Open the orbital cockpit on Navara

The orbital view, sensor zoom, ground focus and satellite switching run on
the contract: camera.setFovy sets the vertical lens on both engines and the
fake, including sub-degree angles on Navara through the guarded core
bridge, with a contract check and mutants. Cesium's imagery look-ahead
stays inside its adapter. KNOWN-ISSUES keeps the two parts Navara still
lacks: imagery prefetch for the orbital view and finest-detail meshes for
the ship bridge waterline.

docs/KNOWN-ISSUES.md

@@ -33,14 +33,15 @@ Status: Open (manual map selection)
 Navara does not report tile errors, so a failing map source does not trigger
 fallback to another map. Select another map manually when tiles fail to load.
 
-### Orbital cockpit is unavailable on Navara
+### Orbital imagery look-ahead is unavailable on Navara
 
 Status: Open (Cesium only)
 
-The Navara engine does not offer the satellite cockpit, including sensor
+The orbital cockpit works on both engines. On Navara it loads imagery for
-zoom, ground focus and satellite switching. Satellites can still be selected
+its current view but does not prefetch imagery ahead of the ground track.
-and tracked on the globe. The orbital entry control stays hidden. Switch to
+At high optical zoom, imagery can arrive later than on Cesium. Navara's
-Cesium to use the orbital cockpit.
+package does not expose a raster prefetch operation sharing its tile cache
+and request priorities.
 
 ### Ship bridge waterline uses loaded geometry on Navara
 

scripts/contract-mutants.test.mjs

@@ -15,6 +15,20 @@ const handle = (engine, area, factory, mutate) =>
   });
 
 const mutants = [
+  [
+    'field of view changes are ignored',
+    'camera.setFovy: changes projection',
+    (e) => { e.camera.setFovy = () => {}; },
+  ],
+  [
+    'optical fields below one degree are ignored',
+    'camera.setFovy: changes projection',
+    (e) => {
+      replace(e.camera, 'setFovy', (set) => (radians) => {
+        if (radians >= Math.PI / 180) set(radians);
+      });
+    },
+  ],
   [
     'retarget omits followChanged',
     'camera.following: set, retarget',

scripts/engine-coupling-baseline.json

@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
     "engineSwitchLayerIds": 3,
     "cesiumLayerRendererLines": 0,
     "navaraLayerRendererLines": 0,
-    "cesiumImportFiles": 3,
+    "cesiumImportFiles": 2,
-    "viewerLines": 784,
+    "viewerLines": 666,
     "navaraKindChecks": 1,
     "engineSniffCalls": 0,
-    "engineExtensionReads": 3,
+    "engineExtensionReads": 2,
     "groundEffectPasses": 0,
     "cesiumSdkLoads": 3,
     "screenSpaceHandlerFiles": 2,
-    "engineNameLines": 21
+    "engineNameLines": 20
   }
 }

scripts/package-boundaries.json

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 {
   "engineImportExceptions": [
-    {
-      "file": "src/data/bhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia.js",
-      "package": "cesium",
-      "reason": "Authored story media still uses Cesium positions and property records."
-    },
     {
       "file": "src/data/bhoteKoshiEvent.js",
       "package": "cesium",
@@ -978,7 +973,8 @@
       "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
       "src/geo/",
       "src/globe/cesium/doubleClick.js",
-      "src/globe/cesium/orbital.js"
+      "src/globe/cesium/orbital.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/orbitalImagery.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1261,11 +1257,9 @@
       "src/globe/cesium/doubleClick.js",
       "src/celestialRing.js",
       "src/celestialRing/ephemeris.js",
-      "src/celestialRing/view.js",
       "src/data/detectionCohort.js",
       "src/data/labelArbiter.js",
       "src/globe/cesium/celestial.js",
-      "src/layers/shared/render/engineView.js",
       "src/overlays/worldOverlay.js",
       "src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.js",
       "src/overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js",
@@ -1273,7 +1267,9 @@
       "src/data/trackedReadout.js",
       "src/ui/releaseTrackers.js",
       "src/globe/cesium/orbital.js",
-      "src/time/clock.js"
+      "src/time/clock.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/celestialHost.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/orbitalImagery.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "vue", "pinia", "vue-i18n"]
   },
@@ -2521,11 +2517,8 @@
       "src/layers/wind/model.js",
       "src/layers/wind/fields.js",
       "src/layers/wind/streamlines.js",
-      "src/layers/wind/gpuRendering.js",
-      "src/layers/wind/relief.js",
       "src/layers/wind/inspection.js",
       "src/layers/wind/presentation.js",
-      "src/layers/wind/rendering.js",
       "src/layers/wind/source.js",
       "src/sources/windBody.js",
       "src/data/detection.js",
@@ -3458,7 +3451,6 @@
       "src/layers/localAdsb/render/display.js",
       "src/layers/shared/render/engineView.js",
       "src/globe/cesium/celestial.js",
-      "src/celestialRing/view.js",
       "src/globe/navara/ground/pulse.js",
       "src/globe/navara/shaderChunks.js",
       "src/globe/navara/sceneDepth.js",
@@ -3593,7 +3585,12 @@
       "src/globe/cesium/orbital.js",
       "src/globe/cesium/worldTime.js",
       "src/data/geoImportLimits.js",
-      "src/data/geoImportPlan.js"
+      "src/data/geoImportPlan.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/celestialHost.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/orbitalImagery.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/windGpuRendering.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/windRelief.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/windRendering.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -3650,11 +3647,8 @@
       "src/layers/wind/model.js",
       "src/layers/wind/fields.js",
       "src/layers/wind/streamlines.js",
-      "src/layers/wind/gpuRendering.js",
-      "src/layers/wind/relief.js",
       "src/layers/wind/inspection.js",
       "src/layers/wind/presentation.js",
-      "src/layers/wind/rendering.js",
       "src/app/layers/aisLiveVessels.js",
       "src/app/layers/alprCameras.js",
       "src/app/layers/bikeshare.js",
@@ -4212,7 +4206,6 @@
       "src/layers/localAdsb/render/display.js",
       "src/layers/shared/render/moverBank.js",
       "src/globe/cesium/celestial.js",
-      "src/celestialRing/view.js",
       "src/layers/shared/render/engineView.js",
       "src/layers/firms/rectangle.js",
       "src/time/worldClock.js",
@@ -4306,7 +4299,11 @@
       "src/data/ucsSatellites.js",
       "src/data/imagingSensors.js",
       "src/data/planespottersPhoto.js",
-      "src/data/geoImportLimits.js"
+      "src/data/geoImportLimits.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/celestialHost.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/windGpuRendering.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/windRelief.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/windRendering.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -5013,7 +5010,6 @@
       "src/i18n/locales/uk.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json",
       "src/i18n/locales/zh-Hant.json",
-      "src/celestialRing/view.js",
       "src/layers/shared/render/engineView.js",
       "src/globe/cesium/sceneProjection.js",
       "src/layers/shared/color.js",
@@ -5031,7 +5027,8 @@
       "src/data/trackedReadout.js",
       "src/data/trackingGesture.js",
       "src/time/worldClock.js",
-      "src/time/clock.js"
+      "src/time/clock.js",
+      "src/globe/cesium/celestialHost.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "egm96-universal", "pbf"]
   },

