistics","People's Liberation Army (C41)","GomSpace ApS","Air Force Research Laboratory/Globalstar","NearSpace Launch/Air Force Research Laboratory","Geespace","Bigelow Aerospace","Korea Meteorological Administration/National Meteorological Satellite Center","DigitalGlobe Corporation","Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/NASA/ESA","Marshall Intec","GHGSat, Inc.","Orbital Sidekick","Globalstar","OHB SE (Orbitale Hochtechnologie Bremen)","PlanetiQ","NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration)","Turkish Ministry of National Defense","Gonets Satcom","JAXA, Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Environmental Studies","Lunasonde","LuxGovSat","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/JAXA","NASA/German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ)","Axelspace","Indian Navy","Indian Air Force","Air Force Satellite Control Network","U.S. Army’s Space and Missile Defense Command","Department of Defense/Army Space and Missile Defense Command","Sanya Institute of Remote Sensing","Xiamen University/Aerospace Dongfanghong Satellite Co. Ltd. {CASC)","Department of Defense/Space Test Program","Hunan Hangsheng Satellite Technology Co., Ltd.","US Army Space and Missile Defense Command","HawkEye 360","HEAD Aerospace","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Délégation Générale de l'Armement (DGA)","Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd.","Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd./INMARSAT","Tokyo Institute of Technology","Hiber Global","Japan Meteorological Agency/Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC)","Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science/NASA","Spacety","Hispasat","National Remote Sensing Center (NRSCC)","China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application (CRESDA)","University of Tokyo and NESTRA","PIESAT","China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)","China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC)","Horizons 2 Satellite, LLC (Intelsat, Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation)","Egyptian Space Agency","Kyushu Institute of Technology (KIT)","Harris Corporation","Shanghai Lizheng Satellite Application Technology","Ministry of Ecology and Environment/Ministry of Emergency Management","European Space Agency (ESA)/NASA","Huaian Youth Comprehensive Development Base","National Space Science Center (NSSC)","Avanti Communications, PLC","ICEYE Ltd.","Cabinet Satellite Intelligence Center (CSIC)","TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute","INMARSAT, Ltd.","INMARSAT, Ltd./European Space Agency (ESA)","Astronautic Technology Sdn. Bhd (ATSB)","University of Colorado’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics/Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology","NRS Lab. Atmospheres, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (Verrieres)","European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)/NASA/Russia","Intelsat S.A./Sky Perfect JSAT Corp.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Multinational","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center","D-Orbit","Iridium Communications, Inc.","National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCKU)","NASA Small Satellite Technology Program","iSky Technology","NASA/CalPoly","TrustPoint, Inc.","ITU Space Systems Design & Test Laboratory","Radio Amateur Society of Thailand (RAST)","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/NOAA/EUMETSAT","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/Kacific","Space OK (Shanghai Ok Space Co Ltd.)","Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd.","Beijing ZeroG Space Technology Co., Ltd./Hong Kong Aerospace Tech Group","Shanghai Jiao Tong University/APSCO","Gang Hang Ke","Hong Kong Aerospace Technology Group","Chinese University Corporation for Polar Research","Crown Prince Foundation","China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp. (CASC)","Scientific Production Corporation (joint stock creation of Russian Space Agency)","Roscosmos State Corporation","Kazcosmos","JSC KazSat","Ghalam LLP","National University of Singapore","Kepler Communications","US Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command","Revolutionary Guard Corps","GUMUSH AeroSpace/University of Turkish Aeronautical Association (UTAA)","Tsinghua University","Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology","KLEO Connect","Chosun University","KT Corporation/Korean Agency for Defense Development (ADD)","KT Corporation","National Institute of Technology at Kochi College","Kleos Space","College of Engineering, King Saud University","Kuwait University","Lacuna Space","Lacuna Space/NanoAvionics","Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/US Geological Survey","Laos National Authority for Science and Technology","Indonesian National Aeronautics and Space Agency (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional - LAPAN)","Aprize Satellite Argentina","US Space Force","Sapienza","Spire Global Inc.","California Polytechnic State University","Harbin Institute/China Amateur Satellite - CAMSAT","General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems","Xinwei Telecom Technology Company","Beijing ZeroG Technology Co. Ltd.","Nanjing and Hong Kong Universities","Changchun Institute of Optics","Russian Federal Space Agency","Federal Security Service (FSB)","SkyFox Labs","Shanghai Academy of Space Technology","University of Vigo/Alén Space","Wuhan University","Lynk Global Inc.","University of Michigan/Montana University","Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC)/Canadian Space Agency","CTRS Morocco/Institut für Luft-und Raumfahrttechnik (Berlin)","Max Valier school Bolzano, Italy, Oskar von Miller school, Merano, Italy","Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT)","MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd.","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","Open Cosmos","PT Telkomunikasi","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)/US Air Force","Military Space Forces (VKS)","Analytical Space","Russian Federal Service For Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (ROSHYDROMET)","EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites)","ESA/EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meterological Satellites)","Space Logistics LLC","Mexico Telecomm","Masdar Institute of Science and Technology","Vietnam National Space Center","MIT/Lincoln Laboratory-University of Massachusetts Amherst","Kingdom of Morocco","Technical University of Munich","Mozhaisky Space Engineering Academy","Mobile Satellite Ventures","DoD/US Navy","ACMEO","Tyvak Nanosatellite Systems, Inc.","Instituto Nacional de Técnia Aeroespacial (INTA)","Brazilian National Institute of Space Research (INPE/MCTI), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)","Shanghai Weixing Keji","Thai Air Force","National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences","DoD/US Air Force","Center of Excellence for Space Sciences and Technologies (SPACE-SI)","Origin Space","Deimos","Unknown","Würzburg Center for Telematics","Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)","Nihon University","NigComSat","National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA)","Egyptian Radio and TV Union","Echostar Corporation (entire payload leased from Telesat Canada Ltd.)","Ningxia Jingui Information Technology Co. Ltd.","Noorul Islam University","PT Pasifik Satelit Nntara","National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (part of international program)","Novosibirsk State University","Norwegian Space Center","Norwegian Space Center/Statsat","UK Government/Surrey Satellite Technologies","National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/NASA","F Space Test Office","NSLComm","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-Ames Research Center/Stanford University","O3b Networks Ltd.","Michigan Technological University/Air Force Research Laboratory","Swedish National Space Board","U.S. Space Force","OneWeb Satellites","Spanish Space Agency","Italian Defense Ministry","Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom)","Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom)/Australian Ministry of Defense","ORBCOMM Inc.","DARPA/Tethers Unlimited","Portland State Aerospace Society","F /ORSO (Operationally Responsive Space Office)","General Atomics - Electromagnetic Systems Group","Mexico Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA)","Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)/PakSat International","Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)","National Reconnaissance Office","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Cornell University","US Naval Academy","Helios Wire/Echostar Global Australia","Hisdesat","Tiger Innovations","Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (NTO) consortium","Dauria Aerospace","Peruvian Space Agency","Rocket Labs","Brigham Young University","German Aerospace Center (DLR-IKN)/TESAT Spacecom","University of Chile for Aerospace Investigation)","Ministry of Defense/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) - cooperation with Austria, Belgium, Spain, Sweden","Ministry of Defense//Centre National d/Etudes Spatiales (CNES) - cooperation with Austria, Belgium, Spain, Sweden","Airbus Defense and Space","US Coast Guard","University of Colorado, Boulder","National Technical University","St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","Italian Space Agency","Naval Post-Graduate School","Georgia Institute of Technology","Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology","Astrodynamics and Control Laboratory of Yonsei University","Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)","Von Karman Institute (VKI)","Qiansheng Exploration Technology Co. Ltd.","Shandong Institutes of Industrial Technology","Orbital Space","iQPS","University of Science and Technology","SES S.A. -- total capacity leased to subsidiary of EchoStar Corp.","University of New South Wales/Department of Defence","MDA Corporation","C3S","Vanderbilt University/AMSAT","Robertsville Middle School, Oak Ridge, Tennessee","Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.","Space Technologies Research Institute","Regional African Satellite Communications Organization (RASCOM)","Applied Physics Laboratory/NASA","Reaktor Space Lab","Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)","Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/exactEarth","Tohoku University","Tohoku University/Hokkaido University","University of Montpellier","Orbital Solutions Monaco","European Space Agency (ESA) (and 250 international scientific investigators)","National Autonomous University of Mexico","AMSAT/Nepal","National Space Activities Commission (CONAE)","Stanford Student Space Initiative","Department of National Defense","EASF/Bundeswehr","Sateliot IoT","Department of Computer Science and the Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University","Riyadh Space Research Institute","Space Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)/US Navy","Strategic Space Command/Space Surveillance Network","Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)","University of North Carolina - Wilmington","SES S.A./EchoStar Satellite Services, LLC","Telebras/Brazilian Air Force","Teen Satellite Project","NASA Langley Research Center","China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom)","Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT)","Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering","Chinese Academy of Space Techology (CAST)","National Space Program","Italian Defense Ministry/Telespazio","Italian Defense Ministry/French Defense Ministry","ESA/Royal Meteorological Institute, Belgium","SRI International","Sirius XM Holdings","XM Satellite Radio","China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co. Ltd.","Sky Mexico","NBN Co (operated by Optus)","DirecTV Latin America/Intelsat","Skykraft","Intelsat/Paradigm Secure Communications (wholly owned by EADS Astrium)","Ministry of Defense/Paradigm Secure Communications (wholly owned by EADS Astrium)","LightSquared","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/European Space Agency (ESA)","US Southern Command","Seoul National University","National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (JPN)","Astrotech SOHLA","Technical University Dresden","University of Würzburg","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Office/Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Univ. of Colorado","COSMIAC (Configurable Space Microsystems Innovations & Applications Center)","South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation","Swarm Technologies","Hughes Space and Communications Co.","Hisdesat/Ministry of Defense","Air Force Research Laboratory/Swedish Defense Materiel Administration","Omnispace","Endurosat","Astro Space Center of Moscow/Russian Academy of Sciences","Ministry of Defense/General Delegation for Ordnance (DGA)","Spot Image","SRM University","Government of Sudan","Chilean Air Force","Beihang University/APSCO","Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO)","Singapore Telecommunications Ltd. (SingTel)/Chunghwa Telecom Co. Ltd.","Sony","Scanway/German Orbital Systems","SatRevolution/Steamjet","Sternula","SatRevolution","Atlas 5","Synspective","Missile Defense Agency (MDA)","University of Chile","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/DSN Corp.","Beijing Space View Technology","Goddard Space Flight Center/Penn State University","Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lanne (EPFL)","Naval Research Laboratory","Operational Responsive Space (ORS) Office","Kenya Space Agency","Beijing MinoSpace Technology Co., Ltd.","Minospace","German Aerospace Center (DLR)/Astrium","Alibaba","Orbit Fab","Herzliya Science Center","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/SES Americom (SES [Société Européenne des Satellites (SES)])","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Ames Research Center","Teikyo University","AgilSpace","Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.)/APT Satellite Holdings Ltd.","Colorado State University","German Aerospace Center (DLR)/Infoterra","TerraStar Corporation","U.S. Space Force/Other Transaction Authority","Thaicom Public Company Ltd.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/University of California, Berkeley (in partnership with Germany, France, Austria, Canada)","Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA)","Telenor Satellite Broadcasting","Thuraya Satellite Communications","China Manned Space Engineering Office (CMSEO)","Tianjin University","Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CASIC)","Xiyong Microelectrics Park","Guodian Gaoke","GasTianta and GZH-HNJ BDS AGR Co., Ltd.","Sun Yat-sen University","Insight Position Digital Intelligence Technology Service Co., Ltd.","China Telecom","National University of Defense Technology","China Electronic Technology Group","CASIOM","Spacety Aerospace Company/ThrustMe","Spacety Aerospace Company/Changsha Gaoxinqu Tianyi Research Institute","Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)/China Academy of Space Technology","Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","La Sapienza University of Rome","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins","Bolivia Aerospace Bureau","Tomorrow.io","University of Malibor/SkyLabs","MyRadar","Tallinn University of Technology","Technical University of Graz","Turkmenistan Ministry of Communications/SSI-Monaco","Turksat","Elbit Systems","UK/DMC International Imaging (DMCII)","UMBRA","Alba Orbital","Wakayama University (UNIFORM consortium)","Polytechnic University of Madrid","University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)/National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)","NASA/Carnegie Mellon University","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","VISIONA Tecnologia Espacial S.A.","Care Weather Technologies","Nanyang Technological University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Israel Space Agency","ViaSat, Inc.","Momentus, Inc.","Vietnamese Posts and Telecommunications Group (VNPT)","C3S LLC","Space Technology Institute-Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (STI-VAST)","Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities","Shanghai Micro Satellite Engineering Center","CENTI (China-Europe Networks of technology and Innovation)","Military Satellite Communications - US Air Force","WildBlue Communications","La Sapienza University of Rome/Machakos University/University of Nairobi, Kenya","Weathernews, Inc.","Maxar Technologies Inc.","Centre for Research in Satellite Technology (CREST)","MinoSpace Technology","Chengdu Guoxing Aerospace Technology Co. Ltd.","Xingyun Satellite Co.","DFH Satellite Co. Ltd.","European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)","Ministry of Defense/XTAR","DFH Satellite Co. Ltd./AMSAT-China","Chinese Amateur Satellite (CAMSAT)","Loft Orbital/Fugro","Loft Orbital","Gazprom Space Systems","Bauman Moscow State Technical University","GalaxySpace","Galaxy Space","Hubei University of Technology (HUT)","Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","French South African Institute of Technology/Cape Peninsula University of Technology","QOSMOSYS","China Earthquake Administration/Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics","Zhejiang University","Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. 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33,23,19,0,1,1],[52789,233,23,19,0,1,1],[52790,233,23,19,0,1,1],[52791,233,23,19,0,1,1],[52792,233,23,19,0,1,1],[52793,233,23,19,0,1,1],[52817,409,48,3,0,3,2],[52887,496,34,1,7,4,1],[52888,241,1,3,0,1,1],[52889,8,1,10,0,4,1],[52890,8,1,10,0,4,1],[52891,8,1,10,0,4,1],[52892,8,1,10,0,4,1],[52894,465,18,9,0,3,1],[52897,336,18,1,5,2,1],[52898,478,18,1,21,2,1],[52899,530,18,9,0,2,1],[52901,600,23,5,0,1,1],[52903,95,28,3,0,3,2],[52904,372,59,3,0,1,2],[52907,65,23,1,0,4,1],[52908,65,23,1,0,4,1],[52909,65,23,1,0,4,1],[52912,224,23,1,7,3,1],[52933,27,26,3,0,1,2],[52935,167,30,1,5,4,1],[52937,403,78,1,0,1,1],[52941,350,1,2,0,4,1],[52942,350,1,2,0,4,2],[52984,61,17,11,0,5,4],[53100,322,23,3,0,3,2],[53102,8,1,1,0,4,1],[53128,520,23,1,7,1,1],[53129,520,23,1,7,1,1],[53316,65,23,1,5,4,1],[53318,65,23,1,5,4,1],[53352,8,1,2,0,4,1],[53355,9,1,1,1,4,2],[53370,331,66,1,5,4,1],[53371,459,17,2,0,2,1],[53372,459,17,2,0,2,1],[53586,117,23,2,0,3,1],[53698,65,23,1,7,4,1],[53757,635,23,3,52,1,1],[53758,635,23,3,52,1,1],[53760,88,23,1,0,4,1],[53761,88,23,1,0,4,1],[53763,88,23,1,0,4,1],[53765,13,5,3,0,1,2],[53808,77,1,3,0,1,1],[53813,509,23,3,0,1,2],[53815,559,15,1,7,1,1],[53876,117,23,2,0,3,1],[53877,463,23,1,4,3,1],[53883,8,1,1,5,4,1],[53884,88,23,2,0,3,1],[53885,88,23,2,0,3,1],[53943,65,23,1,5,4,1],[53946,65,23,1,5,4,1],[53947,65,23,1,5,4,1],[53948,463,23,2,0,3,1],[53949,510,23,2,0,3,1],[53950,463,23,2,0,3,1],[53960,27,26,3,0,1,2],[53961,27,26,3,0,1,2],[54020,634,23,2,0,3,1],[54021,634,23,2,0,3,1],[54026,221,1,3,0,1,2],[54027,221,1,3,0,1,2],[54029,117,23,5,0,3,1],[54031,61,17,11,0,5,4],[54033,34,19,3,0,3,1],[54035,285,23,1,0,3,1],[54042,65,23,1,5,4,1],[54043,65,23,1,5,4,1],[54045,65,23,1,5,4,1],[54048,13,5,3,0,1,2],[54109,61,17,22,0,4,1],[54110,61,17,22,0,4,1],[54113,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54114,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54115,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54116,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54117,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54118,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54119,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54120,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54121,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54122,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54123,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54124,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54125,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54126,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54127,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54128,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54129,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54130,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54131,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54132,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54133,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54134,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54135,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54136,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54137,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54138,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54139,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54140,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54141,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54142,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54143,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54144,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54145,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54146,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54147,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54148,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54225,13,5,3,0,1,2],[54642,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54643,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54644,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54645,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54646,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54647,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54648,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54649,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54650,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54651,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54652,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54653,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54654,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54655,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54656,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54657,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54658,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54659,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54660,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54661,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54662,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54663,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54664,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54665,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54666,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54667,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54668,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54669,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54670,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54671,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54672,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54673,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54674,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54675,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54676,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54677,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54678,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54679,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54680,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54681,427,2,3,0,1,1],[54940,358,23,5,36,2,1],[55009,554,93,9,0,1,1],[55010,374,11,1,39,1,1],[55011,83,38,1,11,1,1],[55012,129,25,3,16,1,1],[55013,352,26,1,35,1,1],[55014,352,26,1,35,1,1],[55015,71,10,1,9,4,1],[55017,352,26,1,35,1,1],[55018,340,26,1,0,1,1],[55019,340,26,1,0,1,1],[55020,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55021,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55022,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55023,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55024,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55025,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55026,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55027,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55028,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55029,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55030,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55031,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55032,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55033,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55034,366,1,3,0,1,1],[55035,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55036,617,1,1,7,1,1],[55037,352,26,1,35,1,1],[55038,352,26,1,35,1,1],[55039,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55040,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55041,524,39,9,0,1,1],[55042,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55043,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55044,556,4,1,2,1,1],[55045,89,21,1,0,1,1],[55046,366,1,3,0,1,1],[55047,89,21,1,0,1,1],[55048,89,21,1,0,1,1],[55049,290,3,1,7,1,1],[55050,617,1,1,7,1,1],[55052,524,39,9,0,1,1],[55053,186,1,1,13,1,1],[55054,524,39,9,0,1,1],[55055,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55056,629,1,2,0,1,1],[55057,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55058,524,39,9,0,1,1],[55061,524,39,9,0,1,1],[55062,290,3,1,7,1,1],[55063,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55064,89,21,1,0,1,1],[55065,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55066,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55067,421,6,2,0,1,1],[55068,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55069,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55070,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55071,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55072,553,15,5,0,1,1],[55073,574,6,5,0,2,1],[55074,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55075,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55076,651,1,9,0,1,1],[55077,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55078,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55079,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55080,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55081,458,85,2,0,2,1],[55082,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55083,164,1,1,5,1,1],[55084,223,38,2,0,1,1],[55085,340,26,1,0,1,1],[55086,340,26,1,0,1,1],[55087,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55088,352,26,1,35,1,1],[55089,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55090,115,21,9,0,1,1],[55091,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55092,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55093,71,10,1,9,4,1],[55094,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55095,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55096,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55097,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55098,63,33,3,8,2,1],[55099,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55100,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55101,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55102,538,1,3,0,1,1],[55103,342,68,2,0,2,1],[55107,2,2,1,2,1,1],[55108,659,30,2,0,1,1],[55133,315,23,2,26,1,1],[55134,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55135,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55136,593,23,2,0,1,1],[55137,396,23,2,0,2,1],[55138,583,1,2,0,4,2],[55140,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55141,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55142,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55143,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55144,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55145,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55146,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55147,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55148,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55149,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55150,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55151,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55152,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55153,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55154,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55155,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55156,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55157,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55158,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55159,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55160,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55161,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55162,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55163,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55164,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55165,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55166,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55167,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55168,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55169,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55239,37,23,3,0,1,2],[55242,512,23,2,0,3,1],[55243,512,23,2,0,3,1],[55244,65,23,1,5,4,1],[55248,468,23,1,5,3,1],[55249,468,23,1,5,3,1],[55250,365,23,1,5,2,1],[55251,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55252,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55253,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55254,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55255,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55256,315,23,1,5,1,1],[55257,68,23,1,7,1,1],[55258,318,23,1,5,1,1],[55259,318,23,1,5,1,1],[55260,318,23,1,5,1,1],[55261,604,23,2,0,3,1],[55263,9,1,3,0,4,2],[55264,350,1,2,0,4,2],[55268,399,1,11,0,5,4],[55324,263,1,22,3,1,1],[55326,263,1,22,3,1,1],[55327,263,1,22,3,1,1],[55329,291,15,1,7,3,1],[55506,180,17,1,6,3,2],[55508,25,11,3,0,1,2],[55562,95,28,9,0,3,1],[55683,293,2,3,0,1,2],[55686,509,23,3,0,1,2],[55690,281,48,1,26,3,1],[55801,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55802,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55803,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55804,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55805,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55806,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55807,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55808,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55809,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55810,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55811,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55812,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55813,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55814,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55815,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55816,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55817,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55818,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55819,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55820,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55821,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55822,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55823,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55824,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55825,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55826,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55827,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55828,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55829,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55830,427,2,3,0,1,1],[55836,322,23,1,5,3,1],[55839,322,23,1,5,3,1],[55841,361,17,3,0,3,2],[55844,281,48,1,26,3,1],[55861,511,23,2,0,3,1],[55909,94,1,1,12,1,1],[55910,94,1,1,12,1,1],[55912,224,23,1,5,3,2],[55970,27,26,3,0,1,2],[55971,27,26,3,0,1,2],[55973,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55974,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55975,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55976,592,23,28,0,1,1],[55978,61,17,1,3,4,1],[55982,75,1,1,5,1,1],[55983,75,1,1,5,1,1],[56055,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56056,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56057,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56058,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56059,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56060,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56061,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56062,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56063,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56064,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56065,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56066,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56067,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56068,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56069,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56070,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56071,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56072,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56073,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56074,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56075,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56076,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56077,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56078,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56079,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56080,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56081,427,2,3,0,1,1],[56083,61,6,1,7,4,1],[56091,61,17,14,0,4,1],[56153,277,39,1,7,1,1],[56154,277,39,1,7,1,1],[56155,277,39,1,7,1,1],[56156,277,39,1,7,1,1],[56157,65,23,1,7,4,1],[56162,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56163,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56164,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56165,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56166,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56167,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56168,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56169,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56170,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56171,62,1,9,0,4,1],[56174,221,1,3,0,1,2],[56178,292,25,1,13,2,1],[56179,84,2,2,0,1,1],[56180,153,12,1,5,3,1],[56181,332,25,3,2,10,1],[56182,352,1,1,35,1,1],[56183,497,1,3,30,1,1],[56184,551,5,2,0,2,1],[56185,83,38,1,11,1,1],[56186,239,20,4,0,1,1],[56187,7,7,4,0,2,1],[56188,122,1,5,0,2,1],[56189,308,1,2,0,1,1],[56190,89,21,1,0,1,1],[56191,263,1,22,3,1,1],[56193,263,1,22,3,1,1],[56194,417,10,1,2,3,1],[56195,240,1,1,21,1,1],[56196,629,1,2,0,1,1],[56197,240,1,1,21,1,1],[56198,617,1,1,7,1,1],[56199,608,1,2,51,1,1],[56201,89,21,1,0,1,1],[56202,89,21,1,0,1,1],[56203,89,21,1,0,1,1],[56204,239,20,4,0,1,1],[56205,205,52,1,5,4,1],[56206,352,1,1,35,1,1],[56207,568,97,1,13,3,1],[56208,455,38,2,0,1,1],[56209,239,20,4,0,1,1],[56210,129,25,1,13,1,1],[56211,297,38,14,0,3,1],[56212,489,88,2,0,2,1],[56213,494,1,1,5,2,1],[56214,344,9,3,30,1,1],[56215,624,16,9,0,1,1],[56216,183,38,9,0,1,1],[56217,329,20,3,0,1,1],[56218,329,20,3,0,1,1],[56219,12,1,4,0,1,1],[56220,12,1,4,0,1,1],[56221,304,44,5,0,3,1],[56222,158,4,5,0,2,1],[56223,631,86,9,0,1,1]]}
diff --git a/src/data/ucsSatellites.js b/src/data/ucsSatellites.js
index e3c67a2e2..5a87a2bd4 100644
--- a/src/data/ucsSatellites.js
+++ b/src/data/ucsSatellites.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /**
- * @file The bundled UCS Satellite Database pack: the purpose of each active
- * satellite, keyed by NORAD catalog number.
+ * @file The bundled UCS Satellite Database pack: operator, owner country and
+ * purpose for active satellites, keyed by NORAD catalog number.
  *
  * Data: `local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json`, built by
  * `scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py` from UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023
@@ -20,8 +20,11 @@ const PACK_URL = new URL(
 );
 
 /**
- * One UCS row: what UCS says a satellite is for.
- * @typedef {{noradId: number, purpose: string|null}} UcsSatellite
+ * One UCS row: what UCS says about a satellite's operator and purpose.
+ * @typedef {{noradId: number, operator: string|null,
+ *   operatorCountry: string|null, purpose: string|null,
+ *   detailedPurpose: string|null, users: string|null,
+ *   orbitClass: string|null}} UcsSatellite
  */
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs b/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
index 3b52a4e92..86df68e81 100644
--- a/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
@@ -22,7 +22,15 @@ test('the bundled UCS pack names its release, licence and curation', () => {
       pack.meta.curation.invalidNoradDropped +
       pack.meta.curation.duplicateNoradDropped,
   );
-  assert.deepEqual(pack.fields, ['noradId', 'purpose']);
+  assert.deepEqual(pack.fields, [
+    'noradId',
+    'operator',
+    'operatorCountry',
+    'purpose',
+    'detailedPurpose',
+    'users',
+    'orbitClass',
+  ]);
   // Small enough to load with the layer.
   assert.ok(readFileSync(PACK_URL).length < 200_000);
 });
@@ -33,26 +41,36 @@ test('the pack loads into records keyed by NORAD number', async () => {
   const iss = records.get(25544);
   assert.ok(iss, 'the ISS is in UCS');
   assert.equal(iss.noradId, 25544);
+  assert.ok(iss.operator);
   assert.ok(iss.purpose);
+  for (const record of records.values()) {
+    assert.doesNotMatch(
+      `${record.operator ?? ''} ${record.purpose ?? ''}`,
+      /starlink/i,
+      'Starlink rows are dropped',
+    );
+    if (record.orbitClass) assert.match(record.orbitClass, /^(LEO|MEO|GEO|ELLIPTICAL)$/);
+  }
 });
 
 test('indexing reads the string tables and turns empty strings into null', () => {
   const records = indexUcsPack({
-    fields: ['noradId', 'purpose'],
-    strings: { purpose: ['', 'Earth Observation'] },
+    fields: ['noradId', 'operator', 'purpose'],
+    strings: { operator: ['', 'ESA'], purpose: ['', 'Earth Observation'] },
     records: [
-      [39634, 1],
-      [40000, 0],
-      ['bad', 1],
-      [-5, 1],
+      [39634, 1, 1],
+      [40000, 0, 1],
+      ['bad', 1, 1],
+      [-5, 1, 1],
     ],
   });
   assert.deepEqual([...records.keys()], [39634, 40000]);
   assert.deepEqual(records.get(39634), {
     noradId: 39634,
+    operator: 'ESA',
     purpose: 'Earth Observation',
   });
-  assert.equal(records.get(40000).purpose, null);
+  assert.equal(records.get(40000).operator, null);
 });
 
 test('a pack of the wrong shape throws, so the loader tries again', () => {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
index a7fd060a5..bb20e646a 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
@@ -124,6 +124,8 @@ export function createCatalog({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
             satrec,
             group: 'dense',
             launchYear: tleLineLaunchYear(entry.line1),
+            line1: entry.line1,
+            line2: entry.line2,
             // The dense feed is CelesTrak's Starlink group.
             satelliteClass: 'starlink',
             ucs: null,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
index dea3dcc38..f4d47a0ea 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
@@ -231,6 +231,13 @@ export function classifySatellite({
   return 'probes';
 }
 
+/** Whether a class may be ridden in the Cockpit's orbital view. */
+export function satelliteClassEnterable(satelliteClass) {
+  return (
+    SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS.includes(satelliteClass) && satelliteClass !== 'debris'
+  );
+}
+
 /**
  * Merge a partial class-visibility request into the current choice.
  * Unknown keys and non-boolean values are ignored.
@@ -250,6 +257,443 @@ export function mergeClassVisibility(
   return next;
 }
 
+// ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code → short English name, for every owner below.
+const COUNTRY_NAMES = Object.freeze({
+  AE: 'United Arab Emirates',
+  AM: 'Armenia',
+  AO: 'Angola',
+  AR: 'Argentina',
+  AT: 'Austria',
+  AU: 'Australia',
+  AZ: 'Azerbaijan',
+  BD: 'Bangladesh',
+  BE: 'Belgium',
+  BG: 'Bulgaria',
+  BH: 'Bahrain',
+  BM: 'Bermuda',
+  BO: 'Bolivia',
+  BR: 'Brazil',
+  BT: 'Bhutan',
+  BW: 'Botswana',
+  BY: 'Belarus',
+  CA: 'Canada',
+  CH: 'Switzerland',
+  CL: 'Chile',
+  CN: 'China',
+  CO: 'Colombia',
+  CR: 'Costa Rica',
+  CZ: 'Czechia',
+  DE: 'Germany',
+  DJ: 'Djibouti',
+  DK: 'Denmark',
+  DZ: 'Algeria',
+  EC: 'Ecuador',
+  EE: 'Estonia',
+  EG: 'Egypt',
+  ES: 'Spain',
+  ET: 'Ethiopia',
+  FI: 'Finland',
+  FR: 'France',
+  GB: 'United Kingdom',
+  GH: 'Ghana',
+  GR: 'Greece',
+  GT: 'Guatemala',
+  HR: 'Croatia',
+  HU: 'Hungary',
+  ID: 'Indonesia',
+  IE: 'Ireland',
+  IL: 'Israel',
+  IN: 'India',
+  IQ: 'Iraq',
+  IR: 'Iran',
+  IT: 'Italy',
+  JO: 'Jordan',
+  JP: 'Japan',
+  KE: 'Kenya',
+  KP: 'North Korea',
+  KR: 'South Korea',
+  KW: 'Kuwait',
+  KZ: 'Kazakhstan',
+  LA: 'Laos',
+  LK: 'Sri Lanka',
+  LT: 'Lithuania',
+  LU: 'Luxembourg',
+  MA: 'Morocco',
+  MC: 'Monaco',
+  MD: 'Moldova',
+  ME: 'Montenegro',
+  MM: 'Myanmar',
+  MN: 'Mongolia',
+  MU: 'Mauritius',
+  MX: 'Mexico',
+  MY: 'Malaysia',
+  NG: 'Nigeria',
+  NL: 'Netherlands',
+  NO: 'Norway',
+  NP: 'Nepal',
+  NZ: 'New Zealand',
+  PE: 'Peru',
+  PH: 'Philippines',
+  PK: 'Pakistan',
+  PL: 'Poland',
+  PT: 'Portugal',
+  PY: 'Paraguay',
+  QA: 'Qatar',
+  RO: 'Romania',
+  RU: 'Russia',
+  RW: 'Rwanda',
+  SA: 'Saudi Arabia',
+  SB: 'Solomon Islands',
+  SD: 'Sudan',
+  SE: 'Sweden',
+  SG: 'Singapore',
+  SI: 'Slovenia',
+  SN: 'Senegal',
+  TH: 'Thailand',
+  TM: 'Turkmenistan',
+  TN: 'Tunisia',
+  TR: 'Türkiye',
+  TW: 'Taiwan',
+  UA: 'Ukraine',
+  US: 'United States',
+  UY: 'Uruguay',
+  VA: 'Vatican City',
+  VE: 'Venezuela',
+  VN: 'Vietnam',
+  ZA: 'South Africa',
+  ZW: 'Zimbabwe',
+});
+
+// UCS "Country of Operator/Owner" → ISO code. Joint owners ("USA/Japan") and
+// organisations are not countries and resolve through ORGANISATIONS or as a
+// joint label.
+const UCS_COUNTRIES = Object.freeze({
+  Algeria: 'DZ',
+  Angola: 'AO',
+  Argentina: 'AR',
+  Australia: 'AU',
+  Austria: 'AT',
+  Azerbaijan: 'AZ',
+  Bangladesh: 'BD',
+  Belarus: 'BY',
+  Belgium: 'BE',
+  Bolivia: 'BO',
+  Brazil: 'BR',
+  Bulgaria: 'BG',
+  Canada: 'CA',
+  Chile: 'CL',
+  China: 'CN',
+  Colombia: 'CO',
+  'Czech Republic': 'CZ',
+  Denmark: 'DK',
+  Ecuador: 'EC',
+  Egypt: 'EG',
+  Estonia: 'EE',
+  Ethiopia: 'ET',
+  Finland: 'FI',
+  France: 'FR',
+  Germany: 'DE',
+  Greece: 'GR',
+  Hungary: 'HU',
+  India: 'IN',
+  Indonesia: 'ID',
+  Iran: 'IR',
+  Iraq: 'IQ',
+  Israel: 'IL',
+  Italy: 'IT',
+  Japan: 'JP',
+  Jordan: 'JO',
+  Kazakhstan: 'KZ',
+  Kenya: 'KE',
+  Kuwait: 'KW',
+  Laos: 'LA',
+  Lithuania: 'LT',
+  Luxembourg: 'LU',
+  Malaysia: 'MY',
+  Mexico: 'MX',
+  Monaco: 'MC',
+  Morocco: 'MA',
+  Nepal: 'NP',
+  Netherlands: 'NL',
+  'New Zealand': 'NZ',
+  Nigeria: 'NG',
+  Norway: 'NO',
+  Pakistan: 'PK',
+  Peru: 'PE',
+  Poland: 'PL',
+  Russia: 'RU',
+  'Saudi Arabia': 'SA',
+  Sinapore: 'SG',
+  Singapore: 'SG',
+  Slovenia: 'SI',
+  'South Africa': 'ZA',
+  'South Korea': 'KR',
+  Spain: 'ES',
+  Sudan: 'SD',
+  Sweden: 'SE',
+  Switzerland: 'CH',
+  Taiwan: 'TW',
+  Thailand: 'TH',
+  Tunisia: 'TN',
+  Turkey: 'TR',
+  UK: 'GB',
+  USA: 'US',
+  Ukraine: 'UA',
+  'United Arab Emirates': 'AE',
+  'United Kingdom': 'GB',
+  Venezuela: 'VE',
+  Vietnam: 'VN',
+});
+
+// CelesTrak SATCAT OWNER code → ISO code (https://celestrak.org/satcat/sources.php).
+// CIS (former USSR) is filed under Russia, its continuing state.
+const SATCAT_COUNTRIES = Object.freeze({
+  ALG: 'DZ',
+  ANG: 'AO',
+  ARGN: 'AR',
+  ARM: 'AM',
+  ASRA: 'AT',
+  AUS: 'AU',
+  AZER: 'AZ',
+  BEL: 'BE',
+  BELA: 'BY',
+  BERM: 'BM',
+  BGD: 'BD',
+  BHR: 'BH',
+  BHUT: 'BT',
+  BOL: 'BO',
+  BRAZ: 'BR',
+  BUL: 'BG',
+  BWA: 'BW',
+  CA: 'CA',
+  CHLE: 'CL',
+  CIS: 'RU',
+  COL: 'CO',
+  CRI: 'CR',
+  CZCH: 'CZ',
+  DEN: 'DK',
+  DJI: 'DJ',
+  ECU: 'EC',
+  EGYP: 'EG',
+  EST: 'EE',
+  ETH: 'ET',
+  FIN: 'FI',
+  FR: 'FR',
+  GER: 'DE',
+  GHA: 'GH',
+  GREC: 'GR',
+  GUAT: 'GT',
+  HRV: 'HR',
+  HUN: 'HU',
+  IND: 'IN',
+  INDO: 'ID',
+  IRAN: 'IR',
+  IRAQ: 'IQ',
+  IRL: 'IE',
+  ISRA: 'IL',
+  ISRO: 'IN',
+  IT: 'IT',
+  JPN: 'JP',
+  KAZ: 'KZ',
+  KEN: 'KE',
+  LAOS: 'LA',
+  LKA: 'LK',
+  LTU: 'LT',
+  LUXE: 'LU',
+  MA: 'MA',
+  MALA: 'MY',
+  MCO: 'MC',
+  MDA: 'MD',
+  MEX: 'MX',
+  MMR: 'MM',
+  MNE: 'ME',
+  MNG: 'MN',
+  MUS: 'MU',
+  NETH: 'NL',
+  NIG: 'NG',
+  NKOR: 'KP',
+  NOR: 'NO',
+  NPL: 'NP',
+  NZ: 'NZ',
+  PAKI: 'PK',
+  PERU: 'PE',
+  POL: 'PL',
+  POR: 'PT',
+  PRC: 'CN',
+  PRY: 'PY',
+  QAT: 'QA',
+  ROC: 'TW',
+  ROM: 'RO',
+  RP: 'PH',
+  RWA: 'RW',
+  SAFR: 'ZA',
+  SAUD: 'SA',
+  SDN: 'SD',
+  SEN: 'SN',
+  SING: 'SG',
+  SKOR: 'KR',
+  SLB: 'SB',
+  SPN: 'ES',
+  SVN: 'SI',
+  SWED: 'SE',
+  SWTZ: 'CH',
+  THAI: 'TH',
+  TUN: 'TN',
+  TURK: 'TR',
+  UAE: 'AE',
+  UK: 'GB',
+  UKR: 'UA',
+  URY: 'UY',
+  US: 'US',
+  VAT: 'VA',
+  VENZ: 'VE',
+  VTNM: 'VN',
+  ZWE: 'ZW',
+});
+
+// Organisations, by SATCAT code and by UCS name: no flag, a short label.
+const ORGANISATIONS = Object.freeze({
+  AB: 'Arabsat',
+  ABS: 'ABS',
+  AC: 'AsiaSat',
+  ESA: 'ESA',
+  ESRO: 'ESRO',
+  EUME: 'EUMETSAT',
+  EUTE: 'Eutelsat',
+  GLOB: 'Globalstar',
+  IM: 'Inmarsat',
+  IRID: 'Iridium',
+  ISS: 'ISS partners',
+  ITSO: 'Intelsat',
+  NATO: 'NATO',
+  NICO: 'New ICO',
+  O3B: 'O3b',
+  ORB: 'ORBCOMM',
+  RASC: 'RascomStar-QAF',
+  SEAL: 'Sea Launch',
+  SES: 'SES',
+  Multinational: 'Multinational',
+});
+
+// SATCAT codes for joint ownership, as their parts.
+const SATCAT_JOINT = Object.freeze({
+  CHBZ: ['CN', 'BR'],
+  CHTU: ['CN', 'TR'],
+  FGER: ['FR', 'DE'],
+  FRIT: ['FR', 'IT'],
+  GRSA: ['GR', 'SA'],
+  PRES: ['CN', 'ESA'],
+  SGJP: ['SG', 'JP'],
+  STCT: ['SG', 'TW'],
+  TMMC: ['TM', 'MC'],
+  USBZ: ['US', 'BR'],
+});
+
+function country(code) {
+  return COUNTRY_NAMES[code]
+    ? { countryCode: code, label: COUNTRY_NAMES[code] }
+    : null;
+}
+
+function joint(parts) {
+  const labels = parts.map(
+    (part) => COUNTRY_NAMES[part] || ORGANISATIONS[part] || part,
+  );
+  return { countryCode: null, label: labels.join(' / ') };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalise a UCS owner country ("USA", "China/France", "ESA",
+ * "Multinational") to `{ countryCode, label }`.
+ * @param {string|null|undefined} text
+ * @returns {{countryCode: string|null, label: string}|null}
+ */
+export function ownerFromUcs(text) {
+  const value = String(text || '').trim();
+  if (!value) return null;
+  if (UCS_COUNTRIES[value]) return country(UCS_COUNTRIES[value]);
+  if (ORGANISATIONS[value])
+    return { countryCode: null, label: ORGANISATIONS[value] };
+  if (value.includes('/'))
+    return joint(
+      value
+        .split('/')
+        .map((part) => part.trim())
+        .map((part) => UCS_COUNTRIES[part] || part),
+    );
+  return { countryCode: null, label: value };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalise a CelesTrak SATCAT OWNER code ("US", "PRC", "CIS", "ITSO") to
+ * `{ countryCode, label }`; null for TBD, UNK and blanks.
+ * @param {string|null|undefined} code
+ * @returns {{countryCode: string|null, label: string}|null}
+ */
+export function ownerFromSatcat(code) {
+  const value = String(code || '')
+    .trim()
+    .toUpperCase();
+  if (!value || value === 'TBD' || value === 'UNK') return null;
+  if (SATCAT_COUNTRIES[value]) return country(SATCAT_COUNTRIES[value]);
+  if (ORGANISATIONS[value])
+    return { countryCode: null, label: ORGANISATIONS[value] };
+  if (SATCAT_JOINT[value]) return joint(SATCAT_JOINT[value]);
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Who owns a satellite: UCS names the operator's country, SATCAT the
+ * registering owner; UCS wins where both exist. Starlink without either is
+ * SpaceX's, so United States.
+ * @returns {{countryCode: string|null, label: string}|null}
+ */
+export function satelliteOwner({
+  ucs = null,
+  satcat = null,
+  satelliteClass,
+} = {}) {
+  return (
+    ownerFromUcs(ucs?.operatorCountry) ||
+    ownerFromSatcat(satcat?.owner) ||
+    (satelliteClass === 'starlink' ? country('US') : null)
+  );
+}
+
+/** Who operates a satellite: UCS's operator, or SpaceX for Starlink. */
+export function satelliteOperator({ ucs = null, satelliteClass } = {}) {
+  if (ucs?.operator) return ucs.operator;
+  return satelliteClass === 'starlink' ? 'SpaceX' : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The international designator (COSPAR id) from TLE line 1, columns 10–17:
+ * `98067A` → `1998-067A`. Two-digit years below 57 are 20xx.
+ * @param {string|null|undefined} line1
+ * @returns {string|null}
+ */
+export function cosparIdFromTleLine1(line1) {
+  const field = String(line1 || '')
+    .slice(9, 17)
+    .trim();
+  const match = /^(\d{2})(\d{3})([A-Z]{1,3})$/.exec(field);
+  if (!match) return null;
+  const yy = Number(match[1]);
+  return `${yy < 57 ? 2000 + yy : 1900 + yy}-${match[2]}${match[3]}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The TLE's epoch as epoch milliseconds, from satellite.js's Julian date.
+ * @param {{jdsatepoch?: number, jdsatepochF?: number}|null|undefined} satrec
+ * @returns {number|null}
+ */
+export function tleEpochMs(satrec) {
+  const jd = Number(satrec?.jdsatepoch) + (Number(satrec?.jdsatepochF) || 0);
+  return Number.isFinite(jd) && jd > 0
+    ? Math.round((jd - 2440587.5) * 86_400_000)
+    : null;
+}
+
 /** Split one RFC 4180 CSV line (quoted fields may hold commas). */
 function csvFields(line) {
   const fields = [];
@@ -277,7 +721,7 @@ function csvFields(line) {
  * Parse CelesTrak SATCAT CSV into records keyed by NORAD number.
  * @param {string} text `records.php?…&FORMAT=CSV` body.
  * @returns {Map<number, {objectType: string, opsStatus: string,
- *   launchDate: string|null}>}
+ *   owner: string, cosparId: string|null, launchDate: string|null}>}
  */
 export function parseSatcatCsv(text) {
   const records = new Map();
@@ -291,6 +735,8 @@ export function parseSatcatCsv(text) {
     norad: at('NORAD_CAT_ID'),
     type: at('OBJECT_TYPE'),
     status: at('OPS_STATUS_CODE'),
+    owner: at('OWNER'),
+    id: at('OBJECT_ID'),
     launch: at('LAUNCH_DATE'),
   };
   if (col.norad < 0 || col.type < 0) return records;
@@ -302,6 +748,8 @@ export function parseSatcatCsv(text) {
     records.set(noradId, {
       objectType: text(col.type).toUpperCase(),
       opsStatus: text(col.status),
+      owner: text(col.owner),
+      cosparId: text(col.id) || null,
       launchDate: text(col.launch) || null,
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
index 40346b949..6243181f9 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
@@ -1,20 +1,28 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { twoline2satrec } from 'satellite.js';
 import {
   DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES,
   PRESUMED_DEAD_AFTER_YEARS,
   SATELLITE_CLASS_DISPLAY,
   SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS,
   classifySatellite,
+  cosparIdFromTleLine1,
   mergeClassVisibility,
+  ownerFromSatcat,
+  ownerFromUcs,
   parseSatcatCsv,
+  satelliteClassEnterable,
+  satelliteOperator,
+  satelliteOwner,
+  tleEpochMs,
 } from './classes.js';
 import { CATALOG_GROUPS } from './policy.js';
 
 const NOW = 2026;
 const classify = (subject) => classifySatellite({ nowYear: NOW, ...subject });
 
-test('six classes, every one but Starlink on by default', () => {
+test('six classes, with stations and imaging on by default and the rest off', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS, [
     'stations',
     'imaging',
@@ -37,28 +45,16 @@ test('six classes, every one but Starlink on by default', () => {
 test('SATCAT object type and status file debris first, overruling UCS', () => {
   const imaging = { purpose: 'Earth Observation' };
   for (const objectType of ['R/B', 'DEB', 'UNK'])
-    assert.equal(
-      classify({ name: 'X', satcat: { objectType, opsStatus: '' } }),
-      'debris',
-      objectType,
-    );
+    assert.equal(classify({ name: 'X', satcat: { objectType, opsStatus: '' } }), 'debris', objectType);
   // A satellite UCS listed in 2023 that SATCAT now calls dead or decayed.
   for (const opsStatus of ['-', 'D'])
     assert.equal(
-      classify({
-        name: 'OLDSAT',
-        ucs: imaging,
-        satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus },
-      }),
+      classify({ name: 'OLDSAT', ucs: imaging, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus } }),
       'debris',
       opsStatus,
     );
   assert.equal(
-    classify({
-      name: 'OLDSAT',
-      ucs: imaging,
-      satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '+' },
-    }),
+    classify({ name: 'OLDSAT', ucs: imaging, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '+' } }),
     'imaging',
   );
   // SATCAT calls a new launch's objects UNK until it names them: only an
@@ -86,33 +82,15 @@ test('SATCAT object type and status file debris first, overruling UCS', () => {
 
 test('the ISS is a station whatever else says', () => {
   assert.equal(
-    classify({
-      noradId: 25544,
-      name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
-      group: 'visual',
-      satcat: { objectType: 'DEB' },
-    }),
+    classify({ noradId: 25544, name: 'ISS (ZARYA)', group: 'visual', satcat: { objectType: 'DEB' } }),
     'stations',
   );
 });
 
 test('stations: crewed stations and visiting vehicles by name', () => {
-  assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'CSS (TIANHE)', group: 'stations' }),
-    'stations',
-  );
-  assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'ISS (NAUKA)', group: 'stations' }),
-    'stations',
-  );
-  for (const name of [
-    'SHENZHOU-21',
-    'TIANZHOU-9',
-    'SOYUZ-MS 28',
-    'PROGRESS-MS 31',
-    'CREW DRAGON 11',
-    'CYGNUS NG-23',
-  ])
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'CSS (TIANHE)', group: 'stations' }), 'stations');
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'ISS (NAUKA)', group: 'stations' }), 'stations');
+  for (const name of ['SHENZHOU-21', 'TIANZHOU-9', 'SOYUZ-MS 28', 'PROGRESS-MS 31', 'CREW DRAGON 11', 'CYGNUS NG-23'])
     assert.equal(classify({ name, group: 'visual' }), 'stations', name);
 });
 
@@ -133,11 +111,7 @@ test('UCS purpose decides imaging, telecom and probes', () => {
     ['Unknown', 'probes'],
   ];
   for (const [purpose, expected] of table)
-    assert.equal(
-      classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', ucs: { purpose } }),
-      expected,
-      purpose,
-    );
+    assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', ucs: { purpose } }), expected, purpose);
 });
 
 test('satellites launched after the UCS snapshot are classed by name', () => {
@@ -156,42 +130,20 @@ test('satellites launched after the UCS snapshot are classed by name', () => {
     ['STARLINK-34012', 'starlink'],
   ];
   for (const [name, expected] of table)
-    assert.equal(
-      classify({ name, group: 'visual', launchYear: 2025 }),
-      expected,
-      name,
-    );
+    assert.equal(classify({ name, group: 'visual', launchYear: 2025 }), expected, name);
 });
 
 test('the group the TLE came in is the last resort', () => {
-  assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'resource', launchYear: 2024 }),
-    'imaging',
-  );
-  assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'geo', launchYear: 2024 }),
-    'telecom',
-  );
-  assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'science', launchYear: 2024 }),
-    'probes',
-  );
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'resource', launchYear: 2024 }), 'imaging');
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'geo', launchYear: 2024 }), 'telecom');
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'science', launchYear: 2024 }), 'probes');
   assert.equal(classify({ name: 'STARLINK-1', group: 'dense' }), 'starlink');
-  assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: 2024 }),
-    'probes',
-  );
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: 2024 }), 'probes');
 });
 
 test('CubeSats deployed from the ISS are not stations', () => {
   // They ride in CelesTrak's stations group under the ISS's 1998 designator.
-  for (const name of [
-    'DUPLEX',
-    'KNACKSAT-2',
-    'GXIBA-1',
-    'LEOPARD',
-    'HMU-SAT2',
-  ]) {
+  for (const name of ['DUPLEX', 'KNACKSAT-2', 'GXIBA-1', 'LEOPARD', 'HMU-SAT2']) {
     assert.equal(
       classify({ name, group: 'stations', launchYear: 1998 }),
       'probes',
@@ -209,11 +161,7 @@ test('CubeSats deployed from the ISS are not stations', () => {
     );
   }
   assert.equal(
-    classify({
-      name: 'UNNAMED-1',
-      group: 'stations',
-      ucs: { purpose: 'Earth Observation' },
-    }),
+    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'stations', ucs: { purpose: 'Earth Observation' } }),
     'imaging',
   );
 });
@@ -226,53 +174,89 @@ test('an unknown old payload is presumed dead; a recognisable one is not', () =>
     'without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed',
   );
   assert.equal(
-    classify({
-      name: 'ATLAS CENTAUR 2',
-      group: 'visual',
-      launchYear: 1963,
-      satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '' },
-    }),
+    classify({ name: 'ATLAS CENTAUR 2', group: 'visual', launchYear: 1963, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '' } }),
     'debris',
     'a blank SATCAT status is no evidence of life',
   );
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: old + 1 }), 'probes');
+  assert.equal(classify({ name: 'NOAA 15', group: 'weather', launchYear: 1998 }), 'imaging');
   assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: old + 1 }),
-    'probes',
-  );
-  assert.equal(
-    classify({ name: 'NOAA 15', group: 'weather', launchYear: 1998 }),
-    'imaging',
-  );
-  assert.equal(
-    classify({
-      name: 'UNNAMED-1',
-      group: 'visual',
-      launchYear: 1990,
-      satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '+' },
-    }),
+    classify({ name: 'UNNAMED-1', group: 'visual', launchYear: 1990, satcat: { objectType: 'PAY', opsStatus: '+' } }),
     'probes',
     'SATCAT says it works',
   );
 });
 
+test('only debris is refused the Cockpit', () => {
+  for (const id of SATELLITE_CLASS_IDS)
+    assert.equal(satelliteClassEnterable(id), id !== 'debris', id);
+  assert.equal(satelliteClassEnterable('nonsense'), false);
+});
+
 test('class visibility merges booleans and ignores everything else', () => {
-  const next = mergeClassVisibility({
-    telecom: true,
-    imaging: false,
-    debris: 'yes',
-    bogus: true,
-  });
-  assert.deepEqual(next, {
-    ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES,
-    telecom: true,
-    imaging: false,
-  });
-  assert.deepEqual(mergeClassVisibility(null), {
-    ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES,
-  });
+  const next = mergeClassVisibility({ telecom: true, imaging: false, debris: 'yes', bogus: true });
+  assert.deepEqual(next, { ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES, telecom: true, imaging: false });
+  assert.deepEqual(mergeClassVisibility(null), { ...DEFAULT_SATELLITE_CLASSES });
   assert.equal(Object.hasOwn(next, 'bogus'), false);
 });
 
+test('UCS owner countries normalise to ISO codes, organisations and joint owners', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('USA'), { countryCode: 'US', label: 'United States' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('United Kingdom'), { countryCode: 'GB', label: 'United Kingdom' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('Sinapore'), { countryCode: 'SG', label: 'Singapore' }, 'UCS typo');
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('Turkey'), { countryCode: 'TR', label: 'Türkiye' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('ESA'), { countryCode: null, label: 'ESA' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('Multinational'), { countryCode: null, label: 'Multinational' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('China/France'), { countryCode: null, label: 'China / France' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromUcs('United Kingdom/ESA'), { countryCode: null, label: 'United Kingdom / ESA' });
+  assert.equal(ownerFromUcs(''), null);
+  assert.equal(ownerFromUcs(null), null);
+});
+
+test('SATCAT owner codes normalise the same way', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('US'), { countryCode: 'US', label: 'United States' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('PRC'), { countryCode: 'CN', label: 'China' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('CIS'), { countryCode: 'RU', label: 'Russia' }, 'former USSR');
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('ISRO'), { countryCode: 'IN', label: 'India' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('itso'), { countryCode: null, label: 'Intelsat' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('EUME'), { countryCode: null, label: 'EUMETSAT' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('PRES'), { countryCode: null, label: 'China / ESA' });
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerFromSatcat('TMMC'), { countryCode: null, label: 'Turkmenistan / Monaco' });
+  for (const code of ['TBD', 'UNK', '', null, 'ZZZZ']) assert.equal(ownerFromSatcat(code), null, String(code));
+});
+
+test('owner prefers UCS, falls back to SATCAT, and Starlink is American', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    satelliteOwner({ ucs: { operatorCountry: 'ESA' }, satcat: { owner: 'FR' } }),
+    { countryCode: null, label: 'ESA' },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(satelliteOwner({ satcat: { owner: 'FR' } }), { countryCode: 'FR', label: 'France' });
+  assert.deepEqual(satelliteOwner({ satelliteClass: 'starlink' }), { countryCode: 'US', label: 'United States' });
+  assert.equal(satelliteOwner({}), null);
+  assert.equal(satelliteOperator({ ucs: { operator: 'Planet Labs, Inc.' } }), 'Planet Labs, Inc.');
+  assert.equal(satelliteOperator({ satelliteClass: 'starlink' }), 'SpaceX');
+  assert.equal(satelliteOperator({ satelliteClass: 'imaging' }), null);
+});
+
+const ISS_LINE1 = '1 25544U 98067A   24001.50000000  .00016717  00000-0  30370-3 0  9993';
+const ISS_LINE2 = '2 25544  51.6416 247.4627 0006703 130.5360 325.0288 15.50377579432323';
+
+test('COSPAR ids come from TLE line 1, across the 1957 century pivot', () => {
+  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1), '1998-067A');
+  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1.replace('98067A  ', '24123BC ')), '2024-123BC');
+  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1.replace('98067A  ', '57001A  ')), '1957-001A');
+  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(ISS_LINE1.replace('98067A  ', '        ')), null);
+  assert.equal(cosparIdFromTleLine1(null), null);
+});
+
+test('the TLE epoch is read as epoch milliseconds', () => {
+  const satrec = twoline2satrec(ISS_LINE1, ISS_LINE2);
+  // Day 001.5 of 2024: 1 January 2024, 12:00 UTC.
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(tleEpochMs(satrec) - Date.UTC(2024, 0, 1, 12)) < 1000);
+  assert.equal(tleEpochMs(null), null);
+  assert.equal(tleEpochMs({}), null);
+});
+
 test('SATCAT CSV parses, quoted commas included, keyed by NORAD id', () => {
   const csv = [
     'OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID,NORAD_CAT_ID,OBJECT_TYPE,OPS_STATUS_CODE,OWNER,LAUNCH_DATE',
@@ -286,6 +270,8 @@ test('SATCAT CSV parses, quoted commas included, keyed by NORAD id', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(records.get(25544), {
     objectType: 'PAY',
     opsStatus: '+',
+    owner: 'ISS',
+    cosparId: '1998-067A',
     launchDate: '1998-11-20',
   });
   assert.equal(records.get(733).objectType, 'R/B');
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index ee9477fc6..5d1624de0 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -322,6 +322,8 @@ export function createIngestion({
             groups,
             // satellite.js does not keep the designator the year match reads.
             launchYear,
+            line1: entry.line1,
+            line2: entry.line2,
             satelliteClass: classifySatellite({
               noradId,
               name: entry.name,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/state.js b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
index 42823ee00..783cdcb4c 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state._overlayHost = state.DEFAULT_OVERLAY_HOST;
 
-  // Satellite catalog: { noradId → { name, satrec, group, launchYear,
+  // Satellite catalog: { noradId → { name, satrec, group, line1, line2,
   // satelliteClass, ucs, satcat } } — class, UCS and SATCAT records from
   // src/layers/satellites/classes.js and the sources the update read.
 

From 048293fc2a5923772660322bc1cf89571042558b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 20:06:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 221/262] feat(cockpit): ride a tracked satellite in an orbital
 view
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

With a satellite tracked and no aircraft tracked, Cockpit can ride the
satellite. Entry needs only the Satellites layer; debris can be tracked but
not entered, and voice stays aircraft-only. Double-clicking the tracked
satellite or the entry buttons (reading ORBIT) enter it.

The camera sits on the satellite's per-frame SGP4 position and looks
straight down, turned to the ground track (north-up for a satellite with
none). The optical zoom steps 1x to 8x with a focus pull, the arrows tilt
the view up to 45 degrees off nadir, and Home or 0 returns to nadir. Off
nadir the tilt reads its total angle first and the swath readout becomes an
approximation marked with ≈. While in orbit the map leases flat Esri
imagery, the cloud pass stays off and the view opens in the optical style.

The orbital HUD names the satellite with its owner's flag (from the
flag-icons package, loaded per country) or an organisation badge, its
operator, class, NORAD and COSPAR ids and TLE epoch with the element lines
on request, altitude, orbital speed and the sub-satellite point. CURRENTLY
OVER names the country and its first-level division, or the sea, and from
8x the most prominent populated place nearby, looked up offline from the
bundled Natural Earth packs (populated places are a new pack). The
satellites layer hides the ridden satellite's own marks, dims the other
orbit rings and ignores scene clicks and Escape while held. Exit restores
the camera's field of view and the satellite's follow camera.

C no longer enters or leaves Cockpit, bridge or orbit: it is left to the
app-wide CCTV shortcut, and Escape or the exit button leave first person.
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                               |   11 +
 README.md                                     |    2 +-
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  124 +-
 package-lock.json                             |    7 +
 package.json                                  |    1 +
 scripts/build-admin-packs.mjs                 |   58 +-
 scripts/check-package-boundaries.mjs          |    9 +-
 scripts/package-boundaries.json               |   23 +-
 src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs                    |    2 +-
 src/cockpitCloudEffects.js                    |   17 +-
 src/cockpitCloudEffects.test.mjs              |    8 +
 src/cockpitLook.js                            |   61 +
 src/cockpitLook.test.mjs                      |   58 +
 src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs                    |   13 +-
 src/cockpitOrbital.js                         |  413 +++++++
 src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs                   |  302 +++++
 src/contextModePolicy.js                      |   24 +
 src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs                |   14 +
 src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md   |   21 +
 .../natural_earth/populated_places.json       |    1 +
 src/data/placeBelow.js                        |  369 ++++++
 src/data/placeBelow.test.mjs                  |  280 +++++
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                      |   40 +-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                      |   40 +-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                      |   40 +-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                      |   40 +-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                      |   40 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                      |   40 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                      |   40 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                      |   40 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                      |   40 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                   |   40 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json                 |   40 +-
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json                 |   49 +-
 src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js       |  318 +++++
 src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs |  542 ++++++++
 src/layers/satellites/controls.js             |    8 +-
 src/layers/satellites/index.js                |    3 +
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js            |    2 +
 src/layers/satellites/interaction.js          |    5 +
 src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js            |    4 +
 src/layers/satellites/orbits.js               |   64 +-
 src/layers/satellites/rendering.js            |   23 +-
 src/layers/satellites/state.js                |   11 +
 src/layers/satellites/tracking.js             |    3 +
 src/ui/applicationShell.js                    |   10 +
 src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs            |    5 +-
 src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs                 |   84 +-
 src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js                     |    2 +-
 src/ui/cockpitCamera.js                       |    4 +
 src/ui/cockpitController.js                   |   84 +-
 src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js                  |   48 +-
 src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs              |  110 +-
 src/ui/cockpitInput.js                        |   61 +-
 src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js                  |    5 +
 src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs                |  263 ++++
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js                  |  549 +++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs            | 1090 +++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js                 |   18 +-
 src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js           |  105 +-
 src/ui/ownerFlag.js                           |  110 ++
 src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs                     |  108 ++
 src/ui/stores/cockpit.js                      |   38 +
 src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css              |  499 ++++++++
 src/ui/views/CockpitView.vue                  |   51 +-
 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue        |  279 +++++
 style.css                                     |    1 +
 67 files changed, 6642 insertions(+), 172 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitOrbital.js
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/data/local_data/natural_earth/populated_places.json
 create mode 100644 src/data/placeBelow.js
 create mode 100644 src/data/placeBelow.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
 create mode 100644 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/ownerFlag.js
 create mode 100644 src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
 create mode 100644 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index 52f72641c..cde514841 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -233,6 +233,7 @@ The [Bhote Koshi event pack](public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/README.md), under `p
 | **Natural Earth physical regions** (1,046 land + 292 marine named polygons) | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
 | **DataSF Analysis Neighborhoods** (41 SF neighborhood polygons)             | `neighborhoods/`                  | **PDDL 1.0** (public domain)                                                                              | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "City & County of San Francisco — DataSF" (courtesy — not legally required) |
 | **Natural Earth countries, states and provinces** (260 admin-0/map units + 4,587 admin-1 polygons)             | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
+| **Natural Earth populated places** (7,342 points: name, position, rank)     | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
 | **US Census Bureau counties** (3,235 county polygons)                       | `us_census_counties/`             | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "U.S. Census Bureau" (courtesy — not legally required)                      |
 | **US Census Bureau places** (32,629 city, town and CDP polygons)            | `us_census_places/`               | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "U.S. Census Bureau" (courtesy — not legally required)                      |
 | **Who's On First neighborhoods** (61,441 polygons)                          | `wof_neighborhoods/`              | Per source: CC BY, ODC-By, Open Government licences, CC0, PDDL, public domain (folder `ATTRIBUTION.md`)   | ✅ (attribution)                                 | "Neighborhood boundaries: Who's On First and contributors"; per-source credits in the folder |
@@ -317,6 +318,16 @@ https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/). We credit anyway: "Made w
 Earth". Registration in the in-app `dataCredits.js` attribution list ships with the resolver
 wiring (see below).
 
+### Natural Earth populated places (`natural_earth/populated_places.json`)
+
+Natural Earth 10m populated places (`ne_10m_populated_places_simple`, the same pinned
+`nvkelso/natural-earth-vector` commit and SHA-256 as the admin-1 build reads), reduced to one
+row per place: name, latitude and longitude rounded to 3 decimals, `scalerank` and `rank_max`
+(7,342 places, 229 KB). From 8x the orbital view names the most prominent place within half
+its width ("Sichuan, China · near Chengdu"), offline, with the states and provinces pack giving
+the division. Public domain; credited "Made with Natural Earth" with the other packs. Rebuild:
+`node scripts/build-admin-packs.mjs --only places`; provenance in the folder README.
+
 ### Sky background (`sky/`)
 
 Sources, licences, the changes CC BY asks to state, hashes and build commands
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b957046ff..d4b53dc24 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ Choose a first-run mission, or try these in order. The GIFs show Google Photorea
 7. **Talk to it** _(needs an OpenAI key)_: _"Take me to LAX and select the nearest airborne aircraft."_
 8. **Come home.** Hit **Reset Globe** — or just say _"zoom out to a globe view."_
 
-**Keyboard:** `1`–`6` visual styles · `H` HUD · `D` detection · `C` cockpit · `` ` `` frame rate · `Esc` out. Trackpad pinch zooms the globe.
+**Keyboard:** `1`–`6` visual styles · `H` HUD · `D` detection · `C` CCTV · `` ` `` frame rate · `Esc` out. Trackpad pinch zooms the globe.
 
 ---
 
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index ab92553b2..653ba1d99 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1530,14 +1530,13 @@ With no aircraft tracked, Cockpit can ride the selected AIS vessel instead.
 Entry needs only the layer of the vessel it rides, Live AIS Vessels, and a
 selected vessel; Contacts and every other layer may be off, before or during
 the bridge (`bridgeEntryAllowed` in `src/contextModePolicy.js`). A Context mode
-change still in flight blocks entry until it settles. `C` enters it (when
-the bridge cannot be entered, `C` stays the CCTV shortcut), and the
-entry button reads BRIDGE with a ship icon both in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`)
-and under the selected vessel's Intel HUD readout in the bottom-right corner
-(`#cockpit-entry-readout`, shown with the HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber
-layouts). Turning Live AIS Vessels off ends the bridge: the layer then has no
-subject (`getCockpitSubject` returns null). The bridge picture uses AIS alone,
-so no other feed being off makes it partial.
+change still in flight blocks entry until it settles. Double-clicking the
+selected vessel enters it, and the entry button reads BRIDGE with a ship icon
+both in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`) and under the selected vessel's Intel HUD
+readout in the bottom-right corner (`#cockpit-entry-readout`, shown with the
+HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber layouts). Turning Live AIS Vessels off ends
+the bridge: the layer then has no subject (`getCockpitSubject` returns null).
+The bridge picture uses AIS alone, so no other feed being off makes it partial.
 Voice (`control_cockpit`) and the selection entry transaction stay aircraft-only;
 voice `enter` on a bridge is refused before it touches tracking, with the
 reason to exit the bridge first.
@@ -1605,6 +1604,97 @@ through the layer's own focus. Tracking an aircraft or losing the vessel
 selection ends the bridge without refocusing the ship. `src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs`
 covers entry, readouts, refusal and exit.
 
+### Orbital view
+
+With a satellite tracked and no aircraft tracked, Cockpit can ride the
+satellite instead. Entry needs only the Satellites layer
+(`orbitEntryAllowed` in `src/contextModePolicy.js`); Contacts and every other
+layer may be off. A Context mode change in flight blocks entry until it
+settles. Debris (rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites; see the
+satellite class toggles) can be tracked but never entered: no ORBIT entry is
+offered and double-click refuses it. A tracked aircraft still takes
+entry first, and a tracked satellite
+takes it before a selected vessel. Double-clicking the tracked satellite
+enters it, and the entry button reads
+ORBIT with a satellite icon in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`) and under the Intel
+HUD readout (`#cockpit-entry-readout`). Voice (`control_cockpit`) stays
+aircraft-only; its state reports an orbital view in use as a `satellite`
+subject. `gev:cockpit-mode-changed` carries layer `satellites` and the NORAD
+id.
+
+The camera sits on the satellite's own per-frame SGP4 position
+(`getCockpitPosition`, the sample the dot uses) and looks at the Earth's
+centre track-up: the ground track points to the top of the frame, so the
+picture scrolls along it (`nadirOrientation` in `src/cockpitOrbital.js`). A
+satellite with no ground track (a geostationary one) is shown north-up, and
+over a pole the previous frame's up is kept. It updates on every rendered
+frame, with no ground clamp. Entry opens in the plain optical vision style
+(the other styles stay one click away) and leases the map for flat imagery:
+with Google 3D tiles shown, which stay coarse from hundreds of kilometres up,
+the map switches to Esri imagery, and exit puts it back unless the operator
+picked another map meanwhile; another owner already holding the map (an
+imagery comparison) keeps it as it is. The Cockpit cloud pass is off in orbit
+(it fades out above 24 km); cloud cover from orbit is the Weather layer's,
+and the saved cloud preference stands for the next aircraft or bridge. The layer hides the satellite's dot, docked
+companions, its own orbit ring and its detection bracket, and draws every
+other orbit ring (the ISS ring included) at 30% of its alpha; other
+satellites' points and labels stay. Scene clicks and the layer's Escape are
+ignored while it is ridden. The optical zoom steps 1×, 2×, 4× and 8× with `+`
+(or `=`) and `-` (or `_`) and the panel's buttons: the 1× frame is 60°
+vertical in low orbit and fits the Earth's disk with margin from high orbits,
+each step divides the tangent of the half-angle, and Cesium's `frustum.fov`
+is set from it for the canvas aspect. A step animates over 400 ms with a
+focus-pull blur and a reticle lock tick, and cuts at once under
+`prefers-reduced-motion`. The arrows tilt the view off nadir in 5° steps
+along the frame's axes (Up/Down tilt forward/aft along the ground track,
+Left/Right across it, each axis to ±45°; Shift takes no larger step); Home,
+`0` or NADIR return to nadir. While tilted the panel shows the total angle
+from nadir, acos(cos along · cos across), before each axis
+(`OFF-NADIR 18.0° · FWD 10° · RIGHT 15°`; N, S, E and W for a north-up view)
+and a NADIR button, and the swath readout turns approximate
+(`SWATH ≈ 26 KM`): an estimate of the ground width at the view's centre, the
+nadir footprint scaled by 1/cos² of the tilt across the frame and 1/cos of
+the tilt along it (`offNadirSwathScale`, flat Earth). At nadir it reads the
+footprint without ≈. After a zoom step lands, the focus pull holds until the
+imagery under the view has loaded (at most 2.5 s, `zoomSettleHolding`), then
+the reticle locks. The look keys and zoom keys keep the bridge's focus
+guards.
+
+The HUD (`#cockpit-hud[data-subject='satellite']`, body class
+`cockpit-orbit`) mounts `CockpitOrbital` over the picture: name, class,
+altitude, orbital speed, sub-satellite point, TRACK UP (NORTH UP without a
+ground track) with a pointer that turns to keep north marked N on the frame,
+zoom and swath. Under
+the vision selector a "CURRENTLY OVER" band names what the sub-satellite point
+is over, looked up offline from the bundled Natural Earth packs
+(`src/data/placeBelow.js`: on land the first-level division as Natural Earth
+names it and the country in the reader's language through `Intl.DisplayNames`,
+"Sichuan, China", and from 8× the most prominent populated place within half
+the view's smaller side, so it is in the picture, "Sichuan, China · near
+Chengdu", from a bundled pack of Natural Earth populated places loaded on
+first use; else the smallest named sea, gulf, strait, channel, sound or bay;
+else the ocean; nothing in a coastline gap), at most every 2 s and only after
+20 km of ground travel, or at once when a zoom step changes how much ground
+the view shows. A division or populated-places pack that fails to load drops
+only that part (the country still shows); a lookup that fails outright hides
+the band rather than leave the last place up, and the next HUD beat looks
+again. The readout card puts
+the owner country's flag (an SVG from `flag-icons`, fetched only for the shown
+country) or a text badge for an organisation before the name, the operator
+under it, and a NORAD · COSPAR · TLE-epoch line whose TLE button unfolds the
+two element lines; each row is left out when the satellites layer does not
+know it. The
+aircraft and bridge instruments, tapes, compass, radar, look controls,
+position readout, route card and Contact card are hidden; the vision-style
+switcher, briefing card (Local and Regional for the sub-satellite point; the
+regional brief refreshes at most once a minute) and the reset and EXIT ORBIT
+buttons stay, square-cornered like the bridge. Exit (`Escape`, EXIT
+ORBIT) restores the camera's own field of view exactly and returns to the
+satellite's follow camera through the layer's `refocusTrackedById`. Losing
+the subject (tracking stopped, Satellites off) or tracking another target
+ends the view without refocusing. `src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs`
+covers entry, camera, zoom, look, HUD and exit.
+
 ## Context coordination
 
 Context controls own Contacts/Space Missions state, entry and exit transactions,
@@ -3495,7 +3585,7 @@ down | auth-failed` (plus the unchanged `missing-key`/`unsupported`) with
 >   It uses the `radar` symbol; both tabs are reachable with Tab and Left/Right arrows switch between them. Its action row
 >   places the single Cockpit entry before Search Nearby Sites. Cockpit removes
 >   the duplicate floating map entry and topline exit; the bottom-center
->   `EXIT COCKPIT` control (offset downward by a `-95px` bottom margin) plus `Escape`/`C` own exit, with entry/exit focus
+>   `EXIT COCKPIT` control (offset downward by a `-95px` bottom margin) plus `Escape` own exit, with entry/exit focus
 >   transfer and failure-safe shortcut routing. The exit control sits at the
 >   bottom-center compass position. A Cockpit-only control strip sits
 >   directly above Live Signals, anchored 12px under the REC readout it shares
@@ -5458,7 +5548,8 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - **Satellite classes** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): every satellite is filed under one of six classes, each with its own point colour, legend swatch and toggle: STATIONS (warm white), IMAGING (cyan), TELECOM (violet; communications and navigation, so GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou read as one family), STARLINK (dim slate), PROBES (muted blue-gray) and DEBRIS (receding brown-gray). That module is the single source of truth for class, label and colour, so the dot, the card and the legend swatch cannot disagree. Two deliberate palette rules: no class may sit in the 40–48° amber band, which is the app-wide known-military convention; and STARLINK stays far below PROBES in Rec.601 luminance so the dense shell stays separable when NVG/FLIR collapse the scene to one channel. The ISS keeps its long-standing red hero dot rather than the STATIONS colour — it carries a permanent name label and its card still reads `STATIONS · ISS`; it is a station whichever group ingested it, so a stations-feed outage cannot refile it. `src/data/satelliteClass.js` keeps the group-based labels beneath the classes: the constellation subtype and a group's own label for a satellite with no class.
 - Class is also a **text field**, not just a color: `TELECOM · GPS` / `STARLINK` / `STATIONS · ISS` leads the tracked card's detail block and replaces the raw CelesTrak tag on the detection-overlay label. Because that canvas composites above the post-FX chain, the class stays readable in NVG/FLIR after the in-scene dot colors are flattened.
 - The satellites row in DATA LAYERS carries per-layer sub-controls (`DataLayerManager._syncRowControls`, the first consumer of the optional `getRowControls()` layer hook): one chip per class (the STARLINK chip exposes the existing `catalog` param), a swatch legend with live per-class counts, and an info line while SATCAT is stale or unavailable (`Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy` / `Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable`). Default is the sparse core catalog. The chips are stateless — each declares the params to apply and the manager owns the write — so the Space Missions capture/restore path over the same param stays authoritative. Controls stay hidden while the layer is off. An explicit CORE or DENSE choice participates in versioned local and share-link state; temporary Space Missions overrides do not.
-- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects launched before last year and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay, the voice/framing position lists and analyst answers (the tracked satellite still answers), and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day by the proxy; the layer keeps a current read six hours rather than asking on every five-minute update), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: operator, owner country and purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak groups the TLE came in (a mission group such as `weather` before the orbit group `geo`; a UCS purpose of "Unknown" counts as none). Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. An explicit class choice is kept in local and share-link state as the `classes` option, one letter per class shown (`sitpd`: stations, imaging, telecom, probes, debris; `0`: none; `src/data/satelliteClassMask.js`), and the layer takes those letters back through `setParams({classes})`; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param instead.
+- **Class toggles** (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`): the layer row carries one chip per class — STATIONS, IMAGING, TELECOM (communications and navigation), PROBES (science, technology development and demonstration, unknown purpose) and DEBRIS (rocket bodies, fragments, unknown objects launched before last year and dead payloads) on by default, so the layer shows what it did before classes; STARLINK off, as DENSE was. Points of a hidden class stay built and are only hidden, so a toggle needs no reload; hidden classes are left out of the detection overlay, the voice/framing position lists and analyst answers (the tracked satellite still answers), and the legend keys only the classes on screen. The class comes, strongest evidence first, from CelesTrak SATCAT (object type and operational status, fetched per group through `/api/celestrak-satcat/<group>`, cached a day by the proxy; the layer keeps a current read six hours rather than asking on every five-minute update), the bundled UCS Satellite Database pack (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023: operator, owner country and purpose; `src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/`), name patterns for satellites launched after May 2023, and finally the CelesTrak groups the TLE came in (a mission group such as `weather` before the orbit group `geo`; a UCS purpose of "Unknown" counts as none). Only crewed stations and the craft that visit them, by name, are STATIONS: the CubeSats CelesTrak's stations group also carries after their deployment from the ISS are classed like any other satellite. A payload whose SATCAT record gives no status, with no UCS record and no recognisable name, that launched 20 or more years ago (SATCAT's launch date, else the TLE designator's year) is presumed dead and filed as debris; without a SATCAT record (a failed read) nothing is presumed. To cover imaging launched after the UCS snapshot the core catalog also reads CelesTrak's `resource`, `weather`, `planet`, `sar` and `science` groups. Debris can be tracked but is never ridden: the orbital entry gate (`orbitEntryAllowed`) refuses it, so no ORBIT entry is offered and double-click does nothing for it. Retired stations and the shuttles have re-entered and have no orbit to show. An explicit class choice is kept in local and share-link state as the `classes` option, one letter per class shown (`sitpd`: stations, imaging, telecom, probes, debris; `0`: none; `src/data/satelliteClassMask.js`), and the layer takes those letters back through `setParams({classes})`; STARLINK maps to the existing `catalog: 'dense'` param instead.
+- The satellite Cockpit subject (`getCockpitSubject()`) also carries `satelliteClass`, `cosparId` (from SATCAT, else TLE line 1), `tle` (`{line1, line2, epochMs}`), `owner` (`{countryCode, label}`: ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 for a single country, `null` code for organisations such as ESA, EUMETSAT or Intelsat and for joint owners) and `operator` (UCS; SpaceX for Starlink). UCS names the operator's country and wins over the SATCAT owner code; CelesTrak's CIS (former USSR) is filed under Russia.
 - **The STARLINK chip (formerly DENSE) reports the dense LOAD, not the catalog param.** The param flips synchronously while the Starlink shell takes seconds to arrive over a chunked load, and CelesTrak 502s that feed regularly. So the chip reads `STARLINK ···` (busy, disabled) while loading, ACTIVE only once dense points are actually on screen, and `STARLINK ✕` with the reason on hover when the load fails — a failure also reverts `catalog` to `core`, drops any partial chunk, and leaves the chip clickable to retry. A load is judged by points added, not by HTTP status: a 200 carrying an empty body, a passed-through HTML error page, or only TLEs the core catalog already owns fails with the same revert semantics as a 502. Any explicit request for `core` clears a latched error even when the mode does not change, so a Space Missions restore of an already-core snapshot never leaves the user with a failure they did not cause. Because the load settles asynchronously, the layer pushes a re-render through the optional `setRowControlsListener()` hook; nothing else would repaint that row before the 5-minute catalog refresh, so the count and legend would otherwise sit stale.
 - **A dependency owner takes the row with it.** Space Missions borrows this layer for TLE lookup with `showPoints:false`; while points are hidden the layer returns empty row controls, so the legend never describes an empty sky and the chip cannot accept a write that the owner's restore would silently revert.
 - The detection-overlay record cache (`_detectionObjects`) is cleared with the catalog on every rebuild: it stamps id/class at creation only, and a rebuild can re-tag a satellite when a partial CelesTrak outage changes which group wins dedupe.
@@ -6358,15 +6449,16 @@ apply to `public/` assets or built-preview serving.
   ending, by its own switch or one of its layers going off, restores the
   pre-Contacts layers but keeps the ridden one and the view; Live Signals then
   drops the rows Contacts built and shows `CONTEXT STANDBY`. The visible
-  Cockpit actions, the `C` shortcut and voice use the same gate; voice entry
-  still opens Contacts first, as its layer-targeted entry navigates through
-  Contacts. The ship bridge has its own own-layer gate (`bridgeEntryAllowed`;
-  see [Ship bridge view](#ship-bridge-view)).
-- **Aircraft cockpit view:** selecting a commercial or military aircraft reveals a `COCKPIT` action (`C`) once that aircraft's own layer is on; Contacts is not required. The action shows in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`) and under the Intel HUD's bottom-right readout (`#cockpit-entry-readout`, with the HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber layouts), so entry needs no Contacts panel. Turning off the ridden aircraft's layer ends the view (the layer clears its tracking). When an air feed the surrounding picture uses is off, the Cockpit says so instead of blocking: Live Signals leads with `MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE` or `FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE`, and the Contact card shows that line in place of its inputs status, so a partial picture is never presented as complete. `control_cockpit` refuses entry with `entryBlockedReason` `contacts-starting` (a Context change in flight), `subject-layer-off` (the aircraft's layer, or with none tracked any aircraft layer, is off) or `no-tracked-aircraft`. Cockpit mode temporarily releases Cesium's orbit-follow transform and drives a first-person camera from the tracked aircraft's existing smoothed display position and course. Its concave helmet-visor HUD shows callsign, UTC time, coordinates, curved roll/pitch guides, and a seven-division heading tape. Ambient commercial and military AIR contacts use a Cockpit near/far band selected by the shared Display 3D mode: Proximity admits at 150 km and retains to 185 km; All admits at 400 km and retains to 450 km. The shared 3D toggle now applies in Cockpit: Off keeps in-range contacts as rotating 2D aircraft silhouettes, while On lets a ready admitted glTF take over without a drawing gap. The Cockpit model cap remains 60 and can only lower the map budget; in-range contacts that are capped or still loading remain 2D silhouettes instead of degrading to out-of-range dots. Contacts outside the selected band use small rotation-free cyan-white pips for civilian aircraft and amber pips for military. The pilot's own airframe is not drawn in first person, and exiting clears the Cockpit band and restores normal map silhouettes/models. The normal left accordion remains available for Layers and Authoring and keeps the same 26vh HUD-aligned anchor used in map mode, independent of whether the bottom-left Contact card is expanded or collapsed; the right-rail CCTV and Context chooser are hidden to avoid duplicating or overlapping the cockpit presentation. When the intelligence HUD is enabled, its classification, scene summary, collection/orbit metadata, coordinates, and imaging-status text remain visible as reduced peripheral cockpit telemetry; the optical center and flight instruments stay clear, and turning the HUD off still hides it. Ground speed, exact heading, and rendered altitude form one compact lower-center instrument cluster, keeping the horizon and peripheral view open. A second live altitude tape hugs the inside-right visor rim: its rail and nine moving ticks are derived from the same responsive keyhole radius, remain 20 px inside the circular edge even on wide displays, fade deeply at both vertical ends, and move continuously behind a fixed current-altitude pointer; its interval tightens automatically near the surface and it is suppressed on narrow screens. Cockpit mode also has a weather-backed transparent volumetric-cloud pass derived from the supplied FBM/domain-warped R&D shader. It renders at no more than 520×320, uses 24 ray steps/three FBM octaves at 12 FPS, is clipped to the visor, fails clear when Open-Meteo is unavailable, and stops its animation completely on cockpit exit. It does not restore the prior CPU weather canvases, precipitation, scene fog, or any map-mode effect. When Contacts is active for the tracked aircraft, the compact `CONTACT` rail adds the 250 km subject window, four cohort counts, nearest observed/mapped example with relative bearing and distance, freshness, explicit uncertainty, and Previous and Next controls plus its own collapse control. The mirrored right rail is a three-page **cockpit briefing carousel**: source-backed live signals, location-matched regional headlines, and physical-region/current-weather context from bundled Natural Earth polygons and Open-Meteo. It is manual-first: Previous, Next, and direct page controls are always available, and the visible `CYCLE OFF` / `CYCLE ON` control starts or stops the nine-second page cycle. The cycle pauses on hover or keyboard focus and stops while collapsed, hidden, or outside cockpit mode; live signal data continues refreshing either way. Empty news matches and unavailable news use compact text states rather than reserving an empty media frame; partial local data remains explicit. Article links open their original publisher, and no headline is treated as verified risk intelligence. On desktop both cockpit rails use the same width and share a bottom-aligned safe baseline in opposite corners above the peripheral MGRS/GSD/time telemetry, leaving both that text and the lower-center instrument cluster readable. They collapse independently to slim tabs without stopping live data updates. Narrow screens use separated top/bottom fallbacks. Empty-space globe clicks are inert while cockpit owns the camera; `C`, `Escape`, or `EXIT COCKPIT` explicitly exits and restores the same tracked entity and standard follow camera. Unknown feeds remain unknown, selection loss still exits safely without inventing a replacement track, and the cockpit never presents the summary as threat scoring or an all-clear. This is a desktop first-person presentation, not a WebXR session.
+  Cockpit actions, double-click and voice use the same gate; voice entry still
+  opens Contacts first, as its layer-targeted entry navigates through Contacts.
+  The ship bridge and the orbital view have their own own-layer gates
+  (`bridgeEntryAllowed`, `orbitEntryAllowed`; see
+  [Ship bridge view](#ship-bridge-view) and [Orbital view](#orbital-view)).
+- **Aircraft cockpit view:** selecting a commercial or military aircraft reveals a `COCKPIT` action once that aircraft's own layer is on; Contacts is not required. The action shows in Contacts (`#cockpit-entry`) and under the Intel HUD's bottom-right readout (`#cockpit-entry-readout`, with the HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber layouts), so entry needs no Contacts panel. Turning off the ridden aircraft's layer ends the view (the layer clears its tracking). When an air feed the surrounding picture uses is off, the Cockpit says so instead of blocking: Live Signals leads with `MILITARY FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE` or `FLIGHTS FEED OFF · PARTIAL PICTURE`, and the Contact card shows that line in place of its inputs status, so a partial picture is never presented as complete. `control_cockpit` refuses entry with `entryBlockedReason` `contacts-starting` (a Context change in flight), `subject-layer-off` (the aircraft's layer, or with none tracked any aircraft layer, is off) or `no-tracked-aircraft`. Cockpit mode temporarily releases Cesium's orbit-follow transform and drives a first-person camera from the tracked aircraft's existing smoothed display position and course. Its concave helmet-visor HUD shows callsign, UTC time, coordinates, curved roll/pitch guides, and a seven-division heading tape. Ambient commercial and military AIR contacts use a Cockpit near/far band selected by the shared Display 3D mode: Proximity admits at 150 km and retains to 185 km; All admits at 400 km and retains to 450 km. The shared 3D toggle now applies in Cockpit: Off keeps in-range contacts as rotating 2D aircraft silhouettes, while On lets a ready admitted glTF take over without a drawing gap. The Cockpit model cap remains 60 and can only lower the map budget; in-range contacts that are capped or still loading remain 2D silhouettes instead of degrading to out-of-range dots. Contacts outside the selected band use small rotation-free cyan-white pips for civilian aircraft and amber pips for military. The pilot's own airframe is not drawn in first person, and exiting clears the Cockpit band and restores normal map silhouettes/models. The normal left accordion remains available for Layers and Authoring and keeps the same 26vh HUD-aligned anchor used in map mode, independent of whether the bottom-left Contact card is expanded or collapsed; the right-rail CCTV and Context chooser are hidden to avoid duplicating or overlapping the cockpit presentation. When the intelligence HUD is enabled, its classification, scene summary, collection/orbit metadata, coordinates, and imaging-status text remain visible as reduced peripheral cockpit telemetry; the optical center and flight instruments stay clear, and turning the HUD off still hides it. Ground speed, exact heading, and rendered altitude form one compact lower-center instrument cluster, keeping the horizon and peripheral view open. A second live altitude tape hugs the inside-right visor rim: its rail and nine moving ticks are derived from the same responsive keyhole radius, remain 20 px inside the circular edge even on wide displays, fade deeply at both vertical ends, and move continuously behind a fixed current-altitude pointer; its interval tightens automatically near the surface and it is suppressed on narrow screens. Cockpit mode also has a weather-backed transparent volumetric-cloud pass derived from the supplied FBM/domain-warped R&D shader. It renders at no more than 520×320, uses 24 ray steps/three FBM octaves at 12 FPS, is clipped to the visor, fails clear when Open-Meteo is unavailable, and stops its animation completely on cockpit exit. It does not restore the prior CPU weather canvases, precipitation, scene fog, or any map-mode effect. When Contacts is active for the tracked aircraft, the compact `CONTACT` rail adds the 250 km subject window, four cohort counts, nearest observed/mapped example with relative bearing and distance, freshness, explicit uncertainty, and Previous and Next controls plus its own collapse control. The mirrored right rail is a three-page **cockpit briefing carousel**: source-backed live signals, location-matched regional headlines, and physical-region/current-weather context from bundled Natural Earth polygons and Open-Meteo. It is manual-first: Previous, Next, and direct page controls are always available, and the visible `CYCLE OFF` / `CYCLE ON` control starts or stops the nine-second page cycle. The cycle pauses on hover or keyboard focus and stops while collapsed, hidden, or outside cockpit mode; live signal data continues refreshing either way. Empty news matches and unavailable news use compact text states rather than reserving an empty media frame; partial local data remains explicit. Article links open their original publisher, and no headline is treated as verified risk intelligence. On desktop both cockpit rails use the same width and share a bottom-aligned safe baseline in opposite corners above the peripheral MGRS/GSD/time telemetry, leaving both that text and the lower-center instrument cluster readable. They collapse independently to slim tabs without stopping live data updates. Narrow screens use separated top/bottom fallbacks. Empty-space globe clicks are inert while cockpit owns the camera; `Escape` or `EXIT COCKPIT` explicitly exits and restores the same tracked entity and standard follow camera. Unknown feeds remain unknown, selection loss still exits safely without inventing a replacement track, and the cockpit never presents the summary as threat scoring or an all-clear. This is a desktop first-person presentation, not a WebXR session.
 - **Cockpit left-panel clearance:** the Cockpit Contact card and peripheral HUD participate in the adaptive left accordion's live obstacle measurements, including live viewport-height changes. Expanding Layers or Authoring keeps the active panel in the available upper-left corridor with internal scrolling; it does not cover the Contact card, lower Cockpit controls, or Cesium credit line. Outside Cockpit the hidden card does not alter the normal corridor.
 - **Cockpit Context scope:** the 250 km radius applies to the air/sea proximity cohorts. Installation counts come only from the currently loaded viewport and are labeled `CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY` in the cockpit as well as the normal Context panel; neither surface presents them as a complete 250 km installation survey.
 - **Cockpit camera anchor:** first-person mode does not write feed-boundary corrections directly into the camera. A cockpit-only inertial anchor advances from the selected aircraft's displayed course and speed, then converges toward the authoritative delayed track with correction capped below forward motion. The displayed kinematics are derived from the same consecutive fix segment as the rendered position, with raw feed speed/course used only as fallback; a transient zero/missing feed speed therefore cannot freeze a visibly moving aircraft after layer enable or a map/cockpit handoff. Rendered altitude continues to come from that interpolated track position. Late ADS-B fixes and short render stalls can remove drift without accelerating or reversing the view. Camera placement runs before scene update/culling at a bounded 20 Hz so a moving cockpit does not force Photoreal 3D Tiles to retraverse on every display frame; textual instruments update at 10 Hz and context/layout work at 4 Hz. Every far Cockpit contact pip shares one stable Cesium texture-atlas entry and skips unused screen-projected course calculations, while only in-range 2D aircraft silhouettes pay the screen-projected rotation cost; ambient glTF collections are hidden/retained rather than synchronously destroyed at cockpit entry, and context rails lay out only on explicit content/state changes and viewport resize. The deliberate 15/30-second layer interpolation delays and per-Cesium-frame position caches remain unchanged.
-- **Cockpit route, vision, and view controls:** visible on-screen `COCKPIT`, `RESET`, and `EXIT COCKPIT` controls replace reliance on the `C` shortcut. RESET uses the same canonical globe route as the map and voice actions, exits Cockpit, and releases its camera ownership rather than exposing the hidden map-style top action. When the tracked commercial flight has a plausible ADSBDB route, the top of the right briefing rail shows a compact `FROM → TO` airport strip and the visor shows a centered estimated-destination chevron with its relative bearing; its destination label rounds to whole degrees in 000–359, wrapping rounded north to 000° while the chevron continues to use the relative bearing independently of label rounding; absent or implausible route data hides the strip and cue rather than guessing. The cockpit-local vision control is an interactive `PREV / CURRENT / NEXT` carousel over `NORMAL`, `CRT`, `NVG`, `FLIR`, `ANIME`, and `NOIR`; its previous/next actions wrap, and activating the current value advances to the next style. Cockpit enters on the active map preset, so a Cyber FLIR map opens Cockpit on FLIR while Normal remains a distinct option instead of producing a second FLIR entry. Cockpit choices temporarily activate the existing Cesium post-process stages, while exiting Cockpit through either EXIT or RESET restores the pre-entry map style. The regional-news page uses a free Google News RSS locality query first, with the existing GDELT query retained only as a fail-soft fallback; linked headlines remain reporting, not verified incidents or risk intelligence.
+- **Cockpit route, vision, and view controls:** visible on-screen `COCKPIT`, `RESET`, and `EXIT COCKPIT` controls are the way in and out; Cockpit claims no `C` shortcut, so `C` keeps toggling CCTV, also inside a first-person view. RESET uses the same canonical globe route as the map and voice actions, exits Cockpit, and releases its camera ownership rather than exposing the hidden map-style top action. When the tracked commercial flight has a plausible ADSBDB route, the top of the right briefing rail shows a compact `FROM → TO` airport strip and the visor shows a centered estimated-destination chevron with its relative bearing; its destination label rounds to whole degrees in 000–359, wrapping rounded north to 000° while the chevron continues to use the relative bearing independently of label rounding; absent or implausible route data hides the strip and cue rather than guessing. The cockpit-local vision control is an interactive `PREV / CURRENT / NEXT` carousel over `NORMAL`, `CRT`, `NVG`, `FLIR`, `ANIME`, and `NOIR`; its previous/next actions wrap, and activating the current value advances to the next style. Cockpit enters on the active map preset, so a Cyber FLIR map opens Cockpit on FLIR while Normal remains a distinct option instead of producing a second FLIR entry. Cockpit choices temporarily activate the existing Cesium post-process stages, while exiting Cockpit through either EXIT or RESET restores the pre-entry map style. The regional-news page uses a free Google News RSS locality query first, with the existing GDELT query retained only as a fail-soft fallback; linked headlines remain reporting, not verified incidents or risk intelligence.
 - Cockpit wind-direction labels wrap after rounding to whole degrees, so a direction of 359.5° displays as `N · 0°` rather than `N · 360°`.
 - The transit, ALPR, vessel, CCTV, Local ADS-B, flight and military context, awareness, Cockpit and Street Level heading readouts round through `roundHeadingDegrees` in `src/data/headingDegrees.js` (whole degrees 0–359, `null` when not finite, so each caller keeps its own placeholder); `normalizeHeading` lives there too and `cockpitMath.js` re-exports it. The Cockpit's `TRACK ACQUIRED` signal uses `formatHeadingReadout`, so a 359.6° track reads `COURSE 000°`.
 - **Cockpit missing observations:** missing local weather observations remain unknown rather than being converted to zero or clear skies, in the briefing and in the cloud effects; a missing temperature drops the whole local weather record, including its wind and condition.
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index dd60d3383..87c2cb80b 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
         "@meri-imperiumi/eccodes-wasm": "^2.48.2",
         "cesium": "^1.124.0",
         "egm96-universal": "^1.1.1",
+        "flag-icons": "7.5.0",
         "hls.js": "^1.7.3",
         "mapillary-js": "^4.1.2",
         "mgrs": "^2.1.0",
@@ -2411,6 +2412,12 @@
         }
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/flag-icons": {
+      "version": "7.5.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/flag-icons/-/flag-icons-7.5.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-kd+MNXviFIg5hijH766tt+3x76ele1AXlo4zDdCxIvqWZhKt4T83bOtxUOOMlTx/EcFdUMH5yvQgYlFh1EqqFg==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/fresh": {
       "version": "0.5.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/fresh/-/fresh-0.5.2.tgz",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index ffc554d7b..f6362281f 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
     "@meri-imperiumi/eccodes-wasm": "^2.48.2",
     "cesium": "^1.124.0",
     "egm96-universal": "^1.1.1",
+    "flag-icons": "7.5.0",
     "hls.js": "^1.7.3",
     "mapillary-js": "^4.1.2",
     "mgrs": "^2.1.0",
diff --git a/scripts/build-admin-packs.mjs b/scripts/build-admin-packs.mjs
index d7f647384..9fe319ee0 100644
--- a/scripts/build-admin-packs.mjs
+++ b/scripts/build-admin-packs.mjs
@@ -7,13 +7,16 @@
  *     Natural Earth 10m admin-1 states and provinces (public domain).
  *   src/data/local_data/us_census_counties/counties.json
  *     US Census Bureau cartographic boundary counties (public domain).
+ *   src/data/local_data/natural_earth/populated_places.json
+ *     Natural Earth 10m populated places as points, for the orbital view's
+ *     "near <city>" (`src/data/placeBelow.js`; public domain).
  *
  * Both sources are pinned by URL and SHA-256, so a rerun reproduces the packs
  * byte for byte. Downloads are cached outside the repository (default: the
  * system temp directory) and are never committed.
  *
  * Usage:
- *   node scripts/build-admin-packs.mjs [--cache <dir>] [--only countries|admin1|counties]
+ *   node scripts/build-admin-packs.mjs [--cache <dir>] [--only countries|admin1|counties|places]
  *
  * The provenance READMEs beside each pack record these parameters.
  */
@@ -101,6 +104,9 @@ export const PARAMS = Object.freeze({
     elsewhereMinPopulation: 50_000,
     cityStateMaxKm2: 1_000,
   },
+  // Every populated place, kept as a point: name, position and the two
+  // prominence ranks the orbital view picks "near <city>" by.
+  places: { decimals: 3 },
 });
 
 const args = process.argv.slice(2);
@@ -688,6 +694,47 @@ async function buildAdmin1() {
   };
 }
 
+async function buildPlaces() {
+  const params = PARAMS.places;
+  const source = await fetchPinned('places');
+  const factor = 10 ** params.decimals;
+  const round = (value) => Math.round(value * factor) / factor;
+  const places = JSON.parse(source.bytes.toString('utf8'))
+    .features.map((f) => f.properties)
+    .filter(
+      (p) =>
+        p.name &&
+        Number.isFinite(p.latitude) &&
+        Number.isFinite(p.longitude) &&
+        Number.isFinite(p.scalerank),
+    )
+    .map((p) => [
+      p.name,
+      round(p.latitude),
+      round(p.longitude),
+      p.scalerank,
+      Number.isFinite(p.rank_max) ? p.rank_max : 0,
+    ])
+    .sort((a, b) => a[3] - b[3] || b[4] - a[4] || a[0].localeCompare(b[0]));
+  return {
+    meta: {
+      title: 'Natural Earth populated places',
+      source: 'ne_10m_populated_places_simple',
+      url: SOURCES.places.url,
+      sha256: source.digest,
+      commit: NE_COMMIT,
+      license:
+        'Public domain (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/)',
+      schema:
+        'places[]: [name, latitude, longitude, scalerank (0 most prominent .. 10), rank_max (population class, 0..14; higher is larger)]',
+      decimals: params.decimals,
+      curation: params,
+      script: 'scripts/build-admin-packs.mjs',
+    },
+    places,
+  };
+}
+
 async function buildCounties() {
   const params = PARAMS.counties;
   const source = await fetchPinned('counties');
@@ -768,4 +815,13 @@ if (isMain) {
       'src/data/local_data/us_census_counties/counties.json',
       await buildCounties(),
     );
+  if (!only || only === 'places') {
+    const relative = 'src/data/local_data/natural_earth/populated_places.json';
+    const pack = await buildPlaces();
+    const text = JSON.stringify(pack) + '\n';
+    await writeFile(path.join(ROOT, relative), text);
+    console.log(
+      `${relative}: ${pack.places.length} places, ${Buffer.byteLength(text)} bytes`,
+    );
+  }
 }
diff --git a/scripts/check-package-boundaries.mjs b/scripts/check-package-boundaries.mjs
index 700dc9a1a..ad5d2bdb2 100644
--- a/scripts/check-package-boundaries.mjs
+++ b/scripts/check-package-boundaries.mjs
@@ -109,7 +109,14 @@ export async function checkPackageBoundaries(root) {
             // template blocks belong to the component file itself.
             if (info.id.startsWith('\0')) return;
             const id = info.id.split('?')[0];
-            if (!allowed.has(id)) {
+            // A declared dependency also owns the asset files it ships (a
+            // flag-icons SVG imported as a URL) that a glob resolves in place.
+            const dependencyAsset = group.external.some((external) =>
+              id.startsWith(
+                `${normalizePath(path.join(root, 'node_modules', external))}/`,
+              ),
+            );
+            if (!allowed.has(id) && !dependencyAsset) {
               throw new Error(
                 `Package boundary ${name} imports an unowned module: ${path.relative(root, id)}`,
               );
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index f5443b2e5..466606b92 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitContext.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRoute.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRadar.vue",
+      "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue",
+      "src/ui/ownerFlag.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js",
       "src/data/headingDegrees.js",
       "src/data/distanceFormat.js",
@@ -158,7 +160,7 @@
       "src/ui/i18n.js",
       "src/ui/surfaceKeyboard.js"
     ],
-    "external": ["vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n"]
+    "external": ["vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n", "flag-icons"]
   },
   "viewer": {
     "exports": ["./application/viewer"],
@@ -891,6 +893,11 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitRollingValue.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitCamera.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js",
+      "src/data/placeBelow.js",
+      "src/data/adminBoundaries.js",
+      "src/data/bundledJson.js",
+      "src/data/retryableLoad.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitContext.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitController.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitDisplayPortal.js",
@@ -908,6 +915,7 @@
       "src/cockpitSubjects.js",
       "src/cockpitRadar.js",
       "src/cockpitLook.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbital.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/ui/panelRailGeometry.js",
@@ -981,6 +989,7 @@
       "src/cockpitSubjects.js",
       "src/cockpitRadar.js",
       "src/cockpitLook.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbital.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/contactsDetectionPolicy.js",
@@ -1033,6 +1042,11 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitRollingValue.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitCamera.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js",
+      "src/data/placeBelow.js",
+      "src/data/adminBoundaries.js",
+      "src/data/bundledJson.js",
+      "src/data/retryableLoad.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitContext.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitController.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitDisplayPortal.js",
@@ -1637,6 +1651,7 @@
       "src/data/satellitePass.js",
       "src/sources/tle.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/catalog.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/controls.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/index.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js",
@@ -2411,6 +2426,7 @@
       "src/cockpitSubjects.js",
       "src/cockpitRadar.js",
       "src/cockpitLook.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbital.js",
       "src/contactsDetectionPolicy.js",
       "src/contextModePolicy.js",
       "src/creditKeyboard.js",
@@ -2705,6 +2721,7 @@
       "src/layers/radio/tuningNoise.js",
       "src/layers/radio/volume.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/catalog.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/controls.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/index.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js",
@@ -2854,6 +2871,8 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitInstrumentState.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitRollingValue.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitCamera.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js",
+      "src/data/placeBelow.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitContext.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitController.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitDisplayPortal.js",
@@ -3675,6 +3694,7 @@
       "src/layers/radio/tuningNoise.js",
       "src/layers/radio/volume.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/catalog.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/controls.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/index.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js",
@@ -4185,6 +4205,7 @@
       "src/cockpitSubjects.js",
       "src/cockpitRadar.js",
       "src/cockpitLook.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbital.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/contactsDetectionPolicy.js",
diff --git a/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs b/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs
index a668180fe..1c41139c8 100644
--- a/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cameraHandoff.test.mjs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ function ordered(source, needles, label) {
 test('Cockpit takeover invalidates deferred work before camera cancellation', () => {
   const enter = cockpitEnter.toString();
   ordered(enter, [
-    'if (!info || (!vessel && !entity?.position)) return false;',
+    'if (!info || (!vessel && !satellite && !entity?.position)) return false;',
     'this.onCameraTakeover?.();',
     'this.viewer.camera.cancelFlight();',
     'this.viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;',
diff --git a/src/cockpitCloudEffects.js b/src/cockpitCloudEffects.js
index c9117b7d3..c1cc796b4 100644
--- a/src/cockpitCloudEffects.js
+++ b/src/cockpitCloudEffects.js
@@ -170,6 +170,18 @@ export function cockpitWeatherEnabledFromStoredValue(value) {
   return value === '1';
 }
 
+/**
+ * Whether the cloud pass runs for a Cockpit subject's layer. Not in orbit:
+ * the pass fades out above 24 km (weatherAltitudeFactors), so a satellite
+ * would pay for it and see nothing. The saved preference is left as it is
+ * for the next aircraft or bridge; cloud cover from orbit is the Weather
+ * layer's.
+ * @param {string|null|undefined} layerId
+ */
+export function cockpitCloudsShowFor(layerId) {
+  return layerId !== 'satellites';
+}
+
 /**
  * Weather-backed volumetric cloud pass that exists only while cockpit mode is
  * active. It owns no Cesium fog/post-process stages and cannot affect map mode.
@@ -207,10 +219,12 @@ class CockpitCloudEffectsController {
     this.enabled = this.readEnabledPreference();
 
     this.onResize = () => this.resize();
+    this.orbit = false;
     this.onCockpitMode = (event) => {
       const active =
         event?.detail?.active ??
         document.body.classList.contains('cockpit-mode');
+      this.orbit = active && !cockpitCloudsShowFor(event?.detail?.layerId);
       if (active && this.enabled) this.start();
       else this.stop();
     };
@@ -344,7 +358,8 @@ class CockpitCloudEffectsController {
       this.destroyed ||
       !this.enabled ||
       this.frame !== null ||
-      this.suspended
+      this.suspended ||
+      this.orbit
     )
       return;
     if (!this.gl) {
diff --git a/src/cockpitCloudEffects.test.mjs b/src/cockpitCloudEffects.test.mjs
index 18a0ed394..651b3fb27 100644
--- a/src/cockpitCloudEffects.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitCloudEffects.test.mjs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import {
   cockpitCloudRenderSize,
+  cockpitCloudsShowFor,
   cockpitWeatherRefreshDue,
   cockpitWeatherEnabledFromStoredValue,
 } from './cockpitCloudEffects.js';
@@ -23,6 +24,13 @@ test('cockpit weather defaults off and enables only from an explicit saved opt-i
   assert.equal(cockpitWeatherEnabledFromStoredValue('1'), true);
 });
 
+test('the cloud pass stays off in orbit and runs for aircraft and bridges', () => {
+  assert.equal(cockpitCloudsShowFor('satellites'), false);
+  for (const layerId of ['flights', 'military', 'ais-live-vessels', null]) {
+    assert.equal(cockpitCloudsShowFor(layerId), true, String(layerId));
+  }
+});
+
 test('cockpit weather refreshes after time or meaningful movement', () => {
   const anchor = { latitude: 30, longitude: -97 };
   assert.equal(cockpitWeatherRefreshDue({
diff --git a/src/cockpitLook.js b/src/cockpitLook.js
index 8292cde25..e0b133b34 100644
--- a/src/cockpitLook.js
+++ b/src/cockpitLook.js
@@ -181,3 +181,64 @@ export function lookReadoutParts(look, restPitchDeg) {
     angleDeg: Math.abs(pitch),
   };
 }
+
+/**
+ * The orbital view's off-nadir limit on each axis. The orbital look reuses
+ * the bridge's `{yawDeg, pitchDeg}` shape over a fixed nadir frame: yaw tilts
+ * the view east (positive) or west, pitch tilts it north (positive) or
+ * south. Single 5° steps only; the bridge keeps its own limits.
+ */
+export const ORBITAL_LOOK_LIMIT_DEG = 45;
+
+/** Clamp one orbital look axis to ±ORBITAL_LOOK_LIMIT_DEG; NaN rests. */
+function clampOrbitalAxis(deg) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(deg)) return 0;
+  const value = Math.min(
+    ORBITAL_LOOK_LIMIT_DEG,
+    Math.max(-ORBITAL_LOOK_LIMIT_DEG, deg),
+  );
+  return value === 0 ? 0 : value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Clamp an orbital look to the off-nadir limit on both axes.
+ * @param {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}} look East and north tilt.
+ * @returns {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}}
+ */
+export function clampOrbitalLook(look) {
+  return {
+    yawDeg: clampOrbitalAxis(look?.yawDeg),
+    pitchDeg: clampOrbitalAxis(look?.pitchDeg),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply one arrow step to an orbital look: the bridge's stepping on the
+ * same 5° grid, then the off-nadir clamp.
+ * @param {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}} target Current look target.
+ * @param {{axis: 'yaw'|'pitch', sign: number, stepDeg: number}} step From
+ *   {@link lookKeyStep}.
+ * @returns {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}}
+ */
+export function stepOrbitalLook(target, step) {
+  return clampOrbitalLook(stepLook(clampOrbitalLook(target), step));
+}
+
+/**
+ * The parts of an off-nadir readout, for the Cockpit to word: the north or
+ * south tilt and the east or west tilt, each null at rest, in whole degrees.
+ * @param {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}} look Orbital look target.
+ * @returns {{northSouth: 'N'|'S'|null, northSouthDeg: number,
+ *   eastWest: 'E'|'W'|null, eastWestDeg: number}}
+ */
+export function orbitalLookReadoutParts(look) {
+  const { yawDeg, pitchDeg } = clampOrbitalLook(look);
+  const north = Math.round(pitchDeg);
+  const east = Math.round(yawDeg);
+  return {
+    northSouth: north > 0 ? 'N' : north < 0 ? 'S' : null,
+    northSouthDeg: Math.abs(north),
+    eastWest: east > 0 ? 'E' : east < 0 ? 'W' : null,
+    eastWestDeg: Math.abs(east),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/cockpitLook.test.mjs b/src/cockpitLook.test.mjs
index f1f4a239c..27f79e319 100644
--- a/src/cockpitLook.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitLook.test.mjs
@@ -5,12 +5,16 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import {
   LOOK_COARSE_STEP_DEG,
   LOOK_STEP_DEG,
+  ORBITAL_LOOK_LIMIT_DEG,
   clampLookPitch,
+  clampOrbitalLook,
   easeLook,
   lookIsOffset,
   lookKeyStep,
   lookReadoutParts,
+  orbitalLookReadoutParts,
   stepLook,
+  stepOrbitalLook,
   wrapLookYaw,
 } from './cockpitLook.js';
 
@@ -135,3 +139,57 @@ test('the readout names the side, the bearing and the elevation', () => {
     'astern',
   );
 });
+
+test('an orbital look steps 5° per arrow and stops at 45° on each axis', () => {
+  let look = { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 };
+  for (let index = 0; index < 3; index += 1)
+    look = stepOrbitalLook(look, lookKeyStep('ArrowUp'));
+  assert.deepEqual(look, { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 15 });
+  look = stepOrbitalLook(look, lookKeyStep('ArrowRight'));
+  assert.deepEqual(look, { yawDeg: 5, pitchDeg: 15 });
+  for (let index = 0; index < 20; index += 1) {
+    look = stepOrbitalLook(look, lookKeyStep('ArrowDown'));
+    look = stepOrbitalLook(look, lookKeyStep('ArrowLeft'));
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(look, {
+    yawDeg: -ORBITAL_LOOK_LIMIT_DEG,
+    pitchDeg: -ORBITAL_LOOK_LIMIT_DEG,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(clampOrbitalLook({ yawDeg: 90, pitchDeg: NaN }), {
+    yawDeg: 45,
+    pitchDeg: 0,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(clampOrbitalLook({ yawDeg: 180, pitchDeg: -60 }), {
+    yawDeg: 45,
+    pitchDeg: -45,
+  });
+});
+
+test('the orbital readout names north or south and east or west', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(orbitalLookReadoutParts({ yawDeg: 15, pitchDeg: 10 }), {
+    northSouth: 'N',
+    northSouthDeg: 10,
+    eastWest: 'E',
+    eastWestDeg: 15,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(orbitalLookReadoutParts({ yawDeg: -5, pitchDeg: 0 }), {
+    northSouth: null,
+    northSouthDeg: 0,
+    eastWest: 'W',
+    eastWestDeg: 5,
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    orbitalLookReadoutParts({ yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: -45 }).northSouth,
+    'S',
+  );
+});
+
+test('the bridge look keeps its own limits beside the orbital clamp', () => {
+  const look = stepLook({ yawDeg: 45, pitchDeg: 45 }, lookKeyStep('ArrowUp'));
+  assert.deepEqual(look, { yawDeg: 45, pitchDeg: 50 });
+  assert.equal(
+    stepLook({ yawDeg: 45, pitchDeg: 0 }, lookKeyStep('ArrowRight', true))
+      .yawDeg,
+    90,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs b/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs
index aa06193ba..06db3aeff 100644
--- a/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ test('Cockpit has one reset action beside its bottom exit path', () => {
   assert.doesNotMatch(html, /id="cockpit-exit"/);
   assert.match(
     html,
-    /id="map-view-switch"[^>]*aria-label="Exit cockpit view"[^>]*aria-keyshortcuts="Escape C"[\s\S]*?close_fullscreen[\s\S]*?EXIT COCKPIT/,
+    /id="map-view-switch"[^>]*aria-label="Exit cockpit view"[^>]*aria-keyshortcuts="Escape"[\s\S]*?close_fullscreen[\s\S]*?EXIT COCKPIT/,
   );
   const topCenterActions = html.match(
     /<nav id="top-center-actions"[\s\S]*?<\/nav>/,
@@ -163,7 +163,8 @@ test('Cockpit vision cycle exposes every map preset exactly once', () => {
   assert.match(html, /id="cockpit-vision-current-label"[^>]*>NORMAL<\/strong>/);
   assert.match(
     cockpitEnter.toString(),
-    /this\.setVisionMode\(this\.getInitialVisionMode\(\)\)/,
+    // Orbit alone opens optical (src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs).
+    /this\.setVisionMode\(\s*satellite \? 'optical' : this\.getInitialVisionMode\(\)\s*,?\s*\)/,
     'Cockpit must enter on the mode matching the active map preset',
   );
   assert.match(
@@ -232,14 +233,12 @@ test('Cockpit Escape handling precedes form-control shortcut suppression and foc
   );
 });
 
-test('Cockpit shortcut failures do not leak and open utilities own the first Escape', () => {
+test('open utilities own the first Escape and Cockpit leaves C alone', () => {
   const keydown = cockpitKeyDown.toString();
   assert.ok(keydown, 'Cockpit keyboard handler is missing');
   assert.match(keydown, /if \(this\.isUtilityDisclosureOpen\?\.\(\)\) return;/);
-  assert.match(
-    keydown,
-    /const cockpitAttempt = !!\(\s*this\.readAircraftInfo\(\) && this\.viewer\.trackedEntity\?\.position\s*\);[\s\S]*?event\.preventDefault\(\);[\s\S]*?event\.stopImmediatePropagation\(\);[\s\S]*?!this\.isEntryAllowed\(\)/,
-  );
+  // C is the app-wide CCTV shortcut; Cockpit never claims it.
+  assert.doesNotMatch(keydown, /=== 'c'/);
 });
 
 test('the Contact panel never hides itself out from under its own NEXT button', () => {
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbital.js b/src/cockpitOrbital.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fafe2a857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbital.js
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+/**
+ * Camera policy for the orbital (satellite) view: the eye rides the tracked
+ * satellite and looks straight down at the Earth's centre. Satellites publish
+ * no attitude, so the picture is turned to the ground track (track-up; see
+ * nadirOrientation's `headingDeg`), or north-up for a satellite with none
+ * (geostationary). This module holds the zoom steps,
+ * the field of view, the nadir orientation, the ground footprint and the zoom
+ * transition curves. No DOM, Cesium or i18n dependencies: vectors are plain
+ * `{x, y, z}` objects in Earth-fixed (ECEF) metres, so the policy is
+ * unit-testable and the Cockpit camera copies them into its own scratch.
+ */
+
+/** Mean Earth radius used for footprint and framing geometry, metres. */
+export const ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M = 6371008.8;
+
+/** The optical zoom steps. */
+export const ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER = Object.freeze([1, 2, 4, 8]);
+
+/** The tightest step. */
+export const ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM = 8;
+
+/** The zoom an orbital view opens at. */
+export const ORBITAL_DEFAULT_ZOOM = 1;
+
+/**
+ * Vertical field of view at 1x for low orbits. From the ISS (~420 km) a 60°
+ * frame spans roughly 490 km of ground top to bottom: a regional picture
+ * with the curvature just out of frame, which 8x narrows to ~60 km.
+ */
+export const ORBITAL_BASE_FOV_LEO_RAD = (60 * Math.PI) / 180;
+
+/**
+ * How much wider than the Earth's disk a high orbit's 1x frame is. A fixed
+ * 60° frame from GEO (~35,786 km) would show a 17° Earth floating in black;
+ * above about 8,000 km the base frame instead fits the whole disk with this
+ * margin, so 1x is "the whole Earth" and the steps zoom into it.
+ */
+export const ORBITAL_DISK_MARGIN = 1.15;
+
+/** Duration of one zoom step's field-of-view change, ms. */
+export const ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS = 400;
+
+/** How long the reticle shows its lock tick after a step settles, ms. */
+export const ORBITAL_LOCK_TICK_MS = 220;
+
+/** Peak focus-pull blur at the middle of a zoom step, CSS pixels. */
+export const ORBITAL_MAX_BLUR_PX = 6;
+
+/**
+ * Longest a zoom step holds its focus pull for the new field of view's
+ * imagery, ms. The camera moves at orbital speed, so the tiles may never
+ * all arrive; the hold gives them a start, then the reticle locks anyway.
+ */
+export const ORBITAL_SETTLE_MAX_MS = 2500;
+
+/** The soft blur held while a step waits for its imagery, CSS pixels. */
+export const ORBITAL_SETTLE_BLUR_PX = 2.5;
+
+/** Relative slack so a zoom computed in floating point still meets its step. */
+const ZOOM_EPSILON = 1e-6;
+
+/**
+ * The next tighter ladder step, up to `maxZoom`; at the cap the zoom stays.
+ * A zoom between steps moves to the step above it.
+ * @param {number} zoom Current zoom.
+ * @param {number} [maxZoom] The tightest step.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function nextOrbitalZoom(zoom, maxZoom = ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM) {
+  const current = Number.isFinite(zoom) && zoom > 0 ? zoom : 1;
+  const next = ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER.find(
+    (step) => step > current * (1 + ZOOM_EPSILON) && step <= maxZoom,
+  );
+  return next ?? current;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The next wider ladder step; 1x stays where it is. A zoom between steps
+ * moves to the step below it.
+ * @param {number} zoom Current zoom.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function previousOrbitalZoom(zoom) {
+  const current = Number.isFinite(zoom) && zoom > 0 ? zoom : 1;
+  const wider = ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER.filter(
+    (step) => step < current * (1 - ZOOM_EPSILON),
+  );
+  return wider.length ? wider[wider.length - 1] : ORBITAL_DEFAULT_ZOOM;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Angular radius of the Earth's disk seen from an altitude, radians.
+ * @param {number} altitudeM Height above the mean sphere, metres.
+ * @returns {number} Half-angle from nadir to the limb (π/2 at the surface).
+ */
+export function earthAngularRadiusRad(altitudeM) {
+  const h = Math.max(0, Number.isFinite(altitudeM) ? altitudeM : 0);
+  return Math.asin(ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M / (ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M + h));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Vertical field of view at 1x for an altitude, radians.
+ *
+ * Low orbits get the fixed 60° regional frame. Higher orbits, where 60° would
+ * leave the Earth small in a black frame, get the Earth's disk plus
+ * ORBITAL_DISK_MARGIN. The two meet near 8,100 km, so the base never jumps
+ * as an eccentric orbit climbs: GPS (~20,200 km) opens at ~32°, GEO at ~20°.
+ * @param {number} altitudeM Satellite altitude, metres.
+ * @returns {number} Vertical field of view, radians.
+ */
+export function orbitalBaseFovRad(altitudeM) {
+  const diskFov = 2 * earthAngularRadiusRad(altitudeM) * ORBITAL_DISK_MARGIN;
+  return Math.min(ORBITAL_BASE_FOV_LEO_RAD, diskFov);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Field of view at an optical zoom: magnification divides the tangent of
+ * the half-angle, as a lens's focal length does.
+ * @param {number} baseFovRad Field of view at 1x, radians.
+ * @param {number} zoom Magnification (1 leaves the base unchanged).
+ * @returns {number} Field of view, radians.
+ */
+export function fovForZoom(baseFovRad, zoom) {
+  const magnification = Number.isFinite(zoom) && zoom > 0 ? zoom : 1;
+  return 2 * Math.atan(Math.tan(baseFovRad / 2) / magnification);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Cesium's `PerspectiveFrustum.fov` is horizontal on a landscape canvas and
+ * vertical on a portrait one; convert a vertical field of view to it.
+ * @param {number} verticalFovRad Vertical field of view, radians.
+ * @param {number} aspect Canvas width / height.
+ * @returns {number} The value to assign to `frustum.fov`, radians.
+ */
+export function cesiumFrustumFovRad(verticalFovRad, aspect) {
+  if (!(aspect > 1)) return verticalFovRad;
+  return 2 * Math.atan(Math.tan(verticalFovRad / 2) * aspect);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ground width covered across the frame, along a great circle through the
+ * sub-satellite point, km. A ray past the limb ends at the horizon, so a
+ * frame wider than the disk reports the visible cap's width.
+ * @param {number} altitudeM Satellite altitude, metres.
+ * @param {number} fovRad Vertical field of view, radians.
+ * @param {number} [aspect=1] Frame width / height; the width is measured
+ *   across the wider horizontal extent.
+ * @returns {number|null} Width in kilometres, or null without a usable input.
+ */
+export function footprintWidthKm(altitudeM, fovRad, aspect = 1) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(altitudeM) || altitudeM <= 0) return null;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(fovRad) || fovRad <= 0) return null;
+  const ratio = Number.isFinite(aspect) && aspect > 0 ? aspect : 1;
+  const halfAngle = Math.atan(Math.tan(fovRad / 2) * ratio);
+  const R = ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M;
+  const sinGround = ((R + altitudeM) / R) * Math.sin(halfAngle);
+  // Central angle from nadir to where the ray meets the sphere, or the limb.
+  const central =
+    sinGround >= 1
+      ? Math.acos(R / (R + altitudeM))
+      : Math.asin(sinGround) - halfAngle;
+  return (2 * R * central) / 1000;
+}
+
+function length(v) {
+  return Math.hypot(v.x, v.y, v.z);
+}
+
+function scale(v, s) {
+  return { x: v.x * s, y: v.y * s, z: v.z * s };
+}
+
+function dot(a, b) {
+  return a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z;
+}
+
+function cross(a, b) {
+  return {
+    x: a.y * b.z - a.z * b.y,
+    y: a.z * b.x - a.x * b.z,
+    z: a.x * b.y - a.y * b.x,
+  };
+}
+
+/** `v` with its component along unit `d` removed, or null when degenerate. */
+function perpendicularUnit(v, d) {
+  const along = dot(v, d);
+  const p = {
+    x: v.x - along * d.x,
+    y: v.y - along * d.y,
+    z: v.z - along * d.z,
+  };
+  const n = length(p);
+  return n > 1e-6 ? scale(p, 1 / n) : null;
+}
+
+const NORTH_AXIS = Object.freeze({ x: 0, y: 0, z: 1 });
+
+/**
+ * Camera orientation looking from an Earth-fixed position at the Earth's
+ * centre, with north at the top of the frame.
+ *
+ * `up` is the Earth's rotation axis projected perpendicular to the view, which
+ * is local north at the sub-satellite point. Directly over a pole north is
+ * undefined; the previous frame's `up` is kept when given (so a polar pass
+ * does not spin the picture), otherwise the limit along the prime meridian
+ * is used: over the north pole the top of the frame faces 180°E, over the
+ * south pole 0°E.
+ *
+ * With `headingDeg` the frame turns so that bearing (degrees clockwise from
+ * north) is at the top: the ground track, for a view that scrolls along it.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} position ECEF position, metres.
+ * @param {{previousUp?: {x: number, y: number, z: number}|null,
+ *   headingDeg?: number|null}} [options] `previousUp` is a previous frame's
+ *   `north`, not its turned `up`.
+ * @returns {{direction: {x: number, y: number, z: number},
+ *   up: {x: number, y: number, z: number},
+ *   right: {x: number, y: number, z: number},
+ *   north: {x: number, y: number, z: number}}|null} Unit vectors (right =
+ *   direction × up, as Cesium's camera keeps them), or null at the centre.
+ */
+export function nadirOrientation(
+  position,
+  { previousUp = null, headingDeg = null } = {},
+) {
+  if (!position) return null;
+  const r = length(position);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(r) || r < 1) return null;
+  const direction = scale(position, -1 / r);
+  let up = perpendicularUnit(NORTH_AXIS, direction);
+  if (!up && previousUp && Number.isFinite(length(previousUp)))
+    up = perpendicularUnit(previousUp, direction);
+  if (!up) {
+    // Looking down -z (north pole): north at longitude 0 points along -x.
+    up = perpendicularUnit(
+      { x: direction.z < 0 ? -1 : 1, y: 0, z: 0 },
+      direction,
+    );
+  }
+  const north = up;
+  if (Number.isFinite(headingDeg) && headingDeg % 360 !== 0) {
+    // Looking down, right = direction × north is east: the bearing turns
+    // north toward it.
+    const east = cross(direction, north);
+    const θ = (headingDeg * Math.PI) / 180;
+    up = {
+      x: north.x * Math.cos(θ) + east.x * Math.sin(θ),
+      y: north.y * Math.cos(θ) + east.y * Math.sin(θ),
+      z: north.z * Math.cos(θ) + east.z * Math.sin(θ),
+    };
+  }
+  return { direction, up, right: cross(direction, up), north };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ease-in-out progress of a zoom step (cubic), clamped to 0..1.
+ * @param {number} elapsedMs Time since the step began.
+ * @param {{durationMs?: number, reducedMotion?: boolean}} [options]
+ *   Reduced motion cuts straight to the end.
+ * @returns {number} Eased progress, 0..1.
+ */
+export function zoomTransitionProgress(
+  elapsedMs,
+  { durationMs = ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS, reducedMotion = false } = {},
+) {
+  if (reducedMotion || !(durationMs > 0)) return 1;
+  const linear = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, (elapsedMs || 0) / durationMs));
+  return linear < 0.5 ? 4 * linear ** 3 : 1 - (-2 * linear + 2) ** 3 / 2;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Focus-pull blur for a zoom step: zero at both ends, peaking mid-step.
+ * @param {number} progress Step progress, 0..1 (linear or eased).
+ * @param {{maxBlurPx?: number, reducedMotion?: boolean}} [options]
+ *   Reduced motion never blurs.
+ * @returns {number} Blur radius, CSS pixels.
+ */
+export function zoomTransitionBlurPx(
+  progress,
+  { maxBlurPx = ORBITAL_MAX_BLUR_PX, reducedMotion = false } = {},
+) {
+  if (reducedMotion || !Number.isFinite(progress)) return 0;
+  const p = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, progress));
+  return Math.max(0, maxBlurPx) * Math.sin(Math.PI * p);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Field of view part-way through a zoom step. Interpolates the tangent of
+ * the half-angle geometrically, so each moment of the step magnifies by the
+ * same ratio and 1x→2x feels like 4x→8x.
+ * @param {number} fromFovRad Field of view the step starts at.
+ * @param {number} toFovRad Field of view the step ends at.
+ * @param {number} progress Eased progress, 0..1.
+ * @returns {number} Field of view, radians.
+ */
+export function interpolateZoomFov(fromFovRad, toFovRad, progress) {
+  const p = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, Number.isFinite(progress) ? progress : 1));
+  const a = Math.log(Math.tan(fromFovRad / 2));
+  const b = Math.log(Math.tan(toFovRad / 2));
+  return 2 * Math.atan(Math.exp(a + (b - a) * p));
+}
+
+/**
+ * The HUD's transition state at a moment of a zoom step, in the store shape
+ * `{ active, blurPx, lockTick }`: blur while the field of view moves, then a
+ * brief reticle lock tick once it settles. Reduced motion skips the blur and
+ * the tick (the cut is instant).
+ * @param {number} elapsedMs Time since the step began.
+ * @param {{durationMs?: number, lockTickMs?: number, maxBlurPx?: number,
+ *   reducedMotion?: boolean}} [options]
+ * @returns {{active: boolean, progress: number, blurPx: number,
+ *   lockTick: boolean}}
+ */
+export function zoomTransitionState(
+  elapsedMs,
+  {
+    durationMs = ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS,
+    lockTickMs = ORBITAL_LOCK_TICK_MS,
+    maxBlurPx = ORBITAL_MAX_BLUR_PX,
+    reducedMotion = false,
+  } = {},
+) {
+  const progress = zoomTransitionProgress(elapsedMs, {
+    durationMs,
+    reducedMotion,
+  });
+  if (reducedMotion)
+    return { active: false, progress: 1, blurPx: 0, lockTick: false };
+  const elapsed = Math.max(0, elapsedMs || 0);
+  const linear = durationMs > 0 ? Math.min(1, elapsed / durationMs) : 1;
+  return {
+    active: elapsed < durationMs,
+    progress,
+    blurPx: zoomTransitionBlurPx(linear, { maxBlurPx }),
+    lockTick: elapsed >= durationMs && elapsed < durationMs + lockTickMs,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a zoom step whose field of view has landed still holds its focus
+ * pull: until the imagery has loaded, at most `maxHoldMs`.
+ * @param {number} sinceLandedMs Time since the field of view stopped moving.
+ * @param {boolean} tilesLoaded Whether the scene's imagery has loaded.
+ * @param {{maxHoldMs?: number}} [options]
+ */
+export function zoomSettleHolding(
+  sinceLandedMs,
+  tilesLoaded,
+  { maxHoldMs = ORBITAL_SETTLE_MAX_MS } = {},
+) {
+  return !tilesLoaded && Math.max(0, sinceLandedMs || 0) < maxHoldMs;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The total angle between a tilted view and nadir, degrees:
+ * acos(cos north · cos east), as `offNadirOrientation` tilts.
+ * @param {{northDeg?: number, eastDeg?: number}} [offset] Tilt in degrees.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function offNadirAngleDeg({ northDeg = 0, eastDeg = 0 } = {}) {
+  const n = ((Number.isFinite(northDeg) ? northDeg : 0) * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const e = ((Number.isFinite(eastDeg) ? eastDeg : 0) * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const cosine = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, Math.cos(n) * Math.cos(e)));
+  return (Math.acos(cosine) * 180) / Math.PI;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Roughly how much wider the ground across the frame is at the centre of a
+ * tilted view than at nadir, on a flat Earth: tilting across the frame (east,
+ * the frame's right) stretches its width by 1/cos², tilting along it (north,
+ * the frame's top) by 1/cos. 1 at nadir; an approximation, so the HUD marks
+ * the width it scales with ≈.
+ * @param {{northDeg?: number, eastDeg?: number}} [offset] Tilt in degrees.
+ * @returns {number} At least 1.
+ */
+export function offNadirSwathScale({ northDeg = 0, eastDeg = 0 } = {}) {
+  const n = ((Number.isFinite(northDeg) ? northDeg : 0) * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const e = ((Number.isFinite(eastDeg) ? eastDeg : 0) * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const along = Math.abs(Math.cos(n));
+  const across = Math.cos(e) ** 2;
+  if (!(along > 1e-6) || !(across > 1e-6)) return 1;
+  return Math.max(1, 1 / (along * across));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tilt a nadir orientation off nadir: first toward north (a rotation about
+ * the nadir frame's right axis), then toward east (about the tilted up
+ * axis). The base frame is always the nadir one, so a tilt never drifts with
+ * the orbit; the angle from nadir is acos(cos north · cos east).
+ * @param {{direction: object, up: object, right: object}} nadir From
+ *   {@link nadirOrientation}.
+ * @param {{northDeg?: number, eastDeg?: number}} [offset] Tilt in degrees;
+ *   negative is south or west.
+ * @returns {{direction: object, up: object, right: object}} Unit vectors,
+ *   right = direction × up.
+ */
+export function offNadirOrientation(nadir, { northDeg = 0, eastDeg = 0 } = {}) {
+  const n = ((Number.isFinite(northDeg) ? northDeg : 0) * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const e = ((Number.isFinite(eastDeg) ? eastDeg : 0) * Math.PI) / 180;
+  if (n === 0 && e === 0) return nadir;
+  const { direction: d, up: u, right: r } = nadir;
+  const combine = (a, ka, b, kb) => ({
+    x: a.x * ka + b.x * kb,
+    y: a.y * ka + b.y * kb,
+    z: a.z * ka + b.z * kb,
+  });
+  // Toward north: the view swings onto the up axis, up swings off it.
+  const d1 = combine(d, Math.cos(n), u, Math.sin(n));
+  const u1 = combine(u, Math.cos(n), d, -Math.sin(n));
+  // Toward east: the view swings onto the right axis.
+  const direction = combine(d1, Math.cos(e), r, Math.sin(e));
+  return { direction, up: u1, right: cross(direction, u1) };
+}
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs b/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e47ad1141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER,
+  ORBITAL_BASE_FOV_LEO_RAD,
+  ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M,
+  ORBITAL_SETTLE_MAX_MS,
+  cesiumFrustumFovRad,
+  earthAngularRadiusRad,
+  footprintWidthKm,
+  fovForZoom,
+  interpolateZoomFov,
+  nadirOrientation,
+  nextOrbitalZoom,
+  offNadirAngleDeg,
+  offNadirSwathScale,
+  offNadirOrientation,
+  orbitalBaseFovRad,
+  previousOrbitalZoom,
+  zoomSettleHolding,
+  zoomTransitionBlurPx,
+  zoomTransitionProgress,
+  zoomTransitionState,
+} from './cockpitOrbital.js';
+
+const RAD = Math.PI / 180;
+const dot = (a, b) => a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z;
+const norm = (v) => Math.hypot(v.x, v.y, v.z);
+
+/** ECEF position on the mean sphere at a latitude, longitude and altitude. */
+function ecef(latDeg, lonDeg, altitudeM) {
+  const r = ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M + altitudeM;
+  const lat = latDeg * RAD;
+  const lon = lonDeg * RAD;
+  return {
+    x: r * Math.cos(lat) * Math.cos(lon),
+    y: r * Math.cos(lat) * Math.sin(lon),
+    z: r * Math.sin(lat),
+  };
+}
+
+/** Local north unit vector at a latitude and longitude. */
+function localNorth(latDeg, lonDeg) {
+  const lat = latDeg * RAD;
+  const lon = lonDeg * RAD;
+  return {
+    x: -Math.sin(lat) * Math.cos(lon),
+    y: -Math.sin(lat) * Math.sin(lon),
+    z: Math.cos(lat),
+  };
+}
+
+function assertOrthonormal(orientation) {
+  const { direction, up, right } = orientation;
+  for (const v of [direction, up, right])
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(norm(v) - 1) < 1e-9);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(dot(direction, up)) < 1e-9);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(dot(direction, right)) < 1e-9);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(dot(up, right)) < 1e-9);
+}
+
+test('the nadir view points at the Earth centre with north up', () => {
+  for (const [lat, lon, alt] of [
+    [0, 0, 420e3],
+    [51.6, -97.3, 420e3],
+    [-33.9, 151.2, 20.2e6],
+    [0.05, 75, 35.786e6],
+  ]) {
+    const position = ecef(lat, lon, alt);
+    const orientation = nadirOrientation(position);
+    const toCentre = {
+      x: -position.x / norm(position),
+      y: -position.y / norm(position),
+      z: -position.z / norm(position),
+    };
+    assert.ok(dot(orientation.direction, toCentre) > 1 - 1e-12);
+    assert.ok(dot(orientation.up, localNorth(lat, lon)) > 1 - 1e-9);
+    assertOrthonormal(orientation);
+    // North up puts east on the right of a picture looking down.
+    const east = { x: -Math.sin(lon * RAD), y: Math.cos(lon * RAD), z: 0 };
+    assert.ok(dot(orientation.right, east) > 1 - 1e-9);
+  }
+});
+
+test('over a pole the orientation stays valid and keeps the previous up', () => {
+  for (const z of [1, -1]) {
+    const position = { x: 0, y: 0, z: z * (ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M + 800e3) };
+    const fallback = nadirOrientation(position);
+    assertOrthonormal(fallback);
+    assert.equal(fallback.direction.z, -z);
+    // The prime-meridian limit of north.
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(fallback.up.x - -z) < 1e-9);
+    const kept = nadirOrientation(position, {
+      previousUp: { x: 0, y: 1, z: 0 },
+    });
+    assertOrthonormal(kept);
+    assert.ok(kept.up.y > 1 - 1e-9);
+  }
+  // Just off the pole, north still points over it.
+  const nearPole = nadirOrientation(ecef(89.9999, 30, 500e3));
+  assertOrthonormal(nearPole);
+  assert.ok(dot(nearPole.up, localNorth(89.9999, 30)) > 1 - 1e-6);
+});
+
+test('a degenerate position has no orientation', () => {
+  assert.equal(nadirOrientation(null), null);
+  assert.equal(nadirOrientation({ x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }), null);
+  assert.equal(nadirOrientation({ x: NaN, y: 0, z: 0 }), null);
+});
+
+test('each zoom step divides the tangent of the half-angle', () => {
+  const base = ORBITAL_BASE_FOV_LEO_RAD;
+  for (const zoom of ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER) {
+    const fov = fovForZoom(base, zoom);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(Math.tan(fov / 2) - Math.tan(base / 2) / zoom) < 1e-12);
+  }
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      Math.tan(fovForZoom(base, 4) / 2) / Math.tan(fovForZoom(base, 2) / 2) -
+        0.5,
+    ) < 1e-12,
+  );
+  assert.equal(fovForZoom(base, 1), base);
+  assert.equal(fovForZoom(base, 0), base);
+});
+
+test('zoom steps clamp at both ends without wrapping', () => {
+  assert.equal(nextOrbitalZoom(1), 2);
+  assert.equal(nextOrbitalZoom(4), 8);
+  assert.equal(nextOrbitalZoom(8), 8);
+  assert.equal(previousOrbitalZoom(8), 4);
+  assert.equal(previousOrbitalZoom(2), 1);
+  assert.equal(previousOrbitalZoom(1), 1);
+  assert.equal(nextOrbitalZoom(undefined), 2);
+});
+
+test('the base frame is regional in low orbit and fits the disk from GEO', () => {
+  assert.equal(orbitalBaseFovRad(420e3), ORBITAL_BASE_FOV_LEO_RAD);
+  const geo = orbitalBaseFovRad(35.786e6);
+  const disk = 2 * earthAngularRadiusRad(35.786e6);
+  assert.ok(geo > disk && geo < ORBITAL_BASE_FOV_LEO_RAD);
+  // Continuous across the crossover: no jump as an orbit climbs.
+  let previous = orbitalBaseFovRad(1e6);
+  for (let alt = 1e6; alt <= 40e6; alt += 50e3) {
+    const fov = orbitalBaseFovRad(alt);
+    assert.ok(fov <= previous + 1e-12);
+    assert.ok(previous - fov < 0.01);
+    previous = fov;
+  }
+});
+
+test('the footprint shrinks with zoom and stops at the limb', () => {
+  const alt = 420e3;
+  const widths = [1, 2, 4, 8].map((zoom) =>
+    footprintWidthKm(alt, fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(alt), zoom)),
+  );
+  for (let i = 1; i < widths.length; i++) assert.ok(widths[i] < widths[i - 1]);
+  assert.ok(widths[0] > 400 && widths[0] < 600, `1x ${widths[0]} km`);
+  assert.ok(widths[3] > 40 && widths[3] < 80, `8x ${widths[3]} km`);
+  // A wider frame covers more ground across.
+  assert.ok(
+    footprintWidthKm(alt, ORBITAL_BASE_FOV_LEO_RAD, 16 / 9) > widths[0],
+  );
+  // From GEO a frame wider than the disk spans the visible cap only.
+  const cap =
+    (2 *
+      ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M *
+      Math.acos(ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M / (ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M + 35.786e6))) /
+    1000;
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(footprintWidthKm(35.786e6, 40 * RAD) - cap) < 1e-6);
+  assert.equal(footprintWidthKm(0, 1), null);
+  assert.equal(footprintWidthKm(420e3, NaN), null);
+});
+
+test('Cesium frustum fov widens to the horizontal on a landscape canvas', () => {
+  const vertical = 30 * RAD;
+  assert.equal(cesiumFrustumFovRad(vertical, 0.75), vertical);
+  const horizontal = cesiumFrustumFovRad(vertical, 2);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(Math.tan(horizontal / 2) - 2 * Math.tan(vertical / 2)) < 1e-12,
+  );
+});
+
+test('zoom transition curves stay bounded and settle', () => {
+  assert.equal(zoomTransitionProgress(0), 0);
+  assert.equal(zoomTransitionProgress(400), 1);
+  assert.equal(zoomTransitionProgress(9999), 1);
+  assert.equal(zoomTransitionProgress(-50), 0);
+  assert.equal(zoomTransitionProgress(0, { reducedMotion: true }), 1);
+  let previous = 0;
+  for (let ms = 0; ms <= 500; ms += 10) {
+    const p = zoomTransitionProgress(ms);
+    assert.ok(p >= previous && p >= 0 && p <= 1);
+    previous = p;
+    const blur = zoomTransitionBlurPx(ms / 400);
+    assert.ok(blur >= 0 && blur <= 6);
+  }
+  assert.equal(zoomTransitionBlurPx(0), 0);
+  assert.ok(zoomTransitionBlurPx(1) < 1e-9);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(zoomTransitionBlurPx(0.5) - 6) < 1e-9);
+  assert.equal(zoomTransitionBlurPx(0.5, { reducedMotion: true }), 0);
+
+  const from = fovForZoom(1, 1);
+  const to = fovForZoom(1, 2);
+  assert.equal(interpolateZoomFov(from, to, 0).toFixed(12), from.toFixed(12));
+  assert.equal(interpolateZoomFov(from, to, 1).toFixed(12), to.toFixed(12));
+  const mid = interpolateZoomFov(from, to, 0.5);
+  assert.ok(mid < from && mid > to);
+});
+
+test('the transition state blurs, then ticks the lock, then rests', () => {
+  const moving = zoomTransitionState(200);
+  assert.equal(moving.active, true);
+  assert.ok(moving.blurPx > 5);
+  assert.equal(moving.lockTick, false);
+  const settled = zoomTransitionState(450);
+  assert.equal(settled.active, false);
+  assert.equal(settled.lockTick, true);
+  assert.equal(settled.progress, 1);
+  assert.ok(settled.blurPx < 1e-9);
+  const rest = zoomTransitionState(2000);
+  assert.equal(rest.lockTick, false);
+  assert.deepEqual(zoomTransitionState(100, { reducedMotion: true }), {
+    active: false,
+    progress: 1,
+    blurPx: 0,
+    lockTick: false,
+  });
+});
+
+test('an off-nadir tilt turns the view by its angle from the nadir frame', () => {
+  const nadir = nadirOrientation(ecef(30, -97, 420_000));
+  assert.equal(offNadirOrientation(nadir), nadir, 'no tilt is nadir itself');
+  const angle = (v) => Math.acos(Math.min(1, dot(v, nadir.direction))) / RAD;
+  const north = offNadirOrientation(nadir, { northDeg: 10 });
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(angle(north.direction) - 10) < 1e-9);
+  assert.ok(dot(north.direction, nadir.up) > 0, 'toward north');
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(dot(north.direction, nadir.right)) < 1e-12);
+  const west = offNadirOrientation(nadir, { eastDeg: -20 });
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(angle(west.direction) - 20) < 1e-9);
+  assert.ok(dot(west.direction, nadir.right) < 0, 'toward west');
+  const both = offNadirOrientation(nadir, { northDeg: 45, eastDeg: 45 });
+  const expected = Math.acos(Math.cos(45 * RAD) ** 2) / RAD;
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(angle(both.direction) - expected) < 1e-9);
+  for (const view of [north, west, both]) {
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(norm(view.direction) - 1) < 1e-12);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(norm(view.up) - 1) < 1e-12);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(dot(view.direction, view.up)) < 1e-12);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a landed zoom step holds for its imagery, but never past the cap', () => {
+  assert.equal(zoomSettleHolding(0, false), true, 'still loading');
+  assert.equal(zoomSettleHolding(ORBITAL_SETTLE_MAX_MS - 1, false), true);
+  assert.equal(zoomSettleHolding(ORBITAL_SETTLE_MAX_MS, false), false, 'cap');
+  assert.equal(zoomSettleHolding(0, true), false, 'loaded: lock at once');
+  assert.equal(zoomSettleHolding(Number.NaN, false), true);
+});
+
+test('a heading turns the nadir frame, keeping north to fall back on', () => {
+  // Over the equator at 0°E: north is +z, east is +y.
+  const position = { x: ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M + 500_000, y: 0, z: 0 };
+  const northUp = nadirOrientation(position);
+  const east = nadirOrientation(position, { headingDeg: 90 });
+  const close = (a, b) =>
+    Math.abs(a.x - b.x) < 1e-9 &&
+    Math.abs(a.y - b.y) < 1e-9 &&
+    Math.abs(a.z - b.z) < 1e-9;
+  assert.ok(close(northUp.up, { x: 0, y: 0, z: 1 }));
+  assert.ok(close(east.up, { x: 0, y: 1, z: 0 }), 'east at the top');
+  assert.ok(close(east.north, northUp.up), 'north kept for the next frame');
+  assert.ok(
+    close(nadirOrientation(position, { headingDeg: 0 }).up, northUp.up),
+  );
+});
+
+test('the total off-nadir angle combines both tilts', () => {
+  assert.equal(offNadirAngleDeg(), 0);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(offNadirAngleDeg({ northDeg: 10 }) - 10) < 1e-9);
+  // FWD 15° and RIGHT 10° read OFF-NADIR 18.0°.
+  const total = offNadirAngleDeg({ northDeg: 15, eastDeg: 10 });
+  assert.equal(total.toFixed(1), '18.0');
+  assert.equal(offNadirAngleDeg({ northDeg: -15, eastDeg: -10 }), total);
+});
+
+test("a tilted view's width grows faster across the frame than along it", () => {
+  assert.equal(offNadirSwathScale(), 1, 'nadir');
+  const cos = (deg) => Math.cos((deg * Math.PI) / 180);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(offNadirSwathScale({ northDeg: 30 }) - 1 / cos(30)) < 1e-9,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(offNadirSwathScale({ eastDeg: 30 }) - 1 / cos(30) ** 2) < 1e-9,
+  );
+  let last = 1;
+  for (const deg of [5, 15, 25, 35, 45]) {
+    const scale = offNadirSwathScale({ northDeg: deg, eastDeg: deg });
+    assert.ok(scale > last, `${deg}°`);
+    last = scale;
+  }
+  assert.equal(offNadirSwathScale({ northDeg: Number.NaN }), 1);
+});
diff --git a/src/contextModePolicy.js b/src/contextModePolicy.js
index 4c477127a..6e3238ec5 100644
--- a/src/contextModePolicy.js
+++ b/src/contextModePolicy.js
@@ -457,6 +457,30 @@ export function bridgeEntryAllowed({ vesselsEnabled, contextModeChanging }) {
   return Boolean(vesselsEnabled) && !contextModeChanging;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Whether the tracked satellite's orbital view can be entered. Like the
+ * bridge it needs only its own layer, Satellites, with a satellite tracked.
+ * A Context mode change in flight still owns the camera, so entry waits it
+ * out. A subject the satellites layer marks as not enterable (debris:
+ * rocket bodies, fragments, dead satellites; `satelliteClassEnterable` in
+ * src/layers/satellites/classes.js) can be tracked but is never ridden: it is
+ * no mission and has no view to offer.
+ * @param {{satellitesEnabled: boolean, contextModeChanging: boolean,
+ *   subjectEnterable?: boolean}} state
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function orbitEntryAllowed({
+  satellitesEnabled,
+  contextModeChanging,
+  subjectEnterable = true,
+}) {
+  return (
+    Boolean(satellitesEnabled) &&
+    !contextModeChanging &&
+    subjectEnterable !== false
+  );
+}
+
 /**
  * Internal context-mode id → the word the voice tools accept for it.
  *
diff --git a/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs b/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs
index e9828834f..baea77fe5 100644
--- a/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/contextModePolicy.test.mjs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import {
   bridgeEntryAllowed,
+  orbitEntryAllowed,
   cockpitEntryAllowed,
   contextAllowedLayerIds,
   contextLayerEnableBlockReason,
@@ -440,6 +441,19 @@ test('bridge entry needs only Live AIS Vessels', () => {
   assert.equal(bridgeEntryAllowed({ vesselsEnabled: true, contextModeChanging: true }), false);
 });
 
+test('orbital entry needs only Satellites', () => {
+  assert.equal(orbitEntryAllowed({ satellitesEnabled: true, contextModeChanging: false }), true);
+  assert.equal(orbitEntryAllowed({ satellitesEnabled: false, contextModeChanging: false }), false);
+  assert.equal(orbitEntryAllowed({ satellitesEnabled: true, contextModeChanging: true }), false);
+});
+
+test('debris can be tracked but never ridden in orbit', () => {
+  const on = { satellitesEnabled: true, contextModeChanging: false };
+  assert.equal(orbitEntryAllowed({ ...on, subjectEnterable: false }), false);
+  assert.equal(orbitEntryAllowed({ ...on, subjectEnterable: true }), true);
+  assert.equal(orbitEntryAllowed(on), true, 'no subject read yet');
+});
+
 test('context teardown guard restores coordination state after success and failure', async () => {
   const idleOwner = { _contextModeChanging: false };
   await runWithContextModeChanging(idleOwner, async () => {
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md b/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md
index d3a325585..f95eef59a 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/README.md
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ range geometry with no network dependency.
 | `marine.json` | `ne_10m_geography_marine_polys` (seas, gulfs, straits, bays, …) | 292 named |
 | `countries.json` | `ne_10m_admin_0_countries` (countries) | 256 |
 | `states_provinces.json` | `ne_10m_admin_1_states_provinces` (states, provinces and other first-level units) | 4,587 named |
+| `populated_places.json` | `ne_10m_populated_places_simple` (cities and towns, as points) | 7,342 |
 
