diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index df8bf6d1e..96daeb09a 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -6008,6 +6008,12 @@ in Node, plus camera traces recorded from Cesium's own `Camera` into
 checked against `goldens/visual/` on the `/dev/conformance/` page. See
 [RENDERER-CONTRACT.md](RENDERER-CONTRACT.md).
 
+`src/geo/` (export `./geo`) is the renderer-neutral maths: WGS84, ECEF and
+geodetic conversions, surface normals and east-north-up frames, as plain
+`{x, y, z}` objects. It follows Cesium's formulas step for step, and
+`geo.test.mjs` checks it against Cesium. The stub renderer's maths is built
+on it.
+
 ## Operational Notes
 
 - **Earthquake discs are STATIC geometry.** Every quake is a `CLAMP_TO_GROUND`
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index aecb52ce5..d81398cce 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -295,6 +295,7 @@
     "./tools/services": "./src/tools/services.js",
     "./view": "./src/view/index.js",
     "./agent/world-packet": "./src/agent/worldPacket.js",
+    "./geo": "./src/geo/index.js",
     "./render/contract": "./src/render/contract/index.js",
     "./render/stub": "./src/render/stub/index.js",
     "./render/conformance": "./src/render/conformance/index.js"
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index 73fb261b5..5a1b4e55f 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -5127,6 +5127,16 @@
     "modules": ["src/queries/heights.js"],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
+  "geo": {
+    "exports": ["./geo"],
+    "modules": [
+      "src/geo/index.js",
+      "src/geo/vector.js",
+      "src/geo/ellipsoid.js",
+      "src/geo/frames.js"
+    ],
+    "external": []
+  },
   "render": {
     "exports": ["./render/contract", "./render/stub", "./render/conformance"],
     "modules": [
@@ -5140,6 +5150,10 @@
       "src/render/conformance/expect.js",
       "src/render/conformance/checks/ports.js",
       "src/render/stub/math.js",
+      "src/geo/index.js",
+      "src/geo/vector.js",
+      "src/geo/ellipsoid.js",
+      "src/geo/frames.js",
       "src/render/stub/motion.js",
       "src/render/stub/camera.js",
       "src/render/stub/geodesic.js",
diff --git a/src/geo/ellipsoid.js b/src/geo/ellipsoid.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45d67da0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/geo/ellipsoid.js
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/**
+ * @module geo/ellipsoid
+ * @description The WGS84 ellipsoid: geodetic and Earth-centred, Earth-fixed
+ * (ECEF) conversions, surface normals and projection onto the surface. The
+ * formulas follow the default renderer's step for step, so they agree with
+ * it to floating-point noise.
+ */
+import {
+  add,
+  clone,
+  dot,
+  magnitude,
+  normalize,
+  scale,
+  sub,
+  toDegrees,
+  toRadians,
+  vec,
+} from './vector.js';
+
+export const WGS84 = Object.freeze({
+  radii: Object.freeze({ x: 6378137.0, y: 6378137.0, z: 6356752.3142451793 }),
+  radiiSquared: Object.freeze({
+    x: 6378137.0 * 6378137.0,
+    y: 6378137.0 * 6378137.0,
+    z: 6356752.3142451793 * 6356752.3142451793,
+  }),
+  oneOverRadii: Object.freeze({
+    x: 1 / 6378137.0,
+    y: 1 / 6378137.0,
+    z: 1 / 6356752.3142451793,
+  }),
+  oneOverRadiiSquared: Object.freeze({
+    x: 1 / (6378137.0 * 6378137.0),
+    y: 1 / (6378137.0 * 6378137.0),
+    z: 1 / (6356752.3142451793 * 6356752.3142451793),
+  }),
+});
+
+const EPSILON12 = 1e-12;
+const CENTER_TOLERANCE_SQUARED = 0.1;
+
+export function geodeticSurfaceNormal(p) {
+  const o = WGS84.oneOverRadiiSquared;
+  return normalize(vec(p.x * o.x, p.y * o.y, p.z * o.z));
+}
+
+function geodeticSurfaceNormalCartographic(lon, lat) {
+  const cosLat = Math.cos(lat);
+  return normalize(
+    vec(cosLat * Math.cos(lon), cosLat * Math.sin(lon), Math.sin(lat)),
+  );
+}
+
+/** Geodetic radians and metres to ECEF. */
+export function fromRadians(lon, lat, height = 0) {
+  const n = geodeticSurfaceNormalCartographic(lon, lat);
