diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 14e8d320b..d2f0107c0 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -21,3 +21,6 @@ qa-artifacts/
 3d-models/
 pinokio/ENVIRONMENT
 pinokio/.installed
+
+# Transient: a release interrupted mid-assembly (npm run changelog recovers it)
+changelog.d/.assembling/
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index da4967218..98d32365f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,17 +1,10 @@
 # Changelog
 
-- Add Bogotá (Tembici, 250 stations) and Santiago de Chile (Bike Itaú, 200
-  stations) to the GBFS bikeshare registry, the layer's first stations in
-  Colombia and Chile. Both are PBSC feeds like the Brazilian Bike Itaú cities,
-  so no proxy change is needed. Both feeds also list depot stations on other
-  continents (São Paulo, Madrid) as in service; stations outside a city's load
-  radius are now dropped instead of drawn as live docks.
-
-- Add Barcelona's bike share to the GBFS registry: Bicing (543 stations, the
-  city's PBSC system) and AMBici (237 e-bike stations across the metropolitan
-  area, run by nextbike). Both are keyless GBFS 2.3 feeds listed in
-  MobilityData's systems catalogue; AMBici's is CC0. `gbfs.nextbike.net` joins
-  the proxy allowlist. These are the layer's first stations in Spain.
+- The tracked-aircraft descriptor now publishes `verticalRateMps`, on both the
+  civil and military layers, so a consumer reading `getTrackedInfo()` no longer
+  has to reach past it into the raw poll record for climb/descent. Reported,
+  never derived: an aircraft that has not transmitted a rate reads as `null`
+  rather than a level-flight `0`.
 
 - Add nine Ontario transit feeds: TTC, MiWay, Hamilton HSR, Durham Region,
   YRT/Viva, Guelph, Burlington, Barrie and Kingston, each carrying its own
@@ -161,6 +154,18 @@
   the five borough cores load and `CCTV_NYC_MAX_SOURCES` changes the cap. The catalog-wide ceiling is
   unchanged; extra cameras share it round-robin with the other packs.
 
+- Spanish interface (`es`), translated by @meirm (#602) and reviewed against the
+  current English.
+
+- Interface localization, starting with Russian. UI text is marked with
+  `t()`, `tn()` (plurals) and `msg()` in code and `data-i18n*` in markup, keyed
+  by the English text itself; each language is one flat JSON catalog
+  (`src/i18n/locales/ru.json`). The language comes from `?lang=`, the language
+  picker (the globe button in the bottom-right corner), then the browser
+  language; English stays the default and the fallback. `npm run i18n`, also
+  run by `npm test`, fails on missing, unused or broken translations. Built on
+  the i18n foundation by @meirm (#601), with the Russian catalog started
+  from #312. It also fails on UI text that is not marked at all.
 - Street Level counts unique tiles before ranking so overlapping dateline halves
   in polar views do not waste slots in the 16-tile overview budget.
 
@@ -299,10 +304,9 @@
   snapshot is not retried, and an OpenSky 429 starts its cooldown before the
   body is read.
 
-- Keep later satellites when a TLE catalog entry is missing an orbital line or
-  pairs lines with mismatched NORAD catalog numbers. The parser skips corrupt sets
-  and resumes at the next complete named set, instead of losing the rest of the
-  group (#906, #936).
+- Keep later satellites when a TLE catalog entry is missing an orbital line.
+  The parser skips the incomplete set and resumes at the next complete named
+  set, instead of losing the rest of the group (#906).
 
 - Satellite clouds keep Clouds only / Full as quick endpoints and add a continuous
   cloud-filter slider: 0% is Full, 100% is the existing brightness key, and
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index cde8582f9..ba0d38768 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -54,8 +54,9 @@ head -40 scripts/qa-radio.mjs  # what this runnable gate proves and how to run i
 Runnable gate entrypoints document what they assert and how to invoke them.
 Most need a dev server; some also need a specific provider key or port. Follow
 the entrypoint's header rather than assuming every matching file accepts the
-same arguments. Only a couple (`qa:map-source-tray`, `qa:transit`) have an
-`npm run` alias.
+same arguments. Five have an `npm run` alias: `qa:map-source-tray`,
+`qa:panel-resize`, `qa:street-level`, `qa:street-level:fixtures` and
+`qa:transit`.
 
 If you aren't sure which gate covers your change, search `docs/CURRENT-STATE.md`
 for the feature: it names the gate for many of them, and it's the authoritative
@@ -63,12 +64,13 @@ runtime reference either way. `scripts/qa-l9-matrix.mjs` aggregates the broader
 release-candidate checks and selected harnesses; it does not replace the focused
 gate for the feature you changed.
 
-> **CI does not cover this for you.** The workflow runs the setup policy
+> **CI covers only two of these for you.** The workflow runs the setup policy
 > checks, the formatting and package-boundary checks, the unit suite and the
-> production build, plus a Windows onboarding job. It runs neither
-> `npm run test:track` nor any `qa-*.mjs` gate — both need a live dev server
-> and a browser. Include the applicable local run in your PR's validation
-> evidence.
+> production build, plus a Windows onboarding job, and against the built preview
+> it runs `qa:street-level:fixtures` and `qa:panel-resize`. It does not run
+> `npm run test:track` or any other `qa-*.mjs` gate — those need a live dev
+> server and a browser. Include the applicable local run in your PR's
+> validation evidence.
 
 ## Share-link layer tokens
 
@@ -126,6 +128,7 @@ The highest-leverage places to jump in:
 - ES modules, **2-space indent, single quotes, semicolons.**
 - JSDoc on exported/public functions.
 - Match the surrounding code — comment density, naming, and idiom.
+- User-visible text goes through `t()`, `tn()` or `msg()`, or a `data-i18n*` attribute in markup, and `npm run i18n` must pass. See [docs/I18N.md](docs/I18N.md).
 - Prefer small, reviewable commits. Conventional-commit-style prefixes (`feat:`, `fix:`, `perf:`, `docs:`) are appreciated but not required.
 
 ## Formatting and reusable components
@@ -149,7 +152,7 @@ ownership and adoption process.
 
 1. Branch off `main`.
 2. Keep `npm run build`, `npm test`, and `npm run test:track` green and avoid new console errors, plus the [feature gate](#feature-regression-gates) for the area you touched.
-3. If you change runtime behavior, update `docs/CURRENT-STATE.md` and `CHANGELOG.md` in the same PR.
+3. If you change runtime behavior, update `docs/CURRENT-STATE.md` in the same PR, and add your changelog entry as `changelog.d/<pr-number>-<slug>.md` instead of editing `CHANGELOG.md` — see [changelog.d/README.md](changelog.d/README.md). Distinct filenames don't conflict; a release assembles the directory into `CHANGELOG.md`. A documentation claim that needs a regression test should assert against `docs/CURRENT-STATE.md` or `README.md`, which a PR still edits directly.
 4. If you add or change a data source, update [DATA_SOURCES.md](DATA_SOURCES.md) with its license and attribution. **Don't add data you don't have the right to redistribute** — fetch it at runtime instead.
 5. Describe what you changed and how you verified it (screenshots welcome for anything visual).
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c5aeb4710..c49c53ece 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Start with the included data sources, then add your own. Each layer is a separat
 - **🔭 Satellite passes:** Ask by voice when any loaded satellite next rises over you: rise, peak and set times, and whether you can see it.
 - **🔎 Analyst answers:** Count, filter and rank satellites, datacenters and dams by voice, alongside flights, ships, fires and quakes; answers say when a feed is stale or on a fallback.
 - **🧭 Tilt and North Up:** Switch between straight-down and a 35° oblique, or put north at the top, while a tracked target stays centered.
-- **🔍 Keyless search:** Type coordinates or a bundled city or landmark to fly there with no network request; other names use Google when configured, then Photon and Nominatim.
+- **🔍 Keyless search:** Type decimal coordinates, a two-dimensional WGS84 `geo:` URI (for example, `geo:39.7392,-104.9903`), or a bundled city or landmark to fly there with no geocoder request; other names use Google when configured, then Photon and Nominatim.
 - **📦 Shareable scenes:** Import, preview and share Director scenes as files or bundles, with camera anchors, authored moves and data packs.
 - **🌊 Nepal flood scene:** Replay the Bhote Koshi flood: flood path, witness sources and before-and-after imagery (bundled data is non-commercial; see [DATA_SOURCES.md](DATA_SOURCES.md)).
 
diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
index cc3f27cfe..e53883548 100644
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ The data proxies under `server/providers/` are written so the browser cannot tur
 - **Sanitized errors** — internal error details are not echoed back to clients.
 - **Coalesced OAuth refresh** and cached successful responses only (OpenSky).
 - **Redacted debug logging.** The voice debug log (`.gev-logs/`, gitignored) strips API keys, bearer tokens, client secrets, and image data URLs before writing.
-- **Cross-site gate on cost/log endpoints.** The cost-bearing (`/api/realtime/token`, `/api/openai/hud-summary`, `/api/google/nearby-places`, `/api/google/text-search`), quota-bearing (`/api/mapillary/*`, with a per-IP limit on tiles) and log (`/api/realtime/debug-log`) endpoints refuse cross-site browser requests: a foreign or opaque `Origin`, a `Sec-Fetch-Site` other than `same-origin`/`none` (this is what blocks an `<img>`/navigation that carries no `Origin`), or any reverse-proxy/CDN forwarding header returns `403`. Non-browser loopback tools (the repo QA harnesses POST the token endpoint with no `Origin`) and the explicit `HOST=0.0.0.0` LAN opt-in keep working — the gate deliberately does not require a loopback remote address; that stricter requirement belongs only to the credential panel (`admitKeySetupRequest`). The Host check (`allowedHosts`, applied by `hostCheckPlugin` ahead of every route, since Vite's own check runs only after plugin middleware) rejects a rebinding `Host` before any handler runs, in every mode, and the gate is defense in depth behind it: the LAN opt-in keeps that check and accepts only IP addresses, `localhost` and names listed in `GEV_ALLOWED_HOSTS`. **Limit:** a name you list there is trusted like the app's own address, so list only names you control.
+- **Cross-site gate on cost/log endpoints.** The cost-bearing (`/api/realtime/token`, `/api/openai/hud-summary`, `/api/google/nearby-places`, `/api/google/text-search`), quota-bearing (`/api/mapillary/*`, with a per-IP limit on tiles, and `/api/tomtom/*`, backed by its persistent daily tile budget) and log (`/api/realtime/debug-log`) endpoints refuse cross-site browser requests: a foreign or opaque `Origin`, a `Sec-Fetch-Site` other than `same-origin`/`none` (this is what blocks an `<img>`/navigation that carries no `Origin`), or any reverse-proxy/CDN forwarding header returns `403`. Non-browser loopback tools (the repo QA harnesses POST the token endpoint with no `Origin`) and the explicit `HOST=0.0.0.0` LAN opt-in keep working — the gate deliberately does not require a loopback remote address; that stricter requirement belongs only to the credential panel (`admitKeySetupRequest`). The Host check (`allowedHosts`, applied by `hostCheckPlugin` ahead of every route, since Vite's own check runs only after plugin middleware) rejects a rebinding `Host` before any handler runs, in every mode, and the gate is defense in depth behind it: the LAN opt-in keeps that check and accepts only IP addresses, `localhost` and names listed in `GEV_ALLOWED_HOSTS`. **Limit:** a name you list there is trusted like the app's own address, so list only names you control.
 - **Full Content-Security-Policy.** The dev and preview servers send a real CSP (`script-src 'self' 'unsafe-eval' blob:` plus the YouTube, Facebook and X scripts the Nepal event's embedded media loads and the Maps JavaScript API that Street View runs on, with a matching `frame-src` for their players and posts: no inline script and no other script origin; `blob:` covers the object URLs Cesium's bundled workers bootstrap through in the built app), alongside the existing `X-Frame-Options: DENY` and `frame-ancestors 'none'`. `'unsafe-eval'` stays because Knockout, bundled inside Cesium's widgets package, resolves the global object with `eval` at load time and the globe does not initialize without it; styles permit `'unsafe-inline'` and Google Fonts because Vite's dev client injects `<style>` elements.
 
 Allowing `maps.googleapis.com` in `script-src` also trusts its JSONP endpoints, which can bypass the script allowlist if an HTML-injection bug exists; this is an accepted limitation of loading the Maps JavaScript API, alongside the existing `'unsafe-eval'` allowance.
diff --git a/changelog.d/1057-windows-npm-dep0190.md b/changelog.d/1057-windows-npm-dep0190.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e8e1da55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1057-windows-npm-dep0190.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- On Windows, `npm run doctor` and the Pinokio install no longer print Node's
+  DEP0190 warning ("Passing args to a child process with shell option true can
+  lead to security vulnerabilities"): npm.cmd's fixed subcommand is now part of
+  the shell command string instead of an argument array (quanticsoul4772, #1057).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1071-geo-uri-search.md b/changelog.d/1071-geo-uri-search.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eba251948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1071-geo-uri-search.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Location search accepts two-dimensional WGS84 `geo:` URIs offline, with
+  the existing coordinate framing and label. Unsupported URI fields are passed
+  to the remaining search providers unchanged (cj-vana, #1071).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1094-dependency-security-patches.md b/changelog.d/1094-dependency-security-patches.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..058359efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1094-dependency-security-patches.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Update DOMPurify to 3.4.17, Sharp to 0.35.5 and source-map-js to 1.2.2 for
+  GHSA-p98j-92pf-mc4p, GHSA-6688-9rhm-gjv2, GHSA-wq5f-xc86-pv6w and
+  GHSA-68fv-2mgg-jv7q; `npm audit` now reports no vulnerabilities (NurstarK,
+  #1094).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1096-military-hold-track-speed.md b/changelog.d/1096-military-hold-track-speed.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..adc1793c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1096-military-hold-track-speed.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Military aircraft keep their last heading and speed when an adsb.lol row omits
+  `track` or `gs`, instead of turning north and stopping; a grounded row without
+  a speed still reads 0 (Aditya, @Rohilalala, #1096).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1097-overpass-remark-failure-phrases.md b/changelog.d/1097-overpass-remark-failure-phrases.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4543710da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1097-overpass-remark-failure-phrases.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- Overpass data whose element tags contain a failure phrase ("timed out",
+  "runtime error", "too many requests" and similar, e.g. a place named "Timed
+  Out Escape Rooms") is returned as data instead of being refused and putting
+  the endpoint on cooldown; upstream failures are read from the remark (Aditya,
+  @Rohilalala, #1097).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1111-map-fallback-retry.md b/changelog.d/1111-map-fallback-retry.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45086eab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1111-map-fallback-retry.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- A failed Esri Satellite or keyless terrain load still shows OSM or flat terrain
+  at once, but no longer lasts the whole session: while the fallback is on
+  screen, the real provider is retried in the background (30 seconds, doubling
+  to a 10-minute cap) and replaces it live once it loads. Map switches never
+  wait for a retry (Aditya, @Rohilalala, #1111).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1115-aircraft-altitude-band-unknown.md b/changelog.d/1115-aircraft-altitude-band-unknown.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6b69472d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1115-aircraft-altitude-band-unknown.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+- Exclude aircraft without a reported altitude from requested altitude bands;
+  unfiltered aircraft queries still retain them (rudycelekli, #1115).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1117-google-viewer-lifecycle.md b/changelog.d/1117-google-viewer-lifecycle.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66d73d4a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1117-google-viewer-lifecycle.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Release superseded Google Street View open waits and suppress metadata
+  requests whose viewer was unmounted while the service loaded (rudycelekli,
+  #1117).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1118-cctv-snapshot-fallback-provenance.md b/changelog.d/1118-cctv-snapshot-fallback-provenance.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..648891785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1118-cctv-snapshot-fallback-provenance.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Label camera-tool Street View fallbacks as historical Google imagery rather
+  than the current camera view; keep unknown frame provenance explicit
+  (rudycelekli, #1118).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1135-director-save-status-run-results.md b/changelog.d/1135-director-save-status-run-results.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa3c6f0e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1135-director-save-status-run-results.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- Scenes keep the "Scene not saved" status when a capture, update, append or
+  import cannot be saved, and an unreadable saved project no longer overwrites
+  the recovery checkpoint. `startScene()` resolves to its documented result,
+  `afterShotId` works without an explicit scene, and `scenesRun` counts the
+  distinct scenes queued (djabhi31, #1135).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1142-antimeridian-fire-perimeters.md b/changelog.d/1142-antimeridian-fire-perimeters.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b847163e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1142-antimeridian-fire-perimeters.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+- Fire-perimeter queries handle outlines and holes crossing the antimeridian:
+  areas enclosed near ±180° are included, areas at the opposite meridian are
+  excluded, and returned perimeter coordinates stay near the dateline. Incident
+  cards use the same circular longitude mean and compare multipart outline
+  areas along short longitude edges, keeping the card on the largest polygon
+  (Arianna Method, @ariannamethod, #1142).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1171-director-goto-shot.md b/changelog.d/1171-director-goto-shot.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c08351ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1171-director-goto-shot.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Director shot actions land on the requested shot. A seek to a shot's start
+  could round a hair below it and select the end of the previous shot for some
+  shot counts and durations (Aditya, @Rohilalala, #1171).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1172-cctv-missing-numbers.md b/changelog.d/1172-cctv-missing-numbers.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d401021e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1172-cctv-missing-numbers.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+- Keep missing CCTV numbers unknown instead of reading them as zero. `Number`
+  turns null, blank strings and booleans into 0 or 1, and the camera source
+  list sends an unknown number as JSON null, so a source-pack camera that left
+  out its pose reached the browser as zeros clamped to each field's floor —
+  facing north, pitch −2°, FOV 20°, range 120 m, mount 6 m and ground 0 m —
+  instead of the defaults (id-hash heading, −17°, 74°, 700 m, 24 m and the
+  city's ground); a null or blank position placed the camera at 0,0. The
+  server's `toFiniteNumber` and the browser's `safeNumber` now treat absent,
+  blank and boolean values as missing. The same conversion also stops a
+  Tallinn row with a null heading reading as a confident north-facing camera,
+  a Caltrans camera with a blank elevation losing its 150 m ground prior, and
+  a TfL or Catalonia camera with a null or blank coordinate being kept at 0,0
+  or on the zero meridian (omerbberk, #1172).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1173-antimeridian-ground-floor.md b/changelog.d/1173-antimeridian-ground-floor.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..939559bb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1173-antimeridian-ground-floor.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+- Flights' ground floor works across the antimeridian. The viewer-distance
+  check behind the 150 km floor radius and its copy in the photoreal mesh-floor
+  sampler subtracted longitudes without wrapping, so two points 21 km apart
+  across 180° measured about 38,000 km and low or grounded aircraft just across
+  the line from the viewer were never floored. A contact's display corridor
+  walked a segment across 180° the long way round, spending its cell budget on
+  ground behind the contact, and a contact on the seam lost its cell hysteresis.
+  SEARCH NEARBY SITES on a view across 180° searched Google Places around
+  longitude 0, on the far side of the globe, with a radius sized from the view's
+  height alone; it now searches the view (Aditya, @Rohilalala, #1173).
diff --git a/changelog.d/1186-launch-unknown-coordinates.md b/changelog.d/1186-launch-unknown-coordinates.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d03c2d902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/1186-launch-unknown-coordinates.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Keep missing launch-pad coordinates unknown so launches use the location
+  fallback or stay off the map instead of appearing at 0°N 0°E. Missing stage
+  flight numbers no longer show "FLIGHT 0"
+  (Rudy Celekli, @rudycelekli, #1186).
diff --git a/changelog.d/287-shared-great-circle-distance.md b/changelog.d/287-shared-great-circle-distance.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2db9d54d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/287-shared-great-circle-distance.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- The client's great-circle distances now come from one shared
+  `src/geoDistance.js` (`greatCircleKm`/`greatCircleMeters`, `{lat, lon}`
+  points). The Earth radius is standardized on 6371.0088 km, so distances shift
+  by about 1.4 ppm and region areas by about 2.8 ppm, and missing or
+  out-of-range points return `Infinity` (onionviolet, #287; Rajojha-1, #749).
diff --git a/changelog.d/761-dev-unwatched-runtime-dirs.md b/changelog.d/761-dev-unwatched-runtime-dirs.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3aaf0a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/761-dev-unwatched-runtime-dirs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+- The dev server no longer watches `.gev-cache` and `.gev-logs`. Providers write
+  cache files and logs there while the app runs, and none of it is source, so
+  the watcher now skips it; this guards against the DNS-lookup delays heavy
+  cache writes have caused, though no difference was measured on current main
+  (monwiss, #761).
diff --git a/changelog.d/767-alpha5-catalog-numbers.md b/changelog.d/767-alpha5-catalog-numbers.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a96698a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/767-alpha5-catalog-numbers.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+- Read satellite catalog numbers written in Alpha-5, the TLE spelling of
+  numbers above 99999: a letter for the first two digits, skipping I and O
+  (`A0000` is 100000, `Z9999` is 339999). The satellites layer converted such a
+  field to `NaN`, so every Alpha-5 satellite shared one catalog entry and all
+  but the first were dropped as duplicates; the satellite tools read the same
+  field as no number, so such a satellite could not be found by it. The layer
+  and the tools now decode the field in `src/sources/tle.js`, and reject a
+  malformed one (a sign, decimal point, hex, embedded space or stray letter)
+  instead of reading part of it as a number. This is Alpha-5 TLE
+  compatibility: CelesTrak's TLE feed carries no satellite above 99999, which
+  needs the OMM feed (#1191) (Honorius Neogy, #767, fixes #751).
diff --git a/changelog.d/787-changelog-fragments.md b/changelog.d/787-changelog-fragments.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41509c046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/787-changelog-fragments.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+- Changelog entries are now one file per pull request. A change adds
+  `changelog.d/<pull request>-<slug>.md` instead of editing the top of
+  `CHANGELOG.md`, which two pull requests in flight could not share — it was the
+  most frequent merge conflict in the open queue, and for six of them the only
+  one. `npm run changelog` splices the directory into `CHANGELOG.md` at release
+  time and empties it; `npm run changelog:check` reports the batch and changes
+  nothing. Fragment text is copied through unchanged (daikaginza, #787).
diff --git a/changelog.d/970-recent-imagery-details-scroll.md b/changelog.d/970-recent-imagery-details-scroll.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..761e265c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/970-recent-imagery-details-scroll.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+- Recent Imagery: opening DETAILS scrolls its card into view when it opens below
+  the fold. The panel used to restore the previous scroll position right after
+  the reveal, so the card stayed out of sight (Ian Blenke, #970).
diff --git a/changelog.d/973-tomtom-cross-site-gate.md b/changelog.d/973-tomtom-cross-site-gate.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4a029406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/973-tomtom-cross-site-gate.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+- Cross-site browser requests can no longer spend the TomTom traffic-tile
+  budget through `/api/tomtom/*`. The shared same-site gate runs before status,
+  cache, and upstream work; same-origin app requests and non-browser local
+  callers remain supported (Sunil56224972, #973).
diff --git a/changelog.d/README.md b/changelog.d/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df17e32f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# Changelog fragments
+
+One file per entry. A pull request adds a file here instead of editing
+`CHANGELOG.md`, and a release concatenates them into it.
+
+```
+changelog.d/<pull request number>-<slug>.md
+```
+
+`723-atc-decision-layer.md`, for example. The slug is lowercase, words separated
+by `-`. Two pull requests never pick the same filename, because the pull request
+number is already unique — which is the point: new `CHANGELOG.md` entries go at
+the top of the file, so two pull requests in flight write into the same few lines
+and git has nothing to merge on.
+
+Write the file exactly as the entry should read in `CHANGELOG.md`: a `-` bullet,
+wrapped the way the surrounding entries are, crediting yourself and the pull
+request.
+
+```markdown
+- Report which upstream declined a Street Traffic road load. The layer row now
+  reads `Overpass rate-limited` instead of a general "Road data temporarily
+  unavailable" (yourname, #665).
+```
+
+The text is spliced in unchanged apart from trailing whitespace, so what you
+write here is what ships. Fragments are deliberately outside
+`scripts/format-scope.json`, so `npm run format` never reflows one.
+
+At release time:
+
+```
+npm run changelog:check   # list what would move, change nothing
+npm run changelog         # move every fragment into CHANGELOG.md
+```
+
+The assembler refuses a batch rather than guessing: a filename that is not
+`<pull request>-<slug>.md`, or two fragments claiming one pull request number,
+stops the run before anything is written and names the files.
+
+If `npm run changelog` fails part-way (a full disk, a killed process), run it
+again. The batch is staged in `changelog.d/.assembling/` and only lands when the
+assembled file replaces `CHANGELOG.md` in a single rename, so the rerun either
+finishes that batch or puts its fragments back first. It never adds an entry
+twice or drops one. `npm run changelog:check` names a staged batch, if one is
+left over, instead of reporting past it.
+
+A documentation claim that needs a regression test — the way
+`src/annotations/drawTool.test.mjs` asserts against `CHANGELOG.md` — should
+assert against `docs/CURRENT-STATE.md` or `README.md` instead. A pull request
+still edits those directly, so the text is in the file while the change is under
+review; a fragment does not reach `CHANGELOG.md` until release.
diff --git a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
index 4c06dd3cb..458c44c6e 100644
--- a/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
+++ b/docs/CURRENT-STATE.md
@@ -1,5 +1,20 @@
 # God's Eye View Current State
 
+Shared distance checks use `src/geoDistance.js` with `{ lat, lon }` points and
+the IUGG mean spherical Earth radius, 6371.0088 km. `greatCircleKm` is
+canonical; `greatCircleMeters` is its exact metre conversion. Missing,
+non-finite, and out-of-range points (latitude outside ±90, longitude outside
+±180) return `Infinity`, so threshold and nearest-item consumers exclude invalid
+positions. Older exported `haversineKm` entry points remain as compatibility
+wrappers only. `src/data/approxDistance.js`, the equirectangular
+viewer-proximity approximation, is deliberately separate, as are intentional
+local angular, projection, ellipsoidal prefilter, and small-viewport
+approximations. Four great-circle copies remain for a follow-up:
+`src/data/adminBoundaries.js` and `src/tools/area.js` pass unwrapped longitudes
+across the antimeridian, so they cannot use the strict ±180 check as-is, and
+`src/sources/adsbRecords.js` and `server/providers/common/geo.js` keep their own
+implementations.
+
 Vessel sources can report healthy empty coverage using a current, complete
 snapshot with zero raw rows, a healthy transport and a positive last-message
 time. This clears obsolete contacts and settles startup without manufacturing
@@ -100,11 +115,26 @@ shared `area` argument (place name, bounding box, or point and radius) and cap
 lists at 25 rows by default. Voice offers the same queries next to its app
 actions: the session lists them, and the browser runs them through the same
 catalog, loaded on first use. See [tools and the MCP server](TOOLS.md).
+Aircraft altitude-band queries require a reported barometric or geometric altitude
+for each match, so a grounded contact that reports none is left out of a band too.
+Queries without an altitude band retain unknown-altitude contacts.
 
 Catalog calls check their cancellation signal immediately before executing a
 tool. Already-cancelled queries do not start; cancellation after execution starts
 continues to follow the existing tool and caller behavior.
 
+Fire-perimeter queries test polygon interiors and holes on continuous unwrapped
+longitudes, matching the short-edge convention used for boundary intersections.
+An outline crossing ±180° contains nearby boxes and radius areas without also
+containing their counterparts near Greenwich. Returned perimeter coordinates
+use a circular mean for longitude, including multipart outlines. Incident cards
+also use a circular longitude mean over the largest outer ring (excluding its
+repeated closing vertex). Their relative-area comparison follows short longitude
+edges so a small dateline-crossing part cannot outweigh a larger ordinary part.
+Regression coverage lives in `src/tools/area.test.mjs`,
+`src/tools/queries/environment.test.mjs` and
+`src/layers/perimeters/cards.test.mjs`.
+
 ## Cyber HUD — September 30, 2026
 
 Display > HUD > Layout includes Cyber, also available through the HUD voice
@@ -369,7 +399,12 @@ doubling to a 15 s cap, with every retry waiting behind one shared cooldown
 plus up to 1.5 s of jitter, and `Retry-After` extending the cooldown when the
 upstream exposes it. One console warning is logged per cooldown window. Other
 failures keep Cesium's handling and the flat `EllipsoidTerrainProvider`
-fallback. `scripts/qa-terrain-429.mjs` reproduces the burst against a keyless
+fallback; while that flat terrain is on a shown globe the map controller
+retries Re:Earth in the background (30 s, doubling to a 10-minute cap, each
+attempt abandoned after 60 s) and installs the real terrain without waiting
+for a map switch or an imagery retry. Behind a 3D tileset it neither retries
+nor installs; the next globe activation does.
+`scripts/qa-terrain-429.mjs` reproduces the burst against a keyless
 dev server, counts real throttles with their headers as evidence, synthesises
 throttles with `--inject N` when the upstream is not throttling, and fails if
 a throttled tile never loads.
@@ -427,6 +462,8 @@ reference. Legacy projects retain their ordinary flights, content and edits.
 Seeking between ordinary camera poses uses the shortest longitude arc across the
 dateline while preserving both authored endpoint longitudes, and turns heading
 and roll the short way for any authored angles.
+A seek to a shot's start, as a shot action makes, selects that shot rather than
+the end of the previous one.
 See [camera directions](DIRECTOR-CAMERA.md).
 
 Realtime voice composes separate connection, response/tool, Radio handoff, input
@@ -525,7 +562,7 @@ are protected from fallback writes. Version 6 is the export format, with
 zero pitch, low camera heights, scope and detection edits preserved. See [the document contract](SCENE-DOCUMENT.md);
 see [Director](DIRECTOR.md) for camera, pack, action and sharing support.
 
-Search framing and annotations request semantic map features from an explicit source. The Overpass adapter owns bounded queries, member/tag decoding and request deadlines; callers retain candidate ranking, outline caching, deferred retries and scene placement. Empty, unavailable, transient and throttled outcomes remain distinct. Traffic sources return road records and installation sources return mapped records with freshness/saturation metadata, so their layers no longer decode upstream elements. ALPR already normalizes its records in the source. Traffic uses OpenFreeMap roads with optional matched TomTom congestion; ALPR uses an hourly OpenStreetMap extract. Keyless installations use military-area tiles. Detailed feature queries require operator-configured Overpass.
+Search framing and annotations request semantic map features from an explicit source. The Overpass adapter owns bounded queries, member/tag decoding and request deadlines; callers retain candidate ranking, outline caching, deferred retries and scene placement. Empty, unavailable, transient and throttled outcomes remain distinct; a data reply is refused only for its `remark`, never for text in element tags. Traffic sources return road records and installation sources return mapped records with freshness/saturation metadata, so their layers no longer decode upstream elements. ALPR already normalizes its records in the source. Traffic uses OpenFreeMap roads with optional matched TomTom congestion; ALPR uses an hourly OpenStreetMap extract. Keyless installations use military-area tiles. Detailed feature queries require operator-configured Overpass.
 
 Nepal media preloads survive repeated camera-flight updates, but Stop, event disable and replacement remove abandoned frames and revoke pending Facebook sessions. Fallback evidence-card clicks respect the shared drawing-tool pointer lease.
 
@@ -584,7 +621,9 @@ pinning, first-position grace, source time and sea-surface placement are unchang
 
 Military flights also separate portable records and source acquisition from
 Cesium snapshot application. The metadata owner retains aviation feet, source
-fix times, sticky fields and partial-feed retention. Rendering retains ground
+fix times, sticky fields and partial-feed retention. A row without track or
+speed holds the last known value, as civil records do; a grounded row without
+speed reads 0. Rendering retains ground
 model ownership, motion history, military registration and tracking cleanup.
 
 Civil flights separate source acquisition, portable record reconciliation and
@@ -767,6 +806,11 @@ and `./layers/launches`. Each owns its catalog, render state, tracking, interact
 and teardown. Source adapters retain the existing CelesTrak and Launch Library
 endpoints; standalone entries provide scene services and the satellite dependency.
 The mission factory separates paths, replay, camera, panel, overlays and placement.
+Launch Library pad coordinates retain unknown values: missing fields use the
+reported location coordinates when available, and launches without a known pad
+position stay off the map. Genuine zero coordinates remain valid. Undisclosed
+stage coordinates, downrange distance and flight numbers remain unknown; the
+mission panel omits the flight-number label when no number was reported.
 Pending mission requests abort on disable/destruction and malformed launch
 snapshots preserve the last accepted display. Catalog groups, propagation cadence,
 tracking intent, replay timing, controls and source attribution remain unchanged.
@@ -842,6 +886,13 @@ use the supplied asset resolver, including the preload path. Enrichment receives
 an abort signal and cannot update a later lifecycle after destruction. Existing
 camera, terrain floor, trail, selection and measured model-size policies remain.
 
+The tracked-aircraft descriptor both flight layers hand to the cockpit carries
+`verticalRateMps` beside `velocityMps` and `track`. Civil records store the rate as
+`verticalRate` and military records as `verticalRateMps`; the query seam maps both to
+one name, so `resolveTrackedAircraftInfo` returns a single shape for either layer. The
+rate is reported, never derived: a blank poll keeps the last transmitted value and an
+absent rate stays null rather than reading as level flight.
+
 ## Transponder emergency highlighting
 
 `src/data/aircraftEmergency.js` derives one status per poll from the Mode A
@@ -1344,6 +1395,27 @@ outside its promise, so an unusual mirror status cannot crash the server.
 Node-only package entries expose both provider factories. Routes, payloads,
 fallback behavior and existing dev/preview hook registration are preserved;
 browser rendering is unchanged.
+The portable frame source retains the proxy's known `X-CCTV-Source` kind. Camera
+snapshot tools label Street View fallback imagery as historical and credit Google,
+while upstream frames retain their current-view label and catalog attribution.
+Synthetic placeholders are unavailable as snapshots. Injected frame sources may
+supply `sourceKind`; missing or unknown provenance keeps `current_view` null and
+does not claim the image is current. The `current_view` field distinguishes camera-feed
+provenance from historical fallback imagery; it does not measure capture time or
+image freshness.
+
+## CCTV missing numeric fields
+
+CCTV numbers are read as missing when they are absent, null, blank or boolean,
+on the server (`toFiniteNumber`, every pack and the file/env source packs) and
+in the browser (`safeNumber`). `/api/cctv/sources` sends an unknown number as
+JSON null; the browser then uses the bundled seed camera's value when one
+shares the id, else the field's default — id-hash heading, pitch −17°, FOV 74°
+(which a matched datasheet can still replace), range 700 m, mount 24 m, the
+city's ground elevation — rather than reading zero and clamping it to the
+field's floor. A camera with a missing latitude or longitude and no seed
+position is skipped by the browser catalog instead of being placed at 0,0.
+Real zeros, including `"0"`, are kept.
 
 ## Terrain, traffic, fire and bike-share provider modules
 
@@ -1353,7 +1425,10 @@ plugin order, server-key selection, validation, disk caches, budgets, retries
 and stale/error responses remain unchanged. Each has a Node-only package entry
 under `gods-eye-view/server/providers/`. Portable terrain mechanics, traffic tile
 math and GBFS source rules are available under `gods-eye-view/sources/`.
-The browser layers and their rendering remain in their existing modules.
+The TomTom `/api/tomtom/*` routes run the shared same-site admission gate before
+status, cache or upstream work, refusing cross-site browser requests while
+preserving same-origin app requests and non-browser local callers. The browser
+layers and their rendering remain in their existing modules.
 GBFS null or empty availability counts retain an unknown value through station
 parsing and rendering; they use the neutral station color rather than reporting
 an empty dock. Explicit zero and caller-supplied numeric fallbacks remain valid.
@@ -3201,7 +3276,11 @@ test:track` 43 tracking invariants · headless QA harnesses under
 >   metres low. `qa-floor-verify.mjs` now **exits non-zero on FAIL** (1 = FAIL,
 >   2 = INCONCLUSIVE); it previously exited 0 on every verdict, which is how the
 >   burial stayed invisible. It also honours `QA_BASE_URL` and puppeteer's
->   pinned Chrome-for-Testing, like the other harnesses.
+>   pinned Chrome-for-Testing, like the other harnesses. The viewer-distance
+>   gate, the corridor walk and cell hysteresis take the short way across 180°
+>   (`src/data/approxDistance.js` is the one distance both the flights records
+>   and the mesh-floor sampler use), so contacts just across the antimeridian
+>   are floored like any other.
 > - **2026-07-16:** the FIRMS Active Fires layer is **LIVE** —
 >   the bundled 2026-05-25 snapshot (58 MB) is deleted; a new `/api/firms` proxy
 >   (vite.config.js) merges VIIRS NOAA-20/NOAA-21/Suomi-NPP NRT world CSVs
@@ -3228,6 +3307,39 @@ test:track` 43 tracking invariants · headless QA harnesses under
 > attribution 18/18). New modules: `src/data/{motionModel,aircraftMeta,aircraftClass,aircraftIcons,issPass,routePlausible,dataCredits}.js`.
 > The live runtime now declares 30 voice tools; the 17→20 count above is retained only as milestone history.
 
+### Interface localization (October 2026)
+
+Shipped locales: **en** (source and fallback), **es** and **ru**. The code lives in
+`src/i18n/`. How to mark UI text: [`docs/I18N.md`](./I18N.md); translator workflow:
+[`docs/TRANSLATORS.md`](./TRANSLATORS.md).
+
+- **Keys are the English text.** `t('Save keys')`, `tn(count, '{count} camera',
+  '{count} cameras')`, and `msg('Live Flights')` for text stored in data and
+  translated later. Markup opts in with `data-i18n` (element text) and
+  `data-i18n-title` / `-aria-label` / `-placeholder` (that attribute's English
+  value). English has no catalog; every other locale is
+  `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json`, and a missing entry falls back to English.
+- **Locale choice.** `?lang=` → stored choice (`gev:locale:v1`) →
+  `navigator.languages` → English. `?lang=` is not stored, and share links drop
+  it, so a recipient keeps their own language. The globe picker in the
+  bottom-right corner (`src/ui/localePicker.js`) stores the choice, drops
+  `?lang=` (keeps it only when storage is blocked) and reloads. It asks first
+  when the reload would lose work registered with `registerUnsavedWork`:
+  unsaved keys or CCTV calibration, Draw marks, imported map files, the open
+  cockpit, a voice session.
+- **Gate.** `npm run i18n` (and `src/i18n/catalog.test.mjs` under `npm test`)
+  extracts every message and fails on missing, empty, unused,
+  placeholder-mismatched, still-English (plural forms included) or
+  wrongly-shaped plural entries.
+- **Not translated by design:** layer ids, share-link and hash parameters, API
+  fields, voice tool schemas, provider names, feed data (callsigns, vessel and
+  station names) and attribution.
+- **Unmarked text.** The same check lists UI text that is not marked at all
+  (markup without `data-i18n*`, literals reaching the page without `t`/`tn`/`msg`)
+  and fails on it. Text kept on purpose says why: `translate="no"`,
+  `data-i18n-runtime`, or `// i18n-ignore: <reason>`. `src/tools/` is skipped:
+  it writes for AI clients, not the page.
+
 ## Canonical Docs Order
 
 Use docs in this order when details conflict:
@@ -3425,7 +3537,10 @@ controls (the address goes in the caption); a pose goes out at once and
 again when the panorama's month, photographer and address arrive (one
 successful lookup per panorama per session, seeded by the nearest lookup;
 a details lookup that fails or takes over ten seconds waits five seconds
-before a view event can retry, and an unmount drops lookups in flight). A key
+before a view event can retry, and an unmount drops lookups in flight). Opening
+another panorama settles the previous open before registering its wait; closing
+then releases the current wait immediately. A details lookup released while its
+service loads makes no panorama request after that service becomes available. A key
 Google refuses (`gm_authFailure`: the API not enabled, a referrer it does
 not allow, billing off) reads KEY REJECTED and fails a pending open at
 once; a lookup or open Google never answers fails after 10 or 20 s. In CI
@@ -4193,7 +4308,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - The internal Context coordinator is available in every visual style. Its dedicated right-side `CONTEXT` chooser exposes the neutral shell; the coordinator is not duplicated in Data Layers and does not enable a live-data dependency until a mode is selected.
 - The expanded `CONTEXT` view offers mutually exclusive `CONTACTS` and `SPACE MISSIONS` modes. Selecting `CONTACTS` enables the context-owned Flights, Military Flights, AIS Vessels, and Mapped Installations dependencies only when they are not already user-enabled; selecting `SPACE MISSIONS` enables the recent-launch layer and its Satellite dependency. `CONTACTS` cycles the nearest supported contact of whatever type is selected. Satellites are deliberately excluded from those Awareness cohorts and keep their own tracking UX. Selecting the active mode again returns to the neutral chooser and releases only mode-owned dependencies.
 - If a civilian or military aircraft is already tracked when `CONTACTS` becomes operational, that source-owned track is adopted as the Context subject before nearest-contact autofocus. Context rechecks the tracker after its dependencies settle, so a newer selection wins, while an explicit clear during activation prevents fallback from silently selecting a replacement. Cockpit entry remains unavailable until that Context transaction has settled, so its camera takeover cannot clear Cesium tracking before adoption. Adoption does not recreate tracking or transfer camera ownership; it initializes the normal 250 km ring, history, proximity results, and Cockpit Previous/Next state for the original aircraft.
-- `SEARCH NEARBY SITES` retains the bounded OSM results and makes one user-initiated, view-biased Google Maps Places text search for “military installation.” Google results are source-stamped, deduplicated against OSM by rounded location/name, and remain mapped context rather than operational claims. If Places is unavailable or the API is not enabled for the supplied key, OSM context remains available.
+- `SEARCH NEARBY SITES` retains the bounded OSM results and makes one user-initiated, view-biased Google Maps Places text search for “military installation.” Google results are source-stamped, deduplicated against OSM by rounded location/name, and remain mapped context rather than operational claims. If Places is unavailable or the API is not enabled for the supplied key, OSM context remains available. A view across the antimeridian is searched around its own centre, with a radius from its real width.
 - The expanded desktop header omits the redundant `ON` label; the active mode button carries state. Expanded Contact results also omit the duplicate `GLOBAL CONTEXT` / `CONTEXT ONLY` status row and begin with the selected subject and its 250 km scope. Global Context does not fabricate a selected-entity model preview: the provisional hand-authored aircraft wireframe was removed because it was not geometry extracted from the selected entity's actual asset.
 - Dependency ownership is reversible: disabling Global Context releases only dependencies it enabled, while user-enabled layers remain on. This also removes the Military-layer suppression handoff when Global Context owned Military, allowing an already-enabled civilian Flights layer to resume its normal mixed rendering. If OpenSky is unavailable and has no last-good cache, Flights requests a capped 250 nm adsb.lol point snapshot around the current view anchor and labels that provenance explicitly; it never relabels military-feed rows as civilian data. If both inputs fail, Flights remains `UNKNOWN`.
 - Space Missions is replay-isolated: Rocket Launches and Satellites are the only Data Layers permitted while the mode is active. Direct UI and voice entry capture the same pre-entry snapshot; internal dependency and restoration enables do not create a user-owned Context session. Entry waits for incompatible layers to shut down, direct incompatible enables are blocked before lifecycle work, and the entry gate remains active through the complete Rocket Launches enable. A newer same-target ON request takes ownership of the pending entry without releasing its isolation snapshot, including when it arrives while the prior request is awaiting the adoption guard. A caller abort, resource cancellation, newer OFF, or layer teardown waits for exact manager settlement and restores that snapshot without resurrecting Rocket Launches. If an abort lands after only part of a restore settles, Context completes the same exact target without the stale caller signal and then replays newer explicit layer intent. Dedicated Voice Context cancellation reports a stable cancelled result plus the current Context state; generic layer visibility additionally exposes manager phase, reason, successor, and lifecycle details. Once an exact voice visibility intent commits, a newer voice turn cannot relabel it as cancelled while Context settlement completes; pre-commit aborts remain cancellable and final lifecycle mismatches remain failures. Clear Selected Layers reserves its complete captured OFF set before sequential teardown; a newer absolute request of any origin supersedes only its layer reservation and remains authoritative. A rejected layer teardown retains the truthful enabled state, rolls already-stopped siblings back to the captured pre-entry set, and aborts replay; rapid exit/re-entry serializes the full Satellite enabled-state and parameter restore before a new snapshot is taken. Contacts remains additive and restores user-enabled layers normally.
@@ -4224,6 +4339,7 @@ silently demoting every later lookup for the session.
 - **The DENSE chip reports the dense LOAD, not the catalog param.** The param flips synchronously while the Starlink shell takes seconds to arrive over a chunked load, and CelesTrak 502s that feed regularly. So the chip reads `DENSE ···` (busy, disabled) while loading, ACTIVE only once dense points are actually on screen, and `DENSE ✕` with the reason on hover when the load fails — a failure also reverts `catalog` to `core`, drops any partial chunk, and leaves the chip clickable to retry. A load is judged by points added, not by HTTP status: a 200 carrying an empty body, a passed-through HTML error page, or only TLEs the core catalog already owns fails with the same revert semantics as a 502. Any explicit request for `core` clears a latched error even when the mode does not change, so a Space Missions restore of an already-core snapshot never leaves the user with a failure they did not cause. Because the load settles asynchronously, the layer pushes a re-render through the optional `setRowControlsListener()` hook; nothing else would repaint that row before the 5-minute catalog refresh, so the count and legend would otherwise sit stale.
 - **A dependency owner takes the row with it.** Space Missions borrows this layer for TLE lookup with `showPoints:false`; while points are hidden the layer returns empty row controls, so the legend never describes an empty sky and the chip cannot accept a write that the owner's restore would silently revert.
 - The detection-overlay record cache (`_detectionObjects`) is cleared with the catalog on every rebuild: it stamps id/class at creation only, and a rebuild can re-tag a satellite when a partial CelesTrak outage changes which group wins dedupe.
+- **Catalog numbers above 99999** can be written in a TLE as Alpha-5: a letter A–Z, skipping I and O, for the first two digits, so `A0000` is 100000 and `Z9999` is 339999. CelesTrak's TLE feed carries no satellite above 99999 (that needs the OMM feed, #1191), so this is compatibility with Alpha-5 TLEs. `src/sources/tle.js` decodes the field through one shared helper: `noradIdFromSatnum()` for the satellites layer, which keys and deduplicates its catalog by that number, and `tleCatalogNumber()` for the satellite tools. Plain digits read as before (`noradIdFromSatnum()` accepts any length, as an OMM satrec carries the number unpadded); a malformed field — a sign, decimal point, hex, exponent, embedded space, stray or lowercase letter, or blank — is rejected rather than partly read, as `NaN` in the layer and `null` in the tools.
 - **CCTV estimated bearings:** a camera whose pack marks `headingConfidence: 'low'` (the id-hash
   `fallbackHeadingFromId` bearing) shows `HDG n° (ESTIMATED)` in the HUD and draws its coverage
   wireframe dashed; colours, widths and active/idle emphasis are unchanged. A manual calibration
@@ -4630,12 +4746,17 @@ Coordinate input requires exactly two nonempty components; extra comma or semico
 
 Location search/fly-to, annotations and Radio location lookup receive one
 `placeSearch.geocode(query, { bias, signal })` service. `src/standalone` composes
-two offline providers first — a strict decimal-degree coordinate reader and an
+two offline providers first — a strict decimal-degree/geo-URI coordinate reader and an
 exact-match reader over the bundled city and landmark names — then Google when
 configured and Photon/OpenStreetMap as fallback, including Google transport
 failures or declined requests. The offline pair answer with no request and no
 key, and decline everything they are not certain of: a coordinate must be a
-decimal-degree pair (either order when N/S/E/W fix the axes), and a bundled name
+decimal-degree pair (either order when N/S/E/W fix the axes), or a two-dimensional
+WGS84 `geo:latitude,longitude` URI with an optional `;crs=wgs84`. URI scheme and
+CRS names are case-insensitive; internal whitespace, altitude, uncertainty, other
+parameters, query strings and fragments decline rather than silently dropping
+information. For example, `geo:39.7392,-104.9903` resolves offline to the same exact
+point, decimal label and framing box as `39.7392, -104.9903`. A bundled name
 must match exactly, so `12junk, 34oops` and `austin, tx` both reach the
 geocoders instead of being answered from the bundle. Degrees/minutes/seconds and
 grid references are not parsed. An answer either provider gives is exact, so
@@ -4692,7 +4813,7 @@ are omitted rather than framing the wrong part of the globe.
 - The bottom Visual Presets tray presents a **five-tile MAP SOURCE row** (`#map-stack-chips`, `src/mapStackChips.js`): Google 3D, Esri Satellite, Bing Aerial, Bing Labels, and OSM. The duplicate left `#stack-panel` is retired. The five tiles share one row on desktop and two rows on narrow screens, carry `aria-pressed` on the active source, and remain keyboard-reachable with a visible focus outline.
 - The lit tile follows controller state, not the click: a rejected switch (no ion token) or a superseded one (rapid A→B) leaves the genuinely active source lit, and the tray heading keeps its short-label status readout (`...` while switching, amber on `lastError`).
 - Ion stacks remain visible and keyboard-focusable when no ion token is configured, but expose `aria-disabled="true"` and do not switch. Their accessible label and tooltip quote `getStacks().unavailableReason` — the same string `setStack()` puts in the toast. OSM works keyless. The `ION` badge is gated on the stack's own `requiresIon`, so a `photoreal` chip unavailable because the Google tileset failed says so instead of falsely demanding an ion token.
-- Stack choice participates in share links (`src/sharelink.js`) and falls back to the best available stack when the requested one is unavailable (keyless boots land on Esri; OSM takes over automatically if Esri is unreachable). Share-link restore, the `set_map_stack` voice tool, and the chip row all land on the same `_setMapStack()` path.
+- Stack choice participates in share links (`src/sharelink.js`) and falls back to the best available stack when the requested one is unavailable (keyless boots land on Esri; OSM takes over automatically if Esri is unreachable; while that construction fallback is on screen Esri is retried in the background, 30 s doubling to a 10-minute cap with each attempt abandoned after 60 s, and replaces OSM once it loads. The switch to OSM after repeated Esri tile failures is not retried; selecting Esri again tries it). Share-link restore, the `set_map_stack` voice tool, and the chip row all land on the same `_setMapStack()` path.
 
 ### Voice Map Whiteboard / Annotations (June 2026)
 
@@ -4786,7 +4907,7 @@ pins and share links already supply complete boxes.
 - **Modes, pins and the preview.** The mode is explicit: `image` (one pinned day, slot `a`), `basemap` (that day on the left of a swipe, the basemap on the right: slot `a` splits LEFT and there is no second layer) and `ab` (day `a` left, day `b` right). `setAssignment(slot, key | null)` / `toggleAssignment(slot, key)` pin and unpin; a day is in one slot at most (pinning it in the other slot moves it) and an empty day cannot be pinned. `setMode()` keeps both pins; `b` only drapes in `ab`. While the mode's first empty slot exists the focused day previews in it: a click at once, arrow keys after 250 ms of quiet (`FOCUS_DEBOUNCE_MS`, one timer, last day wins); an unprobed day is followed and previews when its probe says present, an empty or unknown day never drapes and the previous preview stays. A pin change drops the preview until focus moves again, and unpinning takes that layer off at once. `rankLatest` picks START HERE coverage first (a present HLS day whose footprints cover the box, or have none, beats a newer sliver), then newest with all granules ≤ 20% known cloud, then newest; slivers only as `partial`; else the newest non-empty VIIRS day; it is focused and previewed after each search when nothing is pinned. Escape clears the preview (`clearPreview()`), then cancels the box tool, then blurs — with SELECT BOX armed too, through the tool's `onEscape` interceptor wired in `createApplicationTools`. Pins, mode, box and split changes made in the panel are published with `adoptLayerParams`, never while a share link is being applied.
 - **Rendering.** `rendering.js` owns at most two GIBS layers on the host `src/maps/imageryHost.js` resolves: `viewer.imageryLayers` while the globe shows, the photoreal tileset's `imageryLayers` while it is hidden, or none (the panel says so). Layers are rebuilt on a new host, never re-parented. `MapSourceController.subscribe()` fires after every settled stack switch (silent switches and fallbacks included) and the layer rebinds on it. Tile requests pass a six-slot semaphore of our own (Cesium's global limits are untouched). Under `requestRenderMode` a deferred tile needs a later frame, but a deferral must never request one itself or a stalled tile keeps the scene rendering every frame: a request that finds the semaphore full asks for nothing (the settling request asks for one frame), and a tile Cesium itself deferred goes through one coalesced 250 ms retry. Thumbnails: three fetches at once, sixteen decoded images, least-recently-used where a `get` read is never a use; eviction keeps the probe result. The strip's visible window is probed around the focused card; the pinned and previewed days are probed wherever they sit, at the focused card's priority, so a pin restored or assigned off-screen still drapes.
 - **Esri surface and the swipe.** While any image is on the map (a preview included) the layer holds the map lease (`acquireImageryComparison`, owner `recent-imagery`, `esri-if-photoreal`): on Google 3D the map switches to Esri, because 30 m pixels over 3D buildings do not read, and Cesium's split only works on the globe. The lease is handed back, and Google 3D restored unless the operator changed maps meanwhile, when the last image leaves the map or the layer is disabled; the notice line says so while it holds. While a day is shown the imagery keeps Esri: a manual switch that lands on Google 3D is answered at once with a new lease under the same policy (`keepEsri`), the notice reads `Imagery stays on Esri · CLEAR to use Google 3D`, and the divider never suspends because of a map switch. It re-leases once per switch generation and only for a manual one (`MapSourceController#getSwitchOrigin()` is `manual` for an outside `setStack`, `automatic` for the controller's own fallback or recovery), never for the lease's own switch and never while releasing, so CLEAR and disable still return to Google 3D; a lease another owner holds stays refused. When Esri fails and the controller falls back to Google 3D on its own, the layer lets the lease go without restoring anything, both days drape on the tileset without a swipe and the guidance reads `Esri map unavailable · no swipe`; only the next manual switch to Google 3D takes Esri again, so a failing Esri map is never retried in a loop. Switching between globe stacks (Esri, OSM, Bing) only rebinds. On a tileset host both images drape without a swipe. The split control (`createImagerySplit`, labels A / B, or IMAGE / BASEMAP) exists only while a swipe is live, recentres on every new comparison (not while scrubbing the second day), except once for a split restored from a link. There is no keyboard shortcut (Space is the app's push-to-talk): SWAP (`#ri-swap`, in the controls row, its slot reserved and the button disabled while no swipe is live) trades the two sides, A to the right and B to the left, or the image to the right of the basemap, and a second click restores; the hint reads `Drag the divider · SWAP trades sides`. The swap is not in the share link, and every new comparison starts unswapped. One opacity applies to both drapes. Another owner holding the lease is reported and the images still drape.
-- **Panel.** `#recent-imagery-panel` is static rail markup in `src/ui/templates/context.html` beside `#weather-panel`, registered in `PanelLayoutController`, `PanelChrome` and the share panel state (`ui` token `i`), hidden while the layer is off and opened on first appearance unless a stored or shared collapse choice exists (`dataset.collapsedPreference`). `LayerPanel.attachRecentImagery(factory)` mounts the readout (`createRecentImageryPanel` in `src/ui/recentImagery.js`) into its `data-rail-scroller` body, as the weather readout is mounted. The body is a fixed stack in which no block changes height and no control moves in any state: `#ri-actions` (SELECT BOX · USE VIEW · CLEAR, rail-card actions), `#ri-notice` (one line: `#ri-notice-text` with the refusal, error, CLEAR notice or the Esri note, and `#ri-zoom-in` in a fixed slot at its right end, reserved unless an oversized box or view can be fitted), `#ri-strip` (day cards newest first: thumbnail, date, sensor, cloud, START HERE, PREVIEW, and a SHOW chip or A and B chips; ← → Home End move, S / A / B pin, Enter previews), `#ri-hint` (one line: the next step), `#ri-selection` (`#ri-mode` IMAGE · VS BASEMAP · A / B, then `#ri-slot-a` and `#ri-slot-b` with `#ri-unpin-a` / `#ri-unpin-b` kept in place when empty), `#ri-controls` (`#ri-opacity`, EXPORT / EXPORT A and EXPORT B) and `#ri-details`, a collapsed rail card holding the focused day's acquisition, coverage and granules, catalog notes, the empty-days toggle and the imagery credit. Absent controls are reserved (invisible), never removed. Every render preserves the body's `scrollTop`.
+- **Panel.** `#recent-imagery-panel` is static rail markup in `src/ui/templates/context.html` beside `#weather-panel`, registered in `PanelLayoutController`, `PanelChrome` and the share panel state (`ui` token `i`), hidden while the layer is off and opened on first appearance unless a stored or shared collapse choice exists (`dataset.collapsedPreference`). `LayerPanel.attachRecentImagery(factory)` mounts the readout (`createRecentImageryPanel` in `src/ui/recentImagery.js`) into its `data-rail-scroller` body, as the weather readout is mounted. The body is a fixed stack in which no block changes height and no control moves in any state: `#ri-actions` (SELECT BOX · USE VIEW · CLEAR, rail-card actions), `#ri-notice` (one line: `#ri-notice-text` with the refusal, error, CLEAR notice or the Esri note, and `#ri-zoom-in` in a fixed slot at its right end, reserved unless an oversized box or view can be fitted), `#ri-strip` (day cards newest first: thumbnail, date, sensor, cloud, START HERE, PREVIEW, and a SHOW chip or A and B chips; ← → Home End move, S / A / B pin, Enter previews), `#ri-hint` (one line: the next step), `#ri-selection` (`#ri-mode` IMAGE · VS BASEMAP · A / B, then `#ri-slot-a` and `#ri-slot-b` with `#ri-unpin-a` / `#ri-unpin-b` kept in place when empty), `#ri-controls` (`#ri-opacity`, EXPORT / EXPORT A and EXPORT B) and `#ri-details`, a collapsed rail card holding the focused day's acquisition, coverage and granules, catalog notes, the empty-days toggle and the imagery credit. Absent controls are reserved (invisible), never removed. Every render preserves the body's `scrollTop`; opening DETAILS then scrolls its card into view once.
 - **Share links.** Layer options (token `1`): box edges as integers at degrees × 100000, pins `a` and `b` as compact days (`S20260918`), `m` mode (0 image, 1 basemap, 2 A / B), `p` split percent (share-link only: never stored locally) and `v` for the daily overview. Row chips: `MORE DETAIL · 30 m` (on) and `DAILY OVERVIEW · 250 m` (off).
 - Regression surface: the colocated `*.test.mjs` beside each module (shared doubles in `src/layers/recentImagery/testDoubles.mjs`; `src/ui/recentImagery.test.mjs` includes a DOM-structure guard: every control keeps its place in the tree, nothing is hidden, and every fixed-height block keeps the class the stylesheet fixes its height by; it has no layout, so it cannot see movement), `src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs` (mount), `src/maps/controller.test.mjs` (`subscribe`), `src/data/layerState.test.mjs` (codec), `src/sharelink.celestial.test.mjs` (panel token), and the live gate `scripts/qa-recent-imagery.mjs`, which also measures every control's rect, relative to the panel, across the transitions within 1 px; that measurement is the real layout-shift check. `QA_RECENT_IMAGERY_SLOW_RENDER=1` gives loaded software renderers a 4 s zoom deadline and an 8-sample stability tail; the default stays 2 s and 12 samples.
 
@@ -5354,9 +5475,9 @@ When runtime behavior or architecture changes, update this file in the same chan
 
 ## Dependency security baseline
 
-The lockfile uses DOMPurify 3.4.15, protobufjs 8.8.0, PostCSS 8.5.28, and
-nanoid 3.3.19. Cesium remains on 1.138.0. Browser QA uses Puppeteer 25.10.0;
-image-processing tools use Sharp 0.35.4. QA scripts await Puppeteer's asynchronous
+The lockfile uses DOMPurify 3.4.17, protobufjs 8.8.0, PostCSS 8.5.28,
+source-map-js 1.2.2 and nanoid 3.3.19. Cesium remains on 1.138.0. Browser QA
+uses Puppeteer 25.10.0; image-processing tools use Sharp 0.35.5. QA scripts await Puppeteer's asynchronous
 executable-path lookup before testing or passing the path to Chrome. Supported Node versions remain
 24.14.x and 26.x. Use `npm ci` to reproduce the checked-in dependency tree.
 
@@ -5396,6 +5517,22 @@ Local FM and internet radio are one listening surface: starting local FM stops
 internet-radio playback, and starting internet radio stops local FM. ADS-B
 reception does not interrupt internet radio.
 
+- **FM seek.** Seeking wraps across 87.5–108 MHz, covers both band edges and
+  skips the starting station. Spectra carry a decoder epoch, so a retune or mode
+  change rejects earlier output. A failed scan retune stops seeking. This
+  integrates Aditya's (@Rohilalala) contribution in #1174; it does not change
+  the peak-selection algorithm or guarantee that a final station retune succeeds.
+- **Streaming and playback.** Four ordered USB reads keep input available while
+  the page handles other work; control changes drain those reads before touching
+  the receiver. The worker must finish loading before reads start. Decoder work
+  is limited to eight unacknowledged blocks / 512 KiB, with a one-second oldest
+  block watchdog. Overload stops the receiver with an explicit error. Stop
+  terminates the worker immediately and disables the audio session; stale decoder
+  output and audio from retired sessions are refused. FM audio starts after an
+  80 ms prebuffer and retains at most 256 ms, dropping the oldest frames on
+  overflow. FM signal display updates are coalesced to at most four per second;
+  spectra are computed only while seeking. Optional `decoderDiagnostics` adds
+  bounded timing samples and overload snapshots without recording audio or IQ.
 - **Modes.** FM (87.5–108 MHz, tune, seek, volume) or ADS-B at 1090 MHz.
   With a receiver open, selecting ADS-B enables the Local ADS-B layer;
   selecting FM disables it.
diff --git a/docs/I18N.md b/docs/I18N.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b5220917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/I18N.md
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# UI text and translation
+
+Every piece of text a user can see goes through `t()`, `tn()` or `msg()` in code, or a `data-i18n*` attribute in markup. The English text itself is the key. English needs no catalog; other languages live in `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json`. Translators work from [TRANSLATORS.md](./TRANSLATORS.md).
+
+## Which one to use
+
+|                                 | Translates                        | Use for                                       |
+| ------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
+| `t(text, values)`               | now                               | any text shown right where it is written      |
+| `tn(count, one, other, values)` | now, picking the form for `count` | text that changes with a number               |
+| `msg(text)`                     | never: returns `text` unchanged   | text stored in data and passed to `t()` later |
+
+```js
+import { t, tn, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+status.textContent = t('Save keys');
+status.textContent = t('Saved to {store}', { store: storeLabel() });
+
+chip.textContent = tn(missing, '{count} KEY WAITING', '{count} KEYS WAITING');
+// en: 1 KEY / 3 KEYS     ru: 1 КЛЮЧ / 3 КЛЮЧА / 5 КЛЮЧЕЙ
+
+const FEED_STATE_LABELS = { loading: msg('LOADING'), stale: msg('STALE') };
+label.textContent = t(FEED_STATE_LABELS[state]);
+```
+
+A module the server, tools or other portable code also imports must not load the catalogs: it imports `msg` from `src/i18n/marker.js`, which only marks the text, and the UI translates it with `t()` where it shows it. (Older modules keep a local `const msg = (text) => text`, which works the same.)
+
+`msg()` exists for two reasons. `npm run i18n` finds messages only as string literals inside `t(…)`, `tn(…)` and `msg(…)`, so `t(FEED_STATE_LABELS[state])` alone tells it nothing. And a `t()` call at module load runs before the page has picked its language, so it would freeze the English.
+
+## Markup
+
+```html
+<span data-i18n>Normal</span>
+<button title="Pin visual presets" data-i18n-title>…</button>
+<input placeholder="Search any location..." data-i18n-placeholder />
+```
+
+`data-i18n` replaces the element's text, so put it on the element that directly holds the text, never on a parent with child elements. `data-i18n-title`, `data-i18n-aria-label` and `data-i18n-placeholder` translate that attribute. Markup is translated once at boot, and switching language reloads the page. A module that holds work a reload would lose (an unsaved edit, an open session) registers it with `registerUnsavedWork(() => busy ? msg('unsaved …') : null)` from `src/i18n/index.js`, and the language picker asks before reloading.
+
+## Rules
+
+- **Pass literals.** `t('Close')`, not `t(label)` (unless `label` holds a `msg()` value) and never a template literal with `${…}`.
+- **Use placeholders, not concatenation.** `t('Flying to {place}…', { place })`, not `t('Flying to') + ' ' + place`. Word order differs between languages.
+- **Use `tn()` for counts**, not `count === 1 ? … : …`. Russian has three forms.
+- **Translate the label, not the value.** Layer ids, enums, share-link parameters, API fields, voice tool schemas and feed data (callsigns, vessel and place names) stay as they are; translate only the text shown for them.
+- **No `t()` at module top level.** Keep the English in `msg()` and call `t()` when rendering.
+- **Numbers and dates** go through `formatNumber`, `formatDate`, `formatRelativeTime` and `formatUtcDayMonth` from `src/i18n/index.js`, which follow the active language.
+- **Identical English means identical translation,** unless you give it a context: `t('CLEAR', { context: 'action' })` (a button) is its own catalog entry, `action|CLEAR`, while `t('CLEAR')` (the sky) stays separate. English output is the same.
+- **Text that should stay English** (a brand, a code, a unit symbol) is simply not wrapped.
+
+## After you add or change text
+
+```sh
+npm run i18n                     # what each language lacks or no longer uses, and unmarked UI text
+npm run i18n -- --missing ru     # the missing ru entries as JSON
+npm run i18n -- --prune          # drop entries whose English no longer exists
+```
+
+Changing the English changes the key: the old translation goes unused and the new text shows as missing. Add the translation to every `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json` (or ask a translator), prune, and run `npm test`; it fails until every language is complete.
+
+To see a language, open the app with `?lang=ru`, or use the language picker (the globe button in the bottom-right corner).
+
+An empty translation is reported, and so is one left as the English, plural forms included. When English is right on purpose (a code such as CRT, a product name), list it under the language in `src/i18n/same-as-english.json`.
+
+## Text the check reports as unmarked
+
+`npm run i18n` and `npm test` fail on UI text that is not marked:
+
+- **Markup:** element text without `data-i18n`, and `title`, `aria-label` or `placeholder` without the matching `data-i18n-*`.
+- **Code:** string literals that reach the page without `t()`, `tn()` or `msg()`: assigned to `textContent`, `title` and the like; passed to `setAttribute('title' | 'aria-label' | …)`, `createTextNode`, `showToast` and other notice helpers; assigned to a layer's `error`, `lastError`, `loadingLabel`, `statusMessage` or `status` (a plain `error = …` too); or kept in `label:`, `title:`, `status:` and similar properties. Not reported: declarations (`let status = …`), default values, ternary branches and lower-case codes (`'auth-failed'`). The full list is `JS_SINKS` in `scripts/i18n.mjs`.
+
+Fix it by marking the text. When the text must stay as it is, say so where it lives:
+
+| Case                                                                        | How                                                                      |
+| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| Codes, units, product names in markup (`0.9 dB`, `ADS-B · 1090`, `OpenSky`) | `translate="no"` on the element; it covers everything inside, as in HTML |
+| Markup whose text code sets through `t()` (a status that starts as `OFF`)   | `data-i18n-runtime` on the element                                       |
+| A literal in code that is not UI copy (a product name, sample data)         | `// i18n-ignore: <reason>` on the line or the line above                 |
+
+Icons (`aria-hidden="true"`, Material Symbols), comments, CSS values and lowercase identifiers are skipped automatically, and so is `src/tools/`, whose text is written for AI clients rather than the page.
+
+## Where things live
+
+| File                            | What it holds                                                                  |
+| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| `src/i18n/index.js`             | `t`, `tn`, `msg`, the Intl formatters, markup translation, switching language  |
+| `src/i18n/marker.js`            | `msg` alone, for modules the server or tools import (no catalogs)              |
+| `src/i18n/locale.js`            | shipped languages, their names, choosing the language at boot                  |
+| `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json`  | one catalog per language, keyed by English text                                |
+| `src/i18n/same-as-english.json` | per language, the entries that stay as in English on purpose                   |
+| `scripts/i18n.mjs`              | `npm run i18n`: extracts messages, checks the catalogs, finds unmarked UI text |
+| `src/i18n/catalog.test.mjs`     | runs that check under `npm test`                                               |
diff --git a/docs/MAINTAINER_WORKFLOW.md b/docs/MAINTAINER_WORKFLOW.md
index e80e4bb99..ec6cd026d 100644
--- a/docs/MAINTAINER_WORKFLOW.md
+++ b/docs/MAINTAINER_WORKFLOW.md
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ failure elsewhere. These questions guide review, not a mandatory questionnaire.
   regressions? Prefer fixes whose tests fail on the base. Test-only PRs should
   close a real coverage gap with deterministic fixtures and useful assertions.
   Inspect removed/skipped tests, weakened assertions, mocks, snapshots, and runner
-  changes. Update `CURRENT-STATE.md` and `CHANGELOG.md` for runtime changes, and
+  changes. Update `CURRENT-STATE.md` and add a `changelog.d/<pr-number>-<slug>.md`
+  fragment (not an edit to `CHANGELOG.md`) for runtime changes, and
   `DATA_SOURCES.md` for source changes.
 
 ## 3. Choose execution proportionate to risk
@@ -124,6 +125,15 @@ Condition the merge on the reviewed head where supported; if revisions change,
 return to validation. Verify the merged tree matches the validated candidate and
 record the merge commit/PR URL; stop on mismatch.
 
+Pending release notes live in `changelog.d/`, one file per PR, so integration never
+resolves the top of `CHANGELOG.md`. At release, `npm run changelog:check` previews
+the batch and its order; `npm run changelog` splices it into `CHANGELOG.md` and
+empties the directory. The assembler refuses a malformed filename or two fragments
+claiming one PR number before writing, and copies text through unchanged so the
+contributor's wording and credit ship. The write is staged in
+`changelog.d/.assembling/`, so if it fails part-way, rerunning `npm run changelog`
+finishes or rolls back the batch. It never duplicates or drops an entry.
+
 Return this concise record privately unless posting is authorized. Keep sensitive
 security evidence in the private report:
 