src/globe/cesium/camera.js

@@ -179,6 +179,14 @@ export function createCesiumCamera(viewer) {
   }
 
   const camera = {
+    setFovy(radians) {
+      if (!Number.isFinite(radians) || radians <= 0 || radians >= Math.PI)
+        throw new RangeError('Field of view must be between 0 and PI');
+      const aspect = cesium.frustum.aspectRatio;
+      cesium.frustum.fov =
+        aspect > 1 ? 2 * Math.atan(Math.tan(radians / 2) * aspect) : radians;
+      viewer.scene.requestRender();
+    },
     pose() {
       const position = toGeo3(cesium.positionWC);
       return {

src/globe/cesium/camera.test.mjs

@@ -579,3 +579,47 @@ test('setView ends the engine flight through its cancellation callback', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(outcome, ['cancel']);
   assert.equal(camera.flightActive(), false);
 });
+
+test('completing a sphere flight fires only complete before its look-at', () => {
+  const { scene, engine } = createCameraViewer();
+  scene.tweens = new Cesium.TweenCollection();
+  scene.screenSpaceCameraController = { enableInputs: true };
+  const target = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(85.9, 27.9, 2000);
+  const offset = { heading: 0.4, pitch: -0.6, range: 12000 };
+  const outcome = [];
+  engine.camera.flyToSphere(
+    { center: target, radius: 80 },
+    {
+      ...offset,
+      duration: 2.2,
+      complete() {
+        outcome.push('complete');
+        engine.camera.lookAt(target, offset);
+        engine.camera.release();
+      },
+      cancel: () => outcome.push('cancel'),
+    },
+  );
+  engine.camera.completeFlight();
+  engine.camera.completeFlight();
+  assert.deepEqual(outcome, ['complete']);
+  assert.equal(engine.camera.flightActive(), false);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      geo.cartesian3.distance(engine.camera.pose().position, target) -
+        offset.range,
+    ) < 0.01,
+  );
+  engine.destroy();
+});
+
+test('vertical field of view changes the real Cesium projection and restores it', () => {
+  const { camera, engine } = createCameraViewer();
+  const saved = camera.frustum.fovy;
+  engine.camera.setFovy(0.2);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(camera.frustum.fovy - 0.2) < 1e-12);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(engine.camera.pose().fovy - 0.2) < 1e-12);
+  engine.camera.setFovy(saved);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(camera.frustum.fovy - saved) < 1e-12);
+  engine.destroy();
+});

src/globe/cesium/orbitalImagery.js

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import {
+  createOrbitalImageryRequest,
+  isGeographicProjection,
+} from './orbital.js';
+import {
+  centreLinesFirst,
+  ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES,
+  footprintWidthKm,
+  groundTrackAhead,
+  imageryLevelForView,
+  tilesForPoints,
+} from '../../cockpitOrbital.js';
+
+const PREFETCH_MEMORY = 512;
+
+/** Warm the base imagery cache without taking slots from visible tiles. */
+export function prefetchOrbitalImagery(viewer, state, info, fov, aspect) {
+  try {
+    const globe = viewer.scene?.globe;
+    if (!globe || globe.show === false) return 0;
+    const provider = baseImageryProvider(viewer);
+    if (!provider) return 0;
+    // Another base map: its tiles have not been asked for.
+    // A fresh set, so a late failure from the old map's requests cannot
+    // drop a tile the new one has fetched.
+    if (provider !== state.prefetchProvider) {
+      for (const request of state.prefetchRequests) request.cancel?.();
+      state.prefetchRequests = new Set();
+      state.prefetched = new Set();
+      state.prefetchProvider = provider;
+    }
+    const viewKm = footprintWidthKm(info.altitudeM, fov, aspect);
+    // The ground one CSS pixel covers at the nadir point, as Cesium's
+    // screen-space error measures it: the vertical field of view over the
+    // canvas height, at the satellite's altitude.
+    const canvas = viewer.scene?.canvas;
+    const heightPx = canvas?.clientHeight || canvas?.height;
+    const terrain =
+      viewer.terrainProvider ?? viewer.scene?.globe?.terrainProvider;
+    const level = imageryLevelForView(provider.tilingScheme, {
+      metresPerPixel: (info.altitudeM * 2 * Math.tan(fov / 2)) / heightPx,
+      latitudeDeg: info.latitude,
+      geographic: isGeographicProjection(provider.tilingScheme.projection),
+      tileWidthPx: provider.tileWidth,
+      minimumLevel: provider.minimumLevel,
+      maximumLevel: provider.maximumLevel,
+      maximumScreenSpaceError: globe.maximumScreenSpaceError,
+      terrainLevelErrorM:
+        typeof terrain?.getLevelMaximumGeometricError === 'function'
+          ? (terrainLevel) =>
+              terrain.getLevelMaximumGeometricError(terrainLevel)
+          : undefined,
+    });
+    if (level === null) return 0;
+    const memory = state.prefetched;
+    const tiles = tilesForPoints(
+      provider.tilingScheme,
+      centreLinesFirst(groundTrackAhead(info, viewKm)),
+      level,
+      {
+        maxTiles: ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES,
+        skip: (key) => memory.has(key),
+      },
+    );
+    let asked = 0;
+    for (const tile of tiles) {
+      let pending;
+      let request;
+      try {
+        // The tiles on screen keep their slots: Cesium's scheduler declines
+        // this request while the imagery server's slots are taken (shared
+        // with the globe's own tile requests, throttleByServer) or the
+        // scheduler is full, and at the lowest priority it is the first
+        // dropped from the priority heap, never one the screen asked for.
+        pending = provider.requestImage(
+          tile.x,
+          tile.y,
+          tile.level,
+          (request = createOrbitalImageryRequest()),
+        );
+      } catch {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // A provider that declines now (throttled) is asked again later.
+      if (!pending) continue;
+      const requests = state.prefetchRequests;
+      requests.add(request);
+      Promise.resolve(pending).then(
+        () => requests.delete(request),
+        (error) => {
+          requests.delete(request);
+          // Dropped by the scheduler (rejected with no error): asked again
+          // later. A tile that failed to load stays remembered, so one
+          // missing from the map is not asked for every look-ahead.
+          if (error === undefined) memory.delete(tile.key);
+        },
+      );
+      memory.add(tile.key);
+      if (memory.size > PREFETCH_MEMORY)
+        memory.delete(memory.values().next().value);
+      asked += 1;
+    }
+    return asked;
+  } catch {
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The provider of the lowest shown imagery layer, the base map the globe
+ * drapes, when it can be asked for a tile; else null.
+ */
+function baseImageryProvider(viewer) {
+  const layers = viewer.imageryLayers ?? viewer.scene?.imageryLayers;
+  const count = Number.isInteger(layers?.length) ? layers.length : 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i += 1) {
+    const layer = layers.get(i);
+    if (!layer || layer.show === false || layer.alpha === 0) continue;
+    const provider = layer.imageryProvider;
+    if (
+      typeof provider?.requestImage === 'function' &&
+      typeof provider.tilingScheme?.positionToTileXY === 'function'
+    )
+      return provider;
+    return null;
+  }
+  return null;
+}