+  const r = WGS84.radiiSquared;
+  let k = vec(r.x * n.x, r.y * n.y, r.z * n.z);
+  const gamma = Math.sqrt(dot(n, k));
+  k = scale(k, 1 / gamma);
+  return add(k, scale(n, height));
+}
+
+/** Geodetic degrees and metres to ECEF. */
+export const fromDegrees = (lon, lat, height = 0) =>
+  fromRadians(toRadians(lon), toRadians(lat), height);
+
+/** A position in either contract form, as ECEF. */
+export function toEcef(position) {
+  if ('lon' in position && 'lat' in position)
+    return fromDegrees(position.lon, position.lat, position.height ?? 0);
+  return clone(position);
+}
+
+/** The point on the ellipsoid along the geodetic normal, or null at the centre. */
+export function scaleToGeodeticSurface(p) {
+  const { x: positionX, y: positionY, z: positionZ } = p;
+  const oneOverRadiiX = WGS84.oneOverRadii.x;
+  const oneOverRadiiY = WGS84.oneOverRadii.y;
+  const oneOverRadiiZ = WGS84.oneOverRadii.z;
+  const x2 = positionX * positionX * oneOverRadiiX * oneOverRadiiX;
+  const y2 = positionY * positionY * oneOverRadiiY * oneOverRadiiY;
+  const z2 = positionZ * positionZ * oneOverRadiiZ * oneOverRadiiZ;
+  const squaredNorm = x2 + y2 + z2;
+  const ratio = Math.sqrt(1.0 / squaredNorm);
+  const intersection = scale(p, ratio);
+  if (squaredNorm < CENTER_TOLERANCE_SQUARED)
+    return Number.isFinite(ratio) ? intersection : null;
+
+  const oneOverRadiiSquaredX = WGS84.oneOverRadiiSquared.x;
+  const oneOverRadiiSquaredY = WGS84.oneOverRadiiSquared.y;
+  const oneOverRadiiSquaredZ = WGS84.oneOverRadiiSquared.z;
+  const gradient = vec(
+    intersection.x * oneOverRadiiSquaredX * 2.0,
+    intersection.y * oneOverRadiiSquaredY * 2.0,
+    intersection.z * oneOverRadiiSquaredZ * 2.0,
+  );
+  let lambda = ((1.0 - ratio) * magnitude(p)) / (0.5 * magnitude(gradient));
+  let correction = 0.0;
+  let func, denominator, xMultiplier, yMultiplier, zMultiplier;
+  let xMultiplier2, yMultiplier2, zMultiplier2;
+  let xMultiplier3, yMultiplier3, zMultiplier3;
+  do {
+    lambda -= correction;
+    xMultiplier = 1.0 / (1.0 + lambda * oneOverRadiiSquaredX);
+    yMultiplier = 1.0 / (1.0 + lambda * oneOverRadiiSquaredY);
+    zMultiplier = 1.0 / (1.0 + lambda * oneOverRadiiSquaredZ);
+    xMultiplier2 = xMultiplier * xMultiplier;
+    yMultiplier2 = yMultiplier * yMultiplier;
+    zMultiplier2 = zMultiplier * zMultiplier;
+    xMultiplier3 = xMultiplier2 * xMultiplier;
+    yMultiplier3 = yMultiplier2 * yMultiplier;
+    zMultiplier3 = zMultiplier2 * zMultiplier;
+    func = x2 * xMultiplier2 + y2 * yMultiplier2 + z2 * zMultiplier2 - 1.0;
+    denominator =
+      x2 * xMultiplier3 * oneOverRadiiSquaredX +
+      y2 * yMultiplier3 * oneOverRadiiSquaredY +
+      z2 * zMultiplier3 * oneOverRadiiSquaredZ;
+    const derivative = -2.0 * denominator;
+    correction = func / derivative;
+  } while (Math.abs(func) > EPSILON12);
+  return vec(
+    positionX * xMultiplier,
+    positionY * yMultiplier,
+    positionZ * zMultiplier,
+  );
+}
+
+/** ECEF to geodetic `{lon, lat}` radians and `height` metres, or null at the centre. */
+export function toCartographicRadians(p) {
+  const surface = scaleToGeodeticSurface(p);
+  if (!surface) return null;
+  const n = geodeticSurfaceNormal(surface);
+  const h = sub(p, surface);
+  return {
+    lon: Math.atan2(n.y, n.x),
+    lat: Math.asin(n.z),
+    height: Math.sign(dot(h, p)) * magnitude(h),
+  };
+}
+
+/** ECEF to `{lon, lat}` degrees and `height` metres. */
+export function toLonLatH(p) {
+  const c = toCartographicRadians(p);
+  if (!c) return null;
+  return { lon: toDegrees(c.lon), lat: toDegrees(c.lat), height: c.height };
+}
diff --git a/src/geo/frames.js b/src/geo/frames.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0a94829b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/geo/frames.js
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/**
+ * @module geo/frames
+ * @description Rigid frames (unit axes and an origin, local to ECEF), the
+ * east-north-up frame at a point, and rotation about an axis.
