From a915bdb3e51feb8b11b1860a352d951006bd8c44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: German Khokhlov <ouchlock@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Oct 2026 00:18:35 +0400
Subject: [PATCH] refactor(launches,cctv,alpr): take vector maths from src/geo

Launches selection/replay/panel/policy/policyHelpers/state/camera, CCTV geometry/model/projection/navigation/cards/geometryQueue/state and ALPR model/visuals now use src/geo for Math, Cartesian2/3, Cartographic, Matrix3/4, Quaternion and ENU frames. launches/paths.js keeps Cesium (EllipsoidGeodesic). In camera.js, EllipsoidGeodesic, BoundingSphere.fromPoints/union and the BoundingSphere constructor stay on Cesium; the geo Cartographics passed into EllipsoidGeodesic are only read field by field and cloned there (computeProperties). The CCTV plane orientation stays a Cesium Quaternion and plane dimensions a Cesium Cartesian2 (entity ConstantProperty values). launches-layer and alpr-cameras own the src/geo files.
---
 scripts/package-boundaries.json      |  32 +++++-
 src/layers/alpr/model.js             |  12 +--
 src/layers/alpr/visuals.js           |  12 +--
 src/layers/cctv/cards.js             |   6 +-
 src/layers/cctv/geometry.js          |  29 +++--
 src/layers/cctv/geometryQueue.js     |   6 +-
 src/layers/cctv/model.js             |  43 ++++----
 src/layers/cctv/navigation.js        |   5 +-
 src/layers/cctv/projection.js        |  11 +-
 src/layers/cctv/state.js             |   4 +-
 src/layers/launches/camera.js        | 156 +++++++++++++--------------
 src/layers/launches/panel.js         |   3 +-
 src/layers/launches/policy.js        |   8 +-
 src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js |   9 +-
 src/layers/launches/replay.js        |  27 +++--
 src/layers/launches/selection.js     |  63 +++++------
 src/layers/launches/state.js         |   3 +-
 17 files changed, 215 insertions(+), 214 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index ead88cb35..a61b3f82d 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -1145,7 +1145,21 @@
       "src/layers/launches/source.js",
       "src/layers/launches/state.js",
       "src/layers/launches/testing.js",
-      "src/data/inputOwnership.js"
+      "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
+      "src/geo/index.js",
+      "src/geo/math.js",
+      "src/geo/ellipsoid.js",
+      "src/geo/cartographic.js",
+      "src/geo/cartesian2.js",
+      "src/geo/cartesian3.js",
+      "src/geo/matrix3.js",
+      "src/geo/matrix4.js",
+      "src/geo/quaternion.js",
+      "src/geo/transforms.js",
+      "src/geo/scaleToGeodeticSurface.js",
+      "src/geo/check.js",
+      "src/geo/debug.js",
+      "src/geo/developerError.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1406,7 +1420,21 @@
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
       "src/sources/vectorTiles.js",
       "src/sources/phaseTiming.js",
-      "src/layers/alpr/floors.js"
+      "src/layers/alpr/floors.js",
+      "src/geo/index.js",
+      "src/geo/math.js",
+      "src/geo/ellipsoid.js",
+      "src/geo/cartographic.js",
+      "src/geo/cartesian2.js",
+      "src/geo/cartesian3.js",
+      "src/geo/matrix3.js",
+      "src/geo/matrix4.js",
+      "src/geo/quaternion.js",
+      "src/geo/transforms.js",
+      "src/geo/scaleToGeodeticSurface.js",
+      "src/geo/check.js",
+      "src/geo/debug.js",
+      "src/geo/developerError.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "@mapbox/vector-tile", "pbf"]
   },
diff --git a/src/layers/alpr/model.js b/src/layers/alpr/model.js
index 5966cad01..701cb649b 100644
--- a/src/layers/alpr/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/alpr/model.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { EARTH_MEAN_RADIUS_M } from './policy.js';
 export * from './records.js';
 