src/globe/contract.js

@@ -89,6 +89,10 @@
  *   engine-owned object: the same object on every read, holding the current
  *   position (at the latest when read). For per-frame readers, which must not
  *   allocate; read-only, copy it to keep a value.
+ * @property {(radians: number) => void} setFovy Set the vertical field of
+ *   view (finite, strictly between 0 and PI). Resizing retains the angle
+ *   across the wider canvas side, as Cesium does. Does not cancel flights
+ *   or following; pose, projection and picking use the new field of view.
  * @property {() => number} height The camera's height above the WGS84
  *   ellipsoid (the pose's cartographic height), without building a pose.
  * @property {(view: { destination: Cartesian3 | Rectangle, orientation?: Orientation }) => void} setView
@@ -975,6 +979,7 @@ const SHAPE = {
   host: { container: isObject, canvas: isObject, size: isFunction },
   camera: {
     pose: isFunction,
+    setFovy: isFunction,
     livePosition: (value) =>
       value != null &&
       isNumber(value.x) &&

src/globe/navara/cameraModel.js

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { createEngineEvent } from '../contract.js';
 import {
-  cesiumFovy,
   headingPitchRoll,
   horizonVisible,
   lookAtFrame,
@@ -83,6 +82,7 @@ function posesNear(a, b, distance, angle) {
  *     stop: () => void,
  *     size: () => { width: number, height: number },
  *     requestFrame: () => void,
+ *     setFovy?: (radians: number) => void,
  *     suspendCameraInputs?: () => () => void,
  *   },
  *   clock?: { now: () => number, setTimeout: Function, clearTimeout: Function },
@@ -120,6 +120,13 @@ export function createCameraModel({
           ...orientationVectors(position, 0, -math.PI_OVER_TWO, 0),
         };
       })();
+  let fov = Math.PI / 3;
+  const fovy = () => {
+    const { width, height } = port.size();
+    return width > height
+      ? 2 * Math.atan((Math.tan(fov / 2) * height) / width)
+      : fov;
+  };
   let transform = [...matrix4.IDENTITY];
   let percentageChanged = DEFAULT_PERCENTAGE_CHANGED;
   let flight = null;
@@ -139,7 +146,7 @@ export function createCameraModel({
 
   const view = () => {
     const { width, height } = port.size();
-    return { ...state, fovy: cesiumFovy(width, height), width, height };
+    return { ...state, fovy: fovy(), width, height };
   };
 
   // A programmatic pose: exact here, pushed to Navara for drawing.
@@ -154,11 +161,7 @@ export function createCameraModel({
     const { width, height } = port.size();
     const position =
       'west' in destination
-        ? rectangleViewPosition(
+        ? rectangleViewPosition(destination, fovy(), width / height)
-            destination,
-            cesiumFovy(width, height),
-            width / height,
-          )
         : copy3(destination);
     if (orientation && 'direction' in orientation)
       return {
@@ -311,6 +314,17 @@ export function createCameraModel({
   const livePosition = cartesian3.create();
 
   const camera = {
+    setFovy(radians) {
+      if (!Number.isFinite(radians) || radians <= 0 || radians >= Math.PI)
+        throw new RangeError('Field of view must be between 0 and PI');
+      const { width, height } = port.size();
+      fov =
+        width > height
+          ? 2 * Math.atan((Math.tan(radians / 2) * width) / height)
+          : radians;
+      port.setFovy?.(radians);
+      port.requestFrame();
+    },
     get livePosition() {
       return cartesian3.clone(state.position, livePosition);
     },
@@ -356,8 +370,7 @@ export function createCameraModel({
       transform = [...matrix4.IDENTITY];
       const { width, height } = port.size();
       const range =
-        options.range ||
+        options.range || sphereRange(sphere.radius, fovy(), width / height);
-        sphereRange(sphere.radius, cesiumFovy(width, height), width / height);
       const frame = geo.transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(
         sphere.center,
         WGS84,

src/globe/navara/createNavaraEngine.js

@@ -114,10 +114,13 @@ export function createNavaraEngine(
     width: canvas.clientWidth,
     height: canvas.clientHeight,
   });
+  const applyFovy = (radians) => {
+    if (hooks.setCameraFovy) hooks.setCameraFovy(radians);
+    else view.camera.fov = math.toDegrees(radians);
+  };
   const matchFov = () => {
     const { width, height } = size();
-    if (width > 0 && height > 0)
+    if (width > 0 && height > 0) applyFovy(cesiumFovy(width, height));
-      view.camera.fov = math.toDegrees(cesiumFovy(width, height));
   };
   matchFov();
 
