diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index e49c8fe39..84777f813 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -599,6 +599,7 @@
   "src/maps/imagery.js",
   "src/maps/registry.js",
   "src/maps/terrain.js",
+  "src/maps/sceneApply.js",
   "src/maps/terrainRetry.js",
   "src/maps/terrainRetry.test.mjs",
   "src/mapStackController.js",
@@ -607,6 +608,7 @@
   "src/mapStackUnavailableReason.test.mjs",
   "src/mapStartup.test.mjs",
   "src/maps/sourceFactories.test.mjs",
+  "src/maps/sceneApply.test.mjs",
   "src/search/geospatial.js",
   "src/search/http.js",
   "src/search/defaults.js",
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 47753cd76..ed8a4fc4b 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -1611,6 +1611,7 @@
       "src/maps/controller.js",
       "src/maps/imageryComparison.js",
       "src/maps/credits.js",
+      "src/maps/sceneApply.js",
       "src/maps/defaultSources.js",
       "src/maps/google3d.js",
       "src/maps/imagery.js",
@@ -2111,6 +2112,7 @@
       "src/maps/controller.js",
       "src/maps/imageryComparison.js",
       "src/maps/credits.js",
+      "src/maps/sceneApply.js",
       "src/maps/defaultSources.js",
       "src/maps/google3d.js",
       "src/maps/imagery.js",
diff --git a/src/globe/cesium/camera.js b/src/globe/cesium/camera.js
index ca8e714a6..6468bb023 100644
--- a/src/globe/cesium/camera.js
+++ b/src/globe/cesium/camera.js
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import { bridgeEvent } from './events.js';
 import { toCesium2, toCesium3, toGeo3 } from './convert.js';
 
 const { math } = geo;
-const MINIMUM_SPHERE_RANGE = 100; // Cesium's MINIMUM_ZOOM for flyToBoundingSphere
 const EASINGS = {
   cubicInOut: Cesium.EasingFunction.CUBIC_IN_OUT,
   sinusoidalInOut: Cesium.EasingFunction.SINUSOIDAL_IN_OUT,
@@ -31,6 +30,19 @@ function cesiumOrientation(orientation) {
   return { heading, pitch, roll };
 }
 
+// A Cartesian3, or a {west, south, east, north} rectangle in radians.
+const cesiumDestination = (destination) =>
+  'west' in destination
+    ? new Cesium.Rectangle(
+        destination.west,
+        destination.south,
+        destination.east,
+        destination.north,
+      )
+    : toCesium3(destination);
+
+const cesiumEasing = (easing) => (easing ? EASINGS[easing] : undefined);
+
 // A HeadingPitchRange or a Cartesian offset, as Cesium's lookAt takes them.
 const cesiumOffset = (offset) =>
   'heading' in offset
@@ -102,7 +114,7 @@ export function createCesiumCamera(viewer) {
       if (!view?.destination)
         throw new TypeError('setView needs a destination');
       cesium.setView({
-        destination: toCesium3(view.destination),
+        destination: cesiumDestination(view.destination),
         orientation: cesiumOrientation(view.orientation),
       });
     },
@@ -111,27 +123,21 @@ export function createCesiumCamera(viewer) {
         throw new TypeError('flyTo needs a destination');
       startFlight(options, ({ complete, cancel }) =>
         cesium.flyTo({
-          destination: toCesium3(options.destination),
+          destination: cesiumDestination(options.destination),
           orientation: cesiumOrientation(options.orientation),
           duration: options.duration,
-          easingFunction: options.easing ? EASINGS[options.easing] : undefined,
+          easingFunction: cesiumEasing(options.easing),
+          endTransform: options.endTransform
+            ? Cesium.Matrix4.fromArray(options.endTransform)
+            : undefined,
           complete,
           cancel,
         }),
       );
     },
     flyToSphere(sphere, options = {}) {
-      let range = options.range;
-      if (!range) {
-        const { fovy, aspectRatio } = cesium.frustum;
-        const tanPhi = Math.tan(fovy / 2);
-        const tanTheta = aspectRatio * tanPhi;
-        range = Math.max(
-          MINIMUM_SPHERE_RANGE,
-          sphere.radius / tanTheta,
-          sphere.radius / tanPhi,
-        );
-      }
+      // A missing or 0 range is Cesium's own: it fits the sphere in view and
+      // clamps to the camera controller's zoom distances.
       startFlight(options, ({ complete, cancel }) =>
         cesium.flyToBoundingSphere(
           new Cesium.BoundingSphere(toCesium3(sphere.center), sphere.radius),
@@ -139,9 +145,10 @@ export function createCesiumCamera(viewer) {
             offset: new Cesium.HeadingPitchRange(
               options.heading ?? 0,
               options.pitch ?? -Math.PI / 4,
-              range,
+              options.range ?? 0,
             ),
             duration: options.duration,
+            easingFunction: cesiumEasing(options.easing),
             complete,
             cancel,
           },
diff --git a/src/globe/cesium/camera.test.mjs b/src/globe/cesium/camera.test.mjs
index 23b57aad7..c129f0976 100644
--- a/src/globe/cesium/camera.test.mjs
+++ b/src/globe/cesium/camera.test.mjs
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ test('a newer flight cancels the previous one and stays active', () => {
 });
 
 test('flyToSphere builds a BoundingSphere and an offset with Cesium defaults', () => {
-  const { viewer, camera, cesium } = setup();
+  const { viewer, camera } = setup();
   const center = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(2.35, 48.85, 100);
   let done = false;
   camera.flyToSphere(
@@ -166,24 +166,26 @@ test('flyToSphere builds a BoundingSphere and an offset with Cesium defaults', (
   assert.ok(options.offset instanceof Cesium.HeadingPitchRange);
   assert.equal(options.offset.heading, 0);
   assert.equal(options.offset.pitch, -Math.PI / 4);
-  const tanPhi = Math.tan(cesium.frustum.fovy / 2);
-  const tanTheta = cesium.frustum.aspectRatio * tanPhi;
   assert.equal(
     options.offset.range,
-    Math.max(100, 1000 / tanTheta, 1000 / tanPhi),
+    0,
+    "a missing range is left to Cesium's own fit and zoom-distance clamp",
   );
   assert.equal(options.duration, 0);
+  assert.equal(options.easingFunction, undefined);
 