+ */
+import { geodeticSurfaceNormal } from './ellipsoid.js';
+import {
+  EPSILON14,
+  add,
+  clone,
+  cross,
+  dot,
+  equalsEpsilon,
+  normalize,
+  sub,
+  vec,
+} from './vector.js';
+
+/**
+ * A rigid frame: unit axes `x`, `y`, `z` (columns) and an `origin`, mapping
+ * local coordinates to ECEF.
+ * @typedef {{x: object, y: object, z: object, origin: object}} Frame
+ */
+
+export const IDENTITY = Object.freeze({
+  x: Object.freeze(vec(1, 0, 0)),
+  y: Object.freeze(vec(0, 1, 0)),
+  z: Object.freeze(vec(0, 0, 1)),
+  origin: Object.freeze(vec(0, 0, 0)),
+});
+
+export const isIdentity = (frame) =>
+  frame === IDENTITY ||
+  (frame.x.x === 1 &&
+    frame.y.y === 1 &&
+    frame.z.z === 1 &&
+    frame.x.y === 0 &&
+    frame.x.z === 0 &&
+    frame.y.x === 0 &&
+    frame.y.z === 0 &&
+    frame.z.x === 0 &&
+    frame.z.y === 0 &&
+    frame.origin.x === 0 &&
+    frame.origin.y === 0 &&
+    frame.origin.z === 0);
+
+/** East-north-up at `origin`. */
+export function eastNorthUp(origin) {
+  if (
+    equalsEpsilon(origin.x, 0, EPSILON14) &&
+    equalsEpsilon(origin.y, 0, EPSILON14)
+  ) {
+    // At a pole: east is +y, north points away from the pole.
+    const sign = Math.sign(origin.z) || 1;
+    return {
+      x: vec(0, 1, 0),
+      y: vec(-sign, 0, 0),
+      z: vec(0, 0, sign),
+      origin: clone(origin),
+    };
+  }
+  const up = geodeticSurfaceNormal(origin);
+  const east = normalize(vec(-origin.y, origin.x, 0));
+  const north = cross(up, east);
+  return { x: east, y: north, z: up, origin: clone(origin) };
+}
+
+export const frameVector = (frame, v) =>
+  vec(
+    frame.x.x * v.x + frame.y.x * v.y + frame.z.x * v.z,
+    frame.x.y * v.x + frame.y.y * v.y + frame.z.y * v.z,
+    frame.x.z * v.x + frame.y.z * v.y + frame.z.z * v.z,
+  );
+export const framePoint = (frame, p) =>
+  add(frameVector(frame, p), frame.origin);
+export const inverseFrameVector = (frame, v) =>
+  vec(dot(frame.x, v), dot(frame.y, v), dot(frame.z, v));
+export const inverseFramePoint = (frame, p) =>
+  inverseFrameVector(frame, sub(p, frame.origin));
+
+/** Rotate `v` about unit `axis` by `angle` (right-handed). */
+export function rotate(v, axis, angle) {
+  const c = Math.cos(angle);
+  const s = Math.sin(angle);
+  const d = dot(axis, v);
+  const k = cross(axis, v);
+  return vec(
+    v.x * c + k.x * s + axis.x * d * (1 - c),
+    v.y * c + k.y * s + axis.y * d * (1 - c),
+    v.z * c + k.z * s + axis.z * d * (1 - c),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/geo/geo.test.mjs b/src/geo/geo.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4085918ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/geo/geo.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import {
+  eastNorthUp,
+  fromDegrees,
+  geodeticSurfaceNormal,
+  scaleToGeodeticSurface,
+  toCartographicRadians,
+  toLonLatH,
+} from './index.js';
+
+/** A seeded generator, so a failure names a reproducible point. */
+function random(seed) {
+  let s = seed >>> 0;
+  return () => {
+    s = (s * 1664525 + 1013904223) >>> 0;
+    return s / 2 ** 32;
+  };
+}
+
+function points(count = 500) {