@@ -131,6 +134,7 @@ export function createNavaraEngine(
       stop: () => view.setCamera({}),
       size,
       requestFrame: () => view.forceUpdate(),
+      setFovy: applyFovy,
       suspendCameraInputs: () => input.input.suspendCameraInputs(),
     },
     ...(clock ? { clock } : {}),
@@ -201,7 +205,9 @@ export function createNavaraEngine(
       model.afterFrame();
       frames.postRender.raiseEvent(time);
     },
-    resize: () => matchFov(),
+    resize: () => {
+      applyFovy(model.camera.pose().fovy);
+    },
   };
   for (const [name, handler] of Object.entries(handlers))
     view.on(name, handler);

src/globe/navara/createNavaraEngine.test.mjs

@@ -769,3 +769,17 @@ test('a wheel during a flight with the camera inputs suspended does not cancel i
   assert.equal(engine.input.cameraInputsEnabled(), true);
   engine.destroy();
 });
+
+test('optical zoom reaches the drawn camera and survives a resize', () => {
+  const { engine, view } = setup();
+  engine.camera.setFovy(0.2);
+  near(view.camera.fovs.at(-1), geo.math.toDegrees(0.2), 1e-12, 'drawn fovy');
+  near(engine.camera.pose().fovy, 0.2, 1e-12, 'projector fovy');
+  const fov = 2 * Math.atan(Math.tan(0.1) * engine.camera.pose().aspectRatio);
+  view.canvas.clientWidth = 600;
+  view.canvas.clientHeight = 900;
+  view.emit('resize');
+  near(view.camera.fovs.at(-1), geo.math.toDegrees(fov), 1e-12, 'resized fovy');
+  near(engine.camera.pose().fovy, fov, 1e-12, 'resized projector');
+  engine.destroy();
+});

src/globe/navara/internals.js

@@ -233,11 +233,25 @@ export function featureChangeQueue(view) {
     : null;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Navara's public camera.fov setter drops angles below one degree, although
+ * the core supports them. Optical zoom needs the same frustum for drawing,
+ * tile selection and picking. Upstream ask: accept every positive FOV.
+ */
+export function setCameraFovy(view, radians) {
+  requireMember(
+    'view._core.setFrustum',
+    typeof view?._core?.setFrustum === 'function',
+  );
+  view._core.setFrustum((radians * 180) / Math.PI, undefined, undefined);
+}
+
 /** The hooks createNavaraEngine takes. */
 export const navaraHooks = (view) => {
   assertNavaraInternals(view);
   return {
     retainTileGeometry,
+    setCameraFovy: (radians) => setCameraFovy(view, radians),
     tileRoots: () => tileRoots(view),
     isIdle: () => isIdle(view),
     dropOrphanFeatureChanges: () =>

src/globe/navara/internals.test.mjs

@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ const loader = registerHooks({
       : next(specifier, context);
   },
 });
-const { navaraHooks, forEachLuminanceUniform } = await import('./internals.js');
+const { navaraHooks, forEachLuminanceUniform, setCameraFovy } =
+  await import('./internals.js');
 loader.deregister();
 const { ModelMesh } = await import(sdkStub);
 
@@ -201,3 +202,31 @@ test('feature changes of a deleted vector layer leave the queue; live ones stay'
     0,
   );
 });
+
+test('optical zoom below one degree reaches the native frustum', async () => {
+  const { initSync, Core } = await import('@navaramap/engine');
+  initSync({
+    module: readFileSync(
+      new URL(
+        '../../../node_modules/@navaramap/engine/navara_wasm_bg.wasm',
+        import.meta.url,
+      ),
+    ),
+  });
+  const core = new Core('optical-zoom-test');
+  core.start();
+  core.resize(1280, 800, 1);
+  core.update(0);
+  try {
+    const view = { _core: core };
+    setCameraFovy(view, 0.0002);
+    core.update(16);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(core.getCameraFOV() - 0.0002) < 1e-12);
+    setCameraFovy(view, Math.PI / 3);
+    core.update(32);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(core.getCameraFOV() - Math.PI / 3) < 1e-12);
+    assert.throws(() => setCameraFovy({}, 0.0002), /setFrustum/);
+  } finally {
+    core.free();
+  }
+});

src/globe/testing/contractSuite/camera.mjs

@@ -20,6 +20,61 @@ import { enuOffset } from '../../follow.js';
 export function poseChecks(engine, { settle, until, nadirView }) {
   const { camera } = engine;
   return [
+    [
+      'camera.setFovy: changes projection and rays without moving the camera',
+      async () => {
+        const saved = camera.pose();
+        const size = engine.host.size();
+        const pixel = { x: size.width * 0.65, y: size.height * 0.5 };
+        const ray = camera.pickRay(pixel);
+        const point = cartesian3.add(
+          ray.origin,
+          cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(ray.direction, 1000, cartesian3.create()),
+          cartesian3.create(),
+        );
+        const before = engine.projector.worldToWindow(point);
+        try {
+          camera.setFovy(saved.fovy / 128);
+          await settle();
+          near(
+            camera.pose().fovy,
+            saved.fovy / 128,
+            1e-10,
+            'vertical field of view',
+          );
+          near(
+            cartesian3.distance(camera.pose().position, saved.position),
+            0,
+            0.01,
+            'position unchanged',
+          );
+          const after = engine.projector.worldToWindow(point);
+          ensure(after.x > before.x, 'narrowing the field magnifies the image');
+          const narrower = camera.pickRay(pixel);
+          ensure(
+            cartesian3.distance(narrower.direction, ray.direction) > 1e-3,
+            'pick ray follows the lens',
+          );
+          for (const invalid of [0, -1, Math.PI, NaN, Infinity]) {
+            let rejected = false;
+            try {
+              camera.setFovy(invalid);
+            } catch {
+              rejected = true;
+            }
+            ensure(rejected, 'invalid field of view is rejected');
+          }
+          near(
+            camera.pose().fovy,
+            saved.fovy / 128,
+            1e-10,
+            'invalid input keeps the lens',
+          );
+        } finally {
+          camera.setFovy(saved.fovy);
+        }
+      },
+    ],
     [
       'camera.setView: heading, pitch and roll round-trip through pose',
       async () => {