-  camera.flyToSphere({ center, radius: 0 }, { duration: 0 });
-  assert.equal(
-    viewer.callsOf('camera.flyToBoundingSphere')[1].args[1].offset.range,
-    100,
-  );
   camera.flyToSphere(
     { center, radius: 10 },
-    { heading: 0.3, pitch: -0.5, range: 5000, duration: 2 },
+    {
+      heading: 0.3,
+      pitch: -0.5,
+      range: 5000,
+      duration: 2,
+      easing: 'linear',
+    },
   );
-  const explicit = viewer.callsOf('camera.flyToBoundingSphere')[2].args[1];
+  const explicit = viewer.callsOf('camera.flyToBoundingSphere')[1].args[1];
+  assert.equal(explicit.easingFunction, Cesium.EasingFunction.LINEAR_NONE);
   assert.deepEqual(
     [explicit.offset.heading, explicit.offset.pitch, explicit.offset.range],
     [0.3, -0.5, 5000],
@@ -305,3 +307,42 @@ test('destroy cancels the engine flight and drops Cesium subscriptions', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(outcome, ['cancel']);
   assert.equal(cesium.changed.numberOfListeners, 0);
 });
+
+test('flyTo passes endTransform as a Cesium Matrix4', () => {
+  const { viewer, camera } = setup();
+  camera.flyTo({
+    destination: geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 0, 1e6),
+    duration: 0,
+    endTransform: geo.matrix4.IDENTITY,
+  });
+  const [options] = viewer.callsOf('camera.flyTo')[0].args;
+  assert.ok(options.endTransform instanceof Cesium.Matrix4);
+  assert.deepEqual(Cesium.Matrix4.toArray(options.endTransform), [
+    ...geo.matrix4.IDENTITY,
+  ]);
+  camera.flyTo({ destination: geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 0, 1e6) });
+  assert.equal(
+    viewer.callsOf('camera.flyTo')[1].args[0].endTransform,
+    undefined,
+  );
+});
+
+test('rectangle destinations become a Cesium.Rectangle in flyTo and setView', () => {
+  const { viewer, camera } = setup();
+  const rectangle = { west: -0.2, south: 0.6, east: -0.1, north: 0.7 };
+  camera.flyTo({ destination: rectangle, duration: 0 });
+  camera.setView({ destination: rectangle });
+  for (const name of ['camera.flyTo', 'camera.setView']) {
+    const { destination } = viewer.callsOf(name)[0].args[0];
+    assert.ok(destination instanceof Cesium.Rectangle, name);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      [
+        destination.west,
+        destination.south,
+        destination.east,
+        destination.north,
+      ],
+      [-0.2, 0.6, -0.1, 0.7],
+    );
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/globe/cesium/createCesiumEngine.js b/src/globe/cesium/createCesiumEngine.js
index 34ff8d8e5..d1e5513d8 100644
--- a/src/globe/cesium/createCesiumEngine.js
+++ b/src/globe/cesium/createCesiumEngine.js
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ import { createCesiumSurface } from './surface.js';
  *   loadPhotorealTileset?: Function,
  * }} [options] `requestRender` defaults to the render governor; the
  *   `create*`/`load*` options are test seams.
+ *
+ * `render.setContinuous` takes a hold on the app's singleton renderGovernor
+ * (src/renderGovernor.js), which governs the one viewer it was installed on;
+ * so one Cesium engine per page, on that viewer.
  * @returns {import('../contract.js').GlobeEngine}
  */
 export function createCesiumEngine(viewer, options = {}) {
diff --git a/src/globe/cesium/input.js b/src/globe/cesium/input.js
index d9ada81c5..6519ccbb7 100644
--- a/src/globe/cesium/input.js
+++ b/src/globe/cesium/input.js
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ export function createCesiumInput(
 ) {
   const { scene } = viewer;
   let handler = null;
+  let destroyed = false;
   const groups = new Map();
 
   const input = {
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ export function createCesiumInput(
         throw new TypeError(`Unknown input type: ${type}`);
       if (modifier !== undefined && !MODIFIERS.includes(modifier))
         throw new TypeError(`Unknown input modifier: ${modifier}`);
+      if (destroyed) return () => {};
       handler ??= createEventHandler(scene.canvas);
       const key = `${type}:${modifier}`;
       let listeners = groups.get(key);
@@ -56,7 +58,8 @@ export function createCesiumInput(
         handler.setInputAction(
           (event) => {
             const converted = toEvent(event);
-            for (const entry of [...listeners]) entry.listener(converted);
+            for (const entry of [...listeners])
+              if (listeners.has(entry)) entry.listener(converted);
           },
           TYPES[type],
           KEYS[modifier],
@@ -78,6 +81,7 @@ export function createCesiumInput(
   return {
     input,
     destroy() {
+      destroyed = true;
       groups.clear();
       handler?.destroy();
       handler = null;
diff --git a/src/globe/cesium/input.test.mjs b/src/globe/cesium/input.test.mjs
index dfabf2821..842e0e2eb 100644
--- a/src/globe/cesium/input.test.mjs
+++ b/src/globe/cesium/input.test.mjs
@@ -111,3 +111,28 @@ test('destroy destroys the handler', () => {
   destroy();
   assert.equal(handlers[0].destroyed, true);
 });
+
+test('a listener removed during dispatch is not called', () => {
+  const { handlers, input } = setup();
+  const seen = [];
+  let offB;
+  input.on('click', () => {
+    seen.push('a');
+    offB();
+  });
+  offB = input.on('click', () => seen.push('b'));
+  handlers[0].fire(Type.LEFT_CLICK, { position: new Cesium.Cartesian2() });
+  assert.deepEqual(seen, ['a']);
+});
+
+test('on() after destroy() creates no handler', () => {
+  const { handlers, input, destroy } = setup();
+  destroy();
+  const off = input.on('click', () => {});
+  assert.equal(handlers.length, 0);
+  off();
+  off();
+  input.on('click', () => {});
+  destroy();
+  assert.equal(handlers.length, 0);
+});
diff --git a/src/globe/cesium/maps.js b/src/globe/cesium/maps.js
index 0e4a17110..fe223324d 100644
--- a/src/globe/cesium/maps.js
+++ b/src/globe/cesium/maps.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { loadPhotorealisticTileset } from '../../maps/google3d.js';
-import { createMapCredits } from '../../maps/credits.js';
+import { createMapScene } from '../../maps/sceneApply.js';
 import {
   ESRI_ATTRIBUTION_HTML,
   imageryFactoryFor,
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ function imageryCreator(source) {
   return imageryFactoryFor(descriptor, source.accessToken);
 }
 