 **Source:** Natural Earth 10m physical vectors, via the canonical
 [nvkelso/natural-earth-vector](https://github.com/nvkelso/natural-earth-vector)
@@ -103,3 +104,23 @@ Includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland from
 `ne_10m_admin_0_map_units.geojson` at the same commit (SHA-256
 `57da82be755f4afccd8f3b14251bb2752f5df1395f47d2d86f817470c4a48862`).
 Result: 945,843 bytes; 260 features, 2,088 parts, 122,788 vertices.
+
+## Populated places (`populated_places.json`)
+
+The orbital view's "near <city>" (`src/data/placeBelow.js`): from 8x it
+names the most prominent place within half the view's width.
+
+**Source:** `geojson/ne_10m_populated_places_simple.geojson` at the pinned
+commit `ca96624a56bd078437bca8184e78163e5039ad19` (SHA-256
+`fd3fa867a320cbd5c5b6bb5bc550afeec2939fb2cef688e508007282a55ac42f`, the file
+the admin-1 build already reads), fetched 2026-11-04. Public domain, as above.
+
+**Regenerate:** `node scripts/build-admin-packs.mjs --only places`.
+
+**Schema:** `meta` (source, URL, hash, license, curation) and `places[]`, each
+`[name, latitude, longitude, scalerank, rank_max]`: `scalerank` 0 (most
+prominent) to 10, `rank_max` the population class (0 to 14, higher is
+larger). Sorted by `scalerank`, then `rank_max` descending, then name.
+
+**Curation:** every place kept; all other attributes dropped; coordinates
+rounded to 3 decimals (~110 m). Result: 229,461 bytes (98,444 with gzip -9).
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/populated_places.json b/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/populated_places.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f93aaef28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/local_data/natural_earth/populated_places.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"meta":{"title":"Natural Earth populated places","source":"ne_10m_populated_places_simple","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvkelso/natural-earth-vector/ca96624a56bd078437bca8184e78163e5039ad19/geojson/ne_10m_populated_places_simple.geojson","sha256":"fd3fa867a320cbd5c5b6bb5bc550afeec2939fb2cef688e508007282a55ac42f","commit":"ca96624a56bd078437bca8184e78163e5039ad19","license":"Public domain (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/)","schema":"places[]: [name, latitude, longitude, scalerank (0 most prominent .. 10), rank_max (population class, 0..14; higher is larger)]","decimals":3,"curation":{"decimals":3},"script":"scripts/build-admin-packs.mjs"},"places":[["Beijing",39.931,116.386,0,14],["Cairo",30.052,31.248,0,14],["Istanbul",41.107,29.008,0,14],["Kolkata",22.497,88.323,0,14],["Los Angeles",33.992,-118.182,0,14],["Mexico City",19.444,-99.133,0,14],["Moscow",55.754,37.614,0,14],["Mumbai",19.019,72.855,0,14],["New York",40.752,-73.982,0,14],["Rio de Janeiro",-22.923,-43.227,0,14],["São Paulo",-23.557,-46.627,0,14],["Shanghai",31.218,121.435,0,14],["Tokyo",35.687,139.749,0,14],["Bogota",4.598,-74.085,0,13],["Hong Kong",22.307,114.183,0,13],["Jakarta",-6.172,106.827,0,13],["Lagos",6.445,3.39,0,13],["London",51.502,-0.119,0,13],["Paris",48.869,2.331,0,13],["Santiago",-33.448,-70.669,0,13],["Singapore",1.295,103.854,0,13],["Cape Town",-33.918,18.433,0,12],["Nairobi",-1.281,36.815,0,12],["Riyadh",24.643,46.771,0,12],["Rome",41.898,12.481,0,12],["Sydney",-33.918,151.183,0,12],["Washington,  D.C.",38.901,-77.011,0,12],["Buenos Aires",-34.601,-58.399,1,14],["Manila",14.606,120.98,1,14],["Ōsaka",34.752,135.458,1,14],["Baghdad",33.341,44.392,1,13],["Bangkok",13.752,100.515,1,13],["Bengaluru",12.972,77.558,1,13],["Chicago",41.832,-87.752,1,13],["Kinshasa",-4.328,15.313,1,13],["Lima",-12.046,-77.052,1,13],["Madrid",40.402,-3.685,1,13],["Miami",25.79,-80.226,1,13],["Seoul",37.568,126.998,1,13],["Taipei",25.036,121.568,1,13],["Tehran",35.674,51.422,1,13],["Toronto",43.702,-79.422,1,13],["Addis Ababa",9.035,38.698,1,12],["Amsterdam",52.352,4.915,1,12],["Athens",37.985,23.731,1,12],["Atlanta",33.832,-84.402,1,12],["Auckland",-36.848,174.763,1,12],["Berlin",52.524,13.4,1,12],["Caracas",10.503,-66.919,1,12],["Casablanca",33.602,-7.618,1,12],["Chengdu",30.672,104.068,1,12],["Dakar",14.718,-17.475,1,12],["Denver",39.741,-104.986,1,12],["Dubai",25.232,55.278,1,12],["Geneva",46.21,6.14,1,12],["Houston",29.822,-95.342,1,12],["Johannesburg",-26.168,28.028,1,12],["Kabul",34.519,69.181,1,12],["Kyiv",50.435,30.515,1,12],["Melbourne",-37.818,144.973,1,12],["Monterrey",25.672,-100.332,1,12],["San Francisco",37.769,-122.417,1,12],["Stockholm",59.353,18.095,1,12],["Tashkent",41.314,69.293,1,12],["Ürümqi",43.807,87.573,1,12],["Vancouver",49.275,-123.124,1,12],["Vienna",48.202,16.365,1,12],["New Delhi",28.6,77.2,1,10],["Delhi",28.672,77.228,2,14],["Dhaka",23.725,90.407,2,14],["Karachi",24.872,66.988,2,14],["Ahmedabad",23.032,72.578,2,13],["Chennai",13.092,80.278,2,13],["Chongqing",29.567,106.593,2,13],["Guangzhou",23.147,113.323,2,13],["Ho Chi Minh City",10.782,106.693,2,13],["Hyderabad",17.402,78.478,2,13],["Lahore",31.562,74.348,2,13],["Luanda",-8.836,13.232,2,13],["Philadelphia",40.002,-75.172,2,13],["Shenzhen",22.554,114.12,2,13],["Tianjin",39.132,117.198,2,13],["Wuhan",30.582,114.268,2,13],["Abidjan",5.322,-4.042,2,12],["Accra",5.552,-0.219,2,12],["Aleppo",36.232,37.168,2,12],["Alexandria",31.202,29.948,2,12],["Algiers",36.765,3.049,2,12],["Ankara",39.929,32.862,2,12],["Bandung",-6.948,107.568,2,12],["Baotou",40.654,109.82,2,12],["Barcelona",41.385,2.181,2,12],["Belém",-1.448,-48.482,2,12],["Boston",42.332,-71.072,2,12],["Brasília",-15.781,-47.918,2,12],["Brussels",50.835,4.331,2,12],["Bucharest",44.435,26.098,2,12],["Budapest",47.502,19.081,2,12],["Cali",3.402,-76.502,2,12],["Changchun",43.867,125.338,2,12],["Changsha",28.202,112.968,2,12],["Chattogram",22.332,91.798,2,12],["Curitiba",-25.418,-49.322,2,12],["Dallas",32.822,-96.842,2,12],["Damascus",33.502,36.298,2,12],["Dar es Salaam",-6.798,39.266,2,12],["Detroit",42.332,-83.082,2,12],["Dongguan",23.051,113.743,2,12],["Dublin",53.335,-6.251,2,12],["Durban",-29.863,30.978,2,12],["Edmonton",53.552,-113.502,2,12],["Fortaleza",-3.748,-38.582,2,12],["Frankfurt",50.1,8.675,2,12],["Fuzhou",26.082,119.298,2,12],["Goiânia",-16.718,-49.302,2,12],["Guadalajara",20.672,-103.332,2,12],["Guayaquil",-2.218,-79.922,2,12],["Guiyang",26.582,106.718,2,12],["Hamburg",53.552,9.998,2,12],["Hangzhou",30.252,120.168,2,12],["Hanoi",21.035,105.848,2,12],["Harbin",45.752,126.648,2,12],["Havana",23.134,-82.366,2,12],["Helsinki",60.178,24.932,2,12],["Hiroshima",34.39,132.441,2,12],["Jaipur",26.923,75.808,2,12],["Jeddah",21.519,39.217,2,12],["Jinan",36.677,116.993,2,12],["Kano",12.002,8.518,2,12],["Kanpur",26.462,80.318,2,12],["Khartoum",15.59,32.532,2,12],["København",55.681,12.562,2,12],["Kuala Lumpur",3.169,101.698,2,12],["Kunming",25.072,102.678,2,12],["Kuwait City",29.372,47.976,2,12],["Lanzhou",36.058,103.79,2,12],["Lisbon",38.725,-9.147,2,12],["Makkah",21.432,39.818,2,12],["Maracaibo",10.732,-71.662,2,12],["Mashhad",36.272,59.568,2,12],["Medan",3.582,98.648,2,12],["Medellín",6.277,-75.577,2,12],["Milan",45.472,9.203,2,12],["Minneapolis",44.982,-93.254,2,12],["Monrovia",6.315,-10.8,2,12],["Montréal",45.502,-73.585,2,12],["Munich",48.132,11.573,2,12],["Nagpur",21.172,79.088,2,12],["Nanchang",28.682,115.878,2,12],["Nanjing",32.052,118.778,2,12],["Nanning",22.822,108.318,2,12],["Naples",40.842,14.243,2,12],["Patna",25.627,85.128,2,12],["Perth",-31.953,115.838,2,12],["Phoenix",33.542,-112.072,2,12],["Porto Alegre",-30.048,-51.202,2,12],["Prague",50.085,14.464,2,12],["Puebla",19.052,-98.202,2,12],["Pune",18.532,73.848,2,12],["Pyongyang",39.021,125.753,2,12],["Recife",-8.074,-34.918,2,12],["Salvador",-12.968,-38.482,2,12],["San Diego",32.822,-117.182,2,12],["Sanaa",15.357,44.205,2,12],["Santo Domingo",18.472,-69.902,2,12],["Sapporo",43.077,141.338,2,12],["Seattle",47.572,-122.342,2,12],["Shenyeng",41.807,123.448,2,12],["St.  Petersburg",59.941,30.314,2,12],["St. Louis",38.637,-90.242,2,12],["Surabaya",-7.247,112.749,2,12],["Surat",21.202,72.838,2,12],["Taiyuan",37.877,112.543,2,12],["Tampa",27.949,-82.461,2,12],["Tel Aviv",32.082,34.768,2,12],["Tripoli",32.893,13.18,2,12],["Warsaw",52.252,20.998,2,12],["Xian",34.277,108.893,2,12],["Yangon",16.785,96.165,2,12],["Zhengzhou",34.757,113.663,2,12],["Zibo",36.802,118.048,2,12],["Zürich",47.382,8.548,2,12],["Honolulu",21.309,-157.86,2,11],["New Orleans",29.997,-90.042,2,11],["Oslo",59.919,10.748,2,11],["Anchorage",61.22,-149.9,2,10],["Abuja",9.085,7.531,3,12],["Adelaide",-34.933,138.598,3,12],["Almaty",43.327,76.913,3,12],["Amman",31.952,35.931,3,12],["Amritsar",31.642,74.868,3,12],["Antananarivo",-18.915,47.515,3,12],["Asansol",23.685,86.981,3,12],["Asunción",-25.294,-57.643,3,12],["Baku",40.397,49.86,3,12],["Bamako",12.652,-8.002,3,12],["Banghazi",32.119,20.065,3,12],["Beirut",33.874,35.508,3,12],["Belgrade",44.821,20.466,3,12],["Bhilai",21.219,81.431,3,12],["Bhopal",23.252,77.408,3,12],["Brazzaville",-4.257,15.283,3,12],["Brisbane",-27.453,153.033,3,12],["Buffalo",42.882,-78.882,3,12],["Calgary",51.085,-114.082,3,12],["Cincinnati",39.164,-84.459,3,12],["Cleveland",41.472,-81.697,3,12],["Coimbatore",11.002,76.948,3,12],["Conakry",9.533,-13.682,3,12],["Córdoba",-31.398,-64.184,3,12],["Davao",7.112,125.628,3,12],["Dushanbe",38.56,68.774,3,12],["Fez",34.057,-5.002,3,12],["Florianópolis",-27.578,-48.522,3,12],["Glasgow",55.876,-4.253,3,12],["Guatemala City",14.623,-90.529,3,12],["Harare",-17.816,31.043,3,12],["Huainan",32.632,116.978,3,12],["Huambo",-12.748,15.758,3,12],["Hyderabad",25.382,68.373,3,12],["Isfahan",32.702,51.698,3,12],["Jamshedpur",22.789,86.196,3,12],["Jerusalem",31.778,35.207,3,12],["Kampala",0.319,32.581,3,12],["Kaohsiung",22.633,120.267,3,12],["Kazan",55.752,49.124,3,12],["La Paz",-16.496,-68.152,3,12],["Las Vegas",36.212,-115.222,3,12],["Lomé",6.134,1.221,3,12],["Lubumbashi",-11.678,27.478,3,12],["Lusaka",-15.415,28.281,3,12],["Lyon",45.772,4.828,3,12],["Madurai",9.922,78.118,3,12],["Makassar",-5.138,119.43,3,12],["Manaus",-3.098,-60.002,3,12],["Maputo",-25.953,32.587,3,12],["Memphis",35.122,-90.002,3,12],["Milwaukee",43.055,-87.922,3,12],["Minsk",53.902,27.565,3,12],["Mogadishu",2.069,45.365,3,12],["Montevideo",-34.856,-56.173,3,12],["Multan",30.202,71.453,3,12],["Nizhny Novgorod",56.335,43.998,3,12],["Norfolk",36.85,-76.28,3,12],["Novosibirsk",55.032,82.958,3,12],["Ottawa",45.419,-75.702,3,12],["Ouagadougou",12.372,-1.527,3,12],["Palembang",-2.978,104.748,3,12],["Panama City",8.97,-79.535,3,12],["Peshawar",34.007,71.533,3,12],["Phnom Penh",11.552,104.915,3,12],["Pittsburgh",40.432,-80.002,3,12],["Port Elizabeth",-33.968,25.598,3,12],["Port-au-Prince",18.543,-72.338,3,12],["Portland",45.522,-122.682,3,12],["Pretoria",-25.705,28.227,3,12],["Qiqihar",47.347,123.988,3,12],["Quito",-0.213,-78.502,3,12],["Rabat",34.025,-6.836,3,12],["Raleigh",35.819,-78.645,3,12],["Sacramento",38.577,-121.472,3,12],["Samara",53.197,50.149,3,12],["San Antonio",29.489,-98.509,3,12],["San Jose",37.302,-121.852,3,12],["San José",9.937,-84.086,3,12],["San Juan",18.44,-66.13,3,12],["San Salvador",13.712,-89.205,3,12],["Santa Cruz",-17.752,-63.228,3,12],["Semarang",-6.965,110.418,3,12],["Seville",37.405,-5.98,3,12],["Shantou",23.372,116.668,3,12],["Shiraz",29.632,52.568,3,12],["Sofia",42.685,23.315,3,12],["Tbilisi",41.727,44.789,3,12],["Tijuana",32.502,-117.082,3,12],["Tunis",36.803,10.18,3,12],["Ufa",54.792,56.038,3,12],["Valencia",10.232,-67.982,3,12],["Varanasi",25.332,82.998,3,12],["Vishakhapatnam",17.732,83.303,3,12],["Xining",36.622,101.768,3,12],["Yaoundé",3.869,11.515,3,12],["Yekaterinburg",56.852,60.598,3,12],["Yerevan",40.183,44.512,3,12],["Abu Dhabi",24.467,54.367,3,11],["Acapulco",16.85,-99.916,3,11],["Aden",12.78,45.009,3,11],["Ashgabat",37.95,58.383,3,11],["Asmara",15.333,38.933,3,11],["Bandjarmasin",-3.33,114.58,3,11],["Bangui",4.367,18.558,3,11],["Barnaul",53.355,83.745,3,11],["Beira",-19.82,34.87,3,11],["Bhubaneswar",20.272,85.825,3,11],["Bishkek",42.875,74.583,3,11],["Bulawayo",-20.17,28.58,3,11],["Campo Grande",-20.448,-54.619,3,11],["Cancún",21.17,-86.83,3,11],["Cartagena",10.402,-75.516,3,11],["Cebu",10.322,123.898,3,11],["Chihuahua",28.647,-106.087,3,11],["Chișinău",47.005,28.858,3,11],["Ciudad Guayana",8.37,-62.62,3,11],["Concepción",-36.83,-73.05,3,11],["Cotonou",6.402,2.518,3,11],["Enugu",6.45,7.5,3,11],["Freetown",8.472,-13.236,3,11],["Guilin",25.282,110.278,3,11],["Hami",42.827,93.515,3,11],["Irkutsk",52.32,104.245,3,11],["Islamabad",33.702,73.165,3,11],["Kandahar",31.61,65.695,3,11],["Kashgar",39.476,75.97,3,11],["Kathmandu",27.719,85.315,3,11],["Kikwit",-5.03,18.85,3,11],["Kingston",17.977,-76.767,3,11],["Kozhikode",11.252,75.768,3,11],["Krasnoyarsk",56.016,92.864,3,11],["Libreville",0.385,9.458,3,11],["Lilongwe",-13.983,33.783,3,11],["Luxor",25.7,32.65,3,11],["Managua",12.155,-86.27,3,11],["Mar del Plata",-38,-57.58,3,11],["Marrakesh",31.632,-8.002,3,11],["Mendoza",-32.881,-68.819,3,11],["Mérida",20.969,-89.619,3,11],["Mombasa",-4.038,39.688,3,11],["Muscat",23.613,58.593,3,11],["N'Djamena",12.115,15.047,3,11],["Nashville",36.172,-86.782,3,11],["Naypyidaw",19.769,96.117,3,11],["Newcastle",-32.845,151.815,3,11],["Niamey",13.519,2.115,3,11],["Nouakchott",18.086,-15.975,3,11],["Oklahoma City",35.472,-97.521,3,11],["Omaha",41.24,-96.01,3,11],["Oran",35.712,-0.622,3,11],["Padang",-0.958,100.358,3,11],["Palermo",38.127,13.348,3,11],["Perm",58.002,56.248,3,11],["Pingxiang",27.622,113.848,3,11],["Québec",46.84,-71.246,3,11],["Riga",56.95,24.1,3,11],["Salt Lake City",40.777,-111.932,3,11],["Samarkand",39.67,66.945,3,11],["Sarajevo",43.85,18.383,3,11],["Sokoto",13.06,5.24,3,11],["Tampico",22.3,-97.87,3,11],["Tegucigalpa",14.104,-87.219,3,11],["Thessaloniki",40.698,22.883,3,11],["Tirana",41.328,19.819,3,11],["Tomsk",56.495,84.975,3,11],["Trujillo",-8.12,-79.02,3,11],["Ulaanbaatar",47.919,106.915,3,11],["Valencia",39.487,-0.402,3,11],["Valparaíso",-33.046,-71.623,3,11],["Veracruz",19.177,-96.16,3,11],["Vientiane",17.967,102.6,3,11],["Vilnius",54.683,25.317,3,11],["Vladivostok",43.13,131.91,3,11],["Volgograd",48.712,44.498,3,11],["Winnipeg",49.883,-97.166,3,11],["Yinchuan",38.47,106.271,3,11],["Zagreb",45.8,16,3,11],["Antofagasta",-23.65,-70.4,3,10],["Archangel",64.575,40.545,3,10],["Bahía Blanca",-38.74,-62.265,3,10],["Bandar Seri Begawan",4.883,114.933,3,10],["Bergen",60.391,5.325,3,10],["Bissau",11.865,-15.598,3,10],["Bloemfontein",-29.12,26.23,3,10],["Boa Vista",2.816,-60.666,3,10],["Boise",43.609,-116.227,3,10],["Bratsk",56.157,101.615,3,10],["Canberra",-35.283,149.129,3,10],["Chita",52.055,113.465,3,10],["Christchurch",-43.535,172.63,3,10],["Colombo",6.932,79.858,3,10],["Cusco",-13.525,-71.972,3,10],["Des Moines",41.58,-93.62,3,10],["Dili",-8.559,125.579,3,10],["Feira de Santana",-12.25,-38.97,3,10],["Gaborone",-24.646,25.912,3,10],["Georgetown",6.802,-58.167,3,10],["Halifax",44.65,-63.6,3,10],["Hargeisa",9.56,44.065,3,10],["Hotan",37.1,79.927,3,10],["Ica",-14.068,-75.725,3,10],["Iloilo",10.705,122.545,3,10],["Iquique",-20.25,-70.13,3,10],["Jackson",32.299,-90.185,3,10],["Kassala",15.46,36.39,3,10],["Kolwezi",-10.717,25.472,3,10],["Lhasa",29.645,91.1,3,10],["Macapá",0.033,-51.05,3,10],["Maroua",10.596,14.325,3,10],["Maseru",-29.317,27.483,3,10],["Matadi",-5.817,13.45,3,10],["Mazatlán",23.221,-106.42,3,10],["Mbeya",-8.89,33.43,3,10],["Murmansk",68.97,33.1,3,10],["Nacala",-14.519,40.715,3,10],["Nagasaki",32.765,129.885,3,10],["Nassau",25.083,-77.35,3,10],["Nicosia",35.167,33.367,3,10],["Nur-Sultan",51.181,71.428,3,10],["Nyala",12.06,24.89,3,10],["Paramaribo",5.835,-55.167,3,10],["Port Moresby",-9.465,147.193,3,10],["Port Sudan",19.616,37.216,3,10],["Posadas",-27.358,-55.885,3,10],["Qaraghandy",49.885,73.115,3,10],["San Cristóbal",7.77,-72.25,3,10],["Santarém",-2.433,-54.7,3,10],["Sevastopol",44.6,33.465,3,10],["Sucre",-19.041,-65.26,3,10],["Surgut",61.26,73.425,3,10],["Tacna",-18,-70.25,3,10],["Tallinn",59.434,24.728,3,10],["Tuxtla Gutiérrez",16.75,-93.15,3,10],["Valletta",35.9,14.515,3,10],["Victoria",48.433,-123.35,3,10],["Wellington",-41.3,174.783,3,10],["Windhoek",-22.57,17.084,3,10],["Yakutsk",62.035,129.735,3,10],["Yamoussoukro",6.818,-5.276,3,10],["Zanzibar",-6.16,39.2,3,10],["Zinder",13.8,8.983,3,10],["Abéché",13.84,20.83,3,9],["Agadez",16.996,7.983,3,9],["Bumba",2.19,22.46,3,9],["Caxias",-4.833,-43.35,3,9],["Comodoro Rivadavia",-45.87,-67.5,3,9],["Ghardaia",32.49,3.67,3,9],["Gondar",12.61,37.46,3,9],["Jiayuguan",39.82,98.3,3,9],["Malabo",3.75,8.783,3,9],["Malé",4.167,73.5,3,9],["Marabá",-5.35,-49.116,3,9],["Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky",53.062,158.623,3,9],["Port-Gentil",-0.72,8.78,3,9],["Praia",14.917,-23.517,3,9],["Puerto Montt",-41.47,-72.93,3,9],["Punta Arenas",-53.165,-70.94,3,9],["Regina",50.45,-104.617,3,9],["Reykjavík",64.15,-21.95,3,9],["Sabha",27.033,14.433,3,9],["Saskatoon",52.17,-106.67,3,9],["St. John's",47.585,-52.681,3,9],["Suva",-18.133,178.442,3,9],["Tarakan",3.3,117.633,3,9],["Townsville",-19.25,146.77,3,9],["Trondheim",63.417,10.417,3,9],["Valdivia",-39.795,-73.245,3,9],["Wau",7.7,27.99,3,9],["Apia",-13.842,-171.739,3,8],["Bismarck",46.808,-100.783,3,8],["Cayenne",4.933,-52.33,3,8],["Cheyenne",41.14,-104.82,3,8],["Cruzeiro do Sul",-7.63,-72.67,3,8],["Darwin",-12.425,130.85,3,8],["Erdenet",49.053,104.118,3,8],["Fairbanks",64.837,-147.711,3,8],["Hamilton",32.294,-64.784,3,8],["Hobart",-42.85,147.295,3,8],["Honiara",-9.438,159.95,3,8],["Ji-Paraná",-10.833,-61.967,3,8],["Leticia",-4.201,-69.955,3,8],["Magadan",59.575,150.81,3,8],["Riberalta",-10.983,-66.1,3,8],["Río Gallegos",-51.633,-69.217,3,8],["Santa Fe",35.687,-105.937,3,8],["São Tomé",0.333,6.733,3,8],["Tamanrasset",22.785,5.523,3,8],["Thimphu",27.473,89.639,3,8],["Thunder Bay",48.446,-89.275,3,8],["Timbuktu",16.767,-3.017,3,8],["Tromsø",69.635,18.992,3,8],["Vilhena",-12.717,-60.117,3,8],["Alice Springs",-23.701,133.88,3,7],["Atar",20.517,-13.05,3,7],["Charlottetown",46.249,-63.131,3,7],["Djenné",13.9,-4.55,3,7],["Dongola",19.167,30.483,3,7],["Grootfontein",-19.567,18.117,3,7],["Helena",46.593,-112.035,3,7],["Juneau",58.314,-134.42,3,7],["Nuku'alofa",-21.139,-175.221,3,7],["Port Vila",-17.733,168.317,3,7],["Victoria",-4.617,55.45,3,7],["Whitehorse",60.717,-135.05,3,7],["Anadyr",64.737,177.475,3,6],["Belmopan",17.252,-88.767,3,6],["Menongue",-14.667,17.7,3,6],["N'Délé",8.409,20.653,3,6],["Nuuk",64.198,-51.733,3,6],["Obo",5.4,26.5,3,6],["Pierre",44.368,-100.351,3,6],["Prince Rupert",54.317,-130.33,3,6],["Yellowknife",62.442,-114.397,3,6],["Bethel",60.793,-161.756,3,5],["Kodiak",57.79,-152.407,3,5],["Mitú",1.198,-70.174,3,5],["Tiksi",71.627,128.835,3,5],["Nome",64.506,-165.406,3,4],["Palana",59.084,159.95,3,4],["Prudhoe Bay",70.292,-148.669,3,4],["Puerto Deseado",-47.75,-65.9,3,4],["Stanley",-51.7,-57.85,3,4],["Utqiaġvik",71.291,-156.789,3,4],["Valdez",61.136,-146.348,3,4],["Dikson",73.507,80.545,3,3],["Nain",56.547,-61.686,3,3],["Arctic Bay",73.033,-85.167,3,2],["Churchill",58.766,-94.166,3,2],["Fort Good Hope",66.267,-128.633,3,2],["Naujaat",66.529,-86.283,3,2],["Nizhneyansk",71.433,136.067,3,2],["Point Hope",68.348,-166.808,3,2],["Resolute",74.683,-94.9,3,2],["Cold Bay",55.2,-162.715,3,1],["Fort Severn",55.983,-87.65,3,1],["Amaravati",16.534,80.524,4,13],["Belo Horizonte",-19.913,-43.917,4,13],["Adana",36.997,35.318,4,12],["Agra",27.172,78.013,4,12],["Allahabad",25.457,81.838,4,12],["Ankang",32.68,109.02,4,12],["Anshan",41.117,122.938,4,12],["Aurangabad",19.898,75.318,4,12],["Austin",30.269,-97.745,4,12],["Baltimore",39.302,-76.622,4,12],["Barranquilla",10.962,-74.802,4,12],["Benin City",6.342,5.618,4,12],["Birmingham",52.477,-1.922,4,12],["Bridgeport",41.182,-73.202,4,12],["Bursa",40.202,29.068,4,12],["Busan",35.097,129.008,4,12],["Campinas",-22.898,-47.102,4,12],["Chelyabinsk",55.157,61.437,4,12],["Chifeng",42.272,118.948,4,12],["Daejeon",36.337,127.423,4,12],["Dalian",38.925,121.628,4,12],["Daqing",46.582,124.998,4,12],["Dhanbad",23.802,86.418,4,12],["Dnipro",48.482,34.998,4,12],["Doha",25.287,51.533,4,12],["Douala",4.062,9.708,4,12],["Faridabad",28.435,77.315,4,12],["Florence",43.78,11.25,4,12],["Ft.  Worth",32.74,-97.34,4,12],["Fukuoka",33.597,130.408,4,12],["George Town",5.414,100.329,4,12],["Ghaziabad",28.662,77.406,4,12],["Gujranwala",32.162,74.183,4,12],["Gwangju",35.173,126.908,4,12],["Haiphong",20.832,106.678,4,12],["Handan",36.582,114.478,4,12],["Hefei",31.852,117.278,4,12],["Hengyang",26.882,112.588,4,12],["Hohhot",40.822,111.658,4,12],["Huaiyin",33.582,119.028,4,12],["Ibadan",7.382,3.928,4,12],["Incheon",37.478,126.64,4,12],["Indianapolis",39.752,-86.172,4,12],["Indore",22.717,75.863,4,12],["İzmir",38.438,27.15,4,12],["Jabalpur",23.177,79.953,4,12],["Jiamusi",46.832,130.348,4,12],["Jilin",43.852,126.548,4,12],["Jinxi",40.752,120.828,4,12],["Kaduna",10.522,7.438,4,12],["Kansas City",39.109,-94.606,4,12],["Kharkiv",50.002,36.248,4,12],["Khulna",22.842,89.558,4,12],["Kochi",10.017,76.222,4,12],["Kyoto",35.032,135.748,4,12],["León",21.152,-101.702,4,12],["Linyi",35.082,118.328,4,12],["Liupanshui",26.596,104.831,4,12],["Lucknow",26.857,80.913,4,12],["Ludhiana",30.93,75.87,4,12],["Maceió",-9.618,-35.732,4,12],["Manchester",53.502,-2.25,4,12],["Mandalay",21.972,96.083,4,12],["Marseille",43.292,5.373,4,12],["Mbuji-Mayi",-6.148,23.598,4,12],["Medina",24.502,39.578,4,12],["Meerut",29.002,77.698,4,12],["Mianyang",31.472,104.768,4,12],["Mosul",36.347,43.143,4,12],["Nagoya",35.157,136.913,4,12],["Nanchong",30.782,106.128,4,12],["Nanyang",33.002,112.528,4,12],["Nasik",20.002,73.778,4,12],["Natal",-5.778,-35.242,4,12],["Neijiang",29.582,105.048,4,12],["Ningbo",29.882,121.548,4,12],["Omdurman",15.617,32.48,4,12],["Omsk",54.992,73.398,4,12],["Orlando",28.512,-81.382,4,12],["Port Harcourt",4.812,7.008,4,12],["Qingdao",36.092,120.328,4,12],["Quanzhou",24.902,118.578,4,12],["Rajkot",22.312,70.798,4,12],["Ranchi",23.372,85.328,4,12],["Rosario",-32.949,-60.668,4,12],["Rostov",47.237,39.711,4,12],["San Bernardino",34.122,-117.302,4,12],["Santiago",19.5,-70.67,4,12],["São Luís",-2.514,-44.268,4,12],["Sendai",38.289,141.02,4,12],["Shijiazhuang",38.052,114.478,4,12],["Sholapur",17.672,75.898,4,12],["Srinagar",34.102,74.813,4,12],["Suzhou",31.302,120.618,4,12],["Suzhou",33.638,116.977,4,12],["Tabriz",38.088,46.299,4,12],["Taichung",24.152,120.682,4,12],["The Hague",52.08,4.27,4,12],["Tianshui",34.602,105.918,4,12],["Torreón",25.572,-103.422,4,12],["Vadodara",22.312,73.178,4,12],["Vijayawada",16.522,80.628,4,12],["Vila Velha",-20.368,-40.318,4,12],["Wenzhou",28.022,120.648,4,12],["Wuxi",31.582,120.298,4,12],["Xiamen",24.452,118.078,4,12],["Xuzhou",34.282,117.178,4,12],["Yantai",37.532,121.398,4,12],["Yulin",22.632,110.148,4,12],["Zaozhuang",34.882,117.568,4,12],["Zhanjiang",21.202,110.378,4,12],["Ahvaz",31.282,48.718,4,11],["Akola",20.71,77.01,4,11],["Albuquerque",35.105,-106.641,4,11],["Aligarh",27.894,78.06,4,11],["Andijan",40.79,72.34,4,11],["Annaba",36.92,7.76,4,11],["Arequipa",-16.418,-71.532,4,11],["Astrakhan",46.349,48.055,4,11],["Banda Aceh",5.55,95.32,4,11],["Bandar Lampung",-5.428,105.268,4,11],["Baoshan",25.12,99.15,4,11],["Basra",30.515,47.812,4,11],["Bilbao",43.25,-2.93,4,11],["Blantyre",-15.79,34.99,4,11],["Bordeaux",44.852,-0.597,4,11],["Bouaké",7.69,-5.03,4,11],["Bur Said",31.26,32.29,4,11],["Catania",37.5,15.08,4,11],["Chandigarh",30.722,76.778,4,11],["Constantine",36.36,6.6,4,11],["Cuiabá",-15.568,-56.087,4,11],["Culiacán",24.832,-107.382,4,11],["Cuttack",20.47,85.89,4,11],["Da Nang",16.06,108.25,4,11],["Djibouti",11.595,43.148,4,11],["Donetsk",48.002,37.828,4,11],["Dresden",51.05,13.75,4,11],["El Paso",31.782,-106.512,4,11],["Fresno",36.748,-119.773,4,11],["Gaza City",31.53,34.445,4,11],["Gdańsk",54.36,18.64,4,11],["General Santos",6.111,125.175,4,11],["Gold Coast",-28.082,153.448,4,11],["Guwahati",26.162,91.768,4,11],["Gwalior",26.232,78.178,4,11],["Hamadan",34.796,48.515,4,11],["Hermosillo",29.099,-110.954,4,11],["Hubballi",15.362,75.123,4,11],["Jacksonville",30.332,-81.672,4,11],["Jammu",32.714,74.845,4,11],["Jixi",45.302,130.968,4,11],["Jodhpur",26.294,73.015,4,11],["Jullundur",31.337,75.567,4,11],["Kananga",-5.888,22.398,4,11],["Khabarovsk",48.455,135.12,4,11],["Kigali",-1.952,30.059,4,11],["Kirkuk",35.472,44.392,4,11],["Kisangani",0.52,25.22,4,11],["Knoxville",35.97,-83.92,4,11],["Kolhapur",16.7,74.22,4,11],["Konya",37.877,32.473,4,11],["Kota",25.182,75.833,4,11],["Kraków",50.062,19.958,4,11],["Krasnodar",45.02,39,4,11],["Kuching",1.53,110.33,4,11],["Lviv",49.835,24.03,4,11],["Maiduguri",11.852,13.158,4,11],["Malang",-7.978,112.608,4,11],["Manama",26.236,50.583,4,11],["Mangaluru",12.9,74.85,4,11],["Matamoros",25.88,-97.5,4,11],["Mexicali",32.652,-115.482,4,11],["Moradabad",28.844,78.755,4,11],["Mysuru",12.312,76.658,4,11],["Nagano",36.65,138.17,4,11],["Naha",26.207,127.673,4,11],["Najaf",32,44.335,4,11],["Nanded",19.17,77.3,4,11],["Novokuznetsk",53.75,87.115,4,11],["Oaxaca",17.083,-96.67,4,11],["Odessa",46.492,30.708,4,11],["Ogbomosho",8.132,4.238,4,11],["Orenburg",51.78,55.11,4,11],["Penza",53.18,45,4,11],["Pointe-Noire",-4.77,11.88,4,11],["Port Louis",-20.167,57.5,4,11],["Quetta",30.222,67.023,4,11],["Quetzaltenango",14.83,-91.52,4,11],["Raipur",21.237,81.633,4,11],["Rajshahi",24.377,88.603,4,11],["Ribeirão Preto",-21.17,-47.83,4,11],["Richmond",37.552,-77.452,4,11],["Rochester",43.172,-77.622,4,11],["Ryazan",54.62,39.72,4,11],["Salem",11.672,78.178,4,11],["Salta",-24.783,-65.417,4,11],["Samsun",41.28,36.344,4,11],["San Luis Potosí",22.172,-101.002,4,11],["Santiago de Cuba",20.025,-75.821,4,11],["Saratov",51.582,46.028,4,11],["Shache",38.426,77.25,4,11],["Shaoguan",24.8,113.58,4,11],["Sorocaba",-23.49,-47.47,4,11],["St.  Paul",44.944,-93.085,4,11],["Suez",30.005,32.55,4,11],["Surakarta",-7.565,110.825,4,11],["Syracuse",43.05,-76.15,4,11],["Tabuk",28.384,36.555,4,11],["Taizz",13.606,44.037,4,11],["Teresina",-5.093,-42.782,4,11],["Thiruvananthapuram",8.502,76.948,4,11],["Tiruchirappalli",10.812,78.688,4,11],["Tongliao",43.622,122.268,4,11],["Tucson",32.207,-110.892,4,11],["Tucumán",-26.814,-65.219,4,11],["Tulsa",36.12,-95.93,4,11],["Tyumen",57.14,65.53,4,11],["Uberlândia",-18.9,-48.28,4,11],["Ulyanovsk",54.33,48.41,4,11],["Vancouver",45.63,-122.64,4,11],["Voronezh",51.732,39.268,4,11],["Warri",5.52,5.76,4,11],["Yaroslavl",57.62,39.87,4,11],["Yining",43.9,81.35,4,11],["Yueyang",29.382,113.098,4,11],["Zamboanga",6.922,122.078,4,11],["Al-Ubayyid",13.183,30.217,4,10],["Ambon",-3.717,128.2,4,10],["Angarsk",52.56,103.92,4,10],["Aqtobe",50.28,57.17,4,10],["Arusha",-3.36,36.67,4,10],["Aswan",24.088,32.899,4,10],["Asyut",27.19,31.18,4,10],["Baguio",16.43,120.57,4,10],["Bahir Dar",11.6,37.383,4,10],["Balikpapan",-1.25,116.83,4,10],["Bamenda",5.96,10.15,4,10],["Bandar-e-Abbas",27.204,56.272,4,10],["Baton Rouge",30.458,-91.14,4,10],["Belfast",54.6,-5.96,4,10],["Berbera",10.436,45.016,4,10],["Bern",46.917,7.467,4,10],["Bhagalpur",25.23,86.98,4,10],["Blagoveshchensk",50.267,127.533,4,10],["Bobo Dioulasso",11.18,-4.29,4,10],["Bratislava",48.15,17.117,4,10],["Brest",52.1,23.7,4,10],["Bryansk",53.26,34.43,4,10],["Bujumbura",-3.376,29.36,4,10],["Bukhara",39.78,64.43,4,10],["Butembo",0.13,29.28,4,10],["Campeche",19.83,-90.5,4,10],["Caxias do Sul",-29.18,-51.17,4,10],["Chiang Mai",18.8,98.98,4,10],["Chimbote",-9.07,-78.57,4,10],["Chitungwiza",-18,31.1,4,10],["Ciudad del Este",-25.517,-54.616,4,10],["Colima",19.23,-103.72,4,10],["Colorado Springs",38.863,-104.792,4,10],["Columbia",34.04,-80.9,4,10],["Constanța",44.203,28.61,4,10],["Córdoba",37.88,-4.77,4,10],["Corpus Christi",27.743,-97.402,4,10],["Cuenca",-2.9,-79,4,10],["Dire Dawa",9.59,41.86,4,10],["Dodoma",-6.183,35.75,4,10],["East London",-32.97,27.87,4,10],["El Faiyum",29.31,30.84,4,10],["Eldoret",0.52,35.27,4,10],["Formosa",-26.173,-58.183,4,10],["Garoua",9.3,13.39,4,10],["Gorontalo",0.55,123.07,4,10],["Grozny",43.319,45.699,4,10],["Hailar",49.2,119.7,4,10],["Hakodate",41.795,140.74,4,10],["Herat",34.33,62.17,4,10],["Huancayo",-12.08,-75.2,4,10],["Iași",47.168,27.575,4,10],["Iquitos",-3.75,-73.25,4,10],["Kalaburagi",17.35,76.82,4,10],["Kalemie",-5.933,29.2,4,10],["Kaliningrad",54.7,20.497,4,10],["Kaolack",14.15,-16.1,4,10],["Kemerovo",55.34,86.09,4,10],["Kirov",58.59,49.67,4,10],["Kitwe",-12.81,28.22,4,10],["Kōchi",33.562,133.538,4,10],["Kupang",-10.179,123.583,4,10],["Laoag",18.199,120.594,4,10],["Laredo",27.506,-99.507,4,10],["Larkana",27.562,68.207,4,10],["Las Palmas",28.1,-15.43,4,10],["Le Havre",49.505,0.105,4,10],["Ljubljana",46.055,14.515,4,10],["Magnitogorsk",53.423,58.98,4,10],["Makurdi",7.73,8.53,4,10],["Malmö",55.583,13.033,4,10],["Manizales",5.06,-75.52,4,10],["Manukau",-37,174.885,4,10],["Mazar-i-Sharif",36.7,67.1,4,10],["Mbandaka",0.04,18.26,4,10],["Mérida",8.4,-71.13,4,10],["Misrata",32.38,15.1,4,10],["Miyazaki",31.918,131.418,4,10],["Montes Claros",-16.72,-43.86,4,10],["Morogoro",-6.82,37.66,4,10],["Mwanza",-2.52,32.93,4,10],["Nakhon Ratchasima",15,102.1,4,10],["Nalchik",43.498,43.618,4,10],["Nampula",-15.136,39.293,4,10],["Neuquén",-38.95,-68.06,4,10],["Niamey",13.492,7.096,4,10],["Nizhny Tagil",57.92,59.975,4,10],["Nuevo Laredo",27.5,-99.55,4,10],["Nukus",42.47,59.615,4,10],["Oskemen",49.99,82.615,4,10],["Oujda",34.69,-1.91,4,10],["Pasto",1.214,-77.281,4,10],["Pavlodar",52.3,76.95,4,10],["Pelotas",-31.75,-52.33,4,10],["Petrolina",-9.38,-40.51,4,10],["Petrozavodsk",61.85,34.28,4,10],["Piura",-5.21,-80.63,4,10],["Ponta Grossa",-25.09,-50.16,4,10],["Port-of-Spain",10.652,-61.517,4,10],["Porto Velho",-8.75,-63.9,4,10],["Porto-Novo",6.483,2.617,4,10],["Pristina",42.667,21.166,4,10],["Pskov",57.83,28.33,4,10],["Pucallpa",-8.369,-74.535,4,10],["Puducherry",11.935,79.83,4,10],["Qyzylorda",44.8,65.465,4,10],["Reno",39.53,-119.82,4,10],["Rio Branco",-9.967,-67.8,4,10],["Safi",32.32,-9.24,4,10],["Saharanpur",29.97,77.55,4,10],["Salem",44.928,-123.024,4,10],["San Juan",-31.55,-68.52,4,10],["Santa Fe",-31.624,-60.69,4,10],["Semey",50.435,80.275,4,10],["Shreveport",32.5,-93.77,4,10],["Shymkent",42.32,69.595,4,10],["Sinuiju",40.086,124.421,4,10],["Skopje",42,21.433,4,10],["Smolensk",54.783,32.047,4,10],["Sochi",43.59,39.73,4,10],["Sousse",35.83,10.625,4,10],["Spokane",47.67,-117.42,4,10],["Stavropol",45.05,41.98,4,10],["Tallahassee",30.45,-84.28,4,10],["Tampere",61.5,23.75,4,10],["Taraz",42.9,71.365,4,10],["Türkmenabat",39.11,63.58,4,10],["Tver",56.86,35.89,4,10],["Ulan Hot",46.08,122.08,4,10],["Ulan-Ude",51.825,107.625,4,10],["Venice",45.439,12.335,4,10],["Vigo",42.22,-8.73,4,10],["Vitória da Conquista",-14.85,-40.84,4,10],["Vologda",59.21,39.92,4,10],["Welkom",-27.97,26.73,4,10],["Wonsan",39.16,127.431,4,10],["Wuwei",37.928,102.641,4,10],["Wuzhou",23.48,111.32,4,10],["Xichang",27.88,102.3,4,10],["Yazd",31.92,54.37,4,10],["Zhangye",38.93,100.45,4,10],["Zhytomyr",50.246,28.662,4,10],["Abakan",53.704,91.445,4,9],["Altay",47.867,88.117,4,9],["Amarillo",35.23,-101.83,4,9],["Arica",-18.5,-70.29,4,9],["Assab",13.01,42.73,4,9],["Atyrau",47.113,51.92,4,9],["Bandundu",-3.31,17.38,4,9],["Barreiras",-12.14,-45,4,9],["Battambang",13.1,103.2,4,9],["Bei'an",48.239,126.482,4,9],["Benguela",-12.578,13.407,4,9],["Billings",45.788,-108.54,4,9],["Bose",23.9,106.613,4,9],["Bridgetown",13.102,-59.617,4,9],["Cairns",-16.888,145.763,4,9],["Charleston",38.35,-81.633,4,9],["Copiapó",-27.36,-70.34,4,9],["David",8.433,-82.433,4,9],["Dunedin",-45.885,170.491,4,9],["Dunhuang",40.143,94.662,4,9],["Ekibastuz",51.73,75.32,4,9],["Fargo",46.877,-96.789,4,9],["Fianarantsoa",-21.433,47.083,4,9],["Gao",16.267,-0.05,4,9],["Gejiu",23.38,103.15,4,9],["Geneina",13.45,22.44,4,9],["George",-33.95,22.45,4,9],["Golmud",36.417,94.883,4,9],["Goma",-1.679,29.222,4,9],["Guaymas",27.93,-110.89,4,9],["Gulu",2.78,32.28,4,9],["Hamilton",-37.778,175.29,4,9],["Houma",35.62,111.21,4,9],["Jayapura",-2.533,140.7,4,9],["Juba",4.83,31.58,4,9],["Kabwe",-14.44,28.45,4,9],["Kandy",7.28,80.67,4,9],["Kankan",10.39,-9.31,4,9],["Kushiro",42.975,144.375,4,9],["Kyzyl",51.707,94.383,4,9],["La Paz",24.14,-110.32,4,9],["La Serena",-29.9,-71.25,4,9],["Laayoune",27.15,-13.2,4,9],["Lae",-6.733,146.99,4,9],["Livingstone",-17.86,25.86,4,9],["Los Angeles",-37.46,-72.36,4,9],["Lubango",-14.91,13.49,4,9],["Mahajanga",-15.67,46.345,4,9],["Malakal",9.537,31.656,4,9],["Malanje",-9.54,16.34,4,9],["Mary",37.6,61.833,4,9],["Moçâmedes",-15.19,12.16,4,9],["Montgomery",32.362,-86.279,4,9],["Moundou",8.55,16.09,4,9],["Mufulira",-12.55,28.26,4,9],["Mzuzu",-11.46,34.02,4,9],["Nogales",31.305,-110.945,4,9],["Norilsk",69.34,88.225,4,9],["Nzérékoré",7.76,-8.83,4,9],["Olympia",47.038,-122.899,4,9],["Papeete",-17.533,-149.567,4,9],["Parakou",9.34,2.62,4,9],["Pemba",-12.983,40.532,4,9],["Podgorica",42.466,19.266,4,9],["Quelimane",-17.88,36.89,4,9],["Raba",-8.45,118.767,4,9],["Rudniy",52.953,63.13,4,9],["Sakata",38.92,139.85,4,9],["Santa Barbara",34.435,-119.72,4,9],["Santa Rosa",-36.62,-64.3,4,9],["Savannah",32.021,-81.11,4,9],["Ségou",13.44,-6.26,4,9],["Shizuishan",39.233,106.769,4,9],["Siem Reap",13.367,103.85,4,9],["Sioux Falls",43.55,-96.73,4,9],["Sittwe",20.14,92.88,4,9],["Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte",6.9,79.95,4,9],["St.-Denis",-20.879,55.448,4,9],["Surat Thani",9.15,99.34,4,9],["Tahoua",14.9,5.26,4,9],["Tarija",-21.517,-64.75,4,9],["Ternate",0.793,127.363,4,9],["Tete",-16.17,33.58,4,9],["Toliara",-23.357,43.69,4,9],["Topeka",39.05,-95.67,4,9],["Ust-Ilimsk",57.99,102.633,4,9],["Wilmington",34.226,-77.945,4,9],["Worcester",-33.64,19.44,4,9],["Xai-Xai",-25.04,33.64,4,9],["Yulin",38.283,109.733,4,9],["Yuzhno Sakhalinsk",46.965,142.74,4,9],["Zuwara",32.934,12.079,4,9],["Antsiranana",-12.277,49.312,4,8],["Atakpamé",7.53,1.12,4,8],["Bambari",5.762,20.667,4,8],["Bariloche",-41.15,-71.3,4,8],["Bendigo",-36.76,144.28,4,8],["Burlington",44.476,-73.212,4,8],["Casper",42.867,-106.312,4,8],["Corumbá",-19.016,-57.65,4,8],["Ebolowa",2.9,11.15,4,8],["Flagstaff",35.198,-111.651,4,8],["Francistown",-21.17,27.5,4,8],["Great Falls",47.5,-111.3,4,8],["Hilo",19.7,-155.09,4,8],["Kasongo",-4.45,26.66,4,8],["Kayes",-4.18,13.28,4,8],["Kayes",14.45,-11.44,4,8],["Kristiansand",58.167,8,4,8],["Limón",10,-83.033,4,8],["Mahalapye",-23.1,26.82,4,8],["Mandurah",-32.523,115.747,4,8],["Mbabane",-26.317,31.133,4,8],["Mekele",13.5,39.47,4,8],["Missoula",46.872,-113.993,4,8],["Mt.  Hagen",-5.863,144.217,4,8],["Napier",-39.49,176.926,4,8],["North Bay",46.3,-79.45,4,8],["Nouadhibou",20.9,-17.056,4,8],["Parepare",-4.017,119.633,4,8],["Ponta Delgada",37.748,-25.667,4,8],["Puerto Ayacucho",5.664,-67.624,4,8],["Putrajaya",2.914,101.702,4,8],["Rockhampton",-23.364,150.52,4,8],["Sault Ste. Marie",46.495,-84.345,4,8],["Sundsvall",62.4,17.317,4,8],["Tanjung Pandan",-2.75,107.65,4,8],["Trinidad",-14.833,-64.9,4,8],["Türkmenbaşy",40.023,52.97,4,8],["Upington",-28.46,21.23,4,8],["Vaasa",63.1,21.6,4,8],["Vorkuta",67.5,64.01,4,8],["Walvis Bay",-22.958,14.505,4,8],["Xigaze",29.25,88.883,4,8],["Al Jawf",24.2,23.29,4,7],["Albany",-35.017,117.892,4,7],["Aldan",58.603,125.389,4,7],["Alta Floresta",-9.9,-55.91,4,7],["Armidale",-30.512,151.667,4,7],["Augusta",44.311,-69.78,4,7],["Banjul",13.454,-16.592,4,7],["Basseterre",17.302,-62.717,4,7],["Blenheim",-41.514,173.955,4,7],["Brandon",49.833,-99.95,4,7],["Castries",14.002,-61,4,7],["Choibalsan",48.067,114.506,4,7],["Coihaique",-45.57,-72.07,4,7],["Colíder",-10.817,-55.451,4,7],["Cottica",3.85,-54.233,4,7],["Dubbo",-32.26,148.597,4,7],["Dund-Us",48.017,91.633,4,7],["Durazno",-33.41,-56.51,4,7],["Eureka",40.802,-124.147,4,7],["Fort 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Hill",-31.95,141.433,4,6],["Broome",-17.962,122.231,4,6],["Busselton",-33.656,115.349,4,6],["Dalandzadgad",43.584,104.44,4,6],["Devonport",-41.193,146.331,4,6],["Dispur",26.144,91.767,4,6],["Elko",40.833,-115.762,4,6],["Fort St. John",56.25,-120.833,4,6],["Griffith",-34.29,146.04,4,6],["International Falls",48.601,-93.411,4,6],["Karratha",-20.73,116.87,4,6],["Katherine",-14.467,132.267,4,6],["Labrador City",52.941,-66.916,4,6],["Lüderitz",-26.648,15.159,4,6],["Middelburg",-31.5,25.01,4,6],["Pago Pago",-14.277,-170.707,4,6],["Port Hedland",-20.31,118.606,4,6],["Port Lincoln",-34.733,135.867,4,6],["Portland",-38.34,141.59,4,6],["Santa Cruz",-0.533,-90.35,4,6],["Springbok",-29.667,17.883,4,6],["Thompson",55.75,-97.867,4,6],["Wangaratta",-36.36,146.3,4,6],["Dalnegorsk",44.537,135.517,4,5],["El Calafate",-50.333,-72.3,4,5],["Hammerfest",70.661,23.688,4,5],["Iqaluit",63.75,-68.5,4,5],["Okhotsk",59.383,143.217,4,5],["Peace River",56.233,-117.283,4,5],["Rabaul",-4.205,152.143,4,5],["Sisimiut",66.95,-53.667,4,5],["Sitka",57.06,-135.328,4,5],["Ust-Nera",64.567,143.2,4,5],["Batagay",67.656,134.635,4,4],["Bukachacha",52.983,116.917,4,4],["Chokurdakh",70.618,147.895,4,4],["Khatanga",72.041,102.465,4,4],["Ugolnye Kopi",64.733,177.7,4,4],["Zhigansk",66.77,123.371,4,4],["Arviat",61.109,-94.059,4,3],["Ayoun el Atrous",16.667,-9.617,4,3],["Cambridge Bay",69.117,-105.033,4,3],["Dawson City",64.067,-139.417,4,3],["Igloolik",69.257,-81.794,4,3],["Kugluktuk",67.799,-115.125,4,3],["Kuujjuaq",58.1,-68.4,4,3],["Kuujjuarapik",55.281,-77.766,4,3],["Upernavik",72.709,-56.142,4,3],["Chesterfield Inlet",63.338,-90.7,4,2],["Fort Smith",60,-111.883,4,2],["Qaanaaq",77.483,-69.332,4,2],["Taloyoak",69.533,-93.533,4,2],["Tmassa",26.367,15.8,4,2],["Dulan",36.167,98.267,4,1],["Narsarsuaq",61.167,-45.417,4,1],["Windorah",-25.433,142.65,4,1],["Ambarchik",69.651,162.334,4,0],["New Taipei",25.013,121.465,5,12],["Magong",23.567,119.583,5,8],["Barquisimeto",10.052,-69.302,6,12],["Benoni",-26.148,28.328,6,12],["Benxi",41.332,123.748,6,12],["Birmingham",33.53,-86.825,6,12],["Bucaramanga",7.132,-73.128,6,12],["Cagayan de Oro",8.451,124.685,6,12],["Can Tho",10.05,105.77,6,12],["Changde",29.032,111.678,6,12],["Changzhou",31.782,119.968,6,12],["Ciudad Juárez",31.692,-106.492,6,12],["Cologne",50.932,6.948,6,12],["Columbus",39.982,-82.992,6,12],["Daegu",35.869,128.605,6,12],["Datong",40.082,113.298,6,12],["Faisalabad",31.412,73.108,6,12],["Fushun",41.867,123.868,6,12],["Ganzhou",25.92,114.95,6,12],["Gaziantep",37.077,37.383,6,12],["Giza",30.01,31.19,6,12],["Haikou",20.05,110.32,6,12],["Heze",35.232,115.448,6,12],["Homs",34.732,36.718,6,12],["Huzhou",30.872,120.098,6,12],["Jianmen",30.652,113.158,6,12],["Jinhua",29.12,119.65,6,12],["Jining",35.402,116.548,6,12],["Kōbe",34.68,135.17,6,12],["Kumasi",6.692,-1.632,6,12],["Leeds",53.832,-1.582,6,12],["Leshan",29.569,103.731,6,12],["Lille",50.652,3.078,6,12],["Liuzhou",24.282,109.248,6,12],["Long Beach",33.787,-118.158,6,12],["Luan",31.752,116.478,6,12],["Luoyang",34.682,112.468,6,12],["Luzhou",28.882,105.378,6,12],["Maracay",10.249,-67.598,6,12],["Mudangiang",44.577,129.588,6,12],["Nampo",38.769,125.45,6,12],["Oakland",37.769,-122.221,6,12],["Porto",41.152,-8.622,6,12],["Providence",41.823,-71.417,6,12],["Qinhuangdao",39.932,119.618,6,12],["Rawalpindi",33.602,73.038,6,12],["Rotterdam",51.922,4.478,6,12],["Saidu",34.75,72.35,6,12],["Santos",-23.952,-46.335,6,12],["Shangqiu",34.452,115.648,6,12],["Stuttgart",48.78,9.2,6,12],["Suining",30.535,105.531,6,12],["Suwon",37.26,127.009,6,12],["Taian",36.202,117.118,6,12],["Tainan",23,120.2,6,12],["Tangshan",39.626,118.192,6,12],["Turin",45.072,7.668,6,12],["Ulsan",35.549,129.315,6,12],["Vereeniging",-26.648,27.958,6,12],["Vila Velha",3.217,-51.217,6,12],["Virginia Beach",36.855,-75.98,6,12],["Vitória",-20.322,-40.368,6,12],["Wanzhou",30.82,108.4,6,12],["Warangal",18.01,79.58,6,12],["Weifang",36.722,119.098,6,12],["West Palm Beach",26.745,-80.124,6,12],["Xiangyang",32.022,112.128,6,12],["Xiantao",30.372,113.438,6,12],["Xianyang",34.348,108.713,6,12],["Xinyang",32.132,114.068,6,12],["Yiyang",28.602,112.328,6,12],["Yokohama",35.431,139.602,6,12],["Zhangjiakou",40.832,114.928,6,12],["Zhuhai",22.279,113.566,6,12],["Zhuzhou",27.832,113.148,6,12],["Agadir",30.44,-9.62,6,11],["Aguascalientes",21.881,-102.292,6,11],["Aksu",41.15,80.25,6,11],["Al Hudaydah",14.8,42.951,6,11],["Albany",42.67,-73.82,6,11],["Amravati",20.95,77.77,6,11],["Anqing",30.5,117.05,6,11],["Anshun",26.252,105.928,6,11],["Antalya",36.892,30.698,6,11],["Antwerpen",51.222,4.413,6,11],["Anyang",36.082,114.348,6,11],["Aracaju",-10.9,-37.12,6,11],["Bacolod",10.632,122.982,6,11],["Bahawalpur",29.39,71.675,6,11],["Baoji",34.38,107.15,6,11],["Belagavi",15.865,74.505,6,11],["Bello",6.33,-75.57,6,11],["Bengbu",32.952,117.328,6,11],["Bhiwandi",19.352,73.128,6,11],["Biên Hòa",10.97,106.83,6,11],["Bogor",-6.568,106.748,6,11],["Bremen",53.08,8.8,6,11],["Callao",-12.07,-77.135,6,11],["Cardiff",51.5,-3.225,6,11],["Chandrapur",19.97,79.3,6,11],["Charlotte",35.207,-80.832,6,11],["Chiclayo",-6.763,-79.837,6,11],["Chongjin",41.785,129.79,6,11],["Cochabamba",-17.41,-66.17,6,11],["Cúcuta",7.92,-72.52,6,11],["Cuernavaca",18.921,-99.24,6,11],["Dandong",40.146,124.392,6,11],["Davangere",14.47,75.92,6,11],["Dayton",39.752,-84.202,6,11],["Denpasar",-8.65,115.22,6,11],["Edinburgh",55.948,-3.219,6,11],["Eskişehir",39.795,30.53,6,11],["Fargona",40.39,71.78,6,11],["Foshan",23.032,113.118,6,11],["Fuxin",42.012,121.658,6,11],["Fuyang",30.055,119.95,6,11],["Genoa",44.41,8.93,6,11],["Gorakhpur",26.75,83.38,6,11],["Göteborg",57.75,12,6,11],["Guntur",16.33,80.45,6,11],["Hamhung",39.912,127.543,6,11],["Hamilton",43.25,-79.83,6,11],["Harrisburg",40.274,-76.885,6,11],["Hartford",41.772,-72.682,6,11],["Hegang",47.4,130.37,6,11],["Hofuf",25.349,49.586,6,11],["Hsinchu",24.817,120.977,6,11],["Huaibei",33.952,116.748,6,11],["Huangshi",30.22,115.1,6,11],["Hue",16.47,107.58,6,11],["Ilorin",8.492,4.548,6,11],["Ipoh",4.6,101.065,6,11],["Irbil",36.181,44.007,6,11],["Izhevsk",56.85,53.23,6,11],["Jiaozuo",35.252,113.218,6,11],["Jiaxing",30.772,120.748,6,11],["Jinzhou",41.122,121.098,6,11],["Jiujiang",29.73,115.98,6,11],["João Pessoa",-7.099,-34.878,6,11],["Johor Bahru",1.482,103.728,6,11],["Joinville",-26.318,-48.842,6,11],["Jos",9.93,8.89,6,11],["Kagoshima",31.586,130.561,6,11],["Kaifeng",34.852,114.348,6,11],["Kanazawa",36.56,136.64,6,11],["Kayseri",38.735,35.49,6,11],["Kelang",3.022,101.548,6,11],["Kerman",30.3,57.08,6,11],["Kermanshah",34.382,47.058,6,11],["Korla",41.73,86.15,6,11],["Kota Baharu",6.12,102.23,6,11],["Kota Kinabalu",5.98,116.11,6,11],["Langfang",39.522,116.678,6,11],["Liaoyang",41.282,123.178,6,11],["Liaoyuan",42.9,125.13,6,11],["Linfen",36.082,111.518,6,11],["Lingyuan",41.242,119.399,6,11],["Lipetsk",52.62,39.64,6,11],["Liverpool",53.418,-2.92,6,11],["Łódź",51.777,19.449,6,11],["Londrina",-23.3,-51.18,6,11],["Louisville",38.227,-85.751,6,11],["Macau",22.203,113.545,6,11],["Makhachkala",42.98,47.5,6,11],["Malacca",2.206,102.246,6,11],["Matsuyama",33.846,132.766,6,11],["Naga",13.619,123.181,6,11],["Namangan",41,71.67,6,11],["Nantong",32.032,120.823,6,11],["Natal",-6.984,-60.27,6,11],["Nellore",14.44,79.99,6,11],["Newcastle",55.002,-1.602,6,11],["Nice",43.717,7.263,6,11],["Niigata",37.92,139.04,6,11],["Nürnberg",49.45,11.08,6,11],["Palu",-0.907,119.833,6,11],["Pekanbaru",0.567,101.423,6,11],["Pietermaritzburg",-29.61,30.39,6,11],["Pingdingshan",33.732,113.298,6,11],["Pontianak",-0.03,109.32,6,11],["Qom",34.652,50.948,6,11],["Querétaro",20.632,-100.382,6,11],["Qui Nhon",13.78,109.18,6,11],["Rasht",37.3,49.63,6,11],["Saltillo",25.422,-101.007,6,11],["Samarinda",-0.5,117.15,6,11],["San Pedro Sula",15.5,-88.03,6,11],["Sarasota",27.336,-82.531,6,11],["Shaoxing",30.002,120.568,6,11],["Shihezi",44.3,86.03,6,11],["Siping",43.17,124.33,6,11],["St. Petersburg",27.771,-82.679,6,11],["Tacoma",47.211,-122.515,6,11],["Tangier",35.747,-5.833,6,11],["Ṭarābulus",34.422,35.868,6,11],["Toulouse",43.622,1.448,6,11],["Trabzon",40.98,39.72,6,11],["Vinh",18.7,105.68,6,11],["Weihai",37.5,122.1,6,11],["Wuhu",31.352,118.368,6,11],["Xingyi",25.092,104.888,6,11],["Xinxiang",35.322,113.868,6,11],["Xinyu",27.802,114.928,6,11],["Xuanzhou",30.954,118.753,6,11],["Yancheng",33.388,120.123,6,11],["Yibin",28.772,104.568,6,11],["Yichang",30.702,111.278,6,11],["Yichun",47.702,128.898,6,11],["Yichun",27.835,114.398,6,11],["Yingkow",40.672,122.278,6,11],["Yogyakarta",-7.78,110.375,6,11],["Yongzhou",26.232,111.618,6,11],["Yuci",37.682,112.728,6,11],["Zahedan",29.5,60.83,6,11],["Zaporizhzhya",47.859,35.175,6,11],["Zaragoza",41.65,-0.89,6,11],["Zaria",11.082,7.708,6,11],["Zhaotang",27.322,103.718,6,11],["Zhenjiang",32.222,119.428,6,11],["Zunyi",27.702,106.918,6,11],["Abadan",30.331,48.28,6,10],["Abha",18.23,42.5,6,10],["Adapazarı",40.8,30.415,6,10],["Ahmednagar",19.11,74.75,6,10],["Akita",39.71,140.09,6,10],["Al Mukalla",14.541,49.126,6,10],["Angeles",15.145,120.545,6,10],["Antsirabe",-19.85,47.033,6,10],["Aomori",40.825,140.71,6,10],["Arak",25.28,3.75,6,10],["Ardabil",38.25,48.3,6,10],["Århus",56.157,10.211,6,10],["Asahikawa",43.755,142.38,6,10],["Augusta",33.461,-81.985,6,10],["Baghlan",36.139,68.699,6,10],["Bago",17.32,96.515,6,10],["Baicheng",45.62,122.82,6,10],["Bakersfield",35.37,-119.02,6,10],["Ballari",15.15,76.915,6,10],["Barddhaman",23.25,87.865,6,10],["Batangas",13.782,121.022,6,10],["Batna",35.57,6.17,6,10],["Bauru",-22.33,-49.08,6,10],["Belgorod",50.63,36.6,6,10],["Bengkulu",-3.8,102.27,6,10],["Birjand",32.88,59.22,6,10],["Biskra",34.86,5.73,6,10],["Brahmapur",19.32,84.8,6,10],["Bukavu",-2.51,28.84,6,10],["Cádiz",36.535,-6.225,6,10],["Camagüey",21.381,-77.917,6,10],["Campina Grande",-7.23,-35.88,6,10],["Campos",-21.75,-41.32,6,10],["Canton",40.799,-81.379,6,10],["Cap-Haïtien",19.759,-72.213,6,10],["Caruaru",-8.28,-35.98,6,10],["Charleston",32.792,-79.992,6,10],["Chattanooga",35.07,-85.25,6,10],["Cheboksary",56.13,47.25,6,10],["Chimoio",-19.12,33.47,6,10],["Cirebon",-6.733,108.567,6,10],["Ciudad Bolívar",8.1,-63.6,6,10],["Ciudad Victoria",23.72,-99.13,6,10],["Cluj-Napoca",46.788,23.598,6,10],["Colón",9.365,-79.875,6,10],["Cotabato",7.217,124.248,6,10],["Crato",-7.464,-63.04,6,10],["Criciúma",-28.68,-49.39,6,10],["Cumaná",10.45,-64.18,6,10],["Daloa",6.89,-6.45,6,10],["Daşoguz",41.84,59.965,6,10],["Daytona Beach",29.211,-81.023,6,10],["Dhule",20.9,74.77,6,10],["Dindigul",10.38,78,6,10],["Durango",24.031,-104.67,6,10],["El Fasher",13.63,25.35,6,10],["El Minya",28.09,30.75,6,10],["Ensenada",31.87,-116.62,6,10],["Eugene",44.05,-123.1,6,10],["Franca",-20.53,-47.39,6,10],["Fukushima",37.74,140.47,6,10],["Funchal",32.65,-16.88,6,10],["Gaya",24.8,85,6,10],["Gedaref",14.04,35.38,6,10],["Governador Valadares",-18.87,-41.97,6,10],["Granada‎",37.165,-3.585,6,10],["Greensboro",36.07,-79.8,6,10],["Guangyuan",32.43,105.87,6,10],["Guantánamo",20.145,-75.206,6,10],["Hachinohe",40.51,141.54,6,10],["Hat Yai",6.996,100.471,6,10],["Holguín",20.887,-76.263,6,10],["Homyel",52.43,31,6,10],["Hualien",23.984,121.6,6,10],["Huntsville",34.72,-86.61,6,10],["Ibagué",4.439,-75.232,6,10],["Ilhéus",-14.78,-39.05,6,10],["Imperatriz",-5.52,-47.49,6,10],["Imphal",24.8,93.95,6,10],["Ivanovo",57.01,41.01,6,10],["Jaffna",9.675,80.005,6,10],["Jambi",-1.59,103.61,6,10],["Jember",-8.173,113.687,6,10],["Jining",41.03,113.08,6,10],["Juazeiro do Norte",-7.21,-39.32,6,10],["Juiz de Fora",-21.77,-43.375,6,10],["Juliaca",-15.5,-70.14,6,10],["Kakinada",16.967,82.238,6,10],["Karamay",45.59,84.86,6,10],["Khon Kaen",16.42,102.83,6,10],["Khujand",40.29,69.62,6,10],["Kindu",-2.964,25.91,6,10],["Kismaayo",-0.357,42.518,6,10],["Kisumu",-0.09,34.75,6,10],["Kom Ombo",24.47,32.95,6,10],["Komsomolsk na Amure",50.555,137.02,6,10],["Kosti",13.17,32.66,6,10],["Kostroma",57.77,40.94,6,10],["Kuantan",3.83,103.32,6,10],["Kuqa",41.728,82.936,6,10],["Kurgan",55.46,65.345,6,10],["Kurnool",15.83,78.03,6,10],["Kursk",51.74,36.19,6,10],["La Coruña",43.33,-8.42,6,10],["Laiyang",36.968,120.708,6,10],["Lancaster",34.698,-118.136,6,10],["Lansing",42.734,-84.547,6,10],["Latur",18.4,76.57,6,10],["Legazpi",13.17,123.75,6,10],["Lexington",38.05,-84.5,6,10],["Likasi",-10.97,26.78,6,10],["Lincoln",40.82,-96.68,6,10],["Little Rock",34.736,-92.331,6,10],["Lobito",-12.37,13.541,6,10],["Los Mochis",25.79,-109,6,10],["Lubbock",33.58,-101.88,6,10],["Machala",-3.26,-79.96,6,10],["Madison",43.073,-89.401,6,10],["Manado",1.48,124.85,6,10],["Mariupol",47.096,37.556,6,10],["Maturín",9.75,-63.17,6,10],["Medani",14.4,33.52,6,10],["Minna",9.62,6.55,6,10],["Mirpur Khas",25.532,69.012,6,10],["Mobile",30.68,-88.05,6,10],["Monclova",26.9,-101.42,6,10],["Montería",8.758,-75.89,6,10],["Monywa",22.105,95.15,6,10],["Morioka",39.72,141.13,6,10],["Mossoró",-5.19,-37.34,6,10],["Murcia",37.98,-1.13,6,10],["Mutare",-18.97,32.65,6,10],["Myeik",12.454,98.611,6,10],["Nakhon Si Thammarat",8.4,99.97,6,10],["Nakuru",-0.28,36.07,6,10],["Nam Định",20.42,106.2,6,10],["Nazret",8.55,39.27,6,10],["Ndola",-13,28.65,6,10],["Nha Trang",12.25,109.17,6,10],["Nizhenvartovsk",60.935,76.58,6,10],["Noginsk",64.483,91.233,6,10],["Novorossiysk",44.73,37.77,6,10],["Oostanay",53.221,63.628,6,10],["Oral",51.271,51.335,6,10],["Orel",52.97,36.07,6,10],["Orsk",51.21,58.627,6,10],["Oruro",-17.98,-67.13,6,10],["Palma",39.574,2.654,6,10],["Palmas",-10.238,-48.288,6,10],["Pamplona",42.82,-1.65,6,10],["Panzhihua",26.55,101.73,6,10],["Pematangsiantar",2.961,99.061,6,10],["Pensacola",30.421,-87.217,6,10],["Petropavlovsk",54.88,69.22,6,10],["Pohang",36.021,129.372,6,10],["Polokwane",-23.89,29.45,6,10],["Popayán",2.42,-76.61,6,10],["Porbandar",21.67,69.67,6,10],["Portoviejo",-1.06,-80.46,6,10],["Prokopyevsk",53.9,86.71,6,10],["Provo",40.249,-111.638,6,10],["Punto Fijo",11.72,-70.21,6,10],["Qazvin",36.27,50,6,10],["Qitaihe",45.8,130.85,6,10],["Rancagua",-34.17,-70.74,6,10],["Rangpur",25.75,89.28,6,10],["Rennes",48.1,-1.67,6,10],["Resistencia",-27.46,-58.99,6,10],["Sabzewar",36.22,57.63,6,10],["Saint-Louis",16.02,-16.51,6,10],["Salalah",17.025,54.085,6,10],["San Luis",-33.3,-66.35,6,10],["San Salvador de Jujuy",-24.183,-65.3,6,10],["Sandakan",5.843,118.108,6,10],["Şanlıurfa",37.17,38.795,6,10],["Santa Clara",22.4,-79.967,6,10],["Santa Cruz de Tenerife",28.47,-16.25,6,10],["Santa Maria",-29.683,-53.8,6,10],["Santa Marta",11.247,-74.202,6,10],["Santiago del Estero",-27.783,-64.267,6,10],["Sanya",18.259,109.504,6,10],["Seeb",23.68,58.183,6,10],["Sekondi",4.943,-1.704,6,10],["Sétif",36.18,5.4,6,10],["Sfax",34.75,10.72,6,10],["Sibolga",1.75,98.8,6,10],["Sibu",2.303,111.843,6,10],["Springfield",37.18,-93.32,6,10],["Sterlitamak",53.63,55.96,6,10],["Strasbourg",48.58,7.75,6,10],["Sukkur",27.714,68.849,6,10],["Sumy",50.924,34.781,6,10],["Syktyvkar",61.66,50.82,6,10],["Taiping",4.865,100.72,6,10],["Tambov",52.73,41.43,6,10],["Tanga",-5.07,39.09,6,10],["Tapachula",14.9,-92.27,6,10],["Tasikmalaya",-7.325,108.215,6,10],["Tawau",4.271,117.896,6,10],["Temuco",-38.73,-72.58,6,10],["Thái Nguyên",21.6,105.83,6,10],["Thohoyandou",-22.95,30.48,6,10],["Toamasina",-18.182,49.405,6,10],["Toledo",41.67,-83.58,6,10],["Tongchuan",35.08,109.03,6,10],["Trenton",40.217,-74.743,6,10],["Tshikapa",-6.41,20.77,6,10],["Tubruq",32.08,23.96,6,10],["Tula",54.2,37.63,6,10],["Tumakuru",13.33,77.1,6,10],["Tuticorin",8.82,78.13,6,10],["Uberaba",-19.78,-47.95,6,10],["Ubon Ratchathani",15.25,104.83,6,10],["Udaipur",24.6,73.73,6,10],["Valladolid",41.65,-4.75,6,10],["Velikiy Novgorod",58.5,31.33,6,10],["Vijayapura",16.835,75.71,6,10],["Villahermosa",18,-92.9,6,10],["Villavicencio",4.153,-73.635,6,10],["Vitsyebsk",55.189,30.185,6,10],["Vladimir",56.13,40.41,6,10],["Wichita",37.72,-97.33,6,10],["Windsor",42.315,-83.037,6,10],["Wollongong",-34.415,150.89,6,10],["Wuhai",39.665,106.812,6,10],["Youngstown",41.1,-80.65,6,10],["Yuxi",24.38,102.57,6,10],["Zabol",31.021,61.481,6,10],["Abilene",32.449,-99.733,6,9],["Achinsk",56.27,90.5,6,9],["Ad-Damir",17.59,33.96,6,9],["Agana",13.47,144.75,6,9],["Ajdabiya",30.77,20.22,6,9],["Alagoinhas",-12.14,-38.43,6,9],["Albury",-36.06,146.92,6,9],["Anuradhapura",8.35,80.383,6,9],["Araçatuba",-21.21,-50.45,6,9],["Arapiraca",-9.75,-36.67,6,9],["Atbarah",17.71,33.98,6,9],["Ayacucho",-13.175,-74.22,6,9],["Bagé",-31.32,-54.1,6,9],["Balakovo",52.03,47.8,6,9],["Bandar-e Bushehr",28.92,50.83,6,9],["Bata",1.87,9.77,6,9],["Batumi",41.6,41.63,6,9],["Baydhabo",3.12,43.65,6,9],["Béchar",31.611,-2.23,6,9],["Berezniki",59.42,56.76,6,9],["Bhisho",-32.87,27.39,6,9],["Bo",7.97,-11.74,6,9],["Boké",10.94,-14.3,6,9],["Boma",-5.83,13.05,6,9],["Bontang",0.133,117.5,6,9],["Brownsville",25.92,-97.5,6,9],["Burgas",42.515,27.475,6,9],["Cajamarca",-7.15,-78.53,6,9],["Calama",-22.45,-68.92,6,9],["Cam Ranh",11.902,109.221,6,9],["Catamarca",-28.47,-65.78,6,9],["Cedar Rapids",41.97,-91.66,6,9],["Cerro de Pasco",-10.69,-76.27,6,9],["Chetumal",18.5,-88.3,6,9],["Chillán",-36.6,-72.106,6,9],["Cork",51.899,-8.496,6,9],["Coro",11.42,-69.68,6,9],["Curicó",-34.98,-71.24,6,9],["Dali",25.7,100.18,6,9],["Darnah",32.765,22.639,6,9],["Daugavpils",55.88,26.51,6,9],["Delicias",28.2,-105.5,6,9],["Dese",11.13,39.63,6,9],["Dibrugarh",27.483,94.9,6,9],["Djelfa",34.68,3.25,6,9],["Đồng Hới",17.483,106.6,6,9],["Dourados",-22.23,-54.81,6,9],["Elista",46.329,44.209,6,9],["Evansville",37.975,-87.556,6,9],["Ft. Myers",26.64,-81.86,6,9],["Gainesville",29.651,-82.325,6,9],["Garanhuns",-8.89,-36.5,6,9],["Geelong",-38.167,144.396,6,9],["Gemena",3.26,19.77,6,9],["Gibraltar",36.132,-5.378,6,9],["Goulimine",28.98,-10.07,6,9],["Grand Junction",39.094,-108.55,6,9],["Green Bay",44.53,-88,6,9],["Gweru",-19.45,29.82,6,9],["Hanzhong",33.13,107.03,6,9],["Harar",9.32,42.15,6,9],["Heihe",50.25,127.446,6,9],["Hirosaki",40.57,140.47,6,9],["Huánuco",-9.92,-76.24,6,9],["Hurghada",27.23,33.83,6,9],["Inhambane",-23.858,35.34,6,9],["Iraklio",35.325,25.13,6,9],["Isiro",2.76,27.62,6,9],["Jamaame",0.072,42.751,6,9],["Jequié",-13.85,-40.08,6,9],["Jima",7.68,36.83,6,9],["Jizan",16.907,42.557,6,9],["Kadugli",11.01,29.7,6,9],["Kamina",-8.73,25.01,6,9],["Kansk",56.19,95.71,6,9],["Kashmar",35.181,58.451,6,9],["Kelowna",49.9,-119.483,6,9],["Kendari",-3.955,122.597,6,9],["Kimberley",-28.747,24.77,6,9],["Kimchaek",40.672,129.203,6,9],["Kindia",10.06,-12.87,6,9],["Klerksdorp",-26.88,26.62,6,9],["Kokshetau",53.3,69.42,6,9],["Korhogo",9.46,-5.64,6,9],["Krishnanagar",23.38,88.53,6,9],["Kroonstad",-27.66,27.21,6,9],["Kuito",-12.38,16.94,6,9],["La Ceiba",15.763,-86.797,6,9],["La Rioja",-29.41,-66.85,6,9],["Labé",11.32,-12.3,6,9],["Lafayette",30.2,-92.02,6,9],["Laghouat",33.81,2.88,6,9],["León",12.436,-86.879,6,9],["Lhokseumawe",5.191,97.141,6,9],["Lichinga",-13.3,35.24,6,9],["Limoges",45.83,1.25,6,9],["Linhares",-19.39,-40.05,6,9],["Loja",-3.99,-79.21,6,9],["Luanshya",-13.133,28.4,6,9],["Luxembourg",49.612,6.13,6,9],["Lynchburg",37.414,-79.142,6,9],["Macheng",31.18,115.03,6,9],["Magway",20.145,94.92,6,9],["Manta",-0.98,-80.73,6,9],["Manzanillo",19.05,-104.323,6,9],["Martapura",-3.414,114.836,6,9],["Medford",42.327,-122.874,6,9],["Melilla",35.3,-2.95,6,9],["Mmabatho",-25.83,25.61,6,9],["Montego Bay",18.467,-77.917,6,9],["Monterey",36.6,-121.894,6,9],["Mopti",14.49,-4.18,6,9],["Moroni",-11.704,43.24,6,9],["Muroran",42.35,140.98,6,9],["Mwene-Ditu",-7,23.44,6,9],["Myitkyina",25.36,97.393,6,9],["Nakhodka",42.837,132.887,6,9],["Nakhon Sawan",15.7,100.07,6,9],["Nehe",48.49,124.88,6,9],["Nova Friburgo",-22.26,-42.54,6,9],["Noyabrsk",63.167,75.617,6,9],["Odessa",31.846,-102.367,6,9],["Osorno",-40.57,-73.16,6,9],["Ouargla",31.97,5.34,6,9],["Oulu",65,25.47,6,9],["Ourense",42.33,-7.87,6,9],["Pangkalpinang",-2.08,106.15,6,9],["Parnaíba",-2.91,-41.77,6,9],["Passo Fundo",-28.25,-52.42,6,9],["Patra",38.23,21.73,6,9],["Peoria",40.7,-89.67,6,9],["Pervouralsk",56.91,59.955,6,9],["Phuket",7.877,98.382,6,9],["Pinar del Rio",22.418,-83.698,6,9],["Play Ku",13.983,108,6,9],["Portland",43.672,-70.246,6,9],["Puerto Princesa",9.754,118.744,6,9],["Pyay",18.816,95.211,6,9],["Río Cuarto",-33.13,-64.35,6,9],["Riobamba",-1.67,-78.65,6,9],["Roxas",11.585,122.751,6,9],["Rubtsovsk",51.52,81.21,6,9],["Rustenburg",-25.65,27.24,6,9],["Sadah",16.94,43.85,6,9],["Saginaw",43.419,-83.951,6,9],["Salinas",36.682,-121.642,6,9],["Salto",-31.39,-57.969,6,9],["San Fernando de Apure",7.9,-67.47,6,9],["San Rafael",-34.6,-68.333,6,9],["Santa Cruz",36.972,-122.026,6,9],["Sarh",9.15,18.39,6,9],["Sassari",40.73,8.57,6,9],["Sennar",13.55,33.6,6,9],["Setúbal",38.53,-8.9,6,9],["Severodvinsk",64.57,39.83,6,9],["Songea",-10.68,35.65,6,9],["Sorong",-0.855,131.285,6,9],["Springfield",39.82,-89.65,6,9],["Stavanger",58.97,5.68,6,9],["Sudbury",46.5,-80.967,6,9],["Suhar",24.362,56.734,6,9],["Surt",31.21,16.59,6,9],["Tabora",-5.02,32.8,6,9],["Taitung",22.755,121.14,6,9],["Talca",-35.455,-71.67,6,9],["Tandil",-37.32,-59.15,6,9],["Tartu",58.384,26.71,6,9],["Tauranga",-37.696,176.154,6,9],["Temirtau",50.065,72.965,6,9],["Teófilo Otoni",-17.87,-41.5,6,9],["Termiz",37.233,67.273,6,9],["Thanh Hóa",19.82,105.8,6,9],["Tobolsk",58.2,68.265,6,9],["Touggourt",33.1,6.06,6,9],["Trois-Rivières",46.35,-72.55,6,9],["Tuguegarao",17.613,121.727,6,9],["Tumbes",-3.57,-80.46,6,9],["Turbat",25.992,63.072,6,9],["Turku",60.454,22.255,6,9],["Tyler",32.351,-95.301,6,9],["Ukhta",63.56,53.69,6,9],["Umtata",-31.58,28.79,6,9],["Uppsala",59.86,17.64,6,9],["Urgentch",41.56,60.64,6,9],["Ussuriysk",43.8,132.02,6,9],["Uvira",-3.37,29.14,6,9],["Velikiye Luki",56.32,30.52,6,9],["Volgodonsk",47.51,42.16,6,9],["Vryheid",-27.76,30.79,6,9],["Vyborg",60.704,28.755,6,9],["Waco",31.549,-97.146,6,9],["Wichita Falls",33.914,-98.493,6,9],["Xapeco",-27.1,-52.64,6,9],["Xilinhot",43.944,116.044,6,9],["Zhezqazghan",47.78,67.77,6,9],["Ziguinchor",12.59,-16.29,6,9],["Zlatoust",55.175,59.65,6,9],["Abaetetuba",-1.725,-48.885,6,8],["Ad Dakhla",23.714,-15.937,6,8],["Adrar",27.87,-0.29,6,8],["Alexandria",31.311,-92.445,6,8],["Andorra",42.5,1.516,6,8],["Angoche",-16.23,39.91,6,8],["Araguaína",-7.19,-48.21,6,8],["Arba Minch",6.04,37.55,6,8],["Arecibo",18.44,-66.73,6,8],["Arlit",18.82,7.33,6,8],["Arqalyq",50.242,66.898,6,8],["Bacabal",-4.23,-44.8,6,8],["Balboa",8.95,-79.567,6,8],["Balqash",46.853,74.95,6,8],["Balsas",-7.52,-46.05,6,8],["Bam",29.108,58.362,6,8],["Bamian",34.821,67.521,6,8],["Bangor",44.801,-68.778,6,8],["Beledweyne",4.74,45.2,6,8],["Bend",44.072,-121.31,6,8],["Berbérati",4.25,15.78,6,8],["Biloxi",30.396,-88.885,6,8],["Birobidzhan",48.797,132.951,6,8],["Bragança",-1.05,-46.77,6,8],["Bundaberg",-24.879,152.351,6,8],["Calbayog",12.067,124.604,6,8],["Carson City",39.164,-119.766,6,8],["Ceuta",35.889,-5.307,6,8],["Chaman",30.925,66.446,6,8],["Chamdo",31.167,97.233,6,8],["Charlottesville",38.029,-78.477,6,8],["Cheremkhovo",53.159,103.074,6,8],["Chico",39.729,-121.836,6,8],["Chicoutimi",48.433,-71.067,6,8],["Coari",-4.08,-63.13,6,8],["Concepción",-23.406,-57.434,6,8],["Cozumel",20.51,-86.95,6,8],["Darkhan",49.617,106.35,6,8],["Debre Markos",10.34,37.72,6,8],["Duluth",46.783,-92.106,6,8],["Farah",32.392,62.097,6,8],["Fredericton",45.95,-66.633,6,8],["Freeport",28.959,-95.357,6,8],["Gaalkacyo",6.77,47.43,6,8],["Galle",6.03,80.24,6,8],["Galveston",29.301,-94.797,6,8],["Gode",5.95,43.45,6,8],["Gorno Altaysk",51.961,85.958,6,8],["Goya",-29.14,-59.27,6,8],["Graaff Reinet",-32.3,24.54,6,8],["Grand Forks",47.925,-97.032,6,8],["Guajara-Miram",-10.8,-65.35,6,8],["Gualeguaychú",-33.02,-58.52,6,8],["Hastings",-39.638,176.837,6,8],["Huaraz",-9.53,-77.53,6,8],["Idaho Falls",43.467,-112.033,6,8],["Ilo",-17.64,-71.34,6,8],["Irecê",-11.3,-41.87,6,8],["Itacoatiara",-3.14,-58.44,6,8],["Itaituba",-4.259,-55.925,6,8],["Ithaca",42.441,-76.497,6,8],["Jefferson City",38.577,-92.173,6,8],["Joensuu",62.6,29.767,6,8],["Jönköping",57.771,14.165,6,8],["Juazeiro",-9.42,-40.5,6,8],["Kadoma",-18.33,29.91,6,8],["Kalamata",37.039,22.114,6,8],["Kamloops",50.667,-120.333,6,8],["Karakol",42.492,78.382,6,8],["Kasese",0.232,29.988,6,8],["Khanty Mansiysk",61.002,69.002,6,8],["Kiffa",16.62,-11.4,6,8],["Kotlas",61.263,46.663,6,8],["Krasnokamensk",50.066,118.026,6,8],["La Rochelle",46.167,-1.15,6,8],["Lahat",-3.8,103.533,6,8],["Lahti",60.994,25.665,6,8],["Launceston",-41.45,147.13,6,8],["Lesosibirsk",58.243,92.483,6,8],["Liepaga",56.51,21.01,6,8],["Limerick",52.665,-8.623,6,8],["Linköping",58.41,15.63,6,8],["Lisala",2.14,21.51,6,8],["Mackay",-21.144,149.15,6,8],["Madang",-5.225,145.785,6,8],["Mafetang",-29.817,27.25,6,8],["Malindi",-3.21,40.1,6,8],["Manokwari",-0.871,134.069,6,8],["Manzhouli",49.6,117.43,6,8],["Marzuq",25.904,13.897,6,8],["Mazabuka",-15.86,27.76,6,8],["Medicine Hat",50.033,-110.683,6,8],["Mocambique",-15.04,40.682,6,8],["Molepolole",-24.4,25.51,6,8],["Moncton",46.083,-64.767,6,8],["Moquegua",-17.19,-70.94,6,8],["Necochea",-38.56,-58.75,6,8],["Nelson",-41.293,173.247,6,8],["Nenjiang",49.18,125.23,6,8],["Neryungri",56.674,124.71,6,8],["Nizwa",22.926,57.531,6,8],["Nouméa",-22.263,166.444,6,8],["Nova Viçosa",-17.88,-39.37,6,8],["Novy Urengoy",66.083,76.633,6,8],["Nyagan",62.147,65.381,6,8],["Olavarría",-36.9,-60.33,6,8],["Oudtshoorn",-33.58,22.19,6,8],["Ovalle",-30.59,-71.2,6,8],["Paita",-5.09,-81.12,6,8],["Palmerston North",-40.353,175.607,6,8],["Parintins",-2.61,-56.74,6,8],["Paysandú",-32.33,-58.08,6,8],["Picos",-7.08,-41.44,6,8],["Pirapora",-17.33,-44.93,6,8],["Pisco",-13.71,-76.22,6,8],["Pocatello",42.871,-112.445,6,8],["Prescott",34.59,-112.448,6,8],["Prince George",53.917,-122.767,6,8],["Puerto Barrios",15.717,-88.593,6,8],["Puerto Maldonado",-12.6,-69.183,6,8],["Rapid City",44.081,-103.231,6,8],["Red Deer",52.267,-113.8,6,8],["Rotorua",-38.132,176.248,6,8],["Rundu",-17.92,19.75,6,8],["Ruteng",-8.612,120.47,6,8],["Saldanha",-33.01,17.93,6,8],["San Juan",18.809,-71.231,6,8],["San Ramón de la Nueva Orán",-23.14,-64.32,6,8],["Savannakhet",16.538,104.773,6,8],["Serov",59.615,60.585,6,8],["Skien",59.2,9.6,6,8],["Sodo",6.9,37.75,6,8],["St. George",37.104,-113.583,6,8],["Sukhumi",43.02,41.02,6,8],["Sur",22.576,59.535,6,8],["Svobodnyy",51.406,128.131,6,8],["Talara",-4.58,-81.28,6,8],["Taldyqorghan",45,78.4,6,8],["Tayshet",55.928,97.988,6,8],["Tefé",-3.36,-64.7,6,8],["Tokar",18.433,37.733,6,8],["Toowoomba",-27.565,151.956,6,8],["Tucuruí",-3.68,-49.72,6,8],["Tulun",54.565,100.565,6,8],["Tumaco",1.81,-78.81,6,8],["Tumen",42.97,129.82,6,8],["Turkistan",43.302,68.255,6,8],["Uíge",-7.62,15.05,6,8],["Umeå",63.83,20.24,6,8],["Ushuaia",-54.79,-68.31,6,8],["Usolye Sibirskoye",52.765,103.645,6,8],["Victoria",28.805,-97.003,6,8],["Viedma",-40.8,-63,6,8],["Wausau",44.959,-89.63,6,8],["Wenatchee",47.424,-120.309,6,8],["Whangarei",-35.726,174.323,6,8],["Yakima",46.602,-120.505,6,8],["Yalta",44.499,34.159,6,8],["Yola",9.21,12.48,6,8],["Yuma",32.685,-114.624,6,8],["Zima",53.933,102.033,6,8],["Zomba",-15.39,35.31,6,8],["Akhtubinsk",48.279,46.169,6,7],["Al Wajh",26.232,36.464,6,7],["Alamogordo",32.899,-105.96,6,7],["Altai",46.396,95.845,6,7],["Am Timan",11.033,20.283,6,7],["Ancud",-41.87,-73.83,6,7],["Andoany",-13.4,48.267,6,7],["Antalaha",-14.883,50.283,6,7],["Aracati",-4.56,-37.77,6,7],["Aral",46.8,61.667,6,7],["Aripuanã",-10.177,-59.444,6,7],["Arvaikheer",46.25,102.767,6,7],["Arxan",47.183,119.967,6,7],["As Sulayyil",20.462,45.572,6,7],["Atbasar",51.822,68.348,6,7],["Aweil",8.767,27.4,6,7],["Ayakoz",47.965,80.43,6,7],["Balyqshy",47.067,51.867,6,7],["Bayankhongor",46.3,100.983,6,7],["Baykonur",45.691,63.241,6,7],["Beyneu",45.183,55.1,6,7],["Bilwi",14.033,-83.383,6,7],["Birak",27.533,14.283,6,7],["Birsk",55.424,55.544,6,7],["Bluefields",12,-83.765,6,7],["Bodø",67.276,14.429,6,7],["Bondo",3.81,23.67,6,7],["Boosaaso",11.28,49.18,6,7],["Bor",6.207,31.559,6,7],["Borzya",50.389,116.519,6,7],["Bouar",5.95,15.6,6,7],["Breves",-1.68,-50.49,6,7],["Bria",6.533,21.983,6,7],["Brunswick",31.15,-81.492,6,7],["Buchanan",5.916,-10.052,6,7],["Buta",2.82,24.74,6,7],["Butte",46.004,-112.534,6,7],["Cabo San Lucas",22.893,-109.905,6,7],["Caloundra",-26.8,153.133,6,7],["Camiri",-20.05,-63.52,6,7],["Canavieiras",-15.64,-38.96,6,7],["Carlsbad",32.421,-104.228,6,7],["Chiromo",-16.55,35.133,6,7],["Cobija",-11.021,-68.769,6,7],["Conceição do Araguaia",-8.25,-49.29,6,7],["Concord",43.208,-71.538,6,7],["Coos Bay",43.367,-124.217,6,7],["Corner Brook",48.95,-57.933,6,7],["Courtenay",49.683,-125,6,7],["De Aar",-30.65,24,6,7],["Dosso",13.05,3.2,6,7],["Douglas",31.359,-109.548,6,7],["Dudinka",69.418,86.225,6,7],["Eirunepé",-6.66,-69.874,6,7],["El Goléa",30.567,2.883,6,7],["El Kharga",25.44,30.55,6,7],["Erenhot",43.662,111.965,6,7],["Esquel",-42.9,-71.317,6,7],["Farafangana",-22.817,47.833,6,7],["Frankfort",38.201,-84.873,6,7],["Ghat",24.965,10.173,6,7],["Gisborne",-38.663,178.018,6,7],["Gladstone",-23.853,151.247,6,7],["Goba",7.01,39.97,6,7],["Grand Prairie",55.167,-118.8,6,7],["Haugesund",59.412,5.277,6,7],["Huancavelica",-12.79,-74.99,6,7],["Hwange",-18.37,26.5,6,7],["I-n-Salah",27.217,2.467,6,7],["Icó",-6.4,-38.85,6,7],["Iguape",-24.72,-47.57,6,7],["Inongo",-1.94,18.28,6,7],["Inta",66.037,60.167,6,7],["Invercargill",-46.409,168.365,6,7],["Jacareacanga",-6.267,-57.65,6,7],["Jaguarão",-32.56,-53.37,6,7],["Januária",-15.48,-44.37,6,7],["Jyekundo",33.017,96.733,6,7],["Kafue",-15.78,28.18,6,7],["Kalispell",48.198,-114.316,6,7],["Kandalaksha",67.164,32.414,6,7],["Kemi",65.733,24.582,6,7],["Key West",24.555,-81.783,6,7],["Khorugh",37.488,71.548,6,7],["Khromtau",50.27,58.45,6,7],["Klamath Falls",42.225,-121.781,6,7],["Kokkola",63.833,23.117,6,7],["Kolpashevo",58.3,82.995,6,7],["Kondopoga",62.209,34.289,6,7],["Korsakov",46.642,142.777,6,7],["Kotabumi",-4.833,104.9,6,7],["Koulikoro",12.883,-7.55,6,7],["Kourou",5.16,-52.65,6,7],["Krasnoarmeysk",51.017,45.697,6,7],["Labasa",-16.417,179.383,6,7],["Lamu",-2.262,40.92,6,7],["Laramie",41.311,-105.591,6,7],["Laranjal do Jari",-0.85,-52.48,6,7],["Lesozavodsk",45.475,133.43,6,7],["Lewiston",46.417,-117.017,6,7],["Linden",5.99,-58.27,6,7],["Lindi",-10,39.7,6,7],["Lismore",-28.817,153.293,6,7],["Luena",-11.79,19.9,6,7],["Majuro",7.103,171.38,6,7],["Mananjary",-21.217,48.333,6,7],["Manicoré",-5.812,-61.297,6,7],["Manono",-7.3,27.45,6,7],["Mansa",-11.2,28.89,6,7],["Maroantsetra",-15.433,49.733,6,7],["Maryborough",-25.549,152.721,6,7],["Mbala",-8.84,31.37,6,7],["Merauke",-8.493,140.402,6,7],["Mildura",-34.185,142.151,6,7],["Mo i Rana",66.317,14.167,6,7],["Monaco",43.74,7.407,6,7],["Moose Jaw",50.4,-105.55,6,7],["Mörön",49.645,100.154,6,7],["Morondava",-20.283,44.283,6,7],["Mount Gambier",-37.831,140.765,6,7],["Moyale",3.52,39.05,6,7],["Mpika",-11.83,31.46,6,7],["Musina",-22.34,30.03,6,7],["Myrtle Beach",33.689,-78.887,6,7],["Nabire",-3.352,135.513,6,7],["Nadym",65.53,72.515,6,7],["Naryan Mar",67.647,53.057,6,7],["Nasca",-14.83,-74.94,6,7],["New Amsterdam",6.25,-57.53,6,7],["Nikolayevsk na Amure",53.15,140.73,6,7],["Nizhneudinsk",54.898,99.028,6,7],["Óbidos",-1.91,-55.52,6,7],["Ometepec",16.68,-98.42,6,7],["Onega",63.927,38.077,6,7],["Ongwediva",-17.78,15.77,6,7],["Örnsköldsvik",63.318,18.717,6,7],["Östersund",63.183,14.65,6,7],["Ouésso",1.61,16.05,6,7],["Oyem",1.617,11.583,6,7],["Pacasmayo",-7.401,-79.571,6,7],["Palatka",60.1,150.9,6,7],["Pärnu",58.375,24.514,6,7],["Pechora",65.159,57.209,6,7],["Port Macquarie",-31.445,152.919,6,7],["Prince Albert",53.2,-105.75,6,7],["Progreso",21.283,-89.667,6,7],["Puerto Armuelles",8.28,-82.87,6,7],["Pyu",18.478,96.438,6,7],["Qulsary",46.983,54.017,6,7],["Reggane",26.7,0.167,6,7],["Rio Grande",-53.791,-67.699,6,7],["Rocha",-34.483,-54.333,6,7],["Rosso",16.524,-15.813,6,7],["Rumbek",6.8,29.683,6,7],["Salekhard",66.535,66.61,6,7],["San José de Mayo",-34.35,-56.71,6,7],["Santa Maria da Vitória",-13.39,-44.21,6,7],["Sena Madureira",-9.07,-68.67,6,7],["Sept-Îles",50.316,-66.36,6,7],["Severobaykalsk",55.634,109.313,6,7],["Shalqar",47.836,59.614,6,7],["Shaoyang",27,111.2,6,7],["Shimanovsk",52.002,127.697,6,7],["Siwa",29.2,25.517,6,7],["Smara",26.733,-11.683,6,7],["Songkhla",7.21,100.56,6,7],["Sovetskaya Gavan",48.97,140.275,6,7],["Sumbe",-11.21,13.85,6,7],["Swakopmund",-22.669,14.535,6,7],["Tacheng",46.75,82.95,6,7],["Tamworth",-31.103,150.917,6,7],["Tara",56.898,74.378,6,7],["Tarawa",1.338,173.018,6,7],["Taupo",-38.693,176.077,6,7],["Tehuantepec",16.33,-95.23,6,7],["Timaru",-44.397,171.242,6,7],["Tocopilla",-22.09,-70.19,6,7],["Tômbua",-15.8,11.86,6,7],["Tynda",55.174,124.708,6,7],["Ulaangom",49.983,92.067,6,7],["Usinsk",65.923,57.403,6,7],["Ust-Kut",56.765,105.76,6,7],["Val d'Or",48.117,-77.767,6,7],["Vallenar",-28.57,-70.76,6,7],["Velikiy Ustyug",60.769,46.299,6,7],["Velsk",61.067,42.097,6,7],["Vicksburg",32.352,-90.878,6,7],["Vigan",17.575,120.387,6,7],["Villarrica",-25.75,-56.433,6,7],["Vryburg",-26.96,24.73,6,7],["Warrnambool",-38.38,142.47,6,7],["Watsa",3.04,29.53,6,7],["Wewak",-3.553,143.637,6,7],["Whanganui",-39.933,175.039,6,7],["Xique-Xique",-10.82,-42.73,6,7],["Yambio",4.571,28.416,6,7],["Zeya",53.75,127.267,6,7],["Akureyri",65.667,-18.1,6,6],["Aleksandrovsk Sakhalinskiy",50.897,142.156,6,6],["Alta",69.967,23.242,6,6],["Ambriz",-7.855,13.125,6,6],["Babanusa",11.333,27.8,6,6],["Bandarbeyla",9.483,50.817,6,6],["Barcelos",-0.975,-62.924,6,6],["Baruun-Urt",46.7,113.283,6,6],["Belomorsk",64.525,34.766,6,6],["Bemidji",47.474,-94.88,6,6],["Biltine",14.533,20.917,6,6],["Bodaybo",57.965,114.329,6,6],["Bowen",-20.001,148.209,6,6],["Bulgan",48.811,103.532,6,6],["Burnie",-41.067,145.917,6,6],["Chañaral",-26.348,-70.621,6,6],["Contamana",-7.34,-75.02,6,6],["Dolbeau",48.867,-72.233,6,6],["Dolo Bay",4.183,42.083,6,6],["Dundo",-7.38,20.83,6,6],["Eyl",7.983,49.833,6,6],["Faya Largeau",17.917,19.117,6,6],["Filadelfia",-22.34,-60.03,6,6],["Fonte Boa",-2.514,-66.092,6,6],["Forster-Tuncurry",-32.193,152.527,6,6],["Greenville",5.011,-9.039,6,6],["Havre",48.545,-109.678,6,6],["Hun",29.117,15.933,6,6],["Innisfail",-17.531,146.039,6,6],["Kavieng",-2.581,150.813,6,6],["Keetmanshoop",-26.574,18.13,6,6],["Kem",64.954,34.568,6,6],["Kenora",49.767,-94.467,6,6],["Khilok",51.35,110.45,6,6],["Kiruna",67.85,20.217,6,6],["Kyakhta",50.353,106.453,6,6],["Lijiang",26.8,100.267,6,6],["Lillehammer",61.133,10.5,6,6],["Los Alamos",35.891,-106.298,6,6],["Magdagachi",53.45,125.8,6,6],["Mao",14.119,15.313,6,6],["Marsabit",2.33,37.98,6,6],["Merowe",18.483,31.817,6,6],["Mogocha",53.733,119.767,6,6],["Molde",62.748,7.183,6,6],["Morombe",-21.739,43.366,6,6],["Mossel Bay",-34.17,22.13,6,6],["Muynoq",43.768,59.021,6,6],["Nara",15.18,-7.28,6,6],["Narvik",68.383,17.29,6,6],["Negele Boran",5.317,39.583,6,6],["Nogliki",51.833,143.167,6,6],["North Battleford",52.767,-108.283,6,6],["Öndörkhaan",47.317,110.65,6,6],["Palmer",61.6,-149.113,6,6],["Port Augusta",-32.49,137.77,6,6],["Puerto Natales",-51.718,-72.512,6,6],["Queenstown",-45.023,168.725,6,6],["Río Colorado",-38.967,-64.083,6,6],["Robertsport",6.753,-11.369,6,6],["Salaverry",-8.22,-78.99,6,6],["Santissima Trindade",-15,-59.95,6,6],["São Gabriel da Cachoeira",-0.133,-67.083,6,6],["Skovorodino",53.983,123.917,6,6],["Slyudyanka",51.654,103.699,6,6],["Taltal",-25.4,-70.47,6,6],["Tidjikdja",18.55,-11.417,6,6],["Tindouf",27.674,-8.148,6,6],["Tôlanaro",-25.027,46.99,6,6],["Tórshavn",62.03,-6.82,6,6],["Tsumeb",-19.24,17.71,6,6],["Udachny",66.423,112.397,6,6],["Wadi Halfa",21.8,31.35,6,6],["Williams Lake",52.117,-122.15,6,6],["Yeniseysk",58.452,92.157,6,6],["Zapala",-38.9,-70.067,6,6],["Züünkharaa",48.867,106.467,6,6],["Avarua",-21.196,-159.785,6,5],["Awjilah",29.108,21.287,6,5],["Banff",51.178,-115.572,6,5],["Bathurst",47.6,-65.65,6,5],["Buyant-Uhaa",44.867,110.15,6,5],["Carnarvon",-24.9,113.65,6,5],["Chernyshevsky",63.013,112.471,6,5],["Cody",44.523,-109.057,6,5],["Dauphin",51.15,-100.05,6,5],["Dryden",49.783,-92.833,6,5],["Esperance",-33.857,121.889,6,5],["Flin Flon",54.767,-101.883,6,5],["Fort Nelson",58.817,-122.533,6,5],["Gamba",-2.65,10,6,5],["Ghadamis",30.133,9.5,6,5],["Grafton",-29.712,152.938,6,5],["Igrim",63.193,64.419,6,5],["Illizi",26.483,8.467,6,5],["Keflavík",64.017,-22.567,6,5],["Kemijärvi",66.667,27.417,6,5],["Kenai",60.554,-151.258,6,5],["Ketchikan",55.356,-131.664,6,5],["Khandyga",62.666,135.6,6,5],["Kununurra",-15.767,128.733,6,5],["Lerwick",60.15,-1.15,6,5],["Lobamba",-26.467,31.2,6,5],["Maintirano",-18.067,44.017,6,5],["Melekeok",7.487,134.627,6,5],["Ménaka",15.917,2.4,6,5],["Moree",-29.47,149.83,6,5],["Namsos",64.483,11.5,6,5],["Newman",-23.367,119.733,6,5],["Northam",-31.657,116.653,6,5],["Norway House",53.967,-97.833,6,5],["Novo Airão",-2.621,-60.944,6,5],["Olovyannaya",50.95,115.567,6,5],["Porto Nacional",-10.7,-48.42,6,5],["Puerto Aisén",-45.4,-72.7,6,5],["Qarqaraly",49.425,75.465,6,5],["Qazaly",45.763,62.108,6,5],["Roma",-26.559,148.791,6,5],["San Jose",-17.85,-60.78,6,5],["San Matias",-16.36,-58.42,6,5],["Sarmiento",-45.6,-69.083,6,5],["Sinop",-11.85,-55.46,6,5],["Smithers",54.767,-127.167,6,5],["Suntar",62.144,117.632,6,5],["Susuman",62.783,148.167,6,5],["Tazovsky",67.467,78.7,6,5],["Tessalit",20.201,1.089,6,5],["The Pas",53.817,-101.233,6,5],["Tura",64.283,100.25,6,5],["Uliastay",47.75,96.817,6,5],["Umba",66.681,34.346,6,5],["Vadsø",70.097,29.766,6,5],["Vilyuysk",63.755,121.625,6,5],["Wick",58.433,-3.083,6,5],["Yarmouth",43.831,-66.113,6,5],["Zambezi",-13.54,23.11,6,5],["Aqtau",43.623,51.237,6,4],["Araouane",18.9,-3.53,6,4],["Bagdarin",54.433,113.6,6,4],["Chersky",68.75,161.33,6,4],["Cordova",60.543,-145.757,6,4],["De-Kastri",51.467,140.783,6,4],["Derby",-17.3,123.967,6,4],["Dondo",-9.69,14.43,6,4],["El Dorado",6.733,-61.633,6,4],["Ely",39.247,-114.888,6,4],["Evensk",61.95,159.233,6,4],["Funafuti",-8.517,179.217,6,4],["Gander",48.95,-54.55,6,4],["Garoowe",8.4,48.5,6,4],["Gaspé",48.837,-64.493,6,4],["Goondiwindi",-28.555,150.325,6,4],["Ilulissat",69.217,-51.1,6,4],["Inuvik",68.35,-133.7,6,4],["Ísafjörður",66.083,-23.15,6,4],["Jasper",52.883,-118.083,6,4],["Kirkenes",69.725,30.052,6,4],["Mabaruma",8.2,-59.78,6,4],["Maltahöhe",-24.84,16.94,6,4],["Mandalgovi",45.75,106.266,6,4],["Manjimup",-34.233,116.15,6,4],["Mayumba",-3.417,10.65,6,4],["Mejillones",-23.1,-70.45,6,4],["Mezen",65.852,44.24,6,4],["Nagchu",31.48,92.05,6,4],["Novyy Uoyin",56.135,111.734,6,4],["Omsukchan",62.533,155.8,6,4],["Palikir",6.917,158.15,6,4],["Perito Moreno",-46.6,-70.933,6,4],["Pevek",69.701,170.313,6,4],["Port Burwell",60.266,-64.741,6,4],["Provideniya",64.423,-173.226,6,4],["Puerto San Julián",-49.3,-67.717,6,4],["Puerto Williams",-54.933,-67.617,6,4],["Qaqortoq",60.729,-46.036,6,4],["Rankin Inlet",62.817,-92.095,6,4],["Sangar",63.924,127.474,6,4],["Seward",60.126,-149.47,6,4],["Srednekolymsk",67.45,153.71,6,4],["Svolvær",68.233,14.567,6,4],["Taoudenni",22.667,-3.983,6,4],["Teeli",51.033,90.233,6,4],["Tennant Creek",-19.65,134.2,6,4],["Tonantins",-2.873,-67.802,6,4],["Turukhansk",65.838,87.955,6,4],["Unalaska",53.869,-166.532,6,4],["Ust-Kamchatsk",56.214,162.435,6,4],["Ust-Maya",60.457,134.543,6,4],["Vanhynsdorp",-31.617,18.733,6,4],["Weipa",-12.667,141.867,6,4],["Zyryanka",65.736,150.89,6,4],["Alexander Bay",-28.608,16.503,6,3],["Amapá",2.05,-50.8,6,3],["Attawapiskat",52.917,-82.433,6,3],["Ayan",56.454,138.167,6,3],["Cape Dorset",64.313,-76.539,6,3],["Ceduna",-32.099,133.662,6,3],["Charleville",-26.4,146.25,6,3],["Chumikan",54.711,135.315,6,3],["Cloncurry",-20.7,140.5,6,3],["Eldikan",60.8,135.183,6,3],["Exmouth",-21.931,114.123,6,3],["Fulin",29.35,102.717,6,3],["Gillam",56.35,-94.7,6,3],["Gjoa Haven",68.633,-95.917,6,3],["Halls Creek",-18.267,127.767,6,3],["Höfn",64.272,-15.214,6,3],["Hooper Bay",61.531,-166.097,6,3],["Inukjuak",58.47,-78.136,6,3],["Klyuchi",56.3,160.85,6,3],["Longyearbyen",78.217,15.55,6,3],["Marka",1.777,44.853,6,3],["Moosonee",51.281,-80.658,6,3],["Norseman",-32.2,121.767,6,3],["Novy Port",67.698,72.928,6,3],["Oktyabrsky",52.664,156.239,6,3],["Omolon",65.25,160.5,6,3],["Paamiut",62.004,-49.635,6,3],["Pangnirtung",66.133,-65.75,6,3],["Pond Inlet",72.685,-78,6,3],["Saskylakh",71.917,114.083,6,3],["Tasiilaq",65.602,-37.634,6,3],["Uummannaq",70.675,-52.123,6,3],["Verkhoyansk",67.545,133.385,6,3],["Amderma",69.763,61.668,6,2],["Bir Lehlou",26.119,-9.653,6,2],["Brochet",57.883,-101.667,6,2],["Cartwright",53.701,-57.012,6,2],["Fada",17.185,21.59,6,2],["Fort Resolution",61.167,-113.683,6,2],["Fort Simpson",61.85,-121.333,6,2],["Fort Yukon",66.565,-145.274,6,2],["Galena",64.733,-156.927,6,2],["Gambell",63.78,-171.731,6,2],["Georgetown",-18.3,143.533,6,2],["Govorovo",70.211,125.993,6,2],["Holman",70.733,-117.75,6,2],["Hughenden",-20.85,144.2,6,2],["Ittoqqortoormiit",70.483,-21.967,6,2],["Kangerlussuaq",67.014,-50.71,6,2],["Kimmirut",62.85,-69.883,6,2],["Kulusuk",65.567,-37.183,6,2],["Laverton",-28.627,122.404,6,2],["Leonara",-28.882,121.328,6,2],["Lynn Lake",56.85,-101.05,6,2],["Meekatharra",-26.6,118.483,6,2],["Mereeg",3.767,47.3,6,2],["Mingan",50.302,-64.017,6,2],["Nimule",3.6,32.05,6,2],["Nuussuaq",74.121,-57.067,6,2],["Onslow",-21.658,115.096,6,2],["Principe da Beira",-12.417,-64.417,6,2],["Quilpie",-26.617,144.25,6,2],["Shoyna",67.867,44.133,6,2],["Skagway",59.458,-135.314,6,2],["Tarapoto",-6.51,-76.48,6,2],["Thargomindah",-28,143.817,6,2],["Togiak",59.07,-160.378,6,2],["Tuktoyaktuk",69.455,-133.049,6,2],["Uelen",66.154,-169.811,6,2],["Watson Lake",60.117,-128.8,6,2],["Wyndham",-15.374,128.36,6,2],["Xangongo",-16.74,14.97,6,2],["Yerema",60.381,107.779,6,2],["Yulara",-25.241,130.989,6,2],["Al Qunfudhah",19.126,41.079,6,1],["Alert",82.483,-62.25,6,1],["Androka",-25.022,44.075,6,1],["Bir Mogrein",25.233,-11.583,6,1],["Camooweal",-19.917,138.117,6,1],["Chagda",60.1,133.9,6,1],["Djado",21.015,12.308,6,1],["Erldunda",-25.233,133.2,6,1],["Grise Fiord",76.442,-82.95,6,1],["Gueppi",-0.117,-75.23,6,1],["Gyda",70.881,78.466,6,1],["Indiga",67.69,49.017,6,1],["Ivugivik",62.417,-77.9,6,1],["Kaktovik",70.088,-143.603,6,1],["Kangersuatsiaq",72.38,-55.549,6,1],["Karumba",-17.483,140.833,6,1],["Khakhar",57.667,135.43,6,1],["Komsa",61.868,89.258,6,1],["Kovda",66.69,32.87,6,1],["Krasino",70.731,54.421,6,1],["La Esmeralda",3.174,-65.547,6,1],["Lansdowne House",52.217,-87.883,6,1],["Manily",62.55,165.3,6,1],["Matočkin Šar",73.27,56.45,6,1],["Menkere",67.989,123.35,6,1],["Mikhaylova",75.095,86.982,6,1],["Nord",81.717,-17.8,6,1],["Numto",63.667,71.333,6,1],["Nyingchi",29.533,94.417,6,1],["Olenyok",68.525,112.45,6,1],["Qeqertasuaq",69.244,-53.565,6,1],["Red Devil",61.761,-157.313,6,1],["Rigolet",54.177,-58.447,6,1],["Rusanovo",70.598,56.372,6,1],["Sagastyr",73.378,126.592,6,1],["Savissivik",76.019,-65.112,6,1],["Sayhut al Ghamirah",15.211,51.245,6,1],["Starorybnoye",72.767,104.8,6,1],["Terbyas",64.376,120.547,6,1],["Three Springs",-29.533,115.75,6,1],["Timmiarmiut",62.533,-42.217,6,1],["Uranium City",59.567,-108.617,6,1],["Ust-Olenyok",72.998,119.773,6,1],["Vorontsovo",71.698,83.564,6,1],["Wainwright",70.637,-160.038,6,1],["Chernobyl",51.389,30.099,6,0],["Ennadai",61.133,-100.883,6,0],["Kazachye",70.733,136.217,6,0],["Baoding",38.872,115.478,7,12],["Bekasi",-6.217,106.972,7,12],["Cilacap",-7.719,109.015,7,12],["Dammam",26.43,50.098,7,12],["Düsseldorf",51.22,6.78,7,12],["Fort Lauderdale",26.136,-80.142,7,12],["Haifa",32.822,34.978,7,12],["Haora",22.58,88.33,7,12],["Hechi",24.695,108.083,7,12],["Ikare",7.53,5.76,7,12],["Irvine",33.68,-117.83,7,12],["Karaj",35.802,50.968,7,12],["Katowice",50.26,19.02,7,12],["Maanshan",31.73,118.48,7,12],["Mannheim",49.5,8.47,7,12],["Maoming",21.92,110.87,7,12],["Quezon City",14.65,121.03,7,12],["Shangrao",28.47,117.97,7,12],["Shuyang",34.13,118.773,7,12],["Toluca",19.332,-99.672,7,12],["Xiangtan",27.85,112.9,7,12],["Zhangzhou",24.52,117.67,7,12],["Zhongli",24.965,121.217,7,12],["Zigong",29.402,104.778,7,12],["Aba",5.1,7.35,7,11],["Abeokuta",7.16,3.35,7,11],["Akron",41.07,-81.52,7,11],["Al Hillah",32.472,44.422,7,11],["Arak",34.08,49.7,7,11],["As Sulaymaniyah",35.561,45.431,7,11],["Bandar Lampung",-5.45,105.3,7,11],["Bannu",32.989,70.599,7,11],["Barcelona",10.13,-64.72,7,11],["Bareilly",28.347,79.418,7,11],["Bari",41.114,16.873,7,11],["Basel",47.58,7.59,7,11],["Beihai",21.48,109.1,7,11],["Bhavnagar",21.778,72.13,7,11],["Bikaner",28.03,73.33,7,11],["Bilaspur",22.09,82.16,7,11],["Binjai",3.62,98.5,7,11],["Blida",36.42,2.83,7,11],["Bonn",50.72,7.08,7,11],["Brighton",50.83,-0.17,7,11],["Bucheon",37.501,126.781,7,11],["Bukittinggi",-0.303,100.361,7,11],["Butterworth",5.417,100.4,7,11],["Cangzhou",38.32,116.87,7,11],["Changhua",24.073,120.513,7,11],["Changping",40.225,116.194,7,11],["Changzhi",36.184,113.105,7,11],["Covington",39.084,-84.509,7,11],["Dehra Dun",30.32,78.05,7,11],["Diyarbakır",37.92,40.23,7,11],["El Mansura",31.05,31.38,7,11],["Gary",41.58,-87.33,7,11],["Gliwice",50.33,18.67,7,11],["Goyang",37.655,126.835,7,11],["Grand Rapids",42.964,-85.67,7,11],["Hamamatsu",34.718,137.733,7,11],["Hanover",52.367,9.717,7,11],["Ismaïlia",30.59,32.26,7,11],["Jalalabad",34.442,70.436,7,11],["Jeonju",35.831,127.14,7,11],["Jhansi",25.453,78.557,7,11],["Jian",27.13,115,7,11],["Jiangmen",22.58,113.08,7,11],["Jincheng",35.5,112.83,7,11],["Karbala",32.615,44.024,7,11],["Kenitra",34.27,-6.58,7,11],["Kitakyūshū",33.87,130.82,7,11],["Kumamoto",32.801,130.701,7,11],["La Plata",-34.91,-57.96,7,11],["Leipzig",51.335,12.41,7,11],["Lianyungang",34.6,119.17,7,11],["Lowell",42.634,-71.317,7,11],["Málaga",36.72,-4.42,7,11],["Malegaon",20.56,74.525,7,11],["Matola",-25.97,32.46,7,11],["Meknes",33.9,-5.56,7,11],["Morelia",19.733,-101.189,7,11],["Moshi",-3.34,37.34,7,11],["New Haven",41.33,-72.9,7,11],["Nottingham",52.97,-1.17,7,11],["Novo Hamburgo",-29.71,-51.14,7,11],["Oceanside",33.22,-117.335,7,11],["Oyo",7.85,3.93,7,11],["Pereira",4.81,-75.68,7,11],["Pingtung",22.682,120.482,7,11],["Poznań",52.406,16.9,7,11],["Puyang",35.7,114.98,7,11],["Qingyuan",23.7,113.03,7,11],["Raurkela",22.23,84.83,7,11],["Rizhao",35.43,119.45,7,11],["Rouen",49.43,1.08,7,11],["Saarbrücken",49.25,6.97,7,11],["Salerno",40.68,14.77,7,11],["Sangli",16.86,74.575,7,11],["Sargodha",32.085,72.675,7,11],["Shivamogga",13.93,75.56,7,11],["Shizuoka",34.986,138.385,7,11],["Shuozhou",39.3,112.42,7,11],["Siliguri",26.72,88.455,7,11],["Sohag",26.55,31.7,7,11],["Songnam",37.441,127.136,7,11],["Stockton",37.958,-121.29,7,11],["Taizhou",32.49,119.9,7,11],["Tarsus",36.92,34.88,7,11],["Tirunelveli",8.73,77.69,7,11],["Tiruppur",11.08,77.33,7,11],["Tolyatti",53.48,49.53,7,11],["Tongling",30.95,117.78,7,11],["Turpan",42.935,89.165,7,11],["Ujjain",23.19,75.79,7,11],["Utrecht",52.1,5.12,7,11],["Wiesbaden",50.08,8.25,7,11],["Wrocław",51.11,17.03,7,11],["Xiangtai",37.05,114.5,7,11],["Yangjiang",21.85,111.97,7,11],["Zhanyi",25.6,103.817,7,11],["Acarigua",9.58,-69.2,7,10],["Adıyaman",37.77,38.28,7,10],["Ado Ekiti",7.63,5.22,7,10],["Agartala",23.835,91.28,7,10],["Aizawl",23.71,92.72,7,10],["Akure",7.25,5.2,7,10],["Al Amarah",31.842,47.151,7,10],["Al Ayn",24.23,55.74,7,10],["Al Fallujah",33.348,43.777,7,10],["Al Jubayl",27.005,49.646,7,10],["Al Kharj",24.156,47.312,7,10],["Al Khums",32.66,14.26,7,10],["Al Kut",32.491,45.83,7,10],["Alicante",38.351,-0.484,7,10],["Alor Setar",6.113,100.373,7,10],["Alwar",27.545,76.605,7,10],["Ambato",-1.27,-78.62,7,10],["Amol",36.471,52.363,7,10],["An Nasiriyah",31.043,46.268,7,10],["Anápolis",-16.32,-48.96,7,10],["Angren",41.03,70.155,7,10],["Ann Arbor",42.3,-83.72,7,10],["Arar",30.99,41.021,7,10],["Armenia",4.534,-75.681,7,10],["Arua",3.02,30.9,7,10],["Aurora",41.765,-88.3,7,10],["Awka",6.21,7.07,7,10],["Babruysk",53.127,29.193,7,10],["Bạc Liêu",9.28,105.72,7,10],["Bafoussam",5.49,10.41,7,10],["Balıkesir",39.65,27.89,7,10],["Banja Luka",44.78,17.18,7,10],["Baqubah",33.748,44.657,7,10],["Barishal",22.7,90.375,7,10],["Batman",37.89,41.14,7,10],["Bauchi",10.31,9.84,7,10],["Béjaïa",36.76,5.07,7,10],["Beni",0.49,29.45,7,10],["Beni Suef",29.08,31.09,7,10],["Bertoua",4.58,13.68,7,10],["Bharatpur",27.25,77.5,7,10],["Bhatpara",22.85,88.52,7,10],["Bhilwara",25.35,74.635,7,10],["Bhuj",23.25,69.81,7,10],["Białystok",53.15,23.17,7,10],["Bidar",17.923,77.518,7,10],["Biysk",52.534,85.18,7,10],["Blackpool",53.83,-3.05,7,10],["Bologna",44.5,11.34,7,10],["Brașov",45.648,25.607,7,10],["Brno",49.2,16.61,7,10],["Buenaventura",3.872,-77.05,7,10],["Buon Me Thuot",12.667,108.05,7,10],["Buraydah",26.366,43.963,7,10],["Bydgoszcz",53.12,18.01,7,10],["Cà Mau",9.177,105.15,7,10],["Cabanatuan",15.502,120.962,7,10],["Cadiz",10.959,123.309,7,10],["Cagliari",39.222,9.104,7,10],["Calabar",4.96,8.33,7,10],["Cartagena",37.6,-0.98,7,10],["Cascavel",-24.96,-53.46,7,10],["Chaoyang",41.55,120.42,7,10],["Charleroi",50.42,4.45,7,10],["Chengde",40.96,117.93,7,10],["Chenzhou",25.8,113.03,7,10],["Cherepovets",59.14,37.91,7,10],["Cherkasy",49.435,32.071,7,10],["Chernivtsi",48.305,25.922,7,10],["Chiayi",23.475,120.435,7,10],["Chirala",15.86,80.34,7,10],["Chlef",36.17,1.32,7,10],["Chon Buri",13.4,101,7,10],["Ciudad Obregon",27.467,-109.925,7,10],["Coatzacoalcos",18.12,-94.42,7,10],["Columbia",38.952,-92.334,7,10],["Columbus",32.47,-84.98,7,10],["Comilla",23.47,91.17,7,10],["Córdoba",18.92,-96.92,7,10],["Coventry",52.42,-1.5,7,10],["Craiova",44.326,23.826,7,10],["Cranbourne",-38.1,145.283,7,10],["Crato",-7.23,-39.42,7,10],["Curepipe",-20.316,57.517,7,10],["Da Lat",11.93,108.42,7,10],["Damanhûr",31.05,30.47,7,10],["Davenport",41.554,-90.588,7,10],["Dayr az Zawr",35.33,40.13,7,10],["Debrecen",47.53,21.63,7,10],["Denizli",37.77,29.08,7,10],["Dera Ghazi Khan",30.06,70.635,7,10],["Dezful",32.38,48.47,7,10],["Dezhou",37.45,116.3,7,10],["Djougou",9.7,1.68,7,10],["Dumyat",31.42,31.82,7,10],["Dzerzhinsk",56.25,43.46,7,10],["Edéa",3.8,10.12,7,10],["Er Rachidia",31.94,-4.45,7,10],["Erzurum",39.92,41.29,7,10],["Etawah",26.785,79.015,7,10],["Everett",47.96,-122.2,7,10],["Fayetteville",35.063,-78.884,7,10],["Flint",43.013,-83.688,7,10],["Fort Collins",40.561,-105.059,7,10],["Fort Pierce",27.447,-80.326,7,10],["Fort Wayne",41.08,-85.13,7,10],["Fort-de-France",14.61,-61.08,7,10],["Foz do Iguaçu",-25.523,-54.53,7,10],["Freiburg",48,7.87,7,10],["Fukui",36.07,136.22,7,10],["Gabès",33.9,10.1,7,10],["Gdynia",54.52,18.53,7,10],["Gifu",35.423,136.763,7,10],["Gilgit",35.917,74.3,7,10],["Gombe",10.29,11.17,7,10],["Gorgan",36.83,54.48,7,10],["Graz",47.078,15.41,7,10],["Greenville",34.853,-82.394,7,10],["Grenoble",45.18,5.72,7,10],["Groningen",53.22,6.58,7,10],["Gunsan",35.982,126.716,7,10],["Gusau",12.17,6.66,7,10],["Haarlem",52.38,4.63,7,10],["Haeju",38.039,125.714,7,10],["Hafar al Batin",28.434,45.96,7,10],["Hail",27.524,41.7,7,10],["Hajjah",15.692,43.602,7,10],["Haldia",22.026,88.058,7,10],["Hamah",35.15,36.73,7,10],["Hancheng",35.47,110.43,7,10],["Hebi",35.95,114.22,7,10],["Heyuan",23.73,114.68,7,10],["Hosapete",15.28,76.375,7,10],["Hrodna",53.678,23.834,7,10],["Hyeson",41.393,128.193,7,10],["Ife",7.48,4.56,7,10],["Ijebu Ode",6.82,3.92,7,10],["Iligan",8.171,124.215,7,10],["Ipatinga",-19.48,-42.52,7,10],["İskenderun",36.58,36.17,7,10],["Itabuna",-14.79,-39.28,7,10],["Itajaí",-26.9,-48.68,7,10],["Ivano-Frankivsk",48.935,24.709,7,10],["Iwaki",37.055,140.89,7,10],["İzmit",40.776,29.931,7,10],["Jalal Abad",40.943,73.003,7,10],["Jashore",23.17,89.2,7,10],["Jeju",33.51,126.522,7,10],["Jhang",31.28,72.325,7,10],["Jiaojing",28.68,121.45,7,10],["Jingdezhen",29.27,117.18,7,10],["Jingmen",31.03,112.1,7,10],["Jinja",0.44,33.2,7,10],["Jinshi",29.632,111.852,7,10],["Jiutai",44.145,125.844,7,10],["Jizzax",40.1,67.83,7,10],["Kaluga",54.52,36.27,7,10],["Kanggye",40.973,126.603,7,10],["Karimnagar",18.46,79.11,7,10],["Karnal",29.68,76.97,7,10],["Kashan",33.98,51.58,7,10],["Kasur",31.125,74.455,7,10],["Katsina",12.99,7.6,7,10],["Kaunas",54.95,23.88,7,10],["Kediri",-7.79,112,7,10],["Keelung",25.133,121.733,7,10],["Khammam",17.28,80.16,7,10],["Kherson",46.633,32.601,7,10],["Khomeini Shahr",32.7,51.47,7,10],["Khorramabad",33.48,48.35,7,10],["Khvoy",38.53,44.97,7,10],["Kiel",54.33,10.13,7,10],["Kielce",50.89,20.66,7,10],["Kingston upon Hull",53.75,-0.33,7,10],["Kirovohrad",48.504,32.26,7,10],["Kissimmee",28.292,-81.408,7,10],["Kırıkkale",39.85,33.53,7,10],["Koblenz",50.35,7.6,7,10],["Kollam",8.9,76.57,7,10],["Kondoz",36.728,68.873,7,10],["Košice",48.73,21.25,7,10],["Kremenchuk",49.084,33.43,7,10],["Ksar El Kebir",35.02,-5.91,7,10],["Kuala Terengganu",5.33,103.12,7,10],["La Romana",18.417,-68.967,7,10],["Lakeville",44.65,-93.243,7,10],["Lampang",18.292,99.481,7,10],["Las Tunas",20.96,-76.954,7,10],["Lausanne",46.53,6.65,7,10],["Lianxian",24.782,112.383,7,10],["Liaocheng",36.43,115.97,7,10],["Limbe",4.03,9.19,7,10],["Limeira",-22.55,-47.4,7,10],["Linchuan",27.97,116.36,7,10],["Linz",48.319,14.289,7,10],["Long Xuyen",10.38,105.42,7,10],["Longxi",35.048,104.639,7,10],["Longyan",25.18,117.03,7,10],["Lübeck",53.87,10.67,7,10],["Lublin",51.25,22.573,7,10],["Luhansk",48.57,39.334,7,10],["Luton",51.88,-0.42,7,10],["Lutsk",50.747,25.333,7,10],["Luzern",47.05,8.28,7,10],["Magdeburg",52.13,11.62,7,10],["Mahilyow",53.899,30.325,7,10],["Maiquetía",10.6,-66.97,7,10],["Majene",-3.534,118.966,7,10],["Malatya",38.37,38.3,7,10],["Mallawi",27.73,30.84,7,10],["Mandya",12.57,76.92,7,10],["Manisa",38.63,27.44,7,10],["Maringá",-23.41,-51.93,7,10],["Mataram",-8.58,116.135,7,10],["Matsumoto",36.24,137.97,7,10],["Mawlamyine",16.5,97.67,7,10],["Mayagüez",18.202,-67.14,7,10],["Mazatlán",29.017,-110.133,7,10],["Mbale",1.09,34.17,7,10],["Mbombela",-25.47,30.98,7,10],["Meizhou",24.3,116.12,7,10],["Mendefera",14.886,38.816,7,10],["Messina",38.2,15.55,7,10],["Metz",49.12,6.18,7,10],["Middlesbrough",54.58,-1.23,7,10],["Minatitlán",17.98,-94.53,7,10],["Miri",4.4,113.985,7,10],["Mirzapur",25.145,82.57,7,10],["Miskolc",48.1,20.78,7,10],["Mito",36.37,140.48,7,10],["Modesto",37.655,-120.99,7,10],["Mokpo",34.807,126.396,7,10],["Montpellier",43.61,3.87,7,10],["Mubi",10.27,13.27,7,10],["Mulhouse",47.75,7.35,7,10],["Münster",51.97,7.62,7,10],["Muzaffarpur",26.12,85.38,7,10],["Mymensingh",24.75,90.38,7,10],["Nablus",32.221,35.254,7,10],["Nagercoil",8.18,77.43,7,10],["Nancy",48.684,6.2,7,10],["Nanping",26.63,118.17,7,10],["Nantes",47.21,-1.59,7,10],["Naples",26.142,-81.795,7,10],["Narayanganj",23.62,90.5,7,10],["Navoi",40.11,65.355,7,10],["Nawabshah",26.245,68.4,7,10],["Neiva",2.931,-75.33,7,10],["Newark",40.7,-74.17,7,10],["Ngaoundéré",7.32,13.58,7,10],["Ninde",26.68,119.53,7,10],["Niš",43.33,21.9,7,10],["Nizamabad",18.67,78.1,7,10],["Nizhnekamsk",55.64,51.82,7,10],["Noginsk",55.87,38.48,7,10],["Nonthaburi",13.834,100.483,7,10],["North Shore",-36.791,174.776,7,10],["Novi Sad",45.25,19.85,7,10],["Nyanza",-2.35,29.74,7,10],["Ogden",41.232,-111.968,7,10],["Ōita",33.243,131.598,7,10],["Okara",30.81,73.45,7,10],["Olongapo",14.83,120.283,7,10],["Ondo",7.09,4.84,7,10],["Ongole",15.56,80.05,7,10],["Orléans",47.9,1.9,7,10],["Osh",40.54,72.79,7,10],["Oshogbo",7.77,4.56,7,10],["Osnabrück",52.28,8.05,7,10],["Ostrava",49.83,18.25,7,10],["Oviedo",43.35,-5.83,7,10],["Owo",7.2,5.59,7,10],["Pachuca",20.17,-98.73,7,10],["Padangsidempuan",1.389,99.273,7,10],["Pakalongan",-6.88,109.67,7,10],["Pali",25.79,73.33,7,10],["Palm Springs",33.777,-116.533,7,10],["Panipat",29.4,76.97,7,10],["Parbhani",19.27,76.76,7,10],["Pasay City",14.55,121,7,10],["Pasuruan",-7.63,112.9,7,10],["Pathankot",32.27,75.72,7,10],["Pathein",16.77,94.75,7,10],["Patiala",30.32,76.385,7,10],["Pescara",42.455,14.219,7,10],["Petrópolis",-22.509,-43.2,7,10],["Phan Thiet",10.934,108.1,7,10],["Pingliang",35.53,106.68,7,10],["Pisa",43.72,10.4,7,10],["Ploiești",44.947,26.036,7,10],["Plymouth",50.385,-4.16,7,10],["Podolsk",55.38,37.53,7,10],["Poltava",49.574,34.57,7,10],["Portsmouth",50.8,-1.08,7,10],["Potsdam",52.4,13.07,7,10],["Poza Rica de Hidalgo",20.55,-97.47,7,10],["Puqi",29.72,113.88,7,10],["Puri",19.82,85.9,7,10],["Putian",25.43,119.02,7,10],["Qarshi",38.87,65.8,7,10],["Qena",26.15,32.72,7,10],["Qinzhou",21.95,108.62,7,10],["Qoqon",40.54,70.94,7,10],["Quảng Ngãi",15.15,108.83,7,10],["Quzhou",28.97,118.87,7,10],["Rạch Giá",10.015,105.091,7,10],["Raichur",16.21,77.355,7,10],["Rajahmundry",17.03,81.79,7,10],["Rajapalaiyam",9.42,77.58,7,10],["Rampur",28.815,79.025,7,10],["Ratlam",23.35,75.03,7,10],["Rivne",50.617,26.253,7,10],["Rostock",54.07,12.15,7,10],["Rybinsk",58.05,38.82,7,10],["Rzeszów",50.07,22,7,10],["Sagar",23.85,78.75,7,10],["Saidpur",25.8,89,7,10],["Saint-Étienne",45.43,4.38,7,10],["Salzburg",47.81,13.04,7,10],["Sambalpur",21.47,83.97,7,10],["Samut Prakan",13.607,100.611,7,10],["San Pablo",14.07,121.323,7,10],["San Pedro de Macorís",18.45,-69.3,7,10],["San Sebastián",43.32,-1.98,7,10],["San-Pedro",4.77,-6.64,7,10],["Santa Ana",13.995,-89.56,7,10],["Santa Rosa",38.45,-122.7,7,10],["Santander",43.38,-3.8,7,10],["São José do Rio Preto",-20.8,-49.39,7,10],["Sapele",5.89,5.68,7,10],["Saransk",54.17,45.18,7,10],["Sari",36.55,53.1,7,10],["Sasebo",33.163,129.718,7,10],["Seremban",2.71,101.94,7,10],["Sete Lagoas",-19.45,-44.25,7,10],["Shahjahanpur",27.88,79.905,7,10],["Shahrisabz",39.062,66.831,7,10],["Shakhty",47.72,40.27,7,10],["Shillong",25.57,91.88,7,10],["Shishou",29.7,112.4,7,10],["Shuangyashan",46.67,131.35,7,10],["Sidi bel Abbes",35.19,-0.64,7,10],["Sikar",27.61,75.14,7,10],["Sikasso",11.32,-5.68,7,10],["Simferopol",44.949,34.099,7,10],["Sincelejo",9.29,-75.38,7,10],["Singaraja",-8.115,115.094,7,10],["Singkawang",0.912,108.965,7,10],["Sivas",39.745,37.035,7,10],["Skikda",36.88,6.9,7,10],["Sóc Trăng",9.604,105.98,7,10],["Songyuan",45.18,124.82,7,10],["Split",43.52,16.47,7,10],["Springs",-26.27,28.43,7,10],["St. Charles",38.784,-90.506,7,10],["Starsy Oskol",51.3,37.84,7,10],["Stoke",53,-2.18,7,10],["Suihua",46.63,126.98,7,10],["Sukabumi",-6.91,106.9,7,10],["Sungai Petani",5.65,100.479,7,10],["Szczecin",53.42,14.53,7,10],["Tacloban",11.25,125,7,10],["Tamale",9.4,-0.84,7,10],["Tanjungpinang",0.917,104.471,7,10],["Tanta",30.79,31,7,10],["Taranto",40.508,17.23,7,10],["Taubaté",-23.02,-45.56,7,10],["Tebingtinggi",3.33,99.13,7,10],["Tegal",-6.87,109.12,7,10],["Tehuacan",18.45,-97.38,7,10],["Tema",5.64,0.01,7,10],["Tepic",21.505,-104.88,7,10],["Ternopil",49.536,25.582,7,10],["Thanjavur",10.77,79.15,7,10],["Thiès",14.81,-16.93,7,10],["Tieling",42.3,123.82,7,10],["Timișoara",45.759,21.223,7,10],["Tirupati",13.65,79.42,7,10],["Tlimcen",34.89,-1.32,7,10],["Toulon",43.134,5.919,7,10],["Tours",47.38,0.7,7,10],["Trieste",45.65,13.8,7,10],["Tsu",34.717,136.517,7,10],["Udon Thani",17.405,102.789,7,10],["Uitenhage",-33.76,25.39,7,10],["Uruapan",19.42,-102.07,7,10],["Van",38.495,43.4,7,10],["Varna",43.216,27.895,7,10],["Verona",45.44,10.99,7,10],["Việt Trì",21.33,105.43,7,10],["Vinnytsya",49.225,28.482,7,10],["Vladikavkaz",43.05,44.67,7,10],["Volta Redonda",-22.52,-44.095,7,10],["Volzhskiy",48.795,44.774,7,10],["Vung Tau",10.355,107.085,7,10],["Waitakere",-36.852,174.554,7,10],["Wakayama",34.223,135.168,7,10],["Winston-Salem",36.105,-80.26,7,10],["Worcester",42.27,-71.8,7,10],["Xinzhou",38.41,112.72,7,10],["Xuchang",34.02,113.82,7,10],["Yaan",29.98,103.08,7,10],["Yamagata",38.27,140.32,7,10],["Yeosu",34.737,127.746,7,10],["York",39.963,-76.728,7,10],["Yoshkar Ola",56.635,47.875,7,10],["Zacatecas",22.77,-102.58,7,10],["Zamora",19.98,-102.28,7,10],["Zhaoqing",23.05,112.45,7,10],["Zhoukou",33.63,114.63,7,10],["Zhuanghe",39.682,122.962,7,10],["Zicheng",30.3,111.5,7,10],["Zumpango",19.81,-99.11,7,10],["Aalborg",57.034,9.917,7,9],["Abbotsford",49.05,-122.3,7,9],["Abengourou",6.73,-3.49,7,9],["Aberdeen",57.17,-2.08,7,9],["Abohar",30.12,74.29,7,9],["Ad Damazīn",11.77,34.35,7,9],["Adigrat",14.28,39.47,7,9],["Afyon",38.75,30.55,7,9],["Al Marj",32.5,20.83,7,9],["Alappuzha",9.5,76.37,7,9],["Albacete",39,-1.87,7,9],["Alexandria",38.82,-77.1,7,9],["Alipur Duar",26.484,89.567,7,9],["Almería",36.83,-2.43,7,9],["Almetyevsk",54.9,52.32,7,9],["Amiens",49.9,2.3,7,9],["Ancona",43.6,13.5,7,9],["Andong",36.566,128.725,7,9],["Ar Raqqah",35.93,39.02,7,9],["Armavir",45,41.13,7,9],["As Samawah",31.31,45.28,7,9],["Asheville",35.601,-82.554,7,9],["Athens",33.961,-83.378,7,9],["Ayutthaya",14.359,100.568,7,9],["Az Zawiyah",32.76,12.72,7,9],["Azare",11.68,10.19,7,9],["Bacău",46.578,26.92,7,9],["Badajoz",38.88,-6.97,7,9],["Bahraich",27.62,81.67,7,9],["Baia Mare",47.659,23.579,7,9],["Balkanabat",39.512,54.365,7,9],["Balkh",36.75,66.9,7,9],["Bălți",47.759,27.905,7,9],["Bama",11.52,13.69,7,9],["Banyuwangi",-8.195,114.37,7,9],["Baramula",34.2,74.35,7,9],["Barrie",44.384,-79.7,7,9],["Barysaw",54.226,28.492,7,9],["Batticaloa",7.717,81.7,7,9],["Batu 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Rai",19.912,99.826,7,9],["Chinandega",12.63,-87.13,7,9],["Chincha Alta",-13.42,-76.14,7,9],["Chingola",-12.54,27.85,7,9],["Chongju",39.681,125.216,7,9],["Ciénaga",11.01,-74.25,7,9],["Cienfuegos",22.144,-80.44,7,9],["Ciudad del Carmen",18.654,-91.824,7,9],["Clarksville",36.53,-87.359,7,9],["Coimbra",40.2,-8.417,7,9],["Concordia",-31.39,-58.03,7,9],["Coquimbo",-29.953,-71.344,7,9],["Coral Gables",25.715,-80.291,7,9],["Cottbus",51.77,14.33,7,9],["Council Bluffs",41.262,-95.861,7,9],["Cuddalore",11.72,79.77,7,9],["Dagupan",16.048,120.341,7,9],["Dawei",14.098,98.195,7,9],["Denton",33.216,-97.129,7,9],["Dera Ismail Khan",31.829,70.899,7,9],["Derbent",42.058,48.277,7,9],["Dijon",47.33,5.03,7,9],["Dimitrovgrad",54.25,49.56,7,9],["Dingzhou",38.5,115,7,9],["Diourbel",14.66,-16.24,7,9],["Divinópolis",-20.15,-44.9,7,9],["Duitama",5.83,-73.02,7,9],["Dundee",56.47,-3,7,9],["Dunhua",43.35,128.22,7,9],["Durrës",41.318,19.448,7,9],["Edinburg",26.303,-98.16,7,9],["Edirne",41.67,26.57,7,9],["El Arish",31.125,33.801,7,9],["El Jadida",33.26,-8.51,7,9],["El Manaqil",14.25,32.98,7,9],["El Oued",33.37,6.86,7,9],["El Tigre",8.89,-64.26,7,9],["En 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Kavus",37.252,55.171,7,9],["Göttingen",51.52,9.92,7,9],["Granada‎",11.934,-85.95,7,9],["Grudziądz",53.48,18.75,7,9],["Guanajuato",21.02,-101.28,7,9],["Guangshui",31.62,114,7,9],["Győr",47.7,17.63,7,9],["Hà Tĩnh",18.334,105.9,7,9],["Hailun",47.45,126.93,7,9],["Hindupur",13.78,77.49,7,9],["Hinthada",17.648,95.468,7,9],["Hoa Binh",20.814,105.338,7,9],["Hong 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Uralskiy",56.42,61.935,7,9],["Kamyshin",50.08,45.4,7,9],["Kanchipuram",12.834,79.717,7,9],["Kandi",11.13,2.94,7,9],["Kaposvár",46.367,17.8,7,9],["Karaman",37.182,33.215,7,9],["Kasama",-10.2,31.18,7,9],["Keluang",2.038,103.318,7,9],["Kenema",7.88,-11.19,7,9],["Kerch",45.369,36.488,7,9],["Keren",15.68,38.45,7,9],["Khiwa",41.391,60.356,7,9],["Kigoma",-4.88,29.61,7,9],["Kilchu",40.96,129.32,7,9],["Kilinochchi",9.4,80.4,7,9],["Killeen",31.117,-97.727,7,9],["Kingston",44.234,-76.483,7,9],["Kipushi",-11.76,27.25,7,9],["Kitale",1.03,34.99,7,9],["Kitami",43.85,143.9,7,9],["Klaipėda",55.72,21.12,7,9],["Koforidua",6.09,-0.26,7,9],["Kōfu",35.65,138.583,7,9],["Kogon",39.721,64.546,7,9],["Kolar",13.134,78.133,7,9],["Kon Tum",14.384,107.983,7,9],["Kongolo",-5.379,26.98,7,9],["Koutiala",12.39,-5.47,7,9],["Kovrov",56.36,41.33,7,9],["Kpalimé",6.9,0.63,7,9],["Kulob",37.921,69.776,7,9],["Kumba",4.64,9.44,7,9],["Kumbakonam",10.98,79.4,7,9],["Kumbo",6.22,10.68,7,9],["Kure",34.251,132.566,7,9],["Lafia",8.49,8.52,7,9],["Lahad Datu",5.046,118.336,7,9],["Laiwu",36.2,117.66,7,9],["Lajes",-27.81,-50.31,7,9],["Langsa",4.674,97.966,7,9],["Larache",35.2,-6.16,7,9],["Larissa",39.63,22.42,7,9],["Las Cruces",32.313,-106.778,7,9],["Lázaro Cárdenas",17.959,-102.2,7,9],["Le Mans",48,0.1,7,9],["Lecce",40.36,18.15,7,9],["Leeuwarden",53.25,5.783,7,9],["Lemosos",34.675,33.033,7,9],["Les Cayes",18.2,-73.75,7,9],["Letpadan",17.782,95.741,7,9],["Lida",53.888,25.285,7,9],["Linqing",36.85,115.68,7,9],["Lira",2.26,32.89,7,9],["Lishui",28.45,119.9,7,9],["Livorno",43.551,10.302,7,9],["Logroño",42.47,-2.43,7,9],["Longjiang",47.34,123.18,7,9],["Louangphrabang",19.885,102.142,7,9],["Loubomo",-4.18,12.67,7,9],["Lugano",46,8.967,7,9],["Lysychansk",48.92,38.427,7,9],["Machakos",-1.51,37.26,7,9],["Machilipatnam",16.2,81.18,7,9],["Macon",32.85,-83.63,7,9],["Madiun",-7.635,111.515,7,9],["Magelang",-7.47,110.18,7,9],["Mahabad",36.77,45.72,7,9],["Man",7.4,-7.55,7,9],["Manchester",42.996,-71.455,7,9],["Manzanillo",20.344,-77.117,7,9],["Maragheh",37.42,46.22,7,9],["Maribor",46.54,15.65,7,9],["Mascara",35.4,0.14,7,9],["Massawa",15.61,39.45,7,9],["Matagalpa",12.917,-85.917,7,9],["Matanzas",23.042,-81.577,7,9],["Matruh",31.35,27.23,7,9],["Matsue",35.467,133.067,7,9],["Maumere",-8.619,122.212,7,9],["Maxixe",-23.866,35.389,7,9],["Mazyr",52.046,29.272,7,9],["Mbanza-Ngungu",-5.25,14.86,7,9],["Médéa",36.27,2.77,7,9],["Medinipur",22.33,87.15,7,9],["Melitopol",46.838,35.377,7,9],["Meymaneh",35.93,64.77,7,9],["Miaoli",24.57,120.82,7,9],["Miass",54.995,60.095,7,9],["Middelburg",-25.76,29.47,7,9],["Milagro",-2.18,-79.6,7,9],["Moanda",-5.923,12.355,7,9],["Mojokerto",-7.47,112.43,7,9],["Monroe",32.51,-92.119,7,9],["Moratuwa",6.78,79.88,7,9],["Mostaganem",35.94,0.09,7,9],["Mostar",43.35,17.82,7,9],["Muar",2.034,102.567,7,9],["Mudon",16.262,97.721,7,9],["Murfreesboro",35.846,-86.39,7,9],["Murom",55.57,42.04,7,9],["Muskegon",43.235,-86.248,7,9],["Musoma",-1.49,33.8,7,9],["Mỹ Tho",10.35,106.35,7,9],["Myingyan",21.462,95.391,7,9],["Nabeul",36.46,10.73,7,9],["Nagaoka",37.45,138.86,7,9],["Nakhodka",67.75,77.52,7,9],["Namur",50.47,4.87,7,9],["Nancha",47.136,129.286,7,9],["Nandyal",15.52,78.48,7,9],["Navajoa",27.082,-109.455,7,9],["Navsari",20.85,72.92,7,9],["Nawabganj",24.58,88.35,7,9],["Nazareth",32.704,35.296,7,9],["Neftekamsk",56.084,54.263,7,9],["Nema",16.617,-7.25,7,9],["Nguru",12.88,10.45,7,9],["Niagara Falls",43.095,-79.037,7,9],["Nikopol",47.567,34.406,7,9],["Nîmes",43.83,4.35,7,9],["Ninh Bình",20.254,105.975,7,9],["Nizhyn",51.054,31.89,7,9],["Nkongsamba",4.96,9.94,7,9],["Nong Khai",17.873,102.748,7,9],["Nongan",44.43,125.17,7,9],["Norman",35.228,-97.344,7,9],["Norwich",52.63,1.3,7,9],["Nsukka",6.867,7.383,7,9],["Obihiro",42.93,143.17,7,9],["Obninsk",55.08,36.62,7,9],["Obuasi",6.19,-1.66,7,9],["Ocala",29.187,-82.14,7,9],["Odense",55.4,10.383,7,9],["Olmaliq",40.85,69.595,7,9],["Ordu",41,37.87,7,9],["Ormac",11.064,124.608,7,9],["Orsha",54.515,30.422,7,9],["Otaru",43.189,140.978,7,9],["Oxford",51.77,-1.25,7,9],["Paarl",-33.7,18.96,7,9],["Pabna",24,89.25,7,9],["Pagadian",7.853,123.507,7,9],["Pakokku",21.332,95.087,7,9],["Pakxe",15.122,105.818,7,9],["Palangkaraya",-2.21,113.91,7,9],["Pardubice",50.04,15.76,7,9],["Parma",44.81,10.32,7,9],["Pasadena",34.16,-118.139,7,9],["Pathum Thani",14.017,100.533,7,9],["Pati",-6.742,111.035,7,9],["Pec",42.66,20.311,7,9],["Pécs",46.08,18.22,7,9],["Pedro Juan Caballero",-22.545,-55.76,7,9],["Perabumulih",-3.443,104.231,7,9],["Perugia",43.11,12.39,7,9],["Peterborough",52.58,-0.25,7,9],["Phan Rang",11.567,108.983,7,9],["Phitsanulok",16.828,100.273,7,9],["Piedras Negras",28.708,-100.532,7,9],["Pinrang",-3.786,119.652,7,9],["Pinsk",52.128,26.094,7,9],["Pitești",44.856,24.876,7,9],["Pizen",49.74,13.36,7,9],["Pleven",43.424,24.613,7,9],["Pointe-à-Pitre",16.241,-61.533,7,9],["Pokhara",28.264,83.972,7,9],["Ponce",18,-66.617,7,9],["Porlamar",10.96,-63.85,7,9],["Port Blair",11.667,92.736,7,9],["Porto Seguro",-16.43,-39.08,7,9],["Potchefstroom",-26.7,27.1,7,9],["Potosí",-19.57,-65.75,7,9],["Prijedor",44.98,16.7,7,9],["Probolinggo",-7.75,113.15,7,9],["Proddatur",14.75,78.57,7,9],["Pueblo",38.28,-104.63,7,9],["Puerto Cabello",10.47,-68.17,7,9],["Puerto Vallarta",20.677,-105.245,7,9],["Puno",-15.833,-70.033,7,9],["Purnia",25.785,87.48,7,9],["Qairouan",35.68,10.1,7,9],["Qomsheh",32.011,51.86,7,9],["Quchan",37.112,58.501,7,9],["Queenstown",-31.9,26.88,7,9],["Racine",42.728,-87.812,7,9],["Ras al 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Maria",34.94,-120.437,7,9],["Sarapul",56.479,53.799,7,9],["Saveh",35.022,50.331,7,9],["Schenectady",42.815,-73.94,7,9],["Scranton",41.409,-75.663,7,9],["Semnan",35.555,53.374,7,9],["Serang",-6.11,106.15,7,9],["Serpukhov",54.93,37.43,7,9],["Settat",33.01,-7.62,7,9],["Shaowu",27.3,117.5,7,9],["Shashemene",7.2,38.59,7,9],["Shendi",16.68,33.42,7,9],["Shinyanga",-3.66,33.42,7,9],["Shkodër",42.068,19.519,7,9],["Shuangcheng",45.35,126.28,7,9],["Si Racha",13.159,100.929,7,9],["Silchar",24.79,92.79,7,9],["Simao",22.781,100.978,7,9],["Siracusa",37.07,15.29,7,9],["Sirsa",29.49,75.03,7,9],["Sokodé",8.99,1.15,7,9],["Sơn Tây",21.138,105.505,7,9],["Soubré",5.79,-6.61,7,9],["Souk Ahras",36.29,7.95,7,9],["St. Cloud",45.561,-94.162,7,9],["Stara Zagora",42.423,25.623,7,9],["Sullana",-4.89,-80.68,7,9],["Szeged",46.25,20.15,7,9],["Szolnok",47.186,20.179,7,9],["Tall Afar",36.376,42.45,7,9],["Tan An",10.534,106.417,7,9],["Taonan",45.33,122.78,7,9],["Tarlac",15.484,120.583,7,9],["Tarragona",41.12,1.25,7,9],["Tartus",34.885,35.887,7,9],["Taungoo",18.948,96.418,7,9],["Taza",34.22,-4.02,7,9],["Tébessa",35.41,8.12,7,9],["Tekirdağ",40.991,27.51,7,9],["Teluk Intan",4.012,101.031,7,9],["Teziutlán",19.82,-97.36,7,9],["Tiarat",35.38,1.32,7,9],["Tieli",46.95,128.05,7,9],["Tiraspol",46.853,29.64,7,9],["Tirgu Mures",46.558,24.558,7,9],["Tiruvannamalai",12.26,79.1,7,9],["Tomakomai",42.65,141.55,7,9],["Tongren",27.68,109.13,7,9],["Tonk",26.15,75.79,7,9],["Torbat-e Jam",35.223,60.613,7,9],["Tororo",0.71,34.17,7,9],["Tottori",35.5,134.233,7,9],["Trang",7.563,99.608,7,9],["Trento",46.08,11.12,7,9],["Tukuyu",-9.25,33.64,7,9],["Tuluá",4.09,-76.21,7,9],["Tunja",5.55,-73.37,7,9],["Tuscaloosa",33.225,-87.544,7,9],["Tuxpam",20.96,-97.41,7,9],["Tuzla",44.55,18.68,7,9],["Ulm",48.4,10,7,9],["Urbana",40.11,-88.204,7,9],["Uroteppa",39.922,69.001,7,9],["Uruguaiana",-29.77,-57.09,7,9],["Uşak",38.68,29.42,7,9],["Utica",43.101,-75.233,7,9],["Valparai",10.32,76.97,7,9],["Vellore",12.92,79.15,7,9],["Visalia",36.325,-119.316,7,9],["Vizianagaram",18.12,83.5,7,9],["Wahiawa",21.503,-158.024,7,9],["Wamba",2.14,27.99,7,9],["Waukegan",42.364,-87.845,7,9],["Weinan",34.5,109.5,7,9],["Wenshan",23.372,104.25,7,9],["Wilkes-Barre",41.249,-75.878,7,9],["Willemstad",12.2,-69.02,7,9],["Wilmington",39.746,-75.547,7,9],["Würzburg",49.8,9.95,7,9],["Xiaogan",30.92,113.9,7,9],["Yakeshi",49.28,120.73,7,9],["Yala",6.55,101.285,7,9],["Yaynangyoung",20.461,94.881,7,9],["Yei",4.09,30.68,7,9],["Yevpatoriya",45.197,33.363,7,9],["York",53.97,-1.08,7,9],["Yuba City",39.141,-121.616,7,9],["Yunxian",32.808,110.814,7,9],["Zabīd",14.195,43.316,7,9],["Zakho",37.145,42.687,7,9],["Zarzis",33.51,11.1,7,9],["Zhaodong",46.08,125.98,7,9],["Zhijiang",27.441,109.678,7,9],["Zielona Góra",51.95,15.5,7,9],["Zlín",49.23,17.65,7,9],["Zonguldak",41.43,31.78,7,9],["Abancay",-13.64,-72.89,7,8],["Abomey",7.19,1.99,7,8],["Abu Kamal",34.45,40.919,7,8],["Ad Nabk",34.017,36.733,7,8],["Agboville",5.94,-4.28,7,8],["Agen",44.2,0.633,7,8],["Agrinio",38.622,21.408,7,8],["Ağrı",39.72,43.051,7,8],["Agua Prieta",31.322,-109.563,7,8],["Ajaccio",41.927,8.728,7,8],["Aketi",2.74,23.78,7,8],["Al Aqabah",29.527,35.078,7,8],["Al Fujayrah",25.123,56.337,7,8],["Al Karak",31.185,35.705,7,8],["Albany",44.62,-123.087,7,8],["Albany",31.579,-84.156,7,8],["Allanmyo",19.378,95.228,7,8],["Altamira",-3.2,-52.21,7,8],["Alton",38.891,-90.184,7,8],["Alxa Zuoqi",38.839,105.669,7,8],["Amasya",40.654,35.833,7,8],["Ames",42.054,-93.62,7,8],["Anderson",34.504,-82.65,7,8],["Andkhvoy",36.932,65.101,7,8],["Andradina",-20.91,-51.38,7,8],["Arauca",7.091,-70.762,7,8],["Araxá",-19.58,-46.95,7,8],["Arezzo",43.462,11.875,7,8],["Ariquemes",-9.94,-63.08,7,8],["Arrecife",28.969,-13.538,7,8],["Artemisa",22.813,-82.762,7,8],["As Suwayda",32.7,36.567,7,8],["Asela",7.95,39.14,7,8],["Assis",-22.66,-50.42,7,8],["Atlantic City",39.365,-74.423,7,8],["Aurangabad",24.77,84.38,7,8],["Ayr",55.45,-4.617,7,8],["Azul",-36.78,-59.87,7,8],["Babahoyo",-1.8,-79.54,7,8],["Bắc Giang",21.267,106.2,7,8],["Bafang",5.17,10.18,7,8],["Bafia",4.75,11.23,7,8],["Bafra",41.568,35.907,7,8],["Bagamoyo",-6.44,38.89,7,8],["Balashov",51.554,43.163,7,8],["Ballarat",-37.56,143.84,7,8],["Banes",20.963,-75.719,7,8],["Banfora",10.63,-4.76,7,8],["Bani Walid",31.77,13.99,7,8],["Barahona",18.2,-71.1,7,8],["Barra do Garças",-15.88,-52.26,7,8],["Basankusu",1.234,19.8,7,8],["Bath",51.384,-2.35,7,8],["Bawku",11.06,-0.24,7,8],["Behbehan",30.582,50.261,7,8],["Béja",36.73,9.19,7,8],["Belebey",54.129,54.119,7,8],["Belize City",17.499,-88.188,7,8],["Bellingham",48.76,-122.487,7,8],["Belogorsk",50.919,128.464,7,8],["Benevento",41.134,14.75,7,8],["Beni Mazar",28.49,30.81,7,8],["Bento Gonçalves",-29.169,-51.52,7,8],["Bethlehem",-28.22,28.3,7,8],["Béziers",43.35,3.21,7,8],["Bijar",35.874,47.594,7,8],["Binga",2.383,20.42,7,8],["Birni Nkonni",13.79,5.26,7,8],["Bitola",41.039,21.34,7,8],["Biu",10.62,12.19,7,8],["Bolgatanga",10.79,-0.85,7,8],["Boli",45.756,130.576,7,8],["Bolu",40.736,31.606,7,8],["Bolzano",46.5,11.36,7,8],["Bondoukou",8.03,-2.8,7,8],["Boorama",9.94,43.18,7,8],["Borås",57.73,12.92,7,8],["Borovichi",58.398,33.897,7,8],["Bossangoa",6.484,17.45,7,8],["Bourges",47.084,2.4,7,8],["Bowling Green",36.991,-86.444,7,8],["Brive",45.15,1.533,7,8],["Bungoma",0.57,34.56,7,8],["Bunia",1.56,30.24,7,8],["Butare",-2.59,29.73,7,8],["Buynaksk",42.833,47.113,7,8],["Buzuluk",52.782,52.262,7,8],["Byumba",-1.58,30.06,7,8],["Cabinda",-5.56,12.19,7,8],["Caborca",30.716,-112.164,7,8],["Cahul",45.908,28.194,7,8],["Caicó",-6.46,-37.1,7,8],["Calais",50.95,1.833,7,8],["Călărași",44.206,27.326,7,8],["Camaquã",-30.84,-51.81,7,8],["Campo Murao",-24.05,-52.42,7,8],["Çanakkale",40.146,26.406,7,8],["Capenda-Camulemba",-9.42,18.43,7,8],["Catanzaro",38.9,16.6,7,8],["Chabahar",25.3,60.63,7,8],["Chaiyaphum",15.804,102.039,7,8],["Chalkida",38.464,23.612,7,8],["Changting",25.867,116.317,7,8],["Chanthaburi",12.613,102.098,7,8],["Charikar",35.018,69.168,7,8],["Châu Đốc",10.7,105.117,7,8],["Chauk",20.908,94.823,7,8],["Cherbourg",49.65,-1.65,7,8],["Chililabombwe",-12.37,27.82,7,8],["Chinhoyi",-17.36,30.18,7,8],["Chipata",-13.63,32.64,7,8],["Chiquinquirá",5.62,-73.82,7,8],["Chistopol",55.365,50.641,7,8],["Choluteca",13.301,-87.191,7,8],["Chukai",4.233,103.448,7,8],["Chulucanas",-5.09,-80.17,7,8],["Chumphon",10.513,99.187,7,8],["Chusovoy",58.293,57.813,7,8],["Ciudad Guzman",19.71,-103.46,7,8],["Civitavecchia",42.1,11.8,7,8],["Codó",-4.48,-43.88,7,8],["Coffs Harbour",-30.307,153.112,7,8],["Colón",22.72,-80.906,7,8],["Comayagua",14.46,-87.65,7,8],["Conway",35.091,-92.451,7,8],["Corvallis",44.572,-123.28,7,8],["Crateús",-5.166,-40.666,7,8],["Cuamba",-14.79,36.54,7,8],["Cuauhtémoc",28.426,-106.87,7,8],["Curvelo",-18.76,-44.43,7,8],["Dabou",5.32,-4.39,7,8],["Debre Birhan",9.68,39.53,7,8],["Decatur",39.841,-88.955,7,8],["Dengzhou",32.68,112.08,7,8],["Dimbokro",6.65,-4.71,7,8],["Dobrich",43.585,27.84,7,8],["Dondo",-19.62,34.73,7,8],["Dothan",31.223,-85.391,7,8],["Drammen",59.757,10.191,7,8],["Dubuque",42.501,-90.664,7,8],["Eagle Pass",28.711,-100.489,7,8],["Ed Dueim",13.99,32.3,7,8],["El Banco",9,-73.98,7,8],["El Bayadh",33.69,1.01,7,8],["El Carmen de Bolívar",9.72,-75.13,7,8],["Ełk",53.834,22.35,7,8],["Elmira",42.09,-76.808,7,8],["Embu",-0.52,37.45,7,8],["Ende",-8.862,121.649,7,8],["Ereğli",37.506,34.052,7,8],["Esbjerg",55.467,8.45,7,8],["Estância",-11.27,-37.45,7,8],["Fengcheng",28.2,115.77,7,8],["Fengzhen",40.455,113.144,7,8],["Ferkessédougou",9.6,-5.2,7,8],["Fernandópolis",-20.27,-50.26,7,8],["Feyzabad",37.13,70.579,7,8],["Flensburg",54.784,9.433,7,8],["Florence",34.196,-79.763,7,8],["Fond du Lac",43.773,-88.447,7,8],["Formosa",-15.539,-47.34,7,8],["Fort Smith",35.386,-94.398,7,8],["Foumban",5.73,10.9,7,8],["Fuan",27.07,119.62,7,8],["Fujin",47.27,132.02,7,8],["Galway",53.272,-9.049,7,8],["Gannan",47.92,123.51,7,8],["Garissa",-0.44,39.67,7,8],["Garzón",2.21,-75.65,7,8],["Gatchina",59.571,30.133,7,8],["Gävle",60.667,17.167,7,8],["Gbadolite",4.29,21.02,7,8],["Gelendzhik",44.575,38.064,7,8],["General Pico",-35.66,-63.77,7,8],["Gießen",50.584,8.65,7,8],["Gisenyi",-1.685,29.263,7,8],["Gitarama",-2.07,29.76,7,8],["Gogrial",8.534,28.117,7,8],["Goiana",-7.56,-35,7,8],["Grahamstown",-33.3,26.52,7,8],["Grand Bassam",5.2,-3.75,7,8],["Greenville",35.613,-77.367,7,8],["Guadalajara",40.634,-3.167,7,8],["Guamúchil",25.47,-108.09,7,8],["Guanambi",-14.23,-42.79,7,8],["Guasave",25.57,-108.47,7,8],["Guider",9.93,13.94,7,8],["Gulfport",30.368,-89.093,7,8],["Gurupi",-11.72,-49.06,7,8],["Gwadar",25.139,62.329,7,8],["Halmstad",56.672,12.856,7,8],["Hattiesburg",31.327,-89.29,7,8],["Helong",42.535,129.004,7,8],["Helsingborg",56.05,12.7,7,8],["Hickory",35.733,-81.341,7,8],["Ho",6.6,0.47,7,8],["Hof",50.317,11.917,7,8],["Hosaina",7.55,37.85,7,8],["Houma",29.596,-90.719,7,8],["Hua Hin",12.57,99.944,7,8],["Huehuetenango",15.32,-91.47,7,8],["Huinan",42.623,126.261,7,8],["Huntington",38.42,-82.445,7,8],["Idah",7.11,6.74,7,8],["Ijuí",-28.39,-53.92,7,8],["Ioanina",39.668,20.851,7,8],["Ishim",56.15,69.45,7,8],["Isna",25.29,32.55,7,8],["Itapeva",-23.98,-48.88,7,8],["Itapipoca",-3.5,-39.58,7,8],["Itumbiara",-18.4,-49.21,7,8],["Izmayil",45.35,28.837,7,8],["Jackson",35.615,-88.814,7,8],["Jacksonville",34.754,-77.431,7,8],["Jacundá",-4.439,-49.116,7,8],["Jaén",-5.71,-78.81,7,8],["Janaúba",-15.8,-43.31,7,8],["Jataí",-17.88,-51.75,7,8],["Jelgava",56.653,23.713,7,8],["Jiexiu",37.04,111.9,7,8],["Jihlava",49.4,15.583,7,8],["Jijiga",9.35,42.79,7,8],["Johnstown",40.327,-78.922,7,8],["Jonesboro",35.843,-90.704,7,8],["Joplin",37.085,-94.513,7,8],["Junín",-34.585,-60.959,7,8],["Jyväskylä",62.26,25.75,7,8],["Kabinda",-6.13,24.48,7,8],["Kaga Bandoro",6.98,19.18,7,8],["Kakamega",0.29,34.73,7,8],["Kampong Cham",12,105.45,7,8],["Kampot",10.617,104.183,7,8],["Kanchanaburi",14.017,99.522,7,8],["Kankakee",41.12,-87.861,7,8],["Karlstad",59.367,13.5,7,8],["Kars",40.608,43.097,7,8],["Karur",10.95,78.083,7,8],["Kaspiysk",42.875,47.624,7,8],["Katerini",40.272,22.502,7,8],["Kati",12.75,-8.08,7,8],["Keffi",8.849,7.874,7,8],["Kelo",9.317,15.8,7,8],["Kendu Bay",-0.36,34.64,7,8],["Kericho",-0.36,35.28,7,8],["Keshan",48.026,125.866,7,8],["Khaskovo",41.944,25.563,7,8],["Kilifi",-3.61,39.85,7,8],["Kilis",36.72,37.12,7,8],["Kilosa",-6.84,36.99,7,8],["Kimry",56.869,37.344,7,8],["Kissidougou",9.19,-10.12,7,8],["Kitgum",3.3,32.87,7,8],["Klagenfurt",46.62,14.31,7,8],["Klintsy",52.765,32.245,7,8],["Knysna",-34.033,23.033,7,8],["Kogalym",62.045,74.494,7,8],["Kohima",25.667,94.117,7,8],["Koidu",8.44,-10.85,7,8],["Kokomo",40.487,-86.134,7,8],["Koktokay",47,89.467,7,8],["Kolda",12.91,-14.95,7,8],["Kompong Chhnang",12.25,104.667,7,8],["Kontagora",10.4,5.47,7,8],["Korosten",50.95,28.65,7,8],["Koudougou",12.25,-2.37,7,8],["Kovel",51.217,24.717,7,8],["Krasnokamsk",58.075,55.744,7,8],["Kribi",2.94,9.91,7,8],["Kumertau",52.775,55.784,7,8],["Kungur",57.435,56.954,7,8],["Kuopio",62.894,27.695,7,8],["Kupyansk",49.722,37.598,7,8],["Kuznetsk",53.12,46.6,7,8],["Kwekwe",-18.93,29.8,7,8],["Kyshtym",55.7,60.56,7,8],["Kyustendil",42.284,22.691,7,8],["L'Aquila",42.35,13.39,7,8],["Labinsk",44.635,40.744,7,8],["Lagos de Moreno",21.37,-101.93,7,8],["Lahij",13.058,44.884,7,8],["Langzhong",31.576,105.966,7,8],["Lankaran",38.754,48.851,7,8],["Lanxi",46.266,126.276,7,8],["Lao Chi",22.501,103.966,7,8],["Lappeenranta",61.067,28.183,7,8],["Latacunga",-0.93,-78.61,7,8],["Lautoka",-17.616,177.467,7,8],["Lavras",-21.25,-45.01,7,8],["Lawton",34.599,-98.41,7,8],["Lethbridge",49.7,-112.833,7,8],["Lewiston",44.101,-70.215,7,8],["Lima",40.743,-84.105,7,8],["Linares",24.86,-99.57,7,8],["Linjiang",41.836,126.936,7,8],["Liuhe",42.279,125.717,7,8],["Livny",52.425,37.604,7,8],["Lobatse",-25.22,25.68,7,8],["Lodja",-3.49,23.42,7,8],["Logan",41.736,-111.834,7,8],["Lokoja",7.8,6.74,7,8],["Londonderry/Derry",55,-7.333,7,8],["Longview",46.139,-122.937,7,8],["Lop Buri",14.804,100.619,7,8],["Lorca",37.689,-1.699,7,8],["Lorica",9.242,-75.816,7,8],["Lorient",47.75,-3.367,7,8],["Los Andes",-32.83,-70.6,7,8],["Louga",15.61,-16.25,7,8],["Luján",-34.58,-59.11,7,8],["Machiques",10.07,-72.55,7,8],["Maizuru",35.45,135.333,7,8],["Makeni",8.88,-12.05,7,8],["Mamou",10.38,-12.1,7,8],["Manacapuru",-3.29,-60.62,7,8],["Mandera",3.94,41.86,7,8],["Mangochi",-14.46,35.27,7,8],["Mardin",37.312,40.743,7,8],["Markala",13.67,-6.07,7,8],["Marsala",37.805,12.439,7,8],["Masaka",-0.33,31.73,7,8],["Masvingo",-20.06,30.82,7,8],["Matara",5.949,80.543,7,8],["Matehuala",23.66,-100.65,7,8],["Mazatenango",14.53,-91.51,7,8],["Mbaïki",3.87,18,7,8],["Mbalmayo",3.52,11.5,7,8],["Mbanza-Congo",-6.27,14.24,7,8],["Mbarara",-0.6,30.65,7,8],["Meiganga",6.52,14.29,7,8],["Melo",-32.359,-54.18,7,8],["Merced",37.303,-120.482,7,8],["Midland",32.031,-102.097,7,8],["Mikhaylovka",50.068,43.217,7,8],["Mindelo",16.884,-25,7,8],["Minxian",34.436,104.031,7,8],["Mishan",45.55,131.88,7,8],["Mocuba",-16.85,38.26,7,8],["Mongu",-15.28,23.12,7,8],["Montepuez",-13.12,39,7,8],["Montero",-17.35,-63.26,7,8],["Morgantown",39.63,-79.956,7,8],["Morón",22.11,-78.627,7,8],["Mpanda",-6.36,31.05,7,8],["Mtwara",-10.27,40.19,7,8],["Muncie",40.194,-85.386,7,8],["Muş",38.749,41.497,7,8],["Musan",42.23,129.23,7,8],["Muyinga",-2.852,30.317,7,8],["Mweka",-4.84,21.57,7,8],["Nakhon Phanom",17.394,104.769,7,8],["Nalut",31.88,10.97,7,8],["Nan",18.787,100.771,7,8],["Nanaimo",49.146,-123.934,7,8],["Nangong",37.37,115.37,7,8],["Narathiwat",6.432,101.821,7,8],["Narva",59.378,28.16,7,8],["Natitingou",10.32,1.39,7,8],["Naxcivan",39.209,45.412,7,8],["Nekemte",9.09,36.53,7,8],["Nepalganj",28.05,81.617,7,8],["New Plymouth",-39.056,174.075,7,8],["Ningan",44.331,129.466,7,8],["Nizhnyaya Tura",58.644,59.798,7,8],["Nkawkaw",6.55,-0.78,7,8],["Nkhotakota",-12.916,34.3,7,8],["Norrköping",58.595,16.179,7,8],["Novoaltaysk",53.399,83.959,7,8],["Nowra",-34.883,150.6,7,8],["Nuevitas",21.546,-77.264,7,8],["Nuevo Casas Grandes",30.418,-107.912,7,8],["Numan",9.46,12.04,7,8],["Ocaña",8.24,-73.35,7,8],["Ongjin",37.937,125.357,7,8],["Onitsha",6.14,6.78,7,8],["Oranjestad",12.53,-70.029,7,8],["Örebro",59.28,15.22,7,8],["Oshkosh",44.025,-88.543,7,8],["Osijek",45.55,18.68,7,8],["Otradnyy",53.378,51.347,7,8],["Oturkpo",7.19,8.13,7,8],["Ouahigouya",13.57,-2.42,7,8],["Ouezzane",34.81,-5.57,7,8],["Ouidah",6.36,2.09,7,8],["Owensboro",37.775,-87.113,7,8],["Ozamis",8.146,123.844,7,8],["Pamplona",7.39,-72.66,7,8],["Panshi",42.943,126.056,7,8],["Paracatu",-17.2,-46.87,7,8],["Paragominas",-2.96,-47.49,7,8],["Passau",48.575,13.441,7,8],["Patos",-7.02,-37.29,7,8],["Pergamino",-33.9,-60.57,7,8],["Phetchaburi",13.113,99.941,7,8],["Phyarpon",16.293,95.683,7,8],["Pine Bluff",34.229,-92.003,7,8],["Pingdu",36.79,119.94,7,8],["Pingyi",35.51,117.62,7,8],["Polevskoy",56.443,60.188,7,8],["Pontiac",42.652,-83.29,7,8],["Port Arthur",29.899,-93.929,7,8],["Port Shepstone",-30.72,30.46,7,8],["Portimão",37.134,-8.533,7,8],["Porto Santana",-0.04,-51.18,7,8],["Porto União",-26.24,-51.08,7,8],["Potiskum",11.71,11.08,7,8],["Prachin Buri",14.057,101.377,7,8],["Prešov",49,21.239,7,8],["Pula",44.869,13.848,7,8],["Puntarenas",9.97,-84.834,7,8],["Pursat",12.534,103.917,7,8],["Pyongsan",38.337,126.387,7,8],["Qasserine",35.18,8.83,7,8],["Quảng Trị",16.75,107.2,7,8],["Quibdó",5.69,-76.66,7,8],["Quiemo",38.134,85.533,7,8],["Qunghirot",43.07,58.9,7,8],["Rafha",29.62,43.495,7,8],["Rason",42.338,130.403,7,8],["Reconquista",-29.14,-59.65,7,8],["Redding",40.587,-122.391,7,8],["Reșița",45.297,21.887,7,8],["Ridder",50.355,83.515,7,8],["Río Tercero",-32.18,-64.12,7,8],["Rock Hill",34.94,-81.03,7,8],["Rodos",36.441,28.223,7,8],["Rongzhag",30.95,101.917,7,8],["Rosenheim",47.85,12.133,7,8],["Roslavl",53.951,32.86,7,8],["Ruhengeri",-1.5,29.63,7,8],["Sagua la Grande",22.809,-80.071,7,8],["Saint John",45.267,-66.077,7,8],["Sakhon Nakhon",17.168,104.148,7,8],["Saki",41.192,47.171,7,8],["Salima",-13.783,34.433,7,8],["Salina Cruz",16.167,-95.2,7,8],["Salsk",46.478,41.542,7,8],["Samandagi",36.117,35.933,7,8],["Sampit",-2.533,112.95,7,8],["San Angelo",31.464,-100.437,7,8],["San Carlos del Zulia",9.01,-71.92,7,8],["San Luis Obispo",35.283,-120.659,7,8],["San Pedro",-24.22,-64.87,7,8],["San Pedro de las Colonias",25.759,-102.983,7,8],["Santa Rosa",-27.87,-54.46,7,8],["Santiago de Compostela",42.883,-8.541,7,8],["São Borja",-28.66,-56.01,7,8],["São Mateus",-18.73,-39.86,7,8],["Saraburi",14.53,100.88,7,8],["Sarqan",45.42,79.915,7,8],["Sawahlunto",-0.666,100.783,7,8],["Sayanogorsk",53.089,91.4,7,8],["Saywun",15.943,48.787,7,8],["Scarborough",54.28,-0.43,7,8],["Sefra",32.76,-0.58,7,8],["Séguéla",7.95,-6.67,7,8],["Seres",41.086,23.55,7,8],["Serrinha",-11.65,-39.01,7,8],["Shadrinsk",56.084,63.633,7,8],["Shangzhi",45.22,127.97,7,8],["Shanxian",34.79,116.08,7,8],["Shostka",51.873,33.48,7,8],["Shulan",44.409,126.949,7,8],["Shwebo",22.578,95.693,7,8],["Sibay",52.709,58.639,7,8],["Siena",43.317,11.35,7,8],["Siguiri",11.417,-9.167,7,8],["Singida",-4.82,34.74,7,8],["Sioux City",42.5,-96.4,7,8],["Şirvan",39.932,48.92,7,8],["Sisophon",13.584,102.983,7,8],["Sokcho",38.209,128.591,7,8],["Söke",37.751,27.41,7,8],["Solnechnogorsk",56.181,36.981,7,8],["Solwezi",-12.18,26.4,7,8],["Sotik",-0.68,35.12,7,8],["Soyo",-6.13,12.37,7,8],["St. Augustine",29.895,-81.315,7,8],["St. Joseph",39.769,-94.846,7,8],["Standerton",-26.94,29.24,7,8],["State College",40.794,-77.86,7,8],["Stepanakert",39.816,46.752,7,8],["Stralsund",54.3,13.1,7,8],["Sumbawanga",-7.96,31.62,7,8],["Sumenep",-7.005,113.85,7,8],["Sumter",33.921,-80.342,7,8],["Sungaipenuh",-2.063,101.396,7,8],["Surigao",9.784,125.489,7,8],["Surin",14.887,103.491,7,8],["Tadmur",34.55,38.283,7,8],["Tailai",46.39,123.41,7,8],["Tamazunchale",21.27,-98.78,7,8],["Tambacounda",13.78,-13.68,7,8],["Tan Tan",28.43,-11.1,7,8],["Taxco",18.57,-99.62,7,8],["Tecoman",18.92,-103.88,7,8],["Temple",31.102,-97.363,7,8],["Texarkana",33.442,-94.037,7,8],["Tezpur",26.634,92.8,7,8],["Thakhek",17.411,104.836,7,8],["Thika",-1.04,37.09,7,8],["Thongwa",16.755,96.519,7,8],["Tidore",0.696,127.436,7,8],["Tikhoretsk",45.853,40.138,7,8],["Tikhvin",59.645,33.514,7,8],["Tikrit",34.597,43.677,7,8],["Timbaúba",-7.5,-35.32,7,8],["Tingo María",-9.29,-75.99,7,8],["Titusville",28.612,-80.808,7,8],["Tiznit",29.71,-9.74,7,8],["Toledo",39.867,-4.017,7,8],["Troitsk",54.106,61.57,7,8],["Troyes",48.34,4.083,7,8],["Trujillo",9.38,-70.44,7,8],["Tsuruoka",38.7,139.83,7,8],["Tuapse",44.115,39.064,7,8],["Tuban",-6.9,112.05,7,8],["Tucupita",9.06,-62.06,7,8],["Tulare",36.207,-119.344,7,8],["Turbo",8.1,-76.74,7,8],["Turnovo",43.086,25.656,7,8],["Tuymazy",54.605,53.694,7,8],["Tzaneen",-23.82,30.17,7,8],["Ubá",-21.12,-42.95,7,8],["Umm Ruwaba",12.91,31.2,7,8],["Upata",8.02,-62.41,7,8],["Uttaradit",17.632,100.097,7,8],["Uvinza",-5.12,30.39,7,8],["Vacaria",-28.5,-50.94,7,8],["Valdosta",30.833,-83.279,7,8],["Valença",-13.36,-39.08,7,8],["Växjö",56.884,14.817,7,8],["Venado Tuerto",-33.75,-61.97,7,8],["Vero Beach",27.642,-80.391,7,8],["Versailles",48.8,2.133,7,8],["Victorville",34.537,-117.29,7,8],["Volsk",52.035,47.374,7,8],["Votkinsk",57.03,53.99,7,8],["Vyazma",55.212,34.292,7,8],["Vyska",55.325,42.164,7,8],["Wa",10.06,-2.5,7,8],["Wagga Wagga",-35.122,147.34,7,8],["Wailuku",20.891,-156.505,7,8],["Wangqing",43.325,129.734,7,8],["Watampone",-4.533,120.333,7,8],["Waterloo",42.493,-92.343,7,8],["Wheeling",40.064,-80.721,7,8],["Winchester",39.179,-78.167,7,8],["Wukari",7.87,9.78,7,8],["Wum",6.4,10.07,7,8],["Xanthi",41.142,24.884,7,8],["Xinqing",48.236,129.506,7,8],["Ye",15.253,97.868,7,8],["Yegoryevsk",55.385,39.029,7,8],["Yeysk",46.699,38.263,7,8],["Yishui",35.79,118.62,7,8],["Yurga",55.726,84.885,7,8],["Zadar",44.12,15.262,7,8],["Zahlé",33.85,35.904,7,8],["Zarafshon",41.582,64.202,7,8],["Zárate",-34.09,-59.04,7,8],["Zheleznogorsk",52.355,35.404,7,8],["Zhob",31.349,69.439,7,8],["Žilina",49.22,18.749,7,8],["Zouirat",22.73,-12.483,7,8],["Aberdeen",46.975,-123.814,7,7],["Aberdeen",45.465,-98.486,7,7],["Acaraú",-2.89,-40.12,7,7],["Açu",-5.58,-36.91,7,7],["Agordat",15.549,37.887,7,7],["Aiken",33.549,-81.721,7,7],["Aksum",14.13,38.72,7,7],["Al Ghaydah",16.239,52.164,7,7],["Alatyr",54.85,46.6,7,7],["Alekseyevka",50.653,38.693,7,7],["Alenquer",-1.94,-54.79,7,7],["Ålesund",62.545,6.388,7,7],["Aleysk",52.492,82.778,7,7],["Algha",49.903,57.335,7,7],["Ali Sabih",11.156,42.713,7,7],["Aliwal North",-30.69,26.71,7,7],["Altagracia de Orituco",9.85,-66.38,7,7],["Amahai",-3.328,128.94,7,7],["Ambanja",-13.683,48.45,7,7],["Ambatondrazaka",-17.833,48.417,7,7],["Amursk",50.223,136.897,7,7],["Antsohihy",-14.866,47.983,7,7],["Aqsay",51.171,53.035,7,7],["Aquidauana",-20.47,-55.79,7,7],["Ar Rutbah",33.038,40.284,7,7],["Araçuaí",-16.86,-42.07,7,7],["Aranyaprathet",13.682,102.497,7,7],["Arcata",40.885,-124.088,7,7],["Artemovskiy",57.365,61.87,7,7],["Arys",42.437,68.805,7,7],["Asha",54.998,57.273,7,7],["Asino",56.993,86.163,7,7],["Asosa",10.067,34.533,7,7],["Atamyrat",37.825,65.2,7,7],["Ati",13.217,18.333,7,7],["Atkarsk",51.876,44.996,7,7],["Auxerre",47.8,3.567,7,7],["Ayapel",8.33,-75.15,7,7],["Ayorou",14.732,0.919,7,7],["Babati",-4.22,35.75,7,7],["Badulla",6.984,81.05,7,7],["Bafatá",12.167,-14.666,7,7],["Bafoulabé",13.8,-10.82,7,7],["Bairin Zuoqi",43.984,119.183,7,7],["Balykchy",42.456,76.185,7,7],["Banamba",13.55,-7.45,7,7],["Bangassou",4.734,22.817,7,7],["Barabinsk",55.357,78.352,7,7],["Barra do Bugres",-15.07,-57.19,7,7],["Barra do Corda",-5.51,-45.26,7,7],["Barreiros",-8.83,-35.2,7,7],["Barstow",34.899,-117.022,7,7],["Basoko",1.24,23.59,7,7],["Bastia",42.703,9.45,7,7],["Batouri",4.434,14.367,7,7],["Baturité",-4.33,-38.88,7,7],["Baubau",-5.47,122.616,7,7],["Bayan Obo",41.768,109.971,7,7],["Beaufort",32.432,-80.69,7,7],["Beaufort West",-32.35,22.57,7,7],["Beckley",37.78,-81.183,7,7],["Beitbridge",-22.21,29.99,7,7],["Bélabo",4.934,13.3,7,7],["Belaya Kalitva",48.187,40.786,7,7],["Bella Unión",-30.26,-57.6,7,7],["Berber",18.017,33.983,7,7],["Berekum",7.45,-2.59,7,7],["Bermejo",-22.73,-64.35,7,7],["Bezhetsk",57.765,36.69,7,7],["Biharamulo",-2.63,31.31,7,7],["Blagodarnyy",45.105,43.434,7,7],["Bocaiúva",-17.11,-43.81,7,7],["Boende",-0.22,20.86,7,7],["Bogoroditsk",53.775,38.114,7,7],["Bolobo",-2.16,16.24,7,7],["Bologoye",57.872,34.052,7,7],["Bom Jesus da Lapa",-13.25,-43.44,7,7],["Bougouni",11.42,-7.49,7,7],["Bourem",16.9,-0.35,7,7],["Boyarka",70.767,97.5,7,7],["Bozeman",45.68,-111.038,7,7],["Bozoum",6.317,16.383,7,7],["Bristol",36.612,-82.176,7,7],["Brookings",44.307,-96.788,7,7],["Bukama",-9.21,25.84,7,7],["Bullhead City",35.148,-114.567,7,7],["Bulungu",-4.55,18.6,7,7],["Bunbury",-33.344,115.65,7,7],["Bur Safaga",26.734,33.933,7,7],["Buriram",15,103.117,7,7],["Burlington",40.808,-91.113,7,7],["Bururi",-3.951,29.617,7,7],["Businga",3.34,20.87,7,7],["Buurhakaba",2.784,44.083,7,7],["Buy",58.485,41.524,7,7],["Caboolture",-27.083,152.95,7,7],["Camaná",-16.62,-72.72,7,7],["Cametá",-2.24,-49.51,7,7],["Campbell River",50.017,-125.25,7,7],["Campo Belo",-20.89,-45.28,7,7],["Cananea",30.99,-110.3,7,7],["Capitão Poço",-1.75,-47.09,7,7],["Carbondale",37.727,-89.22,7,7],["Carnot",4.934,15.867,7,7],["Caxito",-8.58,13.66,7,7],["Cayambe",0.05,-78.16,7,7],["Cedar City",37.677,-113.061,7,7],["Chachapoyas",-6.23,-77.87,7,7],["Chake Chake",-5.24,39.77,7,7],["Champotón",19.35,-90.72,7,7],["Chancay",-11.56,-77.27,7,7],["Chapadinha",-3.74,-43.36,7,7],["Chascomús",-35.566,-58.017,7,7],["Cherepanovo",54.234,83.369,7,7],["Chilecito",-29.166,-67.5,7,7],["Chimboy",42.931,59.771,7,7],["Chiredzi",-21.05,31.66,7,7],["Choma",-16.809,26.97,7,7],["Chone",-0.69,-80.09,7,7],["Christiansted",17.75,-64.75,7,7],["Ciudad Altamirano",18.32,-100.65,7,7],["Ciudad Camargo",27.69,-105.17,7,7],["Clovis",34.405,-103.205,7,7],["Coeur d'Alene",47.678,-116.779,7,7],["Colinas",-6.04,-44.24,7,7],["Conroe",30.312,-95.456,7,7],["Constitución",-35.33,-72.42,7,7],["Cornwall",45.017,-74.733,7,7],["Coroatá",-4.13,-44.15,7,7],["Cradock",-32.2,25.61,7,7],["Cumberland",39.653,-78.763,7,7],["Daman",20.417,72.85,7,7],["Danville",36.586,-79.395,7,7],["Del Rio",29.363,-100.896,7,7],["Demba",-5.51,22.26,7,7],["Dembi Dolo",8.534,34.8,7,7],["Dieppe",49.934,1.083,7,7],["Diffa",13.317,12.609,7,7],["Dila",6.41,38.31,7,7],["Doba",8.65,16.85,7,7],["Dodge City",37.76,-100.018,7,7],["Douglas",54.15,-4.48,7,7],["Dover",51.134,1.3,7,7],["Drogheda",53.719,-6.348,7,7],["Dublin",32.537,-82.918,7,7],["Dubrovnik",42.661,18.091,7,7],["Dumfries",55.067,-3.55,7,7],["Dundalk",54,-6.417,7,7],["Durango",37.276,-107.88,7,7],["Dzaoudzi",-12.787,45.275,7,7],["Dzhankoy",45.717,34.4,7,7],["El Centro",32.792,-115.558,7,7],["El Dorado",33.214,-92.663,7,7],["El Kef",36.183,8.715,7,7],["El Tur",28.239,33.615,7,7],["Emporia",38.404,-96.181,7,7],["Enterprise",31.328,-85.844,7,7],["Erymentau",51.63,73.105,7,7],["Escuinapa",22.85,-105.8,7,7],["Eséka",3.65,10.767,7,7],["Faro",37.017,-7.933,7,7],["Felipe Carrillo Puerto",19.58,-88.05,7,7],["Fengjie",31.05,109.517,7,7],["Flores",16.934,-89.883,7,7],["Floriano",-6.77,-43.03,7,7],["Frederikshavn",57.434,10.533,7,7],["Fria",10.38,-13.55,7,7],["Frolovo",49.772,43.652,7,7],["Frontera",18.58,-92.65,7,7],["Gadsden",34.015,-86.007,7,7],["Gallup",35.524,-108.734,7,7],["Gamboma",-1.879,15.85,7,7],["Gay",51.475,58.454,7,7],["Gaya",11.888,3.447,7,7],["Gbarnga",7.01,-9.49,7,7],["Gillette",44.283,-105.505,7,7],["Gimbi",9.167,35.833,7,7],["Gitega",-3.426,29.844,7,7],["Goianésia",-15.31,-49.13,7,7],["Goldsboro",35.385,-77.993,7,7],["Goulburn",-34.75,149.71,7,7],["Goycay",40.653,47.741,7,7],["Granja",-3.12,-40.84,7,7],["Grants Pass",42.44,-123.327,7,7],["Greenville",33.41,-91.062,7,7],["Gryazi",52.495,39.934,7,7],["Gubakha",58.869,57.589,7,7],["Guiglo",6.55,-7.49,7,7],["Guryevsk",54.298,85.938,7,7],["Gusinoozyorsk",51.281,106.5,7,7],["Ha Giang",22.834,104.983,7,7],["Hagere Hiywet",8.98,37.85,7,7],["Harper",4.375,-7.717,7,7],["Hermanus",-34.41,19.23,7,7],["Hervey Bay",-25.289,152.841,7,7],["Hios",38.368,26.136,7,7],["Hobbs",32.713,-103.141,7,7],["Hon Quan",11.65,106.6,7,7],["Honda",5.19,-74.75,7,7],["Hot Springs",34.504,-93.055,7,7],["Huajuapan de León",17.81,-97.79,7,7],["Huatabampo",26.83,-109.63,7,7],["Hulin",45.769,132.992,7,7],["Huntsville",30.724,-95.551,7,7],["Ifakara",-8.13,36.68,7,7],["Illapel",-31.63,-71.17,7,7],["Imbituba",-28.23,-48.66,7,7],["Impfondo",1.64,18.04,7,7],["Inverness",57.467,-4.233,7,7],["Ipú",-4.32,-40.72,7,7],["Isikul",54.929,71.268,7,7],["Itá",-25.51,-57.36,7,7],["Itaberaba",-12.52,-40.3,7,7],["Itamaraju",-17.04,-39.53,7,7],["Itambé",-15.24,-40.63,7,7],["Itanagar",27.1,93.617,7,7],["Jamestown",42.097,-79.236,7,7],["Jauja",-11.8,-75.5,7,7],["Jipijapa",-1.35,-80.58,7,7],["Juanjuí",-7.17,-76.74,7,7],["Juticalpa",14.67,-86.23,7,7],["Kabale",-1.25,29.98,7,7],["Kabalo",-6.05,26.91,7,7],["Kahama",-3.82,32.58,7,7],["Kahemba",-7.283,19,7,7],["Kaka",37.35,59.6,7,7],["Kakonko",-3.28,30.96,7,7],["Kalachinsk",55.049,74.568,7,7],["Kalmar",56.667,16.367,7,7],["Kambove",-10.87,26.6,7,7],["Kamenna Obi",53.794,81.339,7,7],["Kampene",-3.6,26.67,7,7],["Kamsar",10.685,-14.605,7,7],["Kanash",55.509,47.469,7,7],["Kaniama",-7.57,24.17,7,7],["Kanye",-24.97,25.34,7,7],["Kapan",39.202,46.415,7,7],["Kapiri Mposhi",-13.97,28.66,7,7],["Karasuk",53.727,78.022,7,7],["Kariba",-16.53,28.8,7,7],["Karoi",-16.82,29.68,7,7],["Karonga",-9.933,33.933,7,7],["Karpinsk",59.76,60.01,7,7],["Kartaly",53.047,60.682,7,7],["Kasangulu",-4.58,15.18,7,7],["Kasimov",54.943,41.393,7,7],["Kasongo-Lunda",-6.48,16.83,7,7],["Kasulu",-4.58,30.1,7,7],["Katima Mulilo",-17.5,24.26,7,7],["Katoomba",-33.707,150.32,7,7],["Kawambwa",-9.78,29.08,7,7],["Kaya",13.09,-1.09,7,7],["Kerkira",39.615,19.915,7,7],["Kibiti",-7.73,38.95,7,7],["Kilkenny",52.655,-7.252,7,7],["Kingman",35.19,-114.052,7,7],["Kingsville",27.516,-97.856,7,7],["Kirov",54.085,34.305,7,7],["Kirovsk",67.609,33.669,7,7],["Kisii",-0.67,34.76,7,7],["Kita",13.05,-9.483,7,7],["Koko",11.423,4.517,7,7],["Komatipoort",-25.41,31.94,7,7],["Korogwe",-5.09,38.54,7,7],["Kotelnich",58.304,48.314,7,7],["Kotovsk",52.595,41.504,7,7],["Krasnoufimsk",56.599,57.759,7,7],["Kristianstad",56.034,14.133,7,7],["Krong Koh Kong",11.618,102.985,7,7],["Kualakapuas",-3.1,114.35,7,7],["Kudymkar",59.016,54.633,7,7],["Kumo",10.046,11.213,7,7],["Kundian",32.452,71.472,7,7],["Kuta",-8.715,115.184,7,7],["Kwinana",-32.239,115.77,7,7],["La Barca",20.28,-102.56,7,7],["Ladysmith",-28.549,29.78,7,7],["Lambaréné",-0.7,10.217,7,7],["Lebowakgomo",-24.2,29.5,7,7],["Lebu",-37.61,-73.65,7,7],["Lgov",51.695,35.274,7,7],["Libenge",3.66,18.62,7,7],["Liberia",10.634,-85.433,7,7],["Libertador General San Martín",-23.82,-64.79,7,7],["Lodwar",3.13,35.57,7,7],["Loei",17.492,101.732,7,7],["Lota",-37.09,-73.16,7,7],["Lubao",-5.39,25.75,7,7],["Lucapa",-8.42,20.74,7,7],["Luebo",-5.35,21.41,7,7],["Lufkin",31.338,-94.729,7,7],["Luga",58.736,29.839,7,7],["Lusambo",-4.97,23.43,7,7],["Luuq",3.8,42.55,7,7],["Luwuk",-0.94,122.79,7,7],["Macas",-2.31,-78.12,7,7],["Macenta",8.55,-9.48,7,7],["Macia",-25.02,33.09,7,7],["Madaoua",14.076,5.959,7,7],["Mae Sot",16.716,98.571,7,7],["Makinsk",52.64,70.41,7,7],["Mangai",-4.04,19.53,7,7],["Mango",10.36,0.471,7,7],["Maralal",1.11,36.68,7,7],["Mariinsk",56.211,87.76,7,7],["Marinette",45.1,-87.63,7,7],["Marovoay",-16.1,46.633,7,7],["Marquette",46.547,-87.407,7,7],["Masasi",-10.73,38.8,7,7],["Mason City",43.154,-93.201,7,7],["Masterton",-40.944,175.646,7,7],["Maués",-3.39,-57.72,7,7],["Maun",-19.99,23.42,7,7],["Mavinga",-15.79,20.36,7,7],["Maydh",10.98,47.098,7,7],["Mednogorsk",51.419,57.579,7,7],["Megion",61.061,76.095,7,7],["Melton",-37.69,144.57,7,7],["Mendi",-6.144,143.645,7,7],["Mercedes",-33.26,-58.03,7,7],["Mercedes",-33.69,-65.47,7,7],["Mercedes",-29.18,-58.08,7,7],["Miandrivazo",-19.516,45.467,7,7],["Millerovo",48.938,40.397,7,7],["Mineiros",-17.57,-52.56,7,7],["Mitilini",39.11,26.555,7,7],["Mityana",0.4,32.05,7,7],["Mizdah",31.434,12.983,7,7],["Moanda",-1.565,13.2,7,7],["Moatize",-16.1,33.95,7,7],["Mocimboa",-11.32,40.35,7,7],["Monchegorsk",67.929,32.829,7,7],["Mongo",12.184,18.7,7,7],["Montrose",38.477,-107.866,7,7],["Moorhead",46.874,-96.742,7,7],["Morshansk",53.455,41.804,7,7],["Moss",59.437,10.669,7,7],["Mossendjo",-2.94,12.72,7,7],["Mouila",-1.866,11.017,7,7],["Moyo",3.65,31.72,7,7],["Moyobamba",-6.05,-76.967,7,7],["Mozhga",56.455,52.184,7,7],["Mtsensk",53.265,36.547,7,7],["Mushie",-3.02,16.92,7,7],["Muskogee",35.748,-95.369,7,7],["Nacogdoches",31.604,-94.655,7,7],["Naivasha",-0.71,36.43,7,7],["Namtu",23.084,97.4,7,7],["Nandi",-17.8,177.417,7,7],["Nanyuki",0.02,37.06,7,7],["Natchez",31.555,-91.388,7,7],["Nchelenge",-9.35,28.73,7,7],["Nelidovo",56.224,32.773,7,7],["Nevers",46.984,3.167,7,7],["Nevyansk",57.49,60.215,7,7],["Newport",41.49,-71.313,7,7],["Niquelândia",-14.47,-48.47,7,7],["Njombe",-9.33,34.77,7,7],["Nkhata Bay",-11.6,34.3,7,7],["Nola",3.534,16.067,7,7],["Norfolk",42.029,-97.434,7,7],["North Platte",41.136,-100.771,7,7],["Nova Cruz",-6.47,-35.44,7,7],["Novo Horizonte",-21.46,-49.22,7,7],["Nueva Gerona",21.884,-82.8,7,7],["Nzega",-4.21,33.18,7,7],["Nzeto",-7.23,12.86,7,7],["Oak Ridge",36.011,-84.27,7,7],["Ob",54.998,82.708,7,7],["Odienné",9.51,-7.58,7,7],["Ojinaga",29.54,-104.41,7,7],["Okahandja",-21.98,16.91,7,7],["Oktyabrsk",49.473,57.445,7,7],["Olbia",40.914,9.515,7,7],["Olgiy",48.934,89.95,7,7],["Omutninsk",58.659,52.159,7,7],["Opobo",4.57,7.56,7,7],["Orange Walk",18.09,-88.56,7,7],["Orangeville",43.917,-80.083,7,7],["Oriximiná",-1.76,-55.87,7,7],["Otjiwarongo",-20.46,16.64,7,7],["Owando",-0.48,15.92,7,7],["Oytal",42.915,73.255,7,7],["Padangpanjang",-0.45,100.417,7,7],["Paducah",37.084,-88.6,7,7],["Pala",9.35,14.967,7,7],["Palapye",-22.56,27.13,7,7],["Pánuco",22.06,-98.19,7,7],["Papasquiaro",24.83,-105.34,7,7],["Paracuru",-3.4,-39.04,7,7],["Paranaíba",-19.68,-51.2,7,7],["Parras",25.42,-102.18,7,7],["Pativilca",-10.7,-77.8,7,7],["Penedo",-10.27,-36.58,7,7],["Penticton",49.5,-119.583,7,7],["Penzance",50.134,-5.55,7,7],["Perth",56.4,-3.47,7,7],["Petatlán",17.52,-101.27,7,7],["Phayao",19.171,99.908,7,7],["Phonsavan",19.452,103.196,7,7],["Phrae",18.153,100.163,7,7],["Pijijiapan",15.69,-93.22,7,7],["Pilar",-26.869,-58.3,7,7],["Pingxiang",22.097,106.757,7,7],["Pinheiro",-2.52,-45.09,7,7],["Pires do Rio",-17.3,-48.28,7,7],["Pirgos",37.684,21.45,7,7],["Piripiri",-4.27,-41.79,7,7],["Pochutla",15.73,-96.47,7,7],["Ponca City",36.707,-97.085,7,7],["Ponte Nova",-20.41,-42.9,7,7],["Pontes e Lacerda",-15.22,-59.35,7,7],["Poplar Bluff",36.76,-90.403,7,7],["Popondetta",-8.769,148.248,7,7],["Poso",-1.39,120.76,7,7],["Poti",42.156,41.672,7,7],["Praya",-8.722,116.292,7,7],["Puerto Berrío",6.48,-74.42,7,7],["Puerto Suárez",-18.95,-57.85,7,7],["Pugachev",52.015,48.794,7,7],["Qapshaghay",43.884,77.069,7,7],["Qaratau",43.185,70.46,7,7],["Qarazhal",48.025,70.8,7,7],["Queanbeyan",-35.355,149.211,7,7],["Quesada",10.33,-84.44,7,7],["Quincy",39.936,-91.41,7,7],["Raub",3.793,101.842,7,7],["Rayevskiy",54.067,54.927,7,7],["Rayong",12.672,101.281,7,7],["Rehoboth",-23.32,17.08,7,7],["Remanso",-9.6,-42.11,7,7],["Richland",46.292,-119.291,7,7],["Rida",14.429,44.834,7,7],["Rimouski",48.434,-68.517,7,7],["Rio Verde",-17.82,-50.93,7,7],["Rivas",11.44,-85.82,7,7],["Rolim de Moura",-11.73,-61.781,7,7],["Roseburg",43.218,-123.356,7,7],["Rostov",57.189,39.404,7,7],["Roswell",33.395,-104.522,7,7],["Safonovo",55.146,33.216,7,7],["Saint-Georges",46.117,-70.667,7,7],["Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni",5.498,-54.033,7,7],["Salamanca",-31.78,-70.98,7,7],["Sale",-38.11,147.06,7,7],["Salgueiro",-8.06,-39.13,7,7],["Salina",38.825,-97.607,7,7],["Salinópolis",-0.609,-47.34,7,7],["Sambava",-14.266,50.167,7,7],["San",13.3,-4.9,7,7],["San Felipe",31.024,-114.85,7,7],["San Fernando",24.85,-98.16,7,7],["San Ignacio",-16.37,-60.96,7,7],["San Lorenzo",1.27,-78.86,7,7],["San Marino",43.936,12.442,7,7],["Sandnes",58.845,5.69,7,7],["Santa Rita",10.532,-71.504,7,7],["Santiago",8.1,-80.983,7,7],["São Francisco do Sul",-26.24,-48.6,7,7],["Sasovo",54.349,41.909,7,7],["Sassandra",4.95,-6.083,7,7],["Saurimo",-9.66,20.39,7,7],["Scottsbluff",41.868,-103.661,7,7],["Sechura",-5.56,-80.82,7,7],["Segezha",63.755,34.324,7,7],["Selma",32.408,-87.021,7,7],["Senhor do Bonfim",-10.45,-40.19,7,7],["Serdobsk",52.462,44.222,7,7],["Sesheke",-17.47,24.3,7,7],["Shahhat",32.828,21.862,7,7],["Sharya",58.38,45.509,7,7],["Shawinigan",46.55,-72.733,7,7],["Shawnee",35.343,-96.934,7,7],["Shepparton",-36.375,145.391,7,7],["Sherman",33.636,-96.609,7,7],["Shieli",44.167,66.75,7,7],["Shu",43.595,73.745,7,7],["Shumerlya",55.485,46.424,7,7],["Sibiti",-3.69,13.35,7,7],["Sibut",5.734,19.083,7,7],["Sicuani",-14.29,-71.23,7,7],["Sikonge",-5.63,32.77,7,7],["Sisaket",15.12,104.33,7,7],["Skellefteå",64.772,20.95,7,7],["Slavgorod",53.005,78.67,7,7],["Sligo",54.267,-8.483,7,7],["Slobodskoy",58.718,50.188,7,7],["Socorro",6.46,-73.27,7,7],["Sokol",59.465,40.114,7,7],["Sol-lletsk",51.16,55,7,7],["Sosnogorsk",63.595,53.894,7,7],["Sovetsk",55.072,21.882,7,7],["Spassk Dalniy",44.6,132.82,7,7],["St.-Benoit",-21.034,55.713,7,7],["Staraya Russa",57.995,31.354,7,7],["Strezhevoy",60.733,77.578,7,7],["Sunbury",-37.57,144.71,7,7],["Superior",46.721,-92.104,7,7],["Svendborg",55.07,10.617,7,7],["Svetogorsk",61.101,28.918,7,7],["Tak",16.885,99.129,7,7],["Talas",42.518,72.243,7,7],["Tame",6.46,-71.74,7,7],["Taree",-31.898,152.462,7,7],["Tash Komur",41.342,72.231,7,7],["Tashtagol",52.792,87.868,7,7],["Tatarsk",55.222,75.967,7,7],["Tauá",-5.999,-40.31,7,7],["Tavda",58.054,65.258,7,7],["Tena",-0.98,-77.81,7,7],["Tenkodogo",11.78,-0.37,7,7],["Tenosique",17.48,-91.43,7,7],["Thung Song",8.154,99.729,7,7],["Tibati",6.467,12.633,7,7],["Ticul",20.4,-89.53,7,7],["Timashevsk",45.625,38.944,7,7],["Timika",-4.55,136.89,7,7],["Timimoun",29.237,0.27,7,7],["Tizimín",21.13,-88.15,7,7],["Tlaxiaco",17.27,-97.68,7,7],["Tocache",-8.18,-76.52,7,7],["Toktogul",41.883,72.937,7,7],["Tolú",9.536,-75.572,7,7],["Topki",55.28,85.611,7,7],["Torzhok",57.029,34.979,7,7],["Tozeur",33.93,8.13,7,7],["Traverse City",44.768,-85.622,7,7],["Tripoli",37.509,22.379,7,7],["Trollhättan",58.267,12.3,7,7],["Tshela",-4.97,12.93,7,7],["Tucano",-10.97,-38.79,7,7],["Tunduma",-9.285,32.775,7,7],["Tunuyán",-33.566,-69.017,7,7],["Tupelo",34.258,-88.703,7,7],["Tupiza",-21.44,-65.72,7,7],["Tuxpan",21.93,-105.27,7,7],["Tweed Heads",-28.183,153.547,7,7],["Twin Falls",42.561,-114.461,7,7],["Ukiah",39.154,-123.211,7,7],["Ulundi",-28.33,31.41,7,7],["Upper Hutt",-41.135,175.029,7,7],["Uray",60.14,64.755,7,7],["Uryupinsk",50.773,42.003,7,7],["Ushtobe",45.265,77.97,7,7],["Uthai Thani",15.382,100.026,7,7],["Vác",47.784,19.133,7,7],["Vaduz",47.134,9.517,7,7],["Valladolid",20.67,-88.2,7,7],["Valuyki",50.209,38.099,7,7],["Ventspils",57.39,21.561,7,7],["Verkhnyaya Salda",58.05,60.55,7,7],["Viana",-3.21,-45,7,7],["Vichuga",57.219,41.929,7,7],["Vichy",46.117,3.417,7,7],["Victoria",-38.24,-72.34,7,7],["Victoria Falls",-17.93,25.84,7,7],["Victoriaville",46.05,-71.967,7,7],["Villazón",-22.08,-65.6,7,7],["Visby",57.634,18.3,7,7],["Voi",-3.37,38.57,7,7],["Volkhov",59.929,32.339,7,7],["Volksrust",-27.36,29.89,7,7],["Voznesensk",47.55,31.333,7,7],["Waingapu",-9.658,120.253,7,7],["Wajir",1.75,40.05,7,7],["Wakema",16.613,95.183,7,7],["Walla Walla",46.065,-118.342,7,7],["Watertown",43.975,-75.911,7,7],["West Bend",43.426,-88.183,7,7],["Winneba",5.35,-0.63,7,7],["Winona",44.05,-91.639,7,7],["Wuyuan",41.09,108.272,7,7],["Yalutorovsk",56.674,66.298,7,7],["Yamburg",67.922,74.925,7,7],["Yandoon",17.043,95.643,7,7],["Yangambi",0.77,24.43,7,7],["Yarumal",7.031,-75.59,7,7],["Yefremov",53.149,38.122,7,7],["Yemanzhelinsk",54.749,61.294,7,7],["Yendi",9.434,-0.017,7,7],["Yian",47.88,125.3,7,7],["Yirga Alem",6.75,38.41,7,7],["Yishan",24.5,108.667,7,7],["Zaraza",9.34,-65.32,7,7],["Zelenokumsk",44.409,43.879,7,7],["Zheleznogorsk Ilimskiy",56.576,104.123,7,7],["Zhetiqara",52.193,61.24,7,7],["Zvishavane",-20.33,30.05,7,7],["Zvolen",48.584,19.133,7,7],["Zwedru",6.07,-8.13,7,7],["Zyryanovsk",49.745,84.255,7,7],["Abadla",31.017,-2.733,7,6],["Abong Mbang",3.984,13.183,7,6],["Aginskoye",51.103,114.523,7,6],["Aldama",22.92,-98.07,7,6],["Alotau",-10.302,150.459,7,6],["Añatuya",-28.466,-62.833,7,6],["Angra do Heroísmo",38.65,-27.217,7,6],["Anxi",40.5,95.8,7,6],["Ascension",-15.7,-63.08,7,6],["Ashburton",-43.898,171.749,7,6],["Astoria",46.188,-123.83,7,6],["At Bashy",41.172,75.797,7,6],["Atasu",48.69,71.65,7,6],["Ayaviri",-14.88,-70.6,7,6],["Bairnsdale",-37.83,147.61,7,6],["Ballina",-28.861,153.568,7,6],["Bartica",6.41,-58.63,7,6],["Batemans Bay",-35.69,150.207,7,6],["Bati",11.184,40.017,7,6],["Bay City",28.981,-95.964,7,6],["Beeville",28.406,-97.751,7,6],["Belen",-27.65,-67.033,7,6],["Belén",-23.469,-57.24,7,6],["Bella Vista",-22.13,-56.52,7,6],["Ben Gardane",33.14,11.22,7,6],["Benito Juárez",-37.666,-59.8,7,6],["Bethanie",-26.5,17.15,7,6],["Bikin",46.82,134.265,7,6],["Birao",10.284,22.783,7,6],["Bitam",2.084,11.483,7,6],["Bloemhof",-27.65,25.59,7,6],["Bogue",16.59,-14.27,7,6],["Bolama",11.583,-15.483,7,6],["Bollnäs",61.352,16.367,7,6],["Bongaree",-27.079,153.151,7,6],["Bosobolo",4.19,19.88,7,6],["Boulder City",35.979,-114.832,7,6],["Boutilimit",17.55,-14.7,7,6],["Brandfort",-28.7,26.47,7,6],["Bredasdorp",-34.53,20.03,7,6],["Brooks",50.567,-111.9,7,6],["Bua Yai",15.584,102.419,7,6],["Bugt",48.784,121.933,7,6],["Cadillac",44.251,-85.414,7,6],["Cafayate",-26.083,-65.967,7,6],["Cajabamba",-7.62,-78.04,7,6],["Caldera",-27.07,-70.83,7,6],["Camabatela",-8.19,15.37,7,6],["Camacupa",-12.02,17.47,7,6],["Caracaraí",1.816,-61.128,7,6],["Carahue",-38.709,-73.17,7,6],["Carmelo",-33.99,-58.3,7,6],["Cerrillos",-24.9,-65.483,7,6],["Chaguaramas",9.336,-66.254,7,6],["Charata",-27.216,-61.2,7,6],["Chegdomyn",51.118,133.024,7,6],["Cherlak",54.16,74.82,7,6],["Chilca",-12.52,-76.74,7,6],["Chinsali",-10.55,32.06,7,6],["Chitipa",-9.716,33.267,7,6],["Chota",-6.55,-78.65,7,6],["Coalcoman",18.78,-103.15,7,6],["Coffeyville",37.038,-95.626,7,6],["Colesberg",-30.72,25.1,7,6],["Compostela",21.23,-104.9,7,6],["Crescent City",41.756,-124.2,7,6],["Cyangugu",-2.48,28.9,7,6],["Dawson Creek",55.767,-120.233,7,6],["Derzhavinsk",51.102,66.307,7,6],["Dickinson",46.884,-102.789,7,6],["Diego de Almagro",-26.37,-70.05,7,6],["Dolinsk",47.35,142.8,7,6],["Douglas",31.508,-82.851,7,6],["Dumas",35.862,-101.967,7,6],["Echuca",-36.13,144.75,7,6],["Edmundston",47.379,-68.333,7,6],["El Daba",31.034,28.433,7,6],["El Fuerte",26.42,-108.62,7,6],["Eldama Ravine",0.05,35.72,7,6],["Eldorado",24.33,-107.37,7,6],["Embi",48.827,58.144,7,6],["Ermoupoli",37.45,24.933,7,6],["Escanaba",45.746,-87.064,7,6],["Esil",51.957,66.377,7,6],["Ewo",-0.88,14.82,7,6],["Faranah",10.04,-10.75,7,6],["Frias",-28.65,-65.15,7,6],["Gawler",-34.607,138.726,7,6],["Golyshmanovo",56.382,68.371,7,6],["Gornyak",50.988,81.488,7,6],["Gouré",13.987,10.27,7,6],["Green River",41.515,-109.465,7,6],["Guapi",2.56,-77.86,7,6],["Guerrero Negro",27.99,-114.17,7,6],["Guymon",36.686,-101.48,7,6],["Gwanda",-20.94,29.01,7,6],["Gympie",-26.189,152.671,7,6],["Hadiboh",12.652,54.024,7,6],["Haiya",18.336,36.384,7,6],["Hancock",47.127,-88.581,7,6],["Harstad",68.788,16.516,7,6],["Hassi Messaoud",31.702,6.054,7,6],["Horqueta",-23.34,-57.05,7,6],["Horsham",-36.71,142.19,7,6],["Huanta",-12.95,-74.25,7,6],["Huarmey",-10.07,-78.16,7,6],["Ihosy",-22.4,46.117,7,6],["Ilave",-16.08,-69.67,7,6],["Isla Mujeres",21.208,-86.711,7,6],["Itigi",-5.7,34.48,7,6],["Ivdel",60.694,60.413,7,6],["Izamal",20.93,-89.02,7,6],["Jamestown",46.906,-98.703,7,6],["Juan Aldama",24.29,-103.39,7,6],["Junín",-11.15,-76.01,7,6],["Kaiapoi",-43.381,172.651,7,6],["Kamenka",53.195,44.044,7,6],["Kangaba",11.94,-8.44,7,6],["Kaoma",-14.78,24.8,7,6],["Karema",-6.816,30.433,7,6],["Kargat",55.196,80.281,7,6],["Kasaji",-10.366,23.45,7,6],["Kavalerovo",44.27,135.05,7,6],["Kavaratti",10.563,72.637,7,6],["Kédougou",12.56,-12.18,7,6],["Kempsey",-31.087,152.822,7,6],["Kérouané",9.27,-9.02,7,6],["Kiama",-34.71,150.84,7,6],["Kilindoni",-7.916,39.65,7,6],["Killarney",52.05,-9.517,7,6],["Kimpese",-5.55,14.433,7,6],["Kingston",-42.991,147.308,7,6],["Kirensk",57.786,108.112,7,6],["Kirs",59.314,52.245,7,6],["Kodinskiy",58.698,99.178,7,6],["Koror",7.345,134.47,7,6],["Kos",36.894,27.289,7,6],["Koulamoutou",-1.133,12.483,7,6],["Kulunda",52.583,78.947,7,6],["Kurtamysh",54.909,64.433,7,6],["Kuruman",-27.45,23.42,7,6],["La Cruz",23.92,-106.9,7,6],["Las Tablas",7.76,-80.28,7,6],["Levin",-40.612,175.277,7,6],["Lihue",21.982,-159.371,7,6],["Lisburn",54.52,-6.67,7,6],["Lithgow",-33.496,150.153,7,6],["Lobos",-35.185,-59.095,7,6],["Los Lagos",-39.85,-72.83,7,6],["Luau",-10.71,22.23,7,6],["Luganville",-15.513,167.177,7,6],["Lundazi",-12.29,33.17,7,6],["Macará",-4.38,-79.95,7,6],["Maitland",-32.721,151.555,7,6],["Makokou",0.567,12.867,7,6],["Makoua",-0.01,15.64,7,6],["Malargüe",-35.466,-69.583,7,6],["Mar de Ajó",-36.716,-56.677,7,6],["Maridi",4.915,29.477,7,6],["Mariental",-24.62,17.96,7,6],["Mbulu",-3.85,35.53,7,6],["Mikumi",-7.4,36.98,7,6],["Mitchell",43.714,-98.026,7,6],["Moba",-7.06,29.72,7,6],["Moloundou",2.034,15.217,7,6],["Mont-Laurier",46.55,-75.5,7,6],["Monte Cristi",19.867,-71.65,7,6],["Monte Quemado",-25.8,-62.867,7,6],["Mpwapwa",-6.35,36.48,7,6],["Mubende",0.59,31.37,7,6],["Muglad",11.034,27.733,7,6],["Mumbwa",-14.98,27.07,7,6],["Murray Bridge",-35.13,139.26,7,6],["Muswellbrook",-32.27,150.89,7,6],["Mwingi",-0.93,38.07,7,6],["Mwinilunga",-11.74,24.44,7,6],["Namanga",-2.54,36.8,7,6],["Nazyvayevsk",55.567,71.35,7,6],["Nelson",49.484,-117.283,7,6],["Nerchinsk",52.009,116.549,7,6],["Nevelsk",46.68,141.87,7,6],["Ngara",-2.47,30.65,7,6],["Ngorongoro",-3.25,35.52,7,6],["Nguigmi",14.253,13.111,7,6],["Nieuw Nickerie",5.95,-56.99,7,6],["Nikel",69.413,30.219,7,6],["Nioro du Sahel",15.23,-9.59,7,6],["Nyahanga",-2.383,33.55,7,6],["Nyunzu",-5.95,28.017,7,6],["Oamaru",-45.109,170.995,7,6],["Obock",11.973,43.286,7,6],["Ondjiva",-17.07,15.73,7,6],["Oshikango",-17.4,15.88,7,6],["Otar",43.535,75.214,7,6],["Oum Hadjer",13.3,19.683,7,6],["Pakwach",2.47,31.48,7,6],["Pallasovka",50.048,46.877,7,6],["Parkes",-33.13,148.17,7,6],["Pedreiras",-4.57,-44.67,7,6],["Pembroke",45.85,-77.117,7,6],["Pendleton",45.673,-118.787,7,6],["Petoskey",45.374,-84.955,7,6],["Pimentel",-6.83,-79.93,7,6],["Poronaysk",49.242,143.085,7,6],["Port Alfred",-33.6,26.88,7,6],["Port Lavaca",28.616,-96.63,7,6],["Port Pirie",-33.191,137.99,7,6],["Porvoo",60.4,25.666,7,6],["Powell River",49.884,-124.55,7,6],["Pozo Almonte",-20.27,-69.8,7,6],["Price",39.6,-110.81,7,6],["Prieska",-29.66,22.73,7,6],["Puerto Carreño",6.185,-67.493,7,6],["Puerto Escondido",15.859,-97.066,7,6],["Puerto Quijarro",-17.78,-57.77,7,6],["Qalat",32.112,66.887,7,6],["Qasr-e Shirin",34.512,45.577,7,6],["Quesnel",52.984,-122.483,7,6],["Qulan",42.92,72.705,7,6],["Requena",-5.07,-73.91,7,6],["Rhinelander",45.64,-89.412,7,6],["Richmond",-33.6,150.74,7,6],["Riverton",43.028,-108.395,7,6],["Roboré",-18.33,-59.76,7,6],["Roebourne",-20.783,117.133,7,6],["Same",-4.07,37.72,7,6],["San Borja",-14.82,-66.85,7,6],["San Jose",13.94,-90.82,7,6],["San Martín",3.69,-73.69,7,6],["San Ramon",-11.13,-75.34,7,6],["Santa Barbara",26.8,-105.82,7,6],["Santa Rosalía",27.317,-112.283,7,6],["Santiago",-14.19,-75.74,7,6],["Santiago Tuxtla",18.47,-95.3,7,6],["Scottsdale",33.692,-111.868,7,6],["Senanga",-16.12,23.27,7,6],["Shamva",-17.32,31.57,7,6],["Singleton",-32.569,151.16,7,6],["Songo",-7.35,14.85,7,6],["Sovetsk",57.578,48.958,7,6],["Sparti",37.074,22.43,7,6],["Steinkjer",64.017,11.5,7,6],["Sukhothai",17.012,99.752,7,6],["Sunchales",-30.933,-61.567,7,6],["Swellendam",-34.02,20.43,7,6],["Swift Current",50.284,-107.767,7,6],["Takéo",10.984,104.783,7,6],["Taksimo",56.332,114.89,7,6],["Tamuín",21.98,-98.75,7,6],["Tayynsha",53.848,69.764,7,6],["Tecuala",22.4,-105.46,7,6],["Tessenei",15.11,36.657,7,6],["Tillabéri",14.212,1.453,7,6],["Traralgon",-38.2,146.53,7,6],["Urzhar",47.1,81.605,7,6],["Uyar",55.81,94.315,7,6],["Uzhur",55.329,89.821,7,6],["Valdez",1.267,-78.985,7,6],["Valparaíso",22.77,-103.57,7,6],["Vernal",40.455,-109.528,7,6],["Vicuña",-30.029,-70.74,7,6],["Villamontes",-21.25,-63.5,7,6],["Viseu",-1.196,-46.14,7,6],["Vyazemskiy",47.533,134.747,7,6],["Waku Kungo",-11.36,15.12,7,6],["Warwick",-28.229,152.02,7,6],["Whakatane",-37.957,176.983,7,6],["Williston",48.157,-103.628,7,6],["Woodward",36.433,-99.398,7,6],["Xaignabouri",19.25,101.75,7,6],["Yankton",42.882,-97.392,7,6],["Yeppoon",-23.133,150.757,7,6],["Yitulihe",50.652,121.517,7,6],["Yorkton",51.217,-102.467,7,6],["Zamora",-4.07,-78.97,7,6],["Zaysan",47.475,84.86,7,6],["Zemio",5.034,25.133,7,6],["Zmeinogorsk",51.157,82.195,7,6],["Zongo",4.33,18.615,7,6],["Aguelhok",19.455,0.856,7,5],["Aiquile",-18.19,-65.18,7,5],["Antigonish",45.627,-61.998,7,5],["Aqsu",52.45,71.96,7,5],["Ararat",-37.28,142.91,7,5],["Atherton",-17.27,145.469,7,5],["Ayr",-19.57,147.399,7,5],["Ayutla",16.9,-99.22,7,5],["Bansang",13.434,-14.65,7,5],["Bar Harbor",44.388,-68.204,7,5],["Bathurst",-33.42,149.57,7,5],["Bayghanin",48.692,55.874,7,5],["Béni Ounif",32.049,-1.251,7,5],["Bilibino",68.05,166.333,7,5],["Biloela",-24.394,150.496,7,5],["Bir Anzarane",23.884,-14.533,7,5],["Biryusinsk",55.961,97.814,7,5],["Bossembélé",5.267,17.65,7,5],["Brokopondo",5.04,-55.02,7,5],["Bulaevo",54.905,70.44,7,5],["Byron Bay",-28.657,153.613,7,5],["Carhué",-37.183,-62.733,7,5],["Carnarvon",-30.95,22.133,7,5],["Castillos",-34.17,-53.83,7,5],["Chadron",42.828,-103.003,7,5],["Challapata",-18.9,-66.78,7,5],["Chamical",-30.35,-66.317,7,5],["Chapaev",50.191,51.145,7,5],["Charters Towers",-20.081,146.259,7,5],["Chos Malal",-37.383,-70.267,7,5],["Colac",-38.34,143.58,7,5],["Cooma",-36.24,149.12,7,5],["Coracora",-15.02,-73.79,7,5],["Cowra",-33.83,148.68,7,5],["Craig",40.517,-107.55,7,5],["Cuencame",24.87,-103.7,7,5],["Dalby",-27.194,151.266,7,5],["Deniliquin",-35.53,144.95,7,5],["Desaguadero",-16.565,-69.045,7,5],["Dilolo",-10.7,22.333,7,5],["Djambala",-2.54,14.75,7,5],["Dombarovskiy",50.755,59.54,7,5],["Douglas",42.756,-105.385,7,5],["El Alamein",30.817,28.95,7,5],["Emerald",-23.512,148.167,7,5],["Ertis",53.345,75.45,7,5],["Eyumojok",5.75,8.983,7,5],["Falfurrias",27.227,-98.145,7,5],["Ferfer",5.085,45.165,7,5],["Fort Shevchenko",44.517,50.267,7,5],["Fort Stockton",30.892,-102.885,7,5],["Gar",32.2,79.983,7,5],["Ghanzi",-21.7,21.64,7,5],["Gizo",-8.1,156.835,7,5],["Goundam",16.417,-3.667,7,5],["Grand Turk",21.466,-71.136,7,5],["Guide",36.045,101.424,7,5],["Gunnedah",-30.987,150.262,7,5],["Gunnison",38.545,-106.928,7,5],["Hamilton",-37.731,142.023,7,5],["Hearst",49.7,-83.667,7,5],["Hohenau",-27.08,-55.75,7,5],["Homer",59.643,-151.548,7,5],["Horta",38.535,-28.645,7,5],["Huize",26.35,103.417,7,5],["Igarka",67.467,86.583,7,5],["Ingham",-18.65,146.167,7,5],["Inírida",3.854,-67.906,7,5],["Inverell",-29.767,151.113,7,5],["Juan José Castelli",-25.95,-60.617,7,5],["Kachiry",53.08,76.09,7,5],["Kailua-Kona",19.652,-155.984,7,5],["Kalabo",-14.99,22.68,7,5],["Kapoeta",4.772,33.59,7,5],["Karasburg",-28.02,18.74,7,5],["Kasane",-17.81,25.15,7,5],["Kasempa",-13.46,25.82,7,5],["Kieta",-6.216,155.633,7,5],["Kingaroy",-26.539,151.841,7,5],["Kirkwall",58.967,-2.95,7,5],["Kishkenekol",53.637,72.341,7,5],["Komsomolets",53.751,62.05,7,5],["Kontcha",7.967,12.233,7,5],["Kuybyshevskiy",37.979,68.689,7,5],["La Libertad",16.78,-90.12,7,5],["Lamar",38.086,-102.619,7,5],["Las Lomitas",-24.7,-60.6,7,5],["Lascano",-33.67,-54.2,7,5],["Leeton",-34.545,146.397,7,5],["Makale",-3.097,119.853,7,5],["Makarov",48.634,142.8,7,5],["Makhambet",47.671,51.58,7,5],["Mandritsara",-15.833,48.817,7,5],["Marrupa",-13.198,37.499,7,5],["Maryborough",-37.05,143.73,7,5],["Masindi-Port",1.7,32.07,7,5],["Mazowe",-17.52,30.97,7,5],["Mbamba Bay",-11.283,34.767,7,5],["McCook",40.206,-100.626,7,5],["McMinns Lagoon",-12.533,131.05,7,5],["Meadow Lake",54.13,-108.435,7,5],["Melut",10.434,32.2,7,5],["Merimbula",-36.9,149.9,7,5],["Miles City",46.409,-105.84,7,5],["Mitla",16.917,-96.4,7,5],["Moab",38.574,-109.549,7,5],["Mongomo",1.634,11.317,7,5],["Moranbah",-22.002,148.038,7,5],["Mudgee",-32.59,149.58,7,5],["Narrabri",-30.332,149.787,7,5],["Ndalatando",-9.3,14.91,7,5],["Ndende",-2.383,11.383,7,5],["Needles",34.848,-114.613,7,5],["Neiafu",-18.65,-173.983,7,5],["Nicuadala",-17.608,36.82,7,5],["Okandja",-0.683,13.783,7,5],["Oldeani",-3.35,35.55,7,5],["Olmos",-5.98,-79.75,7,5],["Olyokminsk",60.503,120.393,7,5],["Oranjemund",-28.549,16.43,7,5],["Orlu",5.784,7.033,7,5],["Ouadda",8.067,22.4,7,5],["Outjo",-20.11,16.14,7,5],["Parry Sound",45.334,-80.033,7,5],["Pecos",31.416,-103.5,7,5],["Pokrovsk",61.493,129.127,7,5],["Port St. Johns",-31.628,29.528,7,5],["Presque Isle",46.793,-68.002,7,5],["Punta Gorda",16.1,-88.81,7,5],["Qaminis",31.661,20.015,7,5],["Quellón",-43.1,-73.6,7,5],["Quibala",-10.73,14.98,7,5],["Qusmuryn",52.458,64.6,7,5],["Raton",36.897,-104.44,7,5],["Rawlins",41.791,-107.234,7,5],["Revelstoke",51,-118.183,7,5],["Reyes",-14.31,-67.37,7,5],["Rinconada",-22.433,-66.167,7,5],["Rosario",-24.42,-57.1,7,5],["Salum",31.567,25.15,7,5],["San Antonio Oeste",-40.733,-64.933,7,5],["San Carlos",10.55,123.38,7,5],["San Justo",-30.783,-60.583,7,5],["San Quintín",30.484,-115.95,7,5],["San Ramón",-13.29,-64.71,7,5],["Selfoss",63.933,-20.997,7,5],["Sembe",1.64,14.58,7,5],["Shar",49.6,81.055,7,5],["Shira",54.491,89.953,7,5],["Sidney",41.14,-102.978,7,5],["Sitia",35.2,26.099,7,5],["Socorro",34.062,-106.899,7,5],["Sodankylä",67.417,26.6,7,5],["Stawell",-37.06,142.76,7,5],["Steinbach",49.517,-96.683,7,5],["Stephenville",48.55,-58.567,7,5],["Swan Hill",-35.34,143.54,7,5],["Tagum",7.382,125.802,7,5],["Timiryazevskiy",56.493,84.904,7,5],["Tobol",52.698,62.575,7,5],["Tocantinópolis",-6.32,-47.42,7,5],["Trinidad",37.171,-104.506,7,5],["Trujillo",15.91,-85.96,7,5],["Tshabong",-26.009,22.4,7,5],["Tucumcari",35.17,-103.726,7,5],["Tula",23,-99.72,7,5],["Tumut",-35.31,148.22,7,5],["Ulladulla",-35.35,150.47,7,5],["Usakos",-22,15.58,7,5],["Vallegrande",-18.49,-64.11,7,5],["Vera",-29.466,-60.217,7,5],["Verkhnevilyuysk",63.446,120.317,7,5],["Victor Harbor",-35.56,138.617,7,5],["Villa Ahumada",30.61,-106.51,7,5],["Virginia",47.524,-92.536,7,5],["Wasilla",61.582,-149.439,7,5],["Willcox",32.253,-109.831,7,5],["Winnemucca",40.973,-117.735,7,5],["Winslow",35.024,-110.697,7,5],["Witu",-2.38,40.43,7,5],["Wonthaggi",-38.609,145.59,7,5],["Young",-34.31,148.29,7,5],["Zhangaozen",43.3,52.8,7,5],["Zhanibek",49.428,46.877,7,5],["Zholymbet",51.75,71.71,7,5],["Abaí",-26.03,-55.94,7,4],["Al Qunaytirah",33.126,35.824,7,4],["Anna Regina",7.27,-58.5,7,4],["Apalachicola",29.726,-84.993,7,4],["Apolo",-14.72,-68.42,7,4],["Artemovsk",54.349,93.436,7,4],["Athabasca",54.717,-113.267,7,4],["Atikokan",48.75,-91.617,7,4],["Bekiy",-24.216,45.317,7,4],["Berri",-34.283,140.6,7,4],["Biggar",52.05,-107.983,7,4],["Bishop",37.364,-118.394,7,4],["Bol",13.459,14.715,7,4],["Bongandanga",1.51,21.05,7,4],["Bordertown",-36.316,140.767,7,4],["Brus Laguna",15.75,-84.48,7,4],["Burns Lake",54.217,-125.767,7,4],["Buur Gaabo",-1.201,41.852,7,4],["Caballococha",-3.916,-70.508,7,4],["Camargo",-20.64,-65.21,7,4],["Capitol Hill",15.211,145.751,7,4],["Channel-Port aux Basques",47.567,-59.15,7,4],["Chapleau",47.834,-83.4,7,4],["Charagua",-19.8,-63.22,7,4],["Ciudad Cortés",8.96,-83.53,7,4],["Clare",-33.833,138.6,7,4],["Cobram",-35.92,145.65,7,4],["Cochrane",-47.266,-72.55,7,4],["Cochrane",49.067,-81.017,7,4],["Coroico",-16.19,-67.72,7,4],["Cubal",-13.04,14.24,7,4],["Darregueira",-37.7,-63.167,7,4],["Deer Lake",52.617,-94.067,7,4],["Dehibat",32.017,10.7,7,4],["Digby",44.623,-65.76,7,4],["Egilsstaðir",65.267,-14.395,7,4],["Egvekinot",66.322,-179.184,7,4],["El Manteco",7.35,-62.533,7,4],["Ely",47.9,-91.826,7,4],["Forbes",-33.39,148.02,7,4],["Fort Chipewyan",58.717,-111.15,7,4],["Fuerte Olimpo",-21.07,-57.9,7,4],["George Town",19.28,-81.33,7,4],["Gila Bend",32.95,-112.725,7,4],["Glasgow",48.184,-106.635,7,4],["Golela",-27.296,31.9,7,4],["Hokitika",-42.707,171.01,7,4],["Huasco",-28.47,-71.22,7,4],["Hudson Bay",52.85,-102.383,7,4],["In Amguel",23.694,5.165,7,4],["Juradó",7.122,-77.756,7,4],["Kailu",43.584,121.2,7,4],["Kanab",37.047,-112.525,7,4],["Karungu",-0.85,34.15,7,4],["Katanning",-33.7,117.55,7,4],["Kerma",19.634,30.417,7,4],["Kindersley",51.467,-109.133,7,4],["Kitty Hawk",36.077,-75.705,7,4],["Konza",-1.75,37.12,7,4],["Kotzebue",66.899,-162.597,7,4],["Krasnogorsk",48.462,142.09,7,4],["Kumaka",3.9,-58.38,7,4],["Kyaukphyu",19.429,93.549,7,4],["La Cruz",11.07,-85.63,7,4],["La Paz",-33.466,-67.55,7,4],["La Victoria",-22.29,-57.94,7,4],["Ligonha",-15.176,37.74,7,4],["Lillooet",50.684,-121.933,7,4],["Longreach",-23.45,144.25,7,4],["Luangwa",-15.62,30.41,7,4],["Lukulu",-14.39,23.24,7,4],["Magdalena",-13.26,-64.053,7,4],["Manica",-18.97,32.88,7,4],["Maradah",29.234,19.217,7,4],["Marathon",48.75,-86.367,7,4],["Mbe",7.85,13.6,7,4],["Mékambo",1.017,13.933,7,4],["Merredin",-31.483,118.267,7,4],["Mistassini",50.417,-73.867,7,4],["Mitzik",0.784,11.567,7,4],["Mobridge",45.54,-100.435,7,4],["Mongbwalu",1.95,30.033,7,4],["Montpelier",42.323,-111.297,7,4],["Mopipi",-21.18,24.88,7,4],["Mt. Shasta",41.31,-122.309,7,4],["Muconda",-10.6,21.32,7,4],["Mwenga",-3.038,28.433,7,4],["Narrogin",-32.933,117.167,7,4],["Nata",-20.209,26.19,7,4],["Nelson House",55.8,-98.85,7,4],["Nuquí",5.685,-77.275,7,4],["Opuwo",-18.06,13.82,7,4],["Orocue",4.795,-71.34,7,4],["Padilla",-19.3,-64.31,7,4],["Palopo",-3.1,120.236,7,4],["Parowan",37.843,-112.827,7,4],["Plumtree",-20.48,27.82,7,4],["Poffader",-29.133,19.383,7,4],["Port Douglas",-16.485,145.459,7,4],["Port Hardy",50.717,-127.5,7,4],["Proserpine",-20.416,148.583,7,4],["Puerto Lempira",15.262,-83.772,7,4],["Qasr Farafra",27.067,27.967,7,4],["Queenstown",-42.083,145.55,7,4],["Saint-Georges",3.91,-51.81,7,4],["Salmon",45.176,-113.895,7,4],["San Antonio de los Cobres",-24.183,-66.35,7,4],["San Javier",-16.29,-62.5,7,4],["Saranpaul",64.25,60.97,7,4],["Saryshaghan",46.12,73.619,7,4],["Sauðárkrókur",65.746,-19.639,7,4],["Scone",-32.08,150.85,7,4],["Scottsdale",-41.149,147.517,7,4],["Severo Kurilsk",50.69,156.085,7,4],["Seymour",-37.034,145.127,7,4],["Shelburne",43.766,-65.319,7,4],["Shonzhy",43.542,79.47,7,4],["Sioux Lookout",50.263,-91.917,7,4],["Smithton",-40.833,145.117,7,4],["Sohano",-5.43,154.671,7,4],["Sokolo",14.734,-6.133,7,4],["Thermopolis",43.646,-108.215,7,4],["Tom Price",-22.693,117.793,7,4],["Ulaan-Uul",44.334,111.233,7,4],["Victorica",-36.216,-65.45,7,4],["Villalonga",-39.883,-62.583,7,4],["Vitim",59.451,112.558,7,4],["Wallaroo",-33.933,137.633,7,4],["Wawa",48,-84.783,7,4],["Westport",-41.764,171.603,7,4],["Wiarton",44.734,-81.133,7,4],["Windsor",44.981,-64.129,7,4],["Wrangell",56.471,-132.372,7,4],["Xinguara",-7.101,-49.948,7,4],["Ygatimí",-24.08,-55.5,7,4],["Yomou",7.57,-9.27,7,4],["Abunã",-9.695,-65.36,7,3],["Al Bayda",32.76,21.62,7,3],["Al Jaghbub",29.75,24.517,7,3],["Argentia",47.3,-53.99,7,3],["Baker Lake",64.317,-96.017,7,3],["Barcaldine",-23.566,145.283,7,3],["Bella Bella",52.148,-128.117,7,3],["Beringovskiy",63.065,179.307,7,3],["Besalampy",-16.75,44.483,7,3],["Cangamba",-13.7,19.86,7,3],["Capitan Pablo Lagerenza",-19.916,-60.783,7,3],["Chibemba",-15.75,14.08,7,3],["Chibia",-15.19,13.69,7,3],["Cobalt",47.384,-79.683,7,3],["Coro Coro",-17.17,-68.45,7,3],["Denali Park",63.733,-148.914,7,3],["El Qasr",25.7,28.883,7,3],["Fort McPherson",67.492,-134.895,7,3],["Geita",-2.866,32.167,7,3],["Gingin",-31.35,115.9,7,3],["Grand Canyon",36.055,-112.139,7,3],["Iracoubo",5.48,-53.22,7,3],["John Day",44.417,-118.952,7,3],["Kaabong",3.52,34.12,7,3],["Kalbarri",-27.666,114.167,7,3],["Katwe",-0.13,29.92,7,3],["Kipili",-7.433,30.6,7,3],["Kotlit",63.035,-163.553,7,3],["La Palma",8.398,-78.14,7,3],["Labutta",16.162,94.701,7,3],["Lake Louise",51.434,-116.183,7,3],["Las Lajas",-38.516,-70.367,7,3],["Lehututu",-23.97,21.87,7,3],["Little Current",45.967,-81.933,7,3],["Lokhwabe",-24.17,21.83,7,3],["Los Blancos",-23.6,-62.6,7,3],["Lubutu",-0.733,26.583,7,3],["Manja",-21.433,44.333,7,3],["Matagami",49.75,-77.633,7,3],["Meningie",-35.7,139.333,7,3],["Mirbat",16.992,54.692,7,3],["Monticello",37.872,-109.342,7,3],["Mount Barker",-34.633,117.667,7,3],["Nasir",8.6,33.067,7,3],["Nipigon",49.017,-88.25,7,3],["Nokaneng",-19.67,22.27,7,3],["Norman Wells",65.284,-126.85,7,3],["Nyimba",-14.55,30.81,7,3],["Oatlands",-42.3,147.367,7,3],["Omboué",-1.566,9.25,7,3],["Ouyen",-35.066,142.317,7,3],["Penola",-37.383,140.817,7,3],["Peterborough",-32.966,138.833,7,3],["Port Denison",-29.283,114.917,7,3],["Puerto Acosta",-15.5,-69.167,7,3],["Qardho",9.5,49.166,7,3],["Qasigiannguit",68.819,-51.179,7,3],["Quissico",-24.726,34.766,7,3],["Ravensthorpe",-33.583,120.033,7,3],["Red Lake",51.034,-93.833,7,3],["San Rafael",-16.78,-60.68,7,3],["San Vicente del Caguán",2.07,-74.64,7,3],["Sierra Colorado",-40.583,-67.8,7,3],["Sixaola",9.52,-82.62,7,3],["Soroti",1.71,33.6,7,3],["Streaky Bay",-32.812,134.215,7,3],["Taedong",40.617,125.45,7,3],["Tajarhi",24.37,14.471,7,3],["Tarutung",2.017,98.967,7,3],["Tombstone",31.713,-110.067,7,3],["Totness",5.89,-56.32,7,3],["Tsau",-20.16,22.46,7,3],["Tumby Bay",-34.383,136.083,7,3],["Ust Kuyga",70.017,135.6,7,3],["Wagin",-33.3,117.35,7,3],["Winton",-22.4,143.033,7,3],["Yamba",-29.423,153.353,7,3],["Yazdan",33.506,60.894,7,3],["Abau",-10.043,148.565,7,2],["Adelaide River",-13.25,131.1,7,2],["Ambler",67.086,-157.851,7,2],["Andamooka",-30.431,137.166,7,2],["Aniak",61.579,-159.522,7,2],["Basse-terre",16.01,-61.705,7,2],["Bávaro",18.717,-68.45,7,2],["Birdsville",-25.9,139.367,7,2],["Boulia",-22.9,139.9,7,2],["Buchans",48.817,-56.867,7,2],["Bugrino",68.808,49.304,7,2],["Cacolo",-10.15,19.26,7,2],["Calatrava",1.116,9.419,7,2],["Calucinga",-11.32,16.2,7,2],["Calulo",-10,14.9,7,2],["Caluula",11.967,50.75,7,2],["Cat Lake",51.717,-91.8,7,2],["Cazombo",-11.89,22.9,7,2],["Chelyuskin",77.717,104.25,7,2],["Chevery",50.481,-59.61,7,2],["Chiramba",-16.892,34.656,7,2],["Chitado",-17.32,13.92,7,2],["Coral Harbour",64.154,-83.177,7,2],["Cowell",-33.683,136.917,7,2],["Cuangar",-17.61,18.62,7,2],["Dease Lake",58.45,-130.033,7,2],["Dibaya",-6.51,22.87,7,2],["Dirj",30.168,10.457,7,2],["Djanet",24.553,9.482,7,2],["Eidsvold",-25.366,151.133,7,2],["Esperanza Base",-63.375,-57.026,7,2],["Espungabera",-20.45,32.77,7,2],["Forteau",51.45,-56.95,7,2],["Gastre",-42.283,-69.233,7,2],["Gingoog",8.83,125.13,7,2],["Hoonah",58.115,-135.439,7,2],["Hoskins",-5.475,150.41,7,2],["I-n-Amenas",28.05,9.55,7,2],["Ikela",-1.183,23.267,7,2],["Ivanhoe",-32.9,144.3,7,2],["Juina",-11.4,-59.5,7,2],["Kaltukatjara",-25.788,128.997,7,2],["Kangirsuk",60.025,-69.999,7,2],["Kanyato",-4.457,30.261,7,2],["Kenge",-4.83,16.9,7,2],["Kimba",-33.15,136.433,7,2],["King Salmon",58.689,-156.661,7,2],["Kingston South East",-36.833,139.85,7,2],["Kivalina",67.731,-164.486,7,2],["Korf",60.332,165.818,7,2],["Koyuk",64.94,-161.157,7,2],["Kullorsuaq",74.578,-57.225,7,2],["Las Plumas",-43.416,-67.25,7,2],["Lata",-10.738,165.857,7,2],["Linxi",43.517,118.033,7,2],["Llica",-19.85,-68.25,7,2],["Luanza",-8.7,28.7,7,2],["Manyoni",-5.78,34.9,7,2],["Mapai",-22.843,31.963,7,2],["Massangena",-21.537,32.956,7,2],["McMurdo Station",-77.732,166.869,7,2],["Mohembo",-18.3,21.8,7,2],["Morawa",-29.216,116,7,2],["Moroto",2.54,34.64,7,2],["Mount Magnet",-28.066,117.817,7,2],["Mys Shmidta",68.934,-179.5,7,2],["Panda",-24.063,34.73,7,2],["Pannawonica",-21.637,116.325,7,2],["Pine Creek",-13.816,131.817,7,2],["Punta Prieta",28.934,-114.167,7,2],["Quinhagak",59.749,-161.916,7,2],["Radisson",53.784,-77.617,7,2],["Richmond",-20.716,143.133,7,2],["Rodeo",-30.216,-69.14,7,2],["Sabaya",-19.016,-68.383,7,2],["San Juan de Nicaragua",10.92,-83.7,7,2],["Sandspit",53.24,-131.833,7,2],["Satadougou",12.617,-11.407,7,2],["Sélibaby",15.167,-12.183,7,2],["Shamattawa",55.85,-92.083,7,2],["Shishmaref",66.257,-166.072,7,2],["St. Anthony",51.384,-55.6,7,2],["Tasiusaq",73.369,-56.06,7,2],["Telsen",-42.4,-66.95,7,2],["Theodore",-24.949,150.083,7,2],["Timbedra",16.25,-8.167,7,2],["Toconao",-23.183,-68.017,7,2],["Trepassey",46.737,-53.363,7,2],["Trout River",49.484,-58.117,7,2],["Tsavo",-2.983,38.467,7,2],["Tunduru",-11.09,37.37,7,2],["Ubomba",-27.566,32.083,7,2],["Umm al Abid",27.517,15.033,7,2],["Unalakleet",63.873,-160.788,7,2],["Villa O'Higgins",-48.467,-72.593,7,2],["Wilcannia",-31.566,143.383,7,2],["Woomera",-31.15,136.8,7,2],["Yakossi",5.617,23.317,7,2],["Yaupi",-2.854,-77.936,7,2],["Yélimané",15.134,-10.567,7,2],["Zhaltyr",51.632,69.833,7,2],["Zouar",20.459,16.528,7,2],["Aboa Station",-75.05,-13.417,7,1],["Agapa",71.45,89.25,7,1],["Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station",-90,176.994,7,1],["Andoas",-2.902,-76.402,7,1],["As Sidr",30.67,18.267,7,1],["Atka",52.196,-174.2,7,1],["Bafwasende",1.084,27.267,7,1],["Base Presidente Montalva",-62.183,-58.908,7,1],["Bedourie",-24.35,139.467,7,1],["Belgrano II Base",-77.866,-34.617,7,1],["Berenice",23.946,35.484,7,1],["Bicheno",-41.878,148.289,7,1],["Bifoum",-0.333,10.383,7,1],["Bol'sheretsk",52.439,156.359,7,1],["Burketown",-17.716,139.567,7,1],["Burwash Landing",61.35,-139,7,1],["Burylbaytal",44.939,74.03,7,1],["Capitan Arturo Prat Station",-62.5,-59.683,7,1],["Carlini Base",-62.224,-58.65,7,1],["Casey Station",-66.286,110.536,7,1],["Charaña",-17.6,-69.467,7,1],["Chegga",25.38,-5.78,7,1],["Chignik",56.296,-158.402,7,1],["Churchill Falls",53.526,-63.981,7,1],["Circle",65.826,-144.061,7,1],["Concordia Research Station",-74.666,124.167,7,1],["Cuito Caunavale",-15.16,19.17,7,1],["Davis Station",-68.778,78.141,7,1],["Dawra",27.463,-12.992,7,1],["Dumont d'Urville Station",-66.775,139.964,7,1],["El Agheila",30.257,19.2,7,1],["Elephant Island",-62,-58,7,1],["Escudero Base",-62.195,-58.953,7,1],["False Pass",54.851,-163.415,7,1],["Fox Bay",-51.951,-60.087,7,1],["Gen. O'Higgins Base",-63.328,-57.89,7,1],["Great Wall Station",-62.216,-58.967,7,1],["Grytviken",-54.281,-36.508,7,1],["Halley Station",-76.092,-26.474,7,1],["Hodrogo",48.966,96.783,7,1],["Hughes",66.049,-154.255,7,1],["Hurdiyo",10.582,51.123,7,1],["Il'pyrskiy",59.967,164.172,7,1],["Kalima",-2.51,26.43,7,1],["Karamken",60.2,151.167,7,1],["Karluk",57.572,-154.455,7,1],["King Sejong Station",-62.225,-58.772,7,1],["Kingoonya",-30.9,135.3,7,1],["Lagunas",-20.983,-69.683,7,1],["Laryak",61.101,80.251,7,1],["Lemsid",26.548,-13.848,7,1],["Luiana",-17.37,23,7,1],["Lumbala Nguimbo",-14.1,21.44,7,1],["Lusanga",-5.583,16.517,7,1],["Magta Lajar",17,-13.5,7,1],["Maitri Station",-70.782,11.73,7,1],["Marambio Base",-64.233,-56.65,7,1],["Mawson Station",-67.615,62.875,7,1],["McGrath",62.957,-155.596,7,1],["Mirny Station",-66.576,93.006,7,1],["Mucusso",-18.02,21.43,7,1],["Mukhomornoye",66.417,173.333,7,1],["Natara",68.411,123.926,7,1],["Neumayer Station III",-70.89,-7.838,7,1],["Newcastle Waters",-17.553,133.467,7,1],["Newhalen",59.72,-154.897,7,1],["Nikolski",52.938,-168.868,7,1],["Novolazarevskaya Station",-71.301,-11.85,7,1],["Nuevo Rocafuerte",-0.933,-75.4,7,1],["Nyukzha",56.531,121.613,7,1],["Orcadas Station",-60.733,-44.733,7,1],["Oxford House",54.95,-95.267,7,1],["Palmer Station",-64.762,-64.047,7,1],["Peregrebnoye",62.967,65.086,7,1],["Peter I Island",-68.795,-90.584,7,1],["Pilot Point",57.565,-157.569,7,1],["Piso Firme",-13.683,-61.867,7,1],["Podkamennaya Tunguska",61.6,90.124,7,1],["Progress",49.75,129.617,7,1],["Puca Urco",-2.333,-71.917,7,1],["Puerto Heath",-12.5,-68.667,7,1],["Quipungo",-14.83,14.55,7,1],["Rothera Station",-67.565,-68.124,7,1],["San Martín Base",-68.116,-67.1,7,1],["Scott Base",-77.847,166.749,7,1],["Shalaurova",73.22,143.183,7,1],["Showa Station",-69.03,39.746,7,1],["Sierra Mojada",27.288,-103.287,7,1],["Siglan",59.034,152.417,7,1],["Signy Research Station",-60.631,-45.601,7,1],["Sobral Base",-81.179,-40.502,7,1],["Soldado Bartra",-2.516,-75.767,7,1],["Southern Cross",-31.216,119.317,7,1],["Strelka",61.867,152.25,7,1],["Svea Station",-74.583,-11.217,7,1],["Tanacross",63.386,-143.346,7,1],["Telukbutun",4.217,108.2,7,1],["Trofimovsk",72.6,127.034,7,1],["Troll Station",-72.016,2.533,7,1],["Tukchi",57.367,139.5,7,1],["Tunguskhaya",64.9,125.25,7,1],["Ulkan",55.9,107.783,7,1],["Uruará",-3.83,-54.03,7,1],["Utkholok",57.55,157.233,7,1],["Varnek",69.73,60.064,7,1],["Vikhorevka",56.093,101.243,7,1],["Vilanculos",-22,35.317,7,1],["Vostok Station",-78.466,106.8,7,1],["Wales",65.61,-168.088,7,1],["Wasa Station",-73.05,-13.417,7,1],["Wiseman",67.41,-150.107,7,1],["Yakutat",59.547,-139.727,7,1],["Yessey",68.484,102.167,7,1],["Zhilinda",70.134,114,7,1],["Zhongshan Station",-69.434,76.339,7,1],["Zillah",28.55,17.583,7,1],["Zucchelli Station",-74.619,164.219,7,1],["Logashkino",70.85,153.9,7,0],["Nordvik",74.017,111.51,7,0],["Abbottabad",34.15,73.2,8,12],["Changwon",35.219,128.584,8,12],["Duisburg",51.43,6.75,8,12],["Essen",51.45,7.017,8,12],["Kalyan",19.25,73.16,8,12],["Kawasaki",35.53,139.705,8,12],["Mesa",33.424,-111.736,8,12],["Nezahualcoyotl",19.41,-99.03,8,12],["Niterói",-22.9,-43.1,8,12],["Sharjah",25.371,55.406,8,12],["Sheffield",53.367,-1.5,8,12],["Zhucheng",35.99,119.38,8,12],["Ajmer",26.45,74.64,8,11],["Al Hillah",23.489,46.756,8,11],["Ansan",37.348,126.86,8,11],["Arlington",32.685,-97.02,8,11],["At Taif",21.262,40.382,8,11],["Aurora",39.696,-104.808,8,11],["Az Zarqa",32.07,36.1,8,11],["Bradford",53.8,-1.75,8,11],["Braga",41.555,-8.421,8,11],["Bristol",51.45,-2.583,8,11],["Bytom",50.35,18.91,8,11],["Canoas",-29.92,-51.18,8,11],["Cheongju",36.644,127.501,8,11],["Dortmund",51.53,7.45,8,11],["Duque de Caxias",-22.77,-43.31,8,11],["Hachiōji",35.658,139.326,8,11],["Hisar",29.17,75.725,8,11],["Icel",36.8,34.62,8,11],["Irbid",32.55,35.85,8,11],["Jaboatao",-8.11,-35.02,8,11],["Jingzhou",30.32,112.23,8,11],["Joliet",41.53,-88.107,8,11],["Jundiaí",-23.2,-46.88,8,11],["Kansas City",39.114,-94.63,8,11],["Kryvyy Rih",47.928,33.345,8,11],["Latakia",35.54,35.78,8,11],["Liège",50.63,5.58,8,11],["Linxia",35.6,103.2,8,11],["Mykolayiv",46.968,31.984,8,11],["Nova Iguaçu",-22.74,-43.47,8,11],["Okayama",34.672,133.917,8,11],["Olinda",-8,-34.85,8,11],["Ōtsu",35.006,135.867,8,11],["Pasadena",29.661,-95.148,8,11],["Puerto la Cruz",10.17,-64.68,8,11],["San Mateo",37.557,-122.313,8,11],["Santo André",-23.653,-46.528,8,11],["São José dos Campos",-23.2,-45.88,8,11],["São José dos Pinhais",-25.57,-49.18,8,11],["Shiyan",32.57,110.78,8,11],["Soledad",10.92,-74.77,8,11],["Southend-on-Sea",51.55,0.72,8,11],["Stamford",41.053,-73.539,8,11],["Tlaxcala",19.32,-98.23,8,11],["Urmia",37.53,45,8,11],["Utsunomiya",36.55,139.87,8,11],["Viña del Mar",-33.03,-71.54,8,11],["Wuppertal",51.25,7.17,8,11],["Xinyi",34.38,118.35,8,11],["Yangquan",37.87,113.57,8,11],["Yangzhou",32.4,119.43,8,11],["Zhuozhou",39.54,115.79,8,11],["Ad Diwaniyah",31.989,44.924,8,10],["Al Khalil",31.541,35.096,8,10],["Al Mubarraz",25.429,49.566,8,10],["Al-Qatif",26.52,50.012,8,10],["Alajuela",10.02,-84.23,8,10],["Allentown",40.6,-75.5,8,10],["Americana",-22.75,-47.33,8,10],["Appleton",44.269,-88.401,8,10],["Ar Ramadi",33.42,43.3,8,10],["Augsburg",48.35,10.9,8,10],["Az Aubayr",30.389,47.708,8,10],["Baishan",41.9,126.43,8,10],["Barinas",8.6,-70.25,8,10],["Barlett",35.223,-89.841,8,10],["Beer Sheva",31.25,34.83,8,10],["Beipiao",41.81,120.76,8,10],["Berkeley",37.874,-122.271,8,10],["Bielefeld",52.03,8.53,8,10],["Blumenau",-26.92,-49.09,8,10],["Bojnurd",37.47,57.32,8,10],["Borujerd",33.92,48.8,8,10],["Bournemouth",50.73,-1.9,8,10],["Braunschweig",52.25,10.5,8,10],["Cabimas",10.43,-71.45,8,10],["Cabo Frio",-22.89,-42.04,8,10],["Caserta",41.06,14.337,8,10],["Celaya",20.53,-100.8,8,10],["Chaozhou",23.68,116.63,8,10],["Chemnitz",50.83,12.92,8,10],["Chernihiv",51.505,31.302,8,10],["Chiniot",31.72,72.98,8,10],["Chuncheon",37.875,127.734,8,10],["Chuxiong",25.036,101.546,8,10],["Clermont-Ferrand",45.78,3.08,8,10],["Como",45.81,9.08,8,10],["Coral Springs",26.271,-80.271,8,10],["Corrientes",-27.49,-58.81,8,10],["Denow",38.277,67.887,8,10],["Douma",33.583,36.4,8,10],["Durham",36,-78.92,8,10],["Eindhoven",51.43,5.5,8,10],["Elâzığ",38.68,39.23,8,10],["Elgin",42.039,-88.29,8,10],["Encarnación",-27.347,-55.874,8,10],["Erfurt",50.97,11.03,8,10],["Evanston",42.048,-87.7,8,10],["Firozabad",27.15,78.395,8,10],["Fürth",49.47,11,8,10],["Galați",45.456,28.046,8,10],["Ganca",40.685,46.35,8,10],["Gent",51.03,3.7,8,10],["Gijón",43.53,-5.67,8,10],["Glendale",33.582,-112.196,8,10],["Gómez Palacio",25.57,-103.5,8,10],["Guaratinguetá",-22.82,-45.19,8,10],["Gujrat",32.58,74.08,8,10],["Hampton",37.03,-76.35,8,10],["Hangu",39.232,117.777,8,10],["Hapur",28.744,77.763,8,10],["Heidelberg",49.42,8.7,8,10],["Hengshui",37.72,115.7,8,10],["Hetauda",27.417,85.033,8,10],["Horlivka",48.3,38.055,8,10],["Huizhou",23.08,114.4,8,10],["Hulan Ergi",47.21,123.61,8,10],["Ibb",13.976,44.171,8,10],["Iksan",35.941,126.945,8,10],["Irapuato",20.67,-101.5,8,10],["Itu",-23.26,-47.3,8,10],["Iwo",7.63,4.18,8,10],["Kaesong",37.964,126.564,8,10],["Kahramanmaraş",37.61,36.945,8,10],["Karlsruhe",49,8.4,8,10],["Kassel",51.3,9.5,8,10],["Kattaqorgon",39.901,66.261,8,10],["Kawagoe",35.918,139.491,8,10],["Khmelnytskyy",49.425,27.002,8,10],["Kitchener",43.45,-80.5,8,10],["Kohat",33.603,71.433,8,10],["Kolpino",59.73,30.65,8,10],["Konibodom",40.292,70.427,8,10],["Kōriyama",37.41,140.38,8,10],["Lalitpur",27.667,85.333,8,10],["Lancaster",40.038,-76.306,8,10],["Leicester",52.63,-1.133,8,10],["Linhai",28.85,121.12,8,10],["London",42.97,-81.25,8,10],["Los Teques",10.42,-67.02,8,10],["Luohe",33.57,114.03,8,10],["Maebashi",36.393,139.073,8,10],["Makiyivka",48.03,37.975,8,10],["Mardan",34.2,72.04,8,10],["Marília",-22.21,-49.95,8,10],["Mathura",27.5,77.67,8,10],["McAllen",26.203,-98.23,8,10],["Melbourne",28.083,-80.608,8,10],["Melun",48.533,2.667,8,10],["Mengzi",23.362,103.406,8,10],["Metairie",29.984,-90.153,8,10],["Miami Beach",25.81,-80.132,8,10],["Muzaffarnagar",29.485,77.695,8,10],["Naberezhnyye Chelny",55.7,52.32,8,10],["Najran",17.507,44.132,8,10],["Neyshabur",36.22,58.82,8,10],["Oradea",47.05,21.92,8,10],["Orizaba",18.85,-97.13,8,10],["Oshawa",43.88,-78.85,8,10],["Paraná",-31.733,-60.533,8,10],["Piracicaba",-22.71,-47.64,8,10],["Piraeus",37.95,23.7,8,10],["Plovdiv",42.154,24.754,8,10],["Presidente Prudente",-22.12,-51.39,8,10],["Quillacollo",-17.4,-66.28,8,10],["Qurghonteppa",37.837,68.771,8,10],["Rahim Yar Khan",28.42,70.295,8,10],["Reading",51.47,-0.98,8,10],["Reynosa",26.08,-98.3,8,10],["Riverside",33.942,-117.398,8,10],["Rize",41.021,40.522,8,10],["Rockford",42.27,-89.07,8,10],["Rohtak",28.9,76.58,8,10],["Sahiwal",30.672,73.112,8,10],["Salem",42.522,-70.883,8,10],["San Bernardo",-33.6,-70.7,8,10],["San Lorenzo",-25.34,-57.52,8,10],["San Miguel",13.483,-88.183,8,10],["Sanandaj",35.3,47.02,8,10],["Sanford",28.79,-81.28,8,10],["Sanming",26.23,117.58,8,10],["Santa Ana",-13.76,-65.58,8,10],["São Carlos",-22.02,-47.89,8,10],["Sheikhu Pura",31.72,73.99,8,10],["Shimonoseki",33.965,130.945,8,10],["Sialkote",32.52,74.56,8,10],["Sonipat",29,77.02,8,10],["South Bend",41.683,-86.25,8,10],["Southampton",50.9,-1.4,8,10],["Spanish Town",17.983,-76.95,8,10],["Springfield",42.12,-72.58,8,10],["Sumqayt",40.58,49.63,8,10],["Sunchon",39.424,125.939,8,10],["Sunderland",54.92,-1.38,8,10],["Swansea",51.63,-3.95,8,10],["Sylhet",24.904,91.874,8,10],["Taganrog",47.23,38.92,8,10],["Takamatsu",34.345,134.045,8,10],["Talcahuano",-36.717,-73.117,8,10],["Taoyuan",24.989,121.311,8,10],["Timon",-5.115,-42.845,8,10],["Tokushima",34.067,134.553,8,10],["Toyama",36.7,137.23,8,10],["Valledupar",10.48,-73.25,8,10],["Várzea Grande",-15.65,-56.14,8,10],["Vitoria",42.85,-2.67,8,10],["Wafangdian",39.626,121.996,8,10],["Waukesha",43.012,-88.231,8,10],["Wonju",37.355,127.94,8,10],["Xalapa",19.53,-96.92,8,10],["Xuanhua",40.594,115.024,8,10],["Yanbu al Bahr",24.094,38.049,8,10],["Yanji",42.882,129.513,8,10],["Yumen",39.83,97.73,8,10],["Zanjan",36.67,48.5,8,10],["Ahar",38.483,47.063,8,9],["Aix-en-Provence",43.52,5.45,8,9],["Al Hasakah",36.483,40.75,8,9],["Al Jahra",29.337,47.658,8,9],["Al Qamishli",37.03,41.23,8,9],["Algeciras",36.127,-5.467,8,9],["Ambala",30.32,76.82,8,9],["Anaco",9.44,-64.46,8,9],["Anda",46.4,125.32,8,9],["Angers",47.48,-0.53,8,9],["Annecy",45.9,6.117,8,9],["Apucarana",-23.55,-51.47,8,9],["Arad",46.17,21.32,8,9],["Arzamas",55.4,43.8,8,9],["As Salt",32.039,35.727,8,9],["Ash Shatrah",31.418,46.177,8,9],["Aydın",37.85,27.85,8,9],["Baranavichy",53.137,26.013,8,9],["Barbacena",-21.22,-43.77,8,9],["Barletta",41.32,16.27,8,9],["Barra Mansa",-22.56,-44.17,8,9],["Barrancabermeja",7.09,-73.85,8,9],["Barretos",-20.55,-48.58,8,9],["Bataysk",47.137,39.745,8,9],["Beaver Falls",40.752,-80.319,8,9],["Berdyansk",46.757,36.787,8,9],["Besançon",47.23,6.03,8,9],["Bhiwani",28.81,76.125,8,9],["Bhusawal",21.02,75.83,8,9],["Biarritz",43.473,-1.562,8,9],["Bila Tserkva",49.774,30.131,8,9],["Bragança Paulista",-22.95,-46.55,8,9],["Bryan",30.674,-96.37,8,9],["Budaun",28.03,79.09,8,9],["Bulandshahr",28.41,77.848,8,9],["Buzău",45.157,26.807,8,9],["Cabo de Santo Agostinho",-8.29,-35.03,8,9],["Cachoeiro de Itapemirim",-20.85,-41.13,8,9],["Carora",10.19,-70.08,8,9],["Carpina",-7.84,-35.26,8,9],["Cartago",9.87,-83.93,8,9],["Cartago",4.75,-75.91,8,9],["Carúpano",10.67,-63.23,8,9],["Catanduva",-21.14,-48.98,8,9],["Chapayevsk",52.974,49.724,8,9],["Chilpancingo",17.55,-99.5,8,9],["Chirchiq",41.455,69.56,8,9],["Ciego de Ávila",21.84,-78.762,8,9],["Ciudad Madero",22.319,-97.836,8,9],["Ciudad Valles",21.98,-99.02,8,9],["Columbia",35.615,-87.035,8,9],["Conselheiro Lafaiete",-20.67,-43.79,8,9],["Corum",40.52,34.95,8,9],["Dali",34.795,109.938,8,9],["Deyang",31.133,104.4,8,9],["Dhamar",14.557,44.387,8,9],["Douliou",23.708,120.544,8,9],["Drobeta-Turnu Severin",44.646,22.666,8,9],["Drohobych",49.344,23.499,8,9],["Elbasan",41.122,20.084,8,9],["Elbląg",54.19,19.403,8,9],["Elkhart",41.683,-85.969,8,9],["Escuintla",15.33,-92.63,8,9],["Estelí",13.09,-86.36,8,9],["Focșani",45.697,27.187,8,9],["Girardot",4.31,-74.81,8,9],["Greeley",40.419,-104.74,8,9],["Guanare",9.05,-69.75,8,9],["Guarapuava",-25.38,-51.48,8,9],["Gurgaon",28.45,77.02,8,9],["Gyeongju",35.843,129.212,8,9],["Gyumri",40.789,43.847,8,9],["Harlingen",26.198,-97.69,8,9],["Hathras",27.6,78.05,8,9],["Hidalgo del Parral",26.933,-105.667,8,9],["Hoshiarpur",31.52,75.98,8,9],["Huangyan",28.65,121.25,8,9],["Idlib",35.93,36.632,8,9],["Iguala",18.37,-99.54,8,9],["Independence",39.091,-94.415,8,9],["Iskandar",41.551,69.681,8,9],["Isparta",37.77,30.53,8,9],["Itapetininga",-23.59,-48.04,8,9],["Jaraguá do Sul",-26.48,-49.1,8,9],["Kamyanets-Podilskyy",48.684,26.581,8,9],["Karabük",41.2,32.6,8,9],["Kecskemét",46.9,19.7,8,9],["Kennewick",46.211,-119.136,8,9],["Kiselevsk",54,86.64,8,9],["Kislovodsk",43.91,42.72,8,9],["Kolomna",55.08,38.785,8,9],["Konotop",51.242,33.209,8,9],["Koszalin",54.2,16.183,8,9],["Kragujevac",44.02,20.92,8,9],["Kramatorsk",48.719,37.534,8,9],["Kütahya",39.42,29.93,8,9],["Kutaisi",42.25,42.73,8,9],["La Vega",19.217,-70.517,8,9],["Lafayette",40.417,-86.878,8,9],["Leninsk Kuznetsky",54.66,86.17,8,9],["León",42.58,-5.57,8,9],["Liberec",50.8,15.08,8,9],["Lower Hutt",-41.204,174.912,8,9],["Macaé",-22.38,-41.79,8,9],["Magangué",9.23,-74.74,8,9],["Maladzyechna",54.319,26.865,8,9],["Malayer",34.32,48.85,8,9],["Manbij",36.527,37.956,8,9],["Manpo",41.145,126.296,8,9],["Marbella",36.517,-4.883,8,9],["Marv Dasht",29.801,52.821,8,9],["Masjed Soleyman",31.98,49.3,8,9],["Mataró",41.54,2.45,8,9],["May Pen",17.967,-77.233,8,9],["Maykop",44.61,40.12,8,9],["Modena",44.65,10.92,8,9],["Nantou",23.917,120.683,8,9],["National City",32.672,-117.098,8,9],["Nefteyugansk",61.078,72.703,8,9],["Nevinnomyssk",44.62,41.95,8,9],["New Albany",38.311,-85.821,8,9],["New Bedford",41.656,-70.945,8,9],["Novara",45.45,8.62,8,9],["Novocherkassk",47.42,40.08,8,9],["Novokuybishevsk",53.12,49.92,8,9],["Novomoskovsk",54.09,38.22,8,9],["Novotroitsk",51.2,58.33,8,9],["Nusaybin",37.075,41.218,8,9],["Nyíregyháza",47.965,21.719,8,9],["Ocumare del Tuy",10.12,-66.78,8,9],["Oktyabrskiy",54.46,53.46,8,9],["Oldenburg",53.13,8.22,8,9],["Olomouc",49.63,17.25,8,9],["Olsztyn",53.8,20.48,8,9],["Opole",50.685,17.931,8,9],["Orekhovo-Zuevo",55.82,38.98,8,9],["Palma Soriano",20.217,-75.999,8,9],["Panama City",30.159,-85.655,8,9],["Panevežys",55.74,24.37,8,9],["Paranaguá",-25.528,-48.534,8,9],["Paterson",40.92,-74.17,8,9],["Perpignan",42.7,2.9,8,9],["Petersburg",37.228,-77.402,8,9],["Pilibhit",28.64,79.81,8,9],["Pindamonhangaba",-22.92,-45.47,8,9],["Poços de Caldas",-21.78,-46.57,8,9],["Poughkeepsie",41.7,-73.921,8,9],["Pouso Alegre",-22.22,-45.94,8,9],["Prizren",42.229,20.75,8,9],["Punta del Este",-34.97,-54.95,8,9],["Pyatigorsk",44.08,43.09,8,9],["Reggio di Calabria",38.115,15.641,8,9],["Rijeka",45.33,14.45,8,9],["Rio Claro",-22.41,-47.56,8,9],["Rio Largo",-9.48,-35.84,8,9],["Rock Island",41.493,-90.535,8,9],["Saida",33.563,35.369,8,9],["San Cristobal de Las Casas",16.75,-92.633,8,9],["San Fernando",10.28,-61.459,8,9],["San Francisco de Macorís",19.3,-70.25,8,9],["San Juan del Río",20.38,-100,8,9],["San Luis",16.2,-89.44,8,9],["San Martín",-33.07,-68.49,8,9],["San Nicolas",-33.33,-60.24,8,9],["Sangolquí",-0.31,-78.46,8,9],["Santa Cruz do Sul",-29.71,-52.44,8,9],["Sarnia",42.967,-82.4,8,9],["Sergiyev Posad",56.33,38.17,8,9],["Shahrud",36.423,54.963,8,9],["Sherbrooke",45.4,-71.9,8,9],["Šiauliai",55.939,23.325,8,9],["Sibiu",45.797,24.137,8,9],["Simla",31.1,77.167,8,9],["Sirjan",29.47,55.73,8,9],["Sitapur",27.63,80.75,8,9],["Sobral",-3.69,-40.35,8,9],["Sogamoso",5.72,-72.94,8,9],["Solikamsk",59.67,56.75,8,9],["Sonsonate",13.72,-89.73,8,9],["Southaven",34.969,-90.003,8,9],["Spartanburg",34.949,-81.932,8,9],["Spring Hill",28.479,-82.548,8,9],["Suceava",47.638,26.259,8,9],["Syzran",53.17,48.48,8,9],["Székesfehérvár",47.195,18.408,8,9],["Szombathely",47.225,16.629,8,9],["Takaoka",36.67,137,8,9],["Tangail",24.25,89.92,8,9],["Tengchong",25.033,98.467,8,9],["Tetovo",42.009,20.97,8,9],["Tokmak",42.83,75.285,8,9],["Treviso",45.67,12.24,8,9],["Udine",46.07,13.24,8,9],["Uzhgorod",48.63,22.25,8,9],["Valera",9.32,-70.62,8,9],["Vallejo",38.112,-122.258,8,9],["Vanadzor",40.813,44.488,8,9],["Varamin",35.317,51.647,8,9],["Västerås",59.63,16.54,8,9],["Volos",39.37,22.95,8,9],["Waterbury",41.55,-73.05,8,9],["Winter Haven",28.022,-81.733,8,9],["Yelets",52.58,38.5,8,9],["Yilan",24.75,121.75,8,9],["Zalantun",48,122.72,8,9],["Zenica",44.22,17.92,8,9],["Al Ahmadi",29.077,48.084,8,8],["Al Musayyib",32.779,44.29,8,8],["Aleksin",54.514,37.094,8,8],["Alexandroupoli",40.849,25.874,8,8],["Altoona",40.519,-78.395,8,8],["Anlu",31.27,113.67,8,8],["Annapolis",38.978,-76.492,8,8],["Anzhero Sudzhensk",56.08,86.04,8,8],["Apatity",67.573,33.393,8,8],["Apatzingán",19.08,-102.35,8,8],["Araguari",-18.64,-48.2,8,8],["Arapongas",-23.41,-51.43,8,8],["Arcoverde",-8.42,-37.07,8,8],["Arjona",10.26,-75.35,8,8],["Arras",50.283,2.783,8,8],["Arsenyev",44.162,133.282,8,8],["Asbest",57.023,61.458,8,8],["Ash Shihr",14.759,49.609,8,8],["Asti",44.93,8.21,8,8],["Atlixco",18.9,-98.45,8,8],["Auburn",32.61,-85.481,8,8],["Avaré",-23.11,-48.93,8,8],["Az Zahran",26.291,50.158,8,8],["Azogues",-2.74,-78.84,8,8],["Baiquan",47.602,126.082,8,8],["Balakhna",56.494,43.594,8,8],["Banská Bystrica",48.733,19.15,8,8],["Batatais",-20.89,-47.59,8,8],["Battle Creek",42.321,-85.18,8,8],["Bay City",43.594,-83.889,8,8],["Baytown",29.756,-94.968,8,8],["Benton Harbor",42.117,-86.454,8,8],["Biel",47.167,7.25,8,8],["Blacksburg",37.229,-80.414,8,8],["Borisoglebsk",51.369,42.089,8,8],["Brovary",50.494,30.781,8,8],["Brusque",-27.13,-48.93,8,8],["Bugulma",54.554,52.794,8,8],["Buguruslan",53.663,52.433,8,8],["Caçador",-26.77,-51.02,8,8],["Cáceres",-16.05,-57.51,8,8],["Cachoeira do Sul",-30.03,-52.91,8,8],["Campana",-34.16,-58.96,8,8],["Canela",-29.36,-50.81,8,8],["Caratinga",-19.79,-42.14,8,8],["Carazinho",-28.29,-52.8,8,8],["Carlisle",54.88,-2.93,8,8],["Catalão",-18.18,-47.95,8,8],["České Budějovice",48.98,14.46,8,8],["Changling",44.27,123.99,8,8],["Chernogorsk",53.831,91.223,8,8],["Chester",53.2,-2.92,8,8],["Chilliwack",49.167,-121.95,8,8],["Chivilcoy",-34.9,-60.04,8,8],["Chosica",-11.93,-76.71,8,8],["Ciudad Hidalgo",19.68,-100.57,8,8],["Ciudad Mante",22.733,-98.95,8,8],["Cobán",15.47,-90.38,8,8],["Coburg",50.267,10.967,8,8],["Concepción del Uruguay",-32.48,-58.24,8,8],["Concórdia",-27.23,-52.03,8,8],["Coronel",-37.03,-73.16,8,8],["Coronel Oviedo",-25.45,-56.44,8,8],["Crotone",39.083,17.123,8,8],["Daan",45.5,124.3,8,8],["Dalton",34.77,-84.97,8,8],["Danjiangkou",32.52,111.5,8,8],["Dover",39.158,-75.525,8,8],["Drummondville",45.883,-72.483,8,8],["Eau Claire",44.811,-91.498,8,8],["Emden",53.367,7.217,8,8],["Erechim",-27.63,-52.27,8,8],["Ferreñafe",-6.63,-79.8,8,8],["Formiga",-20.46,-45.43,8,8],["Gangtok",27.333,88.617,8,8],["General Roca",-39.02,-67.61,8,8],["Georgievsk",44.16,43.47,8,8],["Greenock",55.933,-4.75,8,8],["Güines",22.836,-82.028,8,8],["Guliston",40.496,68.791,8,8],["Hagerstown",39.642,-77.72,8,8],["Hakkâri",37.574,43.741,8,8],["Hania",35.512,24.016,8,8],["Homestead",25.468,-80.478,8,8],["Huacho",-11.11,-77.62,8,8],["Iguatu",-6.36,-39.3,8,8],["Illichivsk",46.3,30.667,8,8],["Inowrocław",52.78,18.25,8,8],["Iowa City",41.661,-91.53,8,8],["Iseyin",7.97,3.59,8,8],["Iskitim",54.651,83.287,8,8],["Itanhaem",-24.18,-46.8,8,8],["Itapetinga",-15.25,-40.25,8,8],["Itaúna",-20.06,-44.57,8,8],["Ituiutaba",-18.97,-49.46,8,8],["Jabal Ali",24.976,55.011,8,8],["Jaboticabal",-21.25,-48.33,8,8],["Jaltipan",17.94,-94.74,8,8],["Janesville",42.683,-89.022,8,8],["Johnson City",36.313,-82.354,8,8],["Jorhat",26.75,94.217,8,8],["Juchitan",16.43,-95.02,8,8],["Juigalpa",12.11,-85.38,8,8],["Jutiapa",14.29,-89.9,8,8],["Kamensk Shakhtinskiy",48.332,40.252,8,8],["Kanoya",31.383,130.85,8,8],["Kara Balta",42.831,73.886,8,8],["Karlovac",45.487,15.548,8,8],["Kavala",40.941,24.402,8,8],["Kentau",43.517,68.52,8,8],["Khujayli",42.405,59.452,8,8],["Kineshma",57.47,42.13,8,8],["Kingsport",36.548,-82.562,8,8],["Kirovo-Chepetsk",58.554,50.044,8,8],["Klin",56.343,36.699,8,8],["Krasnoturinsk",59.795,60.485,8,8],["Kropotkin",45.447,40.582,8,8],["La Crosse",43.801,-91.239,8,8],["Lake Charles",30.226,-93.217,8,8],["Lake Havasu City",34.498,-114.308,8,8],["Las Heras",-32.825,-68.802,8,8],["Lawrence",38.96,-95.255,8,8],["Leninogorsk",54.599,52.449,8,8],["Linares",38.083,-3.633,8,8],["Linares",-35.84,-71.59,8,8],["Linkou",45.282,130.252,8,8],["Longview",32.501,-94.74,8,8],["Lüleburgaz",41.407,27.355,8,8],["Madinat ath Thawrah",35.837,38.548,8,8],["Maldonado",-34.91,-54.96,8,8],["Manhattan",39.194,-96.592,8,8],["Mankato",44.164,-93.999,8,8],["Mansehra",34.342,73.197,8,8],["Mansfield",40.758,-82.516,8,8],["Marietta",33.956,-84.543,8,8],["Mercedes",-34.66,-59.44,8,8],["Michurinsk",52.9,40.5,8,8],["Munchon",39.381,127.252,8,8],["Muriaé",-21.13,-42.39,8,8],["Naryn",41.426,75.991,8,8],["New London",41.356,-72.1,8,8],["Nova Lima",-19.98,-43.85,8,8],["Novoshakhtinsk",47.77,39.92,8,8],["Ourinhos",-22.97,-49.87,8,8],["Parachinar",33.899,70.101,8,8],["Parkersburg",39.267,-81.562,8,8],["Passos",-20.71,-46.61,8,8],["Paulo Afonso",-9.331,-38.266,8,8],["Penápolis",-21.41,-50.08,8,8],["Pernik",42.61,23.023,8,8],["Peterborough",44.3,-78.333,8,8],["Pirassununga",-21.99,-47.43,8,8],["Placetas",22.316,-79.655,8,8],["Poitier",46.583,0.333,8,8],["Pol-e Khomri",35.951,68.701,8,8],["Polatlı",39.584,32.147,8,8],["Polatsk",55.489,28.786,8,8],["Ponta Porã",-22.53,-55.73,8,8],["Pori",61.479,21.775,8,8],["Porirua",-41.122,174.852,8,8],["Port Charlotte",27,-82.106,8,8],["Presidencia Roque Saenz Pena",-26.79,-60.45,8,8],["Puerto Madryn",-42.77,-65.04,8,8],["Punta Alta",-38.88,-62.08,8,8],["Qal at Bishah",20.009,42.599,8,8],["Qingan",46.872,127.512,8,8],["Qinggang",46.69,126.1,8,8],["Quillota",-32.88,-71.26,8,8],["Rafaela",-31.25,-61.5,8,8],["Ragusa",36.93,14.73,8,8],["Registro",-24.49,-47.84,8,8],["Rio Negro",-26.1,-49.79,8,8],["Rio Verde",21.93,-99.98,8,8],["Roanne",46.033,4.067,8,8],["Rocky Mount",35.938,-77.791,8,8],["Rzhev",56.257,34.327,8,8],["Sabanalarga",10.64,-74.92,8,8],["San Felipe",-32.75,-70.72,8,8],["San Fernando",-34.58,-70.99,8,8],["San Francisco",-31.43,-62.09,8,8],["San Marcos",29.883,-97.941,8,8],["Santa Inês",-3.66,-45.39,8,8],["Santana do Livramento",-30.88,-55.53,8,8],["Santo Ângelo",-28.3,-54.28,8,8],["São Gabriel",-30.32,-54.32,8,8],["São João da Boa Vista",-21.98,-46.79,8,8],["São João del Rei",-21.13,-44.25,8,8],["São José de Ribamar",-2.55,-44.07,8,8],["Saratoga Springs",43.083,-73.785,8,8],["Severomorsk",69.073,33.423,8,8],["Shchekino",54.014,37.514,8,8],["Sheberghan",36.658,65.738,8,8],["Sheboygan",43.751,-87.714,8,8],["Shumen",43.27,26.929,8,8],["Shuya",56.854,41.364,8,8],["Slavonski Brod",45.16,18.016,8,8],["Slidell",30.275,-89.781,8,8],["Sliven",42.679,26.33,8,8],["Sopore",34.3,74.467,8,8],["Springfield",44.052,-122.978,8,8],["Springfield",39.92,-83.8,8,8],["St. Charles",38.603,-76.939,8,8],["St.