src/globe/testing/fakeEngine.js

@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ export function createFakeEngine(options = {}) {
   let width = options.width ?? 1024;
   let height = options.height ?? 768;
   // Cesium's default: 60 degrees across the wider canvas dimension.
-  const fovy = options.fovy ?? cesiumFovy(width, height);
+  let fovy = options.fovy ?? cesiumFovy(width, height);
   const state = {
     position: cartesian3.create(),
     direction: cartesian3.create(),
@@ -535,6 +535,13 @@ export function createFakeEngine(options = {}) {
   }
 
   const camera = {
+    setFovy(radians) {
+      if (!Number.isFinite(radians) || radians <= 0 || radians >= Math.PI)
+        throw new RangeError('Field of view must be between 0 and PI');
+      record('camera.setFovy', [radians]);
+      fovy = radians;
+      engine.render.request('camera-fov');
+    },
     pose() {
       const angles = poseAngles();
       return {
@@ -1013,8 +1020,16 @@ export function createFakeEngine(options = {}) {
       );
     },
     setSize(nextWidth, nextHeight) {
+      const fov =
+        width > height
+          ? 2 * Math.atan((Math.tan(fovy / 2) * width) / height)
+          : fovy;
       width = nextWidth;
       height = nextHeight;
+      fovy =
+        width > height
+          ? 2 * Math.atan((Math.tan(fov / 2) * height) / width)
+          : fov;
     },
     callsOf: (method) => fake.calls.filter((call) => call.method === method),
     resetCalls() {

src/ui/cockpitController.js

@@ -137,7 +137,6 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     } = {},
   ) {
     this.host = cockpitHost(engine, { viewer });
-    // Orbital optics and imagery prefetch still belong to the Cesium viewer.
     this.viewer = viewer;
     this.services = services;
     this.destroyed = false;
@@ -206,7 +205,7 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
         : () => false;
     // Nor a satellite layer to ride without one.
     this.isOrbitEntryAllowed =
-      viewer && typeof isOrbitEntryAllowed === 'function'
+      typeof isOrbitEntryAllowed === 'function'
         ? isOrbitEntryAllowed
         : () => false;
     this.isUtilityDisclosureOpen =
@@ -311,7 +310,7 @@ export class CockpitViewController {
     );
     this._listenerRemovers.push(routeSceneDoubleClick.call(this));
     // In orbit a click on a mapped point keeps the camera on it.
-    if (viewer) this._listenerRemovers.push(routeSceneClick.call(this));
+    this._listenerRemovers.push(routeSceneClick.call(this));
     // In orbit the wheel steps the optical zoom (Cesium's own wheel zoom is
     // off while the Cockpit holds the camera).
     this._listen(

src/ui/cockpitController.test.mjs

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ test('Cockpit subscriptions are released once and retained actions cannot restar
   }
 });
 
-test('without a Cesium viewer orbital entry stays hidden and has no side effects', () => {
+test('orbital entry is offered through the engine without a native viewer', () => {
   const env = environment();
   try {
     const owner = new CockpitViewController(env.engine, {
@@ -68,15 +68,15 @@ test('without a Cesium viewer orbital entry stays hidden and has no side effects
         militaryFlightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: () => null },
         satellitesLayer: {
           getCockpitSubject: () => ({ noradId: 25544, layerId: 'satellites' }),
-          setCockpitSubject: () => assert.fail('no satellite may be hidden'),
+          setCockpitSubject: () => true,
         },
         isTr3b: () => false,
       },
       isOrbitEntryAllowed: () => true,
     });
     owner.syncEntry();
-    assert.equal(owner.presence.entryAvailable, false);
+    assert.equal(owner.presence.entryAvailable, true);
-    assert.equal(owner.enter({ kind: 'satellite' }), false);
+    assert.equal(owner.presence.entryKind, 'satellite');
     assert.equal(owner.orbital, null);
     assert.equal(env.engine.input.cameraInputsEnabled(), true);
     owner.dispose();

src/ui/cockpitHost.js

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // Camera and aircraft ownership used by the shared first-person controller,
 // on the globe contract: the ridden aircraft is the engine follow's target,
 // the aircraft display's tracked glyph handle.
+import { routeViewerClick } from '../globe/cesium/orbital.js';
+import { prefetchOrbitalImagery } from '../globe/cesium/orbitalImagery.js';
 import { routeViewerDoubleClick } from '../globe/cesium/doubleClick.js';
 
 /**
@@ -25,6 +27,8 @@ export function cockpitHost(engine, { viewer = null } = {}) {
     release: () => engine.camera.following()?.stop(),
     restore: (target) => target.resumeAircraftFollow(),
     camera: engine.camera,
+    imageryReady: () =>
+      engine.maps.photorealActive() || engine.surface.tilesLoaded(),
     cartographic: () => engine.camera.pose().cartographic,
     terrainHeight: (place) => engine.surface.terrainHeight(place),
     surface: engine,
@@ -51,6 +55,12 @@ export function cockpitHost(engine, { viewer = null } = {}) {
         resumeInputs = null;
       } else resumeInputs ??= engine.input.suspendCameraInputs();
     },
+    prefetchImagery: (state, info, fov, aspect) =>
+      viewer ? prefetchOrbitalImagery(viewer, state, info, fov, aspect) : 0,
+    routeClick: (handle) =>
+      viewer
+        ? routeViewerClick(viewer, handle)
+        : engine.input.on('click', (event) => handle(event.position)),
     canvasPosition: (world) => engine.projector.worldToWindow(world) ?? null,
     routeDoubleClick: (handle) =>
       viewer

src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.js

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
  * it ends with the session.
  */
 import { cartesian3 } from '../geo/index.js';
-import { routeViewerClick } from '../globe/cesium/orbital.js';
 import { clampOrbitalLook, easeLook } from '../cockpitLook.js';
 import { ORBITAL_EARTH_RADIUS_M } from '../cockpitOrbital.js';
 import {
@@ -264,9 +263,7 @@ export function onOrbitalClick(position) {
  *   (the draw tool borrows it) has replaced ours since.
  */
 export function routeSceneClick() {
-  return routeViewerClick(this.viewer, (position) =>
+  return this.host.routeClick((position) => this.onOrbitalClick(position));
-    this.onOrbitalClick(position),
-  );
 }
 