diff --git a/docs/TOOLS.md b/docs/TOOLS.md
index 401058d91..3d31fe78b 100644
--- a/docs/TOOLS.md
+++ b/docs/TOOLS.md
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ and the development server's internal routes. See SECURITY.md.
 | `next_satellite_pass` | `satellites` | Next pass over a place or point (default the ISS), with naked-eye visibility |
 | `satellites_overhead` | `satellites` | Satellites in a CelesTrak group above a place or point now, highest first |
 | `find_cctv_cameras` | `cctv` | Public cameras in an area, nearest first |
-| `get_cctv_snapshot` | `cctv` | The current image from one camera, returned as image content |
+| `get_cctv_snapshot` | `cctv` | An image from one camera, returned as image content; Street View fallbacks are labelled historical |
 | `find_alpr_cameras` | `alpr` | OpenStreetMap-mapped license plate readers in a US/Canadian area up to 3° |
 | `find_radio_stations` | `radio` | Radio Browser stations by area and/or search terms, with stream URLs |
 | `search_places` | `placeSearch` | Points of interest matching a query within an area (Google Places) |
diff --git a/docs/TRANSLATORS.md b/docs/TRANSLATORS.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2131ab7a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/TRANSLATORS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Translating God's Eye View
+
+Shipped languages: **English** (source and fallback), **Spanish** (`es`) and **Russian** (`ru`).
+
+## How it works
+
+The English text is the key: code calls `t('Save keys')`, and markup marks elements with `data-i18n`. How developers mark text is in [I18N.md](./I18N.md).
+
+Every other language is one flat JSON file, `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json`, keyed by the English text:
+
+```json
+{
+  "Save keys": "Сохранить ключи",
+  "{count} cameras": {
+    "one": "{count} камера",
+    "few": "{count} камеры",
+    "many": "{count} камер",
+    "other": "{count} камеры"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+A `tn()` entry is keyed by the English plural form and holds one string per `Intl.PluralRules` category of that language. A missing entry falls back to English.
+
+The page picks its language from `?lang=`, then the choice stored by the language picker (the globe button in the bottom-right corner), then the browser languages, then English. `?lang=` is not stored, and copied share links leave it out. Switching reloads the page.
+
+## The check
+
+```sh
+npm run i18n                      # what is missing, unused or broken, per language
+npm run i18n -- --missing ru      # missing ru entries as JSON, ready to translate
+npm run i18n -- --prune           # drop entries the code no longer uses
+```
+
+`npm test` runs the same check. It fails on a missing, empty or unused entry, on placeholders that differ from the English, on a missing plural form, and on text or plural forms still in English. The `--missing` template fails until every entry is translated. If an entry is right in English (a code such as CRT, a product name), add it under your language code in `src/i18n/same-as-english.json`.
+
+Changing English text changes its key: the old translation becomes unused and the new text shows as missing. Translate it and prune.
+
+## Fixing a translation
+
+Edit `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json` and run `npm run i18n`. To see your change, open the app with `?lang=<code>`.
+
+## Adding a language
+
+1. Create `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json`, fill it from `npm run i18n -- --missing <code>` (start from `{}`), and translate every entry.
+2. Import it in `src/i18n/index.js` and add it to `CATALOGS`.
+3. Add the code to `LOCALES` and its own-language name to `LOCALE_NAMES` in `src/i18n/locale.js`. Right-to-left languages also go in `RTL_LOCALES`.
+4. Add `src/i18n/locales/<code>.json` next to `ru.json` in `scripts/package-boundaries.json`.
+5. Write `docs/translations/<code>.md`: glossary, plural forms, units and style (copy the structure of `ru.md`).
+6. Run `npm run i18n` and `npm test`, then check the panels in the app at narrow widths.
+
+## Rules
+
+- Keep every `{placeholder}` name exactly as in the English: do not rename, drop or add one. Its position inside the sentence follows the grammar of your language, e.g. `"{accepted} of {raw} records accepted"` → `"принято записей: {accepted} из {raw}"`.
+- UPPERCASE English stays UPPERCASE. Short labels, chips and HUD readouts should stay short; prefer an abbreviation over a wrapped line.
+- Keep the separators `·`, `—`, `→`, `↗`, `…`.
+- Leave product, provider and data names in their original form: Google Maps, Cesium ion, OpenAI, ChatGPT, NASA FIRMS, USGS, OpenSky, ADS-B, AIS, CCTV, HUD, TomTom, OpenStreetMap, Mapillary, and keyboard keys (Space, Esc, H, 1–9).
+- Units follow the language's convention; see the language notes.
+
+## Never translated
+
+These are contracts, not copy: layer ids and registry keys, status enums and other machine values (translate only the label shown for them), share-link and hash parameters, `?lang=`, storage schemas, API fields, voice tool names and schemas, provider and dataset names, data from feeds (callsigns, vessel, satellite, station and place names, headlines), attribution, console diagnostics, and user-authored content.
+
+## Language notes
+
+Each language keeps its glossary, plural forms, units and style in its own file, `docs/translations/<code>.md`: [Spanish](./translations/es.md), [Russian](./translations/ru.md). Read it before translating, and add a term there when you settle on one.
diff --git a/docs/translations/es.md b/docs/translations/es.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22a827a64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/translations/es.md
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# Spanish (`es`)
+
+Catalog: `src/i18n/locales/es.json`. General rules: [TRANSLATORS.md](../TRANSLATORS.md).
+
+## Style
+
+- Neutral Spanish that reads naturally in Spain and Latin America; avoid regionalisms.
+- Address the user with informal "tú" imperatives: «Añade», «Activa», «Elige», «Pega», «Inténtalo de nuevo». Tooltips that name an action may use the infinitive: «Expandir el panel», «Restablecer la cámara».
+- Sentence case, not Title Case: "Live Flights" → «Vuelos en vivo». UPPERCASE English stays UPPERCASE: «EN VIVO», «SIN DATOS».
+- Quotes inside Spanish text are straight double quotes: «¿Eliminar el plano "{shot}"?». Questions and exclamations open with ¿ and ¡.
+- Short labels, chips and HUD readouts stay short. A standard abbreviation with a period beats a wrapped line: ANT., SIG., VEL., DIST., SINCR., cám., cob.
+- The HUD codes HDG, BRG, CRS, FOV, DEST, SPD, RANGE and ALT stay in English everywhere, as in cockpit avionics. Words used in a sentence are translated: heading → «rumbo», range → «alcance».
+- Keyboard keys stay in English: Space, Esc, Enter, Tab, Shift, H, 1–9 («Mantén pulsado Space para hablar»).
+- Units: km, m, km/h, m/s, kn (knots), ft (feet), h, min, s; in UPPERCASE text KM, KM/S, KN, FT, MIN, H. "m" is always metres, so minutes are «min» («hace 5 min»). MW stays MW. `°` and `%` stay.
+- "ago" goes before the time: «hace {count} min». When a placeholder already holds a localized "ago" text (`{age}`, `{ago}`), do not add «hace» again.
+- Spelling: «costo» (not «coste»).
+
+## Plurals
+
+A `tn()` entry needs three forms. `Intl.PluralRules('es')` picks:
+
+| Form    | Counts                                 | Example              |
+| ------- | -------------------------------------- | -------------------- |
+| `one`   | 1                                      | 1 cámara             |
+| `many`  | 1 000 000, 2 000 000… (exact millions) | 1 000 000 de cámaras |
+| `other` | everything else: 0, 2–999 999, 1.5…    | 3 cámaras            |
+
+The `many` form is the `other` text with «de» after the number: «{count} de cámaras cargadas», «{count} DE CLAVES EN ESPERA».
+
+## Glossary
+
+| English                                       | Español                                                           |
+| --------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| layer / data layer                            | capa / capa de datos                                              |
+| feed / source / data source                   | fuente / fuente / fuente de datos                                 |
+| LIVE (status) / live data                     | EN VIVO / datos en vivo                                           |
+| SIMULATED                                     | SIMULADO                                                          |
+| stale / degraded / unavailable                | desactualizado / degradado / no disponible                        |
+| retry / retrying                              | reintento / reintentando                                          |
+| key (API key) / POWER UP / POWERED UP         | clave / ENCENDER / ENCENDIDO                                      |
+| Provider Settings                             | Ajustes de proveedores                                            |
+| ON / OFF (state chips)                        | ACTIVO / INACTIVO (short enough for the layer pill)               |
+| enable / disable                              | activar / desactivar                                              |
+| globe / map / map source / map stack          | globo / mapa / fuente del mapa / conjunto de mapas                |
+| aircraft, plane / flight / military flights   | aeronave / vuelo / vuelos militares                               |
+| vessel, ship                                  | buque                                                             |
+| satellite / shell (Starlink) / DENSE          | satélite / capa / DENSO                                           |
+| launch (rocket) / launch site / space mission | lanzamiento / lugar de lanzamiento / misión espacial              |
+| ascent / replay / payload / stage             | ascenso / repetición / carga útil / etapa                         |
+| contact / tracking                            | contacto / rastreo                                                |
+| installation / site                           | instalación / sitio                                               |
+| mapped / observed                             | mapeado / observado                                               |
+| camera / CCTV camera                          | cámara / cámara CCTV                                              |
+| earthquake / active fire                      | terremoto / incendio activo                                       |
+| radio station                                 | emisora                                                           |
+| road / flow (traffic)                         | vía / flujo                                                       |
+| scene / shot / scene recipe                   | escena / plano / receta de escena                                 |
+| briefing / panel / dock                       | información / panel / dock                                        |
+| cockpit                                       | cabina                                                            |
+| preset / visual preset                        | preajuste / preajuste visual                                      |
+| Scope (circular viewport mask) / keyhole      | mirilla / ojo de cerradura                                        |
+| feather / fade                                | difuminado / desvanecimiento                                      |
+| detection overlay                             | superposición de detección                                        |
+| pin (Draw tool)                               | marcador                                                          |
+| Bloom / Glow (visual effect)                  | resplandor                                                        |
+| Cyber (HUD layout, effect)                    | Ciber                                                             |
+| heading, course / altitude / ground speed     | rumbo / altitud / velocidad respecto al suelo (short: VEL. SUELO) |
+| HDG / BRG / CRS / FOV / DEST / SPD / RANGE    | HDG / BRG / CRS / FOV / DEST / SPD / RANGE (unchanged)            |
+| PREV / NEXT                                   | ANT. / SIG.                                                       |
+| Previous / Next (button text)                 | Anterior / Siguiente                                              |
+| L / R (relative bearing)                      | I / D                                                             |
+| SIG / NEWS / LOCAL (briefing tabs)            | SIG / NOTICIAS / LOCAL                                            |
+| PITCH / HGT (CCTV calibration chips)          | INCL. / ALT.                                                      |
+| NOT AN ALL-CLEAR                              | NO IMPLICA TODO DESPEJADO                                         |
+| click / click to …                            | haz clic / clic para …                                            |
diff --git a/docs/translations/ru.md b/docs/translations/ru.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a44935b71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/translations/ru.md
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Russian (`ru`)
+
+Catalog: `src/i18n/locales/ru.json`. General rules: [TRANSLATORS.md](../TRANSLATORS.md).
+
+## Style
+
+- Address the user with polite imperatives: «Нажмите», «Включите», «Попробуйте снова».
+- Sentence case, not Title Case: "Live Flights" → «Рейсы в реальном времени».
+- Quotes inside Russian text are «ёлочки». Write ё where it belongs: её, ещё, всё.
+- In short labels, a standard abbreviation with a period beats a wrapped line: НЕОПРЕД., СЛЕД.
+- Units: км, м, км/ч, м/с, уз (knots), фт (feet), ч, мин, с; in UPPERCASE text КМ, М, КМ/С, УЗ, ФТ. MW is МВт in any case. `°` and `%` stay.
+
+## Plurals
+
+A `tn()` entry needs four forms. `Intl.PluralRules('ru')` picks:
+
+| Form    | Counts                   | Example    |
+| ------- | ------------------------ | ---------- |
+| `one`   | 1, 21, 31, 101…          | 1 камера   |
+| `few`   | 2–4, 22–24, 32–34…       | 3 камеры   |
+| `many`  | 0, 5–20, 25–30, 111–114… | 5 камер    |
+| `other` | fractions: 1.5, 2.25…    | 1,5 камеры |
+
+When a word next to a number cannot agree in every form, move the number after a colon instead: «доступно {bikes}», «ответов: {responses}». The same trick keeps place names and tool names out of a preposition's case: «откуда: {origin}», «Активно: {name}».
+
+## Glossary
+
+| English                                     | Русский                                                            |
+| ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| layer / data layer                          | слой / слой данных                                                 |
+| feed                                        | поток данных (short: поток)                                        |
+| source / data source                        | источник / источник данных                                         |
+| LIVE (status) / live data                   | ОНЛАЙН / в реальном времени                                        |
+| SIMULATED                                   | СИМУЛЯЦИЯ                                                          |
+| stale / degraded / unavailable              | устарел / с перебоями / недоступен                                 |
+| retry                                       | повтор                                                             |
+| key (API key) / POWER UP                    | ключ / ЗАПУСК                                                      |
+| Provider Settings                           | Настройки провайдеров                                              |
+| globe / map / map source                    | глобус / карта / источник карты                                    |
+| aircraft / flight / military flights        | самолёт (short HUD: борт) / рейс / военные рейсы                   |
+| vessel, ship / vessels                      | судно / суда                                                       |
+| satellite                                   | спутник                                                            |
+| launch (rocket) / space mission             | пуск / космическая миссия                                          |
+| contact / tracking                          | контакт / отслеживание                                             |
+| installation, site                          | объект                                                             |
+| camera / CCTV camera                        | камера / камера CCTV                                               |
+| earthquake / active fire                    | землетрясение / активный пожар                                     |
+| scene / shot / scene recipe                 | сцена / кадр / рецепт сцены                                        |
+| briefing / panel / dock                     | брифинг / панель / док                                             |
+| preset / visual preset                      | пресет / визуальный пресет                                         |
+| Scope (circular viewport mask)              | прицел                                                             |
+| heading / altitude / ground speed           | курс / высота / путевая скорость                                   |
+| HDG / BRG / CRS / FOV / DEST / SPD / RANGE  | КУРС / ПЕЛ. / ПУТЬ / ОБЗОР / НАЗН. / СКОР / ДАЛЬН.                 |
+| advisory (NHC/CPHC cyclone)                 | сводка (не «бюллетень»); Advisory center — центр циклона по сводке |
+| Street View (Google)                        | Просмотр улиц (как в русских Google Картах)                        |
+| CONUS (NOAA region code)                    | CONUS, без перевода                                                |
+| WHOT/BHOT, Ironbow (thermal modes, palette) | без перевода                                                       |
+| PREV / NEXT                                 | ПРЕД. / СЛЕД.                                                      |
+| Previous / Next (button text)               | Назад / Далее                                                      |
+| anchor / data pack / bundle (scene)         | якорь / пакет данных / архив                                       |
+| basemap / box (Recent Imagery area)         | подложка / область                                                 |
+| camera move                                 | перелёт                                                            |
+| SIG / NEWS / LOCAL (briefing tabs)          | СИГН. / НОВОСТИ / МЕСТН.                                           |
+| compass points (N, NNE, …)                  | С, ССВ, …                                                          |
+| L / R (relative bearing)                    | Л / П                                                              |
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index e89fd9c65..7b6d3476f 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
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@@ -767,9 +767,9 @@
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64/-/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64-1.3.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-fj8Mv0HHfD1Rr+4I68+3agJynxDWtBFgicTbSOb9Bke6pIwzGcJ+RX/yHjmiEGFMCavY/dxvem7MyNaJF+wDiw==",
+      "version": "1.3.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64/-/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64-1.3.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-6zXKeE/p39I1AmA3cJG35eyBGNqNddLnUXjhwBnsGjFPWqf5VKkDBEqaEkPDoTEtkxwi2vv8Tcr2mDyP4So7Fg==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -784,9 +784,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-linux-arm": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-arm/-/sharp-linux-arm-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-7OAS8gI0EReKGVN2HssHlM6umJgxF5VI3xN0p9FA91p/YO+ou5hiNghLdZ5BEHztwaaK5+bLKRf8x/o2L2nk9A==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-arm/-/sharp-linux-arm-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-LEaXK2WdXVK5ykcw0buWyPMsmLLL2vpHLD6yrNSW+JGEL3BZPA4tpKN6iaMc4AxTTAoaX/sU1rOL51lcIz48ZQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm"
       ],
@@ -803,13 +803,13 @@
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/libvips"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm": "1.3.3"
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm": "1.3.4"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-linux-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-arm64/-/sharp-linux-arm64-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-De4jpEnAU8Hd5oT0j1G3uL4ZvTuipVMn7YC6vPaJhy6/7EwEae0SVAoBrUMYQbkLGDm85taVWwuPc1a44LTzCQ==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-arm64/-/sharp-linux-arm64-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-LYVx5JTsOM2CBzmxreh+nl64/3H6Xb09iSLknqH47z2T2DFFxDeFLP5y4dJwe6H7uGQlHPyEEtIqyo3DYsRwdQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
@@ -826,13 +826,13 @@
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/libvips"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm64": "1.3.3"
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm64": "1.3.4"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-linux-ppc64": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-ppc64/-/sharp-linux-ppc64-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-2oYZJeIl4kCcMGk4ouZVjnkCtFrpQFlNEtJ6GbxzhHQchwH0NH/qEb9ykmOl29dqwMq+JhFdZn+1ak2FKhI9fQ==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-ppc64/-/sharp-linux-ppc64-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-QVxAAq8evVRI9ia2vqgwrmWucn5Dfv+JdWzj75pD8omHLPSP7f8p20O8jxzjCcuCEQEOtYOZUmX1hkiZ0kdevA==",
       "cpu": [
         "ppc64"
       ],
@@ -849,13 +849,13 @@
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/libvips"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-ppc64": "1.3.3"
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-ppc64": "1.3.4"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-linux-riscv64": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-riscv64/-/sharp-linux-riscv64-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-cPbNChoRURAWdebDIHSenxRpgEdy7JkPydSnUxRm9VvKD7m0/xVaR/8Fzlu81pk5nHEvHH87UZUA7cTtwnbJSA==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-riscv64/-/sharp-linux-riscv64-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-LtdreXguaavKODPIfzJ4kffx7UNt1omwtK0rch4EBbbSTXPnxWmYSayXdLJw0fJzQ97kHt1gL/yh4tvU+nCyRQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "riscv64"
       ],
@@ -872,13 +872,13 @@
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/libvips"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-riscv64": "1.3.3"
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-riscv64": "1.3.4"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-linux-s390x": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-s390x/-/sharp-linux-s390x-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-RY0JFY8Fd6RonCBtHz+DvadaPkXDSI1AUn6yWL9TipqkZ1vY8w8evqdgyDFnkm4/K1ve1TvZiaePP5oSd4+WVQ==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-s390x/-/sharp-linux-s390x-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-UZasTOFiYzotTsGOCu42BfUzP6Tu6Do/947iRm1RsLKvlllxwGcn4RN27LibGWceix4Y+Pmw3jsnTcCQIgWjqA==",
       "cpu": [
         "s390x"
       ],
@@ -895,13 +895,13 @@
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/libvips"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-s390x": "1.3.3"
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-s390x": "1.3.4"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-linux-x64": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-x64/-/sharp-linux-x64-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-9qvvEAuk8k89TfWUoX2htWjbAMX8p+NxCppjpcg5k6xMsjhBQPTsoIh36h9Qde4WRuGpJeYnOjdosDn/cnv+OA==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linux-x64/-/sharp-linux-x64-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-SxFtLTeJInhAA9Q836kux2vZNeOBQEx658qvbboZScr0wIARym3IcGmW7KpVD5sbVg0Ojy+udFQdayYIZyoNog==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -918,13 +918,13 @@
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/libvips"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-x64": "1.3.3"
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-x64": "1.3.4"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64/-/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-KB5jxpfWQTr0nc3xdHtWChdbifHrBGsd2SM62Eyxrl8afikm+f5qGBU75SJIZBT/S1MC8XyacdlXBMSWq6OURA==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64/-/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-9HbMclmI1zlNkFRs3z9/eBtDjfD0sGlrX1z6b1qwmiFY5ElDLh4BC0LPBdVp7z1DXFiKlIcznf+ZlsuZzLxQqg==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
@@ -941,13 +941,13 @@
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/libvips"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-arm64": "1.3.3"
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-arm64": "1.3.4"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-linuxmusl-x64": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linuxmusl-x64/-/sharp-linuxmusl-x64-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-f+eZJZIQNEEd26RPSW+76chwOf1XtA2Y/O+5ocVyLliHkeih3e+jhLVBdNTd2rS3IbNXK8+ug93Vf5ZXtF5Lxg==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-linuxmusl-x64/-/sharp-linuxmusl-x64-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-4KOphqB035HrVdqLZfCgMzzERrQkkzOwRhl4OAkRO1YCldbaFjySXMaK534Mo0V+LndnlJk+sbUyLeU0ULyD1A==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -964,13 +964,13 @@
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/libvips"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64": "1.3.3"
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64": "1.3.4"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-wasm32": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-wasm32/-/sharp-wasm32-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-zQnl4Kwp7Q6NHsENtU2T/00Zi+w3AQNwz3+UaTyVBy2FpXrzXzGjndpK61onhZjRtRpQXxCTeqw19bVyXOh7jA==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-wasm32/-/sharp-wasm32-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Ptsga1su4tQx+LLF1ECS9U6nz5kmrXKo6XVbtR48Ke3ZRxxgaWBu7IDtEe1quo8hiupwm6WFqxVlXaSf7IINGQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0 AND LGPL-3.0-or-later AND MIT",
       "optional": true,
@@ -985,9 +985,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-webcontainers-wasm32": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-webcontainers-wasm32/-/sharp-webcontainers-wasm32-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ESfNkywmCfPNyaZjxooddJQiQ+l/nTpGEOGthxiLnIHXC/CmcBixnfwUleX9mCz9ovrUUvKMap/pm8RYbzfwaA==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-webcontainers-wasm32/-/sharp-webcontainers-wasm32-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-hfhF/FmoQyTUkA0bIKFOtw536BQSeBMe6BF6QyWlrPxT754+TFLaZ7sKKTfvvM0yJgKgaYTwnFCIZ/GuDw5SUA==",
       "cpu": [
         "wasm32"
       ],
@@ -995,7 +995,7 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "optional": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@img/sharp-wasm32": "0.35.4"
+        "@img/sharp-wasm32": "0.35.5"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=20.9.0"
@@ -1005,9 +1005,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-win32-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-win32-arm64/-/sharp-win32-arm64-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-iNdlBX9gLVvqe2I3uIJSIKTq6wckP/DYxZtcqxm09x5Gi24DnFBmPAWZmr60ZyYMG0xlzo6goG3670ar+RXvRw==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-win32-arm64/-/sharp-win32-arm64-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-X4t7g+7ZA5DKblCBEXGjUqqemj4vczING/5viFwAL8h4N3qYeyjwdCvRLHi4EdOUI+2Z7UFlp1VM+p/AuEtm6Q==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
@@ -1025,9 +1025,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-win32-ia32": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-win32-ia32/-/sharp-win32-ia32-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-kqRsbaa5CS6KHlpxnN7WhE6vAAugXyZButpRdvDWetlv6Qv4N9WTcrWzF7tXfB9T7MsoadqdI8hmwLq6UlLvtw==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-win32-ia32/-/sharp-win32-ia32-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-5Zm82LoBc43nhwNybZlG7Y1KO//Zhsn306fQl29ZOuStHLGTo3BWL83q3cznX0poxSAMuYL1On/BHBxkBeKr6A==",
       "cpu": [
         "ia32"
       ],
@@ -1045,9 +1045,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@img/sharp-win32-x64": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-win32-x64/-/sharp-win32-x64-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-XtmnYhBcrORsJ4XJngyzr/EWP0hRZLAZRFaApdKuviyqF78+ylxh2y06ZmtULAMOnObJ3ucpN0AcwSWnMowTRg==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@img/sharp-win32-x64/-/sharp-win32-x64-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-x76eH0vEiHlcMQu8Y8IenntaACtddpT6W0wmXtWrnKcnKI7ME5DdgqhAD6SEWOEl1v2zDvkZDhFA9KnURwpfqg==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -1833,9 +1833,9 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-6QvTW9mrGeIegrFXdtQi9pk7O/nSK6lSdXW2eqUspN5LWD7UTji2Fqw5V2YLjBpHEoU9Xl/eUWNpDeZvoyOv2w=="
     },
     "node_modules/dompurify": {
-      "version": "3.4.15",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/dompurify/-/dompurify-3.4.15.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-EUBjM+B+lkDE41iE82DDSCfkoPGfXx8IxFxPMjNzm/Uk4xDet77rTN9wqlxlVg71kK7XGuUMv6wUxJUwwv+Xyw==",
+      "version": "3.4.17",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/dompurify/-/dompurify-3.4.17.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-B/pSlYVHQ58kqISD/yDjuJ1yfzI34m1gF4lAod2bwSRhiN4K5Cl3H8Af7hqB2PmTL911tdEudnnXn5FnhRoz0w==",
       "license": "(MPL-2.0 OR Apache-2.0)",
       "optionalDependencies": {
         "@types/trusted-types": "^2.0.7"
@@ -2782,9 +2782,9 @@
       "license": "ISC"
     },
     "node_modules/sharp": {
-      "version": "0.35.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/sharp/-/sharp-0.35.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-n++8XWcj+jCOr2IOl7h8LbKnGBDY4aPbmprMONBNFdn0ImXqpGVv5zliDs0V9HbmbCQLpbuo2ej9rAoOQTvMDA==",
+      "version": "0.35.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/sharp/-/sharp-0.35.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Ywn4OnzGukp7CDMrp08RQ50YKmuwG47brZgIVPTvBaaAfQlRlygrRqSrxdCiL9M+LlzLBiJ68IR1QqvzHyjC7g==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
@@ -2799,31 +2799,31 @@
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/libvips"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@img/sharp-darwin-arm64": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-darwin-x64": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-freebsd-wasm32": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-arm64": "1.3.3",
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-x64": "1.3.3",
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm": "1.3.3",
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm64": "1.3.3",
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-ppc64": "1.3.3",
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-riscv64": "1.3.3",
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-s390x": "1.3.3",
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-x64": "1.3.3",
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-arm64": "1.3.3",
-        "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64": "1.3.3",
-        "@img/sharp-linux-arm": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-linux-arm64": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-linux-ppc64": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-linux-riscv64": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-linux-s390x": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-linux-x64": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-linuxmusl-x64": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-webcontainers-wasm32": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-win32-arm64": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-win32-ia32": "0.35.4",
-        "@img/sharp-win32-x64": "0.35.4"
+        "@img/sharp-darwin-arm64": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-darwin-x64": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-freebsd-wasm32": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-arm64": "1.3.4",
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-darwin-x64": "1.3.4",
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm": "1.3.4",
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-arm64": "1.3.4",
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-ppc64": "1.3.4",
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-riscv64": "1.3.4",
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-s390x": "1.3.4",
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linux-x64": "1.3.4",
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-arm64": "1.3.4",
+        "@img/sharp-libvips-linuxmusl-x64": "1.3.4",
+        "@img/sharp-linux-arm": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-linux-arm64": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-linux-ppc64": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-linux-riscv64": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-linux-s390x": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-linux-x64": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-linuxmusl-arm64": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-linuxmusl-x64": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-webcontainers-wasm32": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-win32-arm64": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-win32-ia32": "0.35.5",
+        "@img/sharp-win32-x64": "0.35.5"
       },
       "peerDependenciesMeta": {
         "@types/node": {
@@ -2832,9 +2832,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/source-map-js": {
-      "version": "1.2.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/source-map-js/-/source-map-js-1.2.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-UXWMKhLOwVKb728IUtQPXxfYU+usdybtUrK/8uGE8CQMvrhOpwvzDBwj0QhSL7MQc7vIsISBG8VQ8+IDQxpfQA==",
+      "version": "1.2.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/source-map-js/-/source-map-js-1.2.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-KGj/8Y43x35aZVDtt+J4mK1hoLGHULMYfSkODJNQjNDC3oW1PqPoxMwo0pLUsWM/UEGzON/NxeHywEfNXNP3Vw==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
       "engines": {
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index c46fa6670..99e35c0c5 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -35,8 +35,11 @@
     "doctor": "node scripts/setup-doctor.mjs",
     "format": "node scripts/format.mjs --write",
     "format:check": "node scripts/format.mjs --check",
+    "i18n": "node scripts/i18n.mjs",
     "layer-token:next": "node scripts/next-layer-state-token.mjs",
     "layer-token:check": "node scripts/check-layer-state-tokens.mjs",
+    "changelog": "node scripts/assemble-changelog.mjs --write",
+    "changelog:check": "node scripts/assemble-changelog.mjs --check",
     "dev": "vite",
     "dev:secure": "./scripts/dev-secure.sh",
     "opensky:import": "./scripts/opensky-import-client.sh",
diff --git a/scripts/assemble-changelog.mjs b/scripts/assemble-changelog.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..430fca77a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/assemble-changelog.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+import * as fs from 'node:fs/promises';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath, pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+/**
+ * Release-time assembly of changelog fragments.
+ *
+ * A pull request adds `changelog.d/<pull request>-<slug>.md` instead of editing
+ * `CHANGELOG.md`. Distinct filenames never conflict, so two pull requests in
+ * flight no longer write into the same few lines at the top of one file. A
+ * release splices the fragments in and empties the directory.
+ *
+ * Fragment text is copied through unchanged apart from trailing whitespace:
+ * `src/annotations/drawTool.test.mjs` reads `CHANGELOG.md` as prose and slices a
+ * fixed window after a heading, so reflowing an entry here could move text
+ * across that window.
+ *
+ * A write is staged so that a failure at any point leaves a rerun unable to
+ * duplicate or lose an entry. The assembled file is written into
+ * `changelog.d/.assembling/` first, the fragments are renamed in beside it, and
+ * renaming the assembled file over `CHANGELOG.md` is the single commit point.
+ * While the assembled file is still staged the batch has not landed, so
+ * recovery moves the fragments back; once it is gone the batch has landed, and
+ * the staged fragments are leftovers to delete. Either way they are out of the
+ * input directory, so they are never assembled twice.
+ */
+export const FRAGMENT_DIR = 'changelog.d';
+export const STAGING_DIR = '.assembling';
+const STAGED_CHANGELOG = 'CHANGELOG.md';
+const FRAGMENT_NAME = /^(\d+)-[a-z0-9]+(?:-[a-z0-9]+)*\.md$/;
+const HEADING = '# Changelog\n';
+
+/** Fragment file names a release may consume, highest pull request first. */
+export function orderFragmentNames(names) {
+  const claimed = new Map();
+  for (const name of names) {
+    if (name === 'README.md') continue;
+    const match = FRAGMENT_NAME.exec(name);
+    if (!match) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Unexpected file in ${FRAGMENT_DIR}/: ${name}` +
+          ' — expected <pull request>-<slug>.md with a lowercase slug',
+      );
+    }
+    const number = Number(match[1]);
+    const prior = claimed.get(number);
+    if (prior) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Two fragments claim pull request ${number}: ${prior} and ${name}`,
+      );
+    }
+    claimed.set(number, name);
+  }
+  return [...claimed.entries()]
+    .sort(([a], [b]) => b - a)
+    .map(([, name]) => name);
+}
+
+/** Splice fragment bodies above the existing entries, newest batch on top. */
+export function assembleChangelog(changelog, fragments) {
+  if (!fragments.length) return changelog;
+  if (!changelog.startsWith(HEADING)) {
+    throw new Error('CHANGELOG.md must start with "# Changelog"');
+  }
+  const entries = changelog.slice(HEADING.length).replace(/^\n+/, '');
+  const batch = fragments.map((text) => text.replace(/\s+$/, '')).join('\n\n');
+  return `${HEADING}\n${batch}\n\n${entries}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finish or roll back a batch an earlier `--write` left in the staging
+ * directory. A no-op when there is none.
+ *
+ * @returns {Promise<'none'|'rolled-back'|'cleaned-up'>}
+ */
+export async function recoverInterruptedBatch(root, io = fs) {
+  const directory = path.join(root, FRAGMENT_DIR);
+  const staging = path.join(directory, STAGING_DIR);
+  let staged;
+  try {
+    staged = await io.readdir(staging);
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (error.code === 'ENOENT') return 'none';
+    throw error;
+  }
+  if (!staged.includes(STAGED_CHANGELOG)) {
+    // The assembled file was renamed over CHANGELOG.md: the batch landed.
+    await io.rm(staging, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    return 'cleaned-up';
+  }
+  // The batch never reached CHANGELOG.md, so every fragment goes back.
+  const pending = new Set(await io.readdir(directory));
+  const fragments = staged.filter((name) => name !== STAGED_CHANGELOG);
+  const clash = fragments.filter((name) => pending.has(name));
+  if (clash.length) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Cannot roll back ${FRAGMENT_DIR}/${STAGING_DIR}/: ${clash.join(', ')}` +
+        ` also exist in ${FRAGMENT_DIR}/ — resolve by hand`,
+    );
+  }
+  for (const name of fragments) {
+    await io.rename(path.join(staging, name), path.join(directory, name));
+  }
+  await io.rm(staging, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  return 'rolled-back';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Report or apply the pending fragments in `<root>/changelog.d`.
+ *
+ * The batch is validated in full before anything is written, so a malformed
+ * filename or a duplicate pull request number leaves the directory untouched.
+ * `--write` first recovers any batch an interrupted run left staged.
+ *
+ * @param {string} root repository root
+ * @param {'--check'|'--write'} mode `--check` reports and changes nothing
+ * @param {typeof fs} [io] filesystem calls, replaceable for failure injection
+ * @returns {Promise<{ consumed: string[], changelog: string }>}
+ */
+export async function assembleFragments(root, mode, io = fs) {
+  if (!['--check', '--write'].includes(mode)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      'Usage: node scripts/assemble-changelog.mjs --check|--write',
+    );
+  }
+  const directory = path.join(root, FRAGMENT_DIR);
+  const staging = path.join(directory, STAGING_DIR);
+  const changelogFile = path.join(root, 'CHANGELOG.md');
+  if (mode === '--write') {
+    await recoverInterruptedBatch(root, io);
+  }
+  const names = await io.readdir(directory);
+  if (names.includes(STAGING_DIR)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `${FRAGMENT_DIR}/${STAGING_DIR}/ holds a batch an interrupted release` +
+        ' left behind — `npm run changelog` finishes or rolls it back',
+    );
+  }
+  const consumed = orderFragmentNames(names);
+  const bodies = [];
+  for (const name of consumed) {
+    bodies.push(await io.readFile(path.join(directory, name), 'utf8'));
+  }
+  const changelog = assembleChangelog(
+    await io.readFile(changelogFile, 'utf8'),
+    bodies,
+  );
+  if (mode === '--write' && consumed.length) {
+    try {
+      await io.mkdir(staging);
+      await io.writeFile(
+        path.join(staging, STAGED_CHANGELOG),
+        changelog,
+        'utf8',
+      );
+      for (const name of consumed) {
+        await io.rename(path.join(directory, name), path.join(staging, name));
+      }
+      await io.rename(path.join(staging, STAGED_CHANGELOG), changelogFile);
+      await io.rm(staging, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    } catch (error) {
+      try {
+        await recoverInterruptedBatch(root, io);
+      } catch {
+        throw new Error(
+          `${error.message} — the batch is staged in ${FRAGMENT_DIR}/${STAGING_DIR}/,` +
+            ' and the next `npm run changelog` finishes or rolls it back',
+          { cause: error },
+        );
+      }
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+  return { consumed, changelog };
+}
+
+const invoked = process.argv[1]
+  ? pathToFileURL(path.resolve(process.argv[1])).href
+  : '';
+if (import.meta.url === invoked) {
+  try {
+    if (process.argv.length !== 3) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'Usage: node scripts/assemble-changelog.mjs --check|--write',
+      );
+    }
+    const mode = process.argv[2];
+    const { consumed } = await assembleFragments(
+      fileURLToPath(new URL('../', import.meta.url)),
+      mode,
+    );
+    if (!consumed.length) {
+      console.log(`No fragments in ${FRAGMENT_DIR}/.`);
+    } else {
+      console.log(
+        `${mode === '--write' ? 'Assembled' : 'Would assemble'} ${consumed.length} fragment(s), in order:` +
+          `\n  ${consumed.join('\n  ')}`,
+      );
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error(error.message);
+    process.exitCode = 1;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/scripts/format-scope.json b/scripts/format-scope.json
index c62c6886f..5ec1adb0c 100644
--- a/scripts/format-scope.json
+++ b/scripts/format-scope.json
@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@
   "server/providers/cctv/constants.js",
   "server/providers/cctv/media.js",
   "server/providers/cctv/normalize.js",
+  "src/data/cctvMissingNumbers.test.mjs",
   "server/providers/cctv/sources.js",
   "server/providers/radio.js",
   "server/providers/radio/catalog.js",
@@ -731,6 +732,7 @@
   "src/voice/session.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/alpr/records.js",
   "src/layers/earthquakes/records.js",
+  "src/layers/earthquakes/records.test.mjs",
   "src/sources/sourceSlot.js",
   "src/data/feedState.js",
   "src/app/localGeojsonServices.js",
@@ -872,9 +874,13 @@
   "src/layers/weather/imageryHost.test.mjs",
   "src/sdr/adsbDecoder.test.mjs",
   "src/sdr/controller.test.mjs",
+  "src/sdr/decoderDiagnostics.test.mjs",
   "src/sdr/gain.test.mjs",
+  "src/sdr/readPipeline.diag.test.mjs",
+  "src/sdr/sdrAudioWorklet.test.mjs",
   "src/sdr/spectrum.test.mjs",
   "src/sdr/usbDevices.test.mjs",
+  "src/sdr/workerAdmission.test.mjs",
   "src/sources/adsbRecords.test.mjs",
   "src/layers/localAdsb/index.test.mjs",
   "src/ui/localSdrControls.test.mjs",
@@ -1054,5 +1060,7 @@
   "src/tooling/webAppIcons.test.mjs",
   "src/ui/flyToDataSource.js",
   "src/ui/flyToDataSource.test.mjs",
+  "scripts/assemble-changelog.mjs",
+  "src/tooling/changelogFragments.test.mjs",
   "src/data/gbfsProxyRateLimit.test.mjs"
 ]
diff --git a/scripts/i18n.mjs b/scripts/i18n.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ee5d60ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/i18n.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,623 @@
+// Keeps the locale catalogs in step with the code.
+//
+//   npm run i18n                     check every catalog and find unmarked UI text
+//   npm run i18n -- --prune          also drop entries the code no longer uses
+//   npm run i18n -- --missing ru     print what ru lacks, as JSON to translate
+//
+// A translation left as the English fails unless src/i18n/same-as-english.json
+// lists it.
+//
+// Messages are the English literals passed to t(), tn() and msg() in src/,
+// plus the markup opted in with data-i18n* in src/ui/templates and index.html.
+// It also lists UI text that is not marked at all (see findUnmarked).
+import { existsSync, readFileSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const ROOT = path.resolve(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '..');
+const LOCALES_DIR = path.join(ROOT, 'src/i18n/locales');
+const SAME_AS_ENGLISH = path.join(ROOT, 'src/i18n/same-as-english.json');
+
+const STRING = String.raw`'(?:\\.|[^'\\\n])*'|"(?:\\.|[^"\\\n])*"|\`(?:\\.|[^\`\\$])*\``;
+const CALL = new RegExp(
+  String.raw`\bt\(\s*(${STRING})\s*,\s*\{\s*context:\s*(${STRING})|\b(t|msg)\(\s*(${STRING})|\btn\(\s*[^,]+?,\s*(${STRING})\s*,\s*(${STRING})`,
+  'g',
+);
+
+function unquote(literal) {
+  const body = literal.slice(1, -1);
+  return body.replace(
+    /\\(u\{[0-9a-fA-F]+\}|u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}|x[0-9a-fA-F]{2}|.)/gs,
+    (_, esc) => {
+      if (esc[0] === 'u' || esc[0] === 'x') {
+        return String.fromCodePoint(parseInt(esc.replace(/[ux{}]/g, ''), 16));
+      }
+      return { n: '\n', t: '\t', r: '\r' }[esc] ?? esc;
+    },
+  );
+}
+
+const ENTITIES = {
+  amp: '&',
+  lt: '<',
+  gt: '>',
+  quot: '"',
+  apos: "'",
+  nbsp: ' ',
+};
+function decodeHtml(text) {
+  return text.replace(/&(#x[0-9a-f]+|#\d+|[a-z]+);/gi, (all, name) => {
+    if (name[0] === '#') {
+      const hex = name[1] === 'x' || name[1] === 'X';
+      return String.fromCodePoint(
+        parseInt(name.slice(hex ? 2 : 1), hex ? 16 : 10),
+      );
+    }
+    return ENTITIES[name.toLowerCase()] ?? all;
+  });
+}
+
+const normalize = (text) => text.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
+
+function trackedFiles(...pathspecs) {
+  return (
+    execFileSync(
+      'git',
+      [
+        'ls-files',
+        '--cached',
+        '--others',
+        '--exclude-standard',
+        '--',
+        ...pathspecs,
+      ],
+      {
+        cwd: ROOT,
+        encoding: 'utf8',
+      },
+    )
+      .split('\n')
+      .filter(Boolean)
+      // The index still lists a file moved or deleted without git mv / git rm.
+      .filter((file) => existsSync(path.join(ROOT, file)))
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Every message the code can ask for.
+ * @returns {Map<string, {plural: boolean, one?: string, where: string}>}
+ */
+export function extractMessages() {
+  const messages = new Map();
+  const add = (text, where, plural = null) => {
+    if (!text) return;
+    const known = messages.get(text);
+    if (known && Boolean(known.plural) !== Boolean(plural)) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `${where}: "${text}" is used both as plural and plain text (also ${known.where})`,
+      );
+    }
+    if (!known)
+      messages.set(text, { plural: Boolean(plural), one: plural?.one, where });
+  };
+
+  const sources = sourceFiles();
+  for (const file of sources) {
+    const source = readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, file), 'utf8');
+    for (const match of source.matchAll(CALL)) {
+      const line = source.slice(0, match.index).split('\n').length;
+      const where = `${file}:${line}`;
+      if (match[1]) {
+        add(`${unquote(match[2])}|${unquote(match[1])}`, where);
+      } else if (match[4]) {
+        if (match[4][0] === '`' && match[4].includes('${')) continue;
+        add(unquote(match[4]), where);
+      } else {
+        add(unquote(match[6]), where, { one: unquote(match[5]) });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const markup = trackedFiles('index.html', 'src/ui/templates/*.html');
+  const TAG = /<([a-zA-Z][\w-]*)(\s[^>]*?)\/?>([^<]*)/gs;
+  for (const file of markup) {
+    const html = readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, file), 'utf8');
+    for (const [, tag, attrs, text] of html.matchAll(TAG)) {
+      const where = `${file} <${tag}>`;
+      if (/\sdata-i18n(\s|=|$)/.test(attrs))
+        add(normalize(decodeHtml(text)), where);
+      for (const [, name] of attrs.matchAll(
+        /\sdata-i18n-(title|aria-label|placeholder)\b/g,
+      )) {
+        const value = attrs.match(new RegExp(String.raw`\s${name}="([^"]*)"`));
+        if (value) add(decodeHtml(value[1]), where);
+        else
+          throw new Error(
+            `${where}: data-i18n-${name} without a ${name} attribute`,
+          );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return messages;
+}
+
+const hasWords = (text) => /[A-Za-z]{2,}/.test(text);
+const lineAt = (source, index) => source.slice(0, index).split('\n').length;
+
+const VOID_TAGS = new Set(
+  'area base br col embed hr img input link meta source track wbr'.split(' '),
+);
+const SKIP_TAGS = new Set(['script', 'style', 'svg', 'code', 'pre', 'title']);
+
+/**
+ * User-visible markup text without data-i18n*. Skipped, with everything
+ * inside: translate="no" (text that stays as is, as in HTML),
+ * data-i18n-runtime (code sets this text through t()), and icons
+ * (aria-hidden, Material Symbols).
+ */
+export function unmarkedMarkup(file, html) {
+  const found = [];
+  const source = html.replace(/<!--[\s\S]*?-->|<![^>]*>/g, (c) =>
+    c.replace(/[^\n]/g, ' '),
+  );
+  const TOKEN =
+    /<(\/?)([a-zA-Z][\w-]*)((?:"[^"]*"|'[^']*'|[^>"'])*?)(\/?)>|([^<]+)/g;
+  const stack = [];
+  const skipping = () => stack.at(-1)?.skip === true;
+  for (const match of source.matchAll(TOKEN)) {
+    const [, closing, rawTag, attrs = '', selfClosing, text] = match;
+    if (text !== undefined) {
+      const top = stack.at(-1);
+      const value = normalize(decodeHtml(text));
+      if (!skipping() && hasWords(value) && !top?.marked)
+        found.push({
+          where: `${file}:${lineAt(source, match.index)}`,
+          text: value,
+        });
+      continue;
+    }
+    const tag = rawTag.toLowerCase();
+    if (closing) {
+      const at = stack.map((entry) => entry.tag).lastIndexOf(tag);
+      if (at >= 0) stack.length = at;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const skip =
+      skipping() ||
+      SKIP_TAGS.has(tag) ||
+      /\stranslate="no"/.test(attrs) ||
+      /\sdata-i18n-runtime\b/.test(attrs) ||
+      /\saria-hidden="true"/.test(attrs) ||
+      /class="[^"]*material-symbols/.test(attrs);
+    if (!skip) {
+      for (const [, name, value] of attrs.matchAll(
+        /\s(title|aria-label|placeholder)="([^"]*)"/g,
+      )) {
+        if (
+          hasWords(value) &&
+          !new RegExp(String.raw`\sdata-i18n-${name}\b`).test(attrs)
+        )
+          found.push({
+            where: `${file}:${lineAt(source, match.index)}`,
+            text: `${name}="${decodeHtml(value)}"`,
+          });
+      }
+    }
+    if (!VOID_TAGS.has(tag) && !selfClosing)
+      stack.push({ tag, skip, marked: /\sdata-i18n(\s|=|$)/.test(attrs) });
+  }
+  return found;
+}
+
+// Where a string becomes UI text. Each pattern ends where the value starts.
+const JS_SINKS = [
+  /\.(?:textContent|innerText|innerHTML|outerHTML|title|placeholder|ariaLabel)\s*=(?!=)\s*/g,
+  /\bsetAttribute\(\s*['"](?:title|aria-label|aria-valuetext|placeholder|alt)['"]\s*,\s*/g,
+  /\b(?:createTextNode|insertAdjacentText)\(\s*(?:['"][a-z]+['"]\s*,\s*)?/g,
+  /\binsertAdjacentHTML\(\s*['"][a-z]+['"]\s*,\s*/g,
+  // Also showToast?.(…) and this._showToast(…).
+  /\b_?(?:showToast|toast|setHint|announce|say)(?:\?\.)?\(\s*/g,
+  // `status` values are often codes ('ok', 'auth-failed'); visibleText drops
+  // those, so only readable text is reported. A name right after `?` is a
+  // ternary branch (`ok ? status : 'Fallback'`), not a property.
+  /(?:^|[{,\s])(?<!\?\s*)(?:label|title|tooltip|placeholder|hint|ariaLabel|accessibilityLabel|caption|subtitle|kicker|emptyText|blurb|countLabel|status|loadingLabel|statusMessage)\s*:\s*/gm,
+];
+// Layer status set by assignment: this._error = …, stats.lastError = …,
+// error = … (a layer factory keeps its status in `let error`). Not checked:
+// the declaration itself (`const error = …`, `let status = …`) and a default
+// value in a parameter list or destructuring (see defaultValue).
+const ASSIGNMENT_SINK =
+  /(?<![\w$])(?<!\b(?:const|let|var)\s+)_?(?:error|lastError|loadingLabel|statusMessage|status)\s*(?:\?\?|\|\|)?=(?![=>])\s*/g;
+JS_SINKS.push(ASSIGNMENT_SINK);
+
+/**
+ * Whether `name = value` at `nameStart` is a default (`(status = 'idle') =>`,
+ * `const { error = '…' } = options`): it follows `(`, `[`, `{` or `,` and its
+ * value ends at `,` or a closing bracket. An assignment statement ends at `;`.
+ */
+function defaultValue(source, nameStart, valueStart) {
+  const before = source.slice(0, nameStart).trimEnd().at(-1);
+  if (!before || !'([{,'.includes(before)) return false;
+  const end = valueStart + expressionAt(source, valueStart).length;
+  const after = source.slice(end).trimStart()[0];
+  return Boolean(after) && ',)]}'.includes(after);
+}
+const MARKERS = /\b(?:t|tn|msg)\(/y;
+
+/** The expression starting at `start`, up to its end at bracket depth 0. */
+function expressionAt(source, start) {
+  let depth = 0;
+  let i = start;
+  for (; i < source.length; i++) {
+    const c = source[i];
+    if (c === "'" || c === '"' || c === '`') {
+      i = skipString(source, i);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if ('([{'.includes(c)) depth++;
+    else if (')]}'.includes(c)) {
+      if (depth === 0) break;
+      depth--;
+    } else if (depth === 0 && (c === ';' || c === ',')) break;
+    else if (depth === 0 && c === '\n') {
+      const next = source.slice(i + 1).match(/^\s*(\S\S?)/)?.[1] ?? '';
+      const before = source.slice(start, i).trimEnd().at(-1) ?? '';
+      if (!/^(\?|:|\+|\.|&&|\|\|)/.test(next) && !/[?:+=&|(,]/.test(before))
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  return source.slice(start, i);
+}
+
+function skipString(source, i) {
+  const quote = source[i];
+  for (let j = i + 1; j < source.length; j++) {
+    if (source[j] === '\\') j++;
+    else if (quote === '`' && source[j] === '$' && source[j + 1] === '{') {
+      let depth = 1;
+      for (j += 2; j < source.length && depth; j++) {
+        if (source[j] === '{') depth++;
+        else if (source[j] === '}') depth--;
+        else if ('\'"`'.includes(source[j])) j = skipString(source, j);
+      }
+      j--;
+    } else if (source[j] === quote) return j;
+    else if (quote !== '`' && source[j] === '\n') return j;
+  }
+  return source.length;
+}
+
+/** String literals that sit in value position: not inside any call or index,
+ * not compared, and not already passed to t/tn/msg. */
+function valueLiterals(expression) {
+  const literals = [];
+  let callDepth = 0;
+  const stack = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < expression.length; i++) {
+    const c = expression[i];
+    if (c === '(' || c === '[') {
+      const isCall = c === '[' || /[\w$\]\)]\s*$/.test(expression.slice(0, i));
+      stack.push(isCall);
+      if (isCall) callDepth++;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (c === ')' || c === ']') {
+      if (stack.pop()) callDepth--;
+      continue;
+    }
+    MARKERS.lastIndex = i;
+    if (MARKERS.test(expression)) {
+      stack.push(true);
+      callDepth++;
+      i = MARKERS.lastIndex - 1;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (c !== "'" && c !== '"' && c !== '`') continue;
+    const end = skipString(expression, i);
+    const literal = expression.slice(i, end + 1);
+    const before = expression.slice(0, i).trimEnd();
+    const after = expression.slice(end + 1).trimStart();
+    const compared =
+      /(===|!==|==|!=|\bcase|\bin)$/.test(before) ||
+      /^(===|!==|==|!=|in\b)/.test(after);
+    if (callDepth === 0 && !compared) literals.push(literal);
+    i = end;
+  }
+  return literals;
+}
+
+/** The text a literal shows: static template parts, HTML tags removed. */
+function visibleText(literal, html) {
+  let body = literal.slice(1, -1).replace(/\$\{(?:[^{}]|\{[^{}]*\})*\}/g, ' ');
+  if (html) {
+    const attrs = [
+      ...body.matchAll(/\s(?:title|aria-label|placeholder|alt)="([^"]*)"/g),
+    ].map((m) => m[1]);
+    body = decodeHtml([body.replace(/<[^>]*>/g, ' '), ...attrs].join(' '));
+  }
+  const text = normalize(body);
+  if (!hasWords(text)) return null;
+  if (/\{[^{}]*:[^{}]*\}|^[\w-]+\s*:\s*[^;]+;/.test(text)) return null; // CSS
+  if (/^(?:rgba?|hsla?)\(|\b\d+px\b/.test(text)) return null; // colours, fonts
+  if (/^[a-z0-9_.:/-]+$/.test(text) || /^https?:/.test(text)) return null;
+  return text;
+}
+
+/** Blank out comments, keeping strings and line numbers intact. */
+function withoutComments(source) {
+  let out = '';
+  for (let i = 0; i < source.length; i++) {
+    const c = source[i];
+    if (c === "'" || c === '"' || c === '`') {
+      const end = skipString(source, i);
+      out += source.slice(i, end + 1);
+      i = end;
+    } else if (c === '/' && source[i + 1] === '/') {
+      const end = source.indexOf('\n', i);
+      const stop = end < 0 ? source.length : end;
+      out += ' '.repeat(stop - i);
+      i = stop - 1;
+    } else if (c === '/' && source[i + 1] === '*') {
+      const end = source.indexOf('*/', i + 2);
+      const stop = end < 0 ? source.length : end + 2;
+      out += source.slice(i, stop).replace(/[^\n]/g, ' ');
+      i = stop - 1;
+    } else out += c;
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+export function unmarkedScript(file, original) {
+  const found = [];
+  const lines = original.split('\n');
+  const source = withoutComments(original);
+  const ignored = (line) =>
+    /i18n-ignore/.test(lines[line - 1] ?? '') ||
+    /i18n-ignore/.test(lines[line - 2] ?? '');
+  for (const sink of JS_SINKS) {
+    sink.lastIndex = 0;
+    for (const match of source.matchAll(sink)) {
+      const start = match.index + match[0].length;
+      const line = lineAt(source, start);
+      if (ignored(line)) continue;
+      if (sink === ASSIGNMENT_SINK && defaultValue(source, match.index, start))
+        continue;
+      const html = /HTML/.test(match[0]);
+      for (const literal of valueLiterals(expressionAt(source, start))) {
+        const text = visibleText(literal, html);
+        if (text) found.push({ where: `${file}:${line}`, text });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return found;
+}
+
+/**
+ * UI text that is not marked for translation: markup without data-i18n* and
+ * string literals that reach the page without t(), tn() or msg().
+ * Opt-outs: see unmarkedMarkup; in code, `// i18n-ignore` on or above the line.
+ * @returns {{where: string, text: string}[]}
+ */
+export function findUnmarked() {
+  const found = [];
+  for (const file of trackedFiles('index.html', 'src/ui/templates/*.html'))
+    found.push(
+      ...unmarkedMarkup(file, readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, file), 'utf8')),
+    );
+  for (const file of sourceFiles().filter(
+    (name) => !NOT_UI.some((pattern) => pattern.test(name)),
+  ))
+    found.push(
+      ...unmarkedScript(file, readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, file), 'utf8')),
+    );
+  const seen = new Set();
+  return found.filter(({ where, text }) => {
+    const key = `${where}\0${text}`;
+    if (seen.has(key)) return false;
+    seen.add(key);
+    return true;
+  });
+}
+
+// Text that never reaches the page as UI: tool results and descriptions for
+// AI clients (MCP and the voice model).
+const NOT_UI = [/^src\/tools\//];
+
+function sourceFiles() {
+  return trackedFiles(
+    'src/*.js',
+    'src/*.mjs',
+    'src/**/*.js',
+    'src/**/*.mjs',
+  ).filter(
+    (file) =>
+      !file.startsWith('src/i18n/') &&
+      !/\.test\.mjs$|\/testSupport\//.test(file),
+  );
+}
+
+const placeholders = (text) =>
+  [...String(text).matchAll(/\{([A-Za-z0-9_]+)\}/g)]
+    .map((m) => m[1])
+    .sort()
+    .join(',');
+
+export function catalogPath(locale) {
+  return path.join(LOCALES_DIR, `${locale}.json`);
+}
+
+export function readCatalog(locale) {
+  return JSON.parse(readFileSync(catalogPath(locale), 'utf8'));
+}
+
+export function shippedLocales() {
+  return trackedFiles('src/i18n/locales/*.json').map((file) =>
+    path.basename(file, '.json'),
+  );
+}
+
+/** Messages a locale keeps exactly as in English, on purpose. */
+export function readSameAsEnglish(locale) {
+  const lists = JSON.parse(readFileSync(SAME_AS_ENGLISH, 'utf8'));
+  return new Set(lists[locale] || []);
+}
+
+/** The English a message shows: its text without the "context|" prefix. */
+const englishOf = (text) => text.slice(text.indexOf('|') + 1);
+
+/** A translation with nothing to show: t() falls back to English for it. */
+const blank = (value) => value.trim() === '';
+
+/** Words to read, beyond {placeholders}, codes and punctuation. */
+const hasLetters = (value) => /\p{L}{2}/u.test(value.replace(/\{[^}]*\}/g, ''));
+
+const STILL_ENGLISH = (text, locale) =>
+  `"${text}" is still English: translate it, or list it under "${locale}" in src/i18n/same-as-english.json`;
+
+/**
+ * Compare one catalog with the extracted messages.
+ * @param {Set<string>} [sameAsEnglish] Messages allowed to read as English.
+ * @returns {{missing: string[], stale: string[], errors: string[]}}
+ */
+export function checkCatalog(
+  locale,
+  catalog,
+  messages,
+  sameAsEnglish = readSameAsEnglish(locale),
+) {
+  const categories = new Intl.PluralRules(locale).resolvedOptions()
+    .pluralCategories;
+  const missing = [];
+  const errors = [];
+  for (const [text, info] of messages) {
+    if (!Object.hasOwn(catalog, text)) {
+      missing.push(text);
+      continue;
+    }
+    const entry = catalog[text];
+    if (info.plural) {
+      if (!entry || typeof entry !== 'object') {
+        errors.push(`"${text}" needs plural forms ${categories.join('/')}`);
+        continue;
+      }
+      const english = new Set([info.one, englishOf(text)]);
+      const stillEnglish = [];
+      for (const category of categories) {
+        const form = entry[category];
+        if (typeof form !== 'string')
+          errors.push(`"${text}" lacks the "${category}" form`);
+        else if (blank(form))
+          errors.push(`"${text}" [${category}] is empty: translate it`);
+        else if (placeholders(form) !== placeholders(text))
+          errors.push(`"${text}" [${category}] placeholders differ: ${form}`);
+        else if (english.has(form) && hasLetters(form))
+          stillEnglish.push(category);
+      }
+      if (stillEnglish.length && !sameAsEnglish.has(text))
+        errors.push(
+          `${STILL_ENGLISH(text, locale)} (forms ${stillEnglish.join('/')})`,
+        );
+    } else if (typeof entry !== 'string') {
+      errors.push(`"${text}" must be a string`);
+    } else if (blank(entry)) {
+      errors.push(`"${text}" is empty: translate it`);
+    } else if (placeholders(entry) !== placeholders(text)) {
+      errors.push(`"${text}" placeholders differ: ${entry}`);
+    } else if (
+      entry === englishOf(text) &&
+      hasLetters(entry) &&
+      !sameAsEnglish.has(text)
+    ) {
+      errors.push(STILL_ENGLISH(text, locale));
+    }
+  }
+  const stale = Object.keys(catalog).filter((text) => !messages.has(text));
+  return { missing, stale, errors };
+}
+
+/**
+ * What `--missing <locale>` prints: every missing entry, ready to translate.
+ * A template, not a translation: the check rejects a string left empty and a
+ * plural form left as the English.
+ */
+export function missingTemplate(locale, catalog, messages) {
+  const categories = new Intl.PluralRules(locale).resolvedOptions()
+    .pluralCategories;
+  const out = {};
+  for (const text of checkCatalog(locale, catalog, messages, new Set())
+    .missing) {
+    const info = messages.get(text);
+    out[text] = info.plural
+      ? Object.fromEntries(
+          categories.map((category) => [
+            category,
+            category === 'one' ? info.one : text,
+          ]),
+        )
+      : '';
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+function main(args) {
+  const messages = extractMessages();
+  const missingFor = args.includes('--missing')
+    ? args[args.indexOf('--missing') + 1]
+    : null;
+  if (missingFor) {
+    const out = missingTemplate(missingFor, readCatalog(missingFor), messages);
+    console.log(JSON.stringify(out, null, 2));
+    return 0;
+  }
+  let failed = false;
+  for (const locale of shippedLocales()) {
+    let catalog = readCatalog(locale);
+    const { missing, stale, errors } = checkCatalog(locale, catalog, messages);
+    if (args.includes('--prune') && stale.length) {
+      catalog = Object.fromEntries(
+        Object.entries(catalog).filter(([text]) => messages.has(text)),
+      );
+      writeFileSync(
+        catalogPath(locale),
+        `${JSON.stringify(catalog, null, 2)}\n`,
+      );
+      console.log(`${locale}: pruned ${stale.length} unused entries`);
+    } else if (stale.length) {
+      failed = true;
+      console.log(
+        `${locale}: ${stale.length} entries the code no longer uses (npm run i18n -- --prune):`,
+      );
+      for (const text of stale) console.log(`  ${JSON.stringify(text)}`);
+    }
+    if (missing.length) {
+      failed = true;
+      console.log(
+        `${locale}: ${missing.length} missing (npm run i18n -- --missing ${locale}):`,
+      );
+      for (const text of missing)
+        console.log(`  ${JSON.stringify(text)}  ${messages.get(text).where}`);
+    }
+    for (const error of errors) {
+      failed = true;
+      console.log(`${locale}: ${error}`);
+    }
+    if (!missing.length && !stale.length && !errors.length) {
+      console.log(`${locale}: ${messages.size} messages, complete`);
+    }
+  }
+  const unmarked = findUnmarked();
+  if (unmarked.length) {
+    failed = true;
+    console.log(
+      `${unmarked.length} UI strings not marked for translation (see docs/I18N.md):`,
+    );
+    for (const { where, text } of unmarked)
+      console.log(`  ${where}  ${JSON.stringify(text)}`);
+  }
+  return failed ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+if (process.argv[1] === fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)) {
+  process.exitCode = main(process.argv.slice(2));
+}
diff --git a/scripts/package-boundaries.json b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
index f6131dcd4..43bc3d4de 100644
--- a/scripts/package-boundaries.json
+++ b/scripts/package-boundaries.json
@@ -53,7 +53,8 @@
       "src/data/adsbLolFallback.js",
       "src/data/aisStreamAdapter.js",
       "src/data/aisWatchdog.js",
-      "src/sources/httpBody.js"
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js"
     ],
     "external": ["ws"]
   },
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@
       "src/localRequestGate.mjs",
       "src/data/routeSteps.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/rateLimit.js"
     ],
     "external": []
@@ -97,7 +99,8 @@
       "server/providers/space/launch-library.js",
       "server/providers/common/http.js",
       "src/data/spaceProviderRequests.js",
-      "src/sources/httpBody.js"
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -127,7 +130,10 @@
       "server/providers/traffic.js",
       "server/providers/common/http.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
-      "src/data/tomtomTiles.js"
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
+      "src/data/tomtomTiles.js",
+      "server/providers/common/same-site.js",
+      "src/localRequestGate.mjs"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -148,6 +154,7 @@
       "server/providers/firms.js",
       "server/providers/common/http.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/data/firmsCsv.js"
     ],
     "external": []
@@ -161,7 +168,8 @@
       "server/providers/common/rate-limit.js",
       "src/sources/rateLimit.js",
       "src/data/gbfsSource.js",
-      "src/sources/httpBody.js"
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -192,7 +200,8 @@
       "scripts/google-server-key.mjs",
       "src/data/cctvFootprint.js",
       "src/sources/cctvTypes.js",
-      "src/sources/httpBody.js"
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -210,7 +219,8 @@
       "server/providers/common/rate-limit.js",
       "src/sources/rateLimit.js",
       "server/providers/common/http.js",
-      "src/sources/httpBody.js"
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js"
     ],
     "external": ["pbf"]
   },
@@ -226,7 +236,8 @@
       "src/data/radioCountry.js",
       "server/providers/common/http.js",
       "src/sources/radioBrowser.js",
-      "src/sources/httpBody.js"
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -248,6 +259,7 @@
       "src/data/placeProviderPayloads.js",
       "src/data/routeSteps.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/overpass.js",
       "src/sources/rateLimit.js"
     ],
@@ -268,6 +280,7 @@
       "server/providers/overpass/geometry.js",
       "server/providers/overpass/transport.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/rateLimit.js"
     ],
     "external": []
@@ -288,8 +301,10 @@
       "server/providers/regional/weather-effects.js",
       "server/providers/regional/weather.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/rateLimit.js",
       "src/data/local_data/natural_earth/marine.json",
       "src/data/local_data/natural_earth/regions.json",
@@ -303,6 +318,7 @@
     "runtime": "node",
     "exports": ["./server/providers/openai"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/hudLayoutPolicy.js",
       "server/providers/common/rate-limit.js",
       "server/providers/common/request.js",
@@ -335,6 +351,7 @@
     "runtime": "node",
     "exports": ["./server/standalone/key-setup"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "scripts/pinokio-environment.mjs",
       "server/providers/common/source-root.js",
       "server/standalone/key-setup.js",
@@ -361,12 +378,14 @@
       "src/search/nominatim.js",
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/naturalEarthRegions.js",
       "src/data/bundledJson.js",
       "src/data/retryableLoad.js",
       "src/data/local_data/natural_earth/regions.json",
       "src/data/local_data/natural_earth/marine.json",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/nominatim.js"
     ],
     "external": []
@@ -399,7 +418,11 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/ui/visualInput.js",
       "src/ui/applicationShortcuts.js",
-      "src/ui/styleParameters.js"
+      "src/ui/styleParameters.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -420,26 +443,37 @@
       "src/styles/thermal.js",
       "src/styles/anime.js",
       "src/styles/noir.js",
-      "src/styles/snow.js"
+      "src/styles/snow.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
   "map-source-controls": {
     "exports": ["./ui/maps"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/ui/mapSource.js",
       "src/ui/mapSourceControls.js",
       "src/mapStackChips.js",
       "src/keySetupCore.mjs",
-      "src/localRequestGate.mjs"
+      "src/localRequestGate.mjs",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
   "layer-panel": {
     "exports": ["./ui/layers", "./ui/layers/feedback"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/ui/layers.js",
       "src/ui/layerPanel.js",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js",
       "src/ui/weatherPanel.js",
       "src/ui/railCards.js",
       "src/ui/railCardBlocks.js",
@@ -452,7 +486,14 @@
       "src/keySetupCore.mjs",
       "src/localRequestGate.mjs",
       "src/data/feedState.js",
-      "src/data/layerSnapshot.js"
+      "src/data/layerSnapshot.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/ui/keyGuidance.js",
+      "src/ui/statusText.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -462,8 +503,13 @@
       "src/ui/location.js",
       "src/ui/locationControls.js",
       "src/ui/locationSearch.js",
+      "src/ui/placeNames.js",
       "src/locationStatus.js",
-      "src/app/stateChannel.js"
+      "src/app/stateChannel.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -474,7 +520,11 @@
       "src/ui/radioControls.js",
       "src/ui/radioBindings.js",
       "src/ui/radioPresentation.js",
-      "src/ui/radioTunerModel.js"
+      "src/ui/radioTunerModel.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -487,13 +537,19 @@
       "src/ui/cctvControls.js",
       "src/ui/cctvFrames.js",
       "src/ui/cctvVideo.js",
-      "src/ui/cctvPresentation.js"
+      "src/ui/cctvPresentation.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
   "context-controls": {
     "exports": ["./ui/context", "./ui/context/policy"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/ui/context.js",
       "src/ui/contextActions.js",
       "src/ui/contextBindings.js",
@@ -505,7 +561,12 @@
       "src/ui/contextTransactions.js",
       "src/contextModePolicy.js",
       "src/rightRailPolicy.js",
-      "src/ui/panelRailGeometry.js"
+      "src/ui/panelRailGeometry.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -533,7 +594,12 @@
       "src/cockpitMath.js",
       "src/cockpitUtilityLayout.js",
       "src/cockpitVisionPolicy.js",
-      "src/ui/panelRailGeometry.js"
+      "src/ui/panelRailGeometry.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -542,13 +608,20 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/ui/scenes.js",
       "src/ui/sceneControls.js",
-      "src/ui/scenePresentation.js"
+      "src/ui/scenePresentation.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
   "ui-shell": {
     "exports": ["./ui/shell"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
+      "src/ui/placeNames.js",
       "src/hudLayouts.js",
       "src/hudLayoutPolicy.js",
       "src/cyberSonar.js",
@@ -570,6 +643,7 @@
       "src/data/layerStateCoordinator.js",
       "src/data/layerStateTokenReservations.json",
       "src/data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js",
+      "src/data/installationNames.js",
       "src/data/scenePick.js",
       "src/keySetupCore.mjs",
       "src/localRequestGate.mjs",
@@ -587,6 +661,7 @@
       "src/styles/surveillance.js",
       "src/styles/thermal.js",
       "src/ui/applicationShell.js",
+      "src/ui/localePicker.js",
       "src/ui/cyberSonarControls.js",
       "src/ui/locationNavigation.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js",
@@ -681,7 +756,15 @@
       "src/ui/localSdrControls.js",
       "src/layers/localAdsb/feedNames.js",
       "src/ui/localSdrPresentation.js",
-      "src/data/cameraArrival.js"
+      "src/data/cameraArrival.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/ui/keyGuidance.js",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js",
+      "src/ui/statusText.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -734,6 +817,7 @@
       "src/director/interactions/session.js",
       "src/director/sharing/bundle.js",
       "src/director/sharing/preview.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/director/sharing/lifetime.js",
       "src/director/authoring.js"
     ],
@@ -748,6 +832,7 @@
       "src/data/bhoteKoshiFloodPath.js",
       "src/maps/catalog.js",
       "src/scenes/director.js",
+      "src/scenes/sceneSaveError.js",
       "src/scenes/playbackAdapter.js",
       "src/director/playback.js",
       "src/scenes/recipes.js",
@@ -783,17 +868,24 @@
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
       "src/director/sharing/bundle.js",
       "src/director/sharing/preview.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/director/sharing/lifetime.js",
       "src/director/authoring.js",
       "src/scenes/sharing.js",
       "src/ui/sceneSharing.js",
-      "src/data/cameraArrival.js"
+      "src/data/cameraArrival.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
   "live-observations": {
     "exports": ["./sources/live"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/data/aircraftEmergency.js",
       "src/sources/live/aircraft.js",
       "src/sources/live/contract.js",
@@ -806,12 +898,14 @@
   "civil-flights": {
     "exports": ["./layers/flights"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/cyberSonar.js",
       "src/data/aircraftClass.js",
       "src/data/aircraftEmergency.js",
       "src/data/aircraftIcons.js",
       "src/data/aircraftMeta.js",
       "src/data/aircraftNearbyPolicy.js",
+      "src/data/approxDistance.js",
       "src/data/cockpitAirLod.js",
       "src/data/cockpitContactDot.js",
       "src/data/contactMatch.js",
@@ -823,6 +917,7 @@
       "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/data/renderAltitude.js",
       "src/data/routePlausible.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/trackedModelRegime.js",
       "src/data/trackingClickGesture.js",
       "src/layers/flights/controller.js",
@@ -843,13 +938,19 @@
       "src/layers/flights/snapshotRenderer.js",
       "src/layers/flights/modelSpec.js",
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
-      "src/data/modelEligibility.js"
+      "src/data/modelEligibility.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
   "military-flights": {
     "exports": ["./layers/military"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/cyberSonar.js",
       "src/data/aircraftClass.js",
       "src/data/aircraftEmergency.js",
@@ -883,13 +984,18 @@
       "src/layers/military/recordPolicy.js",
       "src/layers/military/snapshotRenderer.js",
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
-      "src/data/modelEligibility.js"
+      "src/data/modelEligibility.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
   "aircraft-mechanics": {
     "exports": ["./aircraft"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/data/aircraftClass.js",
       "src/data/aircraftIcons.js",
       "src/data/aircraftMeta.js",
@@ -906,6 +1012,7 @@
       "src/data/motionModel.js",
       "src/data/renderAltitude.js",
       "src/data/routePlausible.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/trackedModelRegime.js",
       "src/data/trackingClickGesture.js",
       "src/layers/aircraft/classification.js",
@@ -936,7 +1043,11 @@
       "src/layers/vessels/records.js",
       "src/layers/vessels/recordPolicy.js",
       "src/layers/vessels/snapshotRenderer.js",
-      "src/data/inputOwnership.js"
+      "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -953,13 +1064,20 @@
   "recent-imagery": {
     "exports": ["./layers/recent-imagery"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/layers/recentImagery/index.js",
       "src/layers/recentImagery/source.js",
       "src/layers/recentImagery/model.js",
       "src/layers/recentImagery/catalog.js",
       "src/layers/recentImagery/rendering.js",
       "src/layers/recentImagery/thumbnails.js",
-      "src/maps/imageryHost.js"
+      "src/maps/imageryHost.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/layers/recentImagery/display.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -982,7 +1100,11 @@
       "src/layers/firms/source.js",
       "src/layers/firms/state.js",
       "src/layers/firms/viewport.js",
-      "src/data/inputOwnership.js"
+      "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1008,7 +1130,12 @@
       "src/layers/satellites/state.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/testing.js",
       "src/layers/satellites/tracking.js",
-      "src/data/inputOwnership.js"
+      "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "satellite.js"]
   },
@@ -1035,7 +1162,11 @@
       "src/layers/launches/source.js",
       "src/layers/launches/state.js",
       "src/layers/launches/testing.js",
-      "src/data/inputOwnership.js"
+      "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1045,6 +1176,7 @@
       "src/data/cameraSensitivity.js",
       "src/data/installationFeedback.js",
       "src/data/militaryInstallationData.js",
+      "src/data/installationNames.js",
       "src/layers/installations/controls.js",
       "src/layers/installations/index.js",
       "src/layers/installations/ingestion.js",
@@ -1060,6 +1192,7 @@
       "src/data/tomtomTiles.js",
       "src/sources/capability.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/openFreeMap.js",
       "src/sources/militaryTileGeometry.js",
       "src/sources/vectorTiles.js",
@@ -1070,17 +1203,24 @@
       "src/data/bundledJson.js",
       "src/data/retryableLoad.js",
       "src/layers/installations/namedMarkers.js",
-      "src/data/infrastructureOverlayEntry.js"
+      "src/data/infrastructureOverlayEntry.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/layers/installations/classLabel.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "@mapbox/vector-tile", "pbf"]
   },
   "awareness-layer": {
     "exports": ["./layers/awareness"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/cyberSonar.js",
       "src/cockpitMath.js",
       "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js",
+      "src/data/installationNames.js",
       "src/layers/awareness/controls.js",
       "src/layers/awareness/dependencies.js",
       "src/layers/awareness/focus.js",
@@ -1097,7 +1237,12 @@
       "src/layers/awareness/state.js",
       "src/layers/awareness/subject.js",
       "src/layers/awareness/testing.js",
-      "src/ui/panelRailGeometry.js"
+      "src/ui/panelRailGeometry.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1108,6 +1253,7 @@
       "src/data/flowMatch.js",
       "src/data/tomtomTiles.js",
       "src/data/trafficBounds.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/trafficFlowStyle.js",
       "src/data/trafficPresetStyle.js",
       "src/data/trafficQueue.js",
@@ -1134,11 +1280,17 @@
       "src/sources/overpassRoads.js",
       "src/sources/capability.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/openFreeMap.js",
+      "src/data/installationNames.js",
       "src/sources/militaryTileGeometry.js",
       "src/sources/vectorTiles.js",
       "src/sources/phaseTiming.js",
-      "src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js"
+      "src/layers/traffic/roadModes.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "pbf", "@mapbox/vector-tile"]
   },
@@ -1150,6 +1302,7 @@
       "src/layers/bikeshare/ingestion.js",
       "src/layers/bikeshare/lifecycle.js",
       "src/layers/bikeshare/model.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/sources/gbfsStations.js",
       "src/layers/bikeshare/policy.js",
       "src/layers/bikeshare/queries.js",
@@ -1161,7 +1314,11 @@
       "src/layers/bikeshare/testing.js",
       "src/layers/bikeshare/viewport.js",
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
-      "src/data/cameraSensitivity.js"
+      "src/data/cameraSensitivity.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1189,6 +1346,7 @@
       "src/layers/cctv/ingestion.js",
       "src/layers/cctv/lifecycle.js",
       "src/layers/cctv/model.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js",
       "src/layers/cctv/navigation.js",
       "src/layers/cctv/policy.js",
@@ -1203,7 +1361,11 @@
       "src/overlays/worldOverlayTokens.js",
       "src/data/cctvFootprint.js",
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
-      "src/layers/cctv/sourcePolicy.js"
+      "src/layers/cctv/sourcePolicy.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["hls.js", "cesium"]
   },
@@ -1264,7 +1426,11 @@
       "src/layers/streetLevel/lineCoverage.js",
       "src/layers/streetLevel/sequenceCones.js",
       "src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/source.js",
-      "scripts/qa-street-level.mjs"
+      "scripts/qa-street-level.mjs",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "pbf", "@mapbox/vector-tile", "mapillary-js"]
   },
@@ -1284,9 +1450,14 @@
       "src/layers/alpr/tileRecords.js",
       "src/sources/capability.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/vectorTiles.js",
       "src/sources/phaseTiming.js",
-      "src/layers/alpr/floors.js"
+      "src/layers/alpr/floors.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "@mapbox/vector-tile", "pbf"]
   },
@@ -1321,7 +1492,11 @@
       "src/layers/radio/tuningNoise.js",
       "src/layers/radio/volume.js",
       "src/ui/radioTunerModel.js",
-      "src/data/inputOwnership.js"
+      "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1338,7 +1513,11 @@
       "src/layers/submarineCables/rendering.js",
       "src/layers/submarineCables/state.js",
       "src/layers/submarineCables/surface.js",
-      "src/data/inputOwnership.js"
+      "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1355,6 +1534,7 @@
     "exports": ["./geography/natural-earth", "./geography/neighborhoods"],
     "modules": [
       "src/data/naturalEarthRegions.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/neighborhoodPolygons.js",
       "src/data/bundledJson.js",
       "src/data/retryableLoad.js",
@@ -1374,6 +1554,7 @@
       "./maps/defaults"
     ],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/maps/availability.js",
       "src/maps/catalog.js",
       "src/maps/controller.js",
@@ -1387,7 +1568,11 @@
       "src/maps/terrainRetry.js",
       "src/keySetupCore.mjs",
       "src/localRequestGate.mjs",
-      "src/maps/imageryHost.js"
+      "src/maps/imageryHost.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -1431,10 +1616,19 @@
       "src/voice/referents.js",
       "src/voice/layerManifest.js",
       "src/voice/speech.js",
+      "src/cityPois.js",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/ui/placeNames.js",
       "src/voice/narration.js",
       "src/voice/earcon.js",
       "src/voice/pointerContext.js",
-      "src/voice/pointerReticle.js"
+      "src/voice/pointerReticle.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/statusText.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -1458,6 +1652,7 @@
       "./standalone/catalog"
     ],
     "modules": [
+      "src/ui/placeNames.js",
       "src/cyberSonarScene.js",
       "src/cyberSonar.js",
       "src/hudLayouts.js",
@@ -1465,6 +1660,7 @@
       "src/ui/radioPanelPlacement.js",
       "src/cyberSonarGpu.js",
       "src/scenes/nepalEvidencePack.js",
+      "src/data/approxDistance.js",
       "src/data/bhoteKoshiEvent.js",
       "src/ui/imagerySplit.js",
       "src/data/bhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia.js",
@@ -1473,6 +1669,7 @@
       "src/data/bhoteKoshiFloodPath.js",
       "src/data/bhoteKoshiShotPaths.js",
       "src/annotations/annotationEngine.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/annotations/annotationResolver.js",
       "src/annotations/hybridAnnotationRenderer.js",
       "src/annotations/index.js",
@@ -1600,6 +1797,7 @@
       "src/data/meshFloorSampler.js",
       "src/data/militaryAwareness.js",
       "src/data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js",
+      "src/data/installationNames.js",
       "src/data/militaryFlights.js",
       "src/data/militaryInstallationData.js",
       "src/data/militaryInstallations.js",
@@ -1646,6 +1844,7 @@
       "src/firstRunExperience.js",
       "src/hud.js",
       "src/hudLocality.js",
+      "src/hudLocalityFormat.js",
       "src/hudSummaryResponse.js",
       "src/keySetup.js",
       "src/keySetupCore.mjs",
@@ -1872,6 +2071,7 @@
       "src/loadingFeedback.js",
       "src/locationStatus.js",
       "src/locations.js",
+      "src/cityPois.js",
       "src/logoGaze.js",
       "src/mapStackChips.js",
       "src/mapStackController.js",
@@ -1896,6 +2096,7 @@
       "src/renderGovernor.js",
       "src/rightRailPolicy.js",
       "src/scenes/director.js",
+      "src/scenes/sceneSaveError.js",
       "src/scenes/playbackAdapter.js",
       "src/director/playback.js",
       "src/scenes/recipes.js",
@@ -1928,6 +2129,7 @@
       "src/styles/surveillance.js",
       "src/styles/thermal.js",
       "src/ui/applicationShell.js",
+      "src/ui/localePicker.js",
       "src/ui/cyberSonarControls.js",
       "src/ui/locationNavigation.js",
       "src/ui/cockpitCoordinator.js",
@@ -2014,6 +2216,7 @@
       "src/voice/control.js",
       "src/voice/gevActions.js",
       "src/voice/speech.js",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js",
       "src/voice/earcon.js",
       "src/voice/narration.js",
       "src/voice/turnMetrics.js",
@@ -2047,6 +2250,7 @@
       "src/ui/geoFileImport.js",
       "src/data/routeSteps.js",
       "src/layers/directions/index.js",
+      "src/data/pointerOwnerNames.js",
       "src/layers/directions/source.js",
       "src/data/directions.js",
       "src/app/layers/directions.js",
@@ -2077,6 +2281,7 @@
       "src/search/nominatim.js",
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/nominatim.js",
       "src/app/layers/transit.js",
       "src/data/transit.js",
@@ -2270,13 +2475,22 @@
       "src/voice/actionSchemas.js",
       "src/view/index.js",
       "src/app/embed.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/layers/recentImagery/display.js",
+      "src/ui/keyGuidance.js",
+      "src/layers/installations/classLabel.js",
       "src/data/cameraFraming.js",
       "src/data/geoImportPins.js",
       "src/data/geoImportImages.js",
       "src/app/layers/airQuality.js",
       "src/layers/airQuality/index.js",
       "src/layers/airQuality/model.js",
-      "src/layers/airQuality/source.js"
+      "src/layers/airQuality/source.js",
+      "src/ui/statusText.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -2299,6 +2513,7 @@
     "exports": ["./application/layers"],
     "modules": [
       "src/cyberSonar.js",
+      "src/data/approxDistance.js",
       "src/data/bhoteKoshiEvent.js",
       "src/ui/imagerySplit.js",
       "src/maps/imageryComparison.js",
@@ -2307,6 +2522,7 @@
       "src/data/bhoteKoshiIncidentPlaces.js",
       "src/data/bhoteKoshiFloodPath.js",
       "src/data/bhoteKoshiShotPaths.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/annotations/annotationResolver.js",
       "src/annotations/resolver.js",
       "src/app/catalog.js",
@@ -2382,6 +2598,7 @@
       "src/data/local_data/natural_earth/regions.json",
       "src/data/local_data/neighborhoods/san-francisco.json",
       "src/data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js",
+      "src/data/installationNames.js",
       "src/data/militaryInstallationData.js",
       "src/data/modelVisualAnchor.js",
       "src/data/motionModel.js",
@@ -2631,6 +2848,7 @@
       "src/layers/vessels/testing.js",
       "src/layers/vessels/tracking.js",
       "src/locations.js",
+      "src/cityPois.js",
       "src/navigationPolicy.js",
       "src/overlays/worldOverlay.js",
       "src/overlays/worldOverlayDraw.js",
@@ -2664,6 +2882,7 @@
       "src/services/groundFloor.js",
       "src/data/routeSteps.js",
       "src/layers/directions/index.js",
+      "src/data/pointerOwnerNames.js",
       "src/layers/directions/source.js",
       "src/services/terrainHeights.js",
       "src/data/terrainHeights.js",
@@ -2691,6 +2910,7 @@
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/nominatim.js",
       "src/app/layers/transit.js",
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
@@ -2827,11 +3047,20 @@
       "src/layers/installations/namedMarkers.js",
       "src/data/infrastructureOverlayEntry.js",
       "src/sources/infrastructureData.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/layers/recentImagery/display.js",
+      "src/layers/installations/classLabel.js",
       "src/data/cameraFraming.js",
       "src/app/layers/airQuality.js",
       "src/layers/airQuality/index.js",
       "src/layers/airQuality/model.js",
-      "src/layers/airQuality/source.js"
+      "src/layers/airQuality/source.js",
+      "src/ui/statusText.js",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js"
     ],
     "external": [
       "hls.js",
@@ -2853,8 +3082,10 @@
       "src/app/operations.js",
       "src/sources/sourceSlot.js",
       "src/app/surfaceServices.js",
+      "src/data/approxDistance.js",
       "src/data/dataCredits.js",
       "src/data/geoid.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/local_data/natural_earth/marine.json",
       "src/data/local_data/natural_earth/regions.json",
       "src/data/local_data/neighborhoods/san-francisco.json",
@@ -2870,6 +3101,7 @@
       "src/keylessGeocoder.js",
       "src/layers/firms/anchors.js",
       "src/locations.js",
+      "src/cityPois.js",
       "src/cameraGroundGuard.js",
       "src/search/alpsGeocoder.js",
       "src/search/defaults.js",
@@ -2890,6 +3122,7 @@
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/nominatim.js",
       "src/sources/featureGeometry.js",
       "src/sources/overpassFeaturesRecords.js",
@@ -2919,13 +3152,18 @@
       "src/navigationPolicy.js",
       "src/ui/navigationController.js",
       "src/app/stateChannel.js",
-      "src/data/cameraArrival.js"
+      "src/data/cameraArrival.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/i18n/index.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
   "ui-share-restoration": {
     "exports": ["./ui/share-restoration"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/data/installationFeedback.js",
       "src/data/idSwitches.js",
       "src/data/layerState.js",
@@ -2934,7 +3172,11 @@
       "src/loadingFeedback.js",
       "src/navigationPolicy.js",
       "src/ui/shareRestoration.js",
-      "src/ui/uiLifetime.js"
+      "src/ui/uiLifetime.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -2962,7 +3204,11 @@
       "src/ui/visualEffects.js",
       "src/ui/visualInput.js",
       "src/ui/visualPresets.js",
-      "src/ui/visualSettings.js"
+      "src/ui/visualSettings.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -2982,16 +3228,22 @@
       "src/ui/panelRailGeometry.js",
       "src/ui/panelRails.js",
       "src/ui/rightPanelRail.js",
-      "src/ui/uiLifetime.js"
+      "src/ui/uiLifetime.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
   "civil-flight-records": {
     "exports": ["./layers/flights/records"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/layers/flights/records.js",
       "src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js",
       "src/data/aircraftMeta.js",
+      "src/data/approxDistance.js",
       "src/data/renderAltitude.js",
       "src/data/aircraftClass.js",
       "src/data/aircraftEmergency.js"
@@ -3002,13 +3254,15 @@
     "exports": ["./layers/flights/ingestion"],
     "modules": [
       "src/layers/flights/ingestion.js",
-      "src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js"
+      "src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js",
+      "src/data/approxDistance.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
   "military-flight-records": {
     "exports": ["./layers/military/records"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/layers/military/records.js",
       "src/layers/military/recordPolicy.js",
       "src/data/aircraftMeta.js",
@@ -3060,9 +3314,16 @@
   "directions-layer": {
     "exports": ["./layers/directions"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/layers/directions/index.js",
+      "src/data/pointerOwnerNames.js",
       "src/layers/directions/source.js",
-      "src/data/routeSteps.js"
+      "src/data/routeSteps.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -3078,7 +3339,7 @@
   },
   "regional-source": {
     "exports": ["./sources/regional"],
-    "modules": ["src/data/regionalModel.js"],
+    "modules": ["src/data/regionalModel.js", "src/geoDistance.js"],
     "external": []
   },
   "voice-action-schemas": {
@@ -3098,6 +3359,7 @@
   "voice-session-controls": {
     "exports": ["./voice/session-controls"],
     "modules": [
+      "src/ui/placeNames.js",
       "src/voice/sessionCommands.js",
       "src/voice/session.js",
       "src/voice/control.js",
@@ -3107,7 +3369,15 @@
       "src/voice/referents.js",
       "src/voice/layerManifest.js",
       "src/voice/speech.js",
-      "src/voice/pointerReticle.js"
+      "src/cityPois.js",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js",
+      "src/ui/unitLabels.js",
+      "src/voice/pointerReticle.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/statusText.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -3120,6 +3390,7 @@
       "src/data/tomtomTiles.js",
       "src/layers/alpr/tileRecords.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/vectorTiles.js",
       "src/sources/phaseTiming.js"
     ],
@@ -3153,9 +3424,11 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/layers/installations/source.js",
       "src/data/militaryInstallationData.js",
+      "src/data/installationNames.js",
       "src/data/tomtomTiles.js",
       "src/sources/capability.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/openFreeMap.js",
       "src/sources/militaryTileGeometry.js",
       "src/sources/vectorTiles.js",
@@ -3193,7 +3466,9 @@
       "src/layers/traffic/source.js",
       "src/sources/overpassRoads.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/openFreeMap.js",
+      "src/data/installationNames.js",
       "src/sources/militaryTileGeometry.js",
       "src/sources/vectorTiles.js",
       "src/sources/phaseTiming.js",
@@ -3209,6 +3484,7 @@
       "src/layers/earthquakes/source.js",
       "src/layers/earthquakes/records.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/layers/perimeters/source.js",
       "src/layers/perimeters/records.js",
       "src/layers/submarineCables/bundledSource.js",
@@ -3226,14 +3502,16 @@
       "src/search/google.js",
       "src/search/geospatial.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/nominatim.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
   "source-http-body": {
     "exports": ["./sources/http-body"],
-    "modules": ["src/sources/httpBody.js"],
+    "modules": ["src/sources/httpBody.js", "src/i18n/marker.js"],
     "external": []
   },
   "overpass-lexer": {
@@ -3248,7 +3526,9 @@
       "src/nominatimGeocode.js",
       "src/search/geospatial.js",
       "src/data/regionalModel.js",
-      "src/sources/httpBody.js"
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   },
@@ -3262,8 +3542,10 @@
       "server/providers/transitHistory.js",
       "src/data/gtfsRealtime.js",
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/transitProxy.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/transitHistory.js",
       "src/sources/transitService.js",
       "src/sources/transitHistoryStore.js",
@@ -3276,6 +3558,7 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/data/gtfsRealtime.js",
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/transitProxy.js",
       "src/sources/transitHistory.js"
     ],
@@ -3287,6 +3570,7 @@
       "src/cyberSonar.js",
       "src/app/sourceSlot.js",
       "src/celestialRing.js",
+      "src/data/approxDistance.js",
       "src/data/cameraSensitivity.js",
       "src/data/contactPlayback.js",
       "src/data/contactTrailRenderer.js",
@@ -3296,6 +3580,7 @@
       "src/data/geoid.js",
       "src/data/groundFloor.js",
       "src/data/gtfsRealtime.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
       "src/data/labelArbiter.js",
@@ -3339,7 +3624,11 @@
       "src/sources/overpassFeaturesRecords.js",
       "src/sources/overpassFeatures.js",
       "src/sources/featureSource.js",
-      "src/sources/capability.js"
+      "src/sources/capability.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "egm96-universal", "pbf"]
   },
@@ -3349,6 +3638,7 @@
       "src/data/iconOrientation.js",
       "src/data/inputOwnership.js",
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/transitIcons.js",
       "src/data/transitPresetStyle.js",
       "src/layers/transit/controls.js",
@@ -3376,7 +3666,11 @@
       "scripts/qa-transit-controls.mjs",
       "scripts/qa-transit-browser.mjs",
       "src/layers/transit/source.js",
-      "src/sources/transitHistory.js"
+      "src/sources/transitHistory.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium", "pbf"]
   },
@@ -3392,9 +3686,11 @@
     "exports": ["./sources/transit-service"],
     "modules": [
       "src/data/transitFeeds.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js",
       "src/data/transitProxy.js",
       "src/data/gtfsRealtime.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/sources/transitHistory.js",
       "src/sources/transitService.js",
       "src/sources/transitHistoryStore.js",
@@ -3418,10 +3714,15 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/layers/perimeters/index.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/layers/perimeters/source.js",
       "src/layers/perimeters/records.js",
       "src/layers/perimeters/cards.js",
-      "src/layers/perimeters/inciweb.js"
+      "src/layers/perimeters/inciweb.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -3430,14 +3731,25 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/layers/gnss/index.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/layers/gnss/source.js",
-      "src/layers/gnss/records.js"
+      "src/layers/gnss/records.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/statusText.js",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
   "gnss-source": {
     "exports": ["./layers/gnss/source"],
-    "modules": ["src/sources/httpBody.js", "src/layers/gnss/source.js"],
+    "modules": [
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
+      "src/layers/gnss/source.js"
+    ],
     "external": []
   },
   "perimeters-source": {
@@ -3445,6 +3757,7 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/layers/perimeters/records.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/layers/perimeters/source.js"
     ],
     "external": []
@@ -3478,6 +3791,7 @@
       "src/layers/wind/inspection.js",
       "src/layers/wind/model.js",
       "src/layers/wind/fields.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/tools/queries/imagery.js",
       "src/tools/queries/cables.js",
       "src/tools/queries/surveillance.js",
@@ -3497,7 +3811,8 @@
       "src/view/index.js",
       "src/tools/views.js",
       "src/tools/globePanel.js",
-      "src/tools/queries/panelRequest.js"
+      "src/tools/queries/panelRequest.js",
+      "src/geoDistance.js"
     ],
     "external": ["satellite.js"]
   },
@@ -3531,6 +3846,7 @@
       "src/layers/cctv/sourcePolicy.js",
       "src/layers/cyclones/source.js",
       "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
       "src/layers/earthquakes/source.js",
       "src/layers/earthquakes/records.js",
       "src/layers/firms/source.js",
@@ -3542,6 +3858,7 @@
       "src/data/retryableLoad.js",
       "src/data/local_data/osm_military_names/names.json",
       "src/sources/openFreeMap.js",
+      "src/data/installationNames.js",
       "src/sources/vectorTiles.js",
       "src/sources/phaseTiming.js",
       "src/data/tomtomTiles.js",
@@ -3576,6 +3893,8 @@
       "src/layers/weather/source.js",
       "src/layers/wind/source.js",
       "src/sources/windBody.js",
+      "src/layers/wind/fields.js",
+      "src/layers/wind/model.js",
       "src/layers/recentImagery/catalog.js",
       "src/layers/recentImagery/model.js",
       "src/layers/submarineCables/bundledSource.js",
@@ -3604,7 +3923,14 @@
       "src/layers/airQuality/index.js",
       "src/layers/airQuality/model.js",
       "src/layers/airQuality/source.js",
-      "src/sources/httpBody.js"
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js",
+      "src/i18n/index.js",
+      "src/i18n/locale.js",
+      "src/i18n/locales/es.json",
+      "src/i18n/locales/ru.json",
+      "src/ui/statusText.js",
+      "src/ui/layerNames.js"
     ],
     "external": ["cesium"]
   },
@@ -3613,7 +3939,8 @@
     "modules": [
       "src/layers/airQuality/model.js",
       "src/layers/airQuality/source.js",
-      "src/sources/httpBody.js"
+      "src/sources/httpBody.js",
+      "src/i18n/marker.js"
     ],
     "external": []
   }
diff --git a/scripts/pinokio-install.mjs b/scripts/pinokio-install.mjs
index 01a26ccce..4e52bf3af 100644
--- a/scripts/pinokio-install.mjs
+++ b/scripts/pinokio-install.mjs
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ export function runChecked(command, args, { shell = false } = {}) {
 export function installPinokioDependencies() {
   applyPinokioEnvironment();
   rmSync(READY_FILE, { force: true });
-  const npm = npmProcessSpec();
-  runChecked(npm.command, ['ci'], { shell: npm.shell });
+  const npm = npmProcessSpec(['ci']);
+  runChecked(npm.command, npm.args, { shell: npm.shell });
 
   // Pinokio starts Vite directly and loads only its ENVIRONMENT file plus the
   // normal dotenv ladder. Unlike dev-fresh.sh, it does not import macOS
diff --git a/scripts/qa-l9-matrix.mjs b/scripts/qa-l9-matrix.mjs
index 2a3d7328e..fdac4fd40 100644
--- a/scripts/qa-l9-matrix.mjs
+++ b/scripts/qa-l9-matrix.mjs
@@ -2006,8 +2006,9 @@ async function runBrowserGroup(record) {
       for (let i = 0; i < 20; i += 1) {
         // eslint-disable-next-line no-await-in-loop
         await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 500));
-        const status = document.getElementById('gev-voice-status')?.textContent?.trim() || '';
-        if (status && status !== 'CONNECTING') break;
+        // The label is translated; the machine state is on the control.
+        const status = document.getElementById('gev-voice-control')?.dataset.status || '';
+        if (status && status !== 'connecting') break;
       }
       let diag = null;
       try { diag = vc.getDiagnostics?.(); } catch { /* not started */ }
diff --git a/scripts/qa-location-controls.mjs b/scripts/qa-location-controls.mjs
index 606d67b83..46da4fe37 100644
--- a/scripts/qa-location-controls.mjs
+++ b/scripts/qa-location-controls.mjs
@@ -84,6 +84,63 @@ try {
       () => window.__godsEyeView.styleManager._activePoiIndex === 1,
     ),
   );
+  const geocoderRequests = [];
+  const recordGeocoderRequest = (request) => {
+    const url = new URL(request.url());
+    if (
+      url.pathname === '/api/geocode' ||
+      url.pathname === '/api/google/geocode' ||
+      (url.hostname === 'photon.komoot.io' && url.pathname === '/api/')
+    )
+      geocoderRequests.push(request.url());
+  };
+  page.on('request', recordGeocoderRequest);
+  await page.$eval('#location-search', (input) => {
+    input.value = 'geo:39.7392,-104.9903';
+    input.focus();
+  });
+  await page.keyboard.press('Enter');
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () => {
+      const state =
+        window.__godsEyeView.styleManager._locationLookup.getState();
+      return (
+        state.query === 'geo:39.7392,-104.9903' && state.status === 'found'
+      );
+    },
+    { timeout: 30000 },
+  );
+  await page.waitForFunction(
+    () => !window.__godsEyeView.viewer.camera._currentFlight,
+    { timeout: 10000 },
+  );
+  check(
+    'native geo URI search shows the decimal coordinate readout',
+    await page.evaluate(() => {
+      const ui = window.__godsEyeView.styleManager;
+      return (
+        ui._searchedLocationLabel === '39.7392° N, 104.9903° W' &&
+        ui._locationMiniCity.textContent.includes('39.7392° N') &&
+        ui._locationMiniPoi.textContent === '104.9903° W'
+      );
+    }),
+  );
+  check(
+    'geo URI navigation settles near the requested coordinate',
+    await page.evaluate(() => {
+      const position = window.__godsEyeView.viewer.camera.positionCartographic;
+      const degrees = 180 / Math.PI;
+      return (
+        Math.abs(position.latitude * degrees - 39.7392) < 0.05 &&
+        Math.abs(position.longitude * degrees + 104.9903) < 0.05
+      );
+    }),
+  );
+  check(
+    'geo URI search makes no geocoder request',
+    geocoderRequests.length === 0,
+  );
+  page.off('request', recordGeocoderRequest);
   await page.evaluate(() => {
     const lookup = window.__godsEyeView.styleManager._locationLookup;
     window.__qaSearchRequests = [];
@@ -96,6 +153,7 @@ try {
         window.__qaSearchRequests.push({ query, options, resolve }),
       );
     document.getElementById('location-search').value = 'First';
+    document.getElementById('location-search').focus();
   });
   await page.keyboard.press('Enter');
   await page.waitForFunction(() => window.__qaSearchRequests.length === 1);
diff --git a/scripts/qa-radio.mjs b/scripts/qa-radio.mjs
index adbbfdf81..648075bd2 100644
--- a/scripts/qa-radio.mjs
+++ b/scripts/qa-radio.mjs
@@ -167,6 +167,13 @@ async function main() {
     page.on('request', (request) => {
       const url = new URL(request.url());
 
+      // Radio QA uses keyless maps; an optional Google token is not offered.
+      if (request.method() === 'GET' && url.origin === APP_ORIGIN
+        && url.pathname === '/api/google/tiles-token') {
+        request.respond({ status: 200, contentType: 'application/json', body: '{}' });
+        return;
+      }
+
     // These scenarios exercise Context lifecycle and keyboard ownership, not
     // live orbit accuracy. Reuse the tracking suite's fixed element sets so
     // CelesTrak outages cannot invalidate an otherwise clean UI run.
diff --git a/scripts/qa-scene-dialog-file-drop.mjs b/scripts/qa-scene-dialog-file-drop.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b48555ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/qa-scene-dialog-file-drop.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+/**
+ * qa-scene-dialog-file-drop — the SHARE SCENE dialog's file control accepts a
+ * file dropped from the desktop, proved in a real browser.
+ *
+ * The dialog draws a translated row over the native file input
+ * (src/ui/sceneSharing.js, fileChooser). The input must still cover the row,
+ * or drops miss it. Drops a file on the row's centre via CDP and expects
+ * `input.files` to hold it.
+ *
+ * Usage:
+ *   node scripts/qa-scene-dialog-file-drop.mjs
+ *
+ * Needs the repository's puppeteer (devDependencies). Exit status 0 when the
+ * drop selects the file, 1 otherwise.
+ */
+import http from 'node:http';
+import { mkdtemp, readFile, rm, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import puppeteer from 'puppeteer';
+
+const ROOT = path.resolve(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '..');
+const TYPES = {
+  '.js': 'text/javascript',
+  '.mjs': 'text/javascript',
+  '.json': 'application/json',
+  '.html': 'text/html',
+};
+
+const PAGE = `<!doctype html><html lang="en"><body>
+<script type="module">
+  import { createSceneDialog } from '/src/ui/sceneSharing.js';
+  window.openDialog = () => {
+    const dialog = createSceneDialog('Share selected scene', () => {});
+    const files = dialog.input('Choose data-pack files', '', { type: 'file' });
+    files.multiple = true;
+    window.filesInput = files;
+    // Centre of the visible row (the wrapper's last child).
+    const row = files.parentElement.lastElementChild;
+    const r = row.getBoundingClientRect();
+    return { x: r.x + r.width / 2, y: r.y + r.height / 2 };
+  };
+  window.ready = true;
+</script></body></html>`;
+
+async function dropOn(client, x, y, file) {
+  const data = { items: [], files: [file], dragOperationsMask: 1 };
+  for (const type of ['dragEnter', 'dragOver', 'drop']) {
+    await client.send('Input.dispatchDragEvent', { type, x, y, data });
+  }
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  const dir = await mkdtemp(path.join(tmpdir(), 'qa-scene-dialog-drop-'));
+  const pack = path.join(dir, 'pack.json');
+  await writeFile(pack, '{}');
+  const server = http.createServer(async (req, res) => {
+    if (req.url === '/') {
+      res.writeHead(200, { 'content-type': 'text/html' });
+      res.end(PAGE);
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      const body = await readFile(path.join(ROOT, req.url));
+      res.writeHead(200, {
+        'content-type': TYPES[path.extname(req.url)] || 'text/plain',
+      });
+      res.end(body);
+    } catch {
+      res.writeHead(404).end();
+    }
+  });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
+  const url = `http://127.0.0.1:${server.address().port}/`;
+  const browser = await puppeteer.launch({ headless: true });
+  try {
+    const page = await browser.newPage();
+    await page.setViewport({ width: 1000, height: 800 });
+    const errors = [];
+    page.on('pageerror', (error) => errors.push(String(error)));
+    await page.goto(url);
+    await page.waitForFunction(() => window.ready === true);
+    const point = await page.evaluate(() => window.openDialog());
+    const client = await page.createCDPSession();
+    await dropOn(client, point.x, point.y, pack);
+    const names = await page.evaluate(() =>
+      [...window.filesInput.files].map((file) => file.name),
+    );
+    console.log(JSON.stringify({ names, errors }));
+    if (errors.length) throw new Error(`page errors: ${errors.join('; ')}`);
+    if (names.length !== 1 || names[0] !== 'pack.json') {
+      throw new Error(
+        `expected the dropped pack.json to be selected, got ${JSON.stringify(names)}`,
+      );
+    }
+    console.log('OK: a file dropped on the visible control is selected');
+  } finally {
+    await browser.close();
+    server.close();
+    await rm(dir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+}
+
+main().catch((error) => {
+  console.error(error);
+  process.exitCode = 1;
+});
diff --git a/scripts/setup-doctor.mjs b/scripts/setup-doctor.mjs
index 49c6722c2..01e048091 100644
--- a/scripts/setup-doctor.mjs
+++ b/scripts/setup-doctor.mjs
@@ -76,10 +76,15 @@ export function hasRequiredDependencies(rootDir = ROOT) {
   }
 }
 
-/** Return the npm command and spawn mode required by the target platform. */
-export function npmProcessSpec(platform = process.platform) {
-  const windows = platform === 'win32';
-  return { command: windows ? 'npm.cmd' : 'npm', shell: windows };
+/**
+ * Return the npm command, arguments and spawn mode for the target platform.
+ * Windows must run npm.cmd through a shell, and Node 24 deprecates passing an
+ * argument array with `shell: true` (DEP0190), so there the arguments, which
+ * are fixed npm subcommands, join the command string.
+ */
+export function npmProcessSpec(args, platform = process.platform) {
+  if (platform !== 'win32') return { command: 'npm', args, shell: false };
+  return { command: ['npm.cmd', ...args].join(' '), args: [], shell: true };
 }
 
 /** Read one key from Vite's dotenv file ladder without depending on Vite. */
@@ -190,8 +195,8 @@ export function buildCapabilitySummary(
 
 export function inspectSetup({ includeKeychain = true, authoritativeEnvironment = false, rootDir = ROOT } = {}) {
   const node = classifyNodeVersion();
-  const npm = npmProcessSpec();
-  const npmResult = spawnSync(npm.command, ['--version'], {
+  const npm = npmProcessSpec(['--version']);
+  const npmResult = spawnSync(npm.command, npm.args, {
     encoding: 'utf8',
     shell: npm.shell,
   });
diff --git a/server/providers/aircraft/enrichment.js b/server/providers/aircraft/enrichment.js
index 9b7c1b1bb..4c069fa7f 100644
--- a/server/providers/aircraft/enrichment.js
+++ b/server/providers/aircraft/enrichment.js
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ const ADSBDB_MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES = 1024 * 1024;
 /**
  * adsbdb.com enrichment proxy: callsign → route (airline + origin/destination
  * airports) and hex → aircraft type/registration. Free community API — cached
- * aggressively: ONE upstream request per new key ever (404s negative-cached),
- * persisted to disk so restarts don't re-hammer it. Adapted from skylight
+ * aggressively: successes and 404s are kept per key for 24 hours (TTL_MS) and
+ * persisted to disk so restarts don't re-hammer it; other failures are not
+ * cached. Adapted from skylight
  * (MIT) server/src/enrich/routes.ts.
  */
 export function adsbdbProxy() {
diff --git a/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js b/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js
index 6c54622e9..2d4e16e11 100644
--- a/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js
+++ b/server/providers/cctv/normalize.js
@@ -39,11 +39,21 @@ export function escapeXml(text) {
 /**
  * Coerce a value to a finite number, returning fallback if NaN/Infinity.
  *
+ * Absent, blank and boolean values take the fallback too: `Number` reads
+ * null, '' and false as 0, which would turn a missing coordinate, heading or
+ * elevation into a real zero.
+ *
  * @param {*} value
  * @param {number} [fallback=NaN]
  * @returns {number}
  */
 export function toFiniteNumber(value, fallback = NaN) {
+  if (
+    value == null ||
+    typeof value === 'boolean' ||
+    (typeof value === 'string' && !value.trim())
+  )
+    return fallback;
   const num = Number(value);
   return Number.isFinite(num) ? num : fallback;
 }
diff --git a/server/providers/cyclones.js b/server/providers/cyclones.js
index d580357ce..3e5f2f6d1 100644
--- a/server/providers/cyclones.js
+++ b/server/providers/cyclones.js
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ const STATUS_URL = 'https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/CurrentStorms.json';
 const GIS =
   'https://mapservices.weather.noaa.gov/tropical/rest/services/tropical/NHC_tropical_weather_summary/MapServer';
 const HOUR = 3600_000;
+// Data, not UI copy: src/layers/cyclones/index.js keeps the same English in
+// msg() and translates it when shown (likewise 'Cyclone data unavailable').
 const COVERAGE =
   'Atlantic and eastern/central North Pacific; not worldwide cyclone coverage.';
 const LAYERS = [
diff --git a/server/providers/overpass/transport.js b/server/providers/overpass/transport.js
index 38c31bb08..e3776e291 100644
--- a/server/providers/overpass/transport.js
+++ b/server/providers/overpass/transport.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import { simplifyOverpassPayloadBody } from './geometry.js';
  * Checks for known rate-limit phrases in the body text regardless of
  * HTTP status code, since some mirrors return 200 with an error payload.
  *
- * @param {string} bodyText - Upstream response body.
+ * @param {string} bodyText - The remark of a data reply, or a non-data body.
  * @returns {boolean} True if the body looks rate-limited.
  */
 function overpassLooksRateLimited(bodyText) {
@@ -41,6 +41,14 @@ function overpassLooksRuntimeError(bodyText) {
   );
 }
 
+function parseJson(text) {
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(text);
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * True only for an upstream response that is actually Overpass data.
  *
@@ -151,15 +159,22 @@ async function fetchOverpassPayload(
         signal: controller.signal,
       });
       const responseBody = await readBody(upstream, maxResponseBytes);
+      const parsed = parseJson(responseBody);
+      // An Overpass data reply reports failure in its remark; its element
+      // tags are data and can contain any phrase. Any other body (an error
+      // page, or JSON without elements) is matched whole.
+      const failureText = Array.isArray(parsed?.elements)
+        ? String(parsed.remark || '')
+        : responseBody;
       const rateLimited =
         upstream.status === 429 ||
         upstream.status === 406 ||
-        overpassLooksRateLimited(responseBody);
+        overpassLooksRateLimited(failureText);
       if (
         rateLimited ||
         upstream.status < 200 ||
         upstream.status >= 300 ||
-        overpassLooksRuntimeError(responseBody)
+        overpassLooksRuntimeError(failureText)
       ) {
         const failures = (previous?.failures || 0) + 1;
         const delay = retryDelay(
@@ -178,7 +193,6 @@ async function fetchOverpassPayload(
         failure = refusal(status, delay);
         continue;
       }
-      const parsed = JSON.parse(responseBody);
       if (!Array.isArray(parsed?.elements) || parsed.remark)
         throw new Error('Malformed Overpass response');
       cooldowns.delete(endpoint);
diff --git a/server/providers/traffic.js b/server/providers/traffic.js
index d53db6530..da8ae73de 100644
--- a/server/providers/traffic.js
+++ b/server/providers/traffic.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   normalizeBudget as normalizeTomTomBudget,
   isOverBudget as isTomTomOverBudget,
 } from '../../src/data/tomtomTiles.js';
+import { admitSameSite } from './common/same-site.js';
 
 /**
  * TomTom traffic-flow vector-tile proxy with a daily budget governor.
@@ -35,6 +36,13 @@ import {
  * for the rest of the billing period. 6,000/day keeps a full 31-day month
  * inside the allowance (186,000) with headroom to spare.
  *
+ * Cross-site gate: both routes refuse cross-site browser requests with 403
+ * (the gate Mapillary, OpenAI and Places already use). Every uncached tile is
+ * a billed upstream attempt counted against the persistent daily budget, so
+ * without the gate any web page the user visits could fire `<img>` requests
+ * at distinct tiles, spend the TomTom quota and leave the traffic layer on
+ * 429 budget for the rest of the UTC day.
+ *
  * GET /api/tomtom/status → {hasKey, dailyCount, budget, date}. Keyless mode:
  * status reports hasKey:false and the tile endpoint 503s {error:'no_key'}
  * without touching upstream — the traffic layer then stays in simulation mode.
@@ -161,6 +169,8 @@ export function tomtomProxy() {
 
   const installMiddleware = (server) => {
     server.middlewares.use('/api/tomtom', async (req, res) => {
+      // Gate first: a cross-site <img>/fetch must not reach the budget counter.
+      if (admitSameSite(req, res)) return;
       // Sanitized responses only (proxy/security baseline): no upstream
       // error details, and never echo the key or the upstream URL.
       const sendJson = (status, obj, extraHeaders = {}) => {
diff --git a/server/providers/wind.js b/server/providers/wind.js
index e953ffca3..c94fe3979 100644
--- a/server/providers/wind.js
+++ b/server/providers/wind.js
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ import { fetchIfsWind } from './wind/ifs.js';
 import { decodeWindGribMessage } from './wind/decode.js';
 import { weatherScalarMetadata, weatherScalarError } from './wind/grid.js';
 
+// Data, not UI copy: the client (src/layers/wind/index.js) marks this exact
+// English with msg() and translates it when shown, so keep the two in sync.
+const UPSTREAM_UNAVAILABLE = 'Wind upstream unavailable';
+
 /** Serve bounded, single-flight, per-model/overlay forecast snapshots from fixed providers. */
 export function windProxy({
   fetchImpl = fetch,
@@ -25,7 +29,7 @@ export function windProxy({
       ...(overlay === 'none' ? {} : { overlay }),
       unavailable: true,
       stale: true,
-      reason: 'Wind upstream unavailable',
+      reason: UPSTREAM_UNAVAILABLE,
     },
   });
   const sendJson = (res, value, status = 200) => {
@@ -139,7 +143,7 @@ export function windProxy({
           old.manifest = {
             ...old.manifest,
             stale: true,
-            reason: 'Wind upstream unavailable',
+            reason: UPSTREAM_UNAVAILABLE,
           };
           return old;
         }
diff --git a/server/standalone/key-setup.js b/server/standalone/key-setup.js
index b8be4c036..4a36cc8a0 100644
--- a/server/standalone/key-setup.js
+++ b/server/standalone/key-setup.js
@@ -134,6 +134,8 @@ function keySetupEndpoint({ sourceRoot = defaultSourceRoot } = {}) {
   };
   // The gate itself is pure and unit-tested (admitKeySetupRequest in
   // src/keySetupCore.mjs) — this just feeds it the request.
+  // `code`/`params` pick the panel's sentence (src/keySetup.js); `error` is for logs.
+  const refusal = ({ error, code, params }) => ({ error, code, params });
   const admit = (req) =>
     admitKeySetupRequest({
       method: req.method,
@@ -247,18 +249,24 @@ function keySetupEndpoint({ sourceRoot = defaultSourceRoot } = {}) {
     configureServer(server) {
       server.middlewares.use('/api/setup/status', (req, res) => {
         if (req.method !== 'GET')
-          return respond(res, 405, { error: 'Method not allowed' });
+          return respond(res, 405, {
+            error: 'Method not allowed',
+            code: 'method',
+          });
         const admission = admit(req);
         if (!admission.ok)
-          return respond(res, admission.status, { error: admission.error });
+          return respond(res, admission.status, refusal(admission));
         respond(res, 200, providerStatus());
       });
       server.middlewares.use('/api/setup/keys', (req, res) => {
         if (req.method !== 'POST')
-          return respond(res, 405, { error: 'Method not allowed' });
+          return respond(res, 405, {
+            error: 'Method not allowed',
+            code: 'method',
+          });
         const admission = admit(req);
         if (!admission.ok)
-          return respond(res, admission.status, { error: admission.error });
+          return respond(res, admission.status, refusal(admission));
         let body = '';
         let overflowed = false;
         req.on('data', (chunk) => {
@@ -270,15 +278,21 @@ function keySetupEndpoint({ sourceRoot = defaultSourceRoot } = {}) {
         });
         req.on('end', () => {
           if (overflowed)
-            return respond(res, 413, { error: 'Request too large' });
+            return respond(res, 413, {
+              error: 'Request too large',
+              code: 'too-large',
+            });
           let parsed;
           try {
             parsed = JSON.parse(body || '{}');
           } catch {
-            return respond(res, 400, { error: 'Invalid JSON' });
+            return respond(res, 400, {
+              error: 'Invalid JSON',
+              code: 'invalid-json',
+            });
           }
           const verdict = validateKeySetupUpdates(parsed);
-          if (!verdict.ok) return respond(res, 400, { error: verdict.error });
+          if (!verdict.ok) return respond(res, 400, refusal(verdict));
           // Neither a replace NOR a removal may touch an externally-supplied
           // credential (shell env, Keychain, another workflow). This backs the
           // UI's read-only "configured externally" state with a real contract —
@@ -289,6 +303,8 @@ function keySetupEndpoint({ sourceRoot = defaultSourceRoot } = {}) {
             if (isExternallyManaged(name, inStore)) {
               return respond(res, 409, {
                 error: `${name} is configured outside Provider Settings and can only be changed where it was set`,
+                code: 'external',
+                params: { name },
               });
             }
           }
@@ -305,10 +321,16 @@ function keySetupEndpoint({ sourceRoot = defaultSourceRoot } = {}) {
             ) {
               return respond(res, 500, {
                 error: `The key was not saved: ${error.message}`,
+                code:
+                  error.code === 'GEV_HARDEN_FAILED'
+                    ? 'harden-failed'
+                    : 'store-unreadable',
               });
             }
             return respond(res, 500, {
               error: `Could not write the ${storeName()} store`,
+              code: 'write-failed',
+              params: { store: storeName() },
             });
           }
           // Live for the server-side proxies immediately; the restart below is
diff --git a/server/standalone/unwatched-cache.js b/server/standalone/unwatched-cache.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..130d0ece4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/standalone/unwatched-cache.js
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ * Directories the app writes to while it runs. None is source, and none
+ * should reload anything.
+ */
+const RUNTIME_WRITE_GLOBS = Object.freeze([
+  '**/.gev-cache/**',
+  '**/.gev-logs/**',
+]);
+
+/**
+ * Keep the directories the app writes to out of the dev server's file watcher.
+ *
+ * Disk-cached providers write a file per response into `.gev-cache`, and the
+ * voice debug log appends to `.gev-logs`. Left watched, each write costs the
+ * watcher stat calls on libuv's thread pool, which `getaddrinfo` shares; heavy
+ * cache writes have been seen to delay upstream DNS lookups.
+ *
+ * @returns {import('vite').Plugin} Config-only plugin; no server hooks.
+ */
+export function unwatchedRuntimeDirsPlugin() {
+  return {
+    name: 'gev-unwatched-runtime-dirs',
+    apply: 'serve',
+    config: () => ({
+      server: { watch: { ignored: [...RUNTIME_WRITE_GLOBS] } },
+    }),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/server/standalone/vite.config.js b/server/standalone/vite.config.js
index a14292597..03a935092 100644
--- a/server/standalone/vite.config.js
+++ b/server/standalone/vite.config.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { localProviderPlugins } from '../providers/local.js';
 import { localMcpPlugin } from '../mcp/plugin.js';
 import { apiNotFoundPlugin } from './api-not-found.js';
 import { standaloneVoiceTools } from './voiceTools.js';
+import { unwatchedRuntimeDirsPlugin } from './unwatched-cache.js';
 
 const root = fileURLToPath(new URL('../../', import.meta.url));
 
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ export default defineConfig(({ command, mode }) => {
       ...localProviderPlugins({ realtime: { tools: standaloneVoiceTools() } }),
       localMcpPlugin(),
       apiNotFoundPlugin(),
+      unwatchedRuntimeDirsPlugin(),
     ],
     googleApiKey: process.env.GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY,
     cesiumToken: process.env.CESIUM_ION_TOKEN,
diff --git a/src/annotations/annotationEngine.js b/src/annotations/annotationEngine.js
index 27b049bb8..b0622579d 100644
--- a/src/annotations/annotationEngine.js
+++ b/src/annotations/annotationEngine.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { isUnavailableCapability } from '../sources/capability.js';
 import { defaultGeospatial } from '../search/defaults.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { greatCircleMeters } from '../geoDistance.js';
 import {
   holdContinuousRender,
   releaseContinuousRender,
@@ -1137,12 +1138,14 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
           {
             type: 'highlight',
             target: 'Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo of voice-agent labels (not translated)
             label: 'Palace of Fine Arts',
             color: 'amber',
           },
           {
             type: 'area',
             target: 'Presidio of San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo of voice-agent labels (not translated)
             label: 'The Presidio (former Army base)',
             color: 'green',
             footprint: true,
@@ -1150,6 +1153,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
           {
             type: 'pin',
             target: 'Letterman Digital Arts Center, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo of voice-agent labels (not translated)
             label: 'ILM / Lucasfilm',
             color: 'cyan',
           },
@@ -1157,6 +1161,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
             type: 'arrow',
             target: 'Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco',
             toTarget: 'Marina District, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo of voice-agent labels (not translated)
             label: 'next to the Marina',
           },
         ],
@@ -1186,6 +1191,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
           {
             type: 'highlight',
             target: 'Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo of voice-agent labels (not translated)
             label: 'Palace of Fine Arts',
             color: 'amber',
           },
@@ -1200,6 +1206,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
             type: 'arrow',
             target: 'Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco',
             toTarget: 'Marina Green, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo of voice-agent labels (not translated)
             label: 'next to the Marina',
             color: 'cyan',
           },
@@ -1223,6 +1230,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
           {
             type: 'area',
             target: 'Presidio of San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo of voice-agent labels (not translated)
             label: 'The Presidio — a former Army base',
             color: 'green',
             footprint: true,
@@ -1237,6 +1245,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
           {
             type: 'pin',
             target: 'Letterman Digital Arts Center, San Francisco',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo of voice-agent labels (not translated)
             label: 'ILM / Lucasfilm',
             color: 'red',
           },
@@ -1250,6 +1259,7 @@ export function createAnnotationEngine({
           {
             type: 'route',
             color: 'amber',
+            // i18n-ignore: dev demo of voice-agent labels (not translated)
             label: 'Crissy Field shoreline',
             points: [
               { target: 'Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco' },
@@ -1558,16 +1568,7 @@ async function fetchRoute(coordPairs, mode, signal, service) {
 }
 
 function greatCircleM(a, b) {
-  const R = 6371000;
-  const toRad = (deg) => (deg * Math.PI) / 180;
-  const dLat = toRad(b.lat - a.lat);
-  const dLon = toRad(b.lon - a.lon);
-  const la1 = toRad(a.lat);
-  const la2 = toRad(b.lat);
-  const h =
-    Math.sin(dLat / 2) ** 2 +
-    Math.cos(la1) * Math.cos(la2) * Math.sin(dLon / 2) ** 2;
-  return 2 * R * Math.asin(Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(h)));
+  return greatCircleMeters(a, b);
 }
 
 function formatDistance(m) {
diff --git a/src/annotations/drawMode.js b/src/annotations/drawMode.js
index f28a7ae6f..02a501010 100644
--- a/src/annotations/drawMode.js
+++ b/src/annotations/drawMode.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { t, tn } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 /**
  * Manual whiteboard drawing: the pure half.
  *
@@ -18,6 +20,8 @@
  * `drawTool.js`.
  */
 
+import { greatCircleMeters } from '../geoDistance.js';
+
 export const DRAW_SHAPES = Object.freeze(['area', 'line', 'pin']);
 export const MIN_VERTICES = Object.freeze({ area: 3, line: 2, pin: 1 });
 /**
@@ -47,14 +51,7 @@ export function createDrawSession(shape = 'area') {
 
 /** Great-circle distance in metres between two {lon, lat} points. */
 export function greatCircleM(a, b) {
-  const R = 6371000;
-  const toRad = (d) => (d * Math.PI) / 180;
-  const dLat = toRad(b.lat - a.lat);
-  const dLon = toRad(b.lon - a.lon);
-  const h =
-    Math.sin(dLat / 2) ** 2 +
-    Math.cos(toRad(a.lat)) * Math.cos(toRad(b.lat)) * Math.sin(dLon / 2) ** 2;
-  return 2 * R * Math.asin(Math.sqrt(Math.min(1, h)));
+  return greatCircleMeters(a, b);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -284,20 +281,26 @@ export function closeRing(pairs) {
 
 /** One line of guidance for the person drawing, by state. */
 export function drawHint(session) {
-  if (!session) return 'Pick a shape, then click the map.';
+  if (!session) return t('Pick a shape, then click the map.');
   const n = session.vertices.length;
   if (session.shape === 'pin')
     return n
-      ? 'Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.'
-      : 'Click where the pin goes.';
+      ? t('Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.')
+      : t('Click where the pin goes.');
   const need = MIN_VERTICES[session.shape] - n;
-  if (need > 0) return `Click ${need} more point${need === 1 ? '' : 's'}.`;
+  if (need > 0)
+    return tn(need, 'Click {count} more point.', 'Click {count} more points.');
   if (finishReason(session) === 'degenerate') {
     return session.shape === 'area'
-      ? 'Those points are in a line — move one off it to enclose an area.'
-      : 'That line has no length — click somewhere further away.';
+      ? t('Those points are in a line — move one off it to enclose an area.')
+      : t('That line has no length — click somewhere further away.');
   }
   const full =
-    n >= MAX_VERTICES ? ` · ${MAX_VERTICES}-point limit reached` : '';
-  return `${formatMeasure(session)} · double-click or Enter to finish, Backspace undoes, Esc cancels.${full}`;
+    n >= MAX_VERTICES
+      ? t(' · {max}-point limit reached', { max: MAX_VERTICES })
+      : '';
+  return t(
+    '{measure} · double-click or Enter to finish, Backspace undoes, Esc cancels.{full}',
+    { measure: formatMeasure(session), full },
+  );
 }
diff --git a/src/annotations/drawTool.js b/src/annotations/drawTool.js
index 7f164b54f..91adb4d0d 100644
--- a/src/annotations/drawTool.js
+++ b/src/annotations/drawTool.js
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import {
   pointerOwner,
   releasePointer,
 } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
+import { pointerOwnerName } from '../data/pointerOwnerNames.js';
 import {
   DRAW_SHAPES,
   MAX_VERTICES,
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ import {
   removeLastVertex,
 } from './drawMode.js';
 
+import { msg, registerUnsavedWork, t, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
 /** The id this tool claims the pointer under. */
 export const DRAW_POINTER_OWNER = 'draw';
 const PREVIEW_DATA_SOURCE_NAME = 'gev-draw-preview';
@@ -100,6 +102,17 @@ export function initDrawTool({ viewer, annotations }) {
     target.addEventListener(type, listener, options);
     domListeners.push([target, type, listener, options]);
   };
+  // The board lives only in memory: switching language (a reload) asks first
+  // while it holds a lasting mark or a shape is half drawn.
+  const unregisterUnsavedWork = registerUnsavedWork(() => {
+    if (destroyed) return null;
+    const lasting = (annotations.list?.() || []).some(
+      (mark) => mark && mark.ttlMs == null && !mark.expiring,
+    );
+    return lasting || session?.vertices?.length > 0
+      ? msg('drawings on the map')
+      : null;
+  });
 
   const dataSource = new Cesium.CustomDataSource(PREVIEW_DATA_SOURCE_NAME);
   // `add()` resolves on the NEXT tick, so an init-then-immediate-destroy would
@@ -197,10 +210,13 @@ export function initDrawTool({ viewer, annotations }) {
     // a limit rather than the harmless tail of a double-click.
     if (reason === 'full')
       setHint(
-        `That shape already has ${MAX_VERTICES} points — finish it or press Backspace.`,
+        t(
+          'That shape already has {count} points — finish it or press Backspace.',
+          { count: MAX_VERTICES },
+        ),
       );
     else if (reason === 'invalid')
-      setHint('That point is off the globe — click on the world.');
+      setHint(t('That point is off the globe — click on the world.'));
   };
   const onMove = (event) => {
     if (!session || session.shape === 'pin' || destroyed) return;
@@ -236,11 +252,15 @@ export function initDrawTool({ viewer, annotations }) {
         flyTo: false,
       });
       if (destroyed || attempt !== generation) return result;
-      if (result?.drawn === 0) setHint('That shape could not be placed.');
+      if (result?.drawn === 0) setHint(t('That shape could not be placed.'));
       return result;
     } catch (error) {
       if (destroyed || attempt !== generation) return null;
-      setHint(`Could not place the shape: ${error?.message || error}`);
+      setHint(
+        t('Could not place the shape: {error}', {
+          error: error?.message || error,
+        }),
+      );
       return null;
     }
   };
@@ -258,7 +278,7 @@ export function initDrawTool({ viewer, annotations }) {
     if (session) session = createDrawSession(shape);
     annotations.clear();
     syncPreview();
-    if (!destroyed && !active) setHint('Board cleared.');
+    if (!destroyed && !active) setHint(t('Board cleared.'));
   };
 
   // ---- keys: only while drawing, never while typing in another field ----
@@ -324,7 +344,11 @@ export function initDrawTool({ viewer, annotations }) {
         // Somebody else is using the pointer — possibly an older instance of
         // this same tool that has not finished tearing down. Say so instead of
         // half-starting.
-        setHint(`${pointerOwner()} is using the pointer — close it first.`);
+        setHint(
+          t('{owner} is using the pointer — close it first.', {
+            owner: translateKnown(pointerOwnerName(pointerOwner())),
+          }),
+        );
         return active;
       }
     }
@@ -502,6 +526,7 @@ export function initDrawTool({ viewer, annotations }) {
       generation += 1;
       if (active) setActive(false);
       destroyed = true;
+      unregisterUnsavedWork();
       releaseSceneHandler();
       releasePointer(lease);
       lease = null;
diff --git a/src/annotations/drawToolBehaviour.test.mjs b/src/annotations/drawToolBehaviour.test.mjs
index 6da4c91af..f8b9afcd1 100644
--- a/src/annotations/drawToolBehaviour.test.mjs
+++ b/src/annotations/drawToolBehaviour.test.mjs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { initDrawTool } from './drawTool.js';
+import { describeUnsavedWork } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   isPointerFree,
   pointerOwner,
@@ -240,6 +241,29 @@ const LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK = Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_DOUBLE_CLICK;
 
 /* ── the tests ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
 
+// First in the file: tools left by later tests would answer the same registry.
+test('a lasting mark or a half-drawn shape makes the language switch ask first', async () => {
+  const h = harness();
+  try {
+    let marks = [];
+    h.annotations.list = () => marks;
+    assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), [], 'an empty board loses nothing');
+    marks = [{ id: 'a', ttlMs: 8000, expiring: false }];
+    assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), [], 'a fading mark is not work');
+    marks = [{ id: 'b', ttlMs: null, expiring: false }];
+    assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), ['drawings on the map']);
+    marks = [];
+    h.element('draw-toggle').emit('click');
+    h.tool.addVertex(-97.75, 30.26);
+    assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), ['drawings on the map'], 'a shape in progress');
+    marks = [{ id: 'c', ttlMs: null, expiring: false }];
+    await h.tool.destroy();
+    assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), [], 'a destroyed tool unregisters');
+  } finally {
+    h.restore();
+  }
+});
+
 test('turning Draw on takes a lease and turning it off gives it back', async () => {
   const h = harness();
   try {
@@ -263,7 +287,11 @@ test('Draw refuses to start when something else holds the pointer', async () =>
     h.element('draw-toggle').emit('click');
     assert.equal(h.tool.active, false, 'it must not half-start');
     assert.equal(pointerOwner(), 'directions', 'and must not steal the claim');
-    assert.match(h.element('draw-hint').textContent, /directions/);
+    // Named by its tool, not by the internal owner id.
+    assert.equal(
+      h.element('draw-hint').textContent,
+      'Directions is using the pointer — close it first.',
+    );
     assert.equal(h.tool.diagnostics().sceneHandler, false, 'no handler was bound');
 
     releasePointer(other);
diff --git a/src/annotations/screenAnnotationRenderer.js b/src/annotations/screenAnnotationRenderer.js
index a2447ecce..c6c214fff 100644
--- a/src/annotations/screenAnnotationRenderer.js
+++ b/src/annotations/screenAnnotationRenderer.js
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ import {
   getActiveTrackedReadoutId,
   TRACKED_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
 } from '../data/trackedReadout.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+/** A label whose detailed outline could not be resolved. */
+function outlineUnavailableLabel(label) {
+  return t('{label} · Detailed outline unavailable', { label: label || '' });
+}
 
 /**
  * Screen-space annotation renderer (Direction B — the "whiteboard" aesthetic).
@@ -163,7 +169,7 @@ export function createScreenAnnotationRenderer(
       group.appendChild(parts.poly);
       parts.label = makeCallout(
         anno.outlineUnavailable
-          ? `${anno.label || ''} · Detailed outline unavailable`
+          ? outlineUnavailableLabel(anno.label)
           : anno.label,
         c,
       );
@@ -181,7 +187,7 @@ export function createScreenAnnotationRenderer(
       group.appendChild(parts.path);
       parts.label = makeCallout(
         anno.outlineUnavailable
-          ? `${anno.label || ''} · Detailed outline unavailable`
+          ? outlineUnavailableLabel(anno.label)
           : anno.label,
         c,
       );
@@ -215,7 +221,7 @@ export function createScreenAnnotationRenderer(
       });
       parts.label = makeCallout(
         anno.outlineUnavailable
-          ? `${anno.label || ''} · Detailed outline unavailable`
+          ? outlineUnavailableLabel(anno.label)
           : anno.label,
         c,
       );
@@ -259,7 +265,7 @@ export function createScreenAnnotationRenderer(
       group.appendChild(parts.leader);
       parts.label = makeCallout(
         anno.outlineUnavailable
-          ? `${anno.label || ''} · Detailed outline unavailable`
+          ? outlineUnavailableLabel(anno.label)
           : anno.label,
         c,
       );
@@ -322,7 +328,7 @@ export function createScreenAnnotationRenderer(
     }
     rec.anno = anno;
     if (anno.outlineUnavailable && rec.parts.label) {
-      rec.parts.label.text.textContent = `${anno.label || ''} · Detailed outline unavailable`;
+      rec.parts.label.text.textContent = outlineUnavailableLabel(anno.label);
       sizeCallout(rec.parts.label);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/app/controls.js b/src/app/controls.js
index 8d9b988b5..40b354d06 100644
--- a/src/app/controls.js
+++ b/src/app/controls.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { catalogControlServices } from './catalog.js';
 import { StyleManager } from '../ui/composition.js';
 import { flyToAustin } from '../camera.js';
 import { initCockpitCloudEffects } from '../cockpitCloudEffects.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /** Construct the existing controls and camera presentation. */
 export function createApplicationControls({
@@ -41,10 +42,10 @@ export function createApplicationControls({
 
   // If no share link state, do default fly-to Austin
   if (!styleManager.hasShareState) {
-    loaderStatus.textContent = 'Flying to Austin, TX...';
+    loaderStatus.textContent = t('Flying to Austin, TX...');
     defer(flyToAustin(viewer));
   } else {
-    loaderStatus.textContent = 'Restoring shared view...';
+    loaderStatus.textContent = t('Restoring shared view...');
   }
 
   return { styleManager, weatherEffects, cockpitCloudEffects };
diff --git a/src/app/globePanelRuntime.js b/src/app/globePanelRuntime.js
index 2b259d7b9..d10e5717d 100644
--- a/src/app/globePanelRuntime.js
+++ b/src/app/globePanelRuntime.js
@@ -541,6 +541,7 @@ export function panelRuntime(config) {
         const notice = document.createElement('div');
         notice.id = 'status';
         notice.textContent =
+          // i18n-ignore: host-panel script, no app catalogs
           "This panel lost its 3D graphics, likely because other God's Eye " +
           "View panels in this conversation hold them. Use Open in God's " +
           'Eye View above, or show it in a new conversation.';
@@ -568,13 +569,16 @@ export function panelRuntime(config) {
     queued = view;
     if (started) return;
     started = true;
+    // i18n-ignore: host-panel script, no app catalogs
     say("Loading God's Eye View…");
     startApp(url, view).catch((error) =>
+      // i18n-ignore: host-panel script, no app catalogs
       say(`God's Eye View could not load here: ${error?.message || error}.`),
     );
     setTimeout(() => {
       if (!ready)
         say(
+          // i18n-ignore: see above
           "God's Eye View did not load here" +
             (blocked ? ` (${blocked})` : '') +
             ". Use Open in God's Eye View above.",
@@ -616,6 +620,7 @@ export function panelRuntime(config) {
     if (context?.displayMode) displayMode = context.displayMode;
     if (context?.availableDisplayModes)
       expand.hidden = !context.availableDisplayModes.includes('fullscreen');
+    // i18n-ignore: host-panel script, no app catalogs
     expand.textContent = displayMode === 'fullscreen' ? 'Collapse' : 'Expand';
   };
   expand.addEventListener('click', () => {
@@ -640,6 +645,7 @@ export function panelRuntime(config) {
     appCapabilities: { availableDisplayModes: ['inline', 'fullscreen'] },
     appInfo: {
       name: 'gods-eye-view',
+      // i18n-ignore: product name sent to the MCP host
       title: "God's Eye View",
       version: '1.0.0',
     },
@@ -655,6 +661,7 @@ export function panelRuntime(config) {
     },
     (error) =>
       say(
+        // i18n-ignore: host-panel script, no app catalogs
         "This client did not accept the God's Eye View panel" +
           (error?.message ? `: ${error.message}` : '.'),
       ),
diff --git a/src/app/layers/cctv.js b/src/app/layers/cctv.js
index 60cc64d0f..99bf3fa6f 100644
--- a/src/app/layers/cctv.js
+++ b/src/app/layers/cctv.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import * as credits from '../../data/dataCredits.js';
 import * as sprites from '../../data/spriteOrder.js';
 import * as activation from '../../cctvFocusRequest.js';
 import * as overlays from '../../overlays/worldOverlay.js';
-import * as locations from '../../locations.js';
+import { CITY_POIS } from '../../cityPois.js';
 import * as picking from '../../data/pickRegistry.js';
 import * as focus from '../../data/focusDeemphasis.js';
 import * as render from '../../renderGovernor.js';
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export function createApplicationCctv({ surface, source }) {
       sprites,
       activation,
       overlays,
-      locations,
+      locations: { CITY_POIS },
       picking,
       terrain,
       ground,
diff --git a/src/app/scene.js b/src/app/scene.js
index b98a28914..62434613f 100644
--- a/src/app/scene.js
+++ b/src/app/scene.js
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   governorRequestRender,
 } from '../renderGovernor.js';
 import { describeError } from './errors.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /** Construct the application globe using the caller's local configuration. */
 export async function createApplicationScene({
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ export async function createApplicationScene({
       else window.__GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY__ = previousKey;
     });
   }
-  loaderStatus.textContent = 'Configuring viewer...';
+  loaderStatus.textContent = t('Configuring viewer...');
   // Provider attribution stays visible, including clean-view and recording.
   const creditContainer = document.createElement('div');
   creditContainer.id = 'cesium-credits';
@@ -61,8 +62,8 @@ export async function createApplicationScene({
   configureCreditKeyboardAccess(document);
   loaderStatus.textContent =
     googleApiKey || googleTokens || cesiumToken
-      ? 'Loading Google 3D Tiles...'
-      : 'Loading the keyless globe...';
+      ? t('Loading Google 3D Tiles...')
+      : t('Loading the keyless globe...');
   const photoreal = await loadPhotorealisticTileset(Cesium, {
     googleApiKey,
     googleTokens,
@@ -90,12 +91,17 @@ export async function createApplicationScene({
         tileError,
       );
       const tileErrorDetail = describeError(tileError);
-      loaderStatus.textContent = `Google 3D Tiles unavailable (${tileErrorDetail}). Loading the keyless globe...`;
+      loaderStatus.textContent = t(
+        'Google 3D Tiles unavailable ({detail}). Loading the keyless globe...',
+        {
+          detail: tileErrorDetail,
+        },
+      );
     }
     viewer.scene.globe.show = true;
   }
 