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ export * from './records.js';
  */
 export function destinationPointDeg(latDeg, lonDeg, bearingDeg, distanceM) {
   const angularDistance = distanceM / EARTH_MEAN_RADIUS_M;
-  const bearing = Cesium.Math.toRadians(bearingDeg);
-  const lat1 = Cesium.Math.toRadians(latDeg);
-  const lon1 = Cesium.Math.toRadians(lonDeg);
+  const bearing = geo.math.toRadians(bearingDeg);
+  const lat1 = geo.math.toRadians(latDeg);
+  const lon1 = geo.math.toRadians(lonDeg);
   const lat2 = Math.asin(
     Math.sin(lat1) * Math.cos(angularDistance) +
       Math.cos(lat1) * Math.sin(angularDistance) * Math.cos(bearing),
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ export function destinationPointDeg(latDeg, lonDeg, bearingDeg, distanceM) {
       Math.cos(angularDistance) - Math.sin(lat1) * Math.sin(lat2),
     );
   return {
-    latitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(lat2),
-    longitude: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(lon2),
+    latitude: geo.math.toDegrees(lat2),
+    longitude: geo.math.toDegrees(lon2),
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/alpr/visuals.js b/src/layers/alpr/visuals.js
index 3a3d3fc5f..b9d93857b 100644
--- a/src/layers/alpr/visuals.js
+++ b/src/layers/alpr/visuals.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { destinationPointDeg } from './model.js';
 import {
   DIRECTION_CONE_M,
@@ -95,13 +95,9 @@ export function directionWedgePositions(record, heightM = 0, heightAt = null) {
     return Number.isFinite(height) ? height : heightM;
   };
   return [
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(record.longitude, record.latitude, heightM),
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(left.longitude, left.latitude, corner(left)),
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
-      right.longitude,
-      right.latitude,
-      corner(right),
-    ),
+    geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(record.longitude, record.latitude, heightM),
+    geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(left.longitude, left.latitude, corner(left)),
+    geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(right.longitude, right.latitude, corner(right)),
   ];
 }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/cards.js b/src/layers/cctv/cards.js
index 72f0b88a4..e432938e5 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/cards.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/cards.js
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   CCTV_FRAME_CANVAS_H,
   applyFrameResult,
 } from '../../data/cctvCards.js';
-import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { horizonOccluder } from '../../data/iconOrientation.js';
 import { selectCctvLod, applyEvictionGrace } from '../../data/cctvLod.js';
 import {
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ export function createCards({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     }
     const scene = layerState._viewer.scene;
     const carto = layerState._viewer.camera.positionCartographic;
-    const viewerLat = carto ? Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude) : 0;
-    const viewerLon = carto ? Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude) : 0;
+    const viewerLat = carto ? geo.math.toDegrees(carto.latitude) : 0;
+    const viewerLon = carto ? geo.math.toDegrees(carto.longitude) : 0;
     // The active camera is excluded from ambient selection ALWAYS (not just
     // after its async activation settles). It is published separately in the
     // protected lane below, and grace never applies to it.
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/geometry.js b/src/layers/cctv/geometry.js
index 797d1706b..b01cb1307 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/geometry.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/geometry.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { createFrustumVolumePrimitive } from '../../data/cctvViewshed.js';
 import {
   PROJECTION_VERT_ASPECT,
@@ -272,7 +273,7 @@ export function createGeometry({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    */
 
   function frustumCartesians(geometry) {
-    const at = (p) => Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(p.lon, p.lat, p.alt);
+    const at = (p) => geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(p.lon, p.lat, p.alt);
     return {
       mount: at(geometry.mount),
       capCenter: at(geometry.capCenter),
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ export function createGeometry({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       tr: at(geometry.corners.tr),
       br: at(geometry.corners.br),
       bl: at(geometry.corners.bl),
-      label: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+      label: geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(
         geometry.topCenter.lon,
         geometry.topCenter.lat,
         geometry.topCenter.alt + 1.2,
@@ -301,26 +302,22 @@ export function createGeometry({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   function frustumFrameEcef(camera, atPos) {
     const h = parts.model.toRad(camera.headingDeg);
     const p = parts.model.toRad(camera.pitchDeg);
-    const enu = Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(atPos);
-    const rot = Cesium.Matrix4.getMatrix3(enu, new Cesium.Matrix3());
+    const enu = geo.transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(atPos);
+    const rot = geo.matrix4.getMatrix3(enu, geo.matrix3.create());
     // ENU components: view axis + the perpendicular "up" of the pitched cap.
-    const dirEnu = new Cesium.Cartesian3(
+    const dirEnu = geo.cartesian3.create(
       Math.sin(h) * Math.cos(p),
       Math.cos(h) * Math.cos(p),
       Math.sin(p),
     );
-    const upEnu = new Cesium.Cartesian3(
+    const upEnu = geo.cartesian3.create(
       -Math.sin(p) * Math.sin(h),
       -Math.sin(p) * Math.cos(h),
       Math.cos(p),
     );
     return {
-      dir: Cesium.Matrix3.multiplyByVector(
-        rot,
-        dirEnu,
-        new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
-      ),
-      up: Cesium.Matrix3.multiplyByVector(rot, upEnu, new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
+      dir: geo.matrix3.multiplyByVector(rot, dirEnu, geo.cartesian3.create()),
+      up: geo.matrix3.multiplyByVector(rot, upEnu, geo.cartesian3.create()),
     };
   }
 