-Brieuc",48.517,-2.783,8,8],["St.-Jerome",45.767,-74,8,8],["Subotica",46.07,19.68,8,8],["Suileng",47.246,127.106,8,8],["Sunshine Coast",-26.68,153.05,8,8],["Tacuarembó",-31.71,-55.98,8,8],["Tarbes",43.233,0.083,8,8],["Tarma",-11.41,-75.73,8,8],["Tartagal",-22.55,-63.81,8,8],["Tatuí",-23.35,-47.86,8,8],["Tatvan",38.507,42.282,8,8],["Tejen",37.379,60.496,8,8],["Telêmaco Borba",-24.33,-50.62,8,8],["Terre Haute",39.467,-87.414,8,8],["Texas City",29.411,-94.963,8,8],["Trelew",-43.25,-65.33,8,8],["Três Lagoas",-20.79,-51.72,8,8],["Trindade",-16.65,-49.5,8,8],["Trnava",48.367,17.6,8,8],["Tubarão",-28.48,-49.02,8,8],["Tulcea",45.199,28.797,8,8],["Tupã",-21.93,-50.52,8,8],["Uman",48.754,30.211,8,8],["Urgut",39.401,67.261,8,8],["Valle de la Pascua",9.21,-66.02,8,8],["Villa Carlos Paz",-31.42,-64.5,8,8],["Villa María",-32.41,-63.26,8,8],["Vlorë",40.477,19.498,8,8],["Vratsa",43.21,23.563,8,8],["Vyshnniy Volochek",57.583,34.563,8,8],["Wiener Neustadt",47.816,16.25,8,8],["Williamsport",41.241,-77.001,8,8],["Yacuíba",-22.03,-63.7,8,8],["Yevlax",40.617,47.15,8,8],["Zelenodolsk",55.841,48.655,8,8],["Zrenjanin",45.379,20.399,8,8],["Alapayevsk",57.847,61.692,8,7],["Alayat Samail",23.303,57.978,8,7],["Albert Lea",43.648,-93.369,8,7],["Alice",27.75,-98.07,8,7],["Almenara",-16.17,-40.7,8,7],["Alta Gracia",-31.66,-64.43,8,7],["Anbyon",39.028,127.519,8,7],["Angangxi",47.16,123.8,8,7],["Angol",-37.79,-72.71,8,7],["Apsheronsk",44.469,39.729,8,7],["Araranguá",-28.94,-49.5,8,7],["Ardmore",34.181,-97.129,8,7],["Artigas",-30.416,-56.486,8,7],["Atoyac",17.2,-100.43,8,7],["Autlan",19.77,-104.37,8,7],["Bakal",54.946,58.796,8,7],["Barras",-4.25,-42.3,8,7],["Bartlesville",36.747,-95.981,8,7],["Bell Ville",-32.6,-62.68,8,7],["Belleville",44.167,-77.383,8,7],["Big Spring",32.243,-101.475,8,7],["Boaco",12.47,-85.66,8,7],["Bogotol",56.216,89.518,8,7],["Boralday",43.334,76.829,8,7],["Borlänge",60.483,15.417,8,7],["Bowling Green",41.375,-83.651,8,7],["Brainerd",46.358,-94.201,8,7],["Brockville",44.589,-75.695,8,7],["Brownwood",31.708,-98.982,8,7],["Brumado",-14.21,-41.67,8,7],["Buzmeyin",38.052,58.21,8,7],["Caibarién",22.516,-79.472,8,7],["Camocim",-2.9,-40.85,8,7],["Campo Maior",-4.82,-42.18,8,7],["Campoalegre",2.69,-75.33,8,7],["Cañas",10.43,-85.1,8,7],["Canindé",-4.35,-39.31,8,7],["Canoinhas",-26.18,-50.4,8,7],["Capanema",-1.19,-47.18,8,7],["Cape Girardeau",37.306,-89.518,8,7],["Casa Grande",32.879,-111.757,8,7],["Casma",-9.44,-78.21,8,7],["Castro",-42.481,-73.762,8,7],["Castro",-24.79,-50.01,8,7],["Cauquenes",-35.96,-72.32,8,7],["Chacabuco",-34.65,-60.49,8,7],["Changyon",38.252,125.102,8,7],["Chernyakhovsk",54.632,21.811,8,7],["Chitré",7.97,-80.42,8,7],["Chur",46.85,9.5,8,7],["Ciudad Constitución",25.04,-111.66,8,7],["Clarksburg",39.283,-80.337,8,7],["Cleburne",32.352,-97.392,8,7],["Coronel Suárez",-37.467,-61.917,8,7],["Covilhã",40.283,-7.5,8,7],["Crestview",30.754,-86.573,8,7],["Cristalina",-16.77,-47.61,8,7],["Curanilahue",-37.48,-73.34,8,7],["Cutral Có",-38.94,-69.24,8,7],["Dalnerechensk",45.927,133.722,8,7],["Dawmat al Jandal",29.815,39.866,8,7],["Delano",35.762,-119.243,8,7],["Diamantina",-18.24,-43.61,8,7],["Diu",20.72,70.99,8,7],["Dolores",-36.33,-57.69,8,7],["Dyatkovo",53.589,34.339,8,7],["Enid",36.396,-97.878,8,7],["Esik",43.369,77.444,8,7],["Famagusta",35.125,33.95,8,7],["Faribault",44.29,-93.268,8,7],["Farmington",36.754,-108.186,8,7],["Florence",34.8,-87.677,8,7],["Frutal",-20.03,-48.94,8,7],["Ft. Dodge",42.507,-94.18,8,7],["Galesburg",40.948,-90.371,8,7],["Garça",-22.22,-49.66,8,7],["Garden City",37.975,-100.864,8,7],["Genhe",50.783,121.517,8,7],["Gjøvik",60.8,10.7,8,7],["Grajau",-5.81,-46.15,8,7],["Grand Island",40.922,-98.358,8,7],["Guaira",-24.09,-54.27,8,7],["Gualeguay",-33.15,-59.34,8,7],["Guanhães",-18.78,-42.95,8,7],["Guaranda",-1.61,-79.01,8,7],["Guasdualito",7.24,-70.74,8,7],["Guaxupé",-21.29,-46.71,8,7],["Guayaramerín",-10.83,-65.41,8,7],["Hanggin Houqi",40.885,107.14,8,7],["Harrisonburg",38.449,-78.869,8,7],["Hays",38.879,-99.322,8,7],["Hopkinsville",36.865,-87.489,8,7],["Huamachuco",-7.81,-78.05,8,7],["Huaura",-11.06,-77.6,8,7],["Hutchinson",38.065,-97.923,8,7],["Inhumas",-16.36,-49.5,8,7],["Iporá",-16.45,-51.13,8,7],["Irati",-25.47,-50.66,8,7],["Itaberaí",-16.02,-49.81,8,7],["Itapecuru Mirim",-3.4,-44.36,8,7],["Itupiranga",-5.12,-49.3,8,7],["Iturama",-19.73,-50.2,8,7],["Izaz",36.589,37.044,8,7],["Jacarezinho",-23.16,-49.98,8,7],["Jaguaquara",-13.53,-39.97,8,7],["Jardim",-21.48,-56.15,8,7],["Joaçaba",-27.17,-51.5,8,7],["Joliette",46.033,-73.433,8,7],["Kearney",40.701,-99.081,8,7],["Kholmsk",47.047,142.062,8,7],["Kizel",59.064,57.634,8,7],["Kohtla-Järve",59.4,27.283,8,7],["Koneurgench",42.317,59.167,8,7],["Krasnouralsk",58.352,60.052,8,7],["La Grange",33.036,-85.032,8,7],["La Ligua",-32.46,-71.24,8,7],["La Oroya",-11.52,-75.94,8,7],["La Unión",-40.29,-73.09,8,7],["Laguna",-28.48,-48.78,8,7],["Lake City",30.19,-82.64,8,7],["Lancaster",39.719,-82.605,8,7],["Lapa",-25.76,-49.73,8,7],["Laurel",31.697,-89.139,8,7],["Leesburg",28.811,-81.883,8,7],["Lenger",42.19,69.88,8,7],["Leopoldina",-21.53,-42.64,8,7],["Lincoln",-34.88,-61.54,8,7],["Llallagua",-18.42,-66.64,8,7],["Lumberton",34.627,-79.012,8,7],["Madisonville",37.333,-87.502,8,7],["Magdalena",30.617,-111.05,8,7],["Mandali",33.744,45.546,8,7],["Maracaju",-21.61,-55.18,8,7],["Marion",40.558,-85.659,8,7],["McAlester",34.933,-95.766,8,7],["Meridian",32.364,-88.704,8,7],["Minas",-34.37,-55.23,8,7],["Miracema",-21.41,-42.2,8,7],["Mocoa",1.15,-76.63,8,7],["Mollendo",-17.02,-72.02,8,7],["Montemorelos",25.19,-99.84,8,7],["Morrinhos",-17.73,-49.11,8,7],["Motul",21.1,-89.28,8,7],["Mozdok",43.754,44.654,8,7],["Muğla",37.216,28.364,8,7],["Nacaome",13.53,-87.49,8,7],["Nanuque",-17.84,-40.35,8,7],["Neiba",18.467,-71.417,8,7],["New Braunfels",29.698,-98.126,8,7],["New Glasgow",45.583,-62.633,8,7],["New Iberia",30.004,-91.818,8,7],["Novozybkov",52.535,31.945,8,7],["Nueva Rosita",27.95,-101.22,8,7],["Nueve de Julio",-35.446,-60.89,8,7],["Omagh",54.6,-7.3,8,7],["Orangeburg",33.497,-80.862,8,7],["Orillia",44.6,-79.417,8,7],["Orongen Zizhiqi",50.567,123.717,8,7],["Osório",-29.88,-50.27,8,7],["Ottumwa",41.013,-92.415,8,7],["Owen Sound",44.567,-80.85,8,7],["Palatka",29.648,-81.651,8,7],["Palm Coast",29.538,-81.223,8,7],["Palmas",-26.48,-52,8,7],["Palmeira dos Índios",-9.417,-36.617,8,7],["Paragould",36.057,-90.503,8,7],["Paraíso",18.4,-93.23,8,7],["Paraparaumu",-40.903,174.999,8,7],["Partizansk",43.135,133.135,8,7],["Paso Robles",35.627,-120.69,8,7],["Penonome",8.51,-80.36,8,7],["Petrovsk Zabaykalskiy",51.283,108.833,8,7],["Pimenta Bueno",-11.64,-61.21,8,7],["Pittsfield",42.448,-73.26,8,7],["Plattsburgh",44.695,-73.458,8,7],["Portel",-1.95,-50.82,8,7],["Presidente Dutra",-5.25,-44.52,8,7],["Puerto Varas",-41.33,-72.99,8,7],["Pukekohe",-37.201,174.903,8,7],["Punata",-17.55,-65.84,8,7],["Puzi",23.461,120.242,8,7],["Quaraí",-30.38,-56.46,8,7],["Quixadá",-4.97,-39.02,8,7],["Rēzekne",56.5,27.317,8,7],["Richmond",39.829,-84.89,8,7],["Rosário do Sul",-30.25,-54.92,8,7],["Roskilde",55.65,12.083,8,7],["Rouyn-Noranda",48.25,-79.033,8,7],["Russas",-4.94,-37.98,8,7],["Ruzayevka",54.064,44.924,8,7],["Sabinas Hidalgo",26.51,-100.18,8,7],["Salinas",-2.2,-80.98,8,7],["Salisbury",35.671,-80.474,8,7],["San Antonio de los Baños",22.891,-82.499,8,7],["San José del Guaviare",2.57,-72.64,8,7],["San Lorenzo",-28.12,-58.77,8,7],["Santa Cruz",-6.22,-36.03,8,7],["Santa Rosa de Copán",14.77,-88.78,8,7],["Santa Vitória do Palmar",-33.52,-53.37,8,7],["São Lourenço do Sul",-31.37,-51.98,8,7],["São Luiz Gonzaga",-28.41,-54.96,8,7],["Savonlinna",61.867,28.883,8,7],["Sensuntepeque",13.88,-88.63,8,7],["Serdar",38.976,56.278,8,7],["Severouralsk",60.157,59.962,8,7],["Shebekino",50.414,36.894,8,7],["Shemonaikha",50.632,81.905,8,7],["Silvassa",20.267,73.017,8,7],["Slantsy",59.112,28.075,8,7],["Stillwater",36.135,-97.068,8,7],["Tekax",20.2,-89.28,8,7],["Toguchin",55.238,84.378,8,7],["Tonghua",41.68,125.75,8,7],["Tralee",52.267,-9.717,8,7],["Treinta y Tres",-33.23,-54.38,8,7],["Tres Arroyos",-38.37,-60.27,8,7],["Tskhinvali",42.232,43.975,8,7],["Túquerres",1.09,-77.62,8,7],["Ubaitaba",-14.3,-39.33,8,7],["Uglich",57.524,38.33,8,7],["Umm al Qaywayn",25.565,55.553,8,7],["Veinticinco de Mayo",-35.43,-60.18,8,7],["Verkhniy Ufaley",56.066,60.231,8,7],["Viacha",-16.65,-68.3,8,7],["Vibo Valentia",38.667,16.1,8,7],["Viborg",56.433,9.4,8,7],["Victoria",-32.61,-60.18,8,7],["Villa Ángela",-27.583,-60.717,8,7],["Villa Constitución",-33.23,-60.35,8,7],["Villarica",-39.28,-72.23,8,7],["Waterford",52.258,-7.112,8,7],["Waterville",44.552,-69.646,8,7],["Wuchuan",41.096,111.441,8,7],["Ypacaraí",-25.41,-57.28,8,7],["Zanesville",39.94,-82.013,8,7],["Zaozernyy",55.962,94.703,8,7],["Zharkent",44.162,79.98,8,7],["Zhosaly",45.488,64.078,8,7],["25 de Mayo",-37.8,-67.683,8,6],["Abaza",52.669,90.095,8,6],["Acatlan",18.2,-98.05,8,6],["Alausí",-2.19,-78.85,8,6],["Allende",28.33,-100.85,8,6],["Alpena",45.062,-83.433,8,6],["Amos",48.567,-78.117,8,6],["Apodi",-5.65,-37.8,8,6],["Ascensión",31.1,-107.98,8,6],["Baie-Comeau",49.223,-68.158,8,6],["Balancán",17.8,-91.53,8,6],["Balcarce",-37.833,-58.25,8,6],["Burley",42.536,-113.792,8,6],["Calbuco",-41.752,-73.142,8,6],["Cambridge",-37.889,175.47,8,6],["Camrose",53.017,-112.817,8,6],["Canatlan",24.52,-104.78,8,6],["Cardenas",22,-99.67,8,6],["Centralia",46.716,-122.953,8,6],["Ceres",-15.303,-49.605,8,6],["Cholpon Ata",42.651,77.081,8,6],["Cliza",-17.59,-65.93,8,6],["Collipulli",-37.96,-72.43,8,6],["Coronel Bogado",-27.17,-56.25,8,6],["Corriverton",5.9,-57.17,8,6],["Cranbrook",49.517,-115.767,8,6],["Dangriga",16.97,-88.22,8,6],["Deming",32.261,-107.756,8,6],["Eldorado",-26.2,-54.6,8,6],["Eumseong",36.935,127.69,8,6],["General Guemes",-24.667,-65.05,8,6],["Glenwood Springs",39.547,-107.325,8,6],["Hawera",-39.579,174.278,8,6],["Hereford",34.822,-102.399,8,6],["Hinton",53.4,-117.583,8,6],["Humahuaca",-23.2,-65.35,8,6],["Iron Mountain",45.822,-88.064,8,6],["Joaquín V. González",-25.083,-64.183,8,6],["Karokh",34.487,62.592,8,6],["Kirksville",40.194,-92.583,8,6],["Kirsanov",52.657,42.717,8,6],["Kok Yangak",41.031,73.206,8,6],["Kupina",54.359,77.274,8,6],["La Grande",45.325,-118.087,8,6],["Lamas",-6.43,-76.52,8,6],["Las Vegas",35.597,-105.223,8,6],["Livingston",15.831,-88.756,8,6],["Loncoche",-39.37,-72.63,8,6],["Lonquimay",-38.433,-71.233,8,6],["Loreto",26.013,-111.352,8,6],["Maqat",47.648,53.327,8,6],["Miahuatlán",16.33,-96.6,8,6],["Motupe",-6.15,-79.71,8,6],["Muisne",0.61,-80.02,8,6],["Nacozari de García",30.42,-109.65,8,6],["Nikolayevsk",50.016,45.426,8,6],["Nueva Imperial",-38.74,-72.96,8,6],["Ontario",44.027,-116.962,8,6],["Otuzco",-7.9,-78.57,8,6],["Paraguarí",-25.62,-57.16,8,6],["Paso de los Toros",-32.81,-56.51,8,6],["Peto",20.13,-88.92,8,6],["Pichilemu",-34.38,-72,8,6],["Piñas",-3.67,-79.65,8,6],["Plast",54.369,60.809,8,6],["Polyarnyy",69.205,33.45,8,6],["Portachuelo",-17.36,-63.4,8,6],["Puerto López",4.09,-72.96,8,6],["Puquio",-14.7,-74.13,8,6],["Río Bueno",-40.34,-72.96,8,6],["Rivière-du-Loup",47.833,-69.533,8,6],["Rurrenabaque",-14.46,-67.56,8,6],["Safford",32.834,-109.707,8,6],["San Gabriel",0.61,-77.84,8,6],["Santa Cruz Cabrália",-16.28,-39.03,8,6],["Santa Lucía",-34.47,-56.4,8,6],["Santiago Ixcuintla",21.82,-105.22,8,6],["Satipo",-11.26,-74.69,8,6],["Severnyy",67.608,64.123,8,6],["Shangdu",41.549,113.534,8,6],["Shilka",51.871,116.031,8,6],["Sonsón",5.717,-75.317,8,6],["Spencer",43.145,-95.147,8,6],["Tecpan",17.25,-100.68,8,6],["Terrace",54.5,-128.583,8,6],["Tierra Amarilla",-27.48,-70.28,8,6],["Tokoroa",-38.225,175.87,8,6],["Tomah",43.985,-90.504,8,6],["Tsetserleg",47.477,101.45,8,6],["Uglegorsk",49.083,142.033,8,6],["Uyuni",-20.46,-66.83,8,6],["Vanino",49.087,140.242,8,6],["Vernon",34.151,-99.29,8,6],["Vicente Guerrero",30.764,-116.009,8,6],["Villa Hayes",-25.09,-57.53,8,6],["Villa Unión",23.2,-106.23,8,6],["Villanueva",22.35,-102.88,8,6],["Waycross",31.214,-82.355,8,6],["Wetaskiwin",52.967,-113.383,8,6],["Willmar",45.122,-95.043,8,6],["28 de Noviembre",-51.65,-72.3,8,5],["Achacachi",-16.083,-68.667,8,5],["Al Quwayiyah",24.074,45.281,8,5],["Alliance",42.101,-102.87,8,5],["Almirante",9.3,-82.4,8,5],["Alpine",30.361,-103.665,8,5],["Amherst",45.817,-64.217,8,5],["Aqadyr",48.275,72.86,8,5],["Bestobe",52.5,73.1,8,5],["Bocas del Toro",9.335,-82.247,8,5],["Caazapá",-26.2,-56.38,8,5],["Chepes",-31.35,-66.6,8,5],["Childress",34.425,-100.214,8,5],["Choele Choel",-39.267,-65.683,8,5],["Chosan",40.825,125.801,8,5],["Combarbalá",-31.18,-71,8,5],["Crookston",47.774,-96.608,8,5],["Dalhart",36.061,-102.519,8,5],["Devils Lake",48.112,-98.86,8,5],["Doctor Pedro P. Peña",-22.48,-62.3,8,5],["Fort William",56.816,-5.112,8,5],["Glendive",47.109,-104.71,8,5],["Golfito",8.65,-83.15,8,5],["Gore",-46.095,168.96,8,5],["Gyangze",28.95,89.633,8,5],["Halachó",20.48,-90.08,8,5],["Happy Valley - Goose Bay",53.3,-60.3,8,5],["Hilf",20.656,58.877,8,5],["Houlton",46.126,-67.84,8,5],["Ingeniero Guillermo N. Juarez",-23.9,-61.85,8,5],["Ingeniero Jacobacci",-41.3,-69.583,8,5],["Ironwood",46.456,-90.159,8,5],["Kaitaia",-35.11,173.273,8,5],["Kapuskasing",49.417,-82.433,8,5],["Kerikeri",-35.228,173.951,8,5],["La Sarre",48.8,-79.2,8,5],["Lander",42.833,-108.733,8,5],["London",37.129,-84.083,8,5],["Moengo",5.63,-54.41,8,5],["Montpelier",44.26,-72.576,8,5],["Mundybash",53.233,87.317,8,5],["Nephi",39.71,-111.835,8,5],["New Liskeard",47.5,-79.667,8,5],["Obluchye",49,131.083,8,5],["Osakarovka",50.58,72.57,8,5],["Pedro Luro",-39.483,-62.683,8,5],["Polson",47.688,-114.157,8,5],["Powell",44.759,-108.758,8,5],["Puerto Baquerizo Moreno",-0.9,-89.6,8,5],["Putina",-15.47,-69.43,8,5],["Quirihue",-36.28,-72.53,8,5],["Richfield",38.772,-112.083,8,5],["Rosário",-2.94,-44.26,8,5],["San Carlos",-17.4,-63.73,8,5],["San Juan Bautista",-26.68,-57.15,8,5],["San Juan del Sur",11.25,-85.86,8,5],["San Pedro",-24.09,-57.08,8,5],["Selkirk",50.15,-96.883,8,5],["Shannon",52.704,-8.864,8,5],["Stettler",52.333,-112.683,8,5],["Thames",-37.138,175.585,8,5],["Tillamook",45.455,-123.843,8,5],["Tranqueras",-31.2,-55.75,8,5],["Truth or Consequences",33.134,-107.253,8,5],["Urubamba",-13.304,-72.117,8,5],["Vegreville",53.5,-112.05,8,5],["Wanaka",-44.698,169.145,8,5],["Weyburn",49.667,-103.85,8,5],["Zixing",25.97,113.4,8,5],["Abra Pampa",-22.717,-65.7,8,4],["Aiguá",-34.2,-54.75,8,4],["Arroyos y Esteros",-25.05,-57.09,8,4],["Baltasar Brum",-30.73,-57.32,8,4],["Baures",-13.58,-63.58,8,4],["Betanzos",-19.56,-65.45,8,4],["Bourke",-30.1,145.933,8,4],["Brownsweg",5.02,-55.17,8,4],["Calais",45.166,-67.242,8,4],["Central Coast",-33.42,151.3,8,4],["Chumbicha",-28.867,-66.233,8,4],["Comandante Fontana",-25.333,-59.683,8,4],["Creston",49.1,-116.517,8,4],["Deer Lake",49.174,-57.427,8,4],["Dillingham",59.057,-158.48,8,4],["Dillon",45.216,-112.684,8,4],["Donegal",54.65,-8.117,8,4],["El Maitén",-42.05,-71.167,8,4],["Entre Ríos",-21.53,-64.19,8,4],["Esperanza",27.58,-109.93,8,4],["Finnsnes",69.241,18.009,8,4],["General Conesa",-40.1,-64.433,8,4],["Gimli",50.633,-97,8,4],["Gobernador Gregores",-48.767,-70.25,8,4],["Goodland",39.348,-101.711,8,4],["Hardin",45.732,-107.612,8,4],["Hay River",60.85,-115.7,8,4],["José Batlle y Ordóñez",-33.47,-55.12,8,4],["Kaikoura",-42.401,173.69,8,4],["Kimhyonggwon",40.818,128.155,8,4],["La Paloma",-34.67,-54.17,8,4],["La Ronge",55.1,-105.3,8,4],["Lac La Biche",54.772,-111.965,8,4],["Lead",44.351,-103.766,8,4],["Liverpool",44.04,-64.72,8,4],["María Elena",-22.35,-69.67,8,4],["Melville",50.933,-102.8,8,4],["Nauta",-4.57,-73.78,8,4],["Nautla",20.217,-96.783,8,4],["Nieuw Amsterdam",5.91,-55.07,8,4],["Pampa del Infierno",-26.517,-61.167,8,4],["Picton",-41.281,174.017,8,4],["Pozo Colorado",-23.43,-58.86,8,4],["Puerto Villamil",-0.933,-91.017,8,4],["Quime",-16.98,-67.22,8,4],["Rørvik",64.868,11.205,8,4],["Roura",4.73,-52.33,8,4],["Samaipata",-18.18,-63.77,8,4],["San Lorenzo",-21.48,-64.77,8,4],["Santa Bárbara",-37.67,-72.02,8,4],["Santo Tomas",-14.46,-72.08,8,4],["Sinnamary",5.38,-52.96,8,4],["Sorata",-15.79,-68.66,8,4],["St-Augustin",51.242,-58.647,8,4],["Tarabuco",-19.18,-64.92,8,4],["Toltén",-39.217,-73.212,8,4],["Tonopah",38.067,-117.229,8,4],["Turangi",-38.989,175.814,8,4],["Uncia",-18.47,-66.57,8,4],["Uspallata",-32.593,-69.346,8,4],["Van Horn",31.042,-104.832,8,4],["Vergara",-32.93,-53.95,8,4],["White Sulphur Springs",37.794,-80.303,8,4],["Alto Rio Sanguer",-45.033,-70.833,8,3],["Cap-Chat",49.1,-66.683,8,3],["Celeken",39.436,53.123,8,3],["Geraldton",49.717,-86.967,8,3],["Jaqué",7.519,-78.166,8,3],["Lavrentiya",65.583,-171.025,8,3],["Ñacunday",-26.02,-54.77,8,3],["Paso Río Mayo",-45.683,-70.267,8,3],["Puerto Villarroel",-16.87,-64.78,8,3],["Sica Sica",-17.33,-67.73,8,3],["Susques",-23.417,-66.483,8,3],["Talkeetna",62.324,-150.109,8,3],["Te Anau",-45.407,167.758,8,3],["Thessalon",46.25,-83.55,8,3],["Tofino",49.099,-125.862,8,3],["Trancas",-26.217,-65.283,8,3],["Villa Rumipal",-32.183,-64.483,8,3],["Wallace",47.474,-115.927,8,3],["Alofi",-19.066,-169.914,8,2],["Altata",24.636,-107.916,8,2],["Atafu",-8.549,-172.498,8,2],["Atqasuk",70.469,-157.396,8,2],["Baddeck",46.1,-60.754,8,2],["Berens River",52.367,-97.033,8,2],["Big Delta",64.153,-145.842,8,2],["Cantwell",63.392,-148.951,8,2],["Chonchi",-42.61,-73.81,8,2],["Comallo",-41.033,-70.267,8,2],["Comondante Luis Piedrabuena",-49.975,-68.903,8,2],["Cuevo",-20.45,-63.53,8,2],["Doline",65.183,-123.417,8,2],["Eastmain",52.233,-78.517,8,2],["Enurmino",66.95,-171.817,8,2],["General Eugenio Alejandrino Garay",-20.52,-62.21,8,2],["Goodnews Bay",59.121,-161.587,8,2],["Gubkin",51.274,37.384,8,2],["Hall Beach",68.767,-81.236,8,2],["Hopedale",55.45,-60.217,8,2],["Hydaburg",55.214,-132.801,8,2],["La Scie",49.967,-55.583,8,2],["Lethem",3.39,-59.8,8,2],["Mendocino",39.308,-123.799,8,2],["Mikhalkino",69.424,161.481,8,2],["Mountain Village",62.086,-163.729,8,2],["Natashquan",50.191,-61.811,8,2],["Oban",-46.888,168.167,8,2],["Oymyakon",63.421,142.77,8,2],["Paulatuk",69.383,-123.983,8,2],["Port-Menier",49.823,-64.348,8,2],["Puerto Pinasco",-22.64,-57.79,8,2],["Pukatawagan",55.733,-101.317,8,2],["Put Lenina",68.517,107.8,8,2],["Río Verde",-52.65,-71.467,8,2],["Sand Point",55.34,-160.497,8,2],["Schefferville",54.8,-66.817,8,2],["Selawik",66.604,-160.009,8,2],["Serebryansk",49.7,83.425,8,2],["Sherlovaya Gora",50.531,116.301,8,2],["Tanana",65.172,-152.079,8,2],["Tinogasta",-28.067,-67.567,8,2],["Tournavista",-8.932,-74.705,8,2],["Tununak",60.585,-165.256,8,2],["Vatican City",41.903,12.453,8,2],["Waitangi",-44.026,-176.37,8,2],["Ype Jhu",-23.91,-55.46,8,2],["Allakaket",66.565,-152.645,8,1],["Artigas Base",-62.174,-58.864,8,1],["Big Beaver House",52.95,-89.883,8,1],["Cuya",-19.117,-70.133,8,1],["Eagle",64.788,-141.2,8,1],["Emmonak",62.777,-164.523,8,1],["Gulkana",62.271,-145.382,8,1],["Island Lake",53.967,-94.767,8,1],["Ituni",5.43,-58.25,8,1],["Kaltag",64.327,-158.722,8,1],["Khorgo",73.483,113.63,8,1],["Kobuk",66.907,-156.881,8,1],["Koyukuk",64.88,-157.701,8,1],["Lake Minchumina",63.883,-152.312,8,1],["Lutselke",62.4,-110.733,8,1],["Meander River",59.033,-117.683,8,1],["Mekoryuk",60.389,-166.19,8,1],["Montana",62.08,-150.073,8,1],["Nenana",64.564,-149.093,8,1],["Nyac",61.004,-159.94,8,1],["Omchak",61.633,147.917,8,1],["Pakhachi",60.582,169.05,8,1],["Perryville",55.919,-159.151,8,1],["Port Heiden",56.949,-158.627,8,1],["Port Hope Simpson",52.533,-56.3,8,1],["Salluit",62.183,-75.66,8,1],["Sharbaqty",52.5,78.15,8,1],["Stony Rapids",59.267,-105.833,8,1],["Teller",65.264,-166.361,8,1],["Tsiigehtchic",67.433,-133.75,8,1],["Villa Martin",-20.767,-67.783,8,1],["Whittier",60.784,-148.678,8,1],["Zemlya Bunge",74.898,142.105,8,1],["Zvëzdnyj",70.957,-179.59,8,1],["Chuquicamata",-22.32,-68.93,8,0],["Fortin Falcon",-23.05,-59.85,8,0],["Raoul Island Station",-29.247,-177.926,8,0],["Duhok",36.867,43,9,11],["Damaturu",11.749,11.966,9,10],["Pingzhen",24.944,121.216,9,10],["Awasa",7.06,38.477,9,9],["Bade",24.958,121.299,9,9],["Mainz",49.982,8.273,9,9],["Mangyshlak",43.69,51.142,9,9],["Masaya",11.969,-86.095,9,9],["Sakakah",30,40.133,9,9],["Samarra",34.194,43.875,9,9],["Shahrekord",32.321,50.854,9,9],["Yangmei",24.917,121.15,9,9],["Zhubei",24.833,121.012,9,9],["Hradec Králové",50.206,15.812,9,8],["Jinotega",13.091,-86,9,8],["Nazran",43.233,44.783,9,8],["Panaji",15.492,73.818,9,8],["San Andrés",12.562,-81.69,9,8],["San Carlos",9.658,-68.59,9,8],["San Felipe",10.336,-68.746,9,8],["San Juan De Los Morros",9.901,-67.354,9,8],["Schwerin",53.633,11.417,9,8],["Tulcán",0.822,-77.732,9,8],["Usti Nad Labem",50.663,14.081,9,8],["Yasuj",30.659,51.594,9,8],["Yopal",5.347,-72.406,9,8],["'Ataq",14.55,46.8,9,7],["Al Bayda",13.979,45.574,9,7],["Caacupé",-25.387,-57.14,9,7],["Heredia",9.992,-84.12,9,7],["Jinotepe",11.846,-86.195,9,7],["La Asunción",11.033,-63.883,9,7],["Mochudi",-24.377,26.152,9,7],["Puyo",-1.483,-77.987,9,7],["Taibao",23.45,120.333,9,7],["Dutse",11.799,9.35,9,6],["El Cayo",17.156,-89.061,9,6],["Greymouth",-42.472,171.223,9,6],["Laï",9.395,16.305,9,6],["Leninobod",39.75,69,9,6],["Marib",15.421,45.334,9,6],["Mobaye",4.32,21.18,9,6],["San Carlos",11.189,-84.776,9,6],["Ust' Ordynskiy",52.833,104.7,9,6],["Aleg",17.058,-13.909,9,5],["Bentiu",9.233,29.833,9,5],["Corozal",18.398,-88.388,9,5],["Fderik",22.679,-12.707,9,5],["Gore",8.149,35.537,9,5],["Roatán",16.33,-86.519,9,5],["Turgay",49.626,63.499,9,5],["Groningen",5.797,-55.481,9,4],["Klaksvík",62.237,-6.539,9,4],["Mariscal Estigarribia",-22.03,-60.61,9,4],["Onverwacht",5.6,-55.2,9,4],["Borgarnes",64.57,-21.862,9,3],["Akjoujt",19.747,-14.391,9,2],["El Porvenir",9.542,-78.972,9,1],["Uyo",5.008,7.85,10,11],["Brăila",45.292,27.969,10,10],["Gueckedou",8.554,-10.151,10,10],["Lashkar Gah",31.583,64.36,10,10],["Owerri",5.493,7.026,10,10],["Sakarya",40.767,30.4,10,10],["Shah Alam",3.067,101.55,10,10],["Thái Bình",20.45,106.333,10,10],["Thu Dau Mot",10.969,106.653,10,10],["Umuahia",5.532,7.486,10,10],["Zagazig",30.583,31.517,10,10],["'s-Hertogenbosch",51.683,5.317,10,9],["Antakya",36.233,36.117,10,9],["Arnhem",51.988,5.923,10,9],["Bærum",59.913,11.347,10,9],["Benha",30.467,31.183,10,9],["Bordj Bou Arréridj",36.078,4.765,10,9],["Cao Lãnh",10.467,105.636,10,9],["Ceerigaabo",10.583,47.333,10,9],["Dar'a",32.625,36.105,10,9],["Divo",5.839,-5.36,10,9],["El Progreso",14.85,-90.017,10,9],["Guelma",36.466,7.428,10,9],["Hawalli",29.333,48,10,9],["Higuey",18.616,-68.708,10,9],["Jijel",36.822,5.766,10,9],["Kafr el Sheikh",31.109,30.936,10,9],["Lạng Sơn",21.846,106.757,10,9],["M'sila",35.7,4.545,10,9],["Maastricht",50.853,5.677,10,9],["Manzini",-26.495,31.388,10,9],["Nakhon Pathom",13.818,100.064,10,9],["Nueva San Salvador",13.674,-89.29,10,9],["Oum el Bouaghi",35.85,7.15,10,9],["Pattani",6.864,101.25,10,9],["Piatra-Neamt",46.94,26.383,10,9],["Puerto Plata",19.79,-70.69,10,9],["Rimnicu Vilcea",45.11,24.383,10,9],["San Cristóbal",18.416,-70.109,10,9],["Sariwon",38.507,125.762,10,9],["Satu Mare",47.792,22.885,10,9],["Shibin el Kom",30.592,30.9,10,9],["Siirt",37.944,41.933,10,9],["Taunggyi",20.782,97.038,10,9],["Tây Ninh",11.323,106.147,10,9],["Tizi-Ouzou",36.712,4.046,10,9],["Tokat",40.306,36.563,10,9],["Tra Vinh",9.934,106.334,10,9],["Trincomalee",8.569,81.233,10,9],["Vĩnh Long",10.256,105.964,10,9],["Zwolle",52.524,6.097,10,9],["Al Mafraq",32.283,36.233,10,8],["Alba Lulia",46.077,23.58,10,8],["Assen",53,6.55,10,8],["Aveiro",40.641,-8.651,10,8],["Azua",18.454,-70.729,10,8],["Baní",18.28,-70.331,10,8],["Bassar",9.261,0.789,10,8],["Békéscsaba",46.672,21.101,10,8],["Bhairawa",27.533,83.383,10,8],["Bingöl",38.885,40.498,10,8],["Bistrița",47.138,24.513,10,8],["Bitlis",38.394,42.123,10,8],["Bombo",0.583,32.533,10,8],["Bonao",18.942,-70.409,10,8],["Bouaflé",6.978,-5.748,10,8],["Buea",4.155,9.231,10,8],["Burdur",37.717,30.283,10,8],["Campobasso",41.563,14.656,10,8],["Çankırı",40.607,33.621,10,8],["Chimaltenango",14.662,-90.82,10,8],["Deva",45.883,22.917,10,8],["Dhangarhi",28.695,80.593,10,8],["Eger",47.895,20.383,10,8],["Évora",38.56,-7.906,10,8],["Fier",40.73,19.573,10,8],["Giresun",40.913,38.39,10,8],["Giurgiu",43.93,25.84,10,8],["Hai Duong",20.942,106.331,10,8],["Half Way Tree",18.033,-76.8,10,8],["Hasselt",50.964,5.484,10,8],["Jendouba",36.5,8.75,10,8],["Kalasin",16.428,103.509,10,8],["Kamphaeng Phet",16.473,99.529,10,8],["Kangar",6.433,100.19,10,8],["Kasserine",35.217,8.717,10,8],["Kastamonu",41.389,33.783,10,8],["Kırklareli",41.743,27.226,10,8],["Kırşehir",39.142,34.171,10,8],["Korçë",40.617,20.767,10,8],["L'Ariana",36.867,10.2,10,8],["Laascaanood",8.433,47.317,10,8],["Lokossa",6.615,1.715,10,8],["Ma'an",30.192,35.736,10,8],["Maha Sarakham",16.184,103.298,10,8],["Medenine",33.4,10.417,10,8],["Mérida",38.912,-6.338,10,8],["Moca",19.397,-70.523,10,8],["Monastir",35.731,10.767,10,8],["Mons",50.446,3.939,10,8],["Nabatiye et Tahta",33.383,35.45,10,8],["Nevşehir",38.624,34.724,10,8],["Niğde",37.976,34.694,10,8],["Nyeri",-0.417,36.951,10,8],["Phetchabun",16.419,101.159,10,8],["Potenza",40.642,15.799,10,8],["Prey Veng",11.484,105.324,10,8],["Ramla",31.917,34.867,10,8],["Sagaing",21.88,95.962,10,8],["Saint Gallen",47.423,9.362,10,8],["Samut Sakhon",13.536,100.274,10,8],["Sfintu-Gheorghe",45.868,25.793,10,8],["Slatina",44.435,24.371,10,8],["Slobozia",44.57,27.382,10,8],["Sunyani",7.336,-2.336,10,8],["Supham Buri",14.471,100.129,10,8],["Taloqan",36.73,69.54,10,8],["Târgoviște",44.938,25.459,10,8],["Târgu Jiu",45.045,23.274,10,8],["Tatabánya",47.55,18.433,10,8],["Tataouine",33,10.467,10,8],["Totonicapán",14.914,-91.358,10,8],["Truc Giang",10.235,106.375,10,8],["Tuy Hòa",13.082,109.316,10,8],["Usulután",13.346,-88.432,10,8],["Vaslui",46.633,27.733,10,8],["Vejle",55.709,9.535,10,8],["Veszprém",47.091,17.911,10,8],["Yên Bái",21.705,104.875,10,8],["Yozgat",39.818,34.815,10,8],["Zalaegerszeg",46.844,16.84,10,8],["Zalău",47.175,23.063,10,8],["Aboisso",5.467,-3.2,10,7],["Adjumani",3.361,31.81,10,7],["Ahuachapán",13.919,-89.845,10,7],["Alexandria",43.902,25.287,10,7],["Antigua Guatemala",14.567,-90.733,10,7],["Aosta",45.737,7.315,10,7],["Arawa",-6.228,155.566,10,7],["Arendal",58.465,8.766,10,7],["Arlon",49.683,5.817,10,7],["Artashat",39.954,44.551,10,7],["Artvin",41.183,41.818,10,7],["Asadabad",34.866,71.15,10,7],["At Tafilah",30.833,35.6,10,7],["Aybak",36.261,68.04,10,7],["Bắc Kạn",22.133,105.833,10,7],["Baglung",28.267,83.583,10,7],["Baraki Barak",33.967,68.967,10,7],["Beja",38.014,-7.863,10,7],["Berat",40.71,19.972,10,7],["Bilecik",40.15,29.983,10,7],["Bragança",41.808,-6.755,10,7],["Bregenz",47.517,9.767,10,7],["Busia",0.454,34.076,10,7],["Cao Bằng",22.664,106.268,10,7],["Castelo Branco",39.811,-7.488,10,7],["Chachoengsao",13.679,101.076,10,7],["Chalatenango",14.072,-89.094,10,7],["Chiquimula",14.797,-89.544,10,7],["Cojutepeque",13.717,-88.933,10,7],["Colonia del Sacramento",-34.48,-57.84,10,7],["Comendador",18.876,-71.707,10,7],["Cotuí",19.059,-70.152,10,7],["Dédougou",12.455,-3.464,10,7],["Diapaga",12.077,1.796,10,7],["Djibo",14.099,-1.627,10,7],["Dori",14.034,-0.028,10,7],["Dubăsari",47.263,29.161,10,7],["Ebebiyín",2.153,11.33,10,7],["El Seibo",18.764,-69.035,10,7],["Fada Ngourma",12.055,0.361,10,7],["Falun",60.613,15.647,10,7],["Fatick",14.344,-16.416,10,7],["Florida",-34.099,-56.215,10,7],["Fort Portal",0.671,30.275,10,7],["Frauenfeld",47.568,9.108,10,7],["Fray Bentos",-33.139,-58.304,10,7],["Fribourg",46.8,7.15,10,7],["Gaoua",10.325,-3.174,10,7],["Gavarr",40.359,45.127,10,7],["Gjirokastër",40.079,20.149,10,7],["Guarda",40.541,-7.262,10,7],["Gümüşhane",40.464,39.484,10,7],["Hamar",60.82,11.069,10,7],["Hämeenlinna",60.997,24.472,10,7],["Hato Mayor",18.764,-69.257,10,7],["Hillerød",55.933,12.317,10,7],["Hlotse",-28.878,28.056,10,7],["Iganga",0.609,33.469,10,7],["Jacmel",18.235,-72.537,10,7],["Jalapa",14.633,-89.989,10,7],["Jérémie",18.634,-74.118,10,7],["Kakata",6.526,-10.349,10,7],["Kampong Spoe",11.452,104.519,10,7],["Karlskrona",56.203,15.296,10,7],["Kayunga",0.703,32.889,10,7],["Kibaha",-6.767,38.917,10,7],["Kibungo",-2.167,30.533,10,7],["Kibuye",-2.05,29.35,10,7],["Komatini",41.133,25.417,10,7],["Kombissiri",12.064,-1.334,10,7],["Koupéla",12.177,-0.356,10,7],["Kouvola",60.876,26.709,10,7],["Krabi",8.052,98.912,10,7],["Krujë",41.519,19.797,10,7],["Kyrenia",35.326,33.333,10,7],["La Unión",13.332,-87.839,10,7],["Lamia",38.899,22.434,10,7],["Larnaka",34.917,33.636,10,7],["Leiria",39.739,-8.805,10,7],["Leo",11.094,-2.098,10,7],["Lovec",43.138,24.719,10,7],["Lushnjë",40.94,19.716,10,7],["Madingou",-4.164,13.554,10,7],["Mahdia",35.484,11.041,10,7],["Mandeville",18.033,-77.5,10,7],["Mao",19.552,-71.075,10,7],["Masindi",1.674,31.715,10,7],["Mayda Shahr",34.45,68.8,10,7],["Middelburg",51.502,3.61,10,7],["Miercurea Cuic",46.361,25.524,10,7],["Mikkeli",61.69,27.285,10,7],["Mohales Hoek",-30.159,27.48,10,7],["Montana",43.414,23.237,10,7],["Moyeni",-30.411,27.716,10,7],["Nagua",19.376,-69.847,10,7],["Nakhon Nayok",14.2,101.216,10,7],["Nebbi",2.476,31.103,10,7],["Neuchâtel",46.999,6.923,10,7],["Ngozi",-2.912,29.825,10,7],["Nouna",12.729,-3.86,10,7],["Nsanje",-16.917,35.267,10,7],["Nyköping",58.764,17.015,10,7],["Ocotal",13.63,-86.473,10,7],["Pa-an",16.85,97.617,10,7],["Pallisa",1.145,33.709,10,7],["Paphos",34.756,32.422,10,7],["Phatthalung",7.615,100.081,10,7],["Phichit",16.439,100.349,10,7],["Phnum Tbeng Meanchey",13.817,104.967,10,7],["Pita",11.08,-12.401,10,7],["Pogradec",40.9,20.664,10,7],["Port-De-Paix",19.932,-72.829,10,7],["Prachuap Khiri Khan",11.803,99.8,10,7],["Puttalan",8.033,79.826,10,7],["Qacha's Nek",-30.117,28.702,10,7],["Rajbiraj",26.533,86.733,10,7],["Ramallah",31.903,35.206,10,7],["Ranong",9.962,98.638,10,7],["Ratnapura",6.693,80.386,10,7],["Razgrad",43.534,26.536,10,7],["Réo",12.333,-2.467,10,7],["Retalhuleu",14.537,-91.677,10,7],["Roi Et",16.051,103.655,10,7],["Rutana",-3.931,29.993,10,7],["Ruyigi",-3.481,30.244,10,7],["Salamá",15.103,-90.314,10,7],["Salcedo",19.383,-70.417,10,7],["Salgótarján",48.105,19.826,10,7],["Samut Songkhram",13.413,100.001,10,7],["San Marcos",14.966,-91.8,10,7],["San Vicente",13.641,-88.785,10,7],["Santa Cruz Del Quiche",15.033,-91.133,10,7],["Santarém",39.231,-8.682,10,7],["Satun",6.617,100.067,10,7],["Savanna-la-Mar",18.164,-77.948,10,7],["Schaffhausen",47.706,8.633,10,7],["Sdid Bouzid",35.017,9.5,10,7],["Šibenik",43.727,15.906,10,7],["Siliana",36.083,9.383,10,7],["Sing Buri",14.887,100.401,10,7],["Sinop",42.023,35.153,10,7],["Sion",46.239,7.354,10,7],["Sololá",14.773,-91.183,10,7],["Somoto",13.476,-86.583,10,7],["Sotouboua",8.557,0.985,10,7],["Stoeng Treng",13.523,105.974,10,7],["Suchboatar",50.25,106.2,10,7],["Svay Rieng",11.08,105.801,10,7],["Szekszárd",46.344,18.713,10,7],["Tadjoura",11.783,42.9,10,7],["Télimélé",10.905,-13.043,10,7],["Tongue",11.44,-11.67,10,7],["Tønsberg",59.264,10.421,10,7],["Touba",8.28,-7.684,10,7],["Toumodi",6.552,-5.019,10,7],["Trat",12.237,102.509,10,7],["Trinidad",-33.544,-56.901,10,7],["Tunceli",39.117,39.533,10,7],["Tuyên Quang",21.818,105.211,10,7],["Vannersborg",58.363,12.33,10,7],["Viljandi",58.364,25.59,10,7],["Viseu",40.657,-7.91,10,7],["Voinjama",8.417,-9.75,10,7],["Wete",-5.063,39.726,10,7],["Xam Nua",20.417,104.033,10,7],["Yako",12.954,-2.263,10,7],["Yasothon",15.788,104.151,10,7],["Zacapa",14.972,-89.529,10,7],["Zacatecoluca",13.508,-88.868,10,7],["Zaranj",31.112,61.887,10,7],["Zorgo",12.243,-0.611,10,7],["Zug",47.179,8.487,10,7],["Aarau",47.39,8.034,10,6],["Ang Thong",14.583,100.45,10,6],["Ashtarak",40.302,44.359,10,6],["Basse Santa Su",13.31,-14.223,10,6],["Bellinzona",46.197,9.02,10,6],["Beyla",8.687,-8.657,10,6],["Bhimphedi",27.551,85.13,10,6],["Boulsa",12.657,-0.569,10,6],["Bubanza",-3.083,29.367,10,6],["Burrel",41.626,20.016,10,6],["Butha-Buthe",-28.75,28.25,10,6],["Cacheu",12.269,-16.165,10,6],["Canelones",-34.538,-56.284,10,6],["Chaghcharan",34.517,65.25,10,6],["Chainat",15.179,100.126,10,6],["Champasak",14.883,105.867,10,6],["Çorovodë",40.517,20.233,10,6],["Cuilapa",14.279,-90.298,10,6],["Dabola",10.748,-11.109,10,6],["Dajabón",19.548,-71.705,10,6],["Dandeldhura",29.3,80.6,10,6],["Daru",-9.109,143.234,10,6],["Dedza",-14.367,34.333,10,6],["Delémont",47.37,7.345,10,6],["Diébougou",10.952,-3.248,10,6],["Dikhil",11.104,42.372,10,6],["Đông Hà",16.85,107.133,10,6],["Dzuunmod",47.711,106.947,10,6],["Eisenstadt",47.833,16.533,10,6],["Forecariah",9.43,-13.098,10,6],["Fort-Liberté",19.666,-71.845,10,6],["Gabú",12.28,-14.234,10,6],["Garbahaarey",3.327,42.227,10,6],["Gikongoro",-2.483,29.567,10,6],["Gobabis",-22.455,18.963,10,6],["Gramsh",40.867,20.2,10,6],["Haapsalu",58.943,23.541,10,6],["Hakha",22.65,93.617,10,6],["Härnösand",62.634,17.934,10,6],["Herisau",47.383,9.283,10,6],["Hinche",19.143,-72.004,10,6],["Ijevan",40.876,45.149,10,6],["Ilam",26.908,87.926,10,6],["Kampong Thum",12.712,104.889,10,6],["Kamuli",0.947,33.12,10,6],["Karusi",-3.1,30.163,10,6],["Kayanza",-2.9,29.567,10,6],["Kebili",33.69,8.971,10,6],["Kiboga",0.916,31.774,10,6],["Kimbe",-5.55,150.143,10,6],["Kinkala",-4.356,14.762,10,6],["Kisoro",-1.354,29.698,10,6],["Koundara",12.48,-13.296,10,6],["Kouroussa",10.653,-9.892,10,6],["Kracheh",12.469,106.024,10,6],["Kuala Lipis",4.184,102.042,10,6],["Kukës",42.083,20.434,10,6],["Kumi",1.461,33.936,10,6],["La Paz",14.32,-87.684,10,6],["Lamphun",18.503,99.074,10,6],["Lezhë",41.788,19.654,10,6],["Librazhd",41.2,20.367,10,6],["Liestal",47.483,7.737,10,6],["Loikaw",19.665,97.206,10,6],["Lumphat",13.507,106.981,10,6],["Makamba",-4.133,29.8,10,6],["Manga",11.662,-1.065,10,6],["Mansa Konko",13.377,-15.679,10,6],["Mariehamn",60.097,19.949,10,6],["Mariestad",58.705,13.828,10,6],["Mchinji",-13.8,32.9,10,6],["Mehtar Lam",34.65,70.167,10,6],["Monte Plata",18.807,-69.784,10,6],["Mpigi",0.225,32.314,10,6],["Mulanje",-16.033,35.5,10,6],["Muramvya",-3.261,29.612,10,6],["Mwanza",-15.617,34.517,10,6],["Mzimba",-11.9,33.6,10,6],["Ntcheu",-14.817,34.633,10,6],["Ntungamo",-0.879,30.264,10,6],["Omaruru",-21.436,15.951,10,6],["Orodara",10.974,-4.908,10,6],["Paro",27.429,89.417,10,6],["Pedernales",18.038,-71.741,10,6],["Përmet",40.234,20.352,10,6],["Peshkopi",41.683,20.433,10,6],["Pô",11.169,-1.135,10,6],["Port Antonio",18.159,-76.38,10,6],["Port Morant",17.891,-76.329,10,6],["Portalegre",39.29,-7.423,10,6],["Qabala",40.981,47.846,10,6],["Ramechhap",27.326,86.087,10,6],["Rrëshen",41.783,19.817,10,6],["Sabaneta",19.505,-71.345,10,6],["Saint Ann's Bay",18.433,-77.2,10,6],["Salyan",28.35,82.183,10,6],["Samaná",19.212,-69.332,10,6],["San Francisco Gotera",13.7,-88.1,10,6],["Sanniquellie",7.371,-8.685,10,6],["Santa Bárbara",14.919,-88.236,10,6],["Sarandë",39.877,20,10,6],["Schwyz",47.02,8.648,10,6],["Sin-Ni",39.488,125.464,10,6],["Sironko",1.25,34.3,10,6],["Solenzo",12.183,-4.083,10,6],["Solothurn",47.212,7.537,10,6],["Sơn La",21.328,103.91,10,6],["Tchibanga",-2.857,11.027,10,6],["Tepelenë",40.283,20.033,10,6],["Tougan",13.069,-3.07,10,6],["Tovuz",40.992,45.629,10,6],["Vanimo",-2.69,141.304,10,6],["Viana Do Castelo",41.696,-8.844,10,6],["Vila Real",41.294,-7.737,10,6],["Yoro",15.06,-87.29,10,6],["Zaghouan",36.4,10.147,10,6],["Zareh Sharan",32.85,68.417,10,6],["Ziniaré",12.577,-1.293,10,6],["Altdorf",46.879,8.638,10,5],["An Nabk",31.333,37.333,10,5],["Appenzell",47.333,9.417,10,5],["B'abda",33.833,35.533,10,5],["Bajram Curri",42.333,20.083,10,5],["Ban Houayxay",20.278,100.413,10,5],["Bogandé",12.969,-0.138,10,5],["Cankuzo",-3.167,30.517,10,5],["Catió",11.217,-15.167,10,5],["Dalaba",10.656,-12.272,10,5],["Diekirch",49.883,6.167,10,5],["Dinguiraye",11.299,-10.726,10,5],["Ersekë",40.333,20.683,10,5],["Evinayong",1.45,10.567,10,5],["Falmouth",18.48,-77.656,10,5],["Farim",12.493,-15.227,10,5],["Gadabay",40.566,45.816,10,5],["Gaoual",11.754,-13.213,10,5],["Glarus",47.05,9.067,10,5],["Goranboy",40.61,46.79,10,5],["Gorom Gorom",14.45,-0.233,10,5],["Gracias",14.583,-88.583,10,5],["Jimaní",18.493,-71.851,10,5],["Jumla",29.25,82.217,10,5],["Kalangala",-0.309,32.225,10,5],["Karibib",-21.939,15.853,10,5],["Katakwi",1.891,33.966,10,5],["Kerema",-7.927,145.838,10,5],["Kibale",0.8,31.067,10,5],["Kirundo",-2.585,30.097,10,5],["Kundiawa",-6.023,144.96,10,5],["La Esperanza",14.333,-88.167,10,5],["Lorengau",-2.032,147.28,10,5],["Luan Chau",21.74,103.343,10,5],["Luba",3.45,8.55,10,5],["Lucea",18.443,-78.179,10,5],["Mae Hong Son",19.301,97.969,10,5],["Mahmud-E Eraqi",35.017,69.333,10,5],["Mali",12.084,-12.301,10,5],["Mokhotlong",-29.291,29.078,10,5],["Muineachan",54.25,-6.967,10,5],["Nakasongola",1.309,32.456,10,5],["Nueva Ocotepeque",14.437,-89.182,10,5],["Oğuz",41.071,47.458,10,5],["Phangnga",8.451,98.534,10,5],["Phongsali",21.683,102.1,10,5],["Piggs Peak",-25.961,31.247,10,5],["Polygyros",40.381,23.453,10,5],["Port Maria",18.377,-76.9,10,5],["Pukë",42.033,19.883,10,5],["Saravan",15.716,106.427,10,5],["Sarnen",46.899,8.243,10,5],["Senmonorom",12.45,107.2,10,5],["Siteki",-26.455,31.952,10,5],["Sorø",55.433,11.567,10,5],["Stans",46.95,8.383,10,5],["Tarin Kowt",32.633,65.867,10,5],["Teyateyaneng",-29.153,27.753,10,5],["Vossavangen",60.63,6.441,10,5],["Yeghegnadzor",39.761,45.333,10,5],["Attapu",14.808,106.839,10,4],["Barclayville",4.8,-8.167,10,4],["Bensonville",6.433,-10.6,10,4],["Black River",18.031,-77.852,10,4],["Boffa",10.185,-14.043,10,4],["Georgetown",13.551,-14.767,10,4],["Grevenmacher",49.7,6.333,10,4],["Hlatikulu",-27,31.417,10,4],["Kaberamaido",1.739,33.159,10,4],["Kerewan",13.494,-16.095,10,4],["Louang Namtha",20.95,101.417,10,4],["Mkokotoni",-5.879,39.26,10,4],["Otavi",-19.64,17.342,10,4],["Punakha",27.584,89.864,10,4],["Qala i Naw",34.983,63.133,10,4],["Rivercess",5.465,-9.578,10,4],["Ros Comain",53.633,-8.183,10,4],["Sapouy",11.554,-1.774,10,4],["Sebba",13.436,0.53,10,4],["Wabag",-5.49,143.718,10,4],["Wangdue Prodrang",27.433,89.917,10,4],["Yuscarán",13.944,-86.851,10,4],["Bu'aale",1.083,42.583,10,3],["Buluko",-0.757,28.528,10,3],["Chiradzulu",-15.7,35.183,10,3],["Fulacunda",11.773,-15.195,10,3],["Hudur",4.183,43.867,10,3],["Leikanger",61.183,6.85,10,3],["Machinga",-14.967,35.517,10,3],["Santo António",1.645,7.412,10,3],["Dhuusa Mareeb",5.742,46.508,10,2],["Agdam",40.905,45.556,10,0]]}
diff --git a/src/data/placeBelow.js b/src/data/placeBelow.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c39d731e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/placeBelow.js
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+/**
+ * What a ground point is over, offline: on land the country (Natural Earth
+ * admin-0) and its first-level division (admin-1: "Sichuan, China"), plus,
+ * when asked for a radius, the most prominent populated place within it
+ * ("near Chengdu"); else the smallest named sea, gulf, strait, channel,
+ * sound or bay, else the ocean (`marine.json` carries the seven oceans).
+ * Bays narrower than a satellite frame cares about — fjords, lagoons,
+ * inlets, reefs and rivers — are skipped, so a pass reads "Bay of Bengal",
+ * not a harbour.
+ *
+ * PURE data module: no Cesium, node-testable. Each pack loads lazily on the
+ * first lookup that needs it (divisions on the first land hit, places on the
+ * first radius) and is indexed once; a country's division rings are decoded
+ * the first time a point falls inside it. A failed load is retried later
+ * (see `createRetryableLoader`). No network.
+ */
+
+import { loadBundledJson } from './bundledJson.js';
+import { createRetryableLoader } from './retryableLoad.js';
+import { containsAnchor, decodeRing } from './adminBoundaries.js';
+import { greatCircleKm } from '../geoDistance.js';
+
+/** Marine feature classes named as the place below; oceans come last. */
+const MARINE_KINDS = new Set([
+  'sea',
+  'gulf',
+  'strait',
+  'channel',
+  'sound',
+  'bay',
+]);
+
+const PACKS = {
+  countries: new URL(
+    './local_data/natural_earth/countries.json',
+    import.meta.url,
+  ),
+  marine: new URL('./local_data/natural_earth/marine.json', import.meta.url),
+  divisions: new URL(
+    './local_data/natural_earth/states_provinces.json',
+    import.meta.url,
+  ),
+  places: new URL(
+    './local_data/natural_earth/populated_places.json',
+    import.meta.url,
+  ),
+};
+
+/** Test seam: count pack loads (lazy-loading contract). */
+export const placePackLoads = { divisions: 0, places: 0 };
+
+/** The zoom from which the view names the populated place it shows. */
+export const NEAR_PLACE_MIN_ZOOM = 8;
+
+/**
+ * How far from the sub-satellite point a populated place may lie and still
+ * be named: half the view's smaller ground dimension from
+ * NEAR_PLACE_MIN_ZOOM on, so the place is in the picture whichever way it
+ * lies; null below it or without a size.
+ * @param {number} zoom Optical zoom.
+ * @param {number} widthKm The view's ground width, km.
+ * @param {number} [heightKm] The view's ground height, km; the width when
+ *   not given.
+ * @returns {number|null}
+ */
+export function nearPlaceRadiusKm(zoom, widthKm, heightKm = widthKm) {
+  if (!(zoom >= NEAR_PLACE_MIN_ZOOM)) return null;
+  const smallerKm = Math.min(widthKm, heightKm);
+  return Number.isFinite(smallerKm) && smallerKm > 0 ? smallerKm / 2 : null;
+}
+
+/** Shortest wait between two lookups, ms. */
+export const PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MS = 2000;
+/** Ground travel that makes a fresh lookup worth it, km. */
+export const PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MOVE_KM = 20;
+
+function boxOf(parts) {
+  let west = Infinity;
+  let south = Infinity;
+  let east = -Infinity;
+  let north = -Infinity;
+  for (const part of parts)
+    for (const ring of part)
+      for (const [lon, lat] of ring) {
+        if (lon < west) west = lon;
+        if (lon > east) east = lon;
+        if (lat < south) south = lat;
+        if (lat > north) north = lat;
+      }
+  return [west, south, east, north];
+}
+
+function inBox([west, south, east, north], lat, lon) {
+  return lat >= south && lat <= north && lon >= west && lon <= east;
+}
+
+/** Planar ring area in degrees², shrunk by cos(latitude): enough to rank. */
+function ringRank(ring) {
+  let sum = 0;
+  let latSum = 0;
+  for (let i = 0, j = ring.length - 1; i < ring.length; j = i, i += 1) {
+    sum += (ring[j][0] - ring[i][0]) * (ring[j][1] + ring[i][1]);
+    latSum += ring[i][1];
+  }
+  const meanLat = ring.length ? latSum / ring.length : 0;
+  return (Math.abs(sum) / 2) * Math.cos((meanLat * Math.PI) / 180);
+}
+
+const loadPlaces = createRetryableLoader(async () => {
+  const [countries, marine] = await Promise.all([
+    loadBundledJson(PACKS.countries),
+    loadBundledJson(PACKS.marine),
+  ]);
+  const decimals = countries.meta?.decimals ?? 3;
+  const land = [];
+  for (const feature of countries.features || []) {
+    const parts = (feature.polygons || []).map((part) =>
+      part.map((ring) => decodeRing(ring, decimals)),
+    );
+    if (!parts.length) continue;
+    land.push({
+      name: feature.name,
+      // Natural Earth writes -99 for units without an ISO code.
+      countryCode: /^[A-Z]{2}$/.test(feature.iso2 || '') ? feature.iso2 : null,
+      parts,
+      box: boxOf(parts),
+    });
+  }
+  const water = [];
+  for (const feature of marine.features || []) {
+    const kind = feature.featurecla;
+    if (kind !== 'ocean' && !MARINE_KINDS.has(kind)) continue;
+    // Marine rings are stored outer-only and plain [lon, lat].
+    const parts = (feature.polygons || []).map((ring) => [ring]);
+    if (!parts.length) continue;
+    water.push({
+      name: feature.name,
+      kind: kind === 'ocean' ? 'ocean' : 'sea',
+      parts,
+      box: boxOf(parts),
+      rank: parts.reduce((sum, [ring]) => sum + ringRank(ring), 0),
+    });
+  }
+  return { land, water };
+});
+
+/** Divisions grouped by country code; rings decoded per country on demand. */
+const loadDivisions = createRetryableLoader(async () => {
+  placePackLoads.divisions += 1;
+  const pack = await loadBundledJson(PACKS.divisions);
+  const decimals = pack.meta?.decimals ?? 3;
+  const byCountry = new Map();
+  for (const feature of pack.features || []) {
+    if (!feature.name || !/^[A-Z]{2}$/.test(feature.iso2 || '')) continue;
+    const list = byCountry.get(feature.iso2) || [];
+    list.push({ feature, decimals: feature.d ?? decimals });
+    byCountry.set(feature.iso2, list);
+  }
+  return { byCountry, decoded: new Map() };
+});
+
+/** The first-level division holding a point inside country `code`, or null. */
+async function divisionAt(code, lat, lon) {
+  if (!code) return null;
+  const { byCountry, decoded } = await loadDivisions();
+  let units = decoded.get(code);
+  if (!units) {
+    units = (byCountry.get(code) || []).map(({ feature, decimals }) => {
+      const parts = (feature.polygons || []).map((part) =>
+        part.map((ring) => decodeRing(ring, decimals)),
+      );
+      return { name: feature.name, parts, box: boxOf(parts) };
+    });
+    decoded.set(code, units);
+  }
+  for (const unit of units)
+    if (inBox(unit.box, lat, lon) && containsAnchor(unit.parts, lat, lon))
+      return unit.name;
+  return null;
+}
+
+const loadPopulatedPlaces = createRetryableLoader(async () => {
+  placePackLoads.places += 1;
+  const pack = await loadBundledJson(PACKS.places);
+  return (pack.places || []).filter(
+    (row) =>
+      Array.isArray(row) &&
+      row[0] &&
+      Number.isFinite(row[1]) &&
+      Number.isFinite(row[2]),
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * The most prominent populated place within `radiusKm` of a point (lowest
+ * Natural Earth scalerank, then the larger population class, then the
+ * nearer), or null.
+ * @returns {Promise<string|null>}
+ */
+export async function nearPlace(lat, lon, radiusKm) {
+  if (!(radiusKm > 0) || !Number.isFinite(lat) || !Number.isFinite(lon))
+    return null;
+  const places = await loadPopulatedPlaces();
+  const latSpan = radiusKm / 111;
+  const cosLat = Math.cos((lat * Math.PI) / 180);
+  const lonSpan = cosLat > 0.01 ? latSpan / cosLat : 360;
+  let best = null;
+  for (const [name, pLat, pLon, scalerank, rankMax] of places) {
+    if (Math.abs(pLat - lat) > latSpan) continue;
+    const dLon = Math.abs(((((pLon - lon + 180) % 360) + 360) % 360) - 180);
+    if (dLon > lonSpan) continue;
+    const km = greatCircleKm({ lat, lon }, { lat: pLat, lon: pLon });
+    if (km > radiusKm) continue;
+    if (
+      !best ||
+      scalerank < best.scalerank ||
+      (scalerank === best.scalerank &&
+        (rankMax > best.rankMax || (rankMax === best.rankMax && km < best.km)))
+    )
+      best = { name, scalerank, rankMax, km };
+  }
+  return best ? best.name : null;
+}
+
+/** The division and near-place lookups `placeBelow` adds on land. */
+const DETAIL_LOOKUPS = Object.freeze({ division: divisionAt, near: nearPlace });
+
+/** A detail lookup's answer, or null when it (its pack) fails. */
+async function orNull(lookup) {
+  try {
+    return (await lookup()) ?? null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The place under a ground point.
+ * @param {number} latitude Degrees.
+ * @param {number} longitude Degrees, any wrap.
+ * @param {{nearKm?: number|null, detail?: {division: Function,
+ *   near: Function}}} [options] On land, also name the most prominent
+ *   populated place within `nearKm` (`nearPlaceRadiusKm`). `detail` replaces
+ *   the division and near-place lookups (a test seam).
+ * @returns {Promise<{kind: 'country'|'sea'|'ocean', name: string,
+ *   countryCode: string|null, division?: string|null,
+ *   near?: string|null}|null>} A country carries its first-level `division`
+ *   and the `near` place (each null when none, or when its pack failed to
+ *   load: the country still stands); a sea or ocean neither. Null when no
+ *   feature holds the point (a coastline gap left by the packs'
+ *   simplification) or it is invalid. Rejects only when the country and
+ *   marine packs fail.
+ */
+export async function placeBelow(
+  latitude,
+  longitude,
+  { nearKm = null, detail = DETAIL_LOOKUPS } = {},
+) {
+  if (
+    !Number.isFinite(latitude) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(longitude) ||
+    Math.abs(latitude) > 90
+  )
+    return null;
+  const lon = ((((longitude + 180) % 360) + 360) % 360) - 180;
+  const { land, water } = await loadPlaces();
+  for (const entry of land) {
+    if (
+      inBox(entry.box, latitude, lon) &&
+      containsAnchor(entry.parts, latitude, lon)
+    )
+      return {
+        kind: 'country',
+        name: entry.name,
+        countryCode: entry.countryCode,
+        division: await orNull(() =>
+          detail.division(entry.countryCode, latitude, lon),
+        ),
+        near: await orNull(() => detail.near(latitude, lon, nearKm)),
+      };
+  }
+  let best = null;
+  for (const entry of water) {
+    if (best && entry.rank >= best.rank) continue;
+    if (
+      inBox(entry.box, latitude, lon) &&
+      containsAnchor(entry.parts, latitude, lon)
+    )
+      best = entry;
+  }
+  return best ? { kind: best.kind, name: best.name, countryCode: null } : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether two radii ask for the same detail: both off, or within 20% (a
+ * zoom step at least halves the view; altitude drift moves it far less).
+ */
+function sameRadius(a, b) {
+  if (a === null || b === null) return a === b;
+  return Math.max(a, b) / Math.min(a, b) < 1.2;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Keep the place below a moving ground point current without a lookup per
+ * frame: a new lookup once at least `minIntervalMs` has passed AND the point
+ * has moved `minMoveKm` (a low orbit refreshes about every 2.6 s, a
+ * geostationary one never after the first). A new `nearKm` radius (a zoom
+ * step) looks up again at once. One lookup runs at a time; a result that
+ * arrives after `reset()` is dropped. A failed lookup reports no place (the
+ * old one would name ground the view has left) and lets the next update
+ * look up again at once.
+ * @param {{onPlace: (place: object|null) => void,
+ *   lookup?: (lat: number, lon: number,
+ *     options: {nearKm: number|null}) => Promise<object|null>,
+ *   minIntervalMs?: number, minMoveKm?: number}} options
+ */
+export function createPlaceTracker({
+  onPlace,
+  lookup = placeBelow,
+  minIntervalMs = PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MS,
+  minMoveKm = PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MOVE_KM,
+}) {
+  let generation = 0;
+  let inFlight = false;
+  let last = null;
+  return {
+    /**
+     * Offer the current ground point and the radius to name a place in.
+     * @returns {boolean} True when a lookup started.
+     */
+    update(lat, lon, nowMs, nearKm = null) {
+      if (inFlight || !Number.isFinite(lat) || !Number.isFinite(lon))
+        return false;
+      const radius = Number.isFinite(nearKm) && nearKm > 0 ? nearKm : null;
+      if (
+        last &&
+        sameRadius(last.nearKm, radius) &&
+        (nowMs - last.ms < minIntervalMs ||
+          greatCircleKm(last, { lat, lon }) < minMoveKm)
+      )
+        return false;
+      last = { lat, lon, ms: nowMs, nearKm: radius };
+      inFlight = true;
+      const token = generation;
+      Promise.resolve()
+        .then(() => lookup(lat, lon, { nearKm: radius }))
+        .then(
+          (place) => {
+            if (token !== generation) return;
+            inFlight = false;
+            onPlace(place ?? null);
+          },
+          () => {
+            if (token !== generation) return;
+            inFlight = false;
+            last = null;
+            onPlace(null);
+          },
+        );
+      return true;
+    },
+    /** Forget the point and drop any lookup still in flight. */
+    reset() {
+      generation += 1;
+      inFlight = false;
+      last = null;
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/data/placeBelow.test.mjs b/src/data/placeBelow.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90c47d1ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/placeBelow.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+// src/data/placeBelow.test.mjs — what the ground track is over, offline:
+// division and country on land (with the populated place in view from 8x),
+// the smallest named sea, else the ocean; and the tracker that keeps it
+// current without a lookup per frame.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import {
+  NEAR_PLACE_MIN_ZOOM,
+  PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MOVE_KM,
+  PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MS,
+  createPlaceTracker,
+  nearPlaceRadiusKm,
+  placeBelow,
+  placePackLoads,
+} from './placeBelow.js';
+
+const PLACES_PACK = new URL(
+  './local_data/natural_earth/populated_places.json',
+  import.meta.url,
+);
+
+// Runs first: the counters are module-wide.
+test('the division and place packs load only when a lookup needs them', async () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(placePackLoads, { divisions: 0, places: 0 });
+  await placeBelow(42, 51, { nearKm: 50 });
+  assert.deepEqual(placePackLoads, { divisions: 0, places: 0 }, 'at sea');
+  await placeBelow(30.9, 104.2);
+  assert.deepEqual(placePackLoads, { divisions: 1, places: 0 }, 'at 1x');
+  await placeBelow(30.9, 104.2, { nearKm: 60 });
+  await placeBelow(31.2, 104.5, { nearKm: 30 });
+  assert.deepEqual(placePackLoads, { divisions: 1, places: 1 }, 'kept');
+});
+
+test('the populated-place pack is compact rows of name, position and rank', () => {
+  const bytes = readFileSync(PLACES_PACK);
+  assert.ok(bytes.length < 300_000, `${bytes.length} bytes`);
+  const pack = JSON.parse(bytes);
+  assert.match(pack.meta.url, /nvkelso\/natural-earth-vector/);
+  assert.match(pack.meta.license, /^Public domain/);
+  assert.ok(pack.places.length > 7000);
+  for (const [name, lat, lon, scalerank, rankMax] of pack.places) {
+    assert.equal(typeof name, 'string');
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(lat) <= 90 && Math.abs(lon) <= 180, name);
+    assert.ok(Number.isInteger(scalerank) && Number.isInteger(rankMax), name);
+  }
+});
+
+test('over land the place is the division and country, with its ISO code', async () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(await placeBelow(48.85, 2.35), {
+    kind: 'country',
+    name: 'France',
+    countryCode: 'FR',
+    division: 'Paris',
+    near: null,
+  });
+  // Across the antimeridian, and with a wrapped longitude.
+  assert.equal((await placeBelow(66, -175)).countryCode, 'RU');
+  assert.equal((await placeBelow(-17.8, 178)).countryCode, 'FJ');
+  assert.equal((await placeBelow(48.85, 362.35)).countryCode, 'FR');
+});
+
+test('at 1x a point in Sichuan reads Sichuan, China, with no city', async () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(await placeBelow(30.9, 104.2), {
+    kind: 'country',
+    name: 'China',
+    countryCode: 'CN',
+    division: 'Sichuan',
+    near: null,
+  });
+  assert.equal(nearPlaceRadiusKm(1, 1400), null);
+  assert.equal(nearPlaceRadiusKm(NEAR_PLACE_MIN_ZOOM / 2, 300), null);
+});
+
+test('from 8x the most prominent populated place in view is named', async () => {
+  assert.equal(NEAR_PLACE_MIN_ZOOM, 8);
+  // An 8x view ~120 km wide: Chengdu lies ~30 km off, inside half of it.
+  const nearKm = nearPlaceRadiusKm(8, 120);
+  assert.equal(nearKm, 60);
+  const place = await placeBelow(30.9, 104.2, { nearKm });
+  assert.equal(place.division, 'Sichuan');
+  assert.equal(place.near, 'Chengdu');
+  // Deyang lies nearer this point; Chengdu still outranks it.
+  assert.equal(
+    (await placeBelow(31.1, 104.35, { nearKm: 60 })).near,
+    'Chengdu',
+  );
+});
+
+test('no city is named when none lies within half the view', async () => {
+  // ~100 km west of Chengdu, in the mountains.
+  const place = await placeBelow(30.67, 103.0, { nearKm: 30 });
+  assert.equal(place.division, 'Sichuan');
+  assert.equal(place.near, null);
+  assert.equal(nearPlaceRadiusKm(8, Number.NaN), null);
+});
+
+test('at sea the smallest named sea wins over its ocean', async () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(await placeBelow(42, 51), {
+    kind: 'sea',
+    name: 'Caspian Sea',
+    countryCode: null,
+  });
+  // A radius changes nothing at sea.
+  assert.deepEqual(await placeBelow(42, 51, { nearKm: 60 }), {
+    kind: 'sea',
+    name: 'Caspian Sea',
+    countryCode: null,
+  });
+  assert.equal((await placeBelow(15, 88)).name, 'Bay of Bengal');
+  assert.equal((await placeBelow(35, 18)).name, 'Mediterranean Sea');
+});
+
+test('open water far from any sea is the ocean', async () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(await placeBelow(0, -150), {
+    kind: 'ocean',
+    name: 'South Pacific Ocean',
+    countryCode: null,
+  });
+  assert.equal((await placeBelow(40, 179.9)).name, 'North Pacific Ocean');
+  assert.equal((await placeBelow(40, -179.9)).name, 'North Pacific Ocean');
+  assert.equal((await placeBelow(40, -40)).name, 'North Atlantic Ocean');
+});
+
+test('an invalid point has no place', async () => {
+  assert.equal(await placeBelow(Number.NaN, 0), null);
+  assert.equal(await placeBelow(91, 0), null);
+});
+
+/** A lookup whose answers the test releases by hand. */
+function manualLookup() {
+  const calls = [];
+  const lookup = (lat, lon, options) =>
+    new Promise((resolve) => calls.push({ lat, lon, options, resolve }));
+  return { calls, lookup };
+}
+const flush = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+
+test('the tracker looks up again only after both time and distance', async () => {
+  const { calls, lookup } = manualLookup();
+  const places = [];
+  const tracker = createPlaceTracker({
+    lookup,
+    onPlace: (place) => places.push(place),
+  });
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(0, 0, 1000), true, 'the first point');
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(5, 5, 1100), false, 'one lookup at a time');
+  calls[0].resolve({ kind: 'ocean', name: 'A' });
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(places, [{ kind: 'ocean', name: 'A' }]);
+  // Far enough, but too soon.
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(5, 5, 1000 + PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MS - 1), false);
+  // Long enough, but barely moved (a geostationary satellite).
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(0.01, 0, 1000 + PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MS * 5), false);
+  // Both: a low orbit ~2.6 s on.
+  const movedDeg = (PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MOVE_KM + 1) / 111.2;
+  assert.equal(
+    tracker.update(movedDeg, 0, 1000 + PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MS * 5),
+    true,
+  );
+  await flush();
+  calls[1].resolve(null);
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(places.at(-1), null, 'nothing named there is reported');
+});
+
+test('a new radius (a zoom step) looks up again at once', async () => {
+  const { calls, lookup } = manualLookup();
+  const tracker = createPlaceTracker({ lookup, onPlace: () => {} });
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(0, 0, 1000), true);
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls[0].lat, 0);
+  calls[0].resolve(null);
+  await flush();
+  // Same point, a moment later: only the zoom changed.
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(0, 0, 1100, 60), true, 'into 8x');
+  await flush();
+  calls[1].resolve(null);
+  await flush();
+  // Altitude drift barely moves the radius: the gate holds.
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(0, 0, 1200, 62), false);
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(0, 0, 1300, 30), true, 'to 16x');
+  await flush();
+  calls[2].resolve(null);
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(0, 0, 1400, null), true, 'back below 8x');
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    calls.map((call) => call.options),
+    [{ nearKm: null }, { nearKm: 60 }, { nearKm: 30 }, { nearKm: null }],
+  );
+});
+
+test('a lookup that lands after reset is dropped', async () => {
+  const { calls, lookup } = manualLookup();
+  const places = [];
+  const tracker = createPlaceTracker({
+    lookup,
+    onPlace: (place) => places.push(place),
+  });
+  tracker.update(0, 0, 0);
+  await flush();
+  tracker.reset();
+  // A new session looks up at once.
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(10, 10, 1), true);
+  await flush();
+  calls[0].resolve({ name: 'stale' });
+  calls[1].resolve({ name: 'fresh' });
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(places, [{ name: 'fresh' }]);
+});
+
+test('a failed lookup frees the tracker for the next point', async () => {
+  let fail = true;
+  const places = [];
+  const tracker = createPlaceTracker({
+    lookup: async () => {
+      if (fail) throw new Error('pack failed');
+      return { name: 'ok' };
+    },
+    onPlace: (place) => places.push(place),
+    minIntervalMs: 0,
+    minMoveKm: 0,
+  });
+  tracker.update(0, 0, 0);
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(places, [null]);
+  fail = false;
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(0, 0, 1), true);
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(places, [null, { name: 'ok' }]);
+});
+
+test('the near-place radius is half the smaller side of the view', () => {
+  assert.equal(nearPlaceRadiusKm(8, 120, 60), 30, 'landscape');
+  assert.equal(nearPlaceRadiusKm(8, 60, 120), 30, 'portrait');
+  assert.equal(nearPlaceRadiusKm(8, 120), 60, 'square without a height');
+  assert.equal(nearPlaceRadiusKm(8, 120, Number.NaN), null);
+});
+
+test('a failed division or place pack still names the country', async () => {
+  const fail = async () => {
+    throw new Error('pack failed');
+  };
+  const place = await placeBelow(30.9, 104.2, {
+    nearKm: 60,
+    detail: { division: fail, near: fail },
+  });
+  assert.equal(place.kind, 'country');
+  assert.equal(place.countryCode, 'CN');
+  assert.equal(place.division, null);
+  assert.equal(place.near, null);
+});
+
+test('a failed lookup hides the old place and looks again on the next update', async () => {
+  let fail = false;
+  const places = [];
+  const tracker = createPlaceTracker({
+    lookup: async () => {
+      if (fail) throw new Error('pack failed');
+      return { kind: 'sea', name: 'Bay of Biscay' };
+    },
+    onPlace: (place) => places.push(place),
+  });
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(45, -5, 0), true);
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(places, [{ kind: 'sea', name: 'Bay of Biscay' }]);
+  // Over France the lookup fails: the bay must not stay on the band.
+  fail = true;
+  const movedDeg = (PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MOVE_KM + 1) / 111.2;
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(45 + movedDeg, 0, PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MS), true);
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(places.at(-1), null, 'the band hides');
+  // The next tick tries again at once, even without moving (a GEO view).
+  fail = false;
+  assert.equal(tracker.update(45 + movedDeg, 0, PLACE_LOOKUP_MIN_MS + 1), true);
+  await flush();
+  assert.deepEqual(places.at(-1), { kind: 'sea', name: 'Bay of Biscay' });
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index cdb5659ab..569726ca2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -150,8 +150,10 @@
   "Estimated session cost on {modelId} — {responses} response(s). Warns at {warn}, ends the session at {cap}.": "التكلفة التقديرية للجلسة على {modelId} — عدد الاستجابات: {responses}. تنبيه عند {warn}، وتنتهي الجلسة عند {cap}.",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "عرض قمرة قيادة الطائرة",
   "Ship bridge view": "عرض غرفة قيادة السفينة",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "العرض المداري من القمر الصناعي",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "الخروج من القمرة",
   "EXIT BRIDGE": "الخروج من غرفة القيادة",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "الخروج من المدار",
   "GROUND SPEED": "السرعة الأرضية",
   "SPEED OVER GROUND": "السرعة فوق القاع",
   "COURSE OVER GROUND": "المسار فوق القاع",
@@ -279,6 +281,7 @@
   "RESET": "إعادة ضبط",
   "Exit cockpit view": "الخروج من عرض القمرة",
   "Exit bridge view": "الخروج من عرض غرفة القيادة",
+  "Exit orbital view": "الخروج من العرض المداري",
   "Estimated flight plan": "خطة الرحلة التقديرية",
   "Reported voyage": "الرحلة المُبلَّغ عنها",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "خطة الرحلة التقديرية",
@@ -372,6 +375,7 @@
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · المسار {heading}°",
   "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · الاتجاه {heading}°",
   "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · لا اتجاه",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · عرض باتجاه النظير",
   "Select flight {title}": "اختيار الرحلة {title}",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "السياق في وضع الاستعداد",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "فعّل السياق العالمي لإشارات العناصر القريبة",
@@ -800,6 +804,28 @@
   "RECONSTRUCTED ESTIMATE": "تقدير مُعاد بناؤه",
   "{value} KM": "{value} كم",
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} كم/ث",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "انحراف عن النظير {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "تكبير {zoom}×",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "عرض نطاق التصوير {value} كم",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "عرض نطاق التصوير ≈ {value} كم",
+  "Orbital view": "العرض المداري",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "العرض المداري · النظير",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "السرعة المدارية",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "نقطة تحت القمر الصناعي",
+  "NORTH UP": "الشمال للأعلى",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "يحلّق الآن فوق",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}، {country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · قرب {place}",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "الحقبة {time}",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "إظهار مجموعة العناصر ثنائية السطر",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "إخفاء مجموعة العناصر ثنائية السطر",
+  "Two-line element set": "مجموعة العناصر ثنائية السطر",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "إعادة العرض إلى النظير",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "العودة إلى النظير (Home أو 0)",
+  "NADIR": "إلى النظير",
   "REPLAY ASCENT": "إعادة عرض الصعود",
   "Replay the estimated ascent with a following camera": "إعادة عرض الصعود التقديري بكاميرا مرافقة",
   "Pause replay": "إيقاف إعادة العرض مؤقتًا",
@@ -3150,9 +3176,11 @@
   "SIG": "إشارات",
   "LOCAL": "محلي",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC خروج",
-  "C TOGGLE": "C تبديل",
   "ARROWS LOOK": "الأسهم للنظر",
   "HOME RESET": "Home إعادة الضبط",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/− للتكبير",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "الأسهم للإمالة",
+  "HOME NADIR": "Home النظير",
   "Active weather products": "منتجات الطقس النشطة",
   "RECENT IMAGERY": "الصور الحديثة",
   "Imagery days in the box": "أيام الصور في المنطقة",
@@ -3545,5 +3573,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "يعطي SATCAT من CelesTrak نوع كل جسم وحالته. من دون نسخة حديثة تستند الفئات إلى قاعدة بيانات UCS والأسماء ومجموعات CelesTrak، فقد يظهر قمر صناعي توقف عن العمل منذ ذلك الحين وكأنه يعمل.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
-  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "تثبيت المسار · AIS"
+  "FWD": "أمام",
+  "AFT": "خلف",
+  "RIGHT": "يمين",
+  "LEFT": "يسار",
+  "TRACK UP": "المسار للأعلى",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "تثبيت المسار · AIS",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "تكبير (+)",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "تصغير (−)",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "العرض المداري · انحراف عن النظير"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 3a6f465a8..fb1694c57 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -191,6 +191,28 @@
   "Select {mission}": "{mission} auswählen",
   "{value} KM": "{value} KM",
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "NADIRABWEICHUNG {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "STREIFENBREITE {value} KM",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "STREIFENBREITE ≈ {value} KM",
+  "Orbital view": "Orbitalansicht",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "ORBITALANSICHT · NADIR",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "BAHNGESCHWINDIGKEIT",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "SUBSATELLITENPUNKT",
+  "NORTH UP": "NORDEN OBEN",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "AKTUELL ÜBER",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}, {country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · nahe {place}",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "EPOCHE {time}",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "Zweizeilen-Bahnelemente anzeigen",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "Zweizeilen-Bahnelemente ausblenden",
+  "Two-line element set": "Zweizeilen-Bahnelemente",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "Ansicht zurück auf den Nadir richten",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "Zurück zum Nadir (Pos1 oder 0)",
+  "NADIR": "ZUM NADIR",
   "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "GEWÄHLTE RAUMMISSION",
   "Show all missions": "Alle Missionen anzeigen",
   "Deselect mission": "Mission abwählen",
@@ -483,6 +505,7 @@
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · KURS {heading}°",
   "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · STEUERKURS {heading}°",
   "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · KEIN STEUERKURS",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · NADIRANSICHT",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "Kontext konnte nicht alle Ebenen wiederherstellen; erneut versuchen",
   "No selected data layers": "Keine Datenebenen ausgewählt",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -670,6 +693,7 @@
   "Radio did not start": "Radio wurde nicht gestartet",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Flugzeug-Cockpitansicht",
   "Ship bridge view": "Ansicht von der Schiffsbrücke",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "Orbitalansicht vom Satelliten",
   "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "BLICK STEUERBORD {bearing}°",
   "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "BLICK BACKBORD {bearing}°",
   "LOOK ASTERN": "BLICK ACHTERAUS",
@@ -757,8 +781,10 @@
   "RESET": "RESET",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Cockpitansicht verlassen",
   "Exit bridge view": "Brückenansicht verlassen",
+  "Exit orbital view": "Orbitalansicht verlassen",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "COCKPIT VERLASSEN",
   "EXIT BRIDGE": "BRÜCKE VERLASSEN",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "ORBIT VERLASSEN",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Steuerung für Navigation, Sprache und visuelle Presets",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "Visuelle Presets ausklappen",
   "Pin visual presets": "Visuelle Presets anheften",
@@ -2872,9 +2898,11 @@
   "SIG": "SIG",
   "LOCAL": "LOKAL",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC BEENDEN",
-  "C TOGGLE": "C UMSCHALTEN",
   "ARROWS LOOK": "PFEILE UMSEHEN",
   "HOME RESET": "POS1 ZURÜCKSETZEN",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/− ZOOMEN",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "PFEILE NEIGEN",
+  "HOME NADIR": "POS1 NADIR",
   "Active weather products": "Aktive Wetterprodukte",
   "RECENT IMAGERY": "AKTUELLE BILDDATEN",
   "Imagery days in the box": "Bildtage im Bereich",
@@ -3241,5 +3269,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT liefert Typ und Status jedes Objekts. Ohne aktuelle Kopie stützen sich die Klassen auf die UCS-Datenbank, Namen und CelesTrak-Gruppen, sodass ein inzwischen ausgefallener Satellit noch als aktiv erscheinen kann.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
-  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "KURS FIX · AIS"
+  "FWD": "VORAUS",
+  "AFT": "ACHTERN",
+  "RIGHT": "RECHTS",
+  "LEFT": "LINKS",
+  "TRACK UP": "KURS OBEN",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "KURS FIX · AIS",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "Hineinzoomen (+)",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "Herauszoomen (−)",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "ORBITALANSICHT · NADIRABWEICHUNG"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 0769449be..52dc211c2 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -39,8 +39,10 @@
   "Close data attribution": "Cerrar la atribución de datos",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Vista de cabina de la aeronave",
   "Ship bridge view": "Vista desde el puente del buque",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "Vista orbital desde el satélite",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "SALIR DE CABINA",
   "EXIT BRIDGE": "SALIR DEL PUENTE",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "SALIR DE LA ÓRBITA",
   "GROUND SPEED": "VEL. SUELO",
   "SPEED OVER GROUND": "VEL. SOBRE FONDO",
   "COURSE OVER GROUND": "RUMBO SOBRE FONDO",
@@ -166,6 +168,7 @@
   "RESET": "RESTABLECER",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Salir de la vista de cabina",
   "Exit bridge view": "Salir de la vista del puente",
+  "Exit orbital view": "Salir de la vista orbital",
   "Estimated flight plan": "Plan de vuelo estimado",
   "Reported voyage": "Viaje notificado",
   "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "PLAN DE VUELO ESTIMADO",
@@ -261,6 +264,7 @@
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · RUMBO {heading}°",
   "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · PROA {heading}°",
   "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · SIN PROA",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · VISTA AL NADIR",
   "Select flight {title}": "Seleccionar el vuelo {title}",
   "CONTEXT STANDBY": "CONTEXTO EN ESPERA",
   "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "ACTIVAR CONTEXTO GLOBAL PARA PINGS DE PROXIMIDAD",
@@ -658,6 +662,28 @@
   "RECONSTRUCTED ESTIMATE": "ESTIMACIÓN RECONSTRUIDA",
   "{value} KM": "{value} KM",
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "FUERA DEL NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "BARRIDO {value} KM",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "BARRIDO ≈ {value} KM",
+  "Orbital view": "Vista orbital",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "VISTA ORBITAL · NADIR",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "VELOCIDAD ORBITAL",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "PUNTO SUBSATELITAL",
+  "NORTH UP": "NORTE ARRIBA",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "SOBREVOLANDO",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}, {country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · cerca de {place}",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "ÉPOCA {time}",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "Mostrar el conjunto de elementos de dos líneas",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "Ocultar el conjunto de elementos de dos líneas",
+  "Two-line element set": "Conjunto de elementos de dos líneas",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "Volver la vista al nadir",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "Volver al nadir (Inicio o 0)",
+  "NADIR": "AL NADIR",
   "REPLAY ASCENT": "REPETIR ASCENSO",
   "Replay the estimated ascent with a following camera": "Reproduce el ascenso estimado con una cámara de seguimiento",
   "Pause replay": "Pausar repetición",
@@ -1642,9 +1668,11 @@
   "OVERPASS TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE": "OVERPASS TEMPORALMENTE NO DISPONIBLE",
   "Weather data by Open-Meteo.com": "Datos meteorológicos de Open-Meteo.com",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC SALIR",
-  "C TOGGLE": "C ALTERNAR",
   "ARROWS LOOK": "FLECHAS MIRAR",
   "HOME RESET": "INICIO RESTABLECER",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/− ACERCAR/ALEJAR",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "FLECHAS INCLINAR",
+  "HOME NADIR": "INICIO NADIR",
   "SIG": "SIG",
   "NEWS": "NOTICIAS",
   "LOCAL": "LOCAL",
@@ -3317,5 +3345,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "SATCAT de CelesTrak da el tipo y el estado de cada objeto. Sin una copia actual, las clases se basan en la base de datos UCS, los nombres y los grupos de CelesTrak, así que un satélite que haya dejado de funcionar puede seguir apareciendo como operativo.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
-  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "BLOQUEO DE RUMBO · AIS"
+  "FWD": "ADELANTE",
+  "AFT": "ATRÁS",
+  "RIGHT": "DERECHA",
+  "LEFT": "IZQUIERDA",
+  "TRACK UP": "TRAYECTORIA ARRIBA",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "BLOQUEO DE RUMBO · AIS",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "Acercar (+)",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "Alejar (−)",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "VISTA ORBITAL · FUERA DEL NADIR"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index ce2b8e4c3..58d4f4f34 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -827,6 +827,28 @@
   "Select {mission}": "Sélectionner {mission}",
   "{value} KM": "{value} KM",
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "HORS NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "FAUCHÉE {value} KM",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "FAUCHÉE ≈ {value} KM",
+  "Orbital view": "Vue orbitale",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "VUE ORBITALE · NADIR",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "VITESSE ORBITALE",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "POINT SUBSATELLITE",
+  "NORTH UP": "NORD EN HAUT",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "SURVOL ACTUEL",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}, {country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · près de {place}",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "ÉPOQUE {time}",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "Afficher le jeu d'éléments à deux lignes",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "Masquer le jeu d'éléments à deux lignes",
+  "Two-line element set": "Jeu d'éléments à deux lignes",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "Ramener la vue au nadir",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "Retour au nadir (Home ou 0)",
+  "NADIR": "AU NADIR",
   "Selected Space Mission": "Mission spatiale sélectionnée",
   "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "MISSION SPATIALE SÉLECTIONNÉE",
   "Show all missions": "Afficher toutes les missions",
@@ -1754,6 +1776,7 @@
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · ROUTE {heading}°",
   "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · CAP {heading}°",
   "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · SANS CAP",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · VUE AU NADIR",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "Le contexte n'a pas pu restaurer toutes les couches ; réessayez",
   "No selected data layers": "Aucune couche de données sélectionnée",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2704,6 +2727,7 @@
   "HERE": "ICI",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Vue cockpit de l'aéronef",
   "Ship bridge view": "Vue depuis la passerelle du navire",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "Vue orbitale depuis le satellite",
   "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "VUE TRIBORD {bearing}°",
   "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "VUE BÂBORD {bearing}°",
   "LOOK ASTERN": "VUE ARRIÈRE",
@@ -2799,16 +2823,20 @@
   "VOLUME": "VOLUME",
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "Volume de la Radio du cockpit",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC QUITTER",
-  "C TOGGLE": "C BASCULER",
   "ARROWS LOOK": "FLÈCHES REGARDER",
   "HOME RESET": "HOME RECENTRER",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/− ZOOMER",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "FLÈCHES INCLINER",
+  "HOME NADIR": "HOME AU NADIR",
   "View switcher": "Sélecteur de vue",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Quitter le cockpit et revenir à la vue du globe entier",
   "RESET": "RÉINIT.",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Quitter la vue cockpit",
   "Exit bridge view": "Quitter la vue passerelle",
+  "Exit orbital view": "Quitter la vue orbitale",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "QUITTER LE COCKPIT",
   "EXIT BRIDGE": "QUITTER LA PASSERELLE",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "QUITTER L'ORBITE",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Commandes de navigation, de voix et de préréglages visuels",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "Développer les préréglages visuels",
   "Pin visual presets": "Épingler les préréglages visuels",
@@ -3317,5 +3345,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "SATCAT de CelesTrak donne le type et l’état de chaque objet. Sans copie à jour, les classes reposent sur la base UCS, les noms et les groupes CelesTrak : un satellite hors service depuis peut encore apparaître comme actif.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
-  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "VERROU ROUTE · AIS"
+  "FWD": "AVANT",
+  "AFT": "ARRIÈRE",
+  "RIGHT": "DROITE",
+  "LEFT": "GAUCHE",
+  "TRACK UP": "TRACE EN HAUT",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "VERROU ROUTE · AIS",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "Zoomer (+)",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "Dézoomer (−)",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "VUE ORBITALE · HORS NADIR"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index c51ca0173..d334a4e96 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -827,6 +827,28 @@
   "Select {mission}": "Seleziona {mission}",
   "{value} KM": "{value} KM",
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "FUORI NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "STRISCIATA {value} KM",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "STRISCIATA ≈ {value} KM",
+  "Orbital view": "Vista orbitale",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "VISTA ORBITALE · NADIR",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "VELOCITÀ ORBITALE",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "PUNTO SUBSATELLITARE",
+  "NORTH UP": "NORD IN ALTO",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "ATTUALMENTE SOPRA",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}, {country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · vicino a {place}",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "EPOCA {time}",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "Mostra il set di elementi a due righe",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "Nascondi il set di elementi a due righe",
+  "Two-line element set": "Set di elementi a due righe",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "Riporta la vista al nadir",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "Torna al nadir (Home o 0)",
+  "NADIR": "AL NADIR",
   "Selected Space Mission": "Missione spaziale selezionata",
   "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "MISSIONE SPAZIALE SELEZIONATA",
   "Show all missions": "Mostra tutte le missioni",
@@ -1754,6 +1776,7 @@
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · ROTTA {heading}°",
   "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · PRUA {heading}°",
   "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · NESSUNA PRUA",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · VISTA AL NADIR",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "Il Contesto non ha potuto ripristinare tutti i livelli; riprova",
   "No selected data layers": "Nessun livello dati selezionato",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2704,6 +2727,7 @@
   "HERE": "QUI",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Vista cockpit dell'aereo",
   "Ship bridge view": "Vista dalla plancia della nave",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "Vista orbitale dal satellite",
   "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "VISTA DRITTA {bearing}°",
   "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "VISTA SINISTRA {bearing}°",
   "LOOK ASTERN": "VISTA A POPPA",
@@ -2799,16 +2823,20 @@
   "VOLUME": "VOLUME",
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "Volume Radio del cockpit",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC ESCI",
-  "C TOGGLE": "C ALTERNA",
   "ARROWS LOOK": "FRECCE GUARDA",
   "HOME RESET": "HOME RIPRISTINA",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/− AVVICINA/ALLONTANA",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "FRECCE INCLINA",
+  "HOME NADIR": "HOME AL NADIR",
   "View switcher": "Selettore vista",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Esci dal cockpit e torna alla vista del globo intero",
   "RESET": "RESET",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Esci dalla vista cockpit",
   "Exit bridge view": "Esci dalla vista plancia",
+  "Exit orbital view": "Esci dalla vista orbitale",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "ESCI DAL COCKPIT",
   "EXIT BRIDGE": "ESCI DALLA PLANCIA",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "ESCI DALL'ORBITA",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Controlli di navigazione, voce e preset visivi",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "Espandi Preset visivi",
   "Pin visual presets": "Fissa i preset visivi",
@@ -3317,5 +3345,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "SATCAT di CelesTrak fornisce tipo e stato di ogni oggetto. Senza una copia aggiornata le classi si basano sul database UCS, sui nomi e sui gruppi CelesTrak, quindi un satellite che nel frattempo ha cessato di funzionare può ancora risultare operativo.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
-  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "BLOCCO ROTTA · AIS"
+  "FWD": "AVANTI",
+  "AFT": "INDIETRO",
+  "RIGHT": "DESTRA",
+  "LEFT": "SINISTRA",
+  "TRACK UP": "TRACCIA IN ALTO",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "BLOCCO ROTTA · AIS",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "Avvicina (+)",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "Allontana (−)",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "VISTA ORBITALE · FUORI NADIR"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index a6bd37c88..bb384a245 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -801,6 +801,28 @@
   "Select {mission}": "{mission}を選択",
   "{value} KM": "{value} km",
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} km/s",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "オフナディア {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ズーム {zoom}×",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "観測幅 {value} km",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "観測幅 ≈ {value} km",
+  "Orbital view": "軌道ビュー",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "軌道ビュー · 直下",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "軌道速度",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "衛星直下点",
+  "NORTH UP": "ノースアップ",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "現在の上空",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}、{country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · {place}付近",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "元期 {time}",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "2行軌道要素を表示",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "2行軌道要素を隠す",
+  "Two-line element set": "2行軌道要素",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "ビューを直下に戻す",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "直下に戻る（Homeまたは0）",
+  "NADIR": "直下に戻す",
   "Selected Space Mission": "選択中の宇宙ミッション",
   "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "選択中の宇宙ミッション",
   "Show all missions": "すべてのミッションを表示",
@@ -1702,6 +1724,7 @@
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 対地針路 {heading}°",
   "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · 船首方位 {heading}°",
   "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · 船首方位なし",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · 直下視",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "コンテキストがすべてのレイヤーを復元できませんでした。もう一度お試しください",
   "No selected data layers": "選択中のデータレイヤーはありません",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2562,6 +2585,7 @@
   "HERE": "ここ",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "航空機コックピットビュー",
   "Ship bridge view": "船舶ブリッジビュー",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "衛星軌道ビュー",
   "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "視線 右舷 {bearing}°",
   "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "視線 左舷 {bearing}°",
   "LOOK ASTERN": "視線 船尾方向",
@@ -2655,16 +2679,20 @@
   "VOLUME": "音量",
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "コックピットラジオの音量",
   "ESC EXIT": "Escで終了",
-  "C TOGGLE": "Cで切替",
   "ARROWS LOOK": "矢印キーで見回す",
   "HOME RESET": "Homeでリセット",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/−でズーム",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "矢印キーで傾ける",
+  "HOME NADIR": "Homeで直下",
   "View switcher": "ビュー切替",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "コックピットを終了して地球全体ビューに戻る",
   "RESET": "リセット",
   "Exit cockpit view": "コックピットビューを終了",
   "Exit bridge view": "ブリッジビューを終了",
+  "Exit orbital view": "軌道ビューを終了",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "コックピット終了",
   "EXIT BRIDGE": "ブリッジ終了",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "軌道ビュー終了",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "ナビゲーション、音声、ビジュアルプリセットの操作",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "ビジュアルプリセットを展開",
   "Pin visual presets": "ビジュアルプリセットを固定",
@@ -3165,5 +3193,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT は各物体の種別と運用状態を示します。最新のコピーがない間、分類は UCS データベース、名称、CelesTrak のグループのみに基づくため、その後機能を失った衛星がまだ稼働中と表示されることがあります。",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
-  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "対地針路保持 · AIS"
+  "FWD": "前方",
+  "AFT": "後方",
+  "RIGHT": "右",
+  "LEFT": "左",
+  "TRACK UP": "トラックアップ",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "対地針路保持 · AIS",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "ズームイン (+)",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "ズームアウト (−)",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "軌道ビュー · オフナディア"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 3b6bc2e0f..d16177783 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -825,6 +825,28 @@
   "Select {mission}": "Selecionar {mission}",
   "{value} KM": "{value} KM",
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "FORA DO NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "FAIXA IMAGEADA {value} KM",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "FAIXA IMAGEADA ≈ {value} KM",
+  "Orbital view": "Vista orbital",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "VISTA ORBITAL · NADIR",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "VELOCIDADE ORBITAL",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "PONTO SUBSATÉLITE",
+  "NORTH UP": "NORTE PARA CIMA",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "SOBREVOANDO AGORA",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}, {country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · perto de {place}",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "ÉPOCA {time}",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "Mostrar o conjunto de elementos de duas linhas",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "Ocultar o conjunto de elementos de duas linhas",
+  "Two-line element set": "Conjunto de elementos de duas linhas",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "Voltar a vista para o nadir",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "Voltar ao nadir (Home ou 0)",
+  "NADIR": "AO NADIR",
   "Selected Space Mission": "Missão espacial selecionada",
   "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "MISSÃO ESPACIAL SELECIONADA",
   "Show all missions": "Mostrar todas as missões",
@@ -1754,6 +1776,7 @@
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · RUMO {heading}°",
   "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · PROA {heading}°",
   "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · SEM PROA",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · VISTA AO NADIR",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "O contexto não conseguiu restaurar todas as camadas; tente novamente",
   "No selected data layers": "Nenhuma camada de dados selecionada",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2706,6 +2729,7 @@
   "HERE": "AQUI",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Vista da cabine da aeronave",
   "Ship bridge view": "Vista do passadiço da embarcação",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "Vista orbital do satélite",
   "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "VISTA BORESTE {bearing}°",
   "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "VISTA BOMBORDO {bearing}°",
   "LOOK ASTERN": "VISTA À RÉ",
@@ -2801,16 +2825,20 @@
   "VOLUME": "VOLUME",
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "Volume do rádio da cabine",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC SAIR",
-  "C TOGGLE": "C ALTERNAR",
   "ARROWS LOOK": "SETAS OLHAR",
   "HOME RESET": "HOME REDEFINIR",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/− APROXIMAR/AFASTAR",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "SETAS INCLINAR",
+  "HOME NADIR": "HOME AO NADIR",
   "View switcher": "Alternador de vista",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Sair da cabine e voltar à vista do globo completo",
   "RESET": "REDEFINIR",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Sair da vista da cabine",
   "Exit bridge view": "Sair da vista do passadiço",
+  "Exit orbital view": "Sair da vista orbital",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "SAIR DA CABINE",
   "EXIT BRIDGE": "SAIR DO PASSADIÇO",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "SAIR DA ÓRBITA",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Controles de navegação, voz e predefinições visuais",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "Expandir predefinições visuais",
   "Pin visual presets": "Fixar predefinições visuais",
@@ -3317,5 +3345,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "O SATCAT da CelesTrak dá o tipo e o estado de cada objeto. Sem uma cópia atual, as classes se baseiam no banco de dados UCS, nos nomes e nos grupos da CelesTrak, então um satélite que deixou de funcionar pode ainda aparecer como operacional.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
-  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "TRAVA DE RUMO · AIS"
+  "FWD": "FRENTE",
+  "AFT": "TRÁS",
+  "RIGHT": "DIREITA",
+  "LEFT": "ESQUERDA",
+  "TRACK UP": "TRAJETÓRIA PARA CIMA",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "TRAVA DE RUMO · AIS",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "Aproximar (+)",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "Afastar (−)",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "VISTA ORBITAL · FORA DO NADIR"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 05b8bcbb5..7a09c88ad 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -187,6 +187,28 @@
   "Select {mission}": "Выбрать {mission}",
   "{value} KM": "{value} КМ",
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} КМ/С",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "ОТКЛОНЕНИЕ ОТ НАДИРА {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ПРИБЛИЖЕНИЕ {zoom}×",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "ПОЛОСА ОБЗОРА {value} КМ",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "ПОЛОСА ОБЗОРА ≈ {value} КМ",
+  "Orbital view": "Орбитальный вид",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "ОРБИТАЛЬНЫЙ ВИД · НАДИР",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "ОРБИТАЛЬНАЯ СКОРОСТЬ",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "ПОДСПУТНИКОВАЯ ТОЧКА",
+  "NORTH UP": "СЕВЕР ВВЕРХУ",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "СЕЙЧАС НАД",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}, {country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · поблизости: {place}",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "ЭПОХА {time}",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "Показать двухстрочный набор элементов",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "Скрыть двухстрочный набор элементов",
+  "Two-line element set": "Двухстрочный набор элементов",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "Вернуть вид в надир",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "Вернуться в надир (Home или 0)",
+  "NADIR": "В НАДИР",
   "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "ВЫБРАННАЯ КОСМИЧЕСКАЯ МИССИЯ",
   "Show all missions": "Показать все миссии",
   "Deselect mission": "Снять выбор миссии",
@@ -465,6 +487,7 @@
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · ПУТЕВОЙ УГОЛ {heading}°",
   "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · КУРС {heading}°",
   "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · НЕТ КУРСА",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · ВИД В НАДИР",
   "Restore real aircraft": "Вернуть реальный самолёт",
   "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Переклассифицировать как TR-3B",
   "No selected data layers": "Нет выбранных слоёв данных",
@@ -646,6 +669,7 @@
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Выйти из кабины и вернуться к виду всего глобуса",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Выйти из кабины",
   "Exit bridge view": "Выйти с мостика",
+  "Exit orbital view": "Выйти из орбитального вида",
   "Estimated destination direction": "Расчётное направление на пункт назначения",
   "BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD": "ОКНО МОСТИКА · ПО НОСУ",
   "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "ОПТИЧЕСКАЯ ПЛОСКОСТЬ · 01",
@@ -667,6 +691,7 @@
   "View switcher": "Переключатель вида",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Вид кабины самолёта",
   "Ship bridge view": "Вид с ходового мостика",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "Орбитальный вид со спутника",
   "Estimated flight plan": "Расчётный план полёта",
   "Reported voyage": "Заявленный рейс",
   "Live signals": "Сигналы в реальном времени",
@@ -708,6 +733,7 @@
   "RESET": "СБРОС",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "ВЫЙТИ ИЗ КАБИНЫ",
   "EXIT BRIDGE": "ВЫЙТИ С МОСТИКА",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "ВЫЙТИ С ОРБИТЫ",
   "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "КОНТАКТЫ · 250 КМ",
   "RINGS {spacing} NM": "КОЛЬЦА {spacing} МОР. МИЛЬ",
   "{count} CONTACTS": {
@@ -1670,9 +1696,11 @@
   "OVERPASS TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE": "OVERPASS ВРЕМЕННО НЕДОСТУПЕН",
   "Weather data by Open-Meteo.com": "Данные о погоде: Open-Meteo.com",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC ВЫХОД",
-  "C TOGGLE": "C ПЕРЕКЛ.",
   "ARROWS LOOK": "СТРЕЛКИ ОБЗОР",
   "HOME RESET": "HOME СБРОС",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/− МАСШТАБ",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "СТРЕЛКИ НАКЛОН",
+  "HOME NADIR": "HOME НАДИР",
   "SIG": "СИГН.",
   "NEWS": "НОВОСТИ",
   "LOCAL": "МЕСТН.",
@@ -3393,5 +3421,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT сообщает тип и состояние каждого объекта. Без актуальной копии классы опираются на базу UCS, названия и группы CelesTrak, поэтому вышедший с тех пор из строя спутник может по-прежнему показываться работающим.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
-  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "УДЕРЖАНИЕ ПУТЕВОГО УГЛА · AIS"
+  "FWD": "ВПЕРЁД",
+  "AFT": "НАЗАД",
+  "RIGHT": "ВПРАВО",
+  "LEFT": "ВЛЕВО",
+  "TRACK UP": "ТРАССА ВВЕРХУ",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "УДЕРЖАНИЕ ПУТЕВОГО УГЛА · AIS",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "Приблизить (+)",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "Отдалить (−)",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "ОРБИТАЛЬНЫЙ ВИД · ОТКЛОНЕНИЕ ОТ НАДИРА"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index f4d2601f6..38da15586 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -839,6 +839,28 @@
   "Select {mission}": "Вибрати {mission}",
   "{value} KM": "{value} КМ",
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} КМ/С",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "ВІДХИЛЕННЯ ВІД НАДИРА {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "НАБЛИЖЕННЯ {zoom}×",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "СМУГА ОГЛЯДУ {value} КМ",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "СМУГА ОГЛЯДУ ≈ {value} КМ",
+  "Orbital view": "Орбітальний вигляд",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "ОРБІТАЛЬНИЙ ВИГЛЯД · НАДИР",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "ОРБІТАЛЬНА ШВИДКІСТЬ",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "ПІДСУПУТНИКОВА ТОЧКА",
+  "NORTH UP": "ПІВНІЧ УГОРІ",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "ЗАРАЗ НАД",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}, {country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · поблизу: {place}",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "ЕПОХА {time}",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "Показати дворядковий набір елементів",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "Сховати дворядковий набір елементів",
+  "Two-line element set": "Дворядковий набір елементів",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "Повернути вигляд у надир",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "Повернутися в надир (Home або 0)",
+  "NADIR": "У НАДИР",
   "Selected Space Mission": "Вибрана космічна місія",
   "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "ВИБРАНА КОСМІЧНА МІСІЯ",
   "Show all missions": "Показати всі місії",
@@ -1779,6 +1801,7 @@
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · ШЛЯХОВИЙ КУТ {heading}°",
   "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · КУРС {heading}°",
   "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · НЕМАЄ КУРСУ",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · ВИГЛЯД У НАДИР",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "Не вдалося відновити всі шари контексту; спробуйте ще раз",
   "No selected data layers": "Шари даних не вибрано",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2774,6 +2797,7 @@
   "HERE": "ТУТ",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "Вигляд кабіни повітряного судна",
   "Ship bridge view": "Вигляд з ходового містка судна",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "Орбітальний вигляд із супутника",
   "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "ПОГЛЯД ПР. БОРТ {bearing}°",
   "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "ПОГЛЯД ЛІВ. БОРТ {bearing}°",
   "LOOK ASTERN": "ПОГЛЯД ЗА КОРМУ",
@@ -2870,16 +2894,20 @@
   "VOLUME": "ГУЧНІСТЬ",
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "Гучність радіо кабіни",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC ВИХІД",
-  "C TOGGLE": "C ПЕРЕМК.",
   "ARROWS LOOK": "СТРІЛКИ ОГЛЯД",
   "HOME RESET": "HOME СКИДАННЯ",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/− МАСШТАБ",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "СТРІЛКИ НАХИЛ",
+  "HOME NADIR": "HOME НАДИР",
   "View switcher": "Перемикач вигляду",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Вийти з кабіни та повернутися до вигляду всього глобуса",
   "RESET": "СКИНУТИ",
   "Exit cockpit view": "Вийти з вигляду кабіни",
   "Exit bridge view": "Вийти з вигляду містка",
+  "Exit orbital view": "Вийти з орбітального вигляду",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "ВИЙТИ З КАБІНИ",
   "EXIT BRIDGE": "ВИЙТИ З МІСТКА",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "ВИЙТИ З ОРБІТИ",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Керування навігацією, голосом і візуальними пресетами",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "Розгорнути візуальні пресети",
   "Pin visual presets": "Закріпити візуальні пресети",
@@ -3393,5 +3421,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT повідомляє тип і стан кожного об’єкта. Без актуальної копії класи спираються на базу UCS, назви та групи CelesTrak, тож супутник, що відтоді вийшов з ладу, може й далі показуватися робочим.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
-  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "УТРИМАННЯ ШЛЯХОВОГО КУТА · AIS"
+  "FWD": "ВПЕРЕД",
+  "AFT": "НАЗАД",
+  "RIGHT": "ПРАВОРУЧ",
+  "LEFT": "ЛІВОРУЧ",
+  "TRACK UP": "ТРАСА УГОРІ",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "УТРИМАННЯ ШЛЯХОВОГО КУТА · AIS",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "Наблизити (+)",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "Віддалити (−)",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "ОРБІТАЛЬНИЙ ВИГЛЯД · ВІДХИЛЕННЯ ВІД НАДИРА"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 631b3b9c2..fed98f5a8 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -778,6 +778,28 @@
   "Select {mission}": "选择 {mission}",
   "{value} KM": "{value} km",
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} km/s",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "偏离天底 {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "变焦 {zoom}×",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "幅宽 {value} km",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "幅宽 ≈ {value} km",
+  "Orbital view": "轨道视图",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "轨道视图 · 天底",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "轨道速度",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "星下点",
+  "NORTH UP": "北向上",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "当前上空",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}，{country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · {place}附近",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "历元 {time}",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "显示两行轨道根数",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "隐藏两行轨道根数",
+  "Two-line element set": "两行轨道根数",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "将视图恢复到天底",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "返回天底（Home 或 0）",
+  "NADIR": "回到天底",
   "Selected Space Mission": "已选太空任务",
   "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "已选太空任务",
   "Show all missions": "显示所有任务",
@@ -1678,6 +1700,7 @@
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 对地航向 {heading}°",
   "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · 船首向 {heading}°",
   "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · 无船首向",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · 天底视图",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "态势未能恢复所有图层，请重试",
   "No selected data layers": "没有已选数据图层",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2461,6 +2484,7 @@
   "HERE": "此处",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "飞机座舱视图",
   "Ship bridge view": "船舶驾驶台视图",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "卫星轨道视图",
   "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "视线 右舷 {bearing}°",
   "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "视线 左舷 {bearing}°",
   "LOOK ASTERN": "视线 船尾",
@@ -2554,16 +2578,20 @@
   "VOLUME": "音量",
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "座舱电台音量",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC 退出",
-  "C TOGGLE": "C 切换",
   "ARROWS LOOK": "方向键 环视",
   "HOME RESET": "HOME 复位",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/− 缩放",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "方向键 倾斜",
+  "HOME NADIR": "HOME 天底",
   "View switcher": "视图切换",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "退出座舱并返回完整地球视图",
   "RESET": "重置",
   "Exit cockpit view": "退出座舱视图",
   "Exit bridge view": "退出驾驶台视图",
+  "Exit orbital view": "退出轨道视图",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "退出座舱",
   "EXIT BRIDGE": "退出驾驶台",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "退出轨道视图",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "导航、语音和视觉预设控件",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "展开视觉预设",
   "Pin visual presets": "固定视觉预设",
@@ -3165,5 +3193,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT 给出每个物体的类型和运行状态。没有最新副本时，分类仅依据 UCS 数据库、名称和 CelesTrak 分组，因此此后已失效的卫星可能仍显示为在轨工作。",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
-  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "对地航向保持 · AIS"
+  "FWD": "前方",
+  "AFT": "后方",
+  "RIGHT": "右",
+  "LEFT": "左",
+  "TRACK UP": "航迹向上",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "对地航向保持 · AIS",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "放大 (+)",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "缩小 (−)",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "轨道视图 · 偏离天底"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index bd47c3cd7..930a7065e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -773,6 +773,28 @@
   "Select {mission}": "選擇 {mission}",
   "{value} KM": "{value} km",
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} km/s",
+  "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "偏離天底 {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "ZOOM {zoom}×": "變焦 {zoom}×",
+  "SWATH {value} KM": "幅寬 {value} km",
+  "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "幅寬 ≈ {value} km",
+  "Orbital view": "軌道視圖",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR": "軌道視圖 · 天底",
+  "ORBITAL VELOCITY": "軌道速度",
+  "SUB-SATELLITE POINT": "星下點",
+  "NORTH UP": "北向上",
+  "CURRENTLY OVER": "目前上空",
+  "{division}, {country}": "{division}，{country}",
+  "{region} · near {place}": "{region} · {place}附近",
+  "NORAD {id}": "NORAD {id}",
+  "EPOCH {time}": "曆元 {time}",
+  "TLE": "TLE",
+  "Show the two-line element set": "顯示兩行軌道根數",
+  "Hide the two-line element set": "隱藏兩行軌道根數",
+  "Two-line element set": "兩行軌道根數",
+  "Return the view to nadir": "將視圖恢復到天底",
+  "Return to nadir (Home or 0)": "返回天底（Home 或 0）",
+  "NADIR": "回到天底",
   "Selected Space Mission": "已選太空任務",
   "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "已選太空任務",
   "Show all missions": "顯示所有任務",
@@ -1668,6 +1690,7 @@
   "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · 對地航向 {heading}°",
   "{label} · HEADING {heading}°": "{label} · 船首向 {heading}°",
   "{label} · NO HEADING": "{label} · 無船首向",
+  "{label} · NADIR VIEW": "{label} · 天底視圖",
   "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "態勢未能恢復所有圖層，請重試",
   "No selected data layers": "沒有已選數據圖層",
   "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
@@ -2449,6 +2472,7 @@
   "HERE": "此處",
   "Aircraft cockpit view": "飛機座艙視圖",
   "Ship bridge view": "船舶駕駛台視圖",
+  "Satellite orbital view": "衛星軌道視圖",
   "LOOK STBD {bearing}°": "視線 右舷 {bearing}°",
   "LOOK PORT {bearing}°": "視線 左舷 {bearing}°",
   "LOOK ASTERN": "視線 船尾",
@@ -2542,16 +2566,20 @@
   "VOLUME": "音量",
   "Cockpit Radio volume": "座艙電臺音量",
   "ESC EXIT": "ESC 退出",
-  "C TOGGLE": "C 切換",
   "ARROWS LOOK": "方向鍵 環視",
   "HOME RESET": "HOME 復位",
+  "+/− ZOOM": "+/− 縮放",
+  "ARROWS TILT": "方向鍵 傾斜",
+  "HOME NADIR": "HOME 天底",
   "View switcher": "視圖切換",
   "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "退出座艙並返回完整地球視圖",
   "RESET": "重置",
   "Exit cockpit view": "退出座艙視圖",
   "Exit bridge view": "退出駕駛台視圖",
+  "Exit orbital view": "退出軌道視圖",
   "EXIT COCKPIT": "退出座艙",
   "EXIT BRIDGE": "退出駕駛台",
+  "EXIT ORBIT": "退出軌道視圖",
   "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "導航、語音和視覺預設控件",
   "Expand Visual Presets": "展開視覺預設",
   "Pin visual presets": "固定視覺預設",
@@ -3165,5 +3193,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT 提供每個物體的類型與運作狀態。沒有最新副本時，分類僅依據 UCS 資料庫、名稱與 CelesTrak 群組，因此此後已失效的衛星可能仍顯示為運作中。",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
-  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "對地航向保持 · AIS"
+  "FWD": "前方",
+  "AFT": "後方",
+  "RIGHT": "右",
+  "LEFT": "左",
+  "TRACK UP": "航跡向上",
+  "COURSE HOLD · AIS": "對地航向保持 · AIS",
+  "Zoom in (+)": "放大 (+)",
+  "Zoom out (−)": "縮小 (−)",
+  "ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR": "軌道視圖 · 偏離天底"
 }
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index a5e8a2535..a1f8cf417 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
     "HDG {value}°",
     "Ironbow",
     "Landsat 8/9",
+    "NORAD {id}",
     "NVG",
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
@@ -32,12 +33,14 @@
     "STARLINK ···",
     "STARLINK ✕",
     "Sentinel-2",
+    "TLE",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "acartia.io ↗",
     "dB",
     "hPa",
     "iNaturalist",
     "iNaturalist ↗",
+    "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
     "▲ {frp} MW"
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@
     "NEWS",
     "NNW",
     "NOIR",
+    "NORAD {id}",
     "NORMAL",
     "NVG",
     "NW",
@@ -178,6 +182,7 @@
     "TAGS · {tags}",
     "TANKER",
     "TEMP",
+    "TLE",
     "Talk",
     "Tallinn",
     "Techno",
@@ -193,6 +198,7 @@
     "Washington DC",
     "Wind",
     "acartia.io ↗",
+    "ZOOM {zoom}×",
     "dB",
     "feed status|live",
     "fire behavior|Minimal",
@@ -209,7 +215,9 @@
     "view band|GLOBAL",
     "{city} CCTV",
     "{county} County",
+    "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
+    "{division}, {country}",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
     "{speed} kn",
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
@@ -286,6 +294,7 @@
     "NE",
     "NNE",
     "NOIR",
+    "NORAD {id}",
     "NORMAL",
     "NVG",
     "Noir",
@@ -321,6 +330,7 @@
     "Sonar",
     "Soul",
     "TELECOM",
+    "TLE",
     "Techno",
     "Trance",
     "USB {rate} msg/s",
@@ -328,6 +338,7 @@
     "VS",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "WX",
+    "ZOOM {zoom}×",
     "audio {state}",
     "dB",
     "fire confidence filter|Nominal+",
@@ -347,7 +358,9 @@
     "panel",
     "view band|GLOBAL",
     "voice|ERROR",
+    "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
+    "{division}, {country}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{speed} kn",
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
@@ -459,6 +472,7 @@
     "NE",
     "NNE",
     "NOIR",
+    "NORAD {id}",
     "NORMAL",
     "NVG",
     "New York",
@@ -516,6 +530,7 @@
     "Suggestions",
     "TAGS · {tags}",
     "TEMP",
+    "TLE",
     "TYPE",
     "Tallinn",
     "Techno",
@@ -527,6 +542,7 @@
     "VS",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "acartia.io ↗",
+    "ZOOM {zoom}×",
     "audio {state}",
     "dB",
     "ft",
@@ -551,7 +567,9 @@
     "{count} MSGS",
     "{count} SOURCES",
     "{count} messages",
+    "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
+    "{division}, {country}",
     "{n} cyclones",
     "{n} satellites",
     "{rate} msg/s",
@@ -644,6 +662,7 @@
     "NE",
     "NNE",
     "NOIR",
+    "NORAD {id}",
     "NVG",
     "New York",
     "Noir",
@@ -690,6 +709,7 @@
     "TELECOM",
     "TEMP",
     "TIMEOUT",
+    "TLE",
     "Talk",
     "Tallinn",
     "Techno",
@@ -707,6 +727,7 @@
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "Washington DC",
     "World",
+    "ZOOM {zoom}×",
     "audio {state}",
     "dB",
     "feed status|live",
@@ -728,7 +749,9 @@
     "{count} MSGS",
     "{count} feeds live",
     "{count} scenes",
+    "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
+    "{division}, {country}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{scene} / {pack}: {status}. File: {path}. {attribution} · {license}",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
@@ -776,6 +799,7 @@
     "Ironbow",
     "Landsat 8/9",
     "MSG/S",
+    "NORAD {id}",
     "NVG",
     "POS: {time}Z",
     "REC",
@@ -785,6 +809,7 @@
     "STARLINK ···",
     "STARLINK ✕",
     "Sentinel-2",
+    "TLE",
     "USB {rate} msg/s",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "acartia.io ↗",
@@ -798,6 +823,7 @@
     "kt",
     "mph",
     "{city} CCTV",
+    "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
@@ -877,6 +903,7 @@
     "NE",
     "NNE",
     "NOIR",
+    "NORAD {id}",
     "NORMAL",
     "NVG",
     "Noir",
@@ -912,6 +939,7 @@
     "TAGS · {tags}",
     "TELECOM",
     "TEMP",
+    "TLE",
     "Tallinn",
     "Techno",
     "Trance",
@@ -922,6 +950,7 @@
     "VS",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "WX",
+    "ZOOM {zoom}×",
     "dB",
     "fire confidence filter|Nominal+",
     "fire confidence|nominal",
@@ -936,7 +965,9 @@
     "mph",
     "nominal",
     "view band|GLOBAL",
+    "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
+    "{division}, {country}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
     "{value} KM",
@@ -964,6 +995,7 @@
     "Ironbow",
     "Landsat 8/9",
     "NAV",
+    "NORAD {id}",
     "NVG",
     "R&B",
     "REC",
@@ -972,12 +1004,15 @@
     "STARLINK",
     "STARLINK ···",
     "STARLINK ✕",
+    "TLE",
     "VS",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "acartia.io ↗",
     "iNaturalist",
     "iNaturalist ↗",
-    "{direction} · {elevation}"
+    "{direction} · {elevation}",
+    "{direction} {angle}°",
+    "{division}, {country}"
   ],
   "uk": [
     "AIS: --",
@@ -989,17 +1024,21 @@
     "FLIR",
     "Ironbow",
     "Landsat 8/9",
+    "NORAD {id}",
     "NVG",
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "STARLINK",
     "STARLINK ···",
     "STARLINK ✕",
+    "TLE",
     "WHOT/BHOT",
     "acartia.io ↗",
     "iNaturalist",
     "iNaturalist ↗",
-    "{direction} · {elevation}"
+    "{direction} · {elevation}",
+    "{direction} {angle}°",
+    "{division}, {country}"
   ],
   "zh-CN": [
     "1090 MHz",
@@ -1025,6 +1064,7 @@
     "KTS",
     "Landsat 8/9",
     "MM",
+    "NORAD {id}",
     "NVG",
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
@@ -1034,6 +1074,7 @@
     "STARLINK ···",
     "STARLINK ✕",
     "Sentinel-2",
+    "TLE",
     "Techno",
     "Trance",
     "USB {rate} msg/s",
@@ -1051,6 +1092,7 @@
     "kts",
     "mph",
     "{city} CCTV",
+    "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
@@ -1092,6 +1134,7 @@
     "KTS",
     "Landsat 8/9",
     "MM",
+    "NORAD {id}",
     "NVG",
     "REC",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
@@ -1101,6 +1144,7 @@
     "STARLINK ···",
     "STARLINK ✕",
     "Sentinel-2",
+    "TLE",
     "Techno",
     "Trance",
     "USB {rate} msg/s",
@@ -1118,6 +1162,7 @@
     "kts",
     "mph",
     "{city} CCTV",
+    "{direction} {angle}°",
     "{direction} · {elevation}",
     "{rate} msg/s",
     "{source} HTTP {status}",
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1096548b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { satelliteClassText } from '../../data/satelliteClass.js';
+import {
+  classifySatellite,
+  cosparIdFromTleLine1,
+  satelliteClassEnterable,
+  satelliteOperator,
+  satelliteOwner,
+  tleEpochMs,
+} from './classes.js';
+import { ISS_NORAD } from './policy.js';
+
+/** The layer id a satellite subject carries through Cockpit events and state. */
+export const SATELLITE_COCKPIT_LAYER_ID = 'satellites';
+
+/**
+ * While the Cockpit rides a satellite, every other orbit ring (the ISS ring
+ * included) draws at this fraction of its normal alpha, so the rings stay
+ * legible without competing with the nadir picture.
+ */
+export const COCKPIT_ORBIT_DIM_FACTOR = 0.3;
+
+/**
+ * Write an orbit ring's alpha as a multiple of the alpha it was built with.
+ * The ring's per-instance attributes exist only once Cesium has updated the
+ * primitive; until then nothing is written and the next tick retries.
+ * @param {{primitive: object, instanceId: string, baseColor: Cesium.Color,
+ *   baseDepthFailColor: Cesium.Color, alphaFactor: number}} path
+ * @param {number} factor 1 restores the built colours exactly.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the ring now carries `factor`.
+ */
+export function applyOrbitPathAlpha(path, factor) {
+  if (!path?.primitive || !path.baseColor) return false;
+  if ((path.alphaFactor ?? 1) === factor) return true;
+  let attributes;
+  try {
+    attributes = path.primitive.getGeometryInstanceAttributes?.(
+      path.instanceId,
+    );
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (!attributes) return false;
+  const scaled = (color) => color.withAlpha(color.alpha * factor);
+  attributes.color = Cesium.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.toValue(
+    factor === 1 ? path.baseColor : scaled(path.baseColor),
+  );
+  attributes.depthFailColor = Cesium.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.toValue(
+    factor === 1 ? path.baseDepthFailColor : scaled(path.baseDepthFailColor),
+  );
+  path.alphaFactor = factor;
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Who and what a catalog entry is: class, COSPAR id, TLE, owner, operator.
+ * Fixed for the entry's life, so it is worked out once and kept on it.
+ * @param {number} noradId
+ * @param {object} sat Catalog entry.
+ */
+function satelliteIdentity(noradId, sat) {
+  if (sat.cockpitIdentity) return sat.cockpitIdentity;
+  const satelliteClass =
+    sat.satelliteClass ||
+    classifySatellite({ noradId, name: sat.name, group: sat.group });
+  const epochMs = tleEpochMs(sat.satrec);
+  const identity = Object.freeze({
+    satelliteClass,
+    cosparId: sat.satcat?.cosparId || cosparIdFromTleLine1(sat.line1),
+    tle:
+      sat.line1 && sat.line2 && epochMs !== null
+        ? Object.freeze({ line1: sat.line1, line2: sat.line2, epochMs })
+        : null,
+    owner: freezeOwner(
+      satelliteOwner({ ucs: sat.ucs, satcat: sat.satcat, satelliteClass }),
+    ),
+    operator: satelliteOperator({ ucs: sat.ucs, satelliteClass }),
+  });
+  sat.cockpitIdentity = identity;
+  return identity;
+}
+
+function freezeOwner(owner) {
+  return owner
+    ? Object.freeze({
+        countryCode: owner.countryCode ?? null,
+        label: owner.label ?? null,
+      })
+    : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize the tracked satellite and its per-frame fix into Cockpit subject
+ * info, in the shape every Cockpit subject kind shares.
+ * @param {number} noradId NORAD catalog number.
+ * @param {{name?: string, group?: string}|null} sat Catalog entry.
+ * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number, altitude: number,
+ *   speedMps?: number|null, groundTrackDeg?: number|null}|null} fix Per-frame
+ *   SGP4 sample (orbits.js propagatePosition).
+ * @returns {object|null} Subject info, or null without a usable fix.
+ */
+export function satelliteCockpitInfo(noradId, sat, fix) {
+  if (!sat || !fix) return null;
+  const { latitude, longitude, altitude } = fix;
+  if (![latitude, longitude, altitude].every(Number.isFinite)) return null;
+  const isIss = noradId === ISS_NORAD;
+  const identity = satelliteIdentity(noradId, sat);
+  return {
+    kind: 'satellite',
+    layerId: SATELLITE_COCKPIT_LAYER_ID,
+    id: String(noradId),
+    noradId,
+    name: sat.name?.trim() || `SAT-${noradId}`,
+    // Localized at read time, as the vessel layer's type label is.
+    classLabel: satelliteClassText(identity.satelliteClass, sat.group, {
+      isIss,
+    }),
+    latitude,
+    longitude,
+    altitudeM: altitude,
+    // SGP4's TEME velocity: the inertial orbital speed, not ground speed.
+    velocityMps: Number.isFinite(fix.speedMps) ? fix.speedMps : null,
+    // Degrees clockwise from north; null for a geostationary satellite.
+    groundTrackDeg: Number.isFinite(fix.groundTrackDeg)
+      ? fix.groundTrackDeg
+      : null,
+    stale: false,
+    // src/layers/satellites/classes.js: 'stations'|'imaging'|'telecom'|'starlink'|
+    // 'probes'|'debris'.
+    satelliteClass: identity.satelliteClass,
+    // Whether its class may be ridden in the orbital view (debris may not);
+    // the Cockpit's entry gate reads it (orbitEntryAllowed).
+    enterable: satelliteClassEnterable(identity.satelliteClass),
+    // International designator, e.g. '1998-067A'.
+    cosparId: identity.cosparId,
+    tle: identity.tle,
+    // { countryCode: ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 or null (organisations, joint
+    // owners), label: English name } or null.
+    owner: identity.owner,
+    operator: identity.operator,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The tracked satellite as a Cockpit orbital-view subject, and the hold that
+ * hides its own marks while the Cockpit camera rides it.
+ *
+ * While held, the tracked dot is hidden (it would sit on the lens), as are
+ * the point primitives of docked companions (they share the position within
+ * 2 km) and the subject's orbit ring: a nadir camera on the ring sees its far
+ * side, dimmed by the ring's depth-fail appearance, drawn straight across the
+ * Earth's disk. The detection overlay skips the subject too. The tracked
+ * card needs nothing here: its overlay source already hides in Cockpit mode.
+ * Every other orbit ring is dimmed to COCKPIT_ORBIT_DIM_FACTOR of its alpha
+ * while a subject is set; other satellites' points and labels stay as they
+ * are. Scene clicks and the layer's Escape are ignored while held, so the
+ * picture cannot untrack its own subject. Release restores exactly what the
+ * hold hid or dimmed.
+ */
+export function createCockpitSubject({ state: layerState, parts }) {
+  /** The subject is held only while it is the tracked satellite. */
+  function _cockpitHeld() {
+    return (
+      layerState._cockpitSubjectNorad !== null &&
+      layerState._cockpitSubjectNorad === layerState._trackedNorad
+    );
+  }
+
+  function _setPointShown(noradId, show) {
+    const point = layerState._points.get(noradId);
+    // Released points go back to their class's visibility.
+    if (point) point.show = show && parts.controls._classVisible(noradId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Apply or release the hold. Idempotent, and cheap enough for the preRender
+   * tick, which re-applies it while held so catalog rebuilds, enable and the
+   * orbit toggle cannot re-show what the hold hides.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  function _syncCockpitSubjectVisuals() {
+    const held = _cockpitHeld();
+    const tracked = layerState._trackedNorad;
+
+    const dot = layerState._trackedEntity?.point;
+    if (held) {
+      if (dot) dot.show = false;
+      layerState._cockpitHiddenDot = true;
+    } else if (layerState._cockpitHiddenDot) {
+      if (dot) dot.show = true;
+      layerState._cockpitHiddenDot = false;
+    }
+
+    const hiddenPoints = layerState._cockpitHiddenPoints;
+    const companions = held ? layerState._dockedCompanions : new Set();
+    for (const noradId of [...hiddenPoints]) {
+      if (companions.has(noradId)) continue;
+      hiddenPoints.delete(noradId);
+      // The tracked primitive stays hidden: its entity draws the dot.
+      if (noradId !== tracked) _setPointShown(noradId, true);
+    }
+    for (const noradId of companions) {
+      if (noradId === tracked || hiddenPoints.has(noradId)) continue;
+      hiddenPoints.add(noradId);
+      _setPointShown(noradId, false);
+    }
+
+    const hiddenPath = layerState._cockpitHiddenPath;
+    if (hiddenPath !== null && (!held || hiddenPath !== tracked)) {
+      const path = layerState._orbitPaths.get(hiddenPath);
+      if (path)
+        path.primitive.show = parts.controls.satelliteVisualsVisible(
+          layerState._enabled,
+          layerState._params.showOrbits,
+        );
+      layerState._cockpitHiddenPath = null;
+    }
+    if (held) {
+      const path = layerState._orbitPaths.get(tracked);
+      if (path) {
+        path.primitive.show = false;
+        layerState._cockpitHiddenPath = tracked;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Every other ring is dimmed for the whole session and restored on
+    // release; rebuilt rings arrive at full alpha and are dimmed again here.
+    const subject = layerState._cockpitSubjectNorad;
+    for (const [noradId, path] of layerState._orbitPaths) {
+      const dim = subject !== null && noradId !== subject;
+      applyOrbitPathAlpha(path, dim ? COCKPIT_ORBIT_DIM_FACTOR : 1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const methods = {
+    /**
+     * The tracked satellite as Cockpit subject info, from the same per-frame
+     * SGP4 sample the dot and the follow camera use.
+     * @returns {{kind: 'satellite', layerId: 'satellites', id: string,
+     *   noradId: number, name: string, classLabel: string,
+     *   latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number,
+     *   velocityMps: number|null, stale: false,
+     *   satelliteClass: 'stations'|'imaging'|'telecom'|'starlink'|'probes'|'debris',
+     *   cosparId: string|null,
+     *   tle: {line1: string, line2: string, epochMs: number}|null,
+     *   owner: {countryCode: string|null, label: string|null}|null,
+     *   operator: string|null}|null} Null while the layer is off or nothing
+     *   is tracked.
+     */
+    getCockpitSubject() {
+      if (!layerState._enabled || layerState._trackedNorad === null)
+        return null;
+      const noradId = layerState._trackedNorad;
+      return satelliteCockpitInfo(
+        noradId,
+        layerState._catalog.get(noradId),
+        parts.tracking._getTrackedFramePosition(),
+      );
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * The tracked satellite's Earth-fixed position this frame: the per-frame
+     * cache the dot and follow camera read, never a separate propagation.
+     * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} [result] Receives the position.
+     * @returns {Cesium.Cartesian3|null} Null while the layer is off, nothing
+     *   is tracked or no sample has propagated.
+     */
+    getCockpitPosition(result) {
+      if (!layerState._enabled || layerState._trackedNorad === null)
+        return null;
+      if (!parts.tracking._getTrackedFramePosition()) return null;
+      return Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(layerState._trackedFrameCartesian, result);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Mark the satellite whose position the Cockpit camera occupies, or
+     * release it. The hold applies while that satellite is tracked.
+     * @param {string|number|null} noradId Subject NORAD id, or null to release.
+     * @returns {boolean} Always true.
+     */
+    setCockpitSubject(noradId) {
+      const next =
+        noradId === null || noradId === undefined
+          ? null
+          : parts.tracking._normalizeTrackedNorad(noradId);
+      if (layerState._cockpitSubjectNorad === next) return true;
+      layerState._cockpitSubjectNorad = next;
+      _syncCockpitSubjectVisuals();
+      return true;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Put the follow camera back on the tracked satellite after the Cockpit
+     * released it, without re-tracking (no new selection or context events).
+     * @param {string|number} noradId The satellite the Cockpit rode.
+     * @returns {boolean} True when that satellite is still tracked and the
+     *   follow camera was restored.
+     */
+    refocusTrackedById(noradId) {
+      const id = parts.tracking._normalizeTrackedNorad(noradId);
+      const viewer = layerState._viewer;
+      const entity = layerState._trackedEntity;
+      if (
+        id === null ||
+        id !== layerState._trackedNorad ||
+        !viewer ||
+        !entity ||
+        !viewer.entities?.contains?.(entity)
+      )
+        return false;
+      viewer.camera?.cancelFlight?.();
+      viewer.trackedEntity = entity;
+      return true;
+    },
+  };
+
+  return { _cockpitHeld, _syncCockpitSubjectVisuals, methods };
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06b290318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createState } from './state.js';
+import { createControls } from './controls.js';
+import { createOrbits } from './orbits.js';
+import { createLabels } from './labels.js';
+import { createTracking } from './tracking.js';
+import { createRendering } from './rendering.js';
+import { createCatalog } from './catalog.js';
+import { createLifecycle } from './lifecycle.js';
+import { createInteraction } from './interaction.js';
+import { createIngestion } from './ingestion.js';
+import {
+  COCKPIT_ORBIT_DIM_FACTOR,
+  applyOrbitPathAlpha,
+  createCockpitSubject,
+  satelliteCockpitInfo,
+} from './cockpitSubject.js';
+import { groundTrackBearingDeg } from './orbits.js';
+import { ISS_NORAD } from './policy.js';
+
+const COMPANION = 25545;
+const GPS = 32711;
+
+function tle(name, id, motion = '15.48899044', inclination = ' 51.6326') {
+  // Owned synthetic element sets; never live requests. The station pair
+  // share elements, so the companion is docked to the ISS.
+  return `${name}\n1 ${id}U 98067A   26289.78971908  .00007803  00000+0  15012-3 0  9995\n2 ${id} ${inclination}  58.3278 0006748 271.9059  88.1156 ${motion}590607`;
+}
+
+const GROUP_TEXT = {
+  stations: [
+    tle('ISS (ZARYA)', ISS_NORAD),
+    tle('PROGRESS-MS 31', COMPANION),
+  ].join('\n'),
+  'gps-ops': tle('GPS FIXTURE', GPS, ' 2.00563000', ' 55.0000'),
+};
+
+/** Whether the tracked entity draws its dot (an unset show is shown). */
+function dotShown(f) {
+  const show = f.state._trackedEntity.point.show;
+  return show === undefined ? true : show.getValue();
+}
+
+const SATCAT_HEADER =
+  'OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID,NORAD_CAT_ID,OBJECT_TYPE,OPS_STATUS_CODE,OWNER';
+const SATCAT_TEXT = {
+  stations: [
+    SATCAT_HEADER,
+    `ISS (ZARYA),1998-067A,${ISS_NORAD},PAY,+,ISS`,
+    `PROGRESS-MS 31,2026-001A,${COMPANION},PAY,+,CIS`,
+  ].join('\n'),
+  // No designator: the TLE's is used.
+  'gps-ops': [SATCAT_HEADER, `GPS FIXTURE,,${GPS},PAY,+,US`].join('\n'),
+};
+const UCS = new Map([
+  [
+    ISS_NORAD,
+    {
+      noradId: ISS_NORAD,
+      operator: 'NASA/Multinational',
+      operatorCountry: 'Multinational',
+      purpose: 'Space Science',
+    },
+  ],
+]);
+
+async function fixture(t) {
+  const source = {
+    async readGroup(group) {
+      const text = GROUP_TEXT[group] || '';
+      return { ok: true, status: 200, text, stale: false };
+    },
+    async readSatcat(group) {
+      return { ok: true, status: 200, text: SATCAT_TEXT[group] || '' };
+    },
+    readUcs: async () => UCS,
+  };
+  const noop = () => {};
+  const services = {
+    overlays: {
+      setOverlayEntries: noop,
+      setOverlaySourceVisible: noop,
+      clearOverlaySource: noop,
+    },
+    layerState: { isExplicitLayerStateOrigin: () => false },
+    focus: {
+      clearFocusTarget: noop,
+      publishFocusTargetFromCachedPosition: noop,
+      getFocusTarget: () => null,
+      focusNowMs: (now) => now,
+      focusPassIsNeeded: () => false,
+    },
+    context: {
+      clearTrackedSubjectContext: noop,
+      getContextStore: () => ({ entities: new Map() }),
+      refreshTrackedSubjectContext: noop,
+      selectTrackedSubjectContext: noop,
+    },
+    readout: { refreshTrackedReadout: noop },
+    render: { holdContinuousRender: noop, releaseContinuousRender: noop },
+    picking: { registerPickOwner: noop, unregisterPickOwner: noop },
+  };
+  const previousDocument = globalThis.document;
+  globalThis.document = new EventTarget();
+  const state = createState({ services });
+  const parts = {};
+  const context = { state, services, parts, source };
+  for (const [name, factory] of Object.entries({
+    controls: createControls,
+    orbits: createOrbits,
+    labels: createLabels,
+    tracking: createTracking,
+    rendering: createRendering,
+    catalog: createCatalog,
+    interaction: createInteraction,
+    lifecycle: createLifecycle,
+    ingestion: createIngestion,
+    cockpit: createCockpitSubject,
+  })) {
+    parts[name] = factory(context);
+  }
+  const viewer = {
+    trackedEntity: undefined,
+    entities: new Cesium.EntityCollection(),
+    scene: {
+      canvas: new EventTarget(),
+      primitives: new Cesium.PrimitiveCollection(),
+      preRender: new Cesium.Event(),
+      frameState: { frameNumber: 1 },
+    },
+    trackedEntityChanged: new Cesium.Event(),
+  };
+  const { log, warn } = console;
+  console.log = noop;
+  console.warn = noop;
+  await parts.lifecycle.methods.init(viewer);
+  await parts.ingestion.methods.update(viewer);
+  parts.lifecycle.methods.enable(viewer);
+  // GPS is TELECOM, hidden by default; these tests need its point on screen.
+  parts.controls.methods.setParams({ classes: { telecom: true } });
+  Object.assign(console, { log, warn });
+  t.after(() => {
+    console.log = noop;
+    if (state._pointCollection) parts.lifecycle.methods.destroy(viewer);
+    console.log = log;
+    viewer.scene.primitives.destroy();
+    if (previousDocument === undefined) delete globalThis.document;
+    else globalThis.document = previousDocument;
+  });
+  const methods = { ...parts.controls.methods, ...parts.cockpit.methods };
+  return {
+    state,
+    parts,
+    viewer,
+    methods,
+    track(id) {
+      const log = console.log;
+      console.log = noop;
+      try {
+        return methods.trackById(id);
+      } finally {
+        console.log = log;
+      }
+    },
+    nextFrame() {
+      viewer.scene.frameState.frameNumber += 1;
+      parts.rendering._preRenderTick();
+    },
+    ring: (id) => state._orbitPaths.get(id)?.primitive,
+    detected: () =>
+      methods.getDetectableObjects().map((object) => object.sourceId),
+  };
+}
+
+test('no subject while the layer is off or nothing is tracked', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  assert.equal(f.methods.getCockpitSubject(), null);
+  assert.equal(f.methods.getCockpitPosition(), null);
+  assert.equal(f.track(ISS_NORAD), true);
+  f.state._enabled = false;
+  assert.equal(f.methods.getCockpitSubject(), null);
+  assert.equal(f.methods.getCockpitPosition(), null);
+});
+
+test('the tracked satellite is a subject read from the per-frame sample', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(ISS_NORAD);
+  const propagate = f.parts.orbits.propagatePosition;
+  let propagations = 0;
+  f.parts.orbits.propagatePosition = (...args) => {
+    propagations += 1;
+    return propagate(...args);
+  };
+  f.viewer.scene.frameState.frameNumber += 1;
+  const subject = f.methods.getCockpitSubject();
+  const position = f.methods.getCockpitPosition();
+  f.methods.getCockpitSubject();
+  assert.equal(propagations, 1, 'one SGP4 sample per frame for every reader');
+
+  assert.equal(subject.kind, 'satellite');
+  assert.equal(subject.layerId, 'satellites');
+  assert.equal(subject.id, String(ISS_NORAD));
+  assert.equal(subject.noradId, ISS_NORAD);
+  assert.equal(subject.name, 'ISS (ZARYA)');
+  assert.equal(subject.classLabel, 'STATIONS · ISS');
+  assert.equal(subject.stale, false);
+  assert.ok(subject.altitudeM > 150e3 && subject.altitudeM < 1000e3);
+  assert.ok(subject.velocityMps > 7000 && subject.velocityMps < 8000);
+
+  // The same point the tracked dot and follow camera use, as a copy.
+  const cached = f.state._trackedFrameCartesian;
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.equals(position, cached));
+  assert.notEqual(position, cached);
+  const target = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
+  assert.equal(f.methods.getCockpitPosition(target), target);
+  const geodetic = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(geodetic.latitude) - subject.latitude) <
+      1e-6,
+  );
+  f.parts.orbits.propagatePosition = propagate;
+});
+
+test('the subject says what it is, which TLE it flies, and who owns and runs it', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(ISS_NORAD);
+  const iss = f.methods.getCockpitSubject();
+  assert.equal(iss.satelliteClass, 'stations');
+  assert.equal(iss.cosparId, '1998-067A');
+  assert.match(iss.tle.line1, /^1 25544U/);
+  assert.match(iss.tle.line2, /^2 25544 /);
+  // Day 289.789… of 2026.
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      iss.tle.epochMs - (Date.UTC(2026, 0, 1) + 288.78971908 * 86_400_000),
+    ) < 1000,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    iss.owner,
+    { countryCode: null, label: 'Multinational' },
+    'UCS before SATCAT',
+  );
+  assert.equal(iss.operator, 'NASA/Multinational');
+  assert.equal(
+    f.methods.getCockpitSubject().owner,
+    iss.owner,
+    'worked out once',
+  );
+
+  f.track(GPS);
+  const gps = f.methods.getCockpitSubject();
+  assert.equal(gps.satelliteClass, 'telecom');
+  assert.equal(
+    gps.cosparId,
+    '1998-067A',
+    'from TLE line 1 when SATCAT has none',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(gps.owner, { countryCode: 'US', label: 'United States' });
+  assert.equal(gps.operator, null);
+
+  // A bare catalog entry still answers every field.
+  const bare = satelliteCockpitInfo(
+    GPS,
+    { name: 'X', group: 'gps-ops' },
+    { latitude: 1, longitude: 2, altitude: 3 },
+  );
+  assert.equal(bare.satelliteClass, 'telecom');
+  // An imaging satellite CelesTrak lists among the brightest objects names
+  // its class, not the 'visual' group it came in.
+  const landsat = satelliteCockpitInfo(
+    49260,
+    { name: 'LANDSAT 9', group: 'visual', satelliteClass: 'imaging' },
+    { latitude: 1, longitude: 2, altitude: 3 },
+  );
+  assert.equal(landsat.classLabel, 'IMAGING');
+  assert.equal(bare.tle, null);
+  assert.equal(bare.owner, null);
+  assert.equal(bare.operator, null);
+  assert.equal(bare.cosparId, null);
+});
+
+test('a GNSS satellite carries its class and an orbital speed', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(GPS);
+  const subject = f.methods.getCockpitSubject();
+  assert.equal(subject.classLabel, 'TELECOM · GPS');
+  assert.ok(subject.altitudeM > 19e6 && subject.altitudeM < 21.5e6);
+  assert.ok(subject.velocityMps > 3500 && subject.velocityMps < 4200);
+  assert.equal(
+    satelliteCockpitInfo(
+      GPS,
+      { name: 'X', group: 'gps-ops' },
+      {
+        latitude: 1,
+        longitude: 2,
+        altitude: 3,
+      },
+    ).velocityMps,
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(satelliteCockpitInfo(GPS, null, { latitude: 0 }), null);
+});
+
+test('holding the subject hides its dot, ring, docked companions and bracket', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(ISS_NORAD);
+  f.nextFrame();
+  assert.ok(f.state._dockedCompanions.has(COMPANION));
+  assert.equal(dotShown(f), true);
+  assert.equal(f.ring(ISS_NORAD).show, true);
+  assert.ok(f.detected().includes(ISS_NORAD));
+
+  assert.equal(f.methods.setCockpitSubject(String(ISS_NORAD)), true);
+  assert.equal(dotShown(f), false);
+  assert.equal(f.ring(ISS_NORAD).show, false);
+  assert.equal(f.state._points.get(COMPANION).show, false);
+  assert.equal(f.state._points.get(GPS).show, true);
+  assert.ok(!f.detected().includes(ISS_NORAD));
+
+  // Toggling orbits on again cannot bring the ring back while held.
+  f.methods.setParams({ showOrbits: true });
+  assert.equal(f.ring(ISS_NORAD).show, true);
+  f.nextFrame();
+  assert.equal(f.ring(ISS_NORAD).show, false);
+
+  f.methods.setCockpitSubject(null);
+  assert.equal(dotShown(f), true);
+  assert.equal(f.ring(ISS_NORAD).show, true);
+  assert.equal(f.state._points.get(COMPANION).show, true);
+  // The tracked primitive stays hidden: the tracked entity draws the dot.
+  assert.equal(f.state._points.get(ISS_NORAD).show, false);
+  assert.ok(f.detected().includes(ISS_NORAD));
+});
+
+test('a subject that is not tracked holds nothing', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(GPS);
+  f.methods.setCockpitSubject(ISS_NORAD);
+  f.nextFrame();
+  assert.equal(dotShown(f), true);
+  assert.equal(f.ring(GPS).show, true);
+  assert.equal(f.ring(ISS_NORAD).show, true);
+});
+
+test('untracking a held subject gives its marks back', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(ISS_NORAD);
+  f.nextFrame();
+  f.methods.setCockpitSubject(ISS_NORAD);
+  assert.equal(f.ring(ISS_NORAD).show, false);
+  f.methods.stopTracking();
+  assert.equal(f.methods.getCockpitSubject(), null);
+  assert.equal(f.ring(ISS_NORAD).show, true);
+  assert.equal(f.state._points.get(COMPANION).show, true);
+  assert.equal(f.state._points.get(ISS_NORAD).show, true);
+});
+
+test('tracking without a Cockpit subject keeps its marks', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(GPS);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) f.nextFrame();
+  assert.equal(dotShown(f), true);
+  assert.equal(f.ring(GPS).show, true);
+  assert.equal(f.state._points.get(COMPANION).show, true);
+  assert.equal(f.state._cockpitHiddenPoints.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(f.state._cockpitHiddenPath, null);
+});
+
+/**
+ * Give a ring the per-instance attributes Cesium creates on its first
+ * update, starting from the colours it was built with. Rings in this
+ * fixture are never rendered, so the test stands in for that update.
+ */
+function readyRing(f, id) {
+  const path = f.state._orbitPaths.get(id);
+  const attributes = {
+    color: Cesium.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.toValue(path.baseColor),
+    depthFailColor: Cesium.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.toValue(
+      path.baseDepthFailColor,
+    ),
+  };
+  path.primitive.getGeometryInstanceAttributes = (instanceId) =>
+    instanceId === path.instanceId ? attributes : undefined;
+  return attributes;
+}
+
+/** A colour attribute's alpha byte. */
+const alphaByte = (value) => value[3];
+
+test('a Cockpit subject dims every other orbit ring and restores it exactly', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(GPS);
+  f.nextFrame();
+  assert.ok(f.ring(ISS_NORAD), 'the ISS ring is drawn beside the tracked one');
+  const iss = readyRing(f, ISS_NORAD);
+  const gps = readyRing(f, GPS);
+  const builtColor = [...iss.color];
+  const builtDepthFail = [...iss.depthFailColor];
+  const gpsBuilt = [...gps.color];
+
+  f.methods.setCockpitSubject(GPS);
+  const dimmed = (byte) => Math.round(byte * COCKPIT_ORBIT_DIM_FACTOR);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(alphaByte(iss.color) - dimmed(builtColor[3])) <= 1);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(alphaByte(iss.depthFailColor) - dimmed(builtDepthFail[3])) <= 1,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual([...iss.color].slice(0, 3), builtColor.slice(0, 3));
+  assert.equal(f.ring(ISS_NORAD).show, true, 'other rings stay visible');
+  assert.equal(f.ring(GPS).show, false, 'the ridden ring stays hidden');
+  assert.deepEqual([...gps.color], gpsBuilt, 'the ridden ring is not dimmed');
+  // Other satellites' points stay as they are.
+  assert.equal(f.state._points.get(COMPANION).show, true);
+
+  // A rebuilt ring arrives at full alpha and is dimmed again on the tick.
+  f.parts.rendering._hideOrbitPath(ISS_NORAD);
+  f.parts.rendering._showOrbitPath(ISS_NORAD, Cesium.Color.YELLOW);
+  const rebuilt = readyRing(f, ISS_NORAD);
+  f.nextFrame();
+  assert.ok(alphaByte(rebuilt.color) < builtColor[3]);
+
+  f.methods.setCockpitSubject(null);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...rebuilt.color],
+    [
+      ...Cesium.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.toValue(
+        f.state._orbitPaths.get(ISS_NORAD).baseColor,
+      ),
+    ],
+    'released rings get their built colours back exactly',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...rebuilt.depthFailColor],
+    [
+      ...Cesium.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.toValue(
+        f.state._orbitPaths.get(ISS_NORAD).baseDepthFailColor,
+      ),
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.equal(f.ring(GPS).show, true);
+  assert.deepEqual([...gps.color], gpsBuilt);
+});
+
+test('a ring not yet updated by Cesium is dimmed once it is', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(GPS);
+  f.methods.setCockpitSubject(GPS);
+  const path = f.state._orbitPaths.get(ISS_NORAD);
+  assert.equal(path.alphaFactor, 1, 'nothing written before the first update');
+  const iss = readyRing(f, ISS_NORAD);
+  f.nextFrame();
+  assert.equal(path.alphaFactor, COCKPIT_ORBIT_DIM_FACTOR);
+  assert.ok(alphaByte(iss.color) < 100);
+  assert.equal(applyOrbitPathAlpha(path, 1), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...iss.color],
+    [...Cesium.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.toValue(path.baseColor)],
+  );
+});
+
+test('a held subject ignores the layer Escape; refocus restores the follow', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(ISS_NORAD);
+  f.nextFrame();
+  f.methods.setCockpitSubject(ISS_NORAD);
+  f.parts.interaction._onKeyDown({ key: 'Escape' });
+  assert.equal(f.state._trackedNorad, ISS_NORAD, 'the Cockpit owns Escape');
+
+  // The Cockpit took the follow camera off the entity; refocus puts it back.
+  f.viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
+  f.methods.setCockpitSubject(null);
+  assert.equal(f.methods.refocusTrackedById(GPS), false, 'not the tracked one');
+  assert.equal(f.viewer.trackedEntity, undefined);
+  assert.equal(f.methods.refocusTrackedById(String(ISS_NORAD)), true);
+  assert.equal(f.viewer.trackedEntity, f.state._trackedEntity);
+  assert.equal(f.state._trackedNorad, ISS_NORAD);
+
+  f.parts.interaction._onKeyDown({ key: 'Escape' });
+  assert.equal(f.state._trackedNorad, null, 'released, Escape untracks again');
+  assert.equal(f.methods.refocusTrackedById(ISS_NORAD), false);
+});
+
+test('the ground track bearing comes from the SGP4 velocity, less the Earth turning', () => {
+  const near = (actual, expected) =>
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(actual - expected) < 0.2, `${actual} vs ${expected}`);
+  // An ISS-like orbit (51.6°, 7.66 km/s) crossing the equator northbound at
+  // 0°E: inertially 38.4° from north, but the ground turns east beneath it,
+  // so the track runs closer to north.
+  const inclination = (51.6 * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const iss = {
+    position: { x: 6771, y: 0, z: 0 },
+    velocity: {
+      x: 0,
+      y: 7.66 * Math.cos(inclination),
+      z: 7.66 * Math.sin(inclination),
+    },
+  };
+  near(groundTrackBearingDeg(iss.position, iss.velocity, 0, 0, 0), 35.4);
+  // The same state given in TEME a quarter sidereal turn on (GMST 90°):
+  // still over 0°E, so the same ground track.
+  near(
+    groundTrackBearingDeg(
+      { x: 0, y: 6771, z: 0 },
+      { x: -iss.velocity.y, y: 0, z: iss.velocity.z },
+      Math.PI / 2,
+      0,
+      0,
+    ),
+    35.4,
+  );
+  // Geostationary: it turns with the Earth, so there is no ground track.
+  assert.equal(
+    groundTrackBearingDeg(
+      { x: 42164, y: 0, z: 0 },
+      { x: 0, y: 3.0747, z: 0 },
+      0,
+      0,
+      0,
+    ),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(groundTrackBearingDeg(iss.position, null, 0, 0, 0), null);
+  // The subject passes the sample's track through.
+  const sat = { name: 'X', group: 'stations' };
+  const fix = { latitude: 0, longitude: 0, altitude: 400_000 };
+  assert.equal(
+    satelliteCockpitInfo(1, sat, { ...fix, groundTrackDeg: 35.4 })
+      .groundTrackDeg,
+    35.4,
+  );
+  assert.equal(satelliteCockpitInfo(1, sat, fix).groundTrackDeg, null);
+});
+
+test('the subject says whether its class may be ridden', () => {
+  const fix = { latitude: 0, longitude: 0, altitude: 400_000 };
+  const subject = (satelliteClass) =>
+    satelliteCockpitInfo(1, { name: 'X', group: 'visual', satelliteClass }, fix);
+  assert.equal(subject('debris').enterable, false);
+  for (const satelliteClass of ['stations', 'imaging', 'telecom', 'starlink', 'probes'])
+    assert.equal(subject(satelliteClass).enterable, true, satelliteClass);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
index efd42af2a..230c6a68a 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
@@ -48,12 +48,13 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   /**
    * Show or hide every point by its class. The tracked satellite's point
-   * stays hidden (its entity draws the dot). The ISS's ring and label go
-   * with its class.
+   * stays hidden (its entity draws the dot), as do points a Cockpit hold hid.
+   * The ISS's ring and label go with its class.
    */
   function _applyClassVisibility() {
     for (const [noradId, point] of layerState._points) {
       if (noradId === layerState._trackedNorad) continue;
+      if (layerState._cockpitHiddenPoints?.has(noradId)) continue;
       point.show = _classVisible(noradId);
     }
     _syncIssOrbit();
@@ -253,6 +254,9 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         // that card instead. Only members of the tracked cluster are affected —
         // unrelated nearby satellites are never suppressed.
         if (!isTracked && layerState._dockedCompanions.has(noradId)) continue;
+        // The Cockpit camera rides a held subject; a bracket on it would sit
+        // on the lens.
+        if (isTracked && parts.cockpit?._cockpitHeld()) continue;
         const cat = layerState._catalog.get(noradId);
         let object = layerState._detectionObjects.get(noradId);
         if (!object) {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/index.js b/src/layers/satellites/index.js
index 16e1de512..c7e5163f4 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/index.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { createControls } from './controls.js';
 import { createCatalog } from './catalog.js';
+import { createCockpitSubject } from './cockpitSubject.js';
 import { createLabels } from './labels.js';
 import { createOrbits } from './orbits.js';
 import { createRendering } from './rendering.js';
@@ -29,9 +30,11 @@ export function createSatellitesLayer({ services, source }) {
   parts.interaction = createInteraction(context);
   parts.lifecycle = createLifecycle(context);
   parts.ingestion = createIngestion(context);
+  parts.cockpit = createCockpitSubject(context);
   return Object.assign(
     {},
     parts.controls.methods,
+    parts.cockpit.methods,
     parts.lifecycle.methods,
     parts.ingestion.methods,
     {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index 5d1624de0..493817bb3 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -118,6 +118,8 @@ export function createIngestion({
       const satcat = layerState._satcat.get(noradId) || null;
       if (satcat === sat.satcat) continue;
       sat.satcat = satcat;
+      // The Cockpit identity (owner, COSPAR id) reads SATCAT too.
+      sat.cockpitIdentity = undefined;
       const next = classifySatellite({
         noradId,
         name: sat.name,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/interaction.js b/src/layers/satellites/interaction.js
index 7ef8816c6..7506500f5 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/interaction.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/interaction.js
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ export function createInteraction({
   const { resolvePickId, isOwnedByOtherLayer } = services.picking;
 