-  loaderStatus.textContent = 'Initializing systems...';
+  loaderStatus.textContent = t('Initializing systems...');
 
   const mapStackController = new MapController(viewer, {
     requestRender: governorRequestRender,
diff --git a/src/cityPois.js b/src/cityPois.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f16394030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cityPois.js
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+/**
+ * @module cityPois
+ * @description The preset cities and their landmarks — plain data with no
+ * Cesium, so modules that only need the names (voice cards) can import it.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Points of Interest per city.
+ * Each city has 5 POIs; the first is the default fly-to landmark.
+ *
+ * Field reference:
+ *   alt     — RANGE (distance from target in meters), NOT absolute altitude
+ *   heading — optimal camera heading in degrees (0=N, 90=E, 180=S, 270=W)
+ *   pitch   — camera tilt in degrees (negative = looking down)
+ *   buildingHeight — estimated height of landmark center above ground (meters)
+ */
+export const CITY_POIS = {
+  austin: {
+    name: 'Austin',
+    groundElevation: 150, // meters above WGS84 ellipsoid
+    viewBounds: {
+      southwest: { lat: 30.1, lng: -97.95 },
+      northeast: { lat: 30.52, lng: -97.55 },
+    },
+    pois: [
+      {
+        name: 'Texas State Capitol',
+        lat: 30.2747,
+        lon: -97.7403,
+        alt: 550,
+        pitch: -28,
+        heading: 180,
+        buildingHeight: 35,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Frost Bank Tower',
+        lat: 30.2674,
+        lon: -97.7434,
+        alt: 550,
+        pitch: -22,
+        heading: 30,
+        buildingHeight: 80,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Pennybacker Bridge',
+        lat: 30.3451,
+        lon: -97.7951,
+        alt: 500,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 90,
+        buildingHeight: 40,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'The Jenga Tower',
+        lat: 30.2642,
+        lon: -97.75,
+        alt: 500,
+        pitch: -18,
+        heading: 45,
+        buildingHeight: 60,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'UT Tower',
+        lat: 30.2862,
+        lon: -97.7394,
+        alt: 500,
+        pitch: -22,
+        heading: 180,
+        buildingHeight: 50,
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  sf: {
+    name: 'San Francisco',
+    groundElevation: 15,
+    viewBounds: {
+      southwest: { lat: 37.7, lng: -122.53 },
+      northeast: { lat: 37.84, lng: -122.35 },
+    },
+    pois: [
+      {
+        name: 'Golden Gate Bridge',
+        lat: 37.8199,
+        lon: -122.4783,
+        alt: 1400,
+        pitch: -20,
+        heading: 45,
+        buildingHeight: 100,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Transamerica Pyramid',
+        lat: 37.7952,
+        lon: -122.4028,
+        alt: 500,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 30,
+        buildingHeight: 85,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Salesforce Tower',
+        lat: 37.7897,
+        lon: -122.3972,
+        alt: 680,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 330,
+        buildingHeight: 100,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Alcatraz Island',
+        lat: 37.8267,
+        lon: -122.423,
+        alt: 800,
+        pitch: -30,
+        heading: 0,
+        buildingHeight: 20,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Coit Tower',
+        lat: 37.8024,
+        lon: -122.4058,
+        alt: 420,
+        pitch: -30,
+        heading: 45,
+        buildingHeight: 30,
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  nyc: {
+    name: 'New York',
+    groundElevation: 10,
+    viewBounds: {
+      southwest: { lat: 40.477, lng: -74.259 },
+      northeast: { lat: 40.918, lng: -73.7 },
+    },
+    pois: [
+      {
+        name: 'Statue of Liberty',
+        lat: 40.6892,
+        lon: -74.0445,
+        alt: 450,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 315,
+        buildingHeight: 45,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Empire State Building',
+        lat: 40.7484,
+        lon: -73.9857,
+        alt: 850,
+        pitch: -12,
+        heading: 30,
+        buildingHeight: 130,
+        buildingBounds: { height: 443, width: 130, depth: 75 },
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'One World Trade Center',
+        lat: 40.7127,
+        lon: -74.0134,
+        alt: 850,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 0,
+        buildingHeight: 170,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Brooklyn Bridge',
+        lat: 40.7061,
+        lon: -73.9969,
+        alt: 850,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 45,
+        buildingHeight: 40,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Chrysler Building',
+        lat: 40.7516,
+        lon: -73.9755,
+        alt: 700,
+        pitch: -20,
+        heading: 225,
+        buildingHeight: 100,
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  tokyo: {
+    name: 'Tokyo',
+    groundElevation: 40,
+    viewBounds: {
+      southwest: { lat: 35.52, lng: 139.55 },
+      northeast: { lat: 35.9, lng: 139.92 },
+    },
+    pois: [
+      {
+        name: 'Tokyo Tower',
+        lat: 35.6586,
+        lon: 139.7454,
+        alt: 850,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 0,
+        buildingHeight: 110,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Tokyo Skytree',
+        lat: 35.7101,
+        lon: 139.8107,
+        alt: 900,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 30,
+        buildingHeight: 200,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Imperial Palace',
+        lat: 35.6852,
+        lon: 139.7528,
+        alt: 900,
+        pitch: -35,
+        heading: 0,
+        buildingHeight: 20,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Senso-ji Temple',
+        lat: 35.7148,
+        lon: 139.7967,
+        alt: 400,
+        pitch: -30,
+        heading: 180,
+        buildingHeight: 25,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower',
+        lat: 35.6929,
+        lon: 139.6925,
+        alt: 350,
+        pitch: -20,
+        heading: 30,
+        buildingHeight: 70,
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  london: {
+    name: 'London',
+    groundElevation: 15,
+    viewBounds: {
+      southwest: { lat: 51.28, lng: -0.51 },
+      northeast: { lat: 51.7, lng: 0.33 },
+    },
+    pois: [
+      {
+        name: 'Tower Bridge',
+        lat: 51.5055,
+        lon: -0.0754,
+        alt: 400,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 270,
+        buildingHeight: 65,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'The Shard',
+        lat: 51.5045,
+        lon: -0.0865,
+        alt: 850,
+        pitch: -20,
+        heading: 0,
+        buildingHeight: 100,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Big Ben / Parliament',
+        lat: 51.5007,
+        lon: -0.1246,
+        alt: 600,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 180,
+        buildingHeight: 50,
+      },
+      {
+        name: "St. Paul's Cathedral",
+        lat: 51.5138,
+        lon: -0.0984,
+        alt: 400,
+        pitch: -30,
+        heading: 270,
+        buildingHeight: 55,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'The Gherkin',
+        lat: 51.5145,
+        lon: -0.0803,
+        alt: 350,
+        pitch: -20,
+        heading: 30,
+        buildingHeight: 60,
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  paris: {
+    name: 'Paris',
+    groundElevation: 35,
+    viewBounds: {
+      southwest: { lat: 48.815, lng: 2.224 },
+      northeast: { lat: 48.902, lng: 2.47 },
+    },
+    pois: [
+      {
+        name: 'Eiffel Tower',
+        lat: 48.8584,
+        lon: 2.2945,
+        alt: 750,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 315,
+        buildingHeight: 150,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Arc de Triomphe',
+        lat: 48.8738,
+        lon: 2.295,
+        alt: 400,
+        pitch: -28,
+        heading: 45,
+        buildingHeight: 25,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Notre-Dame',
+        lat: 48.853,
+        lon: 2.3499,
+        alt: 400,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 225,
+        buildingHeight: 35,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Sacré-Cœur',
+        lat: 48.8867,
+        lon: 2.3431,
+        alt: 400,
+        pitch: -30,
+        heading: 180,
+        buildingHeight: 40,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Louvre Pyramid',
+        lat: 48.8606,
+        lon: 2.3376,
+        alt: 500,
+        pitch: -35,
+        heading: 0,
+        buildingHeight: 10,
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  dubai: {
+    name: 'Dubai',
+    groundElevation: 5,
+    viewBounds: {
+      southwest: { lat: 24.95, lng: 54.9 },
+      northeast: { lat: 25.35, lng: 55.55 },
+    },
+    pois: [
+      {
+        name: 'Burj Khalifa',
+        lat: 25.1972,
+        lon: 55.2744,
+        alt: 600,
+        pitch: -20,
+        heading: 200,
+        buildingHeight: 270,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Burj Al Arab',
+        lat: 25.1412,
+        lon: 55.1853,
+        alt: 500,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 90,
+        buildingHeight: 100,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Palm Jumeirah',
+        lat: 25.1124,
+        lon: 55.139,
+        alt: 1200,
+        pitch: -40,
+        heading: 0,
+        buildingHeight: 20,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Dubai Frame',
+        lat: 25.235,
+        lon: 55.3003,
+        alt: 400,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 270,
+        buildingHeight: 75,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Museum of the Future',
+        lat: 25.2197,
+        lon: 55.2806,
+        alt: 350,
+        pitch: -20,
+        heading: 30,
+        buildingHeight: 35,
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  dc: {
+    name: 'Washington DC',
+    groundElevation: 10,
+    viewBounds: {
+      southwest: { lat: 38.79, lng: -77.12 },
+      northeast: { lat: 38.995, lng: -76.91 },
+    },
+    pois: [
+      {
+        name: 'US Capitol',
+        lat: 38.8897,
+        lon: -77.0091,
+        alt: 550,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 270,
+        buildingHeight: 45,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Washington Monument',
+        lat: 38.8895,
+        lon: -77.0353,
+        alt: 500,
+        pitch: -30,
+        heading: 0,
+        buildingHeight: 85,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Lincoln Memorial',
+        lat: 38.8893,
+        lon: -77.0502,
+        alt: 400,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 90,
+        buildingHeight: 20,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Pentagon',
+        lat: 38.8711,
+        lon: -77.0559,
+        alt: 800,
+        pitch: -40,
+        heading: 0,
+        buildingHeight: 20,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Jefferson Memorial',
+        lat: 38.8814,
+        lon: -77.0365,
+        alt: 400,
+        pitch: -30,
+        heading: 0,
+        buildingHeight: 25,
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+  tallinn: {
+    name: 'Tallinn',
+    groundElevation: 15,
+    viewBounds: {
+      southwest: { lat: 59.36, lng: 24.6 },
+      northeast: { lat: 59.52, lng: 24.92 },
+    },
+    pois: [
+      {
+        name: 'Viru Square',
+        lat: 59.4366,
+        lon: 24.7527,
+        alt: 450,
+        pitch: -28,
+        heading: 60,
+        buildingHeight: 25,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Old Town / Raekoja plats',
+        lat: 59.4372,
+        lon: 24.7452,
+        alt: 400,
+        pitch: -30,
+        heading: 180,
+        buildingHeight: 20,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Teatri väljak',
+        lat: 59.4344,
+        lon: 24.7514,
+        alt: 400,
+        pitch: -25,
+        heading: 220,
+        buildingHeight: 25,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Port of Tallinn',
+        lat: 59.4445,
+        lon: 24.7675,
+        alt: 700,
+        pitch: -30,
+        heading: 90,
+        buildingHeight: 20,
+      },
+      {
+        name: 'Ülemiste',
+        lat: 59.421,
+        lon: 24.792,
+        alt: 600,
+        pitch: -28,
+        heading: 45,
+        buildingHeight: 30,
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+};
diff --git a/src/cityPresets.test.mjs b/src/cityPresets.test.mjs
index dc9ef0145..2aaec446f 100644
--- a/src/cityPresets.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cityPresets.test.mjs
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
 // say nothing about whether a destination is framed well.
 import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import { CITY_POIS, LOCATIONS } from './locations.js';
+import { CITY_POIS } from './cityPois.js';
+import { LOCATIONS } from './locations.js';
 
 const DESTINATIONS = Object.entries(CITY_POIS);
 const REQUIRED_POI_KEYS = ['name', 'lat', 'lon', 'alt', 'pitch', 'heading'];
diff --git a/src/cockpitCloudEffects.js b/src/cockpitCloudEffects.js
index 053217810..ccbf31831 100644
--- a/src/cockpitCloudEffects.js
+++ b/src/cockpitCloudEffects.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { applicationServices } from './services/application.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { greatCircleMeters } from './geoDistance.js';
 import {
   deriveWeatherEffectProfile,
   weatherAltitudeFactors,
@@ -127,23 +128,9 @@ function compileShader(gl, type, source) {
 }
 
 function greatCircleM(a, b) {
-  if (
-    ![a?.latitude, a?.longitude, b?.latitude, b?.longitude].every(
-      Number.isFinite,
-    )
-  )
-    return Infinity;
-  const latitudeA = Cesium.Math.toRadians(a.latitude);
-  const latitudeB = Cesium.Math.toRadians(b.latitude);
-  const latitudeDelta = Cesium.Math.toRadians(b.latitude - a.latitude);
-  const longitudeDelta = Cesium.Math.toRadians(b.longitude - a.longitude);
-  const haversine =
-    Math.sin(latitudeDelta / 2) ** 2 +
-    Math.cos(latitudeA) *
-      Math.cos(latitudeB) *
-      Math.sin(longitudeDelta / 2) ** 2;
-  return (
-    6371000 * 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(haversine), Math.sqrt(1 - haversine))
+  return greatCircleMeters(
+    { lat: a?.latitude, lon: a?.longitude },
+    { lat: b?.latitude, lon: b?.longitude },
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs b/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs
index 744423c90..0b376d9fc 100644
--- a/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitMarkup.test.mjs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-import { readShellSource, shellMethod } from './testSupport/readShellSource.mjs';
+import {
+  readShellSource,
+  shellMethod,
+} from './testSupport/readShellSource.mjs';
 import { expandApplicationHtml } from '../build/application-html.js';
 import { readLayerSource } from './testSupport/readLayerSource.mjs';
 import { PanelLayoutController } from './ui/panelLayoutController.js';
@@ -7,10 +10,19 @@ import { readStylesheet } from './testSupport/readStylesheet.mjs';
 import { SceneControls } from './ui/sceneControls.js';
 import { isRenderedOnScreen } from './ui/cockpitPresentation.js';
 import { onKeyDown as cockpitKeyDown } from './ui/cockpitInput.js';
-import { enter as cockpitEnter, exit as cockpitExit, readAircraftInfo, _adoptTrackedEntity } from './ui/cockpitTrackingController.js';
+import {
+  enter as cockpitEnter,
+  exit as cockpitExit,
+  readAircraftInfo,
+  _adoptTrackedEntity,
+} from './ui/cockpitTrackingController.js';
 import { setVisionMode, cycleVisionMode } from './ui/cockpitInstruments.js';
 import { updateContext as cockpitContext } from './ui/cockpitContext.js';
-import { syncSignalLayout, setContextCollapsed, setSignalCollapsed } from './ui/cockpitLayout.js';
+import {
+  syncSignalLayout,
+  setContextCollapsed,
+  setSignalCollapsed,
+} from './ui/cockpitLayout.js';
 import { setBriefAutoRotate } from './ui/cockpitBriefing.js';
 import { CockpitDisplayPortal } from './ui/cockpitDisplayPortal.js';
 import { _handleContextLayerChange } from './ui/contextLayerChanges.js';
@@ -18,8 +30,14 @@ import { clearSelectedLayers } from './ui/contextActions.js';
 import { _selectContextMode } from './ui/contextTransactions.js';
 import { _restoreContextSession } from './ui/contextSession.js';
 import { readFileSync as readRadioSource } from 'node:fs';
-const radioBindings = readRadioSource(new URL('./ui/radioBindings.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-const radioPresentation = readRadioSource(new URL('./ui/radioPresentation.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+const radioBindings = readRadioSource(
+  new URL('./ui/radioBindings.js', import.meta.url),
+  'utf8',
+);
+const radioPresentation = readRadioSource(
+  new URL('./ui/radioPresentation.js', import.meta.url),
+  'utf8',
+);
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import path from 'node:path';
@@ -28,13 +46,27 @@ import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 
 const ROOT = path.resolve(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)), '..');
 
-const html = expandApplicationHtml(fs.readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, 'index.html'), 'utf8'));
+const html = expandApplicationHtml(
+  fs.readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, 'index.html'), 'utf8'),
+);
 const ui = readShellSource();
 const css = readStylesheet(path.join(ROOT, 'style.css'));
-const sceneDirector = fs.readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'scenes', 'director.js'), 'utf8');
-const manager = fs.readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'data', 'lifecycle.js'), 'utf8');
-const contextLayer = readLayerSource(path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'data', 'militaryAwareness.js'), 'utf8');
-const voiceActions = fs.readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'voice', 'gevActions.js'), 'utf8');
+const sceneDirector = fs.readFileSync(
+  path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'scenes', 'director.js'),
+  'utf8',
+);
+const manager = fs.readFileSync(
+  path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'data', 'lifecycle.js'),
+  'utf8',
+);
+const contextLayer = readLayerSource(
+  path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'data', 'militaryAwareness.js'),
+  'utf8',
+);
+const voiceActions = fs.readFileSync(
+  path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'voice', 'gevActions.js'),
+  'utf8',
+);
 
 test('Cockpit has one reset action beside its bottom exit path', () => {
   assert.doesNotMatch(html, /id="cockpit-quick-entry"/);
@@ -43,24 +75,48 @@ test('Cockpit has one reset action beside its bottom exit path', () => {
     html,
     /id="map-view-switch"[^>]*aria-label="Exit cockpit view"[^>]*aria-keyshortcuts="Escape C"[\s\S]*?close_fullscreen[\s\S]*?EXIT COCKPIT/,
   );
-  const topCenterActions = html.match(/<nav id="top-center-actions"[\s\S]*?<\/nav>/);
+  const topCenterActions = html.match(
+    /<nav id="top-center-actions"[\s\S]*?<\/nav>/,
+  );
   assert.ok(topCenterActions, 'Top-center globe actions are missing');
-  assert.match(topCenterActions[0], /id="clear-selected-layers"[\s\S]*?id="share-btn"[\s\S]*?id="tilt-map-view"[\s\S]*?id="north-up-view"[\s\S]*?id="reset-globe-view"/);
-  assert.equal((html.match(/id="clear-selected-layers"/g) || []).length, 1, 'Clear Layers must have one DOM owner');
-  assert.equal((html.match(/id="reset-globe-view"/g) || []).length, 1, 'Reset Globe must have one DOM owner');
-  assert.equal((html.match(/id="cockpit-reset-globe"/g) || []).length, 1, 'Cockpit Reset must have one DOM owner');
+  assert.match(
+    topCenterActions[0],
+    /id="clear-selected-layers"[\s\S]*?id="share-btn"[\s\S]*?id="tilt-map-view"[\s\S]*?id="north-up-view"[\s\S]*?id="reset-globe-view"/,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    (html.match(/id="clear-selected-layers"/g) || []).length,
+    1,
+    'Clear Layers must have one DOM owner',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    (html.match(/id="reset-globe-view"/g) || []).length,
+    1,
+    'Reset Globe must have one DOM owner',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    (html.match(/id="cockpit-reset-globe"/g) || []).length,
+    1,
+    'Cockpit Reset must have one DOM owner',
+  );
   const viewSwitcher = html.match(/<nav id="view-switcher"[\s\S]*?<\/nav>/);
   assert.ok(viewSwitcher, 'View switcher is missing');
-  assert.doesNotMatch(viewSwitcher[0], /id="reset-globe-view"/, 'map-only reset must stay outside Cockpit');
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    viewSwitcher[0],
+    /id="reset-globe-view"/,
+    'map-only reset must stay outside Cockpit',
+  );
   assert.match(
     viewSwitcher[0],
     /id="cockpit-reset-globe"[^>]*type="button"[^>]*aria-label="Reset cockpit to full globe view"[^>]*hidden[\s\S]*?public[\s\S]*?RESET[\s\S]*?id="map-view-switch"/,
   );
 
-  const actions = html.match(/<div class="global-context-actions"[\s\S]*?<\/div>/);
+  const actions = html.match(
+    /<div class="global-context-actions"[\s\S]*?<\/div>/,
+  );
   assert.ok(actions, 'Contact Context actions are missing');
   assert.ok(
-    actions[0].indexOf('id="cockpit-entry"') < actions[0].indexOf('id="installations-search-btn"'),
+    actions[0].indexOf('id="cockpit-entry"') <
+      actions[0].indexOf('id="installations-search-btn"'),
     'Cockpit must precede Search Nearby Sites',
   );
   assert.match(
@@ -76,7 +132,9 @@ test('Cockpit has one reset action beside its bottom exit path', () => {
 });
 
 test('Cockpit heading tape leaves the bottom exit row unobstructed', () => {
-  const compass = html.match(/<div class="cockpit-compass"[\s\S]*?<div class="cockpit-position-readout">/);
+  const compass = html.match(
+    /<div class="cockpit-compass"[\s\S]*?<div class="cockpit-position-readout">/,
+  );
   assert.ok(compass, 'Cockpit compass markup is missing');
   assert.match(compass[0], /id="cockpit-speed-value"/);
   assert.match(compass[0], /id="cockpit-heading-value"/);
@@ -93,7 +151,7 @@ test('Cockpit vision cycle exposes every map preset exactly once', () => {
   );
   assert.match(
     setVisionMode.toString(),
-    /const labels = \{\s*optical: 'NORMAL',\s*crt: 'CRT',\s*nvg: 'NVG',\s*thermal: 'FLIR',\s*anime: 'ANIME',\s*noir: 'NOIR',\s*snow: 'SNOW',?\s*\};/,
+    /const labels = \{\s*optical: t\('NORMAL'\),\s*crt: t\('CRT'\),\s*nvg: t\('NVG'\),\s*thermal: t\('FLIR'\),\s*anime: t\('ANIME'\),\s*noir: t\('NOIR'\),\s*snow: t\('SNOW'\),?\s*\};/,
   );
   assert.doesNotMatch(setVisionMode.toString(), /none: 'NONE'/);
   assert.doesNotMatch(ui, /getInheritedVisionLabel/);
@@ -132,17 +190,27 @@ test('Cockpit vision cycle exposes every map preset exactly once', () => {
 });
 
 test('Contacts uses the approved radar icon', () => {
-  const button = html.match(/<button id="global-context-flights-btn"[\s\S]*?<\/button>/);
+  const button = html.match(
+    /<button id="global-context-flights-btn"[\s\S]*?<\/button>/,
+  );
   assert.ok(button, 'Contacts button is missing');
-  assert.match(button[0], /material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">radar<\/span>/);
+  assert.match(
+    button[0],
+    /material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">radar<\/span>/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('Cockpit Escape handling precedes form-control shortcut suppression and focus is restored', () => {
   const keydown = cockpitKeyDown.toString();
   assert.ok(keydown, 'Cockpit keyboard handler is missing');
   const escapeIndex = keydown.indexOf("event.key === 'Escape'");
-  const formGuardIndex = keydown.indexOf("closest?.('input, textarea, select, [contenteditable]')");
-  assert.ok(escapeIndex >= 0 && formGuardIndex > escapeIndex, 'Escape must work while focus is inside a form control');
+  const formGuardIndex = keydown.indexOf(
+    "closest?.('input, textarea, select, [contenteditable]')",
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    escapeIndex >= 0 && formGuardIndex > escapeIndex,
+    'Escape must work while focus is inside a form control',
+  );
 
   const enter = cockpitEnter.toString();
   const exit = cockpitExit.toString();
@@ -162,7 +230,10 @@ test('Cockpit Escape handling precedes form-control shortcut suppression and foc
 test('Cockpit shortcut failures do not leak and open Radio owns the first Escape', () => {
   const keydown = cockpitKeyDown.toString();
   assert.ok(keydown, 'Cockpit keyboard handler is missing');
-  assert.match(keydown, /document\s*\.getElementById\('context-radio-dock'\)\s*\?\.classList\.contains\('disclosure-open'\)/);
+  assert.match(
+    keydown,
+    /document\s*\.getElementById\('context-radio-dock'\)\s*\?\.classList\.contains\('disclosure-open'\)/,
+  );
   assert.match(keydown, /#cockpit-utility-controls \[aria-expanded="true"\]/);
   assert.match(
     keydown,
@@ -177,7 +248,10 @@ test('the Contact panel never hides itself out from under its own NEXT button',
   // Pin the real presentation owner to the readout policy: PREVIOUS/NEXT
   // remains reachable unless no Context snapshot exists at all.
   assert.match(body, /resolveCockpitContextReadout\(\{ snapshot, info \}\)/);
-  assert.match(body, /if \(!readout\.visible\) \{[\s\S]*?this\.context\.hidden = true;/);
+  assert.match(
+    body,
+    /if \(!readout\.visible\) \{[\s\S]*?this\.context\.hidden = true;/,
+  );
   assert.equal(
     (body.match(/this\.context\.hidden = true/g) || []).length,
     1,
@@ -195,12 +269,19 @@ test('the Contact panel never hides itself out from under its own NEXT button',
   assert.match(body, /readout\.contactLost/);
   assert.match(body, /CONTACT LOST/);
   assert.match(body, /this\.context\.dataset\.state = 'lost'/);
-  assert.match(body, /if \(readout\.contactLost\) \{/, 'the CONTACT LOST branch is missing');
+  assert.match(
+    body,
+    /if \(readout\.contactLost\) \{/,
+    'the CONTACT LOST branch is missing',
+  );
   // PREVIOUS/NEXT must be written before any early return, so the operator can
   // always step off the current contact — including a lost one.
   const navIndex = body.indexOf('this.contextNext.disabled');
   const lostIndex = body.indexOf('if (readout.contactLost)');
-  assert.ok(navIndex >= 0 && lostIndex > navIndex, 'nav state must be written before the CONTACT LOST return');
+  assert.ok(
+    navIndex >= 0 && lostIndex > navIndex,
+    'nav state must be written before the CONTACT LOST return',
+  );
   assert.equal(
     (body.match(/this\.contextNext\.disabled/g) || []).length,
     1,
@@ -224,14 +305,25 @@ test('the cockpit reads its aircraft from the layer that owns Cesium tracking',
 });
 
 test('programmatic Context layer changes cannot bypass explicit expansion policy', () => {
-  assert.doesNotMatch(_handleContextLayerChange.toString(), /setPanelCollapsed\('global-context-panel', false\)/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    _handleContextLayerChange.toString(),
+    /setPanelCollapsed\('global-context-panel', false\)/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('share startup isolates panel defaults from recipient-local collapse preferences', () => {
-  const parseIndex = ui.indexOf('this._shareRestoration.attachLinks(this.shareLinkManager);');
-  assert.match(shellMethod('attachLinks').toString(), /this\._initialShareState = shareLinkManager\.parseInitialHash\(\)/);
+  const parseIndex = ui.indexOf(
+    'this._shareRestoration.attachLinks(this.shareLinkManager);',
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    shellMethod('attachLinks').toString(),
+    /this\._initialShareState = shareLinkManager\.parseInitialHash\(\)/,
+  );
   const panelChromeIndex = ui.indexOf('this._initPanelChrome();');
-  assert.ok(parseIndex >= 0, 'initial share state must be parsed during UI construction');
+  assert.ok(
+    parseIndex >= 0,
+    'initial share state must be parsed during UI construction',
+  );
   assert.ok(
     parseIndex < panelChromeIndex,
     'share state must be known before panel chrome can read recipient-local preferences',
@@ -251,24 +343,53 @@ test('share startup isolates panel defaults from recipient-local collapse prefer
 });
 
 test('Cockpit owns a focused shared Display portal and compact Radio controls', () => {
-  const hiddenRule = css.match(/body\.cockpit-mode\s*:is\(([^)]*)\)\s*\{\s*display:\s*none\s*!important;/);
+  const hiddenRule = css.match(
+    /body\.cockpit-mode\s*:is\(([^)]*)\)\s*\{\s*display:\s*none\s*!important;/,
+  );
   assert.ok(hiddenRule, 'Cockpit hidden-chrome rule is missing');
-  assert.match(css, /body\.cockpit-mode #right-context-rail\s*\{\s*display:\s*none\s*!important;/);
-  assert.match(css, /body\.cockpit-mode #left-panel-stack > #scene-panel\s*\{\s*display:\s*none\s*!important;/);
-  assert.match(html, /id="cockpit-display-toggle-btn"[^>]*aria-controls="cockpit-display-panel"/);
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /body\.cockpit-mode #right-context-rail\s*\{\s*display:\s*none\s*!important;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /body\.cockpit-mode #left-panel-stack > #scene-panel\s*\{\s*display:\s*none\s*!important;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /id="cockpit-display-toggle-btn"[^>]*aria-controls="cockpit-display-panel"/,
+  );
   assert.match(html, /id="cockpit-display-toggle-btn"[^>]*>◀<\/button>/);
-  assert.match(html, /data-cockpit-launcher="display"[\s\S]*?id="cockpit-display-toggle-btn"/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /data-cockpit-launcher="display"[\s\S]*?id="cockpit-display-toggle-btn"/,
+  );
   assert.match(html, /data-cockpit-display-slot="hud"/);
-  assert.match(html, /data-cockpit-display-slot="detection"[\s\S]*?data-cockpit-display-slot="parameters"[\s\S]*?data-cockpit-display-slot="models3d"/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /data-cockpit-display-slot="detection"[\s\S]*?data-cockpit-display-slot="parameters"[\s\S]*?data-cockpit-display-slot="models3d"/,
+  );
   assert.doesNotMatch(html, /data-cockpit-display-slot="presets"/);
-  assert.match(html, /id="clear-selected-layers"[^>]*aria-label="Clear selected data layers"/);
-  assert.match(html, /id="reset-globe-view"[^>]*aria-label="Reset to full globe view"/);
-  assert.match(css, /#top-center-actions\s*\{[\s\S]*?left:\s*50%;[\s\S]*?display:\s*flex;[\s\S]*?transform:\s*translateX\(-50%\)/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /id="clear-selected-layers"[^>]*aria-label="Clear selected data layers"/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /id="reset-globe-view"[^>]*aria-label="Reset to full globe view"/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /#top-center-actions\s*\{[\s\S]*?left:\s*50%;[\s\S]*?display:\s*flex;[\s\S]*?transform:\s*translateX\(-50%\)/,
+  );
   assert.match(
     css,
     /@media \(max-width: 720px\)\s*\{[\s\S]*?#top-center-actions\s*\{[\s\S]*?right:\s*16px;[\s\S]*?left:\s*auto;[\s\S]*?transform:\s*none;/,
   );
-  assert.match(css, /@media \(max-width: 720px\)\s*\{[\s\S]*?#style-indicator\s*\{\s*display:\s*none;/);
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /@media \(max-width: 720px\)\s*\{[\s\S]*?#style-indicator\s*\{\s*display:\s*none;/,
+  );
   assert.match(
     css,
     /@media \(max-width: 520px\)\s*\{[\s\S]*?#title-bar h1 > span:last-child,[\s\S]*?#title-bar \.subtitle\s*\{\s*display:\s*none;/,
@@ -279,31 +400,93 @@ test('Cockpit owns a focused shared Display portal and compact Radio controls',
     css,
     /body\.scene-playback-mode\s*:is\([\s\S]*?#clear-selected-layers,[\s\S]*?#tilt-map-view,[\s\S]*?#north-up-view,[\s\S]*?#reset-globe-view[\s\S]*?\)\s*\{\s*display:\s*none !important;/,
   );
-  assert.match(sceneDirector, /this\._running = true;\s*this\._previewRun = preview;\s*if \(preview\) this\._setPlaybackActive\(true\);/);
-  assert.match(sceneDirector, /styleManager\.setRecordingMode\(false\);\s*this\._setPlaybackActive\(false\);/);
-  assert.match(SceneControls.prototype.setPlaybackActive.toString(), /document\.body\.classList\.toggle\('scene-playback-mode', active\)/);
-  assert.equal((html.match(/id="hud-toggle"/g) || []).length, 1, 'HUD control must have one stateful DOM owner');
-  assert.equal((html.match(/id="detection-toggle"/g) || []).length, 1, 'Detection control must have one stateful DOM owner');
-  assert.equal((html.match(/id="models3d-toggle"/g) || []).length, 1, '3D control must have one stateful DOM owner');
+  assert.match(
+    sceneDirector,
+    /this\._running = true;\s*this\._previewRun = preview;\s*if \(preview\) this\._setPlaybackActive\(true\);/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    sceneDirector,
+    /styleManager\.setRecordingMode\(false\);\s*this\._setPlaybackActive\(false\);/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    SceneControls.prototype.setPlaybackActive.toString(),
+    /document\.body\.classList\.toggle\('scene-playback-mode', active\)/,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    (html.match(/id="hud-toggle"/g) || []).length,
+    1,
+    'HUD control must have one stateful DOM owner',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    (html.match(/id="detection-toggle"/g) || []).length,
+    1,
+    'Detection control must have one stateful DOM owner',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    (html.match(/id="models3d-toggle"/g) || []).length,
+    1,
+    '3D control must have one stateful DOM owner',
+  );
   assert.doesNotMatch(html, /id="cockpit-(?:hud|detection|models3d)-toggle"/);
-  assert.match(html, /id="cockpit-radio-toggle-btn"[^>]*aria-controls="cockpit-radio-panel"/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /id="cockpit-radio-toggle-btn"[^>]*aria-controls="cockpit-radio-panel"/,
+  );
   assert.match(html, /id="cockpit-radio-toggle-btn"[^>]*>◀<\/button>/);
-  assert.match(html, /data-cockpit-launcher="radio"[\s\S]*?id="cockpit-radio-toggle-btn"/);
-  const cockpitRadio = html.match(/id="cockpit-radio-panel"[\s\S]*?<\/div>\s*<\/div>\s*<\/aside>/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /data-cockpit-launcher="radio"[\s\S]*?id="cockpit-radio-toggle-btn"/,
+  );
+  const cockpitRadio = html.match(
+    /id="cockpit-radio-panel"[\s\S]*?<\/div>\s*<\/div>\s*<\/aside>/,
+  );
   assert.ok(cockpitRadio, 'Cockpit compact Radio controls are missing');
-  assert.doesNotMatch(cockpitRadio[0], /context-radio-details-btn|radio-filter|radio-tuner/);
-  assert.match(css, /\.cockpit-utility-controls[\s\S]*?top:\s*var\(\s*--cockpit-utility-top/);
-  assert.match(css, /\[data-cockpit-launcher='display'\]\s*\{\s*width:\s*var\(\s*--left-collapsed-width, 176px\)/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    cockpitRadio[0],
+    /context-radio-details-btn|radio-filter|radio-tuner/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /\.cockpit-utility-controls[\s\S]*?top:\s*var\(\s*--cockpit-utility-top/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /\[data-cockpit-launcher='display'\]\s*\{\s*width:\s*var\(\s*--left-collapsed-width, 176px\)/,
+  );
   assert.match(css, /--display-panel-expanded-width:\s*272px/);
-  assert.match(css, /#pp-toggles\s*\{[\s\S]*?--pp-expanded-width:\s*var\(\s*--display-panel-expanded-width\)/);
-  assert.match(css, /is-expanded:has\(\[data-cockpit-launcher='display'\]\)\s*\{[\s\S]*?width:\s*var\(\s*--display-panel-expanded-width\)/);
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /#pp-toggles\s*\{[\s\S]*?--pp-expanded-width:\s*var\(\s*--display-panel-expanded-width\)/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /is-expanded:has\(\[data-cockpit-launcher='display'\]\)\s*\{[\s\S]*?width:\s*var\(\s*--display-panel-expanded-width\)/,
+  );
   assert.doesNotMatch(ui, /--cockpit-display-expanded-width|dataPanelWidth/);
-  assert.match(css, /is-expanded:has\(\[data-cockpit-launcher='display'\]\)[\s\S]*?box-shadow:\s*0 8px 32px rgba\(0, 0, 0, 0\.42\)/);
-  assert.match(css, /\.cockpit-utility-control\.is-expanded \.cockpit-utility-launcher\s*\{[\s\S]*?border:\s*0;[\s\S]*?background:\s*transparent;[\s\S]*?box-shadow:\s*none;/);
-  assert.match(css, /\.cockpit-utility-control\.is-expanded \.cockpit-utility-divider\s*\{[\s\S]*?linear-gradient\(\s*90deg,\s*rgb\(0 212 255 \/ 28%\),\s*rgba\(0, 212, 255, 0\.18\) 58%,\s*transparent\s*\)[\s\S]*?box-shadow:\s*0 0 7px rgba\(0, 212, 255, 0\.22\);/);
-  assert.match(radioBindings, /this\._cockpitDisplayToggleBtn\.textContent = displayOpen \? '▶' : '◀';/);
-  assert.match(radioBindings, /this\._cockpitRadioToggleBtn\.textContent = radioOpen \? '▶' : '◀';/);
-  assert.match(css, /#cockpit-display-panel\s*\{[\s\S]*?display:\s*flex;[\s\S]*?gap:\s*7px;[\s\S]*?padding:\s*0;[\s\S]*?border-top:\s*0;/);
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /is-expanded:has\(\[data-cockpit-launcher='display'\]\)[\s\S]*?box-shadow:\s*0 8px 32px rgba\(0, 0, 0, 0\.42\)/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /\.cockpit-utility-control\.is-expanded \.cockpit-utility-launcher\s*\{[\s\S]*?border:\s*0;[\s\S]*?background:\s*transparent;[\s\S]*?box-shadow:\s*none;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /\.cockpit-utility-control\.is-expanded \.cockpit-utility-divider\s*\{[\s\S]*?linear-gradient\(\s*90deg,\s*rgb\(0 212 255 \/ 28%\),\s*rgba\(0, 212, 255, 0\.18\) 58%,\s*transparent\s*\)[\s\S]*?box-shadow:\s*0 0 7px rgba\(0, 212, 255, 0\.22\);/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    radioBindings,
+    /this\._cockpitDisplayToggleBtn\.textContent = displayOpen \? '▶' : '◀';/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    radioBindings,
+    /this\._cockpitRadioToggleBtn\.textContent = radioOpen \? '▶' : '◀';/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /#cockpit-display-panel\s*\{[\s\S]*?display:\s*flex;[\s\S]*?gap:\s*7px;[\s\S]*?padding:\s*0;[\s\S]*?border-top:\s*0;/,
+  );
   assert.doesNotMatch(ui, /--cockpit-display-tab-width/);
   // These two widths size Cockpit Radio and nothing else. They were named for
   // the Map Stack panel that once shared them; a Radio-specific name is what
@@ -311,23 +494,48 @@ test('Cockpit owns a focused shared Display portal and compact Radio controls',
   assert.match(css, /--cockpit-radio-collapsed-width:\s*148px/);
   assert.match(css, /--cockpit-radio-expanded-width:\s*232px/);
   assert.doesNotMatch(css, /--map-stack-(?:collapsed|expanded)-width/);
-  assert.doesNotMatch(html, /id="stack-panel"/, 'the retired Map Stack panel must not remain in Cockpit layout');
-  assert.match(css, /\[data-cockpit-launcher='radio'\]\s*\{\s*width:\s*var\(\s*--cockpit-radio-collapsed-width, 148px\)/);
-  assert.match(css, /is-expanded:has\(\[data-cockpit-launcher='radio'\]\)[\s\S]*?--cockpit-radio-expanded-width/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    html,
+    /id="stack-panel"/,
+    'the retired Map Stack panel must not remain in Cockpit layout',
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /\[data-cockpit-launcher='radio'\]\s*\{\s*width:\s*var\(\s*--cockpit-radio-collapsed-width, 148px\)/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /is-expanded:has\(\[data-cockpit-launcher='radio'\]\)[\s\S]*?--cockpit-radio-expanded-width/,
+  );
   assert.doesNotMatch(ui, /--cockpit-radio-tab-width/);
   assert.doesNotMatch(css, /\.cockpit-utility-launcher:hover/);
   const desktopUtilityCss = css.slice(
     css.indexOf('.cockpit-utility-controls {'),
-    css.indexOf('@media (max-width: 760px)', css.indexOf('.cockpit-utility-controls {')),
+    css.indexOf(
+      '@media (max-width: 760px)',
+      css.indexOf('.cockpit-utility-controls {'),
+    ),
   );
   assert.doesNotMatch(
     desktopUtilityCss,
     /\.cockpit-utility-controls:has\(\.cockpit-utility-control\.is-expanded\)/,
   );
-  assert.match(css, /\.cockpit-utility-controls\.layout-primary-only[\s\S]*?display:\s*none/);
-  assert.match(css, /@media \(max-width:\s*760px\)[\s\S]*?\.cockpit-utility-controls:has\(\.cockpit-utility-control\.is-expanded\)[\s\S]*?display:\s*none/);
-  assert.match(syncSignalLayout.toString(), /resolveCockpitUtilityLayout\(\{\s*availableHeight,\s*expandedHeight,\s*collapsedHeight,?\s*\}\)/);
-  assert.match(syncSignalLayout.toString(), /setAttribute\('aria-hidden', String\(hiddenSibling\)\)/);
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /\.cockpit-utility-controls\.layout-primary-only[\s\S]*?display:\s*none/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /@media \(max-width:\s*760px\)[\s\S]*?\.cockpit-utility-controls:has\(\.cockpit-utility-control\.is-expanded\)[\s\S]*?display:\s*none/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    syncSignalLayout.toString(),
+    /resolveCockpitUtilityLayout\(\{\s*availableHeight,\s*expandedHeight,\s*collapsedHeight,?\s*\}\)/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    syncSignalLayout.toString(),
+    /setAttribute\('aria-hidden', String\(hiddenSibling\)\)/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('Display orders 3D above Celestial, Clean UI below it, and Parameters below Detection', () => {
@@ -337,7 +545,11 @@ test('Display orders 3D above Celestial, Clean UI below it, and Parameters below
     display[0],
     /id="detection-toggle"[\s\S]*?id="param-slider-panel"[\s\S]*?id="models3d-toggle"[\s\S]*?id="celestial-toggle"[\s\S]*?id="clean-view-toggle"/,
   );
-  assert.equal((html.match(/id="param-slider-panel"/g) || []).length, 1, 'Parameters must have one DOM owner');
+  assert.equal(
+    (html.match(/id="param-slider-panel"/g) || []).length,
+    1,
+    'Parameters must have one DOM owner',
+  );
   assert.match(
     PanelLayoutController.prototype._initRightPanelAdaptiveLayout.toString(),
     /const detectionGroup = this\._detectionBtn\?\.closest\('\.pp-toggle-group'\);[\s\S]*?detectionGroup\.after\(this\._sliderPanel\)/,
@@ -350,37 +562,79 @@ test('Display orders 3D above Celestial, Clean UI below it, and Parameters below
 });
 
 test('Clear Selected Layers uses one adopted batch and discards Context restoration state', () => {
-  assert.match(manager, /async clearSelectedLayers\([\s\S]*?\.filter\(\(\[, entry\]\) => this\._effectiveEnabled\(entry\)\)[\s\S]*?\.reverse\(\)/);
+  assert.match(
+    manager,
+    /async clearSelectedLayers\([\s\S]*?\.filter\(\(\[, entry\]\) => this\._effectiveEnabled\(entry\)\)[\s\S]*?\.reverse\(\)/,
+  );
   assert.match(
     manager,
     /for \(const \{ layerId, intentEpoch \} of targets\)[\s\S]*?visibilityIntentEpoch !== intentEpoch[\s\S]*?await this\.setEnabled\(layerId, false/,
   );
-  assert.match(clearSelectedLayers.toString(), /if \(this\._clearSelectedLayersPromise\) return this\._clearSelectedLayersPromise/);
-  assert.match(_selectContextMode.toString(), /async function _selectContextMode\([\s\S]*?if \(this\._clearSelectedLayersPromise\) return false/);
-  assert.match(clearSelectedLayers.toString(), /this\._contextModeGeneration[\s\S]*?this\._contextSessionSnapshot = null;[\s\S]*?this\._contextRestoreState = null;/);
-  assert.match(clearSelectedLayers.toString(), /if \(this\._contextRestoreState\) this\._contextRestoreState\.cancelled = true/);
-  assert.match(_restoreContextSession.toString(), /if \(restoreState\.cancelled\) return;[\s\S]*?settleContextIntentReplay/);
-  assert.match(radioPresentation, /!this\.actions\.preservePanelStateDuringClear\(\)[\s\S]*?this\.actions\.setPanelCollapsed\('radio-panel', true\)/);
-  assert.match(clearSelectedLayers.toString(), /this\._userFacingContextNotificationTokens\.add\(notificationToken\)/);
+  assert.match(
+    clearSelectedLayers.toString(),
+    /if \(this\._clearSelectedLayersPromise\) return this\._clearSelectedLayersPromise/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    _selectContextMode.toString(),
+    /async function _selectContextMode\([\s\S]*?if \(this\._clearSelectedLayersPromise\) return false/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    clearSelectedLayers.toString(),
+    /this\._contextModeGeneration[\s\S]*?this\._contextSessionSnapshot = null;[\s\S]*?this\._contextRestoreState = null;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    clearSelectedLayers.toString(),
+    /if \(this\._contextRestoreState\) this\._contextRestoreState\.cancelled = true/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    _restoreContextSession.toString(),
+    /if \(restoreState\.cancelled\) return;[\s\S]*?settleContextIntentReplay/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    radioPresentation,
+    /!this\.actions\.preservePanelStateDuringClear\(\)[\s\S]*?this\.actions\.setPanelCollapsed\('radio-panel', true\)/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    clearSelectedLayers.toString(),
+    /this\._userFacingContextNotificationTokens\.add\(notificationToken\)/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('Cockpit Display portal retains both scroll owners across round trips', () => {
   const portal = CockpitDisplayPortal.toString();
-  assert.match(portal, /this\.standardScrollTop =\s*displayPanelScroller\(standardPanel\)\?\.scrollTop \|\| 0/);
-  assert.match(portal, /this\.cockpitScrollTop = cockpitPanel\?\.scrollTop \|\| 0/);
-  assert.match(portal, /if \(!this\.active\)[\s\S]*?this\.standardScrollTop =\s*displayPanelScroller\(standardPanel\)\.scrollTop/);
-  assert.match(portal, /if \(this\.active\)[\s\S]*?this\.cockpitScrollTop = cockpitPanel\.scrollTop/);
-  assert.match(portal, /this\.cockpitPanel\.scrollTop = this\.cockpitScrollTop[\s\S]*?displayPanelScroller\(this\.standardPanel\)\.scrollTop =\s*this\.standardScrollTop/);
+  assert.match(
+    portal,
+    /this\.standardScrollTop =\s*displayPanelScroller\(standardPanel\)\?\.scrollTop \|\| 0/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    portal,
+    /this\.cockpitScrollTop = cockpitPanel\?\.scrollTop \|\| 0/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    portal,
+    /if \(!this\.active\)[\s\S]*?this\.standardScrollTop =\s*displayPanelScroller\(standardPanel\)\.scrollTop/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    portal,
+    /if \(this\.active\)[\s\S]*?this\.cockpitScrollTop = cockpitPanel\.scrollTop/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    portal,
+    /this\.cockpitPanel\.scrollTop = this\.cockpitScrollTop[\s\S]*?displayPanelScroller\(this\.standardPanel\)\.scrollTop =\s*this\.standardScrollTop/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('Cockpit side surfaces behave as two single-expanded accordions', () => {
-  assert.match(radioBindings,
+  assert.match(
+    radioBindings,
     /if \(displayOpen \|\| radioOpen\) this\.actions\.setSignalCollapsed\(true\);/,
   );
-  assert.match(radioBindings,
+  assert.match(
+    radioBindings,
     /'gev:cockpit-signal-expanded'[\s\S]*?setCockpitDisclosure\('display', false\);/,
   );
-  assert.match(radioBindings,
+  assert.match(
+    radioBindings,
     /'gev:cockpit-context-expanded'[\s\S]*?setPanelCollapsed\('data-panel', true\);/,
   );
   assert.match(
@@ -392,11 +646,13 @@ test('Cockpit side surfaces behave as two single-expanded accordions', () => {
     /nextCollapsed\s*&&\s*this\.cockpitView\?\.active\s*&&\s*panelId === 'data-panel'[\s\S]*?_cockpitContextCollapsedForDataPanel[\s\S]*?this\.cockpitView\.setContextCollapsed\(false\);/,
     'closing Data Layers must restore Contact only after an automatic collapse',
   );
-  assert.match(setContextCollapsed.toString(),
+  assert.match(
+    setContextCollapsed.toString(),
     /const wasCollapsed = this\.contextCollapsed;[\s\S]*?this\.active && wasCollapsed && !this\.contextCollapsed[\s\S]*?'gev:cockpit-context-expanded'/,
     'Contact expansion must notify only on a collapsed-to-expanded transition',
   );
-  assert.match(setSignalCollapsed.toString(),
+  assert.match(
+    setSignalCollapsed.toString(),
     /const wasCollapsed = this\.signalCollapsed;[\s\S]*?this\.active && wasCollapsed && !this\.signalCollapsed[\s\S]*?'gev:cockpit-signal-expanded'/,
     'Live Signals expansion must notify only on a collapsed-to-expanded transition',
   );
@@ -429,7 +685,11 @@ test('fresh Cockpit entry temporarily collapses map panels and exit restores the
     'global-context-panel',
     'radio-panel',
   ]) {
-    assert.match(entryPanels[1], new RegExp(`'${panelId}'`), `${panelId} must collapse on entry`);
+    assert.match(
+      entryPanels[1],
+      new RegExp(`'${panelId}'`),
+      `${panelId} must collapse on entry`,
+    );
   }
 
   assert.match(ui, /onEntered: \(\) => this\.enterPanels\(\)/);
@@ -444,14 +704,18 @@ test('fresh Cockpit entry temporarily collapses map panels and exit restores the
   assert.match(
     callback[1],
     /_cockpitPanelRestore\.set\(\s*panelId,\s*panel\.classList\.contains\('collapsed'\),?\s*\)/,
-    'entry must remember each panel\'s exact collapsed state before hiding it',
+    "entry must remember each panel's exact collapsed state before hiding it",
   );
   assert.match(
     callback[1],
     /for \(const panelId of COCKPIT_ENTRY_COLLAPSE_PANEL_IDS\)[\s\S]*?setPanelCollapsed\(panelId, true, \{[\s\S]*?persist: false,[\s\S]*?syncShare: false,/,
     'map panels must collapse without rewriting the normal saved/share layout',
   );
-  assert.match(callback[1], /setContextCollapsed\(false\)/, 'Cockpit Contact rail must open');
+  assert.match(
+    callback[1],
+    /setContextCollapsed\(false\)/,
+    'Cockpit Contact rail must open',
+  );
   assert.match(
     callback[1],
     /setSignalCollapsed\(false, \{ user: true \}\)/,
@@ -480,7 +744,10 @@ test('fresh Cockpit entry temporarily collapses map panels and exit restores the
 
   const navigation = ui.slice(
     ui.indexOf("if (normalized === 'next' || normalized === 'previous')"),
-    ui.indexOf("return {\n      ok: false,\n      action: 'control_cockpit'", ui.indexOf("if (normalized === 'next' || normalized === 'previous')")),
+    ui.indexOf(
+      "return {\n      ok: false,\n      action: 'control_cockpit'",
+      ui.indexOf("if (normalized === 'next' || normalized === 'previous')"),
+    ),
   );
   assert.doesNotMatch(
     navigation,
@@ -495,9 +762,18 @@ test('real disclosure changes reconsider only their own temporary panel lane', (
     collapseStart,
     ui.indexOf('toggleCleanView(forceEnabled)', collapseStart),
   );
-  assert.match(collapse, /classList\.contains\('collapsed'\) === nextCollapsed\s*&&\s*!wasAutoCollapsed[\s\S]*?return;/);
-  assert.match(collapse, /_rightPanelStack\?\.contains\(panelEl\)[\s\S]*?_scheduleRightPanelLayout\(\{ reconsiderAutoCollapse: true \}\)/);
-  assert.match(collapse, /_scheduleLeftPanelLayout\(\{[\s\S]*?reconsiderAutoCollapse: this\._leftPanelStack\?\.contains\(panelEl\) === true/);
+  assert.match(
+    collapse,
+    /classList\.contains\('collapsed'\) === nextCollapsed\s*&&\s*!wasAutoCollapsed[\s\S]*?return;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    collapse,
+    /_rightPanelStack\?\.contains\(panelEl\)[\s\S]*?_scheduleRightPanelLayout\(\{ reconsiderAutoCollapse: true \}\)/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    collapse,
+    /_scheduleLeftPanelLayout\(\{[\s\S]*?reconsiderAutoCollapse: this\._leftPanelStack\?\.contains\(panelEl\) === true/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('Cockpit hides the complete top-center globe action group', () => {
@@ -514,25 +790,54 @@ test('Cockpit hides the complete top-center globe action group', () => {
 
 test('Reset releases Contact camera ownership through its selection-preserving route', () => {
   const resetStart = ui.indexOf('resetToGlobeView()');
-  const contextRelease = ui.indexOf("militaryAwarenessLayer.releaseCameraOwnership?.({ origin: 'tool' })", resetStart);
-  const satelliteRelease = ui.indexOf("satellitesLayer.stopTracking?.({ origin: 'tool' })", resetStart);
+  const contextRelease = ui.indexOf(
+    "militaryAwarenessLayer.releaseCameraOwnership?.({ origin: 'tool' })",
+    resetStart,
+  );
+  const satelliteRelease = ui.indexOf(
+    "satellitesLayer.stopTracking?.({ origin: 'tool' })",
+    resetStart,
+  );
 
   assert.ok(resetStart >= 0);
   assert.ok(contextRelease > resetStart);
   assert.ok(satelliteRelease > contextRelease);
-  assert.match(readShellElements.toString(), /_cockpitResetGlobeBtn: document\.getElementById\('cockpit-reset-globe'\)/);
-  const controls = fs.readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'ui', 'locationControls.js'), 'utf8');
-  assert.match(ui, /resetButtons: \[this\._resetGlobeBtn, this\._cockpitResetGlobeBtn\]/);
+  assert.match(
+    readShellElements.toString(),
+    /_cockpitResetGlobeBtn: document\.getElementById\('cockpit-reset-globe'\)/,
+  );
+  const controls = fs.readFileSync(
+    path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'ui', 'locationControls.js'),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    ui,
+    /resetButtons: \[this\._resetGlobeBtn, this\._cockpitResetGlobeBtn\]/,
+  );
   assert.match(ui, /onReset: \(\) => this\.resetToGlobeView\(\)/);
-  assert.match(controls, /for \(const button of elements\.resetButtons\)[\s\S]*?this\.bind\(button, 'click', onReset\)/,
-    'both reset controls delegate to the same supplied reset action');
-  assert.match(cockpitEnter.toString(), /if \(this\.resetGlobeButton\) this\.resetGlobeButton\.hidden = false;/);
-  assert.match(readRadioSource(new URL('./ui/cockpitTrackingController.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8'), /if \(this\.resetGlobeButton\) this\.resetGlobeButton\.hidden = true;/);
+  assert.match(
+    controls,
+    /for \(const button of elements\.resetButtons\)[\s\S]*?this\.bind\(button, 'click', onReset\)/,
+    'both reset controls delegate to the same supplied reset action',
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    cockpitEnter.toString(),
+    /if \(this\.resetGlobeButton\) this\.resetGlobeButton\.hidden = false;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    readRadioSource(
+      new URL('./ui/cockpitTrackingController.js', import.meta.url),
+      'utf8',
+    ),
+    /if \(this\.resetGlobeButton\) this\.resetGlobeButton\.hidden = true;/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('Location navigation releases immediate routes before flight and deferred routes after resolution', () => {
   const releaseStart = ui.indexOf('  _releaseFollowCamera(');
-  const locationFlight = ui.indexOf('_flyWithTransition(cityChanged, flyAction)');
+  const locationFlight = ui.indexOf(
+    '_flyWithTransition(cityChanged, flyAction)',
+  );
   const search = ui.indexOf('searchAndFlyTo(this.viewer, query, {');
   const voiceStart = voiceActions.indexOf('beginDeferredLocationNavigation');
 
@@ -545,24 +850,56 @@ test('Location navigation releases immediate routes before flight and deferred r
     ui.slice(locationFlight, locationFlight + 900),
     /this\._runExplicitNavigation\('location',[\s\S]*?flyAction\(/,
   );
-  const cityHandler = ui.slice(ui.indexOf('_onCityPillClick(cityId) {'), ui.indexOf('_onPoiClick(cityId, poiIndex) {'));
-  const poiHandler = ui.slice(ui.indexOf('_onPoiClick(cityId, poiIndex) {'), ui.indexOf('_expandPOIRow(cityId) {'));
-  assert.match(cityHandler, /if \(result === false\) return;[\s\S]*?_setActiveLocation/);
-  assert.match(poiHandler, /if \(result === false\) return;[\s\S]*?_setActiveLocation/);
-  assert.match(ui, /beforeFly: \(generation\) => this\._reassertNavigationHandoff\(generation\)/);
+  const cityHandler = ui.slice(
+    ui.indexOf('_onCityPillClick(cityId) {'),
+    ui.indexOf('_onPoiClick(cityId, poiIndex) {'),
+  );
+  const poiHandler = ui.slice(
+    ui.indexOf('_onPoiClick(cityId, poiIndex) {'),
+    ui.indexOf('_expandPOIRow(cityId) {'),
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    cityHandler,
+    /if \(result === false\) return;[\s\S]*?_setActiveLocation/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    poiHandler,
+    /if \(result === false\) return;[\s\S]*?_setActiveLocation/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    ui,
+    /beforeFly: \(generation\) => this\._reassertNavigationHandoff\(generation\)/,
+  );
   assert.match(ui.slice(search, search + 180), /\.\.\.options/);
-  const lookup = fs.readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'ui', 'locationSearch.js'), 'utf8');
-  assert.match(lookup, /beforeFly: \(\) => current\(\) && this\.beforeFly\(authority\)/);
+  const lookup = fs.readFileSync(
+    path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'ui', 'locationSearch.js'),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    lookup,
+    /beforeFly: \(\) => current\(\) && this\.beforeFly\(authority\)/,
+  );
   assert.ok(voiceStart >= 0, 'voice Location must use the same handoff');
-  assert.match(voiceActions, /styleManager\.reassertDeferredLocationNavigation\(generation\)/);
+  assert.match(
+    voiceActions,
+    /styleManager\.reassertDeferredLocationNavigation\(generation\)/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('Cockpit Radio station changes preserve first-person camera ownership', () => {
-  const cycleHelper = radioBindings.match(/const cycleRadio = \(direction, \{ rotate = true \} = \{\}\) => \{([\s\S]*?)\n  \};/);
+  const cycleHelper = radioBindings.match(
+    /const cycleRadio = \(direction, \{ rotate = true \} = \{\}\) => \{([\s\S]*?)\n  \};/,
+  );
   assert.ok(cycleHelper, 'shared Radio cycle helper is missing');
   assert.match(cycleHelper[1], /cycleStation\(direction, \{[\s\S]*?rotate,/);
-  assert.match(radioBindings, /listen\(this\._radioPrevBtn, 'click', \(\) => cycleRadio\(-1\)\)/);
-  assert.match(radioBindings, /listen\(this\._contextRadioMiniNextBtn, 'click', \(\) => cycleRadio\(1\)\)/);
+  assert.match(
+    radioBindings,
+    /listen\(this\._radioPrevBtn, 'click', \(\) => cycleRadio\(-1\)\)/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    radioBindings,
+    /listen\(this\._contextRadioMiniNextBtn, 'click', \(\) => cycleRadio\(1\)\)/,
+  );
   assert.match(
     radioBindings,
     /listen\(this\._cockpitRadioPrevBtn, 'click', \(\) =>\s*cycleRadio\(-1, \{ rotate: false \}\),?\s*\)/,
@@ -574,21 +911,34 @@ test('Cockpit Radio station changes preserve first-person camera ownership', ()
 });
 
 test('Cockpit panel corridors reserve the owned topline readouts', () => {
-  const layout = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/panelLayoutController.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const leftObstacles = layout.match(/const LEFT_STACK_OBSTACLE_SELECTOR = \[([\s\S]*?)\]\.join/);
-  const rightObstacles = layout.match(/const RIGHT_STACK_OBSTACLE_SELECTOR = \[([\s\S]*?)\]\.join/);
-  assert.ok(leftObstacles && rightObstacles, 'responsive panel obstacle selectors are missing');
+  const layout = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/panelLayoutController.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const leftObstacles = layout.match(
+    /const LEFT_STACK_OBSTACLE_SELECTOR = \[([\s\S]*?)\]\.join/,
+  );
+  const rightObstacles = layout.match(
+    /const RIGHT_STACK_OBSTACLE_SELECTOR = \[([\s\S]*?)\]\.join/,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    leftObstacles && rightObstacles,
+    'responsive panel obstacle selectors are missing',
+  );
   assert.match(leftObstacles[1], /#cockpit-hud \.cockpit-topline/);
   assert.match(rightObstacles[1], /#cockpit-hud \.cockpit-topline/);
   assert.match(leftObstacles[1], /#cockpit-hud \.cockpit-topline > div/);
   assert.match(rightObstacles[1], /#cockpit-hud \.cockpit-topline > div/);
-  const leftLayout = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/leftPanelRail.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const leftLayout = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/leftPanelRail.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   assert.ok(leftLayout, 'left accordion layout pass is missing');
   assert.doesNotMatch(
     leftLayout,
     /setProperty\('--cockpit-utility-top'/,
-    'the right margin must not borrow the left accordion corridor: it is solved '
-      + 'against left-lane obstacles and put the strip through the briefing card',
+    'the right margin must not borrow the left accordion corridor: it is solved ' +
+      'against left-lane obstacles and put the strip through the briefing card',
   );
   const signalLayout = syncSignalLayout.toString();
   assert.ok(signalLayout, 'Cockpit signal layout method is missing');
@@ -606,8 +956,8 @@ test('Cockpit panel corridors reserve the owned topline readouts', () => {
   assert.match(
     signalLayout,
     /const recBounds = isRenderedOnScreen\(recReadout\)\s*\? recReadout\.getBoundingClientRect\(\)\s*: null;/,
-    'HUD Off retires the Intel HUD with visibility/opacity, which leaves the REC '
-      + 'readout a rect — a rect test alone would anchor the strip to an invisible readout',
+    'HUD Off retires the Intel HUD with visibility/opacity, which leaves the REC ' +
+      'readout a rect — a rect test alone would anchor the strip to an invisible readout',
   );
   assert.match(
     isRenderedOnScreen.toString(),
@@ -616,22 +966,31 @@ test('Cockpit panel corridors reserve the owned topline readouts', () => {
   assert.match(
     layout,
     /_leftStackHudTransitionHandler = \(event\) => \{[\s\S]*?_scheduleLeftPanelLayout\(\{ reconsiderAutoCollapse: true \}\);[\s\S]*?this\.scheduleCockpitLayout\(\);/,
-    'the strip must remeasure on the same HUD fade the accordion does — the REC '
-      + 'readout keeps its rect until the transition ends',
+    'the strip must remeasure on the same HUD fade the accordion does — the REC ' +
+      'readout keeps its rect until the transition ends',
   );
   assert.doesNotMatch(
     signalLayout,
     /Math\.max\(120,/,
     'the 120px corridor floor can never be reached by a 107px strip and only hid the collision',
   );
-  assert.match(signalLayout, /const availableHeight = utilityAnchor\.maxHeight;/);
-  assert.match(signalLayout, /cockpit-utility-controls[\s\S]*?--cockpit-utility-max-height/);
+  assert.match(
+    signalLayout,
+    /const availableHeight = utilityAnchor\.maxHeight;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    signalLayout,
+    /cockpit-utility-controls[\s\S]*?--cockpit-utility-max-height/,
+  );
   assert.match(
     css,
     /\.cockpit-utility-controls\s*\{[\s\S]*?top:\s*var\(\s*--cockpit-utility-top,\s*var\(\s*--left-stack-safe-top,\s*var\(\s*--left-stack-top\)\s*\)\s*\)/,
     'the first frame before Cockpit publishes an anchor still needs the fallback chain',
   );
-  assert.match(css, /body\.cockpit-mode #left-panel-stack\s*\{[\s\S]*?transition:\s*none;/);
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /body\.cockpit-mode #left-panel-stack\s*\{[\s\S]*?transition:\s*none;/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('an expanded Cockpit left panel stays above Contact, HUD, and attribution', () => {
@@ -640,7 +999,10 @@ test('an expanded Cockpit left panel stays above Contact, HUD, and attribution',
     /COCKPIT_PASSABLE_LEFT_OBSTACLE_SELECTOR|cockpitOverlaysPassable/,
     'Cockpit obstacles must never be bypassed by an expanded map panel',
   );
-  const leftLayout = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/leftPanelRail.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const leftLayout = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/leftPanelRail.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   assert.ok(leftLayout, 'left accordion layout pass is missing');
   assert.match(
     leftLayout,
@@ -655,15 +1017,14 @@ test('an expanded Cockpit left panel stays above Contact, HUD, and attribution',
   const cockpitIntelHud = css.match(
     /body\.cockpit-mode #intel-hud\.active\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/,
   );
-  const leftStack = css.match(/body\.cockpit-mode #left-panel-stack\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/);
+  const leftStack = css.match(
+    /body\.cockpit-mode #left-panel-stack\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/,
+  );
   assert.ok(cockpitHud && cockpitIntelHud && leftStack);
   assert.ok(Number(leftStack[1]) > Number(cockpitHud[1]));
   assert.ok(Number(leftStack[1]) > Number(cockpitIntelHud[1]));
   // Long layer lists scroll inside the panel instead of being clipped away.
-  assert.match(
-    css,
-    /\.data-toggle-list\s*\{[\s\S]*?overflow-y:\s*auto;/,
-  );
+  assert.match(css, /\.data-toggle-list\s*\{[\s\S]*?overflow-y:\s*auto;/);
   assert.match(
     css,
     /#left-panel-stack > #data-panel:not\(\.collapsed\) \.data-panel-inner[\s\S]*?\{[\s\S]*?height:\s*100%;[\s\S]*?max-height:\s*100%;/,
@@ -672,12 +1033,24 @@ test('an expanded Cockpit left panel stays above Contact, HUD, and attribution',
 
 test('Cockpit side rulers stay behind interactive panel surfaces', () => {
   const cockpitHud = css.match(/#cockpit-hud\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/);
-  const leftStack = css.match(/body\.cockpit-mode #left-panel-stack\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/);
-  const sideRuler = css.match(/\.cockpit-altitude-rim\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/);
-  const context = css.match(/\.cockpit-context-window\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/);
-  const signals = css.match(/\.cockpit-signal-window\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/);
-  const utilities = css.match(/\.cockpit-utility-controls\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/);
-  assert.ok(cockpitHud && leftStack && sideRuler && context && signals && utilities);
+  const leftStack = css.match(
+    /body\.cockpit-mode #left-panel-stack\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/,
+  );
+  const sideRuler = css.match(
+    /\.cockpit-altitude-rim\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/,
+  );
+  const context = css.match(
+    /\.cockpit-context-window\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/,
+  );
+  const signals = css.match(
+    /\.cockpit-signal-window\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/,
+  );
+  const utilities = css.match(
+    /\.cockpit-utility-controls\s*\{[\s\S]*?z-index:\s*(\d+);/,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    cockpitHud && leftStack && sideRuler && context && signals && utilities,
+  );
   assert.ok(Number(leftStack[1]) > Number(cockpitHud[1]));
   assert.ok(Number(context[1]) > Number(sideRuler[1]));
   assert.ok(Number(signals[1]) > Number(sideRuler[1]));
@@ -702,19 +1075,52 @@ test('Cockpit Display portals shared HUD, Detection, Parameters, and 3D controls
     CockpitDisplayPortal.prototype.destroy.toString(),
     /this\.stop\(\)[\s\S]*?record\.anchor\.after\(record\.group\)[\s\S]*?record\.anchor\.remove\(\)/,
   );
-  assert.doesNotMatch(ui, /_cycleCockpitHud|_cockpitModels3dToggle|_cockpitDetectionToggle/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    ui,
+    /_cycleCockpitHud|_cockpitModels3dToggle|_cockpitDetectionToggle/,
+  );
   assert.equal((html.match(/id="style-buttons"/g) || []).length, 1);
   assert.equal((html.match(/id="param-slider-panel"/g) || []).length, 1);
-  assert.match(html, /data-cockpit-display-slot="detection"[\s\S]*?data-cockpit-display-slot="parameters"[\s\S]*?data-cockpit-display-slot="models3d"/);
-  assert.match(ui, /_revealStyleParameters\(\) \{[\s\S]*?if \(this\._cockpitDisplayPortalActive\) return;/);
-  assert.match(radioBindings, /closest\?\.\('\.cockpit-vision-controls'\)\) return;/);
-  assert.match(ui, /_revealCockpitStyleParameters\(\{ openDisplay = false \} = \{\}\) \{[\s\S]*?openDisplay[\s\S]*?_setCockpitDisclosure\?\.\('display', true\)[\s\S]*?aria-expanded'\) !== 'true'[\s\S]*?classList\.remove\('collapsed'\)/);
-  assert.match(radioBindings, /if \(displayOpen\) this\.actions\.revealStyleParameters\(\);/);
-  assert.match(cycleVisionMode.toString(), /setVisionMode\(modes\[nextIndex\], \{ revealParameters: true \}\);/);
-  assert.match(css, /\.cockpit-display-slot\s*\{[\s\S]*?display:\s*block;[\s\S]*?min-width:\s*0;/);
-  assert.match(css, /#cockpit-display-panel \.pp-toggle-group\s*\{\s*width:\s*100%/);
-  assert.match(css, /#cockpit-display-panel \.pp-toggle-group\s*\{[\s\S]*?min-width:\s*0;/);
-  assert.match(css, /#cockpit-display-panel \.pp-toggle-btn\s*\{[\s\S]*?width:\s*100%/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /data-cockpit-display-slot="detection"[\s\S]*?data-cockpit-display-slot="parameters"[\s\S]*?data-cockpit-display-slot="models3d"/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    ui,
+    /_revealStyleParameters\(\) \{[\s\S]*?if \(this\._cockpitDisplayPortalActive\) return;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    radioBindings,
+    /closest\?\.\('\.cockpit-vision-controls'\)\) return;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    ui,
+    /_revealCockpitStyleParameters\(\{ openDisplay = false \} = \{\}\) \{[\s\S]*?openDisplay[\s\S]*?_setCockpitDisclosure\?\.\('display', true\)[\s\S]*?aria-expanded'\) !== 'true'[\s\S]*?classList\.remove\('collapsed'\)/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    radioBindings,
+    /if \(displayOpen\) this\.actions\.revealStyleParameters\(\);/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    cycleVisionMode.toString(),
+    /setVisionMode\(modes\[nextIndex\], \{ revealParameters: true \}\);/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /\.cockpit-display-slot\s*\{[\s\S]*?display:\s*block;[\s\S]*?min-width:\s*0;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /#cockpit-display-panel \.pp-toggle-group\s*\{\s*width:\s*100%/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /#cockpit-display-panel \.pp-toggle-group\s*\{[\s\S]*?min-width:\s*0;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /#cockpit-display-panel \.pp-toggle-btn\s*\{[\s\S]*?width:\s*100%/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('mobile Cockpit prioritizes flight instruments and collision-safe controls', () => {
@@ -722,24 +1128,37 @@ test('mobile Cockpit prioritizes flight instruments and collision-safe controls'
     /@media \(max-width: 760px\) \{([\s\S]*?)\n\}\n\n@media \(prefers-reduced-motion/,
   );
   assert.ok(mobileCockpit, 'mobile Cockpit rules are missing');
-  assert.match(mobileCockpit[1], /body\.cockpit-mode #left-panel-stack,[\s\S]*?display:\s*none\s*!important;/);
+  assert.match(
+    mobileCockpit[1],
+    /body\.cockpit-mode #left-panel-stack,[\s\S]*?display:\s*none\s*!important;/,
+  );
   assert.match(mobileCockpit[1], /body\.cockpit-mode #intel-hud/);
   assert.match(mobileCockpit[1], /body\.cockpit-mode \.cockpit-context-window/);
   assert.match(mobileCockpit[1], /body\.cockpit-mode \.cockpit-signal-window/);
-  assert.match(mobileCockpit[1], /body\.cockpit-mode \.cockpit-utility-controls[\s\S]*?bottom:\s*152px;/);
-  assert.match(mobileCockpit[1], /body\.cockpit-mode \.cockpit-utility-control\.is-expanded[\s\S]*?top:\s*96px;/);
-  assert.match(mobileCockpit[1], /body\.cockpit-mode \.cockpit-utility-popover[\s\S]*?position:\s*static;/);
+  assert.match(
+    mobileCockpit[1],
+    /body\.cockpit-mode \.cockpit-utility-controls[\s\S]*?bottom:\s*152px;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    mobileCockpit[1],
+    /body\.cockpit-mode \.cockpit-utility-control\.is-expanded[\s\S]*?top:\s*96px;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    mobileCockpit[1],
+    /body\.cockpit-mode \.cockpit-utility-popover[\s\S]*?position:\s*static;/,
+  );
   assert.match(
     mobileCockpit[1],
     /body\.cockpit-mode #view-switcher \{[\s\S]*?bottom:\s*max\(76px, env\(safe-area-inset-bottom\)\);[\s\S]*?max-width:\s*calc\(100vw - 20px\);/,
   );
-  assert.match(mobileCockpit[1], /body\.cockpit-mode #view-switcher button \{[\s\S]*?padding-inline:\s*9px;/);
+  assert.match(
+    mobileCockpit[1],
+    /body\.cockpit-mode #view-switcher button \{[\s\S]*?padding-inline:\s*9px;/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('cockpit route direction uses self-contained vector artwork, not a font ligature', () => {
-  const match = html.match(
-    /<div id="cockpit-route-direction"[\s\S]*?<\/div>/,
-  );
+  const match = html.match(/<div id="cockpit-route-direction"[\s\S]*?<\/div>/);
   assert.ok(match, 'cockpit route-direction markup is missing');
   assert.match(match[0], /<svg class="cockpit-route-chevron"/);
   assert.match(match[0], /<path d="[^"]+"/);
@@ -752,7 +1171,10 @@ test('cockpit aircraft handoff invalidates the prior world-position anchor', ()
   assert.ok(match, 'cockpit tracked-entity handoff block is missing');
   assert.match(match, /this\.viewer\.trackedEntity = undefined;/);
   assert.match(match, /this\.cockpitAnchorValid = false;/);
-  assert.match(match, /this\.heading = normalizeHeading\(info\.track \?\? 0\);/);
+  assert.match(
+    match,
+    /this\.heading = normalizeHeading\(info\.track \?\? 0\);/,
+  );
   assert.match(match, /this\.lastFrameMs = nowMs;/);
 });
 
@@ -767,18 +1189,25 @@ test('cockpit weather control is off before JavaScript restores an explicit opt-
 });
 
 test('cockpit summary presents the focused item as Contact', () => {
-  const match = html.match(
-    /<aside id="cockpit-context"[\s\S]*?<\/aside>/,
-  );
+  const match = html.match(/<aside id="cockpit-context"[\s\S]*?<\/aside>/);
   assert.ok(match, 'cockpit Contact summary is missing');
   assert.match(match[0], /aria-label="Contact cockpit summary"/);
   assert.match(match[0], /class="cockpit-context-kicker">CONTACT</);
   assert.match(match[0], /aria-label="Contact navigation"/);
-  assert.match(match[0], /aria-label="Previous — prior visited contact in the 250 km window"/);
-  assert.match(match[0], /aria-label="Next — nearest unvisited contact in the 250 km window"/);
+  assert.match(
+    match[0],
+    /aria-label="Previous — prior visited contact in the 250 km window"/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    match[0],
+    /aria-label="Next — nearest unvisited contact in the 250 km window"/,
+  );
   assert.match(match[0], /aria-label="Collapse Contact panel"/);
   assert.doesNotMatch(match[0], />GLOBAL CONTEXT</);
-  assert.match(setContextCollapsed.toString(), /`\$\{expanded \? 'Collapse' : 'Expand'\} Contact panel`/);
+  assert.match(
+    setContextCollapsed.toString(),
+    /expanded \? t\('Collapse Contact panel'\) : t\('Expand Contact panel'\)/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('Cockpit Contact navigation omits the redundant Focus camera action', () => {
@@ -795,24 +1224,37 @@ test('Global Context names its mixed contact cycle without changing the stable m
   assert.ok(match, 'Global Context contacts button is missing');
   assert.match(match[0], />CONTACTS</);
   assert.match(match[0], /aria-label="CONTACTS"/);
-  assert.match(match[0], /title="Cycles the nearest contacts of whatever type you select — planes, vessels, installations\. Satellites track independently\."/);
+  assert.match(
+    match[0],
+    /title="Cycles the nearest contacts of whatever type you select — planes, vessels, installations\. Satellites track independently\."/,
+  );
   assert.doesNotMatch(match[0], />FLIGHTS</);
 });
 
 test('Global Context uses its dedicated right rail without a duplicate Data Layers row', () => {
-  assert.match(contextLayer, /id:\s*'military-awareness'[\s\S]*?showInTogglePanel:\s*false/);
-  const panel = fs.readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'ui', 'layerPanel.js'), 'utf8');
+  assert.match(
+    contextLayer,
+    /id:\s*'military-awareness'[\s\S]*?showInTogglePanel:\s*false/,
+  );
+  const panel = fs.readFileSync(
+    path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'ui', 'layerPanel.js'),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   assert.match(panel, /if \(!layer\.showInTogglePanel\) continue;/);
-  assert.match(fs.readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'app', 'layerPresentation.js'), 'utf8'), /getLayers: \(\) => this\.manager\.getAll\(\)/);
+  assert.match(
+    fs.readFileSync(
+      path.join(ROOT, 'src', 'app', 'layerPresentation.js'),
+      'utf8',
+    ),
+    /getLayers: \(\) => this\.manager\.getAll\(\)/,
+  );
   assert.match(html, /id="global-context-panel"/);
   assert.match(html, /id="global-context-flights-btn"/);
   assert.match(html, /id="global-context-missions-btn"/);
 });
 
 test('Global Context standby describes both chooser modes', () => {
-  const match = html.match(
-    /<div id="context-mode-standby"[\s\S]*?<\/div>/,
-  );
+  const match = html.match(/<div id="context-mode-standby"[\s\S]*?<\/div>/);
   assert.ok(match, 'Global Context standby is missing');
   assert.match(match[0], /CONTACTS — nearest planes · vessels · sites/);
   assert.match(match[0], /SPACE MISSIONS — launches &amp; orbital assets/);
@@ -826,11 +1268,17 @@ test('cockpit briefing cycle control keeps its state as the accessible name', ()
   assert.match(match[0], /aria-label="CYCLE OFF"/);
   assert.match(match[0], /aria-pressed="false"/);
   assert.match(match[0], />CYCLE OFF<\/button>/);
-  assert.match(match[0], /title="Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds \(Signals → News → Local\)\./);
+  assert.match(
+    match[0],
+    /title="Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds \(Signals → News → Local\)\./,
+  );
 
   const update = setBriefAutoRotate.toString();
   assert.ok(update, 'cockpit briefing cycle state updater is missing');
-  assert.match(update, /const label = this\.briefAutoRotateEnabled \? 'CYCLE ON' : 'CYCLE OFF';/);
+  assert.match(
+    update,
+    /const label = this\.briefAutoRotateEnabled \? 'CYCLE ON' : 'CYCLE OFF';/,
+  );
   assert.match(update, /setAttribute\('aria-label', label\)/);
   assert.match(update, /\.title = help;/);
   assert.doesNotMatch(update, /setAttribute\('aria-label', help\)/);
@@ -848,9 +1296,18 @@ test('voice Cockpit entry honours a requested contact layer before it enters', (
   const gateIndex = branch.indexOf('isEntryAllowed?.()');
   const retargetIndex = branch.indexOf('_retargetCockpitEntryLayer(');
   const enterIndex = branch.indexOf('enterCockpitWithTracking({');
-  assert.ok(gateIndex >= 0, 'entry consults the same gate the manual chip uses');
-  assert.ok(retargetIndex > gateIndex, 'the requested layer is resolved after the gate');
-  assert.ok(enterIndex > retargetIndex, 'and BEFORE the entry transaction runs');
+  assert.ok(
+    gateIndex >= 0,
+    'entry consults the same gate the manual chip uses',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    retargetIndex > gateIndex,
+    'the requested layer is resolved after the gate',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    enterIndex > retargetIndex,
+    'and BEFORE the entry transaction runs',
+  );
   // The retarget must be REACHED, not merely present: a guard that can never be
   // true reproduces the original defect while keeping the call in the source.
   assert.match(
@@ -873,8 +1330,15 @@ test('voice Cockpit entry honours a requested contact layer before it enters', (
     /militaryAwarenessLayer\.navigateNext\(\{\s*targetLayer,\s*aircraftClass,\s*origin: 'voice',\s*\}\)/,
     'retargeting reuses filtered navigation with durable voice selection authority',
   );
-  assert.match(retarget, /Cockpit flies aircraft only/, 'non-aircraft layers are refused by name');
-  assert.match(retarget, /No \$\{filtered\}\$\{label\} contact is available to enter/);
+  assert.match(
+    retarget,
+    /Cockpit flies aircraft only/,
+    'non-aircraft layers are refused by name',
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    retarget,
+    /No \$\{filtered\}\$\{label\} contact is available to enter/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('voice Cockpit entry refuses when the entry gate is shut', () => {
diff --git a/src/cockpitMath.js b/src/cockpitMath.js
index 74e6d1451..62015bb70 100644
--- a/src/cockpitMath.js
+++ b/src/cockpitMath.js
@@ -83,31 +83,65 @@ export function cockpitAltitudeDisplayFt(altitudeM, onGround) {
   return Number.isFinite(altitudeM) ? altitudeM * 3.28084 : null;
 }
 
+/** The English emergency line; see formatCockpitEmergency. */
+const ENGLISH_EMERGENCY = Object.freeze({
+  squawk: ({ squawk, label }) => `SQUAWK ${squawk} · ${label}`,
+  adsb: ({ priority, label }) =>
+    `ADS-B ${priority ? 'PRIORITY' : 'EMERGENCY'} · ${label}`,
+});
+
 /**
  * HUD wording for a tracked aircraft's transponder emergency, or null.
  * States what was broadcast, never a conclusion about the flight: the Mode A
  * code when it names the status, else the ADS-B field it came from (an
  * unrelated squawk is dropped).
- * @param {{label?: string, squawk?: string|null, source?: string,
- *   severity?: string}|null|undefined} emergency
+ * The cockpit passes its own formatter so the page shows it in the active
+ * language; this module stays i18n-free.
+ * @param {{label?: string, squawk?: string|null,
+ *   source?: string, severity?: string}|null|undefined} emergency
+ * @param {{squawk: Function, adsb: Function}} [format] Builds the line from
+ *   `{ name, label, squawk }` and `{ name, label, priority }`, where
+ *   `label` is the upper-cased `name`.
  * @returns {string|null}
  */
-export function formatCockpitEmergency(emergency) {
+export function formatCockpitEmergency(emergency, format = ENGLISH_EMERGENCY) {
   const label = String(emergency?.label || '')
     .trim()
     .toUpperCase();
   if (!label) return null;
+  const name = String(emergency.label).trim();
   if (emergency.source === 'squawk' && emergency.squawk)
-    return `SQUAWK ${emergency.squawk} · ${label}`;
-  const field = emergency.severity === 'priority' ? 'PRIORITY' : 'EMERGENCY';
-  return `ADS-B ${field} · ${label}`;
+    return format.squawk({ name, label, squawk: emergency.squawk });
+  return format.adsb({
+    name,
+    label,
+    priority: emergency.severity === 'priority',
+  });
 }
 
-/** Format the cockpit Context scope without overstating installation coverage. */
+/** The English Context scope line; see formatCockpitContextScope. */
+const ENGLISH_CONTEXT_SCOPE = Object.freeze({
+  window: ({ label, radiusKm }) =>
+    `${label} · ${radiusKm ?? '—'} KM AIR/SEA WINDOW`,
+  installations: ({ scope, coverage }) =>
+    `${scope} · INSTALLATIONS ${coverage}`,
+});
+
+/**
+ * Format the cockpit Context scope without overstating installation coverage.
+ * @param {string|number} subjectLabel
+ * @param {number} radiusM
+ * @param {string|null} [installationCoverage]
+ * @param {{window: Function, installations: Function}} [format] Builds the
+ *   line from `{ label, radiusKm }` (radiusKm is null when unknown) and
+ *   `{ scope, coverage }`.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
 export function formatCockpitContextScope(
   subjectLabel,
   radiusM,
   installationCoverage = null,
+  format = ENGLISH_CONTEXT_SCOPE,
 ) {
   const normalizedLabel =
     typeof subjectLabel === 'string'
@@ -117,12 +151,12 @@ export function formatCockpitContextScope(
         : '—';
   const radiusKm =
     Number.isFinite(radiusM) && radiusM >= 0
-      ? String(Math.round(radiusM / 1000))
-      : '—';
+      ? Math.round(radiusM / 1000)
+      : null;
   const coverage =
     typeof installationCoverage === 'string' ? installationCoverage.trim() : '';
-  const base = `${normalizedLabel} · ${radiusKm} KM AIR/SEA WINDOW`;
-  return coverage ? `${base} · INSTALLATIONS ${coverage}` : base;
+  const base = format.window({ label: normalizedLabel, radiusKm });
+  return coverage ? format.installations({ scope: base, coverage }) : base;
 }
 
 /** Return seven 30-degree compass divisions centered on a heading. */
diff --git a/src/cockpitSignalFocus.test.mjs b/src/cockpitSignalFocus.test.mjs
index 57e9ecd6f..cfe60a461 100644
--- a/src/cockpitSignalFocus.test.mjs
+++ b/src/cockpitSignalFocus.test.mjs
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ import { afterEach } from 'node:test';
 import { formatAwarenessLabel } from './data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
 import { CockpitViewController } from './ui/cockpitController.js';
 const previousDocument = globalThis.document;
-afterEach(() => { globalThis.document = previousDocument; });
+afterEach(() => {
+  globalThis.document = previousDocument;
+});
 
 // Model native focus loss on removal AND on ordinary DOM moves. Keeping an
 // object reference alone is insufficient if reconciliation disconnects it.
@@ -22,23 +24,60 @@ function fixture() {
       this.className = '';
       this._text = '';
       this.classList = {
-        add: (...names) => { this.className = [...new Set([...this.className.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean), ...names])].join(' '); },
+        add: (...names) => {
+          this.className = [
+            ...new Set([
+              ...this.className.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean),
+              ...names,
+            ]),
+          ].join(' ');
+        },
       };
     }
-    get isConnected() { return this === document.body || Boolean(this.parentNode?.isConnected); }
-    get firstElementChild() { return this.children[0] || null; }
-    get nextElementSibling() { return this.parentNode?.children[this.parentNode.children.indexOf(this) + 1] || null; }
-    get textContent() { return this._text + this.children.map((node) => node.textContent).join(''); }
-    set textContent(value) { this.replaceChildren(); this._text = String(value); }
-    setAttribute(name, value) { this.attributes.set(name, String(value)); }
-    getAttribute(name) { return this.attributes.get(name) ?? null; }
-    contains(node) { return this === node || this.children.some((child) => child.contains(node)); }
-    append(...nodes) { for (const node of nodes) this.insertBefore(node, null); }
+    get isConnected() {
+      return this === document.body || Boolean(this.parentNode?.isConnected);
+    }
+    get firstElementChild() {
+      return this.children[0] || null;
+    }
+    get nextElementSibling() {
+      return (
+        this.parentNode?.children[this.parentNode.children.indexOf(this) + 1] ||
+        null
+      );
+    }
+    get textContent() {
+      return (
+        this._text + this.children.map((node) => node.textContent).join('')
+      );
+    }
+    set textContent(value) {
+      this.replaceChildren();
+      this._text = String(value);
+    }
+    setAttribute(name, value) {
+      this.attributes.set(name, String(value));
+    }
+    getAttribute(name) {
+      return this.attributes.get(name) ?? null;
+    }
+    contains(node) {
+      return (
+        this === node || this.children.some((child) => child.contains(node))
+      );
+    }
+    append(...nodes) {
+      for (const node of nodes) this.insertBefore(node, null);
+    }
     insertBefore(node, anchor) {
-      assert.ok(anchor === null || anchor.parentNode === this, 'insert anchor belongs to its parent');
+      assert.ok(
+        anchor === null || anchor.parentNode === this,
+        'insert anchor belongs to its parent',
+      );
       if (node === anchor) return node;
       node.remove();
-      const index = anchor === null ? this.children.length : this.children.indexOf(anchor);
+      const index =
+        anchor === null ? this.children.length : this.children.indexOf(anchor);
       this.children.splice(index, 0, node);
       node.parentNode = this;
       return node;
@@ -49,7 +88,10 @@ function fixture() {
         document.activeElement = document.body;
         focusLosses += 1;
       }
-      this.parentNode.children.splice(this.parentNode.children.indexOf(this), 1);
+      this.parentNode.children.splice(
+        this.parentNode.children.indexOf(this),
+        1,
+      );
       this.parentNode = null;
     }
     replaceChildren(...nodes) {
@@ -59,20 +101,32 @@ function fixture() {
     }
     matches(selector) {
       if (selector === 'button[data-signal-layer][data-signal-id]') {
-        return this.tagName === 'BUTTON' && this.dataset.signalLayer != null && this.dataset.signalId != null;
+        return (
+          this.tagName === 'BUTTON' &&
+          this.dataset.signalLayer != null &&
+          this.dataset.signalId != null
+        );
       }
-      return selector.startsWith('.') ? this.className.split(/\s+/).includes(selector.slice(1))
+      return selector.startsWith('.')
+        ? this.className.split(/\s+/).includes(selector.slice(1))
         : this.tagName === selector.toUpperCase();
     }
     closest(selector) {
-      for (let node = this; node; node = node.parentNode) if (node.matches(selector)) return node;
+      for (let node = this; node; node = node.parentNode)
+        if (node.matches(selector)) return node;
       return null;
     }
     querySelectorAll(selector) {
-      return this.children.flatMap((child) => [ ...(child.matches(selector) ? [child] : []), ...child.querySelectorAll(selector) ]);
+      return this.children.flatMap((child) => [
+        ...(child.matches(selector) ? [child] : []),
+        ...child.querySelectorAll(selector),
+      ]);
     }
     focus() {
-      assert.ok(this.isConnected, 'a focus destination must still be connected');
+      assert.ok(
+        this.isConnected,
+        'a focus destination must still be connected',
+      );
       focusCalls += 1;
       document.activeElement = this;
     }
@@ -85,7 +139,11 @@ function fixture() {
   controller.services = { formatAwarenessLabel };
   controller.signalList = new Node('ol');
   controller.signalToggle = new Node('button');
-  controller.briefTabs = [new Node('button'), new Node('button'), new Node('button')];
+  controller.briefTabs = [
+    new Node('button'),
+    new Node('button'),
+    new Node('button'),
+  ];
   controller.briefPageIndex = 0;
   controller.signalItems = [];
   controller.signalSignatures = new Map();
@@ -93,64 +151,131 @@ function fixture() {
   const display = new Node('button');
   const radio = new Node('button');
   const outside = new Node('button');
-  document.body.append(controller.signalToggle, controller.signalList, ...controller.briefTabs, display, radio, outside);
+  document.body.append(
+    controller.signalToggle,
+    controller.signalList,
+    ...controller.briefTabs,
+    display,
+    radio,
+    outside,
+  );
   const selected = [];
-  controller.services.militaryAwarenessLayer = { focusTarget: (...args) => selected.push(args) };
-  const click = event => controller.handleSignalClick(event);
+  controller.services.militaryAwarenessLayer = {
+    focusTarget: (...args) => selected.push(args),
+  };
+  const click = (event) => controller.handleSignalClick(event);
   const buttons = () => controller.signalList.querySelectorAll('button');
   const tab = () => {
     const nodes = document.body.querySelectorAll('button');
     const index = nodes.indexOf(document.activeElement);
     nodes[(index + 1) % nodes.length].focus();
   };
-  return { controller, document, buttons, display, radio, outside, selected, click, tab,
-    losses: () => focusLosses, focusCalls: () => focusCalls };
+  return {
+    controller,
+    document,
+    buttons,
+    display,
+    radio,
+    outside,
+    selected,
+    click,
+    tab,
+    losses: () => focusLosses,
+    focusCalls: () => focusCalls,
+  };
 }
 
 const item = (id, overrides = {}) => ({
-  key: `flight:flights:${id}`, tone: 'nearby', title: `Flight ${id}`, detail: 'COMMERCIAL FLIGHT · 2 KM',
-  target: { layerId: 'flights', id }, timestamp: 1_700_000_000_000, ...overrides,
+  key: `flight:flights:${id}`,
+  tone: 'nearby',
+  title: `Flight ${id}`,
+  detail: 'COMMERCIAL FLIGHT · 2 KM',
+  target: { layerId: 'flights', id },
+  timestamp: 1_700_000_000_000,
+  ...overrides,
 });
-const render = (f, items) => { f.controller.signalItems = items; f.controller.renderCockpitSignals(); };
+const render = (f, items) => {
+  f.controller.signalItems = items;
+  f.controller.renderCockpitSignals();
+};
 const snapshot = (distanceM = 2000) => ({
   evaluatedAt: 1_700_000_000_000,
   subject: { layerId: 'flights', id: 'current', label: 'CURRENT' },
-  cohorts: [{ id: 'flights', count: 1, nearest: [{ id: 'nearby', label: 'NEARBY', distanceM }] }],
+  cohorts: [
+    {
+      id: 'flights',
+      count: 1,
+      nearest: [{ id: 'nearby', label: 'NEARBY', distanceM }],
+    },
+  ],
 });
 
 test('actual Context refresh retains the focused signal button across unchanged and changed details', () => {
   const f = fixture();
   f.controller.updateCockpitSignals(snapshot(), 0);
-  const target = f.buttons()[1]; target.focus();
+  const target = f.buttons()[1];
+  target.focus();
   const calls = f.focusCalls();
-  for (let tick = 0; tick < 8; tick += 1) f.controller.updateCockpitSignals(snapshot(2500), 0);
+  for (let tick = 0; tick < 8; tick += 1)
+    f.controller.updateCockpitSignals(snapshot(2500), 0);
   assert.equal(f.buttons()[1], target);
   assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, target);
   assert.equal(f.losses(), 0);
-  assert.equal(f.focusCalls(), calls, 'refresh must preserve focus without repeatedly restoring it');
-  assert.match(f.controller.signalList.textContent, /2\.5 KM/);
+  assert.equal(
+    f.focusCalls(),
+    calls,
+    'refresh must preserve focus without repeatedly restoring it',
+  );
+  assert.match(f.controller.signalList.textContent, /2\.5\u00a0KM/);
 });
 
 test('signal content and accessible name update without replacing the active target', () => {
-  const f = fixture(); render(f, [item('a')]);
-  const target = f.buttons()[0]; target.focus();
-  render(f, [item('a', { title: 'RENAMED', tone: 'track', detail: 'CURRENT', timestamp: 1_700_000_001_000 })]);
+  const f = fixture();
+  render(f, [item('a')]);
+  const target = f.buttons()[0];
+  target.focus();
+  render(f, [
+    item('a', {
+      title: 'RENAMED',
+      tone: 'track',
+      detail: 'CURRENT',
+      timestamp: 1_700_000_001_000,
+    }),
+  ]);
   assert.equal(f.buttons()[0], target);
   assert.equal(target.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Select flight RENAMED');
   assert.match(target.textContent, /RENAMED/);
   assert.match(f.controller.signalList.textContent, /CURRENT/);
-  assert.equal(f.controller.signalList.children[0].className, 'track actionable');
+  assert.equal(
+    f.controller.signalList.children[0].className,
+    'track actionable',
+  );
   assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, target);
   assert.equal(f.losses(), 0);
 });
 
 test('signal ranking changes move surrounding rows without disconnecting the focused row', () => {
-  const f = fixture(); render(f, ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].map((id) => item(id)));
-  const target = f.buttons()[1]; target.focus();
+  const f = fixture();
+  render(
+    f,
+    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].map((id) => item(id)),
+  );
+  const target = f.buttons()[1];
+  target.focus();
   const calls = f.focusCalls();
-  for (const order of [['d', 'c', 'b', 'a'], ['b', 'c', 'd', 'a'], ['a', 'd', 'c', 'b']]) {
-    render(f, order.map((id) => item(id)));
-    assert.deepEqual(f.buttons().map((button) => button.dataset.signalId), order);
+  for (const order of [
+    ['d', 'c', 'b', 'a'],
+    ['b', 'c', 'd', 'a'],
+    ['a', 'd', 'c', 'b'],
+  ]) {
+    render(
+      f,
+      order.map((id) => item(id)),
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      f.buttons().map((button) => button.dataset.signalId),
+      order,
+    );
     assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, target);
     assert.equal(f.losses(), 0);
   }
@@ -158,37 +283,65 @@ test('signal ranking changes move surrounding rows without disconnecting the foc
 });
 
 test('a new pushed signal preserves existing focus and delegated selection reads the current target', () => {
-  const f = fixture(); render(f, [item('a'), item('b')]);
-  const target = f.buttons()[1]; target.focus();
-  f.controller.pushCockpitSignal('status', 'warning', 'INPUT UNKNOWN', 'SOURCE UNAVAILABLE');
+  const f = fixture();
+  render(f, [item('a'), item('b')]);
+  const target = f.buttons()[1];
+  target.focus();
+  f.controller.pushCockpitSignal(
+    'status',
+    'warning',
+    'INPUT UNKNOWN',
+    'SOURCE UNAVAILABLE',
+  );
   assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, target);
   assert.equal(f.losses(), 0);
-  const event = { target: target.children[0], prevented: false, preventDefault() { this.prevented = true; } };
+  const event = {
+    target: target.children[0],
+    prevented: false,
+    preventDefault() {
+      this.prevented = true;
+    },
+  };
   f.click(event);
   assert.equal(event.prevented, true);
   assert.deepEqual(f.selected, [['flights', 'b', { origin: 'user' }]]);
 });
 
 test('removing the focused identity uses the existing briefing tab once and permits forward traversal', () => {
-  const f = fixture(); render(f, [item('a'), item('b')]);
-  const removed = f.buttons()[1]; removed.focus();
+  const f = fixture();
+  render(f, [item('a'), item('b')]);
+  const removed = f.buttons()[1];
+  removed.focus();
   const calls = f.focusCalls();
   render(f, [item('a')]);
   assert.equal(removed.isConnected, false);
   assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, f.controller.briefTabs[0]);
   assert.equal(f.focusCalls(), calls + 1);
-  f.tab(); f.tab(); f.tab();
+  f.tab();
+  f.tab();
+  f.tab();
   assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, f.display);
   render(f, [item('a', { detail: 'UPDATED' })]);
-  assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, f.display, 'later refresh must not pull focus back');
+  assert.equal(
+    f.document.activeElement,
+    f.display,
+    'later refresh must not pull focus back',
+  );
   f.tab();
   assert.equal(f.document.activeElement, f.radio);
 });
 
 test('a changed target cannot reuse a focused action for another flight', () => {
-  const f = fixture(); render(f, [item('a', { key: 'shared-status-key' })]);
-  const removed = f.buttons()[0]; removed.focus();
-  render(f, [item('b', { key: 'shared-status-key', target: { layerId: 'military', id: 'b' } })]);
+  const f = fixture();
+  render(f, [item('a', { key: 'shared-status-key' })]);
+  const removed = f.buttons()[0];
+  removed.focus();
+  render(f, [
+    item('b', {
+      key: 'shared-status-key',
+      target: { layerId: 'military', id: 'b' },
+    }),
+  ]);
   const target = f.buttons()[0];
   assert.notEqual(target, removed);
   assert.equal(removed.isConnected, false);
diff --git a/src/contextModePolicy.js b/src/contextModePolicy.js
index 19d1b2455..4c0b7c9cb 100644
--- a/src/contextModePolicy.js
+++ b/src/contextModePolicy.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { msg } from './i18n/marker.js';
+
 const CONTEXT_DEPENDENCIES = Object.freeze({
   flights: new Set([
     'military-awareness',
@@ -9,6 +11,12 @@ const CONTEXT_DEPENDENCIES = Object.freeze({
   'space-missions': new Set(['rocket-launches', 'satellites']),
 });
 const CONTEXT_COMPANIONS = new Set(['radio']);
+/** The Space Missions refusal, with the blocked layer's name as {layer}. */
+export const SPACE_MISSIONS_LAYER_BLOCK_REASON = msg(
+  'Space Missions isolates replay data. Exit the mode to enable {layer}.',
+);
+const [BLOCK_REASON_PREFIX, BLOCK_REASON_SUFFIX] =
+  SPACE_MISSIONS_LAYER_BLOCK_REASON.split('{layer}');
 /** Return whether an origin represents a direct user choice on this route. */
 export function isExplicitUserIntentOrigin(origin, layerId = null) {
   return origin === 'user' || origin === 'voice';
@@ -336,7 +344,30 @@ export function contextLayerEnableBlockReason({
     return null;
   }
   const label = String(layerName || change.layerId || 'that layer');
-  return `Space Missions isolates replay data. Exit the mode to enable ${label}.`;
+  return SPACE_MISSIONS_LAYER_BLOCK_REASON.replace('{layer}', label);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The layer name from a Space Missions refusal, so the UI can rebuild the
+ * sentence in its language.
+ * @param {string} reason
+ * @returns {{layer: string}|null} The blocked layer's name, or null when the
+ *   reason is not a Space Missions refusal.
+ */
+export function parseContextLayerBlockReason(reason) {
+  if (
+    typeof reason !== 'string' ||
+    !reason.startsWith(BLOCK_REASON_PREFIX) ||
+    !reason.endsWith(BLOCK_REASON_SUFFIX) ||
+    reason.length <= BLOCK_REASON_PREFIX.length + BLOCK_REASON_SUFFIX.length
+  )
+    return null;
+  return {
+    layer: reason.slice(
+      BLOCK_REASON_PREFIX.length,
+      reason.length - BLOCK_REASON_SUFFIX.length,
+    ),
+  };
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/creditKeyboard.js b/src/creditKeyboard.js
index 5e1c3dea2..5d4e8ce7d 100644
--- a/src/creditKeyboard.js
+++ b/src/creditKeyboard.js
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
  * Adds the keyboard semantics omitted by Cesium's href-less attribution links.
  * Cesium retains ownership of showing and hiding its required credit lightbox.
  */
+import { getLocale, t } from './i18n/index.js';
+
 export function configureCreditKeyboardAccess(root = document) {
   const expand = root?.querySelector?.(
     '#cesium-credits .cesium-credit-expand-link',
@@ -11,6 +13,14 @@ export function configureCreditKeyboardAccess(root = document) {
   if (!expand || !lightbox || !close) return false;
   const overlay = lightbox.parentElement;
 
+  // Cesium writes these two texts in English once, when it builds the credit
+  // display, and never rewrites them; English keeps Cesium's own text.
+  if (getLocale() !== 'en') {
+    expand.textContent = t('Data attribution');
+    const title = lightbox.querySelector?.('.cesium-credit-lightbox-title');
+    if (title) title.textContent = t('Data provided by:');
+  }
+
   if (!lightbox.id) lightbox.id = 'cesium-credit-lightbox';
   expand.setAttribute('role', 'button');
   expand.setAttribute('tabindex', '0');
@@ -19,7 +29,7 @@ export function configureCreditKeyboardAccess(root = document) {
   expand.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false');
   close.setAttribute('role', 'button');
   close.setAttribute('tabindex', '0');
-  close.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Close data attribution');
+  close.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Close data attribution'));
 
   if (expand.dataset.gevKeyboardReady === 'true') return true;
   expand.dataset.gevKeyboardReady = 'true';
diff --git a/src/creditKeyboard.test.mjs b/src/creditKeyboard.test.mjs
index 3662936aa..6a0780ada 100644
--- a/src/creditKeyboard.test.mjs
+++ b/src/creditKeyboard.test.mjs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { configureCreditKeyboardAccess } from './creditKeyboard.js';
+import { setLocale } from './i18n/index.js';
 
 function fakeElement() {
   const attributes = new Map();
@@ -186,3 +187,37 @@ test('credit keyboard setup is idempotent and safely declines incomplete markup'
   assert.equal(f.overlay.listenerCount('click'), 1);
   assert.equal(configureCreditKeyboardAccess({ querySelector: () => null }), false);
 });
+
+function textFixture() {
+  const f = fixture();
+  const title = fakeElement();
+  title.textContent = 'Data provided by:';
+  f.expand.textContent = 'Data attribution';
+  f.lightbox.querySelector = (selector) =>
+    selector === '.cesium-credit-lightbox-title' ? title : f.close;
+  return { ...f, title };
+}
+
+test('English keeps Cesium attribution texts', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const f = textFixture();
+  configureCreditKeyboardAccess(f.root);
+  assert.equal(f.expand.textContent, 'Data attribution');
+  assert.equal(f.title.textContent, 'Data provided by:');
+});
+
+for (const [locale, link, title] of [
+  ['ru', 'Источники данных', 'Данные предоставлены:'],
+  ['es', 'Atribución de datos', 'Datos proporcionados por:'],
+])
+  test(`${locale}: Cesium attribution link and lightbox title are translated`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const f = textFixture();
+      configureCreditKeyboardAccess(f.root);
+      assert.equal(f.expand.textContent, link);
+      assert.equal(f.title.textContent, title);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
diff --git a/src/data/aircraftClass.js b/src/data/aircraftClass.js
index a6bbe3c70..1be15e84c 100644
--- a/src/data/aircraftClass.js
+++ b/src/data/aircraftClass.js
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
  * integer category (states index 17) and ADS-B emitter strings ("A1".."B1").
  */
 
+import { msg } from '../i18n/marker.js';
+
 const HELI = new Set([
   'EC20',
   'EC25',
@@ -438,18 +440,18 @@ export function classifyAircraft({ typeCode, category } = {}) {
   return 'airliner';
 }
 