@@ -462,10 +459,10 @@ export function createGeometry({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       sampleMeshFloorCells(layerState._viewer?.scene, [point], {
         excludeObjects: excludeObjects.filter(Boolean),
         viewerLat: viewerCarto
-          ? Cesium.Math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.latitude)
+          ? geo.math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.latitude)
           : undefined,
         viewerLon: viewerCarto
-          ? Cesium.Math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.longitude)
+          ? geo.math.toDegrees(viewerCarto.longitude)
           : undefined,
       });
     }
@@ -623,7 +620,7 @@ export function createGeometry({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     if (Math.abs(rangeScale - 1) > 0.0001) return; // slider overrides the clamp
     try {
       const mountAlt = parts.ground.groundAltFor(record) + camera.mountHeightM;
-      const mountPos = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+      const mountPos = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(
         camera.lon,
         camera.lat,
         mountAlt,
@@ -637,7 +634,7 @@ export function createGeometry({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       }
       const hit = scene.pickFromRay(new Cesium.Ray(mountPos, dir), exclude);
       if (!hit?.position) return;
-      const dist = Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(mountPos, hit.position);
+      const dist = geo.cartesian3.distance(mountPos, hit.position);
       record.probeClampRangeM = activationProbeClampRange(camera.rangeM, dist);
     } catch {
       // probe failure → keep the unclamped range
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/geometryQueue.js b/src/layers/cctv/geometryQueue.js
index 5583e36af..dc68d139a 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/geometryQueue.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/geometryQueue.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import {
   GEO_PROGRESS_NOTIFY_INTERVAL_MS,
   GEO_PROGRESS_NOTIFY_BATCH_LIMIT,
@@ -298,10 +298,10 @@ export function createGeometryQueue({
     const active = parts.selection.getActiveRecord();
     const carto = layerState._viewer?.camera?.positionCartographic;
     const refLat = carto
-      ? Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude)
+      ? geo.math.toDegrees(carto.latitude)
       : (active?.camera.lat ?? 0);
     const refLon = carto
-      ? Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude)
+      ? geo.math.toDegrees(carto.longitude)
       : (active?.camera.lon ?? 0);
     const pending = layerState._records
       .filter((record) => record !== active)
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/model.js b/src/layers/cctv/model.js
index 48c8cddd4..c1c9682fb 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/model.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { staticFrameRefreshMs } from '../../data/cctvLod.js';
 import { frameFetchDue, cardFetchPolicy } from '../../data/cctvCards.js';
 import { DEFAULT_CAMERA_CALIBRATION } from './policy.js';
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    */
 
   function toRad(deg) {
-    return Cesium.Math.toRadians(deg);
+    return geo.math.toRadians(deg);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -283,8 +284,8 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const lon2 = lon1 + Math.atan2(y, x);
 
     return {
-      lat: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(lat2),
-      lon: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(lon2),
+      lat: geo.math.toDegrees(lat2),
+      lon: geo.math.toDegrees(lon2),
     };
   }
 
@@ -328,8 +329,8 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   function currentViewContext() {
     const carto = layerState._viewer?.camera?.positionCartographic;
     if (!carto) return 'none';
-    const lat = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude);
-    const lon = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude);
+    const lat = geo.math.toDegrees(carto.latitude);
+    const lon = geo.math.toDegrees(carto.longitude);
     const alt = carto.height || 0;
     const zoomBucket =
       alt < 1500
@@ -404,24 +405,26 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   function planeOrientationFor(camera, capCenterPos) {
     const frame = parts.geometry.frustumFrameEcef(camera, capCenterPos);
-    const right = Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(
+    const right = geo.cartesian3.cross(
       frame.dir,
       frame.up,
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    const normal = Cesium.Cartesian3.negate(frame.dir, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
-    const m = new Cesium.Matrix3(
-      right.x,
-      frame.up.x,
-      normal.x,
-      right.y,
-      frame.up.y,
-      normal.y,
-      right.z,
-      frame.up.z,
-      normal.z,
-    );
-    return Cesium.Quaternion.fromRotationMatrix(m);
+    const normal = geo.cartesian3.negate(frame.dir, geo.cartesian3.create());
+    // Column-major rotation whose columns are right, up and normal.
+    const m = geo.matrix3.create();
+    m[0] = right.x;
+    m[1] = right.y;
+    m[2] = right.z;
+    m[3] = frame.up.x;
+    m[4] = frame.up.y;
+    m[5] = frame.up.z;
+    m[6] = normal.x;
+    m[7] = normal.y;
+    m[8] = normal.z;
+    // The quaternion becomes an entity's ConstantProperty value, so it stays a
+    // Cesium Quaternion there (that property clones and compares its value).
+    return geo.quaternion.fromRotationMatrix(m, new Cesium.Quaternion());
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/navigation.js b/src/layers/cctv/navigation.js
index 6c576bb4f..a1f41682c 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/navigation.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/navigation.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { CCTV_FOCUS_RESULT } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createNavigation({
@@ -15,8 +16,8 @@ export function createNavigation({
   function nearestCameraIdToViewer() {
     const carto = layerState._viewer?.camera?.positionCartographic;
     if (!carto || !layerState._records.length) return null;
-    const lat = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude);
-    const lon = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude);
+    const lat = geo.math.toDegrees(carto.latitude);
+    const lon = geo.math.toDegrees(carto.longitude);
 
     let best = null;
     for (const record of layerState._records) {
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/projection.js b/src/layers/cctv/projection.js
index e32db4fd4..b7349171a 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/projection.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/projection.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { attachCctvVideo } from './videoPlayback.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import {
   CCTV_PROJECTION_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
   CCTV_PROJECTION_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS,
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ export function createProjection({
       );
     }
     if (runtime.labelPosition) {
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(positions.label, runtime.labelPosition);
+      geo.cartesian3.clone(positions.label, runtime.labelPosition);
     }
   }
 