   function _onKeyDown(e) {
+    // The Cockpit owns Escape while it rides the tracked satellite.
+    if (parts.cockpit?._cockpitHeld()) return;
     if (layerState._enabled && e.key === 'Escape' && layerState._trackedNorad) {
       parts.tracking._cancelPendingTrackingRestore();
       parts.tracking._clearTracking(false, { origin: 'user' });
@@ -50,6 +52,9 @@ export function createInteraction({
       // A tool owns the pointer (src/data/inputOwnership.js): yield the click.
       if (!isPointerFree()) return;
       if (!layerState._enabled) return;
+      // The Cockpit camera rides the tracked satellite: a click on the
+      // picture below must not untrack it or switch satellites.
+      if (parts.cockpit?._cockpitHeld()) return;
       const picked = viewer.scene.pick(click.position);
 
       if (picked) {
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
index 527b03527..294043aa5 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/lifecycle.js
@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       layerState._trackedFrameNumber = -1;
       layerState._trackedFrameGeo = null;
       layerState._trackedFrameNowForTest = null;
+      // The new catalog's points and rings carry no hold.
+      layerState._cockpitHiddenPoints = new Set();
+      layerState._cockpitHiddenPath = null;
+      layerState._cockpitHiddenDot = false;
       layerState._lastFocusUpdate = 0;
       layerState._activeFocusCount = 0;
       layerState._enabled = false;
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js b/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js
index a2bfbd939..fe4de6789 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js
@@ -15,6 +15,57 @@ import {
 } from '../../sources/tle.js';
 import { ORBIT_PATH_STEPS, ISS_NORAD } from './policy.js';
 
+/** The Earth's rotation rate, rad/s (WGS84). */
+const EARTH_ROTATION_RAD_S = 7.292115e-5;
+
+/** Below this ground speed a satellite holds still over the ground (GEO), m/s. */
+const GROUND_TRACK_MIN_SPEED_MPS = 10;
+
+/**
+ * The ground track's bearing, degrees clockwise from north, from one SGP4
+ * state: the inertial velocity turned into the Earth-fixed frame, less the
+ * Earth's rotation under the satellite, read in the east/north plane at the
+ * sub-satellite point. Null without a velocity, or for a satellite that holds
+ * still over the ground (geostationary).
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} positionKm TEME position, km.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}|null} velocityKmS TEME velocity, km/s.
+ * @param {number} gmst Greenwich mean sidereal time, radians.
+ * @param {number} latitudeDeg Sub-satellite latitude.
+ * @param {number} longitudeDeg Sub-satellite longitude.
+ * @returns {number|null}
+ */
+export function groundTrackBearingDeg(
+  positionKm,
+  velocityKmS,
+  gmst,
+  latitudeDeg,
+  longitudeDeg,
+) {
+  if (!positionKm || !velocityKmS || !Number.isFinite(gmst)) return null;
+  const cosG = Math.cos(gmst);
+  const sinG = Math.sin(gmst);
+  // TEME to Earth-fixed is a turn about z by GMST.
+  const rx = cosG * positionKm.x + sinG * positionKm.y;
+  const ry = -sinG * positionKm.x + cosG * positionKm.y;
+  const vx =
+    (cosG * velocityKmS.x + sinG * velocityKmS.y + EARTH_ROTATION_RAD_S * ry) *
+    1000;
+  const vy =
+    (-sinG * velocityKmS.x + cosG * velocityKmS.y - EARTH_ROTATION_RAD_S * rx) *
+    1000;
+  const vz = velocityKmS.z * 1000;
+  const φ = (latitudeDeg * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const λ = (longitudeDeg * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const east = -Math.sin(λ) * vx + Math.cos(λ) * vy;
+  const north =
+    -Math.sin(φ) * Math.cos(λ) * vx -
+    Math.sin(φ) * Math.sin(λ) * vy +
+    Math.cos(φ) * vz;
+  if (![east, north].every(Number.isFinite)) return null;
+  if (Math.hypot(east, north) < GROUND_TRACK_MIN_SPEED_MPS) return null;
+  return ((Math.atan2(east, north) * 180) / Math.PI + 360) % 360;
+}
+
 export function createOrbits({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   /**
    * Build the rigid ECEF transform that keeps an orbit path baked at one GMST
@@ -68,11 +119,20 @@ export function createOrbits({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         ? Math.hypot(velocity.x, velocity.y, velocity.z) * 1000
         : null;
 
+      const latitude = degreesLat(geo.latitude);
+      const longitude = degreesLong(geo.longitude);
       return {
-        longitude: degreesLong(geo.longitude),
-        latitude: degreesLat(geo.latitude),
+        longitude,
+        latitude,
         altitude: geo.height * 1000, // km → meters
         speedMps: Number.isFinite(speedMps) ? speedMps : null,
+        groundTrackDeg: groundTrackBearingDeg(
+          posVel.position,
+          velocity,
+          gmst,
+          latitude,
+          longitude,
+        ),
       };
     } catch {
       return null;
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js b/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
index c54fbd61e..4c612a74a 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/rendering.js
@@ -47,21 +47,23 @@ export function createRendering({
     if (basePositions.length < 2) return;
 
     const pathColor = color || Cesium.Color.CYAN;
+    // Kept so the Cockpit's orbit dim (cockpitSubject.js) restores exactly.
+    const baseColor = pathColor.withAlpha(0.6);
+    const baseDepthFailColor = pathColor.withAlpha(0.35);
+    const instanceId = `satellite-orbit:${noradId}`;
 
     const primitive = new Cesium.Primitive({
       geometryInstances: new Cesium.GeometryInstance({
+        id: instanceId,
         geometry: new Cesium.PolylineGeometry({
           positions: basePositions,
           width: noradId === ISS_NORAD ? 2.5 : 2.0,
           vertexFormat: Cesium.PolylineColorAppearance.VERTEX_FORMAT,
         }),
         attributes: {
-          color: Cesium.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.fromColor(
-            pathColor.withAlpha(0.6),
-          ),
-          depthFailColor: Cesium.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.fromColor(
-            pathColor.withAlpha(0.35),
-          ),
+          color: Cesium.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.fromColor(baseColor),
+          depthFailColor:
+            Cesium.ColorGeometryInstanceAttribute.fromColor(baseDepthFailColor),
         },
       }),
       appearance: new Cesium.PolylineColorAppearance({ translucent: true }),
@@ -79,6 +81,11 @@ export function createRendering({
       // GMST value (gstime is pure), so delta starts at exactly 0 and the
       // initial identity modelMatrix is correct until the first ring tick.
       gmstAtBake: gstime(bakeDate),
+      instanceId,
+      baseColor,
+      baseDepthFailColor,
+      // The alpha multiple last written to the instance (1: as built).
+      alphaFactor: 1,
     });
   }
 
@@ -204,6 +211,10 @@ export function createRendering({
       }
     }
 
+    // While the Cockpit rides the tracked satellite, keep its marks hidden.
+    if (layerState._cockpitSubjectNorad !== null)
+      parts.cockpit?._syncCockpitSubjectVisuals();
+
     _updatePointFocus(now);
 
     // Hidden standalone orbit primitives do not need GMST matrix writes while
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/state.js b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
index 783cdcb4c..e5b0410cf 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
@@ -173,6 +173,17 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state._trackedFrameNowForTest = null;
 
+  // Cockpit orbital-view hold (cockpitSubject.js): the NORAD id the Cockpit
+  // camera rides, and what the hold hid so release restores exactly that.
+
+  state._cockpitSubjectNorad = null;
+
+  state._cockpitHiddenPoints = new Set();
+
+  state._cockpitHiddenPath = null;
+
+  state._cockpitHiddenDot = false;
+
   // Scratch variables
 
   state._scratchCartesian = new Cesium.Cartesian3();
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
index af37a8bba..ccdd8b100 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
@@ -120,6 +120,9 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     }
     layerState._trackedNorad = null;
     parts.controls._syncIssOrbit?.();
+    // A held Cockpit subject that stops being tracked gets its marks back.
+    if (layerState._cockpitSubjectNorad !== null)
+      parts.cockpit?._syncCockpitSubjectVisuals();
     parts.labels._syncIssOverlay();
     clearTrackedSubjectContext('satellites');
     layerState._contextRefreshedAtMs = 0;
diff --git a/src/ui/applicationShell.js b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
index 13303410f..5010a5338 100644
--- a/src/ui/applicationShell.js
+++ b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
@@ -362,6 +362,7 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
         flightsLayer: services.flightsLayer,
         militaryFlightsLayer: services.militaryFlightsLayer,
         aisLiveVesselsLayer: services.aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+        satellitesLayer: services.satellitesLayer,
         isTr3b: services.isTr3b,
         toggleTr3b: services.toggleTr3b,
         militaryAwarenessLayer: services.militaryAwarenessLayer,
@@ -376,6 +377,13 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
         fetchRegionalBrief: services.fetchRegionalBrief,
         regionalDistanceM: services.regionalDistanceM,
         weatherCodeLabel: services.weatherCodeLabel,
+        // Orbit reads flat Esri imagery: Google 3D tiles stay coarse from
+        // hundreds of kilometres up. The lease puts the map back on exit.
+        acquireOrbitImagery: () =>
+          this.mapStackController?.acquireImageryComparison?.({
+            owner: 'cockpit-orbit',
+            switchPolicy: 'esri-if-photoreal',
+          }) ?? null,
       },
       elements: {
         _ppToggles: this._ppToggles,
@@ -403,6 +411,8 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishSignals(rows),
           radar: (view) =>
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishRadar(view),
+          orbital: (view) =>
+            useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishOrbital(view),
           utilityLayout: (layout) =>
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishUtilityLayout(layout),
         },
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs
index 8636c83e8..1fdca1c2f 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 // src/ui/cockpitBodyClasses.test.mjs — the classes the Cockpit puts on
 // <body> must not also name an element's rule. A bare `.name { … }` written
 // for a panel matches <body> the moment <body> carries `name`, and its
-// pointer-events, position and overflow then apply to the whole page.
+// pointer-events, position and overflow then apply to the whole page (a
+// shared `cockpit-orbital` once made every click in orbit fall through).
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { readFileSync, readdirSync } from 'node:fs';
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ function cockpitBodyClasses() {
 
 test('the Cockpit adds its subject classes to <body>', () => {
   const classes = cockpitBodyClasses();
-  for (const name of ['cockpit-mode', 'cockpit-bridge']) {
+  for (const name of ['cockpit-mode', 'cockpit-bridge', 'cockpit-orbit']) {
     assert.ok(classes.includes(name), `${name} is not added to <body>`);
   }
 });
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
index 7c4ad4b1a..41682217e 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBridge.test.mjs
@@ -424,23 +424,33 @@ test("turning off the ridden aircraft's layer ends the cockpit", async (t) => {
   assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
 });
 
-test('C enters the selected vessel bridge and aircraft-only entry refuses it', async (t) => {
-  const { cockpit } = fixture(t);
+test('BRIDGE enters the selected vessel bridge and aircraft-only entry refuses it', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit } = fixture(t);
   assert.equal(cockpit.enter({ kind: 'aircraft' }), false);
-  const event = {
-    key: 'c',
-    target: document.body,
-    defaultPrevented: false,
-    preventDefault() {
-      this.defaultPrevented = true;
-    },
-    stopImmediatePropagation() {},
-  };
-  cockpit.onKeyDown(event);
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  await settle();
+  $('#cockpit-entry').click();
   await settle();
   assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
   assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'vessel');
-  assert.equal(event.defaultPrevented, true);
+});
+
+test('C neither enters nor leaves the bridge; it stays the CCTV shortcut', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit } = fixture(t);
+  const outside = press(cockpit, 'c');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false, 'C does not enter');
+  assert.equal(outside.defaultPrevented, false);
+  assert.equal(outside.propagationStopped, false);
+  cockpit.enter();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'vessel');
+  for (const key of ['c', 'C']) {
+    const inside = press(cockpit, key);
+    assert.equal(cockpit.active, true, `${key} does not exit`);
+    assert.equal(inside.defaultPrevented, false);
+    assert.equal(inside.propagationStopped, false);
+  }
 });
 
 test('C stays the CCTV shortcut when the bridge gate is shut', async (t) => {
@@ -501,10 +511,13 @@ function press(
     repeat,
     target,
     defaultPrevented: false,
+    propagationStopped: false,
     preventDefault() {
       this.defaultPrevented = true;
     },
-    stopImmediatePropagation() {},
+    stopImmediatePropagation() {
+      this.propagationStopped = true;
+    },
   };
   cockpit.onKeyDown(event);
   return event;
@@ -696,11 +709,9 @@ test('a held arrow keeps turning the bridge view', async (t) => {
     assert.equal(event.defaultPrevented, true);
   }
   assert.equal(cockpit.lookTarget.yawDeg, -30);
-  // A held Home or C still acts only once.
+  // A held Home still acts only once.
   press(cockpit, 'Home', { repeat: true });
   assert.equal(cockpit.lookTarget.yawDeg, -30);
-  press(cockpit, 'c', { repeat: true });
-  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
 });
 
 test('Home, 0 and LOOK AHEAD bring the bridge view back over the bow', async (t) => {
@@ -844,6 +855,41 @@ test('arrows do nothing new in an aircraft cockpit', async (t) => {
   );
 });
 
+test('C neither enters nor leaves an aircraft cockpit', async (t) => {
+  const aircraftInfo = {
+    icao24: 'abc123',
+    callsign: 'TEST1',
+    latitude: 54.5,
+    longitude: 10.2,
+    altitudeM: 3000,
+    velocityMps: 200,
+    track: 45,
+    onGround: false,
+  };
+  const { cockpit, viewer, aircraft } = fixture(t, { aircraftInfo });
+  viewer.trackedEntity = aircraft;
+  const outside = press(cockpit, 'c');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false, 'C does not enter');
+  assert.equal(outside.defaultPrevented, false);
+  assert.equal(outside.propagationStopped, false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter({ kind: 'aircraft' }), true);
+  await settle();
+  const inside = press(cockpit, 'c');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true, 'C does not exit');
+  assert.equal(inside.propagationStopped, false);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    document.querySelector('.cockpit-help').textContent,
+    /C TOGGLE/,
+  );
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    document
+      .querySelector('#map-view-switch')
+      .getAttribute('aria-keyshortcuts'),
+    /C/,
+  );
+});
+
 /** The eye's ellipsoidal height in a placed camera, metres. */
 const eyeHeightM = (shot) =>
   Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(shot.destination).height;
@@ -1162,6 +1208,10 @@ test('both entries name the subject the same way', async () => {
     icon: 'directions_boat',
     label: 'BRIDGE',
   });
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpitEntryFace('satellite'), {
+    icon: 'satellite_alt',
+    label: 'ORBIT',
+  });
   assert.deepEqual(cockpitEntryFace('aircraft'), {
     icon: 'flight',
     label: 'COCKPIT',
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
index 9c74195c4..30b9769b6 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ export function maybeRefreshRegionalBrief(info) {
     !Number.isFinite(info.longitude)
   )
     return;
-  const subjectId = `${info.layerId || 'aircraft'}:${info.icao24 || info.mmsi || info.registration || info.callsign || 'unknown'}`;
+  const subjectId = `${info.layerId || 'aircraft'}:${info.icao24 || info.mmsi || info.noradId || info.registration || info.callsign || 'unknown'}`;
   if (subjectId !== this.regionalBriefSubjectId) {
     this.regionalBriefAbort?.abort();
     this.regionalBriefAbort = null;
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
index d5c268b35..33f9a5182 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCamera.js
@@ -57,6 +57,10 @@ export function update() {
     updateVessel.call(this, nowMs);
     return;
   }
+  if (this.subjectKind === 'satellite') {
+    this.updateOrbital(nowMs);
+    return;
+  }
   const info = this.readAircraftInfo();
 
   // Adopt a newly selected track before the camera cadence gate. A context
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitController.js b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
index 011e32ebc..2c4a53595 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /** Coordinate Cockpit lifecycle through supplied aircraft, terrain, rendering and briefing operations. */
 import {
   readAircraftInfo,
+  readSatelliteInfo,
   readVesselInfo,
   readSubjectLayerId,
   resolveEntryKind,
@@ -15,6 +16,15 @@ import {
   exit,
 } from './cockpitTrackingController.js';
 import { update } from './cockpitCamera.js';
+import {
+  beginOrbital,
+  endOrbital,
+  resetOrbitalLook,
+  stepOrbitalZoom,
+  turnOrbitalLook,
+  updateOrbital,
+  updateOrbitalHud,
+} from './cockpitOrbitalView.js';
 import {
   publishInstrumentsView,
   publishRouteView,
@@ -95,6 +105,7 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
       onCameraTakeover = null,
       isEntryAllowed = null,
       isBridgeEntryAllowed = null,
+      isOrbitEntryAllowed = null,
       isUtilityDisclosureOpen = null,
       onEntered = null,
       onExited = null,
@@ -108,10 +119,21 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this.destroyed = false;
     this.disposed = false;
     this.active = false;
-    /** 'aircraft' or 'vessel' while active; which subject the camera rides. */
+    /**
+     * 'aircraft', 'vessel' or 'satellite' while active; which subject the
+     * camera rides.
+     */
     this.subjectKind = null;
-    /** The vessel subject's MMSI; aircraft are identified by trackedEntity. */
+    /**
+     * The vessel subject's MMSI or the satellite's NORAD id; aircraft are
+     * identified by trackedEntity.
+     */
     this.subjectId = null;
+    /**
+     * The orbital view's zoom, look and saved field of view while a
+     * satellite is ridden (src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js); null otherwise.
+     */
+    this.orbital = null;
     this.trackedEntity = null;
     this.trackedEntityWasShown = true;
     this.heading = null;
@@ -162,6 +184,11 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
       typeof isBridgeEntryAllowed === 'function'
         ? isBridgeEntryAllowed
         : () => false;
+    // Nor a satellite layer to ride without one.
+    this.isOrbitEntryAllowed =
+      typeof isOrbitEntryAllowed === 'function'
+        ? isOrbitEntryAllowed
+        : () => false;
     this.isUtilityDisclosureOpen =
       typeof isUtilityDisclosureOpen === 'function'
         ? isUtilityDisclosureOpen
@@ -197,6 +224,7 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this.publishSignals = publish.signals ?? (() => {});
     this.publishUtilityLayout = publish.utilityLayout ?? (() => {});
     this.publishRadar = publish.radar ?? (() => {});
+    this.publishOrbital = publish.orbital ?? (() => {});
     /** The bridge radar's range in nautical miles; kept across bridges. */
     this.radarRangeNm = DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM;
     this.presence = {
@@ -302,6 +330,15 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this._listen(document, 'click', (event) => {
       if (event.target?.closest?.('#cockpit-look-ahead')) this.lookAhead();
     });
+    // The orbital HUD mounts only in orbit, so its controls are delegated.
+    this._listen(document, 'click', (event) => {
+      const target = event.target;
+      if (target?.closest?.('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-in'))
+        this.stepOrbitalZoom(1);
+      else if (target?.closest?.('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-out'))
+        this.stepOrbitalZoom(-1);
+      else if (target?.closest?.('#cockpit-orbital-nadir')) this.orbitalNadir();
+    });
     this._listen(this.signalToggle, 'click', () =>
       this.setSignalCollapsed(!this.signalCollapsed, { user: true }),
     );
@@ -346,6 +383,49 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   readVesselInfo() {
     return readVesselInfo.call(this);
   }
+  readSatelliteInfo() {
+    return readSatelliteInfo.call(this);
+  }
+  beginOrbital() {
+    return beginOrbital.call(this);
+  }
+  endOrbital() {
+    return endOrbital.call(this);
+  }
+  updateOrbital(nowMs) {
+    return updateOrbital.call(this, nowMs);
+  }
+  updateOrbitalHud(info, nowMs) {
+    return updateOrbitalHud.call(this, info, nowMs);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Step the orbital view's optical zoom (the + and − keys and buttons).
+   * @param {number} direction Positive zooms in, negative out.
+   * @returns {boolean} True when the zoom changed.
+   */
+  stepOrbitalZoom(direction) {
+    return stepOrbitalZoom.call(this, direction);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tilt the orbital view one arrow step off nadir.
+   * @param {{axis: 'yaw'|'pitch', sign: number, stepDeg: number}} step
+   * @returns {boolean} True in an orbital view.
+   */
+  turnOrbitalLook(step) {
+    return turnOrbitalLook.call(this, step);
+  }
+  /**
+   * The NADIR control and the Home and 0 keys in orbit: back to pure nadir.
+   * Focus leaves the button before it hides.
+   * @returns {boolean} True in an orbital view.
+   */
+  orbitalNadir() {
+    const button = document.getElementById('cockpit-orbital-nadir');
+    const hadFocus = !!button && button.contains(document.activeElement);
+    const reset = resetOrbitalLook.call(this);
+    if (reset && hadFocus) this.mapViewButton?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
+    return reset;
+  }
   readSubjectLayerId() {
     return readSubjectLayerId.call(this);
   }
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
index 51f81b965..686e5f16a 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   COCKPIT_AIRCRAFT_LAYER_IDS,
   bridgeEntryAllowed,
   cockpitEntryAllowed,
+  orbitEntryAllowed,
 } from '../contextModePolicy.js';
 import { formatAwarenessLabel } from '../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
 import { enterCockpitWithTracking } from '../cockpitTracking.js';
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
       flightsLayer,
       militaryFlightsLayer,
       aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+      satellitesLayer,
       isTr3b,
       toggleTr3b,
       militaryAwarenessLayer,
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
       fetchRegionalBrief,
       regionalDistanceM,
       weatherCodeLabel,
+      acquireOrbitImagery,
     } = services;
     this._cockpitDisplayPortal = null;
     this.cockpitView = new CockpitViewController(viewer, {
@@ -63,6 +66,7 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
         flightsLayer,
         militaryFlightsLayer,
         aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+        satellitesLayer,
         isTr3b,
         toggleTr3b,
         militaryAwarenessLayer,
@@ -78,6 +82,7 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
         fetchRegionalBrief,
         regionalDistanceM,
         weatherCodeLabel,
+        acquireOrbitImagery,
         // The Contact card and Live Signals say which feeds are off.
         isLayerEnabled: (layerId) => this._isLayerEnabled(layerId),
       },
@@ -101,6 +106,14 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
           vesselsEnabled: !!this._dataManager?.isEnabled('ais-live-vessels'),
           contextModeChanging: this._contextModeChanging,
         }),
+      isOrbitEntryAllowed: () =>
+        orbitEntryAllowed({
+          satellitesEnabled: !!this._dataManager?.isEnabled('satellites'),
+          contextModeChanging: this._contextModeChanging,
+          // The layer says whether its class may be ridden.
+          subjectEnterable:
+            satellitesLayer?.getCockpitSubject?.()?.enterable !== false,
+        }),
       publish: this.publishCockpit,
       isUtilityDisclosureOpen: () => !!this.readUtilityDisclosureOpen?.(),
       onEntered: () => this.enterPanels(),
@@ -190,6 +203,11 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
       active && this.cockpitView?.subjectKind === 'vessel'
         ? this.cockpitView.readVesselInfo?.()
         : null;
+    // Likewise an orbital view in use: its satellite, never an aircraft.
+    const satellite =
+      active && this.cockpitView?.subjectKind === 'satellite'
+        ? this.cockpitView.readSatelliteInfo?.()
+        : null;
     const gateOpen = Boolean(this.cockpitView?.isEntryAllowed?.());
     // "Could Cockpit be ENTERED right now" — so it is false while already
     // inside, unconditionally. Cockpit takes the entity off
@@ -218,22 +236,30 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
               ? 'subject-layer-off'
               : 'no-tracked-aircraft',
       visionMode: this.cockpitView?.visionMode || null,
-      subject: vessel
+      subject: satellite
         ? {
-            kind: 'vessel',
-            id: vessel.mmsi,
-            layerId: vessel.layerId,
+            kind: 'satellite',
+            id: satellite.id,
+            layerId: satellite.layerId,
             callsign: null,
-            name: vessel.name,
+            name: satellite.name,
           }
-        : info
+        : vessel
           ? {
-              kind: 'aircraft',
-              id: info.icao24 || info.id || null,
-              layerId: info.layerId || null,
-              callsign: info.callsign || null,
+              kind: 'vessel',
+              id: vessel.mmsi,
+              layerId: vessel.layerId,
+              callsign: null,
+              name: vessel.name,
             }
-          : null,
+          : info
+            ? {
+                kind: 'aircraft',
+                id: info.icao24 || info.id || null,
+                layerId: info.layerId || null,
+                callsign: info.callsign || null,
+              }
+            : null,
       navigation: snapshot
         ? {
             canPrevious: Boolean(snapshot.navigation?.canPrevious),
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
index 81c8ccf40..ec144128b 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
@@ -25,6 +25,20 @@ const CIVIL = Object.freeze({
   latitude: 30,
   longitude: -97,
 });
+/** A tracked satellite, as the Satellites layer reports it. */
+const SATELLITE = Object.freeze({
+  kind: 'satellite',
+  layerId: 'satellites',
+  id: '25544',
+  noradId: 25544,
+  name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
+  classLabel: 'STATION · ISS',
+  latitude: 30,
+  longitude: -97,
+  altitudeM: 420_000,
+  velocityMps: 7_660,
+  stale: false,
+});
 const MILITARY = Object.freeze({
   ...CIVIL,
   icao24: 'ae0001',
@@ -36,6 +50,7 @@ function fixture(
   {
     enabled = [],
     tracked = null,
+    satellite = null,
     contextMode = null,
     changing = false,
     dataManager: suppliedManager = null,
@@ -87,6 +102,13 @@ function fixture(
       flightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: trackedFrom('flights') },
       militaryFlightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: trackedFrom('military') },
       aisLiveVesselsLayer: { getCockpitSubject: () => null },
+      // Like the layer, no subject while Satellites is off.
+      satellitesLayer: {
+        getCockpitSubject: () =>
+          satellite && layers.has('satellites') ? { ...satellite } : null,
+        getCockpitPosition: () => null,
+        setCockpitSubject: () => true,
+      },
       militaryAwarenessLayer: { getContextSnapshot: () => null },
       isTr3b: () => false,
       holdContinuousRender() {},
@@ -121,7 +143,11 @@ function fixture(
   t.after(() => {
     coordinator.stop();
     app.unmount();
-    document.body.classList.remove('cockpit-mode', 'cockpit-bridge');
+    document.body.classList.remove(
+      'cockpit-mode',
+      'cockpit-bridge',
+      'cockpit-orbit',
+    );
   });
   /** Turn a layer off and tell the Context owner, as the data manager does. */
   const disable = (layerId) => {
@@ -520,3 +546,85 @@ test('the readout entry reads BRIDGE for a selected vessel', async (t) => {
   assert.match(readoutEntry.textContent, /directions_boat/);
   assert.match(readoutEntry.textContent, /BRIDGE/);
 });
+
+test('a tracked satellite needs Satellites on for the ORBIT entry', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit } = fixture(t, { satellite: SATELLITE });
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-entry').hidden, true, 'Satellites off: no entry');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), false);
+});
+
+test('with Satellites on, the tracked satellite offers ORBIT and reports itself', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, coordinator, pinia } = fixture(t, {
+    enabled: ['satellites'],
+    satellite: SATELLITE,
+  });
+  useHudStore(pinia);
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  await nextTick();
+  for (const selector of ['#cockpit-entry', '#cockpit-entry-readout']) {
+    assert.equal($(selector).hidden, false, selector);
+    assert.match($(selector).textContent, /satellite_alt/);
+    assert.match($(selector).textContent, /ORBIT/);
+  }
+  // Voice stays aircraft-only: it neither offers nor takes the satellite.
+  assert.equal(coordinator.getCockpitState().entryAllowed, false);
+  assert.equal(coordinator.controlCockpit('enter').ok, false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+  $('#cockpit-entry-readout').click();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'satellite');
+  const state = coordinator.getCockpitState();
+  assert.equal(state.active, true);
+  assert.deepEqual(state.subject, {
+    kind: 'satellite',
+    id: '25544',
+    layerId: 'satellites',
+    callsign: null,
+    name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
+  });
+});
+
+test('tracked debris offers no ORBIT entry and refuses to be entered', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit } = fixture(t, {
+    enabled: ['satellites'],
+    satellite: {
+      ...SATELLITE,
+      id: '27386',
+      noradId: 27386,
+      name: 'SL-16 R/B',
+      satelliteClass: 'debris',
+      enterable: false,
+    },
+  });
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  await nextTick();
+  for (const selector of ['#cockpit-entry', '#cockpit-entry-readout'])
+    assert.equal($(selector).hidden, true, selector);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter({ kind: 'satellite' }), false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+});
+
+test('a Context change in flight blocks the orbital view too', (t) => {
+  const { cockpit } = fixture(t, {
+    enabled: ['satellites'],
+    satellite: SATELLITE,
+    changing: true,
+  });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), false);
+});
+
+test('turning Satellites off ends the orbital view', (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, disable } = fixture(t, {
+    enabled: ['satellites', 'flights'],
+    satellite: SATELLITE,
+  });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  disable('flights');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true, 'other feeds are free to go off');
+  disable('satellites');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
index 694897975..b8df16357 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ function subjectWorldPosition(kind) {
       ) ?? null
     );
   }
+  if (kind === 'satellite')
+    return this.services.satellitesLayer?.getCockpitPosition?.() ?? null;
   const info = this.readVesselInfo();
   if (!Number.isFinite(info?.latitude) || !Number.isFinite(info?.longitude))
     return null;
@@ -194,9 +196,35 @@ function handleLookKey(event) {
   return true;
 }
 
+/** Zoom keys in orbit: `+` (or `=`, unshifted) in and `-` (or `_`) out. */
+const ORBITAL_ZOOM_KEYS = Object.freeze({ '+': 1, '=': 1, '-': -1, _: -1 });
+
 /**
- * The Cockpit's capture-phase keydown: Escape and C, and on a bridge the
- * look-around keys.
+ * In an orbital view: tilt off nadir with the arrows (single 5° steps; Shift
+ * does not take the bridge's 45° step), return to nadir with Home or 0, and
+ * step the zoom with + and −. The bridge's focus guards apply.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the key was taken.
+ */
+function handleOrbitalKey(event) {
+  if (!this.active || this.subjectKind !== 'satellite') return false;
+  if (event.metaKey || event.ctrlKey || event.altKey) return false;
+  const step = lookKeyStep(event.key);
+  const reset = !event.repeat && (event.key === 'Home' || event.key === '0');
+  const zoom = event.repeat ? 0 : ORBITAL_ZOOM_KEYS[event.key] || 0;
+  if (!step && !reset && !zoom) return false;
+  if (event.target?.closest?.(LOOK_KEY_OWNERS)) return false;
+  if (this.isUtilityDisclosureOpen?.()) return false;
+  event.preventDefault();
+  if (step) this.turnOrbitalLook(step);
+  else if (reset) this.orbitalNadir();
+  else this.stepOrbitalZoom(zoom);
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The Cockpit's capture-phase keydown: Escape, on a bridge the look-around
+ * keys and in orbit the tilt and zoom keys. C is left to the app-wide CCTV
+ * shortcut; entry is by double-click or the entry buttons.
  * @param {KeyboardEvent} event
  */
 export function onKeyDown(event) {
@@ -247,32 +275,5 @@ export function onKeyDown(event) {
   if (event.target?.closest?.('input, textarea, select, [contenteditable]'))
     return;
   if (handleLookKey.call(this, event)) return;
-  const key = event.key?.toLowerCase();
-  if (key === 'c' && !event.metaKey && !event.ctrlKey && !event.altKey) {
-    if (!this.active) {
-      const cockpitAttempt = !!(
-        this.readAircraftInfo() && this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position
-      );
-      // With no tracked aircraft, C takes the selected vessel's bridge, but
-      // only when the bridge can be entered: otherwise C stays the CCTV
-      // shortcut, as it is with nothing selected.
-      const bridgeAttempt =
-        !cockpitAttempt &&
-        !!this.readVesselInfo() &&
-        this.isBridgeEntryAllowed();
-      if (!cockpitAttempt && !bridgeAttempt) return;
-      if (bridgeAttempt) {
-        event.preventDefault();
-        event.stopImmediatePropagation();
-        this.enter({ kind: 'vessel' });
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-    event.preventDefault();
-    event.stopImmediatePropagation();
-    if (!this.active && !this.isEntryAllowed()) return;
-    if (this.active) this.exit();
-    else this.enter({ kind: 'aircraft' });
-    return;
-  }
+  handleOrbitalKey.call(this, event);
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
index b68279643..c5e9863cd 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
@@ -140,6 +140,11 @@ export function updateHud(
     updateVesselHud.call(this, info, nowMs, forceContext);
     return;
   }
+  // The orbital view keeps its own HUD (CockpitOrbital).
+  if (info?.kind === 'satellite') {
+    this.updateOrbitalHud(info, nowMs);
+    return;
+  }
   this.lastSubjectInfo = info;
   const view = this.instruments;
   view.kind = 'aircraft';
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e3a5a2b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+// src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs — the orbital view HUD shows what the
+// Cockpit controller publishes to the store, over happy-dom.
+import '../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
+import { createApp, nextTick } from 'vue';
+import { useCockpitStore } from './stores/cockpit.js';
+import CockpitOrbital from './views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue';
+
+const VIEW = Object.freeze({
+  name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
+  classLabel: 'STATION · ISS',
+  altitudeM: 418_400,
+  velocityMps: 7_662,
+  latitude: 12.3456,
+  longitude: -45.6789,
+  zoom: 4,
+  zoomSteps: [1, 2, 4, 8],
+  footprintKm: 61.4,
+  transition: { active: false, blurPx: 0, lockTick: false },
+});
+
+function fixture(t) {
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  const host = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+  const pinia = createPinia();
+  const app = createApp(CockpitOrbital).use(pinia);
+  app.mount(host);
+  t.after(() => app.unmount());
+  const store = useCockpitStore(pinia);
+  const section = () => document.getElementById('cockpit-orbital');
+  const text = (selector) =>
+    section().querySelector(selector)?.textContent.trim() ?? null;
+  return { store, section, text };
+}
+
+test('the orbital HUD is hidden until a satellite view is published', async (t) => {
+  const f = fixture(t);
+  assert.equal(f.section().hidden, true);
+  assert.equal(f.section().querySelector('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-in'), null);
+});
+
+test('a published orbital view renders its readouts and zoom controls', async (t) => {
+  const f = fixture(t);
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...VIEW });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(f.section().hidden, false);
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-kicker'), 'ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR');
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-name'), 'ISS (ZARYA)');
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-class'), 'STATION · ISS');
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-altitude'), '418 KM');
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-velocity'), '7.66 KM/S');
+  assert.match(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-subpoint'), /12\.346°N.*45\.679°W/);
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-north'), 'NORTH UP');
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-zoom'), 'ZOOM 4×');
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-swath'), 'SWATH 61 KM');
+
+  const zoomIn = document.getElementById('cockpit-orbital-zoom-in');
+  const zoomOut = document.getElementById('cockpit-orbital-zoom-out');
+  assert.equal(zoomIn.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Zoom in');
+  assert.equal(zoomOut.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Zoom out');
+  assert.equal(zoomIn.disabled, false);
+  assert.equal(zoomOut.disabled, false);
+  assert.ok(f.section().querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-reticle'));
+});
+
+test('zoom buttons stop at the ends of the zoom steps', async (t) => {
+  const f = fixture(t);
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...VIEW, zoom: 8, footprintKm: 7.25 });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(
+    document.getElementById('cockpit-orbital-zoom-in').disabled,
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-swath'), 'SWATH 7.3 KM');
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...VIEW, zoom: 1 });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(
+    document.getElementById('cockpit-orbital-zoom-out').disabled,
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    document.getElementById('cockpit-orbital-zoom-in').disabled,
+    false,
+  );
+});
+
+test('an unknown velocity leaves its row out', async (t) => {
+  const f = fixture(t);
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...VIEW, velocityMps: null });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(f.section().querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-velocity'), null);
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-altitude'), '418 KM');
+});
+
+test('a zoom step reflects its blur and lock tick', async (t) => {
+  const f = fixture(t);
+  f.store.publishOrbital({
+    ...VIEW,
+    transition: { active: true, blurPx: 4.5, lockTick: false },
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(f.section().classList.contains('cockpit-orbital-focusing'));
+  assert.equal(
+    f.section().style.getPropertyValue('--cockpit-orbital-blur'),
+    '4.50px',
+  );
+  const reticle = f.section().querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-reticle');
+  assert.equal(
+    reticle.classList.contains('cockpit-orbital-reticle-lock'),
+    false,
+  );
+
+  f.store.publishOrbital({
+    ...VIEW,
+    transition: { active: false, blurPx: 0, lockTick: true },
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.ok(!f.section().classList.contains('cockpit-orbital-focusing'));
+  assert.equal(
+    f.section().style.getPropertyValue('--cockpit-orbital-blur'),
+    '0px',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    f
+      .section()
+      .querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-reticle')
+      .classList.contains('cockpit-orbital-reticle-lock'),
+  );
+});
+
+test('publishing null hides the orbital HUD again', async (t) => {
+  const f = fixture(t);
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...VIEW });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(f.section().hidden, false);
+  f.store.publishOrbital(null);
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(f.section().hidden, true);
+  assert.equal(f.section().querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-name'), null);
+});
+
+const ISS_TLE = Object.freeze({
+  line1:
+    '1 25544U 98067A   26308.34166667  .00016717  00000-0  30306-3 0  9993',
+  line2:
+    '2 25544  51.6416 247.4627 0006703 130.5360 325.0288 15.50377579477310',
+  epochMs: Date.UTC(2026, 10, 4, 8, 12, 0),
+});
+
+test('the place below shows at the top once known', async (t) => {
+  const f = fixture(t);
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...VIEW, place: undefined });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(f.section().querySelector('#cockpit-orbital-over'), null);
+  const over = () =>
+    f.section().querySelector('#cockpit-orbital-over strong')?.textContent;
+  f.store.publishOrbital({
+    ...VIEW,
+    place: { kind: 'country', name: 'France', countryCode: 'FR' },
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.match(f.text('#cockpit-orbital-over'), /^CURRENTLY OVER/);
+  assert.equal(over(), 'France');
+  // The division as Natural Earth names it, the country localized.
+  const sichuan = {
+    kind: 'country',
+    name: 'China',
+    countryCode: 'CN',
+    division: 'Sichuan',
+    near: null,
+  };
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...VIEW, place: sichuan });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(over(), 'Sichuan, China');
+  // From 8x, the populated place in view.
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...VIEW, place: { ...sichuan, near: 'Chengdu' } });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(over(), 'Sichuan, China · near Chengdu');
+  f.store.publishOrbital({
+    ...VIEW,
+    place: { kind: 'sea', name: 'Caspian Sea', countryCode: null },
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(over(), 'Caspian Sea');
+  // No feature holds the point (a gap at a simplified coastline): the band
+  // says nothing rather than call land open ocean.
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...VIEW, place: null });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(document.querySelector('#cockpit-orbital-over'), null);
+});
+
+test('the readout names the owner, operator and element set', async (t) => {
+  const f = fixture(t);
+  f.store.publishOrbital({
+    ...VIEW,
+    noradId: 25544,
+    cosparId: '1998-067A',
+    tle: ISS_TLE,
+    // Under node there is no flag glob, so a country shows as a badge.
+    owner: { countryCode: 'US', label: 'USA' },
+    operator: 'NASA',
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-name'), 'ISS (ZARYA)');
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-owner-badge'), 'USA');
+  assert.equal(
+    f.section().querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-owner-badge').title,
+    'United States',
+  );
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-operator'), 'NASA');
+  assert.equal(
+    f.text('.cockpit-orbital-ident-text'),
+    'NORAD 25544 · 1998-067A · EPOCH 2026-11-04 08:12Z',
+  );
+  const toggle = document.getElementById('cockpit-orbital-tle-toggle');
+  const tle = document.getElementById('cockpit-orbital-tle');
+  assert.equal(toggle.getAttribute('aria-expanded'), 'false');
+  assert.equal(tle.style.display, 'none', 'folded');
+  toggle.click();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(toggle.getAttribute('aria-expanded'), 'true');
+  assert.notEqual(tle.style.display, 'none');
+  assert.equal(tle.textContent, `${ISS_TLE.line1}\n${ISS_TLE.line2}`);
+  // Another satellite starts folded.
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...VIEW, noradId: 48274, tle: ISS_TLE });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(
+    document
+      .getElementById('cockpit-orbital-tle-toggle')
+      .getAttribute('aria-expanded'),
+    'false',
+  );
+});
+
+test('unknown identity fields leave their rows out', async (t) => {
+  const f = fixture(t);
+  f.store.publishOrbital({
+    ...VIEW,
+    noradId: null,
+    cosparId: null,
+    tle: null,
+    owner: null,
+    operator: null,
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  for (const selector of [
+    '.cockpit-orbital-flag',
+    '.cockpit-orbital-owner-badge',
+    '.cockpit-orbital-operator',
+    '.cockpit-orbital-ident',
+    '#cockpit-orbital-tle',
+  ])
+    assert.equal(f.section().querySelector(selector), null, selector);
+  // An element set with no NORAD id still dates itself.
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...VIEW, tle: ISS_TLE });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(
+    f.text('.cockpit-orbital-ident-text'),
+    'EPOCH 2026-11-04 08:12Z',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7958a2c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
@@ -0,0 +1,549 @@
+/** The orbital (satellite) view of the Cockpit controller: camera, zoom, look and HUD. */
+import { formatNumber, msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM,
+  ORBITAL_DEFAULT_ZOOM,
+  ORBITAL_SETTLE_BLUR_PX,
+  ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER,
+  ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS,
+  cesiumFrustumFovRad,
+  footprintWidthKm,
+  fovForZoom,
+  interpolateZoomFov,
+  nadirOrientation,
+  nextOrbitalZoom,
+  offNadirAngleDeg,
+  offNadirOrientation,
+  offNadirSwathScale,
+  orbitalBaseFovRad,
+  previousOrbitalZoom,
+  zoomSettleHolding,
+  zoomTransitionState,
+} from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
+import {
+  easeLook,
+  lookIsOffset,
+  orbitalLookReadoutParts,
+  stepOrbitalLook,
+} from '../cockpitLook.js';
+import { cockpitUiUpdateDue } from '../cockpitMath.js';
+import { createPlaceTracker, nearPlaceRadiusKm } from '../data/placeBelow.js';
+import {
+  COCKPIT_CONTEXT_UPDATE_MS,
+  COCKPIT_HUD_UPDATE_MS,
+  compassPointLabel,
+  formatCockpitCoordinate,
+} from './cockpitPresentation.js';
+
+/**
+ * How often the orbital view asks for a regional brief. A low orbit crosses
+ * the briefing's 25 km refresh distance every few seconds, so the sub-satellite
+ * point is briefed on a clock instead.
+ */
+export const ORBITAL_BRIEF_REFRESH_MS = 60_000;
+
+/** Whether the user asked for reduced motion: zoom steps and tilts cut. */
+function prefersReducedMotion() {
+  return Boolean(
+    globalThis.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)')?.matches,
+  );
+}
+
+const IDLE_TRANSITION = Object.freeze({
+  active: false,
+  blurPx: 0,
+  lockTick: false,
+});
+
+const NADIR_LOOK = Object.freeze({ yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 });
+
+/**
+ * Start an orbital session's state. Keeps the camera's own field of view so
+ * the exit can put it back exactly.
+ */
+export function beginOrbital() {
+  const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
+  const state = {
+    imagery: acquireOrbitImagery(this.services),
+    zoom: ORBITAL_DEFAULT_ZOOM,
+    // A zoom step in flight: the magnification it started from and when.
+    transition: null,
+    previousUp: null,
+    savedFov: Number.isFinite(frustum?.fov) ? frustum.fov : null,
+    altitudeM: null,
+    verticalFov: null,
+    lastBriefMs: 0,
+    lookTarget: { ...NADIR_LOOK },
+    lookView: { ...NADIR_LOOK },
+    lookLastMs: performance.now(),
+    // What the sub-satellite point is over: undefined until the first
+    // lookup lands, then a place or null (nothing named there).
+    place: undefined,
+    placeTracker: null,
+  };
+  state.placeTracker = createPlaceTracker({
+    lookup: this.services.placeBelow,
+    onPlace: (place) => {
+      if (this.orbital !== state) return;
+      state.place = place;
+      if (this.lastSubjectInfo?.kind === 'satellite')
+        publishOrbitalView.call(this, this.lastSubjectInfo);
+    },
+  });
+  this.orbital = state;
+}
+
+/** End the orbital session: restore the field of view and clear the HUD. */
+export function endOrbital() {
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  if (!state) return;
+  this.orbital = null;
+  state.placeTracker?.reset();
+  const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
+  if (frustum && state.savedFov !== null) frustum.fov = state.savedFov;
+  // Back to the map the operator had, unless they picked another meanwhile.
+  state.imagery?.release?.()?.catch?.(() => {});
+  this.publishOrbital(null);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Offer the sub-satellite point to the place tracker, with the radius a
+ * populated place may lie in to be named (half the settled view's smaller
+ * ground dimension, from NEAR_PLACE_MIN_ZOOM on), so a zoom step refreshes
+ * the place at once.
+ */
+function trackPlace(info, nowMs) {
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  if (!state?.placeTracker) return;
+  let nearKm = null;
+  if (Number.isFinite(info.altitudeM)) {
+    const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
+    const aspect = Number.isFinite(frustum?.aspectRatio)
+      ? frustum.aspectRatio
+      : canvasAspect(this.viewer);
+    const fov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
+    // The field of view is vertical: aspect 1 gives the ground height.
+    nearKm = nearPlaceRadiusKm(
+      state.zoom,
+      footprintWidthKm(info.altitudeM, fov, aspect),
+      footprintWidthKm(info.altitudeM, fov, 1),
+    );
+  }
+  state.placeTracker.update(info.latitude, info.longitude, nowMs, nearKm);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Lease the map for flat imagery while in orbit. Another owner already
+ * holding it (an imagery comparison) keeps the map as it is.
+ * @returns {{release: () => Promise<void>}|null}
+ */
+function acquireOrbitImagery(services) {
+  try {
+    const lease = services?.acquireOrbitImagery?.() ?? null;
+    lease?.ready?.catch?.(() => {});
+    return lease;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/** The magnification the view shows at `nowMs`, mid-step included. */
+function currentMagnification(state, baseFov, nowMs) {
+  const fov = verticalFovAt(state, baseFov, nowMs).fov;
+  return Math.tan(baseFov / 2) / Math.tan(fov / 2);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The vertical field of view at `nowMs` and the step's HUD state. Once the
+ * field of view lands, the focus pull holds until the imagery has loaded
+ * (see `zoomSettleHolding`), then the reticle locks. A step that has settled
+ * (lock tick over) is retired.
+ */
+function verticalFovAt(state, baseFov, nowMs, tilesLoaded = true) {
+  const target = fovForZoom(baseFov, state.zoom);
+  const step = state.transition;
+  if (!step) return { fov: target, transition: IDLE_TRANSITION, moving: false };
+  const elapsedMs = nowMs - step.startMs;
+  const landedMs = elapsedMs - ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS;
+  if (landedMs >= 0 && step.heldMs === undefined) {
+    if (zoomSettleHolding(landedMs, tilesLoaded)) {
+      return {
+        fov: target,
+        transition: {
+          active: true,
+          blurPx: ORBITAL_SETTLE_BLUR_PX,
+          lockTick: false,
+        },
+        moving: true,
+      };
+    }
+    step.heldMs = landedMs;
+  }
+  // The lock tick runs from the end of the hold, not the end of the move.
+  const now = zoomTransitionState(elapsedMs - (step.heldMs ?? 0));
+  const fov = interpolateZoomFov(
+    fovForZoom(baseFov, step.fromZoom),
+    target,
+    now.progress,
+  );
+  return {
+    fov,
+    transition: {
+      active: now.active,
+      // Settled steps carry no residue of the blur curve (sin π ≠ 0).
+      blurPx: now.active ? now.blurPx : 0,
+      lockTick: now.lockTick,
+    },
+    moving: now.active || now.lockTick,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Apply the field of view for the altitude and time; returns the HUD state. */
+function applyFov(state, altitudeM, nowMs) {
+  const baseFov = orbitalBaseFovRad(altitudeM);
+  const reading = verticalFovAt(
+    state,
+    baseFov,
+    nowMs,
+    tilesLoaded(this.viewer),
+  );
+  // The step's last frame (its lock tick over) publishes the idle state.
+  if (state.transition && !reading.moving) {
+    state.transition = null;
+    reading.transition = IDLE_TRANSITION;
+  }
+  state.verticalFov = reading.fov;
+  const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
+  if (frustum && 'fov' in frustum) {
+    const aspect = Number.isFinite(frustum.aspectRatio)
+      ? frustum.aspectRatio
+      : canvasAspect(this.viewer);
+    frustum.fov = cesiumFrustumFovRad(reading.fov, aspect);
+  }
+  return reading;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether the imagery under the view has loaded. Flat imagery drapes the
+ * globe; with the globe hidden (Google 3D kept) there is nothing to wait for.
+ */
+function tilesLoaded(viewer) {
+  const globe = viewer.scene?.globe;
+  return !globe?.show || globe.tilesLoaded !== false;
+}
+
+function canvasAspect(viewer) {
+  const canvas = viewer.scene?.canvas;
+  const width = canvas?.clientWidth;
+  const height = canvas?.clientHeight;
+  return width > 0 && height > 0 ? width / height : 1;
+}
+
+/** Copy a plain vector into a Cesium scratch. */
+function intoCartesian(vector, result) {
+  result.x = vector.x;
+  result.y = vector.y;
+  result.z = vector.z;
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Drive the orbital camera for one rendered frame: at the satellite's own
+ * per-frame position, looking at the Earth's centre with the ground track at
+ * the top (north at the top for a satellite with none), tilted by the
+ * off-nadir look. A low orbit moves ~7.6 km/s, so there is no cadence
+ * gate here; only the HUD and briefing keep theirs.
+ * @param {number} nowMs Frame time.
+ */
+export function updateOrbital(nowMs) {
+  // Tracking anything from orbit (an aircraft, another satellite) ends the
+  // view and leaves Cesium tracking with that target.
+  if (this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position) {
+    this.exit({ restoreTracking: false });
+    return;
+  }
+  const info = this.readSatelliteInfo();
+  if (!info || info.noradId !== this.subjectId || !this.orbital) {
+    this.exit({ restoreTracking: false });
+    return;
+  }
+  const position = this.services.satellitesLayer?.getCockpitPosition?.(
+    this.scratchTarget,
+  );
+  if (!position) return;
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  // Track-up: the ground track at the top, so the picture scrolls along it.
+  // A geostationary satellite has no track and stays north-up.
+  const nadir = nadirOrientation(position, {
+    previousUp: state.previousUp,
+    headingDeg: Number.isFinite(info.groundTrackDeg)
+      ? info.groundTrackDeg
+      : null,
+  });
+  if (!nadir) return;
+  state.previousUp = nadir.north;
+  state.altitudeM = info.altitudeM;
+  state.lookView = easeLook(
+    state.lookView,
+    state.lookTarget,
+    nowMs - (state.lookLastMs || nowMs),
+    { immediate: prefersReducedMotion() },
+  );
+  state.lookLastMs = nowMs;
+  const view = offNadirOrientation(nadir, {
+    northDeg: state.lookView.pitchDeg,
+    eastDeg: state.lookView.yawDeg,
+  });
+  const zoomStepping = Boolean(state.transition);
+  const reading = applyFov.call(this, state, info.altitudeM, nowMs);
+  this.viewer.camera.setView({
+    destination: position,
+    orientation: {
+      direction: intoCartesian(view.direction, this.scratchForward),
+      up: intoCartesian(view.up, this.scratchUp),
+    },
+  });
+  this.lastSubjectInfo = info;
+  if (
+    zoomStepping ||
+    cockpitUiUpdateDue(nowMs, this.lastHudUpdateMs, COCKPIT_HUD_UPDATE_MS)
+  ) {
+    this.lastHudUpdateMs = nowMs;
+    trackPlace.call(this, info, nowMs);
+    publishOrbitalView.call(this, info, reading.transition);
+  }
+  if (
+    cockpitUiUpdateDue(
+      nowMs,
+      this.lastContextUpdateMs,
+      COCKPIT_CONTEXT_UPDATE_MS,
+    )
+  ) {
+    this.lastContextUpdateMs = nowMs;
+    updateOrbitalContext.call(this, info, nowMs);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Brief the sub-satellite point: the local page every context beat, the
+ * regional brief on its own slower clock.
+ */
+function updateOrbitalContext(info, nowMs, force = false) {
+  this.updateLocalPosition(info);
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  if (
+    state &&
+    (force || nowMs - state.lastBriefMs >= ORBITAL_BRIEF_REFRESH_MS)
+  ) {
+    state.lastBriefMs = nowMs;
+    this.maybeRefreshRegionalBrief(info);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A track-up view tilts along and across the ground track, not toward the
+ * compass: the look's north/east axes are the frame's top and right.
+ */
+const TRACK_LOOK_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  N: msg('FWD'),
+  S: msg('AFT'),
+  E: msg('RIGHT'),
+  W: msg('LEFT'),
+});
+
+function lookDirectionLabel(code, trackUp) {
+  return trackUp ? t(TRACK_LOOK_LABELS[code]) : compassPointLabel(code);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Word the off-nadir look with its total angle from nadir first, or '' at
+ * nadir: `OFF-NADIR 18.0° · FWD 15° · RIGHT 10°`.
+ */
+function wordOffNadir(look, { trackUp = false } = {}) {
+  const parts = orbitalLookReadoutParts(look);
+  const words = [];
+  if (parts.northSouth)
+    words.push(
+      t('{direction} {angle}°', {
+        direction: lookDirectionLabel(parts.northSouth, trackUp),
+        angle: formatNumber(parts.northSouthDeg),
+      }),
+    );
+  if (parts.eastWest)
+    words.push(
+      t('{direction} {angle}°', {
+        direction: lookDirectionLabel(parts.eastWest, trackUp),
+        angle: formatNumber(parts.eastWestDeg),
+      }),
+    );
+  if (!words.length) return '';
+  return t('OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}', {
+    angle: formatNumber(offNadirAngleDeg(lookTilt(parts)), {
+      minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+      maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+    }),
+    offset: words.join(' · '),
+  });
+}
+
+/** The look's tilt as worded: whole degrees, signed north and east. */
+function lookTilt(parts) {
+  return {
+    northDeg: (parts.northSouth === 'S' ? -1 : 1) * parts.northSouthDeg,
+    eastDeg: (parts.eastWest === 'W' ? -1 : 1) * parts.eastWestDeg,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Publish the orbital HUD. The swath is the nadir footprint, so it is left
+ * out while the view is tilted off nadir.
+ * @param {object} info Satellite subject (`readSatelliteInfo`).
+ * @param {{active: boolean, blurPx: number, lockTick: boolean}} transition
+ */
+export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  if (!state || !info) return;
+  const offset = lookIsOffset(state.lookTarget, 0);
+  const aspect = Number.isFinite(this.viewer.camera?.frustum?.aspectRatio)
+    ? this.viewer.camera.frustum.aspectRatio
+    : canvasAspect(this.viewer);
+  const settledFov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
+  const footprintKm = footprintWidthKm(info.altitudeM, settledFov, aspect);
+  const trackUp = Number.isFinite(info.groundTrackDeg);
+  const swathScale = offset
+    ? offNadirSwathScale(lookTilt(orbitalLookReadoutParts(state.lookTarget)))
+    : 1;
+  this.publishOrbital({
+    name: info.name,
+    classLabel: info.classLabel || '',
+    altitudeM: info.altitudeM,
+    velocityMps: Number.isFinite(info.velocityMps) ? info.velocityMps : null,
+    latitude: info.latitude,
+    longitude: info.longitude,
+    zoom: state.zoom,
+    zoomSteps: [...ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER],
+    maxZoom: ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM,
+    footprintKm: offset ? null : footprintKm,
+    transition: { ...transition },
+    look: {
+      offset,
+      readout: offset ? wordOffNadir(state.lookTarget, { trackUp }) : '',
+      // Off nadir, the ground width at the view's centre, approximated from
+      // the nadir footprint (`offNadirSwathScale`); 1 and null at nadir.
+      swathScale,
+      swathKm:
+        offset && Number.isFinite(footprintKm)
+          ? footprintKm * swathScale
+          : null,
+    },
+    // Track-up turns the frame to the ground track; north then sits at
+    // `northDeg` clockwise from the top. A geostationary view stays north-up.
+    trackUp,
+    northDeg: trackUp ? (360 - info.groundTrackDeg) % 360 : 0,
+    place: state.place,
+    noradId: info.noradId ?? null,
+    cosparId: info.cosparId ?? null,
+    tle: info.tle ?? null,
+    owner: info.owner ?? null,
+    operator: info.operator ?? null,
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Present the orbital view on entry and after a language switch: the HUD,
+ * the local page and a regional brief for the sub-satellite point.
+ * @param {object} info Satellite subject.
+ */
+export function updateOrbitalHud(info, nowMs = performance.now()) {
+  this.lastSubjectInfo = info;
+  // A satellite has no flight plan and no Contact card.
+  this.routeView.visible = false;
+  this.clearPredictiveRoute();
+  this.showContextCard(false);
+  trackPlace.call(this, info, nowMs);
+  publishOrbitalView.call(this, info);
+  updateOrbitalContext.call(this, info, nowMs, true);
+}
+
+/** Re-apply the field of view and publish after a zoom or look change. */
+function presentNow() {
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  const info = this.lastSubjectInfo;
+  if (!state || info?.kind !== 'satellite') return;
+  const nowMs = performance.now();
+  const reading = Number.isFinite(state.altitudeM ?? info.altitudeM)
+    ? applyFov.call(this, state, state.altitudeM ?? info.altitudeM, nowMs)
+    : null;
+  publishOrbitalView.call(this, info, reading?.transition ?? IDLE_TRANSITION);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Step the optical zoom one step in (`direction` > 0) or out. The step
+ * animates over ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS with a focus-pull blur and a
+ * lock tick, or cuts at once under reduced motion. The ends stay put.
+ * @param {number} direction Positive to zoom in, negative to zoom out.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the zoom changed.
+ */
+export function stepOrbitalZoom(direction) {
+  if (!this.active || this.subjectKind !== 'satellite' || !this.orbital)
+    return false;
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  const next =
+    direction > 0
+      ? nextOrbitalZoom(state.zoom)
+      : previousOrbitalZoom(state.zoom);
+  return goToZoom.call(this, next);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Move the zoom to `next`, animated from the magnification shown now unless
+ * reduced motion is on.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the zoom changed.
+ */
+function goToZoom(next) {
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(next) || next === state.zoom) return false;
+  const nowMs = performance.now();
+  const altitudeM = state.altitudeM ?? this.lastSubjectInfo?.altitudeM;
+  const fromZoom = Number.isFinite(altitudeM)
+    ? currentMagnification(state, orbitalBaseFovRad(altitudeM), nowMs)
+    : state.zoom;
+  state.zoom = next;
+  state.transition = prefersReducedMotion()
+    ? null
+    : { fromZoom, startMs: nowMs };
+  presentNow.call(this);
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tilt the orbital view one arrow step off nadir (see `lookKeyStep`); each
+ * axis stops at ±45°. The view eases there unless reduced motion is on.
+ * @param {{axis: 'yaw'|'pitch', sign: number, stepDeg: number}} step
+ * @returns {boolean} True in an orbital view.
+ */
+export function turnOrbitalLook(step) {
+  if (!this.active || this.subjectKind !== 'satellite' || !this.orbital)
+    return false;
+  if (!step) return false;
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  state.lookTarget = stepOrbitalLook(state.lookTarget, step);
+  if (prefersReducedMotion()) state.lookView = { ...state.lookTarget };
+  presentNow.call(this);
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bring the orbital view back to pure nadir (Home, 0 or the NADIR button).
+ * @param {{immediate?: boolean}} [options] Jump instead of easing.
+ * @returns {boolean} True in an orbital view.
+ */
+export function resetOrbitalLook({ immediate = false } = {}) {
+  if (!this.active || this.subjectKind !== 'satellite' || !this.orbital)
+    return false;
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  state.lookTarget = { ...NADIR_LOOK };
+  if (immediate || prefersReducedMotion()) state.lookView = { ...NADIR_LOOK };
+  presentNow.call(this);
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc9caad99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,1090 @@
+// src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs — the tracked satellite's orbital view:
+// entry, the nadir camera, the optical zoom and its field of view, the
+// off-nadir look, the HUD it shows and hides, and the ways it ends, over
+// happy-dom. Aircraft and bridge sessions keep their keys.
+import '../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
+import { createApp, defineComponent, h, nextTick } from 'vue';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { CockpitViewController } from './cockpitController.js';
+import { useCockpitStore } from './stores/cockpit.js';
+import { useHudStore } from './stores/hud.js';
+import CockpitView from './views/CockpitView.vue';
+import ContextView from './views/ContextView.vue';
+import IntelHudView from './views/IntelHudView.vue';
+import {
+  ORBITAL_SETTLE_BLUR_PX,
+  ORBITAL_SETTLE_MAX_MS,
+  ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS,
+  cesiumFrustumFovRad,
+  fovForZoom,
+  orbitalBaseFovRad,
+} from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
+import { vesselCockpitInfo } from '../layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js';
+import { claimPointer, releasePointer } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
+
+const ISS = Object.freeze({
+  kind: 'satellite',
+  layerId: 'satellites',
+  id: '25544',
+  noradId: 25544,
+  name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
+  classKey: 'station',
+  classLabel: 'STATION · ISS',
+  latitude: 30,
+  longitude: -97,
+  altitudeM: 420_000,
+  velocityMps: 7_660,
+  stale: false,
+});
+
+/** The camera's field of view before entry; it must come back exactly. */
+const SAVED_FOV = 1.0471975511965976;
+const ASPECT = 16 / 9;
+const START_MS = 1_800_000_000_000;
+
+function satelliteLayer(subject) {
+  const calls = [];
+  let current = subject;
+  return {
+    calls,
+    /** Tracking stopped or the layer turned off: no subject. */
+    drop() {
+      current = null;
+    },
+    getCockpitSubject: () => (current ? { ...current } : null),
+    getCockpitPosition(result) {
+      if (!current) return null;
+      return Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+        current.longitude,
+        current.latitude,
+        current.altitudeM,
+        Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+        result,
+      );
+    },
+    setCockpitSubject(noradId) {
+      calls.push(['subject', noradId]);
+      return true;
+    },
+    refocusTrackedById(noradId) {
+      calls.push(['refocus', noradId]);
+      return true;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+const DOUBLE_CLICK = Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK;
+
+/** The Viewer's input handler, with its stock double-click: untrack. */
+function stockEventHandler(viewer) {
+  const actions = new Map();
+  const handler = {
+    stockCalls: 0,
+    getInputAction: (type) => actions.get(type),
+    setInputAction: (action, type) => actions.set(type, action),
+    removeInputAction: (type) => actions.delete(type),
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+    /** Fire a double-click at a canvas position, as Cesium does. */
+    doubleClick(position) {
+      actions.get(DOUBLE_CLICK)?.({ position });
+    },
+  };
+  actions.set(DOUBLE_CLICK, () => {
+    handler.stockCalls += 1;
+    viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
+  });
+  return handler;
+}
+
+function fixture(
+  t,
+  {
+    satellite = ISS,
+    orbitAllowed = true,
+    reducedMotion = true,
+    aircraftInfo = null,
+    vessel = null,
+  } = {},
+) {
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  const host = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+  const pinia = createPinia();
+  const app = createApp(
+    defineComponent(() => () => [
+      h(ContextView),
+      h(IntelHudView),
+      h(CockpitView),
+    ]),
+  ).use(pinia);
+  app.mount(host);
+  useHudStore(pinia);
+  const store = useCockpitStore(pinia);
+  const previousMatchMedia = globalThis.matchMedia;
+  globalThis.matchMedia = (query) => ({
+    matches: query.includes('reduce') && reducedMotion,
+  });
+  const listeners = () => ({ addEventListener: () => () => {} });
+  const shots = [];
+  const aircraftPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(10.2, 54.5, 3000);
+  const aircraft = {
+    position: {
+      getValue: (time, result) =>
+        Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(aircraftPosition, result),
+    },
+    show: true,
+    gevTrackedId: aircraftInfo ? `flights:${aircraftInfo.icao24}` : '',
+  };
+  const viewer = {
+    trackedEntity: undefined,
+    clock: { currentTime: null },
+    camera: {
+      frustum: { fov: SAVED_FOV, aspectRatio: ASPECT },
+      cancelFlight() {},
+      setView({ destination, orientation }) {
+        shots.push({
+          destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(destination),
+          direction: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(orientation.direction),
+          up: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(orientation.up),
+        });
+      },
+    },
+    entities: { contains: (candidate) => candidate === aircraft },
+    scene: {
+      preUpdate: listeners(),
+      screenSpaceCameraController: { enableInputs: true },
+    },
+    trackedEntityChanged: listeners(),
+  };
+  // Cesium's Viewer installs a double-click that untracks on any pick that
+  // is not an Entity; the Cockpit routes it.
+  viewer.screenSpaceEventHandler = stockEventHandler(viewer);
+  const satellites = satelliteLayer(satellite);
+  const cockpit = new CockpitViewController(viewer, {
+    services: {
+      flightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: () => aircraftInfo },
+      militaryFlightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: () => null },
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer: {
+        getCockpitSubject: () =>
+          vessel
+            ? { ...vesselCockpitInfo(vessel), seaSurfaceHeightM: 0 }
+            : null,
+        setCockpitSubject: () => true,
+        getRadarContacts: () => [],
+        focusSelectedVessel: () => true,
+      },
+      satellitesLayer: satellites,
+      militaryAwarenessLayer: {},
+      isTr3b: () => false,
+      holdContinuousRender() {},
+      releaseContinuousRender() {},
+      cachedGroundFloor: () => null,
+      GROUND_FLOOR_LIFT_M: 0,
+    },
+    isEntryAllowed: () => Boolean(aircraftInfo),
+    isBridgeEntryAllowed: () => Boolean(vessel),
+    isOrbitEntryAllowed: () => orbitAllowed,
+    publish: {
+      presence: (view) => store.publishPresence(view),
+      instruments: (view) => store.publishInstruments(view),
+      route: (view) => store.publishRoute(view),
+      radar: (view) => store.publishRadar(view),
+      orbital: (view) => store.publishOrbital(view),
+    },
+  });
+  // The briefing and signals have their own tests.
+  const briefed = [];
+  Object.assign(cockpit, {
+    setVisionMode() {},
+    showBriefPage() {},
+    startBriefRotation() {},
+    stopBriefRotation() {},
+    pushCockpitSignal() {},
+    scheduleContextLayout() {},
+    updateLocalPosition() {},
+    maybeRefreshRegionalBrief(info) {
+      briefed.push(info.noradId);
+    },
+    updateContext() {},
+    updateRoute() {},
+  });
+  const events = [];
+  const onMode = (event) => events.push(event.detail);
+  window.addEventListener('gev:cockpit-mode-changed', onMode);
+  t.after(() => {
+    window.removeEventListener('gev:cockpit-mode-changed', onMode);
+    cockpit.stop();
+    app.unmount();
+    globalThis.matchMedia = previousMatchMedia;
+    document.body.classList.remove(
+      'cockpit-mode',
+      'cockpit-bridge',
+      'cockpit-orbit',
+    );
+  });
+  const $ = (selector) => document.querySelector(selector);
+  return {
+    $,
+    cockpit,
+    viewer,
+    satellites,
+    store,
+    shots,
+    events,
+    briefed,
+    aircraft,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Replace both clocks; returns a stepper. */
+function manualClock(t, startMs = START_MS) {
+  const originalNow = performance.now;
+  const originalDateNow = Date.now;
+  let nowMs = startMs;
+  performance.now = () => nowMs;
+  Date.now = () => nowMs;
+  t.after(() => {
+    performance.now = originalNow;
+    Date.now = originalDateNow;
+  });
+  return {
+    advance(ms) {
+      nowMs += ms;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+async function settle() {
+  await nextTick();
+  await Promise.resolve();
+}
+
+/** Press a key through the Cockpit's keydown handler. */
+function press(
+  cockpit,
+  key,
+  { shiftKey = false, repeat = false, target = document.body } = {},
+) {
+  const event = {
+    key,
+    shiftKey,
+    repeat,
+    target,
+    defaultPrevented: false,
+    preventDefault() {
+      this.defaultPrevented = true;
+    },
+    stopImmediatePropagation() {},
+  };
+  cockpit.onKeyDown(event);
+  return event;
+}
+
+const satellitePosition = (subject = ISS) =>
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+    subject.longitude,
+    subject.latitude,
+    subject.altitudeM,
+  );
+
+/** The field of view Cesium should hold at a zoom, as `frustum.fov`. */
+const frustumFovAt = (zoom, altitudeM = ISS.altitudeM) =>
+  cesiumFrustumFovRad(fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(altitudeM), zoom), ASPECT);
+
+const angleDeg = (a, b) =>
+  Cesium.Math.toDegrees(Cesium.Cartesian3.angleBetween(a, b));
+
+const near = (actual, expected, label, tolerance = 1e-9) =>
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(actual - expected) <= tolerance,
+    `${label}: ${actual} not within ${tolerance} of ${expected}`,
+  );
+
+async function orbitAt(t, options) {
+  const clock = manualClock(t);
+  const scene = fixture(t, options);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await settle();
+  clock.advance(16);
+  scene.cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  return { ...scene, clock };
+}
+
+test('a tracked satellite offers an ORBIT entry in Contacts and the readout', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit } = fixture(t);
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  await nextTick();
+  for (const selector of ['#cockpit-entry', '#cockpit-entry-readout']) {
+    const entry = $(selector);
+    assert.equal(entry.hidden, false, selector);
+    assert.match(entry.textContent, /satellite_alt/);
+    assert.match(entry.textContent, /ORBIT/);
+  }
+  assert.equal($('#tr3b-toggle').hidden, true, 'TR-3B stays aircraft-only');
+});
+
+test('a shut orbit gate keeps the entry hidden and refuses entry', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit } = fixture(t, { orbitAllowed: false });
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-entry').hidden, true);
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-entry-readout').hidden, true);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+});
+
+test('ORBIT enters the orbital view; voice-style aircraft entry refuses it', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit } = fixture(t);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter({ kind: 'aircraft' }), false);
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  await nextTick();
+  $('#cockpit-entry').click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'satellite');
+  $('#map-view-switch').click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+});
+
+test('C neither enters nor leaves the orbital view', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit } = fixture(t);
+  const outside = press(cockpit, 'c');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false, 'C does not enter');
+  assert.equal(outside.defaultPrevented, false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await settle();
+  const inside = press(cockpit, 'c');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true, 'C does not exit');
+  assert.equal(inside.defaultPrevented, false);
+});
+
+test('entering takes the camera and shows only the orbital HUD', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, viewer, satellites, store, events } = await orbitAt(t);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'satellite');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectId, ISS.noradId);
+  assert.deepEqual(satellites.calls, [['subject', ISS.noradId]]);
+  assert.equal(viewer.trackedEntity, undefined);
+  assert.equal(viewer.scene.screenSpaceCameraController.enableInputs, false);
+  assert.ok(document.body.classList.contains('cockpit-mode'));
+  assert.ok(document.body.classList.contains('cockpit-orbit'));
+  assert.ok(!document.body.classList.contains('cockpit-bridge'));
+  assert.deepEqual(events.at(-1), {
+    active: true,
+    subjectId: String(ISS.noradId),
+    layerId: 'satellites',
+  });
+
+  const hud = $('#cockpit-hud');
+  assert.equal(hud.getAttribute('data-subject'), 'satellite');
+  assert.equal(hud.getAttribute('data-layer'), 'satellites');
+  assert.equal(hud.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Satellite orbital view');
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital').hidden, false);
+  assert.match($('.cockpit-orbital-name').textContent, /ISS \(ZARYA\)/);
+  for (const selector of [
+    '.cockpit-compass',
+    '#cockpit-speed-rim',
+    '#cockpit-altitude-rim',
+    '.cockpit-visor-shell',
+    '.cockpit-scan-array',
+    '.cockpit-frame-lines',
+    '.cockpit-reticle',
+    '.cockpit-radar-console',
+    '.cockpit-look',
+    '.cockpit-position-readout',
+  ])
+    assert.equal($(selector), null, `${selector} is hidden in orbit`);
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-route').hidden, true, 'no flight plan in orbit');
+  assert.equal(store.presence.context, false, 'no Contact card in orbit');
+  assert.ok($('#cockpit-vision-current'), 'vision styles stay');
+  assert.ok($('#cockpit-reset-globe'), 'reset stays');
+  const exit = $('#map-view-switch');
+  assert.equal(exit.hidden, false);
+  assert.equal(exit.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Exit orbital view');
+  assert.match(exit.textContent, /EXIT ORBIT/);
+  assert.match($('.cockpit-help').textContent, /\+\/− ZOOM/);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.name, ISS.name);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(store.orbital.zoomSteps, [1, 2, 4, 8]);
+  assert.ok(store.orbital.footprintKm > 0);
+});
+
+test('the camera sits on the satellite looking at the Earth centre, north up', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, shots, clock } = await orbitAt(t);
+  const count = shots.length;
+  clock.advance(16);
+  cockpit.update();
+  clock.advance(16);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(shots.length, count + 2, 'a camera update every frame');
+  const shot = shots.at(-1);
+  const position = satellitePosition();
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(shot.destination, position, 1e-6));
+  const toCentre = Cesium.Cartesian3.negate(
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(position, new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  near(angleDeg(shot.direction, toCentre), 0, 'looks at the centre', 1e-9);
+  near(Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(shot.direction, shot.up), 0, 'up ⟂ view', 1e-9);
+  // Local north at the sub-satellite point (geodetic, so within a few
+  // tenths of a degree of the geocentric north the camera uses).
+  const enu = Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(position);
+  const north = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPointAsVector(
+    enu,
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(0, 1, 0),
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  assert.ok(angleDeg(shot.up, north) < 0.5, 'north is at the top');
+});
+
+test('each zoom step sets the field of view; exit restores it exactly', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, viewer, store, satellites } = await orbitAt(t);
+  const frustum = viewer.camera.frustum;
+  near(frustum.fov, frustumFovAt(1), '1x');
+  const zoomIn = $('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-in');
+  const zoomOut = $('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-out');
+  assert.equal(zoomOut.disabled, true, 'widest step');
+  const footprint1 = store.orbital.footprintKm;
+
+  assert.equal(press(cockpit, '+').defaultPrevented, true);
+  near(frustum.fov, frustumFovAt(2), '2x by +');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 2);
+  assert.ok(store.orbital.footprintKm < footprint1, 'a narrower swath');
+  press(cockpit, '=');
+  near(frustum.fov, frustumFovAt(4), '4x by =');
+  zoomIn.click();
+  await settle();
+  near(frustum.fov, frustumFovAt(8), '8x by the button');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 8);
+  assert.equal(zoomIn.disabled, true, 'tightest step');
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  zoomIn.click();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 8, '8x is the limit');
+
+  press(cockpit, '-');
+  near(frustum.fov, frustumFovAt(4), '4x by -');
+  press(cockpit, '_');
+  near(frustum.fov, frustumFovAt(2), '2x by _');
+  zoomOut.click();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 1);
+  zoomOut.click();
+  press(cockpit, '-');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 1, '1x is the limit');
+
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  cockpit.exit();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(frustum.fov, SAVED_FOV, 'the original field of view, exactly');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital, null);
+  assert.deepEqual(satellites.calls, [
+    ['subject', ISS.noradId],
+    ['subject', null],
+    ['refocus', ISS.noradId],
+  ]);
+  assert.ok(!document.body.classList.contains('cockpit-orbit'));
+});
+
+test('a zoom step animates with blur and a lock tick', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    reducedMotion: false,
+  });
+  const frustum = viewer.camera.frustum;
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 2);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.transition.active, true);
+  near(frustum.fov, frustumFovAt(1), 'the step starts at 1x');
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS / 2);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.transition.active, true);
+  assert.ok(store.orbital.transition.blurPx > 0, 'focus pull mid-step');
+  assert.ok(frustum.fov < frustumFovAt(1) && frustum.fov > frustumFovAt(2));
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS / 2 + 10);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.transition.active, false);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.transition.lockTick, true, 'lock tick on arrival');
+  near(frustum.fov, frustumFovAt(2), 'settled at 2x');
+  clock.advance(1000);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.deepEqual(store.orbital.transition, {
+    active: false,
+    blurPx: 0,
+    lockTick: false,
+  });
+});
+
+test('a zoom step holds a soft focus until its imagery loads', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    reducedMotion: false,
+  });
+  viewer.scene.globe = { show: true, tilesLoaded: false };
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS + 10);
+  cockpit.update();
+  near(viewer.camera.frustum.fov, frustumFovAt(2), 'the move is over');
+  assert.deepEqual(store.orbital.transition, {
+    active: true,
+    blurPx: ORBITAL_SETTLE_BLUR_PX,
+    lockTick: false,
+  });
+  clock.advance(500);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.transition.active, true, 'still loading');
+  viewer.scene.globe.tilesLoaded = true;
+  clock.advance(16);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.transition.active, false);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.transition.lockTick, true, 'locks on arrival');
+  clock.advance(1000);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.transition.lockTick, false);
+});
+
+test('a zoom step stops waiting for imagery after the cap', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    reducedMotion: false,
+  });
+  // The camera outruns the tiles: they never finish.
+  viewer.scene.globe = { show: true, tilesLoaded: false };
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS + 10);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.transition.active, true);
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_SETTLE_MAX_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.transition.active, false);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.transition.lockTick, true);
+});
+
+test('reduced motion cuts a zoom step at once', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store } = await orbitAt(t, { reducedMotion: true });
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  near(viewer.camera.frustum.fov, frustumFovAt(2), 'instant 2x');
+  assert.deepEqual(store.orbital.transition, {
+    active: false,
+    blurPx: 0,
+    lockTick: false,
+  });
+});
+
+/** The view's tilt from the nadir camera of the same frame, degrees. */
+function offNadir(shot) {
+  const toCentre = Cesium.Cartesian3.negate(
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(shot.destination, new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  return angleDeg(shot.direction, toCentre);
+}
+
+test('arrows tilt the view off nadir in 5° steps up to 45°, Home returns', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, store, shots, clock } = await orbitAt(t);
+  const frame = () => {
+    clock.advance(16);
+    cockpit.update();
+    return shots.at(-1);
+  };
+  const position = satellitePosition();
+  const enu = Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(position);
+  const axis = (x, y) =>
+    Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPointAsVector(
+      enu,
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(x, y, 0),
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    );
+  const north = axis(0, 1);
+  const east = axis(1, 0);
+
+  assert.equal(press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp').defaultPrevented, true);
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp');
+  let shot = frame();
+  near(offNadir(shot), 10, 'two steps north', 1e-6);
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(shot.direction, north) > 0, 'toward north');
+  near(
+    Math.abs(Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(shot.direction, east)),
+    0,
+    'no east',
+    1e-3,
+  );
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.look.offset, true);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.footprintKm, null, 'no nadir swath off nadir');
+  assert.equal(
+    $('#cockpit-orbital-look-readout').textContent,
+    'OFF-NADIR 10.0° · N 10°',
+  );
+  // The swath stays, approximate: the width at the tilted view's centre.
+  const cos = (deg) => Math.cos(Cesium.Math.toRadians(deg));
+  near(store.orbital.look.swathScale, 1 / cos(10), 'along the frame', 1e-9);
+  const swathKm = () =>
+    Number($('.cockpit-orbital-swath').textContent.match(/≈ ([\d.]+) KM/)[1]);
+  const tiltedKm = swathKm();
+  assert.ok(tiltedKm > 0);
+
+  for (let step = 0; step < 3; step += 1) press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight');
+  shot = frame();
+  const expected = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(
+    Math.acos(
+      Math.cos(Cesium.Math.toRadians(10)) * Math.cos(Cesium.Math.toRadians(15)),
+    ),
+  );
+  near(offNadir(shot), expected, 'north 10° and east 15°', 1e-6);
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(shot.direction, east) > 0, 'toward east');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    $('#cockpit-orbital-look-readout').textContent,
+    'OFF-NADIR 18.0° · N 10° · E 15°',
+  );
+  // Tilting across the frame widens it faster: 1/cos² east.
+  near(
+    store.orbital.look.swathScale,
+    1 / (cos(10) * cos(15) ** 2),
+    'across the frame',
+    1e-9,
+  );
+  assert.ok(swathKm() > tiltedKm, 'the swath grows with the tilt');
+
+  // Shift takes no 45° step in orbit, and a held arrow repeats.
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowLeft', { shiftKey: true });
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpit.orbital.lookTarget, { yawDeg: 10, pitchDeg: 10 });
+  for (let step = 0; step < 20; step += 1)
+    press(cockpit, 'ArrowDown', { repeat: step > 0 });
+  for (let step = 0; step < 20; step += 1)
+    press(cockpit, 'ArrowLeft', { repeat: step > 0 });
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpit.orbital.lookTarget, { yawDeg: -45, pitchDeg: -45 });
+  shot = frame();
+  const clamped = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(
+    Math.acos(Math.cos(Cesium.Math.toRadians(45)) ** 2),
+  );
+  near(offNadir(shot), clamped, 'clamped at 45° on each axis', 1e-6);
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(shot.direction, north) < 0, 'toward south');
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(shot.direction, east) < 0, 'toward west');
+
+  press(cockpit, 'Home');
+  shot = frame();
+  near(offNadir(shot), 0, 'Home returns to nadir', 1e-9);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.look.offset, false);
+  assert.equal($('.cockpit-orbital-look'), null, 'no readout at nadir');
+  assert.ok(store.orbital.footprintKm > 0, 'the nadir swath is back');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.look.swathKm, null);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.look.swathScale, 1);
+  assert.match($('.cockpit-orbital-swath').textContent, /^SWATH \d+ KM$/);
+
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight');
+  await settle();
+  frame();
+  $('#cockpit-orbital-nadir').click();
+  shot = frame();
+  near(offNadir(shot), 0, 'NADIR returns to nadir', 1e-9);
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp');
+  press(cockpit, '0');
+  near(offNadir(frame()), 0, '0 returns to nadir', 1e-9);
+});
+
+test('tilt and zoom keys leave fields, sliders and open utilities alone', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, store } = await orbitAt(t);
+  const input = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('input'));
+  const slider = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+  slider.setAttribute('role', 'slider');
+  for (const target of [input, slider]) {
+    for (const key of ['ArrowUp', '+', '-', 'Home'])
+      assert.equal(press(cockpit, key, { target }).defaultPrevented, false);
+  }
+  cockpit.isUtilityDisclosureOpen = () => true;
+  assert.equal(press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp').defaultPrevented, false);
+  assert.equal(press(cockpit, '+').defaultPrevented, false);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(cockpit.orbital.lookTarget, { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 });
+});
+
+test('losing the satellite ends the view without refocusing it', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, satellites, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t);
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  satellites.drop();
+  clock.advance(16);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+  assert.equal(viewer.camera.frustum.fov, SAVED_FOV);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital, null);
+  assert.deepEqual(satellites.calls, [
+    ['subject', ISS.noradId],
+    ['subject', null],
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('tracking an aircraft from orbit ends the view and keeps that tracking', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, satellites, aircraft, clock } = await orbitAt(t);
+  viewer.trackedEntity = aircraft;
+  clock.advance(16);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+  assert.equal(viewer.trackedEntity, aircraft);
+  assert.ok(!satellites.calls.some(([call]) => call === 'refocus'));
+});
+
+test('contact navigation stays with the satellite', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit } = await orbitAt(t);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.navigateContext(1), false);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'satellite');
+});
+
+test('+ and − mean nothing new in an aircraft cockpit or on a bridge', async (t) => {
+  const aircraftInfo = {
+    icao24: 'abc123',
+    callsign: 'TEST1',
+    latitude: 54.5,
+    longitude: 10.2,
+    altitudeM: 3000,
+    velocityMps: 200,
+    track: 45,
+    onGround: false,
+  };
+  const air = fixture(t, { satellite: null, aircraftInfo });
+  air.viewer.trackedEntity = air.aircraft;
+  assert.equal(air.cockpit.enter({ kind: 'aircraft' }), true);
+  for (const key of ['+', '=', '-', '_'])
+    assert.equal(press(air.cockpit, key).defaultPrevented, false, key);
+  assert.equal(air.viewer.camera.frustum.fov, SAVED_FOV);
+  assert.equal(air.cockpit.orbital, null);
+  assert.equal(air.store.orbital, null);
+  air.cockpit.exit();
+  assert.equal(air.viewer.camera.frustum.fov, SAVED_FOV);
+
+  const vessel = {
+    mmsi: '211000000',
+    name: 'NORDIC STAR',
+    type: '70',
+    destination: 'KIEL',
+    lat: 54.5,
+    lon: 10.2,
+    speed: 12,
+    course: 95,
+    heading: 90,
+    lastPositionEpoch: null,
+    missedRefreshes: 0,
+  };
+  const bridge = fixture(t, { satellite: null, vessel });
+  assert.equal(bridge.cockpit.enter(), true);
+  assert.equal(bridge.cockpit.subjectKind, 'vessel');
+  for (const key of ['+', '=', '-', '_'])
+    assert.equal(press(bridge.cockpit, key).defaultPrevented, false, key);
+  assert.equal(bridge.viewer.camera.frustum.fov, SAVED_FOV);
+  // The bridge's own arrows still turn its view.
+  press(bridge.cockpit, 'ArrowRight');
+  assert.equal(bridge.cockpit.lookTarget.yawDeg, 5);
+  assert.equal(bridge.cockpit.orbital, null);
+});
+
+test('orbit opens in the optical picture whatever style the map is in', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, events } = fixture(t);
+  const modes = [];
+  cockpit.getInitialVisionMode = () => 'nvg';
+  cockpit.setVisionMode = (mode) => modes.push(mode);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(modes, ['optical']);
+  // The cloud pass reads the layer to stay off in orbit.
+  assert.equal(events.at(-1).layerId, 'satellites');
+});
+
+test('orbit leases flat imagery on entry and hands the map back on exit', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit } = fixture(t);
+  const calls = [];
+  cockpit.services.acquireOrbitImagery = () => {
+    calls.push('acquire');
+    return {
+      ready: Promise.resolve({ status: 'ready' }),
+      release: () => {
+        calls.push('release');
+        return Promise.resolve();
+      },
+    };
+  };
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['acquire']);
+  cockpit.exit();
+  await settle();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['acquire', 'release']);
+});
+
+test('a map already leased elsewhere does not keep orbit out', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, store } = fixture(t);
+  cockpit.services.acquireOrbitImagery = () => {
+    throw new Error('Imagery comparison is already held by recent-imagery');
+  };
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(store.orbital, 'the orbital HUD is up');
+  cockpit.exit();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital, null);
+});
+
+/**
+ * A double-click `offsetPx` from where the followed satellite is drawn; the
+ * scene projects the satellite to (400, 300) on a canvas at (10, 20).
+ */
+/**
+ * A double-click `offsetPx` from where the followed satellite is drawn, at
+ * (400, 300) on the canvas, through Cesium's double-click handler.
+ */
+function doubleClickNearSatellite(viewer, offsetPx) {
+  viewer.scene.cartesianToCanvasCoordinates = (position, result) =>
+    position ? Object.assign(result, { x: 400, y: 300 }) : undefined;
+  const handler = viewer.screenSpaceEventHandler;
+  const before = handler.stockCalls;
+  handler.doubleClick({ x: 400 + offsetPx, y: 300 });
+  return { stock: handler.stockCalls > before };
+}
+
+test('double-clicking the followed satellite enters the orbital view', async (t) => {
+  const { viewer, store } = fixture(t);
+  const miss = doubleClickNearSatellite(viewer, 60);
+  assert.equal(miss.stock, true, 'a double-click elsewhere goes to Cesium');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital, null);
+  const hit = doubleClickNearSatellite(viewer, 20);
+  assert.equal(hit.stock, false, 'Cesium never sees it');
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(store.orbital, 'the orbital HUD is up');
+  assert.equal(
+    doubleClickNearSatellite(viewer, 0).stock,
+    true,
+    'inside, a double-click is not the entry',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a double-click a tool owns, or one the gate refuses, does not enter', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store } = fixture(t, { orbitAllowed: false });
+  // On the track but refused: no entry, and no untracking either.
+  assert.equal(doubleClickNearSatellite(viewer, 0).stock, false);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital, null);
+  cockpit.isOrbitEntryAllowed = () => true;
+  // Drawing ends a shape with a double-click.
+  const lease = claimPointer('draw');
+  t.after(() => releasePointer(lease));
+  doubleClickNearSatellite(viewer, 0);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital, null);
+  releasePointer(lease);
+  doubleClickNearSatellite(viewer, 0);
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(store.orbital);
+});
+
+test('a double-click on the followed aircraft model enters instead of untracking', async (t) => {
+  const aircraftInfo = {
+    icao24: 'abc123',
+    callsign: 'TEST1',
+    latitude: 54.5,
+    longitude: 10.2,
+    altitudeM: 3000,
+    velocityMps: 200,
+    track: 45,
+    onGround: false,
+  };
+  const { viewer, aircraft, store } = fixture(t, { aircraftInfo });
+  viewer.trackedEntity = aircraft;
+  // The model is a primitive, not an Entity: Cesium's own double-click
+  // would untrack it.
+  doubleClickNearSatellite(viewer, 0);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(viewer.screenSpaceEventHandler.stockCalls, 0);
+  assert.equal(store.presence.active, true, 'the cockpit is entered');
+});
+
+test('the Cockpit hands the double-click back to Cesium when it stops', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer } = fixture(t);
+  cockpit.stop();
+  doubleClickNearSatellite(viewer, 0);
+  assert.equal(viewer.screenSpaceEventHandler.stockCalls, 1);
+});
+
+test('orbit publishes the place below and who owns the satellite', async (t) => {
+  const satellite = {
+    ...ISS,
+    cosparId: '1998-067A',
+    tle: { line1: '1 25544U', line2: '2 25544', epochMs: 0 },
+    owner: { countryCode: null, label: 'ISS partners' },
+    operator: 'NASA/Multinational',
+  };
+  const clock = manualClock(t);
+  const { cockpit, store } = fixture(t, { satellite });
+  const asked = [];
+  cockpit.services.placeBelow = async (lat, lon) => {
+    asked.push([lat, lon]);
+    return { kind: 'country', name: 'United States', countryCode: 'US' };
+  };
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await settle();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.deepEqual(asked, [[30, -97]], 'one offline lookup on entry');
+  assert.deepEqual(store.orbital.place, {
+    kind: 'country',
+    name: 'United States',
+    countryCode: 'US',
+  });
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.noradId, 25544);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.cosparId, '1998-067A');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.operator, 'NASA/Multinational');
+  assert.deepEqual(store.orbital.owner, satellite.owner);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.tle.line1, '1 25544U');
+  // The same ground point a frame later asks nothing new.
+  clock.advance(16);
+  cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(asked.length, 1);
+  cockpit.exit();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital, null);
+});
+
+test('from 8x the place lookup asks for the populated place in view', async (t) => {
+  const clock = manualClock(t);
+  const { cockpit, store } = fixture(t);
+  const asked = [];
+  cockpit.services.placeBelow = async (lat, lon, options) => {
+    asked.push(options?.nearKm ?? null);
+    return {
+      kind: 'country',
+      name: 'United States',
+      countryCode: 'US',
+      division: 'Texas',
+      near: options?.nearKm ? 'Austin' : null,
+    };
+  };
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await settle();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.deepEqual(asked, [null], 'no city at 1x');
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 4);
+  clock.advance(100);
+  cockpit.update();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.deepEqual(asked, [null], 'below 8x nothing new to ask');
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 8);
+  // The next HUD beat asks at once, without waiting out the 2 s gate.
+  clock.advance(100);
+  cockpit.update();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal(asked.length, 2);
+  // Half the view's height, the smaller side of a 16:9 window.
+  const halfHeightKm = store.orbital.footprintKm / 2 / ASPECT;
+  near(asked[1], halfHeightKm, 'half the view height', halfHeightKm * 2e-3);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.place.near, 'Austin');
+});
+
+test('a place that lands after the exit is dropped', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, store } = fixture(t);
+  let answer;
+  cockpit.services.placeBelow = () =>
+    new Promise((resolve) => {
+      answer = resolve;
+    });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await settle();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  cockpit.exit();
+  await settle();
+  answer({ kind: 'ocean', name: 'Late Ocean', countryCode: null });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  assert.equal(store.orbital, null, 'no HUD comes back for a stale answer');
+});
+
+test('a tracked aircraft takes entry before a tracked satellite', async (t) => {
+  const aircraftInfo = {
+    icao24: 'abc123',
+    callsign: 'TEST1',
+    latitude: 54.5,
+    longitude: 10.2,
+    altitudeM: 3000,
+    velocityMps: 200,
+    track: 45,
+    onGround: false,
+  };
+  const { cockpit, viewer, aircraft, store } = fixture(t, { aircraftInfo });
+  viewer.trackedEntity = aircraft;
+  cockpit.syncEntry();
+  assert.equal(store.presence.entryKind, 'aircraft');
+});
+
+/** The ISS climbing north-east along its ground track. */
+const ISS_ON_TRACK = Object.freeze({ ...ISS, groundTrackDeg: 52 });
+
+test('the camera turns to the ground track, so the picture scrolls along it', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, shots, clock, store } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: ISS_ON_TRACK,
+  });
+  clock.advance(16);
+  cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  const shot = shots.at(-1);
+  const position = satellitePosition();
+  const enu = Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(position);
+  const along = (bearingDeg) => {
+    const θ = Cesium.Math.toRadians(bearingDeg);
+    return Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPointAsVector(
+      enu,
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(Math.sin(θ), Math.cos(θ), 0),
+      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    );
+  };
+  assert.ok(angleDeg(shot.up, along(52)) < 0.5, 'the track is at the top');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.trackUp, true);
+  near(store.orbital.northDeg, 308, 'north sits 52° left of the top', 1e-9);
+  assert.match($('.cockpit-orbital-north').textContent, /TRACK UP/);
+  assert.match(
+    $('.cockpit-orbital-north-pointer').style.transform,
+    /rotate\(308\.0deg\)/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    $('.cockpit-orbital-north-letter').style.transform,
+    /rotate\(-308\.0deg\)/,
+    'the N stays upright',
+  );
+  // A tilt runs along and across the track, and says so.
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp');
+  await settle();
+  assert.match(store.orbital.look.readout, /FWD 5°/);
+});
+
+test('a satellite with no ground track stays north-up', async (t) => {
+  const { $, store } = await orbitAt(t);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.trackUp, false);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.northDeg, 0);
+  assert.match($('.cockpit-orbital-north').textContent, /NORTH UP/);
+});
+
+test('a zoom button that turns off hands focus to the other one', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit } = await orbitAt(t);
+  await settle();
+  $('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-in').focus();
+  for (let step = 0; step < 8; step += 1) press(cockpit, '+');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-in').disabled, true);
+  assert.equal(document.activeElement?.id, 'cockpit-orbital-zoom-out');
+  assert.equal(
+    $('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-in').getAttribute('aria-keyshortcuts'),
+    '+ =',
+  );
+  assert.match($('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-in').title, /\(\+\)/);
+});
+
+test('the readout says OFF-NADIR while the view is tilted', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit } = await orbitAt(t);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    $('.cockpit-orbital-kicker').textContent.trim(),
+    'ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR',
+  );
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    $('.cockpit-orbital-kicker').textContent.trim(),
+    'ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
index d6088d559..0513a3555 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
@@ -146,18 +146,30 @@ export function formatCockpitWindDirection(value) {
 }
 
 /**
- * The Cockpit entry for each subject it can ride: an aircraft's cockpit or a
- * vessel's bridge. Both entry buttons (Contacts and
+ * A TLE epoch as compact UTC, `2026-11-04 08:12Z`, or '' when unknown.
+ * @param {number|null|undefined} epochMs
+ */
+export function formatTleEpochUtc(epochMs) {
+  // Beyond ±8.64e15 ms a Date is invalid and toISOString throws.
+  if (!Number.isFinite(epochMs) || Math.abs(epochMs) > 8.64e15) return '';
+  const iso = new Date(epochMs).toISOString();
+  return `${iso.slice(0, 10)} ${iso.slice(11, 16)}Z`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The Cockpit entry for each subject it can ride: an aircraft's cockpit, a
+ * vessel's bridge or a satellite's orbit. Both entry buttons (Contacts and
  * the Intel HUD readout) show it.
  */
 const COCKPIT_ENTRY_FACES = Object.freeze({
   aircraft: Object.freeze({ icon: 'flight', label: msg('COCKPIT') }),
   vessel: Object.freeze({ icon: 'directions_boat', label: msg('BRIDGE') }),
+  satellite: Object.freeze({ icon: 'satellite_alt', label: msg('ORBIT') }),
 });
 
 /**
  * The entry's glyph and localized label for the subject it would ride.
- * @param {'aircraft'|'vessel'|null|undefined} kind
+ * @param {'aircraft'|'vessel'|'satellite'|null|undefined} kind
  * @returns {{icon: string, label: string}}
  */
 export function cockpitEntryFace(kind) {
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
index f300fe1c2..4e5d9bd2f 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
@@ -28,15 +28,22 @@ export function readVesselInfo() {
   return this.services.aisLiveVesselsLayer?.getCockpitSubject?.() || null;
 }
 
+/** The tracked satellite the orbital view would ride, or rides; null without one. */
+export function readSatelliteInfo() {
+  return this.services.satellitesLayer?.getCockpitSubject?.() || null;
+}
+
 /**
- * The layer the active view rides: Live AIS Vessels on a bridge, else the
- * aircraft's own layer. It is read from the tracked entity's id once the
- * layer has dropped its tracking, so a layer turned off still names itself.
- * @returns {'flights'|'military'|'ais-live-vessels'|null}
+ * The layer the active view rides: Live AIS Vessels on a bridge, Satellites
+ * in orbit, else the aircraft's own layer. It is read from the tracked
+ * entity's id once the layer has dropped its tracking, so a layer turned off
+ * still names itself.
+ * @returns {'flights'|'military'|'ais-live-vessels'|'satellites'|null}
  */
 export function readSubjectLayerId() {
   if (!this.active) return null;
   if (this.subjectKind === 'vessel') return 'ais-live-vessels';
+  if (this.subjectKind === 'satellite') return 'satellites';
   const layerId = this.readAircraftInfo()?.layerId;
   if (layerId) return layerId;
   const [prefix] = String(this.trackedEntity?.gevTrackedId || '').split(':');
@@ -44,26 +51,29 @@ export function readSubjectLayerId() {
 }
 
 /**
- * The subject entry would take: a Cesium-tracked aircraft first, else the
- * selected vessel. Vessels never take Cesium tracking, so an aircraft and a
- * vessel cannot be live through the same owner.
- * @returns {'aircraft'|'vessel'|null}
+ * The subject entry would take: a Cesium-tracked aircraft first, then the
+ * tracked satellite, else the selected vessel. Vessels never take Cesium
+ * tracking, so an aircraft and a vessel cannot be live through the same owner.
+ * @returns {'aircraft'|'satellite'|'vessel'|null}
  */
 export function resolveEntryKind() {
   if (this.readAircraftInfo() && this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position)
     return 'aircraft';
+  if (this.readSatelliteInfo()) return 'satellite';
   return this.readVesselInfo() ? 'vessel' : null;
 }
 
 export function dispatchCockpitModeChanged(active, info = null) {
   const subjectId = active
-    ? String(info?.icao24 || info?.mmsi || '')
+    ? String(info?.icao24 || info?.mmsi || info?.noradId || '')
         .trim()
         .toLowerCase() || null
     : null;
   const layerId =
     active &&
-    ['flights', 'military', 'ais-live-vessels'].includes(info?.layerId)
+    ['flights', 'military', 'ais-live-vessels', 'satellites'].includes(
+      info?.layerId,
+    )
       ? info.layerId
       : null;
   window.dispatchEvent(
@@ -118,9 +128,13 @@ export function syncEntry() {
   const info = this.readAircraftInfo();
   const trackedContact = !!(info && this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position);
   this.syncTr3bToggle(trackedContact ? info : null);
-  const bridgeContact = !trackedContact && !!this.readVesselInfo();
+  const orbitContact = !trackedContact && !!this.readSatelliteInfo();
+  const bridgeContact =
+    !trackedContact && !orbitContact && !!this.readVesselInfo();
   let entryKind = null;
   if (trackedContact) entryKind = this.isEntryAllowed() ? 'aircraft' : null;
+  else if (orbitContact)
+    entryKind = this.isOrbitEntryAllowed() ? 'satellite' : null;
   else if (bridgeContact)
     entryKind = this.isBridgeEntryAllowed() ? 'vessel' : null;
   const available = entryKind !== null;
@@ -139,8 +153,10 @@ export function syncEntry() {
 
 export function navigateContext(direction, options = {}) {
   if (this.destroyed) return false;
-  // Contact navigation moves between aircraft; a bridge does not jump ship.
-  if (this.subjectKind === 'vessel') return false;
+  // Contact navigation moves between aircraft; a bridge does not jump ship
+  // and an orbital view stays with its satellite.
+  if (this.subjectKind === 'vessel' || this.subjectKind === 'satellite')
+    return false;
   const method = direction < 0 ? 'navigatePrevious' : 'navigateNext';
   const wasActive = this.active;
   if (wasActive) this.contextNavigationDeadlineMs = performance.now() + 1500;
@@ -159,9 +175,10 @@ export function navigateContext(direction, options = {}) {
 }
 
 export function _adoptTrackedEntity(nowMs, suppliedInfo = null) {
-  // An aircraft tracked from the bridge ends it (see the vessel camera
-  // update); it is never adopted as the bridge's subject.
-  if (this.subjectKind === 'vessel') return false;
+  // An aircraft tracked from the bridge or from orbit ends that view (see the
+  // vessel and orbital camera updates); it is never adopted as its subject.
+  if (this.subjectKind === 'vessel' || this.subjectKind === 'satellite')
+    return false;
   const nextEntity = this.viewer.trackedEntity;
   if (
     !this.active ||
@@ -192,8 +209,8 @@ export function _adoptTrackedEntity(nowMs, suppliedInfo = null) {
 
 /**
  * Enter first person on a tracked aircraft or, with none tracked, the
- * selected vessel's bridge.
- * @param {{kind?: 'aircraft'|'vessel'|null}} [options] Restrict
+ * tracked satellite's orbital view or the selected vessel's bridge.
+ * @param {{kind?: 'aircraft'|'satellite'|'vessel'|null}} [options] Restrict
  *   entry to one subject kind; voice entry is aircraft-only.
  * @returns {boolean} True when the view was entered.
  */
@@ -202,12 +219,21 @@ export function enter({ kind = null } = {}) {
   if (this.active) return false;
   const subjectKind = kind ?? this.resolveEntryKind() ?? 'aircraft';
   const vessel = subjectKind === 'vessel';
-  const allowed = vessel ? this.isBridgeEntryAllowed() : this.isEntryAllowed();
+  const satellite = subjectKind === 'satellite';
+  const allowed = vessel
+    ? this.isBridgeEntryAllowed()
+    : satellite
+      ? this.isOrbitEntryAllowed()
+      : this.isEntryAllowed();
   if (!allowed) return false;
-  const info = vessel ? this.readVesselInfo() : this.readAircraftInfo();
+  const info = vessel
+    ? this.readVesselInfo()
+    : satellite
+      ? this.readSatelliteInfo()
+      : this.readAircraftInfo();
   // Only an aircraft is ridden through its Cesium entity.
-  const entity = vessel ? null : this.viewer.trackedEntity;
-  if (!info || (!vessel && !entity?.position)) return false;
+  const entity = vessel || satellite ? null : this.viewer.trackedEntity;
+  if (!info || (!vessel && !satellite && !entity?.position)) return false;
   this.entryFocusOrigin =
     document.activeElement instanceof HTMLElement
       ? document.activeElement
@@ -219,11 +245,15 @@ export function enter({ kind = null } = {}) {
   // Each session reads its own water: never a height left from the last.
   this.vesselWaterline = null;
   this.vesselFix = null;
-  this.subjectId = vessel ? info.mmsi : null;
+  this.subjectId = vessel ? info.mmsi : satellite ? info.noradId : null;
   this.trackedEntity = entity;
   if (entity) {
     this.trackedEntityWasShown = entity.show;
     entity.show = false;
+  } else if (satellite) {
+    // The layer hides the satellite's own marks and dims the other orbits.
+    this.services.satellitesLayer?.setCockpitSubject?.(info.noradId);
+    this.beginOrbital();
   } else {
     this.services.aisLiveVesselsLayer?.setCockpitSubject?.(info.mmsi);
   }
@@ -259,6 +289,7 @@ export function enter({ kind = null } = {}) {
   document.body.classList.add('cockpit-mode');
   // Bridge styling reaches surfaces outside the HUD (exit row, side panels).
   if (vessel) document.body.classList.add('cockpit-bridge');
+  if (satellite) document.body.classList.add('cockpit-orbit');
   // Activation hides the entry and TR-3B chip; clearing the chip's signature
   // lets the exit-path syncEntry publish it again.
   this._tr3bSignature = null;
@@ -277,7 +308,14 @@ export function enter({ kind = null } = {}) {
   this.showBriefPage(0);
   this.startBriefRotation();
   const trackHeading = formatHeadingReadout(info.track ?? 0);
-  if (vessel) {
+  if (satellite) {
+    this.pushCockpitSignal(
+      'track',
+      'track',
+      t('TRACK ACQUIRED'),
+      t('{label} · NADIR VIEW', { label: info.name }),
+    );
+  } else if (vessel) {
     this.pushCockpitSignal(
       'track',
       'track',
@@ -310,7 +348,9 @@ export function enter({ kind = null } = {}) {
     );
   }
   this.updateHud(info, performance.now(), true);
-  this.setVisionMode(this.getInitialVisionMode());
+  // Orbit always opens in the plain optical picture; the vision styles stay
+  // one click away.
+  this.setVisionMode(satellite ? 'optical' : this.getInitialVisionMode());
   this.scheduleContextLayout();
   // The exit button shows when Vue flushes the presence; focus it after.
   Promise.resolve().then(() => {
@@ -327,6 +367,8 @@ export function exit({ restoreTracking = true } = {}) {
   if (!this.active) return false;
   const entity = this.trackedEntity;
   const vesselSubject = this.subjectKind === 'vessel' ? this.subjectId : null;
+  const satelliteSubject =
+    this.subjectKind === 'satellite' ? this.subjectId : null;
   this.active = false;
   this.subjectKind = null;
   this.vesselWaterline = null;
@@ -348,7 +390,13 @@ export function exit({ restoreTracking = true } = {}) {
   this.regionalBriefAbort = null;
   this.regionalBriefRequestToken += 1;
   this.regionalBriefSubjectId = null;
-  document.body.classList.remove('cockpit-mode', 'cockpit-bridge');
+  document.body.classList.remove(
+    'cockpit-mode',
+    'cockpit-bridge',
+    'cockpit-orbit',
+  );
+  // The camera's own field of view returns before any follow resumes.
+  this.endOrbital();
   this.onExited?.();
   this.publishUtilityLayout(null);
   this.presence.active = false;
@@ -364,6 +412,8 @@ export function exit({ restoreTracking = true } = {}) {
   this.trackedEntityWasShown = true;
   if (vesselSubject)
     this.services.aisLiveVesselsLayer?.setCockpitSubject?.(null);
+  if (satelliteSubject !== null)
+    this.services.satellitesLayer?.setCockpitSubject?.(null);
   this.dispatchCockpitModeChanged(false);
   if (restoreTracking && entity && this.viewer.entities.contains(entity)) {
     this.viewer.trackedEntity = entity;
@@ -371,6 +421,9 @@ export function exit({ restoreTracking = true } = {}) {
   } else if (restoreTracking && vesselSubject) {
     // Back to the selected vessel's map view, through the layer's own focus.
     this.services.aisLiveVesselsLayer?.focusSelectedVessel?.();
+  } else if (restoreTracking && satelliteSubject !== null) {
+    // Back to the satellite's follow camera, through the layer's own refocus.
+    this.services.satellitesLayer?.refocusTrackedById?.(satelliteSubject);
   }
   this.syncEntry();
   // Back to whichever entry was used: the Contacts button or the readout's.
diff --git a/src/ui/ownerFlag.js b/src/ui/ownerFlag.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35d1f2f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/ownerFlag.js
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/**
+ * The owner mark beside a satellite's name: the owner country's flag (an SVG
+ * from flag-icons — Windows draws no flag emoji), or a short text badge for
+ * an organisation without one (ESA, EUMETSAT, "Multinational"). Each flag is
+ * its own lazily fetched asset; only the shown one ever loads.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Flag URL loaders by path; empty under node:test, which has no glob. The
+ * glob is eager so the bundle carries only the URL strings: a lazy glob would
+ * emit a JS stub chunk per flag (~270), two requests for each flag shown.
+ * The SVG itself is still fetched only when an <img> shows it.
+ */
+let FLAG_LOADERS = {};
+try {
+  const urls = import.meta.glob('/node_modules/flag-icons/flags/4x3/*.svg', {
+    query: '?url&no-inline',
+    import: 'default',
+    eager: true,
+    // flag-icons lives in node_modules, which globs skip by default.
+    exhaustive: true,
+  });
+  FLAG_LOADERS = Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries(urls).map(([path, url]) => [path, () => url]),
+  );
+} catch {
+  /* Not under Vite. */
+}
+
+const FLAG_PATH = (code) =>
+  `/node_modules/flag-icons/flags/4x3/${code.toLowerCase()}.svg`;
+
+/** An ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code, upper case, or null. */
+function isoCode(value) {
+  const code = String(value ?? '').trim();
+  return /^[A-Za-z]{2}$/.test(code) ? code.toUpperCase() : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A region's name in the locale, from the browser's own table.
+ * @param {string} code ISO 3166-1 alpha-2.
+ * @param {string} locale BCP 47 tag.
+ * @returns {string|null}
+ */
+export function regionName(code, locale) {
+  try {
+    const name = new Intl.DisplayNames([locale || 'en'], {
+      type: 'region',
+    }).of(code);
+    return name && name !== code ? name : null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * How to mark a satellite's owner.
+ * @param {{countryCode: string|null, label: string|null}|null|undefined} owner
+ * @param {{locale?: string, loaders?: object}} [options]
+ * @returns {{kind: 'flag', code: string, label: string}
+ *   | {kind: 'badge', label: string, title: string}
+ *   | null} A flag (with the country's localized name as its label), a text
+ *   badge for an owner with no flag to show, or nothing when unknown.
+ */
+export function ownerMark(
+  owner,
+  { locale = 'en', loaders = FLAG_LOADERS } = {},
+) {
+  const code = isoCode(owner?.countryCode);
+  const label = String(owner?.label ?? '').trim();
+  if (code) {
+    const name = regionName(code, locale) || label || code;
+    if (loaders[FLAG_PATH(code)]) return { kind: 'flag', code, label: name };
+    return { kind: 'badge', label: label || code, title: name };
+  }
+  return label ? { kind: 'badge', label, title: label } : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * What the readout shows for an owner once its flag has loaded or failed: the
+ * flag, or a badge (the country code when the flag would not load, so the
+ * owner never disappears), or nothing for an unknown owner.
+ * @param {ReturnType<typeof ownerMark>} mark
+ * @param {{url?: string|null, failed?: boolean}} [flag] The flag's load state.
+ * @returns {{kind: 'flag', url: string, label: string}
+ *   | {kind: 'badge', label: string, title: string} | null}
+ */
+export function shownOwnerMark(mark, { url = null, failed = false } = {}) {
+  if (!mark) return null;
+  if (mark.kind === 'badge') return mark;
+  if (failed) {
+    return { kind: 'badge', label: mark.code.toUpperCase(), title: mark.label };
+  }
+  return url ? { kind: 'flag', url, label: mark.label } : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fetch a flag's URL.
+ * @param {string} code ISO 3166-1 alpha-2.
+ * @returns {Promise<string|null>}
+ */
+export async function loadFlagUrl(code, loaders = FLAG_LOADERS) {
+  const load = loaders[FLAG_PATH(String(code))];
+  if (!load) return null;
+  try {
+    return (await load()) || null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs b/src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1447bc86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs — a satellite owner's mark: a country's flag with
+// its localized name, a text badge for an organisation, nothing when unknown.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  loadFlagUrl,
+  ownerMark,
+  regionName,
+  shownOwnerMark,
+} from './ownerFlag.js';
+
+const FLAG = (code) => `/node_modules/flag-icons/flags/4x3/${code}.svg`;
+const LOADERS = Object.freeze({
+  [FLAG('us')]: async () => '/assets/us-abc.svg',
+  [FLAG('fr')]: async () => '/assets/fr-def.svg',
+});
+
+test('an owner country shows its flag, named in the reader language', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ownerMark({ countryCode: 'us', label: 'USA' }, { loaders: LOADERS }),
+    { kind: 'flag', code: 'US', label: 'United States' },
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    ownerMark(
+      { countryCode: 'FR', label: null },
+      { locale: 'de', loaders: LOADERS },
+    ).label,
+    'Frankreich',
+  );
+});
+
+test('an organisation without a country shows a text badge', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ownerMark({ countryCode: null, label: 'ESA' }, { loaders: LOADERS }),
+    { kind: 'badge', label: 'ESA', title: 'ESA' },
+  );
+});
+
+test('a country with no flag to show falls back to a badge', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ownerMark({ countryCode: 'DE', label: 'Germany' }, { loaders: LOADERS }),
+    { kind: 'badge', label: 'Germany', title: 'Germany' },
+  );
+  // Natural Earth and UCS write -99 or names, never a flag code.
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ownerMark(
+      { countryCode: '-99', label: 'Multinational' },
+      { loaders: LOADERS },
+    ),
+    { kind: 'badge', label: 'Multinational', title: 'Multinational' },
+  );
+});
+
+test('an unknown owner shows nothing', () => {
+  assert.equal(ownerMark(null, { loaders: LOADERS }), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    ownerMark({ countryCode: null, label: '  ' }, { loaders: LOADERS }),
+    null,
+  );
+});
+
+test('only the flag asked for loads', async () => {
+  assert.equal(await loadFlagUrl('US', LOADERS), '/assets/us-abc.svg');
+  assert.equal(await loadFlagUrl('DE', LOADERS), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    await loadFlagUrl('FR', {
+      [FLAG('fr')]: async () => {
+        throw new Error('offline');
+      },
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a region name comes from Intl, never the bare code', () => {
+  assert.equal(regionName('JP', 'en'), 'Japan');
+  assert.equal(regionName('XX', 'en'), null);
+});
+
+test('a flag that will not load falls back to its country code, never to nothing', () => {
+  const flag = { kind: 'flag', code: 'us', label: 'United States' };
+  assert.equal(shownOwnerMark(flag), null, 'nothing while it loads');
+  assert.deepEqual(shownOwnerMark(flag, { url: '/flags/us.svg' }), {
+    kind: 'flag',
+    url: '/flags/us.svg',
+    label: 'United States',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(shownOwnerMark(flag, { failed: true }), {
+    kind: 'badge',
+    label: 'US',
+    title: 'United States',
+  });
+  const badge = { kind: 'badge', label: 'ESA', title: 'ESA' };
+  assert.equal(shownOwnerMark(badge, { failed: true }), badge);
+  assert.equal(shownOwnerMark(null), null);
+});
+
+test('flags ship as a map of URLs, not one JS chunk per flag', async () => {
+  const { readFileSync } = await import('node:fs');
+  const source = readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ownerFlag.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  // A lazy glob emits a stub chunk for each of ~270 flags; eager URLs ship
+  // only strings, and each SVG still loads when an <img> shows it.
+  assert.match(source, /eager:\s*true/);
+  assert.match(source, /query:\s*'\?url&no-inline'/);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js b/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
index 2f4bfdb08..990cab1ff 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
@@ -87,6 +87,42 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
     radar.value = next && markRaw(next);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The orbital view's HUD: null outside a satellite subject. Shape:
+   * `{ name, classLabel, altitudeM, velocityMps|null, latitude, longitude,
+   *    zoom, zoomSteps: number[], maxZoom, footprintKm|null,
+   *    transition: { active, blurPx, lockTick },
+   *    look: { offset, readout, swathScale, swathKm|null }, trackUp, northDeg,
+   *    place: { kind: 'country'|'sea'|'ocean', name, countryCode,
+   *      division?|null, near?|null }|null|undefined,
+   *    noradId|null, cosparId|null, tle: { line1, line2, epochMs }|null,
+   *    owner: { countryCode|null, label|null }|null, operator|null }` where
+   * `place` is what the sub-satellite point is over (undefined until the
+   * first offline lookup lands, null when nothing named holds it; see
+   * src/data/placeBelow.js), the identity fields come from the satellites
+   * layer and are null when unknown, `classLabel` is
+   * already localized (the satellite layer's class label, e.g. "NAV · GPS"),
+   * `velocityMps` is the orbital (inertial) speed, latitude/longitude are the
+   * sub-satellite point in degrees, `zoom` is one of `zoomSteps` (1, 2, 4
+   * and 8, the tightest being `maxZoom`), `footprintKm` is the nadir ground width across the frame at that zoom
+   * (null while the view is tilted off nadir), `transition` is a zoom step in
+   * flight: `active` while the field of view moves, `blurPx` the focus-pull
+   * blur for the picture, `lockTick` true briefly once the step settles (see
+   * src/cockpitOrbital.js), `look` says whether the view is tilted off
+   * nadir and words the tilt (`readout`, '' at nadir), with the approximate
+   * ground width at the tilted view's centre (`swathKm`, null at nadir) and
+   * its ratio to the nadir footprint (`swathScale`, 1 at nadir), `trackUp`
+   * whether the view is turned to the ground track (false for a satellite with none,
+   * which stays north-up) and `northDeg` where north sits, in degrees
+   * clockwise from the top (0 when north-up).
+   */
+  const orbital = shallowRef(null);
+
+  /** @param {?object} next A fresh presentation of the orbital view HUD. */
+  function publishOrbital(next) {
+    orbital.value = next && markRaw(next);
+  }
+
   /**
    * The utility strip's measured layout: its top and height limits as CSS
    * lengths (null leaves the stylesheet's), whether only the expanded control
@@ -124,6 +160,8 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
     publishSignals,
     radar,
     publishRadar,
+    orbital,
+    publishOrbital,
     utilityLayout,
     publishUtilityLayout,
   };
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccd78a87e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+/* Orbital view HUD (src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue). The section
+   covers the picture it is placed over: the reticle sits on its centre, the
+   readout top-left and the optics bottom-centre. Square-cornered like the
+   bridge view. The Cockpit controller publishes the zoom step's blur as
+   --cockpit-orbital-blur and its lock tick as a reticle class. */
+.cockpit-orbital {
+  --orbital-line: color-mix(
+    in srgb,
+    var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 42%,
+    transparent
+  );
+  --orbital-faint: color-mix(
+    in srgb,
+    var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 18%,
+    transparent
+  );
+  --orbital-reticle-size: min(38vmin, 320px);
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.86);
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 10px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+/* Focus pull: blurs the picture beneath only while a step is in flight. */
+.cockpit-orbital-lens {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-focusing .cockpit-orbital-lens {
+  backdrop-filter: blur(var(--cockpit-orbital-blur, 0px));
+  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(var(--cockpit-orbital-blur, 0px));
+}
+
+.cockpit-orbital-reticle {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 50%;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: var(--orbital-reticle-size);
+  height: var(--orbital-reticle-size);
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-bracket {
+  position: absolute;
+  width: 18%;
+  height: 18%;
+  border: 0 solid var(--orbital-line);
+  transition:
+    border-color 160ms ease-out,
+    transform 160ms ease-out;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-bracket-tl {
+  top: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  border-top-width: 1px;
+  border-left-width: 1px;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-bracket-tr {
+  top: 0;
+  right: 0;
+  border-top-width: 1px;
+  border-right-width: 1px;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-bracket-bl {
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  border-bottom-width: 1px;
+  border-left-width: 1px;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-bracket-br {
+  right: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  border-right-width: 1px;
+  border-bottom-width: 1px;
+}
+/* Nadir cross: a gapped plus, so the sub-satellite point stays visible. */
+.cockpit-orbital-cross {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 50%;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: 28px;
+  height: 28px;
+  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
+  background:
+    linear-gradient(var(--orbital-line), var(--orbital-line)) left center / 10px
+      1px no-repeat,
+    linear-gradient(var(--orbital-line), var(--orbital-line)) right center /
+      10px 1px no-repeat,
+    linear-gradient(var(--orbital-line), var(--orbital-line)) center top / 1px
+      10px no-repeat,
+    linear-gradient(var(--orbital-line), var(--orbital-line)) center bottom /
+      1px 10px no-repeat;
+}
+/* North on the frame: the pointer spans the reticle and turns about its
+   centre, carrying the tick (and, track-up, an N) round the rim. */
+.cockpit-orbital-north-pointer {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: 0;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-north-letter {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: -26px;
+  left: 50%;
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  font-weight: 700;
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+}
+/* North sits at the top of a north-up frame. */
+.cockpit-orbital-north-tick {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: -10px;
+  left: 50%;
+  width: 1px;
+  height: 7px;
+  background: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reticle-lock .cockpit-orbital-bracket {
+  border-color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  animation: cockpit-orbital-lock 220ms ease-out;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reticle-lock .cockpit-orbital-cross {
+  --orbital-line: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+}
+@keyframes cockpit-orbital-lock {
+  0% {
+    transform: scale(1.12);
+    opacity: 0.4;
+  }
+  60% {
+    transform: scale(0.97);
+    opacity: 1;
+  }
+  100% {
+    transform: scale(1);
+    opacity: 1;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Bottom-left, where the aircraft Contact card sits (hidden in orbit): clear
+   of the Intel HUD's top-left classification block and above its MGRS and
+   coordinate lines. */
+.cockpit-orbital-readout {
+  position: absolute;
+  bottom: clamp(150px, 19vh, 190px);
+  left: clamp(16px, 4vw, 48px);
+  max-width: min(320px, calc(100% - 32px));
+  padding: 8px 10px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 9, 14, 0.62);
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-readout p,
+.cockpit-orbital-data,
+.cockpit-orbital-data dd {
+  margin: 0;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-kicker {
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-name {
+  margin-top: 4px;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font-size: 15px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.06em;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-class {
+  margin-top: 2px;
+  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.66);
+}
+
+/* The name with its owner's flag (or text badge) in front. */
+.cockpit-orbital-title {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 7px;
+  min-width: 0;
+  margin-top: 4px;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-title .cockpit-orbital-name {
+  min-width: 0;
+  margin-top: 0;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-flag {
+  flex: none;
+  width: 20px;
+  height: 15px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
+  border-radius: 1px;
+  object-fit: cover;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-owner-badge {
+  flex: none;
+  max-width: 96px;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  padding: 1px 4px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-line);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  font-size: 9px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-operator {
+  margin-top: 2px;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+/* NORAD · COSPAR · epoch, and the element set on request. */
+.cockpit-orbital-ident {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 8px;
+  margin-top: 6px;
+  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.66);
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+}
+/* Wraps between its parts rather than truncating, so the epoch and the
+   element set's age always show in full. */
+.cockpit-orbital-ident-text {
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-ident-part {
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-tle-toggle {
+  flex: none;
+  padding: 1px 6px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-line);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.6);
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-tle-toggle[aria-expanded='true'],
+.cockpit-orbital-tle-toggle:hover,
+.cockpit-orbital-tle-toggle:focus-visible {
+  border-color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  color: #fff;
+  outline: none;
+}
+/* 69 characters a line: small enough to fit the card, and selectable. */
+.cockpit-orbital-tle {
+  margin: 6px 0 0;
+  padding: 5px 6px;
+  overflow-x: auto;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 4, 8, 0.7);
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font: 8px/1.5 var(--font-mono);
+  letter-spacing: 0;
+  white-space: pre;
+  user-select: text;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+
+/* Under the vision selector (topline top + its ~38px height + a gap), on
+   the centre line the reticle keeps clear below; the Intel HUD blocks and
+   Display/Radio sit at the sides. */
+.cockpit-orbital-over {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: calc(clamp(18px, 3vh, 34px) + 50px);
+  left: 50%;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: baseline;
+  gap: 8px;
+  max-width: min(560px, calc(100% - 32px));
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 4px 10px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 9, 14, 0.62);
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-over span {
+  flex: none;
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-over strong {
+  min-width: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-data {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 4px;
+  margin-top: 8px;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-datum {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-datum dt {
+  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.56);
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-datum dd {
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+  text-align: end;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-north {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin-top: 8px;
+  padding: 1px 5px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-line);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  font-weight: 700;
+}
+
+/* Above RESET / EXIT ORBIT: #view-switcher sits at clamp(128px, 15vh, 150px)
+   less its -95px margin, and its buttons are about 30px tall. */
+.cockpit-orbital-optics {
+  position: absolute;
+  bottom: calc(clamp(128px, 15vh, 150px) - 95px + 44px);
+  left: 50%;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  padding: 4px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 9, 14, 0.62);
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-zoom-button {
+  width: 28px;
+  height: 24px;
+  padding: 0;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-line);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.6);
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  line-height: 1;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-zoom-button:hover:not(:disabled),
+.cockpit-orbital-zoom-button:focus-visible {
+  border-color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  color: #fff;
+  outline: none;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-zoom-button:disabled {
+  opacity: 0.35;
+  cursor: default;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-zoom {
+  min-width: 64px;
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-swath {
+  padding-inline: 4px 2px;
+  border-inline-start: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 560px) {
+  .cockpit-orbital-readout {
+    max-width: calc(100% - 32px);
+  }
+  .cockpit-orbital-name {
+    font-size: 13px;
+  }
+  /* The phone shell lifts RESET / EXIT ORBIT (its row ends ~106px up) and
+     sets the DISPLAY / RADIO row above it (to ~194px up). The optics wrap to
+     two rows and sit above that row, where the zoom buttons can be tapped;
+     the card sits above the optics. */
+  .cockpit-orbital-optics {
+    bottom: 200px;
+  }
+  .cockpit-orbital-readout {
+    bottom: 284px;
+  }
+}
+
+/* A short window: the card stops below the left rail (DATA LAYERS,
+   UTILITIES, which end ~340px down) and scrolls its own content, the TLE
+   block included, instead of running into the rail. */
+@media (max-height: 760px) and (min-width: 561px) {
+  .cockpit-orbital-readout {
+    max-height: max(120px, calc(100vh - clamp(150px, 19vh, 190px) - 350px));
+    overflow-y: auto;
+  }
+}
+
+/* An instant cut: no focus pull and no lock motion. */
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .cockpit-orbital-focusing .cockpit-orbital-lens {
+    backdrop-filter: none;
+    -webkit-backdrop-filter: none;
+  }
+  .cockpit-orbital-bracket {
+    transition: none;
+  }
+  .cockpit-orbital-reticle-lock .cockpit-orbital-bracket {
+    animation: none;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Off-nadir look: the tilt readout and the way back, tucked under the
+   readout card at the side of the picture. Shown only while tilted. */
+.cockpit-orbital-look {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  gap: 8px;
+  margin-top: 8px;
+  padding-top: 8px;
+  border-top: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-look-readout {
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  font-weight: 700;
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-nadir {
+  padding: 3px 8px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-line);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.6);
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-nadir:hover,
+.cockpit-orbital-nadir:focus-visible {
+  border-color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  color: #fff;
+  outline: none;
+}
+
+/* The Cockpit HUD in orbit (#cockpit-hud[data-subject='satellite']): the
+   orbital readout names the satellite, so the topline keeps only the
+   vision selector, and panels and buttons stay square like the bridge. */
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='satellite'] .cockpit-topline > div:first-child {
+  visibility: hidden;
+}
+:root[data-ui-theme='cyber'] #cockpit-hud[data-subject='satellite']::before {
+  clip-path: none;
+}
+:root:not([data-ui-theme='cyber']) body.cockpit-orbit {
+  --panel-radius: 2px;
+  --btn-radius: 2px;
+}
+#cockpit-hud[data-subject='satellite']
+  :is(
+    .cockpit-vision-controls,
+    .cockpit-vision-controls button,
+    .cockpit-card-actions button,
+    .cockpit-utility-glyph,
+    .cockpit-radio-transport button,
+    #cockpit-brief-auto
+  ) {
+  border-radius: 2px;
+}
+body.cockpit-orbit #view-switcher button {
+  border-radius: 2px;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/views/CockpitView.vue b/src/ui/views/CockpitView.vue
index 0ec7e675a..d02122878 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/CockpitView.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/CockpitView.vue
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { useCockpitStore } from '../stores/cockpit.js';
 import { useGlobeActionsStore } from '../stores/globeActions.js';
 import CockpitBriefing from './panels/CockpitBriefing.vue';
 import CockpitContext from './panels/CockpitContext.vue';
+import CockpitOrbital from './panels/CockpitOrbital.vue';
 import CockpitRadar from './panels/CockpitRadar.vue';
 import CockpitRollingValue from './panels/CockpitRollingValue.vue';
 import CockpitUtilityControls from './panels/CockpitUtilityControls.vue';
@@ -26,15 +27,31 @@ const { presence, instruments, route, vision, utilityLayout } =
 const active = computed(() => Boolean(presence.value?.active));
 // A vessel subject swaps the aviation readouts for bridge ones.
 const bridge = computed(() => presence.value?.subjectKind === 'vessel');
-const subject = computed(() => (bridge.value ? 'vessel' : 'aircraft'));
+// A satellite subject keeps only its orbital HUD over the nadir picture.
+const orbital = computed(() => presence.value?.subjectKind === 'satellite');
+const subject = computed(() =>
+  bridge.value ? 'vessel' : orbital.value ? 'satellite' : 'aircraft',
+);
 const hudLabel = computed(() =>
-  bridge.value ? t('Ship bridge view') : t('Aircraft cockpit view'),
+  bridge.value
+    ? t('Ship bridge view')
+    : orbital.value
+      ? t('Satellite orbital view')
+      : t('Aircraft cockpit view'),
 );
 const exitLabel = computed(() =>
-  bridge.value ? t('Exit bridge view') : t('Exit cockpit view'),
+  bridge.value
+    ? t('Exit bridge view')
+    : orbital.value
+      ? t('Exit orbital view')
+      : t('Exit cockpit view'),
 );
 const exitText = computed(() =>
-  bridge.value ? t('EXIT BRIDGE') : t('EXIT COCKPIT'),
+  bridge.value
+    ? t('EXIT BRIDGE')
+    : orbital.value
+      ? t('EXIT ORBIT')
+      : t('EXIT COCKPIT'),
 );
 const globe = useGlobeActionsStore();
 const { resetBusy } = storeToRefs(globe);
@@ -74,8 +91,10 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
 </script>
 