-/** Readable name of each class, for cards and readouts. */
+/** Readable name of each class, for cards and readouts (English data). */
 export const AIRCRAFT_CLASS_LABELS = Object.freeze({
-  light: 'Light aircraft',
-  glider: 'Glider',
-  turboprop: 'Turboprop',
-  airliner: 'Airliner',
-  widebody: 'Widebody',
-  quadjet: 'Four-engine jet',
-  helicopter: 'Helicopter',
-  fastjet: 'Fast jet',
-  bizjet: 'Business jet',
-  uav: 'Drone',
+  light: msg('Light aircraft'),
+  glider: msg('Glider'),
+  turboprop: msg('Turboprop'),
+  airliner: msg('Airliner'),
+  widebody: msg('Widebody'),
+  quadjet: msg('Four-engine jet'),
+  helicopter: msg('Helicopter'),
+  fastjet: msg('Fast jet'),
+  bizjet: msg('Business jet'),
+  uav: msg('Drone'),
 });
 
 /** Billboard scale multipliers (skylight GLYPH_SCALE, + fastjet). */
diff --git a/src/data/aircraftEmergency.js b/src/data/aircraftEmergency.js
index 78bd4308f..84643b162 100644
--- a/src/data/aircraftEmergency.js
+++ b/src/data/aircraftEmergency.js
@@ -13,18 +13,23 @@
  * broadcast, which does not confirm an incident or its resolution.
  */
 
+import { msg } from '../i18n/marker.js';
+
 /** @constant {string} Tint for aircraft broadcasting an emergency (not a priority). */
 export const EMERGENCY_TINT_CSS = '#FF4444';
 
 const SQUAWK_KINDS = { 7500: 'unlawful', 7600: 'nordo', 7700: 'general' };
 
 const KINDS = {
-  general: { label: 'General emergency', severity: 'emergency' },
-  unlawful: { label: 'Unlawful interference', severity: 'emergency' },
-  nordo: { label: 'Radio failure', severity: 'emergency' },
-  downed: { label: 'Downed aircraft', severity: 'emergency' },
-  minfuel: { label: 'Minimum fuel', severity: 'priority' },
-  lifeguard: { label: 'Lifeguard (medical priority)', severity: 'priority' },
+  general: { label: msg('General emergency'), severity: 'emergency' },
+  unlawful: { label: msg('Unlawful interference'), severity: 'emergency' },
+  nordo: { label: msg('Radio failure'), severity: 'emergency' },
+  downed: { label: msg('Downed aircraft'), severity: 'emergency' },
+  minfuel: { label: msg('Minimum fuel'), severity: 'priority' },
+  lifeguard: {
+    label: msg('Lifeguard (medical priority)'),
+    severity: 'priority',
+  },
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/data/aisWatchdog.js b/src/data/aisWatchdog.js
index 6d88f93f8..a83c281d9 100644
--- a/src/data/aisWatchdog.js
+++ b/src/data/aisWatchdog.js
@@ -249,6 +249,7 @@ export function createAisWatchdog(options = {}) {
     if (!env.hasKey) {
       const actions = terminateOwned('key-absent');
       status = 'missing-key';
+      // i18n-ignore: server detail; layers/vessels/queries.js shows a translated reason
       error = 'AISSTREAM_API_KEY is not set';
       reconnectAttempt = 0;
       keyFingerprint = null;
@@ -257,6 +258,7 @@ export function createAisWatchdog(options = {}) {
     if (env.hasTransport === false) {
       const actions = terminateOwned('no-transport');
       status = 'unsupported';
+      // i18n-ignore: server detail; layers/vessels/queries.js shows a translated reason
       error = 'Node WebSocket transport is unavailable';
       return actions;
     }
@@ -329,6 +331,7 @@ export function createAisWatchdog(options = {}) {
       if (!silenceWatchArmed) return [];
       const silentFor = monoNow - silenceSinceMono;
       if (silentFor >= recycleAfterMs) {
+        // i18n-ignore: server detail; layers/vessels/queries.js shows a translated reason
         error = `AISStream delivered no data for ${Math.round(silentFor / 1000)}s`;
         const actions = terminateOwned('silent');
         scheduleRetry('transport');
@@ -401,6 +404,7 @@ export function createAisWatchdog(options = {}) {
   function onClose(eventGeneration) {
     if (!ownsGeneration(eventGeneration)) return [];
     release();
+    // i18n-ignore: server detail; layers/vessels/queries.js shows a translated reason
     if (!error) error = 'AISStream websocket closed';
     scheduleRetry('transport');
     return [];
diff --git a/src/data/analystEngine.js b/src/data/analystEngine.js
index 697469dba..6c3361aff 100644
--- a/src/data/analystEngine.js
+++ b/src/data/analystEngine.js
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 import { feedProvenanceEnvelope } from './layerSnapshot.js';
 import { pointInRing } from './naturalEarthRegions.js';
 import { VOICE_LAYER_MANIFEST, voiceLayer } from '../voice/layerManifest.js';
+import { greatCircleKm } from '../geoDistance.js';
 
 /**
  * Layers the engine understands, with the fields queries may reference,
@@ -98,17 +99,9 @@ function toEpochMs(value) {
   return Date.parse(text);
 }
 
-const EARTH_R_KM = 6371;
-
-/** Great-circle distance in km. */
+/** @deprecated Use geoDistance.greatCircleKm with `{ lat, lon }` points. */
 export function haversineKm(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
-  const d2r = Math.PI / 180;
-  const dLat = (lat2 - lat1) * d2r;
-  const dLon = (lon2 - lon1) * d2r;
-  const a =
-    Math.sin(dLat / 2) ** 2 +
-    Math.cos(lat1 * d2r) * Math.cos(lat2 * d2r) * Math.sin(dLon / 2) ** 2;
-  return 2 * EARTH_R_KM * Math.asin(Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(a)));
+  return greatCircleKm({ lat: lat1, lon: lon1 }, { lat: lat2, lon: lon2 });
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/data/approxDistance.js b/src/data/approxDistance.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d581589a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/approxDistance.js
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/**
+ * Local equirectangular distance in km, for viewer-proximity gates. Takes the
+ * short way round, so points either side of 180° stay close.
+ */
+export function approxDistanceKm(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
+  const dLat = (lat2 - lat1) * 111.32;
+  let dLonDeg = lon2 - lon1;
+  dLonDeg -= 360 * Math.round(dLonDeg / 360);
+  const dLon =
+    dLonDeg * 111.32 * Math.cos((((lat1 + lat2) / 2) * Math.PI) / 180);
+  return Math.hypot(dLat, dLon);
+}
diff --git a/src/data/bhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia.js b/src/data/bhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia.js
index 234d2e095..1ea0ccec9 100644
--- a/src/data/bhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia.js
+++ b/src/data/bhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 const YOUTUBE_HOSTS = new Set([
   'youtube.com',
@@ -39,6 +40,55 @@ const MEDIA_PRECONNECT_ORIGINS = Object.freeze({
   facebook: Object.freeze(['https://www.facebook.com']),
 });
 
+// Known English from public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/event.json, translated at
+// display (whole or by " · " parts). Anything else shows as authored.
+const EVENT_PACK_TEXT = new Set([
+  // Field reports: our labels (credits after " · " stay) and their statuses.
+  msg('Rasuwagadhi witness video'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi valley footage'),
+  msg('Flood footage'),
+  msg('Compilation and casualty claims'),
+  msg('SOURCE GEOCONFIRMED · WORLD-PINNED'),
+  msg('SOURCE CREDITED · LOCATION UNRESOLVED'),
+  msg('REFERENCE ONLY · CLAIMS UNVERIFIED'),
+  msg('SOURCE GEOCONFIRMED'),
+  // Reconstruction caveat.
+  msg(
+    '2021 historical reference versus 2026 post-event imagery; changes are cumulative and include the July 2025 Rasuwagadhi flood. Schematic downstream progression, not modeled arrival time; not an official hazard model.',
+  ),
+  // Evidence titles that are more than a place name.
+  msg('Immediate collapse viewpoint'),
+  msg('Collapse viewpoint'),
+  msg('Debris-dammed lake'),
+  msg('Dammed lake'),
+  msg('Second landslide'),
+  msg('Gyirong border gate'),
+  msg('Border gate'),
+  msg('Timure evidence cluster'),
+  msg('Mailung / Upper Trishuli bridge'),
+  msg('Dandagaun viewpoint restaurant'),
+  msg('Dandagaun viewpoint'),
+  msg('Bidur - Trishuli bridge'),
+  msg('Bidur bridge'),
+  msg('Devighat / Taadi Khola Bridge'),
+  msg('Devighat bridge'),
+]);
+
+/**
+ * Display text for an authored event-pack string.
+ * @param {unknown} value
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function bhoteEventText(value) {
+  const text = value == null ? '' : String(value);
+  if (EVENT_PACK_TEXT.has(text)) return t(text);
+  if (!text.includes(' · ')) return text;
+  return text
+    .split(' · ')
+    .map((part) => (EVENT_PACK_TEXT.has(part) ? t(part) : part))
+    .join(' · ');
+}
+
 let _xWidgetsPromise = null;
 let _facebookSdkPromise = null;
 let _facebookEmbedSequence = 0;
@@ -240,7 +290,7 @@ function loadFacebookSdk(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
         prior?.();
       } finally {
         if (facebookSdkReady(globalRef.FB)) finish();
-        else finish(new Error('Facebook player API did not initialize.'));
+        else finish(new Error(msg('Facebook player API did not initialize.')));
       }
     };
     globalRef.fbAsyncInit = ready;
@@ -256,12 +306,12 @@ function loadFacebookSdk(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
     }
     script.addEventListener?.(
       'error',
-      () => finish(new Error('Facebook player API could not load.')),
+      () => finish(new Error(msg('Facebook player API could not load.'))),
       { once: true },
     );
     timer =
       globalRef.setTimeout?.(
-        () => finish(new Error('Facebook player API timed out.')),
+        () => finish(new Error(msg('Facebook player API timed out.'))),
         EMBED_TIMEOUT_MS,
       ) ?? null;
   }).catch((error) => {
@@ -398,7 +448,7 @@ function loadXWidgets(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
     };
     const ready = () => {
       if (xWidgetsReady(globalRef.twttr)) finish();
-      else finish(new Error('X embed API did not initialize.'));
+      else finish(new Error(msg('X embed API did not initialize.')));
     };
     let script = documentRef.querySelector?.(`script[src="${X_WIDGET_URL}"]`);
     if (!script) {
@@ -411,7 +461,7 @@ function loadXWidgets(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
     }
     script.addEventListener?.(
       'error',
-      () => finish(new Error('X embed could not load.')),
+      () => finish(new Error(msg('X embed could not load.'))),
       {
         once: true,
       },
@@ -440,7 +490,7 @@ function loadXWidgets(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
         },
       );
     timer = setTimeout(
-      () => finish(new Error('X embed timed out.')),
+      () => finish(new Error(msg('X embed timed out.'))),
       EMBED_TIMEOUT_MS,
     );
   }).catch((error) => {
@@ -450,9 +500,17 @@ function loadXWidgets(documentRef, globalRef = globalThis) {
   return _xWidgetsPromise;
 }
 
+// Outcomes a trimmed YouTube clip reports to the card status.
+const YOUTUBE_PHASE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  unavailable: msg('UNAVAILABLE'),
+  timeout: msg('TIMEOUT'),
+  blocked: msg('BLOCKED'),
+});
+
 function providerLabel(provider) {
   return (
-    { youtube: 'YOUTUBE', facebook: 'FACEBOOK', x: 'X' }[provider] || 'SOURCE'
+    { youtube: 'YOUTUBE', facebook: 'FACEBOOK', x: 'X' }[provider] ||
+    t('SOURCE')
   );
 }
 
@@ -737,7 +795,9 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
           globalRef.setTimeout?.(() => {
             if (!session.active || session.ready) return;
             session.error = new Error(
-              'Facebook embed unavailable. The post may be private, removed, region-restricted, or blocked.',
+              msg(
+                'Facebook embed unavailable. The post may be private, removed, region-restricted, or blocked.',
+              ),
             );
             session.onError?.(session.error);
           }, EMBED_TIMEOUT_MS) ?? null;
@@ -857,7 +917,9 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
       startAtSec,
       endAtSec,
     });
-    iframe.title = `Preloading ${providerLabel(source.provider)} media`;
+    iframe.title = t('Preloading {provider} media', {
+      provider: providerLabel(source.provider),
+    });
     iframe.tabIndex = -1;
     iframe.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
     iframe.loading = 'eager';
@@ -868,7 +930,7 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
   }
 
   async function mountX(current, token) {
-    current.status.textContent = 'LOADING X POST…';
+    current.status.textContent = t('LOADING X POST…');
     try {
       const api = await xLoader(documentRef, globalRef);
       if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
@@ -885,13 +947,17 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
       );
       if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
       if (!widget)
-        throw new Error('The X post is unavailable or cannot be embedded.');
-      current.status.textContent = 'X POST · PROVIDER CONTROLS';
+        throw new Error(
+          msg('The X post is unavailable or cannot be embedded.'),
+        );
+      current.status.textContent = t('X POST · PROVIDER CONTROLS');
       position();
     } catch (error) {
       if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
       current.card.classList.add('is-unavailable');
-      current.status.textContent = `${String(error?.message || 'X embed unavailable')} OPEN ORIGINAL.`;
+      current.status.textContent = t('{reason} OPEN ORIGINAL.', {
+        reason: t(String(error?.message || msg('X embed unavailable'))),
+      });
       position();
     }
   }
@@ -904,19 +970,23 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
     session.shouldPlay = autoplay === true;
     session.onReady = () => {
       if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
-      current.status.textContent = 'FACEBOOK · PROVIDER CONTROLS';
+      current.status.textContent = t('FACEBOOK · PROVIDER CONTROLS');
       current.card.classList.remove('is-unavailable');
       position();
     };
     session.onError = (error) => {
       if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
       current.card.classList.add('is-unavailable');
-      current.status.textContent = `${String(error?.message || 'Facebook embed unavailable')} OPEN ORIGINAL.`;
+      current.status.textContent = t('{reason} OPEN ORIGINAL.', {
+        reason: t(String(error?.message || msg('Facebook embed unavailable'))),
+      });
       position();
     };
     session.onPlaybackBlocked = () => {
       if (token !== generation || record !== current) return;
-      current.status.textContent = 'AUTOPLAY BLOCKED · USE PROVIDER CONTROLS';
+      current.status.textContent = t(
+        'AUTOPLAY BLOCKED · USE PROVIDER CONTROLS',
+      );
     };
     if (session.ready) session.onReady();
     else if (session.error) session.onError(session.error);
@@ -968,7 +1038,12 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
     card.dataset.provider = source.provider;
     card.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
-      `Embedded ${providerLabel(source.provider)} media for ${observation?.title || 'witness source'}`,
+      t('Embedded {provider} media for {source}', {
+        provider: providerLabel(source.provider),
+        source: observation?.title
+          ? bhoteEventText(observation.title)
+          : t('witness source'),
+      }),
     );
     const leader = documentRef.createElementNS(
       'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
@@ -982,17 +1057,19 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
     player.className = 'bhote-embedded-callout-player';
     const footer = documentRef.createElement('footer');
     const title = documentRef.createElement('strong');
-    title.textContent = String(
-      observation?.shortTitle || observation?.title || 'Witness source',
+    title.textContent = bhoteEventText(
+      observation?.shortTitle || observation?.title || t('Witness source'),
     ).toUpperCase();
     const status = documentRef.createElement('small');
     status.setAttribute('role', 'status');
-    status.textContent = `${providerLabel(source.provider)} · EMBEDDED SOURCE`;
+    status.textContent = t('{provider} · EMBEDDED SOURCE', {
+      provider: providerLabel(source.provider),
+    });
     const link = documentRef.createElement('a');
     link.href = source.url;
     link.target = '_blank';
     link.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
-    link.textContent = 'OPEN ORIGINAL ↗';
+    link.textContent = t('OPEN ORIGINAL ↗');
     footer.append(title, status, link);
     const body = documentRef.createElement('div');
     body.className = 'bhote-embedded-callout-body';
@@ -1032,7 +1109,12 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
           url.searchParams.set('origin', globalRef.location.origin);
         iframe.src = url.href;
       }
-      iframe.title = `${providerLabel(source.provider)} media: ${observation?.title || 'witness source'}`;
+      iframe.title = t('{provider} media: {source}', {
+        provider: providerLabel(source.provider),
+        source: observation?.title
+          ? bhoteEventText(observation.title)
+          : t('witness source'),
+      });
       iframe.allow =
         'autoplay; encrypted-media; picture-in-picture; fullscreen';
       iframe.allowFullscreen = true;
@@ -1049,7 +1131,9 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
               record.youtubeSession.getState().phase,
             )
           ) {
-            status.textContent = `${providerLabel(source.provider)} · PROVIDER CONTROLS`;
+            status.textContent = t('{provider} · PROVIDER CONTROLS', {
+              provider: providerLabel(source.provider),
+            });
           }
           position();
         },
@@ -1067,7 +1151,11 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia({
           isCurrent: () => token === generation && record === current,
           onStatus: (phase) => {
             if (phase !== 'completed')
-              status.textContent = `YOUTUBE ${phase.toUpperCase()} · OPEN ORIGINAL`;
+              status.textContent = t('YOUTUBE {state} · OPEN ORIGINAL', {
+                state: YOUTUBE_PHASE_LABELS[phase]
+                  ? t(YOUTUBE_PHASE_LABELS[phase])
+                  : phase.toUpperCase(),
+              });
           },
         });
       }
diff --git a/src/data/bhoteKoshiEvent.js b/src/data/bhoteKoshiEvent.js
index 1f56099f9..2baaf7031 100644
--- a/src/data/bhoteKoshiEvent.js
+++ b/src/data/bhoteKoshiEvent.js
@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@ import {
   SOURCE_PATH_BEAT_IDS,
 } from './bhoteKoshiShotPaths.js';
 import {
+  bhoteEventText,
   createBhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia,
   resolveEmbeddedMediaSource,
 } from './bhoteKoshiEmbeddedMedia.js';
 import { acquireImageryComparison } from '../maps/imageryComparison.js';
 import { createImagerySplit } from '../ui/imagerySplit.js';
+import { formatDate, t, tn, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const BHOTE_KOSHI_LAYER_ID = 'bhote-koshi-2026';
 export const BHOTE_KOSHI_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 'bhote-koshi-witnesses';
@@ -384,13 +386,90 @@ export function adjacentEvidenceIndex(progress, timeline, direction) {
   return Math.max(0, Math.min(beats.length - 1, current + delta));
 }
 
+// Evidence phases from the event pack, shown as the beat meta prefix.
+const EVIDENCE_PHASE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  initiation: msg('INITIATION'),
+  damming: msg('DAMMING'),
+  'secondary failure': msg('SECONDARY FAILURE'),
+  'border arrival': msg('BORDER ARRIVAL'),
+  propagation: msg('PROPAGATION'),
+  'downstream passage': msg('DOWNSTREAM PASSAGE'),
+  consequence: msg('CONSEQUENCE'),
+  'downstream consequence': msg('DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCE'),
+});
+
+/** Display label for an evidence phase; unknown phases show as authored. */
+function evidencePhaseLabel(phase) {
+  const label = EVIDENCE_PHASE_LABELS[String(phase || '').toLowerCase()];
+  if (label) return t(label);
+  return phase ? String(phase).toUpperCase() : t('EVIDENCE');
+}
+
+// Imagery endpoint names from the event pack ("2021 HISTORICAL REFERENCE ·
+// 16 OCT 2021"); unknown names and unparseable dates show as authored.
+const IMAGERY_LABEL_NAMES = Object.freeze([
+  [/^(\d{4}) HISTORICAL REFERENCE$/, msg('{year} HISTORICAL REFERENCE')],
+  [/^(\d{4}) POST-EVENT$/, msg('{year} POST-EVENT')],
+]);
+
+/** Day, short month and year in the active language: 16 OCT 2021, 16 ОКТ. 2021. */
+function imageryDateText(observedAt) {
+  const match = /^(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})$/.exec(String(observedAt || ''));
+  if (!match) return '';
+  const date = new Date(Date.UTC(+match[1], +match[2] - 1, +match[3]));
+  if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) return '';
+  const part = (options) => formatDate(date, { timeZone: 'UTC', ...options });
+  return `${part({ day: 'numeric' })} ${part({ month: 'short' })} ${part({ year: 'numeric' })}`.toUpperCase();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Localized name and date of an imagery endpoint for display.
+ * @param {{label?: string, observedAt?: string}} entry
+ * @returns {{name: string, date: string}}
+ */
+export function imageryEndpointLabel(entry) {
+  const label = String(entry?.label || '');
+  const split = label.lastIndexOf(' · ');
+  const authoredName = split >= 0 ? label.slice(0, split) : label;
+  const authoredDate = split >= 0 ? label.slice(split + 3) : '';
+  let name = authoredName;
+  for (const [pattern, message] of IMAGERY_LABEL_NAMES) {
+    const match = pattern.exec(authoredName);
+    if (match) name = t(message, { year: match[1] });
+  }
+  return { name, date: imageryDateText(entry?.observedAt) || authoredDate };
+}
+
+function imageryEndpointText(entry) {
+  const { name, date } = imageryEndpointLabel(entry);
+  return [name, date].filter(Boolean).join(' · ');
+}
+
+/** Name, then the date kept on one line so the year never wraps alone. */
+function renderImageryEndpoint(element, entry) {
+  if (!element) return;
+  const { name, date } = imageryEndpointLabel(entry);
+  element.textContent = date ? `${name} · ` : name;
+  if (!date) return;
+  const dateElement = document.createElement('span');
+  dateElement.className = 'bhote-event-date';
+  dateElement.textContent = date;
+  element.appendChild(dateElement);
+}
+
 /** Compact, source-bounded disclosure for multi-source geolocation beats. */
 export function evidenceCorroborationLabel(observation) {
   const count = Math.max(
     0,
     Math.floor(Number(observation?.corroboration?.sourceCount) || 0),
   );
-  return count > 1 ? `${count} GEOLOCATED SOURCE-MAP PLACEMENTS` : '';
+  return count > 1
+    ? tn(
+        count,
+        '{count} GEOLOCATED SOURCE-MAP PLACEMENT',
+        '{count} GEOLOCATED SOURCE-MAP PLACEMENTS',
+      )
+    : '';
 }
 
 /** Interpolate headings across north using the shortest angular path. */
@@ -641,7 +720,7 @@ function drawEvidenceFallback(ctx, observation, width, height) {
   }
   ctx.fillStyle = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.accent;
   ctx.font = scaledOverlayFont(WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.fontLabel, 1.4);
-  ctx.fillText('NO PREVIEW', 20, 30);
+  ctx.fillText(t('NO PREVIEW'), 20, 30);
 }
 
 function ellipsizeEvidenceText(value, limit) {
@@ -650,6 +729,19 @@ function ellipsizeEvidenceText(value, limit) {
   return `${text.slice(0, Math.max(1, limit - 3)).trimEnd()}...`;
 }
 
+// The pack names the kind of source in `media.publisher` (event.json); the
+// frame shows it in the UI language. Any other publisher shows as given.
+const EVIDENCE_PUBLISHER_TEXT = new Set([
+  msg('YouTube source'),
+  msg('Facebook source'),
+]);
+
+/** An evidence item's publisher as its frame shows it. */
+function evidencePublisherText(publisher) {
+  const text = String(publisher);
+  return EVIDENCE_PUBLISHER_TEXT.has(text) ? t(text) : bhoteEventText(text);
+}
+
 /** Repaint one stable frame with a poster or the current source-video frame. */
 export function updateEvidenceFrame(
   canvas,
@@ -704,25 +796,78 @@ export function updateEvidenceFrame(
   ctx.font = scaledOverlayFont(WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.fontTitle);
   ctx.fillText(
     ellipsizeEvidenceText(
-      observation.shortTitle || observation.title,
+      bhoteEventText(observation.shortTitle || observation.title),
       layout.titleChars,
     ).toUpperCase(),
     16,
     infoY + 27,
   );
   ctx.fillStyle = WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.detail;
-  ctx.font = scaledOverlayFont(WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.fontDetail);
-  const publisher = String(
-    observation.media?.publisher || 'SOURCE LINK',
+  const publisher = (
+    observation.media?.publisher
+      ? evidencePublisherText(observation.media.publisher)
+      : t('SOURCE LINK')
   ).toUpperCase();
   ctx.fillText(
-    `${ellipsizeEvidenceText(publisher, 24)} / OPEN`,
+    fitEvidenceSourceLine(
+      ctx,
+      publisher,
+      scaledOverlayFont(WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.fontDetail),
+      canvas.width - 32,
+    ),
     16,
     infoY + 53,
   );
   return true;
 }
 
+// The smallest the source line's font may shrink to before the publisher is
+// shortened instead.
+const EVIDENCE_SOURCE_MIN_FONT_SCALE = 0.8;
+
+/**
+ * Set the font for the «{publisher} / OPEN» line and return a line that fits
+ * `maxWidth`. Translations run longer: first shrink the font (to 80%), then
+ * shorten the publisher; «/ OPEN» always stays whole.
+ * @param {CanvasRenderingContext2D} ctx
+ * @param {string} publisher Display publisher, already upper-cased.
+ * @param {string} font CSS font with a px size.
+ * @param {number} maxWidth
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+function fitEvidenceSourceLine(ctx, publisher, font, maxWidth) {
+  const line = (limit) =>
+    t('{publisher} / OPEN', {
+      publisher: ellipsizeEvidenceText(publisher, limit),
+    });
+  let limit = 24;
+  let text = line(limit);
+  ctx.font = font;
+  if (typeof ctx.measureText !== 'function' || !(maxWidth > 0)) return text;
+  const width = () => Number(ctx.measureText(text)?.width) || 0;
+  if (width() <= maxWidth) return text;
+  const size = /(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)px/.exec(font);
+  if (size) {
+    const base = Number(size[1]);
+    const floor = base * EVIDENCE_SOURCE_MIN_FONT_SCALE;
+    // Width scales with the font size; step down until it fits or bottoms out.
+    let next = Math.max(
+      floor,
+      Math.floor(((base * maxWidth) / width()) * 10) / 10,
+    );
+    for (;;) {
+      ctx.font = font.replace(size[0], `${next}px`);
+      if (width() <= maxWidth || next <= floor) break;
+      next = Math.max(floor, next - 0.5);
+    }
+  }
+  while (width() > maxWidth && limit > 4) {
+    limit = Math.min(limit, publisher.length) - 1;
+    text = line(limit);
+  }
+  return text;
+}
+
 /** Compose source imagery and caveats into one stable renderer-owned frame. */
 export function createEvidenceFrame(observation, poster = null, options = {}) {
   const canvas = evidenceFrameCanvas(observation);
@@ -813,28 +958,40 @@ function collectPanelReferences(panel) {
   });
 }
 
+/** Escape translated text for the panel markup template. */
+function escapeMarkup(text) {
+  return String(text)
+    .replace(/&/g, '&amp;')
+    .replace(/</g, '&lt;')
+    .replace(/>/g, '&gt;')
+    .replace(/"/g, '&quot;');
+}
+
 function createPanel(event, handlers) {
   const panel = document.createElement('aside');
   panel.id = 'bhote-koshi-event-panel';
-  panel.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Bhote Koshi flood reconstruction controls');
+  panel.setAttribute(
+    'aria-label',
+    t('Bhote Koshi flood reconstruction controls'),
+  );
   panel.innerHTML = `
     <div class="bhote-event-header">
       <div>
-        <div class="bhote-event-kicker">EVENT RECONSTRUCTION · 26 AUG 2026</div>
-        <div class="bhote-event-title">BHOTE KOSHI OUTBURST FLOOD</div>
+        <div class="bhote-event-kicker">${escapeMarkup(t('EVENT RECONSTRUCTION · 26 AUG 2026'))}</div>
+        <div class="bhote-event-title">${escapeMarkup(t('BHOTE KOSHI OUTBURST FLOOD'))}</div>
       </div>
-      <button class="bhote-event-icon-btn" type="button" data-action="close" title="Close event layer" aria-label="Close event layer">×</button>
+      <button class="bhote-event-icon-btn" type="button" data-action="close" title="${escapeMarkup(t('Close event layer'))}" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Close event layer'))}">×</button>
     </div>
     <div class="bhote-event-status-row">
-      <span class="bhote-event-status observed">OBSERVED IMAGERY</span>
-      <span class="bhote-event-status reconstructed">SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR</span>
+      <span class="bhote-event-status observed">${escapeMarkup(t('OBSERVED IMAGERY'))}</span>
+      <span class="bhote-event-status reconstructed">${escapeMarkup(t('SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR'))}</span>
     </div>
     <section class="bhote-event-section" data-role="imagery-comparison">
       <div class="bhote-event-section-head">
-        <span>2021 HISTORICAL REFERENCE / 2026 POST-EVENT</span>
+        <span>${escapeMarkup(t('2021 HISTORICAL REFERENCE / 2026 POST-EVENT'))}</span>
         <span data-role="split-readout">50 / 50</span>
       </div>
-      <input class="bhote-event-range" data-role="split" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="50" aria-label="Historical reference and post-event image split" />
+      <input class="bhote-event-range" data-role="split" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="50" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Historical reference and post-event image split'))}" />
       <div class="bhote-event-dates">
         <span data-role="before-date"></span>
         <span data-role="after-date"></span>
@@ -842,44 +999,44 @@ function createPanel(event, handlers) {
     </section>
     <section class="bhote-event-section">
       <div class="bhote-event-section-head">
-        <span data-role="timeline-label">RECONSTRUCTION CLOCK</span>
+        <span data-role="timeline-label">${escapeMarkup(t('RECONSTRUCTION CLOCK'))}</span>
         <span data-role="time"></span>
       </div>
-      <input class="bhote-event-range flood" data-role="progress" type="range" min="0" max="1000" value="0" aria-label="Schematic downstream progression" />
-      <div class="bhote-event-story-nav" aria-label="Story beat navigation">
-        <button type="button" data-action="previous-beat" title="Previous story beat" aria-label="Previous story beat">‹</button>
+      <input class="bhote-event-range flood" data-role="progress" type="range" min="0" max="1000" value="0" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Schematic downstream progression'))}" />
+      <div class="bhote-event-story-nav" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Story beat navigation'))}">
+        <button type="button" data-action="previous-beat" title="${escapeMarkup(t('Previous story beat'))}" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Previous story beat'))}">‹</button>
         <div class="bhote-event-story-current">
           <span data-role="beat-index">01 / 06</span>
-          <strong data-role="beat-title" aria-live="polite">CAUSE</strong>
-          <small data-role="beat-meta">CAPTURE TIME UNVERIFIED</small>
+          <strong data-role="beat-title" aria-live="polite">${escapeMarkup(t('CAUSE'))}</strong>
+          <small data-role="beat-meta">${escapeMarkup(t('CAPTURE TIME UNVERIFIED'))}</small>
         </div>
-        <button type="button" data-action="next-beat" title="Next story beat" aria-label="Next story beat">›</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="next-beat" title="${escapeMarkup(t('Next story beat'))}" aria-label="${escapeMarkup(t('Next story beat'))}">›</button>
       </div>
       <div class="bhote-event-actions">
-        <button type="button" data-action="play">▶ PLAY</button>
-        <button type="button" data-action="play-scene" hidden title="Play the next shot and continue through this scene">▶ PLAY SCENE</button>
-        <button type="button" data-action="cinematic" aria-pressed="false">◉ CINEMATIC</button>
-        <button type="button" data-action="story-replay">↺ FULL STORY</button>
-        <button type="button" data-action="open-source">↗ OPEN ORIGINAL</button>
-        <button type="button" data-action="corridor">⌖ LOWER GORGE</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="play">${escapeMarkup(t('▶ PLAY'))}</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="play-scene" hidden title="${escapeMarkup(t('Play the next shot and continue through this scene'))}">${escapeMarkup(t('▶ PLAY SCENE'))}</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="cinematic" aria-pressed="false">${escapeMarkup(t('◉ CINEMATIC'))}</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="story-replay">${escapeMarkup(t('↺ FULL STORY'))}</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="open-source">${escapeMarkup(t('↗ OPEN ORIGINAL'))}</button>
+        <button type="button" data-action="corridor">${escapeMarkup(t('⌖ LOWER GORGE'))}</button>
       </div>
     </section>
     <details class="bhote-event-evidence">
-      <summary>FIELD REPORTS · ${event.fieldReports.length}</summary>
+      <summary>${escapeMarkup(t('FIELD REPORTS · {count}', { count: event.fieldReports.length }))}</summary>
       <div class="bhote-event-report-list"></div>
     </details>
     <div class="bhote-event-credit">
-      <span>GEOLOCATIONS · GEO GEORGE SHADRACH</span>
-      <button type="button" data-action="geolocation-map">↗ OPEN PUBLIC MAP</button>
+      <span>${escapeMarkup(t('GEOLOCATIONS · {credit}', { credit: 'GEO GEORGE SHADRACH' }))}</span>
+      <button type="button" data-action="geolocation-map">${escapeMarkup(t('↗ OPEN PUBLIC MAP'))}</button>
     </div>
-    <p class="bhote-event-caveat"><span data-role="caveat"></span><span data-role="imagery-cloud-note"> Clouds are preserved from the source imagery.</span></p>
+    <p class="bhote-event-caveat"><span data-role="caveat"></span><span data-role="imagery-cloud-note"> ${escapeMarkup(t('Clouds are preserved from the source imagery.'))}</span></p>
   `;
 
   const refs = collectPanelReferences(panel);
-  refs.beforeDate.textContent = event.imagery.before.label;
-  refs.afterDate.textContent = event.imagery.after.label;
+  renderImageryEndpoint(refs.beforeDate, event.imagery.before);
+  renderImageryEndpoint(refs.afterDate, event.imagery.after);
   refs.time.textContent = `~0:00 / ${elapsedLabel(1, event.reconstruction.elapsedSeconds)}`;
-  refs.caveat.textContent = event.reconstruction.caveat;
+  refs.caveat.textContent = bhoteEventText(event.reconstruction.caveat);
 
   for (const report of event.fieldReports) {
     const button = document.createElement('button');
@@ -887,8 +1044,8 @@ function createPanel(event, handlers) {
     const status = document.createElement('small');
     button.type = 'button';
     button.className = 'bhote-event-report';
-    label.textContent = report.label;
-    status.textContent = report.status;
+    label.textContent = bhoteEventText(report.label);
+    status.textContent = bhoteEventText(report.status);
     button.append(label, status);
     button.addEventListener('click', () => openExternal(report.url));
     refs.reportList.appendChild(button);
@@ -1205,7 +1362,7 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
       _embeddedMedia?.show?.({
         observation: {
           title: witness.title,
-          shortTitle: 'Rasuwagadhi witness',
+          shortTitle: t('Rasuwagadhi witness'),
           media: { sourceUrl: witness.sourceUrl },
         },
         anchor,
@@ -2320,7 +2477,10 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
         collisionGroup: 'ambient-card',
         zIndex: 60,
         interactive: true,
-        accessibilityLabel: `Open original source for ${observation.title}; capture time unverified`,
+        accessibilityLabel: t(
+          'Open original source for {source}; capture time unverified',
+          { source: bhoteEventText(observation.title) },
+        ),
         activate: () => openExternal(observation.media.sourceUrl),
         minDistance: 0,
         maxDistance: 220000,
@@ -2353,7 +2513,7 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
         position: evidencePositionGetter(index, true),
         cullPosition: anchor,
         variant: 'label',
-        title: `${String(observation.sequence).padStart(2, '0')} · ${observation.shortTitle || observation.title}`,
+        title: `${String(observation.sequence).padStart(2, '0')} · ${bhoteEventText(observation.shortTitle || observation.title)}`,
         details: [],
         accent: WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE.accent,
         priority: 80_000 - index,
@@ -2559,11 +2719,14 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
       id: 'bhote-koshi-split-line',
       handleClass: 'bhote-koshi-split-handle',
       cssProperty: '--bhote-koshi-split',
-      beforeTitle: event.imagery.before.label,
-      afterTitle: event.imagery.after.label,
-      ariaLabel: 'Historical reference and post-event image divider',
+      beforeTitle: imageryEndpointText(event.imagery.before),
+      afterTitle: imageryEndpointText(event.imagery.after),
+      ariaLabel: t('Historical reference and post-event image divider'),
       formatValueText: (beforePercent, afterPercent) =>
-        `A historical reference ${beforePercent} percent, B post-event ${afterPercent} percent`,
+        t(
+          'A historical reference {before} percent, B post-event {after} percent',
+          { before: beforePercent, after: afterPercent },
+        ),
       onChange: setSplit,
     });
   }
@@ -2595,7 +2758,7 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
     setElementProperty(
       button,
       'textContent',
-      _cinematicActive ? '■ RELEASE CAMERA' : '◉ CINEMATIC',
+      _cinematicActive ? t('■ RELEASE CAMERA') : t('◉ CINEMATIC'),
     );
     setElementAttribute(button, 'aria-pressed', String(_cinematicActive));
   }
@@ -2961,13 +3124,13 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
       _panelRefs.progressInput,
       'aria-label',
       sceneDirected
-        ? 'Seek Nepal scene clock'
-        : 'Schematic downstream progression',
+        ? t('Seek Nepal scene clock')
+        : t('Schematic downstream progression'),
     );
     setElementProperty(
       _panelRefs.timelineLabel,
       'textContent',
-      sceneDirected ? 'NEPAL SCENE CLOCK' : 'RECONSTRUCTION CLOCK',
+      sceneDirected ? t('NEPAL SCENE CLOCK') : t('RECONSTRUCTION CLOCK'),
     );
     const sceneDuration = Number(_sceneContext?.sceneDurationSec) || 0;
     setElementProperty(
@@ -2980,22 +3143,22 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
     );
     const playLabel = sceneDirected
       ? _sceneActionPending && _sceneActionPending.type !== 'scene'
-        ? '… PLAYING SHOT'
-        : '▶ PLAY SHOT'
+        ? t('… PLAYING SHOT')
+        : t('▶ PLAY SHOT')
       : _playing
-        ? 'Ⅱ PAUSE'
+        ? t('Ⅱ PAUSE')
         : _progress >= 1
           ? _cinematicReplayArmed
-            ? '↺ REPLAY CINEMATIC'
-            : '↺ REPLAY'
-          : '▶ PLAY';
+            ? t('↺ REPLAY CINEMATIC')
+            : t('↺ REPLAY')
+          : t('▶ PLAY');
     setElementProperty(_panelRefs.playButton, 'textContent', playLabel);
     setElementProperty(
       _panelRefs.playSceneButton,
       'textContent',
       _sceneActionPending?.type === 'scene'
-        ? '… PLAYING SCENE'
-        : '▶ PLAY SCENE',
+        ? t('… PLAYING SCENE')
+        : t('▶ PLAY SCENE'),
     );
     setElementProperty(
       _panelRefs.playSceneButton,
@@ -3011,19 +3174,24 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
     setElementAttribute(
       _panelRefs.playSceneButton,
       'aria-label',
-      `Continue ${_sceneContext?.sceneTitle || 'current scene'} from next shot`,
+      t('Continue {scene} from next shot', {
+        scene:
+          _sceneContext?.sceneDisplayTitle ||
+          _sceneContext?.sceneTitle ||
+          t('current scene'),
+      }),
     );
     setElementProperty(
       _panelRefs.storyReplayButton,
       'textContent',
-      '↺ FULL STORY',
+      t('↺ FULL STORY'),
     );
     if (!sceneDirected) {
       setElementProperty(_panelRefs.storyReplayButton, 'disabled', false);
       setElementAttribute(
         _panelRefs.storyReplayButton,
         'aria-label',
-        'Replay the full reconstruction',
+        t('Replay the full reconstruction'),
       );
     }
     const beatIndex = currentEvidenceIndex();
@@ -3047,18 +3215,26 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
       _panelRefs.beatTitle,
       'textContent',
       sceneDirected
-        ? _sceneContext?.shotTitle || 'SCENE SHOT'
-        : observation?.shortTitle || observation?.title || 'EVIDENCE',
+        ? _sceneContext?.shotDisplayTitle ||
+            _sceneContext?.shotTitle ||
+            t('SCENE SHOT')
+        : observation?.shortTitle || observation?.title
+          ? bhoteEventText(observation.shortTitle || observation.title)
+          : t('EVIDENCE'),
     );
     const sourceCount = Math.max(
       0,
       Math.floor(Number(observation?.corroboration?.sourceCount) || 0),
     );
     const beatMeta = [
-      String(observation?.phase || 'EVIDENCE').toUpperCase(),
-      'TIME UNVERIFIED',
-      sourceCount > 1 ? `${sourceCount} SOURCES` : '',
-      observation?.imageryCoverage === 'outside' ? 'OUTSIDE IMAGERY SWIPE' : '',
+      evidencePhaseLabel(observation?.phase),
+      t('TIME UNVERIFIED'),
+      sourceCount > 1
+        ? tn(sourceCount, '{count} SOURCE', '{count} SOURCES')
+        : '',
+      observation?.imageryCoverage === 'outside'
+        ? t('OUTSIDE IMAGERY SWIPE')
+        : '',
     ]
       .filter(Boolean)
       .join(' / ');
@@ -3066,7 +3242,13 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
       _panelRefs.beatMeta,
       'textContent',
       sceneDirected
-        ? `${String(_sceneContext?.sceneTitle || 'NEPAL FLOOD INCIDENT').toUpperCase()} / AUTHORED SHOT`
+        ? t('{scene} / AUTHORED SHOT', {
+            scene: String(
+              _sceneContext?.sceneDisplayTitle ||
+                _sceneContext?.sceneTitle ||
+                t('NEPAL FLOOD INCIDENT'),
+            ).toUpperCase(),
+          })
         : beatMeta,
     );
     setElementProperty(
@@ -3093,18 +3275,23 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
       _panelRefs.playButton,
       'aria-label',
       sceneDirected
-        ? `Play ${_sceneContext?.shotTitle || 'current scene shot'}`
-        : 'Play reconstruction',
+        ? t('Play {shot}', {
+            shot:
+              _sceneContext?.shotDisplayTitle ||
+              _sceneContext?.shotTitle ||
+              t('current scene shot'),
+          })
+        : t('Play reconstruction'),
     );
     setElementAttribute(
       _panelRefs.previousButton,
       'aria-label',
-      sceneDirected ? 'Load previous scene shot' : 'Previous story beat',
+      sceneDirected ? t('Load previous scene shot') : t('Previous story beat'),
     );
     setElementAttribute(
       _panelRefs.nextButton,
       'aria-label',
-      sceneDirected ? 'Load next scene shot' : 'Next story beat',
+      sceneDirected ? t('Load next scene shot') : t('Next story beat'),
     );
     setElementProperty(
       _panelRefs.openSourceButton,
@@ -3153,8 +3340,8 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
     if (_afterLayer) _afterLayer.show = imageryAvailable;
     if (_panelRefs?.caveat) {
       _panelRefs.caveat.textContent = imageryAvailable
-        ? _event?.reconstruction?.caveat || ''
-        : 'SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR, NOT MODELED ARRIVAL TIME.';
+        ? bhoteEventText(_event?.reconstruction?.caveat || '')
+        : t('SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR, NOT MODELED ARRIVAL TIME.');
     }
     if (_panelRefs?.imageryCloudNote)
       _panelRefs.imageryCloudNote.hidden = !imageryAvailable;
@@ -3717,7 +3904,9 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiEventLayer({
         count: _enabled ? 1 : 0,
         status: _enabled ? 'nominal' : 'idle',
         source: 'Vantor + GeoPera',
-        coverage: _enabled ? 'Rasuwa · 26 Aug 2026' : 'Event reconstruction',
+        coverage: _enabled
+          ? t('Rasuwa · 26 Aug 2026')
+          : t('Event reconstruction'),
       };
     },
     getPlaybackState() {
diff --git a/src/data/bhoteKoshiEvidenceFit.test.mjs b/src/data/bhoteKoshiEvidenceFit.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a0459b87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/bhoteKoshiEvidenceFit.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// The «{publisher} / OPEN» line is drawn on a canvas, so CSS cannot wrap it:
+// a long translation shrinks to fit the portrait card, action word whole.
+// English is drawn at full size.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import test from 'node:test';
+
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { evidenceCardLayout, updateEvidenceFrame } from './bhoteKoshiEvent.js';
+
+const eventUrl = new URL(
+  '../../public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/event.json',
+  import.meta.url,
+);
+
+// JetBrains Mono advances every glyph by 0.6 em.
+const fontPx = (font) => Number(/(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)px/.exec(font)[1]);
+const measure = (text, font) => text.length * 0.6 * fontPx(font);
+
+function drawSourceLine(observation, publisher) {
+  const layout = evidenceCardLayout(observation);
+  const drawn = [];
+  const context = {
+    font: '',
+    beginPath() {},
+    clearRect() {},
+    moveTo() {},
+    lineTo() {},
+    stroke() {},
+    fillRect() {},
+    drawImage() {},
+    measureText(text) {
+      return { width: measure(String(text), this.font) };
+    },
+    fillText(value, x) {
+      drawn.push({ text: String(value), font: this.font, x });
+    },
+  };
+  const canvas = {
+    width: layout.canvasWidth,
+    height: layout.canvasHeight,
+    _bhoteEvidenceLayout: layout,
+    getContext: () => context,
+  };
+  const subject = publisher
+    ? { ...observation, media: { ...observation.media, publisher } }
+    : observation;
+  assert.equal(updateEvidenceFrame(canvas, subject), true);
+  const line = drawn.find((entry) => entry.text.includes(' / '));
+  assert.ok(line, 'source line drawn');
+  return { ...line, maxWidth: layout.canvasWidth - 32 };
+}
+
+async function portraitObservations() {
+  const event = JSON.parse(await readFile(eventUrl, 'utf8'));
+  const portrait = event.evidenceSpine.filter(
+    (o) => evidenceCardLayout(o).kind === 'portrait',
+  );
+  const youtube = portrait.find((o) => o.media?.publisher === 'YouTube source');
+  const facebook = portrait.find(
+    (o) => o.media?.publisher === 'Facebook source',
+  );
+  assert.ok(youtube, 'a portrait YouTube card exists');
+  return [youtube, facebook].filter(Boolean);
+}
+
+test('English source lines draw unchanged on every card', async () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const event = JSON.parse(await readFile(eventUrl, 'utf8'));
+  for (const observation of event.evidenceSpine) {
+    const line = drawSourceLine(observation);
+    assert.equal(fontPx(line.font), 21, `${observation.id}: font kept`);
+    assert.match(
+      line.text,
+      /^(YOUTUBE|FACEBOOK) SOURCE \/ OPEN$|^SOURCE LINK \/ OPEN$/,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('ru/es source lines fit the portrait card with the action word whole', async () => {
+  const observations = await portraitObservations();
+  try {
+    for (const [locale, action] of [
+      ['ru', '/ ОТКРЫТЬ'],
+      ['es', '/ ABRIR'],
+    ]) {
+      setLocale(locale);
+      for (const observation of observations) {
+        const line = drawSourceLine(observation);
+        assert.ok(line.text.endsWith(action), `${locale}: ${line.text}`);
+        assert.ok(
+          measure(line.text, line.font) <= line.maxWidth,
+          `${locale}: «${line.text}» at ${line.font} overflows`,
+        );
+        assert.ok(fontPx(line.font) >= 21 * 0.8, 'font stays readable');
+      }
+    }
+    setLocale('ru');
+    const ru = drawSourceLine(observations[0]);
+    assert.equal(ru.text, 'ИСТОЧНИК YOUTUBE / ОТКРЫТЬ', 'publisher kept whole');
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('a publisher too long even at the smallest font is shortened, not the action', async () => {
+  const [observation] = await portraitObservations();
+  try {
+    setLocale('ru');
+    const line = drawSourceLine(
+      observation,
+      'A very long regional broadcaster',
+    );
+    assert.ok(line.text.endsWith('... / ОТКРЫТЬ'), line.text);
+    assert.ok(measure(line.text, line.font) <= line.maxWidth, line.text);
+    assert.equal(fontPx(line.font), 21 * 0.8);
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/data/bhoteKoshiEvidencePublisher.test.mjs b/src/data/bhoteKoshiEvidencePublisher.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..732dee372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/bhoteKoshiEvidencePublisher.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import test from 'node:test';
+
+// The publisher on the evidence frame ("YouTube source") is pack text shown
+// in the UI language; English stays "YOUTUBE SOURCE / OPEN".
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { createEvidenceFrame } from './bhoteKoshiEvent.js';
+
+const eventUrl = new URL(
+  '../../public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/event.json',
+  import.meta.url,
+);
+
+function captureFrameText(observation) {
+  const originalDocument = globalThis.document;
+  const text = [];
+  globalThis.document = {
+    createElement() {
+      const context = {
+        beginPath() {},
+        clearRect() {},
+        moveTo() {},
+        lineTo() {},
+        stroke() {},
+        fillRect() {},
+        fillText(value) {
+          text.push(String(value));
+        },
+        drawImage() {},
+      };
+      return { width: 0, height: 0, getContext: () => context };
+    },
+  };
+  try {
+    assert.ok(createEvidenceFrame(observation));
+  } finally {
+    globalThis.document = originalDocument;
+  }
+  return text;
+}
+
+test('evidence card source line is fully in the UI language (es, ru)', async () => {
+  const event = JSON.parse(await readFile(eventUrl, 'utf8'));
+  const youtube = event.evidenceSpine.find(
+    (o) => o.media?.publisher === 'YouTube source',
+  );
+  const facebook = event.evidenceSpine.find(
+    (o) => o.media?.publisher === 'Facebook source',
+  );
+  assert.ok(youtube && facebook);
+  try {
+    for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+      setLocale(locale);
+      for (const observation of [youtube, facebook]) {
+        const lines = captureFrameText(observation);
+        const sourceLine = lines.find((line) => line.includes(' / '));
+        assert.ok(sourceLine, 'source line drawn');
+        assert.doesNotMatch(
+          sourceLine,
+          /SOURCE/,
+          `${locale}: English "SOURCE" left in "${sourceLine}"`,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('evidence card source line keeps its English wording', async () => {
+  const event = JSON.parse(await readFile(eventUrl, 'utf8'));
+  const youtube = event.evidenceSpine.find(
+    (o) => o.media?.publisher === 'YouTube source',
+  );
+  setLocale('en');
+  const sourceLine = captureFrameText(youtube).find((line) =>
+    line.includes(' / '),
+  );
+  assert.equal(sourceLine, 'YOUTUBE SOURCE / OPEN');
+});
diff --git a/src/data/bhoteKoshiLocator.js b/src/data/bhoteKoshiLocator.js
index 87233fad6..f3917c463 100644
--- a/src/data/bhoteKoshiLocator.js
+++ b/src/data/bhoteKoshiLocator.js
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from './dataCredits.js';
 import { BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH } from './bhoteKoshiFloodPath.js';
 import { INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_PLACES } from './bhoteKoshiIncidentPlaces.js';
+import { t, msg, getLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const BHOTE_KOSHI_LOCATOR_LAYER_ID = 'bhote-koshi-locator';
 export const BHOTE_KOSHI_LOCATOR_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID =
@@ -51,23 +52,42 @@ const TRIGGER_ORBIT_DURATION_SEC = 2.8;
 const TRIGGER_SOURCE_URL =
   'https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000tbwb/executive';
 
+// Descriptive pin titles translate at display (same entries as the event
+// panel); place names stay Latin, anything else shows as authored.
+const PLACE_TITLE_TEXT = new Map(
+  [
+    msg('Collapse viewpoint'),
+    msg('Dammed lake'),
+    msg('Second landslide'),
+    msg('Border gate'),
+    msg('Dandagaun viewpoint'),
+    msg('Bidur bridge'),
+    msg('Devighat bridge'),
+  ].map((text) => [text.toUpperCase(), text]),
+);
+
+function placeTitle(title) {
+  const text = PLACE_TITLE_TEXT.get(title);
+  return text ? t(text).toLocaleUpperCase(getLocale()) : title;
+}
+
 const INCIDENT = Object.freeze({
   lat: 28.3632333,
   lon: 85.4423639,
   heightM: 5200,
-  title: 'BHOTE KOSHI FLOOD INCIDENT',
-  subtitle: 'NEPAL · 26 AUG 2026',
+  title: msg('BHOTE KOSHI FLOOD INCIDENT'),
+  subtitle: msg('NEPAL · 26 AUG 2026'),
 });
 const TRIGGER_RECORD = Object.freeze({
   lat: 28.271,
   lon: 85.515,
   heightM: 4200,
-  title: 'USGS INITIAL REPORT',
+  title: msg('USGS INITIAL REPORT'),
   details: Object.freeze([
-    '26 AUG 2026 · 08:37 NPT',
-    '28.2710° N · 85.5150° E',
-    'INITIAL M4.4 · RECLASSIFIED M5.2 LANDSLIDE',
-    'USGS EVENT us7000tbwb · OPEN SOURCE',
+    msg('26 AUG 2026 · 08:37 NPT'),
+    msg('28.2710° N · 85.5150° E'),
+    msg('INITIAL M4.4 · RECLASSIFIED M5.2 LANDSLIDE'),
+    msg('USGS EVENT us7000tbwb · OPEN SOURCE'),
   ]),
 });
 const TRIGGER_APPROACH_CAMERA = Object.freeze({
@@ -90,11 +110,13 @@ const NEPAL = Object.freeze({
   lat: 28.3949,
   lon: 84.124,
   heightM: 6800,
+  // i18n-ignore: country name, shown as is
   title: 'NEPAL',
 });
 const NEARBY_CITIES = Object.freeze([
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'kathmandu',
+    // i18n-ignore: city name
     title: 'KATHMANDU',
     lat: 27.7017,
     lon: 85.3206,
@@ -103,6 +125,7 @@ const NEARBY_CITIES = Object.freeze([
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'bhaktapur',
+    // i18n-ignore: city name
     title: 'BHAKTAPUR',
     lat: 27.673,
     lon: 85.43,
@@ -111,6 +134,7 @@ const NEARBY_CITIES = Object.freeze([
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'dhulikhel',
+    // i18n-ignore: city name
     title: 'DHULIKHEL',
     lat: 27.6221,
     lon: 85.5428,
@@ -394,8 +418,8 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
         position,
         variant: 'card',
         paintLane: 'thumbnail',
-        title: subject.title,
-        details: [subject.subtitle],
+        title: t(subject.title),
+        details: [t(subject.subtitle)],
         accent: INCIDENT_ACCENT,
         sourceAlpha: () => presentation().alpha,
         presentationScale: () => presentation().scale,
@@ -536,8 +560,8 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
       position,
       variant: 'card',
       paintLane: 'thumbnail',
-      title: TRIGGER_RECORD.title,
-      details: [...TRIGGER_RECORD.details],
+      title: t(TRIGGER_RECORD.title),
+      details: TRIGGER_RECORD.details.map((line) => t(line)),
       accent: INCIDENT_ACCENT,
       sourceAlpha: () => presentation().alpha,
       presentationScale: () => presentation().scale,
@@ -549,8 +573,9 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
       protected: true,
       active: true,
       interactive: true,
-      accessibilityLabel:
+      accessibilityLabel: t(
         'Open the USGS initial report for the 26 August 2026 Nepal landslide',
+      ),
       activate: () => {
         const opened = window.open(
           TRIGGER_SOURCE_URL,
@@ -815,7 +840,7 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
         position,
         variant: 'label',
         paintLane: 'ambient-label',
-        title: `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${place.title}`,
+        title: `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${placeTitle(place.title)}`,
         details: [],
         accent: INCIDENT_ACCENT,
         sourceAlpha: progress,
@@ -1121,57 +1146,67 @@ export function createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
         chips: [
           {
             id: 'nepal-context',
+            // i18n-ignore: country name
             label: 'NEPAL',
             active: _presentation === NEPAL_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
               'Show the Nepal context callout without a border or country fill',
+            ),
             params: { presentation: NEPAL_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION },
           },
           {
             id: 'bhote-koshi-regional',
+            // i18n-ignore: river name (Bhote Koshi)
             label: 'BHOTE',
             active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
               'Introduce Nepal, draw its border, then reveal the Bhote Koshi incident',
+            ),
             params: { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION },
           },
           {
             id: 'bhote-koshi-city-context',
-            label: 'CITIES',
+            label: t('CITIES'),
             active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_CITY_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
               'Keep the regional incident context and introduce nearby city labels',
+            ),
             params: { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_CITY_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION },
           },
           {
             id: 'bhote-koshi-incident-places',
-            label: 'PLACES',
+            label: t('PLACES'),
             active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_INCIDENT_PLACES_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
               'Introduce the reconstruction scene key places from trigger to downstream',
+            ),
             params: { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_INCIDENT_PLACES_PRESENTATION },
           },
           {
             id: 'bhote-koshi-flood-path',
-            label: 'PATH',
+            label: t('PATH'),
             active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
               'Animate the sourced cyan river-centerline route to Trishuli Bazaar',
+            ),
             params: { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH_PRESENTATION },
           },
           {
             id: 'bhote-koshi-path-overview',
-            label: 'OVERVIEW',
+            label: t('OVERVIEW'),
             active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_PATH_OVERVIEW_PRESENTATION,
-            title: 'Keep the completed flood path and location labels visible',
+            title: t(
+              'Keep the completed flood path and location labels visible',
+            ),
             params: { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_PATH_OVERVIEW_PRESENTATION },
           },
           {
             id: 'bhote-koshi-trigger-record',
-            label: 'RECORD',
+            label: t('RECORD'),
             active: _presentation === BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION,
-            title:
+            title: t(
               'Reveal the trigger record while making a slow camera approach',
+            ),
             params: {
               presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION,
               preview: true,
diff --git a/src/data/bhoteKoshiLocator.test.mjs b/src/data/bhoteKoshiLocator.test.mjs
index 4c9a4be91..81235275c 100644
--- a/src/data/bhoteKoshiLocator.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/bhoteKoshiLocator.test.mjs
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
-import { INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_HOLD_SEC, INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_PLACES } from './bhoteKoshiIncidentPlaces.js';
+import {
+  INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_HOLD_SEC,
+  INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_PLACES,
+} from './bhoteKoshiIncidentPlaces.js';
 import { BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH } from './bhoteKoshiFloodPath.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { SceneDirector } from '../scenes/director.js';
 import { createPlaybackClock } from '../director/clock.js';
 import { createDefaultScenePacks } from '../scenes/packs/defaults.js';
@@ -29,8 +33,12 @@ function viewerFixture() {
   return {
     creditDisplay: { addStaticCredit() {}, removeStaticCredit() {} },
     dataSources: {
-      add(source) { added.push(source); },
-      remove(source) { removed.push(source); },
+      add(source) {
+        added.push(source);
+      },
+      remove(source) {
+        removed.push(source);
+      },
     },
     _test: { added, removed },
   };
@@ -38,7 +46,9 @@ function viewerFixture() {
 
 function nonRunningAnimation() {
   return {
-    scheduleFrame() { return 1; },
+    scheduleFrame() {
+      return 1;
+    },
     cancelFrame() {},
   };
 }
@@ -58,24 +68,68 @@ function overlayHostFixture() {
 }
 
 test('Bhote Koshi locator closes valid region rings once', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual(closeRegionRing([[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30]]), [
-    [80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 26],
-  ]);
-  assert.deepEqual(closeRegionRing([[80, 26], [88, 26], [80, 26]]), [
-    [80, 26], [88, 26], [80, 26],
-  ]);
-  assert.deepEqual(closeRegionRing([[80, 26], ['bad', 27]]), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    closeRegionRing([
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [88, 30],
+    ]),
+    [
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [88, 30],
+      [80, 26],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    closeRegionRing([
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [80, 26],
+    ]),
+    [
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [80, 26],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    closeRegionRing([
+      [80, 26],
+      ['bad', 27],
+    ]),
+    [],
+  );
 });
 
 test('Bhote Koshi locator selects the largest GeoJSON country exterior', () => {
-  const main = [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30], [80, 26]];
-  const island = [[82, 25], [83, 25], [82, 25]];
-  assert.equal(largestGeoJsonRing({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [main] }), main);
-  assert.equal(largestGeoJsonRing({
-    type: 'MultiPolygon',
-    coordinates: [[island], [main]],
-  }), main);
-  assert.deepEqual(largestGeoJsonRing({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [84, 28] }), []);
+  const main = [
+    [80, 26],
+    [88, 26],
+    [88, 30],
+    [80, 30],
+    [80, 26],
+  ];
+  const island = [
+    [82, 25],
+    [83, 25],
+    [82, 25],
+  ];
+  assert.equal(
+    largestGeoJsonRing({ type: 'Polygon', coordinates: [main] }),
+    main,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    largestGeoJsonRing({
+      type: 'MultiPolygon',
+      coordinates: [[island], [main]],
+    }),
+    main,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    largestGeoJsonRing({ type: 'Point', coordinates: [84, 28] }),
+    [],
+  );
 });
 
 test('Bhote Koshi locator reveals a border progressively', () => {
@@ -84,7 +138,10 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator reveals a border progressively', () => {
     new Cesium.Cartesian3(10, 0, 0),
     new Cesium.Cartesian3(20, 0, 0),
   ];
-  assert.deepEqual(revealPolylinePositions(positions, 0), [positions[0], positions[0]]);
+  assert.deepEqual(revealPolylinePositions(positions, 0), [
+    positions[0],
+    positions[0],
+  ]);
   assert.deepEqual(revealPolylinePositions(positions, 0.25), [
     positions[0],
     new Cesium.Cartesian3(5, 0, 0),
@@ -115,7 +172,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi regional locator sequences Nepal, border, then the incident',
   const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
     boundaryResolver: async () => ({
       name: 'Nepal',
-      ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30]],
+      ring: [
+        [80, 26],
+        [88, 26],
+        [88, 30],
+        [80, 30],
+      ],
     }),
     requestRender: (reason) => renders.push(reason),
     overlayHost,
@@ -141,8 +203,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi regional locator sequences Nepal, border, then the incident',
   const publication = overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1);
   assert.equal(publication.sourceId, BHOTE_KOSHI_LOCATOR_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID);
   assert.equal(publication.entries.length, 2);
-  const nepal = publication.entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'nepal-context-callout');
-  const incident = publication.entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout');
+  const nepal = publication.entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'nepal-context-callout',
+  );
+  const incident = publication.entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout',
+  );
   assert.equal(nepal.variant, 'label');
   assert.equal(nepal.title, 'NEPAL');
   assert.equal(nepal.anchorDot, true);
@@ -175,12 +241,17 @@ test('Bhote Koshi regional locator sequences Nepal, border, then the incident',
   assert.equal(incident.contentAlpha(), 1);
   assert.equal(incident.presentationScale(), 1);
   assert.equal(layer.getStats().status, 'nominal');
-  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION });
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), {
+    presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION,
+  });
   assert.ok(renders.includes('bhote-koshi-locator-boundary'));
 
   assert.equal(await layer.disable(), true);
   assert.equal(viewer._test.removed.length, 1);
-  assert.equal(overlayHost._test.clears.at(-1), BHOTE_KOSHI_LOCATOR_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID);
+  assert.equal(
+    overlayHost._test.clears.at(-1),
+    BHOTE_KOSHI_LOCATOR_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
+  );
   assert.equal(layer.getStats().status, 'idle');
 });
 
@@ -190,7 +261,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator switches between Nepal context and the regional incide
   const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
     boundaryResolver: async () => ({
       name: 'Nepal',
-      ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30]],
+      ring: [
+        [80, 26],
+        [88, 26],
+        [88, 30],
+        [80, 30],
+      ],
     }),
     requestRender() {},
     overlayHost,
@@ -199,37 +275,46 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator switches between Nepal context and the regional incide
 
   layer.setParams({ presentation: NEPAL_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION });
   await layer.enable(viewer);
-  assert.deepEqual(viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map((entity) => entity.id), [
-    'nepal-context-halo',
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map((entity) => entity.id),
+    ['nepal-context-halo'],
+  );
   const nepalLabel = overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries[0];
   assert.equal(nepalLabel.variant, 'label');
   assert.equal(nepalLabel.placement, 'right');
   assert.equal(nepalLabel.anchorDot, true);
   assert.equal(layer.getStats().coverage, 'Nepal context');
-  assert.deepEqual(layer.getRowControls().chips.map(({ id, active }) => ({ id, active })), [
-    { id: 'nepal-context', active: true },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-regional', active: false },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-city-context', active: false },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-incident-places', active: false },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-flood-path', active: false },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-path-overview', active: false },
-    { id: 'bhote-koshi-trigger-record', active: false },
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    layer.getRowControls().chips.map(({ id, active }) => ({ id, active })),
+    [
+      { id: 'nepal-context', active: true },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-regional', active: false },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-city-context', active: false },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-incident-places', active: false },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-flood-path', active: false },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-path-overview', active: false },
+      { id: 'bhote-koshi-trigger-record', active: false },
+    ],
+  );
 
   layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION });
   assert.ok(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('nepal-border-highlight'));
-  assert.equal(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu'), undefined);
   assert.equal(
-    overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries
-      .find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout').variant,
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu'),
+    undefined,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    overlayHost._test.publications
+      .at(-1)
+      .entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout').variant,
     'card',
   );
 
   layer.setParams({ presentation: NEPAL_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION });
-  assert.deepEqual(viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map((entity) => entity.id), [
-    'nepal-context-halo',
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map((entity) => entity.id),
+    ['nepal-context-halo'],
+  );
   await layer.destroy();
 });
 
@@ -239,16 +324,28 @@ test('Incident Corridor reveals all fifteen overview pins and keeps layout activ
   let nowMs = 0;
   let pulseFrame = null;
   const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
-    boundaryResolver: async () => null, requestRender() {},
+    boundaryResolver: async () => null,
+    requestRender() {},
     overlayHost,
     now: () => nowMs,
-    scheduleFrame(callback) { pulseFrame = callback; return 1; },
+    scheduleFrame(callback) {
+      pulseFrame = callback;
+      return 1;
+    },
     cancelFrame() {},
   });
   layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_INCIDENT_PLACES_PRESENTATION });
   await layer.enable(viewer);
   const source = viewer._test.added[0];
-  const event = JSON.parse(await readFile(new URL('../../public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/event.json', import.meta.url), 'utf8'));
+  const event = JSON.parse(
+    await readFile(
+      new URL(
+        '../../public/events/bhote-koshi-2026/event.json',
+        import.meta.url,
+      ),
+      'utf8',
+    ),
+  );
   assert.equal(event.evidenceSpine.length, 16);
   assert.equal(event.evidenceSpine.at(-1).id, 'charaudi');
   assert.equal(source.entities.values.length, 15);
@@ -259,30 +356,100 @@ test('Incident Corridor reveals all fifteen overview pins and keeps layout activ
     const id = `bhote-koshi-place-${point.id}`;
     const pin = labels.find((entry) => entry.id === id);
     assert.ok(pin, point.id);
-    assert.equal(pin.title, `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${point.title}`);
+    assert.equal(
+      pin.title,
+      `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${point.title}`,
+    );
     assert.equal(pin.variant, 'label');
     const location = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(pin.position);
-    assert.ok(Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(location.latitude) - point.lat) < 1e-6);
-    assert.ok(Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(location.longitude) - point.lon) < 1e-6);
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(location.latitude) - point.lat) < 1e-6,
+    );
+    assert.ok(
+      Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(location.longitude) - point.lon) < 1e-6,
+    );
     nowMs = 349 + index * 650;
     assert.equal(pin.sourceAlpha(), 0);
     nowMs += 1;
     assert.equal(pin.sourceAlpha(), 0);
-    assert.equal(source.entities.values.filter(entity => entity.id.endsWith('-halo') && entity.show.getValue()).length, 1);
+    assert.equal(
+      source.entities.values.filter(
+        (entity) => entity.id.endsWith('-halo') && entity.show.getValue(),
+      ).length,
+      1,
+    );
     nowMs += 520;
     assert.equal(pin.sourceAlpha(), 1);
   }
   assert.ok(nowMs < INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_HOLD_SEC * 1000);
   // A repeat halo cycle must not erase already revealed labels.
   nowMs = 350 + 15 * 650;
-  assert.equal(source.entities.getById('bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint-halo').show.getValue(), true);
-  assert.equal(labels.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-devighat-taadi-khola-bridge').sourceAlpha(), 1);
-  assert.equal(labels.some(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-charaudi'), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    source.entities
+      .getById('bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint-halo')
+      .show.getValue(),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    labels
+      .find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-devighat-taadi-khola-bridge')
+      .sourceAlpha(),
+    1,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    labels.some(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-charaudi'),
+    false,
+  );
   assert.equal(typeof pulseFrame, 'function');
   pulseFrame();
   assert.equal(overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).options.moving, false);
   layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_REGIONAL_PRESENTATION });
-  assert.equal(source.entities.values.some(entity => entity.id.startsWith('bhote-koshi-place-')), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    source.entities.values.some((entity) =>
+      entity.id.startsWith('bhote-koshi-place-'),
+    ),
+    false,
+  );
+  await layer.destroy();
+});
+
+test('Bhote Koshi overview pins translate their descriptive titles and keep place names', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+  setLocale('ru');
+  const viewer = viewerFixture();
+  const overlayHost = overlayHostFixture();
+  const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
+    boundaryResolver: async () => null,
+    requestRender() {},
+    overlayHost,
+    now: () => 0,
+    ...nonRunningAnimation(),
+  });
+
+  layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH_PRESENTATION });
+  await layer.enable(viewer);
+  const titles = new Map(
+    overlayHost._test.publications
+      .at(-1)
+      .entries.map(({ id, title }) => [id, title]),
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    titles.get('bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint'),
+    '01 · ВИД НА ОБРУШЕНИЕ',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    titles.get('bhote-koshi-place-gyirong-border-gate'),
+    '04 · ПОГРАНПЕРЕХОД',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    titles.get('bhote-koshi-place-dandagaun-viewpoint'),
+    '11 · СМОТРОВАЯ ПЛОЩАДКА DANDAGAUN',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    titles.get('bhote-koshi-place-bidur-trishuli-bridge'),
+    '14 · МОСТ BIDUR',
+  );
+  assert.equal(titles.get('bhote-koshi-place-timure-cluster'), '05 · TIMURE');
   await layer.destroy();
 });
 
@@ -303,8 +470,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi flood path draws a solid cyan sourced route after the place sh
   const source = viewer._test.added[0];
   const path = source.entities.getById('bhote-koshi-flood-path');
   const labels = overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries;
-  const trigger = labels.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint');
-  const bidur = labels.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-bidur-trishuli-bridge');
+  const trigger = labels.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint',
+  );
+  const bidur = labels.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-place-bidur-trishuli-bridge',
+  );
 
   assert.equal(source.entities.values.length, 1);
   assert.equal(labels.length, 15);
@@ -315,10 +486,14 @@ test('Bhote Koshi flood path draws a solid cyan sourced route after the place sh
   }
   assert.equal(path.polyline.clampToGround.getValue(), true);
   assert.ok(path.polyline.material instanceof Cesium.ColorMaterialProperty);
-  assert.ok(path.polyline.material.color.getValue().equalsEpsilon(
-    Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString('#20e7f2').withAlpha(0.96),
-    Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
-  ));
+  assert.ok(
+    path.polyline.material.color
+      .getValue()
+      .equalsEpsilon(
+        Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString('#20e7f2').withAlpha(0.96),
+        Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
+      ),
+  );
   assert.equal(path.show.getValue(), false);
   assert.equal(trigger.sourceAlpha(), 1);
   assert.equal(bidur.sourceAlpha(), 1);
@@ -330,15 +505,23 @@ test('Bhote Koshi flood path draws a solid cyan sourced route after the place sh
   const halfwayCount = path.polyline.positions.getValue().length;
   assert.ok(Math.abs(halfwayCount - BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.length / 2) <= 2);
   nowMs = 4250;
-  assert.equal(path.polyline.positions.getValue().length, BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.length);
+  assert.equal(
+    path.polyline.positions.getValue().length,
+    BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.length,
+  );
   assert.deepEqual(BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH[0], [85.48476, 28.33255]);
   // More observation pins must not extend or straighten the sourced route.
-  assert.deepEqual(path.polyline.positions.getValue(), BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.map(([lon, lat]) => (
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat)
-  )));
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    path.polyline.positions.getValue(),
+    BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.map(([lon, lat]) =>
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat),
+    ),
+  );
   assert.deepEqual(BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.at(-1), [85.14943, 27.92177]);
   assert.equal(layer.getStats().coverage, 'Bhote Koshi · Flood path');
-  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH_PRESENTATION });
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), {
+    presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH_PRESENTATION,
+  });
   await layer.destroy();
 });
 
@@ -349,7 +532,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi path-overview presentation keeps the route settled without Nep
   const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
     boundaryResolver: async () => ({
       name: 'Nepal',
-      ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30]],
+      ring: [
+        [80, 26],
+        [88, 26],
+        [88, 30],
+        [80, 30],
+      ],
     }),
     requestRender() {},
     overlayHost,
@@ -367,21 +555,35 @@ test('Bhote Koshi path-overview presentation keeps the route settled without Nep
   assert.equal(labels.length, 15);
   for (const [index, place] of INCIDENT_OVERVIEW_PLACES.entries()) {
     const pin = labels.find(({ id }) => id === `bhote-koshi-place-${place.id}`);
-    assert.equal(pin.title, `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${place.title}`);
+    assert.equal(
+      pin.title,
+      `${String(index + 1).padStart(2, '0')} · ${place.title}`,
+    );
     assert.equal(pin.sourceAlpha(), 1);
   }
   assert.equal(path.show.getValue(), true);
-  assert.equal(path.polyline.positions.getValue().length, BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.length);
-  assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.equals(path.polyline.positions.getValue()[0],
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(85.48476, 28.33255)));
+  assert.equal(
+    path.polyline.positions.getValue().length,
+    BHOTE_KOSHI_FLOOD_PATH.length,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    Cesium.Cartesian3.equals(
+      path.polyline.positions.getValue()[0],
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(85.48476, 28.33255),
+    ),
+  );
   assert.equal(source.entities.getById('nepal-border-fill'), undefined);
   assert.equal(source.entities.getById('nepal-border-highlight'), undefined);
   assert.equal(
-    source.entities.getById('bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint-halo'),
+    source.entities.getById(
+      'bhote-koshi-place-immediate-collapse-viewpoint-halo',
+    ),
     undefined,
   );
   assert.equal(layer.getStats().coverage, 'Bhote Koshi · Path overview');
-  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_PATH_OVERVIEW_PRESENTATION });
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), {
+    presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_PATH_OVERVIEW_PRESENTATION,
+  });
   await layer.destroy();
 });
 
@@ -406,10 +608,10 @@ test('Bhote Koshi trigger-record presentation reveals sourced incident details',
   const publication = overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1);
   const record = publication.entries[0];
 
-  assert.deepEqual(source.entities.values.map(({ id }) => id), [
-    'bhote-koshi-flood-path',
-    'bhote-koshi-trigger-record-halo',
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    source.entities.values.map(({ id }) => id),
+    ['bhote-koshi-flood-path', 'bhote-koshi-trigger-record-halo'],
+  );
   assert.equal(record.title, 'USGS INITIAL REPORT');
   assert.deepEqual(record.details, [
     '26 AUG 2026 · 08:37 NPT',
@@ -440,7 +642,9 @@ test('Bhote Koshi trigger-record waits for the scene camera, zooms, then orbits'
   viewer.camera = {
     moveStart,
     moveEnd,
-    flyTo(options) { flights.push(options); },
+    flyTo(options) {
+      flights.push(options);
+    },
     cancelFlight() {},
   };
   const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
@@ -465,8 +669,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi trigger-record waits for the scene camera, zooms, then orbits'
   assert.equal(flights.length, 1);
   assert.equal(flights[0].duration, 4.6);
   const destination = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(flights[0].destination);
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(destination.latitude) - 28.368) < 1e-6);
-  assert.ok(Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(destination.longitude) - 85.473) < 1e-6);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(destination.latitude) - 28.368) < 1e-6,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(Cesium.Math.toDegrees(destination.longitude) - 85.473) < 1e-6,
+  );
   assert.ok(Math.abs(destination.height - 10526) < 1e-4);
   flights[0].complete();
   assert.equal(flights.length, 2);
@@ -488,8 +696,11 @@ for (const phase of ['timer', 'move-end', 'approach', 'orbit']) {
     const moveStart = new Cesium.Event();
     const moveEnd = new Cesium.Event();
     viewer.camera = {
-      moveStart, moveEnd,
-      flyTo(options) { flights.push(options); },
+      moveStart,
+      moveEnd,
+      flyTo(options) {
+        flights.push(options);
+      },
       cancelFlight() {},
     };
     const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
@@ -501,21 +712,30 @@ for (const phase of ['timer', 'move-end', 'approach', 'orbit']) {
         timers.set(++nextTimer, callback);
         return nextTimer;
       },
-      cancelDelay(id) { timers.delete(id); },
+      cancelDelay(id) {
+        timers.delete(id);
+      },
       ...nonRunningAnimation(),
     });
     const director = {
-      _clock: createPlaybackClock({ isRunning: () => false, timingForShot: () => null, onProgress() {} }),
+      _clock: createPlaybackClock({
+        isRunning: () => false,
+        timingForShot: () => null,
+        onProgress() {},
+      }),
       _scenePacks: createDefaultScenePacks(),
       dataManager: { layers: new Map([[layer.id, { module: layer }]]) },
       viewer,
       _sceneSeekGeneration: 0,
       _loadGeneration: 0,
-      _cancelActiveSceneTravel: SceneDirector.prototype._cancelActiveSceneTravel,
+      _cancelActiveSceneTravel:
+        SceneDirector.prototype._cancelActiveSceneTravel,
       _setSceneMediaPlayback: SceneDirector.prototype._setSceneMediaPlayback,
     };
     try {
-      layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION });
+      layer.setParams({
+        presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION,
+      });
       await layer.enable(viewer);
       if (phase === 'move-end') moveStart.raiseEvent();
       if (phase === 'approach' || phase === 'orbit') callbacks[0]();
@@ -528,19 +748,38 @@ for (const phase of ['timer', 'move-end', 'approach', 'orbit']) {
       callbacks[0]();
       moveEnd.raiseEvent();
       for (const flight of oldFlights) flight.complete();
-      assert.equal(flights.length, oldFlights.length, 'no post-Stop approach or orbit');
-      assert.equal(layer.getStats().count, 1, 'Stop preserves the visible locator');
+      assert.equal(
+        flights.length,
+        oldFlights.length,
+        'no post-Stop approach or orbit',
+      );
+      assert.equal(
+        layer.getStats().count,
+        1,
+        'Stop preserves the visible locator',
+      );
 
-      layer.setParams({ presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION });
+      layer.setParams({
+        presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_TRIGGER_RECORD_PRESENTATION,
+      });
       callbacks.at(-1)();
       const successor = flights.at(-1);
       const count = flights.length;
       callbacks[0]();
-      for (const flight of oldFlights) { flight.cancel(); flight.complete(); }
+      for (const flight of oldFlights) {
+        flight.cancel();
+        flight.complete();
+      }
       assert.equal(flights.length, count, 'old callbacks cannot add a flight');
       successor.complete();
-      assert.equal(flights.length, count + 1, 'successor retains its own orbit');
-    } finally { await layer.destroy(); }
+      assert.equal(
+        flights.length,
+        count + 1,
+        'successor retains its own orbit',
+      );
+    } finally {
+      await layer.destroy();
+    }
   });
 }
 
@@ -551,7 +790,12 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator keeps the regional context settled while nearby cities
   const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
     boundaryResolver: async () => ({
       name: 'Nepal',
-      ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30]],
+      ring: [
+        [80, 26],
+        [88, 26],
+        [88, 30],
+        [80, 30],
+      ],
     }),
     requestRender() {},
     overlayHost,
@@ -564,19 +808,29 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator keeps the regional context settled while nearby cities
   const source = viewer._test.added[0];
   const borderFill = source.entities.getById('nepal-border-fill');
   const entries = overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries;
-  const incident = entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout');
-  const kathmandu = entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu');
-  const bhaktapur = entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-bhaktapur');
-  const dhulikhel = entries.find(({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-dhulikhel');
+  const incident = entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout',
+  );
+  const kathmandu = entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu',
+  );
+  const bhaktapur = entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-bhaktapur',
+  );
+  const dhulikhel = entries.find(
+    ({ id }) => id === 'bhote-koshi-city-dhulikhel',
+  );
 
   assert.equal(borderFill.show.getValue(), true);
   assert.equal(incident.contentAlpha(), 1);
   assert.equal(kathmandu.title, 'KATHMANDU');
   assert.equal(bhaktapur.title, 'BHAKTAPUR');
   assert.equal(dhulikhel.title, 'DHULIKHEL');
-  assert.ok([kathmandu, bhaktapur, dhulikhel].every(({ variant, anchorDot }) => (
-    variant === 'label' && anchorDot === true
-  )));
+  assert.ok(
+    [kathmandu, bhaktapur, dhulikhel].every(
+      ({ variant, anchorDot }) => variant === 'label' && anchorDot === true,
+    ),
+  );
   assert.equal(kathmandu.sourceAlpha(), 0);
   assert.equal(bhaktapur.sourceAlpha(), 0);
   assert.equal(dhulikhel.sourceAlpha(), 0);
@@ -591,7 +845,9 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator keeps the regional context settled while nearby cities
   nowMs = 1300;
   assert.equal(dhulikhel.sourceAlpha(), 1);
   assert.equal(layer.getStats().coverage, 'Bhote Koshi · Nearby cities');
-  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), { presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_CITY_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION });
+  assert.deepEqual(layer.getParams(), {
+    presentation: BHOTE_KOSHI_CITY_CONTEXT_PRESENTATION,
+  });
   await layer.destroy();
 });
 
@@ -608,15 +864,17 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator degrades to labels when the regional boundary is unava
   });
   try {
     await layer.enable(viewer);
-    const ids = viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map((entity) => entity.id);
+    const ids = viewer._test.added[0].entities.values.map(
+      (entity) => entity.id,
+    );
     assert.ok(ids.includes('nepal-context-halo'));
     assert.ok(ids.includes('bhote-koshi-incident-halo'));
     assert.equal(ids.includes('bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu'), false);
     assert.equal(ids.includes('nepal-border-highlight'), false);
-    assert.deepEqual(overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries.map(({ id }) => id), [
-      'nepal-context-callout',
-      'bhote-koshi-incident-callout',
-    ]);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries.map(({ id }) => id),
+      ['nepal-context-callout', 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout'],
+    );
     assert.equal(layer.getStats().status, 'degraded');
   } finally {
     console.warn = originalWarn;
@@ -628,7 +886,9 @@ test('Bhote Koshi regional locator waits for its boundary before starting the fu
   const viewer = viewerFixture();
   const overlayHost = overlayHostFixture();
   let releaseBoundary;
-  const boundary = new Promise((resolve) => { releaseBoundary = resolve; });
+  const boundary = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    releaseBoundary = resolve;
+  });
   const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
     boundaryResolver: async () => boundary,
     requestRender() {},
@@ -638,23 +898,42 @@ test('Bhote Koshi regional locator waits for its boundary before starting the fu
 
   const enabling = layer.enable(viewer);
   assert.ok(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('nepal-context-halo'));
-  assert.equal(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('nepal-border-highlight'), undefined);
-  assert.equal(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-incident-halo'), undefined);
+  assert.equal(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('nepal-border-highlight'),
+    undefined,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-incident-halo'),
+    undefined,
+  );
   assert.equal(overlayHost._test.publications.length, 1);
-  assert.deepEqual(overlayHost._test.publications[0].entries.map(({ id }) => id), [
-    'nepal-context-callout',
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    overlayHost._test.publications[0].entries.map(({ id }) => id),
+    ['nepal-context-callout'],
+  );
 
-  releaseBoundary({ ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30], [80, 30]] });
+  releaseBoundary({
+    ring: [
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [88, 30],
+      [80, 30],
+    ],
+  });
   await enabling;
-  assert.ok(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-incident-halo'));
+  assert.ok(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-incident-halo'),
+  );
   assert.ok(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('nepal-border-highlight'));
-  assert.equal(viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu'), undefined);
+  assert.equal(
+    viewer._test.added[0].entities.getById('bhote-koshi-city-kathmandu'),
+    undefined,
+  );
   assert.equal(overlayHost._test.publications.length, 2);
-  assert.deepEqual(overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries.map(({ id }) => id), [
-    'nepal-context-callout',
-    'bhote-koshi-incident-callout',
-  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    overlayHost._test.publications.at(-1).entries.map(({ id }) => id),
+    ['nepal-context-callout', 'bhote-koshi-incident-callout'],
+  );
   await layer.destroy();
 });
 
@@ -662,7 +941,9 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator cancels a stale boundary resolution and removes its su
   const viewer = viewerFixture();
   const controller = new AbortController();
   let releaseBoundary;
-  const boundary = new Promise((resolve) => { releaseBoundary = resolve; });
+  const boundary = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    releaseBoundary = resolve;
+  });
   const layer = createBhoteKoshiLocatorLayer({
     boundaryResolver: async () => boundary,
     requestRender() {},
@@ -670,7 +951,13 @@ test('Bhote Koshi locator cancels a stale boundary resolution and removes its su
   });
   const enabling = layer.enable(viewer, { signal: controller.signal });
   controller.abort();
-  releaseBoundary({ ring: [[80, 26], [88, 26], [88, 30]] });
+  releaseBoundary({
+    ring: [
+      [80, 26],
+      [88, 26],
+      [88, 30],
+    ],
+  });
   await assert.rejects(enabling, (error) => error?.name === 'AbortError');
   assert.equal(viewer._test.removed.length, 1);
 });
diff --git a/src/data/cctvMissingNumbers.test.mjs b/src/data/cctvMissingNumbers.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68911110f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/cctvMissingNumbers.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { mkdtempSync, rmSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import {
+  fallbackHeadingFromId,
+  isLikelyCataloniaCoordinate,
+  toFiniteNumber,
+} from '../../server/providers/cctv/normalize.js';
+import {
+  loadCaltransSourcesFromOpenData,
+  loadTallinnSourcesFromCatalog,
+  loadTflSourcesFromOpenData,
+  parseCataloniaXml,
+} from '../../server/providers/cctv/sources.js';
+import { cctvProxy } from '../../server/providers/cctv.js';
+import { createCatalog } from '../layers/cctv/catalog.js';
+import { createModel } from '../layers/cctv/model.js';
+
+/** Values `Number` reads as 0 (or 1) although they carry no number. */
+const ABSENT = [null, undefined, '', ' ', false, true];
+
+/** Set env vars for one test and restore them afterwards. */
+function withEnv(t, env) {
+  for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(env)) {
+    const previous = process.env[name];
+    t.after(() => {
+      if (previous === undefined) delete process.env[name];
+      else process.env[name] = previous;
+    });
+    if (value === undefined) delete process.env[name];
+    else process.env[name] = value;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Silence the loaders' progress and failure logging. */
+function quiet(t) {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+}
+
+/** The production browser model; only the catalog's pose pass is stubbed. */
+function browserModel() {
+  const parts = {};
+  parts.model = createModel({
+    state: {},
+    services: { focus: {} },
+    parts,
+    source: {},
+  });
+  return parts.model;
+}
+
+/** The browser catalog over the production model. */
+function browserCatalog(model, cityPois = {}) {
+  return createCatalog({
+    state: {},
+    services: { locations: { CITY_POIS: cityPois } },
+    parts: { model: { ...model, ensureCameraPose: () => {} } },
+    source: {},
+  });
+}
+
+/** GET /api/cctv/sources through the real proxy middleware. */
+async function requestSources(plugin) {
+  let handler;
+  plugin.configureServer({
+    middlewares: {
+      use(_route, fn) {
+        handler = fn;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const res = {
+    writeHead(status, headers) {
+      Object.assign(this, { status, headers });
+    },
+    end(body) {
+      this.body = body;
+    },
+  };
+  await handler({ url: '/sources', method: 'GET' }, res);
+  assert.equal(res.status, 200);
+  return JSON.parse(res.body);
+}
+
+test('absent, blank and boolean values take the fallback on both sides of the source list', () => {
+  const { safeNumber } = browserModel();
+  for (const value of ABSENT) {
+    assert.ok(Number.isNaN(toFiniteNumber(value)), `server ${String(value)}`);
+    assert.equal(toFiniteNumber(value, 15), 15, `server ${String(value)}`);
+    assert.ok(Number.isNaN(safeNumber(value)), `browser ${String(value)}`);
+    assert.equal(safeNumber(value, 74), 74, `browser ${String(value)}`);
+  }
+  for (const [value, expected] of [
+    [0, 0],
+    ['0', 0],
+    [-17, -17],
+    [' 12.5 ', 12.5],
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(toFiniteNumber(value, 99), expected);
+    assert.equal(safeNumber(value, 99), expected);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a source-pack camera that omits or nulls its pose gets the browser defaults, not the clamp floors', async (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const pose = {
+    headingDeg: null,
+    pitchDeg: null,
+    fovDeg: null,
+    rangeM: null,
+    mountHeightM: null,
+    groundElevationM: null,
+  };
+  const at = { cityId: 'austin', lat: 30.2672, lon: -97.7431 };
+  withEnv(t, {
+    CCTV_SOURCES_FILE: path.join(tmpdir(), 'gev-no-such-pack.json'),
+    CCTV_SOURCES_JSON: JSON.stringify([
+      { id: 'pack-pose-omitted', ...at, feedType: 'image' },
+      { id: 'pack-pose-null', ...at, ...pose, feedType: 'image' },
+      { id: 'pack-coords-null', lat: null, lon: null, feedType: 'image' },
+      { id: 'pack-coords-blank', lat: '', lon: ' ', feedType: 'image' },
+    ]),
+  });
+
+  const body = await requestSources(cctvProxy({ sourceRoot: tmpdir() }));
+  const model = browserModel();
+  const cameras = browserCatalog(model, {
+    austin: { name: 'Austin', groundElevation: 150 },
+  }).buildCatalogFromSources(body.sources);
+  const byId = new Map(cameras.map((camera) => [camera.id, camera]));
+
+  for (const id of ['pack-pose-omitted', 'pack-pose-null']) {
+    const camera = byId.get(id);
+    assert.ok(camera, id);
+    assert.equal(camera.headingDeg, model.headingFromId(id), id);
+    assert.equal(camera.pitchDeg, -17, id);
+    assert.equal(camera.fovDeg, 74, id);
+    assert.equal(camera.rangeM, 700, id);
+    assert.equal(camera.mountHeightM, 24, id);
+    assert.equal(camera.groundElevationM, 150, id);
+  }
+  // No position is not a camera in the Gulf of Guinea.
+  assert.equal(byId.has('pack-coords-null'), false);
+  assert.equal(byId.has('pack-coords-blank'), false);
+});
+
+test('Tallinn rows with a null heading or ground keep the low-confidence prior', (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const root = mkdtempSync(path.join(tmpdir(), 'gev-tallinn-'));
+  t.after(() => rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true }));
+  const file = path.join(root, 'tallinn.json');
+  writeFileSync(
+    file,
+    JSON.stringify([
+      {
+        id: 'tln-null-heading',
+        lat: 59.437,
+        lon: 24.753,
+        headingDeg: null,
+        groundElevationM: null,
+        url: 'https://ristmikud.tallinn.ee/last/cam001.jpg',
+      },
+    ]),
+  );
+  withEnv(t, { CCTV_TALLINN_SOURCES_FILE: file });
+
+  const [camera] = loadTallinnSourcesFromCatalog({ sourceRoot: root });
+  assert.equal(camera.headingConfidence, 'low');
+  assert.equal(camera.headingDeg, fallbackHeadingFromId('tln-null-heading'));
+  assert.equal(camera.groundElevationM, 15);
+});
+
+test('TfL JamCams with null coordinates are dropped instead of placed at 0,0', async (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  const jamCam = (id, lat, lon) => ({
+    id: `JamCams_${id}`,
+    commonName: `JamCam ${id}`,
+    lat,
+    lon,
+    additionalProperties: [
+      { key: 'available', value: 'true' },
+      {
+        key: 'imageUrl',
+        value: `https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/jamcams.tfl.gov.uk/${id}.jpg`,
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () =>
+    Response.json([
+      jamCam('00001.00001', 51.5072, -0.1276),
+      jamCam('00001.00002', null, null),
+      jamCam('00001.00003', 51.5072, ''),
+    ]),
+  );
+
+  const cameras = await loadTflSourcesFromOpenData();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    cameras.map((camera) => camera.id),
+    ['tfl-00001.00001'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('a Catalonia feature with a blank longitude is not read as the zero meridian', () => {
+  const feature = (coordinates) => `<gml:featureMember>
+    <cite:cameres fid="cameres.1">
+      <gml:coordinates>${coordinates}</gml:coordinates>
+      <cite:link>https://example.org/cam.jpg</cite:link>
+    </cite:cameres>
+  </gml:featureMember>`;
+  const [blank, valid] = parseCataloniaXml(
+    feature(',41.5') + feature('2.17,41.39'),
+  );
+  // 0 °E at 41.5 °N is inside the Catalonia box, so a zero would pass it.
+  assert.ok(Number.isNaN(blank.lon));
+  assert.equal(isLikelyCataloniaCoordinate(blank.lat, blank.lon), false);
+  assert.equal(isLikelyCataloniaCoordinate(valid.lat, valid.lon), true);
+});
+
+test('a Caltrans camera with a blank elevation keeps the 150 m ground prior', async (t) => {
+  quiet(t);
+  withEnv(t, { CCTV_CALTRANS_DISTRICTS: '4' });
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () =>
+    Response.json({
+      data: [
+        {
+          cctv: {
+            inService: 'true',
+            location: {
+              latitude: '37.8044',
+              longitude: '-122.2712',
+              elevation: '',
+              locationName: 'TV101 -- I-880 : Test Ave',
+            },
+            imageData: {
+              static: {
+                currentImageURL:
+                  'https://cwwp2.dot.ca.gov/data/d4/cctv/image/tv101/tv101.jpg',
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    }),
+  );
+
+  const [camera] = await loadCaltransSourcesFromOpenData();
+  assert.ok(camera);
+  assert.equal(camera.groundElevationM, 150);
+});
diff --git a/src/data/detectionDraw.js b/src/data/detectionDraw.js
index db088ef5e..4b2e96251 100644
--- a/src/data/detectionDraw.js
+++ b/src/data/detectionDraw.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  * GPU/MSDF renderer. The Canvas2D overlay (detection.js) imports these and
  * supplies the actual drawing surface.
  */
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /** @constant {number} Max characters shown for a label's primary (id) line. */
 const MAX_PRIMARY = 18;
@@ -30,14 +31,15 @@ export function formatFlightLevel(altitudeMeters) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Formats a speed in knots as a short rounded label. Returns '' for
- * non-positive or non-finite speeds (declutters moored/unknown vessels).
+ * Formats a speed in knots as a short rounded label in the UI language.
+ * Returns '' for non-positive or non-finite speeds (declutters moored/unknown
+ * vessels).
  * @param {number} knots - Speed over ground in knots.
- * @returns {string} e.g. '14 kn', or '' when not applicable.
+ * @returns {string} e.g. '14 kn' (ru '14 уз'), or '' when not applicable.
  */
 export function formatKnots(knots) {
   if (!Number.isFinite(knots) || knots <= 0) return '';
-  return Math.round(knots) + ' kn';
+  return t('{speed} kn', { speed: formatNumber(Math.round(knots)) });
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/data/detectionDraw.test.mjs b/src/data/detectionDraw.test.mjs
index a7f896971..ea9889596 100644
--- a/src/data/detectionDraw.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/detectionDraw.test.mjs
@@ -192,3 +192,14 @@ test('transit bracket stroke centres have full pixel coverage at the failing fra
     for(const [x,y] of points){assert.equal(x%1,0.5);assert.equal(y%1,0.5);}
   }
 });
+
+test('formatKnots writes the unit in the UI language', async () => {
+  const { setLocale } = await import('../i18n/index.js');
+  setLocale('ru');
+  try {
+    assert.equal(formatKnots(9.5), '10 уз');
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+  assert.equal(formatKnots(9.5), '10 kn');
+});
diff --git a/src/data/directions.test.mjs b/src/data/directions.test.mjs
index 9dc015f9f..4c9b54bd8 100644
--- a/src/data/directions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/directions.test.mjs
@@ -27,6 +27,13 @@ import {
   createApplicationDirectionsLayer,
 } from './directions.js';
 import { GROUND_FLOOR_LIFT_M } from './groundFloor.js';
+import { instructionFor } from './routeSteps.js';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  directionsInstruction,
+  routeDistanceText,
+  routeDurationText,
+} from '../layers/directions/index.js';
 import {
   claimPointer,
   isPointerFree,
@@ -222,10 +229,10 @@ test('stats guide the user, show progress, and summarize a route honestly', () =
     lastUpdate: 5,
   });
   assert.equal(ready.count, 3);
-  assert.equal(ready.coverage, '21 km · 25 min · Drive');
+  assert.equal(ready.coverage, '21\u00a0km · 25\u00a0min · Drive');
   assert.equal(
     ready.loadingLabel,
-    '21 km · 25 min · Drive',
+    '21\u00a0km · 25\u00a0min · Drive',
     'the summary is the row detail line',
   );
   assert.equal(ready.loading, undefined);
@@ -249,7 +256,7 @@ test('step cards name the maneuver, its leg, and what comes next', () => {
   const copy = directionsStepCopy(route.steps, 1);
   assert.equal(copy.title, 'Turn right onto Kansakoulukatu');
   assert.deepEqual(copy.details, [
-    'Step 2 of 3 · then 240 m · 39 s',
+    'Step 2 of 3 · then 240\u00a0m · 39\u00a0s',
     'Then: Arrive at your destination',
   ]);
   const last = directionsStepCopy(route.steps, 2);
@@ -354,7 +361,7 @@ test('the turn-by-turn list is ordered, labelled, and highlights the flown step'
   );
   assert.deepEqual(
     list.items.map((item) => item.lead),
-    ['8 m', '240 m', '0 m'],
+    ['8\u00a0m', '240\u00a0m', '0\u00a0m'],
   );
   assert.deepEqual(
     list.items.map((item) => item.params),
@@ -733,6 +740,11 @@ test('a refused arming names the tool holding the pointer and how to leave it',
     pointerBlockedMessage('measure', 'a'),
     'measure is active — turn measure off, then set A',
   );
+  // A registered owner without an exit is named by its tool, not its id.
+  assert.equal(
+    pointerBlockedMessage('recent-imagery-box', 'a'),
+    'Recent imagery is active — turn Recent imagery off, then set A',
+  );
   // Nothing to say when nothing is in the way, or when we are the holder.
   assert.equal(pointerBlockedMessage(null, 'a'), null);
   assert.equal(pointerBlockedMessage('', 'a'), null);
@@ -773,3 +785,90 @@ test('the refusal reaches the app toast, and a successful arming says nothing',
   assert.equal(toasts.length, 1, 'a successful arming is silent');
   assert.equal(pointerOwner(), DIRECTIONS_POINTER_OWNER);
 });
+
+test('maneuvers are phrased on the page, in English word for word as the proxy does', () => {
+  const types = [
+    'depart',
+    'arrive',
+    'turn',
+    'new name',
+    'continue',
+    'end of road',
+    'fork',
+    'merge',
+    'on ramp',
+    'off ramp',
+    'roundabout',
+    'rotary',
+    'roundabout turn',
+    'exit roundabout',
+    'exit rotary',
+    'use lane',
+    'notification',
+    'something new',
+  ];
+  const modifiers = [
+    null,
+    'left',
+    'right',
+    'slight left',
+    'slight right',
+    'sharp left',
+    'sharp right',
+    'straight',
+    'uturn',
+  ];
+  const roads = [
+    { name: '', ref: null },
+    { name: 'Congress Avenue', ref: null },
+    { name: 'Mannerheimintie', ref: 'E12' },
+    { name: '', ref: 'I 35' },
+  ];
+  for (const type of types)
+    for (const modifier of modifiers)
+      for (const road of roads)
+        for (const exit of [null, 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22]) {
+          const step = { type, modifier, exit, ...road };
+          assert.equal(
+            directionsInstruction(step),
+            instructionFor(step),
+            JSON.stringify(step),
+          );
+        }
+  // An older payload without a maneuver type keeps the proxy's sentence.
+  assert.equal(
+    directionsInstruction({ instruction: 'Head out on Kaivokatu' }),
+    'Head out on Kaivokatu',
+  );
+});
+
+test('route numbers follow the page language and never break from their unit', (t) => {
+  t.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(8.4), '8\u00a0m');
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(236), '240\u00a0m');
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(1500), '1.5\u00a0km');
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(2_345_000), '2345\u00a0km');
+  assert.equal(routeDurationText(39), '39\u00a0s');
+  assert.equal(routeDurationText(3900), '1\u00a0h\u00a05\u00a0min');
+  assert.equal(routeDurationText(7200), '2\u00a0h');
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(-1), '');
+  assert.equal(routeDurationText(Number.NaN), '');
+
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.equal(routeDistanceText(1500), '1,5\u00a0км');
+  assert.equal(routeDurationText(240), '4\u00a0мин');
+  assert.equal(
+    directionsInstruction({
+      type: 'turn',
+      modifier: 'right',
+      name: 'East 7th Street',
+    }),
+    'Поверните направо на East 7th Street',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    directionsInstruction({ type: 'roundabout', exit: 2, name: '' }),
+    'На кольце сверните на 2-й съезд',
+  );
+  const list = directionsStepList({ route });
+  assert.equal(list.items[1].lead, '240\u00a0м');
+});
diff --git a/src/data/flights.test.mjs b/src/data/flights.test.mjs
index c325ea744..7fe197c30 100644
--- a/src/data/flights.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/flights.test.mjs
@@ -726,7 +726,15 @@ const LABEL_ICAO = 'ae1fa4';
 const LABEL_POSITION = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.71, 30.21, 10_668);
 
 /** Seed one civil contact through the production refresh seam. */
-function seedLabelContact({ callsign, registration, tracked = false }) {
+function seedLabelContact({
+  callsign,
+  registration,
+  tracked = false,
+  // Per-test metadata overrides, spread last so a test can set a field to
+  // `undefined` to model "the feed never sent it" — a default parameter
+  // could not express that, it would just re-supply the default.
+  meta: metaOverrides = {},
+}) {
   _setTrackedFlightRefreshStateForTest({
     icao24: LABEL_ICAO,
     entity: null,
@@ -752,6 +760,7 @@ function seedLabelContact({ callsign, registration, tracked = false }) {
       turnRateDps: 0,
       rawLat: 30.21,
       rawLon: -97.71,
+      ...metaOverrides,
     },
   });
 }
@@ -825,6 +834,44 @@ test('civil label chain: the cockpit descriptor exposes a trimmed registration',
   assert.equal(flightsLayer.getTrackedInfo()?.registration, null);
 });
 
+test('the tracked descriptor publishes the reported vertical rate', () => {
+  // `mapAnalystRecord` has always published `verticalRateMps`; the tracked
+  // seam did not, so a consumer that needs climb/descent (a flight-phase
+  // classifier, the cockpit) had to reach past getTrackedInfo() into the
+  // raw record. Both seams now answer with the same field name and unit.
+  seedLabelContact({
+    callsign: 'SWA696',
+    registration: 'N123AB',
+    tracked: true,
+    meta: { verticalRate: -6.4 },
+  });
+  assert.equal(flightsLayer.getTrackedInfo()?.verticalRateMps, -6.4);
+  assert.equal(
+    mapAnalystRecord(LABEL_ICAO, { verticalRate: -6.4 }).verticalRateMps,
+    -6.4,
+    'the analyst seam and the tracked seam must agree',
+  );
+});
+
+test('an unreported vertical rate stays null, never a level-flight zero', () => {
+  // Absent is not level. `stickyNumber` seeds this field with null, so a
+  // contact that has never transmitted a rate must not read as 0 m/s — a
+  // phase classifier would call that cruise while the aircraft climbs.
+  for (const missing of [undefined, null, Number.NaN]) {
+    seedLabelContact({
+      callsign: 'SWA696',
+      registration: 'N123AB',
+      tracked: true,
+      meta: { verticalRate: missing },
+    });
+    assert.equal(
+      flightsLayer.getTrackedInfo()?.verticalRateMps,
+      null,
+      `vertical rate ${String(missing)} must publish as null`,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
 test('civil label chain: identity stays icao24 while the label moves', () => {
   for (const fixture of [
     { callsign: 'SWA696', registration: 'N123AB' },
diff --git a/src/data/geoFileImport.js b/src/data/geoFileImport.js
index 0ceaf9ef5..fc6a5e079 100644
--- a/src/data/geoFileImport.js
+++ b/src/data/geoFileImport.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { createImportImageBudget } from './geoImportImages.js';
 import { createImportedPins } from './geoImportPins.js';
+import { msg } from '../i18n/marker.js';
 
 /** Largest file accepted, in bytes. */
 export const MAX_IMPORT_BYTES = 50 * 1024 * 1024;
@@ -61,11 +62,17 @@ const KML_REMOVED_ELEMENTS = new Set([
   'httpQuery',
 ]);
 
-/** An error whose message is meant for the person who chose the file. */
+/**
+ * An error whose message is meant for the person who chose the file. The
+ * message stays English; `template` and `values`, when given, let the UI show
+ * it in the active language.
+ */
 export class GeoImportError extends Error {
-  constructor(message) {
+  constructor(message, template = message, values = {}) {
     super(message);
     this.name = 'GeoImportError';
+    this.template = template;
+    this.values = values;
   }
 }
 