@@ -124,8 +125,8 @@ export function createProjection({
   /** Create the native monitor plane plus its cached host-label presentation. */
 
   function createProjectionPlane(record, runtime, geometry, positions) {
-    runtime.labelPosition ||= new Cesium.Cartesian3();
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(positions.label, runtime.labelPosition);
+    runtime.labelPosition ||= geo.cartesian3.create();
+    geo.cartesian3.clone(positions.label, runtime.labelPosition);
     runtime.cameraId = String(record.camera.id);
     runtime.overlayEntry = createCctvProjectionOverlayEntry({
       cameraId: runtime.cameraId,
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ export function createProjection({
         positions.capCenter,
       ),
       plane: {
-        plane: new Cesium.Plane(Cesium.Cartesian3.UNIT_Z, 0.0),
+        plane: new Cesium.Plane(geo.cartesian3.UNIT_Z, 0.0),
         dimensions: new Cesium.Cartesian2(
           geometry.halfW * 2,
           geometry.halfH * 2,
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ export function createProjection({
       video: null,
       planeEntity: null,
       cameraId: String(record.camera.id),
-      labelPosition: new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      labelPosition: geo.cartesian3.create(),
       overlayEntry: null,
       planeMaterial: null,
       buffers: null,
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/state.js b/src/layers/cctv/state.js
index b78d18b73..725d77e4f 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/state.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 
 export function createState({ services }) {
   const {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   layerState._activeFocusStyleCount = 0;
 
-  layerState._scratchFocusScreen = new Cesium.Cartesian2();
+  layerState._scratchFocusScreen = geo.cartesian2.create();
 
   // Staggered geometry-load queue state (see startGeometryLoadQueue).
 
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/camera.js b/src/layers/launches/camera.js
index e6a1ef8c9..6a1f37e8f 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/camera.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/camera.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import {
   REPLAY_ASCENT_CAMERA_OFFSET_RAD,
   REPLAY_ORBIT_CAMERA_OFFSET_RAD,
@@ -18,12 +19,12 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     if (!path?.length) return fallback;
     const current = parts.paths.samplePath(path, progress);
     const currentCartographic =
-      Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.cartesianToCartographic(current);
+      geo.ellipsoid.WGS84.cartesianToCartographic(current);
     if (!currentCartographic) return fallback;
     for (const step of [0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2]) {
       const next = parts.paths.samplePath(path, Math.min(1, progress + step));
       const nextCartographic =
-        Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.cartesianToCartographic(next);
+        geo.ellipsoid.WGS84.cartesianToCartographic(next);
       if (!nextCartographic) continue;
       const geodesic = new Cesium.EllipsoidGeodesic(
         currentCartographic,
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         // HeadingPitchRange positions the camera opposite its heading vector.
         // Passing the forward path heading therefore keeps the camera behind
         // the vehicle, with the remaining ascent receding into the scene.
-        return Cesium.Math.zeroToTwoPi(geodesic.startHeading);
+        return geo.math.zeroToTwoPi(geodesic.startHeading);
       }
     }
     return fallback;
@@ -49,8 +50,8 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    */
 
   function replayInitialCameraHeading(path) {
-    return Cesium.Math.zeroToTwoPi(
-      cameraHeadingForPath(path, 0, Math.PI) + Cesium.Math.PI_OVER_TWO,
+    return geo.math.zeroToTwoPi(
+      cameraHeadingForPath(path, 0, Math.PI) + geo.math.PI_OVER_TWO,
     );
   }
 