+  const next = random(20261105);
+  const out = [
+    { lon: 0, lat: 90, height: 0 },
+    { lon: 0, lat: -90, height: 1000 },
+    { lon: 180, lat: 0, height: -400 },
+    { lon: -97.7431, lat: 30.2672, height: 150 },
+  ];
+  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++)
+    out.push({
+      lon: next() * 360 - 180,
+      lat: next() * 180 - 90,
+      height: next() * 4e7 - 1e4,
+    });
+  return out;
+}
+
+const close = (actual, expected, tolerance, message) =>
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(actual - expected) <= tolerance,
+    `${message}: ${actual} vs ${expected} (± ${tolerance})`,
+  );
+const closeVec = (a, b, tolerance, message) => {
+  close(a.x, b.x, tolerance, `${message} x`);
+  close(a.y, b.y, tolerance, `${message} y`);
+  close(a.z, b.z, tolerance, `${message} z`);
+};
+
+test('geodetic to ECEF matches the default renderer', () => {
+  for (const p of points()) {
+    const ours = fromDegrees(p.lon, p.lat, p.height);
+    const theirs = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(p.lon, p.lat, p.height);
+    closeVec(ours, theirs, 1e-6, `${p.lon},${p.lat},${p.height}`);
+  }
+});
+
+test('ECEF to geodetic matches the default renderer', () => {
+  for (const p of points()) {
+    const ecef = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(p.lon, p.lat, p.height);
+    const ours = toCartographicRadians(ecef);
+    const theirs = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(ecef);
+    const where = `${p.lon},${p.lat},${p.height}`;
+    // Longitude is undefined at a pole.
+    if (Math.abs(p.lat) < 89.999)
+      close(ours.lon, theirs.longitude, 1e-12, `${where} lon`);
+    close(ours.lat, theirs.latitude, 1e-12, `${where} lat`);
+    close(ours.height, theirs.height, 1e-6, `${where} height`);
+  }
+  assert.equal(toCartographicRadians({ x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO),
+    undefined,
+  );
+  const deg = toLonLatH(fromDegrees(-97.7431, 30.2672, 150));
+  close(deg.lon, -97.7431, 1e-9, 'degrees lon');
+  close(deg.lat, 30.2672, 1e-9, 'degrees lat');
+  close(deg.height, 150, 1e-6, 'degrees height');
+});
+
+test('surface normals and projection match the default renderer', () => {
+  for (const p of points()) {
+    const ecef = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(p.lon, p.lat, p.height);
+    const where = `${p.lon},${p.lat},${p.height}`;
+    closeVec(
+      geodeticSurfaceNormal(ecef),
+      Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.geodeticSurfaceNormal(ecef),
+      1e-15,
+      `${where} normal`,
+    );
+    closeVec(
+      scaleToGeodeticSurface(ecef),
+      Cesium.Ellipsoid.WGS84.scaleToGeodeticSurface(ecef),
+      1e-6,
+      `${where} surface`,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('east-north-up frames match the default renderer', () => {
+  const column = (m, i) => ({ x: m[i * 4], y: m[i * 4 + 1], z: m[i * 4 + 2] });
+  const origins = [
+    ...points(200).map((p) =>
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(p.lon, p.lat, p.height),
+    ),
+    // Exactly on the axis, where east is chosen by convention.