@@ -124,12 +131,14 @@ export function parseGeoJsonText(text) {
   try {
     value = JSON.parse(String(text).replace(/^/, ''));
   } catch {
-    throw new GeoImportError('That file is not valid JSON.');
+    throw new GeoImportError(msg('That file is not valid JSON.'));
   }
   if (!value || typeof value !== 'object' || !GEOJSON_TYPES.has(value.type))
-    throw new GeoImportError('That JSON file is not GeoJSON.');
+    throw new GeoImportError(msg('That JSON file is not GeoJSON.'));
   if (value.type === 'FeatureCollection' && !Array.isArray(value.features))
-    throw new GeoImportError('That FeatureCollection has no features list.');
+    throw new GeoImportError(
+      msg('That FeatureCollection has no features list.'),
+    );
   return value;
 }
 
@@ -164,7 +173,7 @@ export function countGeoJsonGeometry(
       for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
         if (list[i]?.type !== 'Feature')
           throw new GeoImportError(
-            'Every GeoJSON feature must have type Feature.',
+            msg('Every GeoJSON feature must have type Feature.'),
           );
         stack.push(list[i]);
       }
@@ -183,11 +192,11 @@ export function countGeoJsonGeometry(
     if (node.type === 'GeometryCollection') {
       const list = node.geometries;
       if (!Array.isArray(list))
-        throw new GeoImportError('That GeoJSON has invalid geometries.');
+        throw new GeoImportError(msg('That GeoJSON has invalid geometries.'));
       for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
         if (!list[i] || ['Feature', 'FeatureCollection'].includes(list[i].type))
           throw new GeoImportError(
-            'That GeoJSON contains an unsupported geometry.',
+            msg('That GeoJSON contains an unsupported geometry.'),
           );
         stack.push(list[i]);
       }
@@ -216,7 +225,9 @@ export function countGeoJsonGeometry(
       while (coords.length) {
         const [c, remaining] = coords.pop();
         if (!Array.isArray(c))
-          throw new GeoImportError('That GeoJSON has invalid coordinates.');
+          throw new GeoImportError(
+            msg('That GeoJSON has invalid coordinates.'),
+          );
         if (remaining === 0) {
           if (
             c.length < 2 ||
@@ -226,7 +237,9 @@ export function countGeoJsonGeometry(
             Math.abs(c[1]) > 90 ||
             (c.length === 3 && Math.abs(c[2]) > 1_000_000)
           )
-            throw new GeoImportError('That GeoJSON has invalid coordinates.');
+            throw new GeoImportError(
+              msg('That GeoJSON has invalid coordinates.'),
+            );
           positions += 1;
           if (positions > maxPositions) return result('positions');
         } else
@@ -234,7 +247,7 @@ export function countGeoJsonGeometry(
       }
     } else
       throw new GeoImportError(
-        'That GeoJSON contains an unsupported geometry.',
+        msg('That GeoJSON contains an unsupported geometry.'),
       );
   }
   return result();
@@ -245,17 +258,36 @@ function overLimitError({ over, features }) {
   if (over === 'entities')
     return new GeoImportError(
       `That file creates more than ${MAX_IMPORT_ENTITIES.toLocaleString()} map objects (the limit).`,
+      msg('That file creates more than {limit} map objects (the limit).'),
+      { limit: MAX_IMPORT_ENTITIES.toLocaleString() },
     );
   if (over === 'links')
     return new GeoImportError(
       `That file has more than ${MAX_KML_LINKS.toLocaleString()} style definitions and image links after cleanup (the limit).`,
+      msg(
+        'That file has more than {limit} style definitions and image links after cleanup (the limit).',
+      ),
+      { limit: MAX_KML_LINKS.toLocaleString() },
     );
   if (over === 'features')
     return new GeoImportError(
       `That file has more than ${MAX_IMPORT_ENTITIES.toLocaleString()} features (the limit).`,
+      msg('That file has more than {limit} features (the limit).'),
+      { limit: MAX_IMPORT_ENTITIES.toLocaleString() },
+    );
+  const limit = MAX_IMPORT_POSITIONS.toLocaleString();
+  if (features)
+    return new GeoImportError(
+      `That file has more than ${limit} points (the limit) across ${features.toLocaleString()} features.`,
+      msg(
+        'That file has more than {limit} points (the limit) across {features} features.',
+      ),
+      { limit, features: features.toLocaleString() },
     );
   return new GeoImportError(
-    `That file has more than ${MAX_IMPORT_POSITIONS.toLocaleString()} points (the limit)${features ? ` across ${features.toLocaleString()} features` : ''}.`,
+    `That file has more than ${limit} points (the limit).`,
+    msg('That file has more than {limit} points (the limit).'),
+    { limit },
   );
 }
 
@@ -302,14 +334,16 @@ async function inflateRaw(bytes, maxBytes) {
       total += value.length;
       if (total > maxBytes)
         throw new GeoImportError(
-          'That KMZ unpacks to more than the import limit.',
+          msg('That KMZ unpacks to more than the import limit.'),
         );
       chunks.push(value);
     }
   } catch (error) {
     await reader.cancel().catch(() => {});
     if (error instanceof GeoImportError) throw error;
-    throw new GeoImportError('That KMZ is damaged and could not be unpacked.');
+    throw new GeoImportError(
+      msg('That KMZ is damaged and could not be unpacked.'),
+    );
   }
   const out = new Uint8Array(total);
   let at = 0;
@@ -332,7 +366,7 @@ export async function readZipEntries(
   { maxInflatedBytes = MAX_KMZ_INFLATED_BYTES } = {},
 ) {
   const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);
-  const fail = (message = 'That KMZ is not a readable zip archive.') => {
+  const fail = (message = msg('That KMZ is not a readable zip archive.')) => {
     throw new GeoImportError(message);
   };
   // End of central directory: 22 bytes plus a comment of up to 64 KiB.
@@ -352,7 +386,7 @@ export async function readZipEntries(
   const dirSize = view.getUint32(eocd + 12, true);
   let at = view.getUint32(eocd + 16, true);
   if (count === 0xffff || at === 0xffffffff || at + dirSize > eocd)
-    fail('That KMZ uses a zip format this import does not read.');
+    fail(msg('That KMZ uses a zip format this import does not read.'));
   const entries = new Map();
   const names = new TextDecoder();
   let inflated = 0;
@@ -370,9 +404,9 @@ export async function readZipEntries(
     const name = names.decode(bytes.subarray(at + 46, at + 46 + nameLength));
     at += 46 + nameLength + extraLength + commentLength;
     if (name.endsWith('/')) continue;
-    if (flags & 0x1) fail('That KMZ is encrypted.');
+    if (flags & 0x1) fail(msg('That KMZ is encrypted.'));
     if (compressed === 0xffffffff || size === 0xffffffff)
-      fail('That KMZ uses a zip format this import does not read.');
+      fail(msg('That KMZ uses a zip format this import does not read.'));
     if (local + 30 > bytes.length || view.getUint32(local, true) !== 0x04034b50)
       fail();
     const start =
@@ -386,10 +420,13 @@ export async function readZipEntries(
     if (method === 0) contents = data;
     else if (method === 8)
       contents = await inflateRaw(data, maxInflatedBytes - inflated);
-    else fail('That KMZ uses a compression method this import does not read.');
+    else
+      fail(
+        msg('That KMZ uses a compression method this import does not read.'),
+      );
     inflated += contents.length;
     if (inflated > maxInflatedBytes)
-      fail('That KMZ unpacks to more than the import limit.');
+      fail(msg('That KMZ unpacks to more than the import limit.'));
     entries.set(name, contents);
   }
   return entries;
@@ -765,7 +802,7 @@ export function countKmlGeometry(
         !Number.isFinite(value) ||
         Math.abs(value) > limit
       )
-        throw new GeoImportError('That KML has invalid geometry bounds.');
+        throw new GeoImportError(msg('That KML has invalid geometry bounds.'));
     }
     // Cesium creates entities for folders, a parent for every placemark, and
     // a child for each geometry in a MultiGeometry, including nested containers.
@@ -822,7 +859,7 @@ function checkKmlPosition(tuple) {
     Math.abs(numbers[1]) > 90 ||
     (numbers.length === 3 && Math.abs(numbers[2]) > 1_000_000)
   )
-    throw new GeoImportError('That KML has invalid coordinates.');
+    throw new GeoImportError(msg('That KML has invalid coordinates.'));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -843,7 +880,7 @@ export function gpxToGeoJson(
 ) {
   const root = doc.documentElement;
   if (root?.localName !== 'gpx')
-    throw new GeoImportError('That GPX file has no <gpx> document.');
+    throw new GeoImportError(msg('That GPX file has no <gpx> document.'));
   const features = [];
   let positions = 0;
   const point = (el) => {
@@ -1028,7 +1065,11 @@ function parseXml(text, what) {
     'application/xml',
   );
   if (doc.getElementsByTagName('parsererror').length)
-    throw new GeoImportError(`That ${what} file is not valid XML.`);
+    throw new GeoImportError(
+      `That ${what} file is not valid XML.`,
+      msg('That {format} file is not valid XML.'),
+      { format: what },
+    );
   return doc;
 }
 
@@ -1066,7 +1107,9 @@ function checkLocalImages(doc, entries = new Map(), main = '') {
       }
     } catch {
       throw new GeoImportError(
-        'That file has an unreadable image or exceeds the 16-megapixel image limit.',
+        msg(
+          'That file has an unreadable image or exceeds the 16-megapixel image limit.',
+        ),
       );
     }
   }
@@ -1086,7 +1129,7 @@ async function loadKml(doc, viewer, signal) {
         }),
         new Promise((_, reject) => {
           const failed = () => {
-            reject(new GeoImportError('That KML could not be read.'));
+            reject(new GeoImportError(msg('That KML could not be read.')));
           };
           globalThis.addEventListener?.('error', failed);
           removeError = () => globalThis.removeEventListener?.('error', failed);
@@ -1116,7 +1159,9 @@ async function settleGroundPins(dataSource, viewer, signal) {
         if (!position) continue;
         const cartographic = Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(position);
         if (!cartographic)
-          throw new GeoImportError('That file has invalid point coordinates.');
+          throw new GeoImportError(
+            msg('That file has invalid point coordinates.'),
+          );
         pins.push({
           entity,
           original: position,
@@ -1192,7 +1237,9 @@ async function settleGroundPins(dataSource, viewer, signal) {
       const c = points[i] && Cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(points[i]);
       if (!c)
         throw new GeoImportError(
-          'Ground heights are not available for that file. Try again when the map has loaded.',
+          msg(
+            'Ground heights are not available for that file. Try again when the map has loaded.',
+          ),
         );
       item.groundHeight = c.height;
       c.height += item.offset;
@@ -1216,7 +1263,8 @@ async function boundedImport(promise, signal) {
         abort = () => reject(signal.reason);
         signal?.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
         timer = setTimeout(
-          () => reject(new GeoImportError('That file took too long to read.')),
+          () =>
+            reject(new GeoImportError(msg('That file took too long to read.'))),
           60_000,
         );
       }),
@@ -1244,16 +1292,18 @@ export async function loadGeoFile(
     : AbortSignal.timeout(60_000);
   signal?.throwIfAborted();
   if (!file || !Number.isFinite(file.size))
-    throw new GeoImportError('Nothing to import.');
+    throw new GeoImportError(msg('Nothing to import.'));
   if (file.size > MAX_IMPORT_BYTES)
     throw new GeoImportError(
       `That file is larger than ${MAX_IMPORT_BYTES / 1024 / 1024} MiB.`,
+      msg('That file is larger than {size} MiB.'),
+      { size: MAX_IMPORT_BYTES / 1024 / 1024 },
     );
   let bytes = new Uint8Array(await boundedImport(file.arrayBuffer(), signal));
   const format = detectGeoFileFormat(file.name, bytes.subarray(0, 1024));
   if (!format)
     throw new GeoImportError(
-      'Only GeoJSON, KML, KMZ and GPX files can be imported.',
+      msg('Only GeoJSON, KML, KMZ and GPX files can be imported.'),
     );
   const stroke = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString(color);
   const urls = [];
@@ -1276,7 +1326,7 @@ export async function loadGeoFile(
       const size = countGeoJsonGeometry(geojson);
       if (size.over) throw overLimitError(size);
       if (!size.positions)
-        throw new GeoImportError('That file has nothing to draw.');
+        throw new GeoImportError(msg('That file has nothing to draw.'));
       prepareGeoJson(geojson);
       bytes = null;
       dataSource = await boundedImport(
@@ -1299,7 +1349,8 @@ export async function loadGeoFile(
       if (format === 'kmz') {
         entries = await readZipEntries(bytes);
         main = kmzMainDocument(entries);
-        if (!main) throw new GeoImportError('That KMZ holds no KML document.');
+        if (!main)
+          throw new GeoImportError(msg('That KMZ holds no KML document.'));
         text = decodeXml(entries.get(main));
         resolveLocal = kmzImageResolver(entries, main, (url) => urls.push(url));
       } else {
@@ -1325,6 +1376,8 @@ export async function loadGeoFile(
     if (error instanceof GeoImportError) throw error;
     throw new GeoImportError(
       `That ${format.toUpperCase()} file could not be read.`,
+      msg('That {format} file could not be read.'),
+      { format: format.toUpperCase() },
     );
   }
   const entityCount = dataSource.entities.values.length;
@@ -1332,6 +1385,11 @@ export async function loadGeoFile(
     revoke();
     throw new GeoImportError(
       `That file has ${entityCount.toLocaleString()} map objects; the limit is ${MAX_IMPORT_ENTITIES.toLocaleString()}.`,
+      msg('That file has {count} map objects; the limit is {limit}.'),
+      {
+        count: entityCount.toLocaleString(),
+        limit: MAX_IMPORT_ENTITIES.toLocaleString(),
+      },
     );
   }
   const now = Cesium.JulianDate.now();
@@ -1346,7 +1404,7 @@ export async function loadGeoFile(
   );
   if (!drawable) {
     revoke();
-    throw new GeoImportError('That file has nothing to draw.');
+    throw new GeoImportError(msg('That file has nothing to draw.'));
   }
   scrubImportedEntities(dataSource);
   try {
@@ -1356,7 +1414,7 @@ export async function loadGeoFile(
     throw error instanceof GeoImportError
       ? error
       : new GeoImportError(
-          'Ground heights could not be read. Try that file again.',
+          msg('Ground heights could not be read. Try that file again.'),
         );
   }
   // Keep the clock invariant explicit even though unused KML dates have
@@ -1366,7 +1424,7 @@ export async function loadGeoFile(
     pins = createImportedPins(dataSource, viewer);
   } catch {
     revoke();
-    throw new GeoImportError('That file has invalid point graphics.');
+    throw new GeoImportError(msg('That file has invalid point graphics.'));
   }
   // The display name travels beside the data source (the file name, not
   // anything the document says about itself).
diff --git a/src/data/groundFloor.test.mjs b/src/data/groundFloor.test.mjs
index e118549c3..4644f57ca 100644
--- a/src/data/groundFloor.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/groundFloor.test.mjs
@@ -257,6 +257,32 @@ test('stickyFloorCell does not stick to a far-away stale cell', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(stickyFloorCell(30.2004, -97.6604, prev), { lat: 30.2, lon: -97.66 });
 });
 
+// --- Antimeridian ------------------------------------------------------------
+// Raw longitude arithmetic walks a segment across 180° the long way round and
+// reads a contact on the seam as half a world from its previous cell.
+
+test('corridorFloorCells walks across the antimeridian, not the long way round', () => {
+  for (const [from, to, across, behind] of [
+    [179.999, -179.998, -179.999, 179.998],
+    [-179.999, 179.998, 179.999, -179.998],
+  ]) {
+    const cells = corridorFloorCells([{ lat: -16.69, lon: from }, { lat: -16.69, lon: to }]);
+    const lons = cells.map((c) => c.lon);
+    assert.equal(lons[0], from);
+    assert.equal(lons.at(-1), to);
+    assert.ok(lons.includes(across), `crosses through ${across}: ${lons}`);
+    assert.ok(!lons.includes(behind), `never walks back through ${behind}: ${lons}`);
+    assert.ok(lons.every((lon) => Math.abs(lon) <= 180), `normalised: ${lons}`);
+  }
+});
+
+test('stickyFloorCell holds across the antimeridian', () => {
+  for (const [prevLon, lon] of [[180, -179.9998], [-180, 179.9998]]) {
+    const prev = { lat: -16.69, lon: prevLon };
+    assert.deepEqual(stickyFloorCell(-16.69, lon, prev), prev);
+  }
+});
+
 // --- F2: corridor budget fairness ------------------------------------------
 // The first cut spent the budget in Map insertion order and decremented it
 // BEFORE deduping, so parked contacts (whose corridor is the fix cell the poll
diff --git a/src/data/installationFeedback.js b/src/data/installationFeedback.js
index a04181922..13e92c8b9 100644
--- a/src/data/installationFeedback.js
+++ b/src/data/installationFeedback.js
@@ -1,25 +1,43 @@
-/** Explain mapped-site availability without claiming an unobserved overload. */
-export function installationFeedback(stats = {}, now = Date.now()) {
-  const reasons = {
-    rate_limited: 'Overpass rate-limited',
-    timeout: 'Overpass timed out',
-    query_failed: 'Overpass could not complete the query',
-    tiles_unavailable: 'Map tiles temporarily unavailable',
-    names_unavailable: 'Mapped names temporarily unavailable',
-  };
-  const reason =
-    reasons[stats.failureReason] || 'Overpass temporarily unavailable';
+import { msg } from '../i18n/marker.js';
+
+// layers/installations/controls.js translates describeInstallationFeedback().
+const REASONS = Object.freeze({
+  rate_limited: msg('Overpass rate-limited'),
+  timeout: msg('Overpass timed out'),
+  query_failed: msg('Overpass could not complete the query'),
+  tiles_unavailable: msg('Map tiles temporarily unavailable'),
+  names_unavailable: msg('Mapped names temporarily unavailable'),
+});
+const FALLBACK_REASON = msg('Overpass temporarily unavailable');
+
+/**
+ * Mapped-site availability as a message to render, without claiming an
+ * unobserved overload. Either `{ text, reason?, seconds? }`, where `text` is
+ * English (`{reason}` / `{seconds}` placeholders, `reason` English too), or
+ * `{ count, km }` for a found-sites count (`km` is null for the view).
+ * @param {object} [stats]
+ * @param {number} [now]
+ * @returns {{text: string, reason?: string, seconds?: number}|{count: number, km: ?number}}
+ */
+export function describeInstallationFeedback(stats = {}, now = Date.now()) {
+  const reason = REASONS[stats.failureReason] || FALLBACK_REASON;
   if (stats.loading)
-    return stats.retrying ? 'Retrying mapped sites…' : 'Fetching mapped sites…';
+    return {
+      text: stats.retrying
+        ? msg('Retrying mapped sites…')
+        : msg('Fetching mapped sites…'),
+    };
   if (stats.retryAt > 0) {
     const seconds = Math.max(0, Math.ceil((stats.retryAt - now) / 1000));
-    return `${reason} — ${seconds ? `retrying in ${seconds}s` : 'retry pending'}`;
+    return seconds
+      ? { text: msg('{reason} — retrying in {seconds}s'), reason, seconds }
+      : { text: msg('{reason} — retry pending'), reason };
   }
-  if (stats.status === 'unavailable') return reason;
+  if (stats.status === 'unavailable') return { text: reason };
   if (stats.status === 'zoom-in')
-    return 'Zoom in to search mapped installations';
-  if (stats.stale) return 'Showing cached mapped sites';
-  if (stats.status === 'idle') return 'Mapped sites not loaded';
+    return { text: msg('Zoom in to search mapped installations') };
+  if (stats.stale) return { text: msg('Showing cached mapped sites') };
+  if (stats.status === 'idle') return { text: msg('Mapped sites not loaded') };
   // With a count, say what was found and where; an empty area is not "loaded".
   if (Number.isFinite(stats.count)) {
     const km =
@@ -27,9 +45,21 @@ export function installationFeedback(stats = {}, now = Date.now()) {
       Number.isFinite(stats.coverage.radiusM)
         ? Math.round(stats.coverage.radiusM / 1000)
         : null;
-    const where = km ? ` within ${km} km of the contact` : ' in view';
-    if (stats.count === 0) return `No mapped sites${where}`;
-    return `${stats.count} mapped site${stats.count === 1 ? '' : 's'}${where}`;
+    return { count: stats.count, km: km || null };
   }
-  return 'Mapped sites loaded';
+  return { text: msg('Mapped sites loaded') };
+}
+
+/** Explain mapped-site availability in English. */
+export function installationFeedback(stats = {}, now = Date.now()) {
+  const feedback = describeInstallationFeedback(stats, now);
+  if (feedback.text !== undefined)
+    return feedback.text
+      .replace('{reason}', feedback.reason)
+      .replace('{seconds}', feedback.seconds);
+  const where = feedback.km
+    ? ` within ${feedback.km} km of the contact`
+    : ' in view';
+  if (feedback.count === 0) return `No mapped sites${where}`;
+  return `${feedback.count} mapped site${feedback.count === 1 ? '' : 's'}${where}`;
 }
diff --git a/src/data/installationNames.js b/src/data/installationNames.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ef78d8f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/installationNames.js
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import { msg } from '../i18n/marker.js';
+
+/**
+ * English names for installations without a mapped name. Data keeps them
+ * English (server, AI tools, voice context); classLabel.js and
+ * militaryAwarenessEngine.js translate them.
+ */
+
+/** Name of an unnamed feature, by installation class. */
+export const UNNAMED_INSTALLATION_LABEL_BY_CLASS = Object.freeze({
+  airfield: msg('Military airfield'),
+  naval_base: msg('Naval base'),
+  range: msg('Firing range'),
+  military_land: msg('Military land'),
+});
+
+/** Name of an unnamed feature without a usable class. */
+export const UNNAMED_INSTALLATION_FALLBACK = msg('Mapped installation');
+
+/** Name of a military polygon the names pack has not named. */
+export const UNNAMED_MILITARY_AREA = msg('Military area');
+
+/** Every name above, for the display to translate. */
+export const UNNAMED_PLACE_NAMES = Object.freeze([
+  ...Object.values(UNNAMED_INSTALLATION_LABEL_BY_CLASS),
+  UNNAMED_INSTALLATION_FALLBACK,
+  UNNAMED_MILITARY_AREA,
+]);
diff --git a/src/data/layerState.js b/src/data/layerState.js
index 2522308b4..dd79eb12a 100644
--- a/src/data/layerState.js
+++ b/src/data/layerState.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Restore labels are marked with msg(); ui/shareRestoration.js translates them.
+// Local, not i18n/marker.js: the token-ledger tests run this file in isolation.
+const msg = (text) => text;
 import { normalizeIdSwitches, patchRequestedIdSwitches } from './idSwitches.js';
 import reservationRows from './layerStateTokenReservations.json' with { type: 'json' };
 
@@ -473,19 +476,19 @@ export const SHARE_TRACKING_RESTORE_POLICIES = Object.freeze({
     optionOwner: 'flights',
     optionKey: 'selectedFlightsTrackingId',
     expiryWindowMs: 90_000,
-    label: 'flight',
+    label: msg('flight'),
   }),
   military: Object.freeze({
     optionOwner: 'flights',
     optionKey: 'selectedMilitaryTrackingId',
     expiryWindowMs: 45_000,
-    label: 'military flight',
+    label: msg('military flight'),
   }),
   satellites: Object.freeze({
     optionOwner: 'satellites',
     optionKey: 'selectedSatTrackingId',
     expiryWindowMs: 300_000,
-    label: 'satellite',
+    label: msg('satellite'),
   }),
 });
 
diff --git a/src/data/meshFloorSampler.test.mjs b/src/data/meshFloorSampler.test.mjs
index 8c629e50f..f651d72f8 100644
--- a/src/data/meshFloorSampler.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/meshFloorSampler.test.mjs
@@ -128,3 +128,12 @@ test('sampler: outside the google-3d regime nothing is sampled at all', () => {
   setMeshFloorPreferred(true);
   assert.equal(cachedMeshFloor(cell.lat, cell.lon), null);
 });
+
+test('sampler: a cell just across the antimeridian is still near the viewer', () => {
+  reset();
+  let calls = 0;
+  const scene = fakeScene(() => { calls += 1; return undefined; });
+  sampleMeshFloorCells(scene, [{ lat: -16.8, lon: -179.999 }], { viewerLat: -16.8, viewerLon: 179.999 });
+  sampleMeshFloorCells(scene, [{ lat: -16.81, lon: 179.999 }], { viewerLat: -16.81, viewerLon: -179.999 });
+  assert.equal(calls, 2, 'about 200 m apart, so both cells are probed');
+});
diff --git a/src/data/militaryAwareness.test.mjs b/src/data/militaryAwareness.test.mjs
index 7a9cc1dcb..33d20f98d 100644
--- a/src/data/militaryAwareness.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/militaryAwareness.test.mjs
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ import flightsLayer, {
 import militaryFlightsLayer, {
   _setTrackedMilitaryRefreshStateForTest,
 } from './militaryFlights.js';
-import aisLiveVesselsLayer, { _setVesselStateForTest } from './aisLiveVessels.js';
+import aisLiveVesselsLayer, {
+  _setVesselStateForTest,
+} from './aisLiveVessels.js';
 import militaryInstallationsLayer from './militaryInstallations.js';
 import {
   _resetRenderGovernorForTest,
@@ -102,7 +104,9 @@ function installAwarenessRuntime({
       this.innerHTML = '';
     }
 
-    get hidden() { return this._hidden; }
+    get hidden() {
+      return this._hidden;
+    }
 
     set hidden(value) {
       this._hidden = value;
@@ -126,9 +130,13 @@ function installAwarenessRuntime({
     removeEventListener(type, listener) {
       listeners.get(type)?.delete(listener);
     },
-    setInterval() { return nextTimer++; },
+    setInterval() {
+      return nextTimer++;
+    },
     clearInterval() {},
-    requestAnimationFrame() { return nextTimer++; },
+    requestAnimationFrame() {
+      return nextTimer++;
+    },
     cancelAnimationFrame() {},
     dispatch(type, detail) {
       for (const listener of listeners.get(type) || []) listener({ detail });
@@ -154,34 +162,48 @@ function installAwarenessRuntime({
       // Enough surface for the real render governor to drive this viewer.
       requestRenderMode: false,
       maximumRenderTimeChange: 0,
-      requestRender() { renderRequests.push(Date.now()); },
+      requestRender() {
+        renderRequests.push(Date.now());
+      },
       preRender: {
         addEventListener(listener) {
           preRenderListener = listener;
-          return () => { preRenderListener = null; };
+          return () => {
+            preRenderListener = null;
+          };
         },
       },
     },
     entities: {
-      add(entity) { return entity; },
+      add(entity) {
+        return entity;
+      },
       remove() {},
     },
     container: new FakeElement(),
   };
-  const layers = new Map(AWARENESS_DEPENDENCIES.map((layerId) => [layerId, {
-    module: {
-      getStats() {
-        const override = layerStats[layerId];
-        if (override) return typeof override === 'function' ? override() : override;
-        return { count: 4, status: 'ready', stale: false, error: null };
+  const layers = new Map(
+    AWARENESS_DEPENDENCIES.map((layerId) => [
+      layerId,
+      {
+        module: {
+          getStats() {
+            const override = layerStats[layerId];
+            if (override)
+              return typeof override === 'function' ? override() : override;
+            return { count: 4, status: 'ready', stale: false, error: null };
+          },
+        },
       },
-    },
-  }]));
+    ]),
+  );
 
   globalThis.window = fakeWindow;
   globalThis.document = {
     body: fakeBody,
-    getElementById() { return null; },
+    getElementById() {
+      return null;
+    },
     createElement() {
       const element = new FakeElement();
       createdElements.push(element);
@@ -203,7 +225,9 @@ function installAwarenessRuntime({
 
   return {
     dispatch: fakeWindow.dispatch.bind(fakeWindow),
-    tick() { preRenderListener?.(); },
+    tick() {
+      preRenderListener?.();
+    },
     viewer,
     renderRequests,
     cameraFlights,
@@ -211,15 +235,18 @@ function installAwarenessRuntime({
     /** Record every navigation-authority announcement, in order. */
     captureAuthority() {
       const taken = [];
-      fakeWindow.addEventListener(
-        NAVIGATION_AUTHORITY_EVENT,
-        (event) => taken.push(event?.detail?.reason || 'unknown'),
+      fakeWindow.addEventListener(NAVIGATION_AUTHORITY_EVENT, (event) =>
+        taken.push(event?.detail?.reason || 'unknown'),
       );
       return taken;
     },
     /** The standalone Context panel element renderResults() paints into. */
     panel() {
-      return createdElements.find((element) => element.id === 'military-awareness-panel') || null;
+      return (
+        createdElements.find(
+          (element) => element.id === 'military-awareness-panel',
+        ) || null
+      );
     },
     restore() {
       militaryAwarenessLayer.destroy();
@@ -241,7 +268,10 @@ function awarenessControl(dataset, { disabled = false } = {}) {
       return selector.includes('button') && !this.isContinuation ? this : null;
     },
     matches(selector) {
-      return selector === '[data-awareness-focus-continuation]' && this.isContinuation;
+      return (
+        selector === '[data-awareness-focus-continuation]' &&
+        this.isContinuation
+      );
     },
     focus(options) {
       this.focusCalls += 1;
@@ -256,10 +286,16 @@ function awarenessPanel(controls) {
   return {
     controls,
     continuation,
-    contains(element) { return controls.includes(element) || element === continuation; },
-    querySelectorAll() { return this.controls; },
+    contains(element) {
+      return controls.includes(element) || element === continuation;
+    },
+    querySelectorAll() {
+      return this.controls;
+    },
     querySelector(selector) {
-      return selector === '[data-awareness-focus-continuation]' ? continuation : null;
+      return selector === '[data-awareness-focus-continuation]'
+        ? continuation
+        : null;
     },
   };
 }
@@ -268,24 +304,56 @@ test('Contacts live repaint restores only stable identity and never retargets an
   const previous = awarenessControl({ awarenessAction: 'previous' });
   const focus = awarenessControl({ awarenessAction: 'focus' });
   const next = awarenessControl({ awarenessAction: 'next' });
-  const alpha = awarenessControl({ awarenessLayer: 'flights', awarenessId: 'abc123' });
-  const bravo = awarenessControl({ awarenessLayer: 'military', awarenessId: 'def456' });
+  const alpha = awarenessControl({
+    awarenessLayer: 'flights',
+    awarenessId: 'abc123',
+  });
+  const bravo = awarenessControl({
+    awarenessLayer: 'military',
+    awarenessId: 'def456',
+  });
   const before = awarenessPanel([previous, focus, next, alpha, bravo]);
   const alphaSnapshot = captureAwarenessPanelFocus(before, alpha);
 
   assert.deepEqual(alphaSnapshot, { key: 'target:flights:abc123' });
   assert.equal(awarenessPanelControlKey(next), 'action:next');
 
-  const retainedAlpha = awarenessControl({ awarenessLayer: 'flights', awarenessId: 'abc123' });
-  const retained = awarenessPanel([previous, focus, next, bravo, retainedAlpha]);
-  assert.equal(restoreAwarenessPanelFocus(retained, alphaSnapshot), retainedAlpha);
-  assert.equal(retainedAlpha.focusCalls, 1, 'identity wins even when live distance reorders rows');
+  const retainedAlpha = awarenessControl({
+    awarenessLayer: 'flights',
+    awarenessId: 'abc123',
+  });
+  const retained = awarenessPanel([
+    previous,
+    focus,
+    next,
+    bravo,
+    retainedAlpha,
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(
+    restoreAwarenessPanelFocus(retained, alphaSnapshot),
+    retainedAlpha,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    retainedAlpha.focusCalls,
+    1,
+    'identity wins even when live distance reorders rows',
+  );
   assert.deepEqual(retainedAlpha.focusOptions, { preventScroll: true });
 
-  const forward = awarenessControl({ awarenessLayer: 'ais-live-vessels', awarenessId: '789' });
+  const forward = awarenessControl({
+    awarenessLayer: 'ais-live-vessels',
+    awarenessId: '789',
+  });
   const departed = awarenessPanel([previous, focus, next, forward]);
-  assert.equal(restoreAwarenessPanelFocus(departed, alphaSnapshot), departed.continuation);
-  assert.equal(forward.focusCalls, 0, 'automatic paging must not transfer focus to another contact');
+  assert.equal(
+    restoreAwarenessPanelFocus(departed, alphaSnapshot),
+    departed.continuation,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    forward.focusCalls,
+    0,
+    'automatic paging must not transfer focus to another contact',
+  );
   assert.equal(departed.continuation.focusCalls, 1);
 
   const bravoSnapshot = captureAwarenessPanelFocus(before, bravo);
@@ -294,9 +362,16 @@ test('Contacts live repaint restores only stable identity and never retargets an
     restoreAwarenessPanelFocus(noRemainingRow, bravoSnapshot),
     noRemainingRow.continuation,
   );
-  assert.equal(noRemainingRow.continuation.focusCalls, 1, 'the end sentinel continues Tab beyond the list');
+  assert.equal(
+    noRemainingRow.continuation.focusCalls,
+    1,
+    'the end sentinel continues Tab beyond the list',
+  );
 
-  const continuationSnapshot = captureAwarenessPanelFocus(departed, departed.continuation);
+  const continuationSnapshot = captureAwarenessPanelFocus(
+    departed,
+    departed.continuation,
+  );
   assert.deepEqual(continuationSnapshot, { key: 'continuation' });
   const repaintedAgain = awarenessPanel([previous, focus, next, forward]);
   assert.equal(
@@ -311,10 +386,12 @@ test('Contacts live repaint restores only stable identity and never retargets an
 });
 
 test('Contacts continuation target is the visible explanatory note', () => {
-  const source = readLayerSource(new URL('./militaryAwareness.js', import.meta.url));
+  const source = readLayerSource(
+    new URL('./militaryAwareness.js', import.meta.url),
+  );
   assert.match(
     source,
-    /<p class="military-awareness-note" tabindex="-1" data-awareness-focus-continuation>Open-source mapped\/observed context\./,
+    /<p class="military-awareness-note" tabindex="-1" data-awareness-focus-continuation>\$\{t\('Open-source mapped\/observed context\.[^']*'\)\}<\/p>/,
   );
   assert.doesNotMatch(source, /<span[^>]*data-awareness-focus-continuation/);
 });
@@ -322,7 +399,9 @@ test('Contacts continuation target is the visible explanatory note', () => {
 test('awareness disable settles every owned dependency release before resolving', async () => {
   let releasing = false;
   let releaseDependencies;
-  const releaseGate = new Promise((resolve) => { releaseDependencies = resolve; });
+  const releaseGate = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    releaseDependencies = resolve;
+  });
   const calls = [];
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime({
     isEnabled: () => false,
@@ -337,11 +416,20 @@ test('awareness disable settles every owned dependency release before resolving'
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     militaryAwarenessLayer.enable();
     await nextTurn();
-    const disabling = militaryAwarenessLayer.disable().then(() => { releasing = true; });
+    const disabling = militaryAwarenessLayer.disable().then(() => {
+      releasing = true;
+    });
     await nextTurn();
-    assert.equal(releasing, false, 'coordinator OFF waits for owned dependency releases');
+    assert.equal(
+      releasing,
+      false,
+      'coordinator OFF waits for owned dependency releases',
+    );
     assert.deepEqual(
-      calls.filter(({ enabled }) => !enabled).map(({ layerId }) => layerId).sort(),
+      calls
+        .filter(({ enabled }) => !enabled)
+        .map(({ layerId }) => layerId)
+        .sort(),
       [...AWARENESS_DEPENDENCIES].sort(),
     );
     releaseDependencies();
@@ -368,7 +456,9 @@ test('same-turn Contacts OFF registers after every owned dependency ON', async (
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     const disabling = militaryAwarenessLayer.disable();
     assert.deepEqual(
-      calls.map(({ layerId, enabled }) => `${layerId}:${enabled ? 'on' : 'off'}`),
+      calls.map(
+        ({ layerId, enabled }) => `${layerId}:${enabled ? 'on' : 'off'}`,
+      ),
       [
         ...AWARENESS_DEPENDENCIES.map((layerId) => `${layerId}:on`),
         ...AWARENESS_DEPENDENCIES.map((layerId) => `${layerId}:off`),
@@ -415,15 +505,21 @@ test('operational awareness becomes ready after aircraft while deferred sources
   let enabled = false;
   let releaseAircraft;
   let releaseDeferred;
-  const aircraftGate = new Promise((resolve) => { releaseAircraft = resolve; });
-  const deferredGate = new Promise((resolve) => { releaseDeferred = resolve; });
+  const aircraftGate = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    releaseAircraft = resolve;
+  });
+  const deferredGate = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    releaseDeferred = resolve;
+  });
   const calls = [];
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime({
     isEnabled: () => false,
     setEnabled: async (layerId, nextEnabled) => {
       calls.push({ layerId, enabled: nextEnabled });
       if (nextEnabled) {
-        await (['flights', 'military'].includes(layerId) ? aircraftGate : deferredGate);
+        await (['flights', 'military'].includes(layerId)
+          ? aircraftGate
+          : deferredGate);
       }
       return true;
     },
@@ -432,19 +528,32 @@ test('operational awareness becomes ready after aircraft while deferred sources
   try {
     await militaryAwarenessLayer.disable();
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
-    const enabling = militaryAwarenessLayer.enable().then(() => { enabled = true; });
+    const enabling = militaryAwarenessLayer.enable().then(() => {
+      enabled = true;
+    });
     await nextTurn();
     assert.equal(enabled, false, 'coordinator ON waits for aircraft readiness');
     assert.deepEqual(
-      calls.filter(({ enabled: nextEnabled }) => nextEnabled).map(({ layerId }) => layerId).sort(),
+      calls
+        .filter(({ enabled: nextEnabled }) => nextEnabled)
+        .map(({ layerId }) => layerId)
+        .sort(),
       [...AWARENESS_DEPENDENCIES].sort(),
     );
     releaseAircraft();
     await enabling;
-    assert.equal(enabled, true, 'deferred vessels/installations do not block Contacts');
-    assert.equal(calls.filter(({ layerId }) => (
-      ['ais-live-vessels', 'military-installations'].includes(layerId)
-    )).length, 2, 'deferred requests were started in the same activation');
+    assert.equal(
+      enabled,
+      true,
+      'deferred vessels/installations do not block Contacts',
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      calls.filter(({ layerId }) =>
+        ['ais-live-vessels', 'military-installations'].includes(layerId),
+      ).length,
+      2,
+      'deferred requests were started in the same activation',
+    );
   } finally {
     releaseAircraft();
     releaseDeferred();
@@ -459,18 +568,28 @@ test('pending mapped installations render as unknown instead of a false zero', a
     // Deliberately inconsistent visibility intent exercises the defensive
     // lifecycle guard: `enabling` must win over a stale true response.
     isEnabled: () => true,
-    getLayerLifecycleState: (layerId) => (layerId === 'military-installations'
-      ? { enabled: false, lifecycleState: 'enabling', uncertain: false }
-      : { enabled: true, lifecycleState: 'enabled', uncertain: false }),
+    getLayerLifecycleState: (layerId) =>
+      layerId === 'military-installations'
+        ? { enabled: false, lifecycleState: 'enabling', uncertain: false }
+        : { enabled: true, lifecycleState: 'enabled', uncertain: false },
   });
 
   try {
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'pending-site', position));
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'pending-site', position),
+    );
     await nextTurn();
 
     const snapshot = militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot();
-    const installations = snapshot?.cohorts.find(({ id }) => id === 'military-installations');
-    assert.equal(installations?.count, null, 'loading is not an observed empty cohort');
+    const installations = snapshot?.cohorts.find(
+      ({ id }) => id === 'military-installations',
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      installations?.count,
+      null,
+      'loading is not an observed empty cohort',
+    );
     assert.match(installations?.reason || '', /unavailable/i);
     assert.match(
       runtime.panel()?.innerHTML || '',
@@ -541,18 +660,44 @@ const AIS_REFRESHING_ANSWERED_STATS = aisStatsFor({
 _setVesselStateForTest({ enabled: false });
 
 test('the first-connect readout is the real one, and is exactly what the predicate keys on', () => {
-  assert.equal(AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_STATS.loading, true, 'the module reports itself busy while connecting');
-  assert.equal(AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_STATS.lastUpdate, null, 'and has never answered');
-  assert.equal(AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_STATS.count, 0, 'with a zero that means nothing yet');
+  assert.equal(
+    AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_STATS.loading,
+    true,
+    'the module reports itself busy while connecting',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_STATS.lastUpdate,
+    null,
+    'and has never answered',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_STATS.count,
+    0,
+    'with a zero that means nothing yet',
+  );
   assert.equal(
     AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_STATS.status,
     undefined,
     'and no status at all — the status list cannot be what catches this',
   );
-  assert.equal(AIS_SETTLED_EMPTY_STATS.loading, false, 'an answered socket is not busy');
-  assert.ok(AIS_SETTLED_EMPTY_STATS.lastUpdate, 'and carries the moment it answered');
-  assert.equal(AIS_REFRESHING_ANSWERED_STATS.loading, true, 'a refresh poll is busy again');
-  assert.ok(AIS_REFRESHING_ANSWERED_STATS.lastUpdate, 'without erasing the answer already given');
+  assert.equal(
+    AIS_SETTLED_EMPTY_STATS.loading,
+    false,
+    'an answered socket is not busy',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    AIS_SETTLED_EMPTY_STATS.lastUpdate,
+    'and carries the moment it answered',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    AIS_REFRESHING_ANSWERED_STATS.loading,
+    true,
+    'a refresh poll is busy again',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    AIS_REFRESHING_ANSWERED_STATS.lastUpdate,
+    'without erasing the answer already given',
+  );
 });
 
 test('a vessel feed still connecting after the lifecycle settles reads as unknown, not an all-clear', async () => {
@@ -563,16 +708,25 @@ test('a vessel feed still connecting after the lifecycle settles reads as unknow
   // still never delivered a position.
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime({
     isEnabled: () => true,
-    getLayerLifecycleState: () => ({ enabled: true, lifecycleState: 'enabled', uncertain: false }),
+    getLayerLifecycleState: () => ({
+      enabled: true,
+      lifecycleState: 'enabled',
+      uncertain: false,
+    }),
     layerStats: { 'ais-live-vessels': AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_STATS },
   });
 
   try {
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'connecting-site', position));
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'connecting-site', position),
+    );
     await nextTurn();
 
     const snapshot = militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot();
-    const vessels = snapshot?.cohorts.find(({ id }) => id === 'ais-live-vessels');
+    const vessels = snapshot?.cohorts.find(
+      ({ id }) => id === 'ais-live-vessels',
+    );
     assert.equal(
       vessels?.count,
       null,
@@ -603,17 +757,30 @@ test('a settled vessel feed reporting a real empty viewport recovers to 0', asyn
   // Without this pin the fix above could degenerate into a permanent `?`.
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime({
     isEnabled: () => true,
-    getLayerLifecycleState: () => ({ enabled: true, lifecycleState: 'enabled', uncertain: false }),
+    getLayerLifecycleState: () => ({
+      enabled: true,
+      lifecycleState: 'enabled',
+      uncertain: false,
+    }),
     layerStats: { 'ais-live-vessels': AIS_SETTLED_EMPTY_STATS },
   });
 
   try {
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'settled-site', position));
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'settled-site', position),
+    );
     await nextTurn();
 
     const snapshot = militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot();
-    const vessels = snapshot?.cohorts.find(({ id }) => id === 'ais-live-vessels');
-    assert.equal(vessels?.count, 0, 'an answered empty viewport is a real observation');
+    const vessels = snapshot?.cohorts.find(
+      ({ id }) => id === 'ais-live-vessels',
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      vessels?.count,
+      0,
+      'an answered empty viewport is a real observation',
+    );
     assert.match(
       runtime.panel()?.innerHTML || '',
       /AIS vessels<\/strong><b aria-live="polite">0<\/b>/,
@@ -633,17 +800,30 @@ test('a still-answered feed keeps its count through later polls that set loading
   // refresh would be its own dishonesty, and a flickering panel besides.
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime({
     isEnabled: () => true,
-    getLayerLifecycleState: () => ({ enabled: true, lifecycleState: 'enabled', uncertain: false }),
+    getLayerLifecycleState: () => ({
+      enabled: true,
+      lifecycleState: 'enabled',
+      uncertain: false,
+    }),
     layerStats: { 'ais-live-vessels': AIS_REFRESHING_ANSWERED_STATS },
   });
 
   try {
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'refreshing-site', position));
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'refreshing-site', position),
+    );
     await nextTurn();
 
     const snapshot = militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot();
-    const vessels = snapshot?.cohorts.find(({ id }) => id === 'ais-live-vessels');
-    assert.notEqual(vessels?.count, null, 'a refresh poll does not erase an answer already given');
+    const vessels = snapshot?.cohorts.find(
+      ({ id }) => id === 'ais-live-vessels',
+    );
+    assert.notEqual(
+      vessels?.count,
+      null,
+      'a refresh poll does not erase an answer already given',
+    );
   } finally {
     restoreCollections();
     runtime.restore();
@@ -658,16 +838,29 @@ test('voice reports a still-connecting vessel feed as unknown rather than zero',
   // zero and needs its own pin.
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime({
     isEnabled: () => true,
-    getLayerLifecycleState: () => ({ enabled: true, lifecycleState: 'enabled', uncertain: false }),
+    getLayerLifecycleState: () => ({
+      enabled: true,
+      lifecycleState: 'enabled',
+      uncertain: false,
+    }),
     layerStats: { 'ais-live-vessels': AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_STATS },
   });
 
   try {
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'voice-site', position));
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'voice-site', position),
+    );
     await nextTurn();
 
-    const spoken = contactsWindowFromSnapshot(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot());
-    assert.equal(spoken?.vessels, 'unknown', 'voice must not speak a zero the feed never reported');
+    const spoken = contactsWindowFromSnapshot(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot(),
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      spoken?.vessels,
+      'unknown',
+      'voice must not speak a zero the feed never reported',
+    );
   } finally {
     restoreCollections();
     runtime.restore();
@@ -681,18 +874,45 @@ function nextTurn() {
 function replaceMethod(target, name, replacement, restores) {
   const original = target[name];
   target[name] = replacement;
-  restores.push(() => { target[name] = original; });
+  restores.push(() => {
+    target[name] = original;
+  });
 }
 
-function stubAwarenessCollections({ flights = [], military = [], vessels = [], installations = [] }) {
+function stubAwarenessCollections({
+  flights = [],
+  military = [],
+  vessels = [],
+  installations = [],
+}) {
   const restores = [];
   replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => flights, restores);
-  replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getAllPositions', () => flights.map((item) => ({ ...item, id: item.icao24 })), restores);
+  replaceMethod(
+    flightsLayer,
+    'getAllPositions',
+    () => flights.map((item) => ({ ...item, id: item.icao24 })),
+    restores,
+  );
   replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => military, restores);
-  replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getAllPositions', () => military.map((item) => ({ ...item, id: item.icao24 })), restores);
+  replaceMethod(
+    militaryFlightsLayer,
+    'getAllPositions',
+    () => military.map((item) => ({ ...item, id: item.icao24 })),
+    restores,
+  );
   replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'getNearby', () => vessels, restores);
-  replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'getAllPositions', () => vessels.map((item) => ({ ...item, id: item.mmsi })), restores);
-  replaceMethod(militaryInstallationsLayer, 'getNearby', () => installations, restores);
+  replaceMethod(
+    aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+    'getAllPositions',
+    () => vessels.map((item) => ({ ...item, id: item.mmsi })),
+    restores,
+  );
+  replaceMethod(
+    militaryInstallationsLayer,
+    'getNearby',
+    () => installations,
+    restores,
+  );
   return () => restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
 }
 
@@ -701,23 +921,60 @@ function awarenessSubject(layerId, id, position) {
 }
 
 for (const fixture of [
-  { name: 'civilian', layerId: 'flights', layer: flightsLayer, other: militaryFlightsLayer },
-  { name: 'military', layerId: 'military', layer: militaryFlightsLayer, other: flightsLayer },
+  {
+    name: 'civilian',
+    layerId: 'flights',
+    layer: flightsLayer,
+    other: militaryFlightsLayer,
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'military',
+    layerId: 'military',
+    layer: militaryFlightsLayer,
+    other: flightsLayer,
+  },
 ]) {
   test(`Contacts activation adopts an already tracked ${fixture.name} flight`, async () => {
     const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74, 30.27, 1000);
-    const subject = awarenessSubject(fixture.layerId, `${fixture.name}-tracked`, position);
+    const subject = awarenessSubject(
+      fixture.layerId,
+      `${fixture.name}-tracked`,
+      position,
+    );
     const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime();
     const restores = [];
     let retrackCalls = 0;
 
     try {
-      const trackedEntity = { gevTrackedId: `${subject.layerId}:${subject.id}` };
+      const trackedEntity = {
+        gevTrackedId: `${subject.layerId}:${subject.id}`,
+      };
       runtime.viewer.trackedEntity = trackedEntity;
-      replaceMethod(fixture.layer, 'getTrackedSubject', () => subject, restores);
+      replaceMethod(
+        fixture.layer,
+        'getTrackedSubject',
+        () => subject,
+        restores,
+      );
       replaceMethod(fixture.other, 'getTrackedSubject', () => null, restores);
-      replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', () => { retrackCalls += 1; return true; }, restores);
-      replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'trackById', () => { retrackCalls += 1; return true; }, restores);
+      replaceMethod(
+        flightsLayer,
+        'trackById',
+        () => {
+          retrackCalls += 1;
+          return true;
+        },
+        restores,
+      );
+      replaceMethod(
+        militaryFlightsLayer,
+        'trackById',
+        () => {
+          retrackCalls += 1;
+          return true;
+        },
+        restores,
+      );
 
       militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
       await nextTurn();
@@ -727,7 +984,11 @@ for (const fixture of [
       assert.equal(snapshot?.subject.id, subject.id);
       assert.equal(snapshot?.navigation.canPrevious, false);
       assert.equal(snapshot?.navigation.canNext, false);
-      assert.equal(retrackCalls, 0, 'adoption must not recreate the existing track');
+      assert.equal(
+        retrackCalls,
+        0,
+        'adoption must not recreate the existing track',
+      );
       assert.equal(
         runtime.viewer.trackedEntity,
         trackedEntity,
@@ -773,21 +1034,42 @@ test('Contacts activation adopts the production military tracked-subject descrip
       position,
       'the production accessor must detach its Cartesian position',
     );
-    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
-      accessorSubject?.position,
-      position,
-      Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
-    ));
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+        accessorSubject?.position,
+        position,
+        Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
+      ),
+    );
     accessorSubject.position.x += 100;
-    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
-      militaryFlightsLayer.getTrackedSubject()?.position,
-      position,
-      Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
-    ), 'mutating one accessor result must not alter the tracked source position');
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+        militaryFlightsLayer.getTrackedSubject()?.position,
+        position,
+        Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
+      ),
+      'mutating one accessor result must not alter the tracked source position',
+    );
     runtime.viewer.trackedEntity = { gevTrackedId: `military:${id}` };
     replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getTrackedSubject', () => null, restores);
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', () => { retrackCalls += 1; return true; }, restores);
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'trackById', () => { retrackCalls += 1; return true; }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      () => {
+        retrackCalls += 1;
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      () => {
+        retrackCalls += 1;
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     await nextTurn();
@@ -796,12 +1078,18 @@ test('Contacts activation adopts the production military tracked-subject descrip
     assert.equal(snapshot?.subject.layerId, 'military');
     assert.equal(snapshot?.subject.id, id);
     assert.equal(snapshot?.subject.label, 'RCH451');
-    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
-      snapshot?.subject.position,
-      position,
-      Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
-    ));
-    assert.equal(retrackCalls, 0, 'production military adoption must preserve tracker ownership');
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+        snapshot?.subject.position,
+        position,
+        Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
+      ),
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      retrackCalls,
+      0,
+      'production military adoption must preserve tracker ownership',
+    );
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
     _setTrackedMilitaryRefreshStateForTest({
@@ -849,12 +1137,23 @@ test('production military tracked-subject label falls back to registration befor
     });
     // The proximity list already labels a callsign-less contact by registration;
     // the tracked-subject descriptor must use the same chain instead of the hex.
-    assert.equal(militaryFlightsLayer.getNearby(position, 5_000)[0]?.id, 'N123AB');
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryFlightsLayer.getNearby(position, 5_000)[0]?.id,
+      'N123AB',
+    );
     assert.equal(militaryFlightsLayer.getTrackedSubject()?.label, 'N123AB');
     // getAllPositions was the last military surface still reading as raw hex.
     const snapshotRow = militaryFlightsLayer.getAllPositions(10)[0];
-    assert.equal(snapshotRow?.label, 'N123AB', 'getAllPositions label must use the same chain');
-    assert.equal(snapshotRow?.id, id, 'getAllPositions id stays the identity hex');
+    assert.equal(
+      snapshotRow?.label,
+      'N123AB',
+      'getAllPositions label must use the same chain',
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      snapshotRow?.id,
+      id,
+      'getAllPositions id stays the identity hex',
+    );
 
     runtime.viewer.trackedEntity = { gevTrackedId: `military:${id}` };
     replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getTrackedSubject', () => null, restores);
@@ -929,7 +1228,12 @@ test('a cached Context subject re-reads its label when enrichment lands after se
     });
 
     runtime.viewer.trackedEntity = { gevTrackedId: `flights:${id}` };
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getTrackedSubject', () => null, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'getTrackedSubject',
+      () => null,
+      restores,
+    );
     replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', () => true, restores);
     replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'trackById', () => true, restores);
 
@@ -937,7 +1241,10 @@ test('a cached Context subject re-reads its label when enrichment lands after se
     await nextTurn();
 
     // Pre-enrichment: nothing but the hex is known, so the hex is correct here.
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.label, id);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.label,
+      id,
+    );
     const panel = runtime.panel();
     assert.ok(panel, 'the Context panel must exist');
     assert.match(panel.innerHTML, /ae1fa4/, 'panel starts on the hex');
@@ -962,7 +1269,11 @@ test('a cached Context subject re-reads its label when enrichment lands after se
       'N123AB',
       'Context must adopt the registration once enrichment supplies it',
     );
-    assert.equal(snapshot?.subject.id, id, 'subject identity must stay the ICAO hex');
+    assert.equal(
+      snapshot?.subject.id,
+      id,
+      'subject identity must stay the ICAO hex',
+    );
     // The RENDERED panel is the surface the operator actually reads.
     assert.ok(
       panel.hiddenWrites > settledWrites,
@@ -973,7 +1284,11 @@ test('a cached Context subject re-reads its label when enrichment lands after se
       /N123AB/,
       'the rendered Context panel must show the registration without a position change',
     );
-    assert.doesNotMatch(panel.innerHTML, /ae1fa4/, 'the hex must be gone from the panel');
+    assert.doesNotMatch(
+      panel.innerHTML,
+      /ae1fa4/,
+      'the hex must be gone from the panel',
+    );
 
     // The Cockpit signal list builds its nearby-contact titles with this exact
     // helper over the cohort rows, so the same fixture pins that surface too.
@@ -1032,21 +1347,47 @@ test('Contacts activation adopts the production civilian tracked-subject descrip
       position,
       'the production accessor must detach its Cartesian position',
     );
-    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
-      accessorSubject?.position,
-      position,
-      Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
-    ));
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+        accessorSubject?.position,
+        position,
+        Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
+      ),
+    );
     accessorSubject.position.x += 100;
-    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
-      flightsLayer.getTrackedSubject()?.position,
-      position,
-      Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
-    ), 'mutating one accessor result must not alter the tracked source position');
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+        flightsLayer.getTrackedSubject()?.position,
+        position,
+        Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
+      ),
+      'mutating one accessor result must not alter the tracked source position',
+    );
     runtime.viewer.trackedEntity = { gevTrackedId: `flights:${id}` };
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getTrackedSubject', () => null, restores);
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', () => { retrackCalls += 1; return true; }, restores);
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'trackById', () => { retrackCalls += 1; return true; }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'getTrackedSubject',
+      () => null,
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      () => {
+        retrackCalls += 1;
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      () => {
+        retrackCalls += 1;
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     await nextTurn();
@@ -1055,12 +1396,18 @@ test('Contacts activation adopts the production civilian tracked-subject descrip
     assert.equal(snapshot?.subject.layerId, 'flights');
     assert.equal(snapshot?.subject.id, id);
     assert.equal(snapshot?.subject.label, 'DAL123');
-    assert.ok(Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
-      snapshot?.subject.position,
-      position,
-      Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
-    ));
-    assert.equal(retrackCalls, 0, 'production civilian adoption must preserve tracker ownership');
+    assert.ok(
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.equalsEpsilon(
+        snapshot?.subject.position,
+        position,
+        Cesium.Math.EPSILON7,
+      ),
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      retrackCalls,
+      0,
+      'production civilian adoption must preserve tracker ownership',
+    );
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
     _setTrackedFlightRefreshStateForTest({
@@ -1084,10 +1431,12 @@ test('Contacts activation adopts the production civilian tracked-subject descrip
 
 test('Contacts activation reconciles to a newer cross-layer tracked flight after dependencies settle', async () => {
   let releaseDependencies;
-  const dependencyGate = new Promise((resolve) => { releaseDependencies = resolve; });
+  const dependencyGate = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    releaseDependencies = resolve;
+  });
   const positions = {
     first: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74, 30.27, 1000),
-    latest: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.70, 30.30, 1200),
+    latest: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.7, 30.3, 1200),
   };
   let civilianTracked = awarenessSubject('flights', 'first', positions.first);
   let militaryTracked = null;
@@ -1102,12 +1451,25 @@ test('Contacts activation reconciles to a newer cross-layer tracked flight after
 
   try {
     runtime.viewer.trackedEntity = { gevTrackedId: 'flights:first' };
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getTrackedSubject', () => civilianTracked, restores);
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getTrackedSubject', () => militaryTracked, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'getTrackedSubject',
+      () => civilianTracked,
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'getTrackedSubject',
+      () => militaryTracked,
+      restores,
+    );
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     await nextTurn();
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.id, 'first');
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.id,
+      'first',
+    );
 
     civilianTracked = null;
     militaryTracked = awarenessSubject('military', 'latest', positions.latest);
@@ -1116,8 +1478,14 @@ test('Contacts activation reconciles to a newer cross-layer tracked flight after
     await nextTurn();
     await nextTurn();
 
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.layerId, 'military');
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.id, 'latest');
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.layerId,
+      'military',
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.id,
+      'latest',
+    );
   } finally {
     releaseDependencies();
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
@@ -1127,12 +1495,16 @@ test('Contacts activation reconciles to a newer cross-layer tracked flight after
 
 test('tracked flight cleared during Contacts activation suppresses fallback autofocus', async () => {
   let releaseDependencies;
-  const dependencyGate = new Promise((resolve) => { releaseDependencies = resolve; });
+  const dependencyGate = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    releaseDependencies = resolve;
+  });
   const selectedPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74, 30.27, 1000);
-  const fallbackPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.70, 30.30, 1200);
+  const fallbackPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.7, 30.3, 1200);
   let tracked = awarenessSubject('flights', 'selected', selectedPosition);
   const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({
-    flights: [{ icao24: 'fallback', position: fallbackPosition, distanceM: 1000 }],
+    flights: [
+      { icao24: 'fallback', position: fallbackPosition, distanceM: 1000 },
+    ],
   });
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime({
     isEnabled: () => false,
@@ -1147,12 +1519,25 @@ test('tracked flight cleared during Contacts activation suppresses fallback auto
   try {
     runtime.viewer.trackedEntity = { gevTrackedId: 'flights:selected' };
     replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getTrackedSubject', () => tracked, restores);
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getTrackedSubject', () => null, restores);
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => focused.push(id) > 0, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'getTrackedSubject',
+      () => null,
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => focused.push(id) > 0,
+      restores,
+    );
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     await nextTurn();
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.id, 'selected');
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.id,
+      'selected',
+    );
 
     tracked = null;
     runtime.viewer.trackedEntity = undefined;
@@ -1181,8 +1566,16 @@ test('tracked flight cleared during Contacts activation suppresses fallback auto
 
 test('awareness clears are scoped to the selected source layer', () => {
   const subject = { layerId: 'ais-live-vessels', id: '123' };
-  assert.equal(awarenessClearMatchesSubject(subject, { layerId: 'military-installations' }), false);
-  assert.equal(awarenessClearMatchesSubject(subject, { layerId: 'ais-live-vessels' }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    awarenessClearMatchesSubject(subject, {
+      layerId: 'military-installations',
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    awarenessClearMatchesSubject(subject, { layerId: 'ais-live-vessels' }),
+    true,
+  );
   assert.equal(awarenessClearMatchesSubject(subject, null), false);
 });
 
@@ -1209,7 +1602,12 @@ test('a fast-culled subject is reported absent so the readout can hold last-know
 
   try {
     replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'hasContact', () => present, restores);
-    replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'getAllPositions', () => [{ id: '353136000', position }], restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+      'getAllPositions',
+      () => [{ id: '353136000', position }],
+      restores,
+    );
     replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
     replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
     replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
@@ -1222,7 +1620,10 @@ test('a fast-culled subject is reported absent so the readout can hold last-know
       label: 'MAERSK DETROIT',
       position,
     });
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subjectPresent, true);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subjectPresent,
+      true,
+    );
 
     present = false;
     militaryAwarenessLayer.update();
@@ -1343,7 +1744,10 @@ test('a mapped installation subject is always present — static data is never c
       position,
     });
     militaryAwarenessLayer.update();
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subjectPresent, true);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subjectPresent,
+      true,
+    );
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
     runtime.restore();
@@ -1351,7 +1755,11 @@ test('a mapped installation subject is always present — static data is never c
 });
 
 test('layer hasContact answers presence in O(1) and declines when unloaded', () => {
-  for (const layer of [flightsLayer, militaryFlightsLayer, aisLiveVesselsLayer]) {
+  for (const layer of [
+    flightsLayer,
+    militaryFlightsLayer,
+    aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+  ]) {
     assert.equal(
       typeof layer.hasContact,
       'function',
@@ -1366,14 +1774,27 @@ test('hasContact declines while a layer is disabled, whatever its maps still hol
   // disable() hides the collection but keeps the records, so a map lookup
   // alone would report a preserved subject as FRESH from hidden stale data.
   for (const [name, source, guard] of [
-    ['flights', readLayerSource(new URL('./flights.js', import.meta.url)),
-      /hasContact\(\s*icao24,?\s*\)\s*\{\s*\n\s*if\s*\(\s*!(?:flightState\.)?_billboardCollection\s*\|\|\s*!(?:flightState\.)?_billboardCollection\.show\s*\|\|\s*(?:flightState\.)?_billboards\.size\s*===\s*0,?\s*\)\s*return\s*null;/],
-    ['militaryFlights', readLayerSource(new URL('./militaryFlights.js', import.meta.url)),
-      /hasContact\(\s*icao24,?\s*\)\s*\{\s*\n\s*if\s*\(\s*!(?:flightState\.)?_billboardCollection\s*\|\|\s*!(?:flightState\.)?_billboardCollection\.show\s*\|\|\s*(?:flightState\.)?_billboards\.size\s*===\s*0,?\s*\)\s*return\s*null;/],
-    ['aisLiveVessels', readLayerSource(new URL('./aisLiveVessels.js', import.meta.url)),
-      /hasContact\(\s*mmsi,?\s*\)\s*\{\s*\n\s*if\s*\(\s*!state\.feed\.enabled\s*\|\|\s*!state\.records\.byMmsi\s*\|\|\s*state\.records\.byMmsi\.size\s*===\s*0,?\s*\)\s*return\s*null;/],
+    [
+      'flights',
+      readLayerSource(new URL('./flights.js', import.meta.url)),
+      /hasContact\(\s*icao24,?\s*\)\s*\{\s*\n\s*if\s*\(\s*!(?:flightState\.)?_billboardCollection\s*\|\|\s*!(?:flightState\.)?_billboardCollection\.show\s*\|\|\s*(?:flightState\.)?_billboards\.size\s*===\s*0,?\s*\)\s*return\s*null;/,
+    ],
+    [
+      'militaryFlights',
+      readLayerSource(new URL('./militaryFlights.js', import.meta.url)),
+      /hasContact\(\s*icao24,?\s*\)\s*\{\s*\n\s*if\s*\(\s*!(?:flightState\.)?_billboardCollection\s*\|\|\s*!(?:flightState\.)?_billboardCollection\.show\s*\|\|\s*(?:flightState\.)?_billboards\.size\s*===\s*0,?\s*\)\s*return\s*null;/,
+    ],
+    [
+      'aisLiveVessels',
+      readLayerSource(new URL('./aisLiveVessels.js', import.meta.url)),
+      /hasContact\(\s*mmsi,?\s*\)\s*\{\s*\n\s*if\s*\(\s*!state\.feed\.enabled\s*\|\|\s*!state\.records\.byMmsi\s*\|\|\s*state\.records\.byMmsi\.size\s*===\s*0,?\s*\)\s*return\s*null;/,
+    ],
   ]) {
-    assert.match(source, guard, `${name}.hasContact must decline while the layer is disabled`);
+    assert.match(
+      source,
+      guard,
+      `${name}.hasContact must decline while the layer is disabled`,
+    );
   }
 });
 
@@ -1385,7 +1806,12 @@ test('a disabled layer leaves the presence verdict untouched', () => {
 
   try {
     replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'hasContact', () => verdict, restores);
-    replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'getAllPositions', () => [{ id: '353136000', position }], restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+      'getAllPositions',
+      () => [{ id: '353136000', position }],
+      restores,
+    );
     replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
     replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
     replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
@@ -1393,12 +1819,18 @@ test('a disabled layer leaves the presence verdict untouched', () => {
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', {
-      layerId: 'ais-live-vessels', id: '353136000', label: 'MAERSK DETROIT', position,
+      layerId: 'ais-live-vessels',
+      id: '353136000',
+      label: 'MAERSK DETROIT',
+      position,
     });
 
     verdict = false;
     militaryAwarenessLayer.update();
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subjectPresent, false);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subjectPresent,
+      false,
+    );
 
     // Layer switched off: null must hold the last verdict, not revive it.
     verdict = null;
@@ -1427,7 +1859,10 @@ function selectFlightSubject(runtime, restores, id = 'ab4991') {
   replaceMethod(militaryInstallationsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
   militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
   runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', {
-    layerId: 'flights', id, label: 'N627CT', position,
+    layerId: 'flights',
+    id,
+    label: 'N627CT',
+    position,
   });
   return position;
 }
@@ -1438,17 +1873,29 @@ test('an evicted aircraft becomes CONTACT LOST instead of collapsing the panel',
   try {
     stubPresence(flightsLayer, true, restores);
     selectFlightSubject(runtime, restores);
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.id, 'ab4991');
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.id,
+      'ab4991',
+    );
 
     // Exactly what flights.js emits when the poll ages a tracked plane out.
     stubPresence(flightsLayer, false, restores);
     runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-cleared', {
-      layerId: 'flights', id: 'ab4991', reason: 'evicted',
+      layerId: 'flights',
+      id: 'ab4991',
+      reason: 'evicted',
     });
 
     const snapshot = militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot();
-    assert.ok(snapshot, 'an eviction must not null the snapshot — that hides the panel');
-    assert.equal(snapshot.subject.id, 'ab4991', 'the lost contact keeps its identity');
+    assert.ok(
+      snapshot,
+      'an eviction must not null the snapshot — that hides the panel',
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      snapshot.subject.id,
+      'ab4991',
+      'the lost contact keeps its identity',
+    );
     assert.equal(snapshot.subjectPresent, false);
     assert.equal(
       typeof snapshot.navigation?.canNext,
@@ -1467,7 +1914,12 @@ test('an evicted vessel becomes CONTACT LOST instead of collapsing the panel', (
   const restores = [];
   try {
     replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'hasContact', () => true, restores);
-    replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'getAllPositions', () => [{ id: '353136000', position }], restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+      'getAllPositions',
+      () => [{ id: '353136000', position }],
+      restores,
+    );
     replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
     replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
     replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
@@ -1475,16 +1927,23 @@ test('an evicted vessel becomes CONTACT LOST instead of collapsing the panel', (
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', {
-      layerId: 'ais-live-vessels', id: '353136000', label: 'MAERSK DETROIT', position,
+      layerId: 'ais-live-vessels',
+      id: '353136000',
+      label: 'MAERSK DETROIT',
+      position,
     });
 
     // What aisLiveVessels.js emits once a selected vessel exhausts its pin.
     runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', {
-      layerId: 'ais-live-vessels', reason: 'evicted',
+      layerId: 'ais-live-vessels',
+      reason: 'evicted',
     });
 
     const snapshot = militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot();
-    assert.ok(snapshot, 'an eviction must not null the snapshot — that hides the panel');
+    assert.ok(
+      snapshot,
+      'an eviction must not null the snapshot — that hides the panel',
+    );
     assert.equal(snapshot.subject.id, '353136000');
     assert.equal(snapshot.subjectPresent, false);
   } finally {
@@ -1502,7 +1961,10 @@ test('a deliberate clear still fully clears the subject', () => {
     assert.ok(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot());
 
     // No eviction origin: click-empty-space, Escape, voice stop, layer disable.
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-cleared', { layerId: 'flights', id: 'ab4991' });
+    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-cleared', {
+      layerId: 'flights',
+      id: 'ab4991',
+    });
     assert.equal(
       militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot(),
       null,
@@ -1520,7 +1982,12 @@ test('a deliberate source clear still fully clears the subject', () => {
   const restores = [];
   try {
     replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'hasContact', () => true, restores);
-    replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'getAllPositions', () => [{ id: '353136000', position }], restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+      'getAllPositions',
+      () => [{ id: '353136000', position }],
+      restores,
+    );
     replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
     replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
     replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
@@ -1528,9 +1995,14 @@ test('a deliberate source clear still fully clears the subject', () => {
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', {
-      layerId: 'ais-live-vessels', id: '353136000', label: 'MAERSK DETROIT', position,
+      layerId: 'ais-live-vessels',
+      id: '353136000',
+      label: 'MAERSK DETROIT',
+      position,
+    });
+    runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', {
+      layerId: 'ais-live-vessels',
     });
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', { layerId: 'ais-live-vessels' });
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot(), null);
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
@@ -1541,11 +2013,20 @@ test('a deliberate source clear still fully clears the subject', () => {
 test('production eviction sites actually tag their clears', () => {
   // The event contract above is worthless if the real cull paths never set the
   // origin, so pin the three production call sites.
-  const flightsSource = readLayerSource(new URL('./flights.js', import.meta.url));
-  const militarySource = readLayerSource(new URL('./militaryFlights.js', import.meta.url));
-  const vesselsSource = readLayerSource(new URL('./aisLiveVessels.js', import.meta.url));
+  const flightsSource = readLayerSource(
+    new URL('./flights.js', import.meta.url),
+  );
+  const militarySource = readLayerSource(
+    new URL('./militaryFlights.js', import.meta.url),
+  );
+  const vesselsSource = readLayerSource(
+    new URL('./aisLiveVessels.js', import.meta.url),
+  );
 
-  for (const [name, source] of [['flights', flightsSource], ['militaryFlights', militarySource]]) {
+  for (const [name, source] of [
+    ['flights', flightsSource],
+    ['militaryFlights', militarySource],
+  ]) {
     assert.match(
       source,
       /if\s*\(\s*icao24\s*===\s*(?:flightState\.)?_trackedIcao,?\s*\)\s*\{\s*\n\s*(?:(?:parts\.)?tracking\.)?_clearTracking\(\s*false,\s*\{\s*evicted:\s*true\s*\},?\s*\);/,
@@ -1567,18 +2048,31 @@ test('production eviction sites actually tag their clears', () => {
   // The tag alone is not enough — see the behavioral test in
   // firmsInteraction.test.mjs. The clear must also run BEFORE renderCurrentLod,
   // whose registration sweep deletes the record the clear needs to see.
-  const firmsSource = readLayerSource(new URL('./firmsHeatmap.js', import.meta.url));
-  const evictedClear = firmsSource.indexOf('clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer(id, { evicted: true });');
-  const lodRebuild = firmsSource.indexOf('components.rendering.renderCurrentLod(true);\n      if (reselected) components.selection.selectFire(reselected, false);');
-  assert.ok(evictedClear > 0, 'FIRMS must mark a refresh-vanished selection as an eviction');
-  assert.ok(lodRebuild > 0, 'the FIRMS refresh must settle its selection before rebuilding');
+  const firmsSource = readLayerSource(
+    new URL('./firmsHeatmap.js', import.meta.url),
+  );
+  const evictedClear = firmsSource.indexOf(
+    'clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer(id, { evicted: true });',
+  );
+  const lodRebuild = firmsSource.indexOf(
+    'components.rendering.renderCurrentLod(true);\n      if (reselected) components.selection.selectFire(reselected, false);',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    evictedClear > 0,
+    'FIRMS must mark a refresh-vanished selection as an eviction',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    lodRebuild > 0,
+    'the FIRMS refresh must settle its selection before rebuilding',
+  );
   assert.ok(
     evictedClear < lodRebuild,
     'the eviction clear must precede the LOD rebuild or it emits nothing at all',
   );
   // …and the deliberate FIRMS paths (layer disable, destroy, deselect) stay untagged.
   assert.equal(
-    (firmsSource.match(/clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer\(id\);/g) || []).length,
+    (firmsSource.match(/clearSelectedEntityContextForLayer\(id\);/g) || [])
+      .length,
     3,
     'only the refresh-vanish site is an eviction; disable/destroy/deselect stay deliberate',
   );
@@ -1594,59 +2088,105 @@ test('production eviction sites actually tag their clears', () => {
 // ===========================================================================
 
 test('cockpit blocks only non-aircraft Context camera flights', () => {
-  const cockpitBody = { classList: { contains: (name) => name === 'cockpit-mode' } };
-  assert.equal(contextTargetFlyToAllowed('ais-live-vessels', cockpitBody), false);
-  assert.equal(contextTargetFlyToAllowed('military-installations', cockpitBody), false);
+  const cockpitBody = {
+    classList: { contains: (name) => name === 'cockpit-mode' },
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    contextTargetFlyToAllowed('ais-live-vessels', cockpitBody),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    contextTargetFlyToAllowed('military-installations', cockpitBody),
+    false,
+  );
   assert.equal(contextTargetFlyToAllowed('flights', cockpitBody), true);
-  assert.equal(contextTargetFlyToAllowed('ais-live-vessels', { classList: { contains: () => false } }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    contextTargetFlyToAllowed('ais-live-vessels', {
+      classList: { contains: () => false },
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
 });
 
 test('vessel entry and selection framing both use the 3 km focus radius', () => {
-  assert.match(militaryAwarenessSource, /const\s*VESSEL_FOCUS_RADIUS_M\s*=\s*3000;/);
-  const focusRadiusUses = militaryAwarenessSource.match(
-    /new\s*Cesium\.BoundingSphere\(\s*vessel\.position,\s*VESSEL_FOCUS_RADIUS_M,?\s*\)/g,
-  ) || [];
+  assert.match(
+    militaryAwarenessSource,
+    /const\s*VESSEL_FOCUS_RADIUS_M\s*=\s*3000;/,
+  );
+  const focusRadiusUses =
+    militaryAwarenessSource.match(
+      /new\s*Cesium\.BoundingSphere\(\s*vessel\.position,\s*VESSEL_FOCUS_RADIUS_M,?\s*\)/g,
+    ) || [];
   assert.equal(focusRadiusUses.length, 2);
 });
 
 test('awareness rescans only for invalidation, source change, or meaningful movement', () => {
-  assert.equal(awarenessRefreshRequired({
-    force: false,
-    hasResults: true,
-    movementM: 10,
-    sourceRevisionChanged: false,
-  }), false);
-  assert.equal(awarenessRefreshRequired({
-    force: false,
-    hasResults: true,
-    movementM: 250,
-    sourceRevisionChanged: false,
-  }), true);
-  assert.equal(awarenessRefreshRequired({
-    force: false,
-    hasResults: true,
-    movementM: 0,
-    sourceRevisionChanged: true,
-  }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    awarenessRefreshRequired({
+      force: false,
+      hasResults: true,
+      movementM: 10,
+      sourceRevisionChanged: false,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    awarenessRefreshRequired({
+      force: false,
+      hasResults: true,
+      movementM: 250,
+      sourceRevisionChanged: false,
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    awarenessRefreshRequired({
+      force: false,
+      hasResults: true,
+      movementM: 0,
+      sourceRevisionChanged: true,
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
 });
 
 test('installation summaries disclose viewport-scoped coverage', () => {
-  const empty = summarizeInstallationViewport([], { available: true, stale: false });
+  const empty = summarizeInstallationViewport([], {
+    available: true,
+    stale: false,
+  });
   assert.match(empty.reason, /viewport feed/i);
   assert.match(empty.reason, /not a complete 250 km survey/i);
 
-  const unavailable = summarizeInstallationViewport([], { available: false, stale: false });
+  const unavailable = summarizeInstallationViewport([], {
+    available: false,
+    stale: false,
+  });
   assert.equal(unavailable.reason, 'feed unavailable');
-  const retrying = summarizeInstallationViewport([], { available: false, stats: {
-    statusMessage: 'Overpass temporarily unavailable — retrying in 30s',
-  } });
-  assert.equal(retrying.count, null, 'retrying is not a claim of zero mapped sites');
-  assert.equal(retrying.reason, 'Overpass temporarily unavailable — retrying in 30s');
+  const retrying = summarizeInstallationViewport([], {
+    available: false,
+    stats: {
+      statusMessage: 'Overpass temporarily unavailable — retrying in 30s',
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    retrying.count,
+    null,
+    'retrying is not a claim of zero mapped sites',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    retrying.reason,
+    'Overpass temporarily unavailable — retrying in 30s',
+  );
 });
 
 test('installation summaries name a subject window instead of the viewport', () => {
   const stats = { coverage: { kind: 'subject', radiusM: 100_000 } };
-  const empty = summarizeInstallationViewport([], { available: true, stale: false, stats });
+  const empty = summarizeInstallationViewport([], {
+    available: true,
+    stale: false,
+    stats,
+  });
   assert.equal(empty.count, 0);
   assert.match(empty.reason, /none mapped within 100 km/);
   assert.match(empty.reason, /not a complete 250 km survey/);
@@ -1659,20 +2199,28 @@ test('installation summaries name a subject window instead of the viewport', ()
 });
 
 test('compact Context snapshots retain installation coverage', () => {
-  const snapshot = buildAwarenessContextSnapshot({
-    subject: { layerId: 'flights', id: 'abc' },
-    evaluatedAt: 123,
-    radiusM: 250000,
-    cohorts: [{
-      id: 'military-installations',
-      label: 'Mapped installations',
-      source: 'OpenStreetMap',
-      coverage: 'CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY',
-      summary: {
-        relationship: 'NEARBY', count: 2, reason: 'mapped matches', nearest: [],
-      },
-    }],
-  }, { canNext: true });
+  const snapshot = buildAwarenessContextSnapshot(
+    {
+      subject: { layerId: 'flights', id: 'abc' },
+      evaluatedAt: 123,
+      radiusM: 250000,
+      cohorts: [
+        {
+          id: 'military-installations',
+          label: 'Mapped installations',
+          source: 'OpenStreetMap',
+          coverage: 'CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY',
+          summary: {
+            relationship: 'NEARBY',
+            count: 2,
+            reason: 'mapped matches',
+            nearest: [],
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    { canNext: true },
+  );
 
   assert.equal(snapshot.cohorts[0].coverage, 'CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY');
   assert.deepEqual(snapshot.navigation, { canNext: true });
@@ -1680,7 +2228,10 @@ test('compact Context snapshots retain installation coverage', () => {
 
 test('expanded Context results omit the redundant status heading', () => {
   assert.doesNotMatch(militaryAwarenessSource, /military-awareness-heading/);
-  assert.doesNotMatch(militaryAwarenessSource, /GLOBAL CONTEXT <span>CONTEXT ONLY<\/span>/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    militaryAwarenessSource,
+    /GLOBAL CONTEXT <span>CONTEXT ONLY<\/span>/,
+  );
   assert.match(militaryAwarenessSource, /military-awareness-subject/);
   assert.match(militaryAwarenessSource, /FLIGHT \/ VESSEL WINDOW/);
   assert.match(militaryAwarenessSource, /military-awareness-controls/);
@@ -1691,8 +2242,12 @@ test('Context entry tracks a nearer civilian aircraft over a farther military ai
   const civilianPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.73, 30.27, 1000);
   const militaryPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-98.5, 30.27, 1000);
   const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({
-    flights: [{ icao24: 'civilian', position: civilianPosition, distanceM: 1000 }],
-    military: [{ icao24: 'military', position: militaryPosition, distanceM: 70000 }],
+    flights: [
+      { icao24: 'civilian', position: civilianPosition, distanceM: 1000 },
+    ],
+    military: [
+      { icao24: 'military', position: militaryPosition, distanceM: 70000 },
+    ],
   });
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime();
   const restores = [];
@@ -1700,8 +2255,18 @@ test('Context entry tracks a nearer civilian aircraft over a farther military ai
 
   try {
     runtime.viewer.camera = { positionWC: camera };
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => focused.push(`flights:${id}`) > 0, restores);
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => focused.push(`military:${id}`) > 0, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => focused.push(`flights:${id}`) > 0,
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => focused.push(`military:${id}`) > 0,
+      restores,
+    );
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     await nextTurn();
@@ -1727,8 +2292,18 @@ test('Context entry prefers military aircraft on an exact nearest-distance tie',
 
   try {
     runtime.viewer.camera = { positionWC: camera };
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => focused.push(`flights:${id}`) > 0, restores);
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => focused.push(`military:${id}`) > 0, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => focused.push(`flights:${id}`) > 0,
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => focused.push(`military:${id}`) > 0,
+      restores,
+    );
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     await nextTurn();
@@ -1752,7 +2327,12 @@ test('Context entry retries once on the next refresh after initially empty feeds
 
   try {
     runtime.viewer.camera = { positionWC: camera };
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => focused.push(id) > 0, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => focused.push(id) > 0,
+      restores,
+    );
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     await nextTurn();
@@ -1772,7 +2352,11 @@ test('user deselect cancels a pending Context entry auto-focus retry', async ()
   const flights = [];
   const camera = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74, 30.27, 1000);
   const selectedPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.72, 30.27, 1000);
-  const replacementPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.73, 30.27, 1000);
+  const replacementPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(
+    -97.73,
+    30.27,
+    1000,
+  );
   const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({ flights });
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime();
   const restores = [];
@@ -1780,7 +2364,12 @@ test('user deselect cancels a pending Context entry auto-focus retry', async ()
 
   try {
     runtime.viewer.camera = { positionWC: camera };
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => focused.push(id) > 0, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => focused.push(id) > 0,
+      restores,
+    );
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     await nextTurn();
@@ -1791,7 +2380,11 @@ test('user deselect cancels a pending Context entry auto-focus retry', async ()
       awarenessSubject('flights', 'user-selected', selectedPosition),
     );
     runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', { layerId: 'flights' });
-    flights.push({ icao24: 'replacement', position: replacementPosition, distanceM: 1000 });
+    flights.push({
+      icao24: 'replacement',
+      position: replacementPosition,
+      distanceM: 1000,
+    });
     runtime.tick();
 
     assert.deepEqual(focused, []);
@@ -1815,31 +2408,55 @@ test('reset camera release preserves the selected Contact for explicit refocus',
       'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
       awarenessSubject('flights', 'selected-flight', selectedPosition),
     );
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'stopTracking', (options) => {
-      released.push('flights');
-      releaseOptions.push(['flights', options]);
-      runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-cleared', {
-        layerId: 'flights',
-        id: 'selected-flight',
-      });
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'stopTracking', (options) => {
-      released.push('military');
-      releaseOptions.push(['military', options]);
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
-    replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'clearSelection', () => released.push('ais') > 0, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'stopTracking',
+      (options) => {
+        released.push('flights');
+        releaseOptions.push(['flights', options]);
+        runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-cleared', {
+          layerId: 'flights',
+          id: 'selected-flight',
+        });
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'stopTracking',
+      (options) => {
+        released.push('military');
+        releaseOptions.push(['military', options]);
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+      'clearSelection',
+      () => released.push('ais') > 0,
+      restores,
+    );
 
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.releaseCameraOwnership({ origin: 'tool' }), true);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.releaseCameraOwnership({ origin: 'tool' }),
+      true,
+    );
 
     assert.deepEqual(released, ['flights', 'military', 'ais']);
     assert.deepEqual(releaseOptions, [
       ['flights', { origin: 'tool' }],
       ['military', { origin: 'tool' }],
     ]);
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.id, 'selected-flight');
-    assert.equal(_getAwarenessNavigationStateForTest().pendingSelectionKey, null);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.id,
+      'selected-flight',
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      _getAwarenessNavigationStateForTest().pendingSelectionKey,
+      null,
+    );
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
     runtime.restore();
@@ -1862,11 +2479,21 @@ test('same-layer selection clear is suppressed during a synchronous navigation r
   const restores = [];
 
   try {
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', () => {
-      runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', { layerId: 'flights' });
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a));
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      () => {
+        runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', {
+          layerId: 'flights',
+        });
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a),
+    );
 
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.subject.id, 'a');
@@ -1887,12 +2514,14 @@ test('same-layer selection clear is suppressed during a synchronous navigation r
 
 test('FOCUS on an already-tracked subject clears its suppression keys before a later deselect', () => {
   const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74, 30.27, 1000);
-  const flights = [{
-    icao24: 'a',
-    callsign: 'A',
-    position,
-    distanceM: 0,
-  }];
+  const flights = [
+    {
+      icao24: 'a',
+      callsign: 'A',
+      position,
+      distanceM: 0,
+    },
+  ];
   const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({ flights });
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime();
   const restores = [];
@@ -1901,21 +2530,41 @@ test('FOCUS on an already-tracked subject clears its suppression keys before a l
     let refocusCalls = 0;
     let trackCalls = 0;
     let refocusOptions = null;
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'refocusTrackedById', (_id, options) => {
-      refocusCalls += 1;
-      refocusOptions = options;
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', () => {
-      trackCalls += 1;
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', position));
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'refocusTrackedById',
+      (_id, options) => {
+        refocusCalls += 1;
+        refocusOptions = options;
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      () => {
+        trackCalls += 1;
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', position),
+    );
 
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.focusCurrent({ origin: 'voice' }), true);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.focusCurrent({ origin: 'voice' }),
+      true,
+    );
     assert.equal(refocusCalls, 1);
     assert.deepEqual(refocusOptions, { origin: 'voice' });
-    assert.equal(trackCalls, 0, 'an owned Contact follow should reframe without recreating selection');
+    assert.equal(
+      trackCalls,
+      0,
+      'an owned Contact follow should reframe without recreating selection',
+    );
     assert.deepEqual(_getAwarenessNavigationStateForTest(), {
       historyKeys: ['flights:a'],
       navigationVisitedKeys: ['flights:a'],
@@ -1935,10 +2584,12 @@ test('FOCUS on an already-tracked subject clears its suppression keys before a l
 });
 
 test('NEXT wraps through a fresh visited cycle instead of ping-ponging after exhaustion', () => {
-  const positions = Object.fromEntries(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].map((id, index) => [
-    id,
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74 + index * 0.01, 30.27, 1000),
-  ]));
+  const positions = Object.fromEntries(
+    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].map((id, index) => [
+      id,
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74 + index * 0.01, 30.27, 1000),
+    ]),
+  );
   const flights = Object.entries(positions).map(([id, position], index) => ({
     icao24: id,
     callsign: id.toUpperCase(),
@@ -1951,16 +2602,26 @@ test('NEXT wraps through a fresh visited cycle instead of ping-ponging after exh
   const focused = [];
 
   try {
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => {
-      focused.push(id);
-      runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', { layerId: 'flights' });
-      runtime.dispatch(
-        'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
-        awarenessSubject('flights', id, positions[id]),
-      );
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a));
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => {
+        focused.push(id);
+        runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', {
+          layerId: 'flights',
+        });
+        runtime.dispatch(
+          'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+          awarenessSubject('flights', id, positions[id]),
+        );
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a),
+    );
 
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
     assert.deepEqual(_getAwarenessNavigationStateForTest(), {
@@ -1999,10 +2660,12 @@ test('NEXT wraps through a fresh visited cycle instead of ping-ponging after exh
 
 test('NEXT reaches beyond the panel cap when more nearby targets exist', () => {
   const ids = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l'];
-  const positions = Object.fromEntries(ids.map((id, index) => [
-    id,
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74 + index * 0.001, 30.27, 1000),
-  ]));
+  const positions = Object.fromEntries(
+    ids.map((id, index) => [
+      id,
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74 + index * 0.001, 30.27, 1000),
+    ]),
+  );
   const flights = Object.entries(positions).map(([id, position], index) => ({
     icao24: id,
     callsign: id.toUpperCase(),
@@ -2015,17 +2678,27 @@ test('NEXT reaches beyond the panel cap when more nearby targets exist', () => {
   const focused = [];
 
   try {
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => {
-      focused.push(id);
-      runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', { layerId: 'flights' });
-      runtime.dispatch(
-        'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
-        awarenessSubject('flights', id, positions[id]),
-      );
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => {
+        focused.push(id);
+        runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', {
+          layerId: 'flights',
+        });
+        runtime.dispatch(
+          'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+          awarenessSubject('flights', id, positions[id]),
+        );
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
 
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a));
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a),
+    );
 
     for (let index = 0; index < 11; index += 1) {
       assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
@@ -2061,31 +2734,54 @@ test('NEXT jumps to expanded flight search after fully cycling nearby flight can
     distanceM: AWARENESS_RADIUS_M + 1000,
   };
 
-  const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({ flights: nearbyFlights });
+  const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({
+    flights: nearbyFlights,
+  });
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime();
   const restores = [];
   const focused = [];
 
   try {
     let getNearbyCalls = 0;
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getNearby', (position, radius) => {
-      getNearbyCalls += 1;
-      if (radius <= AWARENESS_RADIUS_M) {
-        return nearbyFlights;
-      }
-      return [...nearbyFlights, farFlight];
-    }, restores);
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => {
-      focused.push(id);
-      runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', { layerId: 'flights' });
-      runtime.dispatch(
-        'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
-        awarenessSubject('flights', id, id === 'a' ? subjectPosition : { b: nearby.b, c: nearby.c, d: expanded.d }[id]),
-      );
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'getNearby',
+      (position, radius) => {
+        getNearbyCalls += 1;
+        if (radius <= AWARENESS_RADIUS_M) {
+          return nearbyFlights;
+        }
+        return [...nearbyFlights, farFlight];
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => {
+        focused.push(id);
+        runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', {
+          layerId: 'flights',
+        });
+        runtime.dispatch(
+          'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+          awarenessSubject(
+            'flights',
+            id,
+            id === 'a'
+              ? subjectPosition
+              : { b: nearby.b, c: nearby.c, d: expanded.d }[id],
+          ),
+        );
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
 
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', subjectPosition));
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', subjectPosition),
+    );
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
@@ -2111,24 +2807,42 @@ test('NEXT can restrict navigation to a requested layer', () => {
   const focused = [];
 
   try {
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => {
-      focused.push(`flights:${id}`);
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'trackById', (id, options) => {
-      focused.push({ target: `military:${id}`, options });
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => {
+        focused.push(`flights:${id}`);
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id, options) => {
+        focused.push({ target: `military:${id}`, options });
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
 
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'f1', Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO));
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext({
-      targetLayer: 'military',
-      origin: 'voice',
-    }), true);
-    assert.deepEqual(focused, [{
-      target: 'military:m1',
-      options: { origin: 'voice' },
-    }]);
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'f1', Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO),
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext({
+        targetLayer: 'military',
+        origin: 'voice',
+      }),
+      true,
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(focused, [
+      {
+        target: 'military:m1',
+        options: { origin: 'voice' },
+      },
+    ]);
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
     runtime.restore();
@@ -2138,9 +2852,24 @@ test('NEXT can restrict navigation to a requested layer', () => {
 
 test('NEXT can restrict navigation to an aircraftClass', () => {
   const flights = [
-    { icao24: 'f1', callsign: 'F1', distanceM: 1000, aircraftClass: 'airliner' },
-    { icao24: 'f2', callsign: 'F2', distanceM: 1500, aircraftClass: 'helicopter' },
-    { icao24: 'f3', callsign: 'F3', distanceM: 2000, aircraftClass: 'airliner' },
+    {
+      icao24: 'f1',
+      callsign: 'F1',
+      distanceM: 1000,
+      aircraftClass: 'airliner',
+    },
+    {
+      icao24: 'f2',
+      callsign: 'F2',
+      distanceM: 1500,
+      aircraftClass: 'helicopter',
+    },
+    {
+      icao24: 'f3',
+      callsign: 'F3',
+      distanceM: 2000,
+      aircraftClass: 'airliner',
+    },
   ];
   const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({ flights });
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime();
@@ -2148,13 +2877,24 @@ test('NEXT can restrict navigation to an aircraftClass', () => {
   const focused = [];
 
   try {
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => {
-      focused.push(id);
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => {
+        focused.push(id);
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
 
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'f1', Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO));
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext({ aircraftClass: 'helicopter' }), true);
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'f1', Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO),
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext({ aircraftClass: 'helicopter' }),
+      true,
+    );
     assert.deepEqual(focused, ['f2']);
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
@@ -2167,32 +2907,56 @@ test('Cockpit NEXT ignores a nearer vessel and selects the next aircraft', () =>
   const subjectPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74, 30.27, 1000);
   const nextPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.73, 30.28, 1200);
   const vesselPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.739, 30.271, 0);
-  const flights = [{
-    icao24: 'f2', callsign: 'F2', distanceM: 1500, position: nextPosition,
-  }];
-  const vessels = [{
-    mmsi: 'v1', id: 'v1', name: 'VESSEL', distanceM: 100, position: vesselPosition,
-  }];
+  const flights = [
+    {
+      icao24: 'f2',
+      callsign: 'F2',
+      distanceM: 1500,
+      position: nextPosition,
+    },
+  ];
+  const vessels = [
+    {
+      mmsi: 'v1',
+      id: 'v1',
+      name: 'VESSEL',
+      distanceM: 100,
+      position: vesselPosition,
+    },
+  ];
   const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({ flights, vessels });
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime();
   const restores = [];
   const focused = [];
 
   try {
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => {
-      focused.push(`flights:${id}`);
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
-    replaceMethod(aisLiveVesselsLayer, 'selectById', (id) => {
-      focused.push(`vessel:${id}`);
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => {
+        focused.push(`flights:${id}`);
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+      'selectById',
+      (id) => {
+        focused.push(`vessel:${id}`);
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
 
     runtime.dispatch(
       'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
       awarenessSubject('flights', 'f1', subjectPosition),
     );
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext({ aircraftOnly: true }), true);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext({ aircraftOnly: true }),
+      true,
+    );
     assert.deepEqual(focused, ['flights:f2']);
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
@@ -2207,15 +2971,27 @@ test('history navigation applies layer and aircraft-class filters in both direct
     { layerId: 'military', id: 'fighter', aircraftClass: 'fighter' },
     { layerId: 'military', id: 'helo', aircraftClass: 'helicopter' },
   ];
-  assert.equal(findCompatibleHistoryIndex(history, 0, 1, {
-    targetLayer: 'military', aircraftClass: 'helicopter',
-  }), 2);
-  assert.equal(findCompatibleHistoryIndex(history, 2, -1, {
-    targetLayer: 'flights', aircraftClass: 'airliner',
-  }), 0);
-  assert.equal(findCompatibleHistoryIndex(history, 2, -1, {
-    targetLayer: 'military', aircraftClass: 'helicopter',
-  }), -1);
+  assert.equal(
+    findCompatibleHistoryIndex(history, 0, 1, {
+      targetLayer: 'military',
+      aircraftClass: 'helicopter',
+    }),
+    2,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    findCompatibleHistoryIndex(history, 2, -1, {
+      targetLayer: 'flights',
+      aircraftClass: 'airliner',
+    }),
+    0,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    findCompatibleHistoryIndex(history, 2, -1, {
+      targetLayer: 'military',
+      aircraftClass: 'helicopter',
+    }),
+    -1,
+  );
 });
 
 test('Cockpit history navigation skips vessels and installations in both directions', () => {
@@ -2225,12 +3001,23 @@ test('Cockpit history navigation skips vessels and installations in both directi
     { layerId: 'military-installations', id: 'base' },
     { layerId: 'military', id: 'fighter' },
   ];
-  assert.equal(findCompatibleHistoryIndex(history, 0, 1, { aircraftOnly: true }), 3);
-  assert.equal(findCompatibleHistoryIndex(history, 3, -1, { aircraftOnly: true }), 0);
+  assert.equal(
+    findCompatibleHistoryIndex(history, 0, 1, { aircraftOnly: true }),
+    3,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    findCompatibleHistoryIndex(history, 3, -1, { aircraftOnly: true }),
+    0,
+  );
 });
 
 test('production-shaped history snapshots retain aircraft class from the selected source record', () => {
-  const subject = { layerId: 'military', id: 'helo-1', label: 'HELO1', position: {} };
+  const subject = {
+    layerId: 'military',
+    id: 'helo-1',
+    label: 'HELO1',
+    position: {},
+  };
   const snapshot = historySubjectSnapshot(subject, {
     icao24: 'helo-1',
     aircraftClass: 'helicopter',
@@ -2240,10 +3027,12 @@ test('production-shaped history snapshots retain aircraft class from the selecte
 });
 
 test('NEXT steps over a history contact whose layer has since evicted it', () => {
-  const positions = Object.fromEntries(['a', 'b', 'c'].map((id, index) => [
-    id,
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74 + index * 0.01, 30.27, 1000),
-  ]));
+  const positions = Object.fromEntries(
+    ['a', 'b', 'c'].map((id, index) => [
+      id,
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74 + index * 0.01, 30.27, 1000),
+    ]),
+  );
   const flights = Object.entries(positions).map(([id, position], index) => ({
     icao24: id,
     callsign: id.toUpperCase(),
@@ -2258,28 +3047,39 @@ test('NEXT steps over a history contact whose layer has since evicted it', () =>
 
   try {
     replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'refocusTrackedById', () => false, restores);
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => {
-      // An evicted contact is gone from the layer: it cannot be tracked, and
-      // it announces no selection.
-      if (evicted.has(id)) return false;
-      focused.push(id);
-      runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', { layerId: 'flights' });
-      runtime.dispatch(
-        'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
-        awarenessSubject('flights', id, positions[id]),
-      );
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
-
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a));
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigatePrevious(), true);
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigatePrevious(), true);
-    assert.deepEqual(
-      _getAwarenessNavigationStateForTest().historyKeys,
-      ['flights:a', 'flights:b', 'flights:c'],
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => {
+        // An evicted contact is gone from the layer: it cannot be tracked, and
+        // it announces no selection.
+        if (evicted.has(id)) return false;
+        focused.push(id);
+        runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', {
+          layerId: 'flights',
+        });
+        runtime.dispatch(
+          'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+          awarenessSubject('flights', id, positions[id]),
+        );
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
     );
+
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a),
+    );
+    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
+    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
+    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigatePrevious(), true);
+    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigatePrevious(), true);
+    assert.deepEqual(_getAwarenessNavigationStateForTest().historyKeys, [
+      'flights:a',
+      'flights:b',
+      'flights:c',
+    ]);
     assert.equal(_getAwarenessNavigationStateForTest().navigationIndex, 0);
 
     // CONTACT LOST: the cull evicts b while it still sits in navigation history.
@@ -2299,10 +3099,12 @@ test('NEXT steps over a history contact whose layer has since evicted it', () =>
 });
 
 test('a fully evicted forward history falls through to the live cohort', () => {
-  const positions = Object.fromEntries(['a', 'b', 'c'].map((id, index) => [
-    id,
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74 + index * 0.01, 30.27, 1000),
-  ]));
+  const positions = Object.fromEntries(
+    ['a', 'b', 'c'].map((id, index) => [
+      id,
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74 + index * 0.01, 30.27, 1000),
+    ]),
+  );
   const flights = Object.entries(positions).map(([id, position], index) => ({
     icao24: id,
     callsign: id.toUpperCase(),
@@ -2317,18 +3119,28 @@ test('a fully evicted forward history falls through to the live cohort', () => {
 
   try {
     replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'refocusTrackedById', () => false, restores);
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => {
-      if (evicted.has(id)) return false;
-      focused.push(id);
-      runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', { layerId: 'flights' });
-      runtime.dispatch(
-        'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
-        awarenessSubject('flights', id, positions[id]),
-      );
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => {
+        if (evicted.has(id)) return false;
+        focused.push(id);
+        runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', {
+          layerId: 'flights',
+        });
+        runtime.dispatch(
+          'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+          awarenessSubject('flights', id, positions[id]),
+        );
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
 
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a));
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a),
+    );
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigatePrevious(), true);
     assert.equal(_getAwarenessNavigationStateForTest().navigationIndex, 0);
@@ -2354,9 +3166,16 @@ test('every Context camera flight without a tracked entity takes navigation auth
   // setting one, so an earlier deferred geocode would still match the
   // generation it captured and could resolve on top of the new Context focus.
   const position = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74, 30.27, 1000);
-  const vessels = [{ mmsi: '111', id: '111', name: 'VESSEL', position, distanceM: 900 }];
-  const installations = [{ id: 'inst-1', name: 'BASE', position, distanceM: 1200 }];
-  const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({ vessels, installations });
+  const vessels = [
+    { mmsi: '111', id: '111', name: 'VESSEL', position, distanceM: 900 },
+  ];
+  const installations = [
+    { id: 'inst-1', name: 'BASE', position, distanceM: 1200 },
+  ];
+  const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({
+    vessels,
+    installations,
+  });
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime();
   const restores = [];
   const taken = runtime.captureAuthority();
@@ -2369,7 +3188,12 @@ test('every Context camera flight without a tracked entity takes navigation auth
       () => [{ id: '111', position }],
       restores,
     );
-    replaceMethod(militaryInstallationsLayer, 'focusById', () => true, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryInstallationsLayer,
+      'focusById',
+      () => true,
+      restores,
+    );
 
     runtime.dispatch(
       'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
@@ -2382,7 +3206,10 @@ test('every Context camera flight without a tracked entity takes navigation auth
     assert.equal(runtime.cameraFlights.length, 1);
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.focusTarget('military-installations', 'inst-1');
-    assert.deepEqual(taken, ['context-vessel-focus', 'context-installation-focus']);
+    assert.deepEqual(taken, [
+      'context-vessel-focus',
+      'context-installation-focus',
+    ]);
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
     runtime.restore();
@@ -2396,9 +3223,8 @@ test('Contacts vessel autofocus takes navigation authority before it frames', as
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime();
   const restores = [];
   const taken = [];
-  runtime.window.addEventListener(
-    NAVIGATION_AUTHORITY_EVENT,
-    (event) => taken.push(event?.detail),
+  runtime.window.addEventListener(NAVIGATION_AUTHORITY_EVENT, (event) =>
+    taken.push(event?.detail),
   );
 
   try {
@@ -2416,10 +3242,12 @@ test('Contacts vessel autofocus takes navigation authority before it frames', as
     // Activation enables dependencies before it auto-focuses.
     await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
     assert.equal(runtime.cameraFlights.length, 1, 'autofocus framed a vessel');
-    assert.deepEqual(taken, [{
-      reason: 'context-vessel-autofocus',
-      cancelPendingSelection: false,
-    }]);
+    assert.deepEqual(taken, [
+      {
+        reason: 'context-vessel-autofocus',
+        cancelPendingSelection: false,
+      },
+    ]);
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
     runtime.restore();
@@ -2432,10 +3260,27 @@ test('NEXT reaches every layer before repeating any contact', () => {
   // an already-visited same-layer contact outranked every unvisited contact in
   // the other three layers and NEXT ping-ponged inside one layer forever.
   const cohorts = [
-    { id: 'flights', summary: { nearest: [{ icao24: 'f1', distanceM: 100 }, { icao24: 'f2', distanceM: 200 }] } },
-    { id: 'military', summary: { nearest: [{ icao24: 'm1', distanceM: 300 }] } },
-    { id: 'ais-live-vessels', summary: { nearest: [{ mmsi: 'v1', distanceM: 400 }] } },
-    { id: 'military-installations', summary: { nearest: [{ id: 'i1', distanceM: 500 }] } },
+    {
+      id: 'flights',
+      summary: {
+        nearest: [
+          { icao24: 'f1', distanceM: 100 },
+          { icao24: 'f2', distanceM: 200 },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'military',
+      summary: { nearest: [{ icao24: 'm1', distanceM: 300 }] },
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'ais-live-vessels',
+      summary: { nearest: [{ mmsi: 'v1', distanceM: 400 }] },
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'military-installations',
+      summary: { nearest: [{ id: 'i1', distanceM: 500 }] },
+    },
   ];
   const subject = { layerId: 'flights', id: 'f0' };
   const visited = new Set(['flights:f0']);
@@ -2444,7 +3289,9 @@ test('NEXT reaches every layer before repeating any contact', () => {
   // Walk the whole cohort. Under the old comparator step 3 handed back the
   // already-visited f1, because subject-layer affinity outranked visited state.
   for (let step = 0; step < 5; step += 1) {
-    const [next] = getAwarenessNavigationTargets(cohorts, subject, [...visited]);
+    const [next] = getAwarenessNavigationTargets(cohorts, subject, [
+      ...visited,
+    ]);
     assert.ok(next, `step ${step} produced no target`);
     const key = `${next.layerId}:${next.id}`;
     assert.equal(visited.has(key), false, `step ${step} repeated ${key}`);
@@ -2466,10 +3313,16 @@ test('the navigable cohort is generous but finite, and the count stays exact', (
     id: `installation-${index}`,
     distanceM: index,
   }));
-  const summary = summarizeInstallationViewport(items, { available: true, stale: false });
+  const summary = summarizeInstallationViewport(items, {
+    available: true,
+    stale: false,
+  });
   assert.equal(summary.count, 12000, 'the count reflects every in-range item');
   assert.equal(summary.nearest.length, 10, 'the panel still shows ten');
-  assert.ok(Number.isFinite(AWARENESS_QUERY_LIMIT), 'the fetch limit is finite');
+  assert.ok(
+    Number.isFinite(AWARENESS_QUERY_LIMIT),
+    'the fetch limit is finite',
+  );
   assert.ok(
     summary.navigationNearest.length < 12000,
     'the navigable window is bounded',
@@ -2484,10 +3337,12 @@ test('walking a cohort does not rescan the source layer per selection', () => {
   // Each selection used to pay a fresh full-layer proximity scan just to recover
   // the aircraft class for its history snapshot. The sweep already holds that
   // record, so a NEXT burst must not grow the scan count.
-  const positions = Object.fromEntries(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].map((id, index) => [
-    id,
-    Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74 + index * 0.01, 30.27, 1000),
-  ]));
+  const positions = Object.fromEntries(
+    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'].map((id, index) => [
+      id,
+      Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74 + index * 0.01, 30.27, 1000),
+    ]),
+  );
   const flights = Object.entries(positions).map(([id, position], index) => ({
     icao24: id,
     callsign: id.toUpperCase(),
@@ -2502,23 +3357,38 @@ test('walking a cohort does not rescan the source layer per selection', () => {
 
   try {
     const scanning = flightsLayer.getNearby;
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getNearby', (...args) => {
-      // The history-snapshot lookup has a signature all its own: a tight 1 km
-      // radius with a 25-row cap. Cohort sweeps use the awareness radius.
-      const [, range, maxCount] = args;
-      if (range === 1000 && maxCount === 25) historyScans += 1;
-      return scanning.apply(flightsLayer, args);
-    }, restores);
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'trackById', (id) => {
-      runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', { layerId: 'flights' });
-      runtime.dispatch(
-        'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
-        awarenessSubject('flights', id, positions[id]),
-      );
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'getNearby',
+      (...args) => {
+        // The history-snapshot lookup has a signature all its own: a tight 1 km
+        // radius with a 25-row cap. Cohort sweeps use the awareness radius.
+        const [, range, maxCount] = args;
+        if (range === 1000 && maxCount === 25) historyScans += 1;
+        return scanning.apply(flightsLayer, args);
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      (id) => {
+        runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selection-cleared', {
+          layerId: 'flights',
+        });
+        runtime.dispatch(
+          'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+          awarenessSubject('flights', id, positions[id]),
+        );
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
 