@@ -63,10 +64,10 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    */
 
   function replayChaseCameraHeading(pathHeading, orbitBlend = 0) {
-    const blend = Cesium.Math.clamp(Number(orbitBlend) || 0, 0, 1);
-    return Cesium.Math.zeroToTwoPi(
+    const blend = geo.math.clamp(Number(orbitBlend) || 0, 0, 1);
+    return geo.math.zeroToTwoPi(
       pathHeading +
-        Cesium.Math.lerp(
+        geo.math.lerp(
           REPLAY_ASCENT_CAMERA_OFFSET_RAD,
           REPLAY_ORBIT_CAMERA_OFFSET_RAD,
           blend,
@@ -86,17 +87,17 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   function smoothReplayCameraHeading(
     previous,
     desired,
-    maxStepRad = Cesium.Math.toRadians(2),
+    maxStepRad = geo.math.toRadians(2),
   ) {
-    if (!Number.isFinite(previous)) return Cesium.Math.zeroToTwoPi(desired);
-    if (!Number.isFinite(desired)) return Cesium.Math.zeroToTwoPi(previous);
-    const delta = Cesium.Math.negativePiToPi(desired - previous);
-    const step = Cesium.Math.clamp(
+    if (!Number.isFinite(previous)) return geo.math.zeroToTwoPi(desired);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(desired)) return geo.math.zeroToTwoPi(previous);
+    const delta = geo.math.negativePiToPi(desired - previous);
+    const step = geo.math.clamp(
       delta,
       -Math.abs(maxStepRad),
       Math.abs(maxStepRad),
     );
-    return Cesium.Math.zeroToTwoPi(previous + step);
+    return geo.math.zeroToTwoPi(previous + step);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   function missionZoomPitch(rangeM) {
     const range = Math.max(0, Number(rangeM) || 0);
-    const blend = Cesium.Math.clamp(
+    const blend = geo.math.clamp(
       (Math.log(Math.max(range, MISSION_CLOSE_VIEW_RANGE_M)) -
         Math.log(MISSION_CLOSE_VIEW_RANGE_M)) /
         (Math.log(MISSION_GLOBE_VIEW_RANGE_M) -
@@ -116,11 +117,7 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       0,
       1,
     );
-    return Cesium.Math.lerp(
-      Cesium.Math.toRadians(-42),
-      -Cesium.Math.PI_OVER_TWO,
-      blend,
-    );
+    return geo.math.lerp(geo.math.toRadians(-42), -geo.math.PI_OVER_TWO, blend);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -133,48 +130,44 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   function replayCameraView(state, altitudeM) {
     const altitude = Math.max(0, Number(altitudeM) || 0);
-    const localRange = Cesium.Math.clamp(
+    const localRange = geo.math.clamp(
       REPLAY_INITIAL_RANGE_M + altitude * 0.7,
       REPLAY_INITIAL_RANGE_M,
       REPLAY_LOCAL_MAX_RANGE_M,
     );
-    const rawContextBlend = Cesium.Math.clamp(
+    const rawContextBlend = geo.math.clamp(
       (altitude - 20000) / (REPLAY_CONTEXT_ALTITUDE_END_M - 20000),
       0,
       1,
     );
     const contextBlend =
       rawContextBlend * rawContextBlend * (3 - 2 * rawContextBlend);
-    const contextRange = Cesium.Math.clamp(
+    const contextRange = geo.math.clamp(
       180000 + altitude * 3.8,
       MISSION_CLOSE_VIEW_RANGE_M,
       REPLAY_CONTEXT_MAX_RANGE_M,
     );
-    const ascentRange = Cesium.Math.lerp(
-      localRange,
-      contextRange,
-      contextBlend,
-    );
-    const ascentPitch = Cesium.Math.lerp(
-      Cesium.Math.toRadians(-20),
-      Cesium.Math.toRadians(-34),
+    const ascentRange = geo.math.lerp(localRange, contextRange, contextBlend);
+    const ascentPitch = geo.math.lerp(
+      geo.math.toRadians(-20),
+      geo.math.toRadians(-34),
       contextBlend,
     );
     if (state?.ascending) {
       return { range: ascentRange, pitch: ascentPitch };
     }
-    const rawBlend = Cesium.Math.clamp(
+    const rawBlend = geo.math.clamp(
       (Number(state?.phaseProgress) || 0) / REPLAY_ORBIT_PULLBACK_FRACTION,
       0,
       1,
     );
     const blend = rawBlend * rawBlend * (3 - 2 * rawBlend);
     return {
-      range: Cesium.Math.lerp(ascentRange, REPLAY_ORBIT_GLOBE_RANGE_M, blend),
+      range: geo.math.lerp(ascentRange, REPLAY_ORBIT_GLOBE_RANGE_M, blend),
       // Keep an oblique tactical view of the complete orbit rather than ending
       // in a nadir view. This also prevents the camera from appearing to
       // return toward the launch site after insertion.
-      pitch: Cesium.Math.lerp(ascentPitch, Cesium.Math.toRadians(-45), blend),
+      pitch: geo.math.lerp(ascentPitch, geo.math.toRadians(-45), blend),
     };
   }
 
@@ -188,16 +181,15 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   function replayOrbitGlobeAnchor(position, orbitBlend = 0) {
     if (!position) return position;
-    const blend = Cesium.Math.clamp(Number(orbitBlend) || 0, 0, 1);
-    if (blend <= 0) return Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(position);
-    const cartographic =
-      Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.cartesianToCartographic(position);
-    if (!cartographic) return Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(position);
+    const blend = geo.math.clamp(Number(orbitBlend) || 0, 0, 1);
+    if (blend <= 0) return geo.cartesian3.clone(position);
+    const cartographic = geo.ellipsoid.WGS84.cartesianToCartographic(position);
+    if (!cartographic) return geo.cartesian3.clone(position);
     const altitude = Math.max(0, cartographic.height || 0);
-    return Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(
+    return geo.cartesian3.fromRadians(
       cartographic.longitude,
       cartographic.latitude,
-      Cesium.Math.lerp(altitude, altitude * 0.1, blend),
+      geo.math.lerp(altitude, altitude * 0.1, blend),
     );
   }
 
@@ -216,15 +208,15 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   function replayOrbitCameraTarget(vehicleAnchor, frameCenter, orbitBlend = 0) {
     if (!vehicleAnchor) return vehicleAnchor;
-    if (!frameCenter) return Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(vehicleAnchor);
+    if (!frameCenter) return geo.cartesian3.clone(vehicleAnchor);
     const blend =
-      Cesium.Math.clamp(Number(orbitBlend) || 0, 0, 1) *
+      geo.math.clamp(Number(orbitBlend) || 0, 0, 1) *
       REPLAY_ORBIT_FRAME_CENTER_BLEND;
-    return Cesium.Cartesian3.lerp(
+    return geo.cartesian3.lerp(
       vehicleAnchor,
       frameCenter,
       blend,
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
   }
 