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(0, 0, 6356752.3142451793),
+    new Cesium.Cartesian3(0, 0, -7000000),
+  ];
+  for (const origin of origins) {
+    const m = Cesium.Matrix4.toArray(
+      Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(origin),
+    );
+    const ours = eastNorthUp(origin);
+    const where = `${origin.x},${origin.y},${origin.z}`;
+    closeVec(ours.x, column(m, 0), 1e-12, `${where} east`);
+    closeVec(ours.y, column(m, 1), 1e-12, `${where} north`);
+    closeVec(ours.z, column(m, 2), 1e-12, `${where} up`);
+    closeVec(ours.origin, column(m, 3), 0, `${where} origin`);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/geo/index.js b/src/geo/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6eec330aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/geo/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+/**
+ * @module geo
+ * @description Renderer-neutral geodesy and vector maths: WGS84, ECEF and
+ * geodetic conversions, east-north-up frames, quaternions, and the sun and
+ * moon. Plain numbers and `{x, y, z}` objects only, so code that needs maths
+ * but not a renderer does not import one.
+ */
+export * from './vector.js';
+export * from './ellipsoid.js';
+export * from './frames.js';
diff --git a/src/geo/vector.js b/src/geo/vector.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad4ef8963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/geo/vector.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/**
+ * @module geo/vector
+ * @description Three-vectors as plain `{x, y, z}` objects, and the angle
+ * helpers the rest of `geo` uses. No engine.
+ */
+
+export const TWO_PI = Math.PI * 2;
+export const PI_OVER_TWO = Math.PI / 2;
+export const EPSILON14 = 1e-14;
+
+export const vec = (x = 0, y = 0, z = 0) => ({ x, y, z });
+export const clone = (a) => ({ x: a.x, y: a.y, z: a.z });
+export const add = (a, b) => vec(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y, a.z + b.z);
+export const sub = (a, b) => vec(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y, a.z - b.z);
+export const scale = (a, s) => vec(a.x * s, a.y * s, a.z * s);
+export const negate = (a) => vec(-a.x, -a.y, -a.z);
+export const dot = (a, b) => a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z;
+export const cross = (a, b) =>
+  vec(a.y * b.z - a.z * b.y, a.z * b.x - a.x * b.z, a.x * b.y - a.y * b.x);
+export const magnitude = (a) => Math.sqrt(dot(a, a));
+export const distance = (a, b) => magnitude(sub(a, b));
+export function normalize(a) {
+  const m = magnitude(a);
+  return vec(a.x / m, a.y / m, a.z / m);
+}
+
+export const toRadians = (degrees) => (degrees * Math.PI) / 180;
+export const toDegrees = (radians) => (radians * 180) / Math.PI;
+export const clamp = (v, lo, hi) => Math.min(hi, Math.max(lo, v));
+export const acosClamped = (v) => Math.acos(clamp(v, -1, 1));
+export const equalsEpsilon = (a, b, eps) => Math.abs(a - b) <= eps;
+
+/** An angle in [0, 2π). */
+export function zeroToTwoPi(angle) {
+  if (angle >= 0 && angle <= TWO_PI) return angle;
+  const mod = ((angle % TWO_PI) + TWO_PI) % TWO_PI;
+  if (Math.abs(mod) < EPSILON14 && Math.abs(angle) > EPSILON14) return TWO_PI;
+  return mod;
+}
+
+/** An angle in [-π, π]. */
+export function negativePiToPi(angle) {
+  if (angle >= -Math.PI && angle <= Math.PI) return angle;
+  return zeroToTwoPi(angle + Math.PI) - Math.PI;
+}
diff --git a/src/render/stub/math.js b/src/render/stub/math.js
index 391f1b0cf..4fa6665b1 100644
--- a/src/render/stub/math.js
+++ b/src/render/stub/math.js
@@ -1,264 +1,29 @@
 /**
  * @module render/stub/math
- * @description The geodesy and vector maths the stub renderer poses its
- * camera with: WGS84, east-north-up frames, rigid transforms and the camera
- * angle conventions of the contract (heading clockwise from north, pitch
- * negative looking down). Plain objects and numbers, no engine.