+// Registry sources are stable by id; plain descriptions by kind and style.
+const imageryKey = (source) =>
+  source?.descriptor?.id ?? `${source?.kind}:${source?.style ?? ''}`;
+
 function imageryCredit(source) {
   if (source?.credit !== undefined) return source.credit;
   const kind = (source?.descriptor ?? source)?.kind;
@@ -74,8 +78,8 @@ export function createCesiumMaps(
   } = {},
 ) {
   const abort = new AbortController();
-  let credits = null;
-  let layer = null;
+  const mapScene = createMapScene(viewer, { createImageryLayer });
+  const providers = new Map();
   let ownedTileset = null;
   let shownTileset = null;
   const generations = { imagery: 0, terrain: 0, photoreal: 0 };
@@ -88,25 +92,29 @@ export function createCesiumMaps(
     [startupTileset(), shownTileset, ownedTileset].filter(
       (tileset, index, all) => tileset && all.indexOf(tileset) === index,
     );
-  const showCredit = (html) => {
-    credits ??= createMapCredits(viewer);
-    credits.show(html);
-  };
+
+  // One provider per source, as MapSourceController caches them, so applying
+  // the same source again keeps the live layer. Failures are not cached.
+  function providerFor(source) {
+    const key = imageryKey(source);
+    if (providers.has(key)) return providers.get(key);
+    const promise = Promise.resolve()
+      .then(() => imageryCreator(source)({ signal: abort.signal }))
+      .catch((error) => {
+        if (providers.get(key) === promise) providers.delete(key);
+        throw error;
+      });
+    providers.set(key, promise);
+    return promise;
+  }
 
   const maps = {
     async setBaseImagery(source) {
       const generation = ++generations.imagery;
-      const create = imageryCreator(source);
-      const provider = await create({ signal: abort.signal });
-      if (destroyed || generation !== generations.imagery) {
-        dispose(provider);
-        return;
-      }
-      const next = createImageryLayer(provider);
-      viewer.imageryLayers.add(next, 0);
-      if (layer) viewer.imageryLayers.remove(layer, true);
-      layer = next;
-      showCredit(imageryCredit(source));
+      const provider = await providerFor(source);
+      if (destroyed || generation !== generations.imagery) return;
+      mapScene.showBaseImagery(provider);
+      mapScene.showCredit(imageryCredit(source));
       requestRender('map-imagery');
     },
     async setTerrain(source) {
@@ -120,9 +128,9 @@ export function createCesiumMaps(
       const generation = ++generations.photoreal;
       const { scene } = viewer;
       if (source == null) {
-        for (const tileset of tilesets()) tileset.show = false;
+        mapScene.showTileset(null, tilesets());
         shownTileset = null;
-        scene.globe.show = true;
+        mapScene.showGlobe(true);
         requestRender('map-photoreal');
         return;
       }
@@ -148,10 +156,13 @@ export function createCesiumMaps(
         ownedTileset = tileset;
       }
       if (!scene.primitives.contains(tileset)) scene.primitives.add(tileset);
-      for (const other of tilesets()) other.show = other === tileset;
-      tileset.show = true;
+      // As MapSourceController activates a 3D stack: no base layer, the
+      // source's credit, one tileset shown and the globe hidden.
+      mapScene.removeBaseImagery();
+      mapScene.showCredit(source.credit);
       shownTileset = tileset;
-      scene.globe.show = false;
+      mapScene.showTileset(tileset, tilesets());
+      mapScene.showGlobe(false);
       requestRender('map-photoreal');
     },
     photorealActive: () => tilesets().some((tileset) => tileset.show === true),
@@ -163,9 +174,10 @@ export function createCesiumMaps(
       if (destroyed) return;
       destroyed = true;
       abort.abort();
-      if (layer) viewer.imageryLayers.remove(layer, true);
-      layer = null;
-      credits?.destroy();
+      mapScene.destroy();
+      for (const promise of providers.values())
+        void promise.then(dispose, () => {});
+      providers.clear();
       if (ownedTileset) {
         viewer.scene.primitives.remove(ownedTileset);
         dispose(ownedTileset);
diff --git a/src/globe/cesium/maps.test.mjs b/src/globe/cesium/maps.test.mjs
index 3485199f9..f5c759c42 100644
--- a/src/globe/cesium/maps.test.mjs
+++ b/src/globe/cesium/maps.test.mjs
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ test('every catalog globe stack works as a registry source', async () => {
 });
 
 test('a superseded imagery switch is dropped', async () => {
-  const { viewer, maps } = setup();
+  const { viewer, maps, destroy } = setup();
   let release;
   const slow = new Promise((resolve) => (release = resolve));
   const first = maps.setBaseImagery({
@@ -127,7 +127,60 @@ test('a superseded imagery switch is dropped', async () => {
     viewer.imageryList.map((layer) => layer.provider.name),
     ['fast'],
   );
-  assert.equal(stale.destroyed, true, 'the stale provider is disposed');
+  assert.equal(stale.destroyed, false, 'the stale provider stays cached');
+  destroy();
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+  assert.equal(stale.destroyed, true, 'destroy disposes cached providers');
+});
+
+test('re-applying the same source keeps the live layer and its provider', async () => {
+  const { viewer, maps } = setup();
+  let built = 0;
+  const esri = {
+    descriptor: { id: 'esri-imagery', kind: 'esri-imagery' },
+    imagery: async () => ({ name: `esri ${++built}` }),
+    credit: ESRI_ATTRIBUTION_HTML,
+  };
+  await maps.setBaseImagery(esri);
+  const live = viewer.imageryList[0];
+  await maps.setBaseImagery(esri);
+  assert.equal(built, 1, 'the provider is cached per source');
+  assert.equal(viewer.imageryList[0], live, 'no bare-globe rebuild');
+  assert.equal(viewer.callsOf('imageryLayers.add').length, 1);
+  assert.equal(viewer.callsOf('imageryLayers.remove').length, 0);
+  await maps.setBaseImagery({
+    descriptor: { id: 'osm', kind: 'osm' },
+    imagery: () => ({ name: 'osm' }),
+  });
+  await maps.setBaseImagery(esri);
+  assert.equal(built, 1);
+  assert.equal(viewer.imageryList[0].provider.name, 'esri 1');
+});
+
+test('a failed provider keeps the current layer and can be retried', async () => {
+  const { viewer, maps } = setup();
+  await maps.setBaseImagery({
+    descriptor: { id: 'osm', kind: 'osm' },
+    imagery: () => ({ name: 'osm' }),
+  });
+  let attempts = 0;
+  const flaky = {
+    descriptor: { id: 'esri-imagery', kind: 'esri-imagery' },
+    imagery: async () => {
+      if (++attempts === 1) throw new Error('Esri metadata refused');
+      return { name: 'esri' };
+    },
+    credit: ESRI_ATTRIBUTION_HTML,
+  };
+  await assert.rejects(maps.setBaseImagery(flaky), /metadata refused/);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    viewer.imageryList.map((layer) => layer.provider.name),
+    ['osm'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(viewer.staticCredits, []);
+  await maps.setBaseImagery(flaky);
+  assert.equal(attempts, 2, 'the failure was not cached');
+  assert.equal(viewer.imageryList[0].provider.name, 'esri');
 });
 
 test('setTerrain applies provider and terrain results', async () => {
diff --git a/src/globe/cesium/picker.js b/src/globe/cesium/picker.js
index ce0ed9bd0..51c5d3622 100644
--- a/src/globe/cesium/picker.js
+++ b/src/globe/cesium/picker.js
@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
-// GlobePicker on a Cesium scene. Pick results keep Cesium's `id` and
-// `primitive`; the untouched Cesium result rides along as `object` for
-// Cesium-only callers.
+// GlobePicker on a Cesium scene. Pick results keep Cesium's `id`,
+// `primitive` and `content` (3D tile content, read by surface-pick checks);
+// the untouched Cesium result rides along as `object` for Cesium-only callers.
 