@@ -249,63 +241,59 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     pitch,
   ) {
     if (!position || !tangentPosition || !target) return null;
-    const radial = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.clone(position),
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    const radial = geo.cartesian3.normalize(
+      geo.cartesian3.clone(position),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    const tangent = Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(
+    const tangent = geo.cartesian3.subtract(
       tangentPosition,
       position,
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    if (Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitudeSquared(tangent) < 1) return null;
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(tangent, tangent);
-    const orbitNormal = Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(
+    if (geo.cartesian3.magnitudeSquared(tangent) < 1) return null;
+    geo.cartesian3.normalize(tangent, tangent);
+    const orbitNormal = geo.cartesian3.cross(
       radial,
       tangent,
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    if (Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitudeSquared(orbitNormal) < 1e-12) return null;
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(orbitNormal, orbitNormal);
+    if (geo.cartesian3.magnitudeSquared(orbitNormal) < 1e-12) return null;
+    geo.cartesian3.normalize(orbitNormal, orbitNormal);
 
     const distance = Math.max(1, Number(range) || 1);
-    const elevation = Cesium.Math.clamp(
+    const elevation = geo.math.clamp(
       Math.abs(Number(pitch) || 0),
-      Cesium.Math.toRadians(5),
-      Cesium.Math.toRadians(80),
+      geo.math.toRadians(5),
+      geo.math.toRadians(80),
     );
-    const planeOffset = Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
+    const planeOffset = geo.cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
       orbitNormal,
       Math.cos(elevation) * distance,
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    const radialOffset = Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
+    const radialOffset = geo.cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
       radial,
       Math.sin(elevation) * distance,
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    const destination = Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
+    const destination = geo.cartesian3.add(
       target,
       planeOffset,
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.add(destination, radialOffset, destination);
-    const direction = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(target, destination, new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    geo.cartesian3.add(destination, radialOffset, destination);
+    const direction = geo.cartesian3.normalize(
+      geo.cartesian3.subtract(target, destination, geo.cartesian3.create()),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    const radialAlongView = Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
+    const radialAlongView = geo.cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
       direction,
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.dot(radial, direction),
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.dot(radial, direction),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    const up = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.subtract(
-        radial,
-        radialAlongView,
-        new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
-      ),
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    const up = geo.cartesian3.normalize(
+      geo.cartesian3.subtract(radial, radialAlongView, geo.cartesian3.create()),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
     return { destination, direction, up };
   }
@@ -321,8 +309,8 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   function replayOrbitFrameSphere(orbitPath = []) {
     const earth = new Cesium.BoundingSphere(
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO,
-      Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.maximumRadius,
+      geo.cartesian3.ZERO,
+      geo.ellipsoid.WGS84.maximumRadius,
     );
     if (!Array.isArray(orbitPath) || orbitPath.length < 2) return earth;
     const orbit = Cesium.BoundingSphere.fromPoints(orbitPath);
@@ -351,13 +339,13 @@ export function createCamera({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const range = Math.max(0, Number(baseRange) || 0);
     const altitude = Math.max(0, Number(altitudeM) || 0);
     const frameRadius = Math.max(0, Number(frameRadiusM) || 0);
-    const blend = Cesium.Math.clamp(Number(orbitBlend) || 0, 0, 1);
+    const blend = geo.math.clamp(Number(orbitBlend) || 0, 0, 1);
     const globeAndVehicleRange = Math.max(
       range,
-      altitude + Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.maximumRadius * 2.4,
+      altitude + geo.ellipsoid.WGS84.maximumRadius * 2.4,
       frameRadius * 3,
     );
-    return Cesium.Math.lerp(range, globeAndVehicleRange, blend);
+    return geo.math.lerp(range, globeAndVehicleRange, blend);
   }
   return {
     cameraHeadingForPath,
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/panel.js b/src/layers/launches/panel.js
index c97077d42..20b275d35 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/panel.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/panel.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import {
   MISSION_CLOSE_VIEW_RANGE_M,
   MISSION_GLOBE_VIEW_RANGE_M,
@@ -360,7 +361,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       Cesium.JulianDate.now(layerState._declutterTime),
     );
     const altitudeM = position
-      ? Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position)?.height
+      ? geo.cartographic.fromCartesian(position)?.height
       : null;
     setMissionPanelField(
       '[data-mission-distance]',
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/policy.js b/src/layers/launches/policy.js
index 786aed79c..07a27f688 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/policy.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 
 export const WINDOW_DAYS = 30;
 
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ export const REPLAY_ORBIT_GLOBE_RANGE_M = 18000000;
 
 export const REPLAY_ORBIT_PULLBACK_FRACTION = 0.2;
 
-export const REPLAY_ASCENT_CAMERA_OFFSET_RAD = Cesium.Math.toRadians(30);
+export const REPLAY_ASCENT_CAMERA_OFFSET_RAD = geo.math.toRadians(30);
 
-export const REPLAY_ORBIT_CAMERA_OFFSET_RAD = Cesium.Math.toRadians(45);
+export const REPLAY_ORBIT_CAMERA_OFFSET_RAD = geo.math.toRadians(45);
 
 export const REPLAY_ORBIT_FRAME_CENTER_BLEND = 0.45;
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ export const MAX_POST_TLE_RETRIES = 1;
 
 export const POST_TLE_RETRY_DELAY_MS = 1500;
 
-export const EARTH_ROTATION_RAD_PER_SEC = Cesium.Math.TWO_PI / 86164.0905;
+export const EARTH_ROTATION_RAD_PER_SEC = geo.math.TWO_PI / 86164.0905;
 
 export const PROJECTED_ASCENT_ROTATION_SEC = 600;
 