 /**

src/ui/cockpitOrbitalFocus.test.mjs

@@ -289,6 +289,9 @@ function fixture(t, { reducedMotion = false } = {}) {
   const onMode = (event) => modeEvents.push(event.detail);
   window.addEventListener('gev:cockpit-mode-changed', onMode);
   const engine = createFakeEngine({ kind: 'cesium' });
+  engine.camera.setView = (options) => viewer.camera.setView(options);
+  const following = engine.camera.following;
+  engine.camera.following = () => viewer.trackedEntity ? { stop() { viewer.trackedEntity = undefined; } } : following();
   engine.fake.script('pick', (position) => picks.get(`${position.x},${position.y}`));
   const cockpit = new CockpitViewController(engine, {
     viewer,

src/ui/cockpitOrbitalSatellites.js

@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ export function switchOrbitalSatellite(noradId) {
   } catch {
     tracked = false;
   }
-  // Tracking hands the camera to Cesium's follow; the orbital view keeps it.
+  // Tracking hands the camera to follow; the orbital view keeps it.
-  this.viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
+  this.host.release();
   const info = tracked ? this.readSatelliteInfo() : null;
   if (!info || String(info.noradId) !== String(noradId)) {
     // Nothing changed hands, or the layer could not take it: the view ends

src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.js

@@ -1,23 +1,14 @@
 /** The orbital (satellite) view of the Cockpit controller: camera, zoom, look and HUD. */
-import {
-  createOrbitalImageryRequest,
-  isGeographicProjection,
-} from '../globe/cesium/orbital.js';
 import { formatNumber, msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   ORBITAL_DEFAULT_ZOOM,
   ORBITAL_PREFETCH_INTERVAL_MS,
-  centreLinesFirst,
-  ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES,
   ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MIN_ZOOM,
   ORBITAL_SETTLE_BLUR_PX,
   ORBITAL_ZOOM_LADDER,
   ORBITAL_ZOOM_TRANSITION_MS,
-  cesiumFrustumFovRad,
   footprintWidthKm,
   fovForZoom,
-  groundTrackAhead,
-  imageryLevelForView,
   interpolateZoomFov,
   nadirOrientation,
   nextOrbitalZoom,
@@ -30,7 +21,6 @@ import {
   previousOrbitalZoom,
   sensorStripFraction,
   sensorSwathZoom,
-  tilesForPoints,
   wheelZoomStep,
   zoomSettleHolding,
   zoomTransitionState,
@@ -86,7 +76,7 @@ const NADIR_LOOK = Object.freeze({ yawDeg: 0, pitchDeg: 0 });
  * the exit can put it back exactly.
  */
 export function beginOrbital() {
-  const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
+  const pose = this.host.camera.pose();
   const state = {
     imagery: acquireOrbitImagery(this.services),
     zoom: ORBITAL_DEFAULT_ZOOM,
@@ -102,7 +92,9 @@ export function beginOrbital() {
     // A zoom step in flight: the magnification it started from and when.
     transition: null,
     previousUp: null,
-    savedFov: Number.isFinite(frustum?.fov) ? frustum.fov : null,
+    savedFov: Number.isFinite(pose.fovy)
+      ? 2 * Math.atan(Math.tan(pose.fovy / 2) * Math.max(1, pose.aspectRatio))
+      : null,
     altitudeM: null,
     verticalFov: null,
     lastBriefMs: 0,
@@ -135,8 +127,12 @@ export function endOrbital() {
   // Pre-loads still queued or in flight are for a view no longer shown.
   for (const request of state.prefetchRequests) request.cancel?.();
   state.prefetchRequests.clear();
-  const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
+  if (state.savedFov !== null) {
-  if (frustum && state.savedFov !== null) frustum.fov = state.savedFov;
+    const aspect = Math.max(1, this.host.camera.pose().aspectRatio);
+    this.host.camera.setFovy(
+      2 * Math.atan(Math.tan(state.savedFov / 2) / aspect),
+    );
+  }
   // Back to the map the operator had, unless they picked another meanwhile.
   state.imagery?.release?.()?.catch?.(() => {});
   this.publishOrbital(null);
@@ -153,10 +149,7 @@ function trackPlace(info, nowMs) {
   if (!state?.placeTracker) return;
   let nearKm = null;
   if (Number.isFinite(info.altitudeM)) {
-    const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
+    const aspect = viewAspect(this.host);
-    const aspect = Number.isFinite(frustum?.aspectRatio)
-      ? frustum.aspectRatio
-      : canvasAspect(this.viewer);
     const fov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
     // The field of view is vertical: aspect 1 gives the ground height.
     nearKm = nearPlaceRadiusKm(
@@ -241,7 +234,7 @@ function applyFov(state, altitudeM, nowMs) {
     state,
     baseFov,
     nowMs,
-    tilesLoaded(this.viewer),
+    this.host.imageryReady(),
   );
   // The step's last frame (its lock tick over) publishes the idle state.
   if (state.transition && !reading.moving) {
@@ -249,33 +242,11 @@ function applyFov(state, altitudeM, nowMs) {
     reading.transition = IDLE_TRANSITION;
   }
   state.verticalFov = reading.fov;
-  const frustum = this.viewer.camera?.frustum;
+  this.host.camera.setFovy(reading.fov);
-  if (frustum && 'fov' in frustum) {
-    const aspect = Number.isFinite(frustum.aspectRatio)
-      ? frustum.aspectRatio
-      : canvasAspect(this.viewer);
-    frustum.fov = cesiumFrustumFovRad(reading.fov, aspect);
-  }
   return reading;
 }
 