 import { toCesium2, toGeo3 } from './convert.js';
 
 const normalise = (picked) =>
   picked == null
     ? undefined
-    : { id: picked.id, primitive: picked.primitive, object: picked };
+    : {
+        id: picked.id,
+        primitive: picked.primitive,
+        content: picked.content,
+        object: picked,
+      };
 
 /**
  * @param {Cesium.Viewer} viewer
@@ -19,8 +24,10 @@ export function createCesiumPicker(viewer) {
     pick(screen, width, height) {
       return normalise(scene.pick(toCesium2(screen), width, height));
     },
-    drillPick(screen, limit) {
-      return scene.drillPick(toCesium2(screen), limit).map(normalise);
+    drillPick(screen, limit, width, height) {
+      return scene
+        .drillPick(toCesium2(screen), limit, width, height)
+        .map(normalise);
     },
     pickPosition(screen) {
       if (!scene.pickPositionSupported) return undefined;
diff --git a/src/globe/cesium/picker.test.mjs b/src/globe/cesium/picker.test.mjs
index 000f3e0b2..5286b7d58 100644
--- a/src/globe/cesium/picker.test.mjs
+++ b/src/globe/cesium/picker.test.mjs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ test('drillPick passes the limit and normalises every result', () => {
     viewer.calls.push({ name: 'scene.drillPick', args });
     return [{ id: 'a', primitive: 1 }, { primitive: 2 }];
   };
-  const drilled = picker.drillPick(geo.cartesian2.create(1, 1), 3);
+  const drilled = picker.drillPick(geo.cartesian2.create(1, 1), 3, 5, 7);
   assert.deepEqual(
     drilled.map(({ id, primitive }) => [id, primitive]),
     [
@@ -45,9 +45,10 @@ test('drillPick passes the limit and normalises every result', () => {
     ],
   );
   assert.ok('id' in drilled[1]);
-  const [screen, limit] = viewer.callsOf('scene.drillPick')[0].args;
+  const [screen, limit, width, height] =
+    viewer.callsOf('scene.drillPick')[0].args;
   assert.ok(screen instanceof Cesium.Cartesian2);
-  assert.equal(limit, 3);
+  assert.deepEqual([limit, width, height], [3, 5, 7]);
 });
 
 test('pickPosition passes a new Cesium.Cartesian2 per call and returns geo', () => {
@@ -78,3 +79,16 @@ test('pickPositionSupported follows the scene', () => {
   assert.equal(picker.pickPositionSupported, false);
   assert.equal(picker.pickPosition(geo.cartesian2.create(1, 1)), undefined);
 });
+
+test('pick results carry 3D tile content for surface checks', () => {
+  const { picker, scene } = setup();
+  const content = { name: 'tile content' };
+  const tileset = { isCesium3DTileset: true };
+  scene.pick = () => ({ content, primitive: tileset });
+  const picked = picker.pick(geo.cartesian2.create(1, 1));
+  assert.equal(picked.content, content);
+  assert.equal(picked.id, undefined);
+  assert.equal(picked.primitive, tileset);
+  scene.pick = () => ({ id: 'entity', primitive: {} });
+  assert.equal(picker.pick(geo.cartesian2.create(1, 1)).content, undefined);
+});
diff --git a/src/globe/contract.js b/src/globe/contract.js
index e911b3c43..a0824bb79 100644
--- a/src/globe/contract.js
+++ b/src/globe/contract.js
@@ -44,14 +44,22 @@
  * @typedef {{ heading: number, pitch: number, roll: number }
  *   | { direction: Cartesian3, up: Cartesian3 }} Orientation
  *
+ * @typedef {{ west: number, south: number, east: number, north: number }} Rectangle
+ *   Radians; west > east across the antimeridian. As a destination, the
+ *   camera is placed so the rectangle fills the view (Cesium's
+ *   getRectangleCameraCoordinates).
+ *
  * @typedef {object} FlightOptions
- * @property {Cartesian3} destination
+ * @property {Cartesian3 | Rectangle} destination
  * @property {Orientation} [orientation] As in Cesium's setView and flyTo,
  *   missing angles default to heading 0, pitch −π/2 and roll 0 (they do not
  *   keep the current ones).
  * @property {number} [duration] Seconds. 0 (or less) sets the view and calls
  *   `complete` synchronously, before flyTo returns, as Cesium does.
- * @property {'cubicInOut'|'sinusoidalInOut'|'linear'} [easing]
+ * @property {'cubicInOut'|'sinusoidalInOut'|'linear'} [easing] Omitted: the
+ *   engine's own flight easing (Cesium picks one from the flight's heights).
+ * @property {Matrix4} [endTransform] The camera transform once the flight
+ *   lands; IDENTITY releases a lookAt lock.
  * @property {() => void} [complete]
  * @property {() => void} [cancel] Called by cancelFlight or a newer flight.
  *
@@ -61,17 +69,21 @@
  *
  * @typedef {object} SphereFlightOptions
  *   Defaults are Cesium's: heading 0, pitch −π/4 and, when range is missing or
- *   0, range = max(r / tan(fovx/2), r / tan(fovy/2)), never below 100 m.
+ *   0, range = 100 m for a sphere of radius 0, otherwise
+ *   max(r / tan(fovx/2), r / tan(fovy/2)) clamped to the camera controller's
+ *   zoom distances (Cesium: minimumZoomDistance 1 m to maximumZoomDistance ∞
+ *   by default).
  * @property {number} [heading]
  * @property {number} [pitch]
  * @property {number} [range]
  * @property {number} [duration]
+ * @property {'cubicInOut'|'sinusoidalInOut'|'linear'} [easing] As in FlightOptions.
  * @property {() => void} [complete]
  * @property {() => void} [cancel]
  *
  * @typedef {object} GlobeCamera
  * @property {() => CameraPose} pose Fresh values on every call.
- * @property {(view: { destination: Cartesian3, orientation?: Orientation }) => void} setView
+ * @property {(view: { destination: Cartesian3 | Rectangle, orientation?: Orientation }) => void} setView
  *   Missing angles default to heading 0, pitch −π/2, roll 0.
  * @property {(options: FlightOptions) => void} flyTo Cancels a running flight first.
  * @property {(sphere: { center: Cartesian3, radius: number }, options?: SphereFlightOptions) => void} flyToSphere
@@ -135,11 +147,18 @@
  *   (Cesium: requestRenderMode and maximumRenderTimeChange = Infinity).
  * @property {() => boolean} isContinuous
  *
+ * @typedef {object} PickResult
+ * @property {any} id The picked entity or object id; undefined for map tiles.
+ * @property {any} primitive
+ * @property {any} [content] 3D tile content when map tiles were picked (what
+ *   a surface-pick check reads), else undefined.
+ * @property {any} [object] The engine's own pick result, for engine-specific code.
+ *
  * @typedef {object} GlobeEngine
  * @property {'cesium'|'navara'} kind
  * @property {{ container: object, canvas: object, size: () => { width: number, height: number } }} host
  * @property {GlobeCamera} camera
- * @property {{ pick: (screen: Cartesian2, width?: number, height?: number) => ({ id: any, primitive: any } | undefined), drillPick: (screen: Cartesian2, limit?: number) => any[], pickPosition: (screen: Cartesian2) => (Cartesian3 | undefined), pickPositionSupported: boolean }} picker
+ * @property {{ pick: (screen: Cartesian2, width?: number, height?: number) => (PickResult | undefined), drillPick: (screen: Cartesian2, limit?: number, width?: number, height?: number) => PickResult[], pickPosition: (screen: Cartesian2) => (Cartesian3 | undefined), pickPositionSupported: boolean }} picker
  * @property {GlobeProjector} projector
  * @property {{ preUpdate: EngineEvent, preRender: EngineEvent, postRender: EngineEvent }} frames Listeners receive a timestamp in ms.
  * @property {GlobeRender} render
@@ -148,8 +167,10 @@
  *   As in Cesium, a listener with a modifier fires only while that key is
  *   held and one without fires only while no modifier is held.
  * @property {{ addStatic: (html: string, options?: { onScreen?: boolean }) => () => void }} credits
- * @property {{ setBaseImagery: (source: object) => void, setTerrain: (source: object) => void, setPhotorealTiles: (source: object | null) => void, photorealActive: () => boolean }} maps
- *   Sources are maps/registry.js descriptions; the engine builds its own providers.
+ * @property {{ setBaseImagery: (source: object) => Promise<void>, setTerrain: (source: object) => Promise<void>, setPhotorealTiles: (source: object | null) => Promise<void>, photorealActive: () => boolean }} maps
+ *   Sources are maps/registry.js descriptions; the engine builds its own
+ *   providers. Each setter settles once the source is on screen and rejects
+ *   when it cannot be built (the current source then stays).
  * @property {() => void} destroy
  */
 