 <template>
-  <!-- Aircraft first-person view or a vessel's bridge. It can be entered from the visible view switcher. -->
-  <section id="cockpit-hud" :aria-label="hudLabel" :hidden="!active" :data-subject="subject" :style="utilityStyle" v-class-toggle="{ 'signals-active': active, 'context-active': Boolean(presence?.context) }" :data-layer="hud.layer ?? undefined">
+  <!-- Aircraft first-person view, a vessel's bridge or a satellite's nadir view. It can be entered from the visible view switcher. -->
+  <section id="cockpit-hud" :aria-label="hudLabel" :hidden="!active" :data-subject="subject" :style="utilityStyle" v-class-toggle="{ 'signals-active': active, 'context-active': Boolean(presence?.context) }" :data-layer="orbital ? 'satellites' : hud.layer ?? undefined">
+    <!-- In orbit the picture keeps only the nadir reticle, readout and zoom. -->
+    <CockpitOrbital v-if="orbital" />
     <!-- One optical coordinate system: every targeting mark shares this center.
          Decorative only; telemetry and interactive panels remain separate.
          A bridge looks out through straight window mullions instead: a header
@@ -87,7 +106,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
         <path d="M0 600H324 M876 600H1200"/>
       </g>
     </svg>
-    <svg v-else class="cockpit-frame-lines" viewBox="0 0 1200 720" preserveAspectRatio="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
+    <svg v-else-if="!orbital" class="cockpit-frame-lines" viewBox="0 0 1200 720" preserveAspectRatio="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
       <g fill="none" stroke="currentColor">
         <path d="M42 106H234L266 126H334 M866 126H934L966 106H1158 M42 114H226L258 136H318 M882 136H942L974 114H1158"/>
         <path d="M42 616H226L254 598H320 M880 598H946L974 616H1158 M42 624H238L266 606H330 M870 606H934L962 624H1158"/>
@@ -97,7 +116,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
       <path class="cockpit-frame-warning" d="M338 645H476L490 654H710L724 645H862" fill="none"/>
       <path class="cockpit-frame-meter" d="M372 642H418 M782 642H828"/>
     </svg>
-    <div v-if="!bridge" class="cockpit-scan-array" aria-hidden="true">
+    <div v-if="!bridge && !orbital" class="cockpit-scan-array" aria-hidden="true">
       <svg class="cockpit-target-geometry" viewBox="0 0 600 600" fill="none" focusable="false">
         <g class="cockpit-target-hairline">
           <circle cx="300" cy="300" r="276"/>
@@ -129,7 +148,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
         </g>
       </svg>
     </div>
-    <div class="cockpit-visor-shell" aria-hidden="true">
+    <div v-if="!orbital" class="cockpit-visor-shell" aria-hidden="true">
       <!-- A ship's bridge keeps no roll arc or pitch ladder. -->
       <div v-if="!bridge" class="cockpit-roll-arc">
         <span style="--slot:-3;--depth:3">−30</span>
@@ -158,7 +177,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
       <div class="cockpit-visor-status cockpit-visor-status-left">{{ bridge ? t('BRIDGE WINDOW · FWD') : t('OPTICAL PLANE · 01') }}</div>
       <div class="cockpit-visor-status cockpit-visor-status-right">{{ bridge ? (hud.trackSource === 'course' ? t('COURSE HOLD · AIS') : hud.trackSource === 'heading' ? t('HEADING HOLD · AIS') : t('NO HEADING · AIS')) : t('VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE') }}</div>
     </div>
-    <div id="cockpit-speed-rim" class="cockpit-altitude-rim cockpit-speed-rim" v-class-toggle="{ unavailable: hud.speedRim.unavailable }">
+    <div v-if="!orbital" id="cockpit-speed-rim" class="cockpit-altitude-rim cockpit-speed-rim" v-class-toggle="{ unavailable: hud.speedRim.unavailable }">
       <span class="cockpit-altitude-rim-label">{{ bridge ? t('SPEED OVER GROUND · KTS') : t('GROUND SPEED · KTS') }}</span>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-rail"></div>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-scale">
@@ -169,7 +188,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
         <strong id="cockpit-speed-rim-value">{{ hud.speedRim.value }}</strong>
       </div>
     </div>
-    <div id="cockpit-altitude-rim" class="cockpit-altitude-rim" :hidden="bridge" v-class-toggle="{ unavailable: hud.altitudeRim.unavailable }">
+    <div v-if="!orbital" id="cockpit-altitude-rim" class="cockpit-altitude-rim" :hidden="bridge" v-class-toggle="{ unavailable: hud.altitudeRim.unavailable }">
       <span class="cockpit-altitude-rim-label">{{ t('ALTITUDE · FT') }}</span>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-rail"></div>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-scale">
@@ -201,7 +220,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
         </button>
       </div>
     </div>
-    <div class="cockpit-reticle material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">my_location</div>
+    <div v-if="!orbital" class="cockpit-reticle material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">my_location</div>
     <!-- A bridge view turned off the bow says where it looks and offers the way back. -->
     <div v-if="bridge" class="cockpit-look" :hidden="!look.offset">
       <span id="cockpit-look-readout" class="cockpit-look-readout" aria-live="polite">{{ look.readout }}</span>
@@ -209,7 +228,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
         <span>{{ t('LOOK AHEAD') }}</span>
       </button>
     </div>
-    <div class="cockpit-compass" :aria-label="bridge ? t('Current vessel heading') : t('Current aircraft heading')">
+    <div v-if="!orbital" class="cockpit-compass" :aria-label="bridge ? t('Current vessel heading') : t('Current aircraft heading')">
       <div class="cockpit-instrument-row">
         <div class="cockpit-readout cockpit-speed">
           <span class="cockpit-readout-label">{{ bridge ? t('SPEED OVER GROUND') : t('GROUND SPEED') }}</span>
@@ -231,7 +250,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
       <span class="cockpit-heading-caret material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">arrow_drop_down</span>
       <div class="cockpit-compass-tape" id="cockpit-compass-tape" aria-hidden="true" :style="bridge ? { '--tape-shift': tapeShift } : undefined"><span v-for="division in hud.compass" :key="division.heading ?? division.slot" :class="(division.active ?? division.slot === 0) ? 'active' : ''" :style="{ '--slot': division.slot, '--depth': Math.abs(division.slot) }">{{ division.label }}</span><template v-if="bridge"><i v-if="hud.compassMarkers?.prograde != null" class="cockpit-compass-marker cockpit-compass-prograde" aria-hidden="true" :style="{ '--slot': hud.compassMarkers.prograde }"></i><i v-if="hud.compassMarkers?.retrograde != null" class="cockpit-compass-marker cockpit-compass-retrograde" aria-hidden="true" :style="{ '--slot': hud.compassMarkers.retrograde }"></i></template></div>
     </div>
-    <div class="cockpit-position-readout">
+    <div v-if="!orbital" class="cockpit-position-readout">
       <span id="cockpit-clock">{{ hud.clock }}</span>
       <span id="cockpit-position">{{ hud.position }}</span>
     </div>
@@ -242,7 +261,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
       <CockpitRadar />
     </div>
     <CockpitUtilityControls />
-    <div class="cockpit-help"><bdi>{{ t('ESC EXIT') }}</bdi> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('C TOGGLE') }}</bdi><template v-if="bridge"> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('ARROWS LOOK') }}</bdi> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('HOME RESET') }}</bdi></template></div>
+    <div class="cockpit-help"><bdi>{{ t('ESC EXIT') }}</bdi><template v-if="bridge"> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('ARROWS LOOK') }}</bdi> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('HOME RESET') }}</bdi></template><template v-if="orbital"> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('+/− ZOOM') }}</bdi> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('ARROWS TILT') }}</bdi> <span>·</span> <bdi>{{ t('HOME NADIR') }}</bdi></template></div>
   </section>
 
   <nav id="view-switcher" :aria-label="t('View switcher')">
@@ -250,7 +269,7 @@ const tickStyle = (tick) =>
       <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">public</span>
       <span>{{ t('RESET') }}</span>
     </button>
-    <button id="map-view-switch" type="button" :aria-label="exitLabel" aria-keyshortcuts="Escape C" :title="exitLabel" :hidden="!active">
+    <button id="map-view-switch" type="button" :aria-label="exitLabel" aria-keyshortcuts="Escape" :title="exitLabel" :hidden="!active">
       <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">close_fullscreen</span>
       <span>{{ exitText }}</span>
     </button>
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6bec5f06f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+<script setup>
+import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia';
+import { computed, nextTick, ref, watch } from 'vue';
+import { formatNumber, getLocale, t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  formatCockpitCoordinate,
+  formatTleEpochUtc,
+} from '../../cockpitPresentation.js';
+import {
+  loadFlagUrl,
+  ownerMark,
+  regionName,
+  shownOwnerMark,
+} from '../../ownerFlag.js';
+import { useCockpitStore } from '../../stores/cockpit.js';
+
+// The orbital view's HUD: a nadir reticle over the picture, the satellite's
+// identity and orbit, and the optical zoom. The Cockpit controller presents
+// it, drives the zoom step's blur and lock tick, and keeps the zoom buttons'
+// listeners; this view only reflects the store.
+
+const { orbital } = storeToRefs(useCockpitStore());
+
+const finite = (value) => typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value);
+
+const altitudeText = computed(() => {
+  const altitudeM = orbital.value?.altitudeM;
+  return finite(altitudeM)
+    ? t('{value} KM', {
+        value: formatNumber(Math.round(altitudeM / 1000)),
+      })
+    : '—';
+});
+
+const velocityText = computed(() => {
+  const velocityMps = orbital.value?.velocityMps;
+  return finite(velocityMps)
+    ? t('{value} KM/S', {
+        value: formatNumber(velocityMps / 1000, {
+          minimumFractionDigits: 2,
+          maximumFractionDigits: 2,
+        }),
+      })
+    : null;
+});
+
+const subPointText = computed(() => {
+  const { latitude, longitude } = orbital.value || {};
+  if (!finite(latitude) || !finite(longitude)) return '—';
+  return `${formatCockpitCoordinate(latitude, 'N', 'S')} ${formatCockpitCoordinate(longitude, 'E', 'W')}`;
+});
+
+const zoomSteps = computed(() => orbital.value?.zoomSteps || [1]);
+const zoom = computed(() => orbital.value?.zoom ?? zoomSteps.value[0]);
+const zoomText = computed(() =>
+  t('ZOOM {zoom}×', { zoom: formatNumber(zoom.value) }),
+);
+const maxZoom = computed(
+  () => orbital.value?.maxZoom ?? Math.max(...zoomSteps.value),
+);
+const atWidest = computed(() => zoom.value <= Math.min(...zoomSteps.value));
+const atTightest = computed(() => zoom.value >= maxZoom.value);
+
+// Track-up turns the frame to the ground track; north's pointer turns back.
+const trackUp = computed(() => orbital.value?.trackUp === true);
+const northPointerStyle = computed(() => {
+  const northDeg = orbital.value?.northDeg;
+  return finite(northDeg) && northDeg !== 0
+    ? { transform: `rotate(${northDeg.toFixed(1)}deg)` }
+    : null;
+});
+// The N itself stays upright as its pointer turns.
+const northLetterStyle = computed(() => {
+  const northDeg = orbital.value?.northDeg;
+  return finite(northDeg) && northDeg !== 0
+    ? { transform: `translateX(-50%) rotate(${(-northDeg).toFixed(1)}deg)` }
+    : null;
+});
+
+// A focused zoom button that turns off at the end of its range hands focus
+// on instead of dropping it to the page. The watchers run before the
+// re-render, while it still has focus.
+const zoomInButton = ref(null);
+const zoomOutButton = ref(null);
+const handFocus = (from, to) => {
+  if (!from || document.activeElement !== from) return;
+  nextTick(() =>
+    (to() ?? document.getElementById('map-view-switch'))?.focus({
+      preventScroll: true,
+    }),
+  );
+};
+watch(
+  atTightest,
+  (now) => now && handFocus(zoomInButton.value, () => zoomOutButton.value),
+  { flush: 'pre' },
+);
+watch(
+  atWidest,
+  (now) => now && handFocus(zoomOutButton.value, () => zoomInButton.value),
+  { flush: 'pre' },
+);
+
+// At nadir the footprint; tilted, the approximate width at the view's
+// centre, marked ≈.
+const swathText = computed(() => {
+  const tilted = orbital.value?.look?.offset === true;
+  const km = tilted ? orbital.value?.look?.swathKm : orbital.value?.footprintKm;
+  if (!finite(km)) return '';
+  const digits = km < 10 ? 1 : 0;
+  const value = formatNumber(km, {
+    minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+    maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+  });
+  return tilted
+    ? t('SWATH ≈ {value} KM', { value })
+    : t('SWATH {value} KM', { value });
+});
+
+// What the sub-satellite point is over: nothing until the first lookup
+// lands; on land the division as Natural Earth names it and the country in
+// the reader's language, with the populated place in view from 8x; at sea
+// the Natural Earth name.
+const placeText = computed(() => {
+  const place = orbital.value?.place;
+  if (place === undefined) return '';
+  // No feature holds the point (a gap at a simplified coastline): say
+  // nothing rather than call land open ocean.
+  if (!place) return '';
+  if (place.kind !== 'country') return place.name || '';
+  const country =
+    (place.countryCode && regionName(place.countryCode, getLocale())) ||
+    place.name ||
+    '';
+  const region = place.division
+    ? t('{division}, {country}', { division: place.division, country })
+    : country;
+  return place.near
+    ? t('{region} · near {place}', { region, place: place.near })
+    : region;
+});
+
+// The owner's flag, or a text badge for an owner without one.
+const mark = computed(() =>
+  ownerMark(orbital.value?.owner, { locale: getLocale() }),
+);
+const flagUrl = ref(null);
+// A flag that would not load (offline, a stale chunk after a deploy, a
+// missing file) falls back to the code as a badge, never to no owner at all.
+const flagFailed = ref(false);
+let flagRequest = 0;
+watch(
+  () => (mark.value?.kind === 'flag' ? mark.value.code : null),
+  async (code) => {
+    const request = ++flagRequest;
+    flagUrl.value = null;
+    flagFailed.value = false;
+    if (!code) return;
+    let url = null;
+    try {
+      url = await loadFlagUrl(code);
+    } catch {
+      url = null;
+    }
+    if (request !== flagRequest) return;
+    flagUrl.value = url;
+    flagFailed.value = !url;
+  },
+  { immediate: true },
+);
+const shownMark = computed(() =>
+  shownOwnerMark(mark.value, {
+    url: flagUrl.value,
+    failed: flagFailed.value,
+  }),
+);
+
+// NORAD · COSPAR · TLE epoch, and the two element lines on request.
+const identParts = computed(() => {
+  const o = orbital.value;
+  if (!o) return [];
+  const parts = [];
+  if (o.noradId !== null && o.noradId !== undefined && o.noradId !== '')
+    parts.push(t('NORAD {id}', { id: String(o.noradId) }));
+  if (o.cosparId) parts.push(o.cosparId);
+  const epoch = formatTleEpochUtc(o.tle?.epochMs);
+  if (epoch) parts.push(t('EPOCH {time}', { time: epoch }));
+  return parts;
+});
+const identText = computed(() => identParts.value.join(' · '));
+const tleText = computed(() => {
+  const tle = orbital.value?.tle;
+  return tle?.line1 && tle?.line2 ? `${tle.line1}\n${tle.line2}` : '';
+});
+const tleOpen = ref(false);
+// Another satellite starts with its element set folded.
+watch(
+  () => orbital.value?.noradId ?? null,
+  () => {
+    tleOpen.value = false;
+  },
+);
+
+// The off-nadir tilt; an untilted view shows no readout or reset.
+const look = computed(() => orbital.value?.look || { offset: false });
+
+const transition = computed(() => orbital.value?.transition || {});
+const lensStyle = computed(() => {
+  const blurPx = transition.value.blurPx;
+  return {
+    '--cockpit-orbital-blur': `${finite(blurPx) && blurPx > 0 ? blurPx.toFixed(2) : 0}px`,
+  };
+});
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <section id="cockpit-orbital" class="cockpit-orbital" :class="{ 'cockpit-orbital-focusing': transition.active }" :style="lensStyle" :aria-label="t('Orbital view')" :hidden="!orbital">
+    <template v-if="orbital">
+      <div class="cockpit-orbital-lens" aria-hidden="true"></div>
+      <div class="cockpit-orbital-reticle" :class="{ 'cockpit-orbital-reticle-lock': transition.lockTick }" aria-hidden="true">
+        <span class="cockpit-orbital-bracket cockpit-orbital-bracket-tl"></span>
+        <span class="cockpit-orbital-bracket cockpit-orbital-bracket-tr"></span>
+        <span class="cockpit-orbital-bracket cockpit-orbital-bracket-bl"></span>
+        <span class="cockpit-orbital-bracket cockpit-orbital-bracket-br"></span>
+        <span class="cockpit-orbital-cross"></span>
+        <!-- North on the frame: at the top while north-up, turned with the ground track while track-up. -->
+        <span class="cockpit-orbital-north-pointer" :style="northPointerStyle">
+          <span class="cockpit-orbital-north-tick"></span>
+          <span v-if="trackUp" class="cockpit-orbital-north-letter" :style="northLetterStyle">{{ t('N') }}</span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <!-- Under the vision selector: where the ground track is. -->
+      <p v-if="placeText" id="cockpit-orbital-over" class="cockpit-orbital-over"><span>{{ t('CURRENTLY OVER') }}</span> <strong>{{ placeText }}</strong></p>
+      <div class="cockpit-orbital-readout">
+        <p class="cockpit-orbital-kicker">{{ look.offset ? t('ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR') : t('ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR') }}</p>
+        <div class="cockpit-orbital-title">
+          <!-- i18n-ignore: @error is the image's load-failure event, not a status message. -->
+          <img v-if="shownMark?.kind === 'flag'" class="cockpit-orbital-flag" :src="shownMark.url" :alt="shownMark.label" :title="shownMark.label" width="20" height="15" @error="flagFailed = true" />
+          <span v-else-if="shownMark?.kind === 'badge'" class="cockpit-orbital-owner-badge" :title="shownMark.title">{{ shownMark.label }}</span>
+          <p class="cockpit-orbital-name">{{ orbital.name }}</p>
+        </div>
+        <p v-if="orbital.operator" class="cockpit-orbital-operator">{{ orbital.operator }}</p>
+        <p v-if="orbital.classLabel" class="cockpit-orbital-class">{{ orbital.classLabel }}</p>
+        <div v-if="identText" class="cockpit-orbital-ident">
+          <!-- Wraps between parts, never inside a date. -->
+          <span class="cockpit-orbital-ident-text"><template v-for="(part, index) in identParts" :key="index"><template v-if="index"> · </template><span class="cockpit-orbital-ident-part">{{ part }}</span></template></span>
+          <button v-if="tleText" id="cockpit-orbital-tle-toggle" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-tle-toggle" :aria-expanded="String(tleOpen)" aria-controls="cockpit-orbital-tle" :aria-label="tleOpen ? t('Hide the two-line element set') : t('Show the two-line element set')" :title="tleOpen ? t('Hide the two-line element set') : t('Show the two-line element set')" @click="tleOpen = !tleOpen">{{ t('TLE') }}</button>
+        </div>
+        <pre v-if="tleText" v-show="tleOpen" id="cockpit-orbital-tle" class="cockpit-orbital-tle" :aria-label="t('Two-line element set')">{{ tleText }}</pre>
+        <dl class="cockpit-orbital-data">
+          <div class="cockpit-orbital-datum">
+            <dt>{{ t('ALTITUDE') }}</dt>
+            <dd class="cockpit-orbital-altitude">{{ altitudeText }}</dd>
+          </div>
+          <div v-if="velocityText" class="cockpit-orbital-datum">
+            <dt>{{ t('ORBITAL VELOCITY') }}</dt>
+            <dd class="cockpit-orbital-velocity">{{ velocityText }}</dd>
+          </div>
+          <div class="cockpit-orbital-datum">
+            <dt>{{ t('SUB-SATELLITE POINT') }}</dt>
+            <dd class="cockpit-orbital-subpoint">{{ subPointText }}</dd>
+          </div>
+        </dl>
+        <p class="cockpit-orbital-north">{{ trackUp ? t('TRACK UP') : t('NORTH UP') }}</p>
+        <!-- Shown only while the view is tilted off nadir: where it looks and the way back. -->
+        <div v-if="look.offset" class="cockpit-orbital-look">
+          <span id="cockpit-orbital-look-readout" class="cockpit-orbital-look-readout" aria-live="polite">{{ look.readout }}</span>
+          <button id="cockpit-orbital-nadir" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-nadir" :aria-label="t('Return the view to nadir')" :title="t('Return to nadir (Home or 0)')" aria-keyshortcuts="Home 0">{{ t('NADIR') }}</button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="cockpit-orbital-optics">
+        <button id="cockpit-orbital-zoom-out" ref="zoomOutButton" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-zoom-button" :disabled="atWidest" :aria-label="t('Zoom out')" :title="t('Zoom out (−)')" aria-keyshortcuts="- _">−</button>
+        <span class="cockpit-orbital-zoom" aria-live="polite">{{ zoomText }}</span>
+        <button id="cockpit-orbital-zoom-in" ref="zoomInButton" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-zoom-button" :disabled="atTightest" :aria-label="t('Zoom in')" :title="t('Zoom in (+)')" aria-keyshortcuts="+ =">+</button>
+        <span v-if="swathText" class="cockpit-orbital-swath">{{ swathText }}</span>
+      </div>
+    </template>
+  </section>
+</template>
diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
index e879e16d5..30b7190fb 100644
--- a/style.css
+++ b/style.css
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpit.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css';
+@import './src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/overlays.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/layers.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/radio.css';

From d0ef5250ac2b4991fcaf863aae41a4eb2bd6b492 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 20:29:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 222/262] docs(changelog): add the #1559 fragment

---
 changelog.d/1559-cockpit-orbital-view.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1559-cockpit-orbital-view.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1559-cockpit-orbital-view.md b/changelog.d/1559-cockpit-orbital-view.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71c5eebd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1559-cockpit-orbital-view.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Ride a tracked satellite in an orbital view: a track-up nadir camera, 1–8×
+  zoom, off-nadir tilt with an approximate swath, a CURRENTLY OVER line, and the
+  owner's flag, operator and TLE identity. `C` no longer enters or leaves first
+  person; double-click and the entry buttons do (Denis Groshev, @ZloyS, #1559).

From fe5470a85276fb464f9bfa900fd4500f68f437ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 20:06:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 223/262] feat(cockpit): zoom the orbital view to the imaging
 sensor's swath

An imaging satellite with a known sensor can now zoom past 8x, up to 128x,
as far as the view stays at least as wide as the sensor's narrowest
standard swath at its live altitude; only swaths confirmed on a cited page
open those steps. The top step follows the altitude and window shape and
steps back when it falls below the zoom shown.

The view draws the sensor's swath to scale along the ground track with a
SENSOR SWATH readout (approximate off nadir), and a SENSOR button zooms to
exactly that width when it lies in range at nadir. From 16x the imagery
tiles the view will need 5 to 20 s ahead along the ground track are
pre-loaded at the matching level. The mouse wheel steps the zoom one notch
at a time, and the identity line shows how old the TLE is. The sensor
figures come from a new bundled pack of 46 Earth-observation platforms,
each value cited to its operator or agency, with its own data credit.
---
 DATA_SOURCES.md                               |   5 +
 scripts/package-boundaries.json               |  18 +-
 src/cockpitOrbital.js                         | 364 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs                   | 272 +++++++++++++
 src/data/dataCredits.js                       |   6 +
 src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs                 |   9 +
 src/data/imagingSensors.js                    |  25 ++
 src/data/local_data/imaging_sensors/README.md |  63 +++
 .../imaging_sensors/imaging_sensors.json      |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                      |   7 +
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                      |   7 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                      |   7 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                      |   7 +
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                      |   7 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                      |   7 +
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                      |   7 +
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                      |   7 +
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                      |   7 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                   |   7 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json                 |   7 +
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json                 |   3 +
 src/layers/satellites/catalog.js              |   1 +
 src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js       |   3 +
 src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs |  20 +
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js            |  45 ++-
 src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs      |  20 +
 src/layers/satellites/sensors.js              | 100 +++++
 src/layers/satellites/sensors.test.mjs        | 154 ++++++++
 src/layers/satellites/source.js               |  12 +
 src/layers/satellites/state.js                |   3 +
 src/ui/cockpitController.js                   |  18 +
 src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs                |  18 +
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js                  | 254 +++++++++++-
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs            | 371 +++++++++++++++++-
 src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js                 |  16 +
 src/ui/cockpitPresentation.test.mjs           |  16 +
 src/ui/stores/cockpit.js                      |  10 +-
 src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css              |  47 +++
 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue        |  65 ++-
 39 files changed, 1985 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/data/imagingSensors.js
 create mode 100644 src/data/local_data/imaging_sensors/README.md
 create mode 100644 src/data/local_data/imaging_sensors/imaging_sensors.json
 create mode 100644 src/layers/satellites/sensors.js
 create mode 100644 src/layers/satellites/sensors.test.mjs

diff --git a/DATA_SOURCES.md b/DATA_SOURCES.md
index cde514841..3fff9e557 100644
--- a/DATA_SOURCES.md
+++ b/DATA_SOURCES.md
@@ -230,6 +230,7 @@ The [Bhote Koshi event pack](public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/README.md), under `p
 | **World camera image subset** (2,230 locations) | `config/cctv_sources.world-image-cameras.json` | Mixed: ODOT TripCheck public images (ODOT permits use with credit) and MLIT site content under terms compatible with CC BY 4.0. Frames are not bundled or persisted; the server holds a bounded in-memory cache. | Per-source terms apply; NZTA Journey Planner web-cache rows are excluded; Vegagerðin rows are served by the Iceland pack instead | Oregon Department of Transportation (Camera courtesy of ODOT) and Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (出典：国土交通省 川の防災情報) |
 | **TeleGeography Submarine Cable Map** (712 cables + 1,917 landing points)   | `telegeography_submarine_cables/` | **CC BY-NC-SA 3.0**                                                                                       | ❌ **NonCommercial — remove for commercial use** | "© TeleGeography — submarinecablemap.com"                                   |
 | **UCS Satellite Database** UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023 (3,564 records; operator, owner country, purpose) | `ucs_satellites/` | **Free, unrestricted use** (UCS database manual, section 3) | ✅ (acknowledgement requested) | "UCS Satellite Database (UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database" |
+| **Imaging sensor pack** (46 Earth-observation platforms: swath, resolution) | `imaging_sensors/` | Individual specification facts from operator and agency pages, cited per entry | ✅ (facts only) | "Imaging sensor swaths: operator and agency specifications" |
 | **Natural Earth physical regions** (1,046 land + 292 marine named polygons) | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
 | **DataSF Analysis Neighborhoods** (41 SF neighborhood polygons)             | `neighborhoods/`                  | **PDDL 1.0** (public domain)                                                                              | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "City & County of San Francisco — DataSF" (courtesy — not legally required) |
 | **Natural Earth countries, states and provinces** (260 admin-0/map units + 4,587 admin-1 polygons)             | `natural_earth/`                  | **Public domain**                                                                                         | ✅ (no restrictions)                             | "Made with Natural Earth" (courtesy credit — not legally required)          |
@@ -299,6 +300,10 @@ The former bundled 2026-05-25 snapshot was removed 2026-07-16.
 
 Operator, owner country and purpose for active satellites, keyed by NORAD number, from the Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database release **UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023** (data current through 2023-05-01; https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database). The satellites layer joins it to CelesTrak positions and SATCAT records to file each satellite as a station, imaging, telecom, Starlink, probe or debris object, and to name its operator and owner. Section 3 of the UCS database manual: "The Database is free and its use is unrestricted. We request that its use be acknowledged and referenced in written materials. References should include the version of the Database that was used, which is indicated by the name of the Excel file, and a link to or URL for the webpage www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database." The app acknowledges it in the Data attribution popover. UCS has paused updates since this release; Starlink rows are dropped (Starlink is classed by name). Build: `scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py`; curation in the folder README.
 
+### Imaging sensor pack (`imaging_sensors/`)
+
+Swath widths and ground resolutions for 46 Earth-observation platforms (Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS, VIIRS, GOES, Himawari, Gaofen, CBERS, RADARSAT, TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed, ALOS, KOMPSAT, SPOT, Pléiades, WorldView, SkySat, PlanetScope, ICEYE, Capella, Umbra and others), compiled 2026-11-04 from the operator and agency pages cited per entry. The orbital view draws each satellite's sensor swath to scale and caps its zoom at that swath. Facts only; no text or images copied. A swath is confirmed on an operator, agency (ESA's eoPortal included) or academic page; resellers are not cited. The CEOS MIM Database (CC BY 4.0) is not yet used. Sources and unverified values: the folder README.
+
 ### Natural Earth physical regions (`natural_earth/`)
 
 Curated from the **Natural Earth 10m physical vectors** (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/ —
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 466606b92..d631fd21e 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -895,6 +895,7 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitCamera.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
       "src/data/adminBoundaries.js",
       "src/data/bundledJson.js",
       "src/data/retryableLoad.js",
@@ -1044,6 +1045,7 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitCamera.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
       "src/data/adminBoundaries.js",
       "src/data/bundledJson.js",
       "src/data/retryableLoad.js",
@@ -1682,7 +1684,9 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
       "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/classes.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
       "src/data/ucsSatellites.js",
+      "src/data/imagingSensors.js",
       "src/data/bundledJson.js",
       "src/data/retryableLoad.js"
     ],
@@ -3380,7 +3384,9 @@
       "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js",
       "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/classes.js",
-      "src/data/ucsSatellites.js"
+      "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
+      "src/data/ucsSatellites.js",
+      "src/data/imagingSensors.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -4035,7 +4041,9 @@
       "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/photoText.js",
       "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/performance.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/classes.js",
-      "src/data/ucsSatellites.js"
+      "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
+      "src/data/ucsSatellites.js",
+      "src/data/imagingSensors.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -4542,7 +4550,9 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/layers/satellites/source.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/classes.js",
+      "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
       "src/data/ucsSatellites.js",
+      "src/data/imagingSensors.js",
       "src/data/bundledJson.js",
       "src/data/retryableLoad.js"
     ],
@@ -5166,7 +5176,9 @@
       "src/sources/infrastructureData.js",
       "src/sources/eventPacks.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/classes.js",
-      "src/data/ucsSatellites.js"
+      "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
+      "src/data/ucsSatellites.js",
+      "src/data/imagingSensors.js"
     ],
     "external": ["@mapbox/vector-tile", "pbf"]
   },
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbital.js b/src/cockpitOrbital.js
index fafe2a857..2ea604fcf 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbital.js
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbital.js
@@ -13,10 +13,14 @@
 /** Mean Earth radius used for footprint and framing geometry, metres. */
 export const ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M = 6371008.8;
 
-/** The optical zoom steps. */
-export const ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER = Object.freeze([1, 2, 4, 8]);
+/**
+ * The whole zoom ladder. Steps past ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM belong only to
+ * imaging satellites with a known sensor, each up to the step its sensor's
+ * swath allows (`orbitalMaxZoom`).
+ */
+export const ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER = Object.freeze([1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128]);
 
-/** The tightest step. */
+/** The tightest step for a satellite without sensor data. */
 export const ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM = 8;
 
 /** The zoom an orbital view opens at. */
@@ -61,9 +65,9 @@ const ZOOM_EPSILON = 1e-6;
 
 /**
  * The next tighter ladder step, up to `maxZoom`; at the cap the zoom stays.
- * A zoom between steps moves to the step above it.
+ * A zoom between steps (the SENSOR step) moves to the step above it.
  * @param {number} zoom Current zoom.
- * @param {number} [maxZoom] The tightest step.
+ * @param {number} [maxZoom] The satellite's tightest step.
  * @returns {number}
  */
 export function nextOrbitalZoom(zoom, maxZoom = ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM) {
@@ -88,6 +92,86 @@ export function previousOrbitalZoom(zoom) {
   return wider.length ? wider[wider.length - 1] : ORBITAL_DEFAULT_ZOOM;
 }
 
+/**
+ * The ground width the view spans at a zoom: what the SWATH readout shows.
+ * @param {number} altitudeM Satellite altitude, metres.
+ * @param {number} zoom Magnification.
+ * @param {number} aspect Canvas width / height.
+ * @returns {number|null} Kilometres, or null for an unusable altitude.
+ */
+export function viewWidthKm(altitudeM, zoom, aspect) {
+  return footprintWidthKm(
+    altitudeM,
+    fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(altitudeM), zoom),
+    aspect,
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * A satellite's tightest zoom step at its live altitude: the tightest ladder
+ * step whose view is still at least as wide as its sensor's narrowest
+ * standard swath, so the view never shows finer ground than the sensor
+ * images. Never below ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM; no sensor swath, no extra steps.
+ * @param {number} altitudeM Live altitude, metres.
+ * @param {number|null|undefined} sensorSwathKm Narrowest standard swath.
+ * @param {number} aspect Canvas width / height.
+ * @returns {number} One of ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER.
+ */
+export function orbitalMaxZoom(altitudeM, sensorSwathKm, aspect) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(sensorSwathKm) || sensorSwathKm <= 0)
+    return ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM;
+  let max = ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM;
+  for (const step of ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER) {
+    if (step <= ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM) continue;
+    const width = viewWidthKm(altitudeM, step, aspect);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(width)) break;
+    if (width * (1 + ZOOM_EPSILON) < sensorSwathKm) break;
+    max = step;
+  }
+  return max;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The zoom at which the view is exactly as wide as the sensor's swath, for
+ * the SENSOR step; null when that lies outside 1x..`maxZoom` (a swath wider
+ * than the 1x view, or narrower than the tightest allowed step).
+ * @param {number} altitudeM Live altitude, metres.
+ * @param {number|null|undefined} sensorSwathKm
+ * @param {number} aspect Canvas width / height.
+ * @param {number} maxZoom The satellite's tightest step.
+ * @returns {number|null}
+ */
+export function sensorSwathZoom(altitudeM, sensorSwathKm, aspect, maxZoom) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(sensorSwathKm) || sensorSwathKm <= 0) return null;
+  const widest = viewWidthKm(altitudeM, 1, aspect);
+  const tightest = viewWidthKm(altitudeM, maxZoom, aspect);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(widest) || !Number.isFinite(tightest)) return null;
+  if (sensorSwathKm > widest * (1 + ZOOM_EPSILON)) return null;
+  if (sensorSwathKm < tightest * (1 - ZOOM_EPSILON)) return null;
+  // The width falls monotonically with zoom: bisect in log space.
+  let low = 0;
+  let high = Math.log2(maxZoom);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 48; i += 1) {
+    const mid = (low + high) / 2;
+    if (viewWidthKm(altitudeM, 2 ** mid, aspect) > sensorSwathKm) low = mid;
+    else high = mid;
+  }
+  return Math.round(2 ** ((low + high) / 2) * 100) / 100;
+}
+
+/**
+ * How much of the view's width a sensor swath covers, for the strip drawn
+ * to scale in the reticle: 0..1, 1 when the swath fills the view or more.
+ * @param {number|null|undefined} sensorSwathKm
+ * @param {number|null|undefined} viewKm The view's current ground width.
+ * @returns {number|null} Null without both widths.
+ */
+export function sensorStripFraction(sensorSwathKm, viewKm) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(sensorSwathKm) || sensorSwathKm <= 0) return null;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(viewKm) || viewKm <= 0) return null;
+  return Math.min(1, sensorSwathKm / viewKm);
+}
+
 /**
  * Angular radius of the Earth's disk seen from an altitude, radians.
  * @param {number} altitudeM Height above the mean sphere, metres.
@@ -411,3 +495,273 @@ export function offNadirOrientation(nadir, { northDeg = 0, eastDeg = 0 } = {}) {
   const direction = combine(d1, Math.cos(e), r, Math.sin(e));
   return { direction, up: u1, right: cross(direction, u1) };
 }
+
+/** Scroll distance, in pixels, that makes one zoom step. A mouse notch is ~100. */
+export const ORBITAL_WHEEL_PIXELS_PER_STEP = 100;
+
+/**
+ * After a step, the rest of that gesture is absorbed for this long, so one
+ * physical notch (which some browsers deliver as several events) is one step.
+ */
+export const ORBITAL_WHEEL_COOLDOWN_MS = 200;
+
+/**
+ * A pause this long ends a scroll gesture: a partial sum left from an earlier
+ * gesture never adds to a later one.
+ */
+export const ORBITAL_WHEEL_GESTURE_GAP_MS = 300;
+
+/** `WheelEvent.deltaMode` line and page units, in pixels. */
+const WHEEL_LINE_PX = 16;
+const WHEEL_PAGE_PX = 800;
+
+/**
+ * Turn wheel events into zoom steps. Trackpads send many small pixel deltas,
+ * so they are summed until they reach a step; a change of direction, or a
+ * pause of ORBITAL_WHEEL_GESTURE_GAP_MS, starts over. Wheeling away from the
+ * viewer (negative deltaY) zooms in.
+ * @param {{sum: number, lastStepMs: number, lastEventMs?: number}|null}
+ *   accumulator Previous state.
+ * @param {{deltaY: number, deltaMode?: number}} wheel The event's deltas.
+ * @param {number} nowMs
+ * @returns {{accumulator: {sum: number, lastStepMs: number,
+ *   lastEventMs: number}, step: -1|0|1}} The new state and the step to take
+ *   (1 = zoom in).
+ */
+export function wheelZoomStep(accumulator, wheel, nowMs) {
+  const held = accumulator || { sum: 0, lastStepMs: -Infinity };
+  const previous =
+    nowMs - (held.lastEventMs ?? -Infinity) > ORBITAL_WHEEL_GESTURE_GAP_MS
+      ? { ...held, sum: 0 }
+      : held;
+  const unit =
+    wheel?.deltaMode === 1
+      ? WHEEL_LINE_PX
+      : wheel?.deltaMode === 2
+        ? WHEEL_PAGE_PX
+        : 1;
+  const delta = (Number.isFinite(wheel?.deltaY) ? wheel.deltaY : 0) * unit;
+  if (!delta) return { accumulator: held, step: 0 };
+  if (nowMs - previous.lastStepMs < ORBITAL_WHEEL_COOLDOWN_MS)
+    return {
+      accumulator: { ...previous, sum: 0, lastEventMs: nowMs },
+      step: 0,
+    };
+  const sum =
+    Math.sign(previous.sum) === -Math.sign(delta)
+      ? delta
+      : previous.sum + delta;
+  if (Math.abs(sum) < ORBITAL_WHEEL_PIXELS_PER_STEP)
+    return { accumulator: { ...previous, sum, lastEventMs: nowMs }, step: 0 };
+  return {
+    accumulator: { sum: 0, lastStepMs: nowMs, lastEventMs: nowMs },
+    step: sum < 0 ? 1 : -1,
+  };
+}
+
+/** From this zoom the view pre-loads imagery ahead along the ground track. */
+export const ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MIN_ZOOM = 16;
+
+/** How often the pre-load looks ahead, ms. */
+export const ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS = 2000;
+
+/** How far ahead it looks, seconds of ground-track travel, nearest first. */
+export const ORBITAL_PREFETCH_LEAD_S = Object.freeze([5, 10, 15, 20]);
+
+/**
+ * Where across the track it looks, as fractions of the view's width: the
+ * centre line and a third out each side, so a tile row spans the frame.
+ */
+export const ORBITAL_PREFETCH_ACROSS = Object.freeze([0, -1 / 3, 1 / 3]);
+
+/** At most this many tile requests per look-ahead. */
+export const ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES = 12;
+
+const toRadians = (deg) => (deg * Math.PI) / 180;
+const toDegrees = (rad) => (rad * 180) / Math.PI;
+
+/**
+ * The point `distanceM` from a point along an initial bearing, on a sphere.
+ * @returns {{lat: number, lon: number}} Degrees, longitude in -180..180.
+ */
+export function destinationPoint(latDeg, lonDeg, bearingDeg, distanceM) {
+  const delta = distanceM / ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M;
+  const lat1 = toRadians(latDeg);
+  const theta = toRadians(bearingDeg);
+  const lat2 = Math.asin(
+    Math.sin(lat1) * Math.cos(delta) +
+      Math.cos(lat1) * Math.sin(delta) * Math.cos(theta),
+  );
+  const lon2 =
+    toRadians(lonDeg) +
+    Math.atan2(
+      Math.sin(theta) * Math.sin(delta) * Math.cos(lat1),
+      Math.cos(delta) - Math.sin(lat1) * Math.sin(lat2),
+    );
+  const lon = ((((toDegrees(lon2) + 180) % 360) + 360) % 360) - 180;
+  return { lat: toDegrees(lat2), lon };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Points the view will pass over: for each lead time, the sub-satellite
+ * point that far along the ground track (orbital speed scaled down to the
+ * ground), and points across the track at `across` fractions of the view's
+ * width. Nearest lead first. Empty without a track, speed or width.
+ * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number, groundTrackDeg: number,
+ *   velocityMps: number, altitudeM: number}} info Satellite subject.
+ * @param {number} viewKm The view's ground width, km.
+ * @returns {Array<{lat: number, lon: number}>}
+ */
+export function groundTrackAhead(
+  info,
+  viewKm,
+  { leadS = ORBITAL_PREFETCH_LEAD_S, across = ORBITAL_PREFETCH_ACROSS } = {},
+) {
+  const { latitude, longitude, groundTrackDeg, velocityMps, altitudeM } =
+    info || {};
+  if (
+    ![latitude, longitude, groundTrackDeg, velocityMps, altitudeM].every(
+      Number.isFinite,
+    ) ||
+    velocityMps <= 0 ||
+    altitudeM <= 0 ||
+    !(viewKm > 0)
+  )
+    return [];
+  const R = ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M;
+  const groundMps = (velocityMps * R) / (R + altitudeM);
+  const points = [];
+  for (const seconds of leadS) {
+    const centre = destinationPoint(
+      latitude,
+      longitude,
+      groundTrackDeg,
+      groundMps * seconds,
+    );
+    for (const fraction of across) {
+      points.push(
+        fraction === 0
+          ? centre
+          : destinationPoint(
+              centre.lat,
+              centre.lon,
+              groundTrackDeg + (fraction > 0 ? 90 : -90),
+              Math.abs(fraction) * viewKm * 1000,
+            ),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  return points;
+}
+
+/** WGS84's equatorial radius: Cesium sizes terrain and imagery tiles on it. */
+const WGS84_MAXIMUM_RADIUS_M = 6378137;
+
+/**
+ * Cesium's geometric error for a heightmap terrain tile at `level`, metres:
+ * its level-zero estimate (TerrainProvider's
+ * getEstimatedLevelZeroGeometricErrorForAHeightmap, heightmap quality 0.25)
+ * for the ellipsoid terrain's 64-sample tiles on two root tiles, halved per
+ * level.
+ * @param {number} level
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function ellipsoidTerrainLevelErrorM(level) {
+  return (WGS84_MAXIMUM_RADIUS_M * 2 * Math.PI * 0.25) / (64 * 2) / 2 ** level;
+}
+
+/** The deepest terrain level considered. */
+const MAX_TERRAIN_LEVEL = 30;
+
+/**
+ * The imagery level Cesium draws under the view, and so the one to pre-load.
+ * Cesium refines the terrain tile under the view while its geometric error
+ * spans more than `maximumScreenSpaceError` pixels (QuadtreePrimitive's
+ * screenSpaceError: error over the ground a pixel covers), then drapes the
+ * imagery level whose texel spacing is nearest that error (ImageryLayer's
+ * getLevelWithMaximumTexelSpacing, rounded): about one to two screen pixels
+ * per texel, not one. Fog, which below 800 km can only coarsen the choice,
+ * is left out. Clamped to the provider's levels; null without a usable input.
+ * @param {{getNumberOfXTilesAtLevel?: (level: number) => number,
+ *   rectangle?: {width: number}}} tilingScheme The imagery tiling scheme.
+ * @param {{metresPerPixel: number, latitudeDeg: number,
+ *   geographic?: boolean, tileWidthPx?: number, minimumLevel?: number,
+ *   maximumLevel?: number, maximumScreenSpaceError?: number,
+ *   terrainLevelErrorM?: (level: number) => number}} view `metresPerPixel`
+ *   is the ground one CSS pixel covers at the view's centre; `geographic`
+ *   marks a scheme in the geographic projection, whose texels do not narrow
+ *   with latitude as Web Mercator's do; `terrainLevelErrorM` is the terrain
+ *   provider's getLevelMaximumGeometricError.
+ * @returns {number|null}
+ */
+export function imageryLevelForView(
+  tilingScheme,
+  {
+    metresPerPixel,
+    latitudeDeg,
+    geographic = false,
+    tileWidthPx = 256,
+    minimumLevel = 0,
+    maximumLevel = 30,
+    maximumScreenSpaceError = 2,
+    terrainLevelErrorM = ellipsoidTerrainLevelErrorM,
+  },
+) {
+  if (!(metresPerPixel > 0) || !Number.isFinite(latitudeDeg)) return null;
+  const sse = maximumScreenSpaceError > 0 ? maximumScreenSpaceError : 2;
+  let terrainLevel = 0;
+  while (
+    terrainLevel < MAX_TERRAIN_LEVEL &&
+    !(terrainLevelErrorM(terrainLevel) / metresPerPixel <= sse)
+  )
+    terrainLevel += 1;
+  const errorM = terrainLevelErrorM(terrainLevel);
+  if (!(errorM > 0)) return null;
+  const rootTiles = tilingScheme?.getNumberOfXTilesAtLevel?.(0) || 1;
+  const widthRad = tilingScheme?.rectangle?.width || 2 * Math.PI;
+  const latitudeFactor = geographic
+    ? 1
+    : Math.cos(toRadians(Math.min(89, Math.abs(latitudeDeg))));
+  const levelZeroTexelM =
+    (WGS84_MAXIMUM_RADIUS_M * widthRad * latitudeFactor) /
+    ((tileWidthPx || 256) * rootTiles);
+  const level = Math.max(0, Math.round(Math.log2(levelZeroTexelM / errorM)));
+  if (!Number.isFinite(level)) return null;
+  const top = Number.isFinite(maximumLevel) ? maximumLevel : 30;
+  const bottom = Number.isFinite(minimumLevel) ? minimumLevel : 0;
+  return Math.min(top, Math.max(bottom, level));
+}
+
+/**
+ * The tiles at `level` holding `points`, in order, without repeats or tiles
+ * `skip` reports as already asked for, at most `maxTiles`.
+ * @param {{positionToTileXY: Function}} tilingScheme Cesium tiling scheme.
+ * @param {Array<{lat: number, lon: number}>} points Degrees.
+ * @param {number} level
+ * @param {{maxTiles?: number, skip?: (key: string) => boolean}} [options]
+ * @returns {Array<{x: number, y: number, level: number, key: string}>}
+ */
+export function tilesForPoints(
+  tilingScheme,
+  points,
+  level,
+  { maxTiles = ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES, skip = () => false } = {},
+) {
+  const tiles = [];
+  if (typeof tilingScheme?.positionToTileXY !== 'function') return tiles;
+  if (!Number.isInteger(level) || level < 0) return tiles;
+  const seen = new Set();
+  for (const point of points) {
+    if (tiles.length >= maxTiles) break;
+    const xy = tilingScheme.positionToTileXY(
+      { longitude: toRadians(point.lon), latitude: toRadians(point.lat) },
+      level,
+    );
+    if (!xy) continue;
+    const key = `${level}/${xy.x}/${xy.y}`;
+    if (seen.has(key) || skip(key)) continue;
+    seen.add(key);
+    tiles.push({ x: xy.x, y: xy.y, level, key });
+  }
+  return tiles;
+}
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs b/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
index e47ad1141..944cb5356 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   ORBITAL_BASE_FOV_LEO_RAD,
   ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M,
   ORBITAL_SETTLE_MAX_MS,
+  ORBITAL_WHEEL_COOLDOWN_MS,
   cesiumFrustumFovRad,
   earthAngularRadiusRad,
   footprintWidthKm,
@@ -14,6 +15,12 @@ import {
   nextOrbitalZoom,
   offNadirAngleDeg,
   offNadirSwathScale,
+  orbitalMaxZoom,
+  sensorStripFraction,
+  sensorSwathZoom,
+  viewWidthKm,
+  wheelZoomStep,
+  ORBITAL_WHEEL_GESTURE_GAP_MS,
   offNadirOrientation,
   orbitalBaseFovRad,
   previousOrbitalZoom,
@@ -21,7 +28,16 @@ import {
   zoomTransitionBlurPx,
   zoomTransitionProgress,
   zoomTransitionState,
+  ORBITAL_PREFETCH_ACROSS,
+  ORBITAL_PREFETCH_LEAD_S,
+  ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES,
+  destinationPoint,
+  groundTrackAhead,
+  imageryLevelForView,
+  tilesForPoints,
 } from './cockpitOrbital.js';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { greatCircleKm } from './geoDistance.js';
 
 const RAD = Math.PI / 180;
 const dot = (a, b) => a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z;
@@ -257,6 +273,97 @@ test('a landed zoom step holds for its imagery, but never past the cap', () => {
   assert.equal(zoomSettleHolding(Number.NaN, false), true);
 });
 
+const WIDE = 16 / 9;
+
+test("the zoom ladder climbs to a satellite's own cap and steps off a SENSOR zoom", () => {
+  assert.equal(nextOrbitalZoom(8), 8, 'no sensor: 8x is the top');
+  assert.equal(nextOrbitalZoom(8, 64), 16);
+  assert.equal(nextOrbitalZoom(32, 64), 64);
+  assert.equal(nextOrbitalZoom(64, 64), 64, 'the cap holds');
+  assert.equal(nextOrbitalZoom(5.7, 64), 8, 'between steps: the step above');
+  assert.equal(previousOrbitalZoom(5.7), 4, 'between steps: the step below');
+  assert.equal(previousOrbitalZoom(128), 64);
+  assert.equal(previousOrbitalZoom(1), 1);
+});
+
+test('a sensor caps the zoom at its swath for the live altitude', () => {
+  // WorldView-3 at 617 km, 13.1 km swath: 64x spans ~20 km, 128x ~10 km.
+  assert.ok(viewWidthKm(617e3, 64, WIDE) >= 13.1);
+  assert.ok(viewWidthKm(617e3, 128, WIDE) < 13.1);
+  assert.equal(orbitalMaxZoom(617e3, 13.1, WIDE), 64);
+  // ICEYE spotlight, 5 km at 570 km.
+  assert.equal(orbitalMaxZoom(570e3, 5, WIDE), 128);
+  // PlanetScope SuperDove, 32.5 km: 32x at 525 km but 16x at 470 km.
+  assert.equal(orbitalMaxZoom(525e3, 32.5, WIDE), 32);
+  assert.equal(orbitalMaxZoom(470e3, 32.5, WIDE), 16);
+  // Landsat's 185 km swath fits inside 8x: no extra steps, never fewer.
+  assert.equal(orbitalMaxZoom(705e3, 185, WIDE), 8);
+  assert.equal(orbitalMaxZoom(705e3, 2330, WIDE), 8);
+  // No sensor, or an unusable swath.
+  assert.equal(orbitalMaxZoom(617e3, null, WIDE), 8);
+  assert.equal(orbitalMaxZoom(617e3, 0, WIDE), 8);
+  // A swath exactly as wide as the 16x view allows 16x.
+  assert.equal(orbitalMaxZoom(617e3, viewWidthKm(617e3, 16, WIDE), WIDE), 16);
+});
+
+test('the SENSOR step frames the swath when it lies in range', () => {
+  const landsat = sensorSwathZoom(705e3, 185, WIDE, 8);
+  assert.ok(landsat > 4 && landsat < 8, String(landsat));
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(viewWidthKm(705e3, landsat, WIDE) - 185) < 1);
+  const worldview = sensorSwathZoom(617e3, 13.1, WIDE, 64);
+  assert.equal(worldview, null, 'narrower than the 64x cap allows');
+  assert.equal(sensorSwathZoom(705e3, 2330, WIDE, 8), null, 'wider than 1x');
+  assert.equal(sensorSwathZoom(705e3, null, WIDE, 8), null);
+});
+
+test('the sensor strip spans its share of the view', () => {
+  assert.equal(sensorStripFraction(13, 130), 0.1);
+  assert.equal(sensorStripFraction(500, 131), 1, 'clipped to the view');
+  assert.equal(sensorStripFraction(null, 131), null);
+  assert.equal(sensorStripFraction(13.1, null), null);
+});
+
+test('the wheel steps once per notch and sums a trackpad swipe', () => {
+  // A mouse notch away from the viewer zooms in.
+  let r = wheelZoomStep(null, { deltaY: -100, deltaMode: 0 }, 1000);
+  assert.equal(r.step, 1);
+  // The rest of that notch, inside the cooldown, is absorbed.
+  r = wheelZoomStep(r.accumulator, { deltaY: -100, deltaMode: 0 }, 1050);
+  assert.equal(r.step, 0);
+  // A notch toward the viewer after the cooldown zooms out.
+  r = wheelZoomStep(
+    r.accumulator,
+    { deltaY: 120, deltaMode: 0 },
+    1050 + ORBITAL_WHEEL_COOLDOWN_MS + 1,
+  );
+  assert.equal(r.step, -1);
+  // A trackpad's small deltas add up before they step.
+  let pad = null;
+  const steps = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
+    const out = wheelZoomStep(
+      pad,
+      { deltaY: -30, deltaMode: 0 },
+      5000 + i * 16,
+    );
+    pad = out.accumulator;
+    steps.push(out.step);
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(steps, [0, 0, 0, 1]);
+  // Turning back starts the sum over.
+  const turned = wheelZoomStep(
+    { sum: -90, lastStepMs: -Infinity },
+    { deltaY: 30, deltaMode: 0 },
+    9000,
+  );
+  assert.equal(turned.step, 0);
+  assert.equal(turned.accumulator.sum, 30);
+  // Line-mode wheels (Firefox): three lines make a notch.
+  assert.equal(wheelZoomStep(null, { deltaY: -3, deltaMode: 1 }, 0).step, 0);
+  assert.equal(wheelZoomStep(null, { deltaY: -7, deltaMode: 1 }, 0).step, 1);
+  assert.equal(wheelZoomStep(null, { deltaY: 0 }, 0).step, 0);
+});
+
 test('a heading turns the nadir frame, keeping north to fall back on', () => {
   // Over the equator at 0°E: north is +z, east is +y.
   const position = { x: ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M + 500_000, y: 0, z: 0 };
@@ -274,6 +381,26 @@ test('a heading turns the nadir frame, keeping north to fall back on', () => {
   );
 });
 
+test('a partial scroll does not carry over into a later gesture', () => {
+  // 90 px: short of a step.
+  let r = wheelZoomStep(null, { deltaY: -90, deltaMode: 0 }, 1000);
+  assert.equal(r.step, 0);
+  // Still the same gesture: 10 px more completes the step.
+  const same = wheelZoomStep(
+    r.accumulator,
+    { deltaY: -10, deltaMode: 0 },
+    1100,
+  );
+  assert.equal(same.step, 1);
+  // Minutes later a 10 px nudge is a new gesture, not the rest of the old.
+  r = wheelZoomStep(
+    r.accumulator,
+    { deltaY: -10, deltaMode: 0 },
+    1000 + ORBITAL_WHEEL_GESTURE_GAP_MS + 60_000,
+  );
+  assert.equal(r.step, 0);
+});
+
 test('the total off-nadir angle combines both tilts', () => {
   assert.equal(offNadirAngleDeg(), 0);
   assert.ok(Math.abs(offNadirAngleDeg({ northDeg: 10 }) - 10) < 1e-9);
@@ -300,3 +427,148 @@ test("a tilted view's width grows faster across the frame than along it", () =>
   }
   assert.equal(offNadirSwathScale({ northDeg: Number.NaN }), 1);
 });
+
+// ── imagery pre-load ahead of the ground track ─────────────────────────
+
+const PASS = Object.freeze({
+  latitude: 30,
+  longitude: -97,
+  groundTrackDeg: 45,
+  velocityMps: 7_600,
+  altitudeM: 500_000,
+});
+
+test('destinationPoint walks a great circle along a bearing', () => {
+  const east = destinationPoint(0, 179.9, 90, 111_195 * 0.2);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(east.lat) < 1e-9);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(east.lon - -179.9) < 1e-3, 'wraps the antimeridian');
+  const north = destinationPoint(10, 20, 0, 50_000);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(greatCircleKm({ lat: 10, lon: 20 }, north) - 50) < 0.1);
+  assert.ok(north.lat > 10 && Math.abs(north.lon - 20) < 1e-9);
+});
+
+test('the points ahead run along the ground track at ground speed', () => {
+  const points = groundTrackAhead(PASS, 20);
+  const across = ORBITAL_PREFETCH_ACROSS.length;
+  assert.equal(points.length, ORBITAL_PREFETCH_LEAD_S.length * across);
+  // Ground speed is the orbital speed scaled to the surface: ~7.0 km/s.
+  const groundKmPerS = (7.6 * 6371) / (6371 + 500);
+  const start = { lat: PASS.latitude, lon: PASS.longitude };
+  ORBITAL_PREFETCH_LEAD_S.forEach((seconds, i) => {
+    const centre = points[i * across];
+    const km = greatCircleKm(start, centre);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(km - groundKmPerS * seconds) < 0.5, `${seconds} s`);
+    // North-east of the start, on a 45° track.
+    assert.ok(centre.lat > PASS.latitude && centre.lon > PASS.longitude);
+    // The side points sit a third of the view off the centre line.
+    for (const side of points.slice(i * across + 1, (i + 1) * across))
+      assert.ok(Math.abs(greatCircleKm(centre, side) - 20 / 3) < 0.05);
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(groundTrackAhead({ ...PASS, groundTrackDeg: null }, 20), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(groundTrackAhead(PASS, null), []);
+});
+
+test("the tile level is the one Cesium draws for the view", () => {
+  const mercator = new Cesium.WebMercatorTilingScheme();
+  // Worked case: 10 m per CSS pixel at the equator. Cesium refines the
+  // ellipsoid terrain until a tile's error is at most 2 px, 20 m: level 12,
+  // 78,271.5 m / 2^12 = 19.11 m. The Web Mercator texel nearest that is
+  // level 13's (156,543 m / 2^13 = 19.11 m), about 1.9 px each, where a
+  // one-pixel texel would have asked for level 14.
+  assert.equal(
+    imageryLevelForView(mercator, { metresPerPixel: 10, latitudeDeg: 0 }),
+    13,
+  );
+  // 5 m/px: terrain level 13 (9.55 m), imagery level 14.
+  assert.equal(
+    imageryLevelForView(mercator, { metresPerPixel: 5, latitudeDeg: 0 }),
+    14,
+  );
+  // 7 m/px still takes terrain level 13 (9.55 m <= 14 m): level 14, so a
+  // texel spans 1.4 px.
+  assert.equal(
+    imageryLevelForView(mercator, { metresPerPixel: 7, latitudeDeg: 0 }),
+    14,
+  );
+  // At 60° a Mercator texel covers half the ground: one level coarser.
+  assert.equal(
+    imageryLevelForView(mercator, { metresPerPixel: 10, latitudeDeg: 60 }),
+    12,
+  );
+  // A geographic scheme starts from two root tiles and keeps its texels at
+  // every latitude.
+  const geographic = new Cesium.GeographicTilingScheme();
+  for (const latitudeDeg of [0, 60])
+    assert.equal(
+      imageryLevelForView(geographic, {
+        metresPerPixel: 10,
+        latitudeDeg,
+        geographic: true,
+      }),
+      12,
+      `${latitudeDeg}°`,
+    );
+  // A terrain provider's own errors (Cesium World Terrain: 65-sample tiles)
+  // and a looser screen-space error are honoured.
+  const worldTerrain = (level) =>
+    (6378137 * 2 * Math.PI * 0.25) / (65 * 2) / 2 ** level;
+  assert.equal(
+    imageryLevelForView(mercator, {
+      metresPerPixel: 10,
+      latitudeDeg: 0,
+      terrainLevelErrorM: worldTerrain,
+    }),
+    13,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    imageryLevelForView(mercator, {
+      metresPerPixel: 10,
+      latitudeDeg: 0,
+      maximumScreenSpaceError: 4,
+    }),
+    12,
+  );
+  // Clamped to the provider's levels.
+  assert.equal(
+    imageryLevelForView(mercator, {
+      metresPerPixel: 5,
+      latitudeDeg: 0,
+      maximumLevel: 12,
+    }),
+    12,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    imageryLevelForView(mercator, { metresPerPixel: 0, latitudeDeg: 0 }),
+    null,
+  );
+});
+
+test('the tiles ahead are the ones the points fall in, bounded and new', () => {
+  const mercator = new Cesium.WebMercatorTilingScheme();
+  const points = groundTrackAhead(PASS, 20);
+  const tiles = tilesForPoints(mercator, points, 13);
+  assert.ok(tiles.length > 0 && tiles.length <= ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES);
+  assert.equal(new Set(tiles.map((tile) => tile.key)).size, tiles.length);
+  // Each tile holds its point: the first is the centre line 5 s ahead.
+  const first = mercator.tileXYToRectangle(tiles[0].x, tiles[0].y, 13);
+  assert.ok(
+    Cesium.Rectangle.contains(
+      first,
+      Cesium.Cartographic.fromDegrees(points[0].lon, points[0].lat),
+    ),
+  );
+  // Ahead along a north-east track: rows north (smaller y), columns east.
+  const here = mercator.positionToTileXY(
+    Cesium.Cartographic.fromDegrees(PASS.longitude, PASS.latitude),
+    13,
+  );
+  assert.ok(tiles.every((tile) => tile.x >= here.x && tile.y <= here.y));
+  // Bounded, and a tile already asked for is skipped.
+  assert.equal(tilesForPoints(mercator, points, 15, { maxTiles: 3 }).length, 3);
+  const asked = new Set(tiles.map((tile) => tile.key));
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    tilesForPoints(mercator, points, 13, { skip: (key) => asked.has(key) }),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(tilesForPoints({}, points, 13), []);
+});
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.js b/src/data/dataCredits.js
index a55bed9e4..ba06a52f6 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.js
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.js
@@ -154,6 +154,12 @@ export const DATA_CREDITS = [
       '<a href="https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UCS Satellite Database</a> ' +
       '(UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023), Union of Concerned Scientists',
   },
+  {
+    key: 'imaging-sensors',
+    html:
+      'Imaging sensor swaths: operator and agency specifications, ' +
+      'cited per platform',
+  },
   {
     key: 'launch-library-2',
     html:
diff --git a/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs b/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
index d4cd8c54a..f288ec0bc 100644
--- a/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/dataCredits.test.mjs
@@ -52,6 +52,15 @@ test('the UCS Satellite Database is acknowledged with its version and webpage',
   );
 });
 
+test('the imaging sensor swaths credit operator and agency specifications', () => {
+  // Each sensor-pack entry cites its operator's or agency's own pages;
+  // no aggregator database is credited.
+  const credit = DATA_CREDITS.find((entry) => entry.key === 'imaging-sensors');
+  assert.ok(credit, 'the orbital zoom caps come from the sensor pack');
+  assert.match(credit.html, /operator and agency specifications/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(credit.html, /OSCAR|wmo\.int/);
+});
+
 test('OpenStreetMap has one generic data credit with separate tile and names distributors', () => {
   const osm = DATA_CREDITS.filter((entry) =>
     entry.html.includes('openstreetmap.org/copyright'),
diff --git a/src/data/imagingSensors.js b/src/data/imagingSensors.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6844bfbcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/imagingSensors.js
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/**
+ * @file The bundled imaging-sensor pack: swath and resolution for the main
+ * Earth-observation platforms, matched to satellites by NORAD number or name.
+ *
+ * Data: `local_data/imaging_sensors/imaging_sensors.json`; sources, licences
+ * and curation in that folder's README. Loaded once, on demand, by the
+ * satellites layer; a failed load is retried after a cooldown rather than
+ * remembered for the session.
+ *
+ * @module data/imagingSensors
+ */
+
+import { indexImagingSensors } from '../layers/satellites/sensors.js';
+import { loadBundledJson } from './bundledJson.js';
+import { createRetryableLoader } from './retryableLoad.js';
+
+const PACK_URL = new URL(
+  './local_data/imaging_sensors/imaging_sensors.json',
+  import.meta.url,
+);
+
+/** The pack, loaded and indexed once. */
+export const loadImagingSensors = createRetryableLoader(async () =>
+  indexImagingSensors(await loadBundledJson(PACK_URL)),
+);
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/imaging_sensors/README.md b/src/data/local_data/imaging_sensors/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8ff5d63e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/local_data/imaging_sensors/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Imaging sensor pack
+
+Swath widths and ground resolutions for 46 Earth-observation platforms and
+constellations, matched to satellites by NORAD catalog number or by their
+CelesTrak name. The orbital view draws a satellite's sensor swath to scale and
+lets it zoom past 8x only as far as that swath (`src/layers/satellites/sensors.js`,
+`src/data/imagingSensors.js`, `orbitalMaxZoom` in `src/cockpitOrbital.js`).
+
+| File | Content | Entries |
+|------|---------|---------|
+| `imaging_sensors.json` | Platform, match rule, operator, instruments, altitude, imaging modes (swath km, best ground resolution m), narrowest standard swath, sources, unverified fields | 46 |
+
+**Compiled:** 2026-11-04, by hand from the pages cited per entry (`sources`).
+Each match pattern was checked against CelesTrak's active list that day.
+Altitude is the nominal value from a cited source; where none was found it is
+the median altitude of the matching satellites from CelesTrak GP data, noted in
+`unverified`. The app zooms on the live altitude, not this one.
+
+**Narrowest standard swath** is the narrowest continuous standard imaging swath
+or scene width (cross-track); for a geostationary imager, the narrower side of
+its smallest standard scan area. Some listed modes are left out of it:
+
+- Sampling modes: SAR wave vignettes, and Himawari's Landmark Area scans
+  (1000 × 500 km), so Himawari's narrowest is the 1000 km Target Area.
+- Generations the operator has retired: PlanetScope's Dove Classic and Dove-R
+  (about 25 km scenes, imagery until April 2022 per Planet) stay in `modes`,
+  while its narrowest is the SuperDove's 32.5 km. The `^FLOCK ` name rule
+  would also match those older Doves.
+
+**Unverified values.** A value not confirmed on an opened page is named in the
+entry's `unverified` list. `swathConfirmed` is false when the narrowest swath is
+missing or unverified; such a platform keeps the base 1–8x zoom steps:
+
+- Landsat 9 (swath inferred from Landsat 8), ResourceSat-2 (LISS-3 swath),
+  SuperView Neo-1 (12 km from search snippets only), BlackSky and Meteosat
+  MTG FCI (no swath found).
+
+## Sources and licences
+
+The values are individual specification facts, each cited from the
+operator's or agency's official pages listed per entry in `sources`. No text or
+images are copied. The main sources:
+
+- **Operator and agency pages and spec sheets** (NASA, USGS, NOAA/NESDIS,
+  ESA SentiWiki and Earth Online, EUMETSAT, JAXA, ISRO/NRSC, INPE, CSA, DLR,
+  JMA, ASI, KARI, China's Ministry of Natural Resources (LASAC), Planet,
+  Vantor (formerly Maxar) datasheet pages, L3Harris, China Siwei, BlackSky,
+  Airbus and KOMPSAT-5 via the Disasters Charter, ICEYE, Capella, Umbra,
+  Satellogic, Chang Guang).
+- **Academic papers and proceedings** (Sensors papers on Gaofen-3, KARI's
+  ACRS 2012 paper on KOMPSAT-3, CAST's IAC-16 abstract on Gaofen-2).
+- **eoPortal** (ESA's mission directory, an institutional source): a swath
+  read there counts as confirmed. It is cited beside the operator's and
+  agency's pages, and alone for values they do not give (the wider modes of
+  Gaofen-3 and COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation, and a few other entries).
+  Gaofen-1 takes eoPortal's 69 km PMS and 830 km WFV swaths by maintainer
+  choice; a 2019 Chinese lecture and a Sensors paper give 60 and 800 km.
+- **CEOS MIM Database** (https://database.eohandbook.com): CC BY 4.0 since
+  7 September 2026, with the credit "CEOS MIM Database,
+  https://database.eohandbook.com". No entry relies on it yet; credit it if
+  values are taken from it later.
+
+Listed in DATA_SOURCES.md and in the app's Data attribution popover.
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/imaging_sensors/imaging_sensors.json b/src/data/local_data/imaging_sensors/imaging_sensors.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18ff3b80e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/local_data/imaging_sensors/imaging_sensors.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":1,"generated":"2026-11-04","entries":[{"id":"landsat-8-9","label":"Landsat 8 / Landsat 9","match":{"norad":[39084,49260],"nameRegex":"^LANDSAT [89]$"},"operator":"NASA / USGS","sensor":"OLI / OLI-2 / TIRS / TIRS-2","type":"multispectral / thermal","altitudeKm":705,"modes":[{"name":"OLI / OLI-2 · Standard scene","swathKm":185,"gsdM":15},{"name":"TIRS / TIRS-2 · Standard scene","swathKm":185,"gsdM":100}],"narrowestSwathKm":185,"swathConfirmed":false,"sources":["https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-8","https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/landsat-9"],"unverified":["Landsat 9 swath (inferred from Landsat 8)"]},{"id":"sentinel-2","label":"Sentinel-2A/B/C","match":{"norad":[40697,42063,60989],"nameRegex":"^SENTINEL-2[A-D]$"},"operator":"ESA / EU Copernicus","sensor":"MSI","type":"multispectral","altitudeKm":786,"modes":[{"name":"MSI · Nominal","swathKm":290,"gsdM":10}],"narrowestSwathKm":290,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://sentiwiki.copernicus.eu/web/s2-mission"],"unverified":[]},{"id":"sentinel-1","label":"Sentinel-1A/C/D","match":{"norad":[39634,62261,66315],"nameRegex":"^SENTINEL-1[A-D]$"},"operator":"ESA / EU Copernicus","sensor":"C-SAR","type":"SAR","altitudeKm":693,"modes":[{"name":"C-SAR · Stripmap (SM)","swathKm":80,"gsdM":5},{"name":"C-SAR · Interferometric Wide (IW)","swathKm":250,"gsdM":5},{"name":"C-SAR · Extra Wide (EW)","swathKm":400,"gsdM":20},{"name":"C-SAR · Wave (WV)","swathKm":null,"gsdM":5}],"narrowestSwathKm":80,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://sentiwiki.copernicus.eu/web/s1-mission"],"unverified":[]},{"id":"sentinel-3","label":"Sentinel-3A/B/C","match":{"norad":[41335,43437,100690],"nameRegex":"^SENTINEL-3[A-D]$"},"operator":"ESA / EUMETSAT (Copernicus)","sensor":"OLCI / SLSTR","type":"multispectral / thermal","altitudeKm":814.5,"modes":[{"name":"OLCI · Full resolution","swathKm":1270,"gsdM":300},{"name":"SLSTR · Nadir view","swathKm":1400,"gsdM":500},{"name":"SLSTR · Oblique view","swathKm":740,"gsdM":500}],"narrowestSwathKm":740,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://sentiwiki.copernicus.eu/web/s3-mission"],"unverified":[]},{"id":"terra-aqua-modis","label":"Terra / Aqua","match":{"norad":[25994,27424],"nameRegex":"^(TERRA|AQUA)$"},"operator":"NASA","sensor":"MODIS","type":"multispectral","altitudeKm":705,"modes":[{"name":"MODIS · Cross-track scan","swathKm":2330,"gsdM":250}],"narrowestSwathKm":2330,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/missions-and-measurements/modis/"],"unverified":["Aqua altitude (assumed same as Terra)"]},{"id":"viirs","label":"Suomi NPP / NOAA-20 / NOAA-21","match":{"norad":[37849,43013,54234],"nameRegex":"^(SUOMI NPP|NOAA 2[01] \\(JPSS-[12]\\))$"},"operator":"NASA / NOAA (JPSS)","sensor":"VIIRS","type":"multispectral","altitudeKm":830,"modes":[{"name":"VIIRS · Cross-track scan","swathKm":3000,"gsdM":375}],"narrowestSwathKm":3000,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/missions-and-measurements/viirs/","https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/laads-vj102img-2.1"],"unverified":[]},{"id":"goes-abi","label":"GOES-16/17/18/19 (GOES-R series)","match":{"norad":[41866,43226,51850,60133],"nameRegex":"^GOES 1[6-9]$"},"operator":"NOAA / NASA","sensor":"ABI","type":"multispectral","altitudeKm":35786,"modes":[{"name":"ABI · Full disk","swathKm":null,"gsdM":500},{"name":"ABI · CONUS","swathKm":3000,"gsdM":500},{"name":"ABI · Mesoscale sector","swathKm":1000,"gsdM":500}],"narrowestSwathKm":1000,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/advanced-baseline-imager-scan-mode-information"],"unverified":["altitudeKm (standard GEO value)"]},{"id":"himawari-ahi","label":"Himawari-8 / 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(sheet says 'sub-meter'; 1.0 is an upper bound; Mark V 70 cm only from search snippets)"]},{"id":"blacksky","label":"BlackSky Global (Gen-2 / Gen-3)","match":{"nameRegex":"^GLOBAL-\\d+$"},"operator":"BlackSky","sensor":"Gen-3 imager","type":"multispectral","altitudeKm":431,"modes":[{"name":"Gen-3 imager · Gen-3 frame","swathKm":null,"gsdM":0.35}],"narrowestSwathKm":null,"swathConfirmed":false,"sources":["https://blacksky.com/gen-3"],"unverified":["narrowestSwathKm","altitudeKm"]},{"id":"jilin-1-gf03","label":"Jilin-1 Gaofen 03 series","match":{"nameRegex":"^JILIN-1 GAOFEN 03"},"operator":"Chang Guang Satellite Technology (CGSTL)","sensor":"GF03 camera","type":"multispectral","altitudeKm":535,"modes":[{"name":"GF03 camera · Standard","swathKm":17,"gsdM":0.75}],"narrowestSwathKm":17,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://www.jl1.cn/product_view.aspx?id=4249","https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/jilin-con"],"unverified":[]},{"id":"jilin-1-kuanfu","label":"Jilin-1 Kuanfu (wide-swath) series","match":{"nameRegex":"^JILIN-0?1 KUANFU"},"operator":"CGSTL","sensor":"Wide-swath camera","type":"multispectral","altitudeKm":540,"modes":[{"name":"Wide-swath camera · Standard","swathKm":150,"gsdM":0.5}],"narrowestSwathKm":150,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://www.jl1.cn/product_view.aspx?id=4253"],"unverified":["altitudeKm (TLE median used)"]},{"id":"superview-1","label":"SuperView-1 (GaoJing-1)","match":{"norad":[43099],"nameRegex":"^SUPERVIEW-1 "},"operator":"China Siwei / SpaceWill","sensor":"Pan/MS camera","type":"multispectral","altitudeKm":530,"modes":[{"name":"Pan/MS camera · Standard","swathKm":12,"gsdM":0.5}],"narrowestSwathKm":12,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://www.chinasiwei.com/en/company/SuperViewConstellation","https://www.chinasiwei.com/img/en/company/superviewConstellation2.png"],"unverified":[]},{"id":"superview-neo-1","label":"SuperView Neo-1 (01-04)","match":{"nameRegex":"^SUPERVIEW NEO-1 "},"operator":"China Siwei","sensor":"Pan/MS camera","type":"multispectral","altitudeKm":507,"modes":[{"name":"Panchromatic/multispectral scene","swathKm":12,"gsdM":0.3}],"narrowestSwathKm":12,"swathConfirmed":false,"sources":["https://www.itu.int/high-level-seminar-space-development/wp-content/uploads/sites/83/2026/09/Hu-Guang.pdf"],"unverified":["narrowestSwathKm: 12 km from search snippets only; not confirmed on an opened page","gsdM"]},{"id":"iceye","label":"ICEYE","match":{"nameRegex":"^ICEYE-X\\d+"},"operator":"ICEYE","sensor":"X-band SAR","type":"SAR","altitudeKm":570,"modes":[{"name":"X-band SAR · Dwell","swathKm":5,"gsdM":0.25},{"name":"X-band SAR · Spot","swathKm":5,"gsdM":0.5},{"name":"X-band SAR · Strip","swathKm":30,"gsdM":3},{"name":"X-band SAR · Scan","swathKm":100,"gsdM":15}],"narrowestSwathKm":5,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://www.iceye.com/sar-data/imaging-modes","https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/iceye"],"unverified":[]},{"id":"capella","label":"Capella (Whitney / Acadia)","match":{"nameRegex":"^CAPELLA-\\d+"},"operator":"Capella Space","sensor":"X-band SAR","type":"SAR","altitudeKm":596,"modes":[{"name":"X-band SAR · Spotlight Ultra","swathKm":5,"gsdM":0.25},{"name":"X-band SAR · Spotlight","swathKm":5,"gsdM":0.25},{"name":"X-band SAR · Spotlight Wide","swathKm":10,"gsdM":0.5},{"name":"X-band SAR · Stripmap","swathKm":5,"gsdM":0.75},{"name":"X-band SAR · Parallel Stripmap","swathKm":20,"gsdM":0.75}],"narrowestSwathKm":5,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://www.capellaspace.com/earth-observation/data"],"unverified":["altitudeKm (mixed SSO and mid-inclination; TLE median used)"]},{"id":"umbra","label":"Umbra","match":{"nameRegex":"^UMBRA-\\d+"},"operator":"Umbra Space","sensor":"X-band SAR","type":"SAR","altitudeKm":544,"modes":[{"name":"X-band SAR · Spotlight","swathKm":5,"gsdM":0.25}],"narrowestSwathKm":5,"swathConfirmed":true,"sources":["https://docs.canopy.umbra.space/docs/spotlight-tasking"],"unverified":["altitudeKm (TLE median used)"]}]}
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 569726ca2..2411f6e88 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -3573,6 +3573,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "يعطي SATCAT من CelesTrak نوع كل جسم وحالته. من دون نسخة حديثة تستند الفئات إلى قاعدة بيانات UCS والأسماء ومجموعات CelesTrak، فقد يظهر قمر صناعي توقف عن العمل منذ ذلك الحين وكأنه يعمل.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "عرض نطاق المستشعر {value} كم",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "عرض نطاق المستشعر ≈ {value} كم",
+  "SENSOR": "المستشعر",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "التكبير إلى نطاق مستشعر التصوير",
+  "<1 H OLD": "قبل أقل من ساعة",
+  "{value} H OLD": "قبل {value} س",
+  "{value} D OLD": "قبل {value} ي",
   "FWD": "أمام",
   "AFT": "خلف",
   "RIGHT": "يمين",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index fb1694c57..812ae8e65 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -3269,6 +3269,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT liefert Typ und Status jedes Objekts. Ohne aktuelle Kopie stützen sich die Klassen auf die UCS-Datenbank, Namen und CelesTrak-Gruppen, sodass ein inzwischen ausgefallener Satellit noch als aktiv erscheinen kann.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "SENSORSTREIFEN {value} KM",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "SENSORSTREIFEN ≈ {value} KM",
+  "SENSOR": "SENSOR",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "Auf den Streifen des Bildsensors zoomen",
+  "<1 H OLD": "<1 STD ALT",
+  "{value} H OLD": "{value} STD ALT",
+  "{value} D OLD": "{value} T ALT",
   "FWD": "VORAUS",
   "AFT": "ACHTERN",
   "RIGHT": "RECHTS",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 52dc211c2..d79768cf0 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -3345,6 +3345,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "SATCAT de CelesTrak da el tipo y el estado de cada objeto. Sin una copia actual, las clases se basan en la base de datos UCS, los nombres y los grupos de CelesTrak, así que un satélite que haya dejado de funcionar puede seguir apareciendo como operativo.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "BARRIDO DEL SENSOR {value} KM",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "BARRIDO DEL SENSOR ≈ {value} KM",
+  "SENSOR": "SENSOR",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "Ampliar al barrido del sensor de imagen",
+  "<1 H OLD": "HACE <1 H",
+  "{value} H OLD": "HACE {value} H",
+  "{value} D OLD": "HACE {value} D",
   "FWD": "ADELANTE",
   "AFT": "ATRÁS",
   "RIGHT": "DERECHA",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 58d4f4f34..287b279dc 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -3345,6 +3345,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "SATCAT de CelesTrak donne le type et l’état de chaque objet. Sans copie à jour, les classes reposent sur la base UCS, les noms et les groupes CelesTrak : un satellite hors service depuis peut encore apparaître comme actif.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "FAUCHÉE CAPTEUR {value} KM",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "FAUCHÉE CAPTEUR ≈ {value} KM",
+  "SENSOR": "CAPTEUR",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "Zoomer sur la fauchée du capteur imageur",
+  "<1 H OLD": "IL Y A <1 H",
+  "{value} H OLD": "IL Y A {value} H",
+  "{value} D OLD": "IL Y A {value} J",
   "FWD": "AVANT",
   "AFT": "ARRIÈRE",
   "RIGHT": "DROITE",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index d334a4e96..3b2c6e062 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -3345,6 +3345,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "SATCAT di CelesTrak fornisce tipo e stato di ogni oggetto. Senza una copia aggiornata le classi si basano sul database UCS, sui nomi e sui gruppi CelesTrak, quindi un satellite che nel frattempo ha cessato di funzionare può ancora risultare operativo.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "STRISCIATA SENSORE {value} KM",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "STRISCIATA SENSORE ≈ {value} KM",
+  "SENSOR": "SENSORE",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "Zoom sulla strisciata del sensore di ripresa",
+  "<1 H OLD": "<1 H FA",
+  "{value} H OLD": "{value} H FA",
+  "{value} D OLD": "{value} G FA",
   "FWD": "AVANTI",
   "AFT": "INDIETRO",
   "RIGHT": "DESTRA",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index bb384a245..8caa29939 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -3193,6 +3193,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT は各物体の種別と運用状態を示します。最新のコピーがない間、分類は UCS データベース、名称、CelesTrak のグループのみに基づくため、その後機能を失った衛星がまだ稼働中と表示されることがあります。",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "センサー観測幅 {value} km",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "センサー観測幅 ≈ {value} km",
+  "SENSOR": "センサー",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "撮像センサーの観測幅までズーム",
+  "<1 H OLD": "1時間未満前",
+  "{value} H OLD": "{value}時間前",
+  "{value} D OLD": "{value}日前",
   "FWD": "前方",
   "AFT": "後方",
   "RIGHT": "右",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index d16177783..18fd9ef3f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -3345,6 +3345,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "O SATCAT da CelesTrak dá o tipo e o estado de cada objeto. Sem uma cópia atual, as classes se baseiam no banco de dados UCS, nos nomes e nos grupos da CelesTrak, então um satélite que deixou de funcionar pode ainda aparecer como operacional.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "FAIXA DO SENSOR {value} KM",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "FAIXA DO SENSOR ≈ {value} KM",
+  "SENSOR": "SENSOR",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "Aproximar até a faixa do sensor de imagem",
+  "<1 H OLD": "HÁ <1 H",
+  "{value} H OLD": "HÁ {value} H",
+  "{value} D OLD": "HÁ {value} D",
   "FWD": "FRENTE",
   "AFT": "TRÁS",
   "RIGHT": "DIREITA",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 7a09c88ad..01670b32e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -3421,6 +3421,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT сообщает тип и состояние каждого объекта. Без актуальной копии классы опираются на базу UCS, названия и группы CelesTrak, поэтому вышедший с тех пор из строя спутник может по-прежнему показываться работающим.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "ПОЛОСА СЕНСОРА {value} КМ",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "ПОЛОСА СЕНСОРА ≈ {value} КМ",
+  "SENSOR": "СЕНСОР",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "Приблизить до полосы съёмочного сенсора",
+  "<1 H OLD": "<1 Ч НАЗАД",
+  "{value} H OLD": "{value} Ч НАЗАД",
+  "{value} D OLD": "{value} Д НАЗАД",
   "FWD": "ВПЕРЁД",
   "AFT": "НАЗАД",
   "RIGHT": "ВПРАВО",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 38da15586..17b33744b 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -3421,6 +3421,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT повідомляє тип і стан кожного об’єкта. Без актуальної копії класи спираються на базу UCS, назви та групи CelesTrak, тож супутник, що відтоді вийшов з ладу, може й далі показуватися робочим.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "СМУГА СЕНСОРА {value} КМ",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "СМУГА СЕНСОРА ≈ {value} КМ",
+  "SENSOR": "СЕНСОР",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "Наблизити до смуги знімального сенсора",
+  "<1 H OLD": "<1 ГОД ТОМУ",
+  "{value} H OLD": "{value} ГОД ТОМУ",
+  "{value} D OLD": "{value} ДН ТОМУ",
   "FWD": "ВПЕРЕД",
   "AFT": "НАЗАД",
   "RIGHT": "ПРАВОРУЧ",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index fed98f5a8..d991830aa 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -3193,6 +3193,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT 给出每个物体的类型和运行状态。没有最新副本时，分类仅依据 UCS 数据库、名称和 CelesTrak 分组，因此此后已失效的卫星可能仍显示为在轨工作。",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "传感器幅宽 {value} km",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "传感器幅宽 ≈ {value} km",
+  "SENSOR": "传感器",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "缩放到成像传感器幅宽",
+  "<1 H OLD": "不到1小时前",
+  "{value} H OLD": "{value}小时前",
+  "{value} D OLD": "{value}天前",
   "FWD": "前方",
   "AFT": "后方",
   "RIGHT": "右",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index 930a7065e..d25024945 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -3193,6 +3193,13 @@
   "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "CelesTrak SATCAT 提供每個物體的類型與運作狀態。沒有最新副本時，分類僅依據 UCS 資料庫、名稱與 CelesTrak 群組，因此此後已失效的衛星可能仍顯示為運作中。",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
+  "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "感測器幅寬 {value} km",
+  "SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "感測器幅寬 ≈ {value} km",
+  "SENSOR": "感測器",
+  "Zoom to the imaging sensor swath": "縮放到成像感測器幅寬",
+  "<1 H OLD": "不到1小時前",
+  "{value} H OLD": "{value}小時前",
+  "{value} D OLD": "{value}天前",
   "FWD": "前方",
   "AFT": "後方",
   "RIGHT": "右",
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index a1f8cf417..baf05cfe0 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@
     "Rock",
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "SAR",
+    "SENSOR",
     "SIG",
     "SNAPSHOT",
     "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
@@ -317,6 +318,7 @@
     "SAR",
     "SE",
     "SECTOR {lat} {lon}",
+    "SENSOR",
     "SIG",
     "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
     "SRC {value}",
@@ -923,6 +925,7 @@
     "S2 GhostMaps",
     "SAR",
     "SE",
+    "SENSOR",
     "SIG",
     "SNAPSHOT",
     "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
index bb20e646a..7e452d0ee 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ export function createCatalog({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
             satelliteClass: 'starlink',
             ucs: null,
             satcat: null,
+            sensor: null,
           });
           const point = layerState._pointCollection.add({
             position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
index 1096548b1..703eeb0e6 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ function satelliteIdentity(noradId, sat) {
       satelliteOwner({ ucs: sat.ucs, satcat: sat.satcat, satelliteClass }),
     ),
     operator: satelliteOperator({ ucs: sat.ucs, satelliteClass }),
+    // src/layers/satellites/sensors.js entry, or null: the orbital view's sensor swath.
+    sensor: sat.sensor ?? null,
   });
   sat.cockpitIdentity = identity;
   return identity;
@@ -138,6 +140,7 @@ export function satelliteCockpitInfo(noradId, sat, fix) {
     // owners), label: English name } or null.
     owner: identity.owner,
     operator: identity.operator,
+    sensor: identity.sensor,
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
index 06b290318..b9b0332ae 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   satelliteCockpitInfo,
 } from './cockpitSubject.js';
 import { groundTrackBearingDeg } from './orbits.js';
+import { indexImagingSensors } from './sensors.js';
 import { ISS_NORAD } from './policy.js';
 
 const COMPANION = 25545;
@@ -66,6 +67,20 @@ const UCS = new Map([
   ],
 ]);
 
+// One sensor entry, matched by NORAD number, for the orbital zoom cap.
+const SENSORS = indexImagingSensors({
+  entries: [
+    {
+      id: 'fixture-imager',
+      label: 'Fixture imager',
+      match: { norad: [GPS] },
+      narrowestSwathKm: 50,
+      swathConfirmed: true,
+      sources: ['https://example.test/spec'],
+    },
+  ],
+});
+
 async function fixture(t) {
   const source = {
     async readGroup(group) {
@@ -76,6 +91,7 @@ async function fixture(t) {
       return { ok: true, status: 200, text: SATCAT_TEXT[group] || '' };
     },
     readUcs: async () => UCS,
+    readSensors: async () => SENSORS,
   };
   const noop = () => {};
   const services = {
@@ -259,6 +275,10 @@ test('the subject says what it is, which TLE it flies, and who owns and runs it'
   );
   assert.deepEqual(gps.owner, { countryCode: 'US', label: 'United States' });
   assert.equal(gps.operator, null);
+  // The sensor pack is matched once, at ingestion.
+  assert.equal(gps.sensor?.id, 'fixture-imager');
+  assert.equal(gps.sensor.narrowestSwathKm, 50);
+  assert.equal(iss.sensor, null, 'no sensor entry, no extra zoom');
 
   // A bare catalog entry still answers every field.
   const bare = satelliteCockpitInfo(
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index 493817bb3..0b9b6bc1a 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { noradIdFromSatnum, tleLineLaunchYear } from '../../sources/tle.js';
 import { CATALOG_GROUPS, ISS_NORAD, POINT_STYLES } from './policy.js';
 import { classifySatellite, parseSatcatCsv } from './classes.js';
+import { matchImagingSensor } from './sensors.js';
 
 /**
  * How long a catalog rebuild waits for SATCAT before it classifies without
@@ -26,20 +27,38 @@ export function createIngestion({
   source,
 }) {
   /**
-   * The local pack the classes are read from: the UCS pack. It is not needed
-   * to render: a failed read leaves the last pack (or none) and
-   * classification falls back to names and groups.
+   * The local packs the classes and zoom steps are read from: the UCS pack
+   * and the imaging-sensor pack. Neither is needed to render: a failed read
+   * leaves the last pack (or none) and classification falls back to names
+   * and groups.
    */
   async function _readLocalEvidence() {
-    if (layerState._ucs) return;
-    const pack = await Promise.resolve()
-      .then(() => source.readUcs?.())
-      .then((loaded) => (loaded instanceof Map ? loaded : null))
-      .catch((error) => {
-        console.warn('[Data:Satellites] UCS pack unavailable:', error);
-        return null;
-      });
+    const ucs = layerState._ucs
+      ? Promise.resolve(layerState._ucs)
+      : Promise.resolve()
+          .then(() => source.readUcs?.())
+          .then((pack) => (pack instanceof Map ? pack : null))
+          .catch((error) => {
+            console.warn('[Data:Satellites] UCS pack unavailable:', error);
+            return null;
+          });
+    // The sensor pack only adds zoom steps in the orbital view; without it
+    // every satellite keeps the base steps.
+    const sensors = layerState._sensors
+      ? Promise.resolve(layerState._sensors)
+      : Promise.resolve()
+          .then(() => source.readSensors?.())
+          .then((index) => (index?.byNorad instanceof Map ? index : null))
+          .catch((error) => {
+            console.warn(
+              '[Data:Satellites] Imaging sensor pack unavailable:',
+              error,
+            );
+            return null;
+          });
+    const [pack, sensorIndex] = await Promise.all([ucs, sensors]);
     if (pack) layerState._ucs = pack;
+    if (sensorIndex) layerState._sensors = sensorIndex;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -337,6 +356,10 @@ export function createIngestion({
             }),
             ucs,
             satcat,
+            sensor: matchImagingSensor(layerState._sensors, {
+              noradId,
+              name: entry.name,
+            }),
           });
 
           coreStale ||= entry.stale;
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
index f7e9094cc..85b3ff020 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
@@ -291,3 +291,23 @@ test('a current SATCAT read is kept between updates; a failed one is asked again
   await update();
   assert.equal(reads, 3 * perUpdate, 'a failed read is asked again');
 });
+
+test('a failed imaging-sensor pack is warned about, as the UCS pack is', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  const warn = t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  const { state, update } = ingestionFor(tleSet('OLD STAGE', '40115'), {
+    source: {
+      readSensors: async () => {
+        throw new Error('chunk failed');
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  await update();
+  assert.ok(
+    warn.mock.calls.some((call) =>
+      /sensor pack unavailable/i.test(call.arguments[0]),
+    ),
+    'the failure is not swallowed',
+  );
+  assert.equal(state._catalog.get(40115).sensor, null, 'base zoom steps');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/sensors.js b/src/layers/satellites/sensors.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..216900220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/sensors.js
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/**
+ * @file Imaging sensors: which Earth-observation platform a satellite is, and
+ * the swath its sensor images. The orbital view draws that swath to scale and
+ * lets a satellite zoom past 8x only as far as its sensor's narrowest
+ * standard swath (src/cockpitOrbital.js `orbitalMaxZoom`).
+ *
+ * Pure: no Cesium, no fetches; the bundled pack is loaded by
+ * src/data/imagingSensors.js.
+ *
+ * @module imagingSensors
+ */
+
+/**
+ * One sensor-pack entry as the app uses it.
+ * @typedef {{id: string, label: string, operator: string|null,
+ *   sensor: string, type: string, altitudeKm: number|null,
+ *   modes: Array<{name: string, swathKm: number|null, gsdM: number|null}>,
+ *   narrowestSwathKm: number|null, swathConfirmed: boolean,
+ *   sources: string[], unverified: string[]}} ImagingSensor
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Index the pack for matching: exact NORAD numbers first, then name patterns
+ * in pack order. A malformed pattern is skipped, not fatal.
+ * @param {{entries?: Array<object>}} pack Parsed `imaging_sensors.json`.
+ * @returns {{byNorad: Map<number, ImagingSensor>,
+ *   patterns: Array<{pattern: RegExp, sensor: ImagingSensor}>}}
+ */
+export function indexImagingSensors(pack) {
+  const byNorad = new Map();
+  const patterns = [];
+  for (const entry of pack?.entries || []) {
+    if (!entry?.id) continue;
+    const sensor = Object.freeze({
+      id: entry.id,
+      label: entry.label || entry.id,
+      operator: entry.operator ?? null,
+      sensor: entry.sensor || '',
+      type: entry.type || '',
+      altitudeKm: Number.isFinite(entry.altitudeKm) ? entry.altitudeKm : null,
+      modes: Object.freeze(
+        (entry.modes || []).map((mode) => Object.freeze({ ...mode })),
+      ),
+      narrowestSwathKm: Number.isFinite(entry.narrowestSwathKm)
+        ? entry.narrowestSwathKm
+        : null,
+      swathConfirmed: entry.swathConfirmed === true,
+      sources: Object.freeze([...(entry.sources || [])]),
+      unverified: Object.freeze([...(entry.unverified || [])]),
+    });
+    for (const noradId of entry.match?.norad || []) {
+      if (Number.isInteger(noradId) && !byNorad.has(noradId))
+        byNorad.set(noradId, sensor);
+    }
+    if (entry.match?.nameRegex) {
+      try {
+        patterns.push({ pattern: new RegExp(entry.match.nameRegex), sensor });
+      } catch {
+        // A bad pattern only loses its name match; NORAD ids still work.
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return { byNorad, patterns };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The sensor entry for a satellite: by NORAD number, else by its CelesTrak
+ * name (upper-cased, trimmed).
+ * @param {ReturnType<typeof indexImagingSensors>|null|undefined} index
+ * @param {{noradId?: number, name?: string}} satellite
+ * @returns {ImagingSensor|null}
+ */
+export function matchImagingSensor(index, { noradId, name } = {}) {
+  if (!index) return null;
+  const byId = index.byNorad?.get(noradId);
+  if (byId) return byId;
+  const text = String(name || '')
+    .trim()
+    .toUpperCase();
+  if (!text) return null;
+  for (const { pattern, sensor } of index.patterns || [])
+    if (pattern.test(text)) return sensor;
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The swath the orbital view may zoom to: the narrowest standard swath, only
+ * when it was confirmed on a cited page. An unconfirmed swath keeps the
+ * satellite at the base zoom steps.
+ * @param {ImagingSensor|null|undefined} sensor
+ * @returns {number|null} Kilometres.
+ */
+export function zoomableSwathKm(sensor) {
+  const swathKm = sensor?.narrowestSwathKm;
+  return sensor?.swathConfirmed === true &&
+    Number.isFinite(swathKm) &&
+    swathKm > 0
+    ? swathKm
+    : null;
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/sensors.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/sensors.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03c7a51af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/sensors.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import {
+  indexImagingSensors,
+  matchImagingSensor,
+  zoomableSwathKm,
+} from './sensors.js';
+import { loadImagingSensors } from '../../data/imagingSensors.js';
+
+const PACK_URL = new URL(
+  '../../data/local_data/imaging_sensors/imaging_sensors.json',
+  import.meta.url,
+);
+
+const PACK = {
+  entries: [
+    {
+      id: 'worldview-3',
+      label: 'WorldView-3',
+      match: { norad: [40115], nameRegex: '^WORLDVIEW-3' },
+      narrowestSwathKm: 13.1,
+      swathConfirmed: true,
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'iceye',
+      label: 'ICEYE',
+      match: { nameRegex: '^ICEYE-X\\d+' },
+      narrowestSwathKm: 5,
+      swathConfirmed: true,
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'broken',
+      label: 'Broken pattern',
+      match: { norad: [1], nameRegex: '([' },
+      narrowestSwathKm: 9,
+      swathConfirmed: true,
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'blacksky',
+      label: 'BlackSky',
+      match: { nameRegex: '^GLOBAL-\\d+$' },
+      narrowestSwathKm: null,
+      swathConfirmed: false,
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+test('a satellite matches its sensor by NORAD number, then by name', () => {
+  const index = indexImagingSensors(PACK);
+  assert.equal(
+    matchImagingSensor(index, { noradId: 40115 })?.id,
+    'worldview-3',
+  );
+  // An id match wins over a name that says otherwise.
+  assert.equal(
+    matchImagingSensor(index, { noradId: 40115, name: 'ICEYE-X9' })?.id,
+    'worldview-3',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    matchImagingSensor(index, { noradId: 99999, name: ' iceye-x14 ' })?.id,
+    'iceye',
+  );
+  assert.equal(matchImagingSensor(index, { noradId: 1 })?.id, 'broken');
+  assert.equal(matchImagingSensor(index, { name: 'STARLINK-1007' }), null);
+  assert.equal(matchImagingSensor(null, { noradId: 40115 }), null);
+});
+
+test('only a confirmed swath opens zoom steps past 8x', () => {
+  const index = indexImagingSensors(PACK);
+  assert.equal(
+    zoomableSwathKm(matchImagingSensor(index, { noradId: 40115 })),
+    13.1,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    zoomableSwathKm(matchImagingSensor(index, { name: 'GLOBAL-21' })),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(zoomableSwathKm(null), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    zoomableSwathKm({ swathConfirmed: true, narrowestSwathKm: 0 }),
+    null,
+    'no swath to zoom to',
+  );
+});
+
+test('the bundled pack is well formed and cites its sources', () => {
+  const pack = JSON.parse(readFileSync(PACK_URL, 'utf8'));
+  assert.ok(pack.entries.length >= 40);
+  assert.ok(
+    readFileSync(PACK_URL).length < 60_000,
+    'small enough for the layer',
+  );
+  const ids = new Set();
+  for (const entry of pack.entries) {
+    assert.ok(entry.id && !ids.has(entry.id), `unique id ${entry.id}`);
+    ids.add(entry.id);
+    assert.ok(entry.match.norad || entry.match.nameRegex, entry.id);
+    if (entry.match.nameRegex) new RegExp(entry.match.nameRegex);
+    assert.ok(entry.sources.length > 0, `${entry.id} cites a source`);
+    if (entry.swathConfirmed) {
+      assert.ok(entry.narrowestSwathKm > 0, entry.id);
+      // The narrowest *standard* swath: sampling modes (Himawari's landmark
+      // area) and older generations (Dove Classic) may be narrower.
+      const swaths = entry.modes
+        .map((mode) => mode.swathKm)
+        .filter(Number.isFinite);
+      assert.ok(
+        swaths.includes(entry.narrowestSwathKm),
+        `${entry.id}: the narrowest swath is one of its modes`,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('the pack cites no reseller, links its datasheets and names its own fields', () => {
+  const pack = JSON.parse(readFileSync(PACK_URL, 'utf8'));
+  // Resellers, Gunter's Space Page, and the Copernicus portal whose terms
+  // forbid reuse.
+  const excluded =
+    /euspaceimaging\.com|apollomapping\.com|landinfo\.com|satimagingcorp\.com|space\.skyrocket\.de|dataspace\.copernicus\.eu/;
+  const fields = new Set(['altitudeKm', 'narrowestSwathKm', 'swathKm', 'gsdM']);
+  for (const entry of pack.entries) {
+    for (const source of entry.sources)
+      assert.doesNotMatch(source, excluded, `${entry.id}: ${source}`);
+    // A bare file-host datasheet is cited beside the operator page that
+    // links it.
+    if (entry.sources.some((source) => /cdn\.sanity\.io/.test(source)))
+      assert.ok(
+        entry.sources.some((source) => /^https:\/\/vantor\.com\//.test(source)),
+        `${entry.id}: the Vantor page for its datasheet`,
+      );
+    // An unverified value is named by the pack's own field.
+    for (const note of entry.unverified) {
+      const [field] = /^[A-Za-z_]+/.exec(note) ?? [''];
+      if (/^[a-z]+(_[a-z]+)+$|^[a-z]+[A-Z]\w*$/.test(field))
+        assert.ok(fields.has(field), `${entry.id}: unknown field ${field}`);
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('the pack loads once and matches real catalog names', async () => {
+  const index = await loadImagingSensors();
+  assert.equal(index, await loadImagingSensors(), 'loaded once');
+  const cases = [
+    [{ noradId: 49260, name: 'LANDSAT 9' }, 'landsat-8-9'],
+    [{ noradId: 40115, name: 'WORLDVIEW-3 (WV-3)' }, 'worldview-3'],
+    [{ noradId: 1, name: 'FLOCK 4Q-12' }, 'planetscope'],
+    [{ noradId: 1, name: 'ICEYE-X40' }, 'iceye'],
+    [{ noradId: 1, name: 'SKYSAT-C19' }, 'skysat'],
+  ];
+  for (const [satellite, id] of cases)
+    assert.equal(matchImagingSensor(index, satellite)?.id, id, satellite.name);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/source.js b/src/layers/satellites/source.js
index 2b7fe74bf..6e08734f3 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/source.js
@@ -20,10 +20,17 @@ async function loadBundledUcs() {
   return loadUcsSatellites();
 }
 
+/** The imaging-sensor pack, loaded on first use (see src/data/imagingSensors.js). */
+async function loadBundledSensors() {
+  const { loadImagingSensors } = await import('../../data/imagingSensors.js');
+  return loadImagingSensors();
+}
+
 /** Read catalog text from the existing group endpoint using a supplied transport. */
 export function createSatelliteSource({
   fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
   loadUcs = loadBundledUcs,
+  loadSensors = loadBundledSensors,
 } = {}) {
   return {
     async readGroup(group, { signal } = {}) {
@@ -60,5 +67,10 @@ export function createSatelliteSource({
     readUcs() {
       return loadUcs();
     },
+
+    /** The imaging-sensor pack, indexed by NORAD number and name pattern. */
+    readSensors() {
+      return loadSensors();
+    },
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/state.js b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
index e5b0410cf..ad603f392 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/state.js
@@ -117,6 +117,9 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
   /** The UCS pack by NORAD id, once loaded; null until then or if it failed. */
   state._ucs = null;
 
+  /** The imaging-sensor index, once loaded; null until then or if it failed. */
+  state._sensors = null;
+
   state._denseIds = [];
   // norad ids of dense extras, round-robin order
 
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitController.js b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
index 2c4a53595..6c0843c47 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ import {
   beginOrbital,
   endOrbital,
   resetOrbitalLook,
+  jumpToSensorSwath,
+  onOrbitalWheel,
   stepOrbitalZoom,
   turnOrbitalLook,
   updateOrbital,
@@ -290,6 +292,14 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
       true,
     );
     this._listenerRemovers.push(routeSceneDoubleClick.call(this));
+    // In orbit the wheel steps the optical zoom (Cesium's own wheel zoom is
+    // off while the Cockpit holds the camera).
+    this._listen(
+      viewer.scene?.canvas,
+      'wheel',
+      (event) => this.onOrbitalWheel(event),
+      { passive: false },
+    );
     // The readout's entry renders inside the Intel HUD, which may mount after
     // this controller; delegated like the radar's range button.
     this._listen(document, 'click', (event) => {
@@ -338,6 +348,8 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
       else if (target?.closest?.('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-out'))
         this.stepOrbitalZoom(-1);
       else if (target?.closest?.('#cockpit-orbital-nadir')) this.orbitalNadir();
+      else if (target?.closest?.('#cockpit-orbital-sensor'))
+        this.jumpToSensorSwath();
     });
     this._listen(this.signalToggle, 'click', () =>
       this.setSignalCollapsed(!this.signalCollapsed, { user: true }),
@@ -406,6 +418,12 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   stepOrbitalZoom(direction) {
     return stepOrbitalZoom.call(this, direction);
   }
+  jumpToSensorSwath() {
+    return jumpToSensorSwath.call(this);
+  }
+  onOrbitalWheel(event) {
+    return onOrbitalWheel.call(this, event);
+  }
   /**
    * Tilt the orbital view one arrow step off nadir.
    * @param {{axis: 'yaw'|'pitch', sign: number, stepDeg: number}} step
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
index 7e3a5a2b9..049f4c50f 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
@@ -214,6 +214,24 @@ test('the readout names the owner, operator and element set', async (t) => {
     f.text('.cockpit-orbital-ident-text'),
     'NORAD 25544 · 1998-067A · EPOCH 2026-11-04 08:12Z',
   );
+  // The element set's age, as the controller reads it on each publish.
+  f.store.publishOrbital({
+    ...f.store.orbital,
+    tleAgeMs: 13.5 * 3_600_000,
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(
+    f.text('.cockpit-orbital-ident-text'),
+    'NORAD 25544 · 1998-067A · EPOCH 2026-11-04 08:12Z · 13 H OLD',
+  );
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...f.store.orbital, tleAgeMs: 50 * 3_600_000 });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.match(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-ident-text'), / · 2 D OLD$/);
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...f.store.orbital, tleAgeMs: 10 * 60_000 });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.match(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-ident-text'), / · <1 H OLD$/);
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...f.store.orbital, tleAgeMs: null });
+  await nextTick();
   const toggle = document.getElementById('cockpit-orbital-tle-toggle');
   const tle = document.getElementById('cockpit-orbital-tle');
   assert.equal(toggle.getAttribute('aria-expanded'), 'false');
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
index d7958a2c1..4131c5f68 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
@@ -1,14 +1,19 @@
 /** The orbital (satellite) view of the Cockpit controller: camera, zoom, look and HUD. */
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { formatNumber, msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
-  ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM,
   ORBITAL_DEFAULT_ZOOM,
+  ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS,
+  ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES,
+  ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MIN_ZOOM,
   ORBITAL_SETTLE_BLUR_PX,
   ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER,
   ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS,
   cesiumFrustumFovRad,
   footprintWidthKm,
   fovForZoom,
+  groundTrackAhead,
+  imageryLevelForView,
   interpolateZoomFov,
   nadirOrientation,
   nextOrbitalZoom,
@@ -16,7 +21,12 @@ import {
   offNadirOrientation,
   offNadirSwathScale,
   orbitalBaseFovRad,
+  orbitalMaxZoom,
   previousOrbitalZoom,
+  sensorStripFraction,
+  sensorSwathZoom,
+  tilesForPoints,
+  wheelZoomStep,
   zoomSettleHolding,
   zoomTransitionState,
 } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
@@ -28,6 +38,8 @@ import {
 } from '../cockpitLook.js';
 import { cockpitUiUpdateDue } from '../cockpitMath.js';
 import { createPlaceTracker, nearPlaceRadiusKm } from '../data/placeBelow.js';
+import { isPointerFree } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
+import { zoomableSwathKm } from '../layers/satellites/sensors.js';
 import {
   COCKPIT_CONTEXT_UPDATE_MS,
   COCKPIT_HUD_UPDATE_MS,
@@ -66,6 +78,12 @@ export function beginOrbital() {
   const state = {
     imagery: acquireOrbitImagery(this.services),
     zoom: ORBITAL_DEFAULT_ZOOM,
+    // Wheel scrolling summed toward the next zoom step (wheelZoomStep).
+    wheel: null,
+    // Imagery pre-loaded ahead of the ground track from 16x: when it last
+    // looked ahead, and the tiles already asked for (oldest first).
+    prefetchMs: -Infinity,
+    prefetched: new Set(),
     // A zoom step in flight: the magnification it started from and when.
     transition: null,
     previousUp: null,
@@ -283,6 +301,14 @@ export function updateOrbital(nowMs) {
   if (!nadir) return;
   state.previousUp = nadir.north;
   state.altitudeM = info.altitudeM;
+  // The top step follows live altitude and the window's shape: when it
+  // falls below the zoom shown, step back to it rather than show finer
+  // ground than the sensor images.
+  const maxZoom = orbitalMaxZoomFor.call(this, info);
+  if (state.zoom > maxZoom) {
+    this.lastSubjectInfo = info;
+    goToZoom.call(this, maxZoom);
+  }
   state.lookView = easeLook(
     state.lookView,
     state.lookTarget,
@@ -322,6 +348,136 @@ export function updateOrbital(nowMs) {
     this.lastContextUpdateMs = nowMs;
     updateOrbitalContext.call(this, info, nowMs);
   }
+  prefetchImageryAhead.call(this, info, nowMs);
+}
+
+/** Tiles remembered as asked for in one orbital session. */
+const PREFETCH_MEMORY = 512;
+
+/**
+ * From 16x the view is 10 to 40 km wide while the ground track moves about
+ * 7 km/s, so the imagery under it arrives late. Every
+ * ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS ask the globe's base imagery for the tiles
+ * the view will need 5 to 20 s ahead (`groundTrackAhead`), at the level
+ * Cesium will draw there (`imageryLevelForView`), so the browser has them
+ * cached when the view gets there. The requests are throttled at the
+ * lowest priority: Cesium's request scheduler declines one while the
+ * imagery server's slots are taken by the tiles on screen or the scheduler
+ * is full, and a declined tile is asked again on a later look-ahead. At most
+ * ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES a time; the last PREFETCH_MEMORY tiles asked
+ * for are not asked again. Nothing below 16x, while the view is tilted off
+ * nadir (it no longer looks at the track), after the exit, or with the globe
+ * hidden (Google 3D tiles drawn instead).
+ * @returns {number} The tiles asked for.
+ */
+export function prefetchImageryAhead(info, nowMs) {
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  if (!state || !(state.zoom >= ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MIN_ZOOM)) return 0;
+  // Tilted, the view looks off the track the pre-load follows.
+  if (lookIsOffset(state.lookTarget, 0) || lookIsOffset(state.lookView, 0))
+    return 0;
+  if (nowMs - state.prefetchMs < ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS) return 0;
+  state.prefetchMs = nowMs;
+  try {
+    const globe = this.viewer.scene?.globe;
+    if (!globe || globe.show === false) return 0;
+    const provider = baseImageryProvider(this.viewer);
+    if (!provider) return 0;
+    const fov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
+    const viewKm = footprintWidthKm(
+      info.altitudeM,
+      fov,
+      viewAspect(this.viewer),
+    );
+    // The ground one CSS pixel covers at the nadir point, as Cesium's
+    // screen-space error measures it: the vertical field of view over the
+    // canvas height, at the satellite's altitude.
+    const canvas = this.viewer.scene?.canvas;
+    const heightPx = canvas?.clientHeight || canvas?.height;
+    const terrain =
+      this.viewer.terrainProvider ?? this.viewer.scene?.globe?.terrainProvider;
+    const level = imageryLevelForView(provider.tilingScheme, {
+      metresPerPixel: (info.altitudeM * 2 * Math.tan(fov / 2)) / heightPx,
+      latitudeDeg: info.latitude,
+      geographic:
+        provider.tilingScheme.projection instanceof Cesium.GeographicProjection,
+      tileWidthPx: provider.tileWidth,
+      minimumLevel: provider.minimumLevel,
+      maximumLevel: provider.maximumLevel,
+      maximumScreenSpaceError: globe.maximumScreenSpaceError,
+      terrainLevelErrorM:
+        typeof terrain?.getLevelMaximumGeometricError === 'function'
+          ? (terrainLevel) =>
+              terrain.getLevelMaximumGeometricError(terrainLevel)
+          : undefined,
+    });
+    if (level === null) return 0;
+    const memory = state.prefetched;
+    const tiles = tilesForPoints(
+      provider.tilingScheme,
+      groundTrackAhead(info, viewKm),
+      level,
+      {
+        maxTiles: ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES,
+        skip: (key) => memory.has(key),
+      },
+    );
+    let asked = 0;
+    for (const tile of tiles) {
+      let pending;
+      try {
+        // The tiles on screen keep their slots: Cesium's scheduler declines
+        // this request while the imagery server's slots are taken (shared
+        // with the globe's own tile requests, throttleByServer) or the
+        // scheduler is full, and at the lowest priority it is the first
+        // dropped from the priority heap, never one the screen asked for.
+        pending = provider.requestImage(
+          tile.x,
+          tile.y,
+          tile.level,
+          new Cesium.Request({
+            throttle: true,
+            throttleByServer: true,
+            priority: Number.MAX_VALUE,
+            type: Cesium.RequestType.IMAGERY,
+          }),
+        );
+      } catch {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // A provider that declines now (throttled) is asked again later.
+      if (!pending) continue;
+      Promise.resolve(pending).catch(() => {});
+      memory.add(tile.key);
+      if (memory.size > PREFETCH_MEMORY)
+        memory.delete(memory.values().next().value);
+      asked += 1;
+    }
+    return asked;
+  } catch {
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The provider of the lowest shown imagery layer, the base map the globe
+ * drapes, when it can be asked for a tile; else null.
+ */
+function baseImageryProvider(viewer) {
+  const layers = viewer.imageryLayers ?? viewer.scene?.imageryLayers;
+  const count = Number.isInteger(layers?.length) ? layers.length : 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i += 1) {
+    const layer = layers.get(i);
+    if (!layer || layer.show === false || layer.alpha === 0) continue;
+    const provider = layer.imageryProvider;
+    if (
+      typeof provider?.requestImage === 'function' &&
+      typeof provider.tilingScheme?.positionToTileXY === 'function'
+    )
+      return provider;
+    return null;
+  }
+  return null;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -409,6 +565,8 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
     : canvasAspect(this.viewer);
   const settledFov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
   const footprintKm = footprintWidthKm(info.altitudeM, settledFov, aspect);
+  const maxZoom = orbitalMaxZoomFor.call(this, info);
+  const swathKm = sensorSwathKm(info);
   const trackUp = Number.isFinite(info.groundTrackDeg);
   const swathScale = offset
     ? offNadirSwathScale(lookTilt(orbitalLookReadoutParts(state.lookTarget)))
@@ -421,9 +579,22 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
     latitude: info.latitude,
     longitude: info.longitude,
     zoom: state.zoom,
-    zoomSteps: [...ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER],
-    maxZoom: ORBITAL_BASE_MAX_ZOOM,
+    zoomSteps: ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER.filter((step) => step <= maxZoom),
+    maxZoom,
     footprintKm: offset ? null : footprintKm,
+    // The imaging sensor's swath, drawn to scale; null without one. The
+    // SENSOR step's zoom is null when the swath lies outside 1x..maxZoom.
+    sensor:
+      swathKm === null
+        ? null
+        : {
+            label: info.sensor?.label ?? null,
+            swathKm,
+            // Off nadir the view and the swath widen alike: the strip
+            // keeps its share of the frame.
+            stripFraction: sensorStripFraction(swathKm, footprintKm),
+            zoom: sensorSwathZoom(info.altitudeM, swathKm, aspect, maxZoom),
+          },
     transition: { ...transition },
     look: {
       offset,
@@ -444,6 +615,10 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
     noradId: info.noradId ?? null,
     cosparId: info.cosparId ?? null,
     tle: info.tle ?? null,
+    // Read on the HUD's cadence, so the age stays current without a timer.
+    tleAgeMs: Number.isFinite(info.tle?.epochMs)
+      ? Date.now() - info.tle.epochMs
+      : null,
     owner: info.owner ?? null,
     operator: info.operator ?? null,
   });
@@ -490,11 +665,82 @@ export function stepOrbitalZoom(direction) {
   const state = this.orbital;
   const next =
     direction > 0
-      ? nextOrbitalZoom(state.zoom)
+      ? nextOrbitalZoom(
+          state.zoom,
+          orbitalMaxZoomFor.call(this, this.lastSubjectInfo),
+        )
       : previousOrbitalZoom(state.zoom);
   return goToZoom.call(this, next);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Jump to the zoom at which the view is exactly as wide as the imaging
+ * sensor's swath (the SENSOR step), when that zoom is in range.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the zoom changed.
+ */
+export function jumpToSensorSwath() {
+  if (!this.active || this.subjectKind !== 'satellite' || !this.orbital)
+    return false;
+  const info = this.lastSubjectInfo;
+  const swathKm = sensorSwathKm(info);
+  if (swathKm === null || !Number.isFinite(info?.altitudeM)) return false;
+  const zoom = sensorSwathZoom(
+    info.altitudeM,
+    swathKm,
+    viewAspect(this.viewer),
+    orbitalMaxZoomFor.call(this, info),
+  );
+  return zoom === null ? false : goToZoom.call(this, zoom);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Step the zoom with the mouse wheel over the picture: one step per notch,
+ * trackpad scrolling summed to a step (`wheelZoomStep`). Only in orbit, and
+ * never while a tool owns the pointer.
+ * @param {WheelEvent} event
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the zoom changed.
+ */
+export function onOrbitalWheel(event) {
+  if (!this.active || this.subjectKind !== 'satellite' || !this.orbital)
+    return false;
+  if (!isPointerFree()) return false;
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  const { accumulator, step } = wheelZoomStep(
+    state.wheel,
+    event,
+    performance.now(),
+  );
+  state.wheel = accumulator;
+  if (!step) return false;
+  const changed = stepOrbitalZoom.call(this, step);
+  if (changed) event.preventDefault?.();
+  return changed;
+}
+
+/** The sensor swath the view draws and the SENSOR step targets, km, or null. */
+function sensorSwathKm(info) {
+  const swathKm = info?.sensor?.narrowestSwathKm;
+  return Number.isFinite(swathKm) && swathKm > 0 ? swathKm : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The satellite's tightest zoom step at its live altitude. Only a swath
+ * confirmed on a cited page opens steps past 8x.
+ */
+function orbitalMaxZoomFor(info) {
+  return orbitalMaxZoom(
+    info?.altitudeM,
+    zoomableSwathKm(info?.sensor),
+    viewAspect(this.viewer),
+  );
+}
+
+function viewAspect(viewer) {
+  return Number.isFinite(viewer.camera?.frustum?.aspectRatio)
+    ? viewer.camera.frustum.aspectRatio
+    : canvasAspect(viewer);
+}
+
 /**
  * Move the zoom to `next`, animated from the magnification shown now unless
  * reduced motion is on.
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
index fc9caad99..f1f5859d9 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ import CockpitView from './views/CockpitView.vue';
 import ContextView from './views/ContextView.vue';
 import IntelHudView from './views/IntelHudView.vue';
 import {
+  ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS,
+  ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES,
   ORBITAL_SETTLE_BLUR_PX,
   ORBITAL_SETTLE_MAX_MS,
   ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS,
@@ -23,6 +25,8 @@ import {
   orbitalBaseFovRad,
 } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
 import { vesselCockpitInfo } from '../layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js';
+import { prefetchImageryAhead } from './cockpitOrbitalView.js';
+import { imageryLevelForView } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
 import { claimPointer, releasePointer } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
 
 const ISS = Object.freeze({
@@ -1012,6 +1016,302 @@ test('a tracked aircraft takes entry before a tracked satellite', async (t) => {
   assert.equal(store.presence.entryKind, 'aircraft');
 });
 
+/** An imaging satellite with a narrow confirmed sensor swath. */
+const WORLDVIEW = Object.freeze({
+  ...ISS,
+  id: '40115',
+  noradId: 40115,
+  name: 'WORLDVIEW-3 (WV-3)',
+  classKey: 'visual',
+  classLabel: 'IMAGING',
+  altitudeM: 617_000,
+  sensor: Object.freeze({
+    label: 'WorldView-3',
+    narrowestSwathKm: 13.1,
+    swathConfirmed: true,
+  }),
+});
+
+/** A wide-area imager whose swath fits inside 8x. */
+const LANDSAT = Object.freeze({
+  ...WORLDVIEW,
+  id: '49260',
+  noradId: 49260,
+  name: 'LANDSAT 9',
+  altitudeM: 705_000,
+  sensor: Object.freeze({
+    label: 'Landsat 8 / Landsat 9',
+    narrowestSwathKm: 185,
+    swathConfirmed: true,
+  }),
+});
+
+test('an imaging satellite zooms past 8x as far as its sensor swath', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, store } = await orbitAt(t, { satellite: WORLDVIEW });
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.maxZoom, 64);
+  assert.deepEqual(store.orbital.zoomSteps, [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64]);
+  for (let step = 0; step < 8; step += 1) press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 64, 'stops at the cap');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-in').disabled, true);
+  assert.match($('.cockpit-orbital-zoom').textContent, /64×/);
+  // The swath, to scale: 13.1 km of a ~20 km view.
+  assert.match(
+    $('.cockpit-orbital-sensor-swath').textContent,
+    /SENSOR SWATH 13\.1 KM/,
+  );
+  const width = parseFloat($('.cockpit-orbital-sensor-strip').style.width);
+  assert.ok(width > 50 && width < 100, String(width));
+  // The swath is narrower than the 64x view: no SENSOR step to take.
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-sensor'), null);
+});
+
+test("the SENSOR step frames a wide sensor's swath", async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, store } = await orbitAt(t, { satellite: LANDSAT });
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.maxZoom, 8, 'a wide swath adds no steps');
+  await settle();
+  const button = $('#cockpit-orbital-sensor');
+  assert.ok(button, 'the SENSOR step is offered');
+  assert.equal(button.getAttribute('aria-keyshortcuts'), null, 'no key');
+  assert.doesNotMatch(button.title, /\(S\)/);
+  button.click();
+  const zoom = store.orbital.zoom;
+  assert.ok(zoom > 4 && zoom < 8, String(zoom));
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(store.orbital.footprintKm - 185) < 1, 'view = swath');
+  await settle();
+  assert.match($('.cockpit-orbital-zoom').textContent, /ZOOM \d\.\d×/);
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 8, 'on to the step above');
+  press(cockpit, '-');
+  press(cockpit, '-');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 2);
+  $('#cockpit-orbital-sensor').click();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, zoom, 'the button takes it again');
+});
+
+test('off nadir the sensor strip stays and its swath reads approximate', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, store } = await orbitAt(t, { satellite: LANDSAT });
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    $('.cockpit-orbital-sensor-swath').textContent,
+    'SENSOR SWATH 185 KM',
+  );
+  const nadirWidth = $('.cockpit-orbital-sensor-strip').style.width;
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight');
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.look.offset, true);
+  // Across the frame by 10°: 185 km / cos² 10° ≈ 190.8 km.
+  const text = $('.cockpit-orbital-sensor-swath').textContent;
+  const km = Number(text.match(/^SENSOR SWATH ≈ ([\d.]+) KM$/)[1]);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(km - 185 / Math.cos((10 * Math.PI) / 180) ** 2) < 0.1);
+  assert.equal(
+    $('.cockpit-orbital-sensor-strip').style.width,
+    nadirWidth,
+    'the strip keeps its share of the view',
+  );
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-sensor'), null, 'no SENSOR step tilted');
+  press(cockpit, 'Home');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    $('.cockpit-orbital-sensor-swath').textContent,
+    'SENSOR SWATH 185 KM',
+  );
+  assert.ok($('#cockpit-orbital-sensor'));
+});
+
+test('S does nothing in an orbital view, even with a SENSOR step', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit, store } = await orbitAt(t, { satellite: LANDSAT });
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok($('#cockpit-orbital-sensor'), 'the SENSOR step is offered');
+  for (const key of ['s', 'S']) {
+    const event = press(cockpit, key, { shiftKey: key === 'S' });
+    assert.equal(event.defaultPrevented, false, key);
+    assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 1, key);
+  }
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    document.querySelector('.cockpit-help')?.textContent ?? '',
+    /SENSOR/,
+    'no key hint',
+  );
+});
+
+/** A globe draping one Web Mercator imagery layer that records requests. */
+function imageryGlobe(viewer, { requestImage } = {}) {
+  const requests = [];
+  const requestObjects = [];
+  const provider = {
+    tilingScheme: new Cesium.WebMercatorTilingScheme(),
+    tileWidth: 256,
+    maximumLevel: 19,
+    requestImage:
+      requestImage ??
+      ((x, y, level, request) => {
+        requests.push(`${level}/${x}/${y}`);
+        requestObjects.push(request);
+        return Promise.resolve({});
+      }),
+  };
+  viewer.scene.globe = { show: true, tilesLoaded: true };
+  viewer.scene.canvas = { clientWidth: 1600, clientHeight: 900 };
+  viewer.imageryLayers = {
+    length: 1,
+    get: () => ({ show: true, alpha: 1, imageryProvider: provider }),
+  };
+  return { requests, requestObjects, provider };
+}
+
+const WORLDVIEW_ON_TRACK = Object.freeze({ ...WORLDVIEW, groundTrackDeg: 52 });
+
+test('from 16x the imagery ahead of the ground track is pre-loaded', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: WORLDVIEW_ON_TRACK,
+  });
+  const { requests } = imageryGlobe(viewer);
+  for (const zoom of [2, 4, 8]) {
+    press(cockpit, '+');
+    assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, zoom);
+    clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+    cockpit.update();
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(requests, [], 'nothing below 16x');
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 16);
+  clock.advance(16);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.ok(requests.length > 0, 'tiles ahead are asked for');
+  assert.ok(requests.length <= ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES, 'bounded');
+  assert.equal(new Set(requests.map((key) => key.split('/')[0])).size, 1);
+  const first = requests.length;
+  // Not again until the interval has passed, and never the same tile twice.
+  clock.advance(16);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(requests.length, first);
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(new Set(requests).size, requests.length, 'no repeats');
+  // A tighter zoom needs a finer level.
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 32);
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  const levels = requests.map((key) => Number(key.split('/')[0]));
+  assert.equal(levels.at(-1), levels[0] + 1);
+  // Back below 16x, and after the exit: no more work.
+  const before = requests.length;
+  press(cockpit, '-');
+  press(cockpit, '-');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 8);
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(requests.length, before, 'stops below 16x');
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  cockpit.exit();
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(
+    prefetchImageryAhead.call(cockpit, WORLDVIEW_ON_TRACK, Infinity),
+    0,
+  );
+  assert.equal(requests.length, before, 'stops after the exit');
+});
+
+test('the pre-load skips a hidden globe and a provider that cannot fetch', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: WORLDVIEW_ON_TRACK,
+  });
+  const { requests, provider } = imageryGlobe(viewer);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 16);
+  // Google 3D tiles drawn, the globe hidden: nothing to pre-load.
+  viewer.scene.globe.show = false;
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.deepEqual(requests, []);
+  viewer.scene.globe.show = true;
+  // No requestImage, or one that throws: no error, nothing remembered.
+  delete provider.requestImage;
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => cockpit.update());
+  provider.requestImage = () => {
+    throw new Error('offline');
+  };
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  assert.doesNotThrow(() => cockpit.update());
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 16, 'the view carries on');
+});
+
+test('an unconfirmed sensor swath is drawn but adds no zoom steps', async (t) => {
+  const { store } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: {
+      ...WORLDVIEW,
+      sensor: {
+        label: 'SuperView Neo-1',
+        narrowestSwathKm: 12,
+        swathConfirmed: false,
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.maxZoom, 8);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.sensor.swathKm, 12);
+});
+
+test('the wheel steps the orbital zoom one notch at a time', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, { satellite: WORLDVIEW });
+  const wheel = (deltaY) => {
+    const event = {
+      deltaY,
+      deltaMode: 0,
+      defaultPrevented: false,
+      preventDefault() {
+        this.defaultPrevented = true;
+      },
+    };
+    cockpit.onOrbitalWheel(event);
+    return event;
+  };
+  assert.equal(wheel(-100).defaultPrevented, true);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 2);
+  // The same notch's trailing events do nothing.
+  assert.equal(wheel(-100).defaultPrevented, false);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 2);
+  clock.advance(300);
+  wheel(-100);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 4);
+  clock.advance(300);
+  wheel(120);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 2, 'toward the viewer zooms out');
+  // A tool that owns the pointer keeps the wheel.
+  const lease = claimPointer('measure');
+  t.after(() => releasePointer(lease));
+  clock.advance(300);
+  wheel(-100);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 2);
+  releasePointer(lease);
+  cockpit.exit();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.onOrbitalWheel({ deltaY: -100 }), false, 'orbit only');
+});
+
+test('the orbital view reads the TLE age on each HUD publish', async (t) => {
+  const HOUR = 3_600_000;
+  const { cockpit, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: {
+      ...ISS,
+      tle: {
+        line1: '1 25544U',
+        line2: '2 25544',
+        epochMs: START_MS - 13.5 * HOUR,
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const ageH = () => store.orbital.tleAgeMs / HOUR;
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(ageH() - 13.5) < 0.01, String(ageH()));
+  clock.advance(HOUR);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(ageH() - 14.5) < 0.01, 'kept current by the HUD cadence');
+});
+
 /** The ISS climbing north-east along its ground track. */
 const ISS_ON_TRACK = Object.freeze({ ...ISS, groundTrackDeg: 52 });
 
@@ -1059,8 +1359,25 @@ test('a satellite with no ground track stays north-up', async (t) => {
   assert.match($('.cockpit-orbital-north').textContent, /NORTH UP/);
 });
 
+test('a narrower window pulls the zoom back to the new top step', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: WORLDVIEW,
+  });
+  for (let step = 0; step < 8; step += 1) press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 64);
+  // A portrait window: the same zoom now shows finer ground than the sensor
+  // images, so the top step drops.
+  viewer.camera.frustum.aspectRatio = 0.5;
+  clock.advance(16);
+  cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(store.orbital.maxZoom < 64, String(store.orbital.maxZoom));
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, store.orbital.maxZoom);
+  assert.ok(store.orbital.zoomSteps.includes(store.orbital.zoom));
+});
+
 test('a zoom button that turns off hands focus to the other one', async (t) => {
-  const { $, cockpit } = await orbitAt(t);
+  const { $, cockpit } = await orbitAt(t, { satellite: WORLDVIEW });
   await settle();
   $('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-in').focus();
   for (let step = 0; step < 8; step += 1) press(cockpit, '+');
@@ -1074,6 +1391,16 @@ test('a zoom button that turns off hands focus to the other one', async (t) => {
   assert.match($('#cockpit-orbital-zoom-in').title, /\(\+\)/);
 });
 
+test('SENSOR hands focus to NADIR when a tilt takes it away', async (t) => {
+  const { $, cockpit } = await orbitAt(t, { satellite: LANDSAT });
+  await settle();
+  $('#cockpit-orbital-sensor').focus();
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowUp');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-sensor'), null);
+  assert.equal(document.activeElement?.id, 'cockpit-orbital-nadir');
+});
+
 test('the readout says OFF-NADIR while the view is tilted', async (t) => {
   const { $, cockpit } = await orbitAt(t);
   await settle();
@@ -1088,3 +1415,45 @@ test('the readout says OFF-NADIR while the view is tilted', async (t) => {
     'ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR',
   );
 });
+
+test('the pre-load is throttled, at the level Cesium draws, and waits out a tilt', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: WORLDVIEW_ON_TRACK,
+  });
+  const { requests, requestObjects } = imageryGlobe(viewer);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 16);
+  // Tilted off nadir the view looks away from the track: nothing asked.
+  press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight');
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.deepEqual(requests, [], 'nothing while tilted');
+  press(cockpit, 'Home');
+  for (let frame = 0; frame < 30; frame += 1) {
+    clock.advance(16);
+    cockpit.update();
+  }
+  assert.ok(requests.length > 0, 'back at nadir it pre-loads');
+  // Every request may be declined while Cesium is busy with the screen.
+  for (const request of requestObjects) {
+    assert.ok(request instanceof Cesium.Request);
+    assert.equal(request.throttle, true);
+    assert.equal(request.throttleByServer, true);
+    assert.equal(
+      request.priority,
+      Number.MAX_VALUE,
+      'never ahead of the screen',
+    );
+    assert.equal(request.type, Cesium.RequestType.IMAGERY);
+  }
+  // The level Cesium's own selection takes for this view.
+  const fov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(WORLDVIEW.altitudeM), 16);
+  const metresPerPixel =
+    (WORLDVIEW.altitudeM * 2 * Math.tan(fov / 2)) /
+    viewer.scene.canvas.clientHeight;
+  const expected = imageryLevelForView(new Cesium.WebMercatorTilingScheme(), {
+    metresPerPixel,
+    latitudeDeg: WORLDVIEW.latitude,
+  });
+  assert.equal(Number(requests[0].split('/')[0]), expected);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
index 0513a3555..344c6f799 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
@@ -156,6 +156,22 @@ export function formatTleEpochUtc(epochMs) {
   return `${iso.slice(0, 10)} ${iso.slice(11, 16)}Z`;
 }
 
+/**
+ * How old a TLE is, in the identifier line's compact units: under an hour,
+ * whole hours under a day, then whole days. A TLE's propagation error grows
+ * with its age, so the age is shown beside the epoch.
+ * @param {number|null|undefined} ageMs Now minus the TLE epoch.
+ * @returns {{unit: 'under-hour'}|{unit: 'hours'|'days', value: number}|null}
+ *   Null without a usable age.
+ */
+export function tleAgeParts(ageMs) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(ageMs)) return null;
+  const hours = Math.max(0, ageMs) / 3_600_000;
+  if (hours < 1) return { unit: 'under-hour' };
+  if (hours < 24) return { unit: 'hours', value: Math.floor(hours) };
+  return { unit: 'days', value: Math.floor(hours / 24) };
+}
+
 /**
  * The Cockpit entry for each subject it can ride: an aircraft's cockpit, a
  * vessel's bridge or a satellite's orbit. Both entry buttons (Contacts and
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.test.mjs
index d94209f0d..b77d72459 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.test.mjs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import {
   formatCockpitDistance,
   formatCockpitWindDirection,
+  tleAgeParts,
 } from './cockpitPresentation.js';
 
 test('wind just west of north reads 0°, not 360°', () => {
@@ -16,3 +17,18 @@ test('a cockpit distance that rounds to 10.0 km drops the decimal', () => {
   assert.match(formatCockpitDistance(9949), /^9\.9\s?KM$/);
   assert.match(formatCockpitDistance(9960), /^10\s?KM$/);
 });
+
+test('a TLE age reads under an hour, then whole hours, then whole days', () => {
+  const HOUR = 3_600_000;
+  assert.deepEqual(tleAgeParts(0), { unit: 'under-hour' });
+  assert.deepEqual(tleAgeParts(59 * 60_000), { unit: 'under-hour' });
+  assert.deepEqual(tleAgeParts(HOUR), { unit: 'hours', value: 1 });
+  assert.deepEqual(tleAgeParts(13.9 * HOUR), { unit: 'hours', value: 13 });
+  assert.deepEqual(tleAgeParts(24 * HOUR - 1), { unit: 'hours', value: 23 });
+  assert.deepEqual(tleAgeParts(24 * HOUR), { unit: 'days', value: 1 });
+  assert.deepEqual(tleAgeParts(50 * HOUR), { unit: 'days', value: 2 });
+  // A clock a little behind the epoch is still fresh, not negative.
+  assert.deepEqual(tleAgeParts(-5 * 60_000), { unit: 'under-hour' });
+  assert.equal(tleAgeParts(null), null);
+  assert.equal(tleAgeParts(Number.NaN), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js b/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
index 990cab1ff..1e4accde5 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
@@ -91,11 +91,13 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
    * The orbital view's HUD: null outside a satellite subject. Shape:
    * `{ name, classLabel, altitudeM, velocityMps|null, latitude, longitude,
    *    zoom, zoomSteps: number[], maxZoom, footprintKm|null,
+   *    sensor: { label|null, swathKm, stripFraction|null, zoom|null }|null,
    *    transition: { active, blurPx, lockTick },
    *    look: { offset, readout, swathScale, swathKm|null }, trackUp, northDeg,
    *    place: { kind: 'country'|'sea'|'ocean', name, countryCode,
    *      division?|null, near?|null }|null|undefined,
    *    noradId|null, cosparId|null, tle: { line1, line2, epochMs }|null,
+   *    tleAgeMs|null (now minus the TLE epoch, read on each publish),
    *    owner: { countryCode|null, label|null }|null, operator|null }` where
    * `place` is what the sub-satellite point is over (undefined until the
    * first offline lookup lands, null when nothing named holds it; see
@@ -103,8 +105,12 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
    * layer and are null when unknown, `classLabel` is
    * already localized (the satellite layer's class label, e.g. "NAV · GPS"),
    * `velocityMps` is the orbital (inertial) speed, latitude/longitude are the
-   * sub-satellite point in degrees, `zoom` is one of `zoomSteps` (1, 2, 4
-   * and 8, the tightest being `maxZoom`), `footprintKm` is the nadir ground width across the frame at that zoom
+   * sub-satellite point in degrees, `zoom` is one of `zoomSteps` (1, 2, 4, 8,
+   * and up to 128 for an imaging satellite with a known sensor: `maxZoom`) or
+   * the SENSOR step's zoom between them, `sensor` is the imaging sensor's
+   * narrowest swath with the fraction of the view it spans (kept off nadir)
+   * and the zoom that frames it (null when outside 1x..maxZoom),
+   * `footprintKm` is the nadir ground width across the frame at that zoom
    * (null while the view is tilted off nadir), `transition` is a zoom step in
    * flight: `active` while the field of view moves, `blurPx` the focus-pull
    * blur for the picture, `lockTick` true briefly once the step settles (see
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
index ccd78a87e..2fc84fd0e 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
@@ -354,6 +354,15 @@
   transform: translateX(-50%);
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
+/* With a sensor's swath and step the strip is longer: it may wrap on a
+   narrow screen rather than run off it. */
+@media (max-width: 720px) {
+  .cockpit-orbital-optics {
+    flex-wrap: wrap;
+    justify-content: center;
+    max-width: calc(100vw - 32px);
+  }
+}
 .cockpit-orbital-zoom-button {
   width: 28px;
   height: 24px;
@@ -497,3 +506,41 @@
 body.cockpit-orbit #view-switcher button {
   border-radius: 2px;
 }
+
+/* The imaging sensor's narrowest swath, to scale across the view's width. The
+   view is track-up, so the swath runs top to bottom along the ground track. */
+.cockpit-orbital-sensor-strip {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  left: 50%;
+  min-width: 2px;
+  border-inline: 1px dashed var(--orbital-line);
+  background: color-mix(
+    in srgb,
+    var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 6%,
+    transparent
+  );
+  transform: translateX(-50%);
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-sensor-swath {
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-sensor-step {
+  padding: 3px 8px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-line);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.6);
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-sensor-step:hover,
+.cockpit-orbital-sensor-step:focus-visible {
+  border-color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  color: #fff;
+  outline: none;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
index 6bec5f06f..767fc9cc7 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { formatNumber, getLocale, t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   formatCockpitCoordinate,
   formatTleEpochUtc,
+  tleAgeParts,
 } from '../../cockpitPresentation.js';
 import {
   loadFlagUrl,
@@ -52,8 +53,11 @@ const subPointText = computed(() => {
 
 const zoomSteps = computed(() => orbital.value?.zoomSteps || [1]);
 const zoom = computed(() => orbital.value?.zoom ?? zoomSteps.value[0]);
+// The SENSOR step lands between ladder steps, e.g. 5.7×.
 const zoomText = computed(() =>
-  t('ZOOM {zoom}×', { zoom: formatNumber(zoom.value) }),
+  t('ZOOM {zoom}×', {
+    zoom: formatNumber(zoom.value, { maximumFractionDigits: 1 }),
+  }),
 );
 const maxZoom = computed(
   () => orbital.value?.maxZoom ?? Math.max(...zoomSteps.value),
@@ -61,6 +65,11 @@ const maxZoom = computed(
 const atWidest = computed(() => zoom.value <= Math.min(...zoomSteps.value));
 const atTightest = computed(() => zoom.value >= maxZoom.value);
 
+// The imaging sensor's swath: a strip drawn to scale across the view, its
+// width as a readout, and the SENSOR step that zooms the view to it. Off
+// nadir the strip stays, the readout scales as the view's swath does (≈),
+// and the SENSOR step, a nadir framing, is hidden.
+const sensor = computed(() => orbital.value?.sensor || null);
 // Track-up turns the frame to the ground track; north's pointer turns back.
 const trackUp = computed(() => orbital.value?.trackUp === true);
 const northPointerStyle = computed(() => {
@@ -77,11 +86,42 @@ const northLetterStyle = computed(() => {
     : null;
 });
 
-// A focused zoom button that turns off at the end of its range hands focus
-// on instead of dropping it to the page. The watchers run before the
-// re-render, while it still has focus.
+const sensorStripStyle = computed(() => {
+  const fraction = sensor.value?.stripFraction;
+  return finite(fraction) && fraction > 0
+    ? { width: `${(fraction * 100).toFixed(3)}%` }
+    : null;
+});
+const sensorText = computed(() => {
+  const km = sensor.value?.swathKm;
+  if (!finite(km)) return '';
+  const look = orbital.value?.look;
+  if (look?.offset === true) {
+    const scale = look.swathScale;
+    if (!finite(scale)) return '';
+    return t('SENSOR SWATH ≈ {value} KM', {
+      value: formatNumber(km * scale, { maximumFractionDigits: 1 }),
+    });
+  }
+  // As published: 13.1 km, 185 km.
+  return t('SENSOR SWATH {value} KM', {
+    value: formatNumber(km, { maximumFractionDigits: 1 }),
+  });
+});
+const sensorStepShown = computed(
+  () =>
+    finite(sensor.value?.zoom) &&
+    finite(orbital.value?.footprintKm) &&
+    orbital.value?.look?.offset !== true,
+);
+
+// A focused control that turns off (a zoom button at the end of its range,
+// SENSOR as the view tilts away) hands focus on instead of dropping it to the
+// page. The watchers run before the re-render, while it still has focus.
 const zoomInButton = ref(null);
 const zoomOutButton = ref(null);
+const sensorButton = ref(null);
+const nadirButton = ref(null);
 const handFocus = (from, to) => {
   if (!from || document.activeElement !== from) return;
   nextTick(() =>
@@ -100,6 +140,11 @@ watch(
   (now) => now && handFocus(zoomOutButton.value, () => zoomInButton.value),
   { flush: 'pre' },
 );
+watch(
+  sensorStepShown,
+  (shown) => !shown && handFocus(sensorButton.value, () => nadirButton.value),
+  { flush: 'pre' },
+);
 
 // At nadir the footprint; tilted, the approximate width at the view's
 // centre, marked ≈.
@@ -185,6 +230,12 @@ const identParts = computed(() => {
   if (o.cosparId) parts.push(o.cosparId);
   const epoch = formatTleEpochUtc(o.tle?.epochMs);
   if (epoch) parts.push(t('EPOCH {time}', { time: epoch }));
+  const age = tleAgeParts(o.tleAgeMs);
+  if (age?.unit === 'under-hour') parts.push(t('<1 H OLD'));
+  else if (age?.unit === 'hours')
+    parts.push(t('{value} H OLD', { value: formatNumber(age.value) }));
+  else if (age?.unit === 'days')
+    parts.push(t('{value} D OLD', { value: formatNumber(age.value) }));
   return parts;
 });
 const identText = computed(() => identParts.value.join(' · '));
@@ -229,6 +280,8 @@ const lensStyle = computed(() => {
           <span v-if="trackUp" class="cockpit-orbital-north-letter" :style="northLetterStyle">{{ t('N') }}</span>
         </span>
       </div>
+      <!-- The imaging sensor's swath, to scale across the view. -->
+      <div v-if="sensorStripStyle" class="cockpit-orbital-sensor-strip" :style="sensorStripStyle" aria-hidden="true"></div>
       <!-- Under the vision selector: where the ground track is. -->
       <p v-if="placeText" id="cockpit-orbital-over" class="cockpit-orbital-over"><span>{{ t('CURRENTLY OVER') }}</span> <strong>{{ placeText }}</strong></p>
       <div class="cockpit-orbital-readout">
@@ -265,7 +318,7 @@ const lensStyle = computed(() => {
         <!-- Shown only while the view is tilted off nadir: where it looks and the way back. -->
         <div v-if="look.offset" class="cockpit-orbital-look">
           <span id="cockpit-orbital-look-readout" class="cockpit-orbital-look-readout" aria-live="polite">{{ look.readout }}</span>
-          <button id="cockpit-orbital-nadir" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-nadir" :aria-label="t('Return the view to nadir')" :title="t('Return to nadir (Home or 0)')" aria-keyshortcuts="Home 0">{{ t('NADIR') }}</button>
+          <button id="cockpit-orbital-nadir" ref="nadirButton" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-nadir" :aria-label="t('Return the view to nadir')" :title="t('Return to nadir (Home or 0)')" aria-keyshortcuts="Home 0">{{ t('NADIR') }}</button>
         </div>
       </div>
       <div class="cockpit-orbital-optics">
@@ -273,6 +326,8 @@ const lensStyle = computed(() => {
         <span class="cockpit-orbital-zoom" aria-live="polite">{{ zoomText }}</span>
         <button id="cockpit-orbital-zoom-in" ref="zoomInButton" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-zoom-button" :disabled="atTightest" :aria-label="t('Zoom in')" :title="t('Zoom in (+)')" aria-keyshortcuts="+ =">+</button>
         <span v-if="swathText" class="cockpit-orbital-swath">{{ swathText }}</span>
+        <span v-if="sensorText" class="cockpit-orbital-swath cockpit-orbital-sensor-swath">{{ sensorText }}</span>
+        <button v-if="sensorStepShown" id="cockpit-orbital-sensor" ref="sensorButton" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-sensor-step" :aria-label="t('Zoom to the imaging sensor swath')" :title="t('Zoom to the imaging sensor swath')">{{ t('SENSOR') }}</button>
       </div>
     </template>
   </section>

From 59c0997636108a6961776e97b4aad310453b73f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 20:06:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 224/262] docs(cockpit): describe the orbital view's
 sensor-aware zoom

The Orbital view section said the zoom stops at 8x. It now covers the
16x to 128x steps for satellites with a confirmed sensor swath, capped
from live altitude, the mouse wheel, the SENSOR button, the to-scale
swath strip and readout (approximate off nadir), the imagery pre-load
ahead of the ground track, the TLE age on the identifier line, and that
the sensor values cite operator and agency pages per platform.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 653ba1d99..8eacf04bb 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1639,13 +1639,42 @@ and the saved cloud preference stands for the next aircraft or bridge. The layer
 companions, its own orbit ring and its detection bracket, and draws every
 other orbit ring (the ISS ring included) at 30% of its alpha; other
 satellites' points and labels stay. Scene clicks and the layer's Escape are
-ignored while it is ridden. The optical zoom steps 1×, 2×, 4× and 8× with `+`
-(or `=`) and `-` (or `_`) and the panel's buttons: the 1× frame is 60°
-vertical in low orbit and fits the Earth's disk with margin from high orbits,
-each step divides the tangent of the half-angle, and Cesium's `frustum.fov`
-is set from it for the canvas aspect. A step animates over 400 ms with a
-focus-pull blur and a reticle lock tick, and cuts at once under
-`prefers-reduced-motion`. The arrows tilt the view off nadir in 5° steps
+ignored while it is ridden. The optical zoom steps 1×, 2×, 4× and 8× for
+every satellite with `+` (or `=`) and `-` (or `_`), the panel's buttons and
+the mouse wheel (one step per notch; trackpad scrolling is summed to a step):
+the 1× frame is 60° vertical in low orbit and fits the Earth's disk with
+margin from high orbits, each step divides the tangent of the half-angle, and
+Cesium's `frustum.fov` is set from it for the canvas aspect. A step animates
+over 400 ms with a focus-pull blur and a reticle lock tick, and cuts at once
+under `prefers-reduced-motion`. An imaging satellite matched to an entry of
+the bundled sensor pack (`src/data/local_data/imaging_sensors/`, by NORAD
+number or name in `src/layers/satellites/sensors.js`) whose narrowest swath
+is confirmed also gets 16×, 32×, 64× and 128×, each only while the view at
+the satellite's live altitude and the window's shape is still at least as
+wide as that swath (`orbitalMaxZoom` in `src/cockpitOrbital.js`); when the
+cap falls below the zoom shown, the view steps back to it. Unconfirmed
+swaths add no steps. The sensor's swath is drawn to scale as a strip along
+the ground track with a SENSOR SWATH readout, and a SENSOR button zooms
+to exactly that width when it lies between 1× and the cap. Tilted off nadir
+the strip stays (view and swath widen alike), the readout scales as the swath
+readout does (`SENSOR SWATH ≈ 191 KM`), and SENSOR, a nadir framing, is
+hidden. A swath is confirmed only on the operator's, an agency's (ESA's
+eoPortal included) or an academic page for its platform. From
+16×, with flat imagery on the globe (not Google 3D tiles) and the view at
+nadir, every 2 s the view asks the base imagery layer for the tiles it will
+need 5 to 20 s ahead along the ground track (`prefetchImageryAhead` in
+`src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js`), so the browser has them cached when the
+view arrives. The level is the one Cesium will draw there
+(`imageryLevelForView` in `src/cockpitOrbital.js`, following Cesium's own
+choice: the terrain level whose error spans at most the globe's maximum
+screen-space error, then the imagery level whose texels are nearest that
+error, about one to two screen pixels per texel). It asks for at most 12
+tiles at a time through Cesium's request scheduler, throttled per server and
+at the lowest priority, so a request is declined while the imagery server's
+slots are taken by the tiles on screen and is the first dropped when the
+scheduler is full (a declined tile is asked for again later); it remembers the last 512 tiles asked for and does not ask
+for those again. While tilted off nadir the view looks away from the track,
+so nothing is pre-loaded. The arrows tilt the view off nadir in 5° steps
 along the frame's axes (Up/Down tilt forward/aft along the ground track,
 Left/Right across it, each axis to ±45°; Shift takes no larger step); Home,
 `0` or NADIR return to nadir. While tilted the panel shows the total angle
@@ -1681,8 +1710,9 @@ the band rather than leave the last place up, and the next HUD beat looks
 again. The readout card puts
 the owner country's flag (an SVG from `flag-icons`, fetched only for the shown
 country) or a text badge for an organisation before the name, the operator
-under it, and a NORAD · COSPAR · TLE-epoch line whose TLE button unfolds the
-two element lines; each row is left out when the satellites layer does not
+under it, and a NORAD · COSPAR · TLE-epoch line, ending with the element
+set's age (`<1 H OLD`, then whole hours, then whole days), whose TLE button
+unfolds the two element lines; each row is left out when the satellites layer does not
 know it. The
 aircraft and bridge instruments, tapes, compass, radar, look controls,
 position readout, route card and Contact card are hidden; the vision-style

From 19d7148b0681a5ccca10ade7d759df68d09db6f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 20:29:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 225/262] docs(changelog): add the #1560 fragment

---
 changelog.d/1560-orbital-sensor-zoom.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1560-orbital-sensor-zoom.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1560-orbital-sensor-zoom.md b/changelog.d/1560-orbital-sensor-zoom.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d9a2d0db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1560-orbital-sensor-zoom.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Zoom imaging satellites past 8×, up to 128×, as far as their sensor's
+  confirmed swath allows at the live altitude, with a to-scale swath strip, a
+  SENSOR step, mouse-wheel zoom, imagery pre-loaded ahead of the ground track and
+  the TLE's age (Denis Groshev, @ZloyS, #1560).

From a5df391d6ce4a9a7e564148c8024323a5ac39816 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 15:41:45 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 226/262] fix(cockpit): a catalog refresh in orbit keeps the
 subject and its companions hidden, and releasing the ISS leaves its ring to
 its class

---
 src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js       | 12 ++++-
 src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs | 48 +++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
index 1096548b1..d0bd4dd37 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
@@ -199,16 +199,24 @@ export function createCockpitSubject({ state: layerState, parts }) {
       // The tracked primitive stays hidden: its entity draws the dot.
       if (noradId !== tracked) _setPointShown(noradId, true);
     }
+    // Re-applied every sync: a catalog rebuild replaces the point
+    // primitives, and the new ones arrive shown.
     for (const noradId of companions) {
-      if (noradId === tracked || hiddenPoints.has(noradId)) continue;
+      if (noradId === tracked) continue;
       hiddenPoints.add(noradId);
       _setPointShown(noradId, false);
     }
+    if (held) {
+      const trackedPoint = layerState._points.get(tracked);
+      if (trackedPoint) trackedPoint.show = false;
+    }
 
     const hiddenPath = layerState._cockpitHiddenPath;
     if (hiddenPath !== null && (!held || hiddenPath !== tracked)) {
       const path = layerState._orbitPaths.get(hiddenPath);
-      if (path)
+      // The ISS's ring also follows its class (and its tracking).
+      if (path && hiddenPath === ISS_NORAD) parts.controls._syncIssOrbit();
+      else if (path)
         path.primitive.show = parts.controls.satelliteVisualsVisible(
           layerState._enabled,
           layerState._params.showOrbits,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
index 06b290318..60de28120 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.test.mjs
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ async function fixture(t) {
   await parts.lifecycle.methods.init(viewer);
   await parts.ingestion.methods.update(viewer);
   parts.lifecycle.methods.enable(viewer);
-  // GPS is TELECOM, hidden by default; these tests need its point on screen.
+  // GPS is TELECOM; these tests need its point on screen whatever the default.
   parts.controls.methods.setParams({ classes: { telecom: true } });
   Object.assign(console, { log, warn });
   t.after(() => {
@@ -357,6 +357,38 @@ test('untracking a held subject gives its marks back', async (t) => {
   assert.equal(f.state._points.get(ISS_NORAD).show, true);
 });
 
+test('a catalog refresh while held keeps the subject and its companions hidden', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(ISS_NORAD);
+  f.nextFrame();
+  f.methods.setCockpitSubject(ISS_NORAD);
+  const log = console.log;
+  console.log = () => {};
+  try {
+    await f.parts.ingestion.methods.update(f.viewer);
+  } finally {
+    console.log = log;
+  }
+  f.nextFrame();
+  assert.equal(f.state._points.get(COMPANION).show, false, 'companion');
+  assert.equal(f.state._points.get(ISS_NORAD).show, false, 'tracked point');
+  f.methods.setCockpitSubject(null);
+  assert.equal(f.state._points.get(COMPANION).show, true, 'given back');
+});
+
+test('untracking a held ISS leaves its ring hidden while Stations is off', async (t) => {
+  const f = await fixture(t);
+  f.track(ISS_NORAD);
+  f.nextFrame();
+  f.methods.setCockpitSubject(ISS_NORAD);
+  f.methods.setParams({ classes: 'itpd' });
+  f.nextFrame();
+  f.methods.stopTracking();
+  assert.equal(f.ring(ISS_NORAD).show, false);
+  f.methods.setParams({ classes: 'sitpd' });
+  assert.equal(f.ring(ISS_NORAD).show, true);
+});
+
 test('tracking without a Cockpit subject keeps its marks', async (t) => {
   const f = await fixture(t);
   f.track(GPS);
@@ -535,8 +567,18 @@ test('the ground track bearing comes from the SGP4 velocity, less the Earth turn
 test('the subject says whether its class may be ridden', () => {
   const fix = { latitude: 0, longitude: 0, altitude: 400_000 };
   const subject = (satelliteClass) =>
-    satelliteCockpitInfo(1, { name: 'X', group: 'visual', satelliteClass }, fix);
+    satelliteCockpitInfo(
+      1,
+      { name: 'X', group: 'visual', satelliteClass },
+      fix,
+    );
   assert.equal(subject('debris').enterable, false);
-  for (const satelliteClass of ['stations', 'imaging', 'telecom', 'starlink', 'probes'])
+  for (const satelliteClass of [
+    'stations',
+    'imaging',
+    'telecom',
+    'starlink',
+    'probes',
+  ])
     assert.equal(subject(satelliteClass).enterable, true, satelliteClass);
 });

From 5c25bc54e6d03146e8ceaa39e67f8bffa3c8c6df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 15:42:16 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 227/262] fix(cockpit): voice entry in an orbital view is
 refused before it touches tracking

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md            |  4 ++--
 src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js     |  6 ++++++
 src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 653ba1d99..c0d8eec4c 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1538,8 +1538,8 @@ HUD on, in its Tactical and Cyber layouts). Turning Live AIS Vessels off ends
 the bridge: the layer then has no subject (`getCockpitSubject` returns null).
 The bridge picture uses AIS alone, so no other feed being off makes it partial.
 Voice (`control_cockpit`) and the selection entry transaction stay aircraft-only;
-voice `enter` on a bridge is refused before it touches tracking, with the
-reason to exit the bridge first.
+voice `enter` on a bridge or in an orbital view is refused before it touches
+tracking, with the reason to exit it first.
 The vessel layer supplies the subject (`getCockpitSubject`), hides that ship's
 sprite, card, detection bracket and trail while it is held
 (`setCockpitSubject`), and
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
index 686e5f16a..60a3259f9 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
@@ -189,6 +189,12 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
     // vessel selection before the entry can run, leaving neither.
     if (this.cockpitView?.active && this.cockpitView.subjectKind === 'vessel')
       return 'Cockpit is on a vessel bridge — exit the bridge first, then track an aircraft to enter Cockpit';
+    // Likewise in orbit: the aircraft's tracking takes the satellite's.
+    if (
+      this.cockpitView?.active &&
+      this.cockpitView.subjectKind === 'satellite'
+    )
+      return 'Cockpit is in an orbital view — exit it first, then track an aircraft to enter Cockpit';
     if (!this._aircraftLayerEnabled)
       return 'No aircraft layer is on — turn on Flights or Military Flights and track an aircraft to enter Cockpit';
     return null;
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
index ec144128b..fd5dfb52b 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitEntryGate.test.mjs
@@ -246,6 +246,26 @@ test('voice entry on a vessel bridge refuses before it touches tracking', (t) =>
   assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'vessel');
 });
 
+test('voice entry in an orbital view refuses before it touches tracking', (t) => {
+  const { coordinator, cockpit } = fixture(t, { enabled: ['flights'] });
+  let navigated = false;
+  coordinator.services.militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext = () => {
+    navigated = true;
+    return true;
+  };
+  cockpit.active = true;
+  cockpit.subjectKind = 'satellite';
+  t.after(() => {
+    cockpit.active = false;
+    cockpit.subjectKind = null;
+  });
+  const voice = coordinator.controlCockpit('enter', { targetLayer: 'flights' });
+  assert.equal(voice.ok, false);
+  assert.match(voice.error, /orbital view/);
+  assert.equal(navigated, false, 'no aircraft was tracked');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'satellite');
+});
+
 test('with an aircraft layer on but nothing tracked, the reason is the missing aircraft', (t) => {
   const { coordinator } = fixture(t, { enabled: ['military'] });
   assert.equal(

From 6ca53febad0ca1f761e2af38190ff89a0e8b1cb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 15:43:09 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 228/262] fix(cockpit): no swath readout while the orbital view
 looks past the Earth's limb

---
 src/cockpitOrbital.js        | 15 +++++++++++++++
 src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs  | 14 ++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js | 12 ++++++++----
 3 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbital.js b/src/cockpitOrbital.js
index fafe2a857..e49bfb5bc 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbital.js
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbital.js
@@ -364,6 +364,21 @@ export function offNadirAngleDeg({ northDeg = 0, eastDeg = 0 } = {}) {
   return (Math.acos(cosine) * 180) / Math.PI;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Whether the view's centre, tilted off nadir, still meets the Earth: its
+ * angle from nadir (`offNadirAngleDeg`) is within the Earth's angular radius
+ * from the satellite, asin(R / (R + altitude)).
+ * @param {number} altitudeM
+ * @param {{northDeg?: number, eastDeg?: number}} [offset]
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(altitudeM, offset = {}) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(altitudeM) || altitudeM <= 0) return false;
+  const R = ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M;
+  const limbDeg = (Math.asin(R / (R + altitudeM)) * 180) / Math.PI;
+  return offNadirAngleDeg(offset) < limbDeg;
+}
+
 /**
  * Roughly how much wider the ground across the frame is at the centre of a
  * tilted view than at nadir, on a flat Earth: tilting across the frame (east,
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs b/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
index e47ad1141..450b482cb 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   nadirOrientation,
   nextOrbitalZoom,
   offNadirAngleDeg,
+  offNadirCentreMeetsEarth,
   offNadirSwathScale,
   offNadirOrientation,
   orbitalBaseFovRad,
@@ -300,3 +301,16 @@ test("a tilted view's width grows faster across the frame than along it", () =>
   }
   assert.equal(offNadirSwathScale({ northDeg: Number.NaN }), 1);
 });
+
+test('a view tilted past the limb no longer meets the Earth', () => {
+  // GEO: the Earth spans about 8.7 degrees either side of nadir.
+  assert.equal(offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(35_786_000, { northDeg: 5 }), true);
+  assert.equal(offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(35_786_000, { northDeg: 15 }), false);
+  // LEO: a 30 degree tilt still lands on the ground.
+  assert.equal(
+    offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(420_000, { northDeg: 20, eastDeg: 20 }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(420_000, { eastDeg: 80 }), false);
+  assert.equal(offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(NaN, {}), false);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
index d7958a2c1..f1238a9b2 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   nextOrbitalZoom,
   offNadirAngleDeg,
   offNadirOrientation,
+  offNadirCentreMeetsEarth,
   offNadirSwathScale,
   orbitalBaseFovRad,
   previousOrbitalZoom,
@@ -410,9 +411,12 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
   const settledFov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
   const footprintKm = footprintWidthKm(info.altitudeM, settledFov, aspect);
   const trackUp = Number.isFinite(info.groundTrackDeg);
-  const swathScale = offset
-    ? offNadirSwathScale(lookTilt(orbitalLookReadoutParts(state.lookTarget)))
-    : 1;
+  const tilt = offset
+    ? lookTilt(orbitalLookReadoutParts(state.lookTarget))
+    : null;
+  const swathScale = offset ? offNadirSwathScale(tilt) : 1;
+  // Tilted past the limb, the view's centre looks into space: no swath.
+  const seesEarth = !offset || offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(info.altitudeM, tilt);
   this.publishOrbital({
     name: info.name,
     classLabel: info.classLabel || '',
@@ -432,7 +436,7 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
       // the nadir footprint (`offNadirSwathScale`); 1 and null at nadir.
       swathScale,
       swathKm:
-        offset && Number.isFinite(footprintKm)
+        offset && seesEarth && Number.isFinite(footprintKm)
           ? footprintKm * swathScale
           : null,
     },

From b72f453fea8c36f9630c28c02dd9cd630bdbb5c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 15:43:38 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 229/262] refactor(satellites): the UCS pack keeps only the
 operator, owner country and purpose the layer reads

---
 scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py                       |  5 -----
 src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md          | 11 +++++------
 .../local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json     |  2 +-
 src/data/ucsSatellites.js                             |  4 +---
 src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs                       |  4 ----
 5 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py b/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
index d1a0b6fd8..62e29be93 100644
--- a/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
+++ b/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
@@ -29,9 +29,6 @@ COLUMNS = {
     'operator': 'Operator/Owner',
     'operatorCountry': 'Country of Operator/Owner',
     'purpose': 'Purpose',
-    'detailedPurpose': 'Detailed Purpose',
-    'users': 'Users',
-    'orbitClass': 'Class of Orbit',
 }
 STARLINK = re.compile(r'\bstarlink\b', re.I)
 
@@ -68,8 +65,6 @@ def build(xlsx: Path) -> dict:
         record = [norad]
         for key, column in COLUMNS.items():
             text = clean(row[header[column]])
-            if key == 'orbitClass':
-                text = text.upper()
             if text not in index[key]:
                 index[key][text] = len(tables[key])
                 tables[key].append(text)
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
index 26cb06607..8bd77ab45 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
@@ -34,13 +34,12 @@ DATA_SOURCES.md.
 