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js b/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js
index c3cf77c07..3af60771a 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import {
   SATELLITE_STANDALONE_DEFAULTS,
   LAUNCH_PAD_ZONE_MAX_CAMERA_HEIGHT_M,
@@ -226,15 +227,11 @@ export function createPolicyHelpers({
     const range = parts.panel.missionHoverPreviewRange(
       layerState._viewer.camera.positionCartographic?.height,
     );
-    const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(launch.lon, launch.lat);
+    const position = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(launch.lon, launch.lat);
     layerState._viewer.camera.flyToBoundingSphere(
       new Cesium.BoundingSphere(position, 0),
       {
-        offset: new Cesium.HeadingPitchRange(
-          0,
-          -Cesium.Math.PI_OVER_TWO,
-          range,
-        ),
+        offset: new Cesium.HeadingPitchRange(0, -geo.math.PI_OVER_TWO, range),
         duration: 0.8,
         easingFunction: Cesium.EasingFunction.CUBIC_IN_OUT,
       },
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/replay.js b/src/layers/launches/replay.js
index e6cbff98b..0faf7d28e 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/replay.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/replay.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import {
   REPLAY_ASCENT_FALLBACK_SEC,
   REPLAY_ASCENT_MIN_SEC,
@@ -52,10 +53,10 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     if (!previous || !next) return next;
     const distance = Math.hypot(next.x - previous.x, next.y - previous.y);
     if (!Number.isFinite(distance) || distance > snapDistance) return next;
-    const amount = Cesium.Math.clamp(Number(alpha) || 0, 0, 1);
+    const amount = geo.math.clamp(Number(alpha) || 0, 0, 1);
     return {
-      x: Cesium.Math.lerp(previous.x, next.x, amount),
-      y: Cesium.Math.lerp(previous.y, next.y, amount),
+      x: geo.math.lerp(previous.x, next.x, amount),
+      y: geo.math.lerp(previous.y, next.y, amount),
     };
   }
 
@@ -77,13 +78,13 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         .slice(1)
         .reduce(
           (total, point, index) =>
-            total + Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(ascentPath[index], point),
+            total + geo.cartesian3.distance(ascentPath[index], point),
           0,
         );
       realAscentSeconds = Math.max(180, pathLength / 9000);
     }
     if (!realAscentSeconds) realAscentSeconds = REPLAY_ASCENT_FALLBACK_SEC * 50;
-    return Cesium.Math.clamp(
+    return geo.math.clamp(
       REPLAY_ASCENT_FALLBACK_SEC * (realAscentSeconds / 600),
       REPLAY_ASCENT_MIN_SEC,
       REPLAY_ASCENT_MAX_SEC,
@@ -99,11 +100,7 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   function normalizeReplaySpeed(value) {
     const numeric = Number(value);
     if (!Number.isFinite(numeric)) return 1;
-    const clamped = Cesium.Math.clamp(
-      numeric,
-      REPLAY_SPEED_MIN,
-      REPLAY_SPEED_MAX,
-    );
+    const clamped = geo.math.clamp(numeric, REPLAY_SPEED_MIN, REPLAY_SPEED_MAX);
     return Math.round(clamped / REPLAY_SPEED_STEP) * REPLAY_SPEED_STEP;
   }
 