diff --git a/src/globe/testing/contractSuite.mjs b/src/globe/testing/contractSuite.mjs
index a77a095b0..be06e3936 100644
--- a/src/globe/testing/contractSuite.mjs
+++ b/src/globe/testing/contractSuite.mjs
@@ -238,8 +238,9 @@ export function createContractSuite(
         let rested = 0;
         const removeRest = camera.moveEnd.addEventListener(() => rested++);
         try {
-          await nadirView();
-          await until(() => rested > 0, 'moveEnd after the nadir view');
+          // A pose no other check uses, so this always is a move.
+          await nadirView(1.5e6);
+          await until(() => rested > 0, 'moveEnd after the resting move');
         } finally {
           removeRest();
         }
@@ -900,7 +901,7 @@ export function createContractSuite(
         const { width, height } = engine.host.size();
         const tanPhi = Math.tan(pose.fovy / 2);
         const tanTheta = (width / height) * tanPhi;
-        const range = Math.max(100, radius / tanTheta, radius / tanPhi);
+        const range = Math.max(radius / tanTheta, radius / tanPhi);
         near(
           cartesian3.distance(pose.position, center),
           range,
@@ -1222,6 +1223,103 @@ export function createContractSuite(
         ensure(compared >= 2, 'too few screen points hit the globe');
       },
     ],
+    [
+      'camera.flyTo: endTransform IDENTITY releases a lookAt lock when it lands',
+      async () => {
+        const target = cartesian3.fromDegrees(-0.12, 51.5, 0);
+        const destination = cartesian3.fromDegrees(-0.12, 51.4, 20000);
+        const locked = () => {
+          camera.lookAt(target, { heading: 0, pitch: -0.7, range: 2000 });
+          ensure(
+            camera
+              .transform()
+              .some((value, index) => value !== matrix4.IDENTITY[index]),
+            'lookAt did not lock the camera',
+          );
+        };
+        const released = (label) => {
+          const transform = camera.transform();
+          for (let index = 0; index < 16; index++)
+            near(
+              transform[index],
+              matrix4.IDENTITY[index],
+              0,
+              `${label} transform[${index}]`,
+            );
+          near(
+            cartesian3.distance(camera.pose().position, destination),
+            0,
+            0.01,
+            `${label} position error (m)`,
+          );
+        };
+        locked();
+        camera.flyTo({
+          destination,
+          duration: 0,
+          endTransform: matrix4.IDENTITY,
+        });
+        released('duration 0');
+        locked();
+        let done = false;
+        camera.flyTo({
+          destination,
+          duration: 0.25,
+          endTransform: matrix4.IDENTITY,
+          complete: () => (done = true),
+        });
+        await until(() => done, 'the timed flight');
+        released('timed');
+      },
+    ],
+    [
+      'camera.flyTo and setView: a rectangle destination fills the view',
+      async () => {
+        const rectangle = {
+          west: math.toRadians(2.2),
+          south: math.toRadians(48.8),
+          east: math.toRadians(2.5),
+          north: math.toRadians(48.9),
+        };
+        const { width, height } = engine.host.size();
+        const expectFit = (label) => {
+          const pose = camera.pose();
+          near(pose.pitch, -math.PI_OVER_TWO, 1e-6, `${label} pitch`);
+          const middle = engine.projector.worldToWindow(
+            cartesian3.fromRadians(math.toRadians(2.35), math.toRadians(48.85)),
+          );
+          ensure(middle, `${label}: the rectangle centre did not project`);
+          near(middle.x, width / 2, width * 0.05, `${label} centre x (px)`);
+          near(middle.y, height / 2, height * 0.05, `${label} centre y (px)`);
+          for (const [lon, lat] of [
+            [rectangle.west, rectangle.south],
+            [rectangle.west, rectangle.north],
+            [rectangle.east, rectangle.south],
+            [rectangle.east, rectangle.north],
+          ]) {
+            const corner = engine.projector.worldToWindow(
+              cartesian3.fromRadians(lon, lat),
+            );
+            ensure(
+              corner &&
+                corner.x >= -1 &&
+                corner.x <= width + 1 &&
+                corner.y >= -1 &&
+                corner.y <= height + 1,
+              `${label}: a corner is off screen (${corner?.x}, ${corner?.y})`,
+            );
+          }
+        };
+        await nadirView();
+        camera.flyTo({ destination: rectangle, duration: 0 });
+        await settle();
+        expectFit('flyTo');
+        await nadirView();
+        camera.setView({ destination: rectangle });
+        await settle();
+        expectFit('setView');
+      },
+    ],
     [
       'projector.horizonVisible: the nadir is visible and the far side hidden',
       async () => {
diff --git a/src/globe/testing/fakeEngine.js b/src/globe/testing/fakeEngine.js
index b1d8bb0d6..2d5ee6b09 100644
--- a/src/globe/testing/fakeEngine.js
+++ b/src/globe/testing/fakeEngine.js
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
 //   (scene.cameraEventWaitTime) of wall time.
 // - nothing occludes picks or projection except where the contract says so
 //   (horizonVisible); there is no terrain or scene geometry unless scripted.
+// - a rectangle destination looks at the rectangle's centre from where its
+//   wider side fills the view; Cesium fits the corners.
+// - zoom distances are Cesium's defaults (1 m to unbounded).
 