-    runtime.dispatch('gev:awareness-subject-selected', awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a));
+    runtime.dispatch(
+      'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
+      awarenessSubject('flights', 'a', positions.a),
+    );
     historyScans = 0;
 
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
@@ -2546,13 +3416,48 @@ test('the contacts window reports exactly the counts the panel renders', () => {
   // honest. The window block exists so the panel's numbers travel with the
   // answer, so it must be derived from the panel's own snapshot, not recomputed.
   const results = {
-    subject: { layerId: 'flights', id: 'a52e54', label: 'ASA635', position: Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO },
+    subject: {
+      layerId: 'flights',
+      id: 'a52e54',
+      label: 'ASA635',
+      position: Cesium.Cartesian3.ZERO,
+    },
     evaluatedAt: Date.now(),
     radiusM: AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
     cohorts: [
-      { id: 'flights', label: 'Flights', source: 'OpenSky', summary: { relationship: 'nearby', count: 42, reason: 'observed', nearest: [] } },
-      { id: 'military', label: 'Military flights', source: 'adsb.lol', summary: { relationship: 'nearby', count: 13, reason: 'observed', nearest: [] } },
-      { id: 'ais-live-vessels', label: 'AIS vessels', source: 'AISStream', summary: { relationship: 'unknown', count: null, reason: 'feed unavailable', nearest: [] } },
+      {
+        id: 'flights',
+        label: 'Flights',
+        source: 'OpenSky',
+        summary: {
+          relationship: 'nearby',
+          count: 42,
+          reason: 'observed',
+          nearest: [],
+        },
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'military',
+        label: 'Military flights',
+        source: 'adsb.lol',
+        summary: {
+          relationship: 'nearby',
+          count: 13,
+          reason: 'observed',
+          nearest: [],
+        },
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'ais-live-vessels',
+        label: 'AIS vessels',
+        source: 'AISStream',
+        summary: {
+          relationship: 'unknown',
+          count: null,
+          reason: 'feed unavailable',
+          nearest: [],
+        },
+      },
     ],
   };
   const snapshot = buildAwarenessContextSnapshot(results, {});
@@ -2636,7 +3541,10 @@ test('installation summaries keep the full navigation cohort beyond the former 5
     id: `installation-${index}`,
     distanceM: index * 1000,
   }));
-  const summary = summarizeInstallationViewport(items, { available: true, stale: false });
+  const summary = summarizeInstallationViewport(items, {
+    available: true,
+    stale: false,
+  });
   assert.equal(summary.nearest.length, 10);
   assert.equal(summary.navigationNearest.length, 5001);
   assert.equal(AWARENESS_QUERY_LIMIT >= 5001, true);
@@ -2646,12 +3554,14 @@ test('unknown subject cohort blocks cross-layer NEXT navigation and availability
   const vesselPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74, 30.27, 0);
   const militaryPosition = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.7, 30.3, 1000);
   const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({
-    military: [{
-      icao24: 'm1',
-      callsign: 'M1',
-      position: militaryPosition,
-      distanceM: 5000,
-    }],
+    military: [
+      {
+        icao24: 'm1',
+        callsign: 'M1',
+        position: militaryPosition,
+        distanceM: 5000,
+      },
+    ],
   });
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime({
     isEnabled: (layerId) => layerId !== 'ais-live-vessels',
@@ -2660,16 +3570,24 @@ test('unknown subject cohort blocks cross-layer NEXT navigation and availability
   let focusCalls = 0;
 
   try {
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'trackById', () => {
-      focusCalls += 1;
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      () => {
+        focusCalls += 1;
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
     runtime.dispatch(
       'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
       awarenessSubject('ais-live-vessels', 'v1', vesselPosition),
     );
 
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext, false);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext,
+      false,
+    );
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), false);
     assert.equal(focusCalls, 0);
   } finally {
@@ -2680,24 +3598,36 @@ test('unknown subject cohort blocks cross-layer NEXT navigation and availability
 });
 
 test('NEXT availability helper gates only new-target branches on an unknown cohort', () => {
-  assert.equal(canNavigateAwarenessNext({
-    hasForwardHistory: true,
-    hasExpandedFlightTarget: true,
-    hasNearbyTarget: true,
-    subjectCohortUnknown: true,
-  }), true);
-  assert.equal(canNavigateAwarenessNext({
-    hasExpandedFlightTarget: true,
-    subjectCohortUnknown: true,
-  }), false);
-  assert.equal(canNavigateAwarenessNext({
-    hasNearbyTarget: true,
-    subjectCohortUnknown: true,
-  }), false);
-  assert.equal(canNavigateAwarenessNext({
-    hasExpandedFlightTarget: true,
-    subjectCohortUnknown: false,
-  }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    canNavigateAwarenessNext({
+      hasForwardHistory: true,
+      hasExpandedFlightTarget: true,
+      hasNearbyTarget: true,
+      subjectCohortUnknown: true,
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    canNavigateAwarenessNext({
+      hasExpandedFlightTarget: true,
+      subjectCohortUnknown: true,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    canNavigateAwarenessNext({
+      hasNearbyTarget: true,
+      subjectCohortUnknown: true,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    canNavigateAwarenessNext({
+      hasExpandedFlightTarget: true,
+      subjectCohortUnknown: false,
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
 });
 
 test('canNext agrees with NEXT for unknown, healthy-empty, and recovered flight feeds', () => {
@@ -2705,12 +3635,14 @@ test('canNext agrees with NEXT for unknown, healthy-empty, and recovered flight
     subject: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.74, 30.27, 1000),
     contact: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.7, 30.3, 1000),
   };
-  const military = [{
-    icao24: 'm1',
-    callsign: 'M1',
-    position: positions.contact,
-    distanceM: 5000,
-  }];
+  const military = [
+    {
+      icao24: 'm1',
+      callsign: 'M1',
+      position: positions.contact,
+      distanceM: 5000,
+    },
+  ];
   let flightsEnabled = false;
   const restoreCollections = stubAwarenessCollections({ military });
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime({
@@ -2720,16 +3652,24 @@ test('canNext agrees with NEXT for unknown, healthy-empty, and recovered flight
   let focusCalls = 0;
 
   try {
-    replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'trackById', () => {
-      focusCalls += 1;
-      return true;
-    }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      'trackById',
+      () => {
+        focusCalls += 1;
+        return true;
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
 
     runtime.dispatch(
       'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
       awarenessSubject('flights', 'subject', positions.subject),
     );
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext, false);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext,
+      false,
+    );
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), false);
     assert.equal(focusCalls, 0);
 
@@ -2738,7 +3678,10 @@ test('canNext agrees with NEXT for unknown, healthy-empty, and recovered flight
       'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
       awarenessSubject('flights', 'subject', positions.subject),
     );
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext, true);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext,
+      true,
+    );
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
     assert.equal(focusCalls, 1);
 
@@ -2747,14 +3690,20 @@ test('canNext agrees with NEXT for unknown, healthy-empty, and recovered flight
       'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
       awarenessSubject('flights', 'subject', positions.subject),
     );
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext, false);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext,
+      false,
+    );
 
     flightsEnabled = true;
     runtime.dispatch(
       'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
       awarenessSubject('flights', 'subject', positions.subject),
     );
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext, true);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext,
+      true,
+    );
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), true);
     assert.equal(focusCalls, 2);
   } finally {
@@ -2773,10 +3722,17 @@ test('far-side hidden aircraft cannot enable NEXT when navigation cannot see the
   try {
     replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
     replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getAllPositions', () => [{
-      id: 'hidden',
-      position: hiddenPosition,
-    }], restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'getAllPositions',
+      () => [
+        {
+          id: 'hidden',
+          position: hiddenPosition,
+        },
+      ],
+      restores,
+    );
     replaceMethod(militaryFlightsLayer, 'getAllPositions', () => [], restores);
 
     runtime.dispatch(
@@ -2784,7 +3740,10 @@ test('far-side hidden aircraft cannot enable NEXT when navigation cannot see the
       awarenessSubject('flights', 'subject', subjectPosition),
     );
 
-    assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext, false);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot()?.navigation.canNext,
+      false,
+    );
     assert.equal(militaryAwarenessLayer.navigateNext(), false);
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
@@ -2824,9 +3783,13 @@ test('runtime listeners exist only while the awareness layer is enabled', () =>
     removeEventListener(type, listener) {
       listeners.get(type)?.delete(listener);
     },
-    setInterval() { return nextTimer++; },
+    setInterval() {
+      return nextTimer++;
+    },
     clearInterval() {},
-    requestAnimationFrame(callback) { return nextTimer++; },
+    requestAnimationFrame(callback) {
+      return nextTimer++;
+    },
     cancelAnimationFrame() {},
   };
   const fakeBody = new FakeElement();
@@ -2835,7 +3798,9 @@ test('runtime listeners exist only while the awareness layer is enabled', () =>
       preRender: {
         addEventListener() {
           preRenderListeners += 1;
-          return () => { preRenderListeners -= 1; };
+          return () => {
+            preRenderListeners -= 1;
+          };
         },
       },
     },
@@ -2846,27 +3811,43 @@ test('runtime listeners exist only while the awareness layer is enabled', () =>
   globalThis.window = fakeWindow;
   globalThis.document = {
     body: fakeBody,
-    getElementById() { return null; },
-    createElement() { return new FakeElement(); },
+    getElementById() {
+      return null;
+    },
+    createElement() {
+      return new FakeElement();
+    },
   };
 
   try {
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: true });
     militaryAwarenessLayer.init(viewer);
-    assert.equal([...listeners.values()].reduce((count, set) => count + set.size, 0), 0);
+    assert.equal(
+      [...listeners.values()].reduce((count, set) => count + set.size, 0),
+      0,
+    );
     assert.equal(preRenderListeners, 0);
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.enable();
-    assert.equal([...listeners.values()].reduce((count, set) => count + set.size, 0), 4);
+    assert.equal(
+      [...listeners.values()].reduce((count, set) => count + set.size, 0),
+      4,
+    );
     assert.equal(preRenderListeners, 1);
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.disable();
-    assert.equal([...listeners.values()].reduce((count, set) => count + set.size, 0), 0);
+    assert.equal(
+      [...listeners.values()].reduce((count, set) => count + set.size, 0),
+      0,
+    );
     assert.equal(preRenderListeners, 0);
 
     militaryAwarenessLayer.enable();
     militaryAwarenessLayer.destroy();
-    assert.equal([...listeners.values()].reduce((count, set) => count + set.size, 0), 0);
+    assert.equal(
+      [...listeners.values()].reduce((count, set) => count + set.size, 0),
+      0,
+    );
     assert.equal(preRenderListeners, 0);
   } finally {
     globalThis.window = originalWindow;
@@ -2884,7 +3865,8 @@ test('awareness runtime parameters return a detached snapshot', () => {
 test('Contacts refresh cadence is snappy while the camera moves and parked otherwise', () => {
   assert.equal(awarenessRefreshIntervalMs(false), 750);
   assert.ok(
-    awarenessRefreshIntervalMs(true) >= 100 && awarenessRefreshIntervalMs(true) <= 200,
+    awarenessRefreshIntervalMs(true) >= 100 &&
+      awarenessRefreshIntervalMs(true) <= 200,
     'a moving camera earns a ~150-200 ms cadence',
   );
 });
@@ -2903,7 +3885,12 @@ test('intermittent pose-bin crossings cannot refresh faster than the motion floo
   for (let frame = 0; frame < frames; frame += 1) {
     const nowMs = 1_000 + frame * frameMs;
     if (frame % 4 === 0) lastPoseChangeMs = nowMs;
-    const decision = awarenessRefreshDecision({ nowMs, lastRefreshMs, lastPoseChangeMs, wasMoving });
+    const decision = awarenessRefreshDecision({
+      nowMs,
+      lastRefreshMs,
+      lastPoseChangeMs,
+      wasMoving,
+    });
     wasMoving = decision.moving;
     if (decision.refresh) {
       refreshes += 1;
@@ -2911,33 +3898,61 @@ test('intermittent pose-bin crossings cannot refresh faster than the motion floo
     }
   }
   // 960 ms of motion against a 175 ms floor tops out at six refreshes.
-  const ceiling = Math.ceil((frames * frameMs) / awarenessRefreshIntervalMs(true));
+  const ceiling = Math.ceil(
+    (frames * frameMs) / awarenessRefreshIntervalMs(true),
+  );
   assert.ok(
     refreshes <= ceiling,
-    `intermittent bin crossings must respect the ${awarenessRefreshIntervalMs(true)} ms floor: `
-    + `expected at most ${ceiling} refreshes in ${frames} frames, got ${refreshes}`,
+    `intermittent bin crossings must respect the ${awarenessRefreshIntervalMs(true)} ms floor: ` +
+      `expected at most ${ceiling} refreshes in ${frames} frames, got ${refreshes}`,
   );
   assert.ok(refreshes >= 4, `motion must still be snappy, got ${refreshes}`);
 });
 
 test('motion ends only after the pose has been unchanged through the settle window', () => {
-  const parked = (nowMs, lastPoseChangeMs, wasMoving = true) => awarenessRefreshDecision({
-    nowMs, lastRefreshMs: nowMs - 10_000, lastPoseChangeMs, wasMoving,
-  }).moving;
-  assert.equal(parked(1_000, 1_000), true, 'the frame the pose changed is moving');
-  assert.equal(parked(1_200, 1_000), true, 'a 200 ms gap between bin crossings is still moving');
-  assert.equal(parked(1_249, 1_000), true, 'just inside the settle window is still moving');
-  assert.equal(parked(1_250, 1_000), false, 'the settle window expiring ends motion');
+  const parked = (nowMs, lastPoseChangeMs, wasMoving = true) =>
+    awarenessRefreshDecision({
+      nowMs,
+      lastRefreshMs: nowMs - 10_000,
+      lastPoseChangeMs,
+      wasMoving,
+    }).moving;
+  assert.equal(
+    parked(1_000, 1_000),
+    true,
+    'the frame the pose changed is moving',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    parked(1_200, 1_000),
+    true,
+    'a 200 ms gap between bin crossings is still moving',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    parked(1_249, 1_000),
+    true,
+    'just inside the settle window is still moving',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    parked(1_250, 1_000),
+    false,
+    'the settle window expiring ends motion',
+  );
 });
 
 test('the motion-end settle refresh still respects the motion floor', () => {
   // Motion ends 20 ms after a refresh: the settle must NOT jump the floor.
   const tooSoon = awarenessRefreshDecision({
-    nowMs: 2_000, lastRefreshMs: 1_980, lastPoseChangeMs: 1_700, wasMoving: true,
+    nowMs: 2_000,
+    lastRefreshMs: 1_980,
+    lastPoseChangeMs: 1_700,
+    wasMoving: true,
   });
   assert.deepEqual(tooSoon, { moving: false, refresh: false });
   const allowed = awarenessRefreshDecision({
-    nowMs: 2_000, lastRefreshMs: 1_800, lastPoseChangeMs: 1_700, wasMoving: true,
+    nowMs: 2_000,
+    lastRefreshMs: 1_800,
+    lastPoseChangeMs: 1_700,
+    wasMoving: true,
   });
   assert.deepEqual(allowed, { moving: false, refresh: true });
 });
@@ -2971,9 +3986,18 @@ test('parked Contacts takes no continuous-render hold and requests at most the p
 
     // 1. Enabled, nothing selected, camera parked — Contacts must not be a
     //    reason the whole scene keeps repainting.
-    assert.ok(!holds().includes('military-awareness'), 'enable() must not hold outright');
-    for (let frame = 0; frame < 60; frame += 1) { clockMs += 16; runtime.tick(); }
-    assert.ok(!holds().includes('military-awareness'), 'a parked empty panel holds nothing');
+    assert.ok(
+      !holds().includes('military-awareness'),
+      'enable() must not hold outright',
+    );
+    for (let frame = 0; frame < 60; frame += 1) {
+      clockMs += 16;
+      runtime.tick();
+    }
+    assert.ok(
+      !holds().includes('military-awareness'),
+      'a parked empty panel holds nothing',
+    );
 
     // 2. A live subject, still parked: one ring paints, then quiet.
     runtime.dispatch(
@@ -2981,22 +4005,37 @@ test('parked Contacts takes no continuous-render hold and requests at most the p
       awarenessSubject('flights', 'subject-flight', position),
     );
     const requestsAfterSelect = runtime.renderRequests.length;
-    for (let frame = 0; frame < 60; frame += 1) { clockMs += 16; runtime.tick(); }
-    assert.ok(!holds().includes('military-awareness'), 'a parked panel holds nothing even with a subject');
+    for (let frame = 0; frame < 60; frame += 1) {
+      clockMs += 16;
+      runtime.tick();
+    }
+    assert.ok(
+      !holds().includes('military-awareness'),
+      'a parked panel holds nothing even with a subject',
+    );
     const parkedRequests = runtime.renderRequests.length - requestsAfterSelect;
     // 960 ms parked = at most two 750 ms-cadence frames' worth of requests.
-    assert.ok(parkedRequests <= 2, `parked Contacts requested ${parkedRequests} renders in 960 ms`);
+    assert.ok(
+      parkedRequests <= 2,
+      `parked Contacts requested ${parkedRequests} renders in 960 ms`,
+    );
 
     // 3. Moving: the arrows are screen-projected, so per-frame work is real.
     clockMs += 16;
     runtime.viewer.camera.heading += 0.5;
     runtime.tick();
-    assert.ok(holds().includes('military-awareness'), 'a moving view earns the hold');
+    assert.ok(
+      holds().includes('military-awareness'),
+      'a moving view earns the hold',
+    );
 
     // 4. Parked again: the hold is dropped on a frame the hold itself bought.
     clockMs += 300;
     runtime.tick();
-    assert.ok(!holds().includes('military-awareness'), 'settling releases the hold');
+    assert.ok(
+      !holds().includes('military-awareness'),
+      'settling releases the hold',
+    );
 
     // 5. Teardown releases even without another frame.
     runtime.viewer.camera.heading += 0.5;
@@ -3004,7 +4043,10 @@ test('parked Contacts takes no continuous-render hold and requests at most the p
     runtime.tick();
     assert.ok(holds().includes('military-awareness'));
     militaryAwarenessLayer.disable();
-    assert.ok(!holds().includes('military-awareness'), 'disable() drops the hold');
+    assert.ok(
+      !holds().includes('military-awareness'),
+      'disable() drops the hold',
+    );
   } finally {
     Date.now = realNow;
     runtime.restore();
@@ -3015,17 +4057,43 @@ test('parked Contacts takes no continuous-render hold and requests at most the p
 
 test('Contacts needs continuous render only for a live cohort under a moving view', () => {
   const need = (input) => awarenessNeedsContinuousRender(input);
-  assert.equal(need({ cameraMoving: true, hasSubject: true, hasLiveResults: true }), true);
-  assert.equal(need({ cameraMoving: false, hasSubject: true, hasLiveResults: true }), false);
-  assert.equal(need({ cameraMoving: true, hasSubject: false, hasLiveResults: false }), false);
-  assert.equal(need({ cameraMoving: true, hasSubject: true, hasLiveResults: false }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    need({ cameraMoving: true, hasSubject: true, hasLiveResults: true }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    need({ cameraMoving: false, hasSubject: true, hasLiveResults: true }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    need({ cameraMoving: true, hasSubject: false, hasLiveResults: false }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    need({ cameraMoving: true, hasSubject: true, hasLiveResults: false }),
+    false,
+  );
 });
 
 test('empty and failed cohorts are not "live" — there is no arrow to animate', () => {
-  const cohorts = (...counts) => ({ cohorts: counts.map((count) => ({ summary: { count } })) });
-  assert.equal(awarenessResultsAreLive(cohorts(3, 0, null)), true, 'one populated cohort is enough');
-  assert.equal(awarenessResultsAreLive(cohorts(0, 0, 0)), false, 'healthy but empty feeds animate nothing');
-  assert.equal(awarenessResultsAreLive(cohorts(null, null)), false, 'unavailable/stale feeds animate nothing');
+  const cohorts = (...counts) => ({
+    cohorts: counts.map((count) => ({ summary: { count } })),
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    awarenessResultsAreLive(cohorts(3, 0, null)),
+    true,
+    'one populated cohort is enough',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    awarenessResultsAreLive(cohorts(0, 0, 0)),
+    false,
+    'healthy but empty feeds animate nothing',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    awarenessResultsAreLive(cohorts(null, null)),
+    false,
+    'unavailable/stale feeds animate nothing',
+  );
   assert.equal(awarenessResultsAreLive(cohorts(0, null)), false);
   assert.equal(awarenessResultsAreLive({ cohorts: [] }), false);
   assert.equal(awarenessResultsAreLive(null), false);
@@ -3057,7 +4125,11 @@ test('a moving view over failed feeds takes no continuous-render hold', () => {
     );
     const results = militaryAwarenessLayer.getContextSnapshot();
     assert.ok(results, 'a subject is selected, so an evaluation exists');
-    assert.equal(awarenessResultsAreLive(results), false, 'but every cohort is empty/failed');
+    assert.equal(
+      awarenessResultsAreLive(results),
+      false,
+      'but every cohort is empty/failed',
+    );
 
     for (let frame = 0; frame < 10; frame += 1) {
       clockMs += 16;
@@ -3095,10 +4167,15 @@ test('a moving camera refreshes Contacts more than once inside one parked interv
       pitch: -0.4,
       roll: 0,
     };
-    replaceMethod(flightsLayer, 'getAllPositions', () => {
-      refreshes += 1;
-      return [{ id: 'subject-flight', position }];
-    }, restores);
+    replaceMethod(
+      flightsLayer,
+      'getAllPositions',
+      () => {
+        refreshes += 1;
+        return [{ id: 'subject-flight', position }];
+      },
+      restores,
+    );
 
     runtime.dispatch(
       'gev:awareness-subject-selected',
@@ -3131,7 +4208,11 @@ test('a moving camera refreshes Contacts more than once inside one parked interv
       clockMs += 16;
       runtime.tick();
     }
-    assert.equal(refreshes, 1, 'a parked camera keeps the single-refresh-per-750 ms cadence');
+    assert.equal(
+      refreshes,
+      1,
+      'a parked camera keeps the single-refresh-per-750 ms cadence',
+    );
   } finally {
     Date.now = realNow;
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
@@ -3140,23 +4221,38 @@ test('a moving camera refreshes Contacts more than once inside one parked interv
   }
 });
 
-
 test('a selected installation card keeps every member name and escapes source text', () => {
   const runtime = installAwarenessRuntime();
   const restores = [];
   try {
-    for (const layer of [aisLiveVesselsLayer, flightsLayer, militaryFlightsLayer, militaryInstallationsLayer])
+    for (const layer of [
+      aisLiveVesselsLayer,
+      flightsLayer,
+      militaryFlightsLayer,
+      militaryInstallationsLayer,
+    ])
       replaceMethod(layer, 'getNearby', () => [], restores);
     militaryAwarenessLayer.setParams({ passive: false });
     runtime.dispatch('gev:entity-selected', {
-      layerId: 'military-installations', id: 'osm:military:w1', label: 'Parent base',
-      latitude: 31.13, longitude: -97.78,
-      properties: { memberNames: ['Area one', 'Area two', 'Area three', '<Area four>'] },
+      layerId: 'military-installations',
+      id: 'osm:military:w1',
+      label: 'Parent base',
+      latitude: 31.13,
+      longitude: -97.78,
+      properties: {
+        memberNames: ['Area one', 'Area two', 'Area three', '<Area four>'],
+      },
     });
     militaryAwarenessLayer.update();
     const html = runtime.panel().innerHTML;
     assert.match(html, /Named areas \(4\)/);
-    for (const name of ['Area one', 'Area two', 'Area three', '&lt;Area four&gt;']) assert.ok(html.includes(name));
+    for (const name of [
+      'Area one',
+      'Area two',
+      'Area three',
+      '&lt;Area four&gt;',
+    ])
+      assert.ok(html.includes(name));
     assert.ok(!html.includes('<Area four>'));
   } finally {
     restores.reverse().forEach((restore) => restore());
diff --git a/src/data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js b/src/data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js
index 996ad5b81..0f889d53f 100644
--- a/src/data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js
+++ b/src/data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 /** Pure proximity helpers for Global Context. No capability modeling. */
 
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { UNNAMED_PLACE_NAMES } from './installationNames.js';
+
+const UNNAMED_NAMES = new Set(UNNAMED_PLACE_NAMES);
+
 export const AWARENESS_RADIUS_M = 250000;
 export const AWARENESS_MAX_FLIGHT_SEARCH_RADIUS_M = 16000000;
 export const AWARENESS_RELATIONSHIP = Object.freeze({
@@ -47,7 +52,11 @@ export function formatAwarenessDistance(meters) {
     : `${(meters / 1000).toFixed(meters < 10000 ? 1 : 0)} km`;
 }
 
-/** Return a stable visible label without leaking missing values into UI text. */
+/**
+ * Return a stable visible label without leaking missing values into UI text.
+ * The English name the data gives an unnamed installation ("Military area")
+ * is shown in the UI language; mapped names and callsigns show as they are.
+ */
 export function formatAwarenessLabel(value) {
   if (value && typeof value === 'object') {
     for (const candidate of [
@@ -63,7 +72,11 @@ export function formatAwarenessLabel(value) {
     }
     return '—';
   }
-  if (typeof value === 'string') return value.trim() || '—';
+  if (typeof value === 'string') {
+    const text = value.trim();
+    if (!text) return '—';
+    return UNNAMED_NAMES.has(text) ? t(text) : text;
+  }
   if (Number.isFinite(value)) return String(value);
   return '—';
 }
@@ -82,14 +95,14 @@ export function summarizeAwarenessCohort(
       relationship: AWARENESS_RELATIONSHIP.UNKNOWN,
       count: null,
       nearest: [],
-      reason: 'feed unavailable',
+      reason: t('feed unavailable'),
     };
   if (stale)
     return {
       relationship: AWARENESS_RELATIONSHIP.UNKNOWN,
       count: null,
       nearest: [],
-      reason: 'feed stale',
+      reason: t('feed stale'),
     };
   const normalized = (Array.isArray(items) ? items : [])
     .filter(
@@ -106,8 +119,8 @@ export function summarizeAwarenessCohort(
     count: normalized.length,
     nearest: normalized.slice(0, limit),
     reason: normalized.length
-      ? 'observed or mapped nearby context'
-      : 'no observed or mapped objects in current feeds',
+      ? t('observed or mapped nearby context')
+      : t('no observed or mapped objects in current feeds'),
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/data/militaryFlights.test.mjs b/src/data/militaryFlights.test.mjs
index 0c518eb5f..d04061793 100644
--- a/src/data/militaryFlights.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/militaryFlights.test.mjs
@@ -834,3 +834,48 @@ test('two contacts matching at the same strength resolve deterministically', ()
     'and the same query resolves the same way every time',
   );
 });
+
+test('the military tracked descriptor publishes the reported vertical rate', () => {
+  // Shape parity with the civil layer's getTrackedInfo(). The two layers store
+  // the rate under different record keys (`verticalRateMps` here,
+  // `verticalRate` there), so `resolveTrackedAircraftInfo` only hands back one
+  // shape if BOTH descriptors map it — a consumer that reads the field off the
+  // civil seam and finds it missing on the military one would silently treat
+  // every military contact as level flight.
+  const seedRate = (verticalRateMps) =>
+    _setTrackedMilitaryRefreshStateForTest({
+      icao24: 'ae7f01',
+      entity: { gevLabelModel: { title: 'TEST', details: [] } },
+      billboard: {
+        position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-97.0, 31.0, 8_000),
+        color: Cesium.Color.WHITE,
+        show: true,
+      },
+      billboardCollection: { show: true, remove() {} },
+      viewer: { camera: { positionCartographic: null }, scene: {} },
+      meta: {
+        callsign: 'RCH512',
+        rawLat: 31,
+        rawLon: -97,
+        altitudeFt: 26_000,
+        speedMps: 220,
+        track: 95,
+        onGround: false,
+        verticalRateMps,
+      },
+    });
+
+  seedRate(12.7);
+  assert.equal(militaryFlightsLayer.getTrackedInfo()?.verticalRateMps, 12.7);
+
+  // Absent is not level: a contact that has never transmitted a rate must read
+  // as null, not as a 0 m/s a phase classifier would call cruise.
+  for (const missing of [undefined, null, Number.NaN]) {
+    seedRate(missing);
+    assert.equal(
+      militaryFlightsLayer.getTrackedInfo()?.verticalRateMps,
+      null,
+      `vertical rate ${String(missing)} must publish as null`,
+    );
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/data/militaryInstallationData.js b/src/data/militaryInstallationData.js
index 9254b2b3b..8adde1a03 100644
--- a/src/data/militaryInstallationData.js
+++ b/src/data/militaryInstallationData.js
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+import {
+  UNNAMED_INSTALLATION_FALLBACK,
+  UNNAMED_INSTALLATION_LABEL_BY_CLASS,
+} from './installationNames.js';
+
 /**
  * Normalize the deliberately small, allow-listed installation context returned
  * by `/api/military-installations`. These are mapped features, not assertions
@@ -22,12 +27,10 @@ const CLASS_BY_MILITARY_TAG = {
  * nouns. The OSM id is not lost — it stays on `id` and on `sources[].id`, where
  * attribution and the details panel read it.
  */
-const LABEL_BY_CLASS = {
-  airfield: 'Military airfield',
-  naval_base: 'Naval base',
-  range: 'Firing range',
-  military_land: 'Military land',
-};
+// The labels stay English in data (the server provider and AI tools read the
+// records too); the map card and Contacts translate them (installationNames.js).
+const LABEL_BY_CLASS = UNNAMED_INSTALLATION_LABEL_BY_CLASS;
+const UNNAMED_FALLBACK = UNNAMED_INSTALLATION_FALLBACK;
 
 const MAX_FOOTPRINT_POINTS = 400;
 
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ export function humanizeInstallationClass(klass) {
   const words = key.replaceAll('_', ' ').trim();
   return words
     ? `${words[0].toUpperCase()}${words.slice(1)}`
-    : 'Mapped installation';
+    : UNNAMED_FALLBACK;
 }
 
 function finiteLatitude(value) {
diff --git a/src/data/naturalEarthRegions.js b/src/data/naturalEarthRegions.js
index 0c7af42d0..c40e180ac 100644
--- a/src/data/naturalEarthRegions.js
+++ b/src/data/naturalEarthRegions.js
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 
 import { loadBundledJson } from './bundledJson.js';
 import { createRetryableLoader } from './retryableLoad.js';
+import { EARTH_RADIUS_KM, greatCircleKm } from '../geoDistance.js';
 
-const EARTH_RADIUS_KM = 6371;
 const toRad = (d) => (d * Math.PI) / 180;
 
 /** Spherical-excess ring area (km²) — same family as turf/geojson-area. */
@@ -36,15 +36,6 @@ function ringAreaKm2(ring) {
   return Math.abs((sum * EARTH_RADIUS_KM * EARTH_RADIUS_KM) / 2);
 }
 
-function haversineKm(lon1, lat1, lon2, lat2) {
-  const dLat = toRad(lat2 - lat1);
-  const dLon = toRad(lon2 - lon1);
-  const h =
-    Math.sin(dLat / 2) ** 2 +
-    Math.cos(toRad(lat1)) * Math.cos(toRad(lat2)) * Math.sin(dLon / 2) ** 2;
-  return 2 * EARTH_RADIUS_KM * Math.asin(Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(h)));
-}
-
 /**
  * Normalize a query/name for matching: lowercase, strip diacritics and
  * punctuation, collapse whitespace, strip a leading "the ".
@@ -157,7 +148,10 @@ function buildEntries(pack, kind) {
       polygons,
       areaKm2,
       bbox: [minLon, minLat, maxLon, maxLat],
-      bboxDiagonalKm: haversineKm(minLon, minLat, maxLon, maxLat),
+      bboxDiagonalKm: greatCircleKm(
+        { lat: minLat, lon: minLon },
+        { lat: maxLat, lon: maxLon },
+      ),
     });
   }
   return out;
diff --git a/src/data/naturalEarthRegions.test.mjs b/src/data/naturalEarthRegions.test.mjs
index 36c1946ad..5dd78adea 100644
--- a/src/data/naturalEarthRegions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/naturalEarthRegions.test.mjs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { statSync, readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
 import { findNaturalRegion, listRegions, lookupNaturalRegionOutline, pointInRing } from './naturalEarthRegions.js';
+import { greatCircleKm } from '../geoDistance.js';
 
 const PACK_DIR = new URL('./local_data/natural_earth/', import.meta.url);
 
@@ -19,6 +20,16 @@ test('marquee ranges resolve with sane areas (owner acceptance: Alps + Rockies)'
   assert.ok(rockies.areaKm2 >= 700_000 && rockies.areaKm2 < 1_500_000,
     `Rockies area sane (got ${Math.round(rockies.areaKm2)} km²)`);
   assert.ok(rockies.bboxDiagonalKm > 2000, 'Rockies span thousands of km');
+  const coordinates = rockies.polygons.flat();
+  const minLon = Math.min(...coordinates.map(([lon]) => lon));
+  const minLat = Math.min(...coordinates.map(([, lat]) => lat));
+  const maxLon = Math.max(...coordinates.map(([lon]) => lon));
+  const maxLat = Math.max(...coordinates.map(([, lat]) => lat));
+  assert.equal(
+    rockies.bboxDiagonalKm,
+    greatCircleKm({ lat: minLat, lon: minLon }, { lat: maxLat, lon: maxLon }),
+    'Natural Earth bbox conversion maps [lon, lat] data into { lat, lon } points',
+  );
 });
 
 test('aliases and articles: "the Alps", "Rockies", "Sahara Desert", "Himalaya"', async () => {
diff --git a/src/data/pointerOwnerNames.js b/src/data/pointerOwnerNames.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..057f7f221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/pointerOwnerNames.js
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import { msg } from '../i18n/marker.js';
+
+/**
+ * Tool name for a pointer owner. Owner ids (inputOwnership.js) never go on
+ * screen; callers translate the English name with translateKnown().
+ */
+
+const POINTER_OWNER_NAMES = Object.freeze({
+  draw: msg('Draw'),
+  directions: msg('Directions'),
+  'recent-imagery-box': msg('Recent imagery'),
+});
+
+/**
+ * English display name of a pointer owner. An owner without a registered name
+ * falls back to its id.
+ * @param {string|null} owner Pointer-owner id, as `pointerOwner()` returns it.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function pointerOwnerName(owner) {
+  const id = typeof owner === 'string' ? owner.trim() : '';
+  if (!id) return '';
+  return Object.hasOwn(POINTER_OWNER_NAMES, id) ? POINTER_OWNER_NAMES[id] : id;
+}
diff --git a/src/data/regionalModel.js b/src/data/regionalModel.js
index fca473994..46f162d6f 100644
--- a/src/data/regionalModel.js
+++ b/src/data/regionalModel.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { greatCircleMeters } from '../geoDistance.js';
+
 const MAX_ARTICLES = 5;
 
 function cleanText(value, maxLength = 180) {
@@ -153,19 +155,8 @@ export function weatherCodeLabel(code) {
 
 /** Great-circle distance used to avoid refetching a regional brief every animation frame. */
 export function regionalDistanceM(from, to) {
-  if (
-    ![from?.latitude, from?.longitude, to?.latitude, to?.longitude].every(
-      Number.isFinite,
-    )
-  ) {
-    return Infinity;
-  }
-  const phi1 = (from.latitude * Math.PI) / 180;
-  const phi2 = (to.latitude * Math.PI) / 180;
-  const deltaPhi = ((to.latitude - from.latitude) * Math.PI) / 180;
-  const deltaLambda = ((to.longitude - from.longitude) * Math.PI) / 180;
-  const a =
-    Math.sin(deltaPhi / 2) ** 2 +
-    Math.cos(phi1) * Math.cos(phi2) * Math.sin(deltaLambda / 2) ** 2;
-  return 6371000 * 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1 - a));
+  return greatCircleMeters(
+    { lat: from?.latitude, lon: from?.longitude },
+    { lat: to?.latitude, lon: to?.longitude },
+  );
 }
diff --git a/src/data/rocketLaunches.test.mjs b/src/data/rocketLaunches.test.mjs
index a1a3fab44..b68a11db3 100644
--- a/src/data/rocketLaunches.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/rocketLaunches.test.mjs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { gstime } from 'satellite.js';
+import { createModel } from '../layers/launches/model.js';
 import rocketLaunchesLayer, {
   _setRocketMissionOverlayHostForTest,
   _setSelectedRocketMissionForTest,
@@ -676,6 +677,37 @@ test('uses Launch Library 2 pad latitude/longitude fields', () => {
   assert.equal(launches[0].lon, -120.611);
 });
 
+test('null or blank pad coordinates stay unknown instead of becoming 0', () => {
+  const base = { net: '2026-07-20T10:00:00Z' };
+  for (const blank of [null, '', '  ', false]) {
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      normalizeRocketLaunches([{ ...base, id: 'blank', pad: { latitude: blank, longitude: blank } }], NOW),
+      [],
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('null pad coordinates use the location fallback instead of 0,0', () => {
+  const base = { net: '2026-07-20T10:00:00Z' };
+  const [fallback] = normalizeRocketLaunches([{ ...base, id: 'fallback',
+    pad: { latitude: null, longitude: null, location: { coordinates: '-80.6,28.6' } } }], NOW);
+  assert.equal(fallback.lat, 28.6);
+  assert.equal(fallback.lon, -80.6);
+});
+
+test('an undisclosed landing keeps top-level position and stage numbers unknown', () => {
+  const base = { net: '2026-07-20T10:00:00Z' };
+  const [launch] = normalizeRocketLaunches([{ ...base, id: 'landing', pad: { latitude: 1, longitude: 2 },
+    rocket: { launcher_stage: [{ launcher_flight_number: null,
+      landing: { attempt: true, latitude: null, longitude: null, downrange_distance: null,
+        landing_location: { latitude: null, longitude: null } } }] } }], NOW);
+  const [stage] = launch.recoveryStages;
+  assert.equal(stage.lat, null);
+  assert.equal(stage.lon, null);
+  assert.equal(stage.downrangeKm, null);
+  assert.equal(stage.flightNumber, null);
+});
+
 test('normalizes detailed payload and stage recovery records', () => {
   const launches = normalizeRocketLaunches({ results: [{
     id: 'recovery-details',
@@ -728,6 +760,126 @@ test('normalizes detailed payload and stage recovery records', () => {
   assert.equal(launches[0].recoveryStages[0].lon, -76.2);
 });
 
+test('finiteCoordinate normalizes finite numbers and rejects non-numeric or non-finite inputs', () => {
+  const model = createModel({});
+  assert.equal(model.finiteCoordinate(42.5), 42.5);
+  assert.equal(model.finiteCoordinate('28.5619'), 28.5619);
+  assert.equal(model.finiteCoordinate('-80.5772'), -80.5772);
+  assert.equal(model.finiteCoordinate(0), 0);
+  assert.equal(model.finiteCoordinate('0'), 0);
+  assert.equal(model.finiteCoordinate(undefined), null);
+  assert.equal(model.finiteCoordinate('invalid'), null);
+  assert.equal(model.finiteCoordinate('TBD'), null);
+  assert.equal(model.finiteCoordinate(Number.NaN), null);
+  assert.equal(model.finiteCoordinate(Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY), null);
+  assert.equal(model.finiteCoordinate(Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY), null);
+});
+
+test('normalizes recovery stage coordinates, downrange distance, and flight numbers with non-finite fallbacks', () => {
+  const launches = normalizeRocketLaunches(
+    {
+      results: [
+        {
+          id: 'recovery-fallbacks',
+          name: 'Falcon 9 | Edge Case Stage Normalization',
+          net: '2026-07-20T10:00:00Z',
+          pad: { latitude: '28.608', longitude: '-80.604' },
+          rocket: {
+            launcher_stage: [
+              {
+                id: 88,
+                type: { name: 'Booster' },
+                launcher_flight_number: 'invalid-flight',
+                landing: {
+                  attempt: true,
+                  success: false,
+                  downrange_distance: 'TBD',
+                  landing_location: {
+                    name: 'Ocean Impact',
+                    latitude: 'N/A',
+                    longitude: undefined,
+                  },
+                },
+              },
+              {
+                id: 89,
+                type: { name: 'Expended Stage' },
+                landing: {
+                  attempt: false,
+                  type: { name: 'Expendable' },
+                },
+              },
+            ],
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    NOW,
+  );
+
+  assert.equal(launches[0].recoveryStages.length, 2);
+
+  const booster = launches[0].recoveryStages[0];
+  assert.equal(booster.status, 'LOST');
+  assert.equal(booster.success, false);
+  assert.equal(booster.attempted, true);
+  assert.equal(booster.flightNumber, null);
+  assert.equal(booster.downrangeKm, null);
+  assert.equal(booster.lat, null);
+  assert.equal(booster.lon, null);
+
+  const expendable = launches[0].recoveryStages[1];
+  assert.equal(expendable.status, 'EXPENDABLE');
+  assert.equal(expendable.attempted, false);
+  assert.equal(expendable.success, null);
+});
+
+test('normalizes payload amounts and fractional string masses', () => {
+  const launches = normalizeRocketLaunches(
+    {
+      results: [
+        {
+          id: 'payload-edge-cases',
+          name: 'Electron | Mixed Payloads',
+          net: '2026-07-20T10:00:00Z',
+          pad: { latitude: '-39.26', longitude: '177.86' },
+          rocket: {
+            payloads: [
+              {
+                id: 601,
+                amount: 'not-a-number',
+                payload: { id: 11, name: 'Unknown Amount Payload' },
+              },
+              {
+                id: 602,
+                amount: 3,
+                payload: { id: 12, name: 'Triple Payload' },
+              },
+              {
+                id: 603,
+                payload: {
+                  id: 13,
+                  name: 'Valid Fractional Mass Payload',
+                  mass: '12.75',
+                },
+              },
+            ],
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    NOW,
+  );
+
+  // Blank, negative and non-numeric masses are pinned by "missing payload
+  // details stay unknown without inventing mass or classification".
+  const payloads = launches[0].payloads;
+  assert.equal(payloads.length, 3);
+  assert.equal(payloads[0].amount, 1);
+  assert.equal(payloads[1].amount, 3);
+  assert.equal(payloads[2].massKg, 12.75);
+});
+
 test('keeps payload and recovery collections empty when LL2 does not disclose them', () => {
   const launches = normalizeRocketLaunches({ results: [{
     id: 'undisclosed',
diff --git a/src/data/routePlausible.js b/src/data/routePlausible.js
index a8c0e9259..238c2e6cb 100644
--- a/src/data/routePlausible.js
+++ b/src/data/routePlausible.js
@@ -10,19 +10,9 @@
  * low → its destination should be nearby).
  */
 
-const D2R = Math.PI / 180;
-const R_KM = 6371;
+import { EARTH_RADIUS_KM, greatCircleKm, isGeoPoint } from '../geoDistance.js';
 
-/** Haversine great-circle distance in km. */
-export function greatCircleKm(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
-  const p1 = lat1 * D2R;
-  const p2 = lat2 * D2R;
-  const dp = (lat2 - lat1) * D2R;
-  const dl = (lon2 - lon1) * D2R;
-  const a =
-    Math.sin(dp / 2) ** 2 + Math.cos(p1) * Math.cos(p2) * Math.sin(dl / 2) ** 2;
-  return R_KM * 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1 - a));
-}
+const D2R = Math.PI / 180;
 
 function bearingRad(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
   const p1 = lat1 * D2R;
@@ -36,10 +26,11 @@ function bearingRad(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
 
 /** Signed cross-track distance (km) of point from the great circle p1→p2. */
 export function crossTrackKm(lat, lon, lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
-  const d13 = greatCircleKm(lat1, lon1, lat, lon) / R_KM;
+  const d13 =
+    greatCircleKm({ lat: lat1, lon: lon1 }, { lat, lon }) / EARTH_RADIUS_KM;
   const b13 = bearingRad(lat1, lon1, lat, lon);
   const b12 = bearingRad(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2);
-  return Math.asin(Math.sin(d13) * Math.sin(b13 - b12)) * R_KM;
+  return Math.asin(Math.sin(d13) * Math.sin(b13 - b12)) * EARTH_RADIUS_KM;
 }
 
 const NEAR_ENDPOINT_KM = 130;
@@ -65,14 +56,14 @@ export function routePlausible({
   origin = null,
   destination = null,
 }) {
-  const haveO = Number.isFinite(origin?.lat) && Number.isFinite(origin?.lon);
-  const haveD =
-    Number.isFinite(destination?.lat) && Number.isFinite(destination?.lon);
+  const position = { lat: latDeg, lon: lonDeg };
+  if (!isGeoPoint(position)) return true;
+  const haveO = isGeoPoint(origin);
+  const haveD = isGeoPoint(destination);
   if (!haveO && !haveD) return true; // no coordinates — cannot judge, do not hide
 
   // (a) Geographic consistency: near an endpoint, or roughly on the path.
-  const near = (pt) =>
-    greatCircleKm(latDeg, lonDeg, pt.lat, pt.lon) < NEAR_ENDPOINT_KM;
+  const near = (point) => greatCircleKm(position, point) < NEAR_ENDPOINT_KM;
   let geomOk = (haveO && near(origin)) || (haveD && near(destination));
   if (!geomOk && haveO && haveD) {
     geomOk =
@@ -99,17 +90,10 @@ export function routePlausible({
     Math.abs(verticalRateMps) > VERT_TREND_MPS
   ) {
     if (verticalRateMps > 0) {
-      if (
-        haveO &&
-        greatCircleKm(latDeg, lonDeg, origin.lat, origin.lon) > LOCAL_AIRPORT_KM
-      )
+      if (haveO && greatCircleKm(position, origin) > LOCAL_AIRPORT_KM)
         return false; // departing — origin should be local
     } else {
-      if (
-        haveD &&
-        greatCircleKm(latDeg, lonDeg, destination.lat, destination.lon) >
-          LOCAL_AIRPORT_KM
-      )
+      if (haveD && greatCircleKm(position, destination) > LOCAL_AIRPORT_KM)
         return false; // arriving — destination should be local
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/data/routePlausible.test.mjs b/src/data/routePlausible.test.mjs
index dab932c6e..aa59a0c18 100644
--- a/src/data/routePlausible.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/routePlausible.test.mjs
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 // src/data/routePlausible.test.mjs
 import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import { routePlausible, greatCircleKm } from './routePlausible.js';
+import { greatCircleKm } from '../geoDistance.js';
+import { routePlausible } from './routePlausible.js';
 
 const SFO = { lat: 37.6188, lon: -122.3754 };
 const LAX = { lat: 33.9416, lon: -118.4085 };
 const JFK = { lat: 40.6413, lon: -73.7781 };
 
 test('greatCircleKm sanity: SFO→LAX ≈ 543 km', () => {
-  const d = greatCircleKm(SFO.lat, SFO.lon, LAX.lat, LAX.lon);
+  const d = greatCircleKm(SFO, LAX);
   assert.ok(Math.abs(d - 543) < 15, `got ${d}`);
 });
 
@@ -41,4 +42,8 @@ test('missing data never hides a route (cannot judge → allow)', () => {
     latDeg: 51.5, lonDeg: -0.12,
     origin: { lat: null, lon: null }, destination: null,
   }), true);
+  assert.equal(routePlausible({
+    latDeg: 95, lonDeg: 0,
+    origin: SFO, destination: LAX,
+  }), true);
 });
diff --git a/src/data/satelliteClass.js b/src/data/satelliteClass.js
index 29a7df3b1..df4f25c6a 100644
--- a/src/data/satelliteClass.js
+++ b/src/data/satelliteClass.js
@@ -17,54 +17,46 @@
  * for), then the constellations users can actually name, then the grab-bag.
  */
 
+import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 /**
- * Class registry. `label` is the card/legend token, `color` the point color,
- * `blurb` the plain-language gloss for the legend tooltip.
- * @type {Readonly<Record<string, { label: string, color: string, blurb: string }>>}
+ * Class registry: the point color of each class. The card and legend text is
+ * in CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS.
+ * @type {Readonly<Record<string, { color: string }>>}
  */
 export const SATELLITE_CLASSES = Object.freeze({
   station: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'STATION',
     // Warm white — "crewed", and the brightest class in the sky. Deliberately
     // NOT amber: 40-48deg amber is the app's known-military convention
     // (flights.js MIL_TINT / militaryFlights.js MIL_ICON_COLOR) and must not
     // leak into another domain. Slightly warm so it also separates from the
     // pure white the civilian air fleet draws in.
     color: '#fff6e5',
-    blurb: 'Crewed stations and their visiting vehicles',
   }),
   nav: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'NAV',
     // Cyan — the strongest accent goes to the class users actually name
     // ("how many GPS satellites are up?"). Takes over the slot the catch-all
     // VISUAL group used to occupy, so this adds no new hue to the app.
     color: '#4fd8ff',
-    blurb: 'GNSS navigation — GPS, GLONASS, Galileo',
   }),
   geo: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'GEO',
     // Violet, unchanged. Already the app's "space" semantic (the detection
     // overlay paints the SAT tier #bda4ff), and the geostationary belt draws
     // as one clean equatorial ring at globe scale.
     color: '#c89bff',
-    blurb: 'Geostationary belt — comms and weather, fixed over the equator',
   }),
   visual: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'VISUAL',
     // Muted blue-gray. This is the catch-all bucket, so it gives up the bright
     // cyan it used to hold and recedes behind the three classes that mean
     // something. Still well clear of the dense shell by luminance.
     color: '#9fb3c4',
-    blurb: 'Brightest naked-eye objects — CelesTrak visual group',
   }),
   comms: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'COMMS',
     // Dim slate — thousands of these appear in DENSE mode. They must read as
     // texture behind the core catalog, never compete with it. Rec.601 luma
     // ~0.40 against VISUAL's ~0.69 keeps the two separable even when the
     // NVG/FLIR shaders collapse the scene to a single channel.
     color: '#54697f',
-    blurb: 'Broadband constellation shell — shown only in DENSE mode',
   }),
 });
 
@@ -77,6 +69,32 @@ export const SATELLITE_CLASS_ORDER = Object.freeze([
   'comms',
 ]);
 
+// What the card and legend show for each class.
+const CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS = Object.freeze({
+  station: Object.freeze({
+    label: msg('STATION'),
+    blurb: msg('Crewed stations and their visiting vehicles'),
+  }),
+  nav: Object.freeze({
+    label: msg('NAV'),
+    blurb: msg('GNSS navigation — GPS, GLONASS, Galileo'),
+  }),
+  geo: Object.freeze({
+    label: msg('GEO'),
+    blurb: msg(
+      'Geostationary belt — comms and weather, fixed over the equator',
+    ),
+  }),
+  visual: Object.freeze({
+    label: msg('VISUAL'),
+    blurb: msg('Brightest naked-eye objects — CelesTrak visual group'),
+  }),
+  comms: Object.freeze({
+    label: msg('COMMS'),
+    blurb: msg('Broadband constellation shell — shown only in DENSE mode'),
+  }),
+});
+
 /**
  * CelesTrak group tag → { class, subtype }. Subtype names the specific
  * constellation so the card can read "NAV · GPS" rather than a bare "NAV".
@@ -134,12 +152,17 @@ export function satelliteClassColor(group) {
  * The ISS is always a STATION regardless of which group ingested it — see
  * satelliteClassOf, which owns that rule for every consumer.
  * @param {string|undefined|null} group CelesTrak group tag.
- * @param {{ isIss?: boolean }} [options] Whether this is the ISS.
+ * @param {{ isIss?: boolean, localize?: boolean }} [options] isIss: the ISS;
+ *   localize: false keeps the English label (data for the AI tools).
  * @returns {string} Display label.
  */
-export function satelliteClassLabel(group, { isIss = false } = {}) {
+export function satelliteClassLabel(
+  group,
+  { isIss = false, localize = true } = {},
+) {
   const { klass, subtype } = satelliteClassOf(group, { isIss });
-  const base = SATELLITE_CLASSES[klass].label;
+  const label = CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS[klass].label;
+  const base = localize ? t(label) : label;
   return subtype ? `${base} · ${subtype}` : base;
 }
 
@@ -180,11 +203,12 @@ export function satelliteClassLegend(counts) {
     const count = counts?.[klass];
     if (!(count > 0)) continue;
     const spec = SATELLITE_CLASSES[klass];
+    const display = CLASS_DISPLAY_KEYS[klass];
     result.push({
       klass,
-      label: spec.label,
+      label: t(display.label),
       color: spec.color,
-      blurb: spec.blurb,
+      blurb: t(display.blurb),
       count,
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/data/satellitesTrackedRefresh.test.mjs b/src/data/satellitesTrackedRefresh.test.mjs
index 09c1bc515..cf70b373c 100644
--- a/src/data/satellitesTrackedRefresh.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/satellitesTrackedRefresh.test.mjs
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@ import {
 import satellitesLayer from './satellites.js';
 import { createTrackedOverlayEntry } from './trackedReadout.js';
 
-const L1 = '1 25544U 98067A   08264.51782528 -.00002182  00000-0 -11606-4 0  2927';
-const L2 = '2 25544  51.6416 247.4627 0006703 130.5360 325.0288 15.72125391563537';
+const L1 =
+  '1 25544U 98067A   08264.51782528 -.00002182  00000-0 -11606-4 0  2927';
+const L2 =
+  '2 25544  51.6416 247.4627 0006703 130.5360 325.0288 15.72125391563537';
 
 test('partial and dense catalogs do not make an early false missing decision', async () => {
   _setSatelliteTrackingRefreshOutcomeForTest({
@@ -32,31 +34,45 @@ test('partial and dense catalogs do not make an early false missing decision', a
   assert.match(partial.reason, /partial CelesTrak catalog/);
 
   let releaseDense;
-  const densePromise = new Promise((resolve) => { releaseDense = resolve; });
+  const densePromise = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    releaseDense = resolve;
+  });
   _setSatelliteTrackingRefreshOutcomeForTest({
     status: 'accepted',
     catalog: 'dense',
     densePromise,
   });
   let settled = false;
-  const resolution = satellitesLayer.resolveTrackingRestoreTarget(987654)
-    .then((result) => { settled = true; return result; });
+  const resolution = satellitesLayer
+    .resolveTrackingRestoreTarget(987654)
+    .then((result) => {
+      settled = true;
+      return result;
+    });
   await Promise.resolve();
   assert.equal(settled, false, 'dense absence must wait for the dense catalog');
   releaseDense({ status: 'ready' });
   assert.equal((await resolution).status, 'missing');
-  _setSatelliteTrackingRefreshOutcomeForTest({ status: 'accepted', catalog: 'core' });
+  _setSatelliteTrackingRefreshOutcomeForTest({
+    status: 'accepted',
+    catalog: 'core',
+  });
 });
 
 test('satellite first update aborts every parallel catalog request', async () => {
   const realFetch = globalThis.fetch;
   const observedSignals = [];
-  globalThis.fetch = (_url, options = {}) => new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
-    observedSignals.push(options.signal);
-    options.signal?.addEventListener('abort', () => {
-      reject(new DOMException('aborted', 'AbortError'));
-    }, { once: true });
-  });
+  globalThis.fetch = (_url, options = {}) =>
+    new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
+      observedSignals.push(options.signal);
+      options.signal?.addEventListener(
+        'abort',
+        () => {
+          reject(new DOMException('aborted', 'AbortError'));
+        },
+        { once: true },
+      );
+    });
   try {
     const controller = new AbortController();
     const work = satellitesLayer.update({}, { signal: controller.signal });
@@ -64,7 +80,10 @@ test('satellite first update aborts every parallel catalog request', async () =>
     assert.ok(observedSignals.length > 1);
     controller.abort();
     await assert.rejects(work, { name: 'AbortError' });
-    assert.equal(observedSignals.every((signal) => signal?.aborted), true);
+    assert.equal(
+      observedSignals.every((signal) => signal?.aborted),
+      true,
+    );
   } finally {
     globalThis.fetch = realFetch;
   }
@@ -94,7 +113,9 @@ test('selected satellite params survive delayed arrival and yield to newer expli
     point,
   });
   try {
-    assert.doesNotThrow(() => satellitesLayer.setParams({ selectedSatTrackingId: 25544 }));
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() =>
+      satellitesLayer.setParams({ selectedSatTrackingId: 25544 }),
+    );
     assert.equal(satellitesLayer.getParams().selectedSatTrackingId, 25544);
     assert.equal(viewer.trackedEntity?.gevTrackedId, 'satellites:25544');
 
@@ -120,7 +141,11 @@ test('selected satellite params survive delayed arrival and yield to newer expli
     );
     assert.equal(_pendingSatelliteTrackingRestoreForTest(), 99999);
     assert.equal(satellitesLayer.trackById(25544, { origin: 'user' }), true);
-    assert.equal(_pendingSatelliteTrackingRestoreForTest(), null, 'new user selection cancels stale restore');
+    assert.equal(
+      _pendingSatelliteTrackingRestoreForTest(),
+      null,
+      'new user selection cancels stale restore',
+    );
     _applyPendingSatelliteTrackingRestoreForTest();
     assert.equal(satellitesLayer.getParams().selectedSatTrackingId, 25544);
 
@@ -132,7 +157,11 @@ test('selected satellite params survive delayed arrival and yield to newer expli
     );
     assert.equal(_pendingSatelliteTrackingRestoreForTest(), 25544);
     satellitesLayer.stopTracking({ origin: 'user' });
-    assert.equal(_pendingSatelliteTrackingRestoreForTest(), null, 'explicit clear cancels stale restore');
+    assert.equal(
+      _pendingSatelliteTrackingRestoreForTest(),
+      null,
+      'explicit clear cancels stale restore',
+    );
     _setSatelliteLabelLifecycleStateForTest({
       viewer,
       satrec: twoline2satrec(L1, L2),
@@ -187,8 +216,8 @@ test('a tracked docked cluster consolidates its companions onto one card', () =>
     viewer,
     now: () => nowMs,
     neighbours: [
-      { noradId: 55555, name: 'PROGRESS-MS 34', point: near(120) },   // berthed
-      { noradId: 55556, name: 'SOYUZ-MS 12', point: near(-90) },      // berthed
+      { noradId: 55555, name: 'PROGRESS-MS 34', point: near(120) }, // berthed
+      { noradId: 55556, name: 'SOYUZ-MS 12', point: near(-90) }, // berthed
       { noradId: 99999, name: 'UNRELATED SAT', point: near(50_000) }, // 50 km away
     ],
   });
@@ -203,10 +232,17 @@ test('a tracked docked cluster consolidates its companions onto one card', () =>
   const details = entity.gevLabelModel.details;
   // Class leads the detail block; the altitude line follows it, and the
   // consolidated companions stay last.
-  assert.equal(details[0], 'STATION · ISS', 'the class line names what this is');
+  assert.equal(
+    details[0],
+    'STATION · ISS',
+    'the class line names what this is',
+  );
   assert.match(details[1], /NORAD 25544$/, 'the altitude line is unchanged');
-  assert.equal(details[2], 'DOCKED · PROGRESS-MS 34 · +1',
-    'companions are consolidated, named, and counted on the tracked card');
+  assert.equal(
+    details[2],
+    'DOCKED · PROGRESS-MS 34 · +1',
+    'companions are consolidated, named, and counted on the tracked card',
+  );
 
   // Scoping is encoded in that string: THREE neighbours were seeded but only two
   // are counted (the named one plus "+1"). The satellite 50 km away is not part
@@ -222,10 +258,7 @@ test('satellite pre-render refreshes the tracked altitude on each propagated fra
     camera: null,
     scene: { frameState: { frameNumber: 1 } },
   };
-  const epochs = [
-    Date.UTC(2008, 8, 20, 12, 30),
-    Date.UTC(2008, 8, 20, 13, 0),
-  ];
+  const epochs = [Date.UTC(2008, 8, 20, 12, 30), Date.UTC(2008, 8, 20, 13, 0)];
   let epochIndex = 0;
   _setTrackedSatelliteRefreshStateForTest({
     noradId: 25544,
@@ -240,14 +273,18 @@ test('satellite pre-render refreshes the tracked altitude on each propagated fra
   _runSatellitePreRenderForTest();
   assert.equal(entity.gevLabelModel.title, 'ISS (ZARYA)');
   assert.equal(entity.gevLabelModel.details[0], 'STATION · ISS');
-  assert.equal(entity.gevLabelModel.details[1], '353 km · NORAD 25544');
+  // formatQuantity keeps the number and its unit together with a no-break space.
+  assert.equal(entity.gevLabelModel.details[1], '353\u00a0km · NORAD 25544');
 
   epochIndex = 1;
   viewer.scene.frameState.frameNumber = 2;
   _runSatellitePreRenderForTest();
-  assert.equal(entity.gevLabelModel.details[1], '366 km · NORAD 25544');
-  assert.equal(entity.gevLabelModel.details[0], 'STATION · ISS',
-    'the class line survives an altitude-only republish');
+  assert.equal(entity.gevLabelModel.details[1], '366\u00a0km · NORAD 25544');
+  assert.equal(
+    entity.gevLabelModel.details[0],
+    'STATION · ISS',
+    'the class line survives an altitude-only republish',
+  );
 });
 
 test('ISS ambient and tracked lifecycle uses cached host entries with no native labels or duplicate text', () => {
@@ -288,34 +325,59 @@ test('ISS ambient and tracked lifecycle uses cached host entries with no native
     assert.deepEqual(ambientPublication[3], ISS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS);
     const ambient = ambientPublication[2][0];
     assert.equal(ambient.title, 'ISS');
-    assert.equal(ambient.position(), point.position, 'ISS getter reads the existing point cache');
-    assert.equal(point.label, undefined, 'ISS point primitive carries no label graphic');
+    assert.equal(
+      ambient.position(),
+      point.position,
+      'ISS getter reads the existing point cache',
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      point.label,
+      undefined,
+      'ISS point primitive carries no label graphic',
+    );
 
     const trackedEntity = _trackIssForTest();
     assert.ok(trackedEntity);
-    assert.equal(viewer.entities.values.length, 1, 'runtime guard requires a real tracked entity');
+    assert.equal(
+      viewer.entities.values.length,
+      1,
+      'runtime guard requires a real tracked entity',
+    );
     assert.equal(trackedEntity.label, undefined);
-    assert.ok(trackedEntity.point, 'tracked dot remains on the entity for camera framing');
+    assert.ok(
+      trackedEntity.point,
+      'tracked dot remains on the entity for camera framing',
+    );
     const trackedEntry = createTrackedOverlayEntry(trackedEntity);
     assert.ok(trackedEntry);
     assert.equal(trackedEntry.id, 'satellites:25544');
     assert.equal(trackedEntry.protected, true);
     assert.equal(trackedEntry.paintLane, 'tracked');
     assert.equal(
-      calls.filter(([type, sourceId]) => type === 'entries' && sourceId === 'satellites-iss').length,
+      calls.filter(
+        ([type, sourceId]) =>
+          type === 'entries' && sourceId === 'satellites-iss',
+      ).length,
       2,
       'tracking may refresh before ownership changes but must not publish a second ISS entry',
     );
-    assert.deepEqual(calls.slice(-2), [
-      ['clear', 'satellites-iss'],
-      ['visible', 'satellites-iss', false],
-    ], 'tracked ISS suppresses ambient text so the tracked card is the only text surface');
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      calls.slice(-2),
+      [
+        ['clear', 'satellites-iss'],
+        ['visible', 'satellites-iss', false],
+      ],
+      'tracked ISS suppresses ambient text so the tracked card is the only text surface',
+    );
 
     _clearSatelliteLabelLifecycleForTest();
     cleaned = true;
     assert.equal(viewer.entities.values.length, 0);
     assert.equal(
-      calls.filter(([type, sourceId]) => type === 'entries' && sourceId === 'satellites-iss').length,
+      calls.filter(
+        ([type, sourceId]) =>
+          type === 'entries' && sourceId === 'satellites-iss',
+      ).length,
       3,
       'untracking republishes exactly one persistent ISS ambient entry before teardown',
     );
diff --git a/src/data/trackedCardLocale.test.mjs b/src/data/trackedCardLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6877ea41f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/trackedCardLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { twoline2satrec } from 'satellite.js';
+import {
+  _runSatellitePreRenderForTest,
+  _setTrackedSatelliteRefreshStateForTest,
+  _trackedFrameCartesianForTest,
+} from './satellites.js';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+const L1 =
+  '1 25544U 98067A   08264.51782528 -.00002182  00000-0 -11606-4 0  2927';
+const L2 =
+  '2 25544  51.6416 247.4627 0006703 130.5360 325.0288 15.72125391563537';
+
+function run(locale) {
+  setLocale(locale);
+  const entity = { gevLabelModel: { title: 'OLD', details: ['? km'] } };
+  const point = { position: new Cesium.Cartesian3() };
+  const viewer = { camera: null, scene: { frameState: { frameNumber: 1 } } };
+  let nowMs = Date.UTC(2008, 8, 20, 12, 30);
+  const near = (metres) => ({
+    get position() {
+      const tracked = _trackedFrameCartesianForTest();
+      return new Cesium.Cartesian3(tracked.x + metres, tracked.y, tracked.z);
+    },
+  });
+  _setTrackedSatelliteRefreshStateForTest({
+    noradId: 25544,
+    name: 'ISS (ZARYA)',
+    satrec: twoline2satrec(L1, L2),
+    entity,
+    point,
+    viewer,
+    now: () => nowMs,
+    neighbours: [
+      { noradId: 55555, name: 'PROGRESS-MS 34', point: near(120) },
+      { noradId: 55556, name: 'SOYUZ-MS 12', point: near(-90) },
+    ],
+  });
+  _runSatellitePreRenderForTest();
+  nowMs += 2000;
+  viewer.scene.frameState.frameNumber = 2;
+  _runSatellitePreRenderForTest();
+  const details = entity.gevLabelModel.details;
+  setLocale('en');
+  return details;
+}
+
+test('es: tracked ISS card is localized', () => {
+  const details = run('es');
+  assert.equal(details[0], 'ESTACIÓN · ISS');
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    details[2],
+    /^DOCKED/,
+    'companions line should be localized',
+  );
+});
+
+test('ru: tracked ISS card is localized', () => {
+  const details = run('ru');
+  assert.equal(details[0], 'СТАНЦИЯ · ISS');
+  assert.match(details[1], /км/, 'ru glossary: km → км');
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    details[2],
+    /^DOCKED/,
+    'companions line should be localized',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/data/trafficBounds.js b/src/data/trafficBounds.js
index ff5142133..5919f26f1 100644
--- a/src/data/trafficBounds.js
+++ b/src/data/trafficBounds.js
@@ -13,31 +13,11 @@
  * @module data/trafficBounds
  */
 
-/** @const {number} Mean Earth radius in km (spherical approximation). */
-const EARTH_RADIUS_KM = 6371;
+import { EARTH_RADIUS_KM, greatCircleKm, isGeoPoint } from '../geoDistance.js';
 
 const toRad = (deg) => (deg * Math.PI) / 180;
 const toDeg = (rad) => (rad * 180) / Math.PI;
 
-/**
- * Great-circle distance between two lat/lon points (haversine).
- *
- * @param {number} lat1 - First point latitude (degrees).
- * @param {number} lon1 - First point longitude (degrees).
- * @param {number} lat2 - Second point latitude (degrees).
- * @param {number} lon2 - Second point longitude (degrees).
- * @returns {number} Distance in kilometres.
- */
-export function greatCircleKm(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
-  const p1 = toRad(lat1);
-  const p2 = toRad(lat2);
-  const dp = toRad(lat2 - lat1);
-  const dl = toRad(lon2 - lon1);
-  const a =
-    Math.sin(dp / 2) ** 2 + Math.cos(p1) * Math.cos(p2) * Math.sin(dl / 2) ** 2;
-  return 2 * EARTH_RADIUS_KM * Math.asin(Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(a)));
-}
-
 /**
  * Initial bearing (radians) from point 1 toward point 2 along the great circle.
  *
@@ -111,10 +91,13 @@ export function deriveFetchCenter({
   hitLon,
   maxPullKm = 12,
 }) {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(hitLat) || !Number.isFinite(hitLon)) {
+  if (!isGeoPoint({ lat: hitLat, lon: hitLon })) {
     return { lat: nadirLat, lon: nadirLon, source: 'nadir' };
   }
-  const distKm = greatCircleKm(nadirLat, nadirLon, hitLat, hitLon);
+  const distKm = greatCircleKm(
+    { lat: nadirLat, lon: nadirLon },
+    { lat: hitLat, lon: hitLon },
+  );
   if (distKm <= maxPullKm) {
     return { lat: hitLat, lon: hitLon, source: 'hit' };
   }
diff --git a/src/data/trafficBounds.test.mjs b/src/data/trafficBounds.test.mjs
index 0ff38628d..bbc60cbfe 100644
--- a/src/data/trafficBounds.test.mjs
+++ b/src/data/trafficBounds.test.mjs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // src/data/trafficBounds.test.mjs
 import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { greatCircleKm } from '../geoDistance.js';
 import {
-  greatCircleKm,
   deriveFetchCenter,
   clampBoundsAroundCenter,
 } from './trafficBounds.js';
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 const NADIR = { lat: 30.2672, lon: -97.7431 };
 
 test('greatCircleKm sanity: Austin -> ~5 km north', () => {
-  const d = greatCircleKm(NADIR.lat, NADIR.lon, NADIR.lat + 0.045, NADIR.lon);
+  const d = greatCircleKm(NADIR, { lat: NADIR.lat + 0.045, lon: NADIR.lon });
   assert.ok(Math.abs(d - 5.0) < 0.1, `got ${d}`);
 });
 
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ test('oblique look within 12 km: uses the hit point verbatim', () => {
 test('horizon gaze: far hit is pulled back to 12 km along the bearing', () => {
   // Hit ~100 km due east of nadir.
   const hit = { lat: NADIR.lat, lon: NADIR.lon + 1.041 };
-  assert.ok(greatCircleKm(NADIR.lat, NADIR.lon, hit.lat, hit.lon) > 90, 'precondition: far hit');
+  assert.ok(greatCircleKm(NADIR, hit) > 90, 'precondition: far hit');
   const c = deriveFetchCenter({
     nadirLat: NADIR.lat, nadirLon: NADIR.lon,
     hitLat: hit.lat, hitLon: hit.lon,
     maxPullKm: 12,
   });
   assert.equal(c.source, 'pulled');
-  const d = greatCircleKm(NADIR.lat, NADIR.lon, c.lat, c.lon);
+  const d = greatCircleKm(NADIR, c);
   assert.ok(Math.abs(d - 12) < 0.05, `pulled distance ${d} km, expected ~12`);
   // Due-east bearing: latitude stays ~constant, longitude moves east but well
   // short of the hit.
@@ -64,12 +64,12 @@ test('pull cap is honored for other maxPullKm values', () => {
     maxPullKm: 5,
   });
   assert.equal(c.source, 'pulled');
-  const d = greatCircleKm(NADIR.lat, NADIR.lon, c.lat, c.lon);
+  const d = greatCircleKm(NADIR, c);
   assert.ok(Math.abs(d - 5) < 0.05, `pulled distance ${d} km, expected ~5`);
 });
 
-test('pickEllipsoid failure (non-finite hit): falls back to the camera nadir', () => {
-  for (const [hitLat, hitLon] of [[NaN, NaN], [undefined, undefined], [30.3, undefined]]) {
+test('invalid ground hit falls back to the camera nadir', () => {
+  for (const [hitLat, hitLon] of [[NaN, NaN], [undefined, undefined], [30.3, undefined], [91, -97], [30, 181]]) {
     const c = deriveFetchCenter({
       nadirLat: NADIR.lat, nadirLon: NADIR.lon,
       hitLat, hitLon,
diff --git a/src/data/transitFeeds.js b/src/data/transitFeeds.js
index dfd3d6b18..b8476a6ee 100644
--- a/src/data/transitFeeds.js
+++ b/src/data/transitFeeds.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { greatCircleKm } from '../geoDistance.js';
+
 /**
  * @module transitFeeds
  * @description Registry of keyless, openly licensed GTFS-Realtime
@@ -773,7 +775,8 @@ export function getRegisteredTransitFeed(id) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Great-circle distance in km.
+ * Great-circle distance in km. Retained for compatibility with existing
+ * transit consumers; new shared spatial code should use `greatCircleKm`.
  * @param {number} aLat
  * @param {number} aLon
  * @param {number} bLat
@@ -781,13 +784,7 @@ export function getRegisteredTransitFeed(id) {
  * @returns {number}
  */
 export function haversineKm(aLat, aLon, bLat, bLon) {
-  const toRad = (deg) => (deg * Math.PI) / 180;
-  const dLat = toRad(bLat - aLat);
-  const dLon = toRad(bLon - aLon);
-  const h =
-    Math.sin(dLat / 2) ** 2 +
-    Math.cos(toRad(aLat)) * Math.cos(toRad(bLat)) * Math.sin(dLon / 2) ** 2;
-  return 2 * 6371 * Math.asin(Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(h)));
+  return greatCircleKm({ lat: aLat, lon: aLon }, { lat: bLat, lon: bLon });
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/data/vesselLabels.js b/src/data/vesselLabels.js
index 240e22828..311a238c6 100644
--- a/src/data/vesselLabels.js
+++ b/src/data/vesselLabels.js
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
  * after the vessel cards moved out of their dedicated canvas renderer.
  */
 
+import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 export const VESSEL_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 'ais-live-vessels';
 /** Existing selector grid size; one ambient winner is retained per cell. */
 export const VESSEL_LABEL_GRID_PX = 118;
@@ -13,6 +15,8 @@ export const VESSEL_DEFAULT_LABEL_LIMIT = 900;
 export const VESSEL_OVERLAY_MAX_COHORT = VESSEL_DEFAULT_LABEL_LIMIT;
 /** Existing ambient vessel-card distance fade reaches zero at 5000 km. */
 export const VESSEL_CARD_FADE_DISTANCE_M = 5_000_000;
+/** Share of VESSEL_CARD_FADE_DISTANCE_M at which ambient cards begin to fade. */
+export const VESSEL_CARD_FADE_START_RATIO = 0.7;
 
 /**
  * AIS type family → chevron hue + card accent. Single source of truth for
@@ -64,6 +68,42 @@ const NUMERIC_TYPE_FAMILIES = {
   9: 'OTHER',
 };
 
+// Card text for the type tokens above. The tokens stay English: TYPE_STYLES
+// and tests match on them.
+const TYPE_DISPLAY_KEYS = Object.freeze({
+  FISHING: msg('FISHING'),
+  TOWING: msg('TOWING'),
+  DREDGER: msg('DREDGER'),
+  'DIVE OPS': msg('DIVE OPS'),
+  MILITARY: msg('MILITARY'),
+  SAILING: msg('SAILING'),
+  PLEASURE: msg('PLEASURE'),
+  PILOT: msg('PILOT'),
+  SAR: msg('SAR'),
+  TUG: msg('TUG'),
+  'PORT TENDER': msg('PORT TENDER'),
+  'ANTI-POLLUTION': msg('ANTI-POLLUTION'),
+  'LAW ENFORCE': msg('LAW ENFORCE'),
+  MEDICAL: msg('MEDICAL'),
+  'HIGH-SPEED': msg('HIGH-SPEED'),
+  PASSENGER: msg('PASSENGER'),
+  CARGO: msg('CARGO'),
+  TANKER: msg('TANKER'),
+  OTHER: msg('OTHER'),
+});
+
+/**
+ * Card-display form of a normalized AIS type: known tokens translate through
+ * the catalog; free-text types and unknown codes render unchanged.
+ * @param {string} type Raw AIS type.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function displayVesselType(type) {
+  const normalized = normalizeVesselType(type);
+  const key = TYPE_DISPLAY_KEYS[normalized.toUpperCase()];
+  return key ? t(key) : normalized;
+}
+
 /**
  * Resolve an AIS type to display text: bare numeric ship-type codes map to
  * family names ("71" → "CARGO"); text types pass through unchanged.
@@ -148,7 +188,7 @@ export function applyVesselOverlayPolicy(
     verticalOnly: !selected,
     viewportMargin: 4,
     maxDistance: selected ? Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY : fadeDistance,
-    distanceFadeStartRatio: 0.7,
+    distanceFadeStartRatio: VESSEL_CARD_FADE_START_RATIO,
     edgeFade: 'keyhole',
     horizonCull: true,
     terrainOcclusion: false,
diff --git a/src/data/vesselTypeCardLabel.test.mjs b/src/data/vesselTypeCardLabel.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e197c6958
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/vesselTypeCardLabel.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// A translated vessel type is never cut mid-word on the card.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { buildVesselCard, buildSelectedVesselCard } from './aisLiveVessels.js';
+import { displayVesselType } from './vesselLabels.js';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+const POS = new Cesium.Cartesian3(1, 2, 3);
+const rec = (type) => ({
+  name: 'X',
+  mmsi: '1',
+  type,
+  destination: '',
+  speed: 5,
+  course: 10,
+  heading: 10,
+  lastPositionUtc: '',
+  missedRefreshes: 0,
+  position: POS,
+  billboard: null,
+});
+// Every AIS ShipType code with its own display token.
+const CODES = [
+  '30',
+  '31',
+  '33',
+  '34',
+  '35',
+  '36',
+  '37',
+  '50',
+  '51',
+  '52',
+  '53',
+  '54',
+  '55',
+  '58',
+  '40',
+  '60',
+  '70',
+  '80',
+  '90',
+];
+
+// The card label is acceptable when it is the whole translation, or when it
+// was shortened at a word boundary and marked with an ellipsis.
+function assertNotCutMidWord(label, full, where) {
+  if (label === full) return;
+  const head = label.replace(/(…|\.\.\.)$/, '');
+  assert.notEqual(
+    head,
+    label,
+    `${where}: "${label}" cut from "${full}" without an ellipsis`,
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    full.startsWith(head),
+    `${where}: "${label}" is not a prefix of "${full}"`,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    full.slice(head.length),
+    /^[\s-]/,
+    `${where}: "${label}" cuts "${full}" mid-word`,
+  );
+}
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: vessel type on cards is never cut mid-word`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      for (const code of CODES) {
+        const full = displayVesselType(code).toUpperCase();
+        const ambient = buildVesselCard(rec(code)).details[0].split(' · ')[0];
+        const selected = buildSelectedVesselCard(rec(code)).details[0].split(
+          ' · ',
+        )[0];
+        assertNotCutMidWord(ambient, full, `${locale} ${code} ambient`);
+        assertNotCutMidWord(selected, full, `${locale} ${code} selected`);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+test('en: free feed text is still bounded to the card width', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.equal(
+    buildVesselCard(rec('Crude Oil Tanker')).details[0].split(' · ')[0],
+    'CRUDE OIL TANK',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    buildSelectedVesselCard(rec('54')).details[0].split(' · ')[0],
+    'ANTI-POLLUTION',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/director/documentFields.js b/src/director/documentFields.js
index 681cc6482..67dc6c3da 100644
--- a/src/director/documentFields.js
+++ b/src/director/documentFields.js
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ export class SceneDocumentError extends Error {
     super(`${path}: ${reason}`);
     this.name = 'SceneDocumentError';
     this.path = path;
+    this.reason = reason;
   }
 }
 export const fail = (path, reason) => {
diff --git a/src/director/sharing/preview.js b/src/director/sharing/preview.js
index 400d5416d..06f9fabdd 100644
--- a/src/director/sharing/preview.js
+++ b/src/director/sharing/preview.js
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/marker.js';
 import { BUNDLE_SOURCE } from './bundle.js';
 
+// Statuses stay English; scenes/sharing.js translates them for the dialog.
+
 /** Describe an import without fetching assets, applying state or exposing source configuration. */
 export function describeSceneShare(
   { project, assets },
@@ -16,11 +19,11 @@ export function describeSceneShare(
       status:
         pack.source.adapter === BUNDLE_SOURCE
           ? assets.has(pack.source.path)
-            ? 'Included in bundle'
-            : 'Missing bundle file — reimport its bundle'
+            ? msg('Included in bundle')
+            : msg('Missing bundle file — reimport its bundle')
           : sources.has(pack.source.adapter)
-            ? 'Source configured; file checked when loaded'
-            : 'Source unavailable',
+            ? msg('Source configured; file checked when loaded')
+            : msg('Source unavailable'),
     })),
   );
   return {
diff --git a/src/director/timeline.js b/src/director/timeline.js
index f7cffcece..5bcb42db6 100644
--- a/src/director/timeline.js
+++ b/src/director/timeline.js
@@ -72,19 +72,27 @@ export function sceneSeekState(scene, progress, durationForShot, holdForShot) {
   let shotIndex = scene.shots.length - 1;
   for (let index = 0; index < scene.shots.length; index += 1) {
     const endElapsedSec = startElapsedSec + durations[index];
-    if (targetSec < endElapsedSec || index === scene.shots.length - 1) {
+    // Compare in progress units: a shot's startProgress (start / total)
+    // times total can round below its start and select the previous shot.
+    if (
+      normalized < endElapsedSec / totalSec ||
+      index === scene.shots.length - 1
+    ) {
       shotIndex = index;
       break;
     }
     startElapsedSec = endElapsedSec;
   }
+  // Keep the elapsed time inside the selected shot, so it agrees with
+  // shotIndex when targetSec rounded below the shot's start.
+  const elapsedSec = Math.max(targetSec, startElapsedSec);
   const shot = scene.shots[shotIndex];
   const flightDurationSec = shot.durationSec || DEFAULT_SHOT_DURATION_SEC;
   const holdDurationSec = holdForShot(scene, shot);
   const shotDurationSec = Math.max(0.001, flightDurationSec + holdDurationSec);
   const shotElapsedSec = Math.max(
     0,
-    Math.min(shotDurationSec, targetSec - startElapsedSec),
+    Math.min(shotDurationSec, elapsedSec - startElapsedSec),
   );
   const cameraProgress = clamp01(
     shotElapsedSec / Math.max(0.001, flightDurationSec),
@@ -99,8 +107,8 @@ export function sceneSeekState(scene, progress, durationForShot, holdForShot) {
   );
   const move = resolveCameraMove(scene, shot);
   return {
-    sceneProgress: totalSec > 0 ? targetSec / totalSec : 0,
-    sceneElapsedSec: targetSec,
+    sceneProgress: totalSec > 0 ? elapsedSec / totalSec : 0,
+    sceneElapsedSec: elapsedSec,
     sceneDurationSec: totalSec,
     shotIndex,
     shot,
diff --git a/src/director/timeline.test.mjs b/src/director/timeline.test.mjs
index 1950eeef0..69a370c98 100644
--- a/src/director/timeline.test.mjs
+++ b/src/director/timeline.test.mjs
@@ -49,3 +49,39 @@ test('camera seeking preserves cubic easing and shortest-angle orientation', ()
   );
   assert.deepEqual(cameraAtProgress(null, camera(20, 350), 0), camera(20, 350));
 });
+
+test('seeking to a shot start lands in that shot for every shot count and duration', () => {
+  const misses = [];
+  for (let count = 2; count <= 12; count += 1) {
+    for (let flightTenths = 1; flightTenths <= 100; flightTenths += 1) {
+      for (let holdTenths = 0; holdTenths <= 50; holdTenths += 1) {
+        const shots = Array.from({ length: count }, (_, index) => ({
+          id: `s${index}`,
+          // Every third shot is longer, so boundaries are not all equal steps.
+          durationSec: flightTenths / 10 + (index % 3 === 2 ? 1.7 : 0),
+          holdSec: holdTenths / 10,
+          camera: camera(20, 0),
+        }));
+        const mixed = { shots };
+        for (const [index, shot] of shots.entries()) {
+          const { startProgress, startElapsedSec } = sceneTimingForShot(
+            mixed,
+            shot,
+            duration,
+          );
+          const seek = sceneSeekState(mixed, startProgress, duration, hold);
+          // One or two ulps earlier still belongs to the previous shot.
+          const before = startProgress * (1 - Number.EPSILON);
+          const previous = sceneSeekState(mixed, before, duration, hold);
+          if (
+            seek.shotIndex !== index ||
+            seek.sceneElapsedSec < startElapsedSec ||
+            previous.shotIndex !== Math.max(0, index - 1)
+          )
+            misses.push(`${count}x${flightTenths}/${holdTenths}#${index}`);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(misses.slice(0, 5), []);
+});
diff --git a/src/firstRunExperience.js b/src/firstRunExperience.js
index 60bd5d2a8..59ddf3e6a 100644
--- a/src/firstRunExperience.js
+++ b/src/firstRunExperience.js
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ import { createSurfaceKeyboard } from './ui/surfaceKeyboard.js';
 // Choosing a mission is deliberately NOT durable suppression: picking a mission
 // is enthusiasm, not "never show me this again".
 
+import { t, msg } from './i18n/index.js';
+
 /** Durable suppression. Written ONLY by the "Don't show this again" checkbox. */
 export const FIRST_RUN_STORAGE_KEY = 'gev:first-run-mission:v1';
 /** Per-session dismissal. Written by every close path; scoped to sessionStorage. */
@@ -34,10 +36,10 @@ export const FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY = 'gev:first-run-mission-session:v1';
  */
 export const ENVIRONMENTAL_LABEL_CHOICE = 'ENVIRONMENTAL';
 
-const ENVIRONMENTAL_LABELS = Object.freeze({
-  ENVIRONMENTAL: Object.freeze({ title: 'ENVIRONMENTAL' }),
-  EARTH_WATCH: Object.freeze({ title: 'EARTH WATCH' }),
-  ACTIVE_EVENTS: Object.freeze({ title: 'ACTIVE EVENTS' }),
+const ENVIRONMENTAL_LABEL_KEYS = Object.freeze({
+  ENVIRONMENTAL: msg('ENVIRONMENTAL'),
+  EARTH_WATCH: msg('EARTH WATCH'),
+  ACTIVE_EVENTS: msg('ACTIVE EVENTS'),
 });
 
 /**
@@ -45,7 +47,9 @@ const ENVIRONMENTAL_LABELS = Object.freeze({
  * @returns {{title: string}} The label set the constant above selects.
  */
 export function environmentalLabel(choice = ENVIRONMENTAL_LABEL_CHOICE) {
-  return ENVIRONMENTAL_LABELS[choice] || ENVIRONMENTAL_LABELS.ENVIRONMENTAL;
+  const key =
+    ENVIRONMENTAL_LABEL_KEYS[choice] || ENVIRONMENTAL_LABEL_KEYS.ENVIRONMENTAL;
+  return { title: t(key) };
 }
 
 /*
@@ -92,12 +96,12 @@ export const FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS = Object.freeze({
   contacts: Object.freeze({
     kind: 'context',
     contextMode: 'contacts',
-    busyText: 'Starting live contacts…',
+    busyKey: msg('Starting live contacts…'),
   }),
   'space-missions': Object.freeze({
     kind: 'context',
     contextMode: 'space-missions',
-    busyText: 'Opening space missions…',
+    busyKey: msg('Opening space missions…'),
   }),
   environmental: Object.freeze({
     kind: 'globe',
@@ -115,7 +119,7 @@ export const FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS = Object.freeze({
     // before a launch. LEDGERED post-launch. Until it lands, keyless visitors
     // are judged on the layer row, which tells them the truth.
     layerIds: Object.freeze(['earthquakes', 'local-firms']),
-    busyText: 'Scanning active events…',
+    busyKey: msg('Scanning active events…'),
   }),
   explore: Object.freeze({ kind: 'none' }),
 });
@@ -355,12 +359,25 @@ export function initFirstRunExperience({
   }
 
   // The tile name is owner-switchable from one constant, so paint it from the
-  // module rather than trusting the markup to have been edited to match.
+  // module rather than trusting the markup to match. The description and the
+  // tile subcopy are data-i18n-runtime in welcome.html and translated here.
   const environmentalTitle = root.querySelector(
     '[data-first-run-environmental-title]',
   );
   if (environmentalTitle)
     environmentalTitle.textContent = environmentalLabel().title;
+  const environmentalSub = root.querySelector(
+    '[data-first-run-environmental-title] + small',
+  );
+  if (environmentalSub)
+    environmentalSub.textContent = t(
+      'Live earthquakes and active fires, from USGS and NASA',
+    );
+  const description = root.querySelector('#first-run-description');
+  if (description)
+    description.textContent = t(
+      'It feels like a forbidden cockpit—then you realize the sources are public and the data is real.',
+    );
 
   const status = root.querySelector('[data-first-run-status]');
   const suppressBox = root.querySelector('[data-first-run-suppress]');
@@ -443,7 +460,9 @@ export function initFirstRunExperience({
       button.setAttribute('aria-disabled', String(next));
     if (!status) return;
     if (next)
-      status.textContent = FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS[choice]?.busyText || 'Working…';
+      status.textContent = t(
+        FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS[choice]?.busyKey || msg('Working…'),
+      );
     else if (status.dataset.sticky !== 'true')
       status.textContent = defaultStatus;
   };
@@ -493,7 +512,10 @@ export function initFirstRunExperience({
       Array.isArray(failed) && failed.length ? ` (${failed.join(', ')})` : '';
     if (status) {
       status.dataset.sticky = 'true';
-      status.textContent = `Could not open that mission${detail}. Retry or explore manually.`;
+      status.textContent = t(
+        'Could not open that mission{detail}. Retry or explore manually.',
+        { detail },
+      );
     }
     setBusy(false);
   };
@@ -509,8 +531,9 @@ export function initFirstRunExperience({
     if (box) box.checked = !wanted;
     if (!status) return;
     status.dataset.sticky = 'true';
-    status.textContent =
-      'This browser is blocking storage, so that could not be saved.';
+    status.textContent = t(
+      'This browser is blocking storage, so that could not be saved.',
+    );
   };
 
   const keyboard = createSurfaceKeyboard({
diff --git a/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs b/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
index 50dbb15c9..749123acd 100644
--- a/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
+++ b/src/firstRunExperience.test.mjs
@@ -52,13 +52,23 @@ test('dismissal is session-scoped; only the checkbox suppresses durably', () =>
   rememberFirstRunSessionDismissed(session);
   assert.equal(session.read(), 'dismissed');
   // Gone for THIS session...
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({ storage, sessionStorageRef: session, location: { search: '' } }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage,
+      sessionStorageRef: session,
+      location: { search: '' },
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
   // ...and back in the next one, because sessionStorage did not survive it.
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    storage,
-    sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
-    location: { search: '' },
-  }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage,
+      sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
+      location: { search: '' },
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
   // Session dismissal must never have written the durable key.
   assert.equal(storage.read(), null);
 });
@@ -67,43 +77,65 @@ test('the checkbox writes and clears durable suppression, and a storage reset un
   const storage = memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_STORAGE_KEY);
   setFirstRunSuppressed(true, storage);
   assert.equal(storage.read(), 'suppressed');
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    storage,
-    sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
-    location: { search: '' },
-  }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage,
+      sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
+      location: { search: '' },
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
 
   // Unticking before dismissing takes the suppression back.
   setFirstRunSuppressed(false, storage);
   assert.equal(storage.read(), null);
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    storage,
-    sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
-    location: { search: '' },
-  }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage,
+      sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
+      location: { search: '' },
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
 
   // A cleared/hard-reset profile shows it again — an accepted, documented cost.
   setFirstRunSuppressed(true, storage);
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    storage: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_STORAGE_KEY),
-    sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
-    location: { search: '' },
-  }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_STORAGE_KEY),
+      sessionStorageRef: memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY),
+      location: { search: '' },
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
 });
 
 test('welcome params work in both directions and outrank both suppressions', () => {
   const suppressed = memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_STORAGE_KEY, 'suppressed');
   const dismissed = memoryStorage(FIRST_RUN_SESSION_KEY, 'dismissed');
   // ?welcome=1 replays past the checkbox AND past a session dismissal.
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    storage: suppressed, sessionStorageRef: dismissed, location: { search: '?welcome=1' },
-  }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      storage: suppressed,
+      sessionStorageRef: dismissed,
+      location: { search: '?welcome=1' },
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
   // ?welcome=0 suppresses a session that would otherwise see it.
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({ ...fresh(), location: { search: '?welcome=0' } }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({ ...fresh(), location: { search: '?welcome=0' } }),
+    false,
+  );
   // A share link outranks everything, including the replay hatch.
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({
-    hasShareState: true, ...fresh(), location: { search: '?welcome=1' },
-  }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({
+      hasShareState: true,
+      ...fresh(),
+      location: { search: '?welcome=1' },
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
 });
 
 test('a share link never sees the launcher — its author already chose the view', () => {
@@ -112,11 +144,20 @@ test('a share link never sees the launcher — its author already chose the view
 
 test('privacy-restricted storage fails open and every write stays best-effort', () => {
   const blocked = {
-    getItem: () => { throw new Error('blocked'); },
-    setItem: () => { throw new Error('blocked'); },
-    removeItem: () => { throw new Error('blocked'); },
+    getItem: () => {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+    setItem: () => {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+    removeItem: () => {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
   };
-  assert.equal(shouldShowFirstRun({ storage: blocked, sessionStorageRef: blocked }), true);
+  assert.equal(
+    shouldShowFirstRun({ storage: blocked, sessionStorageRef: blocked }),
+    true,
+  );
   assert.doesNotThrow(() => setFirstRunSuppressed(true, blocked));
   assert.doesNotThrow(() => rememberFirstRunSessionDismissed(blocked));
 });
@@ -128,10 +169,15 @@ test('a THROWING storage getter still fails open — Safari private mode', () =>
   // before the function body starts, so the SecurityError escapes every
   // try/catch in the module and the launcher silently never appears.
   const saved = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(globalThis, 'localStorage');
-  const savedSession = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(globalThis, 'sessionStorage');
+  const savedSession = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(
+    globalThis,
+    'sessionStorage',
+  );
   const hostile = {
     configurable: true,
-    get() { throw new Error('SecurityError: The operation is insecure.'); },
+    get() {
+      throw new Error('SecurityError: The operation is insecure.');
+    },
   };
   Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'localStorage', hostile);
   Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'sessionStorage', hostile);
@@ -152,16 +198,22 @@ test('a THROWING storage getter still fails open — Safari private mode', () =>
   } finally {
     if (saved) Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'localStorage', saved);
     else delete globalThis.localStorage;
-    if (savedSession) Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'sessionStorage', savedSession);
+    if (savedSession)
+      Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'sessionStorage', savedSession);
     else delete globalThis.sessionStorage;
   }
 });
 
 test('no storage is touched from a default parameter position', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   // Comments stripped first: the block explaining this very defect quotes the
   // bad pattern, and matching prose instead of code would make the pin a liar.
-  const code = module.replace(/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//g, '').replace(/^\s*\/\/.*$/gm, '');
+  const code = module
+    .replace(/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//g, '')
+    .replace(/^\s*\/\/.*$/gm, '');
   assert.doesNotMatch(
     code,
     /=\s*globalThis\.(local|session)Storage/,
@@ -169,14 +221,24 @@ test('no storage is touched from a default parameter position', () => {
   );
   // The only reads of the global areas live inside the guarded resolver.
   const globalReads = [...code.matchAll(/globalThis\.(local|session)Storage/g)];
-  assert.equal(globalReads.length, 2, 'exactly two global storage reads, both in resolveStore');
-  const resolver = code.slice(code.indexOf('function resolveStore'), code.indexOf('function readStored'));
+  assert.equal(
+    globalReads.length,
+    2,
+    'exactly two global storage reads, both in resolveStore',
+  );
+  const resolver = code.slice(
+    code.indexOf('function resolveStore'),
+    code.indexOf('function readStored'),
+  );
   assert.equal(
     [...resolver.matchAll(/globalThis\.(local|session)Storage/g)].length,
     2,
     'both global storage reads must be inside resolveStore, inside its try',
   );
-  assert.match(resolver, /try \{[\s\S]*globalThis\.sessionStorage[\s\S]*\} catch/);
+  assert.match(
+    resolver,
+    /try \{[\s\S]*globalThis\.sessionStorage[\s\S]*\} catch/,
+  );
   assert.match(code, /function readStored\(kind, injected, key\)/);
   assert.match(code, /function writeStored\(kind, injected, key, value\)/);
 });
@@ -184,33 +246,52 @@ test('no storage is touched from a default parameter position', () => {
 // ── ESC arbitration: one surface, one key, never an invisible handler ────────
 
 test('the JS and CSS lists of screen-claiming surfaces stay in step', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   const css = readStylesheet(new URL('../style.css', import.meta.url));
 
-  assert.deepEqual(
-    [...EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES].sort(),
-    ['cockpit-mode', 'recording-mode', 'scene-playback-mode', 'ui-clean-view'],
-  );
+  assert.deepEqual([...EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES].sort(), [
+    'cockpit-mode',
+    'recording-mode',
+    'scene-playback-mode',
+    'ui-clean-view',
+  ]);
   // A surface that hides the card in CSS but is missing from the JS list would
   // leave an invisible launcher holding the ESC handler — blocker 2 exactly.
   const hideRule = css.slice(
     css.indexOf('body.ui-clean-view #first-run-launcher'),
-    css.indexOf('display: none', css.indexOf('body.ui-clean-view #first-run-launcher')),
+    css.indexOf(
+      'display: none',
+      css.indexOf('body.ui-clean-view #first-run-launcher'),
+    ),
   );
-  const inCss = [...hideRule.matchAll(/body\.([a-z-]+) #first-run-launcher/g)].map((m) => m[1]);
+  const inCss = [
+    ...hideRule.matchAll(/body\.([a-z-]+) #first-run-launcher/g),
+  ].map((m) => m[1]);
   assert.deepEqual(
     inCss.sort(),
     [...EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES].sort(),
     'every screen-claiming surface must appear in BOTH lists',
   );
-  assert.match(module, /export const EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES = Object\.freeze\(\[/);
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /export const EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES = Object\.freeze\(\[/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('exclusiveSurfaceActive reads the live body classes', () => {
-  const make = (classes) => ({ body: { classList: { contains: (name) => classes.includes(name) } } });
+  const make = (classes) => ({
+    body: { classList: { contains: (name) => classes.includes(name) } },
+  });
   assert.equal(exclusiveSurfaceActive(make([])), false);
   for (const name of EXCLUSIVE_SURFACE_CLASSES) {
-    assert.equal(exclusiveSurfaceActive(make([name])), true, `${name} must count as exclusive`);
+    assert.equal(
+      exclusiveSurfaceActive(make([name])),
+      true,
+      `${name} must count as exclusive`,
+    );
   }
   assert.equal(exclusiveSurfaceActive(make(['some-other-class'])), false);
   assert.equal(exclusiveSurfaceActive(undefined), false);
@@ -218,14 +299,25 @@ test('exclusiveSurfaceActive reads the live body classes', () => {
 });
 
 test('the key handler refuses to act for a card that is not really on screen', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   assert.match(module, /isActive: \(\) => !closing && isTopmost\(\)/);
   // Real visibility, not just the class: the class survives while CSS hides the
   // card, which is precisely how a Scene left an invisible ESC handler armed.
   assert.match(module, /const isTopmost = \(\) =>\s*root\.isConnected/);
-  assert.match(module, /&&\s*root\.getClientRects\(\)\.length > 0 &&\s*!coveredByOverlay\(\);/);
-  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const handler = keyboard.slice(keyboard.indexOf('const onKeyDown = (event) => {'));
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /&&\s*root\.getClientRects\(\)\.length > 0 &&\s*!coveredByOverlay\(\);/,
+  );
+  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const handler = keyboard.slice(
+    keyboard.indexOf('const onKeyDown = (event) => {'),
+  );
   assert.match(
     handler.slice(0, handler.indexOf("if (event.key === 'Escape')")),
     /!isActive\(\)/,
@@ -234,7 +326,10 @@ test('the key handler refuses to act for a card that is not really on screen', (
 });
 
 test('an overlay with NO class to watch still disarms the launcher', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   const css = readStylesheet(new URL('../style.css', import.meta.url));
 
   // The repro, pinned as the stacking it actually is: the attribution lightbox
@@ -242,7 +337,10 @@ test('an overlay with NO class to watch still disarms the launcher', () => {
   // keeps its box, so getClientRects() alone called it visible, ESC dismissed a
   // buried launcher and wrote the session flag while the lightbox stayed open.
   const overlay = css.slice(css.indexOf('.cesium-credit-lightbox-overlay {'));
-  assert.match(overlay.slice(0, overlay.indexOf('}')), /z-index: 200 !important/);
+  assert.match(
+    overlay.slice(0, overlay.indexOf('}')),
+    /z-index: 200 !important/,
+  );
   const launcher = css.slice(css.indexOf('#first-run-launcher {'));
   assert.match(launcher.slice(0, launcher.indexOf('}')), /z-index: 175/);
 
@@ -259,14 +357,26 @@ test('an overlay with NO class to watch still disarms the launcher', () => {
 
   // ...and every inconclusive answer is UNCOVERED, so a guard added to stop the
   // launcher acting under an overlay can never become why ESC stopped working.
-  assert.match(covered, /if \(typeof documentRef\.elementFromPoint !== 'function'\) return false;/);
-  assert.match(covered, /if \(!\(rect\.width > 0 && rect\.height > 0\)\) return false;/);
+  assert.match(
+    covered,
+    /if \(typeof documentRef\.elementFromPoint !== 'function'\) return false;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    covered,
+    /if \(!\(rect\.width > 0 && rect\.height > 0\)\) return false;/,
+  );
   assert.match(covered, /\} catch \{\s*\n\s*return false;\s*\n\s*\}/);
 });
 
 test('one ESC does one thing — the radio disclosure stops the launcher outright', () => {
-  const ui = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/radioBindings.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const ui = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/radioBindings.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
 
   // stopPropagation() does NOT stop later listeners on the SAME document, so the
   // disclosure's earlier capture handler closed the disclosure and the launcher
@@ -276,30 +386,45 @@ test('one ESC does one thing — the radio disclosure stops the launcher outrigh
   const claim = radioEsc.slice(0, radioEsc.indexOf('setRadioDisclosure(false'));
   assert.match(claim, /event\.preventDefault\(\);/);
   assert.match(claim, /event\.stopImmediatePropagation\(\);/);
-  assert.doesNotMatch(claim, /event\.stopPropagation\(\);/,
-    'the plain form leaves the launcher listening and is the defect itself');
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    claim,
+    /event\.stopPropagation\(\);/,
+    'the plain form leaves the launcher listening and is the defect itself',
+  );
 
   // Belt on the launcher side: a key another surface already marked is not ours,
   // whether or not that surface remembered to silence us.
-  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const handler = keyboard.slice(keyboard.indexOf('const onKeyDown = (event) => {'));
+  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const handler = keyboard.slice(
+    keyboard.indexOf('const onKeyDown = (event) => {'),
+  );
   assert.match(
     handler.slice(0, handler.indexOf("if (event.key === 'Escape')")),
     /event\.defaultPrevented\) return;/,
-    'a marked key must be somebody else\'s key',
+    "a marked key must be somebody else's key",
   );
 });
 
 test('a refused write takes the tick back instead of promising "never again"', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
 