+ * @description The maths the stub renderer poses its camera with: the shared
+ * geodesy (`src/geo`) and the camera angle conventions of the contract
+ * (heading clockwise from north, pitch negative looking down).
  *
  * The formulas follow the default renderer's, step for step, so the stub's
  * poses match its reference traces to floating-point noise.
  */
+import {
+  PI_OVER_TWO,
+  TWO_PI,
+  acosClamped,
+  clamp,
+  equalsEpsilon,
+  negate,
+  rotate,
+  scale,
+  vec,
+  zeroToTwoPi,
+} from '../../geo/index.js';
 
-export const WGS84 = Object.freeze({
-  radii: Object.freeze({ x: 6378137.0, y: 6378137.0, z: 6356752.3142451793 }),
-  radiiSquared: Object.freeze({
-    x: 6378137.0 * 6378137.0,
-    y: 6378137.0 * 6378137.0,
-    z: 6356752.3142451793 * 6356752.3142451793,
-  }),
-  oneOverRadii: Object.freeze({
-    x: 1 / 6378137.0,
-    y: 1 / 6378137.0,
-    z: 1 / 6356752.3142451793,
-  }),
-  oneOverRadiiSquared: Object.freeze({
-    x: 1 / (6378137.0 * 6378137.0),
-    y: 1 / (6378137.0 * 6378137.0),
-    z: 1 / (6356752.3142451793 * 6356752.3142451793),
-  }),
-});
+export * from '../../geo/index.js';
 
-export const TWO_PI = Math.PI * 2;
-export const PI_OVER_TWO = Math.PI / 2;
 const EPSILON3 = 1e-3;
 const EPSILON10 = 1e-10;
-const EPSILON12 = 1e-12;
-const EPSILON14 = 1e-14;
-const CENTER_TOLERANCE_SQUARED = 0.1;
-
-export const vec = (x = 0, y = 0, z = 0) => ({ x, y, z });
-export const clone = (a) => ({ x: a.x, y: a.y, z: a.z });
-export const add = (a, b) => vec(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y, a.z + b.z);
-export const sub = (a, b) => vec(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y, a.z - b.z);
-export const scale = (a, s) => vec(a.x * s, a.y * s, a.z * s);
-export const negate = (a) => vec(-a.x, -a.y, -a.z);
-export const dot = (a, b) => a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z;
-export const cross = (a, b) =>
-  vec(a.y * b.z - a.z * b.y, a.z * b.x - a.x * b.z, a.x * b.y - a.y * b.x);
-export const magnitude = (a) => Math.sqrt(dot(a, a));
-export const distance = (a, b) => magnitude(sub(a, b));
-export function normalize(a) {
-  const m = magnitude(a);
-  return vec(a.x / m, a.y / m, a.z / m);
-}
-
-export const toRadians = (degrees) => (degrees * Math.PI) / 180;
-export const toDegrees = (radians) => (radians * 180) / Math.PI;
-export const clamp = (v, lo, hi) => Math.min(hi, Math.max(lo, v));
-export const acosClamped = (v) => Math.acos(clamp(v, -1, 1));
-export const equalsEpsilon = (a, b, eps) => Math.abs(a - b) <= eps;
-
-/** An angle in [0, 2π). */
-export function zeroToTwoPi(angle) {
-  if (angle >= 0 && angle <= TWO_PI) return angle;
-  const mod = ((angle % TWO_PI) + TWO_PI) % TWO_PI;
-  if (Math.abs(mod) < EPSILON14 && Math.abs(angle) > EPSILON14) return TWO_PI;
-  return mod;
-}
-
-/** An angle in [-π, π]. */
-export function negativePiToPi(angle) {
-  if (angle >= -Math.PI && angle <= Math.PI) return angle;
-  return zeroToTwoPi(angle + Math.PI) - Math.PI;
-}
-
-// --- Geodesy -----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-export function geodeticSurfaceNormal(p) {
-  const o = WGS84.oneOverRadiiSquared;
-  return normalize(vec(p.x * o.x, p.y * o.y, p.z * o.z));
-}
-
-function geodeticSurfaceNormalCartographic(lon, lat) {
-  const cosLat = Math.cos(lat);
-  return normalize(
-    vec(cosLat * Math.cos(lon), cosLat * Math.sin(lon), Math.sin(lat)),
-  );
-}
-
-/** Geodetic radians and metres to ECEF. */
-export function fromRadians(lon, lat, height = 0) {
-  const n = geodeticSurfaceNormalCartographic(lon, lat);
-  const r = WGS84.radiiSquared;
-  let k = vec(r.x * n.x, r.y * n.y, r.z * n.z);
-  const gamma = Math.sqrt(dot(n, k));