 import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { INPUT_TYPES, MODIFIERS, createEngineEvent } from '../contract.js';
@@ -23,7 +26,9 @@ const RADII = WGS84.radii;
 const MAXIMUM_RADIUS = Math.max(RADII.x, RADII.y, RADII.z);
 const DEFAULT_FLIGHT_SECONDS = 3;
 const DEFAULT_ZOOM_AMOUNT = 100000; // Cesium's camera.defaultZoomAmount
-const MINIMUM_SPHERE_RANGE = 100;
+const ZERO_RADIUS_SPHERE_RANGE = 100; // Cesium's MINIMUM_ZOOM
+const MINIMUM_ZOOM_DISTANCE = 1; // Cesium's screenSpaceCameraController default
+const MAXIMUM_ZOOM_DISTANCE = Infinity;
 const NEAR = 1;
 const FAR = 1e9;
 const SCRIPTABLE = new Set([
@@ -259,8 +264,31 @@ export function createFakeEngine(options = {}) {
   const poseAngles = () =>
     headingPitchRoll(state.position, state.direction, state.up);
 
+  // Where a {west, south, east, north} destination is seen from.
+  function rectanglePosition({ west, south, east, north }) {
+    const lonSpan = east >= west ? east - west : east + math.TWO_PI - west;
+    const longitude = math.negativePiToPi(west + lonSpan / 2);
+    const latitude = (south + north) / 2;
+    const tanY = Math.tan(fovy / 2);
+    const radius = WGS84.maximumRadius;
+    // The widest parallel of the rectangle, and a small margin for curvature.
+    const widest =
+      south * north <= 0
+        ? 1
+        : Math.cos(Math.min(Math.abs(south), Math.abs(north)));
+    const across =
+      1.05 *
+      Math.max(
+        (radius * widest * lonSpan) / 2 / (tanY * aspect()),
+        (radius * (north - south)) / 2 / tanY,
+      );
+    return cartesian3.fromRadians(longitude, latitude, across, WGS84);
+  }
+
   // The pose for a destination and orientation; missing angles use `fallback`.
-  function viewFor(position, orientation, fallback) {
+  function viewFor(destination, orientation, fallback) {
+    const position =
+      'west' in destination ? rectanglePosition(destination) : destination;
     if (orientation && 'direction' in orientation)
       return {
         position: copy3(position),
@@ -319,11 +347,17 @@ export function createFakeEngine(options = {}) {
     current?.cancel?.();
   }
 
+  // Ends a flight: the end transform first, then the target pose.
+  function land(flightOptions, target) {
+    if (flightOptions.endTransform) setTransform(flightOptions.endTransform);
+    apply(target);
+  }
+
   function startFlight(flightOptions, target) {
     cancelCurrentFlight();
     const duration = flightOptions.duration ?? DEFAULT_FLIGHT_SECONDS;
     if (duration <= 0) {
-      apply(target);
+      land(flightOptions, target);
       flightOptions.complete?.();
       return;
     }
@@ -333,6 +367,7 @@ export function createFakeEngine(options = {}) {
       duration: duration * 1000,
       elapsed: 0,
       ease: EASINGS[flightOptions.easing] ?? EASINGS.cubicInOut,
+      endTransform: flightOptions.endTransform,
       complete: flightOptions.complete,
       cancel: flightOptions.cancel,
     };
@@ -353,7 +388,7 @@ export function createFakeEngine(options = {}) {
     }
     const current = flight;
     flight = null;
-    apply(current.target);
+    land(current, current.target);
     current.complete?.();
   }
 