-/**
+/** Copy a plain vector into the camera scratch. */
- * Whether the imagery under the view has loaded. Flat imagery drapes the
- * globe; with the globe hidden (Google 3D kept) there is nothing to wait for.
- */
-function tilesLoaded(viewer) {
-  const globe = viewer.scene?.globe;
-  return !globe?.show || globe.tilesLoaded !== false;
-}
-
-function canvasAspect(viewer) {
-  const canvas = viewer.scene?.canvas;
-  const width = canvas?.clientWidth;
-  const height = canvas?.clientHeight;
-  return width > 0 && height > 0 ? width / height : 1;
-}
-
-/** Copy a plain vector into a Cesium scratch. */
 function intoCartesian(vector, result) {
   result.x = vector.x;
   result.y = vector.y;
@@ -293,8 +264,8 @@ function intoCartesian(vector, result) {
  */
 export function updateOrbital(nowMs) {
   // Tracking anything from orbit (an aircraft, another satellite) ends the
-  // view and leaves Cesium tracking with that target.
+  // view and leaves the engine tracking with that target.
-  if (this.host.current() || this.viewer.trackedEntity?.position) {
+  if (this.host.camera.following()) {
     this.exit({ restoreTracking: false });
     return;
   }
@@ -343,7 +314,7 @@ export function updateOrbital(nowMs) {
   });
   const zoomStepping = Boolean(state.transition);
   const reading = applyFov.call(this, state, info.altitudeM, nowMs);
-  this.viewer.camera.setView({
+  this.host.camera.setView({
     destination: eye,
     orientation: {
       direction: intoCartesian(view.direction, this.scratchForward),
@@ -372,9 +343,6 @@ export function updateOrbital(nowMs) {
   prefetchImageryAhead.call(this, info, nowMs);
 }
 
-/** Tiles remembered as asked for in one orbital session. */
-const PREFETCH_MEMORY = 512;
-
 /** How far the shown time may be from now for the look-ahead to run, ms. */
 const PREFETCH_LIVE_TOLERANCE_MS = 60_000;
 
@@ -388,7 +356,7 @@ const PREFETCH_LIVE_TOLERANCE_MS = 60_000;
  * lowest priority: Cesium's request scheduler declines one while the
  * imagery server's slots are taken by the tiles on screen or the scheduler
  * is full, and a declined tile is asked again on a later look-ahead. At most
- * ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES a time; the last PREFETCH_MEMORY tiles asked
+ * 12 a time; the last 512 tiles asked
  * for are not asked again unless their request failed, and a new base map
  * starts the memory over. Exit cancels the requests still pending. Nothing
  * below 16x, while the view is tilted off nadir (it no longer looks at the
@@ -411,121 +379,8 @@ export function prefetchImageryAhead(info, nowMs) {
   )
     return 0;
   state.prefetchMs = nowMs;
-  try {
+  const fov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
-    const globe = this.viewer.scene?.globe;
+  return this.host.prefetchImagery(state, info, fov, viewAspect(this.host));
-    if (!globe || globe.show === false) return 0;
-    const provider = baseImageryProvider(this.viewer);
-    if (!provider) return 0;
-    // Another base map: its tiles have not been asked for.
-    // A fresh set, so a late failure from the old map's requests cannot
-    // drop a tile the new one has fetched.
-    if (provider !== state.prefetchProvider) {
-      for (const request of state.prefetchRequests) request.cancel?.();
-      state.prefetchRequests = new Set();
-      state.prefetched = new Set();
-      state.prefetchProvider = provider;
-    }
-    const fov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
-    const viewKm = footprintWidthKm(
-      info.altitudeM,
-      fov,
-      viewAspect(this.viewer),
-    );
-    // The ground one CSS pixel covers at the nadir point, as Cesium's
-    // screen-space error measures it: the vertical field of view over the
-    // canvas height, at the satellite's altitude.
-    const canvas = this.viewer.scene?.canvas;
-    const heightPx = canvas?.clientHeight || canvas?.height;
-    const terrain =
-      this.viewer.terrainProvider ?? this.viewer.scene?.globe?.terrainProvider;
-    const level = imageryLevelForView(provider.tilingScheme, {
-      metresPerPixel: (info.altitudeM * 2 * Math.tan(fov / 2)) / heightPx,
-      latitudeDeg: info.latitude,
-      geographic: isGeographicProjection(provider.tilingScheme.projection),
-      tileWidthPx: provider.tileWidth,
-      minimumLevel: provider.minimumLevel,
-      maximumLevel: provider.maximumLevel,
-      maximumScreenSpaceError: globe.maximumScreenSpaceError,
-      terrainLevelErrorM:
-        typeof terrain?.getLevelMaximumGeometricError === 'function'
-          ? (terrainLevel) =>
-              terrain.getLevelMaximumGeometricError(terrainLevel)
-          : undefined,
-    });
-    if (level === null) return 0;
-    const memory = state.prefetched;
-    const tiles = tilesForPoints(
-      provider.tilingScheme,
-      centreLinesFirst(groundTrackAhead(info, viewKm)),
-      level,
-      {
-        maxTiles: ORBITAL_PREFETCH_MAX_TILES,
-        skip: (key) => memory.has(key),
-      },
-    );
-    let asked = 0;
-    for (const tile of tiles) {
-      let pending;
-      let request;
-      try {
-        // The tiles on screen keep their slots: Cesium's scheduler declines
-        // this request while the imagery server's slots are taken (shared
-        // with the globe's own tile requests, throttleByServer) or the
-        // scheduler is full, and at the lowest priority it is the first
-        // dropped from the priority heap, never one the screen asked for.
-        pending = provider.requestImage(
-          tile.x,
-          tile.y,
-          tile.level,
-          (request = createOrbitalImageryRequest()),
-        );
-      } catch {
-        continue;
-      }
-      // A provider that declines now (throttled) is asked again later.
-      if (!pending) continue;
-      const requests = state.prefetchRequests;
-      requests.add(request);
-      Promise.resolve(pending).then(
-        () => requests.delete(request),
-        (error) => {
-          requests.delete(request);
-          // Dropped by the scheduler (rejected with no error): asked again
-          // later. A tile that failed to load stays remembered, so one
-          // missing from the map is not asked for every look-ahead.
-          if (error === undefined) memory.delete(tile.key);
-        },
-      );
-      memory.add(tile.key);
-      if (memory.size > PREFETCH_MEMORY)
-        memory.delete(memory.values().next().value);
-      asked += 1;
-    }
-    return asked;
-  } catch {
-    return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * The provider of the lowest shown imagery layer, the base map the globe
- * drapes, when it can be asked for a tile; else null.
- */
-function baseImageryProvider(viewer) {
-  const layers = viewer.imageryLayers ?? viewer.scene?.imageryLayers;
-  const count = Number.isInteger(layers?.length) ? layers.length : 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < count; i += 1) {
-    const layer = layers.get(i);
-    if (!layer || layer.show === false || layer.alpha === 0) continue;
-    const provider = layer.imageryProvider;
-    if (
-      typeof provider?.requestImage === 'function' &&
-      typeof provider.tilingScheme?.positionToTileXY === 'function'
-    )
-      return provider;
-    return null;
-  }
-  return null;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -623,9 +478,7 @@ export function publishOrbitalView(info, transition = IDLE_TRANSITION) {
   if (!state || !info) return;
   const focus = orbitalFocusReadout.call(this);
   const offset = Boolean(focus) || lookIsOffset(state.lookTarget, 0);
-  const aspect = Number.isFinite(this.viewer.camera?.frustum?.aspectRatio)
+  const aspect = viewAspect(this.host);
-    ? this.viewer.camera.frustum.aspectRatio
-    : canvasAspect(this.viewer);
   const settledFov = fovForZoom(orbitalBaseFovRad(info.altitudeM), state.zoom);
   const footprintKm = footprintWidthKm(info.altitudeM, settledFov, aspect);
   // The strip is drawn over the picture, so it follows the view as a step
@@ -796,7 +649,7 @@ export function jumpToSensorSwath() {
   const zoom = sensorSwathZoom(
     info.altitudeM,
     swathKm,
-    viewAspect(this.viewer),
+    viewAspect(this.host),
     orbitalMaxZoomFor.call(this, info),
   );
   return zoom === null ? false : goToZoom.call(this, zoom);
@@ -840,14 +693,12 @@ function orbitalMaxZoomFor(info) {
   return orbitalMaxZoom(
     info?.altitudeM,
     zoomableSwathKm(info?.sensor),
-    viewAspect(this.viewer),
+    viewAspect(this.host),
   );
 }
 