 **Curation:**
 
-- Kept columns: Operator/Owner, Country of Operator/Owner, Purpose, Detailed
-  Purpose, Users, Class of Orbit (upper-cased, which folds the source's one
-  `LEo`). Everything else (masses, contractors, launch data, sources) is left
-  out.
+- Kept columns: Operator/Owner, Country of Operator/Owner and Purpose, the
+  ones the layer reads. Everything else (detailed purpose, users, orbits,
+  masses, contractors, launch data, sources) is left out.
 - Repeated text is stored once in `strings`; each record is
-  `[noradId, operator, operatorCountry, purpose, detailedPurpose, users,
-  orbitClass]` with string-table indexes, `0` meaning empty.
+  `[noradId, operator, operatorCountry, purpose]` with string-table indexes,
+  `0` meaning empty.
 - The 3,996 Starlink rows are dropped: every Starlink object is classed and
   credited to SpaceX by name, so they would only add size.
 - Rows without a readable NORAD number are dropped and counted apart from
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
index f27ee92d8..33ab8776f 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
+++ b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/ucs_satellites.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"meta":{"source":"Union of Concerned Scientists Satellite Database","version":"UCS-Satellite-Database 5-1-2023","url":"https://www.ucsusa.org/satellite_database","dataCurrentTo":"2023-05-01","license":"Free, unrestricted use; acknowledgement requested (UCS database manual, section 3)","curation":{"sourceRows":7560,"starlinkRowsDropped":3996,"invalidNoradDropped":0,"duplicateNoradDropped":0,"columns":{"operator":"Operator/Owner","operatorCountry":"Country of Operator/Owner","purpose":"Purpose","detailedPurpose":"Detailed Purpose","users":"Users","orbitClass":"Class of Orbit"}},"recordCount":3564},"fields":["noradId","operator","operatorCountry","purpose","detailedPurpose","users","orbitClass"],"strings":{"operator":["","Hera Systems","AAC Clyde Space","Aalto University","University of Aalborg","Asia Broadcast Satellite Ltd.","Asher Space Research Institute at Technion/Israeli Aircraft Industries","Austrian Space Forum (OEWF)/Spire","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)","US Air Force","Department of Homeland Security","European Space Agency (ESA)","Aerospace Corporation","EUTELSAT S.A.","Aurora Insight","Center for Atmospheric Sciences, Hampton University/NASA","Norwegian Coastal Admnistration","AISTech","Al Yah Satellite Communications Co. (YAHSAT)","Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","Algerian Space Agency (ASAL)","Astro Live Experiences","University of Brasilia","US Air Force Institute of Technology","Algerian Space Agency (ASAL)/UK Space Agency","Hispamar (subsidiary of Hispasat - Spain)","National Institute for Space Research (INPE)","SES S.A.","Moscow State University","Space-Communication Ltd.","AMSAT-NA","Agency for Defense Development","ANDESITE - Boston University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","AngoSat","Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.)","Aprize Satellite, Argentina","APT Satellite Holdings Ltd.","Arab Satellite Communications Org. (ASCO)","University of South Florida, Institute of Applied Engineering (IAE).","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo","Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory","Planetary Resources","ArSat","Aerospacelab","Istanbul Technical University","Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd.","1Worldspace","Japan Space Systems","Chiba Institute of Technology","Astranis","Astrocast","Telemetry Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) Centre","DirecTV, Inc.","PointView Tech","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)","Microspace Rapid Pvt Ltd.","Azercosmos","Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC)","Tianyi Research Institute","Ministry of Defense","Space Development Agency","Central European Institute of Technology","Technical University Berlin","Chinese Ministry of National Defense","21st Century Aerospace Technology (21AT)","Beijing Landview Mapping Information Technology Co. Ltd (BLMIT)","Changsha Tianyi space science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. (Spacety)","Belintersat","Institute of Space Sensor Technology and Planetary Exploration","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)/","German Aerospace Center (DLR)","Salish Kootenai College","National Academy of Sciences","BlackSky Global","NanoAvionics","AST SpaceMobile","Embratel Star One","SpaceQuest, Ltd.","Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI)","University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies","BRITE Consortium","UnseenLabs","AstroForge","Broadcasting Satellite System Corp.","Broadcasting Satellite System Corp./Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation","Defence Science and Technology Group/University of New South Wales","China Academy of Space Technology (CAST)","Satellogic S.A.","Bulsatcom","Capital Technology University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/NASA","University of Louisiana at Lafayette","Capella Space","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)","Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)","Canadian Space Agency","China National Space Administration (CNSA)/National Institute for Space Research (Brazil)","Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.","Earth-i/Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.","Canon Electronics","Air Force Research Laboratory","Fleet Space Technologies","Beijing Future Navigation Technology Co. Ltd.","NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","Ministry of Armed Forces","Defense Innovation Unit/Cesium Astro","China National Space Administration (CNSA)/National Centre for Space Studies (CNES)","TELNET Holding","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center","Spacety Aerospace Company","Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites","Spacety Co. Ltd.","Nanjing University","Epic Aerospace","University of Florida","Chinese Academy of Sciences","GeoOptics Inc.","GeoOptics, Inc.","Ciel Satellite Group","University of California-Berkeley/Imperial College-London","Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder","Utah State University","Unknown US agency","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Colorado State University","Department of Defense/Missile Defense Agency","FH Aachen","Armed Forces","Plan-S","US Air Force/ US Navy/NASA","Astro Digital","Taiwan's National Space Organization/National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Admistration (NOAA)","National Space Program Office (NSPO)/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Boulder, CO","Italian Space Agency/Ministry of Defense","California Polytechnic State University/NASA JPL","University of Colorado","Directorate General of Armaments (DGA)","Argentinian Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation/Radio Club Bariloche","University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","Department of Astronautics, University of Tokyo","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Science, UC Boulder/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","University of Michigan/NASA Earth Science Technology Office","German Orbital Systems","Mexican Space Agency/NanoAvionics","Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)","North Idaho STEM Charter Academy","ADA Space (?)","China Amateur Satellite - CAMSAT","Deimos Imaging/DMC International Imaging (DMCII)","Technical University, Delft","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA)","Khalifa University","DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)","Sky and Space Global, UK","SpacePharma","IT University of Copenhagen, University of Southern Denmark, Aalborg University and Aarhus University","Philippines’ Department of Science and Technology, University of the Philippines Diliman, and Japan’s Hokkaido University and Tohoku University","Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt","Mohammend Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC)","DoD/NOAA","University of Southern California, Space Engineering Research Center/Lockheed Martin","Planet Labs, Inc.","China National Space Administration","Kawasaki Heavy Industries","Singapore Armed Forces","Emirates Institution for Advanced Science & Technology (EIAST)","Academy of Military Science","ESPACE","Global Eagle Entertainment","OHB Italia","Echostar Satellite Services, LLC","HughesNet leased from Echostar Technologies, LLC","Echostar Satellite Services, LLC/Intelsat","Equator Technological University","Airbus","National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS)","Momentus","Roshydromet - Planeta","University of California","DGA (Arms Procurement Agency)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","Clyde Space Ltd./EUTELSAT","Astroscale","Defence Research and Development Organization","EOS Data Analytics","Earth Sciences Enterprise (NASA)","Goddard Space Flight Center/EOS Data and Operations System","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - Earth Science Enterprise/Japan Meteorological Agency/Brazilian Space Agency","Defense Ministry","ImageSat International, NV/Ministry of Defense","EUTELSAT S.A./Es'hailSat","Es’hailSat","ESA/European Maritime Safety Agency","European University Network","Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute","EUTELSAT Americas","EUTELSAT S.A./Nilesat","exactEarth","Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)","California Polytechnic Institute","Russian Satellite Communications Company","Exseed Space","CNES (Centre national d'études spatiales)","Colombian Air Force","US Air Force Academy","InSpace","University of Texas - Austin","Link Space Aerospace Technology","China Meteorological Administration","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/GSFC","University of Stuttgart","US Navy","National Space Organization","Los Alamos National Laboratory","Jihua Laboratory","Copernicus Land and Marine Environment services","AMSAT-UK","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/Sky Perfect JSAT Corp.","Intelsat S.A.","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/DirecTV, Inc.","Gama","China National Academy of Sciences (CNSAS)","China’s Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and Ministry of Agriculture","State Oceanic Administration (SOA)","China's Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and Ministry of Agriculture","Ministry of Natural Resources/Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development/National Bureau of Statistics","People's Liberation Army (C41)","GomSpace ApS","Air Force Research Laboratory/Globalstar","NearSpace Launch/Air Force Research Laboratory","Geespace","Bigelow Aerospace","Korea Meteorological Administration/National Meteorological Satellite Center","DigitalGlobe Corporation","Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/NASA/ESA","Marshall Intec","GHGSat, Inc.","Orbital Sidekick","Globalstar","OHB SE (Orbitale Hochtechnologie Bremen)","PlanetiQ","NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration)","Turkish Ministry of National Defense","Gonets Satcom","JAXA, Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Environmental Studies","Lunasonde","LuxGovSat","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/JAXA","NASA/German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ)","Axelspace","Indian Navy","Indian Air Force","Air Force Satellite Control Network","U.S. Army’s Space and Missile Defense Command","Department of Defense/Army Space and Missile Defense Command","Sanya Institute of Remote Sensing","Xiamen University/Aerospace Dongfanghong Satellite Co. Ltd. {CASC)","Department of Defense/Space Test Program","Hunan Hangsheng Satellite Technology Co., Ltd.","US Army Space and Missile Defense Command","HawkEye 360","HEAD Aerospace","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Délégation Générale de l'Armement (DGA)","Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd.","Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd./INMARSAT","Tokyo Institute of Technology","Hiber Global","Japan Meteorological Agency/Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC)","Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science/NASA","Spacety","Hispasat","National Remote Sensing Center (NRSCC)","China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application (CRESDA)","University of Tokyo and NESTRA","PIESAT","China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)","China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC)","Horizons 2 Satellite, LLC (Intelsat, Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation)","Egyptian Space Agency","Kyushu Institute of Technology (KIT)","Harris Corporation","Shanghai Lizheng Satellite Application Technology","Ministry of Ecology and Environment/Ministry of Emergency Management","European Space Agency (ESA)/NASA","Huaian Youth Comprehensive Development Base","National Space Science Center (NSSC)","Avanti Communications, PLC","ICEYE Ltd.","Cabinet Satellite Intelligence Center (CSIC)","TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute","INMARSAT, Ltd.","INMARSAT, Ltd./European Space Agency (ESA)","Astronautic Technology Sdn. Bhd (ATSB)","University of Colorado’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics/Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology","NRS Lab. Atmospheres, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (Verrieres)","European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)/NASA/Russia","Intelsat S.A./Sky Perfect JSAT Corp.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Multinational","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center","D-Orbit","Iridium Communications, Inc.","National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCKU)","NASA Small Satellite Technology Program","iSky Technology","NASA/CalPoly","TrustPoint, Inc.","ITU Space Systems Design & Test Laboratory","Radio Amateur Society of Thailand (RAST)","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/NOAA/EUMETSAT","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/Kacific","Space OK (Shanghai Ok Space Co Ltd.)","Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd.","Beijing ZeroG Space Technology Co., Ltd./Hong Kong Aerospace Tech Group","Shanghai Jiao Tong University/APSCO","Gang Hang Ke","Hong Kong Aerospace Technology Group","Chinese University Corporation for Polar Research","Crown Prince Foundation","China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp. (CASC)","Scientific Production Corporation (joint stock creation of Russian Space Agency)","Roscosmos State Corporation","Kazcosmos","JSC KazSat","Ghalam LLP","National University of Singapore","Kepler Communications","US Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command","Revolutionary Guard Corps","GUMUSH AeroSpace/University of Turkish Aeronautical Association (UTAA)","Tsinghua University","Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology","KLEO Connect","Chosun University","KT Corporation/Korean Agency for Defense Development (ADD)","KT Corporation","National Institute of Technology at Kochi College","Kleos Space","College of Engineering, King Saud University","Kuwait University","Lacuna Space","Lacuna Space/NanoAvionics","Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/US Geological Survey","Laos National Authority for Science and Technology","Indonesian National Aeronautics and Space Agency (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional - LAPAN)","Aprize Satellite Argentina","US Space Force","Sapienza","Spire Global Inc.","California Polytechnic State University","Harbin Institute/China Amateur Satellite - CAMSAT","General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems","Xinwei Telecom Technology Company","Beijing ZeroG Technology Co. Ltd.","Nanjing and Hong Kong Universities","Changchun Institute of Optics","Russian Federal Space Agency","Federal Security Service (FSB)","SkyFox Labs","Shanghai Academy of Space Technology","University of Vigo/Alén Space","Wuhan University","Lynk Global Inc.","University of Michigan/Montana University","Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC)/Canadian Space Agency","CTRS Morocco/Institut für Luft-und Raumfahrttechnik (Berlin)","Max Valier school Bolzano, Italy, Oskar von Miller school, Merano, Italy","Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT)","MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd.","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","Open Cosmos","PT Telkomunikasi","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)/US Air Force","Military Space Forces (VKS)","Analytical Space","Russian Federal Service For Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (ROSHYDROMET)","EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites)","ESA/EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meterological Satellites)","Space Logistics LLC","Mexico Telecomm","Masdar Institute of Science and Technology","Vietnam National Space Center","MIT/Lincoln Laboratory-University of Massachusetts Amherst","Kingdom of Morocco","Technical University of Munich","Mozhaisky Space Engineering Academy","Mobile Satellite Ventures","DoD/US Navy","ACMEO","Tyvak Nanosatellite Systems, Inc.","Instituto Nacional de Técnia Aeroespacial (INTA)","Brazilian National Institute of Space Research (INPE/MCTI), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)","Shanghai Weixing Keji","Thai Air Force","National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences","DoD/US Air Force","Center of Excellence for Space Sciences and Technologies (SPACE-SI)","Origin Space","Deimos","Unknown","Würzburg Center for Telematics","Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)","Nihon University","NigComSat","National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA)","Egyptian Radio and TV Union","Echostar Corporation (entire payload leased from Telesat Canada Ltd.)","Ningxia Jingui Information Technology Co. Ltd.","Noorul Islam University","PT Pasifik Satelit Nntara","National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (part of international program)","Novosibirsk State University","Norwegian Space Center","Norwegian Space Center/Statsat","UK Government/Surrey Satellite Technologies","National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/NASA","F Space Test Office","NSLComm","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-Ames Research Center/Stanford University","O3b Networks Ltd.","Michigan Technological University/Air Force Research Laboratory","Swedish National Space Board","U.S. Space Force","OneWeb Satellites","Spanish Space Agency","Italian Defense Ministry","Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom)","Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom)/Australian Ministry of Defense","ORBCOMM Inc.","DARPA/Tethers Unlimited","Portland State Aerospace Society","F /ORSO (Operationally Responsive Space Office)","General Atomics - Electromagnetic Systems Group","Mexico Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA)","Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)/PakSat International","Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)","National Reconnaissance Office","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Cornell University","US Naval Academy","Helios Wire/Echostar Global Australia","Hisdesat","Tiger Innovations","Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (NTO) consortium","Dauria Aerospace","Peruvian Space Agency","Rocket Labs","Brigham Young University","German Aerospace Center (DLR-IKN)/TESAT Spacecom","University of Chile for Aerospace Investigation)","Ministry of Defense/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) - cooperation with Austria, Belgium, Spain, Sweden","Ministry of Defense//Centre National d/Etudes Spatiales (CNES) - cooperation with Austria, Belgium, Spain, Sweden","Airbus Defense and Space","US Coast Guard","University of Colorado, Boulder","National Technical University","St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","Italian Space Agency","Naval Post-Graduate School","Georgia Institute of Technology","Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology","Astrodynamics and Control Laboratory of Yonsei University","Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)","Von Karman Institute (VKI)","Qiansheng Exploration Technology Co. Ltd.","Shandong Institutes of Industrial Technology","Orbital Space","iQPS","University of Science and Technology","SES S.A. -- total capacity leased to subsidiary of EchoStar Corp.","University of New South Wales/Department of Defence","MDA Corporation","C3S","Vanderbilt University/AMSAT","Robertsville Middle School, Oak Ridge, Tennessee","Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.","Space Technologies Research Institute","Regional African Satellite Communications Organization (RASCOM)","Applied Physics Laboratory/NASA","Reaktor Space Lab","Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)","Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/exactEarth","Tohoku University","Tohoku University/Hokkaido University","University of Montpellier","Orbital Solutions Monaco","European Space Agency (ESA) (and 250 international scientific investigators)","National Autonomous University of Mexico","AMSAT/Nepal","National Space Activities Commission (CONAE)","Stanford Student Space Initiative","Department of National Defense","EASF/Bundeswehr","Sateliot IoT","Department of Computer Science and the Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University","Riyadh Space Research Institute","Space Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)/US Navy","Strategic Space Command/Space Surveillance Network","Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)","University of North Carolina - Wilmington","SES S.A./EchoStar Satellite Services, LLC","Telebras/Brazilian Air Force","Teen Satellite Project","NASA Langley Research Center","China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom)","Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT)","Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering","Chinese Academy of Space Techology (CAST)","National Space Program","Italian Defense Ministry/Telespazio","Italian Defense Ministry/French Defense Ministry","ESA/Royal Meteorological Institute, Belgium","SRI International","Sirius XM Holdings","XM Satellite Radio","China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co. Ltd.","Sky Mexico","NBN Co (operated by Optus)","DirecTV Latin America/Intelsat","Skykraft","Intelsat/Paradigm Secure Communications (wholly owned by EADS Astrium)","Ministry of Defense/Paradigm Secure Communications (wholly owned by EADS Astrium)","LightSquared","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/European Space Agency (ESA)","US Southern Command","Seoul National University","National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (JPN)","Astrotech SOHLA","Technical University Dresden","University of Würzburg","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Office/Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Univ. of Colorado","COSMIAC (Configurable Space Microsystems Innovations & Applications Center)","South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation","Swarm Technologies","Hughes Space and Communications Co.","Hisdesat/Ministry of Defense","Air Force Research Laboratory/Swedish Defense Materiel Administration","Omnispace","Endurosat","Astro Space Center of Moscow/Russian Academy of Sciences","Ministry of Defense/General Delegation for Ordnance (DGA)","Spot Image","SRM University","Government of Sudan","Chilean Air Force","Beihang University/APSCO","Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO)","Singapore Telecommunications Ltd. (SingTel)/Chunghwa Telecom Co. Ltd.","Sony","Scanway/German Orbital Systems","SatRevolution/Steamjet","Sternula","SatRevolution","Atlas 5","Synspective","Missile Defense Agency (MDA)","University of Chile","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/DSN Corp.","Beijing Space View Technology","Goddard Space Flight Center/Penn State University","Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lanne (EPFL)","Naval Research Laboratory","Operational Responsive Space (ORS) Office","Kenya Space Agency","Beijing MinoSpace Technology Co., Ltd.","Minospace","German Aerospace Center (DLR)/Astrium","Alibaba","Orbit Fab","Herzliya Science Center","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/SES Americom (SES [Société Européenne des Satellites (SES)])","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Ames Research Center","Teikyo University","AgilSpace","Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.)/APT Satellite Holdings Ltd.","Colorado State University","German Aerospace Center (DLR)/Infoterra","TerraStar Corporation","U.S. Space Force/Other Transaction Authority","Thaicom Public Company Ltd.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/University of California, Berkeley (in partnership with Germany, France, Austria, Canada)","Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA)","Telenor Satellite Broadcasting","Thuraya Satellite Communications","China Manned Space Engineering Office (CMSEO)","Tianjin University","Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CASIC)","Xiyong Microelectrics Park","Guodian Gaoke","GasTianta and GZH-HNJ BDS AGR Co., Ltd.","Sun Yat-sen University","Insight Position Digital Intelligence Technology Service Co., Ltd.","China Telecom","National University of Defense Technology","China Electronic Technology Group","CASIOM","Spacety Aerospace Company/ThrustMe","Spacety Aerospace Company/Changsha Gaoxinqu Tianyi Research Institute","Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)/China Academy of Space Technology","Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","La Sapienza University of Rome","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins","Bolivia Aerospace Bureau","Tomorrow.io","University of Malibor/SkyLabs","MyRadar","Tallinn University of Technology","Technical University of Graz","Turkmenistan Ministry of Communications/SSI-Monaco","Turksat","Elbit Systems","UK/DMC International Imaging (DMCII)","UMBRA","Alba Orbital","Wakayama University (UNIFORM consortium)","Polytechnic University of Madrid","University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)/National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)","NASA/Carnegie Mellon University","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","VISIONA Tecnologia Espacial S.A.","Care Weather Technologies","Nanyang Technological University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Israel Space Agency","ViaSat, Inc.","Momentus, Inc.","Vietnamese Posts and Telecommunications Group (VNPT)","C3S LLC","Space Technology Institute-Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (STI-VAST)","Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities","Shanghai Micro Satellite Engineering Center","CENTI (China-Europe Networks of technology and Innovation)","Military Satellite Communications - US Air Force","WildBlue Communications","La Sapienza University of Rome/Machakos University/University of Nairobi, Kenya","Weathernews, Inc.","Maxar Technologies Inc.","Centre for Research in Satellite Technology (CREST)","MinoSpace Technology","Chengdu Guoxing Aerospace Technology Co. Ltd.","Xingyun Satellite Co.","DFH Satellite Co. Ltd.","European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)","Ministry of Defense/XTAR","DFH Satellite Co. Ltd./AMSAT-China","Chinese Amateur Satellite (CAMSAT)","Loft Orbital/Fugro","Loft Orbital","Gazprom Space Systems","Bauman Moscow State Technical University","GalaxySpace","Galaxy Space","Hubei University of Technology (HUT)","Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","French South African Institute of Technology/Cape Peninsula University of Technology","QOSMOSYS","China Earthquake Administration/Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics","Zhejiang University","Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd.","Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology Co."],"operatorCountry":["","USA","United Kingdom","Finland","Denmark","Multinational","Israel","Austria","ESA","Lithuania","Norway","Spain","United Arab Emirates","Kazakhstan","Algeria","Japan","Brazil","Russia","South Korea","Angola","Canada","Argentina","USA/Argentina","China","Belgium","Turkey","Luxembourg","Switzerland","India","France/Italy","Singapore","Azerbaijan","Bangladesh","Czech Republic","Germany","Belarus","Netherlands","Indonesia","France","Australia","Bulgaria","China/Brazil","China/France","Tunisia","Taiwan","Italy","Mexico","Ecuador","Egypt","USA/Canada/Japan","USA/Japan/Brazil","Ethiopia","Colombia","USA/Japan","USA/Germany","France/Italy/Belgium/Spain/Greece","Greece","Greece/United Kingdom","United Kingdom/ESA","Malaysia","USA/India/Singapore/Taiwan","ESA/Russia","Thailand","USA/France","Japan/Singapore","Jordan","Iran","Saudi Arabia","Kuwait","United Kingdom/Netherlands","Laos","Morocco/Germany","South Africa","India/France","Vietnam","Morocco","USA/Canada","Slovenia","Sinapore","Nigeria","Sweden","Pakistan","Peru","New Zealand","Chile","Ukraine","Hungary","India/Canada","Monaco","Nepal","France/Belgium/Sweden","Sudan","Singapore/Taiwan","USA/Poland","Poland/UK","Poland","USA/United Kingdom/Italy","Kenya","Iraq","Bolivia","Estonia","Turkmenistan/Monaco","France/Israel","Venezuela","China/Italy"],"purpose":["","Earth Observation","Technology Development","Communications","Earth Science","Space Science","Space Science/Technology Demonstration","Communications/Technology Development","Communications/Maritime Tracking","Technology Demonstration","Unknown","Navigation/Global Positioning","Earth Observation/Technology Development","Earth Observation/Communications","Earth/Space Observation","Educational","Earth Observation/Earth Science","Platform","Earth Observation/Space Science","Earth Observation/Navigation","Communications/Navigation","Space 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Imaging (video)","Video Imaging","Optical Imaging/Automatic Identification System (AIS)","Radio Frequency Monitoring","Meteorology, Automatic Identification System (AIS)","X-ray Astronomy","Technology Development","Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)","Optical/Infrared Imaging","Optical/Video Imaging","Radio Spectrum Monitoring","Surveillance","Optical/Hyperspectral Imaging","Situational Awareness","Radar Imaging/Electronic Intelligence","Microwave Radiometer","Meteorology/Earth Science","Data Relay","Optical, Near-Infrared","Synthetic Aperture Imaging","Meteorology/Radar","Navigation","Optical Imaging/Infrared 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(Spacety)","Belintersat","Institute of Space Sensor Technology and Planetary Exploration","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)/","German Aerospace Center (DLR)","Salish Kootenai College","National Academy of Sciences","BlackSky Global","NanoAvionics","AST SpaceMobile","Embratel Star One","SpaceQuest, Ltd.","Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI)","University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies","BRITE Consortium","UnseenLabs","AstroForge","Broadcasting Satellite System Corp.","Broadcasting Satellite System Corp./Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation","Defence Science and Technology Group/University of New South Wales","China Academy of Space Technology (CAST)","Satellogic S.A.","Bulsatcom","Capital Technology University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/NASA","University of Louisiana at Lafayette","Capella Space","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)","Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)","Canadian Space Agency","China National Space Administration (CNSA)/National Institute for Space Research (Brazil)","Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.","Earth-i/Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.","Canon Electronics","Air Force Research Laboratory","Fleet Space Technologies","Beijing Future Navigation Technology Co. Ltd.","NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","Ministry of Armed Forces","Defense Innovation Unit/Cesium Astro","China National Space Administration (CNSA)/National Centre for Space Studies (CNES)","TELNET Holding","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center","Spacety Aerospace Company","Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites","Spacety Co. Ltd.","Nanjing University","Epic Aerospace","University of Florida","Chinese Academy of Sciences","GeoOptics Inc.","GeoOptics, Inc.","Ciel Satellite Group","University of California-Berkeley/Imperial College-London","Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder","Utah State University","Unknown US agency","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Colorado State University","Department of Defense/Missile Defense Agency","FH Aachen","Armed Forces","Plan-S","US Air Force/ US Navy/NASA","Astro Digital","Taiwan's National Space Organization/National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Admistration (NOAA)","National Space Program Office (NSPO)/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Boulder, CO","Italian Space Agency/Ministry of Defense","California Polytechnic State University/NASA JPL","University of Colorado","Directorate General of Armaments (DGA)","Argentinian Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation/Radio Club Bariloche","University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","Department of Astronautics, University of Tokyo","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Science, UC Boulder/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","University of Michigan/NASA Earth Science Technology Office","German Orbital Systems","Mexican Space Agency/NanoAvionics","Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)","North Idaho STEM Charter Academy","ADA Space (?)","China Amateur Satellite - CAMSAT","Deimos Imaging/DMC International Imaging (DMCII)","Technical University, Delft","Massachusetts Institute of Technology","Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA)","Khalifa University","DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)","Sky and Space Global, UK","SpacePharma","IT University of Copenhagen, University of Southern Denmark, Aalborg University and Aarhus University","Philippines’ Department of Science and Technology, University of the Philippines Diliman, and Japan’s Hokkaido University and Tohoku University","Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt","Mohammend Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC)","DoD/NOAA","University of Southern California, Space Engineering Research Center/Lockheed Martin","Planet Labs, Inc.","China National Space Administration","Kawasaki Heavy Industries","Singapore Armed Forces","Emirates Institution for Advanced Science & Technology (EIAST)","Academy of Military Science","ESPACE","Global Eagle Entertainment","OHB Italia","Echostar Satellite Services, LLC","HughesNet leased from Echostar Technologies, LLC","Echostar Satellite Services, LLC/Intelsat","Equator Technological University","Airbus","National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Science (NARSS)","Momentus","Roshydromet - Planeta","University of California","DGA (Arms Procurement Agency)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","Clyde Space Ltd./EUTELSAT","Astroscale","Defence Research and Development Organization","EOS Data Analytics","Earth Sciences Enterprise (NASA)","Goddard Space Flight Center/EOS Data and Operations System","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - Earth Science Enterprise/Japan Meteorological Agency/Brazilian Space Agency","Defense Ministry","ImageSat International, NV/Ministry of Defense","EUTELSAT S.A./Es'hailSat","Es’hailSat","ESA/European Maritime Safety Agency","European University Network","Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute","EUTELSAT Americas","EUTELSAT S.A./Nilesat","exactEarth","Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)","California Polytechnic Institute","Russian Satellite Communications Company","Exseed Space","CNES (Centre national d'études spatiales)","Colombian Air Force","US Air Force Academy","InSpace","University of Texas - Austin","Link Space Aerospace Technology","China Meteorological Administration","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/GSFC","University of Stuttgart","US Navy","National Space Organization","Los Alamos National Laboratory","Jihua Laboratory","Copernicus Land and Marine Environment services","AMSAT-UK","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/Sky Perfect JSAT Corp.","Intelsat S.A.","PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/DirecTV, Inc.","Gama","China National Academy of Sciences (CNSAS)","China’s Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and Ministry of Agriculture","State Oceanic Administration (SOA)","China's Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and Ministry of Agriculture","Ministry of Natural Resources/Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development/National Bureau of Statistics","People's Liberation Army (C41)","GomSpace ApS","Air Force Research Laboratory/Globalstar","NearSpace Launch/Air Force Research Laboratory","Geespace","Bigelow Aerospace","Korea Meteorological Administration/National Meteorological Satellite Center","DigitalGlobe Corporation","Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/NASA/ESA","Marshall Intec","GHGSat, Inc.","Orbital Sidekick","Globalstar","OHB SE (Orbitale Hochtechnologie Bremen)","PlanetiQ","NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration)","Turkish Ministry of National Defense","Gonets Satcom","JAXA, Ministry of Environment, National Institute of Environmental Studies","Lunasonde","LuxGovSat","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/JAXA","NASA/German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ)","Axelspace","Indian Navy","Indian Air Force","Air Force Satellite Control Network","U.S. Army’s Space and Missile Defense Command","Department of Defense/Army Space and Missile Defense Command","Sanya Institute of Remote Sensing","Xiamen University/Aerospace Dongfanghong Satellite Co. Ltd. {CASC)","Department of Defense/Space Test Program","Hunan Hangsheng Satellite Technology Co., Ltd.","US Army Space and Missile Defense Command","HawkEye 360","HEAD Aerospace","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Délégation Générale de l'Armement (DGA)","Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd.","Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd./INMARSAT","Tokyo Institute of Technology","Hiber Global","Japan Meteorological Agency/Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC)","Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science/NASA","Spacety","Hispasat","National Remote Sensing Center (NRSCC)","China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application (CRESDA)","University of Tokyo and NESTRA","PIESAT","China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)","China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC)","Horizons 2 Satellite, LLC (Intelsat, Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation)","Egyptian Space Agency","Kyushu Institute of Technology (KIT)","Harris Corporation","Shanghai Lizheng Satellite Application Technology","Ministry of Ecology and Environment/Ministry of Emergency Management","European Space Agency (ESA)/NASA","Huaian Youth Comprehensive Development Base","National Space Science Center (NSSC)","Avanti Communications, PLC","ICEYE Ltd.","Cabinet Satellite Intelligence Center (CSIC)","TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute","INMARSAT, Ltd.","INMARSAT, Ltd./European Space Agency (ESA)","Astronautic Technology Sdn. Bhd (ATSB)","University of Colorado’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics/Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology","NRS Lab. Atmospheres, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (Verrieres)","European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)/NASA/Russia","Intelsat S.A./Sky Perfect JSAT Corp.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Multinational","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center","D-Orbit","Iridium Communications, Inc.","National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCKU)","NASA Small Satellite Technology Program","iSky Technology","NASA/CalPoly","TrustPoint, Inc.","ITU Space Systems Design & Test Laboratory","Radio Amateur Society of Thailand (RAST)","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/NOAA/EUMETSAT","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/Kacific","Space OK (Shanghai Ok Space Co Ltd.)","Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd.","Beijing ZeroG Space Technology Co., Ltd./Hong Kong Aerospace Tech Group","Shanghai Jiao Tong University/APSCO","Gang Hang Ke","Hong Kong Aerospace Technology Group","Chinese University Corporation for Polar Research","Crown Prince Foundation","China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp. (CASC)","Scientific Production Corporation (joint stock creation of Russian Space Agency)","Roscosmos State Corporation","Kazcosmos","JSC KazSat","Ghalam LLP","National University of Singapore","Kepler Communications","US Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command","Revolutionary Guard Corps","GUMUSH AeroSpace/University of Turkish Aeronautical Association (UTAA)","Tsinghua University","Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology","KLEO Connect","Chosun University","KT Corporation/Korean Agency for Defense Development (ADD)","KT Corporation","National Institute of Technology at Kochi College","Kleos Space","College of Engineering, King Saud University","Kuwait University","Lacuna Space","Lacuna Space/NanoAvionics","Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/US Geological Survey","Laos National Authority for Science and Technology","Indonesian National Aeronautics and Space Agency (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional - LAPAN)","Aprize Satellite Argentina","US Space Force","Sapienza","Spire Global Inc.","California Polytechnic State University","Harbin Institute/China Amateur Satellite - CAMSAT","General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems","Xinwei Telecom Technology Company","Beijing ZeroG Technology Co. Ltd.","Nanjing and Hong Kong Universities","Changchun Institute of Optics","Russian Federal Space Agency","Federal Security Service (FSB)","SkyFox Labs","Shanghai Academy of Space Technology","University of Vigo/Alén Space","Wuhan University","Lynk Global Inc.","University of Michigan/Montana University","Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC)/Canadian Space Agency","CTRS Morocco/Institut für Luft-und Raumfahrttechnik (Berlin)","Max Valier school Bolzano, Italy, Oskar von Miller school, Merano, Italy","Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT)","MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd.","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)","Open Cosmos","PT Telkomunikasi","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)/US Air Force","Military Space Forces (VKS)","Analytical Space","Russian Federal Service For Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (ROSHYDROMET)","EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites)","ESA/EUMETSAT (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meterological Satellites)","Space Logistics LLC","Mexico Telecomm","Masdar Institute of Science and Technology","Vietnam National Space Center","MIT/Lincoln Laboratory-University of Massachusetts Amherst","Kingdom of Morocco","Technical University of Munich","Mozhaisky Space Engineering Academy","Mobile Satellite Ventures","DoD/US Navy","ACMEO","Tyvak Nanosatellite Systems, Inc.","Instituto Nacional de Técnia Aeroespacial (INTA)","Brazilian National Institute of Space Research (INPE/MCTI), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM)","Shanghai Weixing Keji","Thai Air Force","National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences","DoD/US Air Force","Center of Excellence for Space Sciences and Technologies (SPACE-SI)","Origin Space","Deimos","Unknown","Würzburg Center for Telematics","Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)","Nihon University","NigComSat","National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA)","Egyptian Radio and TV Union","Echostar Corporation (entire payload leased from Telesat Canada Ltd.)","Ningxia Jingui Information Technology Co. Ltd.","Noorul Islam University","PT Pasifik Satelit Nntara","National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (part of international program)","Novosibirsk State University","Norwegian Space Center","Norwegian Space Center/Statsat","UK Government/Surrey Satellite Technologies","National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/NASA","F Space Test Office","NSLComm","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-Ames Research Center/Stanford University","O3b Networks Ltd.","Michigan Technological University/Air Force Research Laboratory","Swedish National Space Board","U.S. Space Force","OneWeb Satellites","Spanish Space Agency","Italian Defense Ministry","Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom)","Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom)/Australian Ministry of Defense","ORBCOMM Inc.","DARPA/Tethers Unlimited","Portland State Aerospace Society","F /ORSO (Operationally Responsive Space Office)","General Atomics - Electromagnetic Systems Group","Mexico Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA)","Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)/PakSat International","Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)","National Reconnaissance Office","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Cornell University","US Naval Academy","Helios Wire/Echostar Global Australia","Hisdesat","Tiger Innovations","Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (NTO) consortium","Dauria Aerospace","Peruvian Space Agency","Rocket Labs","Brigham Young University","German Aerospace Center (DLR-IKN)/TESAT Spacecom","University of Chile for Aerospace Investigation)","Ministry of Defense/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) - cooperation with Austria, Belgium, Spain, Sweden","Ministry of Defense//Centre National d/Etudes Spatiales (CNES) - cooperation with Austria, Belgium, Spain, Sweden","Airbus Defense and Space","US Coast Guard","University of Colorado, Boulder","National Technical University","St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","Italian Space Agency","Naval Post-Graduate School","Georgia Institute of Technology","Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology","Astrodynamics and Control Laboratory of Yonsei University","Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)","Von Karman Institute (VKI)","Qiansheng Exploration Technology Co. Ltd.","Shandong Institutes of Industrial Technology","Orbital Space","iQPS","University of Science and Technology","SES S.A. -- total capacity leased to subsidiary of EchoStar Corp.","University of New South Wales/Department of Defence","MDA Corporation","C3S","Vanderbilt University/AMSAT","Robertsville Middle School, Oak Ridge, Tennessee","Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.","Space Technologies Research Institute","Regional African Satellite Communications Organization (RASCOM)","Applied Physics Laboratory/NASA","Reaktor Space Lab","Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)","Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics","Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/exactEarth","Tohoku University","Tohoku University/Hokkaido University","University of Montpellier","Orbital Solutions Monaco","European Space Agency (ESA) (and 250 international scientific investigators)","National Autonomous University of Mexico","AMSAT/Nepal","National Space Activities Commission (CONAE)","Stanford Student Space Initiative","Department of National Defense","EASF/Bundeswehr","Sateliot IoT","Department of Computer Science and the Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University","Riyadh Space Research Institute","Space Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)/US Navy","Strategic Space Command/Space Surveillance Network","Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)","University of North Carolina - Wilmington","SES S.A./EchoStar Satellite Services, LLC","Telebras/Brazilian Air Force","Teen Satellite Project","NASA Langley Research Center","China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom)","Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT)","Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering","Chinese Academy of Space Techology (CAST)","National Space Program","Italian Defense Ministry/Telespazio","Italian Defense Ministry/French Defense Ministry","ESA/Royal Meteorological Institute, Belgium","SRI International","Sirius XM Holdings","XM Satellite Radio","China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co. Ltd.","Sky Mexico","NBN Co (operated by Optus)","DirecTV Latin America/Intelsat","Skykraft","Intelsat/Paradigm Secure Communications (wholly owned by EADS Astrium)","Ministry of Defense/Paradigm Secure Communications (wholly owned by EADS Astrium)","LightSquared","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/European Space Agency (ESA)","US Southern Command","Seoul National University","National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (JPN)","Astrotech SOHLA","Technical University Dresden","University of Würzburg","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Office/Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Univ. of Colorado","COSMIAC (Configurable Space Microsystems Innovations & Applications Center)","South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation","Swarm Technologies","Hughes Space and Communications Co.","Hisdesat/Ministry of Defense","Air Force Research Laboratory/Swedish Defense Materiel Administration","Omnispace","Endurosat","Astro Space Center of Moscow/Russian Academy of Sciences","Ministry of Defense/General Delegation for Ordnance (DGA)","Spot Image","SRM University","Government of Sudan","Chilean Air Force","Beihang University/APSCO","Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO)","Singapore Telecommunications Ltd. (SingTel)/Chunghwa Telecom Co. Ltd.","Sony","Scanway/German Orbital Systems","SatRevolution/Steamjet","Sternula","SatRevolution","Atlas 5","Synspective","Missile Defense Agency (MDA)","University of Chile","Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/DSN Corp.","Beijing Space View Technology","Goddard Space Flight Center/Penn State University","Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lanne (EPFL)","Naval Research Laboratory","Operational Responsive Space (ORS) Office","Kenya Space Agency","Beijing MinoSpace Technology Co., Ltd.","Minospace","German Aerospace Center (DLR)/Astrium","Alibaba","Orbit Fab","Herzliya Science Center","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/SES Americom (SES [Société Européenne des Satellites (SES)])","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Ames Research Center","Teikyo University","AgilSpace","Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.)/APT Satellite Holdings Ltd.","Colorado State University","German Aerospace Center (DLR)/Infoterra","TerraStar Corporation","U.S. Space Force/Other Transaction Authority","Thaicom Public Company Ltd.","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/University of California, Berkeley (in partnership with Germany, France, Austria, Canada)","Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA)","Telenor Satellite Broadcasting","Thuraya Satellite Communications","China Manned Space Engineering Office (CMSEO)","Tianjin University","Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CASIC)","Xiyong Microelectrics Park","Guodian Gaoke","GasTianta and GZH-HNJ BDS AGR Co., Ltd.","Sun Yat-sen University","Insight Position Digital Intelligence Technology Service Co., Ltd.","China Telecom","National University of Defense Technology","China Electronic Technology Group","CASIOM","Spacety Aerospace Company/ThrustMe","Spacety Aerospace Company/Changsha Gaoxinqu Tianyi Research Institute","Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)/China Academy of Space Technology","Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","La Sapienza University of Rome","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins","Bolivia Aerospace Bureau","Tomorrow.io","University of Malibor/SkyLabs","MyRadar","Tallinn University of Technology","Technical University of Graz","Turkmenistan Ministry of Communications/SSI-Monaco","Turksat","Elbit Systems","UK/DMC International Imaging (DMCII)","UMBRA","Alba Orbital","Wakayama University (UNIFORM consortium)","Polytechnic University of Madrid","University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)/National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)","NASA/Carnegie Mellon University","National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","VISIONA Tecnologia Espacial S.A.","Care Weather Technologies","Nanyang Technological University","Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/Israel Space Agency","ViaSat, Inc.","Momentus, Inc.","Vietnamese Posts and Telecommunications Group (VNPT)","C3S LLC","Space Technology Institute-Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (STI-VAST)","Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities","Shanghai Micro Satellite Engineering Center","CENTI (China-Europe Networks of technology and Innovation)","Military Satellite Communications - US Air Force","WildBlue Communications","La Sapienza University of Rome/Machakos University/University of Nairobi, Kenya","Weathernews, Inc.","Maxar Technologies Inc.","Centre for Research in Satellite Technology (CREST)","MinoSpace Technology","Chengdu Guoxing Aerospace Technology Co. Ltd.","Xingyun Satellite Co.","DFH Satellite Co. Ltd.","European Space Operations Centre (ESOC)","Ministry of Defense/XTAR","DFH Satellite Co. Ltd./AMSAT-China","Chinese Amateur Satellite (CAMSAT)","Loft Orbital/Fugro","Loft Orbital","Gazprom Space Systems","Bauman Moscow State Technical University","GalaxySpace","Galaxy Space","Hubei University of Technology (HUT)","Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","French South African Institute of Technology/Cape Peninsula University of Technology","QOSMOSYS","China Earthquake Administration/Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics","Zhejiang University","Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd.","Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology Co."],"operatorCountry":["","USA","United Kingdom","Finland","Denmark","Multinational","Israel","Austria","ESA","Lithuania","Norway","Spain","United Arab Emirates","Kazakhstan","Algeria","Japan","Brazil","Russia","South Korea","Angola","Canada","Argentina","USA/Argentina","China","Belgium","Turkey","Luxembourg","Switzerland","India","France/Italy","Singapore","Azerbaijan","Bangladesh","Czech Republic","Germany","Belarus","Netherlands","Indonesia","France","Australia","Bulgaria","China/Brazil","China/France","Tunisia","Taiwan","Italy","Mexico","Ecuador","Egypt","USA/Canada/Japan","USA/Japan/Brazil","Ethiopia","Colombia","USA/Japan","USA/Germany","France/Italy/Belgium/Spain/Greece","Greece","Greece/United Kingdom","United Kingdom/ESA","Malaysia","USA/India/Singapore/Taiwan","ESA/Russia","Thailand","USA/France","Japan/Singapore","Jordan","Iran","Saudi Arabia","Kuwait","United Kingdom/Netherlands","Laos","Morocco/Germany","South 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19,392,1,2],[52420,610,34,2],[52422,83,38,1],[52423,170,1,2],[52424,170,1,2],[52426,170,1,2],[52443,315,23,1],[52444,315,23,1],[52445,315,23,1],[52446,315,23,1],[52447,315,23,1],[52448,315,23,1],[52449,315,23,1],[52450,315,23,1],[52713,61,17,1],[52732,352,1,1],[52733,352,1,1],[52735,119,1,1],[52736,352,1,1],[52741,119,1,1],[52747,89,21,1],[52748,89,21,1],[52749,290,3,1],[52752,89,21,1],[52755,290,3,1],[52758,290,3,1],[52759,290,3,1],[52762,290,3,1],[52764,89,21,1],[52769,352,1,1],[52785,233,23,19],[52786,233,23,19],[52787,233,23,19],[52788,233,23,19],[52789,233,23,19],[52790,233,23,19],[52791,233,23,19],[52792,233,23,19],[52793,233,23,19],[52817,409,48,3],[52887,496,34,1],[52888,241,1,3],[52889,8,1,10],[52890,8,1,10],[52891,8,1,10],[52892,8,1,10],[52894,465,18,9],[52897,336,18,1],[52898,478,18,1],[52899,530,18,9],[52901,600,23,5],[52903,95,28,3],[52904,372,59,3],[52907,65,23,1],[52908,65,23,1],[52909,65,23,1],[52912,224,23,1],[52933,27,26,3],[52935,167,30,1],[52937,403,78,1],[52941,350,1,2],[52942,350,1,2],[52984,61,17,11],[53100,322,23,3],[53102,8,1,1],[53128,520,23,1],[53129,520,23,1],[53316,65,23,1],[53318,65,23,1],[53352,8,1,2],[53355,9,1,1],[53370,331,66,1],[53371,459,17,2],[53372,459,17,2],[53586,117,23,2],[53698,65,23,1],[53757,635,23,3],[53758,635,23,3],[53760,88,23,1],[53761,88,23,1],[53763,88,23,1],[53765,13,5,3],[53808,77,1,3],[53813,509,23,3],[53815,559,15,1],[53876,117,23,2],[53877,463,23,1],[53883,8,1,1],[53884,88,23,2],[53885,88,23,2],[53943,65,23,1],[53946,65,23,1],[53947,65,23,1],[53948,463,23,2],[53949,510,23,2],[53950,463,23,2],[53960,27,26,3],[53961,27,26,3],[54020,634,23,2],[54021,634,23,2],[54026,221,1,3],[54027,221,1,3],[54029,117,23,5],[54031,61,17,11],[54033,34,19,3],[54035,285,23,1],[54042,65,23,1],[54043,65,23,1],[54045,65,23,1],[54048,13,5,3],[54109,61,17,22],[54110,61,17,22],[54113,427,2,3],[54114,427,2,3],[54115,427,2,3],[54116,427,2,3],[54117,427,2,3],[54118,427,2,3],[54119,427,2,3],[54120,427,2,3],[54121,427,2,3],[54122,427,2,3],[54123,427,2,3],[54124,427,2,3],[54125,427,2,3],[54126,427,2,3],[54127,427,2,3],[54128,427,2,3],[54129,427,2,3],[54130,427,2,3],[54131,427,2,3],[54132,427,2,3],[54133,427,2,3],[54134,427,2,3],[54135,427,2,3],[54136,427,2,3],[54137,427,2,3],[54138,427,2,3],[54139,427,2,3],[54140,427,2,3],[54141,427,2,3],[54142,427,2,3],[54143,427,2,3],[54144,427,2,3],[54145,427,2,3],[54146,427,2,3],[54147,427,2,3],[54148,427,2,3],[54225,13,5,3],[54642,427,2,3],[54643,427,2,3],[54644,427,2,3],[54645,427,2,3],[54646,427,2,3],[54647,427,2,3],[54648,427,2,3],[54649,427,2,3],[54650,427,2,3],[54651,427,2,3],[54652,427,2,3],[54653,427,2,3],[54654,427,2,3],[54655,427,2,3],[54656,427,2,3],[54657,427,2,3],[54658,427,2,3],[54659,427,2,3],[54660,427,2,3],[54661,427,2,3],[54662,427,2,3],[54663,427,2,3],[54664,427,2,3],[54665,427,2,3],[54666,427,2,3],[54667,427,2,3],[54668,427,2,3],[54669,427,2,3],[54670,427,2,3],[54671,427,2,3],[54672,427,2,3],[54673,427,2,3],[54674,427,2,3],[54675,427,2,3],[54676,427,2,3],[54677,427,2,3],[54678,427,2,3],[54679,427,2,3],[54680,427,2,3],[54681,427,2,3],[54940,358,23,5],[55009,554,93,9],[55010,374,11,1],[55011,83,38,1],[55012,129,25,3],[55013,352,26,1],[55014,352,26,1],[55015,71,10,1],[55017,352,26,1],[55018,340,26,1],[55019,340,26,1],[55020,164,1,1],[55021,164,1,1],[55022,164,1,1],[55023,164,1,1],[55024,164,1,1],[55025,164,1,1],[55026,164,1,1],[55027,164,1,1],[55028,164,1,1],[55029,164,1,1],[55030,164,1,1],[55031,164,1,1],[55032,164,1,1],[55033,164,1,1],[55034,366,1,3],[55035,164,1,1],[55036,617,1,1],[55037,352,26,1],[55038,352,26,1],[55039,164,1,1],[55040,164,1,1],[55041,524,39,9],[55042,164,1,1],[55043,164,1,1],[55044,556,4,1],[55045,89,21,1],[55046,366,1,3],[55047,89,21,1],[55048,89,21,1],[55049,290,3,1],[55050,617,1,1],[55052,524,39,9],[55053,186,1,1],[55054,524,39,9],[55055,164,1,1],[55056,629,1,2],[55057,164,1,1],[55058,524,39,9],[55061,524,39,9],[55062,290,3,1],[55063,164,1,1],[55064,89,21,1],[55065,164,1,1],[55066,164,1,1],[55067,421,6,2],[55068,164,1,1],[55069,164,1,1],[55070,164,1,1],[55071,164,1,1],[55072,553,15,5],[55073,574,6,5],[55074,164,1,1],[55075,164,1,1],[55076,651,1,9],[55077,164,1,1],[55078,164,1,1],[55079,164,1,1],[55080,164,1,1],[55081,458,85,2],[55082,164,1,1],[55083,164,1,1],[55084,223,38,2],[55085,340,26,1],[55086,340,26,1],[55087,538,1,3],[55088,352,26,1],[55089,538,1,3],[55090,115,21,9],[55091,538,1,3],[55092,538,1,3],[55093,71,10,1],[55094,538,1,3],[55095,538,1,3],[55096,538,1,3],[55097,538,1,3],[55098,63,33,3],[55099,538,1,3],[55100,538,1,3],[55101,538,1,3],[55102,538,1,3],[55103,342,68,2],[55107,2,2,1],[55108,659,30,2],[55133,315,23,2],[55134,592,23,28],[55135,592,23,28],[55136,593,23,2],[55137,396,23,2],[55138,583,1,2],[55140,427,2,3],[55141,427,2,3],[55142,427,2,3],[55143,427,2,3],[55144,427,2,3],[55145,427,2,3],[55146,427,2,3],[55147,427,2,3],[55148,427,2,3],[55149,427,2,3],[55150,427,2,3],[55151,427,2,3],[55152,427,2,3],[55153,427,2,3],[55154,427,2,3],[55155,427,2,3],[55156,427,2,3],[55157,427,2,3],[55158,427,2,3],[55159,427,2,3],[55160,427,2,3],[55161,427,2,3],[55162,427,2,3],[55163,427,2,3],[55164,427,2,3],[55165,427,2,3],[55166,427,2,3],[55167,427,2,3],[55168,427,2,3],[55169,427,2,3],[55239,37,23,3],[55242,512,23,2],[55243,512,23,2],[55244,65,23,1],[55248,468,23,1],[55249,468,23,1],[55250,365,23,1],[55251,315,23,1],[55252,315,23,1],[55253,315,23,1],[55254,315,23,1],[55255,315,23,1],[55256,315,23,1],[55257,68,23,1],[55258,318,23,1],[55259,318,23,1],[55260,318,23,1],[55261,604,23,2],[55263,9,1,3],[55264,350,1,2],[55268,399,1,11],[55324,263,1,22],[55326,263,1,22],[55327,263,1,22],[55329,291,15,1],[55506,180,17,1],[55508,25,11,3],[55562,95,28,9],[55683,293,2,3],[55686,509,23,3],[55690,281,48,1],[55801,427,2,3],[55802,427,2,3],[55803,427,2,3],[55804,427,2,3],[55805,427,2,3],[55806,427,2,3],[55807,427,2,3],[55808,427,2,3],[55809,427,2,3],[55810,427,2,3],[55811,427,2,3],[55812,427,2,3],[55813,427,2,3],[55814,427,2,3],[55815,427,2,3],[55816,427,2,3],[55817,427,2,3],[55818,427,2,3],[55819,427,2,3],[55820,427,2,3],[55821,427,2,3],[55822,427,2,3],[55823,427,2,3],[55824,427,2,3],[55825,427,2,3],[55826,427,2,3],[55827,427,2,3],[55828,427,2,3],[55829,427,2,3],[55830,427,2,3],[55836,322,23,1],[55839,322,23,1],[55841,361,17,3],[55844,281,48,1],[55861,511,23,2],[55909,94,1,1],[55910,94,1,1],[55912,224,23,1],[55970,27,26,3],[55971,27,26,3],[55973,592,23,28],[55974,592,23,28],[55975,592,23,28],[55976,592,23,28],[55978,61,17,1],[55982,75,1,1],[55983,75,1,1],[56055,427,2,3],[56056,427,2,3],[56057,427,2,3],[56058,427,2,3],[56059,427,2,3],[56060,427,2,3],[56061,427,2,3],[56062,427,2,3],[56063,427,2,3],[56064,427,2,3],[56065,427,2,3],[56066,427,2,3],[56067,427,2,3],[56068,427,2,3],[56069,427,2,3],[56070,427,2,3],[56071,427,2,3],[56072,427,2,3],[56073,427,2,3],[56074,427,2,3],[56075,427,2,3],[56076,427,2,3],[56077,427,2,3],[56078,427,2,3],[56079,427,2,3],[56080,427,2,3],[56081,427,2,3],[56083,61,6,1],[56091,61,17,14],[56153,277,39,1],[56154,277,39,1],[56155,277,39,1],[56156,277,39,1],[56157,65,23,1],[56162,62,1,9],[56163,62,1,9],[56164,62,1,9],[56165,62,1,9],[56166,62,1,9],[56167,62,1,9],[56168,62,1,9],[56169,62,1,9],[56170,62,1,9],[56171,62,1,9],[56174,221,1,3],[56178,292,25,1],[56179,84,2,2],[56180,153,12,1],[56181,332,25,3],[56182,352,1,1],[56183,497,1,3],[56184,551,5,2],[56185,83,38,1],[56186,239,20,4],[56187,7,7,4],[56188,122,1,5],[56189,308,1,2],[56190,89,21,1],[56191,263,1,22],[56193,263,1,22],[56194,417,10,1],[56195,240,1,1],[56196,629,1,2],[56197,240,1,1],[56198,617,1,1],[56199,608,1,2],[56201,89,21,1],[56202,89,21,1],[56203,89,21,1],[56204,239,20,4],[56205,205,52,1],[56206,352,1,1],[56207,568,97,1],[56208,455,38,2],[56209,239,20,4],[56210,129,25,1],[56211,297,38,14],[56212,489,88,2],[56213,494,1,1],[56214,344,9,3],[56215,624,16,9],[56216,183,38,9],[56217,329,20,3],[56218,329,20,3],[56219,12,1,4],[56220,12,1,4],[56221,304,44,5],[56222,158,4,5],[56223,631,86,9]]}
diff --git a/src/data/ucsSatellites.js b/src/data/ucsSatellites.js
index 5a87a2bd4..d376570db 100644
--- a/src/data/ucsSatellites.js
+++ b/src/data/ucsSatellites.js
@@ -22,9 +22,7 @@ const PACK_URL = new URL(
 /**
  * One UCS row: what UCS says about a satellite's operator and purpose.
  * @typedef {{noradId: number, operator: string|null,
- *   operatorCountry: string|null, purpose: string|null,
- *   detailedPurpose: string|null, users: string|null,
- *   orbitClass: string|null}} UcsSatellite
+ *   operatorCountry: string|null, purpose: string|null}} UcsSatellite
  */
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs b/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
index 86df68e81..09c9903c4 100644
--- a/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/ucsSatellites.test.mjs
@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@ test('the bundled UCS pack names its release, licence and curation', () => {
     'operator',
     'operatorCountry',
     'purpose',
-    'detailedPurpose',
-    'users',
-    'orbitClass',
   ]);
   // Small enough to load with the layer.
   assert.ok(readFileSync(PACK_URL).length < 200_000);
@@ -49,7 +46,6 @@ test('the pack loads into records keyed by NORAD number', async () => {
       /starlink/i,
       'Starlink rows are dropped',
     );
-    if (record.orbitClass) assert.match(record.orbitClass, /^(LEO|MEO|GEO|ELLIPTICAL)$/);
   }
 });
 

From bf29408d000053153383ff2edd49b2d6a022422a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 15:43:38 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 230/262] chore(cockpit): drop a stale C-key comment and a dead
 fixture field, and keep the orbital stylesheet in the format scope

---
 scripts/format-scope.json          | 1 +
 src/ui/cockpitInput.js             | 2 +-
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs | 6 +-----
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index 5ed51e7fd..f9cb045ac 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -330,6 +330,7 @@
   "src/ui/styles/cockpit.css",
   "src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css",
   "src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css",
+  "src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css",
   "src/ui/styles/command-dock-compact.css",
   "src/app/stateChannel.js",
   "src/app/stateChannel.test.mjs",
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
index b8df16357..c5987e97a 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ export function onScenePointerDown(nowMs = performance.now()) {
 
 /**
  * Enter first person when the followed track itself is double-clicked: the
- * same entry, and the same gates, as C and the entry buttons. The click may
+ * same entry, and the same gates, as the entry buttons. The click may
  * land where the track is drawn now or where it was as the gesture began. A
  * double-click anywhere else, or one a tool owns (drawing ends a shape with
  * one), is left alone.
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
index fc9caad99..559b5d7c6 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ const ISS = Object.freeze({
   id: '25544',
   noradId: 25544,
   name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
-  classKey: 'station',
+  satelliteClass: 'stations',
   classLabel: 'STATION · ISS',
   latitude: 30,
   longitude: -97,
@@ -822,10 +822,6 @@ test('a map already leased elsewhere does not keep orbit out', async (t) => {
   assert.equal(store.orbital, null);
 });
 
-/**
- * A double-click `offsetPx` from where the followed satellite is drawn; the
- * scene projects the satellite to (400, 300) on a canvas at (10, 20).
- */
 /**
  * A double-click `offsetPx` from where the followed satellite is drawn, at
  * (400, 300) on the canvas, through Cesium's double-click handler.

From 85d0f84066ced13746b94995623fe06ad9f48f9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 15:47:22 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 231/262] docs(cockpit): orbit's imagery lease keeps Recent
 Imagery out until exit

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index c0d8eec4c..ee87f3abc 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1633,7 +1633,9 @@ frame, with no ground clamp. Entry opens in the plain optical vision style
 with Google 3D tiles shown, which stay coarse from hundreds of kilometres up,
 the map switches to Esri imagery, and exit puts it back unless the operator
 picked another map meanwhile; another owner already holding the map (an
-imagery comparison) keeps it as it is. The Cockpit cloud pass is off in orbit
+imagery comparison) keeps it as it is. While orbit holds the lease, Recent
+Imagery cannot take it: turned on in orbit, the layer reports the comparison
+in use and needs turning off and on again after exit. The Cockpit cloud pass is off in orbit
 (it fades out above 24 km); cloud cover from orbit is the Weather layer's,
 and the saved cloud preference stands for the next aircraft or bridge. The layer hides the satellite's dot, docked
 companions, its own orbit ring and its detection bracket, and draws every

From e968233a52115b27d8a01fe263b6eb9136f285e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 15:49:41 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 232/262] fix(cockpit): the swath waits for the eased view to
 reach the Earth, not only the look target

---
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js | 12 ++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
index f1238a9b2..e549f406f 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
@@ -415,8 +415,16 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
     ? lookTilt(orbitalLookReadoutParts(state.lookTarget))
     : null;
   const swathScale = offset ? offNadirSwathScale(tilt) : 1;
-  // Tilted past the limb, the view's centre looks into space: no swath.
-  const seesEarth = !offset || offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(info.altitudeM, tilt);
+  // Tilted past the limb, the view's centre looks into space: no swath. The
+  // camera eases toward the target, so both must meet the Earth; the HUD
+  // republishes on its cadence, so the swath appears once the view arrives.
+  const seesEarth =
+    !offset ||
+    (offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(info.altitudeM, tilt) &&
+      offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(info.altitudeM, {
+        northDeg: state.lookView?.pitchDeg ?? 0,
+        eastDeg: state.lookView?.yawDeg ?? 0,
+      }));
   this.publishOrbital({
     name: info.name,
     classLabel: info.classLabel || '',

From 3bf7e9edb7e90e99bf1599376f3639900ef14f46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 15:51:04 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 233/262] fix(cockpit): the limb check reads the exact look
 angles; the lease note names both ways back to Recent Imagery

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md        | 3 ++-
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js | 8 +++++++-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index ee87f3abc..a5940a95f 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1635,7 +1635,8 @@ the map switches to Esri imagery, and exit puts it back unless the operator
 picked another map meanwhile; another owner already holding the map (an
 imagery comparison) keeps it as it is. While orbit holds the lease, Recent
 Imagery cannot take it: turned on in orbit, the layer reports the comparison
-in use and needs turning off and on again after exit. The Cockpit cloud pass is off in orbit
+in use until, after exit, it is turned off and on again or its shown days
+are cleared and picked again. The Cockpit cloud pass is off in orbit
 (it fades out above 24 km); cloud cover from orbit is the Weather layer's,
 and the saved cloud preference stands for the next aircraft or bridge. The layer hides the satellite's dot, docked
 companions, its own orbit ring and its detection bracket, and draws every
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
index e549f406f..7d49fb95d 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import {
   zoomTransitionState,
 } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
 import {
+  clampOrbitalLook,
   easeLook,
   lookIsOffset,
   orbitalLookReadoutParts,
@@ -418,9 +419,14 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
   // Tilted past the limb, the view's centre looks into space: no swath. The
   // camera eases toward the target, so both must meet the Earth; the HUD
   // republishes on its cadence, so the swath appears once the view arrives.
+  // Exact angles here, not the whole degrees the readout rounds to.
+  const target = clampOrbitalLook(state.lookTarget);
   const seesEarth =
     !offset ||
-    (offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(info.altitudeM, tilt) &&
+    (offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(info.altitudeM, {
+      northDeg: target.pitchDeg,
+      eastDeg: target.yawDeg,
+    }) &&
       offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(info.altitudeM, {
         northDeg: state.lookView?.pitchDeg ?? 0,
         eastDeg: state.lookView?.yawDeg ?? 0,

From 573479d7ab7c694e4d4b2a6a6fb8e3ce92e86c3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 15:55:13 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 234/262] fix(satellites): the UCS pack build drops rows whose
 NORAD number is not positive

---
 scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py              | 3 +++
 src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py b/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
index 62e29be93..86fc9063e 100644
--- a/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
+++ b/scripts/build-ucs-satellites.py
@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ def build(xlsx: Path) -> dict:
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             invalid_norad += 1
             continue
+        if norad <= 0:
+            invalid_norad += 1
+            continue
         record = [norad]
         for key, column in COLUMNS.items():
             text = clean(row[header[column]])
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
index 8bd77ab45..1cd3c63f8 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/ucs_satellites/README.md
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ DATA_SOURCES.md.
   `0` meaning empty.
 - The 3,996 Starlink rows are dropped: every Starlink object is classed and
   credited to SpaceX by name, so they would only add size.
-- Rows without a readable NORAD number are dropped and counted apart from
-  duplicate NORAD numbers (the first row of a duplicate is kept); both counts
-  are 0 in this release.
+- Rows without a readable, positive NORAD number are dropped and counted apart
+  from duplicate NORAD numbers (the first row of a duplicate is kept); both
+  counts are 0 in this release.
 - Owner countries stay as UCS writes them ("USA", "USA/Japan", "ESA",
   "Multinational"); `src/layers/satellites/classes.js` normalises them, together with
   CelesTrak SATCAT owner codes, in one table.

From 4ab23733e9a1c142dbaa7aeec0ea0c8046c0e38b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 16:07:09 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 235/262] test(satellites): the class test fakes carry the
 world-clock coverage hook main added

---
 src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
index 40346b949..b8dbf17bb 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.test.mjs
@@ -340,6 +340,7 @@ test('a failed Starlink load hides the core catalog Starlink points again', asyn
     _detectionObjects: new Map(),
     _trackedNorad: null,
     _activeUpdateControllers: new Set(),
+    coverageChanged() {},
   };
   const catalog = createCatalog({
     state,
@@ -398,6 +399,7 @@ test('enabling the layer leaves a hidden Stations class without its ISS ring', a
       [90001, other],
     ]),
     _points: new Map(),
+    coverageChanged() {},
   };
   const { methods } = createLifecycle({
     state,

From b953c3f1dcae7f838432abfedde8672c4797ff76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 16:35:23 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 236/262] fix(cockpit): no sensor swath past the limb, no strip
 for a GEO view or a SAR; the TLE age reads from the world-clock time shown;
 pre-loads cancel on exit, retry when they fail, start over on a new base map,
 wait while the clock is away from now and reach the frame edges

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                   |  24 ++++--
 scripts/format-scope.json               |   3 +
 src/cockpitOrbital.js                   |  11 ++-
 src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs             |  16 ++--
 src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js |   7 +-
 src/layers/satellites/tracking.js       |  12 +--
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js            |  64 ++++++++++++---
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs      | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 8 files changed, 207 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index edc345953..b5be93f1c 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1656,12 +1656,15 @@ is confirmed also gets 16×, 32×, 64× and 128×, each only while the view at
 the satellite's live altitude and the window's shape is still at least as
 wide as that swath (`orbitalMaxZoom` in `src/cockpitOrbital.js`); when the
 cap falls below the zoom shown, the view steps back to it. Unconfirmed
-swaths add no steps. The sensor's swath is drawn to scale as a strip along
-the ground track with a SENSOR SWATH readout, and a SENSOR button zooms
-to exactly that width when it lies between 1× and the cap. Tilted off nadir
+swaths add no steps, but are still drawn, read out and offered to SENSOR.
+The sensor's swath is drawn to scale as a strip along the ground track with
+a SENSOR SWATH readout, and a SENSOR button zooms to exactly that width when
+it lies between 1× and the cap. No strip is drawn for a geostationary view
+(no ground track; its sensors image areas, not strips) or a SAR (it images
+to one side of nadir, not under it); the readout stays. Tilted off nadir
 the strip stays (view and swath widen alike), the readout scales as the swath
 readout does (`SENSOR SWATH ≈ 191 KM`), and SENSOR, a nadir framing, is
-hidden. A swath is confirmed only on the operator's, an agency's (ESA's
+hidden; tilted past the Earth's limb neither the sensor nor the swath reads. A swath is confirmed only on the operator's, an agency's (ESA's
 eoPortal included) or an academic page for its platform. From
 16×, with flat imagery on the globe (not Google 3D tiles) and the view at
 nadir, every 2 s the view asks the base imagery layer for the tiles it will
@@ -1675,9 +1678,13 @@ error, about one to two screen pixels per texel). It asks for at most 12
 tiles at a time through Cesium's request scheduler, throttled per server and
 at the lowest priority, so a request is declined while the imagery server's
 slots are taken by the tiles on screen and is the first dropped when the
-scheduler is full (a declined tile is asked for again later); it remembers the last 512 tiles asked for and does not ask
-for those again. While tilted off nadir the view looks away from the track,
-so nothing is pre-loaded. The arrows tilt the view off nadir in 5° steps
+scheduler is full (a declined or failed tile is asked for again later); it remembers the last 512 tiles asked for and does not ask
+for those again, starts over on another base map, and cancels the requests
+still pending on exit. Across the track it samples the centre line, a third
+out and the frame's edges. While tilted off nadir the view looks away from
+the track, and with the world clock more than a minute from now (paused or
+played back) it will not pass where the look-ahead points, so nothing is
+pre-loaded. The arrows tilt the view off nadir in 5° steps
 along the frame's axes (Up/Down tilt forward/aft along the ground track,
 Left/Right across it, each axis to ±45°; Shift takes no larger step); Home,
 `0` or NADIR return to nadir. While tilted the panel shows the total angle
@@ -1714,7 +1721,8 @@ again. The readout card puts
 the owner country's flag (an SVG from `flag-icons`, fetched only for the shown
 country) or a text badge for an organisation before the name, the operator
 under it, and a NORAD · COSPAR · TLE-epoch line, ending with the element
-set's age (`<1 H OLD`, then whole hours, then whole days), whose TLE button
+set's age (`<1 H OLD`, then whole hours, then whole days: the gap, either
+side, between the epoch and the world-clock time the satellite is shown at), whose TLE button
 unfolds the two element lines; each row is left out when the satellites layer does not
 know it. The
 aircraft and bridge instruments, tapes, compass, radar, look controls,
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index f9cb045ac..0451fb3fa 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -331,6 +331,9 @@
   "src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css",
   "src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css",
   "src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css",
+  "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
+  "src/layers/satellites/sensors.test.mjs",
+  "src/data/imagingSensors.js",
   "src/ui/styles/command-dock-compact.css",
   "src/app/stateChannel.js",
   "src/app/stateChannel.test.mjs",
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbital.js b/src/cockpitOrbital.js
index cd3db0418..3c9a8233c 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbital.js
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbital.js
@@ -585,9 +585,16 @@ export const ORBITAL_PREFETCH_LEAD_S = Object.freeze([5, 10, 15, 20]);
 
 /**
  * Where across the track it looks, as fractions of the view's width: the
- * centre line and a third out each side, so a tile row spans the frame.
+ * centre line, a third out and the frame's edges each side, so a row of
+ * tiles a fifth of the view wide or more spans the frame.
  */
-export const ORBITAL_PREFETCH_ACROSS = Object.freeze([0, -1 / 3, 1 / 3]);
+export const ORBITAL_PREFETCH_ACROSS = Object.freeze([
+  0,
+  -1 / 3,
+  1 / 3,
+  -1 / 2,
+  1 / 2,
+]);
 
 /** At most this many tile requests per look-ahead. */
 export const ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES = 12;
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs b/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
index c40b9a342..d3c76b164 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
@@ -461,15 +461,17 @@ test('the points ahead run along the ground track at ground speed', () => {
     assert.ok(Math.abs(km - groundKmPerS * seconds) < 0.5, `${seconds} s`);
     // North-east of the start, on a 45° track.
     assert.ok(centre.lat > PASS.latitude && centre.lon > PASS.longitude);
-    // The side points sit a third of the view off the centre line.
-    for (const side of points.slice(i * across + 1, (i + 1) * across))
-      assert.ok(Math.abs(greatCircleKm(centre, side) - 20 / 3) < 0.05);
+    // The side points sit their fraction of the view off the centre line.
+    points.slice(i * across + 1, (i + 1) * across).forEach((side, k) => {
+      const offKm = 20 * Math.abs(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_ACROSS[k + 1]);
+      assert.ok(Math.abs(greatCircleKm(centre, side) - offKm) < 0.05);
+    });
   });
   assert.deepEqual(groundTrackAhead({ ...PASS, groundTrackDeg: null }, 20), []);
   assert.deepEqual(groundTrackAhead(PASS, null), []);
 });
 
-test("the tile level is the one Cesium draws for the view", () => {
+test('the tile level is the one Cesium draws for the view', () => {
   const mercator = new Cesium.WebMercatorTilingScheme();
   // Worked case: 10 m per CSS pixel at the equator. Cesium refines the
   // ellipsoid terrain until a tile's error is at most 2 px, 20 m: level 12,
@@ -566,7 +568,11 @@ test('the tiles ahead are the ones the points fall in, bounded and new', () => {
   assert.ok(tiles.every((tile) => tile.x >= here.x && tile.y <= here.y));
   // Bounded, and a tile already asked for is skipped.
   assert.equal(tilesForPoints(mercator, points, 15, { maxTiles: 3 }).length, 3);
-  const asked = new Set(tiles.map((tile) => tile.key));
+  const asked = new Set(
+    tilesForPoints(mercator, points, 13, { maxTiles: Infinity }).map(
+      (tile) => tile.key,
+    ),
+  );
   assert.deepEqual(
     tilesForPoints(mercator, points, 13, { skip: (key) => asked.has(key) }),
     [],
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
index aadd81aac..9e8bad9eb 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/cockpitSubject.js
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ function freezeOwner(owner) {
  * @param {number} noradId NORAD catalog number.
  * @param {{name?: string, group?: string}|null} sat Catalog entry.
  * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number, altitude: number,
- *   speedMps?: number|null, groundTrackDeg?: number|null}|null} fix Per-frame
- *   SGP4 sample (orbits.js propagatePosition).
+ *   speedMps?: number|null, groundTrackDeg?: number|null, atMs?: number}|null}
+ *   fix Per-frame SGP4 sample (orbits.js propagatePosition), at `atMs`.
  * @returns {object|null} Subject info, or null without a usable fix.
  */
 export function satelliteCockpitInfo(noradId, sat, fix) {
@@ -122,6 +122,9 @@ export function satelliteCockpitInfo(noradId, sat, fix) {
     altitudeM: altitude,
     // SGP4's TEME velocity: the inertial orbital speed, not ground speed.
     velocityMps: Number.isFinite(fix.speedMps) ? fix.speedMps : null,
+    // The time the position is at (epoch ms), the satellites' world-clock
+    // time; null when the sample does not say.
+    atMs: Number.isFinite(fix.atMs) ? fix.atMs : null,
     // Degrees clockwise from north; null for a geostationary satellite.
     groundTrackDeg: Number.isFinite(fix.groundTrackDeg)
       ? fix.groundTrackDeg
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
index 0431e0c7d..8cfaf3041 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
@@ -155,13 +155,13 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       frameNumber !== layerState._trackedFrameNumber ||
       layerState._trackedFrameGeo === null
     ) {
-      const pos = parts.orbits.propagatePosition(
-        sat.satrec,
-        layerState._trackedFrameNowForTest
-          ? new Date(layerState._trackedFrameNowForTest())
-          : new Date(layerState.now()),
-      );
+      const atMs = layerState._trackedFrameNowForTest
+        ? layerState._trackedFrameNowForTest()
+        : layerState.now();
+      const pos = parts.orbits.propagatePosition(sat.satrec, new Date(atMs));
       if (!pos) return layerState._trackedFrameGeo; // propagation hiccup — keep last good sample
+      // The time the sample is at: the world clock's, not the wall clock's.
+      pos.atMs = atMs;
       layerState._trackedFrameGeo = pos;
       Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
         pos.longitude,
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
index a536f8cb8..c54231b64 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ export function beginOrbital() {
     // looked ahead, and the tiles already asked for (oldest first).
     prefetchMs: -Infinity,
     prefetched: new Set(),
+    // The provider those tiles came from, and the requests still in flight.
+    prefetchProvider: null,
+    prefetchRequests: new Set(),
     // A zoom step in flight: the magnification it started from and when.
     transition: null,
     previousUp: null,
@@ -119,6 +122,9 @@ export function endOrbital() {
   if (!state) return;
   this.orbital = null;
   state.placeTracker?.reset();
+  // Pre-loads still queued or in flight are for a view no longer shown.
+  for (const request of state.prefetchRequests) request.cancel?.();
+  state.prefetchRequests.clear();
   const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
   if (frustum && state.savedFov !== null) frustum.fov = state.savedFov;
   // Back to the map the operator had, unless they picked another meanwhile.
@@ -356,6 +362,9 @@ export function updateOrbital(nowMs) {
 /** Tiles remembered as asked for in one orbital session. */
 const PREFETCH_MEMORY = 512;
 
+/** How far the shown time may be from now for the look-ahead to run, ms. */
+const PREFETCH_LIVE_TOLERANCE_MS = 60_000;
+
 /**
  * From 16x the view is 10 to 40 km wide while the ground track moves about
  * 7 km/s, so the imagery under it arrives late. Every
@@ -367,9 +376,11 @@ const PREFETCH_MEMORY = 512;
  * imagery server's slots are taken by the tiles on screen or the scheduler
  * is full, and a declined tile is asked again on a later look-ahead. At most
  * ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES a time; the last PREFETCH_MEMORY tiles asked
- * for are not asked again. Nothing below 16x, while the view is tilted off
- * nadir (it no longer looks at the track), after the exit, or with the globe
- * hidden (Google 3D tiles drawn instead).
+ * for are not asked again unless their request failed, and a new base map
+ * starts the memory over. Exit cancels the requests still pending. Nothing
+ * below 16x, while the view is tilted off nadir (it no longer looks at the
+ * track), with the world clock away from now (paused, played back), after
+ * the exit, or with the globe hidden (Google 3D tiles drawn instead).
  * @returns {number} The tiles asked for.
  */
 export function prefetchImageryAhead(info, nowMs) {
@@ -379,12 +390,24 @@ export function prefetchImageryAhead(info, nowMs) {
   if (lookIsOffset(state.lookTarget, 0) || lookIsOffset(state.lookView, 0))
     return 0;
   if (nowMs - state.prefetchMs < ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS) return 0;
+  // The look-ahead runs at live speed: with the world clock paused, played
+  // back or moved, the view will not pass where it points.
+  if (
+    Number.isFinite(info.atMs) &&
+    Math.abs(info.atMs - Date.now()) > PREFETCH_LIVE_TOLERANCE_MS
+  )
+    return 0;
   state.prefetchMs = nowMs;
   try {
     const globe = this.viewer.scene?.globe;
     if (!globe || globe.show === false) return 0;
     const provider = baseImageryProvider(this.viewer);
     if (!provider) return 0;
+    // Another base map: its tiles have not been asked for.
+    if (provider !== state.prefetchProvider) {
+      state.prefetched.clear();
+      state.prefetchProvider = provider;
+    }
     const fov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
     const viewKm = footprintWidthKm(
       info.altitudeM,
@@ -427,6 +450,7 @@ export function prefetchImageryAhead(info, nowMs) {
     let asked = 0;
     for (const tile of tiles) {
       let pending;
+      let request;
       try {
         // The tiles on screen keep their slots: Cesium's scheduler declines
         // this request while the imagery server's slots are taken (shared
@@ -437,19 +461,28 @@ export function prefetchImageryAhead(info, nowMs) {
           tile.x,
           tile.y,
           tile.level,
-          new Cesium.Request({
+          (request = new Cesium.Request({
             throttle: true,
             throttleByServer: true,
             priority: Number.MAX_VALUE,
             type: Cesium.RequestType.IMAGERY,
-          }),
+          })),
         );
       } catch {
         continue;
       }
       // A provider that declines now (throttled) is asked again later.
       if (!pending) continue;
-      Promise.resolve(pending).catch(() => {});
+      const requests = state.prefetchRequests;
+      requests.add(request);
+      Promise.resolve(pending).then(
+        () => requests.delete(request),
+        () => {
+          requests.delete(request);
+          // Failed or dropped by the scheduler: asked again later.
+          memory.delete(tile.key);
+        },
+      );
       memory.add(tile.key);
       if (memory.size > PREFETCH_MEMORY)
         memory.delete(memory.values().next().value);
@@ -602,15 +635,21 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
     footprintKm: offset ? null : footprintKm,
     // The imaging sensor's swath, drawn to scale; null without one. The
     // SENSOR step's zoom is null when the swath lies outside 1x..maxZoom.
+    // Looking past the limb there is no ground for it to cover: no sensor.
     sensor:
-      swathKm === null
+      swathKm === null || !seesEarth
         ? null
         : {
             label: info.sensor?.label ?? null,
             swathKm,
             // Off nadir the view and the swath widen alike: the strip
-            // keeps its share of the frame.
-            stripFraction: sensorStripFraction(swathKm, footprintKm),
+            // keeps its share of the frame. No strip where it would
+            // mislead: a geostationary view has no ground track to run
+            // along, and a SAR images to one side of nadir, not under it.
+            stripFraction:
+              trackUp && info.sensor?.type !== 'SAR'
+                ? sensorStripFraction(swathKm, footprintKm)
+                : null,
             zoom: sensorSwathZoom(info.altitudeM, swathKm, aspect, maxZoom),
           },
     transition: { ...transition },
@@ -634,8 +673,13 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
     cosparId: info.cosparId ?? null,
     tle: info.tle ?? null,
     // Read on the HUD's cadence, so the age stays current without a timer.
+    // The gap between the TLE's epoch and the time the satellite is shown
+    // at (the world clock's), either side: SGP4 drifts both ways.
     tleAgeMs: Number.isFinite(info.tle?.epochMs)
-      ? Date.now() - info.tle.epochMs
+      ? Math.abs(
+          (Number.isFinite(info.atMs) ? info.atMs : Date.now()) -
+            info.tle.epochMs,
+        )
       : null,
     owner: info.owner ?? null,
     operator: info.operator ?? null,
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
index 2b236c659..67d1656fd 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
@@ -1018,9 +1018,11 @@ const WORLDVIEW = Object.freeze({
   id: '40115',
   noradId: 40115,
   name: 'WORLDVIEW-3 (WV-3)',
-  classKey: 'visual',
+  satelliteClass: 'imaging',
   classLabel: 'IMAGING',
   altitudeM: 617_000,
+  // A sun-synchronous pass: the strip runs along this track.
+  groundTrackDeg: 190,
   sensor: Object.freeze({
     label: 'WorldView-3',
     narrowestSwathKm: 13.1,
@@ -1453,3 +1455,103 @@ test('the pre-load is throttled, at the level Cesium draws, and waits out a tilt
   });
   assert.equal(Number(requests[0].split('/')[0]), expected);
 });
+
+test('the TLE age is measured from the time the satellite is shown at', async (t) => {
+  const DAY = 86_400_000;
+  const { store } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: {
+      ...ISS,
+      // The world clock thirty days back: before the element set's epoch.
+      atMs: START_MS - 30 * DAY,
+      tle: { line1: '1 25544U', line2: '2 25544', epochMs: START_MS - 2 * DAY },
+    },
+  });
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(store.orbital.tleAgeMs / DAY - 28) < 1e-6);
+});
+
+/** A geostationary imager with a 1000 km sensor swath. */
+const GEO_IMAGER = Object.freeze({
+  ...ISS,
+  id: '41866',
+  noradId: 41866,
+  name: 'GEO IMAGER',
+  satelliteClass: 'imaging',
+  classLabel: 'IMAGING',
+  altitudeM: 35_786_000,
+  sensor: Object.freeze({
+    label: 'GEO imager',
+    narrowestSwathKm: 1000,
+    swathConfirmed: true,
+  }),
+});
+
+test('looking past the limb shows no sensor swath; a GEO view draws no strip', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, store } = await orbitAt(t, { satellite: GEO_IMAGER });
+  assert.ok(store.orbital.sensor, 'the sensor reads at nadir');
+  assert.equal(
+    store.orbital.sensor.stripFraction,
+    null,
+    'no ground track, no strip',
+  );
+  for (let step = 0; step < 3; step += 1) press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.look.swathKm, null);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.sensor, null, 'nothing below to sense');
+});
+
+test('a SAR swath reads but draws no strip under nadir', async (t) => {
+  const { store } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: {
+      ...WORLDVIEW,
+      sensor: { ...WORLDVIEW.sensor, type: 'SAR', label: 'SAR' },
+    },
+  });
+  assert.ok(store.orbital.sensor.swathKm > 0);
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.sensor.stripFraction, null);
+});
+
+test('exit cancels pending pre-loads, and a failed one is asked again', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: WORLDVIEW_ON_TRACK,
+  });
+  const asked = [];
+  let fail = true;
+  const pending = [];
+  imageryGlobe(viewer, {
+    requestImage: (x, y, level, request) => {
+      asked.push(`${level}/${x}/${y}`);
+      if (fail) return Promise.reject(new Error('dropped'));
+      pending.push(request);
+      return new Promise(() => {});
+    },
+  });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 16);
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  const firstAsk = asked.slice();
+  assert.ok(firstAsk.length > 0);
+  fail = false;
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.deepEqual(asked.slice(firstAsk.length), firstAsk, 'asked again');
+  assert.ok(pending.length > 0);
+  cockpit.exit();
+  assert.ok(
+    pending.every((request) => request.cancelled === true),
+    'cancelled on exit',
+  );
+});
+
+test('the pre-load waits while the world clock is away from now', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: { ...WORLDVIEW_ON_TRACK, atMs: START_MS - 3_600_000 },
+  });
+  const { requests } = imageryGlobe(viewer);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 16);
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.deepEqual(requests, []);
+});

From 4396ba45061f88c2e28c184b3047007079f5c84e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 16:43:59 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 237/262] fix(cockpit): the pre-load serves every lead's centre
 line before the frame edges, starts a fresh memory and cancels the old map's
 requests on a new base map, and retries only what the scheduler dropped; the
 sensor waits for the eased view to reach the Earth

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md              |  6 ++--
 src/cockpitOrbital.js              | 19 +++++++++++
 src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs        | 24 ++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js       | 35 ++++++++++++--------
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 5 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index b5be93f1c..85bb0badf 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1678,9 +1678,9 @@ error, about one to two screen pixels per texel). It asks for at most 12
 tiles at a time through Cesium's request scheduler, throttled per server and
 at the lowest priority, so a request is declined while the imagery server's
 slots are taken by the tiles on screen and is the first dropped when the
-scheduler is full (a declined or failed tile is asked for again later); it remembers the last 512 tiles asked for and does not ask
-for those again, starts over on another base map, and cancels the requests
-still pending on exit. Across the track it samples the centre line, a third
+scheduler is full (a declined or dropped tile is asked for again later, one that failed to load is not); it remembers the last 512 tiles asked for and does not ask
+for those again, starts over on another base map (cancelling the old map's
+pending requests), and cancels the requests still pending on exit. Across the track it samples the centre line, a third
 out and the frame's edges. While tilted off nadir the view looks away from
 the track, and with the world clock more than a minute from now (paused or
 played back) it will not pass where the look-ahead points, so nothing is
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbital.js b/src/cockpitOrbital.js
index 3c9a8233c..7f13dc497 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbital.js
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbital.js
@@ -596,6 +596,25 @@ export const ORBITAL_PREFETCH_ACROSS = Object.freeze([
   1 / 2,
 ]);
 
+/**
+ * The points ahead, regrouped by their place across the track: every lead's
+ * centre point first, then each lead's next pair out, so the tile cap trims
+ * the frame's edges before it trims the far leads.
+ * @param {Array<{lat: number, lon: number}>} points From `groundTrackAhead`,
+ *   lead by lead.
+ * @param {number} [across] Points per lead.
+ * @returns {Array<{lat: number, lon: number}>}
+ */
+export function centreLinesFirst(
+  points,
+  across = ORBITAL_PREFETCH_ACROSS.length,
+) {
+  const out = [];
+  for (let k = 0; k < across; k += 1)
+    for (let i = k; i < points.length; i += across) out.push(points[i]);
+  return out;
+}
+
 /** At most this many tile requests per look-ahead. */
 export const ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES = 12;
 
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs b/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
index d3c76b164..a5db3b8c4 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   nextOrbitalZoom,
   offNadirAngleDeg,
   offNadirCentreMeetsEarth,
+  centreLinesFirst,
   offNadirSwathScale,
   orbitalMaxZoom,
   sensorStripFraction,
@@ -592,3 +593,26 @@ test('a view tilted past the limb no longer meets the Earth', () => {
   assert.equal(offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(420_000, { eastDeg: 80 }), false);
   assert.equal(offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(NaN, {}), false);
 });
+
+test('the centre line of every lead comes before the frame edges', () => {
+  const points = groundTrackAhead(PASS, 20);
+  const across = ORBITAL_PREFETCH_ACROSS.length;
+  const ordered = centreLinesFirst(points);
+  assert.equal(ordered.length, points.length);
+  const leads = ORBITAL_PREFETCH_LEAD_S.length;
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ordered.slice(0, leads),
+    points.filter((_, i) => i % across === 0),
+  );
+  // The 12-tile cap at a level of small tiles still reaches the far lead.
+  const mercator = new Cesium.WebMercatorTilingScheme();
+  const tiles = tilesForPoints(mercator, ordered, 17);
+  const far = mercator.positionToTileXY(
+    Cesium.Cartographic.fromDegrees(
+      ordered[leads - 1].lon,
+      ordered[leads - 1].lat,
+    ),
+    17,
+  );
+  assert.ok(tiles.some((tile) => tile.x === far.x && tile.y === far.y));
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
index c54231b64..2482920f0 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { formatNumber, msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   ORBITAL_DEFAULT_ZOOM,
   ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS,
+  centreLinesFirst,
   ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES,
   ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MIN_ZOOM,
   ORBITAL_SETTLE_BLUR_PX,
@@ -404,8 +405,12 @@ export function prefetchImageryAhead(info, nowMs) {
     const provider = baseImageryProvider(this.viewer);
     if (!provider) return 0;
     // Another base map: its tiles have not been asked for.
+    // A fresh set, so a late failure from the old map's requests cannot
+    // drop a tile the new one has fetched.
     if (provider !== state.prefetchProvider) {
-      state.prefetched.clear();
+      for (const request of state.prefetchRequests) request.cancel?.();
+      state.prefetchRequests = new Set();
+      state.prefetched = new Set();
       state.prefetchProvider = provider;
     }
     const fov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
@@ -440,7 +445,7 @@ export function prefetchImageryAhead(info, nowMs) {
     const memory = state.prefetched;
     const tiles = tilesForPoints(
       provider.tilingScheme,
-      groundTrackAhead(info, viewKm),
+      centreLinesFirst(groundTrackAhead(info, viewKm)),
       level,
       {
         maxTiles: ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES,
@@ -477,10 +482,12 @@ export function prefetchImageryAhead(info, nowMs) {
       requests.add(request);
       Promise.resolve(pending).then(
         () => requests.delete(request),
-        () => {
+        (error) => {
           requests.delete(request);
-          // Failed or dropped by the scheduler: asked again later.
-          memory.delete(tile.key);
+          // Dropped by the scheduler (rejected with no error): asked again
+          // later. A tile that failed to load stays remembered, so one
+          // missing from the map is not asked for every look-ahead.
+          if (error === undefined) memory.delete(tile.key);
         },
       );
       memory.add(tile.key);
@@ -612,16 +619,18 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
   // republishes on its cadence, so the swath appears once the view arrives.
   // Exact angles here, not the whole degrees the readout rounds to.
   const target = clampOrbitalLook(state.lookTarget);
+  // The eased view is tested even with the target at nadir: on the way back
+  // from past the limb it still looks into space.
   const seesEarth =
-    !offset ||
-    (offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(info.altitudeM, {
-      northDeg: target.pitchDeg,
-      eastDeg: target.yawDeg,
-    }) &&
+    (!offset ||
       offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(info.altitudeM, {
-        northDeg: state.lookView?.pitchDeg ?? 0,
-        eastDeg: state.lookView?.yawDeg ?? 0,
-      }));
+        northDeg: target.pitchDeg,
+        eastDeg: target.yawDeg,
+      })) &&
+    offNadirCentreMeetsEarth(info.altitudeM, {
+      northDeg: state.lookView?.pitchDeg ?? 0,
+      eastDeg: state.lookView?.yawDeg ?? 0,
+    });
   this.publishOrbital({
     name: info.name,
     classLabel: info.classLabel || '',
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
index 67d1656fd..36f850240 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
@@ -1510,7 +1510,7 @@ test('a SAR swath reads but draws no strip under nadir', async (t) => {
   assert.equal(store.orbital.sensor.stripFraction, null);
 });
 
-test('exit cancels pending pre-loads, and a failed one is asked again', async (t) => {
+test('exit cancels pending pre-loads, and a dropped one is asked again', async (t) => {
   const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
     satellite: WORLDVIEW_ON_TRACK,
   });
@@ -1520,7 +1520,8 @@ test('exit cancels pending pre-loads, and a failed one is asked again', async (t
   imageryGlobe(viewer, {
     requestImage: (x, y, level, request) => {
       asked.push(`${level}/${x}/${y}`);
-      if (fail) return Promise.reject(new Error('dropped'));
+      // Cesium's scheduler drops a request by rejecting with no error.
+      if (fail) return Promise.reject(undefined);
       pending.push(request);
       return new Promise(() => {});
     },
@@ -1555,3 +1556,51 @@ test('the pre-load waits while the world clock is away from now', async (t) => {
   cockpit.update();
   assert.deepEqual(requests, []);
 });
+
+test('a tile that fails to load is not asked again', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: WORLDVIEW_ON_TRACK,
+  });
+  const asked = [];
+  imageryGlobe(viewer, {
+    requestImage: (x, y, level) => {
+      asked.push(`${level}/${x}/${y}`);
+      return Promise.reject(new Error('404'));
+    },
+  });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) press(cockpit, '+');
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.zoom, 16);
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  const first = asked.length;
+  assert.ok(first > 0);
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS);
+  cockpit.update();
+  assert.equal(new Set(asked).size, asked.length, 'none asked twice');
+});
+
+test('back to nadir from past the limb, the sensor waits for the view', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: GEO_IMAGER,
+    reducedMotion: false,
+  });
+  for (let step = 0; step < 3; step += 1) press(cockpit, 'ArrowRight');
+  for (let i = 0; i < 30; i += 1) {
+    clock.advance(100);
+    cockpit.update();
+  }
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.sensor, null, 'looking into space');
+  press(cockpit, 'Home');
+  clock.advance(16);
+  cockpit.update();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.sensor, null, 'still easing back');
+  for (let i = 0; i < 30; i += 1) {
+    clock.advance(100);
+    cockpit.update();
+  }
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(store.orbital.sensor, 'back on the Earth');
+});

From 567c833582deb14678db764adbb7a2d5d52cf9a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 22:16:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 238/262] feat(cockpit): keep the orbital camera on a ground
 target
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

In the satellite orbital view a single click on a mapped ground point (a
ground point of a layer that is on, such as a Mapped Installations site, a
fire or a local data pack feature) keeps the camera on it. Each frame the
look is aimed from the satellite's position to the point's Earth-fixed
position in the track-up nadir frame the arrows tilt, so the point stays
at the centre as the satellite moves. The swing onto the point, or between
points, uses the arrows' easing on a slower clock and then holds the point
exactly; reduced motion cuts.

A click elsewhere, FOCUS on the focused point, NADIR, Home or 0 ends the
focus and the view eases back to nadir; an arrow ends it and tilts on from
where the view is. The focus also ends, easing back, when the point leaves
the ±45° reach or the satellite's horizon, when its layer is turned off or
its record is dropped, and with the view. While focused the readout gives
the single off-nadir angle to the point (OFF-NADIR 23.4°), names it in a
polite live region, and the swath reads approximate as for a tilt. Clicks
still reach Cesium's own handler and never untrack the satellite; a click
a tool owns is ignored.

Under the readout, IN REACH lists the mapped points facing the satellite
that are within the reach or in the frame, nearest to nadir first and at
most 12, rebuilt once a second. A row opens the point's position, source
and OpenStreetMap tags (or its layer's properties); FOCUS focuses it,
switches to it, or ends the focus held on it, and is unavailable for a
point in frame but beyond the reach.
---
 scripts/package-boundaries.json             |  15 +
 src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js                  | 281 +++++++++
 src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs            | 291 +++++++++
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                    |  12 +
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                    |  12 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                    |  12 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                    |  12 +
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                    |  12 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                    |  12 +
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                    |  12 +
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                    |  12 +
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                    |  12 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                 |  12 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json               |  12 +
 src/ui/applicationShell.js                  |   2 +
 src/ui/cockpitController.js                 |  30 +
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js               | 388 ++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs         | 644 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js                |  71 ++-
 src/ui/stores/cockpit.js                    |  25 +-
 src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css       | 150 +++++
 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue      |  12 +-
 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue | 109 ++++
 style.css                                   |   1 +
 24 files changed, 2132 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
 create mode 100644 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css
 create mode 100644 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue

diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index ee1e5a9b6..28ebb17d2 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRoute.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRadar.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue",
+      "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue",
       "src/ui/ownerFlag.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js",
       "src/data/headingDegrees.js",
@@ -903,6 +904,11 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitRollingValue.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitCamera.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js",
+      "src/data/contextStore.js",
+      "src/data/pickedContext.js",
+      "src/data/pickRegistry.js",
+      "src/data/scenePick.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
       "src/data/adminBoundaries.js",
@@ -926,6 +932,7 @@
       "src/cockpitRadar.js",
       "src/cockpitLook.js",
       "src/cockpitOrbital.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/ui/panelRailGeometry.js",
@@ -1000,6 +1007,7 @@
       "src/cockpitRadar.js",
       "src/cockpitLook.js",
       "src/cockpitOrbital.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/contactsDetectionPolicy.js",
@@ -1053,6 +1061,10 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitRollingValue.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitCamera.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js",
+      "src/data/contextStore.js",
+      "src/data/pickedContext.js",
+      "src/data/pickRegistry.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
       "src/data/adminBoundaries.js",
@@ -2448,6 +2460,7 @@
       "src/cockpitRadar.js",
       "src/cockpitLook.js",
       "src/cockpitOrbital.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js",
       "src/contactsDetectionPolicy.js",
       "src/contextModePolicy.js",
       "src/creditKeyboard.js",
@@ -2893,6 +2906,7 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitRollingValue.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitCamera.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitContext.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitController.js",
@@ -4237,6 +4251,7 @@
       "src/cockpitRadar.js",
       "src/cockpitLook.js",
       "src/cockpitOrbital.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/contactsDetectionPolicy.js",
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db7f0989c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+/**
+ * Ground focus for the orbital view: the look that keeps a point on the
+ * ground at the centre of the picture as the satellite moves, whether that
+ * look is within the off-nadir reach, and which mapped points the view can
+ * show or be turned to. The look is the orbital view's own
+ * `{yawDeg, pitchDeg}` over its nadir frame (see `offNadirOrientation` in
+ * `src/cockpitOrbital.js`), so a focused view is a tilt like any other.
+ * No DOM, Cesium or i18n dependencies: vectors are plain `{x, y, z}` objects
+ * in Earth-fixed (ECEF) metres.
+ */
+import {
+  LOOK_EASE_TAU_MS,
+  ORBITAL_LOOK_LIMIT_DEG,
+  easeLook,
+} from './cockpitLook.js';
+
+/**
+ * How long a focus takes to swing the view onto its target, or back to
+ * nadir when it ends: the look's own easing curve, on a slower clock. Three
+ * of them (about 0.75 s) close 95% of the turn.
+ */
+export const ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS = 250;
+
+/** How often the list of mapped points in reach is rebuilt, ms. */
+export const ORBITAL_REACH_REFRESH_MS = 1000;
+
+/** The most mapped points the reach list shows, nearest to nadir first. */
+export const ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX = 12;
+
+/** The most detail rows (OpenStreetMap tags or properties) shown per point. */
+export const ORBITAL_REACH_DETAIL_MAX = 16;
+
+/** Slack on the reach limit so a target held exactly at 45° stays. */
+const REACH_EPSILON_DEG = 1e-6;
+
+const WGS84_A = 6378137;
+const WGS84_E2 = 6.69437999014e-3;
+
+const toRadians = (deg) => (deg * Math.PI) / 180;
+const toDegrees = (rad) => (rad * 180) / Math.PI;
+
+function dot(a, b) {
+  return a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z;
+}
+
+function finiteVector(v) {
+  return (
+    Boolean(v) &&
+    Number.isFinite(v.x) &&
+    Number.isFinite(v.y) &&
+    Number.isFinite(v.z)
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Earth-fixed position of a geodetic point on the WGS84 ellipsoid, as
+ * Cesium's `Cartesian3.fromDegrees` places it.
+ * @param {number} latDeg
+ * @param {number} lonDeg
+ * @param {number} [heightM] Height above the ellipsoid.
+ * @returns {{x: number, y: number, z: number}|null}
+ */
+export function geodeticToEcef(latDeg, lonDeg, heightM = 0) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(latDeg) || !Number.isFinite(lonDeg)) return null;
+  const h = Number.isFinite(heightM) ? heightM : 0;
+  const lat = toRadians(latDeg);
+  const lon = toRadians(lonDeg);
+  const sinLat = Math.sin(lat);
+  const cosLat = Math.cos(lat);
+  const n = WGS84_A / Math.sqrt(1 - WGS84_E2 * sinLat * sinLat);
+  return {
+    x: (n + h) * cosLat * Math.cos(lon),
+    y: (n + h) * cosLat * Math.sin(lon),
+    z: (n * (1 - WGS84_E2) + h) * sinLat,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The look that centres `target` in the picture, in the nadir frame's tilt
+ * (north first, then east; see `offNadirOrientation`): east is the angle off
+ * the frame's top-bottom plane, north the angle along it. Also the single
+ * angle between nadir and the line of sight, the image's off-nadir angle,
+ * and whether the target faces the satellite (above its horizon).
+ * @param {{direction: object, up: object, right: object}} nadir From
+ *   `nadirOrientation`.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} satellite ECEF, metres.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} target ECEF, metres.
+ * @returns {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number, offNadirDeg: number,
+ *   visible: boolean}|null} Null without usable positions.
+ */
+export function focusLook(nadir, satellite, target) {
+  if (!nadir || !finiteVector(satellite) || !finiteVector(target)) return null;
+  const line = {
+    x: target.x - satellite.x,
+    y: target.y - satellite.y,
+    z: target.z - satellite.z,
+  };
+  const range = Math.hypot(line.x, line.y, line.z);
+  if (!(range > 1)) return null;
+  const v = { x: line.x / range, y: line.y / range, z: line.z / range };
+  const along = dot(v, nadir.direction);
+  const up = dot(v, nadir.up);
+  const right = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, dot(v, nadir.right)));
+  // The target's own zenith: the satellite is above its horizon when the
+  // line from the target to it points up.
+  const targetRadius = Math.hypot(target.x, target.y, target.z);
+  const visible =
+    targetRadius > 0 &&
+    -(line.x * target.x + line.y * target.y + line.z * target.z) /
+      targetRadius >
+      0;
+  const yawDeg = toDegrees(Math.asin(right));
+  const pitchDeg = toDegrees(Math.atan2(up, along));
+  return {
+    yawDeg: yawDeg === 0 ? 0 : yawDeg,
+    pitchDeg: pitchDeg === 0 ? 0 : pitchDeg,
+    offNadirDeg: toDegrees(Math.acos(Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, along)))),
+    visible,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a focus look is within the off-nadir reach: the target faces the
+ * satellite and each axis is within the arrows' ±45° clamp.
+ * @param {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number, visible?: boolean}|null} look
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function focusInReach(look) {
+  if (!look || look.visible === false) return false;
+  const limit = ORBITAL_LOOK_LIMIT_DEG + REACH_EPSILON_DEG;
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(look.yawDeg) &&
+    Number.isFinite(look.pitchDeg) &&
+    Math.abs(look.yawDeg) <= limit &&
+    Math.abs(look.pitchDeg) <= limit
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether `target` is inside the picture as it is now framed.
+ * @param {{direction: object, up: object, right: object}} view The camera's
+ *   orientation (the nadir frame tilted by the eased look).
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} satellite ECEF, metres.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} target ECEF, metres.
+ * @param {{verticalFovRad: number, aspect?: number}} frame
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function inFrame(
+  view,
+  satellite,
+  target,
+  { verticalFovRad, aspect = 1 },
+) {
+  if (!view || !finiteVector(satellite) || !finiteVector(target)) return false;
+  if (!(verticalFovRad > 0)) return false;
+  const line = {
+    x: target.x - satellite.x,
+    y: target.y - satellite.y,
+    z: target.z - satellite.z,
+  };
+  const along = dot(line, view.direction);
+  if (!(along > 0)) return false;
+  const halfTan = Math.tan(verticalFovRad / 2);
+  const ratio = Number.isFinite(aspect) && aspect > 0 ? aspect : 1;
+  return (
+    Math.abs(dot(line, view.up)) / along <= halfTan &&
+    Math.abs(dot(line, view.right)) / along <= halfTan * ratio
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ease what is left of the turn onto a focus target toward nothing: the
+ * look's easing (`easeLook`) on the focus's slower clock. The view is the
+ * live target's look plus this remainder, so once it lands the view holds
+ * the target exactly, without the lag of chasing it. Reduced motion cuts.
+ * @param {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}} remainder View minus target.
+ * @param {number} dtMs Milliseconds since the previous frame.
+ * @param {{immediate?: boolean}} [options]
+ * @returns {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}}
+ */
+export function easeFocusRemainder(
+  remainder,
+  dtMs,
+  { immediate = false } = {},
+) {
+  return easeLook(remainder, { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 }, focusEaseDtMs(dtMs), {
+    immediate,
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * A frame's time on the focus's clock, for `easeLook`: its fixed time
+ * constant scaled to ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS.
+ * @param {number} dtMs
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function focusEaseDtMs(dtMs) {
+  return Number.isFinite(dtMs) && dtMs > 0
+    ? (dtMs * LOOK_EASE_TAU_MS) / ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS
+    : 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The mapped points the view shows now or can be turned to: those facing
+ * the satellite and either within the off-nadir reach (`reachable`) or in
+ * the frame as it is. Nearest to nadir first, at most `max`.
+ * @param {Iterable<{key: string, position: {x: number, y: number,
+ *   z: number}}>} candidates
+ * @param {{nadir: object, view: object, satellite: object,
+ *   verticalFovRad: number, aspect?: number, max?: number}} frame
+ * @returns {{count: number, entries: Array<{key: string,
+ *   offNadirDeg: number, reachable: boolean, look: object}>}} `count` is
+ *   every point in reach, `entries` the nearest.
+ */
+export function pointsInReach(
+  candidates,
+  {
+    nadir,
+    view,
+    satellite,
+    verticalFovRad,
+    aspect = 1,
+    max = ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX,
+  },
+) {
+  const entries = [];
+  if (!nadir || !finiteVector(satellite)) return { count: 0, entries };
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    const look = focusLook(nadir, satellite, candidate?.position);
+    if (!look?.visible) continue;
+    const reachable = focusInReach(look);
+    if (
+      !reachable &&
+      !inFrame(view, satellite, candidate.position, { verticalFovRad, aspect })
+    )
+      continue;
+    entries.push({
+      key: candidate.key,
+      offNadirDeg: look.offNadirDeg,
+      reachable,
+      look,
+    });
+  }
+  entries.sort(
+    (a, b) =>
+      a.offNadirDeg - b.offNadirDeg || String(a.key).localeCompare(b.key),
+  );
+  const limit =
+    Number.isInteger(max) && max >= 0 ? max : ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX;
+  return { count: entries.length, entries: entries.slice(0, limit) };
+}
+
+/**
+ * A mapped point's details as key/value rows: its OpenStreetMap tags, or the
+ * properties its layer keeps. Text, numbers and lists of text only; keys
+ * starting with `_` are internal. At most `max` rows, in the layer's order.
+ * @param {object|null|undefined} properties
+ * @param {number} [max]
+ * @returns {Array<{key: string, value: string}>}
+ */
+export function detailRows(properties, max = ORBITAL_REACH_DETAIL_MAX) {
+  const rows = [];
+  if (!properties || typeof properties !== 'object') return rows;
+  for (const [key, raw] of Object.entries(properties)) {
+    if (rows.length >= max) break;
+    if (!key || key.startsWith('_')) continue;
+    let value = null;
+    if (typeof raw === 'string') value = raw.trim();
+    else if (typeof raw === 'number' && Number.isFinite(raw))
+      value = String(raw);
+    else if (typeof raw === 'boolean') value = raw ? 'yes' : 'no';
+    else if (Array.isArray(raw)) {
+      const items = raw
+        .filter((item) => typeof item === 'string' && item.trim())
+        .map((item) => item.trim());
+      value = items.join(', ');
+    }
+    if (value) rows.push({ key, value });
+  }
+  return rows;
+}
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67a0cdef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+// src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs — the geometry of a ground focus in the
+// orbital view: the look that centres a target, its off-nadir angle, the
+// reach, the easing onto and off a target, and the reach list.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import {
+  ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS,
+  ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX,
+  detailRows,
+  easeFocusRemainder,
+  focusEaseDtMs,
+  focusInReach,
+  focusLook,
+  geodeticToEcef,
+  inFrame,
+  pointsInReach,
+} from './cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
+import {
+  ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M,
+  nadirOrientation,
+  offNadirAngleDeg,
+  offNadirOrientation,
+} from './cockpitOrbital.js';
+import { LOOK_EASE_TAU_MS } from './cockpitLook.js';
+
+const near = (actual, expected, label, tolerance = 1e-9) =>
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(actual - expected) <= tolerance,
+    `${label}: ${actual} not within ${tolerance} of ${expected}`,
+  );
+
+const unit = (v) => {
+  const n = Math.hypot(v.x, v.y, v.z);
+  return { x: v.x / n, y: v.y / n, z: v.z / n };
+};
+const sub = (a, b) => ({ x: a.x - b.x, y: a.y - b.y, z: a.z - b.z });
+const angleBetweenDeg = (a, b) => {
+  const u = unit(a);
+  const v = unit(b);
+  const cosine = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, u.x * v.x + u.y * v.y + u.z * v.z));
+  return (Math.acos(cosine) * 180) / Math.PI;
+};
+
+/** A point on a sphere of radius `radiusM`, ECEF. */
+const onSphere = (latDeg, lonDeg, radiusM) => {
+  const lat = (latDeg * Math.PI) / 180;
+  const lon = (lonDeg * Math.PI) / 180;
+  return {
+    x: radiusM * Math.cos(lat) * Math.cos(lon),
+    y: radiusM * Math.cos(lat) * Math.sin(lon),
+    z: radiusM * Math.sin(lat),
+  };
+};
+
+const ISS_ALT_M = 420_000;
+const satelliteAt = (latDeg, lonDeg, altitudeM = ISS_ALT_M) =>
+  geodeticToEcef(latDeg, lonDeg, altitudeM);
+
+test('geodetic positions match Cesium on the WGS84 ellipsoid', () => {
+  for (const [lat, lon, h] of [
+    [0, 0, 0],
+    [52.37, 4.9, 12],
+    [-33.9, 151.2, 420_000],
+    [89.9, -120, 0],
+  ]) {
+    const mine = geodeticToEcef(lat, lon, h);
+    const cesium = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, h);
+    for (const axis of ['x', 'y', 'z'])
+      near(mine[axis], cesium[axis], `${lat},${lon} ${axis}`, 1e-6);
+  }
+  assert.equal(geodeticToEcef(Number.NaN, 0), null);
+});
+
+test('the focus look turns the nadir frame onto the target exactly', () => {
+  const satellite = satelliteAt(30, -97);
+  for (const heading of [null, 0, 51.6, 200]) {
+    const nadir = nadirOrientation(satellite, { headingDeg: heading });
+    for (const [lat, lon] of [
+      [31.5, -96],
+      [28.2, -99.4],
+      [30, -97],
+      [32.9, -97.1],
+    ]) {
+      const target = geodeticToEcef(lat, lon, 300);
+      const look = focusLook(nadir, satellite, target);
+      const view = offNadirOrientation(nadir, {
+        northDeg: look.pitchDeg,
+        eastDeg: look.yawDeg,
+      });
+      near(
+        angleBetweenDeg(view.direction, sub(target, satellite)),
+        0,
+        `centred at ${lat},${lon} heading ${heading}`,
+        1e-5,
+      );
+      // The single angle the readout gives is the tilt's total angle.
+      near(
+        look.offNadirDeg,
+        offNadirAngleDeg({ northDeg: look.pitchDeg, eastDeg: look.yawDeg }),
+        'one off-nadir angle',
+        1e-9,
+      );
+      assert.equal(look.visible, true);
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('the off-nadir angle is the angle between nadir and the line of sight', () => {
+  // On a sphere: a target `central` radians from the sub-satellite point is
+  // seen atan(R sin γ / (R + h − R cos γ)) off nadir.
+  const R = ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M;
+  const satellite = onSphere(10, 20, R + ISS_ALT_M);
+  const nadir = nadirOrientation(satellite);
+  for (const centralDeg of [0, 0.5, 2, 5, 12]) {
+    const target = onSphere(10 + centralDeg, 20, R);
+    const γ = (centralDeg * Math.PI) / 180;
+    const expected =
+      (Math.atan2(R * Math.sin(γ), R + ISS_ALT_M - R * Math.cos(γ)) * 180) /
+      Math.PI;
+    const look = focusLook(nadir, satellite, target);
+    near(look.offNadirDeg, expected, `${centralDeg}° away`, 1e-9);
+  }
+  // Straight below reads zero, a real angle and not a missing one.
+  const below = focusLook(nadir, satellite, onSphere(10, 20, R));
+  near(below.offNadirDeg, 0, 'straight below', 1e-9);
+  near(below.yawDeg, 0, 'no east', 1e-9);
+  near(below.pitchDeg, 0, 'no north', 1e-9);
+  assert.equal(focusInReach(below), true);
+});
+
+test('the reach is the arrows’ ±45° on each axis, facing the satellite', () => {
+  assert.equal(focusInReach({ yawDeg: 45, pitchDeg: -45, visible: true }), true);
+  assert.equal(focusInReach({ yawDeg: 45.01, pitchDeg: 0, visible: true }), false);
+  assert.equal(focusInReach({ yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: -45.01, visible: true }), false);
+  assert.equal(focusInReach({ yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0, visible: false }), false);
+  assert.equal(focusInReach(null), false);
+  assert.equal(focusInReach({ yawDeg: Number.NaN, pitchDeg: 0 }), false);
+
+  // From geostationary height the far side of the Earth lies within a few
+  // degrees of nadir, but it faces away.
+  const satellite = satelliteAt(0, 0, 35_786_000);
+  const nadir = nadirOrientation(satellite);
+  const farSide = geodeticToEcef(0, 100, 0);
+  const look = focusLook(nadir, satellite, farSide);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(look.yawDeg) < 45 && Math.abs(look.pitchDeg) < 45);
+  assert.equal(look.visible, false);
+  assert.equal(focusInReach(look), false);
+  // A point near the sub-satellite point faces it.
+  assert.equal(focusInReach(focusLook(nadir, satellite, geodeticToEcef(5, 5))), true);
+});
+
+test('a target slides out of reach as the satellite passes it', () => {
+  const target = geodeticToEcef(0, 10, 0);
+  const inReach = [];
+  for (let lon = 10; lon >= -5; lon -= 1) {
+    const satellite = satelliteAt(0, lon);
+    inReach.push(focusInReach(focusLook(nadirOrientation(satellite), satellite, target)));
+  }
+  assert.equal(inReach[0], true, 'overhead');
+  assert.equal(inReach.at(-1), false, '15° of longitude behind');
+  // Once out, it stays out: the reach ends once, not on and off.
+  const firstOut = inReach.indexOf(false);
+  assert.ok(firstOut > 0);
+  assert.ok(inReach.slice(firstOut).every((value) => value === false));
+});
+
+test('the turn onto a target eases on the slower focus clock and lands', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    focusEaseDtMs(ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS),
+    LOOK_EASE_TAU_MS,
+    'one focus time constant is one look time constant',
+  );
+  assert.equal(focusEaseDtMs(Number.NaN), 0);
+  assert.equal(focusEaseDtMs(-5), 0);
+  let remainder = { yawDeg: -30, pitchDeg: 20 };
+  let previous = Math.hypot(remainder.yawDeg, remainder.pitchDeg);
+  let frames = 0;
+  while ((remainder.yawDeg || remainder.pitchDeg) && frames < 500) {
+    const before = remainder;
+    remainder = easeFocusRemainder(remainder, 16);
+    const size = Math.hypot(remainder.yawDeg, remainder.pitchDeg);
+    assert.ok(size < previous, 'always closer');
+    // No axis moves more than a tenth of the way in a frame, but for the
+    // last few hundredths of a degree it lands on: a turn, not a cut.
+    for (const axis of ['yawDeg', 'pitchDeg']) {
+      const step = Math.abs(before[axis] - remainder[axis]);
+      assert.ok(
+        step <= Math.max(Math.abs(before[axis]) * 0.1, 0.06),
+        `frame ${frames} ${axis}`,
+      );
+    }
+    previous = size;
+    frames += 1;
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(remainder, { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 }, 'lands exactly');
+  // About three time constants close 95%; landing takes a little longer.
+  assert.ok(frames * 16 > 2 * ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS, `${frames} frames`);
+  assert.ok(frames * 16 < 12 * ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS, `${frames} frames`);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    easeFocusRemainder({ yawDeg: 10, pitchDeg: -4 }, 16, { immediate: true }),
+    { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 },
+    'reduced motion cuts',
+  );
+});
+
+test('the reach list keeps points in reach or in frame, nearest first, bounded', () => {
+  const satellite = satelliteAt(0, 0);
+  const nadir = nadirOrientation(satellite);
+  const candidates = [];
+  // A row of points eastward, 0.1° apart: those up to ~3.7° are within the
+  // 45° tilt, the rest beyond it.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 80; i += 1)
+    candidates.push({ key: `east-${i}`, position: geodeticToEcef(0, i * 0.1) });
+  candidates.push({ key: 'far-side', position: geodeticToEcef(0, 180) });
+  const frame = {
+    nadir,
+    view: nadir,
+    satellite,
+    verticalFovRad: (60 * Math.PI) / 180,
+    aspect: 16 / 9,
+  };
+  const all = pointsInReach(candidates, { ...frame, max: 100 });
+  assert.ok(all.entries.every((entry) => entry.key !== 'far-side'));
+  const angles = all.entries.map((entry) => entry.offNadirDeg);
+  assert.deepEqual(angles, [...angles].sort((a, b) => a - b), 'nearest first');
+  assert.equal(all.entries[0].key, 'east-0');
+  assert.equal(all.entries[0].offNadirDeg, 0);
+  // The widest frame (16:9 at 60° tall) reaches past 45° across: those
+  // points are listed, but cannot be focused.
+  const beyond = all.entries.filter((entry) => !entry.reachable);
+  assert.ok(beyond.length > 0, 'some only in frame');
+  for (const entry of beyond) assert.ok(Math.abs(entry.look.yawDeg) > 45);
+  for (const entry of all.entries.filter((e) => e.reachable))
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(entry.look.yawDeg) <= 45);
+  // Out of frame and out of reach: not listed.
+  assert.ok(all.count < 80);
+
+  const bounded = pointsInReach(candidates, frame);
+  assert.equal(bounded.entries.length, ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX);
+  assert.equal(bounded.count, all.count, 'the count is all of them');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    bounded.entries.map((entry) => entry.key),
+    all.entries.slice(0, ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX).map((entry) => entry.key),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(pointsInReach([], frame), { count: 0, entries: [] });
+});
+
+test('in frame follows the view, its height and its width', () => {
+  const satellite = satelliteAt(0, 0);
+  const nadir = nadirOrientation(satellite);
+  const target = geodeticToEcef(0, 3);
+  const narrow = { verticalFovRad: (5 * Math.PI) / 180, aspect: 1 };
+  assert.equal(inFrame(nadir, satellite, target, narrow), false);
+  const look = focusLook(nadir, satellite, target);
+  const tilted = offNadirOrientation(nadir, {
+    northDeg: look.pitchDeg,
+    eastDeg: look.yawDeg,
+  });
+  assert.equal(inFrame(tilted, satellite, target, narrow), true);
+  assert.equal(inFrame(tilted, satellite, target, { verticalFovRad: 0 }), false);
+});
+
+test('details keep text, numbers and lists of text, and drop internal keys', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    detailRows({
+      name: ' Camp Example ',
+      military: 'base',
+      height: 12,
+      bad: Number.NaN,
+      empty: '',
+      _internal: 'x',
+      memberNames: ['North field', '', 4, 'South field'],
+      validation: { ok: true },
+      fixme: false,
+    }),
+    [
+      { key: 'name', value: 'Camp Example' },
+      { key: 'military', value: 'base' },
+      { key: 'height', value: '12' },
+      { key: 'memberNames', value: 'North field, South field' },
+      { key: 'fixme', value: 'no' },
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(detailRows(null), []);
+  assert.equal(
+    detailRows(Object.fromEntries([...Array(40)].map((_, i) => [`k${i}`, 'v'])))
+      .length,
+    16,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 97f6b4eb7..4df6ddef0 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -806,6 +806,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} كم/ث",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "انحراف عن النظير {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "انحراف عن النظير {angle}°",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "تركيز · {name}",
+  "IN REACH · {count}": "في المتناول · {count}",
+  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "أقرب {shown} من {count}",
+  "Mapped points in reach": "النقاط المرسومة في المتناول",
+  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "إخفاء النقاط المرسومة في المتناول",
+  "Show the mapped points in reach": "إظهار النقاط المرسومة في المتناول",
+  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "لا شيء مرسوم في المتناول",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "إبقاء الكاميرا على {name}",
+  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "خارج مدى الانحراف عن النظير",
+  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "وسوم OpenStreetMap",
+  "DETAILS": "التفاصيل",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "تكبير {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "عرض نطاق التصوير {value} كم",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "عرض نطاق التصوير ≈ {value} كم",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 94baca906..1e9020465 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -193,6 +193,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "NADIRABWEICHUNG {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "NADIRABWEICHUNG {angle}°",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "FOKUS · {name}",
+  "IN REACH · {count}": "IN REICHWEITE · {count}",
+  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "NÄCHSTE {shown} VON {count}",
+  "Mapped points in reach": "Kartierte Punkte in Reichweite",
+  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Kartierte Punkte in Reichweite ausblenden",
+  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Kartierte Punkte in Reichweite anzeigen",
+  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "NICHTS KARTIERTES IN REICHWEITE",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "Kamera auf {name} halten",
+  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Außerhalb der Reichweite der Nadirabweichung",
+  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "OPENSTREETMAP-TAGS",
+  "DETAILS": "EINZELHEITEN",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "STREIFENBREITE {value} KM",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "STREIFENBREITE ≈ {value} KM",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index 329ef3f4f..e4e1834a9 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -664,6 +664,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "FUERA DEL NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "FUERA DEL NADIR {angle}°",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "ENFOQUE · {name}",
+  "IN REACH · {count}": "AL ALCANCE · {count}",
+  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "{shown} MÁS CERCANOS DE {count}",
+  "Mapped points in reach": "Puntos cartografiados al alcance",
+  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Ocultar los puntos cartografiados al alcance",
+  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Mostrar los puntos cartografiados al alcance",
+  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "NADA CARTOGRAFIADO AL ALCANCE",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "Mantener la cámara sobre {name}",
+  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Más allá del alcance fuera del nadir",
+  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "ETIQUETAS DE OPENSTREETMAP",
+  "DETAILS": "DETALLES",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "BARRIDO {value} KM",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "BARRIDO ≈ {value} KM",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 5d76194aa..782c5b724 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -829,6 +829,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "HORS NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "HORS NADIR {angle}°",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "CENTRÉ · {name}",
+  "IN REACH · {count}": "À PORTÉE · {count}",
+  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "LES {shown} PLUS PROCHES SUR {count}",
+  "Mapped points in reach": "Points cartographiés à portée",
+  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Masquer les points cartographiés à portée",
+  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Afficher les points cartographiés à portée",
+  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "RIEN DE CARTOGRAPHIÉ À PORTÉE",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "Garder la caméra sur {name}",
+  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Au-delà de la portée hors nadir",
+  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "BALISES OPENSTREETMAP",
+  "DETAILS": "DÉTAILS",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "FAUCHÉE {value} KM",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "FAUCHÉE ≈ {value} KM",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 04578c035..9553c8b92 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -829,6 +829,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "FUORI NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "FUORI NADIR {angle}°",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "PUNTAMENTO · {name}",
+  "IN REACH · {count}": "A PORTATA · {count}",
+  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "I {shown} PIÙ VICINI SU {count}",
+  "Mapped points in reach": "Punti mappati a portata",
+  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Nascondi i punti mappati a portata",
+  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Mostra i punti mappati a portata",
+  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "NIENTE DI MAPPATO A PORTATA",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "Mantieni la camera su {name}",
+  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Oltre la portata fuori nadir",
+  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "TAG OPENSTREETMAP",
+  "DETAILS": "DETTAGLI",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "STRISCIATA {value} KM",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "STRISCIATA ≈ {value} KM",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 4e79c1a8e..1ba00a474 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -803,6 +803,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} km/s",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "オフナディア {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "オフナディア {angle}°",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "フォーカス · {name}",
+  "IN REACH · {count}": "到達範囲内 · {count}",
+  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "{count} 件中 近い {shown} 件",
+  "Mapped points in reach": "到達範囲内の地図上の地点",
+  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "到達範囲内の地図上の地点を隠す",
+  "Show the mapped points in reach": "到達範囲内の地図上の地点を表示",
+  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "到達範囲内に地図上の地点なし",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "カメラを {name} に向け続ける",
+  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "オフナディアの到達範囲外",
+  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "OpenStreetMap タグ",
+  "DETAILS": "詳細",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ズーム {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "観測幅 {value} km",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "観測幅 ≈ {value} km",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index a8a0c1cbd..189404f79 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -827,6 +827,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "FORA DO NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "FORA DO NADIR {angle}°",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "FOCO · {name}",
+  "IN REACH · {count}": "AO ALCANCE · {count}",
+  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "{shown} MAIS PRÓXIMOS DE {count}",
+  "Mapped points in reach": "Pontos mapeados ao alcance",
+  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Ocultar os pontos mapeados ao alcance",
+  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Mostrar os pontos mapeados ao alcance",
+  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "NADA MAPEADO AO ALCANCE",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "Manter a câmera em {name}",
+  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Além do alcance fora do nadir",
+  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "ETIQUETAS DO OPENSTREETMAP",
+  "DETAILS": "DETALHES",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "FAIXA IMAGEADA {value} KM",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "FAIXA IMAGEADA ≈ {value} KM",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 6f02fb0bd..6eb44c31f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -189,6 +189,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} КМ/С",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "ОТКЛОНЕНИЕ ОТ НАДИРА {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "ОТКЛОНЕНИЕ ОТ НАДИРА {angle}°",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "ФОКУС · {name}",
+  "IN REACH · {count}": "В ЗОНЕ ДОСЯГАЕМОСТИ · {count}",
+  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "БЛИЖАЙШИЕ {shown} ИЗ {count}",
+  "Mapped points in reach": "Отмеченные на карте точки в зоне досягаемости",
+  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Скрыть отмеченные точки в зоне досягаемости",
+  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Показать отмеченные точки в зоне досягаемости",
+  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "НЕТ ОТМЕЧЕННЫХ ТОЧЕК В ЗОНЕ ДОСЯГАЕМОСТИ",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "Удерживать камеру на {name}",
+  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "За пределами допустимого отклонения от надира",
+  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "ТЕГИ OPENSTREETMAP",
+  "DETAILS": "ПОДРОБНОСТИ",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ПРИБЛИЖЕНИЕ {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "ПОЛОСА ОБЗОРА {value} КМ",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "ПОЛОСА ОБЗОРА ≈ {value} КМ",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index b2f8e8d5e..328f0fe72 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -841,6 +841,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} КМ/С",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "ВІДХИЛЕННЯ ВІД НАДИРА {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "ВІДХИЛЕННЯ ВІД НАДИРА {angle}°",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "ФОКУС · {name}",
+  "IN REACH · {count}": "У ЗОНІ ДОСЯЖНОСТІ · {count}",
+  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "НАЙБЛИЖЧІ {shown} З {count}",
+  "Mapped points in reach": "Позначені на мапі точки в зоні досяжності",
+  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Сховати позначені точки в зоні досяжності",
+  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Показати позначені точки в зоні досяжності",
+  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "НЕМАЄ ПОЗНАЧЕНИХ ТОЧОК У ЗОНІ ДОСЯЖНОСТІ",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "Утримувати камеру на {name}",
+  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Поза межами допустимого відхилення від надира",
+  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "ТЕГИ OPENSTREETMAP",
+  "DETAILS": "ПОДРОБИЦІ",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "НАБЛИЖЕННЯ {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "СМУГА ОГЛЯДУ {value} КМ",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "СМУГА ОГЛЯДУ ≈ {value} КМ",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 90d2afb62..4d1b7b55c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -780,6 +780,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} km/s",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "偏离天底 {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "偏离天底 {angle}°",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "聚焦 · {name}",
+  "IN REACH · {count}": "可达范围内 · {count}",
+  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "{count} 个中最近的 {shown} 个",
+  "Mapped points in reach": "可达范围内的地图点位",
+  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "隐藏可达范围内的地图点位",
+  "Show the mapped points in reach": "显示可达范围内的地图点位",
+  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "可达范围内没有地图点位",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "让镜头持续对准{name}",
+  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "超出偏离天底的可达范围",
+  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "OpenStreetMap 标签",
+  "DETAILS": "详情",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "变焦 {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "幅宽 {value} km",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "幅宽 ≈ {value} km",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index a37bb7a9d..cbead8578 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -775,6 +775,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} km/s",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "偏離天底 {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "偏離天底 {angle}°",
+  "FOCUS · {name}": "聚焦 · {name}",
+  "IN REACH · {count}": "可達範圍內 · {count}",
+  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "{count} 個中最近的 {shown} 個",
+  "Mapped points in reach": "可達範圍內的地圖點位",
+  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "隱藏可達範圍內的地圖點位",
+  "Show the mapped points in reach": "顯示可達範圍內的地圖點位",
+  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "可達範圍內沒有地圖點位",
+  "Keep the camera on {name}": "讓鏡頭持續對準{name}",
+  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "超出偏離天底的可達範圍",
+  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "OpenStreetMap 標籤",
+  "DETAILS": "詳情",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "變焦 {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "幅寬 {value} km",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "幅寬 ≈ {value} km",
diff --git a/src/ui/applicationShell.js b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
index 5010a5338..9952206a5 100644
--- a/src/ui/applicationShell.js
+++ b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
@@ -413,6 +413,8 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishRadar(view),
           orbital: (view) =>
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishOrbital(view),
+          orbitalReach: (view) =>
+            useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishOrbitalReach(view),
           utilityLayout: (layout) =>
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishUtilityLayout(layout),
         },
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitController.js b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
index 6c0843c47..caeb3d667 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ import {
   updateOrbital,
   updateOrbitalHud,
 } from './cockpitOrbitalView.js';
+import {
+  onOrbitalClick,
+  routeSceneClick,
+  toggleOrbitalFocus,
+} from './cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
 import {
   publishInstrumentsView,
   publishRouteView,
@@ -227,6 +232,7 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this.publishUtilityLayout = publish.utilityLayout ?? (() => {});
     this.publishRadar = publish.radar ?? (() => {});
     this.publishOrbital = publish.orbital ?? (() => {});
+    this.publishOrbitalReach = publish.orbitalReach ?? (() => {});
     /** The bridge radar's range in nautical miles; kept across bridges. */
     this.radarRangeNm = DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM;
     this.presence = {
@@ -292,6 +298,8 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
       true,
     );
     this._listenerRemovers.push(routeSceneDoubleClick.call(this));
+    // In orbit a click on a mapped point keeps the camera on it.
+    this._listenerRemovers.push(routeSceneClick.call(this));
     // In orbit the wheel steps the optical zoom (Cesium's own wheel zoom is
     // off while the Cockpit holds the camera).
     this._listen(
@@ -350,6 +358,10 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
       else if (target?.closest?.('#cockpit-orbital-nadir')) this.orbitalNadir();
       else if (target?.closest?.('#cockpit-orbital-sensor'))
         this.jumpToSensorSwath();
+      else {
+        const focus = target?.closest?.('[data-orbital-focus]');
+        if (focus) this.toggleOrbitalFocus(focus.dataset.orbitalFocus);
+      }
     });
     this._listen(this.signalToggle, 'click', () =>
       this.setSignalCollapsed(!this.signalCollapsed, { user: true }),
@@ -424,6 +436,24 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   onOrbitalWheel(event) {
     return onOrbitalWheel.call(this, event);
   }
+  /**
+   * A click on the orbital picture: on a mapped point in reach it keeps the
+   * camera on that point; anywhere else it ends such a focus.
+   * @param {{x: number, y: number}|null|undefined} position
+   * @returns {boolean} True when the click focused a point.
+   */
+  onOrbitalClick(position) {
+    return onOrbitalClick.call(this, position);
+  }
+  /**
+   * FOCUS on the reach list: focus that point, switch to it, or end the
+   * focus held on it.
+   * @param {string} key The point's context id.
+   * @returns {boolean} True when the focus changed.
+   */
+  toggleOrbitalFocus(key) {
+    return toggleOrbitalFocus.call(this, key);
+  }
   /**
    * Tilt the orbital view one arrow step off nadir.
    * @param {{axis: 'yaw'|'pitch', sign: number, stepDeg: number}} step
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ece2e28b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+/**
+ * Ground focus in the Cockpit's orbital view: a click on a mapped point, or
+ * FOCUS on the reach list, keeps the camera on that point as the satellite
+ * moves; clicking elsewhere, FOCUS again, NADIR or the target leaving the
+ * off-nadir reach eases the view back. Also builds the list of mapped points
+ * in reach. Bound to the Cockpit controller like the orbital view itself
+ * (src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js); its state lives on the orbital session, so
+ * it ends with the session.
+ */
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { clampOrbitalLook, easeLook } from '../cockpitLook.js';
+import { offNadirOrientation } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
+import {
+  ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX,
+  ORBITAL_REACH_REFRESH_MS,
+  detailRows,
+  easeFocusRemainder,
+  focusEaseDtMs,
+  focusInReach,
+  focusLook,
+  geodeticToEcef,
+  pointsInReach,
+} from '../cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
+import {
+  getContextStore,
+  isContextRecordActive,
+} from '../data/contextStore.js';
+import { isPointerFree } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
+import { pickedKindForLayer } from '../data/pickedContext.js';
+
+const NADIR_LOOK = Object.freeze({ yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 });
+
+/** Only fixed points on the ground are focus targets: no aircraft, ships or satellites. */
+const GROUND_KINDS = new Set(['feature', 'fire']);
+
+/** Whether the user asked for reduced motion: focus turns then cut. */
+function prefersReducedMotion() {
+  return Boolean(
+    globalThis.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)')?.matches,
+  );
+}
+
+function inOrbit(controller) {
+  return (
+    controller.active &&
+    !controller.destroyed &&
+    controller.subjectKind === 'satellite' &&
+    Boolean(controller.orbital)
+  );
+}
+
+/** The layers' on/off state, as `isContextRecordActive` reads it. */
+function layerGate(controller) {
+  const isLayerEnabled = controller.services?.isLayerEnabled;
+  return typeof isLayerEnabled === 'function'
+    ? { isEnabled: (layerId) => isLayerEnabled(layerId) !== false }
+    : null;
+}
+
+/** A context record that is a fixed ground point of a layer that is on. */
+function groundRecord(controller, record) {
+  if (!record || !isContextRecordActive(record, layerGate(controller)))
+    return null;
+  if (!GROUND_KINDS.has(pickedKindForLayer(record.layerId))) return null;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(record.latitude) || !Number.isFinite(record.longitude))
+    return null;
+  return record;
+}
+
+/** Where a mapped point is drawn: its rendered anchor, else on the ellipsoid. */
+function recordPosition(record) {
+  const anchor = record.entity?.__localBaseCartesian;
+  if (
+    anchor &&
+    Number.isFinite(anchor.x) &&
+    Number.isFinite(anchor.y) &&
+    Number.isFinite(anchor.z)
+  )
+    return { x: anchor.x, y: anchor.y, z: anchor.z };
+  return geodeticToEcef(record.latitude, record.longitude, 0);
+}
+
+/** The context record a scene pick landed on, when it is a ground point. */
+function pickedGroundRecord(controller, picked) {
+  if (!picked) return null;
+  const store = getContextStore();
+  for (const carrier of [picked.id, picked.primitive?.id, picked.primitive]) {
+    const contextId =
+      carrier && typeof carrier === 'object' ? carrier.__gevContextId : null;
+    if (!contextId) continue;
+    const record = groundRecord(controller, store.entities.get(contextId));
+    if (record) return record;
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+/** The focus look at a record from the last frame's satellite, or null. */
+function lookAt(state, record) {
+  const frame = state.focusFrame;
+  if (!frame) return null;
+  return focusLook(frame.nadir, frame.position, recordPosition(record));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Point the view at a mapped point and keep it there: from the view as it is
+ * now, so switching targets turns rather than jumps. A point beyond the
+ * reach is refused.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the focus is on that point.
+ */
+function startFocus(record) {
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  const look = lookAt(state, record);
+  // Before the first frame there is nothing to measure against; the frame
+  // that follows checks the reach.
+  if (state.focusFrame && !focusInReach(look)) return false;
+  state.focus = {
+    key: String(record.id),
+    label: String(record.label || record.layerName || record.id),
+    look,
+    // The view minus the target's look, eased away; set on the next frame.
+    remainder: null,
+  };
+  state.focusReleasing = false;
+  if (look) state.lookTarget = clampOrbitalLook(look);
+  publishOrbitalReach.call(this);
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * End the focus. The view eases back to nadir on the focus's clock (cut
+ * under reduced motion), or with `handOver` stays where it is for an arrow
+ * key to tilt on from.
+ * @param {{handOver?: boolean}} [options]
+ * @returns {boolean} True when a focus was ended.
+ */
+export function releaseOrbitalFocus({ handOver = false } = {}) {
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  if (!state?.focus) return false;
+  state.focus = null;
+  if (handOver) {
+    state.lookTarget = clampOrbitalLook(state.lookView);
+    state.focusReleasing = false;
+  } else {
+    state.lookTarget = { ...NADIR_LOOK };
+    if (prefersReducedMotion()) {
+      state.lookView = { ...NADIR_LOOK };
+      state.focusReleasing = false;
+    } else state.focusReleasing = true;
+  }
+  publishOrbitalReach.call(this);
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * FOCUS on the reach list: focus that point, switch to it from another, or
+ * end the focus when it is the one held.
+ * @param {string} key The point's context id.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the focus changed.
+ */
+export function toggleOrbitalFocus(key) {
+  if (!inOrbit(this) || key === null || key === undefined) return false;
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  if (state.focus?.key === String(key)) return releaseOrbitalFocus.call(this);
+  const record = groundRecord(
+    this,
+    getContextStore().entities.get(String(key)),
+  );
+  return record ? startFocus.call(this, record) : false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A click on the orbital picture. One on a mapped ground point in reach
+ * focuses it; any other click ends a focus. A click a tool owns (drawing)
+ * is left alone, as is every click outside orbit.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number}|null|undefined} position Canvas position.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the click focused a point.
+ */
+export function onOrbitalClick(position) {
+  if (!inOrbit(this) || !isPointerFree()) return false;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(position?.x) || !Number.isFinite(position?.y))
+    return false;
+  let picked = null;
+  try {
+    picked = this.viewer.scene?.pick?.(position) ?? null;
+  } catch {
+    picked = null;
+  }
+  const record = pickedGroundRecord(this, picked);
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  if (record) {
+    if (state.focus?.key === String(record.id)) return true;
+    if (startFocus.call(this, record)) return true;
+    // A mapped point beyond the reach leaves the view as it is.
+    return false;
+  }
+  releaseOrbitalFocus.call(this);
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Take the scene's single click through the orbital focus first, then hand
+ * it on to Cesium's own (it picks into `selectedEntity`), as before.
+ * @returns {() => void} Puts Cesium's handler back, unless another owner
+ *   (the draw tool borrows it) has replaced ours since.
+ */
+export function routeSceneClick() {
+  const handler = this.viewer.screenSpaceEventHandler;
+  if (typeof handler?.setInputAction !== 'function') return () => {};
+  const type = Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK;
+  const stock = handler.getInputAction?.(type) ?? null;
+  const routed = (event) => {
+    this.onOrbitalClick(event?.position);
+    stock?.(event);
+  };
+  handler.setInputAction(routed, type);
+  return () => {
+    if (handler.isDestroyed?.() || handler.getInputAction?.(type) !== routed)
+      return;
+    if (stock) handler.setInputAction(stock, type);
+    else handler.removeInputAction(type);
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The orbital view's look for one frame, while a focus holds or is ending.
+ * A held focus aims at its target: the live look plus whatever is left of
+ * the turn onto it. The focus ends, easing back, when its point is gone (its
+ * layer off, the record dropped) or beyond the reach. Also rebuilds the
+ * reach list on its own clock.
+ * @param {object} state The orbital session.
+ * @param {{direction: object, up: object, right: object}} nadir This
+ *   frame's nadir frame.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} position The satellite, ECEF.
+ * @param {number} nowMs
+ * @returns {boolean} True when it placed `state.lookView` itself.
+ */
+export function updateOrbitalFocus(state, nadir, position, nowMs) {
+  state.focusFrame = {
+    nadir,
+    position: { x: position.x, y: position.y, z: position.z },
+  };
+  const dtMs = nowMs - (state.lookLastMs || nowMs);
+  let aimed = false;
+  const focus = state.focus;
+  if (focus) {
+    const record = groundRecord(
+      this,
+      getContextStore().entities.get(focus.key),
+    );
+    const look = record
+      ? focusLook(nadir, state.focusFrame.position, recordPosition(record))
+      : null;
+    if (!focusInReach(look)) {
+      releaseOrbitalFocus.call(this);
+    } else {
+      focus.look = look;
+      const reduced = prefersReducedMotion();
+      focus.remainder = focus.remainder
+        ? easeFocusRemainder(focus.remainder, dtMs, { immediate: reduced })
+        : reduced
+          ? { ...NADIR_LOOK }
+          : {
+              yawDeg: state.lookView.yawDeg - look.yawDeg,
+              pitchDeg: state.lookView.pitchDeg - look.pitchDeg,
+            };
+      state.lookTarget = clampOrbitalLook(look);
+      state.lookView = {
+        yawDeg: look.yawDeg + focus.remainder.yawDeg,
+        pitchDeg: look.pitchDeg + focus.remainder.pitchDeg,
+      };
+      aimed = true;
+    }
+  }
+  if (nowMs - (state.reachMs ?? -Infinity) >= ORBITAL_REACH_REFRESH_MS)
+    publishOrbitalReach.call(this, nowMs);
+  return aimed;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ease the orbital look toward its target for one frame: the look's own
+ * easing, on the focus's slower clock while a focus is easing back.
+ * @param {object} state The orbital session.
+ * @param {number} dtMs
+ * @param {{immediate?: boolean}} [options]
+ * @returns {{yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}}
+ */
+export function easeOrbitalLook(state, dtMs, { immediate = false } = {}) {
+  const view = easeLook(
+    state.lookView,
+    state.lookTarget,
+    state.focusReleasing ? focusEaseDtMs(dtMs) : dtMs,
+    { immediate },
+  );
+  if (
+    state.focusReleasing &&
+    view.yawDeg === state.lookTarget.yawDeg &&
+    view.pitchDeg === state.lookTarget.pitchDeg
+  )
+    state.focusReleasing = false;
+  return view;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The focused target for the HUD: its name and the live look at it, whose
+ * single off-nadir angle the readout shows. Null without a focus, or before
+ * its first frame.
+ * @returns {{key: string, label: string, offNadirDeg: number,
+ *   yawDeg: number, pitchDeg: number}|null}
+ */
+export function orbitalFocusReadout() {
+  const focus = this.orbital?.focus;
+  if (!focus?.look) return null;
+  return {
+    key: focus.key,
+    label: focus.label,
+    offNadirDeg: focus.look.offNadirDeg,
+    yawDeg: focus.look.yawDeg,
+    pitchDeg: focus.look.pitchDeg,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rebuild and publish the list of mapped points in reach: ground points of
+ * the layers that are on, facing the satellite and within the off-nadir
+ * reach or in the frame now, nearest to nadir first, at most
+ * ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX.
+ * @param {number} [nowMs]
+ */
+export function publishOrbitalReach(nowMs = performance.now()) {
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  if (!inOrbit(this) || !state) return;
+  state.reachMs = nowMs;
+  const frame = state.focusFrame;
+  const records = new Map();
+  const candidates = [];
+  if (frame) {
+    for (const entry of getContextStore().entities.values()) {
+      const record = groundRecord(this, entry);
+      if (!record) continue;
+      const position = recordPosition(record);
+      if (!position) continue;
+      const key = String(record.id);
+      records.set(key, record);
+      candidates.push({ key, position });
+    }
+  }
+  const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
+  const reach = frame
+    ? pointsInReach(candidates, {
+        nadir: frame.nadir,
+        view: offNadirOrientation(frame.nadir, {
+          northDeg: state.lookView.pitchDeg,
+          eastDeg: state.lookView.yawDeg,
+        }),
+        satellite: frame.position,
+        verticalFovRad: state.verticalFov,
+        aspect: Number.isFinite(frustum?.aspectRatio) ? frustum.aspectRatio : 1,
+        max: ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX,
+      })
+    : { count: 0, entries: [] };
+  const focusKey = state.focus?.key ?? null;
+  this.publishOrbitalReach({
+    count: reach.count,
+    focusKey,
+    entries: reach.entries.map(({ key, offNadirDeg, reachable }) => {
+      const record = records.get(key);
+      const source = String(record.source || '');
+      return {
+        key,
+        label: String(record.label || record.layerName || key),
+        layerName: String(record.layerName || ''),
+        source,
+        latitude: record.latitude,
+        longitude: record.longitude,
+        offNadirDeg,
+        reachable,
+        focused: key === focusKey,
+        osm: /openstreetmap|\bosm\b/i.test(source),
+        details: detailRows(record.properties),
+      };
+    }),
+  });
+}
+
+/** Clear the reach list as the orbital session ends. */
+export function endOrbitalFocus() {
+  this.publishOrbitalReach(null);
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97370fb3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,644 @@
+// src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs — keeping the orbital camera on a
+// mapped ground point: a click on the point or FOCUS on the reach list turns
+// the view onto it and holds it as the satellite moves; a click elsewhere,
+// FOCUS again, NADIR or the point leaving the reach eases the view back,
+// never in one jump. Over happy-dom, with the shared context store.
+import '../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
+import { createApp, defineComponent, h, nextTick } from 'vue';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { CockpitViewController } from './cockpitController.js';
+import { useCockpitStore } from './stores/cockpit.js';
+import { useHudStore } from './stores/hud.js';
+import CockpitView from './views/CockpitView.vue';
+import ContextView from './views/ContextView.vue';
+import IntelHudView from './views/IntelHudView.vue';
+import { getContextStore, registerEntityContext } from '../data/contextStore.js';
+import { claimPointer, releasePointer } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
+import { ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS } from '../cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
+
+const START_MS = 1_800_000_000_000;
+const ASPECT = 16 / 9;
+const FRAME_MS = 16;
+
+const ISS = Object.freeze({
+  kind: 'satellite',
+  layerId: 'satellites',
+  id: '25544',
+  noradId: 25544,
+  name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
+  classKey: 'station',
+  classLabel: 'STATION · ISS',
+  latitude: 30,
+  longitude: -97,
+  altitudeM: 420_000,
+  velocityMps: 7_660,
+  // Track-up: the focus is built on the turned frame.
+  groundTrackDeg: 51.6,
+  stale: false,
+});
+
+const LAYER = 'military-installations';
+
+/** Mapped points: two in reach, one only beyond it. */
+const SITES = Object.freeze({
+  alpha: { lat: 31, lon: -96.5, label: 'Camp Alpha', at: { x: 100, y: 100 } },
+  bravo: { lat: 29.2, lon: -97.8, label: 'Bravo Field', at: { x: 300, y: 300 } },
+  far: { lat: 33.5, lon: -101, label: 'Far Range', at: { x: 500, y: 50 } },
+});
+
+const EMPTY_GROUND = Object.freeze({ x: 640, y: 360 });
+
+function fixture(t, { reducedMotion = false } = {}) {
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  const host = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
+  const pinia = createPinia();
+  const app = createApp(
+    defineComponent(() => () => [
+      h(ContextView),
+      h(IntelHudView),
+      h(CockpitView),
+    ]),
+  ).use(pinia);
+  app.mount(host);
+  useHudStore(pinia);
+  const store = useCockpitStore(pinia);
+  const previousMatchMedia = globalThis.matchMedia;
+  globalThis.matchMedia = (query) => ({
+    matches: query.includes('reduce') && reducedMotion,
+  });
+  const listeners = () => ({ addEventListener: () => () => {} });
+  const shots = [];
+  const picks = new Map();
+  const viewer = {
+    trackedEntity: undefined,
+    clock: { currentTime: null },
+    camera: {
+      frustum: { fov: 1, aspectRatio: ASPECT },
+      cancelFlight() {},
+      setView({ destination, orientation }) {
+        shots.push({
+          destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(destination),
+          direction: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(orientation.direction),
+          up: Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(orientation.up),
+        });
+      },
+    },
+    entities: { contains: () => false },
+    scene: {
+      preUpdate: listeners(),
+      screenSpaceCameraController: { enableInputs: true },
+      pick: (position) => picks.get(`${position.x},${position.y}`),
+    },
+    trackedEntityChanged: listeners(),
+  };
+  // The Viewer's own input handler: its single click picks into
+  // selectedEntity, which the Cockpit must still hand it.
+  const actions = new Map();
+  const handler = {
+    stockClicks: 0,
+    getInputAction: (type) => actions.get(type),
+    setInputAction: (action, type) => actions.set(type, action),
+    removeInputAction: (type) => actions.delete(type),
+    isDestroyed: () => false,
+  };
+  const stockClick = () => {
+    handler.stockClicks += 1;
+  };
+  handler.stock = stockClick;
+  actions.set(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK, stockClick);
+  viewer.screenSpaceEventHandler = handler;
+
+  let subject = { ...ISS };
+  const satellites = {
+    getCockpitSubject: () => (subject ? { ...subject } : null),
+    getCockpitPosition(result) {
+      if (!subject) return null;
+      return Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+        subject.longitude,
+        subject.latitude,
+        subject.altitudeM,
+        Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
+        result,
+      );
+    },
+    setCockpitSubject: () => true,
+    refocusTrackedById: () => true,
+  };
+  const enabled = new Set(['satellites', LAYER]);
+  const cockpit = new CockpitViewController(viewer, {
+    services: {
+      flightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: () => null },
+      militaryFlightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: () => null },
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer: { getCockpitSubject: () => null },
+      satellitesLayer: satellites,
+      militaryAwarenessLayer: {},
+      isTr3b: () => false,
+      holdContinuousRender() {},
+      releaseContinuousRender() {},
+      cachedGroundFloor: () => null,
+      GROUND_FLOOR_LIFT_M: 0,
+      isLayerEnabled: (layerId) => enabled.has(layerId),
+    },
+    isEntryAllowed: () => false,
+    isBridgeEntryAllowed: () => false,
+    isOrbitEntryAllowed: () => true,
+    publish: {
+      presence: (view) => store.publishPresence(view),
+      instruments: (view) => store.publishInstruments(view),
+      route: (view) => store.publishRoute(view),
+      radar: (view) => store.publishRadar(view),
+      orbital: (view) => store.publishOrbital(view),
+      orbitalReach: (view) => store.publishOrbitalReach(view),
+    },
+  });
+  Object.assign(cockpit, {
+    setVisionMode() {},
+    showBriefPage() {},
+    startBriefRotation() {},
+    stopBriefRotation() {},
+    pushCockpitSignal() {},
+    scheduleContextLayout() {},
+    updateLocalPosition() {},
+    maybeRefreshRegionalBrief() {},
+    updateContext() {},
+    updateRoute() {},
+  });
+
+  // The mapped points, registered as the installations layer does.
+  const carriers = {};
+  for (const [key, site] of Object.entries(SITES)) {
+    const carrier = { show: true };
+    carriers[key] = carrier;
+    registerEntityContext(carrier, {
+      id: `site-${key}`,
+      layerId: LAYER,
+      layerName: 'Mapped Military Installations',
+      source: 'OpenStreetMap',
+      label: site.label,
+      latitude: site.lat,
+      longitude: site.lon,
+      properties: { military: 'base', name: site.label, _internal: 'x' },
+    });
+    picks.set(`${site.at.x},${site.at.y}`, { id: carrier });
+  }
+  // A moving contact is never a focus target.
+  const aircraftCarrier = { show: true };
+  registerEntityContext(aircraftCarrier, {
+    id: 'flight-abc',
+    layerId: 'flights',
+    label: 'ABC123',
+    latitude: 30.2,
+    longitude: -97.1,
+  });
+  enabled.add('flights');
+  picks.set('700,700', { id: aircraftCarrier });
+
+  const originalNow = performance.now;
+  const originalDateNow = Date.now;
+  let nowMs = START_MS;
+  performance.now = () => nowMs;
+  Date.now = () => nowMs;
+
+  t.after(() => {
+    cockpit.stop();
+    app.unmount();
+    globalThis.matchMedia = previousMatchMedia;
+    performance.now = originalNow;
+    Date.now = originalDateNow;
+    getContextStore().entities.clear();
+    document.body.classList.remove('cockpit-mode', 'cockpit-bridge', 'cockpit-orbit');
+  });
+
+  const frame = () => {
+    nowMs += FRAME_MS;
+    cockpit.update();
+    return shots.at(-1);
+  };
+  return {
+    $: (selector) => document.querySelector(selector),
+    cockpit,
+    viewer,
+    store,
+    shots,
+    handler,
+    carriers,
+    enabled,
+    frame,
+    click: (position) =>
+      actions.get(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK)?.({ position }),
+    /** Move the satellite along its track by `deg` of latitude and longitude. */
+    move(dLat, dLon) {
+      subject = {
+        ...subject,
+        latitude: subject.latitude + dLat,
+        longitude: subject.longitude + dLon,
+      };
+    },
+    drop() {
+      subject = null;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+async function settle() {
+  await nextTick();
+  await Promise.resolve();
+}
+
+async function inOrbit(t, options) {
+  const scene = fixture(t, options);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await settle();
+  scene.frame();
+  await settle();
+  return scene;
+}
+
+const angleDeg = (a, b) =>
+  Cesium.Math.toDegrees(Cesium.Cartesian3.angleBetween(a, b));
+
+const sitePosition = (key) =>
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(SITES[key].lon, SITES[key].lat, 0);
+
+/** How far the camera looks from a site, degrees. */
+function missDeg(shot, key) {
+  const line = Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(
+    sitePosition(key),
+    shot.destination,
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  return angleDeg(shot.direction, line);
+}
+
+/** The camera's angle from nadir, degrees. */
+function offNadir(shot) {
+  const toCentre = Cesium.Cartesian3.negate(shot.destination, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  return angleDeg(shot.direction, toCentre);
+}
+
+/** The off-nadir angle to a site from the camera's position, degrees. */
+function siteOffNadir(shot, key) {
+  const line = Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(
+    sitePosition(key),
+    shot.destination,
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+  );
+  const toCentre = Cesium.Cartesian3.negate(shot.destination, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  return angleDeg(line, toCentre);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Run frames, the satellite drifting a little each one, and return the
+ * largest turn of the camera between two frames.
+ */
+function run(scene, frames, { drift = 0.0005 } = {}) {
+  let largest = 0;
+  let previous = scene.shots.at(-1);
+  for (let i = 0; i < frames; i += 1) {
+    scene.move(drift, drift);
+    const shot = scene.frame();
+    largest = Math.max(largest, angleDeg(previous.direction, shot.direction));
+    previous = shot;
+  }
+  return largest;
+}
+
+/** Frames enough for the focus easing to land (about 12 time constants). */
+const LAND_FRAMES = Math.ceil((12 * ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS) / FRAME_MS);
+
+/**
+ * No frame turns the camera further than this: a smooth turn, no jump. The
+ * focus clock moves about 6% of the way in a 16 ms frame, so even a swing
+ * back from the 45° reach stays under it.
+ */
+const MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG = 3;
+
+test('a click on a mapped point turns the camera onto it and holds it there', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { $, cockpit, store, handler } = scene;
+  const before = scene.shots.at(-1);
+  assert.ok(missDeg(before, 'alpha') > 10, 'not centred at nadir');
+
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
+  assert.equal(handler.stockClicks, 1, 'Cesium still gets the click');
+
+  // The first frames turn part of the way: no jump onto the target.
+  const first = scene.frame();
+  assert.ok(missDeg(first, 'alpha') > 5, 'still turning');
+  const largest = run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  assert.ok(largest > 0.1 && largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG, `turned ${largest}° in a frame`);
+
+  // Landed, it holds the target dead centre while the satellite moves.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 20; i += 1) {
+    scene.move(0.002, 0.002);
+    const shot = scene.frame();
+    assert.ok(missDeg(shot, 'alpha') < 1e-5, `frame ${i}: ${missDeg(shot, 'alpha')}°`);
+  }
+  // Held still past a HUD beat, the readout matches the last frame.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) scene.frame();
+
+  // The readout gives the single off-nadir angle to it, as image metadata does.
+  await settle();
+  const shot = scene.shots.at(-1);
+  const readout = $('#cockpit-orbital-look-readout').textContent;
+  assert.equal(readout, `OFF-NADIR ${siteOffNadir(shot, 'alpha').toFixed(1)}°`);
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-focus').textContent, 'FOCUS · Camp Alpha');
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-look-readout').getAttribute('aria-live'), 'off');
+  assert.equal(
+    $('.cockpit-orbital-kicker').textContent.trim(),
+    'ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR',
+  );
+  // The swath stays approximate, scaled by the tilt onto the target.
+  assert.equal(store.orbital.footprintKm, null);
+  assert.ok(store.orbital.look.swathScale > 1);
+  assert.match($('.cockpit-orbital-swath').textContent, /^SWATH ≈ [\d.]+ KM$/);
+  assert.deepEqual(store.orbital.look.focus, { key: 'site-alpha', label: 'Camp Alpha' });
+
+  // It keeps up with the satellite: the angle changes as it moves.
+  scene.move(-0.3, -0.3);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) scene.frame();
+  await settle();
+  const later = $('#cockpit-orbital-look-readout').textContent;
+  assert.notEqual(later, readout);
+  assert.equal(later, `OFF-NADIR ${siteOffNadir(scene.shots.at(-1), 'alpha').toFixed(1)}°`);
+});
+
+test('a click elsewhere eases the camera back to nadir', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { $, cockpit } = scene;
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  const focused = offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1));
+  assert.ok(focused > 10);
+
+  scene.click(EMPTY_GROUND);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
+  const first = scene.frame();
+  assert.ok(offNadir(first) > focused * 0.8, 'no jump back');
+  const largest = run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
+  assert.ok(largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG, `turned ${largest}° in a frame`);
+  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1)) < 1e-6, 'back at nadir');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal($('.cockpit-orbital-look'), null);
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-focus').textContent, '');
+});
+
+test('a click on a moving contact is not a focus and ends one', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  scene.frame();
+  scene.click({ x: 700, y: 700 });
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
+  scene.click({ x: 700, y: 700 });
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
+});
+
+test('a click on the focused point again keeps the focus', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  run(scene, 5);
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
+});
+
+test('a click a tool owns is left alone', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const lease = claimPointer('draw');
+  t.after(() => releasePointer(lease));
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus ?? null, null, 'no focus while drawing');
+  releasePointer(lease);
+
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
+  const again = claimPointer('draw');
+  t.after(() => releasePointer(again));
+  scene.click(EMPTY_GROUND);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha', 'kept while drawing');
+});
+
+test('the focus ends by itself, easing back, when the point leaves the reach', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { cockpit } = scene;
+  scene.click(SITES.bravo.at);
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
+  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'bravo') < 1e-5);
+  // The satellite runs on north-east, away from the point, until the tilt
+  // onto it would pass 45°.
+  let released = null;
+  let previous = scene.shots.at(-1);
+  let largest = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 2000 && released === null; i += 1) {
+    scene.move(0.004, 0.004);
+    const shot = scene.frame();
+    largest = Math.max(largest, angleDeg(previous.direction, shot.direction));
+    previous = shot;
+    if (!cockpit.orbital.focus) released = i;
+  }
+  assert.ok(released > 0, 'the focus ended');
+  const atRelease = offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1));
+  assert.ok(atRelease > 40, `held to the reach (${atRelease}°)`);
+  largest = Math.max(largest, run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 }));
+  assert.ok(largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG, `turned ${largest}° in a frame`);
+  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1)) < 1e-6, 'back at nadir');
+});
+
+test('a mapped point beyond the reach cannot be focused', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  scene.click(SITES.far.at);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus ?? null, null);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.toggleOrbitalFocus('site-far'), false);
+});
+
+test('the reach list offers the points in reach with details and FOCUS', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { $, store, cockpit } = scene;
+  await settle();
+  const reach = store.orbitalReach;
+  assert.ok(reach, 'published in orbit');
+  // Nearest to nadir first; moving contacts and points beyond reach and
+  // frame are left out.
+  const keys = reach.entries.map((entry) => entry.key);
+  assert.ok(keys.includes('site-alpha') && keys.includes('site-bravo'));
+  assert.ok(!keys.includes('flight-abc'));
+  assert.ok(!keys.includes('site-far'));
+  const angles = reach.entries.map((entry) => entry.offNadirDeg);
+  assert.deepEqual(angles, [...angles].sort((a, b) => a - b));
+  assert.equal(reach.count, reach.entries.length);
+
+  const toggle = $('#cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle');
+  assert.equal(toggle.textContent, `IN REACH · ${reach.count}`);
+  assert.equal(toggle.getAttribute('aria-expanded'), 'false');
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-reach-body').style.display, 'none');
+  toggle.click();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(toggle.getAttribute('aria-expanded'), 'true');
+  assert.notEqual($('#cockpit-orbital-reach-body').style.display, 'none');
+
+  const row = (key) => $(`[data-orbital-reach-key="${key}"]`);
+  const name = row('site-alpha').querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-reach-name');
+  assert.match(name.textContent, /Camp Alpha/);
+  name.click();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(name.getAttribute('aria-expanded'), 'true');
+  const details = $('#cockpit-orbital-reach-details');
+  assert.match(details.textContent, /OPENSTREETMAP TAGS/);
+  assert.match(details.textContent, /military\s*base/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(details.textContent, /_internal/);
+  assert.equal(name.getAttribute('aria-controls'), 'cockpit-orbital-reach-details');
+
+  // FOCUS through the delegated listener, as a person presses it.
+  const focusButton = (key) => row(key).querySelector('[data-orbital-focus]');
+  assert.equal(focusButton('site-alpha').getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Keep the camera on Camp Alpha');
+  focusButton('site-alpha').click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(focusButton('site-alpha').getAttribute('aria-pressed'), 'true');
+  assert.equal(focusButton('site-bravo').getAttribute('aria-pressed'), 'false');
+  // The list takes its own clicks: none reaches the picture to end the focus.
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'alpha') < 1e-5);
+
+  // FOCUS on another point switches to it, turning rather than jumping.
+  focusButton('site-bravo').click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-bravo');
+  const largest = run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  assert.ok(largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG, `turned ${largest}° in a frame`);
+  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'bravo') < 1e-5);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(focusButton('site-alpha').getAttribute('aria-pressed'), 'false');
+  assert.equal(focusButton('site-bravo').getAttribute('aria-pressed'), 'true');
+
+  // FOCUS on the focused point ends the focus.
+  focusButton('site-bravo').click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
+  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1)) < 1e-6);
+});
+
+test('a point in frame but beyond the reach is listed without FOCUS', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  // Tilt the view toward the far point with the arrows: it comes into frame
+  // but a focus on it would pass 45°.
+  const press = (key) =>
+    scene.cockpit.onKeyDown({
+      key,
+      target: document.body,
+      preventDefault() {},
+      stopImmediatePropagation() {},
+    });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 9; i += 1) press('ArrowLeft');
+  run(scene, 2 * LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
+  // Rebuild the list on the next frame.
+  scene.cockpit.orbital.reachMs = -Infinity;
+  scene.frame();
+  await settle();
+  const far = scene.store.orbitalReach.entries.find((entry) => entry.key === 'site-far');
+  assert.ok(far, 'listed while in frame');
+  assert.equal(far.reachable, false);
+  scene.$('#cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle').click();
+  await settle();
+  const button = scene.$('[data-orbital-reach-key="site-far"] [data-orbital-focus]');
+  assert.equal(button.getAttribute('aria-disabled'), 'true');
+  assert.equal(button.title, 'Beyond the off-nadir reach');
+  button.click();
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus ?? null, null);
+});
+
+test('turning the layer off or dropping the point ends the focus', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  run(scene, 5);
+  scene.enabled.delete(LAYER);
+  scene.frame();
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus, null, 'layer off');
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focusReleasing, true, 'easing back');
+  scene.cockpit.orbital.reachMs = -Infinity;
+  scene.frame();
+  assert.equal(scene.store.orbitalReach.count, 0, 'nothing listed from a layer that is off');
+
+  scene.enabled.add(LAYER);
+  scene.click(SITES.bravo.at);
+  run(scene, 5);
+  getContextStore().entities.delete('site-bravo');
+  scene.frame();
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus, null, 'point dropped');
+
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  run(scene, 5);
+  scene.carriers.alpha.show = false;
+  scene.frame();
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus, null, 'point hidden');
+});
+
+test('leaving orbit while focused clears the focus and the list', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  run(scene, 5);
+  scene.drop();
+  scene.frame();
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.active, false);
+  assert.equal(scene.store.orbitalReach, null);
+  assert.equal(scene.store.orbital, null);
+  // Late clicks and presses after the exit do nothing.
+  scene.click(SITES.bravo.at);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.toggleOrbitalFocus('site-bravo'), false);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.onOrbitalClick(SITES.bravo.at), false);
+  assert.equal(scene.handler.stockClicks, 2, 'Cesium kept its clicks');
+});
+
+test('NADIR and Home end a focus; an arrow takes the view over where it is', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { $, cockpit } = scene;
+  const press = (key) =>
+    cockpit.onKeyDown({
+      key,
+      target: document.body,
+      preventDefault() {},
+      stopImmediatePropagation() {},
+    });
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  await settle();
+  $('#cockpit-orbital-nadir').click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
+  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.frame()) > 5, 'eases back');
+
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  press('Home');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
+
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  const held = { ...cockpit.orbital.lookView };
+  press('ArrowUp');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
+  // The step continues from the focused look, on the 5° grid.
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.lookTarget.pitchDeg, Math.floor(held.pitchDeg / 5 + 1e-9) * 5 + 5);
+  const largest = run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
+  assert.ok(largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG);
+});
+
+test('reduced motion cuts onto the point and back', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t, { reducedMotion: true });
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.frame(), 'alpha') < 1e-5, 'on it at once');
+  scene.click(EMPTY_GROUND);
+  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.frame()) < 1e-6, 'back at once');
+});
+
+test('stopping the Cockpit hands the single click back to Cesium', async (t) => {
+  const scene = fixture(t);
+  const type = Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK;
+  assert.notEqual(scene.handler.getInputAction(type), scene.handler.stock);
+  scene.cockpit.stop();
+  assert.equal(scene.handler.getInputAction(type), scene.handler.stock);
+  scene.click(EMPTY_GROUND);
+  assert.equal(scene.handler.stockClicks, 1);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital, null);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
index 2482920f0..50e90d007 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ import {
 } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
 import {
   clampOrbitalLook,
-  easeLook,
   lookIsOffset,
   orbitalLookReadoutParts,
   stepOrbitalLook,
@@ -43,6 +42,13 @@ import { cockpitUiUpdateDue } from '../cockpitMath.js';
 import { createPlaceTracker, nearPlaceRadiusKm } from '../data/placeBelow.js';
 import { isPointerFree } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
 import { zoomableSwathKm } from '../layers/satellites/sensors.js';
+import {
+  easeOrbitalLook,
+  endOrbitalFocus,
+  orbitalFocusReadout,
+  releaseOrbitalFocus,
+  updateOrbitalFocus,
+} from './cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
 import {
   COCKPIT_CONTEXT_UPDATE_MS,
   COCKPIT_HUD_UPDATE_MS,
@@ -131,6 +137,7 @@ export function endOrbital() {
   // Back to the map the operator had, unless they picked another meanwhile.
   state.imagery?.release?.()?.catch?.(() => {});
   this.publishOrbital(null);
+  endOrbitalFocus.call(this);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -318,12 +325,13 @@ export function updateOrbital(nowMs) {
     this.lastSubjectInfo = info;
     goToZoom.call(this, maxZoom);
   }
-  state.lookView = easeLook(
-    state.lookView,
-    state.lookTarget,
-    nowMs - (state.lookLastMs || nowMs),
-    { immediate: prefersReducedMotion() },
-  );
+  // A ground focus aims the look itself (src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js).
+  if (!updateOrbitalFocus.call(this, state, nadir, position, nowMs))
+    state.lookView = easeOrbitalLook(
+      state,
+      nowMs - (state.lookLastMs || nowMs),
+      { immediate: prefersReducedMotion() },
+    );
   state.lookLastMs = nowMs;
   const view = offNadirOrientation(nadir, {
     northDeg: state.lookView.pitchDeg,
@@ -592,16 +600,31 @@ function lookTilt(parts) {
   };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Word a ground focus's off-nadir angle, as image metadata gives it:
+ * `OFF-NADIR 23.4°`.
+ */
+function wordFocusOffNadir(focus) {
+  return t('OFF-NADIR {angle}°', {
+    angle: formatNumber(focus.offNadirDeg, {
+      minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+      maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+    }),
+  });
+}
+
 /**
  * Publish the orbital HUD. The swath is the nadir footprint, so it is left
- * out while the view is tilted off nadir.
+ * out while the view is tilted off nadir. A ground focus reads the single
+ * off-nadir angle to its target and scales the swath by the tilt onto it.
  * @param {object} info Satellite subject (`readSatelliteInfo`).
  * @param {{active: boolean, blurPx: number, lockTick: boolean}} transition
  */
 export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
   const state = this.orbital;
   if (!state || !info) return;
-  const offset = lookIsOffset(state.lookTarget, 0);
+  const focus = orbitalFocusReadout.call(this);
+  const offset = Boolean(focus) || lookIsOffset(state.lookTarget, 0);
   const aspect = Number.isFinite(this.viewer.camera?.frustum?.aspectRatio)
     ? this.viewer.camera.frustum.aspectRatio
     : canvasAspect(this.viewer);
@@ -610,15 +633,21 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
   const maxZoom = orbitalMaxZoomFor.call(this, info);
   const swathKm = sensorSwathKm(info);
   const trackUp = Number.isFinite(info.groundTrackDeg);
-  const tilt = offset
-    ? lookTilt(orbitalLookReadoutParts(state.lookTarget))
-    : null;
-  const swathScale = offset ? offNadirSwathScale(tilt) : 1;
+  // A ground focus sets the tilt; otherwise the look target does.
+  const tilt = focus
+    ? { northDeg: focus.pitchDeg, eastDeg: focus.yawDeg }
+    : offset
+      ? lookTilt(orbitalLookReadoutParts(state.lookTarget))
+      : null;
+  const swathScale = tilt ? offNadirSwathScale(tilt) : 1;
   // Tilted past the limb, the view's centre looks into space: no swath. The
   // camera eases toward the target, so both must meet the Earth; the HUD
   // republishes on its cadence, so the swath appears once the view arrives.
-  // Exact angles here, not the whole degrees the readout rounds to.
-  const target = clampOrbitalLook(state.lookTarget);
+  // Exact angles here, not the whole degrees the readout rounds to; a ground
+  // focus aims the look itself, so its angles are the target.
+  const target = focus
+    ? { pitchDeg: focus.pitchDeg, yawDeg: focus.yawDeg }
+    : clampOrbitalLook(state.lookTarget);
   // The eased view is tested even with the target at nadir: on the way back
   // from past the limb it still looks into space.
   const seesEarth =
@@ -664,7 +693,13 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
     transition: { ...transition },
     look: {
       offset,
-      readout: offset ? wordOffNadir(state.lookTarget, { trackUp }) : '',
+      readout: focus
+        ? wordFocusOffNadir(focus)
+        : offset
+          ? wordOffNadir(state.lookTarget, { trackUp })
+          : '',
+      // The mapped point the view is held on, or null.
+      focus: focus ? { key: focus.key, label: focus.label } : null,
       // Off nadir, the ground width at the view's centre, approximated from
       // the nadir footprint (`offNadirSwathScale`); 1 and null at nadir.
       swathScale,
@@ -844,6 +879,8 @@ export function turnOrbitalLook(step) {
     return false;
   if (!step) return false;
   const state = this.orbital;
+  // An arrow takes the view over from a ground focus where it is.
+  releaseOrbitalFocus.call(this, { handOver: true });
   state.lookTarget = stepOrbitalLook(state.lookTarget, step);
   if (prefersReducedMotion()) state.lookView = { ...state.lookTarget };
   presentNow.call(this);
@@ -859,6 +896,8 @@ export function resetOrbitalLook({ immediate = false } = {}) {
   if (!this.active || this.subjectKind !== 'satellite' || !this.orbital)
     return false;
   const state = this.orbital;
+  // Ends a ground focus too, easing back on its clock.
+  releaseOrbitalFocus.call(this);
   state.lookTarget = { ...NADIR_LOOK };
   if (immediate || prefersReducedMotion()) state.lookView = { ...NADIR_LOOK };
   presentNow.call(this);
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js b/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
index 1e4accde5..a71a78336 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
@@ -93,7 +93,8 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
    *    zoom, zoomSteps: number[], maxZoom, footprintKm|null,
    *    sensor: { label|null, swathKm, stripFraction|null, zoom|null }|null,
    *    transition: { active, blurPx, lockTick },
-   *    look: { offset, readout, swathScale, swathKm|null }, trackUp, northDeg,
+   *    look: { offset, readout, swathScale, swathKm|null,
+   *      focus: { key, label }|null }, trackUp, northDeg,
    *    place: { kind: 'country'|'sea'|'ocean', name, countryCode,
    *      division?|null, near?|null }|null|undefined,
    *    noradId|null, cosparId|null, tle: { line1, line2, epochMs }|null,
@@ -117,7 +118,9 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
    * src/cockpitOrbital.js), `look` says whether the view is tilted off
    * nadir and words the tilt (`readout`, '' at nadir), with the approximate
    * ground width at the tilted view's centre (`swathKm`, null at nadir) and
-   * its ratio to the nadir footprint (`swathScale`, 1 at nadir), `trackUp`
+   * its ratio to the nadir footprint (`swathScale`, 1 at nadir) and the
+   * mapped point a ground focus holds the view on (`focus`; the readout
+   * then gives the single off-nadir angle to it), `trackUp`
    * whether the view is turned to the ground track (false for a satellite with none,
    * which stays north-up) and `northDeg` where north sits, in degrees
    * clockwise from the top (0 when north-up).
@@ -129,6 +132,22 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
     orbital.value = next && markRaw(next);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The mapped points the orbital view shows or can be turned to: null
+   * outside orbit. Shape: `{ count, focusKey|null, entries: [{ key, label,
+   * layerName, source, latitude, longitude, offNadirDeg, reachable,
+   * focused, osm, details: [{ key, value }] }] }`, nearest to nadir first
+   * and at most 12 (`count` is all of them); `reachable` is false for a
+   * point in the frame but beyond the off-nadir reach, `osm` marks details
+   * that are OpenStreetMap tags (src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js).
+   */
+  const orbitalReach = shallowRef(null);
+
+  /** @param {?object} next A fresh list of the mapped points in reach. */
+  function publishOrbitalReach(next) {
+    orbitalReach.value = next && markRaw(next);
+  }
+
   /**
    * The utility strip's measured layout: its top and height limits as CSS
    * lengths (null leaves the stylesheet's), whether only the expanded control
@@ -168,6 +187,8 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
     publishRadar,
     orbital,
     publishOrbital,
+    orbitalReach,
+    publishOrbitalReach,
     utilityLayout,
     publishUtilityLayout,
   };
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fede7254e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/* The orbital view's ground focus (src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue,
+   CockpitOrbitalReach.vue): the focused target under the off-nadir readout
+   and, at the foot of the readout card, the mapped points in reach. The HUD
+   passes clicks through to the picture; the list takes its own, so a click
+   on it never ends a focus. */
+.cockpit-orbital-focus:not(:empty) {
+  margin-top: 4px;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach {
+  margin-top: 8px;
+  padding-top: 8px;
+  border-top: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle,
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus {
+  padding: 2px 7px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-line);
+  border-radius: 2px;
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.6);
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle[aria-expanded='true'],
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus[aria-pressed='true'],
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle:hover,
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle:focus-visible,
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus:hover,
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus:focus-visible {
+  border-color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  color: #fff;
+  outline: none;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus[aria-pressed='true'] {
+  background: color-mix(
+    in srgb,
+    var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 22%,
+    rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.8)
+  );
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus[aria-disabled='true'] {
+  border-color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.12);
+  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.32);
+  cursor: default;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-body {
+  max-height: min(30vh, 260px);
+  margin-top: 6px;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  overscroll-behavior: contain;
+  scrollbar-width: thin;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-list {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 3px;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  list-style: none;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-row {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-name {
+  display: grid;
+  flex: 1;
+  min-width: 0;
+  padding: 3px 6px;
+  border: 1px solid transparent;
+  border-inline-start-color: var(--orbital-faint);
+  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.34);
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font: inherit;
+  text-align: start;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-name strong,
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-name small {
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-name small {
+  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.56);
+  font-size: 9px;
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-name[aria-expanded='true'],
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-name:hover,
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-name:focus-visible {
+  border-color: var(--orbital-line);
+  outline: none;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-focused .cockpit-orbital-reach-name {
+  border-inline-start-color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-details {
+  margin: 3px 0 4px;
+  padding: 4px 6px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
+  background: rgba(0, 4, 8, 0.7);
+  user-select: text;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-where {
+  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.66);
+  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-readout .cockpit-orbital-reach-kicker {
+  margin-top: 4px;
+  color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-tags {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 2px;
+  margin: 3px 0 0;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-tag {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 8px;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-tag dt {
+  flex: none;
+  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.56);
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-tag dd {
+  min-width: 0;
+  margin: 0;
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-empty,
+.cockpit-orbital-reach-more {
+  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.56);
+}
+.cockpit-orbital-readout .cockpit-orbital-reach-more {
+  margin-top: 4px;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
index 767fc9cc7..51f14e1ed 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   shownOwnerMark,
 } from '../../ownerFlag.js';
 import { useCockpitStore } from '../../stores/cockpit.js';
+import CockpitOrbitalReach from './CockpitOrbitalReach.vue';
 
 // The orbital view's HUD: a nadir reticle over the picture, the satellite's
 // identity and orbit, and the optical zoom. The Cockpit controller presents
@@ -254,6 +255,12 @@ watch(
 
 // The off-nadir tilt; an untilted view shows no readout or reset.
 const look = computed(() => orbital.value?.look || { offset: false });
+// A ground focus names its target in a polite live region; the angle,
+// which changes every update, is left out of it.
+const focusText = computed(() => {
+  const label = look.value.focus?.label;
+  return label ? t('FOCUS · {name}', { name: label }) : '';
+});
 
 const transition = computed(() => orbital.value?.transition || {});
 const lensStyle = computed(() => {
@@ -317,9 +324,12 @@ const lensStyle = computed(() => {
         <p class="cockpit-orbital-north">{{ trackUp ? t('TRACK UP') : t('NORTH UP') }}</p>
         <!-- Shown only while the view is tilted off nadir: where it looks and the way back. -->
         <div v-if="look.offset" class="cockpit-orbital-look">
-          <span id="cockpit-orbital-look-readout" class="cockpit-orbital-look-readout" aria-live="polite">{{ look.readout }}</span>
+          <span id="cockpit-orbital-look-readout" class="cockpit-orbital-look-readout" :aria-live="look.focus ? 'off' : 'polite'">{{ look.readout }}</span>
           <button id="cockpit-orbital-nadir" ref="nadirButton" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-nadir" :aria-label="t('Return the view to nadir')" :title="t('Return to nadir (Home or 0)')" aria-keyshortcuts="Home 0">{{ t('NADIR') }}</button>
         </div>
+        <p id="cockpit-orbital-focus" class="cockpit-orbital-focus" aria-live="polite">{{ focusText }}</p>
+        <!-- The mapped points the view shows or can be turned to, each with FOCUS. -->
+        <CockpitOrbitalReach />
       </div>
       <div class="cockpit-orbital-optics">
         <button id="cockpit-orbital-zoom-out" ref="zoomOutButton" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-zoom-button" :disabled="atWidest" :aria-label="t('Zoom out')" :title="t('Zoom out (−)')" aria-keyshortcuts="- _">−</button>
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..852799da9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<script setup>
+import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia';
+import { computed, nextTick, ref, useTemplateRef, watch } from 'vue';
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatCockpitCoordinate } from '../../cockpitPresentation.js';
+import { useCockpitStore } from '../../stores/cockpit.js';
+
+// The mapped points the orbital view shows or can be turned to, under its
+// readout: ground points of the layers that are on, nearest to nadir first.
+// A row opens the point's details (its OpenStreetMap tags where the layer
+// keeps them); FOCUS keeps the camera on it, switches to it from another, or
+// ends the focus held on it. The Cockpit controller builds the list
+// (src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js) and keeps FOCUS's delegated listener;
+// which rows are open is this view's own.
+
+const { orbitalReach } = storeToRefs(useCockpitStore());
+
+const finite = (value) => typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value);
+
+const entries = computed(() => orbitalReach.value?.entries || []);
+const count = computed(() =>
+  finite(orbitalReach.value?.count) ? orbitalReach.value.count : 0,
+);
+const open = ref(false);
+const selectedKey = ref(null);
+const root = useTemplateRef('root');
+
+const toggleText = computed(() =>
+  t('IN REACH · {count}', { count: formatNumber(count.value) }),
+);
+const moreText = computed(() =>
+  count.value > entries.value.length
+    ? t('NEAREST {shown} OF {count}', {
+        shown: formatNumber(entries.value.length),
+        count: formatNumber(count.value),
+      })
+    : '',
+);
+
+const angleText = (deg) =>
+  finite(deg)
+    ? `${formatNumber(deg, { minimumFractionDigits: 1, maximumFractionDigits: 1 })}°`
+    : '—';
+const positionText = (entry) =>
+  finite(entry.latitude) && finite(entry.longitude)
+    ? `${formatCockpitCoordinate(entry.latitude, 'N', 'S')} ${formatCockpitCoordinate(entry.longitude, 'E', 'W')}`
+    : '—';
+
+function toggleDetails(key) {
+  selectedKey.value = selectedKey.value === key ? null : key;
+}
+
+// A point that leaves the list closes its details. Keyboard focus inside
+// its row moves to the list's toggle, which stays, instead of the page.
+watch(
+  entries,
+  (list) => {
+    const key = selectedKey.value;
+    const active = document.activeElement;
+    const row = active?.closest?.('[data-orbital-reach-key]');
+    const leaving =
+      row &&
+      root.value?.contains(row) &&
+      !list.some((entry) => entry.key === row.dataset.orbitalReachKey);
+    if (key !== null && !list.some((entry) => entry.key === key))
+      selectedKey.value = null;
+    if (leaving)
+      nextTick(() =>
+        root.value
+          ?.querySelector('#cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle')
+          ?.focus({ preventScroll: true }),
+      );
+  },
+  { flush: 'pre' },
+);
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <section ref="root" class="cockpit-orbital-reach" :aria-label="t('Mapped points in reach')">
+    <button id="cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle" :aria-expanded="String(open)" aria-controls="cockpit-orbital-reach-body" :aria-label="open ? t('Hide the mapped points in reach') : t('Show the mapped points in reach')" :title="open ? t('Hide the mapped points in reach') : t('Show the mapped points in reach')" @click="open = !open">{{ toggleText }}</button>
+    <div v-show="open" id="cockpit-orbital-reach-body" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-body">
+      <p v-if="!entries.length" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-empty">{{ t('NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH') }}</p>
+      <ul v-else class="cockpit-orbital-reach-list">
+        <li v-for="entry in entries" :key="entry.key" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-item" :class="{ 'cockpit-orbital-reach-focused': entry.focused }" :data-orbital-reach-key="entry.key">
+          <div class="cockpit-orbital-reach-row">
+            <button type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-name" :aria-expanded="String(selectedKey === entry.key)" :aria-controls="selectedKey === entry.key ? 'cockpit-orbital-reach-details' : undefined" @click="toggleDetails(entry.key)">
+              <strong>{{ entry.label }}</strong>
+              <small>{{ entry.layerName }}<template v-if="entry.layerName"> · </template>{{ angleText(entry.offNadirDeg) }}</small>
+            </button>
+            <button type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-focus" :data-orbital-focus="entry.key" :aria-pressed="String(entry.focused)" :aria-disabled="entry.reachable ? undefined : 'true'" :aria-label="t('Keep the camera on {name}', { name: entry.label })" :title="entry.reachable ? t('Keep the camera on {name}', { name: entry.label }) : t('Beyond the off-nadir reach')">{{ t('FOCUS') }}</button>
+          </div>
+          <div v-if="selectedKey === entry.key" id="cockpit-orbital-reach-details" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-details">
+            <p class="cockpit-orbital-reach-where">{{ positionText(entry) }}<template v-if="entry.source"> · {{ entry.source }}</template></p>
+            <template v-if="entry.details.length">
+              <p class="cockpit-orbital-reach-kicker">{{ entry.osm ? t('OPENSTREETMAP TAGS') : t('DETAILS') }}</p>
+              <dl class="cockpit-orbital-reach-tags" translate="no">
+                <div v-for="row in entry.details" :key="row.key" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-tag">
+                  <dt>{{ row.key }}</dt>
+                  <dd>{{ row.value }}</dd>
+                </div>
+              </dl>
+            </template>
+          </div>
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+      <p v-if="moreText" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-more">{{ moreText }}</p>
+    </div>
+  </section>
+</template>
diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
index 0537c30e1..4d678058c 100644
--- a/style.css
+++ b/style.css
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css';
+@import './src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/overlays.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/layers.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/radio.css';

From dd063b0e836d818d6dd88423f30e19da45985fd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 22:16:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 239/262] docs(cockpit): describe the orbital view's ground
 focus

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 85bb0badf..cb3d128ec 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1642,7 +1642,8 @@ and the saved cloud preference stands for the next aircraft or bridge. The layer
 companions, its own orbit ring and its detection bracket, and draws every
 other orbit ring (the ISS ring included) at 30% of its alpha; other
 satellites' points and labels stay. Scene clicks and the layer's Escape are
-ignored while it is ridden. The optical zoom steps 1×, 2×, 4× and 8× for
+ignored by the satellites layer while it is ridden (a click on a mapped
+point focuses it; see below). The optical zoom steps 1×, 2×, 4× and 8× for
 every satellite with `+` (or `=`) and `-` (or `_`), the panel's buttons and
 the mouse wheel (one step per notch; trackpad scrolling is summed to a step):
 the 1× frame is 60° vertical in low orbit and fits the Earth's disk with
@@ -1699,6 +1700,40 @@ imagery under the view has loaded (at most 2.5 s, `zoomSettleHolding`), then
 the reticle locks. The look keys and zoom keys keep the bridge's focus
 guards.
 