-  k = scale(k, 1 / gamma);
-  return add(k, scale(n, height));
-}
-
-/** Geodetic degrees and metres to ECEF. */
-export const fromDegrees = (lon, lat, height = 0) =>
-  fromRadians(toRadians(lon), toRadians(lat), height);
-
-/** A position in either contract form, as ECEF. */
-export function toEcef(position) {
-  if ('lon' in position && 'lat' in position)
-    return fromDegrees(position.lon, position.lat, position.height ?? 0);
-  return clone(position);
-}
-
-/** The point on the ellipsoid along the geodetic normal, or null at the centre. */
-export function scaleToGeodeticSurface(p) {
-  const { x: positionX, y: positionY, z: positionZ } = p;
-  const oneOverRadiiX = WGS84.oneOverRadii.x;
-  const oneOverRadiiY = WGS84.oneOverRadii.y;
-  const oneOverRadiiZ = WGS84.oneOverRadii.z;
-  const x2 = positionX * positionX * oneOverRadiiX * oneOverRadiiX;
-  const y2 = positionY * positionY * oneOverRadiiY * oneOverRadiiY;
-  const z2 = positionZ * positionZ * oneOverRadiiZ * oneOverRadiiZ;
-  const squaredNorm = x2 + y2 + z2;
-  const ratio = Math.sqrt(1.0 / squaredNorm);
-  const intersection = scale(p, ratio);
-  if (squaredNorm < CENTER_TOLERANCE_SQUARED)
-    return Number.isFinite(ratio) ? intersection : null;
-
-  const oneOverRadiiSquaredX = WGS84.oneOverRadiiSquared.x;
-  const oneOverRadiiSquaredY = WGS84.oneOverRadiiSquared.y;
-  const oneOverRadiiSquaredZ = WGS84.oneOverRadiiSquared.z;
-  const gradient = vec(
-    intersection.x * oneOverRadiiSquaredX * 2.0,
-    intersection.y * oneOverRadiiSquaredY * 2.0,
-    intersection.z * oneOverRadiiSquaredZ * 2.0,
-  );
-  let lambda = ((1.0 - ratio) * magnitude(p)) / (0.5 * magnitude(gradient));
-  let correction = 0.0;
-  let func, denominator, xMultiplier, yMultiplier, zMultiplier;
-  let xMultiplier2, yMultiplier2, zMultiplier2;
-  let xMultiplier3, yMultiplier3, zMultiplier3;
-  do {
-    lambda -= correction;
-    xMultiplier = 1.0 / (1.0 + lambda * oneOverRadiiSquaredX);
-    yMultiplier = 1.0 / (1.0 + lambda * oneOverRadiiSquaredY);
-    zMultiplier = 1.0 / (1.0 + lambda * oneOverRadiiSquaredZ);
-    xMultiplier2 = xMultiplier * xMultiplier;
-    yMultiplier2 = yMultiplier * yMultiplier;
-    zMultiplier2 = zMultiplier * zMultiplier;
-    xMultiplier3 = xMultiplier2 * xMultiplier;
-    yMultiplier3 = yMultiplier2 * yMultiplier;
-    zMultiplier3 = zMultiplier2 * zMultiplier;
-    func = x2 * xMultiplier2 + y2 * yMultiplier2 + z2 * zMultiplier2 - 1.0;
-    denominator =
-      x2 * xMultiplier3 * oneOverRadiiSquaredX +
-      y2 * yMultiplier3 * oneOverRadiiSquaredY +
-      z2 * zMultiplier3 * oneOverRadiiSquaredZ;
-    const derivative = -2.0 * denominator;
-    correction = func / derivative;
-  } while (Math.abs(func) > EPSILON12);
-  return vec(
-    positionX * xMultiplier,
-    positionY * yMultiplier,
-    positionZ * zMultiplier,
-  );
-}
-
-/** ECEF to geodetic `{lon, lat}` radians and `height` metres, or null at the centre. */
-export function toCartographicRadians(p) {
-  const surface = scaleToGeodeticSurface(p);
-  if (!surface) return null;
-  const n = geodeticSurfaceNormal(surface);
-  const h = sub(p, surface);
-  return {
-    lon: Math.atan2(n.y, n.x),
-    lat: Math.asin(n.z),
-    height: Math.sign(dot(h, p)) * magnitude(h),
-  };
-}
-
-/** ECEF to `{lon, lat}` degrees and `height` metres. */
-export function toLonLatH(p) {
-  const c = toCartographicRadians(p);
-  if (!c) return null;
-  return { lon: toDegrees(c.lon), lat: toDegrees(c.lat), height: c.height };
-}
-
-// --- Rigid frames ------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/**
- * A rigid frame: unit axes `x`, `y`, `z` (columns) and an `origin`, mapping
- * local coordinates to ECEF.