@@ -593,10 +628,14 @@ export function createFakeEngine(options = {}) {
       if (!range) {
         const tanPhi = Math.tan(fovy / 2);
         const tanTheta = aspect() * tanPhi;
-        range = Math.max(
-          MINIMUM_SPHERE_RANGE,
-          Math.max(sphere.radius / tanTheta, sphere.radius / tanPhi),
-        );
+        range =
+          sphere.radius === 0
+            ? ZERO_RADIUS_SPHERE_RANGE
+            : math.clamp(
+                Math.max(sphere.radius / tanTheta, sphere.radius / tanPhi),
+                MINIMUM_ZOOM_DISTANCE,
+                MAXIMUM_ZOOM_DISTANCE,
+              );
       }
       const frame = geo.transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(
         sphere.center,
@@ -687,9 +726,9 @@ export function createFakeEngine(options = {}) {
         record('picker.pick', [screen, w, h]);
         return scripted('pick', [screen, w, h], () => undefined);
       },
-      drillPick(screen, limit) {
-        record('picker.drillPick', [screen, limit]);
-        return scripted('drillPick', [screen, limit], () => []);
+      drillPick(screen, limit, w, h) {
+        record('picker.drillPick', [screen, limit, w, h]);
+        return scripted('drillPick', [screen, limit, w, h], () => []);
       },
       pickPosition(screen) {
         record('picker.pickPosition', [screen]);
@@ -774,15 +813,15 @@ export function createFakeEngine(options = {}) {
       },
     },
     maps: {
-      setBaseImagery(source) {
+      async setBaseImagery(source) {
         record('maps.setBaseImagery', [source]);
         fake.maps.imagery = source;
       },
-      setTerrain(source) {
+      async setTerrain(source) {
         record('maps.setTerrain', [source]);
         fake.maps.terrain = source;
       },
-      setPhotorealTiles(source) {
+      async setPhotorealTiles(source) {
         record('maps.setPhotorealTiles', [source]);
         fake.maps.photoreal = source ?? null;
       },
diff --git a/src/globe/testing/fakeEngine.test.mjs b/src/globe/testing/fakeEngine.test.mjs
index 133ef472a..a1bb820d4 100644
--- a/src/globe/testing/fakeEngine.test.mjs
+++ b/src/globe/testing/fakeEngine.test.mjs
@@ -278,3 +278,78 @@ test('fake terrain height and clamp results default to the bare ellipsoid and ca
   assert.equal(engine.surface.terrainHeightSupported, true);
   assert.equal(engine.surface.clampToHeightSupported, true);
 });
+
+test('fake flights honour endTransform when they land', () => {
+  const engine = createFakeEngine();
+  const target = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(10, 20, 0);
+  engine.camera.lookAt(target, { heading: 0, pitch: -0.5, range: 1000 });
+  engine.camera.flyTo({
+    destination: geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(10, 20, 5000),
+    duration: 0.1,
+    endTransform: geo.matrix4.IDENTITY,
+  });
+  assert.notDeepEqual(engine.camera.transform(), [...geo.matrix4.IDENTITY]);
+  engine.fake.frames(10, 16);
+  assert.deepEqual(engine.camera.transform(), [...geo.matrix4.IDENTITY]);
+});
+
+test('a fake rectangle destination looks down on the rectangle centre', () => {
+  const engine = createFakeEngine();
+  const rectangle = {
+    west: geo.math.toRadians(2.2),
+    south: geo.math.toRadians(48.8),
+    east: geo.math.toRadians(2.5),
+    north: geo.math.toRadians(48.9),
+  };
+  engine.camera.flyTo({ destination: rectangle, duration: 0 });
+  const pose = engine.camera.pose();
+  close(pose.pitch, -Math.PI / 2, 1e-9, 'pitch');
+  close(pose.cartographic.longitude, geo.math.toRadians(2.35), 1e-9, 'lon');
+  const { width, height } = engine.host.size();
+  for (const [lon, lat] of [
+    [rectangle.west, rectangle.south],
+    [rectangle.east, rectangle.north],
+  ]) {
+    const corner = engine.projector.worldToWindow(
+      geo.cartesian3.fromRadians(lon, lat, 0),
+    );
+    assert.ok(corner.x >= -1 && corner.x <= width + 1, `x ${corner.x}`);
+    assert.ok(corner.y >= -1 && corner.y <= height + 1, `y ${corner.y}`);
+  }
+});
+
+test('fake sphere range follows Cesium: 100 m only for radius 0, no floor otherwise', () => {
+  const engine = createFakeEngine({ width: 1000, height: 500 });
+  const center = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(0, 0, 0);
+  engine.camera.flyToSphere({ center, radius: 10 }, { duration: 0 });
+  const tanPhi = Math.tan(engine.camera.pose().fovy / 2);
+  close(
+    geo.cartesian3.distance(engine.camera.pose().position, center),
+    Math.max(10 / (2 * tanPhi), 10 / tanPhi),
+    1e-6,
+    'range (m)',
+  );
+  engine.camera.flyToSphere({ center, radius: 0 }, { duration: 0 });
+  close(
+    geo.cartesian3.distance(engine.camera.pose().position, center),
+    100,
+    1e-6,
+  );
+});
+
+test('fake drillPick records width and height; maps return promises', async () => {
+  const engine = createFakeEngine();
+  engine.picker.drillPick(geo.cartesian2.create(1, 2), 3, 4, 5);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    engine.fake.callsOf('picker.drillPick')[0].args.slice(1),
+    [3, 4, 5],
+  );
+  for (const call of [
+    engine.maps.setBaseImagery({ kind: 'osm' }),
+    engine.maps.setTerrain({ kind: 'ellipsoid' }),
+    engine.maps.setPhotorealTiles(null),
+  ]) {
+    assert.ok(call instanceof Promise);
+    await call;
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/maps/controller.js b/src/maps/controller.js
index 1dad01ccf..7664442bc 100644
--- a/src/maps/controller.js
+++ b/src/maps/controller.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { indexMapSources } from './registry.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { createMapCredits } from './credits.js';
+import { createMapScene } from './sceneApply.js';
 import { applyTerrain } from './terrain.js';
 import { acquireImageryComparison } from './imageryComparison.js';
 
@@ -32,8 +32,7 @@ export class MapSourceController {
     this._onChange = onChange;
     this._onError = onError;
     this._requestRender = requestRender;
-    this._createImageryLayer = createImageryLayer;
-    this._credits = createMapCredits(viewer);
+    this._scene = createMapScene(viewer, { createImageryLayer });
     this._abort = new AbortController();
     this._imageryProviders = new Map();
     this._terrainProviders = new Map();
@@ -45,8 +44,6 @@ export class MapSourceController {
     this._switchOrigin = 'manual';
     this._isSwitching = false;
     this._lastError = null;
-    this._imageryLayer = null;
-    this._activeImageryProvider = null;
     this._removeImageryErrorListener = null;
     this._terrainMode = null;
     this._subscribers = new Set();
@@ -245,43 +242,37 @@ export class MapSourceController {
       this._ownedTilesets.add(tileset);
     }
     this._removeImageryLayer();
-    this._credits.show(source.credit || null);
+    this._scene.showCredit(source.credit);
     this._showTileset(tileset);
-    this.viewer.scene.globe.show = false;
+    this._scene.showGlobe(false);
     // Terrain is intentionally untouched while the globe is hidden.
   }
 
   _showTileset(active) {
+    const tilesets = [];
     for (const source of this._sources.values())
-      if (source.tileset) source.tileset.show = source.tileset === active;
-    for (const tileset of this._ownedTilesets)
-      tileset.show = tileset === active;
+      if (source.tileset) tilesets.push(source.tileset);
+    this._scene.showTileset(active, [...tilesets, ...this._ownedTilesets]);
   }
 