-function viewAspect(viewer) {
+function viewAspect(host) {
-  return Number.isFinite(viewer.camera?.frustum?.aspectRatio)
+  return host.camera.pose().aspectRatio;
-    ? viewer.camera.frustum.aspectRatio
-    : canvasAspect(viewer);
 }
 
 /**

src/ui/cockpitOrbitalView.test.mjs

@@ -109,6 +109,8 @@ function fixture(
   t,
   {
     satellite = ISS,
+    kind = 'cesium',
+    nativeViewer = true,
     orbitAllowed = true,
     reducedMotion = true,
     aircraftInfo = null,
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ function fixture(
   const listeners = () => ({ addEventListener: () => () => {} });
   const shots = [];
   const aircraftPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(10.2, 54.5, 3000);
-  const globe = createCockpitEngine({ kind: 'cesium' });
+  const globe = createCockpitEngine({ kind });
   const { engine } = globe;
   const aircraft = globe.aircraft({
     position: aircraftPosition,
@@ -174,7 +176,16 @@ function fixture(
   });
   engine.camera.setView = (options) => viewer.camera.setView(options);
   const pose = engine.camera.pose;
-  engine.camera.pose = () => ({ ...pose(), heading: viewer.camera.heading ?? 0 });
+  engine.camera.pose = () => ({
+    ...pose(),
+    heading: viewer.camera.heading ?? 0,
+    fovy: 2 * Math.atan(Math.tan(viewer.camera.frustum.fov / 2) / Math.max(1, viewer.camera.frustum.aspectRatio)),
+    aspectRatio: viewer.camera.frustum.aspectRatio,
+  });
+  engine.camera.setFovy = (radians) => {
+    viewer.camera.frustum.fov = cesiumFrustumFovRad(radians, viewer.camera.frustum.aspectRatio);
+  };
+  engine.surface.tilesLoaded = () => !viewer.scene.globe?.show || viewer.scene.globe.tilesLoaded !== false;
   engine.projector.worldToWindow = (position) =>
     viewer.scene.cartesianToCanvasCoordinates?.(position, {}) ?? null;
   engine.surface.sampleHeight = (position) => viewer.scene.sampleHeight?.(position);
@@ -186,7 +197,7 @@ function fixture(
     get: () => engine.input.cameraInputsEnabled(),
   });
   const cockpit = new CockpitViewController(engine, {
-    viewer,
+    viewer: nativeViewer ? viewer : null,
     services: {
       flightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: () => aircraftInfo },
       militaryFlightsLayer: { getTrackedInfo: () => null },
@@ -1649,3 +1660,34 @@ test('back to nadir from past the limb, the sensor waits for the view', async (t
   await settle();
   assert.ok(store.orbital.sensor, 'back on the Earth');
 });
+
+test('Navara orbital entry, zoom, look and exit need only the contract', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, engine, shots, satellites } = fixture(t, {
+    kind: 'navara', nativeViewer: false,
+  });
+  const saved = engine.camera.pose().fovy;
+  assert.equal(cockpit.enter({ kind: 'satellite' }), true);
+  cockpit.updateOrbital(performance.now());
+  assert.equal(cockpit.subjectKind, 'satellite');
+  assert.equal(engine.input.cameraInputsEnabled(), false);
+  assert.ok(shots.length > 0);
+  const first = engine.camera.pose().fovy;
+  cockpit.stepOrbitalZoom(1);
+  assert.ok(engine.camera.pose().fovy < first);
+  cockpit.turnOrbitalLook({ axis: 'yaw', sign: 1, stepDeg: 10 });
+  cockpit.updateOrbital(performance.now());
+  assert.ok(cockpit.orbital.lookTarget.yawDeg > 0);
+  cockpit.exit();
+  assert.equal(cockpit.active, false);
+  assert.equal(engine.input.cameraInputsEnabled(), true);
+  near(engine.camera.pose().fovy, saved, 'restored lens');
+  assert.ok(satellites.calls.some(([name, id]) => name === 'subject' && id === ISS.noradId));
+});
+
+test('leaving orbit after a resize restores the wider-side lens angle', async (t) => {
+  const { cockpit, viewer } = await orbitAt(t);
+  viewer.camera.frustum.aspectRatio = 0.75;
+  cockpit.updateOrbital(performance.now());
+  cockpit.exit();
+  near(viewer.camera.frustum.fov, SAVED_FOV, 'restored lens after resize');
+});