+A single click on a mapped ground point (a ground point of a layer that is
+on, through the shared context store: Mapped Installations, fires, local
+data packs; aircraft, vessels and satellites are not targets) keeps the
+camera on it (`src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js`, geometry in
+`src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js`). The look is aimed each frame from the
+satellite's position to the point's Earth-fixed position in the same
+track-up nadir frame the arrows tilt, so the point stays at the centre as
+the satellite moves; the turn onto it (and between points) eases what is
+left of the swing with the arrows' easing on a slower clock (250 ms time
+constant, about 0.75 s to 95%), then holds the point exactly, and cuts under
+`prefers-reduced-motion`. A click anywhere else, FOCUS on the focused point,
+NADIR, Home or `0` ends the focus and the view eases back to nadir on the
+same clock; an arrow ends it and tilts on from where the view is. The focus
+also ends by itself, easing back, when the point leaves the reach (either
+tilt axis past ±45°, or the point below the satellite's horizon), when its
+layer is turned off or its record is dropped, and with the orbital view. A
+mapped point beyond the reach cannot be focused. While focused the readout
+gives the single off-nadir angle to the point, as image metadata does
+(`OFF-NADIR 23.4°`, updated on the HUD's beat and not announced), names it
+in a polite live region (`FOCUS · Camp Alpha`), and the swath reads
+approximate as for a tilt, scaled by the tilt onto the point. Clicks still
+reach Cesium's own handler and never untrack the satellite; a click a tool
+owns (drawing) is ignored, and the draw tool still borrows the click while
+it draws. Under the readout, IN REACH · *n* (a disclosure) lists the mapped
+points facing the satellite that are within the reach or in the frame now,
+nearest to nadir first, at most 12 (with NEAREST 12 OF *n* beyond that),
+rebuilt once a second. A row opens the point's details: position, source and
+its OpenStreetMap tags (or its layer's properties); FOCUS on a row focuses
+it, switches to it from another point, or ends the focus held on it, and is
+marked unavailable (`aria-disabled`) for a point in frame but beyond the
+reach. A row that leaves the list hands keyboard focus to the disclosure.
+`src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs` covers the easing in and out, the
+reach release, list switching, click handling and the readout.
+
 The HUD (`#cockpit-hud[data-subject='satellite']`, body class
 `cockpit-orbit`) mounts `CockpitOrbital` over the picture: name, class,
 altitude, orbital speed, sub-satellite point, TRACK UP (NORTH UP without a

From b18336d3d45f7c19f46d44d5dd315834739de66a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 22:40:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 240/262] fix(cockpit): keep the orbital view on a double-click
 at a ground point

In the orbital view a double-click on a mapped ground point went on to
Cesium's own double-click, which tracks the picked entity and so ended the
view. The Cockpit's double-click routing now takes it in orbit: it keeps or
starts the focus on that point (a point beyond the reach is left unfocused
but still not tracked). A double-click anywhere else, one a tool owns, and
every one outside orbit go on to Cesium's as before, and stopping the
Cockpit still hands Cesium's handler back.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md               |  5 ++-
 src/ui/cockpitController.js         | 10 +++++
 src/ui/cockpitInput.js              |  6 ++-
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js       | 39 +++++++++++++----
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs | 65 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index cb3d128ec..cddbff85f 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1723,7 +1723,10 @@ in a polite live region (`FOCUS · Camp Alpha`), and the swath reads
 approximate as for a tilt, scaled by the tilt onto the point. Clicks still
 reach Cesium's own handler and never untrack the satellite; a click a tool
 owns (drawing) is ignored, and the draw tool still borrows the click while
-it draws. Under the readout, IN REACH · *n* (a disclosure) lists the mapped
+it draws. A double-click on a mapped ground point keeps or starts the focus
+on it and never reaches Cesium's double-click, which would track the point
+and end the view (the Cockpit's double-click routing in
+`src/ui/cockpitInput.js`); any other double-click goes on as before. Under the readout, IN REACH · *n* (a disclosure) lists the mapped
 points facing the satellite that are within the reach or in the frame now,
 nearest to nadir first, at most 12 (with NEAREST 12 OF *n* beyond that),
 rebuilt once a second. A row opens the point's details: position, source and
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitController.js b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
index caeb3d667..ed66e8199 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import {
 } from './cockpitOrbitalView.js';
 import {
   onOrbitalClick,
+  onOrbitalDoubleClick,
   routeSceneClick,
   toggleOrbitalFocus,
 } from './cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
@@ -445,6 +446,15 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
   onOrbitalClick(position) {
     return onOrbitalClick.call(this, position);
   }
+  /**
+   * A double-click on the orbital picture: on a mapped ground point it keeps
+   * or starts the focus there instead of letting Cesium track the point.
+   * @param {{x: number, y: number}|null|undefined} position
+   * @returns {boolean} True when it was taken.
+   */
+  onOrbitalDoubleClick(position) {
+    return onOrbitalDoubleClick.call(this, position);
+  }
   /**
    * FOCUS on the reach list: focus that point, switch to it, or end the
    * focus held on it.
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
index c5987e97a..89228c393 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInput.js
@@ -123,7 +123,8 @@ export function onSceneDoubleClick(position, nowMs = performance.now()) {
  * installs its own (pickAndTrackObject), which untracks whenever the pick is
  * not an Entity: on a followed aircraft's model, a primitive, it would drop
  * the very track the double-click means to ride. A double-click on the
- * followed track is the Cockpit's; any other goes on to Cesium's.
+ * followed track is the Cockpit's, as is one on a mapped ground point in
+ * orbit (a focus); any other goes on to Cesium's.
  * @returns {() => void} Puts Cesium's handler back, unless another owner
  *   (the draw tool borrows it) has replaced ours since.
  */
@@ -134,6 +135,9 @@ export function routeSceneDoubleClick() {
   const stock = handler.getInputAction?.(type) ?? null;
   const routed = (event) => {
     if (this.onSceneDoubleClick(event?.position)) return;
+    // In orbit, a double-click on a mapped ground point is a focus, never a
+    // retarget that would end the view.
+    if (this.onOrbitalDoubleClick?.(event?.position)) return;
     stock?.(event);
   };
   handler.setInputAction(routed, type);
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
index 8ece2e28b..dc2cfa738 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
@@ -168,6 +168,37 @@ export function toggleOrbitalFocus(key) {
   return record ? startFocus.call(this, record) : false;
 }
 
+/** The mapped ground point drawn at a canvas position, or null. */
+function groundRecordAt(controller, position) {
+  let picked = null;
+  try {
+    picked = controller.viewer.scene?.pick?.(position) ?? null;
+  } catch {
+    picked = null;
+  }
+  return pickedGroundRecord(controller, picked);
+}
+
+/**
+ * A double-click on the orbital picture. On a mapped ground point it keeps
+ * or starts the focus on it (as a single click does) and is taken: Cesium's
+ * own double-click would track that point, which ends the view. Any other
+ * double-click, one a tool owns, and every one outside orbit go on.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number}|null|undefined} position Canvas position.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when it landed on a ground point and was taken.
+ */
+export function onOrbitalDoubleClick(position) {
+  if (!inOrbit(this) || !isPointerFree()) return false;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(position?.x) || !Number.isFinite(position?.y))
+    return false;
+  const record = groundRecordAt(this, position);
+  if (!record) return false;
+  // A point beyond the reach is not focused, but still never tracked.
+  if (this.orbital.focus?.key !== String(record.id))
+    startFocus.call(this, record);
+  return true;
+}
+
 /**
  * A click on the orbital picture. One on a mapped ground point in reach
  * focuses it; any other click ends a focus. A click a tool owns (drawing)
@@ -179,13 +210,7 @@ export function onOrbitalClick(position) {
   if (!inOrbit(this) || !isPointerFree()) return false;
   if (!Number.isFinite(position?.x) || !Number.isFinite(position?.y))
     return false;
-  let picked = null;
-  try {
-    picked = this.viewer.scene?.pick?.(position) ?? null;
-  } catch {
-    picked = null;
-  }
-  const record = pickedGroundRecord(this, picked);
+  const record = groundRecordAt(this, position);
   const state = this.orbital;
   if (record) {
     if (state.focus?.key === String(record.id)) return true;
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
index 97370fb3f..1e1a232dd 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
@@ -109,6 +109,18 @@ function fixture(t, { reducedMotion = false } = {}) {
   };
   handler.stock = stockClick;
   actions.set(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK, stockClick);
+  // Its double-click tracks what it picks (pickAndTrackObject): a mapped
+  // point, tracked, would end the orbital view.
+  handler.stockDoubleClicks = 0;
+  const stockDoubleClick = ({ position }) => {
+    handler.stockDoubleClicks += 1;
+    const picked = viewer.scene.pick(position);
+    viewer.trackedEntity = picked?.id
+      ? { ...picked.id, position: { getValue: () => null } }
+      : undefined;
+  };
+  handler.stockDouble = stockDoubleClick;
+  actions.set(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK, stockDoubleClick);
   viewer.screenSpaceEventHandler = handler;
 
   let subject = { ...ISS };
@@ -229,6 +241,12 @@ function fixture(t, { reducedMotion = false } = {}) {
     frame,
     click: (position) =>
       actions.get(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK)?.({ position }),
+    /** A double-click as Cesium fires it: two clicks, then the double. */
+    doubleClick(position) {
+      actions.get(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK)?.({ position });
+      actions.get(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK)?.({ position });
+      actions.get(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK)?.({ position });
+    },
     /** Move the satellite along its track by `deg` of latitude and longitude. */
     move(dLat, dLon) {
       subject = {
@@ -642,3 +660,50 @@ test('stopping the Cockpit hands the single click back to Cesium', async (t) =>
   assert.equal(scene.handler.stockClicks, 1);
   assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital, null);
 });
+
+test('a double-click on a mapped point focuses it and keeps the orbital view', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { cockpit, viewer, handler } = scene;
+  scene.doubleClick(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(handler.stockDoubleClicks, 0, 'Cesium does not track the point');
+  assert.equal(viewer.trackedEntity, undefined);
+  scene.frame();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true, 'still in orbit');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'alpha') < 1e-5);
+
+  // On the focused point it keeps the focus; on another it switches.
+  scene.doubleClick(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
+  scene.doubleClick(SITES.bravo.at);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-bravo');
+  // A mapped point beyond the reach is not focused, but not tracked either.
+  scene.doubleClick(SITES.far.at);
+  assert.equal(handler.stockDoubleClicks, 0);
+  scene.frame();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+
+  // Anywhere else the double-click goes on to Cesium's, as before.
+  scene.doubleClick(EMPTY_GROUND);
+  assert.equal(handler.stockDoubleClicks, 1);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null, 'the clicks ended the focus');
+});
+
+test('a double-click a tool owns, or one outside orbit, goes on to Cesium', async (t) => {
+  const scene = fixture(t);
+  const type = Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK;
+  scene.doubleClick(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(scene.handler.stockDoubleClicks, 1, 'outside orbit');
+  scene.viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.enter(), true);
+  await settle();
+  scene.frame();
+  const lease = claimPointer('draw');
+  t.after(() => releasePointer(lease));
+  scene.doubleClick(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(scene.handler.stockDoubleClicks, 2, 'a tool owns it');
+  releasePointer(lease);
+  scene.cockpit.stop();
+  assert.equal(scene.handler.getInputAction(type), scene.handler.stockDouble);
+});

From 569c7cfb1b61b734f47eb5301515789abbc8d09a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 23:59:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 241/262] feat(installations): look a mapped site up by id or
 scene pick

getById returns a loaded installation with its drawn position, as getNearby
does, without selecting it; findByPick resolves a scene pick (a named
marker's installationId or a site entity) the way the layer's own click
selection reads it. Both return null while the layer is off.
---
 src/layers/installations/controls.js | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/layers/installations/controls.js b/src/layers/installations/controls.js
index 2fa31e59e..5cbe0ca29 100644
--- a/src/layers/installations/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/installations/controls.js
@@ -164,6 +164,41 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       );
     },
 
+    /**
+     * A loaded mapped installation by id, as `getNearby` returns it (with its
+     * drawn `position`), or null while the layer is off or the id is not
+     * loaded. Read-only: nothing is selected.
+     * @param {string} id Source-backed installation id.
+     * @returns {object|null}
+     */
+    getById(id) {
+      if (!layerState.enabled || id === null || id === undefined) return null;
+      const record = layerState.recordById.get(String(id));
+      if (!record || record.kind !== 'installation') return null;
+      return {
+        ...record,
+        position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+          record.longitude,
+          record.latitude,
+          parts.rendering.installationSurfaceHeightM(record),
+        ),
+      };
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * The mapped installation a `scene.pick()` result landed on: a named
+     * marker point (`{ installationId }`) or a site entity, as this layer's
+     * own click selection reads them. Null for anything else.
+     * @param {object|null|undefined} picked
+     * @returns {object|null} As {@link getById}.
+     */
+    findByPick(picked) {
+      const id =
+        picked?.id?.installationId ||
+        (typeof picked?.id?.id === 'string' ? picked.id.id : null);
+      return id ? methods.getById(id) : null;
+    },
+
     /**
      * Select and frame a mapped installation from another contextual UI.
      * @param {string} id Source-backed installation id.

From fad62a4ba8c5fae36211701dbe72575747bbe19a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 01:16:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 242/262] feat(satellites): find the satellites nearest a
 position

getNearestPositions makes one bounded pass over the shown points, keeps the
nearest few in a short sorted list and reads latitude and longitude for
those alone, leaving out dense extras, asked-for ids and classes such as
debris. A caller that wants the nearest handful no longer builds and sorts
an entry for every satellite.
---
 src/layers/satellites/controls.js             | 62 +++++++++++++++++
 .../satellites/nearestPositions.test.mjs      | 67 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 129 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/layers/satellites/nearestPositions.test.mjs

diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
index dee92342a..6b390871a 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
@@ -371,6 +371,68 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       return result;
     },
 
+    /**
+     * The shown satellites nearest a position, nearest first, from per-point
+     * state (no SGP4 re-propagation): a bounded pass that keeps only the
+     * nearest `maxCount`, and reads latitude and longitude for those alone.
+     * Dense extras are left out, as in `getAllPositions`.
+     * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} center Earth-fixed position.
+     * @param {number} [maxCount=8] Most entries to return.
+     * @param {{excludeIds?: Array<number|string>,
+     *   excludeClasses?: Array<string>}} [options] Satellites, and classes
+     *   (e.g. 'debris'), to leave out.
+     * @returns {Array<{ id: number, label: string, position: Cesium.Cartesian3, latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number, satelliteClass: string|null, distanceM: number }>}
+     */
+    getNearestPositions(
+      center,
+      maxCount = 8,
+      { excludeIds = [], excludeClasses = [] } = {},
+    ) {
+      const nearest = [];
+      if (!center || !layerState._points || layerState._points.size === 0)
+        return nearest;
+      const cap =
+        Number.isFinite(maxCount) && maxCount > 0 ? Math.floor(maxCount) : 8;
+      const excluded = new Set(excludeIds.map(String));
+      const classes = new Set(excludeClasses);
+      const dense = layerState._denseIds.length > 0;
+      for (const [noradId, point] of layerState._points) {
+        const p = point.position;
+        if (!p || excluded.has(String(noradId))) continue;
+        if (!_classVisible(noradId)) continue;
+        const sat = layerState._catalog.get(noradId);
+        if (dense && sat?.group === 'dense') continue;
+        if (classes.size && classes.has(sat?.satelliteClass)) continue;
+        const dx = p.x - center.x;
+        const dy = p.y - center.y;
+        const dz = p.z - center.z;
+        const distanceSq = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
+        if (nearest.length === cap && distanceSq >= nearest[cap - 1].distanceSq)
+          continue;
+        // Insertion into a short sorted list: no copy or sort of the rest.
+        let at = nearest.length;
+        while (at > 0 && nearest[at - 1].distanceSq > distanceSq) at -= 1;
+        nearest.splice(at, 0, { noradId, point, sat, distanceSq });
+        if (nearest.length > cap) nearest.pop();
+      }
+      const result = [];
+      for (const { noradId, point, sat, distanceSq } of nearest) {
+        const carto = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(point.position);
+        if (!carto) continue;
+        result.push({
+          id: noradId,
+          label: sat ? sat.name.trim() : String(noradId),
+          position: point.position,
+          latitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude),
+          longitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude),
+          altitudeM: carto.height,
+          satelliteClass: sat?.satelliteClass ?? null,
+          distanceM: Math.sqrt(distanceSq),
+        });
+      }
+      return result;
+    },
+
     /**
      * Track a satellite by NORAD id (camera follow + orbit path + highlight),
      * same path as clicking its point.
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/nearestPositions.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/nearestPositions.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab06d705c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/nearestPositions.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// src/layers/satellites/nearestPositions.test.mjs — the satellites nearest a
+// position: bounded to the nearest few, nearest first, hidden classes,
+// dense extras and asked-for exclusions left out.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createControls } from './controls.js';
+
+function controlsWith(satellites, { classes, dense = [] } = {}) {
+  const state = {
+    _points: new Map(),
+    _catalog: new Map(),
+    _denseIds: dense,
+    _params: classes ? { classes } : {},
+  };
+  for (const sat of satellites) {
+    state._points.set(sat.id, {
+      position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(sat.lon, sat.lat, sat.alt),
+    });
+    state._catalog.set(sat.id, {
+      name: `${sat.name} `,
+      satelliteClass: sat.cls,
+      group: sat.group,
+    });
+  }
+  return createControls({
+    state,
+    services: { layerState: { isExplicitLayerStateOrigin: () => false } },
+    parts: {},
+  }).methods;
+}
+
+const SATELLITES = [
+  { id: 1, name: 'NEAR', lat: 30.5, lon: -97, alt: 500_000, cls: 'imaging' },
+  { id: 2, name: 'MID', lat: 33, lon: -97, alt: 500_000, cls: 'stations' },
+  { id: 3, name: 'FAR', lat: -40, lon: 80, alt: 500_000, cls: 'imaging' },
+  { id: 4, name: 'DEB', lat: 30.1, lon: -97, alt: 500_000, cls: 'debris' },
+  { id: 5, name: 'TELECOM', lat: 30.2, lon: -97, alt: 500_000, cls: 'telecom' },
+  { id: 6, name: 'SELF', lat: 30, lon: -97, alt: 420_000, cls: 'stations' },
+  { id: 7, name: 'EXTRA', lat: 30.3, lon: -97, alt: 500_000, cls: 'imaging', group: 'dense' },
+];
+
+const CENTRE = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97, 30, 420_000);
+
+test('the nearest shown satellites come first, bounded, with their distance', () => {
+  const methods = controlsWith(SATELLITES, {
+    classes: { stations: true, imaging: true, debris: true, telecom: false },
+    dense: [7],
+  });
+  const nearest = methods.getNearestPositions(CENTRE, 3, {
+    excludeIds: [6],
+    excludeClasses: ['debris'],
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    nearest.map((entry) => entry.label),
+    ['NEAR', 'MID', 'FAR'],
+    'no self, debris, hidden telecom or dense extra',
+  );
+  for (let i = 1; i < nearest.length; i += 1)
+    assert.ok(nearest[i].distanceM >= nearest[i - 1].distanceM);
+  const exact = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(CENTRE, nearest[0].position);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(nearest[0].distanceM - exact) < 1e-6);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(nearest[0].latitude - 30.5) < 1e-6);
+  assert.equal(nearest[0].satelliteClass, 'imaging');
+  assert.equal(methods.getNearestPositions(CENTRE, 1, { excludeIds: [6] })[0].label, 'DEB');
+  assert.deepEqual(methods.getNearestPositions(null, 3), []);
+});

From dd02068ce914ef0201d5537c161cdd5cc198591d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 23:59:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 243/262] feat(cockpit): list orbit's sites and satellites in
 Live Signals

The orbital Context card is gone and the Contact card stays hidden in orbit
again. Live Signals page 1 had nothing in orbit but TRACK ACQUIRED, because
orbit feeds no Contacts snapshot; it now lists what is around the
satellite, built the way the aircraft rows are, five rows with stable keys
rebuilt once a second. Rows already shown keep their places while they
still qualify, so a site passing under a low orbit is not pulled from under
the pointer.

Site rows come from the Mapped Installations layer (getNearby, asked only
as far as the reach extends) and focus their site, or release it on the
focused site's row, which reads as the subject does. A site the layer drops
during its frequent reloads stays listed for 10 s, since sites do not move.
With the layer off nothing is listed and a SITES STANDBY row says why.
Satellite rows come from the satellites layer's bounded nearest query,
measured from the satellite itself, and ride the satellite; RETURN goes
back to the one before, skipping one that has left the catalogue. While
the camera hops to a new satellite only TRACK ACQUIRED and RETURN show, so
nothing is measured from the old position. An arrow pressed while a focus
eases back takes the arrows' own clock. Site and satellite rows name their
own actions.
---
 scripts/package-boundaries.json             |  22 +-
 src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js                  |  70 +-
 src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs            |  50 +-
 src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js             |  55 ++
 src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs       |  28 +
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                    |  18 +-
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                    |  18 +-
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                    |  18 +-
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                    |  18 +-
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                    |  18 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                    |  18 +-
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                    |  18 +-
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                    |  18 +-
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                    |  18 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                 |  18 +-
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json               |  18 +-
 src/i18n/same-as-english.json               |   6 +-
 src/ui/applicationShell.js                  |   4 +-
 src/ui/cockpitController.js                 |  40 +-
 src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js                |   2 +
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js               | 410 +++++----
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs         | 968 ++++++++++++--------
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js          | 188 ++++
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSignals.js             | 260 ++++++
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js                |  11 +-
 src/ui/cockpitSignals.js                    |  13 +-
 src/ui/stores/cockpit.js                    |  18 -
 src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalFocus.css       |  11 +
 src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css       | 150 ---
 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue      |   3 -
 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue | 109 ---
 style.css                                   |   2 +-
 32 files changed, 1562 insertions(+), 1056 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
 create mode 100644 src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
 create mode 100644 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSignals.js
 create mode 100644 src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalFocus.css
 delete mode 100644 src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css
 delete mode 100644 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue

diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 28ebb17d2..829d0713c 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRoute.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRadar.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue",
-      "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue",
       "src/ui/ownerFlag.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js",
       "src/data/headingDegrees.js",
@@ -905,10 +904,12 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitCamera.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js",
-      "src/data/contextStore.js",
-      "src/data/pickedContext.js",
-      "src/data/pickRegistry.js",
-      "src/data/scenePick.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSignals.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
+      "src/layers/installations/classLabel.js",
+      "src/data/installationNames.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
       "src/data/adminBoundaries.js",
@@ -1062,9 +1063,10 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitCamera.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js",
-      "src/data/contextStore.js",
-      "src/data/pickedContext.js",
-      "src/data/pickRegistry.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSignals.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
+      "src/layers/installations/classLabel.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
       "src/data/adminBoundaries.js",
@@ -2907,6 +2909,9 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitCamera.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSignals.js",
+      "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitContext.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitController.js",
@@ -4252,6 +4257,7 @@
       "src/cockpitLook.js",
       "src/cockpitOrbital.js",
       "src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js",
+      "src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
       "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/contactsDetectionPolicy.js",
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
index db7f0989c..623507fc0 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
@@ -21,22 +21,15 @@ import {
  */
 export const ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS = 250;
 
-/** How often the list of mapped points in reach is rebuilt, ms. */
+/** How often the orbital Live Signals rows are rebuilt, ms. */
 export const ORBITAL_REACH_REFRESH_MS = 1000;
 
-/** The most mapped points the reach list shows, nearest to nadir first. */
-export const ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX = 12;
-
-/** The most detail rows (OpenStreetMap tags or properties) shown per point. */
-export const ORBITAL_REACH_DETAIL_MAX = 16;
+/** The most mapped sites offered for the rows, nearest to nadir first. */
+export const ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX = 6;
 
 /** Slack on the reach limit so a target held exactly at 45° stays. */
 const REACH_EPSILON_DEG = 1e-6;
 
-const WGS84_A = 6378137;
-const WGS84_E2 = 6.69437999014e-3;
-
-const toRadians = (deg) => (deg * Math.PI) / 180;
 const toDegrees = (rad) => (rad * 180) / Math.PI;
 
 function dot(a, b) {
@@ -52,29 +45,6 @@ function finiteVector(v) {
   );
 }
 
-/**
- * Earth-fixed position of a geodetic point on the WGS84 ellipsoid, as
- * Cesium's `Cartesian3.fromDegrees` places it.
- * @param {number} latDeg
- * @param {number} lonDeg
- * @param {number} [heightM] Height above the ellipsoid.
- * @returns {{x: number, y: number, z: number}|null}
- */
-export function geodeticToEcef(latDeg, lonDeg, heightM = 0) {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(latDeg) || !Number.isFinite(lonDeg)) return null;
-  const h = Number.isFinite(heightM) ? heightM : 0;
-  const lat = toRadians(latDeg);
-  const lon = toRadians(lonDeg);
-  const sinLat = Math.sin(lat);
-  const cosLat = Math.cos(lat);
-  const n = WGS84_A / Math.sqrt(1 - WGS84_E2 * sinLat * sinLat);
-  return {
-    x: (n + h) * cosLat * Math.cos(lon),
-    y: (n + h) * cosLat * Math.sin(lon),
-    z: (n * (1 - WGS84_E2) + h) * sinLat,
-  };
-}
-
 /**
  * The look that centres `target` in the picture, in the nadir frame's tilt
  * (north first, then east; see `offNadirOrientation`): east is the angle off
@@ -246,36 +216,8 @@ export function pointsInReach(
       a.offNadirDeg - b.offNadirDeg || String(a.key).localeCompare(b.key),
   );
   const limit =
-    Number.isInteger(max) && max >= 0 ? max : ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX;
+    max === Infinity || (Number.isInteger(max) && max >= 0)
+      ? max
+      : ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX;
   return { count: entries.length, entries: entries.slice(0, limit) };
 }
-
-/**
- * A mapped point's details as key/value rows: its OpenStreetMap tags, or the
- * properties its layer keeps. Text, numbers and lists of text only; keys
- * starting with `_` are internal. At most `max` rows, in the layer's order.
- * @param {object|null|undefined} properties
- * @param {number} [max]
- * @returns {Array<{key: string, value: string}>}
- */
-export function detailRows(properties, max = ORBITAL_REACH_DETAIL_MAX) {
-  const rows = [];
-  if (!properties || typeof properties !== 'object') return rows;
-  for (const [key, raw] of Object.entries(properties)) {
-    if (rows.length >= max) break;
-    if (!key || key.startsWith('_')) continue;
-    let value = null;
-    if (typeof raw === 'string') value = raw.trim();
-    else if (typeof raw === 'number' && Number.isFinite(raw))
-      value = String(raw);
-    else if (typeof raw === 'boolean') value = raw ? 'yes' : 'no';
-    else if (Array.isArray(raw)) {
-      const items = raw
-        .filter((item) => typeof item === 'string' && item.trim())
-        .map((item) => item.trim());
-      value = items.join(', ');
-    }
-    if (value) rows.push({ key, value });
-  }
-  return rows;
-}
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
index 67a0cdef8..62b11463b 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
@@ -7,12 +7,10 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import {
   ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS,
   ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX,
-  detailRows,
   easeFocusRemainder,
   focusEaseDtMs,
   focusInReach,
   focusLook,
-  geodeticToEcef,
   inFrame,
   pointsInReach,
 } from './cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
@@ -53,25 +51,14 @@ const onSphere = (latDeg, lonDeg, radiusM) => {
   };
 };
 
+/** A point on the WGS84 ellipsoid, as the globe draws it. */
+const geodeticToEcef = (latDeg, lonDeg, heightM = 0) =>
+  Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lonDeg, latDeg, heightM);
+
 const ISS_ALT_M = 420_000;
 const satelliteAt = (latDeg, lonDeg, altitudeM = ISS_ALT_M) =>
   geodeticToEcef(latDeg, lonDeg, altitudeM);
 
-test('geodetic positions match Cesium on the WGS84 ellipsoid', () => {
-  for (const [lat, lon, h] of [
-    [0, 0, 0],
-    [52.37, 4.9, 12],
-    [-33.9, 151.2, 420_000],
-    [89.9, -120, 0],
-  ]) {
-    const mine = geodeticToEcef(lat, lon, h);
-    const cesium = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, h);
-    for (const axis of ['x', 'y', 'z'])
-      near(mine[axis], cesium[axis], `${lat},${lon} ${axis}`, 1e-6);
-  }
-  assert.equal(geodeticToEcef(Number.NaN, 0), null);
-});
-
 test('the focus look turns the nadir frame onto the target exactly', () => {
   const satellite = satelliteAt(30, -97);
   for (const heading of [null, 0, 51.6, 200]) {
@@ -260,32 +247,3 @@ test('in frame follows the view, its height and its width', () => {
   assert.equal(inFrame(tilted, satellite, target, narrow), true);
   assert.equal(inFrame(tilted, satellite, target, { verticalFovRad: 0 }), false);
 });
-
-test('details keep text, numbers and lists of text, and drop internal keys', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual(
-    detailRows({
-      name: ' Camp Example ',
-      military: 'base',
-      height: 12,
-      bad: Number.NaN,
-      empty: '',
-      _internal: 'x',
-      memberNames: ['North field', '', 4, 'South field'],
-      validation: { ok: true },
-      fixme: false,
-    }),
-    [
-      { key: 'name', value: 'Camp Example' },
-      { key: 'military', value: 'base' },
-      { key: 'height', value: '12' },
-      { key: 'memberNames', value: 'North field, South field' },
-      { key: 'fixme', value: 'no' },
-    ],
-  );
-  assert.deepEqual(detailRows(null), []);
-  assert.equal(
-    detailRows(Object.fromEntries([...Array(40)].map((_, i) => [`k${i}`, 'v'])))
-      .length,
-    16,
-  );
-});
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21d12dd91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/**
+ * The camera's hop from the satellite the orbital view rides to another.
+ * No DOM, Cesium or i18n dependencies: vectors are plain `{x, y, z}` objects
+ * in Earth-fixed (ECEF) metres.
+ */
+
+/** The most nearby satellites asked for the orbital rows, nearest first. */
+export const ORBITAL_SATELLITES_MAX = 8;
+
+/** How long the camera takes to hop to another satellite, ms. */
+export const ORBITAL_HOP_MS = 1200;
+
+function finiteVector(v) {
+  return (
+    Boolean(v) &&
+    Number.isFinite(v.x) &&
+    Number.isFinite(v.y) &&
+    Number.isFinite(v.z)
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Where the camera is part-way through a hop: along the great circle
+ * between the two positions (never through the Earth), its distance from the
+ * centre interpolated linearly. Both ends may move during the hop; pass
+ * their positions now.
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} from
+ * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} to
+ * @param {number} progress Eased, 0..1.
+ * @returns {{x: number, y: number, z: number}|null}
+ */
+export function hopPosition(from, to, progress) {
+  if (!finiteVector(from) || !finiteVector(to)) return null;
+  const p = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, Number.isFinite(progress) ? progress : 1));
+  const ra = Math.hypot(from.x, from.y, from.z);
+  const rb = Math.hypot(to.x, to.y, to.z);
+  if (!(ra > 0) || !(rb > 0)) return null;
+  const a = { x: from.x / ra, y: from.y / ra, z: from.z / ra };
+  const b = { x: to.x / rb, y: to.y / rb, z: to.z / rb };
+  const cosine = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z));
+  const omega = Math.acos(cosine);
+  let ka = 1 - p;
+  let kb = p;
+  if (omega > 1e-9) {
+    const sine = Math.sin(omega);
+    ka = Math.sin((1 - p) * omega) / sine;
+    kb = Math.sin(p * omega) / sine;
+  }
+  const r = ra + (rb - ra) * p;
+  return {
+    x: (a.x * ka + b.x * kb) * r,
+    y: (a.y * ka + b.y * kb) * r,
+    z: (a.z * ka + b.z * kb) * r,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57d84c3c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs — the camera's hop from one ridden
+// satellite to another.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { hopPosition } from './cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js';
+
+const at = (lat, lon, alt) => Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, alt);
+
+test('the hop follows the great circle and lands on the satellite', () => {
+  const from = at(0, 0, 400_000);
+  const to = at(0, 90, 800_000);
+  const start = hopPosition(from, to, 0);
+  for (const axis of ['x', 'y', 'z'])
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(start[axis] - from[axis]) < 1e-6, axis);
+  const end = hopPosition(from, to, 1);
+  for (const axis of ['x', 'y', 'z'])
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(end[axis] - to[axis]) < 1e-6, axis);
+  // Half-way it is above the Earth, between the two heights, not on the
+  // chord through it.
+  const mid = hopPosition(from, to, 0.5);
+  const radius = Math.hypot(mid.x, mid.y, mid.z);
+  const ra = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(from);
+  const rb = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(to);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(radius - (ra + rb) / 2) < 1e-6);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(Math.atan2(mid.y, mid.x) - Math.PI / 4) < 1e-9);
+  assert.equal(hopPosition(null, to, 0.5), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 4df6ddef0..880eed4e0 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -806,18 +806,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} كم/ث",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "انحراف عن النظير {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "المواقع في وضع الاستعداد",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "فعّل المنشآت المرسومة لإشارات المواقع",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "تحرير الكاميرا من {name}",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "عودة · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "القمر الصناعي السابق",
+  "Return to {name}": "العودة إلى {name}",
+  "SATELLITE": "قمر صناعي",
+  "Ride {name}": "الانتقال إلى {name}",
+  "Unnamed site": "موقع بلا اسم",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "انحراف عن النظير {angle}°",
   "FOCUS · {name}": "تركيز · {name}",
-  "IN REACH · {count}": "في المتناول · {count}",
-  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "أقرب {shown} من {count}",
-  "Mapped points in reach": "النقاط المرسومة في المتناول",
-  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "إخفاء النقاط المرسومة في المتناول",
-  "Show the mapped points in reach": "إظهار النقاط المرسومة في المتناول",
-  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "لا شيء مرسوم في المتناول",
   "Keep the camera on {name}": "إبقاء الكاميرا على {name}",
-  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "خارج مدى الانحراف عن النظير",
-  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "وسوم OpenStreetMap",
-  "DETAILS": "التفاصيل",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "تكبير {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "عرض نطاق التصوير {value} كم",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "عرض نطاق التصوير ≈ {value} كم",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 1e9020465..09f9c98a7 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -193,18 +193,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "NADIRABWEICHUNG {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "ORTE STANDBY",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "KARTIERTE ANLAGEN FÜR ORTS-PINGS AKTIVIEREN",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "Kamera von {name} lösen",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "ZURÜCK · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "VORHERIGER SATELLIT",
+  "Return to {name}": "Zurück zu {name}",
+  "SATELLITE": "SATELLIT",
+  "Ride {name}": "Mit {name} fliegen",
+  "Unnamed site": "Unbenannter Ort",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "NADIRABWEICHUNG {angle}°",
   "FOCUS · {name}": "FOKUS · {name}",
-  "IN REACH · {count}": "IN REICHWEITE · {count}",
-  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "NÄCHSTE {shown} VON {count}",
-  "Mapped points in reach": "Kartierte Punkte in Reichweite",
-  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Kartierte Punkte in Reichweite ausblenden",
-  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Kartierte Punkte in Reichweite anzeigen",
-  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "NICHTS KARTIERTES IN REICHWEITE",
   "Keep the camera on {name}": "Kamera auf {name} halten",
-  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Außerhalb der Reichweite der Nadirabweichung",
-  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "OPENSTREETMAP-TAGS",
-  "DETAILS": "EINZELHEITEN",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "STREIFENBREITE {value} KM",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "STREIFENBREITE ≈ {value} KM",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index e4e1834a9..fa59166fa 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -664,18 +664,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "FUERA DEL NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "SITIOS EN ESPERA",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "ACTIVAR INSTALACIONES CARTOGRAFIADAS PARA PINGS DE SITIOS",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "Soltar la cámara de {name}",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "VOLVER · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "SATÉLITE ANTERIOR",
+  "Return to {name}": "Volver a {name}",
+  "SATELLITE": "SATÉLITE",
+  "Ride {name}": "Viajar en {name}",
+  "Unnamed site": "Sitio sin nombre",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "FUERA DEL NADIR {angle}°",
   "FOCUS · {name}": "ENFOQUE · {name}",
-  "IN REACH · {count}": "AL ALCANCE · {count}",
-  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "{shown} MÁS CERCANOS DE {count}",
-  "Mapped points in reach": "Puntos cartografiados al alcance",
-  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Ocultar los puntos cartografiados al alcance",
-  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Mostrar los puntos cartografiados al alcance",
-  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "NADA CARTOGRAFIADO AL ALCANCE",
   "Keep the camera on {name}": "Mantener la cámara sobre {name}",
-  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Más allá del alcance fuera del nadir",
-  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "ETIQUETAS DE OPENSTREETMAP",
-  "DETAILS": "DETALLES",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "BARRIDO {value} KM",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "BARRIDO ≈ {value} KM",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 782c5b724..e597c118f 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -829,18 +829,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "HORS NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "SITES EN VEILLE",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "ACTIVER LES INSTALLATIONS CARTOGRAPHIÉES POUR LES PINGS DE SITES",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "Libérer la caméra de {name}",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "RETOUR · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "SATELLITE PRÉCÉDENT",
+  "Return to {name}": "Revenir à {name}",
+  "SATELLITE": "SATELLITE",
+  "Ride {name}": "Suivre {name}",
+  "Unnamed site": "Site sans nom",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "HORS NADIR {angle}°",
   "FOCUS · {name}": "CENTRÉ · {name}",
-  "IN REACH · {count}": "À PORTÉE · {count}",
-  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "LES {shown} PLUS PROCHES SUR {count}",
-  "Mapped points in reach": "Points cartographiés à portée",
-  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Masquer les points cartographiés à portée",
-  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Afficher les points cartographiés à portée",
-  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "RIEN DE CARTOGRAPHIÉ À PORTÉE",
   "Keep the camera on {name}": "Garder la caméra sur {name}",
-  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Au-delà de la portée hors nadir",
-  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "BALISES OPENSTREETMAP",
-  "DETAILS": "DÉTAILS",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "FAUCHÉE {value} KM",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "FAUCHÉE ≈ {value} KM",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 9553c8b92..687ac971c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -829,18 +829,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "FUORI NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "SITI IN ATTESA",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "ATTIVA LE INSTALLAZIONI MAPPATE PER I PING DEI SITI",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "Sblocca la camera da {name}",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "TORNA · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "SATELLITE PRECEDENTE",
+  "Return to {name}": "Torna a {name}",
+  "SATELLITE": "SATELLITE",
+  "Ride {name}": "Segui {name}",
+  "Unnamed site": "Sito senza nome",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "FUORI NADIR {angle}°",
   "FOCUS · {name}": "PUNTAMENTO · {name}",
-  "IN REACH · {count}": "A PORTATA · {count}",
-  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "I {shown} PIÙ VICINI SU {count}",
-  "Mapped points in reach": "Punti mappati a portata",
-  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Nascondi i punti mappati a portata",
-  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Mostra i punti mappati a portata",
-  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "NIENTE DI MAPPATO A PORTATA",
   "Keep the camera on {name}": "Mantieni la camera su {name}",
-  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Oltre la portata fuori nadir",
-  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "TAG OPENSTREETMAP",
-  "DETAILS": "DETTAGLI",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "STRISCIATA {value} KM",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "STRISCIATA ≈ {value} KM",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 1ba00a474..f3f86ea2d 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -803,18 +803,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} km/s",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "オフナディア {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "地点待機",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "マップ済み施設を有効にすると地点ピングを表示",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "{name} からカメラを解放",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "戻る · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "前の衛星",
+  "Return to {name}": "{name} に戻る",
+  "SATELLITE": "衛星",
+  "Ride {name}": "{name} に乗る",
+  "Unnamed site": "名称のない地点",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "オフナディア {angle}°",
   "FOCUS · {name}": "フォーカス · {name}",
-  "IN REACH · {count}": "到達範囲内 · {count}",
-  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "{count} 件中 近い {shown} 件",
-  "Mapped points in reach": "到達範囲内の地図上の地点",
-  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "到達範囲内の地図上の地点を隠す",
-  "Show the mapped points in reach": "到達範囲内の地図上の地点を表示",
-  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "到達範囲内に地図上の地点なし",
   "Keep the camera on {name}": "カメラを {name} に向け続ける",
-  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "オフナディアの到達範囲外",
-  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "OpenStreetMap タグ",
-  "DETAILS": "詳細",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ズーム {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "観測幅 {value} km",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "観測幅 ≈ {value} km",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 189404f79..054bfc32e 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -827,18 +827,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "FORA DO NADIR {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "LOCAIS EM ESPERA",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "ATIVE AS INSTALAÇÕES MAPEADAS PARA PINGS DE LOCAIS",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "Soltar a câmera de {name}",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "VOLTAR · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "SATÉLITE ANTERIOR",
+  "Return to {name}": "Voltar para {name}",
+  "SATELLITE": "SATÉLITE",
+  "Ride {name}": "Acompanhar {name}",
+  "Unnamed site": "Local sem nome",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "FORA DO NADIR {angle}°",
   "FOCUS · {name}": "FOCO · {name}",
-  "IN REACH · {count}": "AO ALCANCE · {count}",
-  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "{shown} MAIS PRÓXIMOS DE {count}",
-  "Mapped points in reach": "Pontos mapeados ao alcance",
-  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Ocultar os pontos mapeados ao alcance",
-  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Mostrar os pontos mapeados ao alcance",
-  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "NADA MAPEADO AO ALCANCE",
   "Keep the camera on {name}": "Manter a câmera em {name}",
-  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Além do alcance fora do nadir",
-  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "ETIQUETAS DO OPENSTREETMAP",
-  "DETAILS": "DETALHES",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ZOOM {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "FAIXA IMAGEADA {value} KM",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "FAIXA IMAGEADA ≈ {value} KM",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 6eb44c31f..993edb912 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -189,18 +189,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} КМ/С",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "ОТКЛОНЕНИЕ ОТ НАДИРА {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "ОБЪЕКТЫ В ОЖИДАНИИ",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "ВКЛЮЧИТЕ ОТМЕЧЕННЫЕ ОБЪЕКТЫ ДЛЯ ПИНГОВ МЕСТ",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "Освободить камеру от {name}",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "НАЗАД · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "ПРЕДЫДУЩИЙ СПУТНИК",
+  "Return to {name}": "Вернуться к {name}",
+  "SATELLITE": "СПУТНИК",
+  "Ride {name}": "Перейти на {name}",
+  "Unnamed site": "Безымянный объект",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "ОТКЛОНЕНИЕ ОТ НАДИРА {angle}°",
   "FOCUS · {name}": "ФОКУС · {name}",
-  "IN REACH · {count}": "В ЗОНЕ ДОСЯГАЕМОСТИ · {count}",
-  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "БЛИЖАЙШИЕ {shown} ИЗ {count}",
-  "Mapped points in reach": "Отмеченные на карте точки в зоне досягаемости",
-  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Скрыть отмеченные точки в зоне досягаемости",
-  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Показать отмеченные точки в зоне досягаемости",
-  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "НЕТ ОТМЕЧЕННЫХ ТОЧЕК В ЗОНЕ ДОСЯГАЕМОСТИ",
   "Keep the camera on {name}": "Удерживать камеру на {name}",
-  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "За пределами допустимого отклонения от надира",
-  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "ТЕГИ OPENSTREETMAP",
-  "DETAILS": "ПОДРОБНОСТИ",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "ПРИБЛИЖЕНИЕ {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "ПОЛОСА ОБЗОРА {value} КМ",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "ПОЛОСА ОБЗОРА ≈ {value} КМ",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 328f0fe72..1fe699b69 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -841,18 +841,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} КМ/С",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "ВІДХИЛЕННЯ ВІД НАДИРА {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "ОБ'ЄКТИ: ОЧІКУВАННЯ",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "УВІМКНІТЬ ПОЗНАЧЕНІ ОБ'ЄКТИ, ЩОБ БАЧИТИ МІСЦЯ",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "Звільнити камеру від {name}",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "НАЗАД · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "ПОПЕРЕДНІЙ СУПУТНИК",
+  "Return to {name}": "Повернутися до {name}",
+  "SATELLITE": "СУПУТНИК",
+  "Ride {name}": "Перейти на {name}",
+  "Unnamed site": "Безіменний об'єкт",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "ВІДХИЛЕННЯ ВІД НАДИРА {angle}°",
   "FOCUS · {name}": "ФОКУС · {name}",
-  "IN REACH · {count}": "У ЗОНІ ДОСЯЖНОСТІ · {count}",
-  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "НАЙБЛИЖЧІ {shown} З {count}",
-  "Mapped points in reach": "Позначені на мапі точки в зоні досяжності",
-  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "Сховати позначені точки в зоні досяжності",
-  "Show the mapped points in reach": "Показати позначені точки в зоні досяжності",
-  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "НЕМАЄ ПОЗНАЧЕНИХ ТОЧОК У ЗОНІ ДОСЯЖНОСТІ",
   "Keep the camera on {name}": "Утримувати камеру на {name}",
-  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "Поза межами допустимого відхилення від надира",
-  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "ТЕГИ OPENSTREETMAP",
-  "DETAILS": "ПОДРОБИЦІ",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "НАБЛИЖЕННЯ {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "СМУГА ОГЛЯДУ {value} КМ",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "СМУГА ОГЛЯДУ ≈ {value} КМ",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 4d1b7b55c..537325aef 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -780,18 +780,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} km/s",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "偏离天底 {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "地点待机",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "启用已测绘设施以接收地点提醒",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "让镜头离开{name}",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "返回 · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "上一颗卫星",
+  "Return to {name}": "返回{name}",
+  "SATELLITE": "卫星",
+  "Ride {name}": "乘坐{name}",
+  "Unnamed site": "未命名地点",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "偏离天底 {angle}°",
   "FOCUS · {name}": "聚焦 · {name}",
-  "IN REACH · {count}": "可达范围内 · {count}",
-  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "{count} 个中最近的 {shown} 个",
-  "Mapped points in reach": "可达范围内的地图点位",
-  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "隐藏可达范围内的地图点位",
-  "Show the mapped points in reach": "显示可达范围内的地图点位",
-  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "可达范围内没有地图点位",
   "Keep the camera on {name}": "让镜头持续对准{name}",
-  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "超出偏离天底的可达范围",
-  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "OpenStreetMap 标签",
-  "DETAILS": "详情",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "变焦 {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "幅宽 {value} km",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "幅宽 ≈ {value} km",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index cbead8578..f358a5128 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -775,18 +775,18 @@
   "{value} KM/S": "{value} km/s",
   "{direction} {angle}°": "{direction} {angle}°",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}° · {offset}": "偏離天底 {angle}° · {offset}",
+  "SITES STANDBY": "地點待機",
+  "ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS": "啟用已測繪設施以接收地點提醒",
+  "Release the camera from {name}": "讓鏡頭離開{name}",
+  "RETURN · {name}": "返回 · {name}",
+  "PREVIOUS SATELLITE": "上一顆衛星",
+  "Return to {name}": "返回{name}",
+  "SATELLITE": "衛星",
+  "Ride {name}": "乘坐{name}",
+  "Unnamed site": "未命名地點",
   "OFF-NADIR {angle}°": "偏離天底 {angle}°",
   "FOCUS · {name}": "聚焦 · {name}",
-  "IN REACH · {count}": "可達範圍內 · {count}",
-  "NEAREST {shown} OF {count}": "{count} 個中最近的 {shown} 個",
-  "Mapped points in reach": "可達範圍內的地圖點位",
-  "Hide the mapped points in reach": "隱藏可達範圍內的地圖點位",
-  "Show the mapped points in reach": "顯示可達範圍內的地圖點位",
-  "NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH": "可達範圍內沒有地圖點位",
   "Keep the camera on {name}": "讓鏡頭持續對準{name}",
-  "Beyond the off-nadir reach": "超出偏離天底的可達範圍",
-  "OPENSTREETMAP TAGS": "OpenStreetMap 標籤",
-  "DETAILS": "詳情",
   "ZOOM {zoom}×": "變焦 {zoom}×",
   "SWATH {value} KM": "幅寬 {value} km",
   "SWATH ≈ {value} KM": "幅寬 ≈ {value} km",
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
index e64b2307b..8c2a2bd75 100644
--- a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -585,7 +585,8 @@
     "ΔN",
     "Ⅱ PAUSE",
     "≥ {value} MW",
-    "▲ {frp} MW"
+    "▲ {frp} MW",
+    "SATELLITE"
   ],
   "it": [
     "1 min/s",
@@ -776,7 +777,8 @@
     "CC BY 4.0",
     "acartia.io ↗",
     "iNaturalist ↗",
-    "iNaturalist"
+    "iNaturalist",
+    "SATELLITE"
   ],
   "ja": [
     "1090 MHz",
diff --git a/src/ui/applicationShell.js b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
index 9952206a5..a11228dfa 100644
--- a/src/ui/applicationShell.js
+++ b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
@@ -363,6 +363,8 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
         militaryFlightsLayer: services.militaryFlightsLayer,
         aisLiveVesselsLayer: services.aisLiveVesselsLayer,
         satellitesLayer: services.satellitesLayer,
+        // Orbit's Live Signals rows list and focus its mapped sites.
+        militaryInstallationsLayer: services.militaryInstallationsLayer,
         isTr3b: services.isTr3b,
         toggleTr3b: services.toggleTr3b,
         militaryAwarenessLayer: services.militaryAwarenessLayer,
@@ -413,8 +415,6 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishRadar(view),
           orbital: (view) =>
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishOrbital(view),
-          orbitalReach: (view) =>
-            useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishOrbitalReach(view),
           utilityLayout: (layout) =>
             useCockpitStore(applicationPinia()).publishUtilityLayout(layout),
         },
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitController.js b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
index ed66e8199..81b39fabe 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitController.js
@@ -33,6 +33,12 @@ import {
   routeSceneClick,
   toggleOrbitalFocus,
 } from './cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
+import {
+  handleOrbitalSignalClick,
+  refreshOrbitalSignals,
+  updateOrbitalSignals,
+} from './cockpitOrbitalSignals.js';
+import { rideOrbitalSatellite } from './cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js';
 import {
   publishInstrumentsView,
   publishRouteView,
@@ -233,7 +239,6 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     this.publishUtilityLayout = publish.utilityLayout ?? (() => {});
     this.publishRadar = publish.radar ?? (() => {});
     this.publishOrbital = publish.orbital ?? (() => {});
-    this.publishOrbitalReach = publish.orbitalReach ?? (() => {});
     /** The bridge radar's range in nautical miles; kept across bridges. */
     this.radarRangeNm = DEFAULT_RADAR_RANGE_NM;
     this.presence = {
@@ -359,10 +364,6 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
       else if (target?.closest?.('#cockpit-orbital-nadir')) this.orbitalNadir();
       else if (target?.closest?.('#cockpit-orbital-sensor'))
         this.jumpToSensorSwath();
-      else {
-        const focus = target?.closest?.('[data-orbital-focus]');
-        if (focus) this.toggleOrbitalFocus(focus.dataset.orbitalFocus);
-      }
     });
     this._listen(this.signalToggle, 'click', () =>
       this.setSignalCollapsed(!this.signalCollapsed, { user: true }),
@@ -456,14 +457,37 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     return onOrbitalDoubleClick.call(this, position);
   }
   /**
-   * FOCUS on the reach list: focus that point, switch to it, or end the
-   * focus held on it.
-   * @param {string} key The point's context id.
+   * A site's orbital Live Signals row: focus that site, switch to it, or end
+   * the focus held on it.
+   * @param {string} key The site's id in the Mapped Installations layer.
    * @returns {boolean} True when the focus changed.
    */
   toggleOrbitalFocus(key) {
     return toggleOrbitalFocus.call(this, key);
   }
+  /** Rebuild the orbital Live Signals rows now. */
+  refreshOrbitalSignals() {
+    return refreshOrbitalSignals.call(this);
+  }
+  /** Rebuild the orbital Live Signals rows on their clock. */
+  updateOrbitalSignals(nowMs) {
+    return updateOrbitalSignals.call(this, nowMs);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Ride the satellite an orbital Live Signals row names (RETURN goes back).
+   * @param {number|string} noradId
+   * @returns {boolean} True when the ridden satellite changed.
+   */
+  rideOrbitalSatellite(noradId) {
+    return rideOrbitalSatellite.call(this, noradId);
+  }
+  /**
+   * A click on an orbital Live Signals row.
+   * @returns {boolean} True in orbit.
+   */
+  handleOrbitalSignalClick(layerId, id) {
+    return handleOrbitalSignalClick.call(this, layerId, id);
+  }
   /**
    * Tilt the orbital view one arrow step off nadir.
    * @param {{axis: 'yaw'|'pitch', sign: number, stepDeg: number}} step
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
index 60a3259f9..ec85d5888 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
       militaryFlightsLayer,
       aisLiveVesselsLayer,
       satellitesLayer,
+      militaryInstallationsLayer,
       isTr3b,
       toggleTr3b,
       militaryAwarenessLayer,
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ export class CockpitCoordinator {
         militaryFlightsLayer,
         aisLiveVesselsLayer,
         satellitesLayer,
+        militaryInstallationsLayer,
         isTr3b,
         toggleTr3b,
         militaryAwarenessLayer,
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
index dc2cfa738..810fb1c03 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
@@ -1,37 +1,59 @@
 /**
- * Ground focus in the Cockpit's orbital view: a click on a mapped point, or
- * FOCUS on the reach list, keeps the camera on that point as the satellite
- * moves; clicking elsewhere, FOCUS again, NADIR or the target leaving the
- * off-nadir reach eases the view back. Also builds the list of mapped points
- * in reach. Bound to the Cockpit controller like the orbital view itself
+ * Ground focus in the Cockpit's orbital view: a site's Live Signals row, or
+ * a click on a mapped site's marker, keeps the camera on that site as the
+ * satellite moves; clicking elsewhere, the site's row again, NADIR or the
+ * site leaving the off-nadir reach eases the view back. Sites come
+ * from the Mapped Installations layer's own records and pick ids. Bound to
+ * the Cockpit controller like the orbital view itself
  * (src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js); its state lives on the orbital session, so
  * it ends with the session.
  */
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { clampOrbitalLook, easeLook } from '../cockpitLook.js';
-import { offNadirOrientation } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
 import {
-  ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX,
-  ORBITAL_REACH_REFRESH_MS,
-  detailRows,
+  ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M,
+  offNadirOrientation,
+} from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
+import {
   easeFocusRemainder,
   focusEaseDtMs,
   focusInReach,
   focusLook,
-  geodeticToEcef,
   pointsInReach,
 } from '../cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
-import {
-  getContextStore,
-  isContextRecordActive,
-} from '../data/contextStore.js';
 import { isPointerFree } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
-import { pickedKindForLayer } from '../data/pickedContext.js';
 
 const NADIR_LOOK = Object.freeze({ yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 });
 
-/** Only fixed points on the ground are focus targets: no aircraft, ships or satellites. */
-const GROUND_KINDS = new Set(['feature', 'fire']);
+/** The Mapped Installations layer's id. */
+const SITES_LAYER_ID = 'military-installations';
+
+/** The most sites asked of the layer around the sub-satellite point. */
+const SITE_QUERY_MAX = 500;
+
+/** How long a site the layer dropped stays listed, ms (it may come back). */
+const SITE_MEMORY_MS = 10_000;
+
+/** The farthest from the sub-satellite point a listed site may lie, m. */
+const SITE_QUERY_MAX_RANGE_M = 3_000_000;
+
+/** The greatest angle off nadir the reach allows: 45° on both axes. */
+const REACH_CORNER_RAD = Math.acos(Math.cos(Math.PI / 4) ** 2);
+
+/**
+ * How far over the ground the reach extends from the sub-satellite point,
+ * m: the central angle at the reach's corner off nadir (or the horizon, if
+ * nearer), with a little margin, capped. Sites farther out are never asked
+ * of the layer.
+ */
+function reachGroundRangeM(altitudeM) {
+  const R = ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M;
+  const h = Math.max(0, Number.isFinite(altitudeM) ? altitudeM : 0);
+  const sine = ((R + h) / R) * Math.sin(REACH_CORNER_RAD);
+  const central =
+    sine >= 1 ? Math.acos(R / (R + h)) : Math.asin(sine) - REACH_CORNER_RAD;
+  return Math.min(SITE_QUERY_MAX_RANGE_M, R * central * 1.05);
+}
 
 /** Whether the user asked for reduced motion: focus turns then cut. */
 function prefersReducedMotion() {
@@ -49,80 +71,103 @@ function inOrbit(controller) {
   );
 }
 
-/** The layers' on/off state, as `isContextRecordActive` reads it. */
-function layerGate(controller) {
+function sitesLayer(controller) {
+  return controller.services?.militaryInstallationsLayer ?? null;
+}
+
+/** Whether the Mapped Installations layer is on (unknown reads as off). */
+function sitesLayerOn(controller) {
   const isLayerEnabled = controller.services?.isLayerEnabled;
   return typeof isLayerEnabled === 'function'
-    ? { isEnabled: (layerId) => isLayerEnabled(layerId) !== false }
-    : null;
-}
-
-/** A context record that is a fixed ground point of a layer that is on. */
-function groundRecord(controller, record) {
-  if (!record || !isContextRecordActive(record, layerGate(controller)))
-    return null;
-  if (!GROUND_KINDS.has(pickedKindForLayer(record.layerId))) return null;
-  if (!Number.isFinite(record.latitude) || !Number.isFinite(record.longitude))
-    return null;
-  return record;
-}
-
-/** Where a mapped point is drawn: its rendered anchor, else on the ellipsoid. */
-function recordPosition(record) {
-  const anchor = record.entity?.__localBaseCartesian;
-  if (
-    anchor &&
-    Number.isFinite(anchor.x) &&
-    Number.isFinite(anchor.y) &&
-    Number.isFinite(anchor.z)
-  )
-    return { x: anchor.x, y: anchor.y, z: anchor.z };
-  return geodeticToEcef(record.latitude, record.longitude, 0);
-}
-
-/** The context record a scene pick landed on, when it is a ground point. */
-function pickedGroundRecord(controller, picked) {
-  if (!picked) return null;
-  const store = getContextStore();
-  for (const carrier of [picked.id, picked.primitive?.id, picked.primitive]) {
-    const contextId =
-      carrier && typeof carrier === 'object' ? carrier.__gevContextId : null;
-    if (!contextId) continue;
-    const record = groundRecord(controller, store.entities.get(contextId));
-    if (record) return record;
-  }
-  return null;
-}
-
-/** The focus look at a record from the last frame's satellite, or null. */
-function lookAt(state, record) {
-  const frame = state.focusFrame;
-  if (!frame) return null;
-  return focusLook(frame.nadir, frame.position, recordPosition(record));
+    ? isLayerEnabled(SITES_LAYER_ID) !== false
+    : false;
 }
 
 /**
- * Point the view at a mapped point and keep it there: from the view as it is
- * now, so switching targets turns rather than jumps. A point beyond the
- * reach is refused.
- * @returns {boolean} True when the focus is on that point.
+ * A mapped site by id: as the layer has it loaded now, else, while the
+ * layer is on, as the focus or the Live Signals rows last saw it. The layer
+ * reloads its thinned view as the camera moves, so a site in view can leave
+ * its records for a moment; a site does not move, so its last position
+ * stands. Null with the layer off or the site never seen.
  */
-function startFocus(record) {
+function siteById(controller, id) {
+  let live = null;
+  try {
+    live = sitesLayer(controller)?.getById?.(id) ?? null;
+  } catch {
+    live = null;
+  }
+  if (live) return live;
+  if (!sitesLayerOn(controller)) return null;
+  const state = controller.orbital;
+  const key = String(id);
+  if (state?.focus?.key === key && state.focus.site) return state.focus.site;
+  return state?.listedSites?.get(key)?.site ?? null;
+}
+
+/** Where a site is drawn, ECEF, or null. */
+function sitePosition(site) {
+  const p = site?.position;
+  return p &&
+    Number.isFinite(p.x) &&
+    Number.isFinite(p.y) &&
+    Number.isFinite(p.z)
+    ? { x: p.x, y: p.y, z: p.z }
+    : null;
+}
+
+/** The mapped site a canvas position shows, through the layer's pick ids. */
+function siteAt(controller, position) {
+  let picked = null;
+  try {
+    picked = controller.viewer.scene?.pick?.(position) ?? null;
+  } catch {
+    picked = null;
+  }
+  if (!picked) return null;
+  try {
+    return sitesLayer(controller)?.findByPick?.(picked) ?? null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/** The focus look at a site from the last frame's satellite, or null. */
+function lookAt(state, site) {
+  const frame = state.focusFrame;
+  if (!frame) return null;
+  return focusLook(frame.nadir, frame.position, sitePosition(site));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Point the view at a mapped site and keep it there: from the view as it is
+ * now, so switching targets turns rather than jumps. A site beyond the
+ * reach is refused.
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the focus is on that site.
+ */
+function startFocus(site) {
   const state = this.orbital;
-  const look = lookAt(state, record);
+  const look = lookAt(state, site);
   // Before the first frame there is nothing to measure against; the frame
   // that follows checks the reach.
   if (state.focusFrame && !focusInReach(look)) return false;
   state.focus = {
-    key: String(record.id),
-    label: String(record.label || record.layerName || record.id),
+    key: String(site.id),
+    label: String(site.name || site.id),
+    // Where the site is, kept while the layer reloads around it.
+    site: {
+      id: site.id,
+      name: site.name,
+      class: site.class,
+      position: sitePosition(site),
+    },
     look,
     // The view minus the target's look, eased away; set on the next frame.
     remainder: null,
   };
   state.focusReleasing = false;
   if (look) state.lookTarget = clampOrbitalLook(look);
-  publishOrbitalReach.call(this);
+  this.refreshOrbitalSignals?.();
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -135,7 +180,11 @@ function startFocus(record) {
  */
 export function releaseOrbitalFocus({ handOver = false } = {}) {
   const state = this.orbital;
-  if (!state?.focus) return false;
+  if (!state?.focus) {
+    // An arrow during the ease back takes the arrows' own clock again.
+    if (handOver && state) state.focusReleasing = false;
+    return false;
+  }
   state.focus = null;
   if (handOver) {
     state.lookTarget = clampOrbitalLook(state.lookView);
@@ -147,36 +196,22 @@ export function releaseOrbitalFocus({ handOver = false } = {}) {
       state.focusReleasing = false;
     } else state.focusReleasing = true;
   }
-  publishOrbitalReach.call(this);
+  this.refreshOrbitalSignals?.();
   return true;
 }
 
 /**
- * FOCUS on the reach list: focus that point, switch to it from another, or
+ * A site's Live Signals row: focus that site, switch to it from another, or
  * end the focus when it is the one held.
- * @param {string} key The point's context id.
+ * @param {string} key The site's id in the Mapped Installations layer.
  * @returns {boolean} True when the focus changed.
  */
 export function toggleOrbitalFocus(key) {
   if (!inOrbit(this) || key === null || key === undefined) return false;
   const state = this.orbital;
   if (state.focus?.key === String(key)) return releaseOrbitalFocus.call(this);
-  const record = groundRecord(
-    this,
-    getContextStore().entities.get(String(key)),
-  );
-  return record ? startFocus.call(this, record) : false;
-}
-
-/** The mapped ground point drawn at a canvas position, or null. */
-function groundRecordAt(controller, position) {
-  let picked = null;
-  try {
-    picked = controller.viewer.scene?.pick?.(position) ?? null;
-  } catch {
-    picked = null;
-  }
-  return pickedGroundRecord(controller, picked);
+  const site = siteById(this, String(key));
+  return site ? startFocus.call(this, site) : false;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -191,11 +226,10 @@ export function onOrbitalDoubleClick(position) {
   if (!inOrbit(this) || !isPointerFree()) return false;
   if (!Number.isFinite(position?.x) || !Number.isFinite(position?.y))
     return false;
-  const record = groundRecordAt(this, position);
-  if (!record) return false;
-  // A point beyond the reach is not focused, but still never tracked.
-  if (this.orbital.focus?.key !== String(record.id))
-    startFocus.call(this, record);
+  const site = siteAt(this, position);
+  if (!site) return false;
+  // A site beyond the reach is not focused, but still never tracked.
+  if (this.orbital.focus?.key !== String(site.id)) startFocus.call(this, site);
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -210,12 +244,12 @@ export function onOrbitalClick(position) {
   if (!inOrbit(this) || !isPointerFree()) return false;
   if (!Number.isFinite(position?.x) || !Number.isFinite(position?.y))
     return false;
-  const record = groundRecordAt(this, position);
+  const site = siteAt(this, position);
   const state = this.orbital;
-  if (record) {
-    if (state.focus?.key === String(record.id)) return true;
-    if (startFocus.call(this, record)) return true;
-    // A mapped point beyond the reach leaves the view as it is.
+  if (site) {
+    if (state.focus?.key === String(site.id)) return true;
+    if (startFocus.call(this, site)) return true;
+    // A mapped site beyond the reach leaves the view as it is.
     return false;
   }
   releaseOrbitalFocus.call(this);
@@ -249,9 +283,9 @@ export function routeSceneClick() {
 /**
  * The orbital view's look for one frame, while a focus holds or is ending.
  * A held focus aims at its target: the live look plus whatever is left of
- * the turn onto it. The focus ends, easing back, when its point is gone (its
- * layer off, the record dropped) or beyond the reach. Also rebuilds the
- * reach list on its own clock.
+ * the turn onto it. The focus ends, easing back, when its site is gone (its
+ * layer off, the site no longer loaded) or beyond the reach. Also rebuilds
+ * the orbital Live Signals rows on their own clock.
  * @param {object} state The orbital session.
  * @param {{direction: object, up: object, right: object}} nadir This
  *   frame's nadir frame.
@@ -264,16 +298,19 @@ export function updateOrbitalFocus(state, nadir, position, nowMs) {
     nadir,
     position: { x: position.x, y: position.y, z: position.z },
   };
+  // After a satellite switch the first frame on the new satellite (the hop
+  // landed, or none) is the one the rows can be measured from: rebuild now.
+  if (state.awaitingFrame && !state.hop) {
+    state.awaitingFrame = false;
+    state.signalsMs = -Infinity;
+  }
   const dtMs = nowMs - (state.lookLastMs || nowMs);
   let aimed = false;
   const focus = state.focus;
   if (focus) {
-    const record = groundRecord(
-      this,
-      getContextStore().entities.get(focus.key),
-    );
-    const look = record
-      ? focusLook(nadir, state.focusFrame.position, recordPosition(record))
+    const site = siteById(this, focus.key);
+    const look = site
+      ? focusLook(nadir, state.focusFrame.position, sitePosition(site))
       : null;
     if (!focusInReach(look)) {
       releaseOrbitalFocus.call(this);
@@ -296,8 +333,7 @@ export function updateOrbitalFocus(state, nadir, position, nowMs) {
       aimed = true;
     }
   }
-  if (nowMs - (state.reachMs ?? -Infinity) >= ORBITAL_REACH_REFRESH_MS)
-    publishOrbitalReach.call(this, nowMs);
+  this.updateOrbitalSignals?.(nowMs);
   return aimed;
 }
 
@@ -345,69 +381,95 @@ export function orbitalFocusReadout() {
 }
 
 /**
- * Rebuild and publish the list of mapped points in reach: ground points of
- * the layers that are on, facing the satellite and within the off-nadir
- * reach or in the frame now, nearest to nadir first, at most
- * ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX.
- * @param {number} [nowMs]
+ * The mapped sites the orbital view can be turned to, for the Live Signals
+ * rows: the Mapped Installations layer's loaded sites around the
+ * sub-satellite point (`getNearby`), with those seen in the last
+ * SITE_MEMORY_MS and the focused one, facing the satellite and within the
+ * off-nadir reach, nearest to nadir first. Empty before the first frame or
+ * with the layer off.
+ * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number}} info
+ *   The ridden satellite.
+ * @returns {{count: number, entries: Array<{site: object,
+ *   offNadirDeg: number, focused: boolean}>}} `count` also counts sites in
+ *   the frame but beyond the reach.
  */
-export function publishOrbitalReach(nowMs = performance.now()) {
+export function orbitalSitesInReach(info) {
   const state = this.orbital;
-  if (!inOrbit(this) || !state) return;
-  state.reachMs = nowMs;
-  const frame = state.focusFrame;
-  const records = new Map();
-  const candidates = [];
-  if (frame) {
-    for (const entry of getContextStore().entities.values()) {
-      const record = groundRecord(this, entry);
-      if (!record) continue;
-      const position = recordPosition(record);
-      if (!position) continue;
-      const key = String(record.id);
-      records.set(key, record);
-      candidates.push({ key, position });
-    }
+  const frame = state?.focusFrame;
+  const layer = sitesLayer(this);
+  // The layer keeps its records when it is turned off: nothing is listed
+  // then, and no row is left to focus from.
+  if (state && !sitesLayerOn(this)) state.listedSites = new Map();
+  if (!frame || typeof layer?.getNearby !== 'function' || !sitesLayerOn(this))
+    return { count: 0, entries: [] };
+  if (!Number.isFinite(info?.latitude) || !Number.isFinite(info?.longitude))
+    return { count: 0, entries: [] };
+  const rangeM = reachGroundRangeM(info.altitudeM);
+  let sites = [];
+  try {
+    sites = layer.getNearby(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(info.longitude, info.latitude, 0),
+      rangeM,
+      SITE_QUERY_MAX,
+    );
+  } catch {
+    sites = [];
   }
+  const byId = new Map();
+  const candidates = [];
+  for (const site of sites || []) {
+    const position = sitePosition(site);
+    if (!position || site.id === null || site.id === undefined) continue;
+    const key = String(site.id);
+    byId.set(key, site);
+    candidates.push({ key, position });
+  }
+  // In orbit the layer reloads its thinned view every second or so, and a
+  // site in view can drop out of its records and come back. Sites do not
+  // move: one seen within SITE_MEMORY_MS stays a candidate, so the rows hold
+  // still and a row's site can be focused from what the rows show.
+  const nowMs = performance.now();
+  const remembered = new Map();
+  for (const [key, entry] of state.listedSites ?? []) {
+    if (nowMs - entry.seenMs > SITE_MEMORY_MS || byId.has(key)) continue;
+    remembered.set(key, entry);
+    byId.set(key, entry.site);
+    candidates.push({ key, position: entry.site.position });
+  }
+  // The focused site stays a candidate while the layer reloads around it.
+  const held = state.focus;
+  if (held?.site?.position && !byId.has(held.key)) {
+    byId.set(held.key, held.site);
+    candidates.push({ key: held.key, position: held.site.position });
+  }
+  for (const [key, site] of byId)
+    if (!remembered.has(key))
+      remembered.set(key, {
+        site: { ...site, position: sitePosition(site) },
+        seenMs: nowMs,
+      });
+  state.listedSites = remembered;
   const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
-  const reach = frame
-    ? pointsInReach(candidates, {
-        nadir: frame.nadir,
-        view: offNadirOrientation(frame.nadir, {
-          northDeg: state.lookView.pitchDeg,
-          eastDeg: state.lookView.yawDeg,
-        }),
-        satellite: frame.position,
-        verticalFovRad: state.verticalFov,
-        aspect: Number.isFinite(frustum?.aspectRatio) ? frustum.aspectRatio : 1,
-        max: ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX,
-      })
-    : { count: 0, entries: [] };
-  const focusKey = state.focus?.key ?? null;
-  this.publishOrbitalReach({
-    count: reach.count,
-    focusKey,
-    entries: reach.entries.map(({ key, offNadirDeg, reachable }) => {
-      const record = records.get(key);
-      const source = String(record.source || '');
-      return {
-        key,
-        label: String(record.label || record.layerName || key),
-        layerName: String(record.layerName || ''),
-        source,
-        latitude: record.latitude,
-        longitude: record.longitude,
-        offNadirDeg,
-        reachable,
-        focused: key === focusKey,
-        osm: /openstreetmap|\bosm\b/i.test(source),
-        details: detailRows(record.properties),
-      };
+  const reach = pointsInReach(candidates, {
+    nadir: frame.nadir,
+    view: offNadirOrientation(frame.nadir, {
+      northDeg: state.lookView.pitchDeg,
+      eastDeg: state.lookView.yawDeg,
     }),
+    satellite: frame.position,
+    verticalFovRad: state.verticalFov,
+    aspect: Number.isFinite(frustum?.aspectRatio) ? frustum.aspectRatio : 1,
+    max: Infinity,
   });
-}
-
-/** Clear the reach list as the orbital session ends. */
-export function endOrbitalFocus() {
-  this.publishOrbitalReach(null);
+  const focusKey = state.focus?.key ?? null;
+  return {
+    count: reach.count,
+    entries: reach.entries
+      .filter((entry) => entry.reachable)
+      .map(({ key, offNadirDeg }) => ({
+        site: byId.get(key),
+        offNadirDeg,
+        focused: key === focusKey,
+      })),
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
index 1e1a232dd..eba4d348e 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
-// src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs — keeping the orbital camera on a
-// mapped ground point: a click on the point or FOCUS on the reach list turns
-// the view onto it and holds it as the satellite moves; a click elsewhere,
-// FOCUS again, NADIR or the point leaving the reach eases the view back,
-// never in one jump. Over happy-dom, with the shared context store.
+// src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs — the orbital view's Live Signals
+// rows and its ground focus: the rows list the Mapped Installations layer's
+// sites around the satellite (getNearby) and the nearest satellites; a site
+// row, or a click on the site's marker (the layer's pick ids), turns the
+// camera onto it and holds it as the satellite moves; a click elsewhere, the
+// row again, NADIR or the site leaving the reach eases the view back, never
+// in one jump; a satellite row rides that satellite and stays in orbit.
+// The layers are stubs with the real methods' shapes. Over happy-dom.
 import '../testSupport/registerDom.mjs';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
@@ -15,52 +18,213 @@ import { useHudStore } from './stores/hud.js';
 import CockpitView from './views/CockpitView.vue';
 import ContextView from './views/ContextView.vue';
 import IntelHudView from './views/IntelHudView.vue';
-import { getContextStore, registerEntityContext } from '../data/contextStore.js';
 import { claimPointer, releasePointer } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
 import { ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS } from '../cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
+import { ORBITAL_HOP_MS } from '../cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js';
 
 const START_MS = 1_800_000_000_000;
 const ASPECT = 16 / 9;
 const FRAME_MS = 16;
 
-const ISS = Object.freeze({
-  kind: 'satellite',
-  layerId: 'satellites',
-  id: '25544',
-  noradId: 25544,
-  name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
-  classKey: 'station',
-  classLabel: 'STATION · ISS',
-  latitude: 30,
-  longitude: -97,
-  altitudeM: 420_000,
-  velocityMps: 7_660,
-  // Track-up: the focus is built on the turned frame.
-  groundTrackDeg: 51.6,
-  stale: false,
+/** Satellites the layer knows, by NORAD id: the ridden one and its neighbours. */
+const SATELLITES = Object.freeze({
+  25544: { name: 'ISS (ZARYA)', lat: 30, lon: -97, alt: 420_000, cls: 'stations' },
+  49260: { name: 'LANDSAT 9', lat: 31.5, lon: -95, alt: 705_000, cls: 'imaging' },
+  40697: { name: 'SENTINEL-2A', lat: 26, lon: -99, alt: 786_000, cls: 'imaging' },
+  99001: { name: 'DEB FRAGMENT', lat: 30.2, lon: -97.1, alt: 430_000, cls: 'debris' },
 });
 
-const LAYER = 'military-installations';
-
-/** Mapped points: two in reach, one only beyond it. */
+/** Mapped sites as the installations layer keeps them. */
 const SITES = Object.freeze({
-  alpha: { lat: 31, lon: -96.5, label: 'Camp Alpha', at: { x: 100, y: 100 } },
-  bravo: { lat: 29.2, lon: -97.8, label: 'Bravo Field', at: { x: 300, y: 300 } },
-  far: { lat: 33.5, lon: -101, label: 'Far Range', at: { x: 500, y: 50 } },
+  alpha: {
+    id: 'osm:military:way/101',
+    osmKey: 'way/101',
+    name: 'Camp Alpha',
+    class: 'base',
+    lat: 31,
+    lon: -96.5,
+    memberNames: ['North Field'],
+    at: { x: 100, y: 100 },
+  },
+  bravo: {
+    id: 'osm:military:way/202',
+    osmKey: 'way/202',
+    name: 'Bravo Field',
+    class: 'airfield',
+    lat: 29.2,
+    lon: -97.8,
+    at: { x: 300, y: 300 },
+  },
+  // Beyond the ±45° reach of the ISS at its start.
+  far: {
+    id: 'osm:military:way/303',
+    osmKey: 'way/303',
+    name: 'Far Range',
+    class: 'range',
+    lat: 33.5,
+    lon: -101,
+    at: { x: 500, y: 50 },
+  },
 });
 
 const EMPTY_GROUND = Object.freeze({ x: 640, y: 360 });
 
+/** The Mapped Installations layer: its records, getNearby, getById, findByPick. */
+function installationsLayer() {
+  const records = Object.values(SITES).map((site) => ({
+    id: site.id,
+    osmKey: site.osmKey,
+    name: site.name,
+    class: site.class,
+    kind: 'installation',
+    latitude: site.lat,
+    longitude: site.lon,
+    memberNames: site.memberNames || [],
+    sources: [{ name: 'OpenStreetMap', id: site.osmKey }],
+  }));
+  const layer = {
+    enabled: true,
+    records,
+    calls: { getNearby: 0 },
+    withPosition(record) {
+      return {
+        ...record,
+        position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(record.longitude, record.latitude, 0),
+      };
+    },
+    // As the layer's own: loaded installations within `rangeM` of
+    // `center`, nearest first, each with its drawn position and distance.
+    getNearby(center, rangeM, maxCount = 50) {
+      layer.calls.getNearby += 1;
+      if (!center) return [];
+      const from = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(center);
+      const geodesic = new Cesium.EllipsoidGeodesic();
+      return layer.records
+        .filter((record) => record.kind === 'installation')
+        .map((record) => {
+          geodesic.setEndPoints(
+            from,
+            Cesium.Cartographic.fromDegrees(record.longitude, record.latitude),
+          );
+          return { ...layer.withPosition(record), distanceM: geodesic.surfaceDistance };
+        })
+        .filter((record) => record.distanceM <= rangeM)
+        .sort((a, b) => a.distanceM - b.distanceM)
+        .slice(0, maxCount);
+    },
+    getById(id) {
+      if (!layer.enabled) return null;
+      const record = layer.records.find((r) => r.id === String(id));
+      return record ? layer.withPosition(record) : null;
+    },
+    findByPick(picked) {
+      const id =
+        picked?.id?.installationId ||
+        (typeof picked?.id?.id === 'string' ? picked.id.id : null);
+      return id ? layer.getById(id) : null;
+    },
+  };
+  return layer;
+}
+
+/** The satellites layer: tracking, the Cockpit subject and every position. */
+function satellitesLayer(viewer) {
+  const positions = new Map(
+    Object.entries(SATELLITES).map(([id, sat]) => [Number(id), { ...sat }]),
+  );
+  const layer = {
+    tracked: 25544,
+    calls: [],
+    position(id) {
+      const sat = positions.get(id);
+      return Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(sat.lon, sat.lat, sat.alt);
+    },
+    move(dLat, dLon) {
+      const sat = positions.get(layer.tracked);
+      sat.lat += dLat;
+      sat.lon += dLon;
+    },
+    getCockpitSubject() {
+      if (layer.tracked === null) return null;
+      const sat = positions.get(layer.tracked);
+      return {
+        kind: 'satellite',
+        layerId: 'satellites',
+        id: String(layer.tracked),
+        noradId: layer.tracked,
+        name: sat.name,
+        classLabel: sat.cls.toUpperCase(),
+        latitude: sat.lat,
+        longitude: sat.lon,
+        altitudeM: sat.alt,
+        velocityMps: 7_600,
+        groundTrackDeg: 51.6,
+        satelliteClass: sat.cls,
+        stale: false,
+      };
+    },
+    getCockpitPosition(result) {
+      if (layer.tracked === null) return null;
+      return Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(layer.position(layer.tracked), result);
+    },
+    getAllPositions(maxCount = 300) {
+      return [...positions.entries()].slice(0, maxCount).map(([id, sat]) => ({
+        id,
+        label: sat.name,
+        position: layer.position(id),
+        latitude: sat.lat,
+        longitude: sat.lon,
+        altitudeM: sat.alt,
+        satelliteClass: sat.cls,
+      }));
+    },
+    // As the layer's: the nearest shown satellites, bounded, with the
+    // asked-for ids and classes left out.
+    getNearestPositions(center, maxCount = 8, { excludeIds = [], excludeClasses = [] } = {}) {
+      layer.calls.push(['nearest']);
+      const skip = new Set(excludeIds.map(String));
+      return layer
+        .getAllPositions()
+        .filter((entry) => !skip.has(String(entry.id)))
+        .filter((entry) => !excludeClasses.includes(entry.satelliteClass))
+        .map((entry) => ({
+          ...entry,
+          distanceM: Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(center, entry.position),
+        }))
+        .sort((a, b) => a.distanceM - b.distanceM)
+        .slice(0, maxCount);
+    },
+    /** The satellite leaves the catalogue. */
+    remove(id) {
+      positions.delete(Number(id));
+    },
+    // As the layer's: tracking hands the camera to Cesium's follow.
+    trackById(noradId) {
+      const id = Number(noradId);
+      if (!positions.has(id)) return false;
+      layer.calls.push(['track', id]);
+      layer.tracked = id;
+      viewer.trackedEntity = { position: { getValue: () => layer.position(id) } };
+      return true;
+    },
+    setCockpitSubject(noradId) {
+      layer.calls.push(['subject', noradId]);
+      return true;
+    },
+    refocusTrackedById: () => true,
+    drop() {
+      layer.tracked = null;
+    },
+  };
+  return layer;
+}
+
 function fixture(t, { reducedMotion = false } = {}) {
   document.body.replaceChildren();
   const host = document.body.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
   const pinia = createPinia();
   const app = createApp(
-    defineComponent(() => () => [
-      h(ContextView),
-      h(IntelHudView),
-      h(CockpitView),
-    ]),
+    defineComponent(() => () => [h(ContextView), h(IntelHudView), h(CockpitView)]),
   ).use(pinia);
   app.mount(host);
   useHudStore(pinia);
@@ -95,64 +259,51 @@ function fixture(t, { reducedMotion = false } = {}) {
     trackedEntityChanged: listeners(),
   };
   // The Viewer's own input handler: its single click picks into
-  // selectedEntity, which the Cockpit must still hand it.
+  // selectedEntity; its double-click tracks what it picks, which would end
+  // the orbital view.
   const actions = new Map();
   const handler = {
     stockClicks: 0,
+    stockDoubleClicks: 0,
     getInputAction: (type) => actions.get(type),
     setInputAction: (action, type) => actions.set(type, action),
     removeInputAction: (type) => actions.delete(type),
     isDestroyed: () => false,
   };
-  const stockClick = () => {
+  handler.stock = () => {
     handler.stockClicks += 1;
   };
-  handler.stock = stockClick;
-  actions.set(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK, stockClick);
-  // Its double-click tracks what it picks (pickAndTrackObject): a mapped
-  // point, tracked, would end the orbital view.
-  handler.stockDoubleClicks = 0;
-  const stockDoubleClick = ({ position }) => {
+  handler.stockDouble = ({ position }) => {
     handler.stockDoubleClicks += 1;
     const picked = viewer.scene.pick(position);
-    viewer.trackedEntity = picked?.id
-      ? { ...picked.id, position: { getValue: () => null } }
+    viewer.trackedEntity = picked
+      ? { position: { getValue: () => null } }
       : undefined;
   };
-  handler.stockDouble = stockDoubleClick;
-  actions.set(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK, stockDoubleClick);
+  actions.set(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK, handler.stock);
+  actions.set(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK, handler.stockDouble);
   viewer.screenSpaceEventHandler = handler;
 
-  let subject = { ...ISS };
-  const satellites = {
-    getCockpitSubject: () => (subject ? { ...subject } : null),
-    getCockpitPosition(result) {
-      if (!subject) return null;
-      return Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
-        subject.longitude,
-        subject.latitude,
-        subject.altitudeM,
-        Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
-        result,
-      );
-    },
-    setCockpitSubject: () => true,
-    refocusTrackedById: () => true,
-  };
-  const enabled = new Set(['satellites', LAYER]);
+  const sites = installationsLayer();
+  const satellites = satellitesLayer(viewer);
+  const modeEvents = [];
+  const onMode = (event) => modeEvents.push(event.detail);
+  window.addEventListener('gev:cockpit-mode-changed', onMode);
   const cockpit = new CockpitViewController(viewer, {
     services: {
       flightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: () => null },
       militaryFlightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: () => null },
       aisLiveVesselsLayer: { getCockpitSubject: () => null },
       satellitesLayer: satellites,
+      militaryInstallationsLayer: sites,
       militaryAwarenessLayer: {},
+      isLayerEnabled: (layerId) =>
+        layerId === 'military-installations' ? sites.enabled : true,
       isTr3b: () => false,
       holdContinuousRender() {},
       releaseContinuousRender() {},
       cachedGroundFloor: () => null,
       GROUND_FLOOR_LIFT_M: 0,
-      isLayerEnabled: (layerId) => enabled.has(layerId),
     },
     isEntryAllowed: () => false,
     isBridgeEntryAllowed: () => false,
@@ -163,7 +314,7 @@ function fixture(t, { reducedMotion = false } = {}) {
       route: (view) => store.publishRoute(view),
       radar: (view) => store.publishRadar(view),
       orbital: (view) => store.publishOrbital(view),
-      orbitalReach: (view) => store.publishOrbitalReach(view),
+      signals: (rows) => store.publishSignals(rows),
     },
   });
   Object.assign(cockpit, {
@@ -171,42 +322,18 @@ function fixture(t, { reducedMotion = false } = {}) {
     showBriefPage() {},
     startBriefRotation() {},
     stopBriefRotation() {},
-    pushCockpitSignal() {},
     scheduleContextLayout() {},
     updateLocalPosition() {},
     maybeRefreshRegionalBrief() {},
     updateContext() {},
     updateRoute() {},
   });
-
-  // The mapped points, registered as the installations layer does.
-  const carriers = {};
-  for (const [key, site] of Object.entries(SITES)) {
-    const carrier = { show: true };
-    carriers[key] = carrier;
-    registerEntityContext(carrier, {
-      id: `site-${key}`,
-      layerId: LAYER,
-      layerName: 'Mapped Military Installations',
-      source: 'OpenStreetMap',
-      label: site.label,
-      latitude: site.lat,
-      longitude: site.lon,
-      properties: { military: 'base', name: site.label, _internal: 'x' },
+  // Named markers pick as `{ installationId }`, as the layer draws them.
+  for (const site of Object.values(SITES))
+    picks.set(`${site.at.x},${site.at.y}`, {
+      id: { installationId: site.id },
+      primitive: {},
     });
-    picks.set(`${site.at.x},${site.at.y}`, { id: carrier });
-  }
-  // A moving contact is never a focus target.
-  const aircraftCarrier = { show: true };
-  registerEntityContext(aircraftCarrier, {
-    id: 'flight-abc',
-    layerId: 'flights',
-    label: 'ABC123',
-    latitude: 30.2,
-    longitude: -97.1,
-  });
-  enabled.add('flights');
-  picks.set('700,700', { id: aircraftCarrier });
 
   const originalNow = performance.now;
   const originalDateNow = Date.now;
@@ -215,12 +342,12 @@ function fixture(t, { reducedMotion = false } = {}) {
   Date.now = () => nowMs;
 
   t.after(() => {
+    window.removeEventListener('gev:cockpit-mode-changed', onMode);
     cockpit.stop();
     app.unmount();
     globalThis.matchMedia = previousMatchMedia;
     performance.now = originalNow;
     Date.now = originalDateNow;
-    getContextStore().entities.clear();
     document.body.classList.remove('cockpit-mode', 'cockpit-bridge', 'cockpit-orbit');
   });
 
@@ -229,6 +356,7 @@ function fixture(t, { reducedMotion = false } = {}) {
     cockpit.update();
     return shots.at(-1);
   };
+  const fire = (type, position) => actions.get(type)?.({ position });
   return {
     $: (selector) => document.querySelector(selector),
     cockpit,
@@ -236,27 +364,21 @@ function fixture(t, { reducedMotion = false } = {}) {
     store,
     shots,
     handler,
-    carriers,
-    enabled,
+    sites,
+    satellites,
+    modeEvents,
     frame,
-    click: (position) =>
-      actions.get(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK)?.({ position }),
+    click: (position) => fire(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK, position),
     /** A double-click as Cesium fires it: two clicks, then the double. */
     doubleClick(position) {
-      actions.get(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK)?.({ position });
-      actions.get(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK)?.({ position });
-      actions.get(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK)?.({ position });
+      fire(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK, position);
+      fire(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK, position);
+      fire(Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK, position);
     },
-    /** Move the satellite along its track by `deg` of latitude and longitude. */
-    move(dLat, dLon) {
-      subject = {
-        ...subject,
-        latitude: subject.latitude + dLat,
-        longitude: subject.longitude + dLon,
-      };
-    },
-    drop() {
-      subject = null;
+    /** Rebuild the Context card on the next frame, past its clock. */
+    refreshCard() {
+      nowMs += 1000;
+      cockpit.update();
     },
   };
 }
@@ -271,6 +393,7 @@ async function inOrbit(t, options) {
   assert.equal(scene.cockpit.enter(), true);
   await settle();
   scene.frame();
+  scene.refreshCard();
   await settle();
   return scene;
 }
@@ -316,7 +439,7 @@ function run(scene, frames, { drift = 0.0005 } = {}) {
   let largest = 0;
   let previous = scene.shots.at(-1);
   for (let i = 0; i < frames; i += 1) {
-    scene.move(drift, drift);
+    scene.satellites.move(drift, drift);
     const shot = scene.frame();
     largest = Math.max(largest, angleDeg(previous.direction, shot.direction));
     previous = shot;
@@ -334,93 +457,125 @@ const LAND_FRAMES = Math.ceil((12 * ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS) / FRAME_MS);
  */
 const MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG = 3;
 
-test('a click on a mapped point turns the camera onto it and holds it there', async (t) => {
+/** A Live Signals row's button, by layer and id. */
+const rowButton = (scene, layerId, id) =>
+  scene.$(
+    `#cockpit-signal-list button[data-signal-layer="${layerId}"][data-signal-id="${id}"]`,
+  );
+const siteRow = (scene, key) =>
+  rowButton(scene, 'military-installations', SITES[key].id);
+const satelliteRow = (scene, id) => rowButton(scene, 'satellites', String(id));
+/** The rows as published: title, detail, tone and target. */
+const rows = (scene) => scene.store.signals ?? [];
+/** Rebuild the rows and let the view render them. */
+async function refreshRows(scene) {
+  scene.refreshCard();
+  await settle();
+}
+
+test('in orbit Live Signals lists the sites getNearby finds and the nearest satellites', async (t) => {
   const scene = await inOrbit(t);
-  const { $, cockpit, store, handler } = scene;
-  const before = scene.shots.at(-1);
-  assert.ok(missDeg(before, 'alpha') > 10, 'not centred at nadir');
+  const { $, sites } = scene;
+  assert.ok(sites.calls.getNearby > 0, 'asked the installations layer');
+  assert.equal($('#cockpit-context').hidden, true, 'no Contact card in orbit');
+  const shown = rows(scene);
+  assert.ok(shown.length <= 5, 'five rows at most');
+  assert.equal(shown[0].title, 'TRACK ACQUIRED', 'the track row stays first');
+  // Two site rows, nearest to nadir first, then the satellites (debris out).
+  const sitesShown = shown.filter((row) => row.target?.layerId === 'military-installations');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    sitesShown.map((row) => row.target.id).sort(),
+    [SITES.alpha.id, SITES.bravo.id].sort(),
+  );
+  for (const row of sitesShown) {
+    assert.match(row.detail, /^(BASE|AIRFIELD) · OFF-NADIR \d+\.\d°$/);
+    assert.match(row.className, /nearby actionable/);
+  }
+  const satellitesShown = shown.filter((row) => row.target?.layerId === 'satellites');
+  assert.deepEqual(satellitesShown.map((row) => row.title), ['LANDSAT 9', 'SENTINEL-2A']);
+  assert.match(satellitesShown[0].detail, /^SATELLITE · (AHEAD|[LR] \d{3}°) · [\d,.]+\s+KM$/);
+  // Each row names its own action.
+  assert.equal(siteRow(scene, 'alpha').getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Keep the camera on Camp Alpha');
+  assert.equal(satelliteRow(scene, 49260).getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Ride LANDSAT 9');
+  // Rebuilt on the clock, rows keep their keys and times.
+  const before = shown.map((row) => [row.key, row.time]);
+  await refreshRows(scene);
+  assert.deepEqual(rows(scene).map((row) => [row.key, row.time]), before);
+});
 
-  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
-  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
-  assert.equal(handler.stockClicks, 1, 'Cesium still gets the click');
-
-  // The first frames turn part of the way: no jump onto the target.
-  const first = scene.frame();
-  assert.ok(missDeg(first, 'alpha') > 5, 'still turning');
+test('a site row turns the camera onto it, holds it, and reads its off-nadir angle', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { $, cockpit, store } = scene;
+  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'alpha') > 10, 'not centred at nadir');
+  siteRow(scene, 'alpha').click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, SITES.alpha.id);
+  // The first frames turn part of the way: no jump onto the site.
+  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.frame(), 'alpha') > 5, 'still turning');
   const largest = run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
   assert.ok(largest > 0.1 && largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG, `turned ${largest}° in a frame`);
-
-  // Landed, it holds the target dead centre while the satellite moves.
   for (let i = 0; i < 20; i += 1) {
-    scene.move(0.002, 0.002);
+    scene.satellites.move(0.002, 0.002);
     const shot = scene.frame();
     assert.ok(missDeg(shot, 'alpha') < 1e-5, `frame ${i}: ${missDeg(shot, 'alpha')}°`);
   }
-  // Held still past a HUD beat, the readout matches the last frame.
   for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) scene.frame();
-
-  // The readout gives the single off-nadir angle to it, as image metadata does.
   await settle();
   const shot = scene.shots.at(-1);
-  const readout = $('#cockpit-orbital-look-readout').textContent;
-  assert.equal(readout, `OFF-NADIR ${siteOffNadir(shot, 'alpha').toFixed(1)}°`);
+  assert.equal(
+    $('#cockpit-orbital-look-readout').textContent,
+    `OFF-NADIR ${siteOffNadir(shot, 'alpha').toFixed(1)}°`,
+  );
   assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-focus').textContent, 'FOCUS · Camp Alpha');
   assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-look-readout').getAttribute('aria-live'), 'off');
-  assert.equal(
-    $('.cockpit-orbital-kicker').textContent.trim(),
-    'ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR',
-  );
-  // The swath stays approximate, scaled by the tilt onto the target.
   assert.equal(store.orbital.footprintKm, null);
-  assert.ok(store.orbital.look.swathScale > 1);
   assert.match($('.cockpit-orbital-swath').textContent, /^SWATH ≈ [\d.]+ KM$/);
-  assert.deepEqual(store.orbital.look.focus, { key: 'site-alpha', label: 'Camp Alpha' });
-
-  // It keeps up with the satellite: the angle changes as it moves.
-  scene.move(-0.3, -0.3);
-  for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) scene.frame();
-  await settle();
-  const later = $('#cockpit-orbital-look-readout').textContent;
-  assert.notEqual(later, readout);
-  assert.equal(later, `OFF-NADIR ${siteOffNadir(scene.shots.at(-1), 'alpha').toFixed(1)}°`);
+  // The held site's row reads as the subject does, first among the sites.
+  const held = rows(scene).find((row) => row.target?.id === SITES.alpha.id);
+  assert.match(held.className, /^track actionable$/);
+  assert.match(held.detail, /^FOCUS · BASE · OFF-NADIR/);
+  assert.equal(siteRow(scene, 'alpha').getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Release the camera from Camp Alpha');
 });
 
-test('a click elsewhere eases the camera back to nadir', async (t) => {
+test('another site row switches the focus; the held site row ends it', async (t) => {
   const scene = await inOrbit(t);
-  const { $, cockpit } = scene;
-  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  const { cockpit } = scene;
+  siteRow(scene, 'alpha').click();
   run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
-  const focused = offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1));
-  assert.ok(focused > 10);
+  await settle();
+  siteRow(scene, 'bravo').click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, SITES.bravo.id);
+  const largest = run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  assert.ok(largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG, `turned ${largest}° in a frame`);
+  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'bravo') < 1e-5);
+  await settle();
+  assert.match(rows(scene).find((row) => row.target?.id === SITES.alpha.id).className, /^nearby/);
+  siteRow(scene, 'bravo').click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
+  const back = run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
+  assert.ok(back < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG);
+  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1)) < 1e-6, 'back at nadir');
+});
 
+test('a click on a site marker focuses it through the layer; a click elsewhere eases back', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { cockpit, handler } = scene;
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, SITES.alpha.id);
+  assert.equal(handler.stockClicks, 1, 'Cesium still gets the click');
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'alpha') < 1e-5);
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, SITES.alpha.id, 'kept on a second click');
+  const focused = offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1));
   scene.click(EMPTY_GROUND);
   assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
-  const first = scene.frame();
-  assert.ok(offNadir(first) > focused * 0.8, 'no jump back');
+  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.frame()) > focused * 0.8, 'no jump back');
   const largest = run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
-  assert.ok(largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG, `turned ${largest}° in a frame`);
-  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1)) < 1e-6, 'back at nadir');
-  await settle();
-  assert.equal($('.cockpit-orbital-look'), null);
-  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-focus').textContent, '');
-});
-
-test('a click on a moving contact is not a focus and ends one', async (t) => {
-  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
-  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
-  scene.frame();
-  scene.click({ x: 700, y: 700 });
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
-  scene.click({ x: 700, y: 700 });
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
-});
-
-test('a click on the focused point again keeps the focus', async (t) => {
-  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
-  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
-  run(scene, 5);
-  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
+  assert.ok(largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG);
+  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1)) < 1e-6);
+  // A site beyond the reach is not focused.
+  scene.click(SITES.far.at);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus ?? null, null);
 });
 
 test('a click a tool owns is left alone', async (t) => {
@@ -430,183 +585,236 @@ test('a click a tool owns is left alone', async (t) => {
   scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
   assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus ?? null, null, 'no focus while drawing');
   releasePointer(lease);
-
   scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
   const again = claimPointer('draw');
   t.after(() => releasePointer(again));
   scene.click(EMPTY_GROUND);
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha', 'kept while drawing');
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus.key, SITES.alpha.id, 'kept while drawing');
 });
 
-test('the focus ends by itself, easing back, when the point leaves the reach', async (t) => {
+test('a double-click on a site focuses it and keeps the orbital view', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { cockpit, viewer, handler } = scene;
+  scene.doubleClick(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(handler.stockDoubleClicks, 0, 'Cesium does not track the site');
+  assert.equal(viewer.trackedEntity, undefined);
+  scene.frame();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true, 'still in orbit');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, SITES.alpha.id);
+  scene.doubleClick(SITES.bravo.at);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, SITES.bravo.id);
+  scene.doubleClick(SITES.far.at);
+  assert.equal(handler.stockDoubleClicks, 0, 'beyond reach: not focused, not tracked');
+  scene.frame();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+  scene.doubleClick(EMPTY_GROUND);
+  assert.equal(handler.stockDoubleClicks, 1, 'anywhere else goes on to Cesium');
+});
+
+test('the focus ends by itself, easing back, when the site leaves the reach', async (t) => {
   const scene = await inOrbit(t);
   const { cockpit } = scene;
-  scene.click(SITES.bravo.at);
+  siteRow(scene, 'bravo').click();
   run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
-  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'bravo') < 1e-5);
-  // The satellite runs on north-east, away from the point, until the tilt
-  // onto it would pass 45°.
   let released = null;
   let previous = scene.shots.at(-1);
   let largest = 0;
   for (let i = 0; i < 2000 && released === null; i += 1) {
-    scene.move(0.004, 0.004);
+    scene.satellites.move(0.004, 0.004);
     const shot = scene.frame();
     largest = Math.max(largest, angleDeg(previous.direction, shot.direction));
     previous = shot;
     if (!cockpit.orbital.focus) released = i;
   }
   assert.ok(released > 0, 'the focus ended');
-  const atRelease = offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1));
-  assert.ok(atRelease > 40, `held to the reach (${atRelease}°)`);
+  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1)) > 40, 'held to the reach');
   largest = Math.max(largest, run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 }));
   assert.ok(largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG, `turned ${largest}° in a frame`);
   assert.ok(offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1)) < 1e-6, 'back at nadir');
 });
 
-test('a mapped point beyond the reach cannot be focused', async (t) => {
-  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
-  scene.click(SITES.far.at);
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus ?? null, null);
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.toggleOrbitalFocus('site-far'), false);
-});
-
-test('the reach list offers the points in reach with details and FOCUS', async (t) => {
-  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
-  const { $, store, cockpit } = scene;
-  await settle();
-  const reach = store.orbitalReach;
-  assert.ok(reach, 'published in orbit');
-  // Nearest to nadir first; moving contacts and points beyond reach and
-  // frame are left out.
-  const keys = reach.entries.map((entry) => entry.key);
-  assert.ok(keys.includes('site-alpha') && keys.includes('site-bravo'));
-  assert.ok(!keys.includes('flight-abc'));
-  assert.ok(!keys.includes('site-far'));
-  const angles = reach.entries.map((entry) => entry.offNadirDeg);
-  assert.deepEqual(angles, [...angles].sort((a, b) => a - b));
-  assert.equal(reach.count, reach.entries.length);
-
-  const toggle = $('#cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle');
-  assert.equal(toggle.textContent, `IN REACH · ${reach.count}`);
-  assert.equal(toggle.getAttribute('aria-expanded'), 'false');
-  assert.equal($('#cockpit-orbital-reach-body').style.display, 'none');
-  toggle.click();
-  await settle();
-  assert.equal(toggle.getAttribute('aria-expanded'), 'true');
-  assert.notEqual($('#cockpit-orbital-reach-body').style.display, 'none');
-
-  const row = (key) => $(`[data-orbital-reach-key="${key}"]`);
-  const name = row('site-alpha').querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-reach-name');
-  assert.match(name.textContent, /Camp Alpha/);
-  name.click();
-  await settle();
-  assert.equal(name.getAttribute('aria-expanded'), 'true');
-  const details = $('#cockpit-orbital-reach-details');
-  assert.match(details.textContent, /OPENSTREETMAP TAGS/);
-  assert.match(details.textContent, /military\s*base/);
-  assert.doesNotMatch(details.textContent, /_internal/);
-  assert.equal(name.getAttribute('aria-controls'), 'cockpit-orbital-reach-details');
-
-  // FOCUS through the delegated listener, as a person presses it.
-  const focusButton = (key) => row(key).querySelector('[data-orbital-focus]');
-  assert.equal(focusButton('site-alpha').getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Keep the camera on Camp Alpha');
-  focusButton('site-alpha').click();
-  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
-  await settle();
-  assert.equal(focusButton('site-alpha').getAttribute('aria-pressed'), 'true');
-  assert.equal(focusButton('site-bravo').getAttribute('aria-pressed'), 'false');
-  // The list takes its own clicks: none reaches the picture to end the focus.
-  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
-  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'alpha') < 1e-5);
-
-  // FOCUS on another point switches to it, turning rather than jumping.
-  focusButton('site-bravo').click();
-  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-bravo');
-  const largest = run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
-  assert.ok(largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG, `turned ${largest}° in a frame`);
-  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'bravo') < 1e-5);
-  await settle();
-  assert.equal(focusButton('site-alpha').getAttribute('aria-pressed'), 'false');
-  assert.equal(focusButton('site-bravo').getAttribute('aria-pressed'), 'true');
-
-  // FOCUS on the focused point ends the focus.
-  focusButton('site-bravo').click();
-  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
-  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
-  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1)) < 1e-6);
-});
-
-test('a point in frame but beyond the reach is listed without FOCUS', async (t) => {
-  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
-  // Tilt the view toward the far point with the arrows: it comes into frame
-  // but a focus on it would pass 45°.
-  const press = (key) =>
-    scene.cockpit.onKeyDown({
-      key,
-      target: document.body,
-      preventDefault() {},
-      stopImmediatePropagation() {},
-    });
-  for (let i = 0; i < 9; i += 1) press('ArrowLeft');
-  run(scene, 2 * LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
-  // Rebuild the list on the next frame.
-  scene.cockpit.orbital.reachMs = -Infinity;
-  scene.frame();
-  await settle();
-  const far = scene.store.orbitalReach.entries.find((entry) => entry.key === 'site-far');
-  assert.ok(far, 'listed while in frame');
-  assert.equal(far.reachable, false);
-  scene.$('#cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle').click();
-  await settle();
-  const button = scene.$('[data-orbital-reach-key="site-far"] [data-orbital-focus]');
-  assert.equal(button.getAttribute('aria-disabled'), 'true');
-  assert.equal(button.title, 'Beyond the off-nadir reach');
-  button.click();
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus ?? null, null);
-});
-
-test('turning the layer off or dropping the point ends the focus', async (t) => {
+test('turning the layer off ends the focus and says why; a reload around the site keeps it', async (t) => {
   const scene = await inOrbit(t);
   scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
   run(scene, 5);
-  scene.enabled.delete(LAYER);
+  scene.sites.enabled = false;
   scene.frame();
   assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus, null, 'layer off');
   assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focusReleasing, true, 'easing back');
-  scene.cockpit.orbital.reachMs = -Infinity;
-  scene.frame();
-  assert.equal(scene.store.orbitalReach.count, 0, 'nothing listed from a layer that is off');
-
-  scene.enabled.add(LAYER);
+  await refreshRows(scene);
+  const status = rows(scene).find((row) => row.title === 'SITES STANDBY');
+  assert.ok(status, 'a status row says why no site is listed');
+  assert.equal(status.detail, 'ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS');
+  assert.equal(status.className, 'warning');
+  assert.ok(!rows(scene).some((row) => row.target?.layerId === 'military-installations'));
+  assert.equal(rows(scene).filter((row) => row.target?.layerId === 'satellites').length, 2);
+  scene.sites.enabled = true;
+  await refreshRows(scene);
+  assert.ok(!rows(scene).some((row) => row.title === 'SITES STANDBY'));
   scene.click(SITES.bravo.at);
-  run(scene, 5);
-  getContextStore().entities.delete('site-bravo');
-  scene.frame();
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus, null, 'point dropped');
-
-  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
-  run(scene, 5);
-  scene.carriers.alpha.show = false;
-  scene.frame();
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus, null, 'point hidden');
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  // The layer reloads its thinned view: the site leaves its records for a
+  // while. It has not moved, so the focus stays on it.
+  const loaded = scene.sites.records;
+  scene.sites.records = loaded.filter((r) => r.id !== SITES.bravo.id);
+  run(scene, 10);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus.key, SITES.bravo.id, 'kept through a reload');
+  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'bravo') < 1e-5, 'still centred');
+  scene.sites.records = loaded;
+  // A row the list shows works even if the layer just dropped its site.
+  await refreshRows(scene);
+  scene.sites.records = loaded.filter((r) => r.id !== SITES.alpha.id);
+  siteRow(scene, 'alpha').click();
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus.key, SITES.alpha.id);
 });
 
-test('leaving orbit while focused clears the focus and the list', async (t) => {
+test('a satellite row rides it, staying in orbit; RETURN goes back', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { cockpit, satellites, viewer, modeEvents } = scene;
+  assert.ok(!rows(scene).some((row) => row.title.startsWith('RETURN')), 'no history yet');
+  siteRow(scene, 'alpha').click();
+  run(scene, 5);
+  const before = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(scene.shots.at(-1).destination);
+
+  satelliteRow(scene, 49260).click();
+  assert.deepEqual(satellites.calls.slice(-2), [['track', 49260], ['subject', 49260]]);
+  assert.equal(viewer.trackedEntity, undefined, 'the Cockpit keeps the camera');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectId, 49260);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null, 'the focus is reset');
+  assert.equal(modeEvents.at(-1)?.active, true);
+  await settle();
+  const shown = rows(scene);
+  assert.deepEqual([shown[0].title, shown[0].detail], ['TRACK ACQUIRED', 'LANDSAT 9 · NADIR VIEW']);
+  assert.equal(shown.filter((row) => row.title === 'TRACK ACQUIRED').length, 1);
+  const back = shown.find((row) => row.title === 'RETURN · ISS (ZARYA)');
+  assert.ok(back, 'a RETURN row while there is history');
+  assert.equal(back.detail, 'PREVIOUS SATELLITE');
+  assert.equal(satelliteRow(scene, 25544).getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Return to ISS (ZARYA)');
+  assert.ok(!shown.some((row) => row.title === 'ISS (ZARYA)'), 'listed once, as RETURN');
+
+  // The camera hops along the way, never in one jump.
+  const target = satellites.position(49260);
+  const hopM = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(before, target);
+  let previous = before;
+  let largestStep = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(ORBITAL_HOP_MS / FRAME_MS) + 2; i += 1) {
+    const shot = scene.frame();
+    assert.equal(cockpit.active, true, `still in orbit at frame ${i}`);
+    largestStep = Math.max(largestStep, Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(previous, shot.destination));
+    previous = shot.destination;
+  }
+  assert.ok(largestStep < hopM * 0.1, `largest step ${largestStep} m of ${hopM} m`);
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(previous, target) < 1, 'landed on the satellite');
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
+  assert.ok(offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1)) < 1e-6, 'looking at nadir');
+
+  // On to another, then RETURN twice back to the start.
+  await refreshRows(scene);
+  satelliteRow(scene, 40697).click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectId, 40697);
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(rows(scene).some((row) => row.title === 'RETURN · LANDSAT 9'));
+  satelliteRow(scene, 49260).click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectId, 49260);
+  await settle();
+  satelliteRow(scene, 25544).click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectId, 25544);
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(!rows(scene).some((row) => row.title.startsWith('RETURN')), 'back at the start');
+  scene.frame();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
+  assert.ok(!satellites.calls.some(([, id]) => id === 99001), 'debris never offered');
+});
+
+test('while the camera hops, no stale rows; on landing, rows measured from the new satellite', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { cockpit } = scene;
+  satelliteRow(scene, 49260).click();
+  await settle();
+  // Mid-hop: TRACK ACQUIRED and RETURN only, nothing measured from the old
+  // satellite's frame (which would list LANDSAT 9 itself at 0 km).
+  let shown = rows(scene);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    shown.map((row) => row.title),
+    ['TRACK ACQUIRED', 'RETURN · ISS (ZARYA)'],
+  );
+  scene.frame();
+  scene.refreshCard();
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(cockpit.orbital.hop, 'still hopping');
+  assert.deepEqual(rows(scene).map((row) => row.title), ['TRACK ACQUIRED', 'RETURN · ISS (ZARYA)']);
+  // Landed: the first frame on the satellite rebuilds them at once.
+  for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil(ORBITAL_HOP_MS / FRAME_MS) + 2; i += 1) scene.frame();
+  await settle();
+  shown = rows(scene);
+  assert.ok(shown.some((row) => row.target?.layerId === 'military-installations'), 'sites back');
+  const satellitesShown = shown.filter((row) => row.title !== 'TRACK ACQUIRED' && row.target?.layerId === 'satellites');
+  assert.ok(!satellitesShown.some((row) => row.title === 'LANDSAT 9'), 'never the ridden one');
+  assert.equal(satellitesShown.filter((row) => row.target.id === '25544').length, 1, 'ISS only as RETURN');
+});
+
+test('RETURN to a satellite that left the catalogue offers the one before it', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { cockpit, satellites } = scene;
+  satelliteRow(scene, 49260).click();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 80; i += 1) scene.frame();
+  await settle();
+  satelliteRow(scene, 40697).click();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 80; i += 1) scene.frame();
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(rows(scene).some((row) => row.title === 'RETURN · LANDSAT 9'));
+  satellites.remove(49260);
+  satelliteRow(scene, 49260).click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectId, 40697, 'still on the same satellite');
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(rows(scene).some((row) => row.title === 'RETURN · ISS (ZARYA)'), 'the one before');
+  satelliteRow(scene, 25544).click();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectId, 25544);
+});
+
+test('with Installations off no site is offered, by row, list or click', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { cockpit, sites } = scene;
+  // The real layer keeps its records and getNearby answers while off.
+  sites.enabled = false;
+  await refreshRows(scene);
+  assert.ok(rows(scene).some((row) => row.title === 'SITES STANDBY'));
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.listedSites.size, 0, 'nothing kept to focus from');
+  assert.equal(cockpit.toggleOrbitalFocus(SITES.alpha.id), false);
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus ?? null, null);
+});
+
+test('an arrow during the ease back from a focus turns on the arrows’ clock', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  const { cockpit } = scene;
+  siteRow(scene, 'alpha').click();
+  run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
+  scene.click(EMPTY_GROUND);
+  scene.frame();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focusReleasing, true);
+  cockpit.onKeyDown({
+    key: 'ArrowUp',
+    target: document.body,
+    preventDefault() {},
+    stopImmediatePropagation() {},
+  });
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focusReleasing, false);
+});
+
+test('leaving orbit leaves no orbital rows to act on', async (t) => {
   const scene = await inOrbit(t);
   scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
   run(scene, 5);
-  scene.drop();
+  scene.satellites.drop();
   scene.frame();
   assert.equal(scene.cockpit.active, false);
-  assert.equal(scene.store.orbitalReach, null);
-  assert.equal(scene.store.orbital, null);
-  // Late clicks and presses after the exit do nothing.
+  assert.equal(scene.store.presence.context, false);
   scene.click(SITES.bravo.at);
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.toggleOrbitalFocus('site-bravo'), false);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.toggleOrbitalFocus(SITES.bravo.id), false);
   assert.equal(scene.cockpit.onOrbitalClick(SITES.bravo.at), false);
-  assert.equal(scene.handler.stockClicks, 2, 'Cesium kept its clicks');
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.rideOrbitalSatellite(49260), false);
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.handleOrbitalSignalClick('satellites', '49260'), false);
 });
 
 test('NADIR and Home end a focus; an arrow takes the view over where it is', async (t) => {
@@ -625,85 +833,113 @@ test('NADIR and Home end a focus; an arrow takes the view over where it is', asy
   $('#cockpit-orbital-nadir').click();
   assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
   assert.ok(offNadir(scene.frame()) > 5, 'eases back');
-
   scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
   run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
   press('Home');
   assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
-
   scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
   run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
   const held = { ...cockpit.orbital.lookView };
   press('ArrowUp');
   assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
-  // The step continues from the focused look, on the 5° grid.
-  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.lookTarget.pitchDeg, Math.floor(held.pitchDeg / 5 + 1e-9) * 5 + 5);
-  const largest = run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
-  assert.ok(largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG);
+  assert.equal(
+    cockpit.orbital.lookTarget.pitchDeg,
+    Math.floor(held.pitchDeg / 5 + 1e-9) * 5 + 5,
+  );
 });
 
-test('reduced motion cuts onto the point and back', async (t) => {
+test('reduced motion cuts onto the site, back, and between satellites', async (t) => {
   const scene = await inOrbit(t, { reducedMotion: true });
+  await settle();
   scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
   assert.ok(missDeg(scene.frame(), 'alpha') < 1e-5, 'on it at once');
   scene.click(EMPTY_GROUND);
   assert.ok(offNadir(scene.frame()) < 1e-6, 'back at once');
+  satelliteRow(scene, 49260).click();
+  const shot = scene.frame();
+  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(shot.destination, scene.satellites.position(49260)) < 1);
 });
 
-test('stopping the Cockpit hands the single click back to Cesium', async (t) => {
+test('stopping the Cockpit hands both clicks back to Cesium', async (t) => {
   const scene = fixture(t);
-  const type = Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK;
-  assert.notEqual(scene.handler.getInputAction(type), scene.handler.stock);
+  const click = Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK;
+  const double = Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK;
+  assert.notEqual(scene.handler.getInputAction(click), scene.handler.stock);
   scene.cockpit.stop();
-  assert.equal(scene.handler.getInputAction(type), scene.handler.stock);
-  scene.click(EMPTY_GROUND);
-  assert.equal(scene.handler.stockClicks, 1);
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital, null);
+  assert.equal(scene.handler.getInputAction(click), scene.handler.stock);
+  assert.equal(scene.handler.getInputAction(double), scene.handler.stockDouble);
 });
 
-test('a double-click on a mapped point focuses it and keeps the orbital view', async (t) => {
+test('the focused site keeps its row after nearer sites push it down', async (t) => {
   const scene = await inOrbit(t);
-  const { cockpit, viewer, handler } = scene;
-  scene.doubleClick(SITES.alpha.at);
-  assert.equal(handler.stockDoubleClicks, 0, 'Cesium does not track the point');
-  assert.equal(viewer.trackedEntity, undefined);
-  scene.frame();
-  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true, 'still in orbit');
-  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
+  siteRow(scene, 'alpha').click();
   run(scene, LAND_FRAMES);
-  assert.ok(missDeg(scene.shots.at(-1), 'alpha') < 1e-5);
-
-  // On the focused point it keeps the focus; on another it switches.
-  scene.doubleClick(SITES.alpha.at);
-  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-alpha');
-  scene.doubleClick(SITES.bravo.at);
-  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, 'site-bravo');
-  // A mapped point beyond the reach is not focused, but not tracked either.
-  scene.doubleClick(SITES.far.at);
-  assert.equal(handler.stockDoubleClicks, 0);
-  scene.frame();
-  assert.equal(cockpit.active, true);
-
-  // Anywhere else the double-click goes on to Cesium's, as before.
-  scene.doubleClick(EMPTY_GROUND);
-  assert.equal(handler.stockDoubleClicks, 1);
-  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null, 'the clicks ended the focus');
+  // Eight more sites appear right below the satellite, all nearer to nadir.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1)
+    scene.sites.records.push({
+      id: `osm:military:way/9${i}`,
+      osmKey: `way/9${i}`,
+      name: `Near ${i}`,
+      class: 'base',
+      kind: 'installation',
+      latitude: 30.4 + i * 0.01,
+      longitude: -96.6,
+      memberNames: [],
+      sources: [],
+    });
+  await refreshRows(scene);
+  const sitesShown = rows(scene).filter((row) => row.target?.layerId === 'military-installations');
+  assert.equal(sitesShown.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(sitesShown[0].target.id, SITES.alpha.id, 'the focused site is kept, first');
+  siteRow(scene, 'alpha').click();
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus, null, 'its row still ends the focus');
 });
 
-test('a double-click a tool owns, or one outside orbit, goes on to Cesium', async (t) => {
-  const scene = fixture(t);
-  const type = Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK;
-  scene.doubleClick(SITES.alpha.at);
-  assert.equal(scene.handler.stockDoubleClicks, 1, 'outside orbit');
-  scene.viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
-  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.enter(), true);
+test('a site the layer drops in a reload keeps its row, and its row still focuses it', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
   await settle();
-  scene.frame();
-  const lease = claimPointer('draw');
-  t.after(() => releasePointer(lease));
-  scene.doubleClick(SITES.alpha.at);
-  assert.equal(scene.handler.stockDoubleClicks, 2, 'a tool owns it');
-  releasePointer(lease);
-  scene.cockpit.stop();
-  assert.equal(scene.handler.getInputAction(type), scene.handler.stockDouble);
+  const before = rows(scene).map((row) => row.key);
+  const loaded = scene.sites.records;
+  // The thinned view reloads without Camp Alpha for a moment.
+  scene.sites.records = loaded.filter((r) => r.id !== SITES.alpha.id);
+  await refreshRows(scene);
+  assert.deepEqual(rows(scene).map((row) => row.key), before, 'the rows hold still');
+  siteRow(scene, 'alpha').click();
+  assert.equal(scene.cockpit.orbital.focus?.key, SITES.alpha.id, 'focused from its row');
+  siteRow(scene, 'alpha').click();
+  // Gone for good: after a while it leaves the rows.
+  for (let i = 0; i < 12; i += 1) await refreshRows(scene);
+  assert.ok(!rows(scene).some((row) => row.target?.id === SITES.alpha.id), 'forgotten later');
+});
+
+test('shown rows keep their places while they still qualify', async (t) => {
+  const scene = await inOrbit(t);
+  await settle();
+  const sitesBefore = rows(scene)
+    .filter((row) => row.target?.layerId === 'military-installations')
+    .map((row) => row.target.id);
+  // A site appears right below the satellite, nearer to nadir than both.
+  scene.sites.records.push({
+    id: 'osm:military:way/999',
+    osmKey: 'way/999',
+    name: 'Directly Below',
+    class: 'base',
+    kind: 'installation',
+    latitude: 30.01,
+    longitude: -97.01,
+    memberNames: [],
+    sources: [],
+  });
+  await refreshRows(scene);
+  const sitesAfter = rows(scene)
+    .filter((row) => row.target?.layerId === 'military-installations')
+    .map((row) => row.target.id);
+  assert.deepEqual(sitesAfter, sitesBefore, 'no row moves while its site is in reach');
+  // Once a shown site leaves the list, the nearer one takes its slot.
+  scene.sites.records = scene.sites.records.filter((r) => r.id !== SITES.bravo.id);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 12; i += 1) await refreshRows(scene);
+  assert.ok(
+    rows(scene).some((row) => row.target?.id === 'osm:military:way/999'),
+    'the nearer site fills the freed slot',
+  );
 });
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c58c50d7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/**
+ * The satellites around the one the Cockpit's orbital view rides: the
+ * nearest ones for the Live Signals rows, and riding one of them (or going
+ * back to the one before) from its row. The view stays in orbit: the
+ * satellites layer tracks the
+ * new satellite, the Cockpit takes the camera straight back, any ground
+ * focus ends, and the camera hops along the great circle to the new
+ * satellite. Bound to the Cockpit controller like the orbital view itself.
+ */
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { zoomTransitionProgress } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
+import {
+  ORBITAL_HOP_MS,
+  ORBITAL_SATELLITES_MAX,
+  hopPosition,
+} from '../cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js';
+
+/** Whether the user asked for reduced motion: hops then cut. */
+function prefersReducedMotion() {
+  return Boolean(
+    globalThis.matchMedia?.('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)')?.matches,
+  );
+}
+
+function inOrbit(controller) {
+  return (
+    controller.active &&
+    !controller.destroyed &&
+    controller.subjectKind === 'satellite' &&
+    Boolean(controller.orbital)
+  );
+}
+
+/** The satellites ridden in this orbital visit, oldest first. */
+function visits(controller) {
+  const state = controller.orbital;
+  if (!Array.isArray(state.visits)) state.visits = [];
+  const current = controller.subjectId;
+  if (current !== null && current !== undefined && !state.visits.length)
+    state.visits.push(current);
+  return state.visits;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The satellites nearest the ridden one, nearest first (debris left out):
+ * the layer's bounded nearest query, measured from the satellite itself
+ * (not the camera, which may still be hopping to it).
+ * @returns {Array<object>} As the layer's `getNearestPositions`.
+ */
+export function orbitalNearbySatellites() {
+  const layer = this.services?.satellitesLayer;
+  if (typeof layer?.getNearestPositions !== 'function') return [];
+  try {
+    const from = layer.getCockpitPosition?.();
+    if (!from) return [];
+    return (
+      layer.getNearestPositions(from, ORBITAL_SATELLITES_MAX, {
+        excludeIds: [this.subjectId],
+        excludeClasses: ['debris'],
+      }) || []
+    );
+  } catch {
+    return [];
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The satellite ridden before this one in this orbital visit, or null.
+ * @returns {number|string|null}
+ */
+export function previousOrbitalSatellite() {
+  if (!inOrbit(this)) return null;
+  const ridden = visits(this);
+  return ridden.length > 1 ? ridden[ridden.length - 2] : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ride the satellite a Live Signals row names: back to the one ridden before
+ * (its RETURN row), or on to another, remembered so RETURN can come back.
+ * @param {number|string} noradId
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the ridden satellite changed.
+ */
+export function rideOrbitalSatellite(noradId) {
+  if (!inOrbit(this)) return false;
+  const ridden = visits(this);
+  const back = ridden.length > 1 ? ridden[ridden.length - 2] : null;
+  if (back !== null && String(back) === String(noradId)) {
+    if (!switchOrbitalSatellite.call(this, back)) {
+      // It left the catalogue: forget it, so RETURN offers the one before.
+      ridden.splice(ridden.length - 2, 1);
+      this.refreshOrbitalSignals?.();
+      return false;
+    }
+    ridden.pop();
+  } else {
+    if (!switchOrbitalSatellite.call(this, noradId)) return false;
+    ridden.push(this.subjectId);
+  }
+  // The RETURN row follows the history just changed.
+  this.refreshOrbitalSignals?.();
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ride another satellite without leaving orbit. The satellites layer tracks
+ * it (as a click on its point would); the Cockpit takes the camera back at
+ * once, ends any ground focus with the view back at nadir, and starts the
+ * hop from where the camera is.
+ * @param {number|string} noradId
+ * @returns {boolean} True when the ridden satellite changed.
+ */
+export function switchOrbitalSatellite(noradId) {
+  if (!inOrbit(this)) return false;
+  if (String(noradId) === String(this.subjectId)) return false;
+  const layer = this.services?.satellitesLayer;
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  const from = state.focusFrame?.position ?? null;
+  let tracked = false;
+  try {
+    tracked = Boolean(layer?.trackById?.(noradId, { origin: 'user' }));
+  } catch {
+    tracked = false;
+  }
+  // Tracking hands the camera to Cesium's follow; the orbital view keeps it.
+  this.viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
+  const info = tracked ? this.readSatelliteInfo() : null;
+  if (!info || String(info.noradId) !== String(noradId)) {
+    // Nothing changed hands, or the layer could not take it: the view ends
+    // on the next frame rather than ride something it did not ask for.
+    return false;
+  }
+  layer.setCockpitSubject?.(info.noradId);
+  this.subjectId = info.noradId;
+  state.focus = null;
+  state.focusReleasing = !prefersReducedMotion();
+  state.lookTarget = { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 };
+  if (!state.focusReleasing) state.lookView = { yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 };
+  state.hop =
+    from && !prefersReducedMotion()
+      ? { from: { ...from }, startMs: performance.now() }
+      : null;
+  // The rows measure from the camera's frame, still the old satellite's:
+  // until the camera is on the new one, they list no sites or satellites.
+  state.awaitingFrame = true;
+  state.previousUp = null;
+  state.place = undefined;
+  state.placeTracker?.reset?.();
+  state.prefetched?.clear?.();
+  this.lastHudUpdateMs = 0;
+  this.lastContextUpdateMs = 0;
+  this.dispatchCockpitModeChanged(true, info);
+  this.pushCockpitSignal(
+    'track',
+    'track',
+    t('TRACK ACQUIRED'),
+    t('{label} · NADIR VIEW', { label: info.name }),
+  );
+  this.updateOrbitalHud(info);
+  this.refreshOrbitalSignals?.();
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Where the camera is this frame: on the satellite, or part-way along a hop
+ * to it, eased like a zoom step. The hop ends when it lands.
+ * @param {object} state The orbital session.
+ * @param {Cesium.Cartesian3} position The ridden satellite this frame.
+ * @param {number} nowMs
+ * @returns {Cesium.Cartesian3}
+ */
+export function orbitalEyePosition(state, position, nowMs) {
+  const hop = state.hop;
+  if (!hop) return position;
+  const progress = zoomTransitionProgress(nowMs - hop.startMs, {
+    durationMs: ORBITAL_HOP_MS,
+  });
+  if (progress >= 1) {
+    state.hop = null;
+    return position;
+  }
+  const eye = hopPosition(hop.from, position, progress);
+  if (!eye) {
+    state.hop = null;
+    return position;
+  }
+  return new Cesium.Cartesian3(eye.x, eye.y, eye.z);
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSignals.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSignals.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c01bd56a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSignals.js
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+/**
+ * The Live Signals rows in the orbital view. Orbit feeds no Contacts
+ * snapshot, so the rows are built here, the way the aircraft rows are built
+ * from one (src/ui/cockpitSignals.js): the TRACK ACQUIRED row, the nearest
+ * mapped sites in reach (a row focuses its site, or releases the one held),
+ * a RETURN row to the satellite ridden before, and the nearest satellites (a
+ * row rides it). With Mapped Installations off a status row says why no
+ * site is listed. Five rows at most, with stable keys, rebuilt on their own
+ * clock. Bound to the Cockpit controller.
+ */
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { ORBITAL_REACH_REFRESH_MS } from '../cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
+import { bearingBetweenCoordinates, relativeBearing } from '../cockpitMath.js';
+import {
+  installationClassLabel,
+  installationTitle,
+} from '../layers/installations/classLabel.js';
+import { formatCockpitDistance } from './cockpitPresentation.js';
+import { orbitalSitesInReach } from './cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
+import {
+  orbitalNearbySatellites,
+  previousOrbitalSatellite,
+} from './cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js';
+
+/** The most rows Live Signals shows, as for aircraft. */
+const SIGNAL_ROWS = 5;
+
+/** Site rows when there are satellites to list too. */
+const SITE_ROWS = 2;
+
+const SITES_LAYER_ID = 'military-installations';
+
+function inOrbit(controller) {
+  return (
+    controller.active &&
+    !controller.destroyed &&
+    controller.subjectKind === 'satellite' &&
+    Boolean(controller.orbital)
+  );
+}
+
+function sitesLayerOn(controller) {
+  const isLayerEnabled = controller.services?.isLayerEnabled;
+  return typeof isLayerEnabled === 'function'
+    ? isLayerEnabled(SITES_LAYER_ID) !== false
+    : false;
+}
+
+/** Where another satellite is, from the top of the frame, worded. */
+function bearingWords(info, satellite) {
+  const bearing = bearingBetweenCoordinates(
+    info.latitude,
+    info.longitude,
+    satellite.latitude,
+    satellite.longitude,
+  );
+  // Relative to the top of the frame: the ground track, or north.
+  const relative = relativeBearing(
+    bearing,
+    Number.isFinite(info.groundTrackDeg) ? info.groundTrackDeg : 0,
+  );
+  if (relative === null) return t('BRG —');
+  if (Math.abs(relative) < 8) return t('AHEAD');
+  return t('{side} {angle}', {
+    side: relative < 0 ? t('L') : t('R'),
+    angle: `${String(Math.round(Math.abs(relative))).padStart(3, '0')}°`,
+  });
+}
+
+/** The ids the rows of one layer show now, in their order. */
+function shownIds(controller, layerId, keyPrefix) {
+  return controller.signalItems
+    .filter((item) => item.key.startsWith(keyPrefix))
+    .filter((item) => item.target?.layerId === layerId)
+    .map((item) => String(item.target.id));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Order rows so those already shown keep their places while they still
+ * qualify; new ones fill after them, nearest first. Sites pass under a low
+ * orbit in seconds: re-sorting by angle every beat would move a row away
+ * from the pointer reaching for it.
+ * @param {Array<object>} entries Nearest first.
+ * @param {(entry: object) => string} keyOf
+ * @param {Array<string>} shown Ids shown now, in order.
+ * @param {string|null} [first] An id that goes first (the focused site).
+ */
+function stickyOrder(entries, keyOf, shown, first = null) {
+  const byKey = new Map(entries.map((entry) => [keyOf(entry), entry]));
+  const ordered = [];
+  const take = (key) => {
+    const entry = byKey.get(key);
+    if (!entry) return;
+    ordered.push(entry);
+    byKey.delete(key);
+  };
+  if (first !== null) take(first);
+  for (const key of shown) take(key);
+  for (const entry of entries) take(keyOf(entry));
+  return ordered;
+}
+
+/** The site rows: the focused site first, then those shown, then the nearest. */
+function siteRows(info, { settled = true } = {}) {
+  if (!sitesLayerOn(this)) {
+    // Also forgets the sites last listed, so none is focused from a row.
+    orbitalSitesInReach.call(this, info);
+    return [
+      {
+        key: 'site-status',
+        tone: 'warning',
+        title: t('SITES STANDBY'),
+        detail: t('ENABLE MAPPED INSTALLATIONS FOR SITE PINGS'),
+        target: null,
+      },
+    ];
+  }
+  if (!settled) return [];
+  const { entries } = orbitalSitesInReach.call(this, info);
+  const focused = entries.find((entry) => entry.focused);
+  return stickyOrder(
+    entries,
+    (entry) => String(entry.site.id),
+    shownIds(this, SITES_LAYER_ID, 'site:'),
+    focused ? String(focused.site.id) : null,
+  ).map(({ site, offNadirDeg, focused }) => {
+    const title = installationTitle(site.name) || t('Unnamed site');
+    const angle = t('OFF-NADIR {angle}°', {
+      angle: formatNumber(offNadirDeg, {
+        minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+        maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+      }),
+    });
+    const words = [installationClassLabel(site.class), angle];
+    if (focused) words.unshift(t('FOCUS'));
+    return {
+      key: `site:${site.id}`,
+      // The held site reads as the subject does.
+      tone: focused ? 'track' : 'nearby',
+      title,
+      detail: words.join(' · '),
+      target: {
+        layerId: SITES_LAYER_ID,
+        id: String(site.id),
+        label: focused
+          ? t('Release the camera from {name}', { name: title })
+          : t('Keep the camera on {name}', { name: title }),
+      },
+    };
+  });
+}
+
+/** The satellite rows: RETURN to the one before, then the nearest. */
+function satelliteRows(info) {
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  state.satelliteNames ??= new Map();
+  state.satelliteNames.set(String(info.noradId), info.name);
+  const rows = [];
+  const back = previousOrbitalSatellite.call(this);
+  if (back !== null) {
+    const name = state.satelliteNames.get(String(back)) ?? String(back);
+    rows.push({
+      key: `satellite-return:${back}`,
+      tone: 'nearby',
+      title: t('RETURN · {name}', { name }),
+      detail: t('PREVIOUS SATELLITE'),
+      target: {
+        layerId: 'satellites',
+        id: String(back),
+        label: t('Return to {name}', { name }),
+      },
+    });
+  }
+  // Measured only once the camera is on the ridden satellite.
+  const measured = !state.hop && !state.awaitingFrame;
+  const nearby = measured
+    ? stickyOrder(
+        orbitalNearbySatellites.call(this),
+        (satellite) => String(satellite.id),
+        shownIds(this, 'satellites', 'satellite:'),
+      )
+    : [];
+  for (const satellite of nearby) {
+    if (back !== null && String(satellite.id) === String(back)) continue;
+    const name = String(satellite.label ?? satellite.id);
+    state.satelliteNames.set(String(satellite.id), name);
+    rows.push({
+      key: `satellite:${satellite.id}`,
+      tone: 'nearby',
+      title: name,
+      detail: [
+        t('SATELLITE'),
+        bearingWords(info, satellite),
+        formatCockpitDistance(satellite.distanceM),
+      ].join(' · '),
+      target: {
+        layerId: 'satellites',
+        id: String(satellite.id),
+        label: t('Ride {name}', { name }),
+      },
+    });
+  }
+  return rows;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rebuild the orbital Live Signals rows now: after a focus change, a
+ * satellite switch, or on their clock. TRACK ACQUIRED stays first; sites
+ * take two rows when satellites fill the rest, more when they do not.
+ */
+export function refreshOrbitalSignals() {
+  if (!inOrbit(this)) return;
+  const info = this.lastSubjectInfo;
+  if (info?.kind !== 'satellite') return;
+  this.orbital.signalsMs = performance.now();
+  const previous = new Map(this.signalItems.map((item) => [item.key, item]));
+  const rows = [];
+  const track = this.signalItems.find((item) => item.key === 'track');
+  if (track) rows.push(track);
+  // While the camera hops to a new satellite its frame is not the
+  // satellite's yet: the site rows wait for it (the status row does not).
+  const settled = !this.orbital.hop && !this.orbital.awaitingFrame;
+  const sites = siteRows.call(this, info, { settled });
+  const satellites = satelliteRows.call(this, info);
+  const free = SIGNAL_ROWS - rows.length;
+  rows.push(...sites.slice(0, Math.max(SITE_ROWS, free - satellites.length)));
+  rows.push(...satellites.slice(0, SIGNAL_ROWS - rows.length));
+  const now = Date.now();
+  this.signalItems = rows.map((row) => ({
+    ...row,
+    timestamp: previous.get(row.key)?.timestamp ?? row.timestamp ?? now,
+  }));
+  this.signalSignatures.clear();
+  this.publishCockpitSignals();
+}
+
+/**
+ * The rows' clock: rebuild once every ORBITAL_REACH_REFRESH_MS.
+ * @param {number} nowMs
+ */
+export function updateOrbitalSignals(nowMs) {
+  const state = this.orbital;
+  if (!state) return;
+  if (nowMs - (state.signalsMs ?? -Infinity) < ORBITAL_REACH_REFRESH_MS) return;
+  refreshOrbitalSignals.call(this);
+}
+
+/**
+ * A click on an orbital row: a site row focuses its site or releases it, a
+ * satellite row rides that satellite (RETURN goes back).
+ * @param {string} layerId
+ * @param {string} id
+ * @returns {boolean} True in orbit, where the row is this module's.
+ */
+export function handleOrbitalSignalClick(layerId, id) {
+  if (!inOrbit(this)) return false;
+  if (layerId === SITES_LAYER_ID) this.toggleOrbitalFocus(id);
+  else if (layerId === 'satellites') this.rideOrbitalSatellite(id);
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
index 50e90d007..8e6f20b06 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ import { isPointerFree } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
 import { zoomableSwathKm } from '../layers/satellites/sensors.js';
 import {
   easeOrbitalLook,
-  endOrbitalFocus,
   orbitalFocusReadout,
   releaseOrbitalFocus,
   updateOrbitalFocus,
 } from './cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
+import { orbitalEyePosition } from './cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js';
 import {
   COCKPIT_CONTEXT_UPDATE_MS,
   COCKPIT_HUD_UPDATE_MS,
@@ -137,7 +137,6 @@ export function endOrbital() {
   // Back to the map the operator had, unless they picked another meanwhile.
   state.imagery?.release?.()?.catch?.(() => {});
   this.publishOrbital(null);
-  endOrbitalFocus.call(this);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -306,9 +305,11 @@ export function updateOrbital(nowMs) {
   );
   if (!position) return;
   const state = this.orbital;
+  // On the satellite, or on the way to it after Previous/Next.
+  const eye = orbitalEyePosition(state, position, nowMs);
   // Track-up: the ground track at the top, so the picture scrolls along it.
   // A geostationary satellite has no track and stays north-up.
-  const nadir = nadirOrientation(position, {
+  const nadir = nadirOrientation(eye, {
     previousUp: state.previousUp,
     headingDeg: Number.isFinite(info.groundTrackDeg)
       ? info.groundTrackDeg
@@ -326,7 +327,7 @@ export function updateOrbital(nowMs) {
     goToZoom.call(this, maxZoom);
   }
   // A ground focus aims the look itself (src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js).
-  if (!updateOrbitalFocus.call(this, state, nadir, position, nowMs))
+  if (!updateOrbitalFocus.call(this, state, nadir, eye, nowMs))
     state.lookView = easeOrbitalLook(
       state,
       nowMs - (state.lookLastMs || nowMs),
@@ -340,7 +341,7 @@ export function updateOrbital(nowMs) {
   const zoomStepping = Boolean(state.transition);
   const reading = applyFov.call(this, state, info.altitudeM, nowMs);
   this.viewer.camera.setView({
-    destination: position,
+    destination: eye,
     orientation: {
       direction: intoCartesian(view.direction, this.scratchForward),
       up: intoCartesian(view.up, this.scratchUp),
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js b/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
index 32f25bdc8..54889a82d 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ export function publishCockpitSignals() {
         target: item.target && {
           layerId: item.target.layerId,
           id: item.target.id,
-          label: t('Select flight {title}', { title: item.title }),
+          // Orbit's site and satellite rows name their own action.
+          label:
+            item.target.label ??
+            t('Select flight {title}', { title: item.title }),
         },
       };
     }),
@@ -212,6 +215,14 @@ export function handleSignalClick(event) {
   );
   if (!target) return;
   event.preventDefault();
+  // In orbit the rows are sites and satellites (cockpitOrbitalSignals.js).
+  if (
+    this.handleOrbitalSignalClick?.(
+      target.dataset.signalLayer,
+      target.dataset.signalId,
+    )
+  )
+    return;
   this.services.militaryAwarenessLayer.focusTarget?.(
     target.dataset.signalLayer,
     target.dataset.signalId,
diff --git a/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js b/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
index a71a78336..4a54742e1 100644
--- a/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
+++ b/src/ui/stores/cockpit.js
@@ -132,22 +132,6 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
     orbital.value = next && markRaw(next);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * The mapped points the orbital view shows or can be turned to: null
-   * outside orbit. Shape: `{ count, focusKey|null, entries: [{ key, label,
-   * layerName, source, latitude, longitude, offNadirDeg, reachable,
-   * focused, osm, details: [{ key, value }] }] }`, nearest to nadir first
-   * and at most 12 (`count` is all of them); `reachable` is false for a
-   * point in the frame but beyond the off-nadir reach, `osm` marks details
-   * that are OpenStreetMap tags (src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js).
-   */
-  const orbitalReach = shallowRef(null);
-
-  /** @param {?object} next A fresh list of the mapped points in reach. */
-  function publishOrbitalReach(next) {
-    orbitalReach.value = next && markRaw(next);
-  }
-
   /**
    * The utility strip's measured layout: its top and height limits as CSS
    * lengths (null leaves the stylesheet's), whether only the expanded control
@@ -187,8 +171,6 @@ export const useCockpitStore = defineStore('gev-cockpit', () => {
     publishRadar,
     orbital,
     publishOrbital,
-    orbitalReach,
-    publishOrbitalReach,
     utilityLayout,
     publishUtilityLayout,
   };
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalFocus.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalFocus.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0815c3159
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalFocus.css
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/* The site a ground focus holds, named under the off-nadir readout
+   (src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue). Empty, it takes no room. */
+.cockpit-orbital-focus:not(:empty) {
+  margin-top: 4px;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  color: #f4fbff;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css
deleted file mode 100644
index fede7254e..000000000
--- a/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
-/* The orbital view's ground focus (src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue,
-   CockpitOrbitalReach.vue): the focused target under the off-nadir readout
-   and, at the foot of the readout card, the mapped points in reach. The HUD
-   passes clicks through to the picture; the list takes its own, so a click
-   on it never ends a focus. */
-.cockpit-orbital-focus:not(:empty) {
-  margin-top: 4px;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  color: #f4fbff;
-  font-weight: 700;
-  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
-  text-overflow: ellipsis;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach {
-  margin-top: 8px;
-  padding-top: 8px;
-  border-top: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
-  pointer-events: auto;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle,
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus {
-  padding: 2px 7px;
-  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-line);
-  border-radius: 2px;
-  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.6);
-  color: #f4fbff;
-  font: inherit;
-  font-weight: 700;
-  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
-  cursor: pointer;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle[aria-expanded='true'],
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus[aria-pressed='true'],
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle:hover,
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle:focus-visible,
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus:hover,
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus:focus-visible {
-  border-color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
-  color: #fff;
-  outline: none;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus[aria-pressed='true'] {
-  background: color-mix(
-    in srgb,
-    var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff) 22%,
-    rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.8)
-  );
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-focus[aria-disabled='true'] {
-  border-color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.12);
-  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.32);
-  cursor: default;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-body {
-  max-height: min(30vh, 260px);
-  margin-top: 6px;
-  overflow-y: auto;
-  overscroll-behavior: contain;
-  scrollbar-width: thin;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-list {
-  display: grid;
-  gap: 3px;
-  margin: 0;
-  padding: 0;
-  list-style: none;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-row {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 6px;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-name {
-  display: grid;
-  flex: 1;
-  min-width: 0;
-  padding: 3px 6px;
-  border: 1px solid transparent;
-  border-inline-start-color: var(--orbital-faint);
-  background: rgba(0, 7, 12, 0.34);
-  color: #f4fbff;
-  font: inherit;
-  text-align: start;
-  cursor: pointer;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-name strong,
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-name small {
-  overflow: hidden;
-  text-overflow: ellipsis;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-name small {
-  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.56);
-  font-size: 9px;
-  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-name[aria-expanded='true'],
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-name:hover,
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-name:focus-visible {
-  border-color: var(--orbital-line);
-  outline: none;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-focused .cockpit-orbital-reach-name {
-  border-inline-start-color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-details {
-  margin: 3px 0 4px;
-  padding: 4px 6px;
-  border: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
-  background: rgba(0, 4, 8, 0.7);
-  user-select: text;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-where {
-  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.66);
-  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-readout .cockpit-orbital-reach-kicker {
-  margin-top: 4px;
-  color: var(--cockpit-accent, #00dcff);
-  font-weight: 700;
-  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-tags {
-  display: grid;
-  gap: 2px;
-  margin: 3px 0 0;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-tag {
-  display: flex;
-  gap: 8px;
-  min-width: 0;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-tag dt {
-  flex: none;
-  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.56);
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-tag dd {
-  min-width: 0;
-  margin: 0;
-  color: #f4fbff;
-  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-empty,
-.cockpit-orbital-reach-more {
-  color: rgba(244, 251, 255, 0.56);
-}
-.cockpit-orbital-readout .cockpit-orbital-reach-more {
-  margin-top: 4px;
-}
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
index 51f14e1ed..47f19cbef 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import {
   shownOwnerMark,
 } from '../../ownerFlag.js';
 import { useCockpitStore } from '../../stores/cockpit.js';
-import CockpitOrbitalReach from './CockpitOrbitalReach.vue';
 
 // The orbital view's HUD: a nadir reticle over the picture, the satellite's
 // identity and orbit, and the optical zoom. The Cockpit controller presents
@@ -328,8 +327,6 @@ const lensStyle = computed(() => {
           <button id="cockpit-orbital-nadir" ref="nadirButton" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-nadir" :aria-label="t('Return the view to nadir')" :title="t('Return to nadir (Home or 0)')" aria-keyshortcuts="Home 0">{{ t('NADIR') }}</button>
         </div>
         <p id="cockpit-orbital-focus" class="cockpit-orbital-focus" aria-live="polite">{{ focusText }}</p>
-        <!-- The mapped points the view shows or can be turned to, each with FOCUS. -->
-        <CockpitOrbitalReach />
       </div>
       <div class="cockpit-orbital-optics">
         <button id="cockpit-orbital-zoom-out" ref="zoomOutButton" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-zoom-button" :disabled="atWidest" :aria-label="t('Zoom out')" :title="t('Zoom out (−)')" aria-keyshortcuts="- _">−</button>
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue
deleted file mode 100644
index 852799da9..000000000
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbitalReach.vue
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-<script setup>
-import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia';
-import { computed, nextTick, ref, useTemplateRef, watch } from 'vue';
-import { formatNumber, t } from '../../../i18n/index.js';
-import { formatCockpitCoordinate } from '../../cockpitPresentation.js';
-import { useCockpitStore } from '../../stores/cockpit.js';
-
-// The mapped points the orbital view shows or can be turned to, under its
-// readout: ground points of the layers that are on, nearest to nadir first.
-// A row opens the point's details (its OpenStreetMap tags where the layer
-// keeps them); FOCUS keeps the camera on it, switches to it from another, or
-// ends the focus held on it. The Cockpit controller builds the list
-// (src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js) and keeps FOCUS's delegated listener;
-// which rows are open is this view's own.
-
-const { orbitalReach } = storeToRefs(useCockpitStore());
-
-const finite = (value) => typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value);
-
-const entries = computed(() => orbitalReach.value?.entries || []);
-const count = computed(() =>
-  finite(orbitalReach.value?.count) ? orbitalReach.value.count : 0,
-);
-const open = ref(false);
-const selectedKey = ref(null);
-const root = useTemplateRef('root');
-
-const toggleText = computed(() =>
-  t('IN REACH · {count}', { count: formatNumber(count.value) }),
-);
-const moreText = computed(() =>
-  count.value > entries.value.length
-    ? t('NEAREST {shown} OF {count}', {
-        shown: formatNumber(entries.value.length),
-        count: formatNumber(count.value),
-      })
-    : '',
-);
-
-const angleText = (deg) =>
-  finite(deg)
-    ? `${formatNumber(deg, { minimumFractionDigits: 1, maximumFractionDigits: 1 })}°`
-    : '—';
-const positionText = (entry) =>
-  finite(entry.latitude) && finite(entry.longitude)
-    ? `${formatCockpitCoordinate(entry.latitude, 'N', 'S')} ${formatCockpitCoordinate(entry.longitude, 'E', 'W')}`
-    : '—';
-
-function toggleDetails(key) {
-  selectedKey.value = selectedKey.value === key ? null : key;
-}
-
-// A point that leaves the list closes its details. Keyboard focus inside
-// its row moves to the list's toggle, which stays, instead of the page.
-watch(
-  entries,
-  (list) => {
-    const key = selectedKey.value;
-    const active = document.activeElement;
-    const row = active?.closest?.('[data-orbital-reach-key]');
-    const leaving =
-      row &&
-      root.value?.contains(row) &&
-      !list.some((entry) => entry.key === row.dataset.orbitalReachKey);
-    if (key !== null && !list.some((entry) => entry.key === key))
-      selectedKey.value = null;
-    if (leaving)
-      nextTick(() =>
-        root.value
-          ?.querySelector('#cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle')
-          ?.focus({ preventScroll: true }),
-      );
-  },
-  { flush: 'pre' },
-);
-</script>
-
-<template>
-  <section ref="root" class="cockpit-orbital-reach" :aria-label="t('Mapped points in reach')">
-    <button id="cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle" type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-toggle" :aria-expanded="String(open)" aria-controls="cockpit-orbital-reach-body" :aria-label="open ? t('Hide the mapped points in reach') : t('Show the mapped points in reach')" :title="open ? t('Hide the mapped points in reach') : t('Show the mapped points in reach')" @click="open = !open">{{ toggleText }}</button>
-    <div v-show="open" id="cockpit-orbital-reach-body" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-body">
-      <p v-if="!entries.length" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-empty">{{ t('NOTHING MAPPED IN REACH') }}</p>
-      <ul v-else class="cockpit-orbital-reach-list">
-        <li v-for="entry in entries" :key="entry.key" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-item" :class="{ 'cockpit-orbital-reach-focused': entry.focused }" :data-orbital-reach-key="entry.key">
-          <div class="cockpit-orbital-reach-row">
-            <button type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-name" :aria-expanded="String(selectedKey === entry.key)" :aria-controls="selectedKey === entry.key ? 'cockpit-orbital-reach-details' : undefined" @click="toggleDetails(entry.key)">
-              <strong>{{ entry.label }}</strong>
-              <small>{{ entry.layerName }}<template v-if="entry.layerName"> · </template>{{ angleText(entry.offNadirDeg) }}</small>
-            </button>
-            <button type="button" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-focus" :data-orbital-focus="entry.key" :aria-pressed="String(entry.focused)" :aria-disabled="entry.reachable ? undefined : 'true'" :aria-label="t('Keep the camera on {name}', { name: entry.label })" :title="entry.reachable ? t('Keep the camera on {name}', { name: entry.label }) : t('Beyond the off-nadir reach')">{{ t('FOCUS') }}</button>
-          </div>
-          <div v-if="selectedKey === entry.key" id="cockpit-orbital-reach-details" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-details">
-            <p class="cockpit-orbital-reach-where">{{ positionText(entry) }}<template v-if="entry.source"> · {{ entry.source }}</template></p>
-            <template v-if="entry.details.length">
-              <p class="cockpit-orbital-reach-kicker">{{ entry.osm ? t('OPENSTREETMAP TAGS') : t('DETAILS') }}</p>
-              <dl class="cockpit-orbital-reach-tags" translate="no">
-                <div v-for="row in entry.details" :key="row.key" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-tag">
-                  <dt>{{ row.key }}</dt>
-                  <dd>{{ row.value }}</dd>
-                </div>
-              </dl>
-            </template>
-          </div>
-        </li>
-      </ul>
-      <p v-if="moreText" class="cockpit-orbital-reach-more">{{ moreText }}</p>
-    </div>
-  </section>
-</template>
diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
index 4d678058c..930cc2346 100644
--- a/style.css
+++ b/style.css
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpitBridge.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpitRadar.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css';
-@import './src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalReach.css';
+@import './src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbitalFocus.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/overlays.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/layers.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/radio.css';

From 7b844792be32dc840012263626cc043e69026062 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2026 23:59:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 244/262] docs(cockpit): describe orbit's Live Signals rows and
 site focus

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md | 98 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 64 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index cddbff85f..6b2afdd76 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1643,7 +1643,7 @@ companions, its own orbit ring and its detection bracket, and draws every
 other orbit ring (the ISS ring included) at 30% of its alpha; other
 satellites' points and labels stay. Scene clicks and the layer's Escape are
 ignored by the satellites layer while it is ridden (a click on a mapped
-point focuses it; see below). The optical zoom steps 1×, 2×, 4× and 8× for
+site focuses it; see below). The optical zoom steps 1×, 2×, 4× and 8× for
 every satellite with `+` (or `=`) and `-` (or `_`), the panel's buttons and
 the mouse wheel (one step per notch; trackpad scrolling is summed to a step):
 the 1× frame is 60° vertical in low orbit and fits the Earth's disk with
@@ -1700,42 +1700,72 @@ imagery under the view has loaded (at most 2.5 s, `zoomSettleHolding`), then
 the reticle locks. The look keys and zoom keys keep the bridge's focus
 guards.
 
-A single click on a mapped ground point (a ground point of a layer that is
-on, through the shared context store: Mapped Installations, fires, local
-data packs; aircraft, vessels and satellites are not targets) keeps the
-camera on it (`src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js`, geometry in
-`src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js`). The look is aimed each frame from the
-satellite's position to the point's Earth-fixed position in the same
-track-up nadir frame the arrows tilt, so the point stays at the centre as
-the satellite moves; the turn onto it (and between points) eases what is
-left of the swing with the arrows' easing on a slower clock (250 ms time
-constant, about 0.75 s to 95%), then holds the point exactly, and cuts under
-`prefers-reduced-motion`. A click anywhere else, FOCUS on the focused point,
-NADIR, Home or `0` ends the focus and the view eases back to nadir on the
-same clock; an arrow ends it and tilts on from where the view is. The focus
-also ends by itself, easing back, when the point leaves the reach (either
-tilt axis past ±45°, or the point below the satellite's horizon), when its
-layer is turned off or its record is dropped, and with the orbital view. A
-mapped point beyond the reach cannot be focused. While focused the readout
-gives the single off-nadir angle to the point, as image metadata does
+In orbit the briefing's Live Signals page (OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS) lists
+what is around the satellite, as the aircraft Cockpit lists the contacts
+of its Contacts snapshot (`src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSignals.js`): five rows at
+most, rebuilt once a second with stable keys, so a row keeps its place and
+time. TRACK ACQUIRED stays first. Then:
+
+- **Sites**: the Mapped Installations layer's loaded records around the
+  sub-satellite point (`getNearby`, asked only as far as the reach extends
+  over the ground) that face the satellite and lie within the off-nadir
+  reach, nearest to nadir first, the focused site always among them. A row
+  reads the site's name over its class and off-nadir angle; its button
+  (`Keep the camera on …`) focuses the site, and on the focused site's row,
+  marked as the subject is (`FOCUS · …`, `Release the camera from …`), ends
+  the focus. With Mapped Installations off the layer keeps its records, so
+  nothing is listed then: a SITES STANDBY row says to turn the layer on.
+- **Satellites**: the nearest shown satellites to the ridden one, debris
+  left out (the satellites layer's bounded `getNearestPositions`, measured
+  from the satellite itself), with their bearing from the top of the frame
+  and distance. A row (`Ride …`) rides that satellite. While there is a
+  satellite ridden before this one, a RETURN · *name* row goes back to it; if
+  that satellite has left the catalogue it is dropped and RETURN offers the
+  one before. Riding stays in orbit: the satellites layer tracks the new
+  satellite (`trackById`), the Cockpit takes the camera back at once and
+  marks it as the ridden subject, any ground focus ends with the view easing
+  back to nadir, and the camera hops to the new satellite along the great
+  circle over 1.2 s (cut under reduced motion), keeping the zoom. Until the
+  camera is on the new satellite the page shows only TRACK ACQUIRED and
+  RETURN, then rebuilds at once.
+
+Sites take two rows while satellites fill the rest, more when there are
+fewer satellites. The Contact card stays hidden in orbit.
+
+The focus (`src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js`, geometry in
+`src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js`) aims the look each frame from the satellite's
+position to the site's Earth-fixed position in the same track-up nadir
+frame the arrows tilt, so the site stays at the centre as the satellite
+moves. The turn onto it (and between sites) eases what is left of the swing
+with the arrows' easing on a slower clock (250 ms time constant, about
+0.75 s to 95%), then holds the site exactly, and cuts under
+`prefers-reduced-motion`. A single click on a site's marker focuses it too:
+the pick is resolved through the layer's own pick ids (`findByPick`: a named
+marker's `{ installationId }` or a site entity). A click anywhere else, the
+focused site's row, NADIR, Home or `0` ends the focus and the view eases
+back to nadir on the same clock; an arrow ends it (or the ease back) and
+tilts on from where the view is. The layer reloads its thinned view as the
+camera moves (about once a second in orbit), so a site in view can leave
+its records for a moment: while the layer is on, a site seen in the last
+10 s stays a candidate (sites do not move), so the rows hold still and a
+row's site can be focused, and a focused site keeps its last position. The focus ends by
+itself, easing back, when the site leaves the reach (either tilt axis past
+±45°, or the site below the satellite's horizon), when the layer is turned
+off, when another satellite is ridden, and with the orbital view. A site
+beyond the reach cannot be focused. While focused the readout gives the
+single off-nadir angle to the site, as image metadata does
 (`OFF-NADIR 23.4°`, updated on the HUD's beat and not announced), names it
 in a polite live region (`FOCUS · Camp Alpha`), and the swath reads
-approximate as for a tilt, scaled by the tilt onto the point. Clicks still
+approximate as for a tilt, scaled by the tilt onto the site. Clicks still
 reach Cesium's own handler and never untrack the satellite; a click a tool
 owns (drawing) is ignored, and the draw tool still borrows the click while
-it draws. A double-click on a mapped ground point keeps or starts the focus
-on it and never reaches Cesium's double-click, which would track the point
-and end the view (the Cockpit's double-click routing in
-`src/ui/cockpitInput.js`); any other double-click goes on as before. Under the readout, IN REACH · *n* (a disclosure) lists the mapped
-points facing the satellite that are within the reach or in the frame now,
-nearest to nadir first, at most 12 (with NEAREST 12 OF *n* beyond that),
-rebuilt once a second. A row opens the point's details: position, source and
-its OpenStreetMap tags (or its layer's properties); FOCUS on a row focuses
-it, switches to it from another point, or ends the focus held on it, and is
-marked unavailable (`aria-disabled`) for a point in frame but beyond the
-reach. A row that leaves the list hands keyboard focus to the disclosure.
-`src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs` covers the easing in and out, the
-reach release, list switching, click handling and the readout.
+it draws. A double-click on a site keeps or starts the focus on it and
+never reaches Cesium's double-click, which would track the site and end the
+view (the Cockpit's double-click routing in `src/ui/cockpitInput.js`); any
+other double-click goes on as before. `src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs`
+covers the rows, the easing in and out, the reach release, switching sites
+and satellites, the hop, the layer turned off, click handling and the
+readout, against the layers' method shapes.
 
 The HUD (`#cockpit-hud[data-subject='satellite']`, body class
 `cockpit-orbit`) mounts `CockpitOrbital` over the picture: name, class,
@@ -1765,7 +1795,7 @@ unfolds the two element lines; each row is left out when the satellites layer do
 know it. The
 aircraft and bridge instruments, tapes, compass, radar, look controls,
 position readout, route card and Contact card are hidden; the vision-style
-switcher, briefing card (Local and Regional for the sub-satellite point; the
+switcher, briefing card (Live Signals as above, Local and Regional for the sub-satellite point; the
 regional brief refreshes at most once a minute) and the reset and EXIT ORBIT
 buttons stay, square-cornered like the bridge. Exit (`Escape`, EXIT
 ORBIT) restores the camera's own field of view exactly and returns to the

From 7d6314b981f751a7dfd6be7497f1228f387c30a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Denis Groshev <denis@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2026 10:53:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 245/262] docs(changelog): add the #1580 fragment

---
 changelog.d/1580-orbital-ground-focus.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1580-orbital-ground-focus.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1580-orbital-ground-focus.md b/changelog.d/1580-orbital-ground-focus.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0df7cb384
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1580-orbital-ground-focus.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Hold the orbital camera on a mapped site as the satellite passes over it,
+  from a click on its marker or its Live Signals row, and list nearby sites
+  and satellites in orbit's Live Signals, where a row focuses a site or rides
+  a satellite (Denis Groshev, @ZloyS, #1580).

From 6be8af17f1778c58f7fcd3d9ad36377fe588aa43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 17:03:41 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 246/262] fix(cockpit): a new ride's TRACK ACQUIRED keeps its
 own time; an arrow during the ease back tilts on from the view; a site beyond
 the reach ends a focus; the horizon uses the WGS84 surface normal; a hop to
 the opposite side goes round the Earth; drop the unused in-frame listing

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  11 +-
 src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js                    | 100 ++++--------------
 src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs              |  68 ++++--------
 src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js               |  26 ++++-
 src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs         |  13 +++
 src/layers/satellites/controls.js             |  10 +-
 .../satellites/nearestPositions.test.mjs      |   3 +
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js                 |  58 ++++------
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs           |  20 +++-
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js            |   3 +
 10 files changed, 142 insertions(+), 170 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 6b2afdd76..bcb1de592 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1708,7 +1708,8 @@ time. TRACK ACQUIRED stays first. Then:
 
 - **Sites**: the Mapped Installations layer's loaded records around the
   sub-satellite point (`getNearby`, asked only as far as the reach extends
-  over the ground) that face the satellite and lie within the off-nadir
+  over the ground, and never past 3,000 km, so from a high orbit only the
+  sites within 3,000 km of the point below are listed) that face the satellite and lie within the off-nadir
   reach, nearest to nadir first, the focused site always among them. A row
   reads the site's name over its class and off-nadir angle; its button
   (`Keep the camera on …`) focuses the site, and on the focused site's row,
@@ -1727,7 +1728,10 @@ time. TRACK ACQUIRED stays first. Then:
   back to nadir, and the camera hops to the new satellite along the great
   circle over 1.2 s (cut under reduced motion), keeping the zoom. Until the
   camera is on the new satellite the page shows only TRACK ACQUIRED and
-  RETURN, then rebuilds at once.
+  RETURN (and SITES STANDBY with Mapped Installations off), then rebuilds
+  at once. The new satellite's TRACK ACQUIRED carries the time it was
+  ridden. The hop starts from where the camera was, which does not follow
+  the old satellite on.
 
 Sites take two rows while satellites fill the rest, more when there are
 fewer satellites. The Contact card stays hidden in orbit.
@@ -1741,7 +1745,8 @@ with the arrows' easing on a slower clock (250 ms time constant, about
 0.75 s to 95%), then holds the site exactly, and cuts under
 `prefers-reduced-motion`. A single click on a site's marker focuses it too:
 the pick is resolved through the layer's own pick ids (`findByPick`: a named
-marker's `{ installationId }` or a site entity). A click anywhere else, the
+marker's `{ installationId }` or a site entity). A click anywhere else
+(a site beyond the reach included), the
 focused site's row, NADIR, Home or `0` ends the focus and the view eases
 back to nadir on the same clock; an arrow ends it (or the ease back) and
 tilts on from where the view is. The layer reloads its thinned view as the
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
index 623507fc0..ab9d081fd 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ export const ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS = 250;
 /** How often the orbital Live Signals rows are rebuilt, ms. */
 export const ORBITAL_REACH_REFRESH_MS = 1000;
 
-/** The most mapped sites offered for the rows, nearest to nadir first. */
-export const ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX = 6;
+/** WGS84 semi-axes squared, m²: the surface normal for the horizon test. */
+const WGS84_A2 = 6378137 ** 2;
+const WGS84_B2 = 6356752.314245179 ** 2;
 
 /** Slack on the reach limit so a target held exactly at 45° stays. */
 const REACH_EPSILON_DEG = 1e-6;
@@ -71,14 +72,15 @@ export function focusLook(nadir, satellite, target) {
   const along = dot(v, nadir.direction);
   const up = dot(v, nadir.up);
   const right = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, dot(v, nadir.right)));
-  // The target's own zenith: the satellite is above its horizon when the
-  // line from the target to it points up.
-  const targetRadius = Math.hypot(target.x, target.y, target.z);
+  // The target's own zenith, the WGS84 surface normal there: the satellite
+  // is above its horizon when the line from the target to it points up.
+  const normal = {
+    x: target.x / WGS84_A2,
+    y: target.y / WGS84_A2,
+    z: target.z / WGS84_B2,
+  };
   const visible =
-    targetRadius > 0 &&
-    -(line.x * target.x + line.y * target.y + line.z * target.z) /
-      targetRadius >
-      0;
+    Math.hypot(normal.x, normal.y, normal.z) > 0 && -dot(line, normal) > 0;
   const yawDeg = toDegrees(Math.asin(right));
   const pitchDeg = toDegrees(Math.atan2(up, along));
   return {
@@ -106,38 +108,6 @@ export function focusInReach(look) {
   );
 }
 
-/**
- * Whether `target` is inside the picture as it is now framed.
- * @param {{direction: object, up: object, right: object}} view The camera's
- *   orientation (the nadir frame tilted by the eased look).
- * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} satellite ECEF, metres.
- * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} target ECEF, metres.
- * @param {{verticalFovRad: number, aspect?: number}} frame
- * @returns {boolean}
- */
-export function inFrame(
-  view,
-  satellite,
-  target,
-  { verticalFovRad, aspect = 1 },
-) {
-  if (!view || !finiteVector(satellite) || !finiteVector(target)) return false;
-  if (!(verticalFovRad > 0)) return false;
-  const line = {
-    x: target.x - satellite.x,
-    y: target.y - satellite.y,
-    z: target.z - satellite.z,
-  };
-  const along = dot(line, view.direction);
-  if (!(along > 0)) return false;
-  const halfTan = Math.tan(verticalFovRad / 2);
-  const ratio = Number.isFinite(aspect) && aspect > 0 ? aspect : 1;
-  return (
-    Math.abs(dot(line, view.up)) / along <= halfTan &&
-    Math.abs(dot(line, view.right)) / along <= halfTan * ratio
-  );
-}
-
 /**
  * Ease what is left of the turn onto a focus target toward nothing: the
  * look's easing (`easeLook`) on the focus's slower clock. The view is the
@@ -171,53 +141,23 @@ export function focusEaseDtMs(dtMs) {
 }
 
 /**
- * The mapped points the view shows now or can be turned to: those facing
- * the satellite and either within the off-nadir reach (`reachable`) or in
- * the frame as it is. Nearest to nadir first, at most `max`.
+ * The mapped points the view can be turned to: those facing the satellite
+ * and within the off-nadir reach, nearest to nadir first.
  * @param {Iterable<{key: string, position: {x: number, y: number,
  *   z: number}}>} candidates
- * @param {{nadir: object, view: object, satellite: object,
- *   verticalFovRad: number, aspect?: number, max?: number}} frame
- * @returns {{count: number, entries: Array<{key: string,
- *   offNadirDeg: number, reachable: boolean, look: object}>}} `count` is
- *   every point in reach, `entries` the nearest.
+ * @param {{nadir: object, satellite: object}} frame
+ * @returns {Array<{key: string, offNadirDeg: number, look: object}>}
  */
-export function pointsInReach(
-  candidates,
-  {
-    nadir,
-    view,
-    satellite,
-    verticalFovRad,
-    aspect = 1,
-    max = ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX,
-  },
-) {
+export function pointsInReach(candidates, { nadir, satellite }) {
   const entries = [];
-  if (!nadir || !finiteVector(satellite)) return { count: 0, entries };
+  if (!nadir || !finiteVector(satellite)) return entries;
   for (const candidate of candidates) {
     const look = focusLook(nadir, satellite, candidate?.position);
-    if (!look?.visible) continue;
-    const reachable = focusInReach(look);
-    if (
-      !reachable &&
-      !inFrame(view, satellite, candidate.position, { verticalFovRad, aspect })
-    )
-      continue;
-    entries.push({
-      key: candidate.key,
-      offNadirDeg: look.offNadirDeg,
-      reachable,
-      look,
-    });
+    if (!focusInReach(look)) continue;
+    entries.push({ key: candidate.key, offNadirDeg: look.offNadirDeg, look });
   }
-  entries.sort(
+  return entries.sort(
     (a, b) =>
       a.offNadirDeg - b.offNadirDeg || String(a.key).localeCompare(b.key),
   );
-  const limit =
-    max === Infinity || (Number.isInteger(max) && max >= 0)
-      ? max
-      : ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX;
-  return { count: entries.length, entries: entries.slice(0, limit) };
 }
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
index 62b11463b..78701cec4 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
@@ -6,12 +6,10 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import {
   ORBITAL_FOCUS_EASE_TAU_MS,
-  ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX,
   easeFocusRemainder,
   focusEaseDtMs,
   focusInReach,
   focusLook,
-  inFrame,
   pointsInReach,
 } from './cockpitOrbitalFocus.js';
 import {
@@ -200,50 +198,30 @@ test('the reach list keeps points in reach or in frame, nearest first, bounded',
   for (let i = 0; i < 80; i += 1)
     candidates.push({ key: `east-${i}`, position: geodeticToEcef(0, i * 0.1) });
   candidates.push({ key: 'far-side', position: geodeticToEcef(0, 180) });
-  const frame = {
-    nadir,
-    view: nadir,
-    satellite,
-    verticalFovRad: (60 * Math.PI) / 180,
-    aspect: 16 / 9,
-  };
-  const all = pointsInReach(candidates, { ...frame, max: 100 });
-  assert.ok(all.entries.every((entry) => entry.key !== 'far-side'));
-  const angles = all.entries.map((entry) => entry.offNadirDeg);
+  const entries = pointsInReach(candidates, { nadir, satellite });
+  assert.ok(entries.every((entry) => entry.key !== 'far-side'));
+  const angles = entries.map((entry) => entry.offNadirDeg);
   assert.deepEqual(angles, [...angles].sort((a, b) => a - b), 'nearest first');
-  assert.equal(all.entries[0].key, 'east-0');
-  assert.equal(all.entries[0].offNadirDeg, 0);
-  // The widest frame (16:9 at 60° tall) reaches past 45° across: those
-  // points are listed, but cannot be focused.
-  const beyond = all.entries.filter((entry) => !entry.reachable);
-  assert.ok(beyond.length > 0, 'some only in frame');
-  for (const entry of beyond) assert.ok(Math.abs(entry.look.yawDeg) > 45);
-  for (const entry of all.entries.filter((e) => e.reachable))
-    assert.ok(Math.abs(entry.look.yawDeg) <= 45);
-  // Out of frame and out of reach: not listed.
-  assert.ok(all.count < 80);
-
-  const bounded = pointsInReach(candidates, frame);
-  assert.equal(bounded.entries.length, ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX);
-  assert.equal(bounded.count, all.count, 'the count is all of them');
-  assert.deepEqual(
-    bounded.entries.map((entry) => entry.key),
-    all.entries.slice(0, ORBITAL_REACH_LIST_MAX).map((entry) => entry.key),
-  );
-  assert.deepEqual(pointsInReach([], frame), { count: 0, entries: [] });
+  assert.equal(entries[0].key, 'east-0');
+  assert.equal(entries[0].offNadirDeg, 0);
+  // Only those within the 45° tilt are listed.
+  assert.ok(entries.length > 0 && entries.length < 80);
+  for (const entry of entries) assert.ok(Math.abs(entry.look.yawDeg) <= 45);
+  const beyond = focusLook(nadir, satellite, candidates[entries.length].position);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(beyond.yawDeg) > 45, 'the next one east is past the reach');
+  assert.deepEqual(pointsInReach([], { nadir, satellite }), []);
 });
 
-test('in frame follows the view, its height and its width', () => {
-  const satellite = satelliteAt(0, 0);
-  const nadir = nadirOrientation(satellite);
-  const target = geodeticToEcef(0, 3);
-  const narrow = { verticalFovRad: (5 * Math.PI) / 180, aspect: 1 };
-  assert.equal(inFrame(nadir, satellite, target, narrow), false);
-  const look = focusLook(nadir, satellite, target);
-  const tilted = offNadirOrientation(nadir, {
-    northDeg: look.pitchDeg,
-    eastDeg: look.yawDeg,
-  });
-  assert.equal(inFrame(tilted, satellite, target, narrow), true);
-  assert.equal(inFrame(tilted, satellite, target, { verticalFovRad: 0 }), false);
+test('the horizon is the ground’s own: the WGS84 surface normal, not the centre line', () => {
+  const target = geodeticToEcef(45, 0);
+  const enu = Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(target);
+  const satelliteAtElevation = (elevationDeg) => {
+    const e = Cesium.Math.toRadians(elevationDeg);
+    const local = new Cesium.Cartesian3(0, -Math.cos(e) * 4e7, Math.sin(e) * 4e7);
+    return Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(enu, local, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+  };
+  const below = satelliteAtElevation(-0.1);
+  assert.equal(focusLook(nadirOrientation(below), below, target).visible, false);
+  const above = satelliteAtElevation(0.1);
+  assert.equal(focusLook(nadirOrientation(above), above, target).visible, true);
 });
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
index 21d12dd91..b52d4db5c 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ function finiteVector(v) {
 /**
  * Where the camera is part-way through a hop: along the great circle
  * between the two positions (never through the Earth), its distance from the
- * centre interpolated linearly. Both ends may move during the hop; pass
- * their positions now.
+ * centre interpolated linearly. Opposite ends turn about a fixed axis
+ * square to them, so even then the path stays off the Earth.
  * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} from
  * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} to
  * @param {number} progress Eased, 0..1.
@@ -39,6 +39,27 @@ export function hopPosition(from, to, progress) {
   const b = { x: to.x / rb, y: to.y / rb, z: to.z / rb };
   const cosine = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z));
   const omega = Math.acos(cosine);
+  const r = ra + (rb - ra) * p;
+  if (Math.PI - omega < 1e-6) {
+    // No single great circle joins opposite points: turn about the axis
+    // square to `a` that is least aligned with the Earth's.
+    const pole =
+      Math.abs(a.z) < 0.9 ? { x: 0, y: 0, z: 1 } : { x: 1, y: 0, z: 0 };
+    const along = pole.x * a.x + pole.y * a.y + pole.z * a.z;
+    const c = {
+      x: pole.x - along * a.x,
+      y: pole.y - along * a.y,
+      z: pole.z - along * a.z,
+    };
+    const rc = Math.hypot(c.x, c.y, c.z);
+    const cos = Math.cos(p * Math.PI);
+    const sin = Math.sin(p * Math.PI);
+    return {
+      x: (a.x * cos + (c.x / rc) * sin) * r,
+      y: (a.y * cos + (c.y / rc) * sin) * r,
+      z: (a.z * cos + (c.z / rc) * sin) * r,
+    };
+  }
   let ka = 1 - p;
   let kb = p;
   if (omega > 1e-9) {
@@ -46,7 +67,6 @@ export function hopPosition(from, to, progress) {
     ka = Math.sin((1 - p) * omega) / sine;
     kb = Math.sin(p * omega) / sine;
   }
-  const r = ra + (rb - ra) * p;
   return {
     x: (a.x * ka + b.x * kb) * r,
     y: (a.y * ka + b.y * kb) * r,
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs
index 57d84c3c7..3a4902b11 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs
@@ -26,3 +26,16 @@ test('the hop follows the great circle and lands on the satellite', () => {
   assert.ok(Math.abs(Math.atan2(mid.y, mid.x) - Math.PI / 4) < 1e-9);
   assert.equal(hopPosition(null, to, 0.5), null);
 });
+
+test('a hop to the opposite side goes round the Earth, not through it', () => {
+  const from = at(0, 0, 400_000);
+  const to = at(0, 180, 400_000);
+  const radius = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(from);
+  for (const p of [0.25, 0.5, 0.75]) {
+    const point = hopPosition(from, to, p);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(Math.hypot(point.x, point.y, point.z) - radius) < 1e-3, `p=${p}`);
+  }
+  const end = hopPosition(from, to, 1);
+  for (const axis of ['x', 'y', 'z'])
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(end[axis] - to[axis]) < 1e-3, axis);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
index 6b390871a..ab0cfe6ea 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
@@ -389,10 +389,14 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       { excludeIds = [], excludeClasses = [] } = {},
     ) {
       const nearest = [];
-      if (!center || !layerState._points || layerState._points.size === 0)
+      const cap = Number.isFinite(maxCount) ? Math.floor(maxCount) : 8;
+      if (
+        cap < 1 ||
+        !center ||
+        !layerState._points ||
+        layerState._points.size === 0
+      )
         return nearest;
-      const cap =
-        Number.isFinite(maxCount) && maxCount > 0 ? Math.floor(maxCount) : 8;
       const excluded = new Set(excludeIds.map(String));
       const classes = new Set(excludeClasses);
       const dense = layerState._denseIds.length > 0;
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/nearestPositions.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/nearestPositions.test.mjs
index ab06d705c..8ceb306ee 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/nearestPositions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/nearestPositions.test.mjs
@@ -64,4 +64,7 @@ test('the nearest shown satellites come first, bounded, with their distance', ()
   assert.equal(nearest[0].satelliteClass, 'imaging');
   assert.equal(methods.getNearestPositions(CENTRE, 1, { excludeIds: [6] })[0].label, 'DEB');
   assert.deepEqual(methods.getNearestPositions(null, 3), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(methods.getNearestPositions(CENTRE, 0), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(methods.getNearestPositions(CENTRE, 0.5), []);
+  assert.equal(methods.getNearestPositions(CENTRE, 2.5).length, 2);
 });
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
index 810fb1c03..1a1a151f6 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js
@@ -10,10 +10,7 @@
  */
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { clampOrbitalLook, easeLook } from '../cockpitLook.js';
-import {
-  ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M,
-  offNadirOrientation,
-} from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
+import { ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
 import {
   easeFocusRemainder,
   focusEaseDtMs,
@@ -181,8 +178,12 @@ function startFocus(site) {
 export function releaseOrbitalFocus({ handOver = false } = {}) {
   const state = this.orbital;
   if (!state?.focus) {
-    // An arrow during the ease back takes the arrows' own clock again.
-    if (handOver && state) state.focusReleasing = false;
+    // An arrow during the ease back takes the arrows' own clock again and
+    // tilts on from where the view is, not from the nadir it was easing to.
+    if (handOver && state?.focusReleasing) {
+      state.lookTarget = clampOrbitalLook(state.lookView);
+      state.focusReleasing = false;
+    }
     return false;
   }
   state.focus = null;
@@ -249,8 +250,7 @@ export function onOrbitalClick(position) {
   if (site) {
     if (state.focus?.key === String(site.id)) return true;
     if (startFocus.call(this, site)) return true;
-    // A mapped site beyond the reach leaves the view as it is.
-    return false;
+    // A mapped site beyond the reach is a click elsewhere: the focus ends.
   }
   releaseOrbitalFocus.call(this);
   return false;
@@ -283,8 +283,9 @@ export function routeSceneClick() {
 /**
  * The orbital view's look for one frame, while a focus holds or is ending.
  * A held focus aims at its target: the live look plus whatever is left of
- * the turn onto it. The focus ends, easing back, when its site is gone (its
- * layer off, the site no longer loaded) or beyond the reach. Also rebuilds
+ * the turn onto it. The focus ends, easing back, when its layer is turned
+ * off or its site is beyond the reach (a site the layer stops loading is
+ * held from its last record). Also rebuilds
  * the orbital Live Signals rows on their own clock.
  * @param {object} state The orbital session.
  * @param {{direction: object, up: object, right: object}} nadir This
@@ -389,9 +390,8 @@ export function orbitalFocusReadout() {
  * with the layer off.
  * @param {{latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number}} info
  *   The ridden satellite.
- * @returns {{count: number, entries: Array<{site: object,
- *   offNadirDeg: number, focused: boolean}>}} `count` also counts sites in
- *   the frame but beyond the reach.
+ * @returns {{entries: Array<{site: object, offNadirDeg: number,
+ *   focused: boolean}>}}
  */
 export function orbitalSitesInReach(info) {
   const state = this.orbital;
@@ -401,9 +401,9 @@ export function orbitalSitesInReach(info) {
   // then, and no row is left to focus from.
   if (state && !sitesLayerOn(this)) state.listedSites = new Map();
   if (!frame || typeof layer?.getNearby !== 'function' || !sitesLayerOn(this))
-    return { count: 0, entries: [] };
+    return { entries: [] };
   if (!Number.isFinite(info?.latitude) || !Number.isFinite(info?.longitude))
-    return { count: 0, entries: [] };
+    return { entries: [] };
   const rangeM = reachGroundRangeM(info.altitudeM);
   let sites = [];
   try {
@@ -449,27 +449,15 @@ export function orbitalSitesInReach(info) {
         seenMs: nowMs,
       });
   state.listedSites = remembered;
-  const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
-  const reach = pointsInReach(candidates, {
-    nadir: frame.nadir,
-    view: offNadirOrientation(frame.nadir, {
-      northDeg: state.lookView.pitchDeg,
-      eastDeg: state.lookView.yawDeg,
-    }),
-    satellite: frame.position,
-    verticalFovRad: state.verticalFov,
-    aspect: Number.isFinite(frustum?.aspectRatio) ? frustum.aspectRatio : 1,
-    max: Infinity,
-  });
   const focusKey = state.focus?.key ?? null;
   return {
-    count: reach.count,
-    entries: reach.entries
-      .filter((entry) => entry.reachable)
-      .map(({ key, offNadirDeg }) => ({
-        site: byId.get(key),
-        offNadirDeg,
-        focused: key === focusKey,
-      })),
+    entries: pointsInReach(candidates, {
+      nadir: frame.nadir,
+      satellite: frame.position,
+    }).map(({ key, offNadirDeg }) => ({
+      site: byId.get(key),
+      offNadirDeg,
+      focused: key === focusKey,
+    })),
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
index eba4d348e..f7b18e22b 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs
@@ -573,9 +573,14 @@ test('a click on a site marker focuses it through the layer; a click elsewhere e
   const largest = run(scene, LAND_FRAMES, { drift: 0 });
   assert.ok(largest < MAX_TURN_PER_FRAME_DEG);
   assert.ok(offNadir(scene.shots.at(-1)) < 1e-6);
-  // A site beyond the reach is not focused.
+  // A site beyond the reach is not focused, and ends a focus as a click
+  // elsewhere does.
   scene.click(SITES.far.at);
   assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus ?? null, null);
+  scene.click(SITES.alpha.at);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus.key, SITES.alpha.id);
+  scene.click(SITES.far.at);
+  assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focus, null);
 });
 
 test('a click a tool owns is left alone', async (t) => {
@@ -676,7 +681,12 @@ test('a satellite row rides it, staying in orbit; RETURN goes back', async (t) =
   run(scene, 5);
   const before = Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(scene.shots.at(-1).destination);
 
+  const firstTrack = cockpit.signalItems.find((item) => item.key === 'track');
+  firstTrack.timestamp -= 60_000;
   satelliteRow(scene, 49260).click();
+  const newTrack = cockpit.signalItems.filter((item) => item.key === 'track');
+  assert.equal(newTrack.length, 1);
+  assert.ok(newTrack[0].timestamp > firstTrack.timestamp, 'the new ride’s own time');
   assert.deepEqual(satellites.calls.slice(-2), [['track', 49260], ['subject', 49260]]);
   assert.equal(viewer.trackedEntity, undefined, 'the Cockpit keeps the camera');
   assert.equal(cockpit.subjectId, 49260);
@@ -793,6 +803,8 @@ test('an arrow during the ease back from a focus turns on the arrows’ clock',
   scene.click(EMPTY_GROUND);
   scene.frame();
   assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focusReleasing, true);
+  const view = { ...cockpit.orbital.lookView };
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(view.pitchDeg) > 1 || Math.abs(view.yawDeg) > 1, 'still turned');
   cockpit.onKeyDown({
     key: 'ArrowUp',
     target: document.body,
@@ -800,6 +812,12 @@ test('an arrow during the ease back from a focus turns on the arrows’ clock',
     stopImmediatePropagation() {},
   });
   assert.equal(cockpit.orbital.focusReleasing, false);
+  // The arrow tilts on from where the view is, not from nadir.
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(cockpit.orbital.lookTarget.yawDeg - view.yawDeg) < 1e-6,
+    'across kept',
+  );
+  assert.ok(cockpit.orbital.lookTarget.pitchDeg > view.pitchDeg, 'tilted on up');
 });
 
 test('leaving orbit leaves no orbital rows to act on', async (t) => {
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
index c58c50d7f..d8735dd65 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
@@ -150,6 +150,9 @@ export function switchOrbitalSatellite(noradId) {
   this.lastHudUpdateMs = 0;
   this.lastContextUpdateMs = 0;
   this.dispatchCockpitModeChanged(true, info);
+  // The new satellite's TRACK ACQUIRED replaces the old one, time and all.
+  this.signalItems = this.signalItems.filter((item) => item.key !== 'track');
+  this.signalSignatures.delete('track');
   this.pushCockpitSignal(
     'track',
     'track',

From 577170ee8e971d7933ba8d76fe3ef2173d732160 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 17:09:56 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 247/262] fix(cockpit): the hop's circle runs through both
 ends, so it moves smoothly as a nearly opposite destination does and lands on
 it

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                 |  4 +--
 src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js       | 51 +++++++++++++--------------
 src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs | 34 +++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index bcb1de592..63041c29a 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1709,8 +1709,8 @@ time. TRACK ACQUIRED stays first. Then:
 - **Sites**: the Mapped Installations layer's loaded records around the
   sub-satellite point (`getNearby`, asked only as far as the reach extends
   over the ground, and never past 3,000 km, so from a high orbit only the
-  sites within 3,000 km of the point below are listed) that face the satellite and lie within the off-nadir
-  reach, nearest to nadir first, the focused site always among them. A row
+  sites within 3,000 km of the point below are listed) that face the
+  satellite and lie within the off-nadir reach, nearest to nadir first, the focused site always among them. A row
   reads the site's name over its class and off-nadir angle; its button
   (`Keep the camera on …`) focuses the site, and on the focused site's row,
   marked as the subject is (`FOCUS · …`, `Release the camera from …`), ends
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
index b52d4db5c..343530f42 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
@@ -22,8 +22,10 @@ function finiteVector(v) {
 /**
  * Where the camera is part-way through a hop: along the great circle
  * between the two positions (never through the Earth), its distance from the
- * centre interpolated linearly. Opposite ends turn about a fixed axis
- * square to them, so even then the path stays off the Earth.
+ * centre interpolated linearly. The circle is the one through both ends, so
+ * the path moves smoothly as the destination does, however far round it
+ * lies; only exactly opposite ends, which no single circle joins, turn about
+ * a fixed axis square to them.
  * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} from
  * @param {{x: number, y: number, z: number}} to
  * @param {number} progress Eased, 0..1.
@@ -37,39 +39,36 @@ export function hopPosition(from, to, progress) {
   if (!(ra > 0) || !(rb > 0)) return null;
   const a = { x: from.x / ra, y: from.y / ra, z: from.z / ra };
   const b = { x: to.x / rb, y: to.y / rb, z: to.z / rb };
-  const cosine = Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z));
-  const omega = Math.acos(cosine);
+  const cosine = a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z;
+  // The direction the circle leaves `a` in: `b` less its part along `a`.
+  let c = {
+    x: b.x - cosine * a.x,
+    y: b.y - cosine * a.y,
+    z: b.z - cosine * a.z,
+  };
+  let rc = Math.hypot(c.x, c.y, c.z);
   const r = ra + (rb - ra) * p;
-  if (Math.PI - omega < 1e-6) {
-    // No single great circle joins opposite points: turn about the axis
-    // square to `a` that is least aligned with the Earth's.
+  const omega = Math.atan2(rc, cosine);
+  if (!(rc > 1e-12)) {
+    if (cosine > 0) return { x: a.x * r, y: a.y * r, z: a.z * r };
+    // Opposite ends: set off square to `a`, northward (or, near a pole,
+    // toward the prime meridian).
     const pole =
       Math.abs(a.z) < 0.9 ? { x: 0, y: 0, z: 1 } : { x: 1, y: 0, z: 0 };
     const along = pole.x * a.x + pole.y * a.y + pole.z * a.z;
-    const c = {
+    c = {
       x: pole.x - along * a.x,
       y: pole.y - along * a.y,
       z: pole.z - along * a.z,
     };
-    const rc = Math.hypot(c.x, c.y, c.z);
-    const cos = Math.cos(p * Math.PI);
-    const sin = Math.sin(p * Math.PI);
-    return {
-      x: (a.x * cos + (c.x / rc) * sin) * r,
-      y: (a.y * cos + (c.y / rc) * sin) * r,
-      z: (a.z * cos + (c.z / rc) * sin) * r,
-    };
-  }
-  let ka = 1 - p;
-  let kb = p;
-  if (omega > 1e-9) {
-    const sine = Math.sin(omega);
-    ka = Math.sin((1 - p) * omega) / sine;
-    kb = Math.sin(p * omega) / sine;
+    rc = Math.hypot(c.x, c.y, c.z);
   }
+  const angle = p * omega;
+  const cos = Math.cos(angle);
+  const sin = Math.sin(angle) / rc;
   return {
-    x: (a.x * ka + b.x * kb) * r,
-    y: (a.y * ka + b.y * kb) * r,
-    z: (a.z * ka + b.z * kb) * r,
+    x: (a.x * cos + c.x * sin) * r,
+    y: (a.y * cos + c.y * sin) * r,
+    z: (a.z * cos + c.z * sin) * r,
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs
index 3a4902b11..60156b89e 100644
--- a/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.test.mjs
@@ -33,9 +33,41 @@ test('a hop to the opposite side goes round the Earth, not through it', () => {
   const radius = Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitude(from);
   for (const p of [0.25, 0.5, 0.75]) {
     const point = hopPosition(from, to, p);
-    assert.ok(Math.abs(Math.hypot(point.x, point.y, point.z) - radius) < 1e-3, `p=${p}`);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(Math.hypot(point.x, point.y, point.z) - radius) < 1e-3,
+      `p=${p}`,
+    );
   }
   const end = hopPosition(from, to, 1);
   for (const axis of ['x', 'y', 'z'])
     assert.ok(Math.abs(end[axis] - to[axis]) < 1e-3, axis);
 });
+
+test('a hop to nearly the opposite side moves smoothly as the destination does', () => {
+  const r = 6_778_137;
+  const from = { x: r, y: 0, z: 0 };
+  const near = (delta) => ({
+    x: -r * Math.cos(delta),
+    y: r * Math.sin(delta),
+    z: 0,
+  });
+  const mid = (delta) => hopPosition(from, near(delta), 0.5);
+  const [a, b] = [mid(0.999e-6), mid(1.001e-6)];
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.hypot(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y, a.z - b.z) < 1,
+    'no jump between neighbours',
+  );
+  for (const delta of [1e-3, 1e-6, 1e-9]) {
+    const to = near(delta);
+    const end = hopPosition(from, to, 1);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.hypot(end.x - to.x, end.y - to.y, end.z - to.z) < 1e-3,
+      `lands at ${delta}`,
+    );
+    const half = mid(delta);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(Math.hypot(half.x, half.y, half.z) - r) < 1e-3,
+      `round at ${delta}`,
+    );
+  }
+});

From 27847bd063de51bc11e78bff91683984a8271c9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 18:12:32 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 248/262] Draw rows take an application's own actions

createApplicationTools({ drawMarkActions }) adds an application's buttons to
the rows of drawn areas and lines. An action gets the shape's id, kind, name,
row title and [lon, lat] geometry, and what it returns or resolves to is a
note under the row. The standalone shell passes none, so the open-source
build is unchanged.
---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                      |   3 +-
 src/annotations/drawMarks.js               | 145 +++++++++++++-
 src/annotations/drawMarks.test.mjs         | 219 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/annotations/drawTool.js                |  95 ++++++++-
 src/annotations/drawToolBehaviour.test.mjs | 130 +++++++++++-
 src/app/tools.js                           |   4 +
 src/ui/styles/controls.css                 |  20 ++
 src/ui/views/panels/DrawMarkList.test.mjs  |  32 ++-
 src/ui/views/panels/DrawMarkList.vue       |  11 +-
 9 files changed, 643 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 851ead891..ea4e143a5 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -6017,7 +6017,8 @@ request viewbox and continues searching without that geographic preference.
 