   // The write stays best-effort; the OUTCOME is now reported, because a box left
   // ticked after a refused write tells the visitor the launcher is gone for good
   // while it is already guaranteed to return next session.
   const blocked = {
     getItem: () => null,
-    setItem: () => { throw new Error('blocked'); },
-    removeItem: () => { throw new Error('blocked'); },
+    setItem: () => {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+    removeItem: () => {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
   };
   assert.equal(setFirstRunSuppressed(true, blocked), false);
   assert.equal(setFirstRunSuppressed(false, blocked), false);
@@ -318,13 +443,26 @@ test('a refused write takes the tick back instead of promising "never again"', (
     module.indexOf('const onSuppressChange = (event) => {'),
     module.indexOf('  const keyboard = createSurfaceKeyboard({'),
   );
-  assert.match(handler, /if \(setFirstRunSuppressed\(wanted, storage\)\) return;/);
-  assert.match(handler, /box\.checked = !wanted;/, 'a refused write must revert the tick');
+  assert.match(
+    handler,
+    /if \(setFirstRunSuppressed\(wanted, storage\)\) return;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    handler,
+    /box\.checked = !wanted;/,
+    'a refused write must revert the tick',
+  );
 });
 
 test('a surface class that never clears is an ACCEPTED no-show, not a timer', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const state = fs.readFileSync(new URL('../docs/CURRENT-STATE.md', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const state = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('../docs/CURRENT-STATE.md', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
 
   // A "reveal anyway after N seconds" would trade a benign no-show for the card
   // punching through a recording in progress — recordings run long, and none of
@@ -336,33 +474,65 @@ test('a surface class that never clears is an ACCEPTED no-show, not a timer', ()
     module.indexOf('ACCEPTED, DELIBERATELY NOT TIMED OUT'),
     module.indexOf('  const onViewportResize'),
   );
-  assert.ok(accepted.length > 0, 'the acceptance must be written where the next editor will read it');
-  assert.match(accepted, /const syncToExclusiveSurfaces = \(\) => \{/,
-    'the pin must cover the function the note governs, not just the note');
-  assert.doesNotMatch(accepted, /setTimeout|setInterval/,
-    'the acceptance is the decision NOT to time this out');
+  assert.ok(
+    accepted.length > 0,
+    'the acceptance must be written where the next editor will read it',
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    accepted,
+    /const syncToExclusiveSurfaces = \(\) => \{/,
+    'the pin must cover the function the note governs, not just the note',
+  );
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    accepted,
+    /setTimeout|setInterval/,
+    'the acceptance is the decision NOT to time this out',
+  );
   assert.match(accepted, /docs\/CURRENT-STATE\.md/);
-  assert.match(state, /a surface class that never clears means no launcher for that page/i);
+  assert.match(
+    state,
+    /a surface class that never clears means no launcher for that page/i,
+  );
 });
 
 test('the scroll fade only appears when the list really overflows', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   const css = readStylesheet(new URL('../style.css', import.meta.url));
   // A fade on a card where all five tiles fit promises a sixth mission that does
   // not exist, which is worse than no affordance at all.
-  assert.match(module, /const overflows = choiceList\.scrollHeight > choiceList\.clientHeight \+ 1;/);
-  assert.match(module, /choiceList\.dataset\.scrollable = String\(overflows\);/);
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /const overflows = choiceList\.scrollHeight > choiceList\.clientHeight \+ 1;/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /choiceList\.dataset\.scrollable = String\(overflows\);/,
+  );
   // ...and the CSS must be gated on that flag, never on the media query alone.
-  assert.match(css, /\.first-run-choices\[data-scrollable='true'\] \{[\s\S]*?mask-image/);
-  const bareFade = css.match(/^\s*\.first-run-choices \{[\s\S]*?\n\}/m)?.[0] || '';
-  assert.doesNotMatch(bareFade, /mask-image/, 'the fade must never apply unconditionally');
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /\.first-run-choices\[data-scrollable='true'\] \{[\s\S]*?mask-image/,
+  );
+  const bareFade =
+    css.match(/^\s*\.first-run-choices \{[\s\S]*?\n\}/m)?.[0] || '';
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    bareFade,
+    /mask-image/,
+    'the fade must never apply unconditionally',
+  );
   // Rotating a phone changes which tiles fit, so it re-measures.
   assert.match(module, /addEventListener\?\.\('resize', onViewportResize\)/);
   assert.match(module, /removeEventListener\?\.\('resize', onViewportResize\)/);
 });
 
 test('the launcher yields on engage and waits when a surface is already up', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   // Both directions from one observer: yield if it is up and something takes
   // the screen; wait to reveal if something already has it.
   assert.match(
@@ -375,19 +545,28 @@ test('the launcher yields on engage and waits when a surface is already up', ()
   // not see a new hold because of onboarding chrome.
   assert.match(module, /attributes: true,\s*attributeFilter: \['class'\]/);
   assert.match(module, /surfaceObserver\?\.disconnect\(\)/);
-  assert.doesNotMatch(module, /setInterval|requestAnimationFrame\(function poll/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    module,
+    /setInterval|requestAnimationFrame\(function poll/,
+  );
 });
 
 // ── Per-mission behavior ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function missionSpy({ contextOk = true, layerResult = () => true, globe = async () => ({ ok: true }) } = {}) {
+function missionSpy({
+  contextOk = true,
+  layerResult = () => true,
+  globe = async () => ({ ok: true }),
+} = {}) {
   const calls = { contextModes: [], layerIds: [], globeFlights: 0 };
   return {
     calls,
     deps: {
       setContextMode: async (mode) => {
         calls.contextModes.push(mode);
-        return contextOk ? { ok: true, mode } : { ok: false, failedLayerIds: ['rocket-launches'] };
+        return contextOk
+          ? { ok: true, mode }
+          : { ok: false, failedLayerIds: ['rocket-launches'] };
       },
       setLayerEnabled: async (layerId) => {
         calls.layerIds.push(layerId);
@@ -408,14 +587,23 @@ test('the menu is the four owner-ordered missions', () => {
   // went is the one-click globe-scale dump. Restoring the tile needs the
   // globe-LOD declutter first.
   assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS), [
-    'contacts', 'space-missions', 'environmental', 'explore',
+    'contacts',
+    'space-missions',
+    'environmental',
+    'explore',
   ]);
-  assert.equal(FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS.infrastructure, undefined,
-    'the infrastructure mission must be gone, not dormant');
+  assert.equal(
+    FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS.infrastructure,
+    undefined,
+    'the infrastructure mission must be gone, not dormant',
+  );
 });
 
 test('Live Contacts and Space Missions go through the one setContextMode facade', async () => {
-  for (const [choice, mode] of [['contacts', 'contacts'], ['space-missions', 'space-missions']]) {
+  for (const [choice, mode] of [
+    ['contacts', 'contacts'],
+    ['space-missions', 'space-missions'],
+  ]) {
     const spy = missionSpy();
     const outcome = await runFirstRunChoice(choice, spy.deps);
     assert.equal(outcome.ok, true);
@@ -445,8 +633,14 @@ test('the tile is the FULLY CONFIGURED experience: quakes and fires together', (
   // that row into LOAD FAILED — a defect in the shared state machine, ledgered
   // post-launch, and the note must stay where the next editor will read it
   // rather than being re-discovered as a launcher bug.
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const table = module.slice(module.indexOf('  environmental: Object.freeze({'), module.indexOf('  explore:'));
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const table = module.slice(
+    module.indexOf('  environmental: Object.freeze({'),
+    module.indexOf('  explore:'),
+  );
   assert.match(table, /KEY REQUIRED/);
   assert.match(table, /src\/loadingFeedback\.js/);
   assert.match(table, /LEDGERED post-launch/);
@@ -461,7 +655,10 @@ test('every visitor gets the same tile — there is no degraded keyless variant'
   assert.equal(outcome.ok, true);
   assert.deepEqual(outcome.failedLayerIds, []);
   assert.deepEqual(spy.calls.layerIds, ['earthquakes', 'local-firms']);
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   assert.doesNotMatch(
     module.slice(module.indexOf('export async function runFirstRunChoice')),
     /FIRMS_MAP_KEY|hasKey|keyless\s*\?/,
@@ -476,16 +673,31 @@ test('a refused layer fails the mission by name, and a stalled flight never does
   assert.deepEqual(outcome.failedLayerIds, ['earthquakes']);
 
   // The globe flight is framing. A cancelled or throwing flight is not a failure.
-  const flightDown = missionSpy({ globe: () => { throw new Error('cancelled'); } });
-  assert.equal((await runFirstRunChoice('environmental', flightDown.deps)).ok, true);
+  const flightDown = missionSpy({
+    globe: () => {
+      throw new Error('cancelled');
+    },
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    (await runFirstRunChoice('environmental', flightDown.deps)).ok,
+    true,
+  );
 });
 
 test('Explore manually touches nothing at all, and an unknown choice is inert', async () => {
   const spy = missionSpy();
   assert.equal((await runFirstRunChoice('explore', spy.deps)).ok, true);
-  assert.deepEqual(spy.calls, { contextModes: [], layerIds: [], globeFlights: 0 });
+  assert.deepEqual(spy.calls, {
+    contextModes: [],
+    layerIds: [],
+    globeFlights: 0,
+  });
   assert.equal((await runFirstRunChoice('nope', spy.deps)).ok, false);
-  assert.deepEqual(spy.calls, { contextModes: [], layerIds: [], globeFlights: 0 });
+  assert.deepEqual(spy.calls, {
+    contextModes: [],
+    layerIds: [],
+    globeFlights: 0,
+  });
 });
 
 test('a failed Context mission reports the layers the facade named', async () => {
@@ -500,14 +712,22 @@ test('the fires/quakes tile name is switchable from one constant', () => {
   assert.equal(environmentalLabel('EARTH_WATCH').title, 'EARTH WATCH');
   assert.equal(environmentalLabel('ACTIVE_EVENTS').title, 'ACTIVE EVENTS');
   assert.equal(environmentalLabel('nonsense').title, 'ENVIRONMENTAL');
-  assert.equal(environmentalLabel().title, environmentalLabel(ENVIRONMENTAL_LABEL_CHOICE).title);
+  assert.equal(
+    environmentalLabel().title,
+    environmentalLabel(ENVIRONMENTAL_LABEL_CHOICE).title,
+  );
 });
 
 // ── Defaults interplay: what a mission is allowed to persist ─────────────────
 
 test('no mission writes a preference the visitor did not choose by picking it', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  const code = module.slice(module.indexOf('export function shouldShowFirstRun'));
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const code = module.slice(
+    module.indexOf('export function shouldShowFirstRun'),
+  );
 
   // Layer enables ARE durable in this app and a mission tile IS that choice, so
   // they run at the same origin a click on those rows uses.
@@ -528,22 +748,45 @@ test('no mission writes a preference the visitor did not choose by picking it',
     '_setModels3dParams',
     'setFeather',
   ]) {
-    assert.doesNotMatch(code, new RegExp(forbidden), `a mission must never touch ${forbidden}`);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(
+      code,
+      new RegExp(forbidden),
+      `a mission must never touch ${forbidden}`,
+    );
   }
 
   // The only durable panel write is the Context reveal, and only on the Context
   // missions — the globe missions open no panel at all.
   const panelWrites = code.match(/setPanelCollapsed/g) || [];
-  assert.equal(panelWrites.length, 1, 'exactly one panel reveal, on the Context path');
-  const contextPath = code.slice(code.indexOf('setContextMode: async (mode)'), code.indexOf('setLayerEnabled:'));
-  assert.match(contextPath, /result\?\.ok[\s\S]*?setPanelCollapsed\?\.\('global-context-panel', false, \{\s*explicit: true,?\s*\}\)/);
+  assert.equal(
+    panelWrites.length,
+    1,
+    'exactly one panel reveal, on the Context path',
+  );
+  const contextPath = code.slice(
+    code.indexOf('setContextMode: async (mode)'),
+    code.indexOf('setLayerEnabled:'),
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    contextPath,
+    /result\?\.ok[\s\S]*?setPanelCollapsed\?\.\('global-context-panel', false, \{\s*explicit: true,?\s*\}\)/,
+  );
 });
 
 test('the decision table is written down where the next editor will read it', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
-  assert.match(module, /MISSION → APP STATE, AND WHAT IT IS ALLOWED TO PERSIST/);
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /MISSION → APP STATE, AND WHAT IT IS ALLOWED TO PERSIST/,
+  );
   for (const row of ['TOUCHED, DURABLE', 'TOUCHED, SESSION', 'NOT TOUCHED']) {
-    assert.ok(module.includes(row), `decision table is missing its "${row}" rows`);
+    assert.ok(
+      module.includes(row),
+      `decision table is missing its "${row}" rows`,
+    );
   }
   assert.match(module, /SHOW POLICY/);
 });
@@ -551,56 +794,109 @@ test('the decision table is written down where the next editor will read it', ()
 // ── Markup, startup ordering, accessibility ─────────────────────────────────
 
 test('markup, startup ordering and accessibility remain pinned', () => {
-  const html = expandApplicationHtml(fs.readFileSync(new URL('../index.html', import.meta.url), 'utf8'));
-  const startup = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./app/startupChrome.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const html = expandApplicationHtml(
+    fs.readFileSync(new URL('../index.html', import.meta.url), 'utf8'),
+  );
+  const startup = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./app/startupChrome.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   const css = readStylesheet(new URL('../style.css', import.meta.url));
 
-  assert.match(html, /id="first-run-launcher" role="dialog"[^>]*aria-labelledby="first-run-title"[^>]*hidden/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /id="first-run-launcher" role="dialog"[^>]*aria-labelledby="first-run-title"[^>]*hidden/,
+  );
   assert.equal((html.match(/data-first-run-choice=/g) || []).length, 4);
-  assert.match(html, /data-first-run-status[^>]*role="status"[^>]*aria-live="polite"/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /data-first-run-status[^>]*role="status"[^>]*aria-live="polite"/,
+  );
   assert.match(html, /<input type="checkbox" data-first-run-suppress \/>/);
   assert.match(html, /<strong data-first-run-environmental-title>/);
   // Subcopy must name BOTH feeds the tile turns on — a tile that promised only
   // half of what it does is the defect this replaced. Only the VISIBLE <small>
   // text counts; the comment beside it naturally says the words too.
-  const envTile = html.slice(html.indexOf('data-first-run-choice="environmental"'));
-  const visible = envTile.slice(envTile.indexOf('<small>'), envTile.indexOf('</small>'));
+  const envTile = html.slice(
+    html.indexOf('data-first-run-choice="environmental"'),
+  );
+  const visible = envTile.slice(
+    envTile.indexOf('<small>'),
+    envTile.indexOf('</small>'),
+  );
   assert.match(visible, /earthquakes/i);
-  assert.match(visible, /fires?/i, 'the tile must promise the fires it enables');
+  assert.match(
+    visible,
+    /fires?/i,
+    'the tile must promise the fires it enables',
+  );
 
   // The card's one persuasive line is OWNER-AUTHORED and pinned verbatim,
   // unspaced em dash included. This is copy, not prose to be improved in a
   // passing edit — changing it needs the owner, not a nicer-sounding rewrite.
   assert.ok(
-    html.includes('<p id="first-run-description">It feels like a forbidden cockpit'
-      + '—then you realize the sources are public and the data is real.</p>'),
+    html.includes(
+      '<p id="first-run-description" data-i18n-runtime>It feels like a forbidden cockpit' +
+        '—then you realize the sources are public and the data is real.</p>',
+    ),
     'the owner-authored first-run line must ship exactly as written',
   );
 
   // Menu order is the owner's, read straight off the markup.
-  const order = [...html.matchAll(/data-first-run-choice="([a-z-]+)"/g)].map((match) => match[1]);
-  assert.deepEqual(order, ['contacts', 'space-missions', 'environmental', 'explore']);
-  assert.doesNotMatch(html, /data-first-run-choice="infrastructure"/,
-    'the removed tile must leave no markup behind');
+  const order = [...html.matchAll(/data-first-run-choice="([a-z-]+)"/g)].map(
+    (match) => match[1],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(order, [
+    'contacts',
+    'space-missions',
+    'environmental',
+    'explore',
+  ]);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    html,
+    /data-first-run-choice="infrastructure"/,
+    'the removed tile must leave no markup behind',
+  );
 
   assert.match(startup, /styleManager\.initialRestorePromise/);
-  assert.ok(startup.indexOf("loadingScreen.classList.add('hidden')") < startup.indexOf("loadingScreen.addEventListener('transitionend', revealFirstRun"));
-  assert.match(startup, /initializeWelcome\?\.\(\{ styleManager, dataManager \}\)/);
+  assert.ok(
+    startup.indexOf("loadingScreen.classList.add('hidden')") <
+      startup.indexOf(
+        "loadingScreen.addEventListener('transitionend', revealFirstRun",
+      ),
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    startup,
+    /initializeWelcome\?\.\(\{ styleManager, dataManager \}\)/,
+  );
 
   assert.match(css, /body\.ui-clean-view #first-run-launcher/);
   assert.match(css, /body\.recording-mode #first-run-launcher/);
   // Scoped, not a bare search: style.css has other reduced-motion blocks, and
   // matching one of THOSE would let the launcher's own opt-out be deleted.
-  const reducedMotion = [...css.matchAll(/@media \(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce\) \{([\s\S]*?)\n\}/g)]
-    .map((match) => match[1]);
+  const reducedMotion = [
+    ...css.matchAll(
+      /@media \(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce\) \{([\s\S]*?)\n\}/g,
+    ),
+  ].map((match) => match[1]);
   assert.ok(
-    reducedMotion.some((block) => block.includes('#first-run-launcher') && block.includes('.first-run-choices')),
+    reducedMotion.some(
+      (block) =>
+        block.includes('#first-run-launcher') &&
+        block.includes('.first-run-choices'),
+    ),
     'the launcher must keep its OWN prefers-reduced-motion block, covering the card and the scrolling list',
   );
   // The card must be click-through until revealed and again while it fades out.
-  const base = css.slice(css.indexOf('#first-run-launcher {'), css.indexOf('#first-run-launcher.visible'));
+  const base = css.slice(
+    css.indexOf('#first-run-launcher {'),
+    css.indexOf('#first-run-launcher.visible'),
+  );
   assert.match(base, /pointer-events: none/);
-  assert.match(css, /#first-run-launcher\.visible \{[\s\S]*?pointer-events: auto/);
+  assert.match(
+    css,
+    /#first-run-launcher\.visible \{[\s\S]*?pointer-events: auto/,
+  );
   // The card is a flex column so its mission list can scroll on a short
   // viewport — and an AUTHOR `display` on this id outranks the UA's
   // `[hidden] { display: none }`, which would strand the card in the
@@ -616,13 +912,22 @@ test('markup, startup ordering and accessibility remain pinned', () => {
 });
 
 test('the launcher keeps focus, restores it, and never disables the focused button', () => {
-  const module = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const module = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./firstRunExperience.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   // aria-disabled, never the `disabled` property: disabling a focused button
   // drops the keyboard to <body> and strands the visitor outside the launcher.
-  assert.match(module, /button\.setAttribute\('aria-disabled', String\(next\)\)/);
+  assert.match(
+    module,
+    /button\.setAttribute\('aria-disabled', String\(next\)\)/,
+  );
   assert.doesNotMatch(module, /button\.disabled = /);
   // Tab is confined to the launcher, and ESC always releases it.
-  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const keyboard = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/surfaceKeyboard.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   assert.match(module, /keyboard\.activate\(\)/);
   assert.match(module, /keyboard\.deactivate\(\{ restoreFocus \}\)/);
   assert.match(keyboard, /event\.key !== 'Tab'/);
@@ -633,7 +938,10 @@ test('the launcher keeps focus, restores it, and never disables the focused butt
 });
 
 test('the DISPLAY rail starts collapsed on a first run, and a stored choice wins', () => {
-  const ui = fs.readFileSync(new URL('./ui/panelPositionControls.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const ui = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('./ui/panelPositionControls.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   // The rail opened by default to advertise HUD / DETECT / 3D. Those default ON
   // now, so it was opening to offer controls for things already happening —
   // while competing with the mission card for the one first impression there is.
@@ -644,7 +952,11 @@ test('the DISPLAY rail starts collapsed on a first run, and a stored choice wins
   );
   // The first-run default may only apply when NOTHING is stored: a visitor who
   // opened the rail keeps it open, and one who closed it keeps it closed.
-  const block = ui.slice(ui.indexOf('stored = localStorage.getItem(this._panelCollapseStorageKey(panelId))'));
+  const block = ui.slice(
+    ui.indexOf(
+      'stored = localStorage.getItem(this._panelCollapseStorageKey(panelId))',
+    ),
+  );
   const guard = block.slice(0, block.indexOf('panelEl.classList.toggle'));
   assert.match(guard, /if \(stored === '1'\) collapsed = true;/);
   assert.match(guard, /if \(stored === '0'\) collapsed = false;/);
@@ -661,9 +973,17 @@ test('the voice TOOL SCHEMA matches the pinned contract — the mission mapping
   // Canonical serialization pins every tool name, description, property and
   // ordering while allowing source formatting. Derived from the unchanged
   // release schema before formatting (the previous source-byte pin passed).
-  const legacyTools = structuredClone(GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS).filter((tool) => tool.name !== 'set_cyber_sonar');
-  const hudLayout = legacyTools.find((tool) => tool.name === 'set_hud').parameters.properties.layout;
-  assert.deepEqual(hudLayout.enum, ['tactical', 'operator', 'minimal', 'cyber']);
+  const legacyTools = structuredClone(GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS).filter(
+    (tool) => tool.name !== 'set_cyber_sonar',
+  );
+  const hudLayout = legacyTools.find((tool) => tool.name === 'set_hud')
+    .parameters.properties.layout;
+  assert.deepEqual(hudLayout.enum, [
+    'tactical',
+    'operator',
+    'minimal',
+    'cyber',
+  ]);
   // Cyber deliberately adds one layout; first-run missions still change no tools.
   hudLayout.enum = hudLayout.enum.filter((layout) => layout !== 'cyber');
   const block = JSON.stringify(legacyTools);
@@ -681,7 +1001,10 @@ test('the voice TOOL SCHEMA matches the pinned contract — the mission mapping
     '3b1d5e77c10a92f6543a4f9d1ff1870101a0306b65e5b8a6113111c81eda371e',
     'the first-run missions must ride EXISTING tools: no schema edit, no cache bust',
   );
-  const instructions = fs.readFileSync(new URL('../server/providers/openai/instructions.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const instructions = fs.readFileSync(
+    new URL('../server/providers/openai/instructions.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
 
   // ...and the mapping that makes them reachable by voice is one instruction
   // string, whose rollback is deleting that string. Anchored to a LIVE array
@@ -692,23 +1015,39 @@ test('the voice TOOL SCHEMA matches the pinned contract — the mission mapping
     /\n\s+'NAMED VIEWS are shorthand/,
     'the mission mapping must be an active instruction entry, not commented out',
   );
-  const mapping = instructions.slice(instructions.indexOf('NAMED VIEWS are shorthand'));
+  const mapping = instructions.slice(
+    instructions.indexOf('NAMED VIEWS are shorthand'),
+  );
   const paragraph = mapping.slice(0, mapping.indexOf("',\n"));
   for (const layerId of [
-    'local-datacenters', 'local-dams', 'telegeography-submarine-cables', 'local-firms', 'earthquakes',
+    'local-datacenters',
+    'local-dams',
+    'telegeography-submarine-cables',
+    'local-firms',
+    'earthquakes',
   ]) {
-    assert.ok(paragraph.includes(layerId), `mapping must name the existing ${layerId} enum value`);
+    assert.ok(
+      paragraph.includes(layerId),
+      `mapping must name the existing ${layerId} enum value`,
+    );
   }
   assert.ok(paragraph.includes('zoom_to_globe'));
   assert.ok(paragraph.includes('set_layer_visibility'));
 });
 
 test('every layer a mission drives is already in the shipped set_layer_visibility enum', () => {
-  const tool = GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS.find(tool => tool.name === 'set_layer_visibility');
+  const tool = GEV_REALTIME_TOOLS.find(
+    (tool) => tool.name === 'set_layer_visibility',
+  );
   const allowedLayers = tool.parameters.properties.layerId.enum;
-  const missionLayerIds = Object.values(FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS).flatMap((mission) => mission.layerIds || []);
+  const missionLayerIds = Object.values(FIRST_RUN_MISSIONS).flatMap(
+    (mission) => mission.layerIds || [],
+  );
   assert.ok(missionLayerIds.length > 0);
   for (const layerId of missionLayerIds) {
-    assert.ok(allowedLayers.includes(layerId), `${layerId} must already be an allowed enum value`);
+    assert.ok(
+      allowedLayers.includes(layerId),
+      `${layerId} must already be an allowed enum value`,
+    );
   }
 });
diff --git a/src/geoDistance.js b/src/geoDistance.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e71b72bb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/geoDistance.js
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/**
+ * Canonical geographic point used by shared spatial utilities.
+ *
+ * @typedef {{lat: number, lon: number}} GeoPoint
+ */
+
+/** IUGG mean spherical Earth radius, in kilometres. */
+export const EARTH_RADIUS_KM = 6371.0088;
+
+const DEGREES_TO_RADIANS = Math.PI / 180;
+
+/**
+ * Whether a value is a canonical, finite WGS84-style point in degrees.
+ * Longitudes are not implicitly wrapped because an out-of-range value usually
+ * indicates a broken coordinate contract at the caller.
+ *
+ * @param {*} point
+ * @returns {point is GeoPoint}
+ */
+export function isGeoPoint(point) {
+  return (
+    Number.isFinite(point?.lat) &&
+    point.lat >= -90 &&
+    point.lat <= 90 &&
+    Number.isFinite(point?.lon) &&
+    point.lon >= -180 &&
+    point.lon <= 180
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Great-circle distance in kilometres between two `{ lat, lon }` points.
+ *
+ * `{ lat, lon }` is the canonical shared coordinate representation. Invalid,
+ * missing, non-finite, or out-of-range coordinates return `Infinity`, which
+ * keeps invalid points out of threshold and nearest-neighbour selections.
+ *
+ * @param {GeoPoint} from
+ * @param {GeoPoint} to
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function greatCircleKm(from, to) {
+  if (!isGeoPoint(from) || !isGeoPoint(to)) return Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+
+  const latitude1 = from.lat * DEGREES_TO_RADIANS;
+  const latitude2 = to.lat * DEGREES_TO_RADIANS;
+  const latitudeDelta = (to.lat - from.lat) * DEGREES_TO_RADIANS;
+  const longitudeDelta = (to.lon - from.lon) * DEGREES_TO_RADIANS;
+  const haversine =
+    Math.sin(latitudeDelta / 2) ** 2 +
+    Math.cos(latitude1) *
+      Math.cos(latitude2) *
+      Math.sin(longitudeDelta / 2) ** 2;
+  const bounded = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, haversine));
+  return (
+    2 * EARTH_RADIUS_KM * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(bounded), Math.sqrt(1 - bounded))
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Great-circle distance in metres, with the same point and invalid-input
+ * contract as {@link greatCircleKm}.
+ *
+ * @param {GeoPoint} from
+ * @param {GeoPoint} to
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function greatCircleMeters(from, to) {
+  return greatCircleKm(from, to) * 1000;
+}
diff --git a/src/geoDistance.test.mjs b/src/geoDistance.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67d6c32fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/geoDistance.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  EARTH_RADIUS_KM,
+  greatCircleKm,
+  greatCircleMeters,
+  isGeoPoint,
+} from './geoDistance.js';
+
+const AUSTIN = Object.freeze({ lat: 30.2672, lon: -97.7431 });
+const HOUSTON = Object.freeze({ lat: 29.7604, lon: -95.3698 });
+
+test('great-circle identity and symmetry', () => {
+  assert.equal(greatCircleKm(AUSTIN, AUSTIN), 0);
+  assert.equal(greatCircleKm(AUSTIN, HOUSTON), greatCircleKm(HOUSTON, AUSTIN));
+});
+
+test('great-circle one-degree calibration and canonical units', () => {
+  const kilometres = greatCircleKm({ lat: 0, lon: 0 }, { lat: 1, lon: 0 });
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(kilometres - 111.195) < 0.001);
+  assert.equal(
+    greatCircleMeters({ lat: 0, lon: 0 }, { lat: 1, lon: 0 }),
+    kilometres * 1000,
+  );
+});
+
+test('great-circle handles dateline crossing and antipodal points', () => {
+  const acrossDateline = greatCircleKm(
+    { lat: 0, lon: 179 },
+    { lat: 0, lon: -179 },
+  );
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(acrossDateline - 222.39) < 0.01);
+  assert.ok(
+    Math.abs(
+      greatCircleKm({ lat: 0, lon: 0 }, { lat: 0, lon: 180 }) -
+        Math.PI * EARTH_RADIUS_KM,
+    ) < 1e-9,
+  );
+});
+
+test('canonical points require explicit latitude and longitude keys', () => {
+  assert.equal(isGeoPoint({ lat: 10, lon: 80 }), true);
+  assert.equal(isGeoPoint({ latitude: 10, longitude: 80 }), false);
+  assert.equal(isGeoPoint([10, 80]), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    greatCircleKm(
+      { latitude: 10, longitude: 80 },
+      { latitude: 20, longitude: 70 },
+    ),
+    Infinity,
+  );
+});
+
+test('latitude-before-longitude regression rejects a swapped Austin point', () => {
+  assert.ok(Number.isFinite(greatCircleKm(AUSTIN, HOUSTON)));
+  assert.equal(
+    greatCircleKm(
+      { lat: AUSTIN.lon, lon: AUSTIN.lat },
+      { lat: HOUSTON.lon, lon: HOUSTON.lat },
+    ),
+    Infinity,
+  );
+});
+
+test('invalid, missing, non-finite, and out-of-range points return Infinity', () => {
+  for (const point of [
+    null,
+    {},
+    { lat: 0 },
+    { lat: NaN, lon: 0 },
+    { lat: 0, lon: Infinity },
+    { lat: 90.0001, lon: 0 },
+    { lat: 0, lon: -180.0001 },
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(greatCircleKm(point, AUSTIN), Infinity);
+    assert.equal(greatCircleMeters(AUSTIN, point), Infinity);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/hud.js b/src/hud.js
index eb8c0ab34..8190f4b1b 100644
--- a/src/hud.js
+++ b/src/hud.js
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@ import { applicationServices } from './services/application.js';
  */
 
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { greatCircleKm } from './geoDistance.js';
 import { forward as toMGRS } from 'mgrs';
-import { CITY_POIS } from './locations.js';
+import { CITY_POIS } from './cityPois.js';
 import { composeLocalityTag } from './hudLocality.js';
+import { hudQuantity, LOCALIZED_LOCALITY } from './hudLocalityFormat.js';
 import {
   ellipsoidalToMslDisplayM,
   ensureGeoidReady,
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ import { getBasemapLabelContext } from './voice/gevActions.js';
 import {
   hudSummaryMatchesProvenance,
   hudSummaryLayerContext,
-  hudTelemetryProvenanceTag,
+  hudTelemetryProvenance,
   isHudSummaryUnconfigured,
 } from './hudSummaryResponse.js';
 import {
@@ -35,6 +37,8 @@ import {
   DEFAULT_HUD_LAYOUT,
   normalizeHudLayout,
 } from './hudLayouts.js';
+import { formatNumber, msg, t } from './i18n/index.js';
+import { localizeLayerName } from './ui/layerPanel.js';
 
 /** Color palettes keyed by shader mode; applied as CSS custom properties. */
 const HUD_COLORS = {
@@ -60,6 +64,79 @@ const HUD_COLORS = {
   },
 };
 
+/**
+ * Mode names per style: the same English as STYLE_STATUS_LABELS
+ * (ui/visualPresets.js), so both translate alike.
+ */
+const MODE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  normal: msg('NORMAL'),
+  retro: msg('CRT'),
+  surveillance: msg('NVG'),
+  thermal: msg('FLIR'),
+  anime: msg('ANIME'),
+  noir: msg('NOIR'),
+  snow: msg('SNOW'),
+});
+
+/** Region ids from _regionLabel() and the name shown for each. */
+const REGION_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  ARCTIC: msg('ARCTIC'),
+  ANTARCTIC: msg('ANTARCTIC'),
+  'NORTH AMERICA': msg('NORTH AMERICA'),
+  'SOUTH AMERICA': msg('SOUTH AMERICA'),
+  EUROPE: msg('EUROPE'),
+  AFRICA: msg('AFRICA'),
+  ASIA: msg('ASIA'),
+  OCEANIA: msg('OCEANIA'),
+  'NORTHERN OCEANIC GRID': msg('NORTHERN OCEANIC GRID'),
+  'SOUTHERN OCEANIC GRID': msg('SOUTHERN OCEANIC GRID'),
+});
+
+/** Feed-state ids from hudTelemetryProvenance() and the word shown for each. */
+const FEED_STATE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  loading: msg('LOADING'),
+  degraded: msg('DEGRADED'),
+  stale: msg('STALE'),
+  partial: msg('PARTIAL'),
+  fallback: msg('FALLBACK'),
+  unavailable: msg('UNAVAILABLE'),
+});
+
+/**
+ * The summary's feed-state suffix in the active language, e.g.
+ * `UNAVAILABLE: LIVE AIS VESSELS`. State ids and layer names stay English in
+ * layer data; only this line translates them.
+ */
+function localizedProvenanceTag(provenance) {
+  if (!provenance) return null;
+  const state = FEED_STATE_LABELS[provenance.state]
+    ? t(FEED_STATE_LABELS[provenance.state])
+    : provenance.state.toUpperCase();
+  if (!provenance.names.length) return state;
+  return t('{state} {layers}', {
+    state,
+    layers: provenance.names
+      .map((name) => localizeLayerName(name).toUpperCase())
+      .join('/'),
+  });
+}
+
+/** The name shown for a _viewBand() id. */
+function viewBandLabel(band) {
+  switch (band) {
+    case 'STREET':
+      return t('STREET', { context: 'view band' });
+    case 'CITY':
+      return t('CITY', { context: 'view band' });
+    case 'METRO':
+      return t('METRO', { context: 'view band' });
+    case 'REGIONAL':
+      return t('REGIONAL', { context: 'view band' });
+    default:
+      return t('GLOBAL', { context: 'view band' });
+  }
+}
+
 /** Shader modes that automatically show the HUD overlay. */
 const MILITARY_STYLES = new Set(['retro', 'surveillance', 'thermal']);
 
@@ -185,6 +262,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
     this._el = document.getElementById('intel-hud');
     if (!this._el) return;
 
+    // i18n-ignore: sensor codes and a classification banner; the rest uses t()
     this._el.innerHTML = `
       <div class="hud-sonar" aria-hidden="true"></div>
 
@@ -199,17 +277,17 @@ export class IntelHUD {
         <div class="hud-content">
           <div class="hud-classification">TOP SECRET // SI-TK // NOFORN</div>
           <div class="hud-system">${this._missionId}  ${this._sensorId}</div>
-          <div class="hud-mode" id="hud-mode">NORMAL</div>
+          <div class="hud-mode" id="hud-mode">${t(MODE_LABELS.normal)}</div>
           <div class="hud-summary-wrap">
-            <div class="hud-summary-label">SUMMARY</div>
-            <div class="hud-summary" id="hud-summary">Awaiting telemetry...</div>
+            <div class="hud-summary-label">${t('SUMMARY')}</div>
+            <div class="hud-summary" id="hud-summary">${t('Awaiting telemetry...')}</div>
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
 
       <div class="hud-corner hud-top-right">
         <div class="hud-content" style="text-align:right">
-          <div class="hud-rec"><span id="hud-rec-dot">●</span> REC  <span id="hud-timestamp">2026-01-01 00:00:00Z</span></div>
+          <div class="hud-rec"><span id="hud-rec-dot">●</span> ${t('REC')}  <span id="hud-timestamp">2026-01-01 00:00:00Z</span></div>
           <div class="hud-orbital">ORB: ${this._orbitNum}  PASS: DESC-${this._passNum}</div>
         </div>
         <div class="hud-bracket">┐</div>
@@ -227,7 +305,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
         <div class="hud-content" style="text-align:right">
           <div id="hud-gsd">GSD: --m  NIIRS: --</div>
           <div id="hud-alt">ALT: --m   SUN: --° EL</div>
-          <div id="hud-ais-vessel" class="hud-ais-vessel">AIS: --</div>
+          <div id="hud-ais-vessel" class="hud-ais-vessel">${t('AIS: --')}</div>
         </div>
         <div class="hud-bracket">┘</div>
       </div>
@@ -355,9 +433,11 @@ export class IntelHUD {
       const formatted = this._formatMGRS(mgrsStr);
       mgrsLabel = formatted;
       const el = document.getElementById('hud-mgrs');
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor codes
       if (el) el.textContent = `MGRS: ${formatted}`;
     } catch {
       const el = document.getElementById('hud-mgrs');
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor codes
       if (el) el.textContent = 'MGRS: ---';
     }
 
@@ -366,6 +446,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
     if (llEl) llEl.textContent = `${latDMS} ${lonDMS}`;
     const bottomEl = document.getElementById('hud-bottom-line');
     if (bottomEl) {
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor codes
       bottomEl.textContent = `MGRS: ${mgrsLabel}  LAT: ${latDMS}  LON: ${lonDMS}`;
     }
 
@@ -381,6 +462,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
     );
     const gsdEl = document.getElementById('hud-gsd');
     if (gsdEl)
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor codes
       gsdEl.textContent = `GSD: ${gsd.toFixed(2)}m  NIIRS: ${niirs.toFixed(1)}`;
 
     // Altitude — reported as height above MEAN SEA LEVEL. `altM` is the raw
@@ -393,6 +475,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
     const altMslM = ellipsoidalToMslDisplayM(altM, geoidN);
     const sunEl = this._estimateSunElevation(latDeg, lonDeg);
     if (altEl)
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor codes
       altEl.textContent = `ALT: ${Math.round(altMslM)}m   SUN: ${sunEl.toFixed(1)}° EL`;
 
     // Collection timestamp
@@ -402,6 +485,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
       const h = String(now.getUTCHours()).padStart(2, '0');
       const m = String(now.getUTCMinutes()).padStart(2, '0');
       const s = String(now.getUTCSeconds()).padStart(2, '0');
+      // i18n-ignore: sensor codes
       collEl.textContent = `COLL: ${h}:${m}:${s}Z`;
     }
 
@@ -410,6 +494,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
     const pitchDeg = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(camera.pitch);
     const ona = Math.max(0, 90 + pitchDeg);
     const onaEl = document.getElementById('hud-ona');
+    // i18n-ignore: sensor codes
     if (onaEl) onaEl.textContent = `ONA: ${ona.toFixed(1)}°`;
 
     // `altM` stays the raw ellipsoidal camera height the sensor model reads
@@ -599,13 +684,7 @@ export class IntelHUD {
    * @returns {number} Distance in kilometers.
    */
   _haversineKm(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
-    const toRad = (deg) => Cesium.Math.toRadians(deg);
-    const dLat = toRad(lat2 - lat1);
-    const dLon = toRad(lon2 - lon1);
-    const a =
-      Math.sin(dLat / 2) ** 2 +
-      Math.cos(toRad(lat1)) * Math.cos(toRad(lat2)) * Math.sin(dLon / 2) ** 2;
-    return 6371 * 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1 - a));
+    return greatCircleKm({ lat: lat1, lon: lon1 }, { lat: lat2, lon: lon2 });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -634,10 +713,10 @@ export class IntelHUD {
    */
   _composeSummary() {
     const m = this._latestMetrics;
-    if (!m) return 'Awaiting telemetry...';
+    if (!m) return t('Awaiting telemetry...');
 
     const modeEl = document.getElementById('hud-mode');
-    const modeLabel = modeEl?.textContent || 'NORMAL';
+    const modeLabel = modeEl?.textContent || t(MODE_LABELS.normal);
     const region = this._regionLabel(m.latDeg, m.lonDeg);
     const nearest = this._nearestKnownPoint(m.latDeg, m.lonDeg);
     const band = this._viewBand(m.altM);
@@ -649,20 +728,41 @@ export class IntelHUD {
     // together, so they must never disagree. The view band above deliberately
     // keeps the ellipsoidal height: its thresholds were tuned against it.
     const altDisplayM = Number.isFinite(m.altMslM) ? m.altMslM : m.altM;
+    // Display only: the AI summary request carries its own context, so this
+    // line is built in the active language.
     const altTag =
       altDisplayM >= 1000
-        ? `${(altDisplayM / 1000).toFixed(1)}KM`
-        : `${Math.round(altDisplayM)}M`;
+        ? hudQuantity(altDisplayM / 1000, 'km', 1)
+        : hudQuantity(Math.round(altDisplayM), 'm');
     const winTag = window
-      ? `${Math.max(1, Math.round(window.widthKm))}x${Math.max(1, Math.round(window.heightKm))}KM`
-      : 'N/A';
+      ? `${hudQuantity(Math.max(1, Math.round(window.widthKm)), '')}x${hudQuantity(Math.max(1, Math.round(window.heightKm)), 'km')}`
+      : t('N/A');
     // NEAR the nearest catalogued POI at metro range; otherwise the lat/lon sector.
-    const localityTag = composeLocalityTag(nearest, m.latDeg, m.lonDeg);
+    const localityTag = composeLocalityTag(
+      nearest,
+      m.latDeg,
+      m.lonDeg,
+      LOCALIZED_LOCALITY,
+    );
 
-    const provenance = hudTelemetryProvenanceTag(
-      this._dataManager?.getAll?.() || [],
+    const provenance = localizedProvenanceTag(
+      hudTelemetryProvenance(this._dataManager?.getAll?.() || []),
+    );
+    // ALT, SUN and ONA are sensor codes, as in the corner readouts.
+    const line = t(
+      '{mode} {band} {locality} | {region} | ALT {alt} | WINDOW {window} | SUN {sun}° | ONA {ona}° | {zone}',
+      {
+        mode: modeLabel,
+        band: viewBandLabel(band),
+        locality: localityTag,
+        region: REGION_LABELS[region] ? t(REGION_LABELS[region]) : region,
+        alt: altTag,
+        window: winTag,
+        sun: formatNumber(Math.round(m.sunEl)),
+        ona: formatNumber(Math.round(m.ona)),
+        zone: localTag,
+      },
     );
-    const line = `${modeLabel} ${band} ${localityTag} | ${region} | ALT ${altTag} | WINDOW ${winTag} | SUN ${m.sunEl.toFixed(0)}° | ONA ${m.ona.toFixed(0)}° | ${localTag}`;
     return provenance ? `${line} | ${provenance}` : line;
   }
 
@@ -818,8 +918,9 @@ export class IntelHUD {
     // Update mode label
     const modeEl = document.getElementById('hud-mode');
     if (modeEl) {
-      const modeNames = { surveillance: 'NVG', thermal: 'FLIR', retro: 'CRT' };
-      modeEl.textContent = modeNames[styleName] || styleName.toUpperCase();
+      modeEl.textContent = MODE_LABELS[styleName]
+        ? t(MODE_LABELS[styleName])
+        : styleName.toUpperCase();
     }
     // Update color scheme
     const colors = HUD_COLORS[styleName] || HUD_COLORS._default;
diff --git a/src/hudA11y.test.mjs b/src/hudA11y.test.mjs
index 3d11ebf3e..0c0fd6fe2 100644
--- a/src/hudA11y.test.mjs
+++ b/src/hudA11y.test.mjs
@@ -22,10 +22,12 @@ test('HUD sliders and location search have descriptive explicit names', () => {
 });
 
 test('the first-run checkbox keeps its native visible label', () => {
-  assert.match(html, /<label\b[^>]*class="first-run-suppress"[^>]*>\s*<input type="checkbox" data-first-run-suppress \/>\s*<span>Don't show this again<\/span>\s*<\/label>/);
+  // The span may carry a data-i18n extraction attribute; the native wrapping
+  // label contract is what this guards.
+  assert.match(html, /<label\b[^>]*class="first-run-suppress"[^>]*>\s*<input type="checkbox" data-first-run-suppress \/>\s*<span\b[^>]*>Don't show this again<\/span>\s*<\/label>/);
 });
 
 test('generated style sliders use the visible parameter label as their name', () => {
-  assert.match(parameters, /label\.textContent\s*=\s*metadata\.label;/);
-  assert.match(parameters, /slider\.setAttribute\(['"]aria-label['"],\s*metadata\.label\)/);
+  assert.match(parameters, /label\.textContent\s*=\s*t\(metadata\.label\);/);
+  assert.match(parameters, /slider\.setAttribute\(['"]aria-label['"],\s*t\(metadata\.label\)\)/);
 });
diff --git a/src/hudLocality.js b/src/hudLocality.js
index 2a2dbd3a4..482d4f3ad 100644
--- a/src/hudLocality.js
+++ b/src/hudLocality.js
@@ -23,6 +23,14 @@
  */
 export const NEAR_POI_MAX_KM = 150;
 
+/** The English locality line; the HUD passes hudLocalityFormat.js instead. */
+const ENGLISH_LOCALITY = Object.freeze({
+  near: ({ poi, city, distKm }) =>
+    `NEAR ${poi.toUpperCase()} (${city.toUpperCase()}) ${Math.round(distKm)}KM`,
+  sector: ({ latDeg, lonDeg }) =>
+    `SECTOR ${coordinateTag(latDeg, 'N', 'S')} ${coordinateTag(lonDeg, 'E', 'W')}`,
+});
+
 /**
  * Format one hemisphere-tagged coordinate, e.g. `21.33N` / `157.80W`.
  * @param {number} value Signed decimal degrees.
@@ -42,13 +50,25 @@ function coordinateTag(value, positive, negative) {
  *   catalogue is empty.
  * @param {number} latDeg Camera latitude in decimal degrees.
  * @param {number} lonDeg Camera longitude in decimal degrees.
+ * @param {{near: Function, sector: Function}} [format] Builds the line from
+ *   `{ poi, city, distKm }` or `{ latDeg, lonDeg }`; names arrive as
+ *   catalogued (`Tokyo`), not upper-cased.
  * @returns {string} `NEAR <POI> (<CITY>) <N>KM` within the bound (inclusive),
  *   otherwise `SECTOR <lat> <lon>`.
  */
-export function composeLocalityTag(nearest, latDeg, lonDeg) {
+export function composeLocalityTag(
+  nearest,
+  latDeg,
+  lonDeg,
+  format = ENGLISH_LOCALITY,
+) {
   const distKm = Number(nearest?.distKm);
   if (nearest && Number.isFinite(distKm) && distKm <= NEAR_POI_MAX_KM) {
-    return `NEAR ${String(nearest.poi).toUpperCase()} (${String(nearest.city).toUpperCase()}) ${Math.round(distKm)}KM`;
+    return format.near({
+      poi: String(nearest.poi),
+      city: String(nearest.city),
+      distKm,
+    });
   }
-  return `SECTOR ${coordinateTag(latDeg, 'N', 'S')} ${coordinateTag(lonDeg, 'E', 'W')}`;
+  return format.sector({ latDeg, lonDeg });
 }
diff --git a/src/hudLocality.test.mjs b/src/hudLocality.test.mjs
index 25b6618b5..99b683c51 100644
--- a/src/hudLocality.test.mjs
+++ b/src/hudLocality.test.mjs
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
 import { composeLocalityTag, NEAR_POI_MAX_KM } from './hudLocality.js';
+import { LOCALIZED_LOCALITY } from './hudLocalityFormat.js';
+import { setLocale } from './i18n/index.js';
 
 const ALCATRAZ = { poi: 'Alcatraz Island', city: 'San Francisco' };
 const LINCOLN = { poi: 'Lincoln Memorial', city: 'Washington DC' };
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ test('the NEAR bound is metro scale, not continental', () => {
 
 test('a landmark under the camera reads NEAR', () => {
   assert.equal(
-    composeLocalityTag({ ...ALCATRAZ, distKm: 2.4 }, 37.8267, -122.4230),
+    composeLocalityTag({ ...ALCATRAZ, distKm: 2.4 }, 37.8267, -122.423),
     'NEAR ALCATRAZ ISLAND (SAN FRANCISCO) 2KM',
   );
   assert.equal(
@@ -40,20 +42,42 @@ test('the field failures now fall through to the SECTOR readout', () => {
 });
 
 test('the boundary is pinned on both sides, inclusive at the bound', () => {
-  const at = composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM }, 40, -78);
-  assert.match(at, /^NEAR LINCOLN MEMORIAL/, 'exactly at the bound still reads NEAR');
+  const at = composeLocalityTag(
+    { ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM },
+    40,
+    -78,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    at,
+    /^NEAR LINCOLN MEMORIAL/,
+    'exactly at the bound still reads NEAR',
+  );
 
-  const just_under = composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM - 0.1 }, 40, -78);
+  const just_under = composeLocalityTag(
+    { ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM - 0.1 },
+    40,
+    -78,
+  );
   assert.match(just_under, /^NEAR LINCOLN MEMORIAL/);
 
-  const just_over = composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM + 0.1 }, 40, -78);
+  const just_over = composeLocalityTag(
+    { ...LINCOLN, distKm: NEAR_POI_MAX_KM + 0.1 },
+    40,
+    -78,
+  );
   assert.match(just_over, /^SECTOR /, 'one step past the bound falls through');
 });
 
 test('southern and western hemispheres carry the right suffixes', () => {
   // Rio and Honolulu — the two the fallback already handled correctly in the field.
-  assert.equal(composeLocalityTag(null, -22.9068, -43.1729), 'SECTOR 22.91S 43.17W');
-  assert.equal(composeLocalityTag(null, 21.3069, -157.8583), 'SECTOR 21.31N 157.86W');
+  assert.equal(
+    composeLocalityTag(null, -22.9068, -43.1729),
+    'SECTOR 22.91S 43.17W',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    composeLocalityTag(null, 21.3069, -157.8583),
+    'SECTOR 21.31N 157.86W',
+  );
 });
 
 // The tests above all pass against a hud.js that still computes the tag inline —
@@ -72,7 +96,9 @@ test('hud.js actually composes its summary through this helper', () => {
     'hud.js must import composeLocalityTag from ./hudLocality.js',
   );
   assert.equal(
-    has(/const localityTag = composeLocalityTag\(nearest, m\.latDeg, m\.lonDeg\);/),
+    has(
+      /const localityTag = composeLocalityTag\(\s*nearest,\s*m\.latDeg,\s*m\.lonDeg,\s*LOCALIZED_LOCALITY,?\s*\);/,
+    ),
     true,
     '_composeSummary must build its locality tag through composeLocalityTag()',
   );
@@ -91,6 +117,41 @@ test('hud.js actually composes its summary through this helper', () => {
 test('a missing or malformed nearest POI never crashes the summary', () => {
   assert.match(composeLocalityTag(null, 0, 0), /^SECTOR /);
   assert.match(composeLocalityTag(undefined, 0, 0), /^SECTOR /);
-  assert.match(composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN, distKm: NaN }, 10, 10), /^SECTOR /);
+  assert.match(
+    composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN, distKm: NaN }, 10, 10),
+    /^SECTOR /,
+  );
   assert.match(composeLocalityTag({ ...LINCOLN }, 10, 10), /^SECTOR /);
 });
+
+test('a formatter builds the line from the same parts', () => {
+  const format = {
+    near: ({ poi, city, distKm }) => `near:${poi}|${city}|${distKm}`,
+    sector: ({ latDeg, lonDeg }) => `sector:${latDeg}|${lonDeg}`,
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    composeLocalityTag({ ...ALCATRAZ, distKm: 2.4 }, 37.8, -122.4, format),
+    'near:Alcatraz Island|San Francisco|2.4',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    composeLocalityTag(null, 21.3, -157.8, format),
+    'sector:21.3|-157.8',
+  );
+});
+
+test('the HUD formatter translates the catalogued city, then upper-cases it', () => {
+  const tokyo = { poi: 'Tokyo Tower', city: 'Tokyo', distKm: 2 };
+  assert.equal(
+    composeLocalityTag(tokyo, 35.66, 139.75, LOCALIZED_LOCALITY),
+    'NEAR TOKYO TOWER (TOKYO) 2KM',
+  );
+  setLocale('ru');
+  try {
+    assert.match(
+      composeLocalityTag(tokyo, 35.66, 139.75, LOCALIZED_LOCALITY),
+      /\(ТОКИО\)/,
+    );
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/hudLocalityFormat.js b/src/hudLocalityFormat.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a82fdbb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/hudLocalityFormat.js
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/**
+ * @module hudLocalityFormat
+ * @description The HUD summary's locality line in the active language — the
+ * formatter `hud.js` hands to `composeLocalityTag`. Kept apart from `hud.js`
+ * (which imports `mgrs`, not loadable under plain Node) so it is unit-testable.
+ */
+import { formatNumber, getLocale, t } from './i18n/index.js';
+import { unitLabel } from './ui/unitLabels.js';
+import { localizePlaceName } from './ui/placeNames.js';
+
+/** An upper-case HUD quantity such as `13KM` / `13КМ`, in the active language. */
+export function hudQuantity(value, unit, digits = 0) {
+  const number = formatNumber(value, {
+    useGrouping: false,
+    minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+    maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+  });
+  return `${number}${unitLabel(unit).toUpperCase()}`;
+}
+
+/** One hemisphere-tagged coordinate, e.g. `21.33N` / `21,33С`. */
+function hudCoordinate(value, positive, negative) {
+  return `${hudQuantity(Math.abs(value), '', 2)}${value >= 0 ? positive : negative}`;
+}
+
+/** The summary's locality line in the active language (see hudLocality.js). */
+export const LOCALIZED_LOCALITY = Object.freeze({
+  // Translate the catalogued name (`Tokyo`), then upper-case it in the page's
+  // language: the place-name table knows `Tokyo`, not `TOKYO`.
+  near: ({ poi, city, distKm }) =>
+    t('NEAR {poi} ({city}) {distance}', {
+      poi: poi.toLocaleUpperCase(getLocale()),
+      city: localizePlaceName(city).toLocaleUpperCase(getLocale()),
+      distance: hudQuantity(Math.round(distKm), 'km'),
+    }),
+  sector: ({ latDeg, lonDeg }) =>
+    t('SECTOR {lat} {lon}', {
+      lat: hudCoordinate(latDeg, t('N'), t('S')),
+      lon: hudCoordinate(lonDeg, t('E'), t('W')),
+    }),
+});
diff --git a/src/hudSummaryResponse.js b/src/hudSummaryResponse.js
index 82b12e55f..82a5c2a23 100644
--- a/src/hudSummaryResponse.js
+++ b/src/hudSummaryResponse.js
@@ -83,12 +83,14 @@ export function hudSummaryLayerContext(layers = [], options) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Deterministic telemetry suffix when an enabled feed is not nominal.
+ * The feed state and up to two layer names for the HUD telemetry suffix when
+ * an enabled feed is not nominal. Values stay English (`state` is a feed-state
+ * id, `names` are `layer.name`); the HUD translates them for display.
  * @param {Array<object>} [layers]
  * @param {{ now?: number }} [options]
- * @returns {string|null}
+ * @returns {{ state: string, names: string[] }|null}
  */
-export function hudTelemetryProvenanceTag(layers = [], options) {
+export function hudTelemetryProvenance(layers = [], options) {
   const snapshots = layerSnapshots(layers, options).filter((s) => s.enabled);
   const envelope = feedProvenanceEnvelope(snapshots, options);
   if (!envelope.overall || envelope.overall === 'nominal') return null;
@@ -96,9 +98,9 @@ export function hudTelemetryProvenanceTag(layers = [], options) {
     .filter(
       (s) => s.feedState && s.feedState !== 'nominal' && s.feedState !== 'off',
     )
-    .map((s) => String(s.name || s.id || 'LAYER').toUpperCase())
+    .map((s) => String(s.name || s.id || 'LAYER'))
     .slice(0, 2);
-  return `${envelope.overall.toUpperCase()}${names.length ? ` ${names.join('/')}` : ''}`;
+  return { state: envelope.overall, names };
 }
 
 /** Require the supplied non-nominal state before showing an AI summary. */
diff --git a/src/hudSummaryResponse.test.mjs b/src/hudSummaryResponse.test.mjs
index 194d66106..d7da91129 100644
--- a/src/hudSummaryResponse.test.mjs
+++ b/src/hudSummaryResponse.test.mjs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS,
   HUD_SUMMARY_UNCONFIGURED_CODE,
   hudSummaryLayerContext,
-  hudTelemetryProvenanceTag,
+  hudTelemetryProvenance,
   isHudSummaryUnconfigured,
   keylessHudSummaryResponse,
 } from './hudSummaryResponse.js';
@@ -30,7 +30,10 @@ function installOpenAiRoutes() {
   return routes;
 }
 
-function invokeRoute(handler, { method = 'GET', url = '/', remoteAddress = '127.0.0.1' } = {}) {
+function invokeRoute(
+  handler,
+  { method = 'GET', url = '/', remoteAddress = '127.0.0.1' } = {},
+) {
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     const headers = new Map();
     const req = {
@@ -71,33 +74,54 @@ test('builds an HTTP-success capability response only for a blank key', () => {
 test('recognizes only the exact deliberate no-key fallback response', () => {
   assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD), true);
   assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(503, UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
-    ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
-    error: 'provider failed',
-  }), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
-    ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
-    summary: 'Unexpected provider output',
-  }), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
-    ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
-    configured: true,
-  }), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
-    ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
-    unexpected: true,
-  }), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
-    code: HUD_SUMMARY_UNCONFIGURED_CODE,
-  }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
+      ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
+      error: 'provider failed',
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
+      ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
+      summary: 'Unexpected provider output',
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
+      ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
+      configured: true,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
+      ...UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD,
+      unexpected: true,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, {
+      code: HUD_SUMMARY_UNCONFIGURED_CODE,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
 });
 
 test('does not hide real provider and HTTP failures', () => {
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(502, {
-    code: HUD_SUMMARY_UNCONFIGURED_CODE,
-  }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(502, {
+      code: HUD_SUMMARY_UNCONFIGURED_CODE,
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
   assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(503, UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD), false);
-  assert.equal(isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, { error: 'provider failed' }), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    isHudSummaryUnconfigured(200, { error: 'provider failed' }),
+    false,
+  );
 });
 
 test('the installed keyless HUD route stays successful after the voice quota is exhausted', async () => {
@@ -121,14 +145,18 @@ test('the installed keyless HUD route stays successful after the voice quota is
     for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 2; attempt += 1) {
       const response = await invokeRoute(hud, { method: 'POST' });
       assert.equal(response.statusCode, 200);
-      assert.equal(response.headers['content-type'], 'application/json; charset=utf-8');
+      assert.equal(
+        response.headers['content-type'],
+        'application/json; charset=utf-8',
+      );
       assert.equal(response.headers['cache-control'], 'no-store');
       assert.deepEqual(response.body, UNCONFIGURED_PAYLOAD);
     }
   } finally {
     if (previousKey === undefined) delete process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY;
     else process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY = previousKey;
-    if (previousLimit === undefined) delete process.env.GEV_RATELIMIT_OPENAI_PER_MIN;
+    if (previousLimit === undefined)
+      delete process.env.GEV_RATELIMIT_OPENAI_PER_MIN;
     else process.env.GEV_RATELIMIT_OPENAI_PER_MIN = previousLimit;
   }
 });
@@ -140,7 +168,12 @@ test('HUD summary context and telemetry tag carry chip-identical feed-state', ()
       id: 'flights',
       name: 'Live Flights',
       enabled: true,
-      stats: { stale: true, count: 12, lastUpdate: now - 240_000, source: 'OpenSky Network' },
+      stats: {
+        stale: true,
+        count: 12,
+        lastUpdate: now - 240_000,
+        source: 'OpenSky Network',
+      },
     },
     {
       id: 'earthquakes',
@@ -153,27 +186,66 @@ test('HUD summary context and telemetry tag carry chip-identical feed-state', ()
   assert.deepEqual(context.enabledLayerLabels, ['Live Flights']);
   assert.equal(context.enabledLayers[0].feedState, 'stale');
   assert.equal(context.feedProvenance.overall, 'stale');
-  assert.equal(hudTelemetryProvenanceTag(layers, { now }), 'STALE LIVE FLIGHTS');
-  assert.equal(hudTelemetryProvenanceTag([{
-    id: 'flights', name: 'Live Flights', enabled: true, stats: { count: 4, lastUpdate: now },
-  }], { now }), null);
+  assert.deepEqual(hudTelemetryProvenance(layers, { now }), {
+    state: 'stale',
+    names: ['Live Flights'],
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    hudTelemetryProvenance(
+      [
+        {
+          id: 'flights',
+          name: 'Live Flights',
+          enabled: true,
+          stats: { count: 4, lastUpdate: now },
+        },
+      ],
+      { now },
+    ),
+    null,
+  );
 });
 
 test('HUD summary instructions require non-nominal feedState in the five words', () => {
-  assert.match(HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS, /five words MUST include that feedState token/);
-  assert.match(HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS, /STALE, DEGRADED, FALLBACK, LOADING, or UNAVAILABLE/);
+  assert.match(
+    HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS,
+    /five words MUST include that feedState token/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS,
+    /STALE, DEGRADED, FALLBACK, LOADING, or UNAVAILABLE/,
+  );
   assert.match(HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS, /feedProvenance/);
 });
 
 test('the HUD proxy uses the shared provenance instructions', () => {
-  const local = readFileSync(new URL('../server/providers/openai/hud-summary.js', import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+  const local = readFileSync(
+    new URL('../server/providers/openai/hud-summary.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
   assert.match(local, /HUD_SUMMARY_INSTRUCTIONS/);
   assert.doesNotMatch(local, /enabled-layer text labels/);
 });
 