   async _activateGlobeStack(stack, gen) {
     const resolution = await this._getImageryProvider(stack);
     if (gen !== this._switchGen) return;
-    // Scene shots reapply their map stack at every handoff. Keep the live
-    // layer (and its loaded tiles) when the resolved provider is unchanged;
-    // rebuilding it exposes the bare globe while imagery loads again.
-    if (
-      !this._imageryLayer ||
-      this._activeImageryProvider !== resolution.provider
-    ) {
+    // Scene shots reapply their map stack at every handoff; the map scene
+    // keeps the live layer when the resolved provider is unchanged.
+    if (this._scene.baseProvider !== resolution.provider) {
       this._removeImageryLayer();
-      this._imageryLayer = this._createImageryLayer(resolution.provider);
-      this._activeImageryProvider = resolution.provider;
-      this.viewer.imageryLayers.add(this._imageryLayer, 0);
+      this._scene.showBaseImagery(resolution.provider);
     }
     const source = this._sources.get(resolution.effectiveStackId);
-    this._credits.show(source?.credit || null);
+    this._scene.showCredit(source?.credit);
     // A repeated request still owns a new switch generation. Rebind its
     // failure listener so fallback remains live without accumulating listeners.
     this._removeImageryErrorListener?.();
     this._removeImageryErrorListener = null;
     this._watchProvider(resolution, gen);
     this._showTileset(null);
-    this.viewer.scene.globe.show = true;
+    this._scene.showGlobe(true);
     this._activeId = resolution.effectiveStackId;
     if (source?.terrain && source.terrain.id !== this._terrainMode) {
       const terrain = source.terrain;
@@ -346,7 +337,7 @@ export class MapSourceController {
     this._removeImageryErrorListener = errorEvent.addEventListener((error) => {
       if (
         gen !== this._switchGen ||
-        this._activeImageryProvider !== resolution.provider
+        this._scene.baseProvider !== resolution.provider
       )
         return;
       const retryCount = Number(error?.timesRetried);
@@ -381,10 +372,7 @@ export class MapSourceController {
   _removeImageryLayer() {
     this._removeImageryErrorListener?.();
     this._removeImageryErrorListener = null;
-    if (this._imageryLayer)
-      this.viewer.imageryLayers.remove(this._imageryLayer, true);
-    this._imageryLayer = null;
-    this._activeImageryProvider = null;
+    this._scene.removeBaseImagery();
   }
   _dispose(value) {
     if (!value || this._disposed.has(value)) return;
@@ -400,7 +388,7 @@ export class MapSourceController {
     this._abort.abort();
     this._isSwitching = false;
     this._removeImageryLayer();
-    this._credits.destroy();
+    this._scene.destroy();
     for (const promise of this._imageryProviders.values())
       void Promise.resolve(promise).then(
         (value) => this._dispose(value.provider),
diff --git a/src/maps/sceneApply.js b/src/maps/sceneApply.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f82a77af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/maps/sceneApply.js
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { createMapCredits } from './credits.js';
+
+/**
+ * The scene changes a map source makes on a Cesium viewer: the base imagery
+ * layer, which 3D tileset shows, the globe, and the source's static credit.
+ * Shared by MapSourceController and the Cesium globe engine's `maps`, so
+ * both apply sources the same way. Creating it touches nothing.
+ * @param {Cesium.Viewer} viewer
+ * @param {{ createImageryLayer?: (provider: object) => object }} [options]
+ */
+export function createMapScene(
+  viewer,
+  { createImageryLayer = (provider) => new Cesium.ImageryLayer(provider) } = {},
+) {
+  const credits = createMapCredits(viewer);
+  let layer = null;
+  let provider = null;
+  const scene = {
+    /** The provider of the live base layer, or null. */
+    get baseProvider() {
+      return provider;
+    },
+    /**
+     * Show `next` as the bottom imagery layer. The live layer (and its loaded
+     * tiles) stays when its provider is unchanged: rebuilding it exposes the
+     * bare globe while imagery loads again. Returns whether it was replaced.
+     */
+    showBaseImagery(next) {
+      if (layer && provider === next) return false;
+      scene.removeBaseImagery();
+      layer = createImageryLayer(next);
+      provider = next;
+      viewer.imageryLayers.add(layer, 0);
+      return true;
+    },
+    removeBaseImagery() {
+      if (layer) viewer.imageryLayers.remove(layer, true);
+      layer = null;
+      provider = null;
+    },
+    /** Show `active` (or none) among `tilesets`. */
+    showTileset(active, tilesets) {
+      for (const tileset of tilesets) tileset.show = tileset === active;
+    },
+    showGlobe(visible) {
+      viewer.scene.globe.show = visible;
+    },
+    showCredit(html) {
+      credits.show(html || null);
+    },
+    destroy() {
+      scene.removeBaseImagery();
+      credits.destroy();
+    },
+  };
+  return scene;
+}
diff --git a/src/maps/sceneApply.test.mjs b/src/maps/sceneApply.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76aec8a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/maps/sceneApply.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createMapScene } from './sceneApply.js';
+
+function fixture() {
+  const layers = [];
+  const removed = [];
+  const credits = [];
+  const viewer = {
+    scene: {
+      globe: { show: true },
+      frameState: {
+        creditDisplay: {
+          addStaticCredit: (credit) => credits.push(credit),
+          removeStaticCredit: (credit) =>
+            credits.splice(credits.indexOf(credit), 1),
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    imageryLayers: {
+      add: (layer, index) => layers.splice(index ?? layers.length, 0, layer),
+      remove(layer, destroy) {
+        layers.splice(layers.indexOf(layer), 1);
+        removed.push({ layer, destroy });
+      },
+    },
+  };
+  const scene = createMapScene(viewer, {
+    createImageryLayer: (provider) => ({ provider }),
+  });
+  return { viewer, scene, layers, removed, credits };
+}
+
+test('creating the map scene touches nothing', () => {
+  const { viewer, layers, credits } = fixture();
+  assert.deepEqual(layers, []);
+  assert.deepEqual(credits, []);
+  assert.equal(viewer.scene.globe.show, true);
+});
+
+test('showBaseImagery puts a new layer at the bottom and replaces the old one', () => {
+  const { scene, layers, removed } = fixture();
+  layers.push({ name: 'overlay' });
+  const first = { name: 'esri' };
+  assert.equal(scene.showBaseImagery(first), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(layers[0], { provider: first });
+  assert.equal(scene.baseProvider, first);
+  const second = { name: 'osm' };
+  assert.equal(scene.showBaseImagery(second), true);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    layers.map((layer) => layer.provider?.name ?? layer.name),
+    ['osm', 'overlay'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(removed, [{ layer: { provider: first }, destroy: true }]);
+});
+
+test('re-applying the same provider keeps the live layer', () => {
+  const { scene, layers, removed } = fixture();
+  const provider = { name: 'esri' };
+  scene.showBaseImagery(provider);
+  const live = layers[0];
+  assert.equal(scene.showBaseImagery(provider), false);
+  assert.equal(layers[0], live);
+  assert.deepEqual(removed, []);
+});
+
+test('removeBaseImagery, tilesets, globe and credits', () => {
+  const { viewer, scene, layers, credits } = fixture();
+  scene.showBaseImagery({ name: 'esri' });
+  scene.removeBaseImagery();
+  scene.removeBaseImagery();
+  assert.deepEqual(layers, []);
+  assert.equal(scene.baseProvider, null);
+  const a = { show: true };
+  const b = { show: false };
+  scene.showTileset(b, [a, b]);
+  assert.deepEqual([a.show, b.show], [false, true]);
+  scene.showTileset(null, [a, b]);
+  assert.deepEqual([a.show, b.show], [false, false]);
+  scene.showGlobe(false);
+  assert.equal(viewer.scene.globe.show, false);
+  scene.showCredit('<b>Esri</b>');
+  assert.equal(credits.length, 1);
+  scene.showCredit(null);
+  assert.equal(credits.length, 0);
+  scene.showCredit('<b>Esri</b>');
+  scene.showBaseImagery({ name: 'osm' });
+  scene.destroy();
+  assert.deepEqual(layers, []);
+  assert.deepEqual(credits, []);
+});