 - UTILITIES ▸ **Draw** turns the globe into a whiteboard drawn by hand. Pick a shape (icon buttons for Area, Line and Pin) and a colour swatch for the next shape, click the vertices on the real world, and finish. **Keyboard contract, live only while Draw is on and never while you are typing in another field:** Enter finishes the shape (as does a double-click, and the two cannot both submit it — the session is replaced before the annotate call is awaited); Backspace removes the last vertex; Esc cancels the shape in progress, and a second Esc — Esc on an empty session — leaves draw mode. **Clear** wipes the board (the shape in progress and every placed mark), so removing marks does not require the console or the microphone.
 - **Drawn shapes are listed under Draw like Import's files** (`src/ui/views/panels/DrawMarkList.vue`, rows worded by `presentDrawMarks` in `src/annotations/drawMarks.js`): one row per hand-drawn mark (`manual: true`; voice marks are not listed) with its colour swatch, its name, and show/hide, fly-to and remove. The draw tool publishes the rows with the rest of its controls and answers the row actions (`renameDrawMark`, `recolorDrawMark`, `toggleDrawMark`, `flyToDrawMark`, `removeDrawMark`) through the display store; it republishes on the engine's `onChange`, so a voice clear or an expiry updates the list. Rows are keyed and updated in place: a board change never takes a name being typed (the field keeps its draft while focused) or the button under a click. The name is saved on Enter or on leaving the field, once; Esc restores it, before anything else and with the row's colours open too. Both keep focus in the field, so neither drops it to the page or leaves Draw. The swatch opens the five colours right after it (shown at the end of the row), with the current colour focused; the arrows, Home and End try another, and a click or Esc closes them and returns focus to the swatch. Both colour groups (the next shape's and a row's) are one `DrawSwatches` radio group with a single tab stop, coloured from `DRAW_COLOR_CSS`; on touch screens each dot answers a 24 px target. An unnamed shape shows its kind, and an unnamed line its length; a renamed line keeps its length (`Ridge walk — 950 m`). **Hidden** keeps a mark on the board at alpha 0, and the world renderer takes every one of its entities out (`show = false`), so no material that keeps its own colour (the line's flowing stroke) still paints it; the screen renderer does not project a hidden callout, so it cannot push a visible label aside; `fly_route` skips a hidden route; and with every mark hidden the annotations render hold is released. **Fly to** is an immediate navigation (`runImmediateNavigation('drawing', …)`), like Import's: Cockpit refuses it and a running orbit, follow or track lets go first. A line is framed by its whole path, across the antimeridian too.
-- Runtime entry: `createApplicationTools` (`src/app/tools.js`, behind the `src/standalone/tools.js` shim) calls `initDrawTool({ viewer, annotations, navigation, publish, connect })` after `initAnnotations` and defers its `destroy()`, so disposing the shell returns every DOM listener, the Cesium handler, the preview data source, the borrowed click actions and the `window.__gevDrawTool` handle. Its controls are Vue views in the UTILITIES panel (`DrawControls.vue`, `DrawMarkList.vue`) that render what the tool publishes to the display store and call its actions. That handle (`setActive`, `setShape`, `addVertex(lon, lat)`, `finish`, `cancel`, `clearAll`, `marks`, `setColor`, `diagnostics`) is the no-mouse test seam.
+- Runtime entry: `createApplicationTools` (`src/app/tools.js`, behind the `src/standalone/tools.js` shim) calls `initDrawTool({ viewer, annotations, navigation, publish, connect, markActions })` after `initAnnotations` and defers its `destroy()`, so disposing the shell returns every DOM listener, the Cesium handler, the preview data source, the borrowed click actions and the `window.__gevDrawTool` handle. Its controls are Vue views in the UTILITIES panel (`DrawControls.vue`, `DrawMarkList.vue`) that render what the tool publishes to the display store and call its actions. That handle (`setActive`, `setShape`, `addVertex(lon, lat)`, `finish`, `cancel`, `clearAll`, `marks`, `setColor`, `diagnostics`) is the no-mouse test seam.
+- **Row actions are an application's own.** `createApplicationTools({ drawMarkActions })` hands `initDrawTool` buttons for drawn areas' and lines' rows; the standalone shell passes none, so the open-source build shows no new button and makes no new request. Each action (`drawMarkActions` in `src/annotations/drawMarks.js`) is `{ id, icon, label(name), shapes: ['area', 'line'], accepts?(geometry, shape), run({ id, shape, name, title, geometry }) }`: the icon a Material Symbols name, the label worded by the application, `name` the person's own and `title` the row's (the name, else `Area` or `Line · 950 m`), the geometry `drawMarkGeometry`'s `[lon, lat]` `Polygon` (closed; a `MultiPolygon` for an area handle with several parts) or `LineString`, longitudes wrapped into [-180, 180]. A pin, and a shape that crosses the antimeridian or has a part that cannot be given whole, has no geometry and is offered nothing. Malformed actions and repeated ids are dropped once, at construction. What `run` returns or resolves to is a note under the row (`role=status`; past 200 characters it is cut at a word with an ellipsis); the row is busy (`aria-disabled`, no second press) until it settles, a rejection or a throw clears the note and is logged (so an action words its own refusals and resolves with them), and a shape's note goes with the shape, so a late answer never lands on a removed one.
 - Contract: a finished shape is submitted through the SAME `annotationEngine.annotate()` the voice agent uses, with geometry supplied and `manual: true` (`type: area` + `ring`, `type: route` + `path`, `type: pin` + coordinates). `resolveSpec` short-circuits manual specs (`resolveManualSpec`) so no geocoder, Places or Overpass call is made. A drawn area is a real (not synthesized) outline and drapes solid; a drawn line is a `route` with `mode: 'manual'`, labelled with its length and never a travel time; a pin is a point. Drawn marks therefore render with the whiteboard look, persist, appear in `.list()`, and clear with `clear_annotations` / `.clear()`. A drawn shape is never merged with another as a duplicate: every one is drawn on purpose, and every one is unnamed until its row names it, so two pins dropped close together are two pins.
 - **A vertex is a lon/lat, and the mark is DRAPED.** Clicks are picked through `pickWorldFromScreen` — one of two scene helpers the annotation resolver factory (`src/annotations/resolver.js`) exposes alongside `sampleGroundHeight`, so the app has ONE depth-aware pick cascade rather than a second written beside it — which returns the height the pick landed on as well as the coordinate, so the live preview hangs on the roof or hillside under the pointer instead of sinking to sea level. The world renderer draws areas and routes with `clampToGround`, so the height is dropped at finish in one place (`finishSpec`) rather than being carried downstream and discarded silently: what you get is the outline you drew, lying on the surface beneath it.
 - **Draped marks classify onto `ClassificationType.BOTH`** — terrain AND 3D tiles — not onto 3D tiles alone. With only `CESIUM_3D_TILE`, every area fill, area outline, route and arrow rendered to nothing on a keyless boot, where Cesium's own globe carries Esri/OSM imagery and there are no tiles to classify against; the labels appeared and the geometry did not. That hit spoken annotations exactly as hard as hand-drawn ones. `scripts/qa-draw-tool.mjs` counts the mark's own colour in the rendered frame before and after a shape is finished, on a keyed AND a keyless server, so "the board says there is a mark" can no longer pass for "the mark is on screen".
diff --git a/src/annotations/drawMarks.js b/src/annotations/drawMarks.js
index 8a51500b0..725c07aa1 100644
--- a/src/annotations/drawMarks.js
+++ b/src/annotations/drawMarks.js
@@ -43,24 +43,167 @@ export function drawMarkFallbackName(mark) {
     : shape;
 }
 
+/** The kind of shape a row action is offered for: `area` or `line`. */
+const ACTION_SHAPES = Object.freeze({ area: 'area', route: 'line' });
+
+const lonLat = (point) =>
+  Array.isArray(point)
+    ? [Number(point[0]), Number(point[1])]
+    : [Number(point?.lon), Number(point?.lat)];
+const finitePairs = (points) =>
+  (Array.isArray(points) ? points : [])
+    .map(lonLat)
+    .filter(([lon, lat]) => Number.isFinite(lon) && Number.isFinite(lat));
+/** A longitude in [-180, 180]; an unwrapped outline can carry ±540. */
+const wrapLon = (lon) =>
+  lon >= -180 && lon <= 180 ? lon : ((((lon + 180) % 360) + 360) % 360) - 180;
+/** Whether consecutive positions step across the antimeridian once wrapped. */
+const crossesAntimeridian = (points) =>
+  points.some(
+    (point, index) =>
+      index > 0 && Math.abs(point[0] - points[index - 1][0]) > 180,
+  );
+/** Positions wrapped into range, or null when the sequence crosses ±180°. */
+const inRange = (points) => {
+  if (points.some(([, lat]) => Math.abs(lat) > 90)) return null;
+  const wrapped = points.map(([lon, lat]) => [wrapLon(lon), lat]);
+  return crossesAntimeridian(wrapped) ? null : wrapped;
+};
+const closed = (ring) => {
+  if (ring.length < 3) return ring;
+  const [first, last] = [ring[0], ring[ring.length - 1]];
+  return first[0] === last[0] && first[1] === last[1] ? ring : [...ring, first];
+};
+
+/**
+ * A drawn shape's geometry as GeoJSON in `[lon, lat]` degrees, longitudes in
+ * [-180, 180]: an area is a closed `Polygon` (a `MultiPolygon` when an area
+ * handle has several parts), a line a `LineString`. A pin, a shape too small
+ * to be one, or one that crosses the antimeridian has none, so it is offered
+ * no action rather than a shape that wraps the wrong way round the world.
+ */
+export function drawMarkGeometry(mark) {
+  if (mark?.type === 'route') {
+    const path = inRange(finitePairs(mark.path));
+    return path?.length >= 2 ? { type: 'LineString', coordinates: path } : null;
+  }
+  if (mark?.type !== 'area') return null;
+  const ringOf = (points) => {
+    const ring = inRange(closed(finitePairs(points)));
+    return ring?.length >= 4 ? ring : null;
+  };
+  if (Array.isArray(mark.polygons) && mark.polygons.length) {
+    const polygons = [];
+    for (const rings of mark.polygons) {
+      const parts = (Array.isArray(rings) ? rings : []).map(ringOf);
+      // A part that cannot be given whole is no part: never a hole dropped.
+      if (!parts.length || parts.some((ring) => !ring)) return null;
+      polygons.push(parts);
+    }
+    return polygons.length > 1
+      ? { type: 'MultiPolygon', coordinates: polygons }
+      : { type: 'Polygon', coordinates: polygons[0] };
+  }
+  const ring = ringOf(mark.ring);
+  return ring ? { type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [ring] } : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The actions an application adds to Draw's rows, checked once: each has an
+ * `id`, a Material Symbols `icon`, a `label(name)` worded by the application,
+ * the `shapes` it is for (`area`, `line`), an optional `accepts(geometry)` and
+ * `run({ id, shape, name, title, geometry })` (`name` the person's own, `title`
+ * as the row shows it). Malformed or repeated ids are dropped.
+ */
+export function drawMarkActions(actions = []) {
+  const kept = new Map();
+  for (const action of Array.isArray(actions) ? actions : []) {
+    const wellFormed =
+      typeof action?.id === 'string' &&
+      /^[a-z][a-z0-9-]{0,39}$/.test(action.id) &&
+      typeof action.icon === 'string' &&
+      typeof action.label === 'function' &&
+      typeof action.run === 'function' &&
+      Array.isArray(action.shapes);
+    if (!wellFormed || kept.has(action.id)) continue;
+    kept.set(
+      action.id,
+      Object.freeze({
+        id: action.id,
+        icon: action.icon,
+        label: action.label,
+        shapes: Object.freeze(
+          action.shapes.filter((shape) =>
+            Object.values(ACTION_SHAPES).includes(shape),
+          ),
+        ),
+        accepts:
+          typeof action.accepts === 'function' ? action.accepts : () => true,
+        run: action.run,
+      }),
+    );
+  }
+  return Object.freeze([...kept.values()]);
+}
+
+/** The actions from `drawMarkActions` that `mark` is offered, with its geometry. */
+export function drawMarkActionsFor(mark, actions = []) {
+  const shape = ACTION_SHAPES[mark?.type];
+  if (!shape || !actions.length) return { shape, geometry: null, actions: [] };
+  const geometry = drawMarkGeometry(mark);
+  if (!geometry) return { shape, geometry, actions: [] };
+  return {
+    shape,
+    geometry,
+    actions: actions.filter((action) => {
+      if (!action.shapes.includes(shape)) return false;
+      try {
+        return action.accepts(geometry, shape) === true;
+      } catch {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }),
+  };
+}
+
+/** An action's words for a row; an application's label that throws shows its id. */
+function actionLabel(action, title) {
+  try {
+    const text = action.label(title);
+    return typeof text === 'string' && text.trim() ? text.trim() : action.id;
+  } catch {
+    return action.id;
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * The rows for the hand-drawn marks on the board, in board order. Text is
  * worded here, in the current language; the view only lays it out.
  * @param {object[]} marks The engine's `list()`.
+ * @param {ReturnType<typeof drawMarkActions>} [actions] The application's row actions.
+ * @param {Map<string, {busy: boolean, text: string}>} [notes] What an action said on a shape.
  */
-export function presentDrawMarks(marks = []) {
+export function presentDrawMarks(marks = [], actions = [], notes = new Map()) {
   return marks
     .filter((mark) => mark?.manual === true)
     .map((mark) => {
       const fallback = drawMarkFallbackName(mark);
       const title = mark.name || fallback;
       const visible = !mark.hidden;
+      const offered = drawMarkActionsFor(mark, actions).actions;
       return {
         id: mark.id,
         name: mark.name || '',
         placeholder: fallback,
         color: DRAW_COLORS.includes(mark.color) ? mark.color : 'primary',
         hidden: !visible,
+        busy: notes.get(mark.id)?.busy === true,
+        note: offered.length ? notes.get(mark.id)?.text || '' : '',
+        actions: offered.map((action) => ({
+          id: action.id,
+          icon: action.icon,
+          label: actionLabel(action, title),
+        })),
         labels: {
           name: t('Name of {name}', { name: title }),
           swatch: t('Change the colour of {name}', { name: title }),
diff --git a/src/annotations/drawMarks.test.mjs b/src/annotations/drawMarks.test.mjs
index 60662abf8..3c5b70377 100644
--- a/src/annotations/drawMarks.test.mjs
+++ b/src/annotations/drawMarks.test.mjs
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import {
   DRAW_COLORS,
   DRAW_COLOR_CSS,
+  drawMarkActions,
+  drawMarkActionsFor,
   drawMarkFallbackName,
+  drawMarkGeometry,
   presentDrawMarks,
 } from './drawMarks.js';
 
@@ -78,3 +81,219 @@ test('rows list only hand-drawn marks, in board order, with their words', () =>
 test('every colour has its swatch', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(DRAW_COLOR_CSS), [...DRAW_COLORS]);
 });
+
+test("a drawn shape's geometry is GeoJSON in [lon, lat]: a closed area, a line, no pin", () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    drawMarkGeometry({
+      type: 'area',
+      ring: [
+        [0, 0],
+        [1, 0],
+        [1, 1],
+        [0, 0],
+      ],
+    }),
+    {
+      type: 'Polygon',
+      coordinates: [
+        [
+          [0, 0],
+          [1, 0],
+          [1, 1],
+          [0, 0],
+        ],
+      ],
+    },
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    drawMarkGeometry({
+      type: 'area',
+      ring: [
+        [0, 0],
+        [1, 0],
+        [1, 1],
+      ],
+    }).coordinates[0].at(-1),
+    [0, 0],
+    'an open ring is closed',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    drawMarkGeometry({
+      type: 'area',
+      ring: [
+        [0, 0],
+        [1, 0],
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    drawMarkGeometry({
+      type: 'route',
+      path: [
+        { lon: 1, lat: 2, height: 9 },
+        { lon: 3, lat: 4, height: 0 },
+      ],
+    }),
+    {
+      type: 'LineString',
+      coordinates: [
+        [1, 2],
+        [3, 4],
+      ],
+    },
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    drawMarkGeometry({ type: 'pin', longitude: 1, latitude: 2 }),
+    null,
+  );
+  const square = (x) => [
+    [x, 0],
+    [x + 1, 0],
+    [x + 1, 1],
+    [x, 0],
+  ];
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    drawMarkGeometry({
+      type: 'area',
+      ring: square(0),
+      polygons: [[square(0)], [square(5)]],
+    }),
+    { type: 'MultiPolygon', coordinates: [[square(0)], [square(5)]] },
+    'an area handle with several parts keeps them all',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    drawMarkGeometry({
+      type: 'area',
+      polygons: [
+        [
+          square(0),
+          [
+            [0.2, 0.2],
+            [0.3, 0.2],
+          ],
+        ],
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+    'a hole that cannot be given whole is never dropped silently',
+  );
+});
+
+test('longitudes are wrapped into range, and a shape across the antimeridian has no geometry', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    drawMarkGeometry({
+      type: 'route',
+      path: [
+        [370, 1],
+        [371, 1],
+      ],
+    }).coordinates,
+    [
+      [10, 1],
+      [11, 1],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    drawMarkGeometry({
+      type: 'area',
+      ring: [
+        [180, 0],
+        [179, 0],
+        [179, 1],
+      ],
+    }).coordinates[0][0],
+    [180, 0],
+    'the antimeridian itself stays put',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    drawMarkGeometry({
+      type: 'area',
+      ring: [
+        [179.9, 0],
+        [-179.9, 0],
+        [-179.9, 1],
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    drawMarkGeometry({
+      type: 'route',
+      path: [
+        [179.5, 0],
+        [180.5, 0],
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    drawMarkGeometry({
+      type: 'route',
+      path: [
+        [0, 91],
+        [1, 0],
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+});
+
+test('row actions are checked once: malformed ones and repeated ids are dropped', () => {
+  const run = () => {};
+  const label = () => 'x';
+  const actions = drawMarkActions([
+    { id: 'Bad Id', icon: 'a', label, run, shapes: ['area'] },
+    { id: 'tag', icon: 'a', label: 'not a function', run, shapes: ['area'] },
+    {
+      id: 'tag',
+      icon: 'sell',
+      label,
+      run,
+      shapes: ['area', 'line', 'pin'],
+    },
+    { id: 'tag', icon: 'other', label, run, shapes: ['area'] },
+    null,
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    actions.map(({ id, icon, shapes }) => ({ id, icon, shapes: [...shapes] })),
+    [{ id: 'tag', icon: 'sell', shapes: ['area', 'line'] }],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(drawMarkActions('nope'), []);
+  const area = {
+    type: 'area',
+    ring: [
+      [0, 0],
+      [1, 0],
+      [1, 1],
+    ],
+  };
+  const offer = drawMarkActionsFor(area, actions);
+  assert.equal(offer.shape, 'area');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    offer.actions.map((a) => a.id),
+    ['tag'],
+  );
+  const refusing = drawMarkActions([
+    {
+      id: 'measure',
+      icon: 'a',
+      label,
+      run,
+      shapes: ['area'],
+      accepts: () => {
+        throw new Error('no');
+      },
+    },
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    drawMarkActionsFor(area, refusing).actions,
+    [],
+    'an accepts that throws offers nothing',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    presentDrawMarks([{ id: 'p', type: 'pin', manual: true }], actions)[0]
+      .actions,
+    [],
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/annotations/drawTool.js b/src/annotations/drawTool.js
index a022fdcc9..f44d30753 100644
--- a/src/annotations/drawTool.js
+++ b/src/annotations/drawTool.js
@@ -50,9 +50,28 @@ import {
   removeLastVertex,
 } from './drawMode.js';
 
-import { DRAW_COLORS, DRAW_COLOR_CSS, presentDrawMarks } from './drawMarks.js';
+import {
+  DRAW_COLORS,
+  DRAW_COLOR_CSS,
+  drawMarkActions,
+  drawMarkActionsFor,
+  drawMarkFallbackName,
+  presentDrawMarks,
+} from './drawMarks.js';
 
 import { onLocaleChange, t, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
+/** The longest note a row action leaves under its row, in characters. */
+const NOTE_MAX = 200;
+/** An action's answer as a row note: trimmed, and cut at a word with an ellipsis. */
+function noteText(text) {
+  if (typeof text !== 'string') return '';
+  const trimmed = text.trim();
+  if (trimmed.length <= NOTE_MAX) return trimmed;
+  const cut = trimmed.slice(0, NOTE_MAX - 1);
+  const space = cut.lastIndexOf(' ');
+  return `${(space > NOTE_MAX / 2 ? cut.slice(0, space) : cut).trimEnd()}…`;
+}
+
 /** The id this tool claims the pointer under. */
 const DRAW_POINTER_OWNER = 'draw';
 const PREVIEW_DATA_SOURCE_NAME = 'gev-draw-preview';
@@ -67,7 +86,10 @@ const PREVIEW = DRAW_COLOR_CSS;
  * through the actions it gives `connect`, which returns their disconnect.
  * A row's fly-to is an immediate navigation through `navigation`, like
  * Import's, so Cockpit can refuse it and a running orbit or follow lets go.
- * @param {{viewer: Cesium.Viewer, annotations: {annotate: Function, clear: Function}, navigation?: object, publish?: Function, connect?: Function}} deps
+ * `markActions` are the application's own buttons on an area's or a line's
+ * row (drawMarks.js `drawMarkActions`); a press runs the action with the
+ * shape's id, kind, name and geometry (drawMarks.js `drawMarkGeometry`).
+ * @param {{viewer: Cesium.Viewer, annotations: {annotate: Function, clear: Function}, navigation?: object, publish?: Function, connect?: Function, markActions?: object[]}} deps
  * @returns {{destroy: Function}|null}
  */
 export function initDrawTool({
@@ -76,7 +98,12 @@ export function initDrawTool({
   navigation = null,
   publish = () => {},
   connect = () => () => {},
+  markActions = [],
 }) {
+  const rowActions = drawMarkActions(markActions);
+  // What a row action said last on each drawn shape: `{ run, busy, text }`.
+  const notes = new Map();
+  let noteRun = 0;
   // A page without the Draw controls (the Display controls view omitted) has
   // no draw tool.
   if (!viewer || !annotations || !document.getElementById('draw-toggle'))
@@ -115,14 +142,19 @@ export function initDrawTool({
     () => null,
   );
 
-  const present = () =>
+  const present = () => {
+    const marks = annotations.list?.() || [];
+    // A note goes with its shape.
+    for (const id of notes.keys())
+      if (!marks.some((mark) => mark.id === id)) notes.delete(id);
     publish({
       active,
       shape,
       color,
       hint,
-      marks: presentDrawMarks(annotations.list?.() || []),
+      marks: presentDrawMarks(marks, rowActions, notes),
     });
+  };
   // The hint is kept as the call that words it, so a language switch can
   // word it again.
   let hintText = () => '';
@@ -450,6 +482,56 @@ export function initDrawTool({
     return annotations.frame?.(id) ?? false;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Run the application's row action `actionId` on drawn shape `id`, if the
+   * shape is still on the board and still offered it. Returns whether it ran.
+   * What the action returns, or resolves to, is the row's note (a measurement,
+   * "saved"): the row is busy until it settles, a newer press or the shape's
+   * removal makes a late answer moot, and a failure clears the note, so an
+   * action words its own refusals and resolves with them.
+   */
+  function runMarkAction(id, actionId) {
+    const mark = (annotations.list?.() || []).find(
+      (entry) => entry.id === id && entry.manual === true,
+    );
+    const offer = drawMarkActionsFor(mark, rowActions);
+    const action = offer.actions.find((entry) => entry.id === actionId);
+    if (!action || notes.get(mark.id)?.busy) return false;
+    const run = ++noteRun;
+    const settle = (text) => {
+      if (destroyed || notes.get(mark.id)?.run !== run) return;
+      notes.set(mark.id, {
+        run,
+        busy: false,
+        text: noteText(text),
+      });
+      present();
+    };
+    const fail = (error) => {
+      console.warn(`[draw] ${actionId} failed`, error);
+      settle('');
+    };
+    notes.set(mark.id, { run, busy: true, text: '' });
+    let answer;
+    try {
+      answer = action.run({
+        id: mark.id,
+        shape: offer.shape,
+        name: mark.name || '',
+        title: mark.name || drawMarkFallbackName(mark),
+        geometry: offer.geometry,
+      });
+    } catch (error) {
+      fail(error);
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (typeof answer?.then === 'function') {
+      present();
+      Promise.resolve(answer).then(settle, fail);
+    } else settle(answer);
+    return true;
+  }
+
   /** Draw `next` from now on; an open shape starts over in it. */
   function chooseShape(next) {
     shape = normalizeShape(next);
@@ -478,6 +560,7 @@ export function initDrawTool({
     },
     flyToDrawMark: flyToMark,
     removeDrawMark: (id) => annotations.remove?.(id),
+    runDrawMarkAction: runMarkAction,
   });
   // The rows follow the board: a shape drawn, renamed, hidden or removed
   // here, by voice or by a clear.
@@ -500,13 +583,15 @@ export function initDrawTool({
     setActive,
     setShape: chooseShape,
     /** The hand-drawn marks the list shows, as its rows. */
-    marks: () => presentDrawMarks(annotations.list?.() || []),
+    marks: () =>
+      presentDrawMarks(annotations.list?.() || [], rowActions, notes),
     setColor(next) {
       color = DRAW_COLORS.includes(next) ? next : 'primary';
       present();
       syncPreview();
     },
     flyToMark,
+    runMarkAction,
     /** Test seam: add a vertex from lon/lat as if it had been clicked. */
     addVertex(lon, lat, height = 0) {
       if (!session) return false;
diff --git a/src/annotations/drawToolBehaviour.test.mjs b/src/annotations/drawToolBehaviour.test.mjs
index 811142193..4cef4d4fe 100644
--- a/src/annotations/drawToolBehaviour.test.mjs
+++ b/src/annotations/drawToolBehaviour.test.mjs
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ function fakeAnnotations() {
 }
 
 /** Stand up a tool against fresh doubles, with globals restored afterwards. */
-function harness({ navigation = null } = {}) {
+function harness({ navigation = null, markActions = [] } = {}) {
   resetPointerOwnership();
   const { byId, documentDouble } = fakeDom();
   const viewer = fakeViewer();
@@ -239,6 +239,7 @@ function harness({ navigation = null } = {}) {
     viewer,
     annotations,
     navigation,
+    markActions,
     publish: (view) => (shown.view = view),
     connect: (actions) => {
       controls.actions = actions;
@@ -576,6 +577,133 @@ test('each drawn shape is a row whose actions reach the board, and fly-to is a n
   }
 });
 
+test('an application\'s row actions show on the shapes they are for and run with the shape', async () => {
+  const ran = [];
+  const h = harness({
+    markActions: [
+      {
+        id: 'tag',
+        icon: 'sell',
+        label: (name) => `Tag ${name}`,
+        shapes: ['area', 'line'],
+        run: (shape) => ran.push(['tag', shape]),
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'measure',
+        icon: 'straighten',
+        label: (name) => `Measure ${name}`,
+        shapes: ['area'],
+        accepts: (geometry) => geometry.type === 'Polygon',
+        run: (shape) => ran.push(['measure', shape]),
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+  try {
+    const board = h.annotations;
+    board.marks.push(
+      { id: 'r1', type: 'area', manual: true, name: 'Strait', color: 'primary', hidden: false, ring: [[29, 41], [29.1, 41], [29.1, 41.1]] },
+      { id: 'l1', type: 'route', manual: true, name: null, label: '9 km', color: 'amber', hidden: false, path: [{ lon: 29, lat: 41.05, height: 0 }, { lon: 29.1, lat: 41.05, height: 0 }] },
+      { id: 'p1', type: 'pin', manual: true, name: 'Camp', color: 'red', hidden: false },
+    );
+    board.changed();
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      h.shown.view.marks.map(({ id, actions }) => [id, actions]),
+      [
+        ['r1', [
+          { id: 'tag', icon: 'sell', label: 'Tag Strait' },
+          { id: 'measure', icon: 'straighten', label: 'Measure Strait' },
+        ]],
+        ['l1', [{ id: 'tag', icon: 'sell', label: 'Tag Line · 9 km' }]],
+        ['p1', []],
+      ],
+    );
+    assert.equal(h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'l1', 'tag'), true);
+    assert.equal(h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'l1', 'measure'), false, 'a line is not offered an area action');
+    assert.equal(h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'p1', 'tag'), false);
+    assert.equal(h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'gone', 'tag'), false);
+    assert.equal(h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'r1', 'measure'), true);
+    assert.deepEqual(ran, [
+      ['tag', { id: 'l1', shape: 'line', name: '', title: 'Line · 9 km', geometry: { type: 'LineString', coordinates: [[29, 41.05], [29.1, 41.05]] } }],
+      ['measure', { id: 'r1', shape: 'area', name: 'Strait', title: 'Strait', geometry: { type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [[[29, 41], [29.1, 41], [29.1, 41.1], [29, 41]]] } }],
+    ]);
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('an action that throws is reported and leaves the row alone', async () => {
+  const h = harness({
+    markActions: [
+      { id: 'boom', icon: 'bolt', label: () => { throw new Error('label'); }, shapes: ['area'], run: () => { throw new Error('run'); } },
+    ],
+  });
+  const warn = console.warn;
+  const warned = [];
+  console.warn = (...args) => warned.push(args[0]);
+  try {
+    h.annotations.marks.push({ id: 'r1', type: 'area', manual: true, name: null, color: 'primary', hidden: false, ring: [[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 1]] });
+    h.annotations.changed();
+    assert.deepEqual(h.shown.view.marks[0].actions, [{ id: 'boom', icon: 'bolt', label: 'boom' }]);
+    assert.equal(h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'r1', 'boom'), false);
+    assert.deepEqual(warned, ['[draw] boom failed']);
+  } finally {
+    console.warn = warn;
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('what a row action answers is its row\'s note; the row is busy until then, and a removed shape drops it', async () => {
+  const pending = [];
+  const h = harness({
+    markActions: [
+      {
+        id: 'measure',
+        icon: 'straighten',
+        label: (name) => `Measure ${name}`,
+        shapes: ['area'],
+        run: () => new Promise((resolve, reject) => pending.push({ resolve, reject })),
+      },
+      { id: 'now', icon: 'bolt', label: () => 'Now', shapes: ['area'], run: () => '  12 km²  ' },
+      { id: 'long', icon: 'notes', label: () => 'Long', shapes: ['area'], run: () => `${'word '.repeat(60)}end` },
+    ],
+  });
+  const warn = console.warn;
+  console.warn = () => {};
+  try {
+    const board = h.annotations;
+    const area = (id) => ({ id, type: 'area', manual: true, name: null, color: 'primary', hidden: false, ring: [[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 1]] });
+    board.marks.push(area('r1'), area('r2'));
+    board.changed();
+    const row = (id) => h.shown.view.marks.find((entry) => entry.id === id);
+    assert.equal(h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'r1', 'now'), true);
+    assert.deepEqual([row('r1').busy, row('r1').note], [false, '12 km²']);
+    h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'r1', 'long');
+    assert.ok(row('r1').note.length <= 200 && row('r1').note.endsWith('word…'), 'a long note is cut at a word');
+    assert.equal(h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'r1', 'measure'), true);
+    assert.deepEqual([row('r1').busy, row('r1').note], [true, '']);
+    assert.equal(h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'r1', 'now'), false, 'a busy row takes no second press');
+    pending[0].resolve('412 km², 38 km of edge');
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+    assert.deepEqual([row('r1').busy, row('r1').note], [false, '412 km², 38 km of edge']);
+    h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'r1', 'measure');
+    pending[1].reject(new Error('refused'));
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+    assert.deepEqual([row('r1').busy, row('r1').note], [false, ''], 'a failure clears the note');
+    h.act('runDrawMarkAction', 'r2', 'measure');
+    board.marks.splice(1, 1);
+    board.changed();
+    pending[2].resolve('late');
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+    assert.equal(row('r2'), undefined);
+    board.marks.push(area('r2'));
+    board.changed();
+    assert.deepEqual([row('r2').busy, row('r2').note], [false, ''], 'a late answer never reaches a shape that went');
+  } finally {
+    console.warn = warn;
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
 test('Backspace on the page removes the last vertex', () => {
   const h = harness();
   try {
diff --git a/src/app/tools.js b/src/app/tools.js
index 68033947d..8925151ad 100644
--- a/src/app/tools.js
+++ b/src/app/tools.js
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ export function createApplicationTools({
   startChrome,
   onSceneDirector,
   sceneDataPacks,
+  drawMarkActions = [],
   signal,
   defer,
 }) {
@@ -80,12 +81,15 @@ export function createApplicationTools({
   // while a session is open, so its teardown belongs to the application
   // lifetime rather than to whoever last pressed the button. A row's fly-to
   // goes through the shell's navigation policy, as Import's does.
+  // `drawMarkActions` are an application's own buttons on a drawn area's or
+  // line's row (annotations/drawMarks.js); the standalone shell adds none.
   const drawTool = initDrawTool({
     viewer,
     annotations,
     navigation: styleManager,
     publish: (view) => displayStore.publishDraw(view),
     connect: connectDisplay,
+    markActions: drawMarkActions,
   });
   defer(() => drawTool?.destroy());
   // UTILITIES ▸ Import: the person's own GeoJSON/KML/KMZ/GPX files, each its
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/controls.css b/src/ui/styles/controls.css
index a7138b9b3..7d770d762 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/controls.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/controls.css
@@ -987,6 +987,26 @@ html:not([lang='en']) .pp-slider-row > .pp-slider-mini-label {
 .draw-mark-row.hidden-mark .draw-mark-swatch {
   opacity: 0.45;
 }
+/* What an application's row action said (a measurement, a confirmation), under
+   the row; empty, it takes no room. */
+.draw-mark-note {
+  order: 2;
+  flex-basis: 100%;
+  padding: 0 0 2px 16px;
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 10px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.4px;
+  color: var(--text-dim);
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+}
+.draw-mark-note:empty {
+  display: none;
+}
+/* Busy, but focusable: disabling the pressed button would drop focus. */
+.draw-mark-action[aria-disabled='true'] {
+  opacity: 0.5;
+  cursor: progress;
+}
 .draw-mark-colors {
   /* Right after its swatch for keyboard and screen readers, shown last. */
   order: 1;
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/DrawMarkList.test.mjs b/src/ui/views/panels/DrawMarkList.test.mjs
index 64cc998a8..9eaf952db 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/DrawMarkList.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/DrawMarkList.test.mjs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { createApp, nextTick } from 'vue';
 import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
-import { presentDrawMarks } from '../../../annotations/drawMarks.js';
+import { drawMarkActions, presentDrawMarks } from '../../../annotations/drawMarks.js';
 import { useDisplayStore } from '../../stores/display.js';
 import DrawMarkList from './DrawMarkList.vue';
 
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ function mount(t) {
   return { store, calls };
 }
 
-async function show(store, marks) {
-  store.publishDraw({ active: true, shape: 'area', color: 'primary', hint: '', marks: presentDrawMarks(marks) });
+async function show(store, marks, actions = []) {
+  store.publishDraw({ active: true, shape: 'area', color: 'primary', hint: '', marks: presentDrawMarks(marks, drawMarkActions(actions)) });
   await nextTick();
 }
 const row = (id) => document.querySelector(`#draw-mark-list [data-mark-id="${id}"]`);
@@ -63,6 +63,32 @@ test('lists only hand-drawn marks, named or by kind, with Import-style actions',
   assert.equal(control('a2', 'remove').getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Remove Camp');
 });
 
+test('an application\'s row actions sit before fly to, labelled, and act on their mark', async (t) => {
+  const { store, calls } = mount(t);
+  const tag = { id: 'tag', icon: 'sell', label: (name) => `Tag ${name}`, shapes: ['line'], run: () => {} };
+  await show(store, [{ ...LINE, path: [[0, 0], [1, 0]] }, PIN], [tag]);
+  const button = control('a1', 'action-tag');
+  assert.equal(button.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Tag Line · 950 m');
+  assert.equal(button.textContent, 'sell');
+  assert.equal(button.nextElementSibling, control('a1', 'fly'));
+  assert.equal(control('a2', 'action-tag'), null, 'a pin is not offered a line action');
+  button.click();
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [['runDrawMarkAction', 'a1', 'tag']]);
+  const note = row('a1').querySelector('.draw-mark-note');
+  assert.equal(note.getAttribute('role'), 'status');
+  assert.equal(note.textContent, '');
+  assert.equal(row('a2').querySelector('.draw-mark-note'), null, 'a row without actions has no note');
+  const line = { ...LINE, path: [[0, 0], [1, 0]] };
+  store.publishDraw({ active: true, shape: 'area', color: 'primary', hint: '', marks: presentDrawMarks([line], drawMarkActions([tag]), new Map([['a1', { busy: true, text: '' }]])) });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(control('a1', 'action-tag').getAttribute('aria-disabled'), 'true');
+  assert.equal(row('a1').querySelector('.draw-mark-note').textContent, '…');
+  store.publishDraw({ active: true, shape: 'area', color: 'primary', hint: '', marks: presentDrawMarks([line], drawMarkActions([tag]), new Map([['a1', { busy: false, text: 'Tagged' }]])) });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(control('a1', 'action-tag').getAttribute('aria-disabled'), 'false');
+  assert.equal(row('a1').querySelector('.draw-mark-note').textContent, 'Tagged');
+});
+
 test('show/hide, fly to and remove act on that one mark', async (t) => {
   const { store, calls } = mount(t);
   await show(store, [LINE, PIN]);
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/DrawMarkList.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/DrawMarkList.vue
index 19811c761..01ef121e3 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/DrawMarkList.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/DrawMarkList.vue
@@ -10,10 +10,11 @@ import { useDisplayStore } from '../../stores/display.js';
 
 // UTILITIES ▸ Draw's shapes, one row each like Import's files: the colour
 // swatch (it opens the five colours in the row), the name typed in place,
-// and show/hide, fly to and remove. The draw tool publishes the rows and
-// answers the controls. Rows are keyed, so a board change elsewhere updates a
-// row in place and never takes the button under a click or the field being
-// typed in. The list's template is one line: templates keep whitespace.
+// and show/hide, the application's own row actions, fly to and remove. The
+// draw tool publishes the rows and answers the controls. Rows are keyed, so a
+// board change elsewhere updates a row in place and never takes the button
+// under a click or the field being typed in. The list's template is one
+// line: templates keep whitespace.
 const display = useDisplayStore();
 const { draw } = storeToRefs(display);
 const rows = computed(() => draw.value?.marks ?? []);
@@ -98,5 +99,5 @@ function leave() {
 </script>
 
 <template>
-  <ul class="geo-import-list draw-mark-list" :class="{ visible: listed }" id="draw-mark-list" v-focus-safe-children="leave" :aria-label="t('Drawn shapes')"><li v-for="row in rows" :key="row.id" class="geo-import-row draw-mark-row" :class="{ 'hidden-mark': row.hidden }" :data-mark-id="row.id" @keydown="onRowKey(row, $event)"><button type="button" class="geo-import-swatch draw-mark-swatch" data-control="swatch" :style="{ background: DRAW_COLOR_CSS[row.color] }" :title="row.labels.swatch" :aria-label="row.labels.swatch" :aria-expanded="String(picking === row.id)" :aria-controls="`draw-mark-colors-${row.id}`" @click="picking = picking === row.id ? null : row.id"></button><DrawSwatches v-if="picking === row.id" :id="`draw-mark-colors-${row.id}`" class="draw-mark-colors" data-control="picker" autofocus :label="row.labels.colors" :model-value="row.color" @update:model-value="recolor(row, $event)" @choose="closePicker(row.id)" /><input type="text" class="geo-import-name draw-mark-name" data-control="name" maxlength="120" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" v-field-value="row.name" :placeholder="row.placeholder" :aria-label="row.labels.name" @keydown="onNameKey(row, $event)" @focusout="commit(row, $event.currentTarget)"><button type="button" class="geo-import-action" data-control="toggle" :title="row.labels.toggle" :aria-label="row.labels.toggle" @click="display.act('toggleDrawMark', row.id)"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">{{ row.hidden ? 'visibility_off' : 'visibility' }}</span></button><button type="button" class="geo-import-action" data-control="fly" :title="row.labels.fly" :aria-label="row.labels.fly" @click="display.act('flyToDrawMark', row.id)"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">my_location</span></button><button type="button" class="geo-import-action" data-control="remove" :title="row.labels.remove" :aria-label="row.labels.remove" @click="display.act('removeDrawMark', row.id)"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">close</span></button></li></ul>
+  <ul class="geo-import-list draw-mark-list" :class="{ visible: listed }" id="draw-mark-list" v-focus-safe-children="leave" :aria-label="t('Drawn shapes')"><li v-for="row in rows" :key="row.id" class="geo-import-row draw-mark-row" :class="{ 'hidden-mark': row.hidden }" :data-mark-id="row.id" @keydown="onRowKey(row, $event)"><button type="button" class="geo-import-swatch draw-mark-swatch" data-control="swatch" :style="{ background: DRAW_COLOR_CSS[row.color] }" :title="row.labels.swatch" :aria-label="row.labels.swatch" :aria-expanded="String(picking === row.id)" :aria-controls="`draw-mark-colors-${row.id}`" @click="picking = picking === row.id ? null : row.id"></button><DrawSwatches v-if="picking === row.id" :id="`draw-mark-colors-${row.id}`" class="draw-mark-colors" data-control="picker" autofocus :label="row.labels.colors" :model-value="row.color" @update:model-value="recolor(row, $event)" @choose="closePicker(row.id)" /><input type="text" class="geo-import-name draw-mark-name" data-control="name" maxlength="120" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" v-field-value="row.name" :placeholder="row.placeholder" :aria-label="row.labels.name" @keydown="onNameKey(row, $event)" @focusout="commit(row, $event.currentTarget)"><button type="button" class="geo-import-action" data-control="toggle" :title="row.labels.toggle" :aria-label="row.labels.toggle" @click="display.act('toggleDrawMark', row.id)"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">{{ row.hidden ? 'visibility_off' : 'visibility' }}</span></button><button v-for="action in row.actions" :key="action.id" type="button" class="geo-import-action draw-mark-action" :data-control="`action-${action.id}`" :data-action="action.id" :title="action.label" :aria-label="action.label" :aria-disabled="String(row.busy)" @click="display.act('runDrawMarkAction', row.id, action.id)"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">{{ action.icon }}</span></button><button type="button" class="geo-import-action" data-control="fly" :title="row.labels.fly" :aria-label="row.labels.fly" @click="display.act('flyToDrawMark', row.id)"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">my_location</span></button><button type="button" class="geo-import-action" data-control="remove" :title="row.labels.remove" :aria-label="row.labels.remove" @click="display.act('removeDrawMark', row.id)"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">close</span></button><span v-if="row.actions.length" class="draw-mark-note" role="status" :aria-busy="String(row.busy)">{{ row.busy ? '…' : row.note }}</span></li></ul>
 </template>

From 034acb06a86042896940540c7d8531295b4b9498 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 18:12:48 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 249/262] Changelog: Draw rows take an application's own
 actions

---
 changelog.d/1636-draw-mark-actions.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1636-draw-mark-actions.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1636-draw-mark-actions.md b/changelog.d/1636-draw-mark-actions.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..edc3dd6eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1636-draw-mark-actions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Draw rows take an application's own actions: `createApplicationTools({
+  drawMarkActions })` adds buttons to drawn areas' and lines' rows, each given
+  the shape's `[lon, lat]` geometry, with what it answers shown under the row.
+  The standalone build passes none and is unchanged (samehkhamis, #1636).

From 63aa45c5202b5f2ef5e3942d24295835f6f1930b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 19:08:51 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 250/262] fix(cockpit): the sensor strip follows the view
 through a zoom step; the pre-load level test checks a worked number; the
 boundary gate's dependency-asset exemption is tested

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                  |  6 ++--
 src/tooling/packageBoundaries.test.mjs | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js           |  7 +++-
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs     | 39 ++++++++++++++++------
 4 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 34cbdecff..6d088b232 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1658,14 +1658,16 @@ the satellite's live altitude and the window's shape is still at least as
 wide as that swath (`orbitalMaxZoom` in `src/cockpitOrbital.js`); when the
 cap falls below the zoom shown, the view steps back to it. Unconfirmed
 swaths add no steps, but are still drawn, read out and offered to SENSOR.
-The sensor's swath is drawn to scale as a strip along the ground track with
+The sensor's swath is drawn to scale as a strip along the ground track (its
+width follows the view through a zoom step, not ahead of it) with
 a SENSOR SWATH readout, and a SENSOR button zooms to exactly that width when
 it lies between 1× and the cap. No strip is drawn for a geostationary view
 (no ground track; its sensors image areas, not strips) or a SAR (it images
 to one side of nadir, not under it); the readout stays. Tilted off nadir
 the strip stays (view and swath widen alike), the readout scales as the swath
 readout does (`SENSOR SWATH ≈ 191 KM`), and SENSOR, a nadir framing, is
-hidden; tilted past the Earth's limb neither the sensor nor the swath reads. A swath is confirmed only on the operator's, an agency's (ESA's
+hidden; tilted past the Earth's limb neither the sensor nor the swath
+reads. A swath is confirmed only on the operator's, an agency's (ESA's
 eoPortal included) or an academic page for its platform. From
 16×, with flat imagery on the globe (not Google 3D tiles) and the view at
 nadir, every 2 s the view asks the base imagery layer for the tiles it will
diff --git a/src/tooling/packageBoundaries.test.mjs b/src/tooling/packageBoundaries.test.mjs
index 548cadbf4..517bad64e 100644
--- a/src/tooling/packageBoundaries.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/packageBoundaries.test.mjs
@@ -126,3 +126,49 @@ test('a lifecycle owner cannot acquire a layer panel even through an unused impo
   );
   await assert.rejects(checkPackageBoundaries(root), /unowned module.*panel/);
 });
+
+test('a declared dependency owns the asset files it ships, and only those', async (t) => {
+  const asset = (pkg) =>
+    `import url from './node_modules/${pkg}/flags/aa.svg?url&no-inline'; export const value = url;`;
+  const root = await fixture(t, asset('flags'));
+  for (const pkg of ['flags', 'flags-extra', 'stray']) {
+    await mkdir(path.join(root, 'node_modules', pkg, 'flags'), {
+      recursive: true,
+    });
+    await writeFile(
+      path.join(root, 'node_modules', pkg, 'flags/aa.svg'),
+      '<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"/>',
+    );
+  }
+  await writeFile(
+    path.join(root, 'package.json'),
+    JSON.stringify({
+      name: 'boundary-fixture',
+      type: 'module',
+      exports: { './feature': './entry.js' },
+      dependencies: { flags: '1.0.0' },
+    }),
+  );
+  await writeFile(
+    path.join(root, 'scripts/package-boundaries.json'),
+    JSON.stringify({
+      feature: {
+        exports: ['./feature'],
+        modules: ['entry.js'],
+        external: ['flags'],
+      },
+    }),
+  );
+  // The entry and the flag it ships.
+  assert.deepEqual(await checkPackageBoundaries(root), [
+    { name: 'feature', exports: 1, modules: 2 },
+  ]);
+  // An undeclared package's file, and one whose name only starts the same.
+  for (const pkg of ['stray', 'flags-extra']) {
+    await writeFile(path.join(root, 'entry.js'), asset(pkg));
+    await assert.rejects(
+      checkPackageBoundaries(root),
+      new RegExp(`unowned module.*node_modules/${pkg}/`),
+    );
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
index 8e6f20b06..5d4a50fd8 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js
@@ -631,6 +631,11 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
     : canvasAspect(this.viewer);
   const settledFov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
   const footprintKm = footprintWidthKm(info.altitudeM, settledFov, aspect);
+  // The strip is drawn over the picture, so it follows the view as a step
+  // zooms (republished every frame then), not the step it is heading for.
+  const shownKm = Number.isFinite(state.verticalFov)
+    ? footprintWidthKm(info.altitudeM, state.verticalFov, aspect)
+    : footprintKm;
   const maxZoom = orbitalMaxZoomFor.call(this, info);
   const swathKm = sensorSwathKm(info);
   const trackUp = Number.isFinite(info.groundTrackDeg);
@@ -687,7 +692,7 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
             // along, and a SAR images to one side of nadir, not under it.
             stripFraction:
               trackUp && info.sensor?.type !== 'SAR'
-                ? sensorStripFraction(swathKm, footprintKm)
+                ? sensorStripFraction(swathKm, shownKm)
                 : null,
             zoom: sensorSwathZoom(info.altitudeM, swathKm, aspect, maxZoom),
           },
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
index 36f850240..fe3b1dd90 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import {
 } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
 import { vesselCockpitInfo } from '../layers/vessels/cockpitSubject.js';
 import { prefetchImageryAhead } from './cockpitOrbitalView.js';
-import { imageryLevelForView } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
 import { claimPointer, releasePointer } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
 
 const ISS = Object.freeze({
@@ -1161,6 +1160,27 @@ function imageryGlobe(viewer, { requestImage } = {}) {
 
 const WORLDVIEW_ON_TRACK = Object.freeze({ ...WORLDVIEW, groundTrackDeg: 52 });
 
+test('the sensor strip follows the view through a zoom step, not ahead of it', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
+    satellite: WORLDVIEW,
+    reducedMotion: false,
+  });
+  const strip = () => store.orbital.sensor.stripFraction;
+  const atOne = strip();
+  assert.ok(atOne > 0 && atOne < 1);
+  press(cockpit, '+');
+  cockpit.update();
+  near(strip(), atOne, 'the step starts at 1x, and so does the strip');
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS / 2);
+  cockpit.update();
+  const midway = strip();
+  clock.advance(ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS + 1000);
+  cockpit.update();
+  const atTwo = strip();
+  assert.ok(atTwo > atOne * 1.5, 'twice the zoom, about twice the share');
+  assert.ok(midway > atOne && midway < atTwo, 'part-way through the step');
+});
+
 test('from 16x the imagery ahead of the ground track is pre-loaded', async (t) => {
   const { cockpit, viewer, store, clock } = await orbitAt(t, {
     satellite: WORLDVIEW_ON_TRACK,
@@ -1444,16 +1464,13 @@ test('the pre-load is throttled, at the level Cesium draws, and waits out a tilt
     );
     assert.equal(request.type, Cesium.RequestType.IMAGERY);
   }
-  // The level Cesium's own selection takes for this view.
-  const fov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(WORLDVIEW.altitudeM), 16);
-  const metresPerPixel =
-    (WORLDVIEW.altitudeM * 2 * Math.tan(fov / 2)) /
-    viewer.scene.canvas.clientHeight;
-  const expected = imageryLevelForView(new Cesium.WebMercatorTilingScheme(), {
-    metresPerPixel,
-    latitudeDeg: WORLDVIEW.latitude,
-  });
-  assert.equal(Number(requests[0].split('/')[0]), expected);
+  // The level Cesium's own selection takes for this view, worked by hand:
+  // at 16x from 617 km the 900 px canvas is ~49.5 m a pixel. The ellipsoid
+  // terrain's level-zero error is 6378137 · 2π / 4 / 130 ≈ 77,067 m; it first
+  // meets Cesium's screen-space error of 2 px (≤ 99 m) at level 10, 75.3 m.
+  // A Web Mercator level-zero texel at 30° is 6378137 · 2π · cos 30° / 256
+  // ≈ 135,566 m, so the imagery level is round(log2(135,566 / 75.3)) = 11.
+  assert.equal(Number(requests[0].split('/')[0]), 11);
 });
 
 test('the TLE age is measured from the time the satellite is shown at', async (t) => {

From 5a6cf22be150165e34459ead56a954cdf3a054e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 19:35:30 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 251/262] feat(cockpit): the owner flags load at startup from
 one generated 15 KB sheet; the loading status names the place packs while
 they load on first lookup

---
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  10 +-
 package-lock.json                             |   3 +-
 package.json                                  |   2 +-
 scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs                 |  93 +++++++++++
 scripts/check-package-boundaries.mjs          |   9 +-
 scripts/format-scope.json                     |   5 +-
 scripts/package-boundaries.json               |   7 +-
 src/data/local_data/owner_flags/README.md     |  17 ++
 .../local_data/owner_flags/owner_flags.png    | Bin 0 -> 15348 bytes
 src/data/placeBelow.js                        |  69 +++++++-
 src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs           |  23 +++
 src/i18n/locales/ar.json                      |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/de.json                      |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json                      |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json                      |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/it.json                      |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json                      |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json                      |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json                      |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/uk.json                      |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json                   |   1 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json                 |   1 +
 src/layers/satellites/classes.js              |   8 +
 src/tooling/packageBoundaries.test.mjs        |  46 ------
 src/ui/applicationShell.js                    |  29 +++-
 src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs                |  59 ++++++-
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js            |   3 +
 src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs            |   6 +-
 src/ui/layerNames.js                          |  13 +-
 src/ui/ownerFlag.js                           | 129 +++++++++------
 src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs                     | 154 +++++++++++-------
 src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js                      | 113 +++++++++++++
 .../shellFeedbackStatusLocalization.test.mjs  |  11 ++
 src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css              |   3 +-
 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue        |  36 ++--
 35 files changed, 643 insertions(+), 216 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/data/local_data/owner_flags/README.md
 create mode 100644 src/data/local_data/owner_flags/owner_flags.png
 create mode 100644 src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
 create mode 100644 src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js

diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 6d088b232..08dc69d1f 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1786,15 +1786,19 @@ names it and the country in the reader's language through `Intl.DisplayNames`,
 "Sichuan, China", and from 8× the most prominent populated place within half
 the view's smaller side, so it is in the picture, "Sichuan, China · near
 Chengdu", from a bundled pack of Natural Earth populated places loaded on
-first use; else the smallest named sea, gulf, strait, channel, sound or bay;
+first use (each pack loads on the first lookup that needs it, and the
+top-centre loading status lists "Place names" until it arrives); else the
+smallest named sea, gulf, strait, channel, sound or bay;
 else the ocean; nothing in a coastline gap), at most every 2 s and only after
 20 km of ground travel, or at once when a zoom step changes how much ground
 the view shows. A division or populated-places pack that fails to load drops
 only that part (the country still shows); a lookup that fails outright hides
 the band rather than leave the last place up, and the next HUD beat looks
 again. The readout card puts
-the owner country's flag (an SVG from `flag-icons`, fetched only for the shown
-country) or a text badge for an organisation before the name, the operator
+the owner country's flag (drawn from one 15 KB sheet of every owner
+country's flag, built from `flag-icons` by `scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs`
+and loaded at startup, so a ride never waits for a flag; if the sheet will
+not load the country code shows as a badge) or a text badge for an organisation before the name, the operator
 under it, and a NORAD · COSPAR · TLE-epoch line, ending with the element
 set's age (`<1 H OLD`, then whole hours, then whole days: the gap, either
 side, between the epoch and the world-clock time the satellite is shown at), whose TLE button
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 87c2cb80b..9ab7b43f7 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
         "@meri-imperiumi/eccodes-wasm": "^2.48.2",
         "cesium": "^1.124.0",
         "egm96-universal": "^1.1.1",
-        "flag-icons": "7.5.0",
         "hls.js": "^1.7.3",
         "mapillary-js": "^4.1.2",
         "mgrs": "^2.1.0",
@@ -29,6 +28,7 @@
         "@happy-dom/global-registrator": "^20.14.6",
         "@vitejs/plugin-vue": "^5.2.4",
         "@vue/test-utils": "^2.5.1",
+        "flag-icons": "7.5.0",
         "happy-dom": "^20.14.6",
         "prettier": "3.9.6",
         "puppeteer": "^25.16.0",
@@ -2416,6 +2416,7 @@
       "version": "7.5.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/flag-icons/-/flag-icons-7.5.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-kd+MNXviFIg5hijH766tt+3x76ele1AXlo4zDdCxIvqWZhKt4T83bOtxUOOMlTx/EcFdUMH5yvQgYlFh1EqqFg==",
+      "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/fresh": {
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 3d107667a..76808c084 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@
     "@meri-imperiumi/eccodes-wasm": "^2.48.2",
     "cesium": "^1.124.0",
     "egm96-universal": "^1.1.1",
-    "flag-icons": "7.5.0",
     "hls.js": "^1.7.3",
     "mapillary-js": "^4.1.2",
     "mgrs": "^2.1.0",
@@ -77,6 +76,7 @@
     "@happy-dom/global-registrator": "^20.14.6",
     "@vitejs/plugin-vue": "^5.2.4",
     "@vue/test-utils": "^2.5.1",
+    "flag-icons": "7.5.0",
     "happy-dom": "^20.14.6",
     "prettier": "3.9.6",
     "puppeteer": "^25.16.0",
diff --git a/scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs b/scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99b7a7545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+/**
+ * Build the owner flag sheet the orbital Cockpit marks a satellite's owner
+ * country with (`src/ui/ownerFlag.js`): every flag in OWNER_COUNTRY_CODES
+ * (`src/layers/satellites/classes.js`), drawn from the flag-icons 4:3 SVGs
+ * at twice the readout's 20 × 15 px, in one PNG the app loads at startup.
+ *
+ *   src/data/local_data/owner_flags/owner_flags.png   the sheet
+ *   src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js                           its layout (generated)
+ *
+ * Flag i (in the sorted code list) sits at column i % COLUMNS, row
+ * floor(i / COLUMNS). A rerun with the same flag-icons and sharp versions
+ * reproduces both files.
+ *
+ * Usage: node scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs
+ */
+
+import { readFile, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { createRequire } from 'node:module';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import * as prettier from 'prettier';
+import sharp from 'sharp';
+import { OWNER_COUNTRY_CODES } from '../src/layers/satellites/classes.js';
+
+const ROOT = path.resolve(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '..');
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+const FLAGS_DIR = path.join(
+  path.dirname(require.resolve('flag-icons/package.json')),
+  'flags/4x3',
+);
+const FLAG_ICONS_VERSION = require('flag-icons/package.json').version;
+
+/** One flag's cell, CSS pixels × 2. */
+export const CELL = Object.freeze({ width: 40, height: 30 });
+export const COLUMNS = 16;
+
+const SHEET = path.join(
+  ROOT,
+  'src/data/local_data/owner_flags/owner_flags.png',
+);
+const LAYOUT = path.join(ROOT, 'src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js');
+
+async function flagCell(code) {
+  const svg = await readFile(path.join(FLAGS_DIR, `${code.toLowerCase()}.svg`));
+  return sharp(svg, { density: 300 })
+    .resize(CELL.width, CELL.height, { fit: 'fill' })
+    .png()
+    .toBuffer();
+}
+
+const codes = [...OWNER_COUNTRY_CODES];
+const rows = Math.ceil(codes.length / COLUMNS);
+const cells = await Promise.all(codes.map(flagCell));
+const sheet = await sharp({
+  create: {
+    width: COLUMNS * CELL.width,
+    height: rows * CELL.height,
+    channels: 4,
+    background: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, alpha: 0 },
+  },
+})
+  .composite(
+    cells.map((input, i) => ({
+      input,
+      left: (i % COLUMNS) * CELL.width,
+      top: Math.floor(i / COLUMNS) * CELL.height,
+    })),
+  )
+  .png({ compressionLevel: 9, palette: true, quality: 100, effort: 10 })
+  .toBuffer();
+await writeFile(SHEET, sheet);
+
+const layout = `// Generated by scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs from flag-icons ${FLAG_ICONS_VERSION}; do not edit.
+/** The owner flag sheet's layout: flag i at column i % columns, row i / columns. */
+export const OWNER_FLAG_SHEET = Object.freeze({
+  cellWidthPx: ${CELL.width},
+  cellHeightPx: ${CELL.height},
+  columns: ${COLUMNS},
+  rows: ${rows},
+  codes: Object.freeze(${JSON.stringify(codes)}),
+});
+`;
+await writeFile(
+  LAYOUT,
+  await prettier.format(layout, {
+    ...(await prettier.resolveConfig(LAYOUT)),
+    filepath: LAYOUT,
+  }),
+);
+console.log(
+  `Wrote ${codes.length} flags (${COLUMNS} × ${rows}), ${(sheet.length / 1024).toFixed(1)} KB.`,
+);
diff --git a/scripts/check-package-boundaries.mjs b/scripts/check-package-boundaries.mjs
index ad5d2bdb2..700dc9a1a 100644
--- a/scripts/check-package-boundaries.mjs
+++ b/scripts/check-package-boundaries.mjs
@@ -109,14 +109,7 @@ export async function checkPackageBoundaries(root) {
             // template blocks belong to the component file itself.
             if (info.id.startsWith('\0')) return;
             const id = info.id.split('?')[0];
-            // A declared dependency also owns the asset files it ships (a
-            // flag-icons SVG imported as a URL) that a glob resolves in place.
-            const dependencyAsset = group.external.some((external) =>
-              id.startsWith(
-                `${normalizePath(path.join(root, 'node_modules', external))}/`,
-              ),
-            );
-            if (!allowed.has(id) && !dependencyAsset) {
+            if (!allowed.has(id)) {
               throw new Error(
                 `Package boundary ${name} imports an unowned module: ${path.relative(root, id)}`,
               );
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index 0451fb3fa..887c72eb7 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -1363,5 +1363,8 @@
   "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/cache.integration.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/density.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/wildlifeSightings/selection.test.mjs",
-  "server/providers/inaturalist/proxy.fixture.mjs"
+  "server/providers/inaturalist/proxy.fixture.mjs",
+  "scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs",
+  "src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js",
+  "src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs"
 ]
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 829d0713c..997191dbb 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitRadar.vue",
       "src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue",
       "src/ui/ownerFlag.js",
+      "src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js",
       "src/data/headingDegrees.js",
       "src/data/distanceFormat.js",
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@
       "src/ui/views/panels/WorldTimeline.vue",
       "src/ui/surfaceKeyboard.js"
     ],
-    "external": ["vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n", "flag-icons"]
+    "external": ["vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n"]
   },
   "time": {
     "exports": ["./time"],
@@ -1068,6 +1069,8 @@
       "src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
       "src/layers/installations/classLabel.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
+      "src/ui/ownerFlag.js",
+      "src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
       "src/data/adminBoundaries.js",
       "src/data/bundledJson.js",
@@ -2913,6 +2916,8 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
       "src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
+      "src/ui/ownerFlag.js",
+      "src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitContext.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitController.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitDisplayPortal.js",
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/owner_flags/README.md b/src/data/local_data/owner_flags/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60a02a919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/local_data/owner_flags/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Owner flags
+
+`owner_flags.png` is one sheet of every owner country a satellite can be
+marked with (`OWNER_COUNTRY_CODES` in `src/layers/satellites/classes.js`),
+drawn at 40 × 30 px (twice the orbital readout's 20 × 15) in sorted code
+order, 16 to a row. `src/ui/ownerFlag.js` loads it once at startup and draws
+each flag from its cell; the layout is `src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js`.
+
+**Source:** the 4:3 SVGs of [flag-icons](https://github.com/lipis/flag-icons)
+7.5.0 (a devDependency, used only to build the sheet).
+
+**License:** flag-icons is MIT licensed (© Panayiotis Lipiridis). Country
+flags themselves are not copyrightable designs in most jurisdictions.
+
+**Regenerate:** `node scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs` (after adding an owner
+country, or updating flag-icons). With the same flag-icons and sharp versions
+a rerun reproduces both files byte for byte.
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/owner_flags/owner_flags.png b/src/data/local_data/owner_flags/owner_flags.png
new file mode 100644
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literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/src/data/placeBelow.js b/src/data/placeBelow.js
index 5c39d731e..67e120fa9 100644
--- a/src/data/placeBelow.js
+++ b/src/data/placeBelow.js
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
  *
  * PURE data module: no Cesium, node-testable. Each pack loads lazily on the
  * first lookup that needs it (divisions on the first land hit, places on the
- * first radius) and is indexed once; a country's division rings are decoded
+ * first radius) and is indexed once, and the loading status names them while
+ * one is on its way (`placePacksLoading`); a country's division rings are decoded
  * the first time a point falls inside it. A failed load is retried later
  * (see `createRetryableLoader`). No network.
  */
@@ -46,6 +47,53 @@ const PACKS = {
   ),
 };
 
+/** The packs on their way now, for the loading status. */
+const loadingPacks = new Set();
+const loadingListeners = new Set();
+
+function notifyLoading() {
+  for (const listener of [...loadingListeners]) {
+    try {
+      listener();
+    } catch {
+      /* A status listener never breaks a lookup. */
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** A pack load that the loading status counts while it runs. */
+function reportedLoad(name, load) {
+  return async () => {
+    loadingPacks.add(name);
+    notifyLoading();
+    try {
+      return await load();
+    } finally {
+      loadingPacks.delete(name);
+      notifyLoading();
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a place pack is loading now. The packs load lazily, on the first
+ * lookup that needs them, so the loading status says so meanwhile.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function placePacksLoading() {
+  return loadingPacks.size > 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Hear each start and end of a place pack load.
+ * @param {() => void} listener
+ * @returns {() => void} Stops listening.
+ */
+export function onPlacePacksLoadingChange(listener) {
+  loadingListeners.add(listener);
+  return () => loadingListeners.delete(listener);
+}
+
 /** Test seam: count pack loads (lazy-loading contract). */
 export const placePackLoads = { divisions: 0, places: 0 };
 
@@ -106,7 +154,7 @@ function ringRank(ring) {
   return (Math.abs(sum) / 2) * Math.cos((meanLat * Math.PI) / 180);
 }
 
-const loadPlaces = createRetryableLoader(async () => {
+async function readPlaces() {
   const [countries, marine] = await Promise.all([
     loadBundledJson(PACKS.countries),
     loadBundledJson(PACKS.marine),
@@ -142,10 +190,11 @@ const loadPlaces = createRetryableLoader(async () => {
     });
   }
   return { land, water };
-});
+}
+const loadPlaces = createRetryableLoader(reportedLoad('places', readPlaces));
 
 /** Divisions grouped by country code; rings decoded per country on demand. */
-const loadDivisions = createRetryableLoader(async () => {
+async function readDivisions() {
   placePackLoads.divisions += 1;
   const pack = await loadBundledJson(PACKS.divisions);
   const decimals = pack.meta?.decimals ?? 3;
@@ -157,7 +206,10 @@ const loadDivisions = createRetryableLoader(async () => {
     byCountry.set(feature.iso2, list);
   }
   return { byCountry, decoded: new Map() };
-});
+}
+const loadDivisions = createRetryableLoader(
+  reportedLoad('divisions', readDivisions),
+);
 
 /** The first-level division holding a point inside country `code`, or null. */
 async function divisionAt(code, lat, lon) {
@@ -179,7 +231,7 @@ async function divisionAt(code, lat, lon) {
   return null;
 }
 
-const loadPopulatedPlaces = createRetryableLoader(async () => {
+async function readPopulatedPlaces() {
   placePackLoads.places += 1;
   const pack = await loadBundledJson(PACKS.places);
   return (pack.places || []).filter(
@@ -189,7 +241,10 @@ const loadPopulatedPlaces = createRetryableLoader(async () => {
       Number.isFinite(row[1]) &&
       Number.isFinite(row[2]),
   );
-});
+}
+const loadPopulatedPlaces = createRetryableLoader(
+  reportedLoad('populated-places', readPopulatedPlaces),
+);
 
 /**
  * The most prominent populated place within `radiusKm` of a point (lowest
diff --git a/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff1837a3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs — the loading status hears the place
+// packs while they are on their way.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+
+test('a place pack load is reported from its start to its end', async () => {
+  // A module of its own, so no other test has loaded the packs yet.
+  const place = await import('./placeBelow.js?loading-status');
+  const heard = [];
+  const stop = place.onPlacePacksLoadingChange(() =>
+    heard.push(place.placePacksLoading()),
+  );
+  assert.equal(place.placePacksLoading(), false);
+  const lookup = place.nearPlace(48.86, 2.35, 50);
+  assert.equal(place.placePacksLoading(), true, 'on its way');
+  assert.equal(await lookup, 'Paris');
+  assert.equal(place.placePacksLoading(), false, 'loaded');
+  assert.deepEqual(heard, [true, false]);
+  // Loaded once: a later lookup is not reported again.
+  await place.nearPlace(48.86, 2.35, 50);
+  assert.deepEqual(heard, [true, false]);
+  stop();
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
index 880eed4e0..de9dd13dd 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ar.json
@@ -622,6 +622,7 @@
   "DISABLING": "جارٍ الإيقاف",
   "Military Flights": "الرحلات العسكرية",
   "Satellites": "الأقمار الصناعية",
+  "Place names": "أسماء الأماكن",
   "Space Missions (30d)": "المهام الفضائية (30 يومًا)",
   "Street Traffic": "حركة مرور الشوارع",
   "Radio": "الراديو",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/de.json b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
index 09f9c98a7..792122d41 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/de.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/de.json
@@ -544,6 +544,7 @@
   "Military Flights": "Militärflüge",
   "Earthquakes (24h)": "Erdbeben (24 h)",
   "Satellites": "Satelliten",
+  "Place names": "Ortsnamen",
   "Space Missions (30d)": "Raummissionen (30 T)",
   "Street Traffic": "Straßenverkehr",
   "CCTV": "CCTV",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index fa59166fa..28a65d68c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -507,6 +507,7 @@
   "DISABLING": "APAGANDO",
   "Military Flights": "Vuelos militares",
   "Satellites": "Satélites",
+  "Place names": "Nombres de lugares",
   "Space Missions (30d)": "Misiones espaciales (30 d)",
   "Street Traffic": "Tráfico urbano",
   "Radio": "Radio",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index e597c118f..44edfae1c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -1849,6 +1849,7 @@
   "Military Flights": "Vols militaires",
   "Earthquakes (24h)": "Séismes (24 h)",
   "Satellites": "Satellites",
+  "Place names": "Noms de lieux",
   "Space Missions (30d)": "Missions spatiales (30 j)",
   "Street Traffic": "Trafic routier",
   "CCTV": "CCTV",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/it.json b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
index 687ac971c..a23589731 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/it.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/it.json
@@ -1849,6 +1849,7 @@
   "Military Flights": "Voli militari",
   "Earthquakes (24h)": "Terremoti (24 h)",
   "Satellites": "Satelliti",
+  "Place names": "Nomi dei luoghi",
   "Space Missions (30d)": "Missioni spaziali (30 g)",
   "Street Traffic": "Traffico stradale",
   "CCTV": "CCTV",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index f3f86ea2d..866c5ecae 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -1787,6 +1787,7 @@
   "Military Flights": "軍用機",
   "Earthquakes (24h)": "地震（24時間）",
   "Satellites": "衛星",
+  "Place names": "地名",
   "Space Missions (30d)": "宇宙ミッション 30日",
   "Street Traffic": "道路交通",
   "CCTV": "CCTV",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 054bfc32e..06ed341b3 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -1849,6 +1849,7 @@
   "Military Flights": "Voos militares",
   "Earthquakes (24h)": "Terremotos (24 h)",
   "Satellites": "Satélites",
+  "Place names": "Nomes de lugares",
   "Space Missions (30d)": "Missões espaciais (30 d)",
   "Street Traffic": "Trânsito urbano",
   "CCTV": "CCTV",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 993edb912..02e3ec44c 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -537,6 +537,7 @@
   "Military Flights": "Военные рейсы",
   "Earthquakes (24h)": "Землетрясения (24 ч)",
   "Satellites": "Спутники",
+  "Place names": "Названия мест",
   "Space Missions (30d)": "Космические миссии (30 дн.)",
   "Street Traffic": "Дорожный трафик",
   "CCTV": "CCTV",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
index 1fe699b69..fb131cd83 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/uk.json
@@ -1879,6 +1879,7 @@
   "Military Flights": "Військові рейси",
   "Earthquakes (24h)": "Землетруси (24 год)",
   "Satellites": "Супутники",
+  "Place names": "Назви місць",
   "Space Missions (30d)": "Космічні місії (30 дн)",
   "Street Traffic": "Дорожній рух",
   "CCTV": "CCTV",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
index 537325aef..4bb8d040b 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json
@@ -1764,6 +1764,7 @@
   "Military Flights": "军用航班",
   "Earthquakes (24h)": "地震（24 小时）",
   "Satellites": "卫星",
+  "Place names": "地名",
   "Space Missions (30d)": "太空任务（30 天）",
   "Street Traffic": "街道交通",
   "CCTV": "CCTV",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
index f358a5128..57f0f0d22 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json
@@ -1754,6 +1754,7 @@
   "Military Flights": "軍用航班",
   "Earthquakes (24h)": "地震（24 小時）",
   "Satellites": "衛星",
+  "Place names": "地名",
   "Space Missions (30d)": "太空任務（30 天）",
   "Street Traffic": "街道交通",
   "CCTV": "CCTV",
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
index f4d47a0ea..9dd2e3700 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/classes.js
@@ -364,6 +364,14 @@ const COUNTRY_NAMES = Object.freeze({
   ZW: 'Zimbabwe',
 });
 
+/**
+ * Every owner country a satellite can be marked with, sorted: the flags
+ * `scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs` draws into the owner flag sheet.
+ */
+export const OWNER_COUNTRY_CODES = Object.freeze(
+  Object.keys(COUNTRY_NAMES).sort(),
+);
+
 // UCS "Country of Operator/Owner" → ISO code. Joint owners ("USA/Japan") and
 // organisations are not countries and resolve through ORGANISATIONS or as a
 // joint label.
diff --git a/src/tooling/packageBoundaries.test.mjs b/src/tooling/packageBoundaries.test.mjs
index 517bad64e..548cadbf4 100644
--- a/src/tooling/packageBoundaries.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/packageBoundaries.test.mjs
@@ -126,49 +126,3 @@ test('a lifecycle owner cannot acquire a layer panel even through an unused impo
   );
   await assert.rejects(checkPackageBoundaries(root), /unowned module.*panel/);
 });
-
-test('a declared dependency owns the asset files it ships, and only those', async (t) => {
-  const asset = (pkg) =>
-    `import url from './node_modules/${pkg}/flags/aa.svg?url&no-inline'; export const value = url;`;
-  const root = await fixture(t, asset('flags'));
-  for (const pkg of ['flags', 'flags-extra', 'stray']) {
-    await mkdir(path.join(root, 'node_modules', pkg, 'flags'), {
-      recursive: true,
-    });
-    await writeFile(
-      path.join(root, 'node_modules', pkg, 'flags/aa.svg'),
-      '<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"/>',
-    );
-  }
-  await writeFile(
-    path.join(root, 'package.json'),
-    JSON.stringify({
-      name: 'boundary-fixture',
-      type: 'module',
-      exports: { './feature': './entry.js' },
-      dependencies: { flags: '1.0.0' },
-    }),
-  );
-  await writeFile(
-    path.join(root, 'scripts/package-boundaries.json'),
-    JSON.stringify({
-      feature: {
-        exports: ['./feature'],
-        modules: ['entry.js'],
-        external: ['flags'],
-      },
-    }),
-  );
-  // The entry and the flag it ships.
-  assert.deepEqual(await checkPackageBoundaries(root), [
-    { name: 'feature', exports: 1, modules: 2 },
-  ]);
-  // An undeclared package's file, and one whose name only starts the same.
-  for (const pkg of ['stray', 'flags-extra']) {
-    await writeFile(path.join(root, 'entry.js'), asset(pkg));
-    await assert.rejects(
-      checkPackageBoundaries(root),
-      new RegExp(`unowned module.*node_modules/${pkg}/`),
-    );
-  }
-});
diff --git a/src/ui/applicationShell.js b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
index a11228dfa..4cf9643d7 100644
--- a/src/ui/applicationShell.js
+++ b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
@@ -64,6 +64,25 @@ import { useLocationStore } from './stores/location.js';
 import { useCockpitStore } from './stores/cockpit.js';
 import { useGlobeActionsStore } from './stores/globeActions.js';
 import { useRecordingStore } from './stores/recording.js';
+import {
+  onPlacePacksLoadingChange,
+  placePacksLoading,
+} from '../data/placeBelow.js';
+import { LOADING_NAME_KEYS } from './layerNames.js';
+import { preloadOwnerFlags } from './ownerFlag.js';
+
+/** The place packs, as one more loading entry while they are on their way. */
+const PLACE_PACKS_LOADING = Object.freeze({
+  id: 'place-names',
+  name: LOADING_NAME_KEYS['place-names'],
+  enabled: true,
+  stats: Object.freeze({ loading: true }),
+});
+
+/** The data layers, with the place packs while they load. */
+function withPlacePacks(layers) {
+  return placePacksLoading() ? [...layers, PLACE_PACKS_LOADING] : layers;
+}
 
 /**
  * Central UI orchestrator for the God's Eye View application.
@@ -158,8 +177,15 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
     // Vue views share this runtime and its stores; dispose unmounts them.
     this._ui = createUiRuntime({ pinia: applicationPinia() });
     this._feedback = new ShellFeedback({
-      readLayers: () => this._dataManager?.getAll?.() || [],
+      readLayers: () => withPlacePacks(this._dataManager?.getAll?.() || []),
     });
+    // The satellite owner flags load with the app, not on the first ride.
+    preloadOwnerFlags();
+    // The place names under a Cockpit load on its first lookup: the loading
+    // status names them meanwhile.
+    this._offPlacePacks = onPlacePacksLoadingChange(() =>
+      this._updateGlobalLoadingFeedback(),
+    );
     this.viewer = viewer;
     this.mapStackController = mapStackController;
     this.placeSearch = placeSearch;
@@ -1825,6 +1851,7 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
     this._wildlifeSightingCard?.destroy();
     this._ui.destroy();
     this._panelChrome.destroy();
+    this._offPlacePacks();
     this._feedback.destroy();
 
     this._displayBindings.destroy();
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
index 049f4c50f..5de131693 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ import { createPinia } from 'pinia';
 import { createApp, nextTick } from 'vue';
 import { useCockpitStore } from './stores/cockpit.js';
 import CockpitOrbital from './views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue';
+import { ownerFlagStyle } from './ownerFlag.js';
+
+/** Let a settled promise reach the view. */
+async function settle() {
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  await nextTick();
+}
 
 const VIEW = Object.freeze({
   name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
@@ -191,6 +198,49 @@ test('the place below shows at the top once known', async (t) => {
   assert.equal(document.querySelector('#cockpit-orbital-over'), null);
 });
 
+test('an owner country shows its flag from the sheet, or its code if the sheet will not load', async (t) => {
+  // The sheet loads through an Image; this one answers when told.
+  const images = [];
+  const RealImage = globalThis.Image;
+  globalThis.Image = class {
+    constructor() {
+      images.push(this);
+    }
+  };
+  t.after(() => {
+    globalThis.Image = RealImage;
+  });
+  const f = fixture(t);
+  f.store.publishOrbital({
+    ...VIEW,
+    owner: { countryCode: 'US', label: 'USA' },
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(f.section().querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-flag'), null);
+  assert.equal(images.length, 1, 'the sheet is asked for');
+  images[0].onerror();
+  await settle();
+  // No sheet: the code, so the owner never disappears.
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-owner-badge'), 'US');
+  // The next flag asks again; this time the sheet comes.
+  f.store.publishOrbital({
+    ...f.store.orbital,
+    owner: { countryCode: 'FR', label: 'France' },
+  });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(images.length, 2);
+  images[1].onload();
+  await settle();
+  const flag = f.section().querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-flag');
+  assert.equal(flag.getAttribute('role'), 'img');
+  assert.equal(flag.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'France');
+  assert.equal(
+    flag.style.backgroundPosition,
+    ownerFlagStyle('FR').backgroundPosition,
+  );
+  assert.equal(f.section().querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-owner-badge'), null);
+});
+
 test('the readout names the owner, operator and element set', async (t) => {
   const f = fixture(t);
   f.store.publishOrbital({
@@ -198,16 +248,17 @@ test('the readout names the owner, operator and element set', async (t) => {
     noradId: 25544,
     cosparId: '1998-067A',
     tle: ISS_TLE,
-    // Under node there is no flag glob, so a country shows as a badge.
-    owner: { countryCode: 'US', label: 'USA' },
+    // A country with no flag on the sheet shows as a badge, named in the
+    // reader's language.
+    owner: { countryCode: 'IS', label: 'Ísland' },
     operator: 'NASA',
   });
   await nextTick();
   assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-name'), 'ISS (ZARYA)');
-  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-owner-badge'), 'USA');
+  assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-owner-badge'), 'Ísland');
   assert.equal(
     f.section().querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-owner-badge').title,
-    'United States',
+    'Iceland',
   );
   assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-operator'), 'NASA');
   assert.equal(
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
index d8735dd65..43bd54d12 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js
@@ -144,6 +144,9 @@ export function switchOrbitalSatellite(noradId) {
   // until the camera is on the new one, they list no sites or satellites.
   state.awaitingFrame = true;
   state.previousUp = null;
+  // The field of view is still the old satellite's until the next frame; the
+  // HUD published below sizes the strip from the settled zoom meanwhile.
+  state.verticalFov = null;
   state.place = undefined;
   state.placeTracker?.reset?.();
   state.prefetched?.clear?.();
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
index fe3b1dd90..72130a9e8 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs
@@ -1466,10 +1466,10 @@ test('the pre-load is throttled, at the level Cesium draws, and waits out a tilt
   }
   // The level Cesium's own selection takes for this view, worked by hand:
   // at 16x from 617 km the 900 px canvas is ~49.5 m a pixel. The ellipsoid
-  // terrain's level-zero error is 6378137 · 2π / 4 / 130 ≈ 77,067 m; it first
-  // meets Cesium's screen-space error of 2 px (≤ 99 m) at level 10, 75.3 m.
+  // terrain's level-zero error is 6378137 · 2π / 4 / 128 ≈ 78,272 m; it first
+  // meets Cesium's screen-space error of 2 px (≤ 99 m) at level 10, 76.4 m.
   // A Web Mercator level-zero texel at 30° is 6378137 · 2π · cos 30° / 256
-  // ≈ 135,566 m, so the imagery level is round(log2(135,566 / 75.3)) = 11.
+  // ≈ 135,570 m, so the imagery level is round(log2(135,570 / 76.4)) = 11.
   assert.equal(Number(requests[0].split('/')[0]), 11);
 });
 
diff --git a/src/ui/layerNames.js b/src/ui/layerNames.js
index bba7f96f7..e742ed3ee 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerNames.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerNames.js
@@ -61,12 +61,19 @@ export const PANEL_LABEL_KEYS = Object.freeze({
   'local-firms': msg('Active Fires'),
 });
 
+/** What the loading status names for a load that is not a layer's. */
+export const LOADING_NAME_KEYS = Object.freeze({
+  'place-names': msg('Place names'),
+});
+
 // Looked up by the English text, so a surface that holds `layer.name` keeps
 // its English data and only the shown text translates.
 const MODULE_NAME_KEYS = new Map(
-  [...Object.values(LAYER_NAME_KEYS), ...Object.values(PANEL_LABEL_KEYS)].map(
-    (key) => [key, key],
-  ),
+  [
+    ...Object.values(LAYER_NAME_KEYS),
+    ...Object.values(PANEL_LABEL_KEYS),
+    ...Object.values(LOADING_NAME_KEYS),
+  ].map((key) => [key, key]),
 );
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/ui/ownerFlag.js b/src/ui/ownerFlag.js
index 35d1f2f58..750b36e43 100644
--- a/src/ui/ownerFlag.js
+++ b/src/ui/ownerFlag.js
@@ -1,34 +1,75 @@
 /**
- * The owner mark beside a satellite's name: the owner country's flag (an SVG
- * from flag-icons — Windows draws no flag emoji), or a short text badge for
- * an organisation without one (ESA, EUMETSAT, "Multinational"). Each flag is
- * its own lazily fetched asset; only the shown one ever loads.
+ * The owner mark beside a satellite's name: the owner country's flag, or a
+ * short text badge for an organisation without one (ESA, EUMETSAT,
+ * "Multinational"). Windows draws no flag emoji, so the flags are pictures:
+ * one sheet of every owner country's flag (`scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs`,
+ * from flag-icons), loaded once at startup (`preloadOwnerFlags`), so riding
+ * a satellite never waits for its flag.
  */
 
+import { OWNER_FLAG_SHEET } from './ownerFlagSheet.js';
+
+/** The flag sheet's URL. */
+export const OWNER_FLAG_SHEET_URL = new URL(
+  '../data/local_data/owner_flags/owner_flags.png',
+  import.meta.url,
+).href;
+
+/** Each flag's place on the sheet, by ISO code. */
+const SHEET_INDEX = new Map(
+  OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.codes.map((code, index) => [code, index]),
+);
+
+let sheetLoad = null;
+
 /**
- * Flag URL loaders by path; empty under node:test, which has no glob. The
- * glob is eager so the bundle carries only the URL strings: a lazy glob would
- * emit a JS stub chunk per flag (~270), two requests for each flag shown.
- * The SVG itself is still fetched only when an <img> shows it.
+ * Load the flag sheet, once; the app calls this at startup. A failed load
+ * is asked again by the next caller, so a flag shown later can still come.
+ * @param {{createImage?: () => {onload: Function|null, onerror: Function|null,
+ *   src: string}}} [options] Test seam.
+ * @returns {Promise<boolean>} Whether the sheet is ready to draw from.
  */
-let FLAG_LOADERS = {};
-try {
-  const urls = import.meta.glob('/node_modules/flag-icons/flags/4x3/*.svg', {
-    query: '?url&no-inline',
-    import: 'default',
-    eager: true,
-    // flag-icons lives in node_modules, which globs skip by default.
-    exhaustive: true,
+export function preloadOwnerFlags({
+  createImage = () => new globalThis.Image(),
+} = {}) {
+  if (sheetLoad) return sheetLoad;
+  let image;
+  try {
+    image = createImage();
+  } catch {
+    return Promise.resolve(false);
+  }
+  const load = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    image.onload = () => resolve(true);
+    image.onerror = () => {
+      if (sheetLoad === load) sheetLoad = null;
+      resolve(false);
+    };
   });
-  FLAG_LOADERS = Object.fromEntries(
-    Object.entries(urls).map(([path, url]) => [path, () => url]),
-  );
-} catch {
-  /* Not under Vite. */
+  sheetLoad = load;
+  image.src = OWNER_FLAG_SHEET_URL;
+  return load;
 }
 
-const FLAG_PATH = (code) =>
-  `/node_modules/flag-icons/flags/4x3/${code.toLowerCase()}.svg`;
+/**
+ * How to draw a flag from the sheet at a size: the sheet as the element's
+ * background, scaled and shifted onto the flag's cell.
+ * @param {string} code ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, upper case.
+ * @param {{widthPx?: number, heightPx?: number}} [size] CSS pixels.
+ * @returns {{backgroundImage: string, backgroundSize: string,
+ *   backgroundPosition: string}|null} Null for a code not on the sheet.
+ */
+export function ownerFlagStyle(code, { widthPx = 20, heightPx = 15 } = {}) {
+  const index = SHEET_INDEX.get(code);
+  if (index === undefined) return null;
+  const column = index % OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns;
+  const row = Math.floor(index / OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns);
+  return {
+    backgroundImage: `url("${OWNER_FLAG_SHEET_URL}")`,
+    backgroundSize: `${OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns * widthPx}px ${OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.rows * heightPx}px`,
+    backgroundPosition: `${-column * widthPx}px ${-row * heightPx}px`,
+  };
+}
 
 /** An ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code, upper case, or null. */
 function isoCode(value) {
@@ -56,55 +97,39 @@ export function regionName(code, locale) {
 /**
  * How to mark a satellite's owner.
  * @param {{countryCode: string|null, label: string|null}|null|undefined} owner
- * @param {{locale?: string, loaders?: object}} [options]
+ * @param {{locale?: string, flags?: {has: (code: string) => boolean}}}
+ *   [options] `flags`: the codes with a flag (the sheet's).
  * @returns {{kind: 'flag', code: string, label: string}
  *   | {kind: 'badge', label: string, title: string}
  *   | null} A flag (with the country's localized name as its label), a text
  *   badge for an owner with no flag to show, or nothing when unknown.
  */
-export function ownerMark(
-  owner,
-  { locale = 'en', loaders = FLAG_LOADERS } = {},
-) {
+export function ownerMark(owner, { locale = 'en', flags = SHEET_INDEX } = {}) {
   const code = isoCode(owner?.countryCode);
   const label = String(owner?.label ?? '').trim();
   if (code) {
     const name = regionName(code, locale) || label || code;
-    if (loaders[FLAG_PATH(code)]) return { kind: 'flag', code, label: name };
+    if (flags.has(code)) return { kind: 'flag', code, label: name };
     return { kind: 'badge', label: label || code, title: name };
   }
   return label ? { kind: 'badge', label, title: label } : null;
 }
 
 /**
- * What the readout shows for an owner once its flag has loaded or failed: the
- * flag, or a badge (the country code when the flag would not load, so the
- * owner never disappears), or nothing for an unknown owner.
+ * What the readout shows for an owner once the flag sheet has loaded or
+ * failed: the flag, or a badge (the country code when the sheet would not
+ * load, so the owner never disappears), or nothing for an unknown owner.
  * @param {ReturnType<typeof ownerMark>} mark
- * @param {{url?: string|null, failed?: boolean}} [flag] The flag's load state.
- * @returns {{kind: 'flag', url: string, label: string}
+ * @param {{ready?: boolean, failed?: boolean}} [sheet] The sheet's state.
+ * @returns {{kind: 'flag', style: object, label: string}
  *   | {kind: 'badge', label: string, title: string} | null}
  */
-export function shownOwnerMark(mark, { url = null, failed = false } = {}) {
+export function shownOwnerMark(mark, { ready = false, failed = false } = {}) {
   if (!mark) return null;
   if (mark.kind === 'badge') return mark;
-  if (failed) {
+  const style = ownerFlagStyle(mark.code);
+  if (failed || !style) {
     return { kind: 'badge', label: mark.code.toUpperCase(), title: mark.label };
   }
-  return url ? { kind: 'flag', url, label: mark.label } : null;
-}
-
-/**
- * Fetch a flag's URL.
- * @param {string} code ISO 3166-1 alpha-2.
- * @returns {Promise<string|null>}
- */
-export async function loadFlagUrl(code, loaders = FLAG_LOADERS) {
-  const load = loaders[FLAG_PATH(String(code))];
-  if (!load) return null;
-  try {
-    return (await load()) || null;
-  } catch {
-    return null;
-  }
+  return ready ? { kind: 'flag', style, label: mark.label } : null;
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs b/src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs
index a1447bc86..737ab018d 100644
--- a/src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs
@@ -1,75 +1,59 @@
 // src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs — a satellite owner's mark: a country's flag with
-// its localized name, a text badge for an organisation, nothing when unknown.
+// its localized name, drawn from the owner flag sheet; a text badge for an
+// organisation; nothing when unknown.
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { OWNER_COUNTRY_CODES } from '../layers/satellites/classes.js';
+import { OWNER_FLAG_SHEET } from './ownerFlagSheet.js';
 import {
-  loadFlagUrl,
+  OWNER_FLAG_SHEET_URL,
+  ownerFlagStyle,
   ownerMark,
+  preloadOwnerFlags,
   regionName,
   shownOwnerMark,
 } from './ownerFlag.js';
 
-const FLAG = (code) => `/node_modules/flag-icons/flags/4x3/${code}.svg`;
-const LOADERS = Object.freeze({
-  [FLAG('us')]: async () => '/assets/us-abc.svg',
-  [FLAG('fr')]: async () => '/assets/fr-def.svg',
-});
-
 test('an owner country shows its flag, named in the reader language', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual(
-    ownerMark({ countryCode: 'us', label: 'USA' }, { loaders: LOADERS }),
-    { kind: 'flag', code: 'US', label: 'United States' },
-  );
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerMark({ countryCode: 'us', label: 'USA' }), {
+    kind: 'flag',
+    code: 'US',
+    label: 'United States',
+  });
   assert.equal(
-    ownerMark(
-      { countryCode: 'FR', label: null },
-      { locale: 'de', loaders: LOADERS },
-    ).label,
+    ownerMark({ countryCode: 'FR', label: null }, { locale: 'de' }).label,
     'Frankreich',
   );
 });
 
 test('an organisation without a country shows a text badge', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual(
-    ownerMark({ countryCode: null, label: 'ESA' }, { loaders: LOADERS }),
-    { kind: 'badge', label: 'ESA', title: 'ESA' },
-  );
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerMark({ countryCode: null, label: 'ESA' }), {
+    kind: 'badge',
+    label: 'ESA',
+    title: 'ESA',
+  });
 });
 
-test('a country with no flag to show falls back to a badge', () => {
+test('a country with no flag on the sheet falls back to a badge', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(
-    ownerMark({ countryCode: 'DE', label: 'Germany' }, { loaders: LOADERS }),
+    ownerMark(
+      { countryCode: 'DE', label: 'Germany' },
+      { flags: new Set(['US']) },
+    ),
     { kind: 'badge', label: 'Germany', title: 'Germany' },
   );
   // Natural Earth and UCS write -99 or names, never a flag code.
-  assert.deepEqual(
-    ownerMark(
-      { countryCode: '-99', label: 'Multinational' },
-      { loaders: LOADERS },
-    ),
-    { kind: 'badge', label: 'Multinational', title: 'Multinational' },
-  );
+  assert.deepEqual(ownerMark({ countryCode: '-99', label: 'Multinational' }), {
+    kind: 'badge',
+    label: 'Multinational',
+    title: 'Multinational',
+  });
 });
 
 test('an unknown owner shows nothing', () => {
-  assert.equal(ownerMark(null, { loaders: LOADERS }), null);
-  assert.equal(
-    ownerMark({ countryCode: null, label: '  ' }, { loaders: LOADERS }),
-    null,
-  );
-});
-
-test('only the flag asked for loads', async () => {
-  assert.equal(await loadFlagUrl('US', LOADERS), '/assets/us-abc.svg');
-  assert.equal(await loadFlagUrl('DE', LOADERS), null);
-  assert.equal(
-    await loadFlagUrl('FR', {
-      [FLAG('fr')]: async () => {
-        throw new Error('offline');
-      },
-    }),
-    null,
-  );
+  assert.equal(ownerMark(null), null);
+  assert.equal(ownerMark({ countryCode: null, label: '  ' }), null);
 });
 
 test('a region name comes from Intl, never the bare code', () => {
@@ -77,12 +61,51 @@ test('a region name comes from Intl, never the bare code', () => {
   assert.equal(regionName('XX', 'en'), null);
 });
 
-test('a flag that will not load falls back to its country code, never to nothing', () => {
-  const flag = { kind: 'flag', code: 'us', label: 'United States' };
+test('the sheet holds every owner country a satellite can be marked with', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual([...OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.codes], [...OWNER_COUNTRY_CODES]);
+  assert.equal(
+    OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.rows,
+    Math.ceil(OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.codes.length / OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns),
+  );
+  // The PNG is as large as its layout says (width and height at bytes 16-23).
+  const png = readFileSync(new URL(OWNER_FLAG_SHEET_URL));
+  assert.equal(
+    png.readUInt32BE(16),
+    OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns * OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.cellWidthPx,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    png.readUInt32BE(20),
+    OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.rows * OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.cellHeightPx,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a flag is drawn from its cell of the sheet, at the size asked', () => {
+  const columns = OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns;
+  const index = OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.codes.indexOf('US');
+  const style = ownerFlagStyle('US');
+  assert.equal(style.backgroundImage, `url("${OWNER_FLAG_SHEET_URL}")`);
+  assert.equal(
+    style.backgroundSize,
+    `${columns * 20}px ${OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.rows * 15}px`,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    style.backgroundPosition,
+    `${-(index % columns) * 20}px ${-Math.floor(index / columns) * 15}px`,
+  );
+  // The first flag sits at the corner.
+  assert.equal(
+    ownerFlagStyle(OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.codes[0]).backgroundPosition,
+    '0px 0px',
+  );
+  assert.equal(ownerFlagStyle('XX'), null);
+});
+
+test('the flag shows once the sheet is ready; a failed sheet shows the code', () => {
+  const flag = { kind: 'flag', code: 'US', label: 'United States' };
   assert.equal(shownOwnerMark(flag), null, 'nothing while it loads');
-  assert.deepEqual(shownOwnerMark(flag, { url: '/flags/us.svg' }), {
+  assert.deepEqual(shownOwnerMark(flag, { ready: true }), {
     kind: 'flag',
-    url: '/flags/us.svg',
+    style: ownerFlagStyle('US'),
     label: 'United States',
   });
   assert.deepEqual(shownOwnerMark(flag, { failed: true }), {
@@ -95,14 +118,23 @@ test('a flag that will not load falls back to its country code, never to nothing
   assert.equal(shownOwnerMark(null), null);
 });
 
-test('flags ship as a map of URLs, not one JS chunk per flag', async () => {
-  const { readFileSync } = await import('node:fs');
-  const source = readFileSync(
-    new URL('./ownerFlag.js', import.meta.url),
-    'utf8',
-  );
-  // A lazy glob emits a stub chunk for each of ~270 flags; eager URLs ship
-  // only strings, and each SVG still loads when an <img> shows it.
-  assert.match(source, /eager:\s*true/);
-  assert.match(source, /query:\s*'\?url&no-inline'/);
+test('the sheet loads once; a failed load is asked again', async () => {
+  const images = [];
+  const createImage = () => {
+    const image = { onload: null, onerror: null, src: '' };
+    images.push(image);
+    return image;
+  };
+  const first = preloadOwnerFlags({ createImage });
+  assert.equal(images.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(images[0].src, OWNER_FLAG_SHEET_URL);
+  assert.equal(preloadOwnerFlags({ createImage }), first, 'one load at a time');
+  images[0].onerror();
+  assert.equal(await first, false);
+  const second = preloadOwnerFlags({ createImage });
+  assert.equal(images.length, 2, 'asked again after a failure');
+  images[1].onload();
+  assert.equal(await second, true);
+  assert.equal(preloadOwnerFlags({ createImage }), second, 'kept once loaded');
+  assert.equal(images.length, 2);
 });
diff --git a/src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js b/src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dec6ef8e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// Generated by scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs from flag-icons 7.5.0; do not edit.
+/** The owner flag sheet's layout: flag i at column i % columns, row i / columns. */
+export const OWNER_FLAG_SHEET = Object.freeze({
+  cellWidthPx: 40,
+  cellHeightPx: 30,
+  columns: 16,
+  rows: 7,
+  codes: Object.freeze([
+    'AE',
+    'AM',
+    'AO',
+    'AR',
+    'AT',
+    'AU',
+    'AZ',
+    'BD',
+    'BE',
+    'BG',
+    'BH',
+    'BM',
+    'BO',
+    'BR',
+    'BT',
+    'BW',
+    'BY',
+    'CA',
+    'CH',
+    'CL',
+    'CN',
+    'CO',
+    'CR',
+    'CZ',
+    'DE',
+    'DJ',
+    'DK',
+    'DZ',
+    'EC',
+    'EE',
+    'EG',
+    'ES',
+    'ET',
+    'FI',
+    'FR',
+    'GB',
+    'GH',
+    'GR',
+    'GT',
+    'HR',
+    'HU',
+    'ID',
+    'IE',
+    'IL',
+    'IN',
+    'IQ',
+    'IR',
+    'IT',
+    'JO',
+    'JP',
+    'KE',
+    'KP',
+    'KR',
+    'KW',
+    'KZ',
+    'LA',
+    'LK',
+    'LT',
+    'LU',
+    'MA',
+    'MC',
+    'MD',
+    'ME',
+    'MM',
+    'MN',
+    'MU',
+    'MX',
+    'MY',
+    'NG',
+    'NL',
+    'NO',
+    'NP',
+    'NZ',
+    'PE',
+    'PH',
+    'PK',
+    'PL',
+    'PT',
+    'PY',
+    'QA',
+    'RO',
+    'RU',
+    'RW',
+    'SA',
+    'SB',
+    'SD',
+    'SE',
+    'SG',
+    'SI',
+    'SN',
+    'TH',
+    'TM',
+    'TN',
+    'TR',
+    'TW',
+    'UA',
+    'US',
+    'UY',
+    'VA',
+    'VE',
+    'VN',
+    'ZA',
+    'ZW',
+  ]),
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/shellFeedbackStatusLocalization.test.mjs b/src/ui/shellFeedbackStatusLocalization.test.mjs
index b05ceb54f..aa282784d 100644
--- a/src/ui/shellFeedbackStatusLocalization.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/shellFeedbackStatusLocalization.test.mjs
@@ -140,3 +140,14 @@ for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
     assert.equal(shown.label, t(error).toLocaleUpperCase(locale));
   });
 }
+
+test('the place names loading beside the layers are named in the language', () => {
+  setLocale('de');
+  const localized = localizeLoadingPresentation({
+    state: 'loading',
+    label: 'LOADING LIVE DATA',
+    detail: 'Satellites · Place names',
+  });
+  assert.equal(localized.detail, 'Satelliten · Ortsnamen');
+  setLocale('en');
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
index 2fc84fd0e..6f0bd76f9 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
@@ -194,11 +194,12 @@
 }
 .cockpit-orbital-flag {
   flex: none;
+  box-sizing: content-box;
   width: 20px;
   height: 15px;
   border: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
   border-radius: 1px;
-  object-fit: cover;
+  background-repeat: no-repeat;
 }
 .cockpit-orbital-owner-badge {
   flex: none;
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
index 47f19cbef..3e8083755 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import {
   tleAgeParts,
 } from '../../cockpitPresentation.js';
 import {
-  loadFlagUrl,
   ownerMark,
+  preloadOwnerFlags,
   regionName,
   shownOwnerMark,
 } from '../../ownerFlag.js';
@@ -189,34 +189,25 @@ const placeText = computed(() => {
 const mark = computed(() =>
   ownerMark(orbital.value?.owner, { locale: getLocale() }),
 );
-const flagUrl = ref(null);
-// A flag that would not load (offline, a stale chunk after a deploy, a
-// missing file) falls back to the code as a badge, never to no owner at all.
-const flagFailed = ref(false);
-let flagRequest = 0;
+// The flag sheet loads at startup; a sheet that would not load (offline, a
+// stale asset after a deploy) is asked again for the next flag, and until it
+// comes the code shows as a badge, never no owner at all.
+const flagsReady = ref(false);
+const flagsFailed = ref(false);
 watch(
   () => (mark.value?.kind === 'flag' ? mark.value.code : null),
   async (code) => {
-    const request = ++flagRequest;
-    flagUrl.value = null;
-    flagFailed.value = false;
-    if (!code) return;
-    let url = null;
-    try {
-      url = await loadFlagUrl(code);
-    } catch {
-      url = null;
-    }
-    if (request !== flagRequest) return;
-    flagUrl.value = url;
-    flagFailed.value = !url;
+    if (!code || flagsReady.value) return;
+    const ready = await preloadOwnerFlags();
+    flagsReady.value = ready;
+    flagsFailed.value = !ready;
   },
   { immediate: true },
 );
 const shownMark = computed(() =>
   shownOwnerMark(mark.value, {
-    url: flagUrl.value,
-    failed: flagFailed.value,
+    ready: flagsReady.value,
+    failed: flagsFailed.value,
   }),
 );
 
@@ -293,8 +284,7 @@ const lensStyle = computed(() => {
       <div class="cockpit-orbital-readout">
         <p class="cockpit-orbital-kicker">{{ look.offset ? t('ORBITAL VIEW · OFF-NADIR') : t('ORBITAL VIEW · NADIR') }}</p>
         <div class="cockpit-orbital-title">
-          <!-- i18n-ignore: @error is the image's load-failure event, not a status message. -->
-          <img v-if="shownMark?.kind === 'flag'" class="cockpit-orbital-flag" :src="shownMark.url" :alt="shownMark.label" :title="shownMark.label" width="20" height="15" @error="flagFailed = true" />
+          <span v-if="shownMark?.kind === 'flag'" class="cockpit-orbital-flag" role="img" :aria-label="shownMark.label" :title="shownMark.label" :style="shownMark.style"></span>
           <span v-else-if="shownMark?.kind === 'badge'" class="cockpit-orbital-owner-badge" :title="shownMark.title">{{ shownMark.label }}</span>
           <p class="cockpit-orbital-name">{{ orbital.name }}</p>
         </div>

From e9547343794ff50afc0f97833c7338513ee62297 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 19:45:01 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 252/262] fix(cockpit): a place pack that will not load ends
 the loading batch failed; flags keep their neighbours out from under the
 border and out of a scaled flag's edge; a new ride asks again for a sheet
 that failed

---
 scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs                 |  18 ++++--
 scripts/format-scope.json                     |   4 +-
 scripts/package-boundaries.json               |   2 +
 src/data/local_data/owner_flags/README.md     |   3 +-
 .../local_data/owner_flags/owner_flags.png    | Bin 15348 -> 15621 bytes
 src/data/placeBelow.js                        |  42 +++++++++----
 src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs           |  22 +++++--
 src/ui/applicationShell.js                    |  20 +-----
 src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs                |  10 ++-
 src/ui/ownerFlag.js                           |  14 +++--
 src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs                     |  14 +++--
 src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js                      |   1 +
 src/ui/placePacksLoading.js                   |  30 +++++++++
 src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs             |  59 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css              |   3 +
 src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue        |  11 +++-
 16 files changed, 198 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/ui/placePacksLoading.js
 create mode 100644 src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs

diff --git a/scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs b/scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs
index 99b7a7545..9ca7ed083 100644
--- a/scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs
+++ b/scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
  *   src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js                           its layout (generated)
  *
  * Flag i (in the sorted code list) sits at column i % COLUMNS, row
- * floor(i / COLUMNS). A rerun with the same flag-icons and sharp versions
+ * floor(i / COLUMNS), each cell followed by a GUTTER of transparent pixels. A rerun with the same flag-icons and sharp versions
  * reproduces both files.
  *
  * Usage: node scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs
@@ -33,6 +33,11 @@ const FLAG_ICONS_VERSION = require('flag-icons/package.json').version;
 
 /** One flag's cell, CSS pixels × 2. */
 export const CELL = Object.freeze({ width: 40, height: 30 });
+/**
+ * Transparent sheet pixels after each flag, so a browser smoothing a scaled
+ * flag (a 125% display) never reaches into its neighbour.
+ */
+export const GUTTER = 2;
 export const COLUMNS = 16;
 
 const SHEET = path.join(
@@ -51,11 +56,13 @@ async function flagCell(code) {
 
 const codes = [...OWNER_COUNTRY_CODES];
 const rows = Math.ceil(codes.length / COLUMNS);
+const pitchX = CELL.width + GUTTER;
+const pitchY = CELL.height + GUTTER;
 const cells = await Promise.all(codes.map(flagCell));
 const sheet = await sharp({
   create: {
-    width: COLUMNS * CELL.width,
-    height: rows * CELL.height,
+    width: COLUMNS * pitchX,
+    height: rows * pitchY,
     channels: 4,
     background: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, alpha: 0 },
   },
@@ -63,8 +70,8 @@ const sheet = await sharp({
   .composite(
     cells.map((input, i) => ({
       input,
-      left: (i % COLUMNS) * CELL.width,
-      top: Math.floor(i / COLUMNS) * CELL.height,
+      left: (i % COLUMNS) * pitchX,
+      top: Math.floor(i / COLUMNS) * pitchY,
     })),
   )
   .png({ compressionLevel: 9, palette: true, quality: 100, effort: 10 })
@@ -76,6 +83,7 @@ const layout = `// Generated by scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs from flag-icons ${
 export const OWNER_FLAG_SHEET = Object.freeze({
   cellWidthPx: ${CELL.width},
   cellHeightPx: ${CELL.height},
+  gutterPx: ${GUTTER},
   columns: ${COLUMNS},
   rows: ${rows},
   codes: Object.freeze(${JSON.stringify(codes)}),
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index 887c72eb7..7b09e8077 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -1366,5 +1366,7 @@
   "server/providers/inaturalist/proxy.fixture.mjs",
   "scripts/build-owner-flags.mjs",
   "src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js",
-  "src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs"
+  "src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs",
+  "src/ui/placePacksLoading.js",
+  "src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs"
 ]
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 997191dbb..f7fd906a7 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -1069,6 +1069,7 @@
       "src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
       "src/layers/installations/classLabel.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
+      "src/ui/placePacksLoading.js",
       "src/ui/ownerFlag.js",
       "src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/sensors.js",
@@ -2916,6 +2917,7 @@
       "src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
       "src/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js",
       "src/data/placeBelow.js",
+      "src/ui/placePacksLoading.js",
       "src/ui/ownerFlag.js",
       "src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitContext.js",
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/owner_flags/README.md b/src/data/local_data/owner_flags/README.md
index 60a02a919..ed0dc071a 100644
--- a/src/data/local_data/owner_flags/README.md
+++ b/src/data/local_data/owner_flags/README.md
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 `owner_flags.png` is one sheet of every owner country a satellite can be
 marked with (`OWNER_COUNTRY_CODES` in `src/layers/satellites/classes.js`),
 drawn at 40 × 30 px (twice the orbital readout's 20 × 15) in sorted code
-order, 16 to a row. `src/ui/ownerFlag.js` loads it once at startup and draws
+order, 16 to a row, each followed by 2 transparent pixels so a scaled flag
+never smooths into its neighbour. `src/ui/ownerFlag.js` loads it once at startup and draws
 each flag from its cell; the layout is `src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js`.
 
 **Source:** the 4:3 SVGs of [flag-icons](https://github.com/lipis/flag-icons)
diff --git a/src/data/local_data/owner_flags/owner_flags.png b/src/data/local_data/owner_flags/owner_flags.png
index fd1826a0e44129fa907d5c0a2eec8ca97253e485..99e3d07b08ef5482bb25d180ef940a8578676d11 100644
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diff --git a/src/data/placeBelow.js b/src/data/placeBelow.js
index 67e120fa9..b5bdff4f2 100644
--- a/src/data/placeBelow.js
+++ b/src/data/placeBelow.js
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * PURE data module: no Cesium, node-testable. Each pack loads lazily on the
  * first lookup that needs it (divisions on the first land hit, places on the
  * first radius) and is indexed once, and the loading status names them while
- * one is on its way (`placePacksLoading`); a country's division rings are decoded
+ * one is on its way (`placePacksStatus`); a country's division rings are decoded
  * the first time a point falls inside it. A failed load is retried later
  * (see `createRetryableLoader`). No network.
  */
@@ -47,8 +47,9 @@ const PACKS = {
   ),
 };
 
-/** The packs on their way now, for the loading status. */
+/** The packs on their way now, and those whose last load failed. */
 const loadingPacks = new Set();
+const failedPacks = new Set();
 const loadingListeners = new Set();
 
 function notifyLoading() {
@@ -61,13 +62,25 @@ function notifyLoading() {
   }
 }
 
-/** A pack load that the loading status counts while it runs. */
-function reportedLoad(name, load) {
+/**
+ * A pack load that the loading status follows: on its way while it runs,
+ * failed until a later load of it succeeds.
+ * @template T
+ * @param {string} name
+ * @param {() => Promise<T>} load
+ * @returns {() => Promise<T>}
+ */
+export function reportedPlacePackLoad(name, load) {
   return async () => {
     loadingPacks.add(name);
     notifyLoading();
     try {
-      return await load();
+      const result = await load();
+      failedPacks.delete(name);
+      return result;
+    } catch (error) {
+      failedPacks.add(name);
+      throw error;
     } finally {
       loadingPacks.delete(name);
       notifyLoading();
@@ -76,12 +89,13 @@ function reportedLoad(name, load) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Whether a place pack is loading now. The packs load lazily, on the first
- * lookup that needs them, so the loading status says so meanwhile.
- * @returns {boolean}
+ * The place packs' state for the loading status. The packs load lazily, on
+ * the first lookup that needs them, so the status says so meanwhile, and
+ * says when one would not load.
+ * @returns {{loading: boolean, failed: boolean}}
  */
-export function placePacksLoading() {
-  return loadingPacks.size > 0;
+export function placePacksStatus() {
+  return { loading: loadingPacks.size > 0, failed: failedPacks.size > 0 };
 }
 
 /**
@@ -191,7 +205,9 @@ async function readPlaces() {
   }
   return { land, water };
 }
-const loadPlaces = createRetryableLoader(reportedLoad('places', readPlaces));
+const loadPlaces = createRetryableLoader(
+  reportedPlacePackLoad('places', readPlaces),
+);
 
 /** Divisions grouped by country code; rings decoded per country on demand. */
 async function readDivisions() {
@@ -208,7 +224,7 @@ async function readDivisions() {
   return { byCountry, decoded: new Map() };
 }
 const loadDivisions = createRetryableLoader(
-  reportedLoad('divisions', readDivisions),
+  reportedPlacePackLoad('divisions', readDivisions),
 );
 
 /** The first-level division holding a point inside country `code`, or null. */
@@ -243,7 +259,7 @@ async function readPopulatedPlaces() {
   );
 }
 const loadPopulatedPlaces = createRetryableLoader(
-  reportedLoad('populated-places', readPopulatedPlaces),
+  reportedPlacePackLoad('populated-places', readPopulatedPlaces),
 );
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
index ff1837a3d..2d95afd49 100644
--- a/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
@@ -8,16 +8,30 @@ test('a place pack load is reported from its start to its end', async () => {
   const place = await import('./placeBelow.js?loading-status');
   const heard = [];
   const stop = place.onPlacePacksLoadingChange(() =>
-    heard.push(place.placePacksLoading()),
+    heard.push(place.placePacksStatus().loading),
   );
-  assert.equal(place.placePacksLoading(), false);
+  assert.equal(place.placePacksStatus().loading, false);
   const lookup = place.nearPlace(48.86, 2.35, 50);
-  assert.equal(place.placePacksLoading(), true, 'on its way');
+  assert.equal(place.placePacksStatus().loading, true, 'on its way');
   assert.equal(await lookup, 'Paris');
-  assert.equal(place.placePacksLoading(), false, 'loaded');
+  assert.equal(place.placePacksStatus().loading, false, 'loaded');
   assert.deepEqual(heard, [true, false]);
   // Loaded once: a later lookup is not reported again.
   await place.nearPlace(48.86, 2.35, 50);
   assert.deepEqual(heard, [true, false]);
   stop();
 });
+
+test('a pack that would not load stays failed until it loads', async () => {
+  const place = await import('./placeBelow.js?failed-status');
+  let fail = true;
+  const load = place.reportedPlacePackLoad('test', async () => {
+    if (fail) throw new Error('offline');
+    return 1;
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(load(), /offline/);
+  assert.deepEqual(place.placePacksStatus(), { loading: false, failed: true });
+  fail = false;
+  assert.equal(await load(), 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(place.placePacksStatus(), { loading: false, failed: false });
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/applicationShell.js b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
index 4cf9643d7..7bffa4d4d 100644
--- a/src/ui/applicationShell.js
+++ b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
@@ -64,26 +64,10 @@ import { useLocationStore } from './stores/location.js';
 import { useCockpitStore } from './stores/cockpit.js';
 import { useGlobeActionsStore } from './stores/globeActions.js';
 import { useRecordingStore } from './stores/recording.js';
-import {
-  onPlacePacksLoadingChange,
-  placePacksLoading,
-} from '../data/placeBelow.js';
-import { LOADING_NAME_KEYS } from './layerNames.js';
+import { onPlacePacksLoadingChange } from '../data/placeBelow.js';
+import { withPlacePacks } from './placePacksLoading.js';
 import { preloadOwnerFlags } from './ownerFlag.js';
 
-/** The place packs, as one more loading entry while they are on their way. */
-const PLACE_PACKS_LOADING = Object.freeze({
-  id: 'place-names',
-  name: LOADING_NAME_KEYS['place-names'],
-  enabled: true,
-  stats: Object.freeze({ loading: true }),
-});
-
-/** The data layers, with the place packs while they load. */
-function withPlacePacks(layers) {
-  return placePacksLoading() ? [...layers, PLACE_PACKS_LOADING] : layers;
-}
-
 /**
  * Central UI orchestrator for the God's Eye View application.
  *
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs b/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
index 5de131693..987527c28 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitOrbital.test.mjs
@@ -222,14 +222,20 @@ test('an owner country shows its flag from the sheet, or its code if the sheet w
   await settle();
   // No sheet: the code, so the owner never disappears.
   assert.equal(f.text('.cockpit-orbital-owner-badge'), 'US');
+  // Another satellite of the same country asks again.
+  f.store.publishOrbital({ ...f.store.orbital, noradId: 43013 });
+  await nextTick();
+  assert.equal(images.length, 2, 'a new ride asks again');
+  images[1].onerror();
+  await settle();
   // The next flag asks again; this time the sheet comes.
   f.store.publishOrbital({
     ...f.store.orbital,
     owner: { countryCode: 'FR', label: 'France' },
   });
   await nextTick();
-  assert.equal(images.length, 2);
-  images[1].onload();
+  assert.equal(images.length, 3);
+  images[2].onload();
   await settle();
   const flag = f.section().querySelector('.cockpit-orbital-flag');
   assert.equal(flag.getAttribute('role'), 'img');
diff --git a/src/ui/ownerFlag.js b/src/ui/ownerFlag.js
index 750b36e43..5020143c6 100644
--- a/src/ui/ownerFlag.js
+++ b/src/ui/ownerFlag.js
@@ -62,12 +62,18 @@ export function preloadOwnerFlags({
 export function ownerFlagStyle(code, { widthPx = 20, heightPx = 15 } = {}) {
   const index = SHEET_INDEX.get(code);
   if (index === undefined) return null;
-  const column = index % OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns;
-  const row = Math.floor(index / OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns);
+  const sheet = OWNER_FLAG_SHEET;
+  const column = index % sheet.columns;
+  const row = Math.floor(index / sheet.columns);
+  // A cell and its gutter, in CSS pixels at this size.
+  const pitchX =
+    (widthPx * (sheet.cellWidthPx + sheet.gutterPx)) / sheet.cellWidthPx;
+  const pitchY =
+    (heightPx * (sheet.cellHeightPx + sheet.gutterPx)) / sheet.cellHeightPx;
   return {
     backgroundImage: `url("${OWNER_FLAG_SHEET_URL}")`,
-    backgroundSize: `${OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns * widthPx}px ${OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.rows * heightPx}px`,
-    backgroundPosition: `${-column * widthPx}px ${-row * heightPx}px`,
+    backgroundSize: `${sheet.columns * pitchX}px ${sheet.rows * pitchY}px`,
+    backgroundPosition: `${-column * pitchX}px ${-row * pitchY}px`,
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs b/src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs
index 737ab018d..d1d6bf455 100644
--- a/src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/ownerFlag.test.mjs
@@ -69,28 +69,34 @@ test('the sheet holds every owner country a satellite can be marked with', () =>
   );
   // The PNG is as large as its layout says (width and height at bytes 16-23).
   const png = readFileSync(new URL(OWNER_FLAG_SHEET_URL));
+  const { cellWidthPx, cellHeightPx, gutterPx } = OWNER_FLAG_SHEET;
   assert.equal(
     png.readUInt32BE(16),
-    OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns * OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.cellWidthPx,
+    OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns * (cellWidthPx + gutterPx),
   );
   assert.equal(
     png.readUInt32BE(20),
-    OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.rows * OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.cellHeightPx,
+    OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.rows * (cellHeightPx + gutterPx),
   );
 });
 
 test('a flag is drawn from its cell of the sheet, at the size asked', () => {
+  // 40 × 30 sheet cells with a 2 px gutter, drawn at 20 × 15: each cell and
+  // its gutter is 21 × 16 CSS pixels.
+  assert.equal(OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.cellWidthPx, 40);
+  assert.equal(OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.cellHeightPx, 30);
+  assert.equal(OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.gutterPx, 2);
   const columns = OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.columns;
   const index = OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.codes.indexOf('US');
   const style = ownerFlagStyle('US');
   assert.equal(style.backgroundImage, `url("${OWNER_FLAG_SHEET_URL}")`);
   assert.equal(
     style.backgroundSize,
-    `${columns * 20}px ${OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.rows * 15}px`,
+    `${columns * 21}px ${OWNER_FLAG_SHEET.rows * 16}px`,
   );
   assert.equal(
     style.backgroundPosition,
-    `${-(index % columns) * 20}px ${-Math.floor(index / columns) * 15}px`,
+    `${-(index % columns) * 21}px ${-Math.floor(index / columns) * 16}px`,
   );
   // The first flag sits at the corner.
   assert.equal(
diff --git a/src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js b/src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js
index dec6ef8e6..723bf00de 100644
--- a/src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js
+++ b/src/ui/ownerFlagSheet.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 export const OWNER_FLAG_SHEET = Object.freeze({
   cellWidthPx: 40,
   cellHeightPx: 30,
+  gutterPx: 2,
   columns: 16,
   rows: 7,
   codes: Object.freeze([
diff --git a/src/ui/placePacksLoading.js b/src/ui/placePacksLoading.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f18d79769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/placePacksLoading.js
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/**
+ * The place packs in the top-centre loading status: they load lazily, on the
+ * Cockpit's first place lookup (`src/data/placeBelow.js`), so while one is on
+ * its way the status names them beside the layers, and a pack that would not
+ * load makes the batch end LOAD FAILED.
+ */
+
+import { placePacksStatus } from '../data/placeBelow.js';
+import { LOADING_NAME_KEYS } from './layerNames.js';
+
+/**
+ * The data layers, with the place packs as one more entry while they load
+ * or after one would not load, so a batch they join ends LOAD FAILED rather
+ * than LOAD COMPLETE.
+ */
+export function withPlacePacks(
+  layers,
+  { loading, failed } = placePacksStatus(),
+) {
+  if (!loading && !failed) return layers;
+  return [
+    ...layers,
+    {
+      id: 'place-names',
+      name: LOADING_NAME_KEYS['place-names'],
+      enabled: true,
+      stats: { loading, error: failed ? 'Place names did not load' : null },
+    },
+  ];
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs b/src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09db21fc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs — the loading status names the place
+// packs while they load, and a failed pack ends the batch as failed.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  aggregateLayerLoading,
+  createLoadingFeedbackState,
+  reduceLoadingFeedback,
+} from '../loadingFeedback.js';
+import { withPlacePacks } from './placePacksLoading.js';
+
+const SATELLITES = Object.freeze({
+  id: 'satellites',
+  name: 'Satellites',
+  enabled: true,
+  stats: { count: 9000, lastUpdate: 1 },
+});
+
+function batch(states) {
+  let state = createLoadingFeedbackState();
+  let now = 0;
+  for (const status of states) {
+    now += 1000;
+    state = reduceLoadingFeedback(
+      state,
+      aggregateLayerLoading(withPlacePacks([SATELLITES], status)),
+      now,
+    );
+  }
+  return state;
+}
+
+test('nothing extra while the packs are idle', () => {
+  const layers = [SATELLITES];
+  assert.equal(
+    withPlacePacks(layers, { loading: false, failed: false }),
+    layers,
+  );
+});
+
+test('the packs are named while they load', () => {
+  const summary = aggregateLayerLoading(
+    withPlacePacks([SATELLITES], { loading: true, failed: false }),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(summary.activeIds, ['place-names']);
+  assert.equal(summary.active[0].label, 'Place names');
+});
+
+test('a load that lands ends complete; one that fails ends failed', () => {
+  const loading = { loading: true, failed: false };
+  assert.equal(
+    batch([loading, { loading: false, failed: false }]).terminal,
+    'complete',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    batch([loading, { loading: false, failed: true }]).terminal,
+    'error',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
index 6f0bd76f9..9e799f2be 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpitOrbital.css
@@ -200,6 +200,9 @@
   border: 1px solid var(--orbital-faint);
   border-radius: 1px;
   background-repeat: no-repeat;
+  /* Only the flag's own cell: the sheet's neighbours stay out from under
+     the border. */
+  background-clip: content-box;
 }
 .cockpit-orbital-owner-badge {
   flex: none;
diff --git a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
index 3e8083755..e43848d7e 100644
--- a/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
+++ b/src/ui/views/panels/CockpitOrbital.vue
@@ -195,9 +195,14 @@ const mark = computed(() =>
 const flagsReady = ref(false);
 const flagsFailed = ref(false);
 watch(
-  () => (mark.value?.kind === 'flag' ? mark.value.code : null),
-  async (code) => {
-    if (!code || flagsReady.value) return;
+  // Keyed on the satellite too: after a failed load, the next ride asks
+  // again even when its owner is the same country.
+  () =>
+    mark.value?.kind === 'flag'
+      ? `${mark.value.code}:${orbital.value?.noradId ?? ''}`
+      : null,
+  async (key) => {
+    if (!key || flagsReady.value) return;
     const ready = await preloadOwnerFlags();
     flagsReady.value = ready;
     flagsFailed.value = !ready;

From f6dc89b4fa8004cabe29e8536e25d71739b33788 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 19:49:05 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 253/262] fix(cockpit): a place pack retried after a failure
 counts as failed only if the retry fails

---
 src/data/placeBelow.js              | 4 +++-
 src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs | 8 +++++++-
 src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs   | 9 +++++++++
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/data/placeBelow.js b/src/data/placeBelow.js
index b5bdff4f2..2cd5cf854 100644
--- a/src/data/placeBelow.js
+++ b/src/data/placeBelow.js
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ function notifyLoading() {
 
 /**
  * A pack load that the loading status follows: on its way while it runs,
- * failed until a later load of it succeeds.
+ * failed from a failure until it is tried again.
  * @template T
  * @param {string} name
  * @param {() => Promise<T>} load
@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@ function notifyLoading() {
  */
 export function reportedPlacePackLoad(name, load) {
   return async () => {
+    // A retry is a fresh try: its batch ends on what this load does.
+    failedPacks.delete(name);
     loadingPacks.add(name);
     notifyLoading();
     try {
diff --git a/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
index 2d95afd49..03a9d9a52 100644
--- a/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
@@ -32,6 +32,12 @@ test('a pack that would not load stays failed until it loads', async () => {
   await assert.rejects(load(), /offline/);
   assert.deepEqual(place.placePacksStatus(), { loading: false, failed: true });
   fail = false;
-  assert.equal(await load(), 1);
+  const retry = load();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    place.placePacksStatus(),
+    { loading: true, failed: false },
+    'a retry is not a failure until it fails',
+  );
+  assert.equal(await retry, 1);
   assert.deepEqual(place.placePacksStatus(), { loading: false, failed: false });
 });
diff --git a/src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs b/src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
index 09db21fc3..44aab8836 100644
--- a/src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
@@ -56,4 +56,13 @@ test('a load that lands ends complete; one that fails ends failed', () => {
     batch([loading, { loading: false, failed: true }]).terminal,
     'error',
   );
+  // A retry after a failure that lands ends complete.
+  assert.equal(
+    batch([
+      { loading: false, failed: true },
+      loading,
+      { loading: false, failed: false },
+    ]).terminal,
+    'complete',
+  );
 });

From c5e1951f517e7c7ac10ccd13b2b71e61d2dbe253 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 19:57:28 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 254/262] fix(cockpit): one place lookup that loads several
 packs reads as one load, not a LOAD COMPLETE between packs

---
 src/data/placeBelow.js              | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs | 14 ++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/data/placeBelow.js b/src/data/placeBelow.js
index 2cd5cf854..e8456973a 100644
--- a/src/data/placeBelow.js
+++ b/src/data/placeBelow.js
@@ -50,6 +50,11 @@ const PACKS = {
 /** The packs on their way now, and those whose last load failed. */
 const loadingPacks = new Set();
 const failedPacks = new Set();
+// One lookup loads its packs one after another (countries and seas, then
+// divisions, then places): the status holds them as one load until the
+// lookup ends, rather than ending and starting a batch between packs.
+let lookupsInFlight = 0;
+let lookupLoaded = false;
 const loadingListeners = new Set();
 
 function notifyLoading() {
@@ -74,6 +79,7 @@ export function reportedPlacePackLoad(name, load) {
   return async () => {
     // A retry is a fresh try: its batch ends on what this load does.
     failedPacks.delete(name);
+    if (lookupsInFlight > 0) lookupLoaded = true;
     loadingPacks.add(name);
     notifyLoading();
     try {
@@ -97,7 +103,10 @@ export function reportedPlacePackLoad(name, load) {
  * @returns {{loading: boolean, failed: boolean}}
  */
 export function placePacksStatus() {
-  return { loading: loadingPacks.size > 0, failed: failedPacks.size > 0 };
+  return {
+    loading: loadingPacks.size > 0 || (lookupLoaded && lookupsInFlight > 0),
+    failed: failedPacks.size > 0,
+  };
 }
 
 /**
@@ -324,7 +333,20 @@ async function orNull(lookup) {
  *   simplification) or it is invalid. Rejects only when the country and
  *   marine packs fail.
  */
-export async function placeBelow(
+export async function placeBelow(latitude, longitude, options) {
+  lookupsInFlight += 1;
+  try {
+    return await findPlaceBelow(latitude, longitude, options);
+  } finally {
+    lookupsInFlight -= 1;
+    if (lookupsInFlight === 0 && lookupLoaded) {
+      lookupLoaded = false;
+      notifyLoading();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async function findPlaceBelow(
   latitude,
   longitude,
   { nearKm = null, detail = DETAIL_LOOKUPS } = {},
diff --git a/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
index 03a9d9a52..6aa3f69d3 100644
--- a/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
@@ -41,3 +41,17 @@ test('a pack that would not load stays failed until it loads', async () => {
   assert.equal(await retry, 1);
   assert.deepEqual(place.placePacksStatus(), { loading: false, failed: false });
 });
+
+test('one lookup that loads several packs reads as one load', async () => {
+  const place = await import('./placeBelow.js?one-lookup');
+  const heard = [];
+  const stop = place.onPlacePacksLoadingChange(() => {
+    const { loading } = place.placePacksStatus();
+    if (heard.at(-1) !== loading) heard.push(loading);
+  });
+  // On land with a radius: countries and seas, then divisions, then places.
+  const found = await place.placeBelow(48.86, 2.35, { nearKm: 50 });
+  assert.equal(found.near, 'Paris');
+  assert.deepEqual(heard, [true, false], 'no gap between the packs');
+  stop();
+});

From 2f31828d2839b1d7e34d6d2934632ac329c012a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 20:04:40 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 255/262] fix(place-names): a load starts with no failures, so
 packs that failed earlier do not mark a retry that lands as failed

---
 src/data/placeBelow.js              | 23 ++++++++++++-------
 src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/data/placeBelow.js b/src/data/placeBelow.js
index e8456973a..609c90907 100644
--- a/src/data/placeBelow.js
+++ b/src/data/placeBelow.js
@@ -47,7 +47,11 @@ const PACKS = {
   ),
 };
 
-/** The packs on their way now, and those whose last load failed. */
+/**
+ * The packs on their way now, and those that failed in the current load (or
+ * the last one): a load starts with no failures, so a retry that lands is
+ * not blamed for a pack that failed before.
+ */
 const loadingPacks = new Set();
 const failedPacks = new Set();
 // One lookup loads its packs one after another (countries and seas, then
@@ -67,9 +71,14 @@ function notifyLoading() {
   }
 }
 
+/** Whether the status shows a load on its way. */
+function loadingNow() {
+  return loadingPacks.size > 0 || (lookupLoaded && lookupsInFlight > 0);
+}
+
 /**
  * A pack load that the loading status follows: on its way while it runs,
- * failed from a failure until it is tried again.
+ * and failed, if it fails, until the next load starts.
  * @template T
  * @param {string} name
  * @param {() => Promise<T>} load
@@ -77,15 +86,13 @@ function notifyLoading() {
  */
 export function reportedPlacePackLoad(name, load) {
   return async () => {
-    // A retry is a fresh try: its batch ends on what this load does.
-    failedPacks.delete(name);
+    // A fresh load forgets earlier failures: it ends on what it loads.
+    if (!loadingNow()) failedPacks.clear();
     if (lookupsInFlight > 0) lookupLoaded = true;
     loadingPacks.add(name);
     notifyLoading();
     try {
-      const result = await load();
-      failedPacks.delete(name);
-      return result;
+      return await load();
     } catch (error) {
       failedPacks.add(name);
       throw error;
@@ -104,7 +111,7 @@ export function reportedPlacePackLoad(name, load) {
  */
 export function placePacksStatus() {
   return {
-    loading: loadingPacks.size > 0 || (lookupLoaded && lookupsInFlight > 0),
+    loading: loadingNow(),
     failed: failedPacks.size > 0,
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
index 6aa3f69d3..e58fa9948 100644
--- a/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
@@ -55,3 +55,37 @@ test('one lookup that loads several packs reads as one load', async () => {
   assert.deepEqual(heard, [true, false], 'no gap between the packs');
   stop();
 });
+
+test('a load is not blamed for packs that failed in an earlier one', async () => {
+  const place = await import('./placeBelow.js?two-failed');
+  let fail = true;
+  const pack = (name) =>
+    place.reportedPlacePackLoad(name, async () => {
+      if (fail) throw new Error('offline');
+      return name;
+    });
+  const divisions = pack('divisions');
+  const places = pack('places');
+  await assert.rejects(divisions());
+  await assert.rejects(places());
+  assert.equal(place.placePacksStatus().failed, true);
+  fail = false;
+  // One lookup retries both, one after the other.
+  const lookup = place.placeBelow(48.86, 2.35, {
+    detail: {
+      division: async () => divisions(),
+      near: async () => places(),
+    },
+  });
+  const statuses = [];
+  const stop = place.onPlacePacksLoadingChange(() =>
+    statuses.push(place.placePacksStatus()),
+  );
+  await lookup;
+  stop();
+  assert.ok(statuses.length > 0);
+  assert.ok(
+    statuses.every((status) => status.failed === false),
+    'the earlier failures do not colour this load',
+  );
+});

From 26718edc0bc96a71fb74889684023b127d66b725 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 20:07:04 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 256/262] test(place-names): stand-in packs, the whole status
 run, and a failure within a load that stays failed

---
 src/data/placeBelow.js              |  3 +-
 src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs | 58 +++++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/data/placeBelow.js b/src/data/placeBelow.js
index 609c90907..ce644044c 100644
--- a/src/data/placeBelow.js
+++ b/src/data/placeBelow.js
@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ const PACKS = {
 /**
  * The packs on their way now, and those that failed in the current load (or
  * the last one): a load starts with no failures, so a retry that lands is
- * not blamed for a pack that failed before.
+ * not blamed for a pack that failed before. (A load that does not need the
+ * failed pack clears it too; the next lookup that needs it tries it again.)
  */
 const loadingPacks = new Set();
 const failedPacks = new Set();
diff --git a/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
index e58fa9948..e23857a93 100644
--- a/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/placePacksLoading.test.mjs
@@ -56,36 +56,56 @@ test('one lookup that loads several packs reads as one load', async () => {
   stop();
 });
 
-test('a load is not blamed for packs that failed in an earlier one', async () => {
-  const place = await import('./placeBelow.js?two-failed');
-  let fail = true;
+/** Two stand-in packs (not real pack names) that fail while named in `fail`. */
+function standInPacks(place, fail) {
   const pack = (name) =>
     place.reportedPlacePackLoad(name, async () => {
-      if (fail) throw new Error('offline');
+      if (fail.has(name)) throw new Error('offline');
       return name;
     });
-  const divisions = pack('divisions');
-  const places = pack('places');
-  await assert.rejects(divisions());
-  await assert.rejects(places());
-  assert.equal(place.placePacksStatus().failed, true);
-  fail = false;
-  // One lookup retries both, one after the other.
-  const lookup = place.placeBelow(48.86, 2.35, {
-    detail: {
-      division: async () => divisions(),
-      near: async () => places(),
-    },
-  });
+  return { first: pack('stand-in-first'), second: pack('stand-in-second') };
+}
+
+/** The statuses one lookup that loads both stand-ins reports, start to end. */
+async function lookupStatuses(place, { first, second }) {
   const statuses = [];
   const stop = place.onPlacePacksLoadingChange(() =>
     statuses.push(place.placePacksStatus()),
   );
-  await lookup;
+  await place.placeBelow(48.86, 2.35, {
+    detail: { division: async () => first(), near: async () => second() },
+  });
   stop();
-  assert.ok(statuses.length > 0);
+  return statuses;
+}
+
+test('a load is not blamed for packs that failed in an earlier one', async () => {
+  const place = await import('./placeBelow.js?two-failed');
+  const fail = new Set(['stand-in-first', 'stand-in-second']);
+  const packs = standInPacks(place, fail);
+  await assert.rejects(packs.first());
+  await assert.rejects(packs.second());
+  assert.equal(place.placePacksStatus().failed, true);
+  fail.clear();
+  const statuses = await lookupStatuses(place, packs);
+  assert.deepEqual(statuses[0], { loading: true, failed: false });
   assert.ok(
     statuses.every((status) => status.failed === false),
     'the earlier failures do not colour this load',
   );
+  assert.deepEqual(place.placePacksStatus(), {
+    loading: false,
+    failed: false,
+  });
+});
+
+test('a pack that fails in a load keeps it failed when the next one lands', async () => {
+  const place = await import('./placeBelow.js?mixed');
+  const packs = standInPacks(place, new Set(['stand-in-first']));
+  const statuses = await lookupStatuses(place, packs);
+  assert.deepEqual(statuses.at(-1), { loading: false, failed: true });
+  assert.deepEqual(place.placePacksStatus(), {
+    loading: false,
+    failed: true,
+  });
 });

From c1c71d19873f1e2a51b541ca9cccfdce951ad387 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sameh Khamis <sameh@halfpixel.ai>
Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2026 20:12:00 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 257/262] docs(changelog): orbital cockpit follow-ups (#1637)

---
 changelog.d/1637-orbital-cockpit-followups.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 changelog.d/1637-orbital-cockpit-followups.md

diff --git a/changelog.d/1637-orbital-cockpit-followups.md b/changelog.d/1637-orbital-cockpit-followups.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..984e25d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1637-orbital-cockpit-followups.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Keep the orbital cockpit's sensor strip steady through a zoom step, load the
+  satellite owner flags at startup from one generated 15 KB sheet, and name
+  "Place names" in the loading status while the place-name packs load on first
+  lookup (Sameh Khamis, @samehkhamis, #1637).

From da6b63b6fdd95df533d7fbfce2ae0a3b65b1d21a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2026 16:45:11 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 258/262] docs(tools): tighten the heading-wrap changelog,
 comments and overview

---
 changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md | 7 +++----
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                  | 4 +---
 src/tools/queries/environment.js       | 2 +-
 src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs       | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md b/changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md
index 2a630f600..3647bf9a8 100644
--- a/changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md
+++ b/changelog.d/1524-tools-heading-wrap.md
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-- The agent and voice query tools report a direction that rounds to 360 as 0:
-  vessel course and heading, aircraft course, transit bearing, camera heading
-  and satellite azimuths now round through the shared heading helper the
-  layers use, which wraps into 0–359 (@quanticsoul4772, #1524).
+- The agent and voice query tools wrap whole-degree directions into 0–359, so
+  a vessel course or heading, aircraft course, transit bearing, camera heading
+  or satellite azimuth that rounds to 360 reads 0 (@quanticsoul4772, #1524).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 57daf7849..0ffb49ea8 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -398,9 +398,7 @@ perimeters, terrain height, military installations and map features, plus a
 combined situation brief, military awareness around a point, the app's heads-up display caption, and a link that
 opens the app over an area. Tools reuse the layers' portable source factories, take a
 shared `area` argument (place name, bounding box, or point and radius) and cap
-lists at 25 rows by default. Their whole-degree directions round through
-`roundHeadingDegrees`, listed with the heading readouts below.
-`aircraft_in_area` and `vessels_in_area` can also
+lists at 25 rows by default. `aircraft_in_area` and `vessels_in_area` can also
 count every match by a field (`group_by`: airline, read from the ICAO
 designator in the callsign, or operator, country or type for aircraft; type or
 destination for ships; the ten largest groups, then other and unknown counts;
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/environment.js b/src/tools/queries/environment.js
index 0af696e36..1f5800d53 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/environment.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/environment.js
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ function weatherRow(weather) {
     precipitation_mm: weather.precipitationMm ?? null,
     cloud_cover_pct: weather.cloudCoverPct ?? null,
     wind_kph: weather.windKph ?? null,
-    // Raw Open-Meteo value, like the fields above; it reports north as 360.
+    // Raw Open-Meteo value, so north reads 360.
     wind_direction_deg: weather.windDirectionDeg ?? null,
     visibility_m: weather.visibilityM ?? null,
   };
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
index 41394e305..cb12dfcbe 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@ test('satellite azimuths that round to 360 read as 0', async () => {
     tools: coreTools,
     services: { satellites: satellites(), clock: CLOCK },
   });
-  // These points are chosen so the ISS's raw azimuths fall just below 360°;
-  // pin that first, so the test cannot pass on a raw value already near 0.
+  // At these points the ISS's raw azimuths fall just below 360°; check that
+  // first so the test cannot pass on a raw value near 0.
   const [, line1, line2] = TLE.split('\n');
   const iss = twoline2satrec(line1, line2);
   const nearNorth = (deg) => deg > 359.5 && deg < 360;

From 394f3216f8ec6dc828bd1f836d1dae24444d7479 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2026 17:06:56 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 259/262] Drop the sub-acre rounding comment

---
 src/layers/perimeters/cards.js | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js
index a6cb3ac4d..4c73d5733 100644
--- a/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js
+++ b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js
@@ -159,8 +159,6 @@ export function buildIncidentCard(row, nowMs, { link = null } = {}) {
   // the known cause, behavior and complexity values and the wording around them.
   const facts = [];
   if (Number.isFinite(row.acres)) {
-    // WFIGS reports sizes to the hundredth of an acre; a fire under one acre
-    // keeps them rather than reading "0 ac".
     const acres =
       row.acres < 1 ? Math.round(row.acres * 100) / 100 : Math.round(row.acres);
     facts.push(

From 2ea4a78e7554243801e83bd5712683d1dfd56c3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2026 18:12:48 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 260/262] Fix the fr review follow-ups
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

- "destination refresh" is the refresh at the place the camera flew to,
  so restore "son actualisation à destination".
- Radio note: "que vous la demandez par la voix", "Votre adresse IP".
- "{count} / 30D": "30 J", like "{days} j".
- Starlink: "la couche complète", as in the active-state tooltip.
- "Show {name} sighting": colon form, so names starting with a vowel
  do not break the elision after "de".
- Wildlife note: Acartia is the source, not a kind of marine mammal.
- Straight apostrophes in the five strings added on main since.
---
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index a6f5f7e18..24cd94528 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -820,7 +820,7 @@
   "FLIGHT {count}": "VOL {count}",
   "REUSED": "RÉUTILISÉ",
   "NO STAGE RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY DATA": "AUCUNE DONNÉE DE RENTRÉE / RÉCUPÉRATION D'ÉTAGE",
-  "{count} / 30D": "{count} / 30J",
+  "{count} / 30D": "{count} / 30 J",
   "NO MISSIONS AVAILABLE IN THE CURRENT 30-DAY WINDOW": "AUCUNE MISSION DISPONIBLE DANS LA FENÊTRE ACTUELLE DE 30 JOURS",
   "DATE UNAVAILABLE": "DATE INDISPONIBLE",
   "UNSPECIFIED OPERATOR": "OPÉRATEUR NON PRÉCISÉ",
@@ -1052,7 +1052,7 @@
   "Longitudes must be within ±180°": "Les longitudes doivent être comprises entre −180° et +180°",
   "Select one side of the dateline": "Ne traversez pas la ligne de changement de date",
   "Box must enclose an area": "La zone doit délimiter une surface",
-  "Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)": "Ajouter toute la couche de la constellation Starlink (des milliers de points en plus)",
+  "Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)": "Ajouter la couche complète de la constellation Starlink (des milliers de points en plus)",
   "Loading the Starlink shell…": "Chargement de la couche de la constellation Starlink…",
   "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail} — cliquer pour réessayer",
   "load failed": "échec du chargement",
@@ -2616,7 +2616,7 @@
   "{layer} is enabled on the {source} feed, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet": "La couche {layer} est activée sur le flux {source}, mais aucun aéronef en vol n'est encore chargé dans la vue {place}",
   "{layer} is enabled, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet": "La couche {layer} est activée, mais aucun aéronef en vol n'est encore chargé dans la vue {place}",
   "{layer} is enabled, but its aircraft feed is unavailable": "La couche {layer} est activée, mais son flux d'aéronefs est indisponible",
-  "{layer} is enabled, but its destination refresh did not complete": "La couche {layer} est activée, mais l'actualisation de ses destinations ne s'est pas terminée",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but its destination refresh did not complete": "La couche {layer} est activée, mais son actualisation à destination ne s'est pas terminée",
   "{layer} is enabled, but {source} is unavailable": "La couche {layer} est activée, mais {source} est indisponible",
   "Could not arrive at {place}": "Impossible d'atteindre {place}",
   "{name} is no longer loaded": "{name} n'est plus chargé",
@@ -2912,7 +2912,7 @@
   "Radio volume": "Volume de la radio",
   "STATION SITE": "SITE DE LA STATION",
   "DIRECTORY: RADIO BROWSER": "ANNUAIRE : RADIO BROWSER",
-  "Audio connects directly to the broadcaster when you press play, choose a station on the globe or ask voice to play. Your IP is visible to that broadcaster.": "Le flux audio se connecte directement au diffuseur lorsque vous lancez la lecture, que vous choisissez une station sur le globe ou que vous demandez sa lecture à la voix. Votre IP est visible par ce diffuseur.",
+  "Audio connects directly to the broadcaster when you press play, choose a station on the globe or ask voice to play. Your IP is visible to that broadcaster.": "Le flux audio se connecte directement au diffuseur lorsque vous lancez la lecture, que vous choisissez une station sur le globe ou que vous la demandez par la voix. Votre adresse IP est visible par ce diffuseur.",
   "Local RTL-SDR receiver": "Récepteur RTL-SDR local",
   "LOCAL RTL-SDR": "RTL-SDR LOCAL",
   "Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · one local tuner shared by FM and the Local ADS-B layer.": "Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · un seul tuner local partagé entre la FM et la couche ADS-B local.",
@@ -3275,7 +3275,7 @@
   "The provider refused access for this key. Check the key's project, region or permissions.": "Le fournisseur a refusé l'accès pour cette clé. Vérifiez le projet, la région ou les autorisations de la clé.",
   "The provider account is out of credit. Check its billing, or choose another AI Provider in Settings.": "Le compte du fournisseur n'a plus de crédit. Vérifiez la facturation ou choisissez un autre fournisseur d'IA dans les paramètres.",
   "SIGHTING": "OBSERVATION",
-  "Show {name} sighting": "Afficher l'observation de {name}",
+  "Show {name} sighting": "Afficher l'observation : {name}",
   "seen {age} ago": "vu il y a {age}",
   "observed {age} ago": "observé il y a {age}",
   "Be Whale Wise": "Respectez les cétacés",
@@ -3324,7 +3324,7 @@
   "CC BY 4.0": "CC BY 4.0",
   "{count} sightings in view": "{count} observations dans la vue",
   "Close sighting": "Fermer l'observation",
-  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "Faune observée au cours des dernières 48 h (cétacés 7 jours). La couleur et le pictogramme du badge indiquent le groupe taxonomique. Les espèces sensibles sont limitées à des cellules de 0,2° ; les signalements de mammifères marins Acartia en mer des Salish sont arrondis à 0,01°. Pas un recensement.",
+  "Wildlife observed within 48 h (whales 7 d). Color and badge glyph show the taxon group. Sensitive species are shown only as 0.2° cells; Salish Sea marine mammal reports via Acartia are rounded to 0.01°. Not a census.": "Faune observée au cours des dernières 48 h (cétacés 7 jours). La couleur et le pictogramme du badge indiquent le groupe taxonomique. Les espèces sensibles sont limitées à des cellules de 0,2° ; les signalements de mammifères marins en mer des Salish provenant d'Acartia sont arrondis à 0,01°. Pas un recensement.",
   "Open {name} on iNaturalist": "Ouvrir {name} sur iNaturalist",
   "Open {name} on Acartia": "Ouvrir {name} sur Acartia",
   "iNaturalist": "iNaturalist",
@@ -3337,12 +3337,12 @@
   "event age filter|All": "Tous",
   "Event age": "Ancienneté",
   "Event age: {days}d · undated kept": "Ancienneté : {days} j · marqueurs sans date conservés",
-  "Close camera preview": "Fermer l’aperçu de la caméra",
-  "Refresh map still": "Actualiser l’image fixe sur la carte",
-  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "L’image fixe de la carte utilise une requête distincte et peut montrer un autre moment.",
+  "Close camera preview": "Fermer l'aperçu de la caméra",
+  "Refresh map still": "Actualiser l'image fixe sur la carte",
+  "The map still uses a separate request and may show a different moment.": "L'image fixe de la carte utilise une requête distincte et peut montrer un autre moment.",
   "Video plays from Québec 511, which sees your IP address.": "La vidéo est lue depuis Québec 511, qui voit votre adresse IP.",
   "STATIONS": "STATIONS",
-  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "Stations habitées et les vaisseaux qui s’y rendent",
+  "Crewed stations and the craft that visit them": "Stations habitées et les vaisseaux qui s'y rendent",
   "IMAGING": "IMAGERIE",
   "Earth observation: optical, radar, weather and science": "Observation de la Terre : optique, radar, météo et science",
   "TELECOM": "TÉLÉCOM",
@@ -3355,7 +3355,7 @@
   "Rocket bodies, fragments and dead satellites": "Étages de fusée, fragments et satellites hors service",
   "Classes may lag: SATCAT is a cached copy": "Classes peut-être en retard : SATCAT est une copie en cache",
   "Classes may lag: SATCAT unavailable": "Classes peut-être en retard : SATCAT indisponible",
-  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "SATCAT de CelesTrak donne le type et l’état de chaque objet. Sans copie à jour, les classes reposent sur la base UCS, les noms et les groupes CelesTrak : un satellite hors service depuis peut encore apparaître comme actif.",
+  "CelesTrak SATCAT gives each object's type and status. Without a current copy the classes rest on the UCS database, names and CelesTrak groups, so a satellite that has died since may still show as working.": "SATCAT de CelesTrak donne le type et l'état de chaque objet. Sans copie à jour, les classes reposent sur la base UCS, les noms et les groupes CelesTrak : un satellite hors service depuis peut encore apparaître comme actif.",
   "STARLINK ···": "STARLINK ···",
   "STARLINK ✕": "STARLINK ✕",
   "SENSOR SWATH {value} KM": "FAUCHÉE CAPTEUR {value} KM",

From 09bf01630bf27515a31fd6b3fbcf98baa36784f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2026 18:14:30 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 261/262] docs(server): tighten compression comments and docs

---
 .../795-opensky-compress-cached-body.md       | 12 ++--
 docs/CURRENT-STATE.md                         |  2 +-
 server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js          | 20 +++----
 server/providers/common/compress.js           | 55 ++++++-------------
 src/tooling/liveProviders.test.mjs            | 23 ++++----
 src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs      | 23 +++-----
 6 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-)

diff --git a/changelog.d/795-opensky-compress-cached-body.md b/changelog.d/795-opensky-compress-cached-body.md
index c0bbadbed..3dff6a908 100644
--- a/changelog.d/795-opensky-compress-cached-body.md
+++ b/changelog.d/795-opensky-compress-cached-body.md
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-- The live flight snapshot is compressed on the wire. `/api/flights` gzips its
-  cached global snapshot and its regional adsb.lol fallback once per upstream
-  refresh and serves that frame to clients offering gzip — roughly 860 KB
-  becomes roughly 258 KB — while a client that offers nothing receives the same
-  bytes uncompressed. Both answers carry `Vary: Accept-Encoding`, and a response
-  the proxy does not cache, such as an auth failure, is never sent under a
-  cached snapshot's encoding (daikaginza, #795).
+- Compress the live flight snapshot on the wire. `/api/flights` gzips its
+  cached global snapshot and its regional adsb.lol fallback once per refresh
+  and sends that frame to clients that offer gzip: about 860 KB becomes about
+  250 KB. Other clients get the same bytes uncompressed, and both answers carry
+  `Vary: Accept-Encoding` (daikaginza, #795).
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 7e7349035..22d783d84 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -6186,7 +6186,7 @@ apply to `public/` assets or built-preview serving.
 - `/api/overpass` is bounded by body/response caps, per-client/global rate limits, concurrency limits, operator-configured upstreams, in-flight dedupe, cache bounds, and static validation that every selector is spatially bounded.
 - `/api/military-installations` uses an independent limiter with the same 90-per-client/300-global one-minute bounds, so viewport installation refreshes never consume `/api/overpass` annotation capacity.
 - `/api/route` proxies bounded OSRM route requests for annotation routes, with profile allowlisting, distance caps, response caps, caching, and sanitized "no route found" errors.
-- `/api/flights` negotiates response encoding. The cached global snapshot and the regional adsb.lol fallback are each gzipped once per refresh, so a client that offers gzip receives roughly 860 KB as 250 KB and one that does not receives the same bytes uncompressed; both answers carry `Vary: Accept-Encoding`. Bodies the proxy does not cache — auth failures, cooldown notices — are never sent under a cached response's encoding.
+- `/api/flights` negotiates gzip. The cached global snapshot and the regional adsb.lol fallback are each gzipped once per refresh (about 860 KB becomes about 250 KB). Clients that offer gzip get that frame; other clients, and bodies under 1 KiB or that gzip cannot shrink, get identity bytes. Both answers carry `Vary: Accept-Encoding`. Uncached bodies, such as auth failures, are never sent under a cached frame's encoding.
 - Track endpoints: `/api/vessels/track?mmsi=` (server-accumulated ring buffers; sub-route handled before the rows snapshot), `/api/flights/track?icao24=` (OAuth, 60s cache, sanitized errors, independent OpenSky credit bucket), `/api/military/track?hex=` (400 for an invalid hex, otherwise `503 history_unavailable` with `Retry-After: 1800` and `Cache-Control: no-store`, no upstream request; military tracking uses its locally accumulated trail).
 - Realtime debug logs redact API keys, bearer tokens, client secrets, and image data URLs before writing to disk; request bodies are size-capped.
 - `/api/realtime/debug-log` enforces an always-on 120-per-client/400-global one-minute limiter (not the opt-in `GEV_RATELIMIT_OPENAI_PER_MIN` bucket the cost-bearing OpenAI routes share), appends asynchronously through a serialized queue, and rotates `realtime-conversations.jsonl` at 32 MB keeping one prior generation, so the sink is bounded at twice that regardless of session length. A malformed record answers 400 and a failed write 500, both with a fixed message.
diff --git a/server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js b/server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js
index 0c948ef7a..b1b07c9d2 100644
--- a/server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js
+++ b/server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js
@@ -20,9 +20,8 @@ let _openskyTokenPromise = null;
 /** @type {string|null} Cached upstream response body (JSON text). */
 let _openskyCacheBody = null;
 /**
- * @type {Buffer|null} Gzip of `_openskyCacheBody`, written in the same step as
- * the body it encodes so the two can never describe different snapshots. Null
- * whenever the cached body is too small to be worth a frame.
+ * @type {Buffer|null} Gzip of `_openskyCacheBody`, written together with it.
+ * Null when the body is not worth compressing.
  */
 let _openskyCacheGzip = null;
 /** @type {number} HTTP status of the cached response. */
@@ -409,9 +408,8 @@ async function fetchAdsbLolPointFallback(req) {
         const body = JSON.stringify(normalized);
         const record = {
           body,
-          // Compressed with the body it belongs to, so a cache entry served
-          // many times pays for the frame once. Entries are bounded by
-          // ADSBLOL_POINT_CACHE_MAX, so the extra residency is bounded too.
+          // Compressed once per entry; ADSBLOL_POINT_CACHE_MAX bounds the
+          // extra memory.
           gzip: await gzipBody(body),
           cachedAt: Date.now(),
           count: normalized.states.length,
@@ -647,9 +645,8 @@ export function openSkyProxy() {
             // Only cache successful responses — error responses (401/403/429/5xx)
             // should not be served from cache on subsequent requests
             if (upstream.ok) {
-              // The frame is built before either slot is written so the two
-              // are always published together: a request arriving mid-refresh
-              // reads the previous body with the previous body's frame.
+              // Compress before writing either slot, so a request arriving
+              // mid-refresh still reads a body with its own frame.
               const frame = await gzipBody(body);
               _openskyCacheBody = body;
               _openskyCacheGzip = frame;
@@ -763,9 +760,8 @@ export function openSkyProxy() {
           }
         }
 
-        // Only the coalesced refresh caches, so the gzip slot belongs to this
-        // body only when this body is the one it stored. An error response is
-        // not cached and must not borrow the previous snapshot's frame.
+        // The frame belongs to this body only if this body was cached. An
+        // uncached error must not borrow the previous snapshot's frame.
         const encoded = encodedBody(
           req,
           body,
diff --git a/server/providers/common/compress.js b/server/providers/common/compress.js
index ebf736eda..d9938b87e 100644
--- a/server/providers/common/compress.js
+++ b/server/providers/common/compress.js
@@ -4,39 +4,25 @@ import { promisify } from 'node:util';
 const gzipAsync = promisify(gzip);
 
 /**
- * Response compression for proxies that already hold a whole body in memory.
+ * Opt-in gzip for text bodies a proxy already holds in memory.
  *
- * Deliberately not a middleware. Two response paths in this tree must never be
- * wrapped: `cctv/media.js` streams a piped body and answers byte-range requests
- * with 206, and `wind/gfs.js` also serves ranges — a wrapper that buffered or
- * re-encoded those would break playback and range semantics. Seven providers
- * additionally forward an upstream `content-type` verbatim, including already
- * compressed binary formats that gzip would only make larger.
- *
- * So compression is opt-in at the call site, for bodies the proxy holds and
- * knows to be text. The failure mode of forgetting a site is a response that is
- * merely uncompressed, never a corrupt one — but only as long as the encoded
- * body and its `Content-Encoding` are chosen together, which is why
- * `encodedBody` returns both rather than exposing them separately.
+ * Not a middleware: `cctv/media.js` streams bodies and answers range requests,
+ * and several providers forward binary upstream types that gzip only grows.
+ * `encodedBody` returns the body with its headers so the two cannot disagree.
  */
 
-/** Below this, a gzip frame costs more than the bytes it saves. */
+/** Skip compression for bodies smaller than 1 KiB. */
 const MIN_COMPRESSED_BYTES = 1024;
 
 /**
- * The `qvalue` grammar of RFC 9110 section 12.4.2: zero to three decimals
- * below one, or one with only zeros after it. Matching the whole token rather
- * than parsing a numeric prefix is what makes `q=1oops` and the out-of-range
- * `q=2` unreadable instead of quietly rounding to something acceptable.
+ * RFC 9110 section 12.4.2 `qvalue`. Matching the whole token keeps `q=1oops`
+ * and `q=2` unreadable instead of rounding them into acceptance.
  */
 const QVALUE = /^(?:0(?:\.\d{0,3})?|1(?:\.0{0,3})?)$/;
 
 /**
- * Whether the client offered gzip in `Accept-Encoding`.
- *
- * Anything this cannot read confidently — a missing header, a malformed or
- * out-of-range quality value, the `x-gzip` alias — reads as "no", because the
- * fallback is an identity response every client can decode.
+ * Whether `Accept-Encoding` offers gzip. Anything unreadable (no header, a bad
+ * q value, `x-gzip`) reads as no: every client can decode identity.
  *
  * @param {import('node:http').IncomingMessage} request
  * @returns {boolean}
@@ -51,23 +37,18 @@ export function acceptsGzip(request) {
       .map((parameter) => parameter.trim().toLowerCase())
       .find((parameter) => parameter.startsWith('q='));
     if (quality === undefined) return true;
-    // `q=0` is the one way a client can name an encoding and still refuse it.
+    // `q=0` names gzip and refuses it.
     const value = quality.slice(2);
     return QVALUE.test(value) && Number(value) > 0;
   });
 }
 
 /**
- * Gzip a body once, for callers that cache it and serve it many times.
+ * Gzip a body once for a caller that caches it. Async, so the ~860 KB OpenSky
+ * snapshot does not block other requests while it compresses.
  *
- * OpenSky's snapshot is ~860 KB and is held for the cache TTL, so this is paid
- * per refresh rather than per request. It runs off the event loop on purpose:
- * on that snapshot the synchronous call stalls every other in-flight request by
- * 11 ms, while this stalls them by under 1 ms and costs the caller — which is
- * already waiting on an upstream fetch — about 5 ms more of its own latency.
- *
- * Returns null when the body is too small to be worth a frame, so callers can
- * store the result directly and treat null as "serve identity".
+ * Returns null, meaning "serve identity", when the body is under 1 KiB or gzip
+ * does not shrink it.
  *
  * @param {string|Buffer} body - the exact bytes the identity response sends.
  * @returns {Promise<Buffer|null>}
@@ -81,11 +62,9 @@ export async function gzipBody(body) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Pick the body to send and the headers that describe it, together.
- *
- * `Vary: Accept-Encoding` is set on both branches, not only the compressed one:
- * a cache that stored an identity response without it would later hand those
- * bytes to a client that asked for gzip, and vice versa.
+ * Pick the body and the headers that describe it. `Vary` is on both branches
+ * so a shared cache never serves one encoding to a client that asked for the
+ * other.
  *
  * @param {import('node:http').IncomingMessage} request
  * @param {string|Buffer} identity - the uncompressed body.
diff --git a/src/tooling/liveProviders.test.mjs b/src/tooling/liveProviders.test.mjs
index 70410ec2f..3198ee752 100644
--- a/src/tooling/liveProviders.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/liveProviders.test.mjs
@@ -615,8 +615,7 @@ test('the OpenSky snapshot is compressed for clients that ask, and an error body
     if (upstreamStatus !== 200)
       return new Response('{"error":"upstream"}', { status: upstreamStatus });
     const sourceSeconds = Math.floor((now - snapshotAgeMs) / 1000);
-    // A healthy credit budget, so the proxy keeps its 9 s base TTL and the
-    // clock advances below are unambiguously past it.
+    // Healthy credits keep the 9 s base TTL, so the clock jumps below clear it.
     return Response.json(
       {
         time: sourceSeconds,
@@ -634,8 +633,7 @@ test('the OpenSky snapshot is compressed for clients that ask, and an error body
     );
   });
 
-  // A module instance of its own: the snapshot cache, its frame and the
-  // adaptive TTL are module state, and this test reasons about all three.
+  // A fresh module: the snapshot cache, its frame and the TTL are module state.
   const isolated = await import(
     `../../server/providers/aircraft/opensky.js?compression=${now}`
   );
@@ -648,25 +646,25 @@ test('the OpenSky snapshot is compressed for clients that ask, and an error body
   assert.equal(compressed.headers.vary, 'Accept-Encoding');
   assert.ok(Buffer.isBuffer(compressed.body));
 
-  // Same snapshot from cache, this time to a client that offered nothing: the
-  // identity bytes, and the compressed frame above must decode to exactly them.
+  // Same cached snapshot, no Accept-Encoding: identity bytes, which the frame
+  // above must decode to.
   const identity = await states('/api/flights');
   assert.equal(identity.headers['x-opensky-cache'], 'HIT');
   assert.equal(identity.headers['content-encoding'], undefined);
   assert.equal(identity.headers.vary, 'Accept-Encoding');
   assert.equal(gunzipSync(compressed.body).toString(), identity.body);
 
-  // A client that names gzip and refuses it with q=0 is a non-gzip client.
+  // `gzip;q=0` refuses gzip.
   const refused = await states('/api/flights', '/', 'GET', {
     'accept-encoding': 'gzip;q=0',
   });
   assert.equal(refused.headers['content-encoding'], undefined);
   assert.equal(refused.body, identity.body);
 
-  // An upstream rejection is not cached, so it has no frame of its own. It must
-  // not be sent under the previous snapshot's Content-Encoding.
+  // An upstream rejection is not cached, so it must not carry the previous
+  // snapshot's Content-Encoding.
   upstreamStatus = 403;
-  now += 60000; // past the 9 s base TTL this fresh instance starts with
+  now += 60000; // past the 9 s base TTL
   const rejected = await states('/api/flights', '/', 'GET', {
     'accept-encoding': 'gzip',
   });
@@ -674,9 +672,8 @@ test('the OpenSky snapshot is compressed for clients that ask, and an error body
   assert.equal(rejected.headers['content-encoding'], undefined);
   assert.ok(JSON.parse(rejected.body).error, 'a readable error body');
 
-  // The regional fallback is a fifth body this route can answer with. It is
-  // cached the same way and so it negotiates the same way: a snapshot too old
-  // to serve hands the request to adsb.lol, compressed.
+  // A snapshot too old to serve falls back to adsb.lol, which negotiates the
+  // same way.
   upstreamStatus = 200;
   snapshotAgeMs = 3600000;
   now += 60000;
diff --git a/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs b/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs
index e2dff6459..6fbd53193 100644
--- a/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ function request(acceptEncoding) {
   };
 }
 
-/** Repetitive JSON, the shape of an actual snapshot body. */
+/** Repetitive JSON shaped like a snapshot body. */
 function snapshotBody(states = 200) {
   return JSON.stringify({
     time: 1700000000,
@@ -33,10 +33,7 @@ function snapshotBody(states = 200) {
   });
 }
 
-/**
- * Deterministic high-entropy bytes. Random data would do, but a seeded sequence
- * keeps the "gzip made it bigger" assertion from depending on luck.
- */
+/** Seeded high-entropy bytes, so the "gzip made it bigger" check is stable. */
 function incompressibleBytes(length) {
   const bytes = Buffer.alloc(length);
   let state = 123456789;
@@ -61,16 +58,15 @@ test('accept-encoding is read the way clients actually write it', () => {
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip({}), false);
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(undefined), false);
 
-  // A quality of zero names gzip and refuses it (RFC 9110 section 12.4.2).
+  // `q=0` names gzip and refuses it (RFC 9110 section 12.4.2).
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0')), false);
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0.000')), false);
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0.001')), true);
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=1')), true);
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=1.000')), true);
 
-  // A quality that is not a whole `qvalue` is unreadable, not a number with
-  // trailing noise: the grammar allows three decimals and a ceiling of 1, so
-  // these must not round into acceptance.
+  // A q that is not a whole `qvalue` is unreadable and must not round into
+  // acceptance.
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=bogus')), false);
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=1oops')), false);
   assert.equal(acceptsGzip(request('gzip;q=0.5abc')), false);
@@ -102,8 +98,7 @@ test('a body is only compressed when compression pays for itself', async () => {
   assert.ok(compressed.byteLength < Buffer.byteLength(identity));
   assert.equal(gunzipSync(compressed).toString(), identity);
 
-  // Buffers are accepted as-is, and data that gzip cannot shrink is refused
-  // rather than served as a larger response.
+  // Buffers are accepted as-is; data gzip cannot shrink stays uncompressed.
   assert.ok((await gzipBody(Buffer.from(identity))) !== null);
   assert.equal(await gzipBody(incompressibleBytes(4096)), null);
 });
@@ -118,8 +113,7 @@ test('the encoded body and the header that names it are chosen together', async
   assert.equal(negotiated.headers.Vary, 'Accept-Encoding');
   assert.equal(gunzipSync(negotiated.body).toString(), identity);
 
-  // Offered but not wanted: identity bytes, and no Content-Encoding to
-  // contradict them.
+  // Offered but refused: identity bytes and no Content-Encoding.
   const refused = encodedBody(request('br'), identity, compressed);
   assert.equal(refused.body, identity);
   assert.equal(refused.headers['Content-Encoding'], undefined);
@@ -130,8 +124,7 @@ test('the encoded body and the header that names it are chosen together', async
   assert.equal(unavailable.body, identity);
   assert.equal(unavailable.headers['Content-Encoding'], undefined);
 
-  // Vary is on both branches: without it a shared cache could hand a stored
-  // response to a client whose Accept-Encoding it was not selected for.
+  // Vary is on both branches, so a shared cache cannot serve the wrong encoding.
   assert.equal(unavailable.headers.Vary, 'Accept-Encoding');
   assert.equal(
     encodedBody(request(undefined), identity, compressed).headers.Vary,

From caad795fa2aa1bfd2acf647823847817c149a3ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2026 18:15:13 +0400
Subject: [PATCH 262/262] refactor(server): drop the null and String paths from
 gzipBody

---
 server/providers/common/compress.js      | 3 +--
 src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs | 2 --
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/server/providers/common/compress.js b/server/providers/common/compress.js
index d9938b87e..cbce21c6e 100644
--- a/server/providers/common/compress.js
+++ b/server/providers/common/compress.js
@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ export function acceptsGzip(request) {
  * @returns {Promise<Buffer|null>}
  */
 export async function gzipBody(body) {
-  if (body == null) return null;
-  const raw = Buffer.isBuffer(body) ? body : Buffer.from(String(body));
+  const raw = Buffer.isBuffer(body) ? body : Buffer.from(body);
   if (raw.byteLength < MIN_COMPRESSED_BYTES) return null;
   const compressed = await gzipAsync(raw);
   return compressed.byteLength < raw.byteLength ? compressed : null;
diff --git a/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs b/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs
index 6fbd53193..011d767c3 100644
--- a/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/responseCompression.test.mjs
@@ -81,8 +81,6 @@ test('accept-encoding is read the way clients actually write it', () => {
 });
 
 test('a body is only compressed when compression pays for itself', async () => {
-  assert.equal(await gzipBody(null), null);
-  assert.equal(await gzipBody(undefined), null);
   assert.equal(await gzipBody(''), null);
   assert.equal(
     await gzipBody('{"states":[]}'),