- * @typedef {{x: object, y: object, z: object, origin: object}} Frame
- */
-
-export const IDENTITY = Object.freeze({
-  x: Object.freeze(vec(1, 0, 0)),
-  y: Object.freeze(vec(0, 1, 0)),
-  z: Object.freeze(vec(0, 0, 1)),
-  origin: Object.freeze(vec(0, 0, 0)),
-});
-
-export const isIdentity = (frame) =>
-  frame === IDENTITY ||
-  (frame.x.x === 1 &&
-    frame.y.y === 1 &&
-    frame.z.z === 1 &&
-    frame.x.y === 0 &&
-    frame.x.z === 0 &&
-    frame.y.x === 0 &&
-    frame.y.z === 0 &&
-    frame.z.x === 0 &&
-    frame.z.y === 0 &&
-    frame.origin.x === 0 &&
-    frame.origin.y === 0 &&
-    frame.origin.z === 0);
-
-/** East-north-up at `origin`. */
-export function eastNorthUp(origin) {
-  if (
-    equalsEpsilon(origin.x, 0, EPSILON14) &&
-    equalsEpsilon(origin.y, 0, EPSILON14)
-  ) {
-    // At a pole: east is +y, north points away from the pole.
-    const sign = Math.sign(origin.z) || 1;
-    return {
-      x: vec(0, 1, 0),
-      y: vec(-sign, 0, 0),
-      z: vec(0, 0, sign),
-      origin: clone(origin),
-    };
-  }
-  const up = geodeticSurfaceNormal(origin);
-  const east = normalize(vec(-origin.y, origin.x, 0));
-  const north = cross(up, east);
-  return { x: east, y: north, z: up, origin: clone(origin) };
-}
-
-export const frameVector = (frame, v) =>
-  vec(
-    frame.x.x * v.x + frame.y.x * v.y + frame.z.x * v.z,
-    frame.x.y * v.x + frame.y.y * v.y + frame.z.y * v.z,
-    frame.x.z * v.x + frame.y.z * v.y + frame.z.z * v.z,
-  );
-export const framePoint = (frame, p) =>
-  add(frameVector(frame, p), frame.origin);
-export const inverseFrameVector = (frame, v) =>
-  vec(dot(frame.x, v), dot(frame.y, v), dot(frame.z, v));
-export const inverseFramePoint = (frame, p) =>
-  inverseFrameVector(frame, sub(p, frame.origin));
-
-// --- Rotations ---------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/** Rotate `v` about unit `axis` by `angle` (right-handed). */
-export function rotate(v, axis, angle) {
-  const c = Math.cos(angle);
-  const s = Math.sin(angle);
-  const d = dot(axis, v);
-  const k = cross(axis, v);
-  return vec(
-    v.x * c + k.x * s + axis.x * d * (1 - c),
-    v.y * c + k.y * s + axis.y * d * (1 - c),
-    v.z * c + k.z * s + axis.z * d * (1 - c),
-  );
-}
 
 /**
  * The rotation the contract's heading, pitch and roll describe in a local