@@ -414,7 +411,7 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
           track.lastCameraHeading,
         );
         const orbitBlend = !state.ascending
-          ? Cesium.Math.clamp(
+          ? geo.math.clamp(
               (Number(state.phaseProgress) || 0) /
                 REPLAY_ORBIT_PULLBACK_FRACTION,
               0,
@@ -428,16 +425,16 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         if (state.ascending) track.orbitCameraWorldFrame = false;
         const nowMs = performance.now();
         const frameDurationMs = Number.isFinite(lastCameraUpdateMs)
-          ? Cesium.Math.clamp(nowMs - lastCameraUpdateMs, 4, 50)
+          ? geo.math.clamp(nowMs - lastCameraUpdateMs, 4, 50)
           : 1000 / 60;
         lastCameraUpdateMs = nowMs;
         track.lastCameraHeading = parts.camera.smoothReplayCameraHeading(
           track.lastCameraHeading,
           desiredHeading,
-          (Cesium.Math.toRadians(2) * frameDurationMs) / (1000 / 60),
+          (geo.math.toRadians(2) * frameDurationMs) / (1000 / 60),
         );
         const cartographic =
-          Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.cartesianToCartographic(position);
+          geo.ellipsoid.WGS84.cartesianToCartographic(position);
         const altitude = Math.max(0, cartographic?.height || 0);
         const cameraView = parts.camera.replayCameraView(state, altitude);
         const defaultOrbitTarget = !state.ascending
@@ -518,7 +515,7 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       {
         offset: new Cesium.HeadingPitchRange(
           initialHeading,
-          Cesium.Math.toRadians(-20),
+          geo.math.toRadians(-20),
           REPLAY_INITIAL_RANGE_M,
         ),
         duration: 1.4,
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/selection.js b/src/layers/launches/selection.js
index 813b7875f..5bbd30145 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/selection.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/selection.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 import { MISSION_GLOBE_VIEW_RANGE_M, MISSION_FOCUS_RANGE_M } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createSelection({
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ export function createSelection({
       fovy >= Math.PI
     )
       return;
-    const earthRadius = Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.maximumRadius;
+    const earthRadius = geo.ellipsoid.WGS84.maximumRadius;
     const keyholeRadius = getKeyholeGeometry(width, height).radius;
     const targetScreenRadius = keyholeRadius * 0.61;
     const angularRadius = Math.atan(
@@ -33,14 +34,14 @@ export function createSelection({
     const distance = earthRadius / Math.max(Math.sin(angularRadius), 1e-4);
     const altitude = Math.max(earthRadius * 1.55, distance - earthRadius);
     viewer.camera.flyTo({
-      destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromRadians(
+      destination: geo.cartesian3.fromRadians(
         cartographic.longitude,
         cartographic.latitude,
         altitude,
       ),
       orientation: {
         heading: viewer.camera.heading,
-        pitch: -Cesium.Math.PI_OVER_TWO,
+        pitch: -geo.math.PI_OVER_TWO,
         roll: 0,
       },
       duration,
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ export function createSelection({
     if (!layerState._viewer || !launch || layerState._replayCameraLaunchId)
       return;
     stopMissionZoomAnchor();
-    const target = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(launch.lon, launch.lat);
+    const target = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(launch.lon, launch.lat);
     const range = Math.max(
       2000,
       Number(initialRange) || MISSION_GLOBE_VIEW_RANGE_M,
@@ -127,15 +128,12 @@ export function createSelection({
     const orbitPositions = orbitEntity?.polyline?.positions?.getValue(
       Cesium.JulianDate.now(),
     );
-    const launchPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
-      launch.lon,
-      launch.lat,
-    );
+    const launchPosition = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(launch.lon, launch.lat);
     let range = 18000000;
     if (orbitPositions?.length > 1) {
       const canvas = layerState._viewer.scene.canvas;
       const fovy =
-        layerState._viewer.camera.frustum?.fovy || Cesium.Math.toRadians(60);
+        layerState._viewer.camera.frustum?.fovy || geo.math.toRadians(60);
       const aspect = Math.max(
         0.1,
         (canvas.clientWidth || canvas.width) /
@@ -145,7 +143,7 @@ export function createSelection({
       const paddedHalfAngle = Math.min(fovy, fovx) * 0.5 * 0.62;
       const orbitExtent = orbitPositions.reduce(
         (largest, point) =>
-          Math.max(largest, Cesium.Cartesian3.distance(launchPosition, point)),
+          Math.max(largest, geo.cartesian3.distance(launchPosition, point)),
         0,
       );
       range = Math.max(
@@ -153,39 +151,35 @@ export function createSelection({
         18000000,
       );
     }
-    const targetNormal = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(
+    const targetNormal = geo.cartesian3.normalize(
       launchPosition,
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    const destination = Cesium.Cartesian3.add(
+    const destination = geo.cartesian3.add(
       launchPosition,
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
+      geo.cartesian3.multiplyByScalar(
         targetNormal,
         range,
-        new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+        geo.cartesian3.create(),
       ),
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    const direction = Cesium.Cartesian3.negate(
+    const direction = geo.cartesian3.negate(
       targetNormal,
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    let right = Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(
+    let right = geo.cartesian3.cross(
       direction,
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.UNIT_Z,
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+      geo.cartesian3.UNIT_Z,
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
-    if (Cesium.Cartesian3.magnitudeSquared(right) < 1e-8) {
-      right = Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(
-        direction,
-        Cesium.Cartesian3.UNIT_Y,
-        right,
-      );
+    if (geo.cartesian3.magnitudeSquared(right) < 1e-8) {
+      right = geo.cartesian3.cross(direction, geo.cartesian3.UNIT_Y, right);
     }
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(right, right);
-    const up = Cesium.Cartesian3.normalize(
-      Cesium.Cartesian3.cross(right, direction, new Cesium.Cartesian3()),
-      new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    geo.cartesian3.normalize(right, right);
+    const up = geo.cartesian3.normalize(
+      geo.cartesian3.cross(right, direction, geo.cartesian3.create()),
+      geo.cartesian3.create(),
     );
     layerState._viewer.camera.flyTo({
       destination,
@@ -202,10 +196,7 @@ export function createSelection({
     if (!layerState._viewer || !launch) return;
     parts.replay.stopMissionReplay();
     stopMissionZoomAnchor();
-    const launchPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
-      launch.lon,
-      launch.lat,
-    );
+    const launchPosition = geo.cartesian3.fromDegrees(launch.lon, launch.lat);
     layerState._viewer.selectedEntity = layerState._dataSource.entities.getById(
       `rocket-launch:${launch.id}`,
     );
@@ -214,7 +205,7 @@ export function createSelection({
       {
         offset: new Cesium.HeadingPitchRange(
           0,
-          Cesium.Math.toRadians(-42),
+          geo.math.toRadians(-42),
           MISSION_FOCUS_RANGE_M,
         ),
         duration: 1.4,
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/state.js b/src/layers/launches/state.js
index 0f0194221..2cb1fd26d 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/state.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/state.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import * as geo from '../../geo/index.js';
 
 export function createState({ services }) {
   const { setOverlayEntries, setOverlaySourceVisible, clearOverlaySource } =
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ export function createState({ services }) {
 
   state._declutterOccluder = new Cesium.EllipsoidalOccluder(
     Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84,
-    new Cesium.Cartesian3(),
+    geo.cartesian3.create(),
   );
 
   state._missionRingDate = new Date(0);