 test('AI summaries missing a non-nominal provenance token fall back deterministically', async () => {
-  const { hudSummaryMatchesProvenance } = await import('./hudSummaryResponse.js');
-  assert.equal(hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin flights operating normally today', { overall: 'stale' }), false);
-  assert.equal(hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin stale flights over downtown', { overall: 'stale' }), true);
-  assert.equal(hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin flights operating normally today', { overall: 'nominal' }), true);
+  const { hudSummaryMatchesProvenance } =
+    await import('./hudSummaryResponse.js');
+  assert.equal(
+    hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin flights operating normally today', {
+      overall: 'stale',
+    }),
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin stale flights over downtown', {
+      overall: 'stale',
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    hudSummaryMatchesProvenance('Austin flights operating normally today', {
+      overall: 'nominal',
+    }),
+    true,
+  );
 });
diff --git a/src/i18n/catalog.test.mjs b/src/i18n/catalog.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..487bde9aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/catalog.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+
+import {
+  checkCatalog,
+  extractMessages,
+  findUnmarked,
+  readCatalog,
+  shippedLocales,
+  unmarkedMarkup,
+  unmarkedScript,
+} from '../../scripts/i18n.mjs';
+import { LOCALES } from './locale.js';
+
+const messages = extractMessages();
+
+test('every catalog file is a shipped locale and every non-English locale has a catalog', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    shippedLocales().sort(),
+    LOCALES.filter((locale) => locale !== 'en').sort(),
+  );
+});
+
+for (const locale of shippedLocales()) {
+  test(`${locale} catalog matches the code (npm run i18n)`, () => {
+    const { missing, stale, errors } = checkCatalog(
+      locale,
+      readCatalog(locale),
+      messages,
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      { missing, stale, errors },
+      { missing: [], stale: [], errors: [] },
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+test('every UI string is marked for translation or kept on purpose (npm run i18n)', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    findUnmarked().map(({ where, text }) => `${where}  ${text}`),
+    [],
+  );
+});
+
+test('checkCatalog reports missing, stale, placeholder and plural problems', () => {
+  const fixture = new Map([
+    ['Saved {name}', { plural: false }],
+    ['{count} keys', { plural: true, one: '{count} key' }],
+    ['Untranslated', { plural: false }],
+  ]);
+  const result = checkCatalog(
+    'ru',
+    {
+      'Saved {name}': 'Сохранено {nmae}',
+      '{count} keys': {
+        one: '{count} ключ',
+        few: '{count} ключа',
+        many: '{count} ключей',
+      },
+      Removed: 'Удалено',
+    },
+    fixture,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(result.missing, ['Untranslated']);
+  assert.deepEqual(result.stale, ['Removed']);
+  assert.equal(result.errors.length, 2);
+});
+
+test('checkCatalog reports a translation left in English unless it is allowed', () => {
+  const fixture = new Map([
+    ['Bloom', { plural: false }],
+    ['HDG', { plural: false }],
+    ['voice|READY', { plural: false }],
+    ['{state} · {source}', { plural: false }],
+  ]);
+  const catalog = {
+    Bloom: 'Bloom',
+    HDG: 'HDG',
+    'voice|READY': 'READY',
+    '{state} · {source}': '{state} · {source}',
+  };
+  const errors = (allowed) =>
+    checkCatalog('es', catalog, fixture, new Set(allowed)).errors;
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    errors([]).map((error) => error.split(' is still English')[0]),
+    ['"Bloom"', '"HDG"', '"voice|READY"'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(errors(['Bloom', 'HDG', 'voice|READY']), []);
+});
+
+test('unmarkedMarkup finds text and attributes without data-i18n*', () => {
+  const texts = (html) => unmarkedMarkup('f.html', html).map((f) => f.text);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('<span>Close</span>'), ['Close']);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('<span data-i18n>Close</span>'), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('<button title="Pin it">x</button>'), [
+    'title="Pin it"',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts('<button title="Pin it" data-i18n-title>x</button>'),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts('<select translate="no"><option>0.9 dB</option></select>'),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('<b data-i18n-runtime><i>OFF</i></b>'), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts('<span class="material-symbols-outlined">public</span>'),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('<!-- Note --><span>— 42 —</span>'), []);
+});
+
+test('unmarkedScript finds literals that reach the page without t/tn/msg', () => {
+  const texts = (js) => unmarkedScript('f.js', js).map((f) => f.text);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.textContent = 'Saved';"), ['Saved']);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.textContent = t('Saved');"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.textContent = on ? 'On air' : 'Off air';"), [
+    'On air',
+    'Off air',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.setAttribute('aria-label', `Open ${name}`);"), [
+    'Open',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts("const row = { label: msg('Wind'), id: 'wind' };"),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("const row = { label: 'Wind' };"), ['Wind']);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.textContent = labelFor('flights');"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.className = 'is-active';"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("el.title = mode === 'Auto mode' ? a : b;"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("// el.textContent = 'Old copy';"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts("// i18n-ignore: product name\nel.textContent = 'OpenSky';"),
+    [],
+  );
+});
+
+test('unmarkedScript sees toasts behind optional calls and private helpers', () => {
+  const texts = (js) => unmarkedScript('f.js', js).map((f) => f.text);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("showToast?.('North up');"), ['North up']);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("this._showToast('Search failed');"), [
+    'Search failed',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("this.showToast('Link copied');"), ['Link copied']);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("this.actions.showToast?.('Tilted view');"), [
+    'Tilted view',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("showToast?.(t('North up'));"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("this._showToast(t('Search failed'));"), []);
+});
+
+test('unmarkedScript sees status text assigned to layer errors and labels', () => {
+  const texts = (js) => unmarkedScript('f.js', js).map((f) => f.text);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("layerState._error = 'live feed unavailable';"), [
+    'live feed unavailable',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts("this._error = err?.message || 'TeleGeography load failed';"),
+    ['TeleGeography load failed'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("_error = 'Route request failed';"), [
+    'Route request failed',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("error ??= 'Feed closed';"), ['Feed closed']);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('stats.error = `${name} fetch error`;'), [
+    'fetch error',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("loadingLabel = 'loading coverage...';"), [
+    'loading coverage...',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("state._loadingLabel = 'Loading cables';"), [
+    'Loading cables',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("stats.statusMessage = 'Add a key in Settings';"), [
+    'Add a key in Settings',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("this.status = 'Scene not saved';"), [
+    'Scene not saved',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts("layerState._error = msg('live feed unavailable');"),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("stats.error = t('GBFS fetch error');"), []);
+  // Machine values, comparisons and local scratch variables are not UI text.
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("status = 'missing-key';"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("if (error === 'Feed closed') stop();"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("const error = log() || 'Unknown shader error';"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('stats.error = new Error(`HTTP ${code}`);'), []);
+});
+
+test('unmarkedScript sees human-readable status, loadingLabel and statusMessage fields', () => {
+  const texts = (js) => unmarkedScript('f.js', js).map((f) => f.text);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts("return { status: 'Scene not saved — storage unavailable' };"),
+    ['Scene not saved — storage unavailable'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts("return { status: ok ? 'Ready' : 'Source unavailable' };"),
+    ['Ready', 'Source unavailable'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("return { loadingLabel: 'Loading feeds' };"), [
+    'Loading feeds',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("return { statusMessage: 'connect a receiver' };"), [
+    'connect a receiver',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("return { status: 'streaming', code: 'ok' };"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("return { status: 'auth-failed' };"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("return { status: msg('Source unavailable') };"), []);
+});
+
+// The Layers panel shows `stats.error || stats.lastError`, so a
+// lastError is status text like error.
+test('unmarkedScript sees status text assigned to lastError', () => {
+  const texts = (js) => unmarkedScript('f.js', js).map((f) => f.text);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts(
+      "state.coverage.lastError = error?.message || 'Coverage tile failed';",
+    ),
+    ['Coverage tile failed'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("layerState._lastError = 'CelesTrak unreachable';"), [
+    'CelesTrak unreachable',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts(
+      "state.coverage.lastError = error?.message || msg('Coverage tile failed');",
+    ),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts('this._lastError = message;'), []);
+});
+
+test('unmarkedScript skips default values and ternary branches, not later assignments', () => {
+  const texts = (js) => unmarkedScript('f.js', js).map((f) => f.text);
+  // A default value in a parameter list or destructuring is a local's.
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("function f(error = 'Feed went away') {}"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("const f = (status = 'Not ready', x) => x;"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts("function f(\n  status = 'Not ready',\n  x,\n) {}"),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("const { status = 'Ready now' } = options;"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts("const {\n  error = 'No data yet',\n} = options;"),
+    [],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts("for (const [id, status = 'Waiting'] of rows) {}"),
+    [],
+  );
+  // A name right after `?` is a ternary branch, not a `status:` property.
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("const s = ok ? status : 'Source unavailable';"), []);
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("const s = ok\n  ? title\n  : 'Untitled view';"), []);
+  // …while the property itself still is.
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("return { title: x ? title : 'Untitled view' };"), [
+    'Untitled view',
+  ]);
+  // A later assignment is checked even when the name is a declared local:
+  // a layer keeps its status in `let error` (wind, AIS watchdog) and builds
+  // `loadingLabel` in a `let` before returning it (FIRMS).
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts(
+      "function f() {\n  let error = null;\n  if (x) error = 'Feed closed';\n}",
+    ),
+    ['Feed closed'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    texts(
+      "let loadingLabel = '';\nif (x) {\n  loadingLabel = 'KEY REQUIRED';\n}",
+    ),
+    ['KEY REQUIRED'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(texts("let a = 1,\n  error = 'Feed closed';"), [
+    'Feed closed',
+  ]);
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/empty-translation.test.mjs b/src/i18n/empty-translation.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d040597f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/empty-translation.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// An empty or blank translation must not count as done.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  checkCatalog,
+  extractMessages,
+  readCatalog,
+} from '../../scripts/i18n.mjs';
+import { getCatalog, setLocale, t, tn, translateKnown } from './index.js';
+
+const messages = extractMessages();
+const EMPTY = 'DISCONNECT';
+const BLANK = 'CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR';
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: checkCatalog rejects an empty or blank translation`, () => {
+    const catalog = { ...readCatalog(locale), [EMPTY]: '', [BLANK]: '  ' };
+    const { errors } = checkCatalog(locale, catalog, messages);
+    assert.ok(
+      errors.some((e) => e.includes(`"${EMPTY}"`)),
+      'empty string passes the check',
+    );
+    assert.ok(
+      errors.some((e) => e.includes(`"${BLANK}"`)),
+      'blank string passes the check',
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+test('t() and translateKnown() fall back to English for an empty entry', () => {
+  const es = getCatalog('es');
+  const saved = es[EMPTY];
+  es[EMPTY] = '';
+  setLocale('es');
+  try {
+    assert.equal(t(EMPTY), EMPTY);
+    assert.equal(translateKnown(EMPTY), EMPTY);
+  } finally {
+    es[EMPTY] = saved;
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('tn() skips an empty plural form', () => {
+  const es = getCatalog('es');
+  const KEY = '{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN';
+  const saved = es[KEY];
+  setLocale('es');
+  try {
+    es[KEY] = { ...saved, one: ' ' };
+    assert.equal(
+      tn(1, '{count} INPUT UNKNOWN', KEY),
+      saved.other.replace('{count}', '1'),
+    );
+    es[KEY] = { one: '', many: '', other: '' };
+    assert.equal(tn(1, '{count} INPUT UNKNOWN', KEY), '1 INPUT UNKNOWN');
+    assert.equal(tn(3, '{count} INPUT UNKNOWN', KEY), '3 INPUTS UNKNOWN');
+  } finally {
+    es[KEY] = saved;
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/i18n.test.mjs b/src/i18n/i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a662130a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+import { test, afterEach } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+
+import {
+  applyDocumentTranslations,
+  formatDate,
+  formatNumber,
+  msg,
+  persistLocaleAndReload,
+  setLocale,
+  t,
+  tn,
+} from './index.js';
+import {
+  LOCALE_STORAGE_KEY,
+  applyDocumentLanguage,
+  normalizeLocale,
+  resolveLocale,
+  writeStoredLocale,
+} from './locale.js';
+
+afterEach(() => setLocale('en'));
+
+function memoryStorage(initial = {}) {
+  const data = new Map(Object.entries(initial));
+  return {
+    getItem: (key) => (data.has(key) ? data.get(key) : null),
+    setItem: (key, value) => data.set(key, String(value)),
+    data,
+  };
+}
+
+test('normalizeLocale folds regional variants and rejects unshipped tags', () => {
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale('ru-RU'), 'ru');
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale(' RU '), 'ru');
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale('en_GB'), 'en');
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale('xx'), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale(undefined), null);
+});
+
+test('resolveLocale: ?lang= wins, then the stored choice, then browser languages, then English', () => {
+  const storage = memoryStorage({ [LOCALE_STORAGE_KEY]: 'ru' });
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveLocale({
+      location: { search: '?lang=en' },
+      storage,
+      languages: ['ru'],
+    }),
+    'en',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveLocale({ location: { search: '' }, storage, languages: ['en'] }),
+    'ru',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveLocale({
+      location: { search: '?lang=xx' },
+      storage: memoryStorage(),
+      languages: ['de-DE', 'ru-RU'],
+    }),
+    'ru',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveLocale({
+      location: { search: '' },
+      storage: memoryStorage(),
+      languages: ['de'],
+    }),
+    'en',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a throwing storage never escapes', () => {
+  const storage = {
+    getItem() {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+    setItem() {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    resolveLocale({ location: { search: '' }, storage, languages: [] }),
+    'en',
+  );
+  assert.equal(writeStoredLocale('ru', storage), false);
+});
+
+test('applyDocumentLanguage sets lang and dir', () => {
+  const doc = { documentElement: {} };
+  applyDocumentLanguage(doc, 'ru-RU');
+  assert.deepEqual(doc.documentElement, { lang: 'ru', dir: 'ltr' });
+});
+
+test('t() returns English text in English and translates in Russian', () => {
+  assert.equal(t('POWERED UP'), 'POWERED UP');
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.notEqual(t('POWERED UP'), 'POWERED UP');
+});
+
+test('t() interpolates named values and keeps unknown names literal', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    t('Save failed: {detail}', { detail: 'disk full' }),
+    'Save failed: disk full',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    t('Hello {who} {missing}', { who: 'pilot' }),
+    'Hello pilot {missing}',
+  );
+});
+
+test('t() falls back to English for text without a translation', () => {
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.equal(t('No such message {n}', { n: 1 }), 'No such message 1');
+});
+
+test('tn() picks English and Russian plural forms', () => {
+  const label = (count) =>
+    tn(
+      count,
+      'POWER UP · {count} KEY WAITING',
+      'POWER UP · {count} KEYS WAITING',
+    );
+  assert.equal(label(1), 'POWER UP · 1 KEY WAITING');
+  assert.equal(label(3), 'POWER UP · 3 KEYS WAITING');
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.match(label(1), / 1 КЛЮЧ(?![А-ЯЁ])/);
+  assert.match(label(3), / 3 КЛЮЧА(?![А-ЯЁ])/);
+  assert.match(label(5), / 5 КЛЮЧЕЙ(?![А-ЯЁ])/);
+  assert.match(label(21), / 21 КЛЮЧ(?![А-ЯЁ])/);
+});
+
+test('t() context separates identical English with different meanings', () => {
+  assert.equal(t('CLEAR', { context: 'action' }), 'CLEAR');
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.notEqual(t('CLEAR', { context: 'action' }), t('CLEAR'));
+});
+
+test('msg() returns its text unchanged', () => {
+  assert.equal(msg('Live Flights'), 'Live Flights');
+});
+
+test('Intl formatters follow the active locale', () => {
+  const date = new Date(Date.UTC(2026, 0, 15));
+  const options = {
+    year: 'numeric',
+    month: 'long',
+    day: 'numeric',
+    timeZone: 'UTC',
+  };
+  assert.equal(formatDate(date, options), 'January 15, 2026');
+  assert.equal(formatNumber(1234.5), '1,234.5');
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.equal(formatDate(date, options), '15 января 2026 г.');
+  assert.equal(formatNumber(1234.5), '1 234,5');
+});
+
+function fakeElement({ text = '', attributes = {} } = {}) {
+  const attrs = new Map(Object.entries(attributes));
+  return {
+    textContent: text,
+    getAttribute: (name) => (attrs.has(name) ? attrs.get(name) : null),
+    setAttribute: (name, value) => attrs.set(name, value),
+    attrs,
+  };
+}
+
+test('applyDocumentTranslations translates opted-in text and attributes in place', () => {
+  const label = fakeElement({ text: '\n  POWERED\n  UP  ' });
+  const pin = fakeElement({ attributes: { title: 'POWERED UP' } });
+  const unknown = fakeElement({ text: 'No such message' });
+  const doc = {
+    querySelectorAll(selector) {
+      if (selector === '[data-i18n]') return [label, unknown];
+      if (selector === '[data-i18n-title]') return [pin];
+      return [];
+    },
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    applyDocumentTranslations(doc),
+    0,
+    'English leaves markup alone',
+  );
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.equal(applyDocumentTranslations(doc), 2);
+  assert.equal(label.textContent, t('POWERED UP'));
+  assert.equal(pin.attrs.get('title'), t('POWERED UP'));
+  assert.equal(unknown.textContent, 'No such message');
+});
+
+test('persistLocaleAndReload keeps the choice in ?lang when storage is blocked', () => {
+  const calls = [];
+  const location = {
+    href: 'https://gev.local/?x=1#scene=a',
+    assign: (url) => calls.push(['assign', url]),
+    reload: () => calls.push(['reload']),
+  };
+  const history = {
+    replaceState: (_s, _t, url) => calls.push(['replace', url]),
+  };
+  const storage = {
+    setItem() {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    persistLocaleAndReload('ru', { location, history, storage }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [
+    ['replace', 'https://gev.local/?x=1&lang=ru#scene=a'],
+    ['reload'],
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('persistLocaleAndReload stores the choice, keeps the hash, strips ?lang', () => {
+  const storage = memoryStorage();
+  const calls = [];
+  const location = {
+    href: 'https://gev.local/?lang=en&x=1#scene=a',
+    assign: (url) => calls.push(['assign', url]),
+    reload: () => calls.push(['reload']),
+  };
+  const history = {
+    replaceState: (_s, _t, url) => calls.push(['replace', url]),
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    persistLocaleAndReload('ru', { location, history, storage }),
+    true,
+  );
+  assert.equal(storage.data.get(LOCALE_STORAGE_KEY), 'ru');
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [
+    ['replace', 'https://gev.local/?x=1#scene=a'],
+    ['reload'],
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('tn() shows a caller-formatted count and still picks the form by number', () => {
+  const label = (n) =>
+    tn(n, '{count} map object', '{count} map objects', {
+      count: formatNumber(n),
+    });
+  assert.equal(label(12345), '12,345 map objects');
+  assert.equal(tn(12345, '{count} file', '{count} files'), '12345 files');
+  setLocale('ru');
+  try {
+    assert.equal(label(12345), '12 345 объектов на карте');
+    assert.equal(label(1), '1 объект на карте');
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/index.js b/src/i18n/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccc54a5e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+// God's Eye View i18n: the English source text is the message key.
+//
+//   t('Save keys')                                   → 'Сохранить ключи'
+//   t('Cleared {name}', { name })                    → named interpolation
+//   tn(count, '{count} camera', '{count} cameras')   → plural by Intl.PluralRules
+//   t('CLEAR', { context: 'action' })                → same English, own entry
+//   msg('Live Flights')                              → marks a string kept in data
+//                                                      for a later t(); returns it as is
+//
+// English needs no catalog. Every other locale is one flat JSON file,
+// locales/<code>.json, keyed by the English text (for tn, by the English
+// plural form). A missing or empty entry falls back to English.
+// `npm run i18n` keeps the catalogs in step with the code. Guide: docs/I18N.md.
+import {
+  DEFAULT_LOCALE,
+  normalizeLocale,
+  writeStoredLocale,
+} from './locale.js';
+import es from './locales/es.json' with { type: 'json' };
+import ru from './locales/ru.json' with { type: 'json' };
+
+const CATALOGS = Object.freeze({ es, ru });
+
+let currentLocale = DEFAULT_LOCALE;
+
+/** The catalog for a locale; null for English and unknown codes. */
+export function getCatalog(locale) {
+  return CATALOGS[normalizeLocale(locale)] ?? null;
+}
+
+/** Active locale. */
+export function getLocale() {
+  return currentLocale;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Switch the active locale. Pure state change: call applyDocumentLanguage /
+ * applyDocumentTranslations to reflect it in the DOM.
+ * @returns {string} The locale actually applied (normalized).
+ */
+export function setLocale(locale) {
+  const normalized = normalizeLocale(locale) || DEFAULT_LOCALE;
+  if (normalized !== currentLocale) {
+    currentLocale = normalized;
+    formatterCache.clear();
+  }
+  return currentLocale;
+}
+
+/** Development-only warning; silent under node:test and in production. */
+function warnMissing(text) {
+  if (import.meta.env?.DEV !== true) return;
+  console.warn(
+    `[i18n] no ${currentLocale} translation for ${JSON.stringify(text)}`,
+  );
+}
+
+const PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN = /\{([A-Za-z0-9_]+)\}/g;
+
+/** Named {placeholder} interpolation. Unknown names stay literal so a gap
+ * stays visible instead of silently vanishing. */
+function interpolate(pattern, values) {
+  if (!values) return pattern;
+  return pattern.replace(PLACEHOLDER_PATTERN, (literal, name) =>
+    Object.hasOwn(values, name) ? String(values[name]) : literal,
+  );
+}
+
+/** A catalog string with something to show; an empty one counts as missing. */
+const filled = (value) => typeof value === 'string' && value.trim() !== '';
+
+function lookup(text) {
+  const catalog = CATALOGS[currentLocale];
+  if (!catalog) return undefined;
+  const entry = Object.hasOwn(catalog, text) ? catalog[text] : undefined;
+  if (filled(entry) || (entry && typeof entry === 'object')) return entry;
+  warnMissing(text);
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Translate English source text into the active locale.
+ * @param {string} text English text, e.g. 'Hold Space to talk'
+ * @param {object} [values] Named interpolation values. `context` tells
+ *   apart identical English with different meanings: t('CLEAR', { context:
+ *   'action' }) is the catalog entry "action|CLEAR"; English is unchanged.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function t(text, values) {
+  const entry = lookup(values?.context ? `${values.context}|${text}` : text);
+  return interpolate(typeof entry === 'string' ? entry : text, values);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Translate a count-dependent message. The catalog entry for `other` holds
+ * one form per Intl.PluralRules category of the locale ({ one, few, many, other }
+ * for Russian). `{count}` is always available to the pattern: the raw number,
+ * unless `values.count` gives its display text, e.g. `formatNumber(n)`.
+ * @param {number} count
+ * @param {string} one English singular, e.g. '{count} camera'
+ * @param {string} other English plural, e.g. '{count} cameras'
+ * @param {object} [values] Extra interpolation values; a `count` here is
+ *   shown in place of the number (the plural form still follows `count`)
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function tn(count, one, other, values) {
+  const entry = lookup(other);
+  const category = pluralRules(currentLocale).select(count);
+  let pattern;
+  const forms = entry && typeof entry === 'object' ? entry : null;
+  if (forms && (filled(forms[category]) || filled(forms.other))) {
+    pattern = filled(forms[category]) ? forms[category] : forms.other;
+  } else {
+    pattern = pluralRules(DEFAULT_LOCALE).select(count) === 'one' ? one : other;
+  }
+  return interpolate(pattern, { count, ...values });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Translate text that may be ours or may come from a provider: a catalog
+ * entry is used when there is one, anything else shows as given, without a
+ * missing-translation warning.
+ */
+export function translateKnown(text) {
+  const catalog = CATALOGS[currentLocale];
+  if (!catalog || typeof text !== 'string') return text;
+  const entry = Object.hasOwn(catalog, text) ? catalog[text] : undefined;
+  return filled(entry) ? entry : text;
+}
+
+/** Mark English text that is stored in data and translated later by t(). */
+export function msg(text) {
+  return text;
+}
+
+const pluralRulesCache = new Map();
+
+function pluralRules(locale) {
+  let rules = pluralRulesCache.get(locale);
+  if (!rules) {
+    rules = new Intl.PluralRules(locale);
+    pluralRulesCache.set(locale, rules);
+  }
+  return rules;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Intl formatters are memoized per (kind, locale, options): the constructors
+ * are expensive and panels format on refresh paths. The cache is cleared
+ * whenever the active locale changes.
+ */
+const formatterCache = new Map();
+
+function cachedFormatter(kind, Constructor, options) {
+  const cacheKey = `${kind}|${currentLocale}|${options ? JSON.stringify(options) : ''}`;
+  let formatter = formatterCache.get(cacheKey);
+  if (!formatter) {
+    formatter = new Constructor(currentLocale, options);
+    formatterCache.set(cacheKey, formatter);
+  }
+  return formatter;
+}
+
+/** Locale-aware number formatting (Intl.NumberFormat). */
+export function formatNumber(value, options) {
+  return cachedFormatter('number', Intl.NumberFormat, options).format(value);
+}
+
+/** Locale-aware date/time formatting (Intl.DateTimeFormat). */
+export function formatDate(value, options) {
+  return cachedFormatter('date', Intl.DateTimeFormat, options).format(value);
+}
+
+const UTC_DAY_MONTH = Object.freeze({
+  day: '2-digit',
+  month: '2-digit',
+  timeZone: 'UTC',
+});
+
+/**
+ * The UTC day and month of a time, for "MM-DD HH:MM UTC" readouts: "10-13" in
+ * English, "13.10" in Russian, "13/10" in Spanish, never read as a
+ * range. Takes an ISO string (its date part is used as written) or a time.
+ * @param {string|number|Date} value
+ * @returns {string} '' when the value is not a time.
+ */
+export function formatUtcDayMonth(value) {
+  const written =
+    typeof value === 'string' ? /^(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})/.exec(value) : null;
+  const time = written
+    ? Date.UTC(Number(written[1]), Number(written[2]) - 1, Number(written[3]))
+    : new Date(value).getTime();
+  if (!Number.isFinite(time)) return '';
+  if (currentLocale === 'en') return new Date(time).toISOString().slice(5, 10);
+  return cachedFormatter('date', Intl.DateTimeFormat, UTC_DAY_MONTH).format(
+    time,
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Locale-aware relative time (Intl.RelativeTimeFormat), e.g.
+ * formatRelativeTime(-5, 'minute') → '5 minutes ago' / '5 минут назад'.
+ */
+export function formatRelativeTime(value, unit = 'second', options) {
+  return cachedFormatter('relative', Intl.RelativeTimeFormat, {
+    numeric: 'auto',
+    ...options,
+  }).format(value, unit);
+}
+
+/** Collapse markup whitespace so a message reads the same in HTML and JS. */
+export function normalizeMarkupText(text) {
+  return String(text ?? '')
+    .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
+    .trim();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Markup opt-in: the element's own English text or attribute is the source.
+ *   <span data-i18n>Normal</span>
+ *   <button title="Pin" data-i18n-title>…</button>
+ * Also data-i18n-aria-label and data-i18n-placeholder.
+ */
+const DOCUMENT_TRANSLATION_TARGETS = Object.freeze([
+  ['data-i18n', null],
+  ['data-i18n-title', 'title'],
+  ['data-i18n-aria-label', 'aria-label'],
+  ['data-i18n-placeholder', 'placeholder'],
+]);
+
+/**
+ * Translate every opted-in element in `doc`. Runs once at boot; switching
+ * locale reloads the page.
+ * @param {Document|Element} doc
+ * @returns {number} Count of element/attribute writes performed.
+ */
+export function applyDocumentTranslations(doc) {
+  if (typeof doc?.querySelectorAll !== 'function') return 0;
+  if (!CATALOGS[currentLocale]) return 0;
+  let applied = 0;
+  for (const [marker, attribute] of DOCUMENT_TRANSLATION_TARGETS) {
+    for (const element of doc.querySelectorAll(`[${marker}]`)) {
+      const source = attribute
+        ? element.getAttribute(attribute)
+        : normalizeMarkupText(element.textContent);
+      if (!source) continue;
+      const text = t(source);
+      if (text === source) continue;
+      if (attribute) element.setAttribute(attribute, text);
+      else element.textContent = text;
+      applied += 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return applied;
+}
+
+const unsavedWorkChecks = new Set();
+
+/**
+ * Name work that switching language would lose: the switch reloads the page,
+ * and the language switch asks first while any check reports something.
+ * @param {() => string|null|undefined} check Returns a msg() label (e.g.
+ *   msg('unsaved CCTV calibration')) while there is such work, else nothing.
+ * @returns {() => void} Removes the check.
+ */
+export function registerUnsavedWork(check) {
+  if (typeof check !== 'function') return () => {};
+  unsavedWorkChecks.add(check);
+  return () => unsavedWorkChecks.delete(check);
+}
+
+/**
+ * What a reload would lose right now, translated, without repeats.
+ * @returns {string[]}
+ */
+export function describeUnsavedWork() {
+  const labels = new Set();
+  for (const check of unsavedWorkChecks) {
+    try {
+      const label = check();
+      if (typeof label === 'string' && label) labels.add(t(label));
+    } catch {
+      // A failing check must not block the switch.
+    }
+  }
+  return [...labels];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Persist a locale choice, then reload preserving window.location.hash exactly
+ * and stripping ?lang from the search string, so the stored choice applies.
+ * Where storage is blocked, ?lang carries the choice instead (share links
+ * drop it: ShareLinkManager.copyLink).
+ * @returns {boolean} true when a reload was triggered.
+ */
+export function persistLocaleAndReload(
+  locale,
+  {
+    location = globalThis.location,
+    history = globalThis.history,
+    storage,
+  } = {},
+) {
+  const normalized = normalizeLocale(locale) || DEFAULT_LOCALE;
+  const stored = writeStoredLocale(normalized, storage);
+  if (!location || typeof location.assign !== 'function') return false;
+  let target = location.href;
+  try {
+    // Without storage the choice only survives in the URL, so keep it there.
+    const url = new URL(location.href);
+    if (stored) url.searchParams.delete('lang');
+    else url.searchParams.set('lang', normalized);
+    target = url.href;
+  } catch {
+    // Keep the current href.
+  }
+  // location.assign() to the identical URL does not navigate, so strip ?lang
+  // in place and force a real reload instead.
+  try {
+    history?.replaceState?.(null, '', target);
+  } catch {
+    // replaceState is best-effort; the reload below still applies.
+  }
+  if (typeof location.reload === 'function') {
+    location.reload();
+  } else {
+    location.assign(target);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/src/i18n/kartaviewMessages.test.mjs b/src/i18n/kartaviewMessages.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f0521c76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/kartaviewMessages.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// KartaView texts are English data (msg() in providers/kartaview/) shown
+// through translateKnown, so each needs an entry in every catalog.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale, translateKnown } from './index.js';
+
+const MESSAGES = [
+  // kartaview/policy.js
+  'KartaView is rate-limiting requests — they resume on their own',
+  'KartaView’s photos here are archived and cannot be shown',
+  'KartaView did not filter this area in time — move the map to ask again',
+  'None of KartaView’s photos here pass the imagery filter',
+  // kartaview/source.js
+  'KartaView did not answer in time — try again',
+  'KartaView could not be reached — check the network',
+  'KartaView sent an answer that could not be read',
+  'KartaView is rate-limiting requests',
+  'KartaView is rate-limiting requests — try again in a moment',
+  'KartaView sent too much data',
+  'KartaView has no such photo',
+  // kartaview/viewer.js, index.js
+  'The KartaView photo could not be loaded',
+  'KartaView has no position for this photo',
+];
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`KartaView provider messages are translated in ${locale}`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const untranslated = MESSAGES.filter((m) => translateKnown(m) === m);
+      assert.deepEqual(untranslated, []);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+// kartaview/source.js refusals with a number in them: English data, shown
+// through placeholder entries by the Street Level panel and the layer panel.
+test('KartaView HTTP and refusal codes keep their number in every language', async () => {
+  const { translateStreetLevelError } =
+    await import('../ui/streetLevelPresentation.js');
+  const http = 'KartaView answered HTTP 503';
+  const refused = 'KartaView refused the request (code 610)';
+  assert.equal(translateStreetLevelError(http), http);
+  assert.equal(translateStreetLevelError(refused), refused);
+  for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const shownHttp = translateStreetLevelError(http);
+      const shownRefused = translateStreetLevelError(refused);
+      assert.notEqual(shownHttp, http);
+      assert.match(shownHttp, /503/);
+      assert.notEqual(shownRefused, refused);
+      assert.match(shownRefused, /610/);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/i18n/layerStatusText.test.mjs b/src/i18n/layerStatusText.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f9186442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/layerStatusText.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { setLocale, translateKnown } from './index.js';
+
+// Layers keep these status texts as English data, and the panels show them
+// through translateKnown, so each needs an entry in every catalog.
+const SITES = [
+  ['../layers/streetLevel/index.js', 'loading coverage...'],
+  ['../layers/firms/ingestion.js', 'live feed unavailable'],
+  ['../layers/bikeshare/controls.js', 'GBFS fetch error'],
+  [
+    '../layers/streetLevel/viewerHost.js',
+    'Open the Street Level panel to view imagery',
+  ],
+  ['../layers/streetLevel/viewerHost.js', 'Image could not be opened'],
+  ['../layers/satellites/ingestion.js', 'CelesTrak unreachable'],
+  [
+    '../layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/policy.js',
+    'Coverage requests are being rate-limited — they resume on their own',
+  ],
+  ['../layers/alpr/index.js', 'Camera source temporarily unavailable'],
+  ['../layers/perimeters/index.js', 'Perimeter source unavailable'],
+  ['../layers/recentImagery/index.js', 'Imagery catalog unavailable'],
+  ['../layers/installations/ingestion.js', 'Installation context unavailable'],
+  ['../layers/earthquakes/index.js', 'Earthquake source unavailable'],
+  ['../layers/submarineCables/ingestion.js', 'TeleGeography load failed'],
+  ['../layers/vessels/ingestion.js', 'AIS live load failed'],
+  ['../layers/vessels/lifecycle.js', 'AIS live load failed'],
+  ['../layers/wind/index.js', 'Wind unavailable'],
+  ['../layers/wind/source.js', 'Wind request timed out'],
+  ['../layers/wind/source.js', 'Malformed wind manifest'],
+  ['../layers/wind/source.js', 'Malformed wind grid'],
+  ['../layers/wind/fields.js', 'Temperature field unavailable'],
+  ['../layers/wind/fields.js', 'Mean sea level pressure field unavailable'],
+];
+
+// A fallback that reaches the panel must be marked, or `npm run i18n` cannot
+// see it and the catalog entry would be pruned as unused.
+for (const [file, text] of SITES) {
+  test(`"${text}" in ${file} is marked`, () => {
+    const source = readFileSync(new URL(file, import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+    assert.ok(
+      new RegExp(
+        String.raw`\b(?:msg|t)\(\s*'${text.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')}'`,
+      ).test(source),
+      `${text} is not marked in ${file}`,
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  for (const [file, text] of SITES) {
+    test(`${locale}: "${text}" from ${file} is translated`, () => {
+      const source = readFileSync(new URL(file, import.meta.url), 'utf8');
+      assert.ok(source.includes(`'${text}'`), `literal not found in ${file}`);
+      setLocale(locale);
+      try {
+        assert.notEqual(translateKnown(text), text);
+      } finally {
+        setLocale('en');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/i18n/locale.js b/src/i18n/locale.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..626303ad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/locale.js
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Which locale the page runs in: ?lang= → stored choice → browser languages →
+// English. Only shipped locales are ever selected.
+
+/** Durable preference key. Matches the repo convention gev:<name>:v1. */
+export const LOCALE_STORAGE_KEY = 'gev:locale:v1';
+
+/** Source language and fallback. */
+export const DEFAULT_LOCALE = 'en';
+
+/** Shipped locales; order does not matter. Adding one: docs/TRANSLATORS.md. */
+export const LOCALES = Object.freeze(['en', 'es', 'ru']);
+
+/** Each locale named in its own language, for the selector. */
+export const LOCALE_NAMES = Object.freeze({
+  en: 'English',
+  es: 'Español',
+  ru: 'Русский',
+});
+
+/** Right-to-left locales. */
+const RTL_LOCALES = Object.freeze([]);
+
+/**
+ * Map any language tag to a shipped locale: 'ru-RU' and 'RU' → 'ru'.
+ * @returns {string|null}
+ */
+export function normalizeLocale(candidate) {
+  if (typeof candidate !== 'string') return null;
+  const primary = candidate.trim().toLowerCase().split(/[-_]/)[0];
+  return LOCALES.includes(primary) ? primary : null;
+}
+
+function queryLocale(location) {
+  try {
+    return normalizeLocale(new URLSearchParams(location?.search).get('lang'));
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function readStoredLocale(storage) {
+  try {
+    const store = storage !== undefined ? storage : globalThis.localStorage;
+    return normalizeLocale(store?.getItem?.(LOCALE_STORAGE_KEY));
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Store the choice; false when storage is unavailable. */
+export function writeStoredLocale(locale, storage) {
+  const normalized = normalizeLocale(locale) || DEFAULT_LOCALE;
+  try {
+    const store = storage !== undefined ? storage : globalThis.localStorage;
+    if (typeof store?.setItem !== 'function') return false;
+    store.setItem(LOCALE_STORAGE_KEY, normalized);
+    return true;
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Resolve the boot locale. Every input is injectable for tests. */
+export function resolveLocale({
+  location = globalThis.location,
+  storage,
+  languages = globalThis.navigator?.languages,
+} = {}) {
+  const fromQuery = queryLocale(location);
+  if (fromQuery) return fromQuery;
+  const stored = readStoredLocale(storage);
+  if (stored) return stored;
+  for (const candidate of Array.isArray(languages) ? languages : []) {
+    const normalized = normalizeLocale(candidate);
+    if (normalized) return normalized;
+  }
+  return DEFAULT_LOCALE;
+}
+
+/** Set <html lang> and <html dir>. */
+export function applyDocumentLanguage(doc, locale = DEFAULT_LOCALE) {
+  const root = doc?.documentElement;
+  if (!root) return false;
+  const normalized = normalizeLocale(locale) || DEFAULT_LOCALE;
+  root.lang = normalized;
+  root.dir = RTL_LOCALES.includes(normalized) ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5b0a3abb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2893 @@
+{
+  "NO PLACE LEFT BEHIND": "NINGÚN RINCÓN SIN VIGILAR",
+  "Initializing photorealistic world...": "Inicializando el mundo fotorrealista...",
+  "Configuring viewer...": "Configurando el visor...",
+  "Google 3D Tiles unavailable ({detail}). Loading the keyless globe...": "Google 3D Tiles no disponibles ({detail}). Cargando el globo sin clave...",
+  "Flying to Austin, TX...": "Volando a Austin, TX...",
+  "Restoring shared view...": "Restaurando la vista compartida...",
+  "LOADING LIVE DATA": "CARGANDO DATOS EN VIVO",
+  "LOAD COMPLETE": "CARGA COMPLETA",
+  "LOAD FAILED": "CARGA FALLIDA",
+  "LOAD CANCELLED": "CARGA CANCELADA",
+  "syncing road network": "sincronizando la red vial",
+  "retrying in {seconds}s": "reintento en {seconds} s",
+  "retry pending": "reintento pendiente",
+  "Clear selected data layers": "Limpiar las capas de datos seleccionadas",
+  "Turn off all selected data layers": "Desactivar todas las capas de datos seleccionadas",
+  "Copy share link": "Copiar enlace para compartir",
+  "Reset to full globe view": "Restablecer la vista del globo completo",
+  "DATA LAYERS": "CAPAS DE DATOS",
+  "Collapse panel": "Contraer panel",
+  "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Controles de navegación, voz y preajustes visuales",
+  "Globe actions": "Acciones del globo",
+  "Reset camera and return to full globe view": "Restablecer la cámara y volver a la vista del globo completo",
+  "loading frames": "cargando fotogramas",
+  "Language: {language}": "Idioma: {language}",
+  "Change the interface language": "Cambiar el idioma de la interfaz",
+  "Interface language": "Idioma de la interfaz",
+  "Search languages": "Buscar idioma",
+  "No matching languages": "No hay idiomas que coincidan",
+  "Loading Google 3D Tiles...": "Cargando Google 3D Tiles...",
+  "Loading the keyless globe...": "Cargando el globo sin clave...",
+  "Initializing systems...": "Inicializando sistemas...",
+  "LIVE DATA OFF": "DATOS EN VIVO DESACTIVADOS",
+  "MAPPED SITES LOADED": "SITIOS MAPEADOS CARGADOS",
+  "RETRYING MAPPED SITES": "REINTENTANDO SITIOS MAPEADOS",
+  "FETCHING MAPPED SITES": "OBTENIENDO SITIOS MAPEADOS",
+  "TURNING OFF LIVE DATA": "DESACTIVANDO DATOS EN VIVO",
+  "REFRESHING LIVE DATA": "ACTUALIZANDO DATOS",
+  "Close data attribution": "Cerrar la atribución de datos",
+  "Aircraft cockpit view": "Vista de cabina de la aeronave",
+  "EXIT COCKPIT": "SALIR DE CABINA",
+  "GROUND SPEED": "VEL. SUELO",
+  "ALTITUDE": "ALTITUD",
+  "CONTACT": "CONTACTO",
+  "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "CONTACTOS · 250 KM",
+  "LIVE SIGNALS": "SEÑALES EN VIVO",
+  "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "PINGS OBSERVADOS / MAPEADOS",
+  "CURRENT": "ACTUAL",
+  "READY": "LISTA",
+  "ACTIVE STYLE": "ESTILO ACTUAL",
+  "Return UI controls": "Volver a mostrar los controles de la interfaz",
+  "EXIT CLEAN VIEW": "SALIR DE VISTA LIMPIA",
+  "Expand Visual Presets": "Expandir Preajustes visuales",
+  "VISUAL PRESETS": "PREAJUSTES",
+  "Pin visual presets": "Fijar Preajustes visuales",
+  "Keep visual presets open": "Mantener abiertos los Preajustes visuales",
+  "Show the globe without a visual filter.": "Muestra el globo sin filtro visual.",
+  "Normal": "Normal",
+  "Emulate a green phosphor CRT with scanlines and screen curvature.": "Emula un CRT de fósforo verde con líneas de barrido y curvatura de pantalla.",
+  "CRT": "CRT",
+  "Simulate night-vision goggles with green intensification and a tube vignette.": "Simula unas gafas de visión nocturna con intensificación verde y viñeta de tubo.",
+  "NVG": "NVG",
+  "Simulate FLIR-style thermal contrast. Turn up Ironbow for color.": "Simula un contraste térmico estilo FLIR. Sube Ironbow para tener color.",
+  "FLIR": "FLIR",
+  "Apply bright cel-shaded color and illustrated outlines.": "Aplica un color brillante de cel-shading y contornos ilustrados.",
+  "Anime": "Anime",
+  "Apply high-contrast monochrome film-noir grading.": "Aplica una gradación monocroma de alto contraste estilo film noir.",
+  "Noir": "Noir",
+  "Add a cold, snowy whiteout treatment to the scene.": "Añade a la escena un tratamiento frío de ventisca blanca.",
+  "Snow": "Nieve",
+  "MAP SOURCE": "FUENTE DEL MAPA",
+  "Map source": "Fuente del mapa",
+  "Style": "Estilo",
+  "DISPLAY": "VISUALIZACIÓN",
+  "Intelligence HUD (H)": "HUD de inteligencia (H)",
+  "Layout": "Disposición",
+  "HUD layout": "Disposición del HUD",
+  "Tactical": "Táctica",
+  "Operator": "De operador",
+  "Minimal": "Mínima",
+  "Detection Overlay (D)": "Superposición de detección (D)",
+  "Detection overlay": "Superposición de detección",
+  "DETECT": "DETECTAR",
+  "Density": "Densidad",
+  "Detection label density": "Densidad de etiquetas de detección",
+  "Allocation": "Asignación",
+  "Detection label allocation": "Asignación de etiquetas de detección",
+  "Elastic": "Elástica",
+  "Weighted": "Ponderada",
+  "Fade": "Desvanecimiento",
+  "Detection fade distance": "Distancia de desvanecimiento de detección",
+  "World-overlay fade distance outside the keyhole as a percentage of its radius": "Distancia de desvanecimiento de la superposición del mundo fuera del ojo de cerradura, como porcentaje de su radio",
+  "Outside": "Exterior",
+  "Detection opacity outside the keyhole": "Opacidad de detección fuera del ojo de cerradura",
+  "World-overlay label and card opacity beyond the fade distance": "Opacidad de etiquetas y tarjetas de la superposición del mundo más allá de la distancia de desvanecimiento",
+  "PARAMETERS": "PARÁMETROS",
+  "3D aircraft — flat icons zoomed out, 3D models up close": "Aeronaves 3D — iconos planos de lejos, modelos 3D de cerca",
+  "Models": "Modelos",
+  "3D model coverage": "Cobertura de modelos 3D",
+  "Proximity": "Proximidad",
+  "All": "Todos",
+  "Scope — the circular viewport mask": "Mirilla — la máscara circular del visor",
+  "Scope": "Mirilla",
+  "Feather": "Difuminado",
+  "Scope edge feather as a percentage of the keyhole radius": "Difuminado del borde de la mirilla como porcentaje del radio del ojo de cerradura",
+  "Celestial ring — reveal the full globe": "Anillo celestial — muestra el globo completo",
+  "Celestial": "Cielo",
+  "Hide UI chrome": "Ocultar los elementos de la interfaz",
+  "Clean UI": "Interfaz limpia",
+  "Bloom / Glow": "Resplandor",
+  "Bloom": "Resplandor",
+  "Sharpening": "Nitidez",
+  "Sharpen": "Nitidez",
+  "LOCATION": "UBICACIÓN",
+  "Pin location tray": "Fijar bandeja de ubicación",
+  "Keep location tray open": "Mantener abierta la bandeja de ubicación",
+  "📍 Location: --": "📍 Ubicación: --",
+  "Landmark: --": "Punto de interés: --",
+  "Search any location": "Buscar un lugar",
+  "Search any location...": "Buscar un lugar…",
+  "LEVEL": "NIVEL",
+  "Estimated destination direction": "Dirección estimada del destino",
+  "DEST ---°": "DEST ---°",
+  "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "PLANO ÓPTICO · 01",
+  "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "BLOQUEO DE VISERA · ACTIVO",
+  "FIRST PERSON": "PRIMERA PERSONA",
+  "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "RASTREO EN VIVO · RUMBO ALINEADO",
+  "Cockpit vision style": "Estilo de visión de la cabina",
+  "Current aircraft heading": "Rumbo actual de la aeronave",
+  "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "VEL. SUELO · KN",
+  "ALTITUDE · FT": "ALTITUD · FT",
+  "PREV": "ANT.",
+  "Previous cockpit vision style": "Estilo de visión de cabina anterior",
+  "Previous vision style": "Estilo de visión anterior",
+  "Current cockpit vision style: NORMAL. Activate for next style.": "Estilo de visión de cabina actual: NORMAL. Actívalo para pasar al siguiente estilo.",
+  "Current style: NORMAL — click for next": "Estilo actual: NORMAL — haz clic para el siguiente",
+  "NEXT": "SIG.",
+  "Next cockpit vision style": "Siguiente estilo de visión de cabina",
+  "Next vision style": "Siguiente estilo de visión",
+  "View switcher": "Selector de vistas",
+  "Reset cockpit to full globe view": "Restablecer la cabina a la vista de globo completo",
+  "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Salir de la cabina y volver a la vista de globo completo",
+  "RESET": "RESTABLECER",
+  "Exit cockpit view": "Salir de la vista de cabina",
+  "Estimated flight plan": "Plan de vuelo estimado",
+  "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "PLAN DE VUELO ESTIMADO",
+  "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "DATOS DE RUTA NO DISPONIBLES",
+  "FROM": "DESDE",
+  "TO": "HACIA",
+  "UNKNOWN": "DESCONOCIDO",
+  "Cockpit briefing carousel": "Carrusel de información de la cabina",
+  "Cockpit briefing controls": "Controles de información de la cabina",
+  "Previous briefing page": "Página de información anterior",
+  "Next briefing page": "Página de información siguiente",
+  "Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.": "Cambia las páginas de información automáticamente cada 9 segundos (Señales → Noticias → Local). Se pausa mientras pasas el cursor por el panel o lo enfocas. Los datos de señales en vivo se actualizan continuamente de todos modos.",
+  "Collapse cockpit briefing panel": "Contraer el panel de información de la cabina",
+  "Collapse briefing panel": "Contraer el panel de información",
+  "Live signals": "Señales en vivo",
+  "Latest regional news": "Últimas noticias regionales",
+  "Location-based information": "Información basada en la ubicación",
+  "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "OBTENIENDO NOTICIAS DE ZONA",
+  "RESOLVING REGION": "DETERMINANDO REGIÓN",
+  "TEMP": "TEMP.",
+  "WIND": "VIENTO",
+  "SKY": "CIELO",
+  "PRECIP": "PRECIP.",
+  "SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS": "EVENTOS CON FUENTE · SIN NOTICIAS SINTÉTICAS",
+  "Show Live Signals": "Mostrar Señales en vivo",
+  "Show Regional News": "Mostrar noticias de zona",
+  "Show Local Info": "Mostrar Información local",
+  "Contact cockpit summary": "Resumen de contacto de la cabina",
+  "Contact navigation": "Navegación de contactos",
+  "Previous — prior visited contact in the 250 km window": "Anterior — contacto ya visitado en la ventana de 250 km",
+  "Next — nearest unvisited contact in the 250 km window": "Siguiente — contacto sin visitar más cercano en la ventana de 250 km",
+  "Collapse Contact panel": "Contraer el panel de contacto",
+  "Collapse contact panel": "Contraer el panel de contacto",
+  "CONTEXT ONLY": "SOLO CONTEXTO",
+  "Nearby cohort counts": "Recuento de grupos cercanos",
+  "NEAREST OBSERVED / MAPPED": "MÁS CERCANO OBSERVADO / MAPEADO",
+  "NO AVAILABLE EXAMPLE": "SIN EJEMPLO DISPONIBLE",
+  "AVAILABLE INPUTS ONLY · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "SOLO DATOS DISPONIBLES · NO IMPLICA TODO DESPEJADO",
+  "Enable cockpit weather effects": "Activar los efectos climáticos de la cabina",
+  "CONTEXT": "CONTEXTO",
+  "Expand panel": "Expandir panel",
+  "Context mode": "Modo de contexto",
+  "CONTACTS": "CONTACTOS",
+  "Cycles the nearest contacts of whatever type you select — planes, vessels, installations. Satellites track independently.": "Recorre los contactos más cercanos del tipo que elijas — aeronaves, buques, instalaciones. Los satélites se rastrean por separado.",
+  "SPACE MISSIONS": "MISIONES ESPACIALES",
+  "SELECT CONTEXT": "SELECCIONAR CONTEXTO",
+  "Contact Context actions": "Acciones de contexto de contacto",
+  "COCKPIT": "CABINA",
+  "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "BUSCAR SITIOS CERCANOS",
+  "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "Reclasificar el contacto rastreado como TR-3B",
+  "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Reclasificar como TR-3B",
+  "CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF": "CONTEXTO DE CONTACTOS DESACTIVADO",
+  "SELECT CONTACTS TO LOAD OBSERVED / MAPPED PROXIMITY": "SELECCIONA CONTACTOS PARA CARGAR LA PROXIMIDAD OBSERVADA / MAPEADA",
+  "Available Space Missions": "Misiones espaciales disponibles",
+  "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "MISIONES DISPONIBLES",
+  "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "SELECCIONA UNA MISIÓN PARA INSPECCIONAR",
+  "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "CARGANDO ÍNDICE DE MISIONES DE 30 DÍAS",
+  "Open compact Radio controls": "Abrir los controles compactos de Radio",
+  "Compact Radio controls": "Controles compactos de Radio",
+  "RADIO": "RADIO",
+  "RADIO READY": "RADIO LISTA",
+  "Open detailed Radio controls": "Abrir los controles detallados de Radio",
+  "Close compact Radio controls": "Cerrar los controles compactos de Radio",
+  "ENABLE": "ACTIVAR",
+  "Previous filtered radio station": "Emisora de radio filtrada anterior",
+  "Previous station": "Emisora anterior",
+  "Play selected radio station": "Reproducir la emisora de radio seleccionada",
+  "Play": "Reproducir",
+  "Next filtered radio station": "Siguiente emisora de radio filtrada",
+  "Next station": "Siguiente emisora",
+  "VOLUME": "VOLUMEN",
+  "Compact Radio volume": "Volumen de la Radio compacta",
+  "Cockpit display and Radio controls": "Controles de visualización y Radio de la cabina",
+  "Expand Cockpit display options": "Expandir las opciones de visualización de la cabina",
+  "Cockpit display options": "Opciones de visualización de la cabina",
+  "Expand Cockpit Radio controls": "Expandir los controles de Radio de la cabina",
+  "Cockpit compact Radio controls": "Controles compactos de Radio de la cabina",
+  "Cockpit Radio volume": "Volumen de la Radio de la cabina",
+  "Expand {name}": "Expandir {name}",
+  "Collapse {name}": "Contraer {name}",
+  "panel": "panel",
+  "Collapse Radio": "Contraer Radio",
+  "Collapse Radio section": "Contraer la sección de Radio",
+  "Searched location": "Ubicación buscada",
+  "Disable cockpit weather effects": "Desactivar los efectos climáticos de la cabina",
+  "ON": "ACTIVO",
+  "OFF": "INACTIVO",
+  "Restore real aircraft": "Restaurar la aeronave real",
+  "Night vision": "Visión nocturna",
+  "Thermal": "Térmica",
+  "Current cockpit vision style: {style}. Activate for next style.": "Estilo de visión de cabina actual: {style}. Actívalo para pasar al siguiente estilo.",
+  "Current style: {style} — click for next": "Estilo actual: {style} — haz clic para el siguiente",
+  "TRACK ACQUIRED": "RASTREO ADQUIRIDO",
+  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · RUMBO {heading}°",
+  "Select flight {title}": "Seleccionar el vuelo {title}",
+  "CONTEXT STANDBY": "CONTEXTO EN ESPERA",
+  "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "ACTIVAR CONTEXTO GLOBAL PARA PINGS DE PROXIMIDAD",
+  "CONTACT LOST · {subject}": "CONTACTO PERDIDO · {subject}",
+  "SUBJECT LEFT ITS FEED · READOUT HOLDING LAST KNOWN": "EL OBJETIVO SALIÓ DE SU FUENTE · LA LECTURA CONSERVA EL ÚLTIMO DATO CONOCIDO",
+  "MILITARY FLIGHT": "VUELO MILITAR",
+  "COMMERCIAL FLIGHT": "VUELO COMERCIAL",
+  "{aircraftClass} · CURRENT": "{aircraftClass} · ACTUAL",
+  "{aircraftClass} · {distance}": "{aircraftClass} · {distance}",
+  "DISTANCE UNKNOWN": "DISTANCIA DESCONOCIDA",
+  "{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN": {
+    "one": "{count} DATO DESCONOCIDO",
+    "many": "{count} DE DATOS DESCONOCIDOS",
+    "other": "{count} DATOS DESCONOCIDOS"
+  },
+  "SOURCE STATUS UNAVAILABLE": "ESTADO DE FUENTE NO DISPONIBLE",
+  "AIRCRAFT": "AERONAVE",
+  "MILITARY": "MILITAR",
+  "COMMERCIAL": "COMERCIAL",
+  "ACQUIRING SURFACE": "OBTENIENDO SUPERFICIE",
+  "SURFACE FALLBACK": "RESPALDO DE SUPERFICIE",
+  "STALE FEED": "FUENTE DESACTUALIZADA",
+  "LIVE TRACK": "RASTREO EN VIVO",
+  "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · RUMBO ALINEADO",
+  "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "FLECHA · DIRECCIÓN ESTIMADA",
+  "DEST {bearing}": "DEST {bearing}",
+  "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "CONTACTO PERDIDO · ÚLTIMA LECTURA CONOCIDA · NO IMPLICA TODO DESPEJADO",
+  "{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": {
+    "one": "{count} DATO DESCONOCIDO · NO IMPLICA TODO DESPEJADO",
+    "many": "{count} DE DATOS DESCONOCIDOS · NO IMPLICA TODO DESPEJADO",
+    "other": "{count} DATOS DESCONOCIDOS · NO IMPLICA TODO DESPEJADO"
+  },
+  "AVAILABLE INPUTS CURRENT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "DATOS DISPONIBLES ACTUALIZADOS · NO IMPLICA TODO DESPEJADO",
+  "{cohort} · {contact}": "{cohort} · {contact}",
+  "{cohort}, Unavailable": "{cohort}, no disponible",
+  "BRG —": "BRG —",
+  "AHEAD": "AL FRENTE",
+  "{side} {angle}": "{side} {angle}",
+  "L": "I",
+  "R": "D",
+  "Expand Contact panel": "Expandir el panel de contacto",
+  "Expand contact panel": "Expandir el panel de contacto",
+  "Expand cockpit briefing panel": "Expandir el panel de información de la cabina",
+  "Expand briefing panel": "Expandir el panel de información",
+  "CYCLE ON": "CICLO: SÍ",
+  "CYCLE OFF": "CICLO: NO",
+  "Stop automatic page cycling. Previous, Next, and the SIG/NEWS/LOCAL tabs stay available.": "Detén el cambio automático de páginas. Anterior, Siguiente y las pestañas SIG/NOTICIAS/LOCAL siguen disponibles.",
+  "REGIONAL NEWS": "NOTICIAS DE ZONA",
+  "LOCAL INFO": "INFORMACIÓN LOCAL",
+  "LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING": "ÚLTIMOS INFORMES SEGÚN UBICACIÓN",
+  "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "LUGAR / CLIMA / POSICIÓN",
+  "POSITION UNAVAILABLE": "POSICIÓN NO DISPONIBLE",
+  "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "NOTICIAS DE ZONA NO DISPONIBLES",
+  "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "REGIÓN NO DISPONIBLE",
+  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "SIN COINCIDENCIAS RECIENTES DE UBICACIÓN",
+  "SOURCE": "FUENTE",
+  "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
+  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · CONSULTA POR UBICACIÓN",
+  "TIME UNKNOWN": "HORA DESCONOCIDA",
+  "{count}M AGO": "HACE {count} MIN",
+  "{count}H AGO": "HACE {count} H",
+  "{count}D AGO": "HACE {count} D",
+  "DIR UNKNOWN": "DIR DESCONOCIDA",
+  "CLOUD {pct}%": "NUBES {pct}%",
+  "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "NUBES DESCONOCIDAS",
+  "Panel layout updated — positions reset to new defaults": "Disposición de paneles actualizada — posiciones restablecidas a los nuevos valores predeterminados",
+  "Link copied!": "¡Enlace copiado!",
+  "Copy failed": "No se pudo copiar",
+  "Location not found": "Ubicación no encontrada",
+  "Search failed": "No se pudo completar la búsqueda",
+  "Fly to a POI first": "Ve primero a un punto de interés",
+  "Clearing selected data layers": "Limpiando las capas de datos seleccionadas",
+  "Selected data layers could not be cleared": "No se pudieron limpiar las capas de datos seleccionadas",
+  "ACQUIRING": "OBTENIENDO",
+  "entity": "entidad",
+  "SHARED {subject}": "{subject} COMPARTIDO",
+  "Shared {subject} follow expired": "El seguimiento de {subject} compartido ha caducado",
+  "Shared {subject} could not be restored — feed unavailable": "No se pudo restaurar {subject} compartido — fuente no disponible",
+  "Shared {subject} is unavailable": "{subject} compartido no está disponible",
+  "Context": "Contexto",
+  "Space Missions": "Misiones espaciales",
+  "{mode} could not start because another layer did not stop cleanly": "{mode} no pudo iniciarse porque otra capa no se detuvo correctamente",
+  "Contacts could not complete the requested transition; try again": "Contactos no pudo completar la transición solicitada; inténtalo de nuevo",
+  "Space Missions could not complete the requested transition; try again": "Misiones espaciales no pudo completar la transición solicitada; inténtalo de nuevo",
+  "Nearby installations could not be refreshed; try again": "No se pudieron actualizar las instalaciones cercanas; inténtalo de nuevo",
+  "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "Contexto no pudo restaurar todas las capas; inténtalo de nuevo",
+  "Zoom in to search mapped installations": "Acércate para buscar instalaciones mapeadas",
+  "Nearby installations refreshed": "Instalaciones cercanas actualizadas",
+  "That layer is unavailable in the current Context mode": "Esa capa no está disponible en el modo de contexto actual",
+  "start": "iniciarse",
+  "stop": "detenerse",
+  "{layerId} could not {action} cleanly": "{layerId} no pudo {action} correctamente",
+  "Radio could not {action} cleanly": "Radio no pudo {action} correctamente",
+  "camera grid ready": "cuadrícula de cámaras lista",
+  "CCTV calibration saved": "Calibración de CCTV guardada",
+  "CCTV calibration reset": "Calibración de CCTV restablecida",
+  "CCTV layer unavailable": "Capa de CCTV no disponible",
+  "MAP": "MAPA",
+  "CONTACTS — nearest planes · vessels · sites": "CONTACTOS — aeronaves · buques · sitios más cercanos",
+  "SPACE MISSIONS — launches & orbital assets": "MISIONES ESPACIALES — lanzamientos y activos orbitales",
+  "Space Missions cancellation could not restore the previous layer state": "La cancelación de Misiones espaciales no pudo restaurar el estado previo de las capas",
+  "Collapse Cockpit display options": "Contraer las opciones de visualización de la cabina",
+  "Collapse Cockpit Radio controls": "Contraer los controles de Radio de la cabina",
+  "SYNC": "SINCR.",
+  "{category} BAND": "BANDA {category}",
+  "NO STATIONS": "SIN EMISORAS",
+  "{name}, station {index} of {total}": "{name}, emisora {index} de {total}",
+  "No station available": "Sin emisoras disponibles",
+  "OFF AIR": "FUERA DEL AIRE",
+  "STATION UNAVAILABLE": "EMISORA NO DISPONIBLE",
+  "Pause": "Pausar",
+  "Resume": "Reanudar",
+  "selected": "seleccionada",
+  "nearest": "más cercana",
+  "{action} {target} radio station": "{action} la emisora de radio {target}",
+  "RADIO STATE UNCERTAIN": "ESTADO DE RADIO SIN CONFIRMAR",
+  "SYNCING DIRECTORY": "SINCRONIZANDO DIRECTORIO",
+  "SYNCING": "SINCRONIZANDO",
+  "station": "emisora",
+  "Ready": "Listo",
+  "VIEWSHED ON": "ÁREA VISIBLE ACTIVADA",
+  "FRAME · LOADING": "FOTOGRAMA · CARGANDO",
+  "FRAME · UNAVAILABLE": "FOTOGRAMA · NO DISPONIBLE",
+  "CAL · EDITED (UNSAVED)": "CAL · EDITADA (SIN GUARDAR)",
+  "CAL · {badge}": "CAL · {badge}",
+  "CALIBRATED": "CALIBRADA",
+  "CURATED": "CURADA",
+  "RAW PRIOR": "ESTIMACIÓN INICIAL",
+  "MONITOR": "MONITOR",
+  "{city} · HDG {heading} · FOV {fov} · RANGE {range}m · {projection}{calBadge} · {provider}{status}": "{city} · HDG {heading} · FOV {fov} · RANGE {range} m · {projection}{calBadge} · {provider}{status}",
+  "{count} cameras loaded · click a camera to activate": {
+    "one": "{count} cámara cargada · haz clic en una cámara para activarla",
+    "many": "{count} de cámaras cargadas · haz clic en una cámara para activarla",
+    "other": "{count} cámaras cargadas · haz clic en una cámara para activarla"
+  },
+  "{count} cameras loaded · enable CCTV to activate": {
+    "one": "{count} cámara cargada · activa CCTV para activarla",
+    "many": "{count} de cámaras cargadas · activa CCTV para activarlas",
+    "other": "{count} cámaras cargadas · activa CCTV para activarlas"
+  },
+  "No summary available.": "No hay resumen disponible.",
+  "Celestial ring — available in Normal style": "Anillo celestial — disponible en el estilo Normal",
+  "Detection overlay: {mode}": "Superposición de detección: {mode}",
+  "Detection overlay: off": "Superposición de detección: desactivada",
+  "SPARSE": "DISPERSA",
+  "BALANCED": "EQUILIBRADA",
+  "DENSE": "DENSO",
+  "Resetting to full globe view": "Restableciendo la vista de globo completo",
+  "Resetting cockpit to full globe view": "Restableciendo la cabina a la vista de globo completo",
+  "ORBIT": "ÓRBITA",
+  "SUMMARY": "RESUMEN",
+  "Awaiting telemetry...": "Esperando telemetría...",
+  "REC": "REC",
+  "Scope edge feather": "Difuminado del borde de la mirilla",
+  "Bloom intensity": "Intensidad del resplandor",
+  "Sharpen intensity": "Intensidad de la nitidez",
+  "Search location by name or coordinates": "Buscar ubicación por nombre o coordenadas",
+  "Expand LOCATION": "Expandir UBICACIÓN",
+  "UNAVAILABLE": "NO DISPONIBLE",
+  "Live Flights": "Vuelos en vivo",
+  "Earthquakes (24h)": "Terremotos (24 h)",
+  "No selected data layers": "No hay capas de datos seleccionadas",
+  "Cleared {count} data layers": {
+    "one": "Se limpió {count} capa de datos",
+    "many": "Se limpiaron {count} de capas de datos",
+    "other": "Se limpiaron {count} capas de datos"
+  },
+  "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
+    "one": "No se pudo limpiar {count} capa de datos",
+    "many": "No se pudieron limpiar {count} de capas de datos",
+    "other": "No se pudieron limpiar {count} capas de datos"
+  },
+  "Visible map targets": "Objetivos visibles en el mapa",
+  "CCTV": "CCTV",
+  "SOURCE · UNKNOWN": "FUENTE · DESCONOCIDA",
+  "Enable CCTV to load camera intersections": "Activa CCTV para cargar intersecciones con cámaras",
+  "CCTV OFF": "CCTV DESACTIVADO",
+  "NEAREST": "MÁS CERCANA",
+  "CCTV camera": "Cámara CCTV",
+  "FOCUS": "ENFOCAR",
+  "COVERAGE OFF": "COBERTURA DESACTIVADA",
+  "AUTO HOP OFF": "SALTO AUTO: NO",
+  "PROJECTION ON": "PROYECCIÓN ACTIVADA",
+  "CALIBRATION": "CALIBRACIÓN",
+  "ADJUST": "AJUSTAR",
+  "Drag the camera in the world: rings rotate, arrows move, handles set range/FOV": "Arrastra la cámara en el mundo: los anillos la giran, las flechas la mueven, los tiradores ajustan alcance/FOV",
+  "Camera pose — click a value to type": "Pose de la cámara — clic en un valor para escribirlo",
+  "Heading (compass °) — click to type": "Rumbo (° brújula) — clic para escribir",
+  "Pitch (° up/down) — click to type": "Inclinación (° arriba/abajo) — clic para escribir",
+  "Horizontal FOV (°) — click to type": "FOV horizontal (°) — clic para escribir",
+  "Range / monitor-plane distance (m) — click to type": "Alcance / distancia al plano del monitor (m) — clic para escribir",
+  "Mount height above ground (m) — click to type": "Altura de montaje sobre el suelo (m) — clic para escribir",
+  "North offset from catalog position (m) — click to type": "Desplazamiento al norte desde la posición del catálogo (m) — clic para escribir",
+  "East offset from catalog position (m) — click to type": "Desplazamiento al este desde la posición del catálogo (m) — clic para escribir",
+  "SAVE CAL": "GUARDAR CAL",
+  "RESET CAL": "RESTABLECER CAL",
+  "SCENE SUMMARY": "RESUMEN DE ESCENA",
+  "Enable CCTV to start camera-linked intelligence summaries.": "Activa CCTV para iniciar resúmenes de inteligencia vinculados a cámaras.",
+  "Internet radio and local SDR": "Radio por Internet y SDR local",
+  "Expand Radio": "Expandir Radio",
+  "Expand Radio section": "Expandir la sección de Radio",
+  "STATION TAG": "ETIQUETA DE EMISORA",
+  "Filter stations by station tag": "Filtrar emisoras por etiqueta de emisora",
+  "NO STATION SELECTED": "NINGUNA EMISORA SELECCIONADA",
+  "Enable Radio, then choose a globe marker or use next.": "Activa Radio y elige un marcador del globo o pulsa SIG.",
+  "DIRECTORY BAND": "BANDA DEL DIRECTORIO",
+  "DRAG TO TUNE": "ARRASTRA PARA SINTONIZAR",
+  "ALL · DRAG THE NEEDLE": "TODAS · ARRASTRA LA AGUJA",
+  "SNAPS TO AVAILABLE STATIONS": "SE AJUSTA A EMISORAS DISPONIBLES",
+  "Radio playback": "Reproducción de Radio",
+  "Previous filtered station": "Emisora filtrada anterior",
+  "PLAY": "ESCUCHAR",
+  "Play selected station": "Reproducir la emisora seleccionada",
+  "Next filtered station": "Siguiente emisora filtrada",
+  "STOP": "DETENER",
+  "Stop radio playback": "Detener la reproducción de Radio",
+  "Radio volume": "Volumen de Radio",
+  "Radio off": "Radio desactivada",
+  "STATION SITE": "SITIO DE LA EMISORA",
+  "Audio connects directly to the broadcaster after you press play. Your IP is visible to that broadcaster.": "El audio se conecta directamente con la emisora después de pulsar ESCUCHAR. Tu IP es visible para esa emisora.",
+  "LOADING": "CARGANDO",
+  "DEGRADED": "DEGRADADO",
+  "STALE": "DESACTUALIZADO",
+  "FALLBACK": "RESPALDO",
+  "PARTIAL": "PARCIAL",
+  "UNCERTAIN": "INCIERTO",
+  "ENABLING": "ACTIVANDO",
+  "DISABLING": "APAGANDO",
+  "Military Flights": "Vuelos militares",
+  "Satellites": "Satélites",
+  "Space Missions (30d)": "Misiones espaciales (30 d)",
+  "Street Traffic": "Tráfico urbano",
+  "Radio": "Radio",
+  "Bikeshare": "Bicicletas compartidas",
+  "Live AIS Vessels": "Buques AIS en vivo",
+  "Mapped Installations": "Instalaciones mapeadas",
+  "Global Context": "Contexto global",
+  "Datacenters": "Centros de datos",
+  "Dams": "Presas",
+  "Submarine Cables": "Cables submarinos",
+  "FIRMS Active Fires": "Incendios activos FIRMS",
+  "just now": "hace un momento",
+  "{count}s ago": "hace {count} s",
+  "{count}m ago": "hace {count} min",
+  "{count}h ago": "hace {count} h",
+  "never": "sin actualizar",
+  "loading...": "cargando...",
+  "UNCERTAIN · {source} · lifecycle state requires reconciliation": "INCIERTO · {source} · el estado del ciclo de vida requiere reconciliación",
+  "{state} · {source}": "{state} · {source}",
+  "{state} · {source} · {detail} · retry {seconds}s": "{state} · {source} · {detail} · reintento en {seconds}s",
+  "{state} · {source} · {detail}": "{state} · {source} · {detail}",
+  "{state} · {source} · {ago}": "{state} · {source} · {ago}",
+  "{state} · {source} · {ago} · retrying in {seconds}s": "{state} · {source} · {ago} · reintentando en {seconds}s",
+  "{source} · {loadingLabel}": "{source} · {loadingLabel}",
+  "{source} · {ago}": "{source} · {ago}",
+  "{accepted} of {raw} records accepted": "{accepted} de {raw} registros aceptados",
+  "incomplete snapshot": "instantánea incompleta",
+  "{state} · {source} · {detail} · {ago}": "{state} · {source} · {detail} · {ago}",
+  "{name}: {state}": "{name}: {state}",
+  "Type unknown": "Tipo desconocido",
+  "Reg unknown": "Matrícula desconocida",
+  "Operator unknown": "Operador desconocido",
+  "Alt unknown": "Altitud desconocida",
+  "FISHING": "PESCA",
+  "TOWING": "REMOLQUE",
+  "DREDGER": "DRAGA",
+  "DIVE OPS": "BUCEO",
+  "SAILING": "VELERO",
+  "PLEASURE": "RECREO",
+  "PILOT": "PRÁCTICO",
+  "SAR": "SAR",
+  "TUG": "REMOLCADOR",
+  "PORT TENDER": "AUXILIAR DE PUERTO",
+  "ANTI-POLLUTION": "ANTICONTAMINACIÓN",
+  "LAW ENFORCE": "POLICÍA",
+  "MEDICAL": "MÉDICO",
+  "HIGH-SPEED": "ALTA VELOCIDAD",
+  "PASSENGER": "PASAJEROS",
+  "CARGO": "CARGA",
+  "TANKER": "PETROLERO",
+  "OTHER": "OTRO",
+  "VESSEL": "BUQUE",
+  "POS: LIVE": "POS: EN VIVO",
+  "POS: {time}Z": "POS: {time}Z",
+  "AIS: --": "AIS: --",
+  "AIS: {name}": "AIS: {name}",
+  "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}": "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
+  "awaiting first AIS position…": "esperando la primera posición AIS…",
+  "CCTV ON": "CCTV ACTIVADO",
+  "COVERAGE ON": "COBERTURA ACTIVADA",
+  "AUTO HOP ON": "SALTO AUTO: SÍ",
+  "PROJECTION OFF": "PROYECCIÓN DESACTIVADA",
+  "ADJUST ON": "AJUSTE ACTIVADO",
+  "{count} CAMERAS STANDING BY · NO CAMERA SELECTED · CLICK A CAMERA TO ACTIVATE": "{count} CÁMARAS EN ESPERA · NINGUNA CÁMARA SELECCIONADA · CLIC EN UNA CÁMARA PARA ACTIVARLA",
+  "No cameras available in catalog.": "No hay cámaras disponibles en el catálogo.",
+  "{city} CCTV": "CCTV de {city}",
+  "HDG {value}°": "HDG {value}°",
+  "HDG {value}° (ESTIMATED)": "HDG {value}° (ESTIMADO)",
+  "FOV {value}°": "FOV {value}°",
+  "COVERAGE {value}km²": "COBERTURA {value} KM²",
+  "OVERLAP {count} cams": "SOLAPE {count} cám.",
+  "ISOLATED VIEW": "VISTA AISLADA",
+  "PROJ MONITOR": "PROY MONITOR",
+  "PROJ OFF": "PROY DESACT",
+  "VIEWSHED": "ÁREA VISIBLE",
+  "CAL {value}": "CAL {value}",
+  "SRC {value}": "SRC {value}",
+  "{value} CONTEXT": "CONTEXTO {value}",
+  "News": "Noticias",
+  "Talk": "Radio hablada",
+  "Weather / Emergency": "Clima / Emergencias",
+  "Public Safety": "Seguridad pública",
+  "Aviation / Marine": "Aviación / Marina",
+  "Traffic / Transit": "Tráfico / Transporte",
+  "Music": "Música",
+  "Other": "Otros",
+  "NO STATION AVAILABLE": "NINGUNA EMISORA DISPONIBLE",
+  "DISABLE": "DESACTIVAR",
+  "RECONCILE": "RECONCILIAR",
+  "Enable Radio": "Activar Radio",
+  "Disable Radio": "Desactivar Radio",
+  "Reconcile Radio — lifecycle uncertain": "Reconciliar Radio — ciclo de vida incierto",
+  "Loading station directory…": "Cargando el directorio de emisoras…",
+  "Directory metadata only": "Solo metadatos del directorio",
+  "Choose a globe marker or use next.": "Elige un marcador del globo o pulsa SIG.",
+  "TAGS · {tags}": "ETIQUETAS · {tags}",
+  "Ready — playback starts only from your action": "Preparada: la reproducción empieza cuando pulses ESCUCHAR",
+  "Connecting directly to broadcaster…": "Conectando directamente con la emisora…",
+  "Buffering broadcaster stream…": "Almacenando en búfer el flujo de la emisora…",
+  "Playing {station}": "Reproduciendo {station}",
+  "Paused {station}": "{station} en pausa",
+  "Broadcaster stream unavailable": "Flujo de la emisora no disponible",
+  " · degraded directory": " · directorio degradado",
+  " · stale directory": " · directorio desactualizado",
+  " · stale/degraded directory": " · directorio desactualizado/degradado",
+  " · outside current filter": " · fuera del filtro actual",
+  " · muted during voice interaction": " · silenciado durante la interacción de voz",
+  " · restoring volume after voice": " · restaurando el volumen tras la voz",
+  " · static indicates no broadcaster audio": " · la estática indica que no hay audio de la emisora",
+  " · tuning static until broadcaster starts": " · estática de sintonía hasta que la emisora comience",
+  "Station unavailable after directory refresh — choose another channel": "Emisora no disponible tras actualizar el directorio — elige otro canal",
+  "Radio is enabling…": "Activando Radio…",
+  "Radio is disabling…": "Desactivando Radio…",
+  "Radio lifecycle is uncertain — use Enable or Disable to reconcile": "El ciclo de vida de Radio es incierto — usa Activar o Desactivar para reconciliar",
+  "LAUNCH SITE": "LUGAR DE LANZAMIENTO",
+  "LAUNCH SITE · {site}": "LUGAR DE LANZAMIENTO · {site}",
+  "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "MISIÓN ESPACIAL SELECCIONADA",
+  "Show all missions": "Mostrar todas las misiones",
+  "Deselect mission": "Deseleccionar misión",
+  "MISSION": "MISIÓN",
+  "STATUS · ": "ESTADO · ",
+  "LAUNCH SITE · ": "LUGAR DE LANZAMIENTO · ",
+  "LAUNCH TIME · ": "HORA DE LANZAMIENTO · ",
+  "ORBIT · ": "ÓRBITA · ",
+  "ASCENT PATH · ": "TRAYECTORIA DE ASCENSO · ",
+  "CURRENT DISTANCE FROM EARTH · ": "DISTANCIA ACTUAL A LA TIERRA · ",
+  "SATELLITE SPEED · ": "VELOCIDAD DEL SATÉLITE · ",
+  "PAYLOAD": "CARGA ÚTIL",
+  "NAME": "NOMBRE",
+  "TYPE": "TIPO",
+  "DESTINATION": "DESTINO",
+  "STAGE / RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY": "ETAPA / REENTRADA / RECUPERACIÓN",
+  "STAGE": "ETAPA",
+  "STATUS": "ESTADO",
+  "FINAL POSITION": "POSICIÓN FINAL",
+  "Previous mission": "Misión anterior",
+  "Next mission": "Misión siguiente",
+  "SHOW ALL / DESELECT": "MOSTRAR TODAS / DESELECCIONAR",
+  "NO MISSIONS AVAILABLE IN THE CURRENT 30-DAY WINDOW": "SIN MISIONES DISPONIBLES EN LA VENTANA ACTUAL DE 30 DÍAS",
+  "{count} / 30D": "{count} / 30 D",
+  "DATE UNAVAILABLE": "FECHA NO DISPONIBLE",
+  "UNSPECIFIED OPERATOR": "OPERADOR NO ESPECIFICADO",
+  "Select {mission}": "Seleccionar {mission}",
+  "+{count} additional payload records": "+{count} registros de carga útil adicionales",
+  "PAYLOAD DATA UNAVAILABLE": "DATOS DE CARGA ÚTIL NO DISPONIBLES",
+  "NO STAGE RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY DATA": "SIN DATOS DE REENTRADA / RECUPERACIÓN DE ETAPA",
+  "UNSPECIFIED": "NO ESPECIFICADO",
+  "FLIGHT {count}": "VUELO {count}",
+  "REUSED": "REUTILIZADO",
+  "{value} KM DOWNRANGE": "{value} KM DE TRAYECTORIA",
+  "PLANNED · ": "PLANIFICADA · ",
+  "SUPPLIED TRAJECTORY POINTS": "PUNTOS DE TRAYECTORIA SUMINISTRADOS",
+  "RECONSTRUCTED ESTIMATE": "ESTIMACIÓN RECONSTRUIDA",
+  "{value} KM": "{value} KM",
+  "{value} KM/S": "{value} KM/S",
+  "REPLAY ASCENT": "REPETIR ASCENSO",
+  "Replay the estimated ascent with a following camera": "Reproduce el ascenso estimado con una cámara de seguimiento",
+  "Pause replay": "Pausar repetición",
+  "Resume replay": "Reanudar repetición",
+  "Cancel replay": "Cancelar repetición",
+  "REPLAY SPEED": "VELOCIDAD DE REPETICIÓN",
+  "Replay speed multiplier": "Multiplicador de velocidad de repetición",
+  "T−{time} · {mission}": "T−{time} · {mission}",
+  "LAUNCH STANDBY": "EN ESPERA DE LANZAMIENTO",
+  "LIFTOFF · {mission}": "DESPEGUE · {mission}",
+  "ASCENT REPLAY · {mission}": "REPETICIÓN DEL ASCENSO · {mission}",
+  "ASCENT ESTIMATE · {mission}": "ESTIMACIÓN DEL ASCENSO · {mission}",
+  "STAGE RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY · {mission}": "REENTRADA / RECUPERACIÓN DE ETAPA · {mission}",
+  "ORBIT REPLAY · {mission}": "REPETICIÓN EN ÓRBITA · {mission}",
+  "PAUSED · {title}": "EN PAUSA · {title}",
+  "T minus {seconds}": "T menos {seconds}",
+  "Preparing launch site": "Preparando el lugar de lanzamiento",
+  "Liftoff": "Despegue",
+  "Ascent replay": "Repetición del ascenso",
+  "Orbit replay": "Repetición en órbita",
+  ", paused": ", en pausa",
+  "DENSE ···": "DENSO ···",
+  "DENSE ✕": "DENSO ✕",
+  "Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)": "Añade la capa completa de banda ancha de Starlink (miles de puntos extra)",
+  "Loading the Starlink shell…": "Cargando la capa de Starlink…",
+  "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink {detail} — clic para reintentar",
+  "load failed": "carga fallida",
+  "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "Mostrando la capa completa de Starlink — clic para ver solo el catálogo principal",
+  "STATION": "ESTACIÓN",
+  "Crewed stations and their visiting vehicles": "Estaciones tripuladas y sus vehículos de visita",
+  "NAV": "NAV",
+  "GNSS navigation — GPS, GLONASS, Galileo": "Navegación GNSS — GPS, GLONASS, Galileo",
+  "GEO": "GEO",
+  "Geostationary belt — comms and weather, fixed over the equator": "Cinturón geoestacionario — comunicaciones y meteorología, fijos sobre el ecuador",
+  "VISUAL": "VISUAL",
+  "Brightest naked-eye objects — CelesTrak visual group": "Objetos más brillantes a simple vista — grupo visual de CelesTrak",
+  "COMMS": "TELECOM",
+  "Broadband constellation shell — shown only in DENSE mode": "Capa de constelación de banda ancha — visible solo en modo DENSO",
+  "refreshing...": "actualizando...",
+  "KEY REQUIRED": "CLAVE REQUERIDA",
+  "STALE · cached {age}": "DESACTUALIZADO · en caché hace {age}",
+  "LIVE · updated {age}": "EN VIVO · actualizado {age}",
+  "<1m ago": "hace <1 min",
+  "FIRE · {frp} MW": "INCENDIO · {frp} MW",
+  "▲ {frp} MW": "▲ {frp} MW",
+  "FIRE": "INCENDIO",
+  "FIRES": "INCENDIOS",
+  "{value} conf": "confianza {value}",
+  "{value} ago": "hace {value}",
+  "max {value} MW": "máx {value} MW",
+  "new {value}": "nueva hace {value}",
+  "NIGHT": "NOCHE",
+  "sensor n/a": "sensor n/d",
+  "Focus fire detection {title}, {details}": "Enfocar la detección de incendio {title}, {details}",
+  "SIMULATED — traffic service unreachable": "SIMULADO — servicio de tráfico inaccesible",
+  "SIMULATED — add TomTom key for live": "SIMULADO — añade una clave de TomTom para datos en vivo",
+  "syncing {count} city feeds...": "sincronizando {count} fuentes de ciudades...",
+  "scanning nearby systems...": "escaneando sistemas cercanos...",
+  "🚲 {bikes} avail · {docks} docks · {capacity} cap": "🚲 {bikes} disp · {docks} anclajes · {capacity} cap",
+  "⚠️ Not installed": "⚠️ No instalada",
+  "⚠️ Not renting": "⚠️ No alquila",
+  "⚠️ Not returning": "⚠️ No admite devoluciones",
+  "Station": "Estación",
+  "Station {id}": "Estación {id}",
+  "MAPPED INSTALLATION": "INSTALACIÓN MAPEADA",
+  "loading mapped installation context": "cargando contexto de instalaciones mapeadas",
+  "Overpass rate-limited": "Overpass con límite de peticiones",
+  "Overpass timed out": "Overpass agotó el tiempo de espera",
+  "Overpass could not complete the query": "Overpass no pudo completar la consulta",
+  "Overpass temporarily unavailable": "Overpass temporalmente no disponible",
+  "Retrying mapped sites…": "Reintentando sitios mapeados…",
+  "Fetching mapped sites…": "Obteniendo sitios mapeados…",
+  "{reason} — retrying in {seconds}s": "{reason} — reintentando en {seconds}s",
+  "{reason} — retry pending": "{reason} — reintento pendiente",
+  "Showing cached mapped sites": "Mostrando sitios mapeados en caché",
+  "Mapped sites not loaded": "Sitios mapeados sin cargar",
+  "Mapped sites loaded": "Sitios mapeados cargados",
+  "CONTEXT READY": "CONTEXTO LISTO",
+  "GLOBAL CONTEXT OFF": "CONTEXTO GLOBAL DESACTIVADO",
+  "SELECT A FLIGHT, VESSEL, OR MAPPED INSTALLATION": "SELECCIONA UN VUELO, BUQUE U INSTALACIÓN MAPEADA",
+  "ENABLE TO LOAD OBSERVED / MAPPED PROXIMITY": "ACTIVA PARA CARGAR PROXIMIDAD OBSERVADA / MAPEADA",
+  "Global Context navigation": "Navegación del Contexto global",
+  "PREVIOUS": "ANT.",
+  "Open-source mapped/observed context. Missing broadcasts, unloaded map areas, or unmapped sites are not evidence of absence.": "Contexto mapeado/observado de fuentes abiertas. Las transmisiones ausentes, las zonas del mapa sin cargar o los sitios sin mapear no son evidencia de ausencia.",
+  "Unavailable": "No disponible",
+  "Focus {label}": "Enfocar {label}",
+  "Flights": "Vuelos",
+  "Military flights": "Vuelos militares",
+  "AIS vessels": "Buques AIS",
+  "Mapped installations": "Instalaciones mapeadas",
+  "CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY": "SOLO LA VISTA ACTUAL",
+  "BRG {value}°": "BRG {value}°",
+  "CRS {value}°": "CRS {value}°",
+  "feed unavailable": "fuente no disponible",
+  "feed stale": "fuente desactualizada",
+  "observed or mapped nearby context": "contexto cercano observado o mapeado",
+  "no observed or mapped objects in current feeds": "sin objetos observados o mapeados en las fuentes actuales",
+  "CONDITIONS UNKNOWN": "CONDICIONES DESCONOCIDAS",
+  "CLEAR": "DESPEJADO",
+  "PARTLY CLOUDY": "PARCIALMENTE NUBLADO",
+  "OVERCAST": "CUBIERTO",
+  "FOG": "NIEBLA",
+  "DRIZZLE": "LLOVIZNA",
+  "RAIN": "LLUVIA",
+  "SNOW": "NIEVE",
+  "RAIN SHOWERS": "CHUBASCOS",
+  "SNOW SHOWERS": "CHUBASCOS DE NIEVE",
+  "THUNDERSTORM": "TORMENTA",
+  "MIXED CONDITIONS": "CONDICIONES MIXTAS",
+  "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB VISTA PREVIA · ENTER / SPACE SELECCIONA",
+  "awaiting usable AIS positions…": "esperando posiciones AIS utilizables…",
+  "awaiting first AIS message…": "esperando el primer mensaje AIS…",
+  "EST. DOWNRANGE": "DIST. ESTIMADA",
+  "MISSION CONTROL · FIRST LAUNCH": "CENTRO DE MANDO · PRIMER INICIO",
+  "Choose your first view": "Elige tu primera vista",
+  "LIVE CONTACTS": "CONTACTOS EN VIVO",
+  "Don't show this again": "No volver a mostrar",
+  "POWER UP": "ENCENDER",
+  "GROUND STATION · PROVIDER SETTINGS": "ESTACIÓN TERRENA · AJUSTES DE PROVEEDORES",
+  "Power up the globe": "Enciende el globo",
+  "SAVE KEYS": "GUARDAR CLAVES",
+  "Saving…": "Guardando…",
+  "It feels like a forbidden cockpit—then you realize the sources are public and the data is real.": "Parece una cabina prohibida—hasta que descubres que las fuentes son públicas y los datos son reales.",
+  "Aircraft, vessels and nearby intelligence": "Aeronaves, buques e inteligencia cercana",
+  "Launches, spacecraft and orbital context": "Lanzamientos, naves y contexto orbital",
+  "EXPLORE MANUALLY": "EXPLORAR MANUALMENTE",
+  "Begin with a clean globe": "Empieza con un globo limpio",
+  "ESC to dismiss": "ESC para cerrar",
+  "Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.": "Consejo: el botón GEV MIC del dock te permite hablar con el mapa.",
+  "Close key setup": "Cerrar la configuración de claves",
+  "The globe already flies keyless. Every key below switches on another real feed — paste one and it's saved into this app's local configuration, then the server restarts itself. Server-side keys stay on this machine; Google Maps and Cesium ion run in the browser and must be provider-restricted. Keys you configured elsewhere are shown but never touched.": "El globo ya funciona sin claves. Cada clave de abajo activa otra fuente real — pega una y queda guardada en la configuración local de esta app, y luego el servidor se reinicia solo. Las claves del servidor se quedan en esta máquina; Google Maps y Cesium ion funcionan en el navegador y sus claves deben restringirse en la consola del proveedor. Las claves que configuraste en otro lugar se muestran, pero nunca se modifican.",
+  "ESC to close": "ESC para cerrar",
+  "The Google Maps key buys the photorealistic planet — everything else stacks on top.": "La clave de Google Maps activa el planeta fotorrealista; todo lo demás se superpone.",
+  "SCENES": "ESCENAS",
+  "Scene recipe": "Receta de escena",
+  "NEW": "NUEVA",
+  "DEL": "BORRAR",
+  "CAPTURE SHOT": "CAPTURAR PLANO",
+  "UPDATE SHOT": "ACTUALIZAR PLANO",
+  "START": "INICIAR",
+  "EXPORT PRESETS": "EXPORTAR PREAJUSTES",
+  "IMPORT": "IMPORTAR",
+  "RUN LOG": "REGISTRO DE EJECUCIÓN",
+  "Starting live contacts…": "Iniciando contactos en vivo…",
+  "Opening space missions…": "Abriendo misiones espaciales…",
+  "Scanning active events…": "Escaneando eventos activos…",
+  "Working…": "Trabajando…",
+  "Could not open that mission{detail}. Retry or explore manually.": "No se pudo abrir esa misión{detail}. Reintenta o explora manualmente.",
+  "This browser is blocking storage, so that could not be saved.": "Este navegador bloquea el almacenamiento, así que no se pudo guardar.",
+  "Live earthquakes and active fires, from USGS and NASA": "Terremotos en vivo e incendios activos, de USGS y NASA",
+  "ENVIRONMENTAL": "MEDIO AMBIENTE",
+  "EARTH WATCH": "VIGILANCIA TERRESTRE",
+  "ACTIVE EVENTS": "EVENTOS ACTIVOS",
+  "POWER UP · {count} KEYS WAITING": {
+    "one": "ENCENDER · {count} CLAVE EN ESPERA",
+    "many": "ENCENDER · {count} DE CLAVES EN ESPERA",
+    "other": "ENCENDER · {count} CLAVES EN ESPERA"
+  },
+  "POWERED UP": "ENCENDIDO",
+  "Save failed ({status}).": "Error al guardar ({status}).",
+  "Save failed: {detail}": "Error al guardar: {detail}",
+  "Paste at least one key first.": "Pega al menos una clave primero.",
+  "Saved to {store}. Restarting — this page reloads itself.": "Guardado en {store}. Reiniciando — esta página se recarga sola.",
+  "Removed from {store}. Restarting — this page reloads itself.": "Eliminado de {store}. Reiniciando — esta página se recarga sola.",
+  "your app configuration": "tu configuración de la app",
+  "your local .env": "tu .env local",
+  "Remove this key from your saved configuration?": "¿Eliminar esta clave de tu configuración guardada?",
+  "This map stack": "Este conjunto de mapas",
+  "{label} is unavailable": "{label} no está disponible",
+  "{label} unavailable: {hint}": "{label} no disponible: {hint}",
+  "Global Flights Radar": "Radar global de vuelos",
+  "Orbital Watch": "Vigilancia orbital",
+  "Thermal Threat Board": "Panel de amenazas térmicas",
+  "City Overload": "Sobrecarga urbana",
+  "Omniscience Pullback": "Alejamiento omnisciente",
+  "CONNECTING": "CONECTANDO",
+  "ERROR": "ERROR",
+  "Session ended — cost cap {cost}": "Sesión finalizada — límite de costo {cost}",
+  "VOICE STANDBY": "VOZ EN ESPERA",
+  "VOICE ACTIVE": "VOZ ACTIVA",
+  "VOICE UNAVAILABLE": "VOZ NO DISPONIBLE",
+  "WebRTC microphone support unavailable": "Este navegador no admite micrófono WebRTC",
+  "Requesting microphone": "Solicitando micrófono",
+  "Hold Space to talk": "Mantén Space y habla",
+  "Release Space to send": "Suelta Space para enviar",
+  "Ask or command": "Pregunta o ordena",
+  "Voice off": "Voz desactivada",
+  "Running command": "Ejecutando comando",
+  "Radio did not start": "La radio no se inició",
+  "Hold Space to speak · tap Space to activate focused controls": "Mantén pulsado Space para hablar · pulsa Space brevemente para activar el control enfocado",
+  "Voice session could not be started.": "No se pudo iniciar la sesión de voz.",
+  "VOICE SYSTEM ERROR": "ERROR DEL SISTEMA DE VOZ",
+  "DISMISS": "CERRAR",
+  "Check microphone permission and network access, then try again.": "Revisa el permiso del micrófono y el acceso a la red, y vuelve a intentarlo.",
+  "AI AGENT": "AGENTE DE IA",
+  "VOICE CONTROL": "CONTROL DE VOZ",
+  "{tier} applies next session": "{tier} desde la próxima sesión",
+  "Voice model tier — applies next session": "Nivel del modelo de voz — se aplica en la próxima sesión",
+  "Estimated session cost": "Costo estimado de la sesión",
+  "Voice control — activate to toggle voice; hold Space to speak": "Control de voz — púlsalo para activar o desactivar la voz; mantén pulsado Space para hablar",
+  "Cannot capture shot: camera not ready": "No se puede capturar el plano: la cámara no está lista",
+  "Shot {n}": "Plano {n}",
+  "Captured: {scene} / {shot}": "Capturado: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Select a shot first": "Selecciona primero un plano",
+  "Updated: {scene} / {shot}": "Actualizado: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Delete shot \"{shot}\"?": "¿Eliminar el plano \"{shot}\"?",
+  "Loaded: {scene} / {shot}": "Cargado: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Camera unavailable — exit cockpit first": "Cámara no disponible — sal primero de la cabina",
+  "No shots to run": "No hay planos para ejecutar",
+  "Running {index}/{total}: {scene} / {shot}": "Ejecutando {index}/{total}: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Scene run complete": "Ejecución de escenas completada",
+  "Error: {message}": "Error: {message}",
+  "Could not exit {mode} — scene layers may be refused": "No se pudo salir de {mode} — las capas de la escena pueden rechazarse",
+  "REMOVE": "ELIMINAR",
+  "Remove {title} from this app's saved keys": "Elimina {title} de las claves guardadas de esta app",
+  "Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings": "Necesita {envVars} — se añade en Ajustes de proveedores",
+  "Places context + Street View fallback; optional separate key": "Contexto de Places + respaldo de Street View; clave separada opcional",
+  "Live ships, worldwide": "Buques en vivo, en todo el mundo",
+  "Live active-fire detections": "Detecciones de incendios activos en vivo",
+  "Real live traffic (keyless runs a simulation)": "Tráfico real en vivo (sin clave se usa una simulación)",
+  "Bing imagery map stacks + world terrain": "Imágenes de Bing + terreno mundial",
+  "More flight-polling credits (anonymous works without)": "Más créditos de consulta de vuelos (sin clave funciona el modo anónimo)",
+  "Higher space-missions request allowance": "Mayor límite de peticiones para misiones espaciales",
+  "Scene action failed": "La acción de escena falló",
+  "Project exported": "Proyecto exportado",
+  "Next session: {pendingId} — this session stays on {modelId}": "Sesión siguiente: {pendingId} — esta sesión sigue en {modelId}",
+  "Voice model: {pendingId} — click to switch to {target}; applies next session": "Modelo de voz: {pendingId} — haz clic para cambiar a {target}; se aplica en la próxima sesión",
+  "Estimated session cost on {modelId} — {responses} response(s). Warns at {warn}, ends the session at {cap}.": "Costo de sesión estimado en {modelId} — {responses} respuesta(s). Avisa a {warn} y cierra la sesión a {cap}.",
+  "Street-level imagery and coverage in the Street Level layer. Free: register an app in the Mapillary developer dashboard and paste its Client Token": "Imágenes y cobertura a nivel de calle en la capa \"A pie de calle\". Gratis: registra una app en el panel de desarrolladores de Mapillary y pega su token de cliente (Client Token)",
+  "Voice control — API key or ChatGPT OAuth": "Control de voz — clave de API u OAuth de ChatGPT",
+  "WITHIN {km} KM": "A MENOS DE {km} KM",
+  "Syncing flow · Roads: {source}": "Sincronizando flujo · Vías: {source}",
+  "LIVE · Roads: {source} · Roads without flow hidden": "EN VIVO · Vías: {source} · Vías sin flujo ocultas",
+  "LIVE · Roads: {source} · No flow roads in view": "EN VIVO · Vías: {source} · Sin vías con flujo a la vista",
+  "LIVE · Roads: {source} · Flow {percent}%": "EN VIVO · Vías: {source} · Flujo {percent}%",
+  "SIMULATED · Roads: {source} · Flow {percent}%": "SIMULADO · Vías: {source} · Flujo {percent}%",
+  "Syncing flow · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · Unmatched: simulated": "Sincronizando flujo · Vías: OpenStreetMap · Flujo: TomTom · Sin coincidencia: simulado",
+  "LIVE · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · {percent}% cov · Unmatched: simulated": "EN VIVO · Vías: OpenStreetMap · Flujo: TomTom · {percent}% cob. · Sin coincidencia: simulado",
+  "LIVE · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · {percent}% cov": "EN VIVO · Vías: OpenStreetMap · Flujo: TomTom · {percent}% cob.",
+  "SIMULATED · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom (no matches)": "SIMULADO · Vías: OpenStreetMap · Flujo: TomTom (sin coincidencias)",
+  "Data source unavailable": "Fuente de datos no disponible",
+  "Saturation": "Saturación",
+  "Edge Thickness": "Grosor de bordes",
+  "Contrast": "Contraste",
+  "Grain": "Grano",
+  "Vignette": "Viñeta",
+  "Pixelation": "Pixelado",
+  "Distortion": "Distorsión",
+  "Instability": "Inestabilidad",
+  "Wind": "Viento",
+  "Gain": "Ganancia",
+  "Scanlines": "Líneas de barrido",
+  "Sensitivity": "Sensibilidad",
+  "WHOT/BHOT": "WHOT/BHOT",
+  "Ironbow": "Ironbow",
+  "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "Elige una forma y haz clic en el mapa.",
+  "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Enter para colocar el marcador, Esc para cancelar.",
+  "Click where the pin goes.": "Haz clic donde quieras colocar el marcador.",
+  "Click {count} more points.": {
+    "one": "Haz clic en {count} punto más.",
+    "many": "Haz clic en {count} de puntos más.",
+    "other": "Haz clic en {count} puntos más."
+  },
+  "Those points are in a line — move one off it to enclose an area.": "Esos puntos están en línea: mueve uno fuera de ella para cerrar un área.",
+  "That line has no length — click somewhere further away.": "Esa línea no tiene longitud: haz clic más lejos.",
+  " · {max}-point limit reached": " · límite de {max} puntos alcanzado",
+  "{measure} · double-click or Enter to finish, Backspace undoes, Esc cancels.{full}": "{measure} · doble clic o Enter para terminar, Backspace deshace, Esc cancela.{full}",
+  "That point is off the globe — click on the world.": "Ese punto está fuera del globo: haz clic sobre el mundo.",
+  "That shape could not be placed.": "No se pudo colocar esa forma.",
+  "Board cleared.": "Tablero borrado.",
+  "Draw on the world — click vertices, double-click or Enter to finish, Esc to cancel": "Dibuja sobre el mundo: haz clic en los vértices, doble clic o Enter para terminar, Esc para cancelar",
+  "Draw": "Dibujo",
+  "Shape": "Forma",
+  "Shape to draw": "Forma a dibujar",
+  "Area": "Área",
+  "Line": "Línea",
+  "Pin": "Marcador",
+  "Label (optional)": "Etiqueta (opcional)",
+  "Label for the drawn shape": "Etiqueta de la forma dibujada",
+  "Colour of the drawn shape": "Color de la forma dibujada",
+  "Primary": "Principal",
+  "Amber": "Ámbar",
+  "Cyan": "Cian",
+  "Green": "Verde",
+  "Red": "Rojo",
+  "Clear": "Borrar",
+  "Remove every mark from the board": "Quitar todas las marcas del tablero",
+  "Point the camera at the globe for street-level coverage": "Apunta la cámara al globo para ver la cobertura a pie de calle",
+  "No street-level imagery providers configured": "No hay proveedores de imágenes a pie de calle configurados",
+  "Selected": "Seleccionada",
+  "Live Vessels": "Buques en vivo",
+  "Bike Share": "Bicis compartidas",
+  "Cameras": "Cámaras",
+  "Street Level": "A pie de calle",
+  "Mapped ALPR Cameras": "Cámaras ALPR mapeadas",
+  "Data Centers": "Centros de datos",
+  "Active Fires": "Incendios activos",
+  "Street Level could not start": "No se pudo iniciar A pie de calle",
+  "Street Level toggle failed": "No se pudo activar o desactivar la capa A pie de calle",
+  "Street-level image": "Imagen a pie de calle",
+  "SHRINK": "REDUCIR",
+  "EXPAND": "AMPLIAR",
+  "Shrink": "Reducir",
+  "Expand": "Ampliar",
+  "ANY DATE": "CUALQUIER FECHA",
+  "LAST 10 YEARS": "ÚLTIMOS 10 AÑOS",
+  "LAST 5 YEARS": "ÚLTIMOS 5 AÑOS",
+  "LAST 3 YEARS": "ÚLTIMOS 3 AÑOS",
+  "LAST 2 YEARS": "ÚLTIMOS 2 AÑOS",
+  "LAST YEAR": "ÚLTIMO AÑO",
+  "LAST 6 MONTHS": "ÚLTIMOS 6 MESES",
+  "LAST 3 MONTHS": "ÚLTIMOS 3 MESES",
+  "LAST MONTH": "ÚLTIMO MES",
+  "LAST {count} DAYS": {
+    "one": "ÚLTIMO {count} DÍA",
+    "many": "ÚLTIMOS {count} DE DÍAS",
+    "other": "ÚLTIMOS {count} DÍAS"
+  },
+  "{window} · SINCE {date}": "{window} · DESDE {date}",
+  "Turn Street Level off": "Desactivar A pie de calle",
+  "Turn Street Level on": "Activar A pie de calle",
+  "KEY REJECTED": "CLAVE RECHAZADA",
+  "{name} imagery on": "Imágenes de {name} activadas",
+  "{name} imagery off": "Imágenes de {name} desactivadas",
+  "Image by {creator}": "Imagen de {creator}",
+  "zoom in to see KartaView coverage": "acércate para ver la cobertura de KartaView",
+  "no KartaView photos in view": "no hay fotos de KartaView a la vista",
+  "{names}: by upload date": "{names}: por fecha de subida",
+  "{n} streets in view · click a line for its nearest photo": {
+    "one": "{n} calle a la vista · haz clic en una línea para su foto más cercana",
+    "many": "{n} calles a la vista · haz clic en una línea para su foto más cercana",
+    "other": "{n} calles a la vista · haz clic en una línea para su foto más cercana"
+  },
+  "Camera follows view: move the globe camera wherever the street-level view looks": "La cámara sigue la vista: mueve la cámara del globo hacia donde mira la vista a pie de calle",
+  "Camera follow needs the Google 3D map: choose Google 3D under MAP SOURCE": "Seguir con la cámara requiere el mapa Google 3D: elige Google 3D en FUENTE DEL MAPA",
+  "Switch a provider on to draw its coverage.": "Activa un proveedor para dibujar su cobertura.",
+  "Loading this sequence…": "Cargando esta secuencia…",
+  "{n} images in this sequence · Esc clears": {
+    "one": "{n} imagen en esta secuencia · Esc quita la selección",
+    "many": "{n} de imágenes en esta secuencia · Esc quita la selección",
+    "other": "{n} imágenes en esta secuencia · Esc quita la selección"
+  },
+  "{n} sequences in view · click a line for its photos": {
+    "one": "{n} secuencia a la vista · haz clic en una línea para ver sus fotos",
+    "many": "{n} de secuencias a la vista · haz clic en una línea para ver sus fotos",
+    "other": "{n} secuencias a la vista · haz clic en una línea para ver sus fotos"
+  },
+  "STREET LEVEL": "A PIE DE CALLE",
+  "Expand the street-level view (Esc shrinks it)": "Ampliar la vista a pie de calle (Esc la reduce)",
+  "Image fit": "Ajuste de la imagen",
+  "FIT": "AJUSTAR",
+  "Fit: show the whole photo, with dark bars where its shape differs from the frame": "Ajustar: muestra la foto entera, con barras oscuras donde su forma no coincide con el marco",
+  "FILL": "RELLENAR",
+  "Fill: fill the frame edge to edge, cropping the photo": "Rellenar: llena el marco de borde a borde, recortando la foto",
+  "Camera follows view": "La cámara sigue la vista",
+  "FOLLOW": "SEGUIR",
+  "Close the image and deselect it on the map": "Cerrar la imagen y quitar la selección en el mapa",
+  "Close the street-level image": "Cerrar la imagen a pie de calle",
+  "Street-level viewer": "Visor a pie de calle",
+  "Open this image on the provider's site": "Abrir esta imagen en el sitio del proveedor",
+  "Imagery providers": "Proveedores de imágenes",
+  "PROVIDERS": "PROVEEDORES",
+  "Imagery filters": "Filtros de imágenes",
+  "IMAGERY": "IMÁGENES",
+  "Panorama filter": "Filtro de panoramas",
+  "ALL": "TODAS",
+  "FLAT": "PLANAS",
+  "SINCE": "DESDE",
+  "Coverage colours": "Colores de cobertura",
+  "That shape already has {count} points — finish it or press Backspace.": "Esa forma ya tiene {count} puntos — termínala o pulsa Backspace.",
+  "Could not place the shape: {error}": "No se pudo colocar la forma: {error}",
+  "{owner} is using the pointer — close it first.": "Puntero en uso: {owner}. Ciérralo primero.",
+  "{label} · Detailed outline unavailable": "{label} · Contorno detallado no disponible",
+  "Witness source": "Fuente de testigo",
+  "{provider} · EMBEDDED SOURCE": "{provider} · FUENTE INSERTADA",
+  "OPEN ORIGINAL ↗": "ABRIR ORIGINAL ↗",
+  "{provider} media: {source}": "Contenido de {provider}: {source}",
+  "{provider} · PROVIDER CONTROLS": "{provider} · CONTROLES DEL PROVEEDOR",
+  "YOUTUBE {state} · OPEN ORIGINAL": "YOUTUBE {state} · ABRIR ORIGINAL",
+  "Facebook player API did not initialize.": "La API del reproductor de Facebook no se inicializó.",
+  "Facebook player API could not load.": "No se pudo cargar la API del reproductor de Facebook.",
+  "Facebook player API timed out.": "La API del reproductor de Facebook agotó el tiempo de espera.",
+  "X embed API did not initialize.": "La API de inserción de X no se inicializó.",
+  "X embed could not load.": "No se pudo cargar la inserción de X.",
+  "X embed timed out.": "La inserción de X agotó el tiempo de espera.",
+  "TIMEOUT": "TIEMPO AGOTADO",
+  "BLOCKED": "BLOQUEADO",
+  "Facebook embed unavailable. The post may be private, removed, region-restricted, or blocked.": "Inserción de Facebook no disponible. La publicación puede ser privada, haber sido eliminada, estar restringida por región o estar bloqueada.",
+  "Preloading {provider} media": "Precargando contenido de {provider}",
+  "LOADING X POST…": "CARGANDO PUBLICACIÓN DE X…",
+  "The X post is unavailable or cannot be embedded.": "La publicación de X no está disponible o no se puede insertar.",
+  "X POST · PROVIDER CONTROLS": "PUBLICACIÓN DE X · CONTROLES DEL PROVEEDOR",
+  "{reason} OPEN ORIGINAL.": "{reason} ABRE EL ORIGINAL.",
+  "X embed unavailable": "Inserción de X no disponible",
+  "FACEBOOK · PROVIDER CONTROLS": "FACEBOOK · CONTROLES DEL PROVEEDOR",
+  "Facebook embed unavailable": "Inserción de Facebook no disponible",
+  "AUTOPLAY BLOCKED · USE PROVIDER CONTROLS": "REPRODUCCIÓN AUTOMÁTICA BLOQUEADA · USA LOS CONTROLES DEL PROVEEDOR",
+  "Embedded {provider} media for {source}": "Contenido de {provider} insertado para {source}",
+  "witness source": "fuente de testigo",
+  "Rasuwagadhi witness": "Testigo de Rasuwagadhi",
+  "Open original source for {source}; capture time unverified": "Abrir la fuente original de {source}; hora de captura sin verificar",
+  "Historical reference and post-event image divider": "Divisor entre la imagen de referencia histórica y la posterior al evento",
+  "A historical reference {before} percent, B post-event {after} percent": "A, referencia histórica, {before} por ciento; B, posterior al evento, {after} por ciento",
+  "■ RELEASE CAMERA": "■ LIBERAR CÁMARA",
+  "Seek Nepal scene clock": "Desplazarse por el reloj de la escena de Nepal",
+  "NEPAL SCENE CLOCK": "RELOJ DE LA ESCENA DE NEPAL",
+  "… PLAYING SHOT": "… REPRODUCIENDO PLANO",
+  "▶ PLAY SHOT": "▶ REPRODUCIR PLANO",
+  "Ⅱ PAUSE": "Ⅱ PAUSA",
+  "↺ REPLAY CINEMATIC": "↺ REPETIR CINEMÁTICA",
+  "↺ REPLAY": "↺ REPETIR",
+  "… PLAYING SCENE": "… REPRODUCIENDO ESCENA",
+  "Continue {scene} from next shot": "Continuar {scene} desde el siguiente plano",
+  "current scene": "la escena actual",
+  "Replay the full reconstruction": "Repetir la reconstrucción completa",
+  "SCENE SHOT": "PLANO DE ESCENA",
+  "TIME UNVERIFIED": "HORA SIN VERIFICAR",
+  "{count} SOURCES": {
+    "one": "{count} FUENTE",
+    "many": "{count} DE FUENTES",
+    "other": "{count} FUENTES"
+  },
+  "OUTSIDE IMAGERY SWIPE": "FUERA DE LA COMPARACIÓN DE IMÁGENES",
+  "{scene} / AUTHORED SHOT": "{scene} / PLANO DISEÑADO",
+  "NEPAL FLOOD INCIDENT": "INCIDENTE DE INUNDACIÓN EN NEPAL",
+  "Play {shot}": "Reproducir {shot}",
+  "current scene shot": "el plano actual de la escena",
+  "Play reconstruction": "Reproducir la reconstrucción",
+  "Load previous scene shot": "Cargar el plano anterior de la escena",
+  "Load next scene shot": "Cargar el siguiente plano de la escena",
+  "SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR, NOT MODELED ARRIVAL TIME.": "CORREDOR ESQUEMÁTICO; NO ES UN TIEMPO DE LLEGADA MODELADO.",
+  "Rasuwa · 26 Aug 2026": "Rasuwa · 26 ago 2026",
+  "Event reconstruction": "Reconstrucción del evento",
+  "INITIATION": "INICIO",
+  "DAMMING": "REPRESAMIENTO",
+  "SECONDARY FAILURE": "ROTURA SECUNDARIA",
+  "BORDER ARRIVAL": "LLEGADA A LA FRONTERA",
+  "PROPAGATION": "PROPAGACIÓN",
+  "DOWNSTREAM PASSAGE": "PASO AGUAS ABAJO",
+  "CONSEQUENCE": "SECUELAS",
+  "DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCE": "SECUELAS AGUAS ABAJO",
+  "EVIDENCE": "EVIDENCIA",
+  "{count} GEOLOCATED SOURCE-MAP PLACEMENTS": {
+    "one": "{count} UBICACIÓN GEOLOCALIZADA EN EL MAPA DE FUENTES",
+    "many": "{count} DE UBICACIONES GEOLOCALIZADAS EN EL MAPA DE FUENTES",
+    "other": "{count} UBICACIONES GEOLOCALIZADAS EN EL MAPA DE FUENTES"
+  },
+  "NO PREVIEW": "SIN VISTA PREVIA",
+  "SOURCE LINK": "ENLACE DE LA FUENTE",
+  "{publisher} / OPEN": "{publisher} / ABRIR",
+  "Bhote Koshi flood reconstruction controls": "Controles de la reconstrucción de la inundación del Bhote Koshi",
+  "EVENT RECONSTRUCTION · 26 AUG 2026": "RECONSTRUCCIÓN DEL EVENTO · 26 AGO 2026",
+  "BHOTE KOSHI OUTBURST FLOOD": "INUNDACIÓN POR DESBORDE DEL BHOTE KOSHI",
+  "Close event layer": "Cerrar la capa del evento",
+  "OBSERVED IMAGERY": "IMÁGENES OBSERVADAS",
+  "SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR": "CORREDOR ESQUEMÁTICO",
+  "2021 HISTORICAL REFERENCE / 2026 POST-EVENT": "REF. HISTÓRICA 2021 / POSTERIOR AL EVENTO 2026",
+  "Historical reference and post-event image split": "División entre la imagen de referencia histórica y la posterior al evento",
+  "RECONSTRUCTION CLOCK": "RELOJ DE LA RECONSTRUCCIÓN",
+  "Schematic downstream progression": "Avance esquemático aguas abajo",
+  "Story beat navigation": "Navegación por momentos del relato",
+  "Previous story beat": "Momento anterior del relato",
+  "CAUSE": "CAUSA",
+  "CAPTURE TIME UNVERIFIED": "HORA DE CAPTURA SIN VERIFICAR",
+  "Next story beat": "Siguiente momento del relato",
+  "▶ PLAY": "▶ REPRODUCIR",
+  "Play the next shot and continue through this scene": "Reproducir el siguiente plano y continuar con esta escena",
+  "▶ PLAY SCENE": "▶ REPRODUCIR ESCENA",
+  "◉ CINEMATIC": "◉ CINEMÁTICA",
+  "↺ FULL STORY": "↺ HISTORIA COMPLETA",
+  "↗ OPEN ORIGINAL": "↗ ABRIR ORIGINAL",
+  "⌖ LOWER GORGE": "⌖ GARGANTA INFERIOR",
+  "FIELD REPORTS · {count}": "INFORMES DE CAMPO · {count}",
+  "GEOLOCATIONS · {credit}": "GEOLOCALIZACIONES · {credit}",
+  "↗ OPEN PUBLIC MAP": "↗ ABRIR MAPA PÚBLICO",
+  "Clouds are preserved from the source imagery.": "Las nubes provienen de las imágenes de origen.",
+  "Show the Nepal context callout without a border or country fill": "Muestra la etiqueta de contexto de Nepal sin frontera ni relleno del país",
+  "Introduce Nepal, draw its border, then reveal the Bhote Koshi incident": "Presenta Nepal, dibuja su frontera y luego revela el incidente del Bhote Koshi",
+  "CITIES": "CIUDADES",
+  "Keep the regional incident context and introduce nearby city labels": "Mantiene el contexto regional del incidente y presenta las etiquetas de las ciudades cercanas",
+  "PLACES": "LUGARES",
+  "Introduce the reconstruction scene key places from trigger to downstream": "Presenta los lugares clave de la escena de reconstrucción, desde el desencadenante hasta aguas abajo",
+  "PATH": "RECORRIDO",
+  "Animate the sourced cyan river-centerline route to Trishuli Bazaar": "Anima la ruta cian documentada por el eje del río hasta Trishuli Bazaar",
+  "OVERVIEW": "VISTA GENERAL",
+  "Keep the completed flood path and location labels visible": "Mantiene visibles el recorrido completo de la inundación y las etiquetas de lugares",
+  "RECORD": "REGISTRO",
+  "Reveal the trigger record while making a slow camera approach": "Revela el registro del desencadenante con una aproximación lenta de la cámara",
+  "BHOTE KOSHI FLOOD INCIDENT": "INCIDENTE DE INUNDACIÓN DEL BHOTE KOSHI",
+  "NEPAL · 26 AUG 2026": "NEPAL · 26 AGO 2026",
+  "USGS INITIAL REPORT": "INFORME INICIAL DEL USGS",
+  "26 AUG 2026 · 08:37 NPT": "26 AGO 2026 · 08:37 NPT",
+  "28.2710° N · 85.5150° E": "28,2710° N · 85,5150° E",
+  "INITIAL M4.4 · RECLASSIFIED M5.2 LANDSLIDE": "INICIAL M4,4 · RECLASIFICADO COMO DESLIZAMIENTO M5,2",
+  "USGS EVENT us7000tbwb · OPEN SOURCE": "EVENTO USGS us7000tbwb · ABRIR FUENTE",
+  "flight": "vuelo",
+  "military flight": "vuelo militar",
+  "satellite": "satélite",
+  "VOICE AUTH · CHATGPT OAUTH": "AUTENTICACIÓN DE VOZ · OAUTH DE CHATGPT",
+  "VOICE AUTH · API KEY": "AUTENTICACIÓN DE VOZ · CLAVE DE API",
+  "USE API KEY": "USAR CLAVE DE API",
+  "USE CHATGPT OAUTH": "USAR OAUTH DE CHATGPT",
+  "Use OPENAI_API_KEY for the next cloud voice session": "Usar OPENAI_API_KEY en la próxima sesión de voz en la nube",
+  "Use the signed-in local ChatGPT/Codex OAuth session for the next cloud voice session": "Usar la sesión OAuth local de ChatGPT/Codex ya iniciada en la próxima sesión de voz en la nube",
+  "Metered — a billing-enabled account": "De pago por uso — una cuenta con facturación activada",
+  "Free key — register, paste, done": "Clave gratuita — regístrate, pégala y listo",
+  "browser-side": "en el navegador",
+  "This key runs in the browser by design — restrict it at the provider (see SECURITY.md)": "Esta clave funciona en el navegador por diseño — restríngela en el proveedor (consulta SECURITY.md)",
+  "configured externally": "configurada externamente",
+  "Supplied by your environment, Keychain, or launcher — change it where it was set": "Proporcionada por tu entorno, Keychain o el lanzador — cámbiala donde se definió",
+  "MANAGE ↗": "GESTIONAR ↗",
+  "GET KEY ↗": "OBTENER CLAVE ↗",
+  "{envVar} saved — paste to replace": "{envVar} guardada — pega otra para reemplazarla",
+  "paste {envVar}": "pega {envVar}",
+  "Project keys: {status}": "Claves del proyecto: {status}",
+  "Mapped camera locations": "Ubicaciones de cámaras mapeadas",
+  "SHOW NEAREST": "MOSTRAR LA MÁS CERCANA",
+  "Stop following the current object before navigating to a camera": "Deja de seguir el objeto actual antes de ir a una cámara",
+  "Move to the nearest loaded camera and show its details": "Ir a la cámara cargada más cercana y mostrar sus detalles",
+  "Camera badges": "Iconos de cámaras",
+  "Cyan cameras turn coral when selected. Wedges illustrate mapped direction, not measured coverage. Nearby cameras may be outside the screen.": "Las cámaras cian se vuelven coral al seleccionarlas. Las cuñas ilustran la dirección mapeada, no la cobertura medida. Las cámaras cercanas pueden estar fuera de la pantalla.",
+  "{count} nearby · {onScreen} on screen": {
+    "one": "{count} cercana · {onScreen} en pantalla",
+    "many": "{count} de cámaras cercanas · {onScreen} en pantalla",
+    "other": "{count} cercanas · {onScreen} en pantalla"
+  },
+  "{count} nearby": {
+    "one": "{count} cercana",
+    "many": "{count} de cámaras cercanas",
+    "other": "{count} cercanas"
+  },
+  "retrying mapped ALPR cameras": "reintentando cámaras ALPR mapeadas",
+  "loading mapped ALPR cameras": "cargando cámaras ALPR mapeadas",
+  "No ALPR data for this area — US and Canada only": "Sin datos ALPR para esta zona — solo EE. UU. y Canadá",
+  "Zoom in to load mapped cameras": "Acércate para cargar las cámaras mapeadas",
+  "Showing cached locations": "Mostrando ubicaciones en caché",
+  "Coverage limited — zoom in": "Cobertura limitada: acércate",
+  "No ALPR data for this area": "Sin datos ALPR para esta zona",
+  "None on screen — nearby cameras are outside the view": "Ninguna en pantalla — las cámaras cercanas están fuera de la vista",
+  "ALPR camera": "Cámara ALPR",
+  "OpenStreetMap · community mapped": "OpenStreetMap · mapeado por la comunidad",
+  "Atlantic and eastern/central North Pacific; not worldwide cyclone coverage.": "Atlántico y Pacífico Norte oriental/central; no es una cobertura mundial de ciclones.",
+  "Potential tropical cyclone": "Posible ciclón tropical",
+  "Hurricane": "Huracán",
+  "Tropical storm": "Tormenta tropical",
+  "Tropical depression": "Depresión tropical",
+  "Subtropical storm": "Tormenta subtropical",
+  "Subtropical depression": "Depresión subtropical",
+  "Track and cone match this advisory": "La trayectoria y el cono coinciden con este aviso",
+  "Track/cone awaiting advisory {number}": "Trayectoria/cono a la espera del aviso {number}",
+  "Track/cone unavailable": "Trayectoria/cono no disponible",
+  "Cached advisory · stale source": "Aviso en caché · fuente desactualizada",
+  "Loading advisories…": "Cargando avisos…",
+  "{count} active storms": {
+    "one": "{count} ciclón activo",
+    "many": "{count} de ciclones activos",
+    "other": "{count} ciclones activos"
+  },
+  "Position as of {time}": "Posición a las {time}",
+  "Maximum sustained wind: {wind} · Pressure: {pressure}": "Viento máximo sostenido: {wind} · Presión: {pressure}",
+  "{name} · {classification} · Advisory {number} · issued {time}": "{name} · {classification} · Aviso {number} · emitido {time}",
+  "No active NHC/CPHC systems": "Sin sistemas activos del NHC/CPHC",
+  "Advisories unavailable": "Avisos no disponibles",
+  "Cyclones · NHC / CPHC": "Ciclones · NHC / CPHC",
+  "Atlantic · E/C Pacific": "Atlántico · Pacífico E/C",
+  "{storms} · {name} selected": "{storms} · {name} seleccionado",
+  "Official advisory ↗": "Aviso oficial ↗",
+  "Active NHC and CPHC cyclone advisories": "Avisos de ciclones activos del NHC y el CPHC",
+  "Wind unavailable": "Viento no disponible",
+  "Advisory center / forecast track": "Centro del ciclón según el aviso / trayectoria pronosticada",
+  "Center-track uncertainty cone": "Cono de incertidumbre de la trayectoria del centro",
+  "Select a storm on the map, or choose a storm in the list to select it and move the camera. Click empty map space to clear the selection. NOAA NHC/CPHC advisory context. The cone describes forecast center-track uncertainty, not storm size or the full hazard area. Forecast point labels are source lead hours, not times computed from advisory issuance. Geometry follows the surface; height is not weather altitude. Consult the official advisory.": "Selecciona un ciclón en el mapa, o elige uno en la lista para seleccionarlo y mover la cámara. Haz clic en un espacio vacío del mapa para borrar la selección. Contexto de avisos NOAA NHC/CPHC. El cono describe la incertidumbre de la trayectoria pronosticada del centro, no el tamaño del ciclón ni toda el área de peligro. Las etiquetas de los puntos de pronóstico son horas de anticipación de la fuente, no horas calculadas a partir de la emisión del aviso. La geometría sigue la superficie; la altura no es altitud meteorológica. Consulta el aviso oficial.",
+  "Directions": "Indicaciones",
+  "{mode} — reroute for {modeLower}": "{mode} — recalcular la ruta {modeLower}",
+  "CLICK MAP": "CLIC EN EL MAPA",
+  "SET A": "FIJAR A",
+  "Click a spot on the globe to place A (click again to cancel)": "Haz clic en un punto del globo para colocar A (vuelve a hacer clic para cancelar)",
+  "Then click the globe to place the start": "Luego haz clic en el globo para colocar el inicio",
+  "SET B": "FIJAR B",
+  "Click a spot on the globe to place B (click again to cancel)": "Haz clic en un punto del globo para colocar B (vuelve a hacer clic para cancelar)",
+  "Then click the globe to place the destination": "Luego haz clic en el globo para colocar el destino",
+  "Swap A and B": "Intercambiar A y B",
+  "FLY ···": "VOLAR ···",
+  "FLYING": "VOLANDO",
+  "FLY": "VOLAR",
+  "Fly the camera along the route": "Volar con la cámara a lo largo de la ruta",
+  "Place A and B first": "Coloca primero A y B",
+  "Remove the route and both markers": "Eliminar la ruta y ambos marcadores",
+  "press Escape twice to leave Draw": "pulsa Esc dos veces para salir de Dibujo",
+  "{name} is active — turn {name} off, then set {endpoint}": "{name} está activo — desactiva {name} y luego fija {endpoint}",
+  "{name} is active — {leave}, then set {endpoint}": "{name} está activo — {leave} y luego fija {endpoint}",
+  "Only the first {count} turns of this route are shown": "Solo se muestran los primeros {count} giros de esta ruta",
+  "Turn-by-turn directions": "Indicaciones paso a paso",
+  "OSM routing": "Rutas de OSM",
+  "DRIVE": "COCHE",
+  "Drive": "En coche",
+  "Another map tool is using clicks — close it, then SET A again": "Otra herramienta del mapa está usando los clics — ciérrala y vuelve a pulsar FIJAR A",
+  "WALK": "A PIE",
+  "Walk": "A pie",
+  "Routing…": "Calculando ruta…",
+  "BIKE": "BICI",
+  "Bike": "En bici",
+  "No route found": "No se encontró ninguna ruta",
+  "{distance} · {duration} · {mode} · first {count} turns": "{distance} · {duration} · {mode} · primeros {count} giros",
+  "{distance} · {duration} · {mode}": "{distance} · {duration} · {mode}",
+  "Click the globe to place {endpoint}": "Haz clic en el globo para colocar {endpoint}",
+  "SET B, then click the globe": "Pulsa FIJAR B y luego haz clic en el globo",
+  "SET A, then click the globe": "Pulsa FIJAR A y luego haz clic en el globo",
+  "Step {step} of {total} · then {leg}": "Paso {step} de {total} · luego {leg}",
+  "Step {step} of {total}": "Paso {step} de {total}",
+  "Then: {instruction}": "Luego: {instruction}",
+  "No route found between A and B": "No se encontró ninguna ruta entre A y B",
+  "Routing failed: {error}": "Falló el cálculo de la ruta: {error}",
+  "Routing timed out": "El cálculo de la ruta agotó el tiempo de espera",
+  "Routing unavailable — no response from the routing service": "Rutas no disponibles — sin respuesta del servicio de rutas",
+  "Routing unavailable": "Rutas no disponibles",
+  "Fire · FRP {frp} MW": "Incendio · FRP {frp} MW",
+  "Not contained or unknown": "Sin contener o desconocido",
+  "Under 50% contained": "Contenido por debajo del 50%",
+  "50–99% contained": "Contenido al 50–99%",
+  "Fully contained": "Totalmente contenido",
+  "Colour shows reported containment. Perimeters are simplified to about 100 m.": "El color indica la contención notificada. Los perímetros se simplifican a unos 100 m.",
+  "MORE DETAIL · 30 m": "MÁS DETALLE · 30 m",
+  "Sentinel-2 and Landsat via HLS, 30 m, every 2–6 days": "Sentinel‑2 y Landsat vía HLS, 30 m, cada 2–6 días",
+  "DAILY OVERVIEW · 250 m": "VISTA GENERAL DIARIA · 250 m",
+  "VIIRS daily mosaic, 250 m, follows broad changes; little detail under 25 km": "Mosaico diario de VIIRS, 250 m, sigue los cambios amplios; poco detalle por debajo de 25 km",
+  "Catalog truncated · a newer clear day may exist": "Catálogo truncado · puede existir un día despejado más reciente",
+  "{label} catalog unavailable · {detail}": "Catálogo de {label} no disponible · {detail}",
+  "Daily overview for today may still be empty until the pass": "La vista general diaria de hoy puede seguir vacía hasta el paso del satélite",
+  "Sentinel-2": "Sentinel‑2",
+  "Landsat 8/9": "Landsat 8/9",
+  "Daily overview": "Vista general diaria",
+  "No frame within {gap} min of {time}": "Sin fotograma a ±{gap} min de {time}",
+  "No frame within {gap} h of {time}": "Sin fotograma a ±{gap} h de {time}",
+  "{hours}h {minutes}m ago": "hace {hours} h {minutes} min",
+  "{minutes}m ago": "hace {minutes} min",
+  "{state} · {time} · {lag}": "{state} · {time} · {lag}",
+  "Observed": "Observado",
+  "History": "Historial",
+  "Observation unavailable": "Observación no disponible",
+  "Waiting for observation": "Esperando observación",
+  "{detail} · synced": "{detail} · sincr.",
+  "{detail} · nearest": "{detail} · más cercano",
+  "RADAR REFLECTIVITY · dBZ": "REFLECTIVIDAD DE RADAR · dBZ",
+  "LIGHTNING DENSITY · 15 min accumulation": "DENSIDAD DE RAYOS · acumulación de 15 min",
+  "GLOBAL INFRARED · hourly": "INFRARROJO GLOBAL · cada hora",
+  "GOES INFRARED · ~5 min": "INFRARROJO GOES · ~5 min",
+  "{state}: {time}": "{state}: {time}",
+  "Latest observation": "Última observación",
+  "frame {index}/{total}": "fotograma {index}/{total}",
+  "loading": "cargando",
+  "Observation: unavailable": "Observación: no disponible",
+  "Contiguous US · gaps ≠ no rain": "EE. UU. contiguos · huecos ≠ sin lluvia",
+  "Americas + Pacific · not individual strikes": "América + Pacífico · no son rayos individuales",
+  "Color: strikes/km²/min ×10³": "Color: rayos/km²/min ×10³",
+  "60°S–60°N · typically 2–3 h delayed": "60°S–60°N · normalmente con 2–3 h de retraso",
+  "North America · infrared imagery": "Norteamérica · imágenes infrarrojas",
+  "Reduced motion · history playback unavailable": "Movimiento reducido · reproducción del historial no disponible",
+  "Reduced motion · manual history available": "Movimiento reducido · puedes recorrer el historial a mano",
+  "Rain radar · US": "Radar de lluvia · EE. UU.",
+  "Lightning density · 15 min": "Densidad de rayos · 15 min",
+  "Satellite clouds": "Nubes por satélite",
+  "Americas + Pacific": "América + Pacífico",
+  "Global · 60°S–60°N": "Global · 60°S–60°N",
+  "North America": "Norteamérica",
+  "Source observations delayed": "Observaciones de la fuente con retraso",
+  "Stale source": "Fuente desactualizada",
+  "Loading next frame…": "Cargando el siguiente fotograma…",
+  "Map center outside coverage": "Centro del mapa fuera de cobertura",
+  "strikes/km²/min ×10³": "rayos/km²/min ×10³",
+  "N. America": "Norteamérica",
+  "Global": "Global",
+  "Hourly global mosaic; usually 2–3 hours delayed": "Mosaico global horario; normalmente con 2–3 horas de retraso",
+  "GOES regional clouds; approximately 5-minute updates": "Nubes regionales de GOES; actualizaciones cada 5 minutos aproximadamente",
+  "Clouds only": "Solo nubes",
+  "Full": "Completa",
+  "Soft": "Suave",
+  "Vivid": "Intensa",
+  "Image opacity; does not alter the observed values": "Opacidad de la imagen; no altera los valores observados",
+  "View US radar": "Ver radar de EE. UU.",
+  "View Americas & Pacific": "Ver América y Pacífico",
+  "View coverage": "Ver cobertura",
+  "{value} strikes/km²/min ×10³ (15-minute density)": "{value} rayos/km²/min ×10³ (densidad de 15 minutos)",
+  "{value} dBZ radar reflectivity": "{value} dBZ de reflectividad de radar",
+  "STALE · cached source metadata": "DESACTUALIZADO · metadatos de la fuente en caché",
+  "Map center is outside source coverage": "El centro del mapa está fuera de la cobertura de la fuente",
+  "NOAA/NWS 15-minute lightning density derived from Vaisala NLDN/GLD360. Coverage 110°E across the Pacific/Americas to 0°, 25°S–80°N. Not a live strike count, global coverage or a safety warning.": "Densidad de rayos de 15 minutos de NOAA/NWS derivada de Vaisala NLDN/GLD360. Cobertura desde 110°E, a través del Pacífico/América, hasta 0°, 25°S–80°N. No es un recuento de rayos en vivo, ni una cobertura global, ni un aviso de seguridad.",
+  "NOAA MRMS radar echoes indicate precipitation patterns, not rain rate, a storm warning or a future forecast. Native source approximately 1 km; display is limited to level 6. Frames use exact advertised observation times.": "Los ecos de radar NOAA MRMS indican patrones de precipitación, no la intensidad de lluvia, ni un aviso de tormenta, ni un pronóstico futuro. Fuente nativa de aproximadamente 1 km; la visualización se limita al nivel 6. Los fotogramas usan las horas de observación exactas anunciadas.",
+  "GOES-19/18 longwave infrared Band 14 regional; NESDIS global longwave mosaic. Clouds only dims everything but bright, cold cloud tops; a brightness filter, not a cloud mask. Coverage and freshness differ by region.": "Infrarrojo de onda larga GOES-19/18, banda 14, regional; mosaico global de onda larga de NESDIS. Solo nubes atenúa todo excepto las cimas de nubes brillantes y frías; un filtro de brillo, no una máscara de nubes. La cobertura y la actualidad varían según la región.",
+  "REGION": "REGIÓN",
+  "IMAGE": "IMAGEN",
+  "OPACITY": "OPACIDAD",
+  "Forecast · does not follow history": "Pronóstico · no sigue el historial",
+  "Wind motion": "Movimiento del viento",
+  "Wind speed": "Velocidad del viento",
+  "Sea-level pressure": "Presión a nivel del mar",
+  "Air temperature · 2 m": "Temperatura del aire · 2 m",
+  "Global · 1° grid": "Global · cuadrícula de 1°",
+  "{model} forecast · {time}": "Pronóstico {model} · {time}",
+  "Loading forecast": "Cargando pronóstico",
+  "Preparing flow": "Preparando flujo",
+  "Selected field unavailable": "Campo seleccionado no disponible",
+  "Cached forecast · stale": "Pronóstico en caché · desactualizado",
+  "ECMWF IFS surface forecast": "Pronóstico de superficie ECMWF IFS",
+  "NOAA GFS surface forecast": "Pronóstico de superficie NOAA GFS",
+  "Reduced motion": "Movimiento reducido",
+  "Pause visual flow; forecast time does not advance with animation": "Pausa el flujo visual; la hora del pronóstico no avanza con la animación",
+  "None": "Ninguno",
+  "Speed": "Velocidad",
+  "Pressure": "Presión",
+  "Temperature": "Temperatura",
+  "Wind trails with no field shading": "Trazas de viento sin sombreado del campo",
+  "How hard the surface wind is blowing": "Con qué fuerza sopla el viento en superficie",
+  "Sea-level air pressure: broad highs and lows": "Presión del aire a nivel del mar: altas y bajas amplias",
+  "Air temperature two meters above the surface": "Temperatura del aire a dos metros sobre la superficie",
+  "Wind speed units": "Unidades de velocidad del viento",
+  "Read wind at map center": "Leer el viento en el centro del mapa",
+  "Read the forecast at the center of the map without changing selection": "Leer el pronóstico en el centro del mapa sin cambiar la selección",
+  "{model} forecast · {field} ({unit})": "Pronóstico {model} · {field} ({unit})",
+  "Valid: {time}": "Válido: {time}",
+  "preparing": "preparando",
+  "Issued: {time}": "Emitido: {time}",
+  "Selected field unavailable · wind remains visible": "Campo seleccionado no disponible · el viento sigue visible",
+  "{error} · wind remains visible": "{error} · el viento sigue visible",
+  "Surface wind at 10 m. Approximately 1° global grid. Curves follow the 10 m wind field, lifted 12 km for visibility; display height is not weather altitude. View lighting is for readability. Animation shows flow through one fixed forecast; it does not advance time. Color fields drape the globe basemap or the active photorealistic 3D Tiles.": "Viento en superficie a 10 m. Cuadrícula global de aproximadamente 1°. Las curvas siguen el campo de viento a 10 m, elevadas 12 km para que sean visibles; la altura mostrada no es altitud meteorológica. La iluminación de la vista es para facilitar la lectura. La animación muestra el flujo de un único pronóstico fijo; no avanza el tiempo. Los campos de color cubren el mapa base del globo o las 3D Tiles fotorrealistas activas.",
+  "MODEL": "MODELO",
+  "FIELD": "CAMPO",
+  "UNITS": "UNIDADES",
+  "MOTION": "MOVIMIENTO",
+  "Forecast": "Pronóstico",
+  "Interpolated model forecast on an approximately 1° grid. Broad weather patterns, not a street-level measurement.": "Pronóstico de modelo interpolado en una cuadrícula de aproximadamente 1°. Patrones meteorológicos generales, no una medición a pie de calle.",
+  "No surface reading": "Sin lectura en superficie",
+  "Aim the map center at Earth": "Apunta el centro del mapa a la Tierra",
+  " · calm": " · calma",
+  " from {direction}": " del {direction}",
+  "WIND AT {coordinates}": "VIENTO EN {coordinates}",
+  "{model} · valid {time}": "{model} · válido {time}",
+  "Focusing {label}": "Enfocando {label}",
+  "Source": "Fuente",
+  "Could not leave scene: {scene}": "No se pudo salir de la escena: {scene}",
+  "Seeked: {scene} / {shot}": "Saltado a: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Scene transition limit reached — load a shot to reset": "Límite de transiciones de escena alcanzado — carga un plano para restablecer",
+  "Export failed: {error}": "La exportación falló: {error}",
+  "Imported {file}": "Importado: {file}",
+  "Import failed: {error}": "La importación falló: {error}",
+  "Import failed (could not read JSON file)": "La importación falló (no se pudo leer el archivo JSON)",
+  "Layers refused: {layers}": "Capas rechazadas: {layers}",
+  "Scene {n}": "Escena {n}",
+  "Cannot update {scene}: shot inventory changed": "No se puede actualizar {scene}: el inventario de planos cambió",
+  "Cannot update {scene}: evidence beats changed": "No se puede actualizar {scene}: los momentos de evidencia cambiaron",
+  "Cannot update {scene}: shot bindings are incomplete": "No se puede actualizar {scene}: los vínculos de los planos están incompletos",
+  "Updated {count} shots: {scene}": {
+    "one": "{count} plano actualizado: {scene}",
+    "many": "{count} de planos actualizados: {scene}",
+    "other": "{count} planos actualizados: {scene}"
+  },
+  "Appended {count} shots: {scene}": {
+    "one": "{count} plano añadido: {scene}",
+    "many": "{count} de planos añadidos: {scene}",
+    "other": "{count} planos añadidos: {scene}"
+  },
+  "Select a feature or use Tab and Enter to choose an action.": "Selecciona un elemento o usa Tab y Enter para elegir una acción.",
+  "Selected feature: {feature}. Choose an action.": "Elemento seleccionado: {feature}. Elige una acción.",
+  "Action complete": "Acción completada",
+  "Action unavailable or cancelled": "Acción no disponible o cancelada",
+  "Scene actions": "Acciones de escena",
+  "Bhote Koshi Evidence Sequence": "Secuencia de evidencia del Bhote Koshi",
+  "Nepal Flood Incident": "Incidente de inundación en Nepal",
+  "{count} scenes": {
+    "one": "{count} escena",
+    "many": "{count} de escenas",
+    "other": "{count} escenas"
+  },
+  "{count} shots": {
+    "one": "{count} plano",
+    "many": "{count} de planos",
+    "other": "{count} planos"
+  },
+  "{count} data packs": {
+    "one": "{count} paquete de datos",
+    "many": "{count} de paquetes de datos",
+    "other": "{count} paquetes de datos"
+  },
+  "{scene} / {pack}: {status}. File: {path}. {attribution} · {license}": "{scene} / {pack}: {status}. Archivo: {path}. {attribution} · {license}",
+  "Unavailable layers: {layers}": "Capas no disponibles: {layers}",
+  "{bytes} bundled bytes verified. Files stay in memory for this session. Reimport the bundle after reloading the app.": "{bytes} bytes empaquetados verificados. Los archivos permanecen en memoria durante esta sesión. Vuelve a importar el paquete después de recargar la app.",
+  "Review scene import": "Revisar la importación de escena",
+  "Nothing is loaded or changed until you apply this file.": "No se carga ni se cambia nada hasta que apliques este archivo.",
+  "Ready to import": "Listo para importar",
+  "Apply replaces the current project. Export your current project first if you want to keep both.": "Aplicar reemplaza el proyecto actual. Exporta primero tu proyecto actual si quieres conservar ambos.",
+  "Apply import": "Aplicar importación",
+  "Import was not applied. The current project may have changed.": "La importación no se aplicó. Es posible que el proyecto actual haya cambiado.",
+  "Select a scene and shot first": "Selecciona primero una escena y un plano",
+  "Edit scene details": "Editar los detalles de la escena",
+  "Camera positions use degrees and meters above the ellipsoid. Drafts are validated before they replace your saved scene.": "Las posiciones de cámara usan grados y metros sobre el elipsoide. Los borradores se validan antes de reemplazar tu escena guardada.",
+  "Anchors and data packs": "Anclas y paquetes de datos",
+  "Shot camera, timing, packs and actions": "Cámara, tiempos, paquetes y acciones del plano",
+  "New anchor ID": "ID del ancla nueva",
+  "Capture camera as anchor": "Capturar la cámara como ancla",
+  "Anchor added to draft": "Ancla añadida al borrador",
+  "Set move start to current camera": "Fijar el inicio del movimiento en la cámara actual",
+  "Move added to draft; destination remains the shot camera": "Movimiento añadido al borrador; el destino sigue siendo la cámara del plano",
+  "Use ordinary flight": "Usar vuelo normal",
+  "Invalid shot JSON": "JSON de plano no válido",
+  "Apply details": "Aplicar detalles",
+  "Select a scene first": "Selecciona primero una escena",
+  "Share selected scene": "Compartir la escena seleccionada",
+  "Scene JSON preserves authored settings and attribution. It does not include asset files. Bundles include only pack files you choose here or previously imported bundle files.": "El JSON de escena conserva los ajustes definidos por el autor y la atribución. No incluye archivos de recursos. Los paquetes de escena solo incluyen los archivos de paquetes de datos que elijas aquí o los que se importaron antes.",
+  "Download scene JSON": "Descargar JSON de escena",
+  "Choose data-pack files": "Elegir archivos de paquete de datos",
+  "Or choose a data-pack folder": "O elige una carpeta de paquete de datos",
+  "Download asset bundle": "Descargar paquete de recursos",
+  "Asset bundle downloaded": "Paquete de recursos descargado",
+  "Could not complete this action. Check the file, references and selected assets.": "No se pudo completar esta acción. Revisa el archivo, las referencias y los recursos seleccionados.",
+  "RTL-SDR sample stream stopped": "Flujo de muestras RTL-SDR detenido",
+  "Switching to {mode}…": "Cambiando a {mode}…",
+  "Browser audio is suspended; select FM again to resume it": "El audio del navegador está suspendido; selecciona FM de nuevo para reanudarlo",
+  "RTL-SDR gain change failed": "No se pudo cambiar la ganancia del RTL-SDR",
+  "Tuned to {mhz} MHz FM": "Sintonizado en {mhz} MHz FM",
+  "FM signal found at {mhz} MHz": "Señal FM encontrada en {mhz} MHz",
+  "No FM signal found": "No se encontró ninguna señal FM",
+  "Seek stopped": "Búsqueda detenida",
+  "Browser location is unavailable": "La ubicación del navegador no está disponible",
+  "Receiver location was not granted": "No se concedió permiso para la ubicación del receptor",
+  "RTL-SDR disconnected": "RTL-SDR desconectado",
+  "No RTL-SDR device selected": "No hay ningún dispositivo RTL-SDR seleccionado",
+  "WebUSB requires desktop Chrome or Edge on localhost/HTTPS": "WebUSB requiere Chrome o Edge de escritorio en localhost/HTTPS",
+  "RTL-SDR access failed; close other SDR apps and check USB permissions": "No se pudo acceder al RTL-SDR; cierra otras apps de SDR y revisa los permisos USB",
+  "RTL-SDR connection failed": "La conexión con el RTL-SDR falló",
+  "Receiving 1090 MHz ADS-B": "Recibiendo ADS-B en 1090 MHz",
+  "Receiving broadcast FM": "Recibiendo FM de radiodifusión",
+  "Connect an RTL-SDR to begin.": "Conecta un RTL-SDR para empezar.",
+  "WebUSB is unavailable in this browser": "WebUSB no está disponible en este navegador",
+  "SDR decoder worker failed": "Falló el proceso del decodificador SDR",
+  "WebUSB requires desktop Chrome or Edge": "WebUSB requiere Chrome o Edge de escritorio",
+  "Waiting for an RTL-SDR device…": "Esperando un dispositivo RTL-SDR…",
+  "Browser audio is suspended; press Connect again to resume it": "El audio del navegador está suspendido; pulsa Conectar de nuevo para reanudarlo",
+  "Return map to straight-down view": "Volver el mapa a la vista cenital",
+  "Tilt map to oblique view": "Inclinar el mapa a una vista oblicua",
+  "Reset map to north up. Current heading {heading} degrees": "Orientar el mapa al norte. Rumbo actual: {heading} grados",
+  "HDG": "HDG",
+  "PITCH": "INCL.",
+  "FOV": "FOV",
+  "RANGE": "RANGE",
+  "HGT": "ALT.",
+  "{value} KM/H": "{value} KM/H",
+  "NORMAL": "NORMAL",
+  "ANIME": "ANIME",
+  "NOIR": "NOIR",
+  "Rendered globe frames per second · toggle with `": "Fotogramas por segundo renderizados del globo · alterna con `",
+  "Utilities": "Utilidades",
+  "Other layers": "Otras capas",
+  "Movement": "Movimiento",
+  "Infrastructure": "Infraestructura",
+  "Events": "Eventos",
+  "Weather": "Clima",
+  "LOCATED": "UBICADO",
+  "LOCATE": "UBICAR",
+  "IDLE": "EN ESPERA",
+  "TUNING": "SINTONIZANDO",
+  "STREAMING": "RECIBIENDO",
+  "UNSUPPORTED": "NO COMPATIBLE",
+  "waiting for IQ": "esperando IQ",
+  "{count} messages": {
+    "one": "{count} mensaje",
+    "many": "{count} de mensajes",
+    "other": "{count} mensajes"
+  },
+  "DSP {count} blocks": {
+    "one": "DSP {count} bloque",
+    "many": "DSP {count} de bloques",
+    "other": "DSP {count} bloques"
+  },
+  "DSP waiting": "DSP en espera",
+  "{level} dBFS audio": "audio {level} dBFS",
+  "audio signal --": "señal de audio --",
+  "audio {state}": "audio {state}",
+  "{count} HEARD": {
+    "one": "CAPTADAS: {count}",
+    "many": "CAPTADAS: {count}",
+    "other": "CAPTADAS: {count}"
+  },
+  "DISCONNECT": "DESCONECTAR",
+  "CONNECT": "CONECTAR",
+  "LOCATING…": "UBICANDO…",
+  "Drag to resize · double-click the header to snap back": "Arrastra para cambiar el tamaño · doble clic en el encabezado para restaurarlo",
+  "CH {index} / {total}": "CANAL {index} / {total}",
+  "Station unavailable after directory refresh": "Emisora no disponible tras actualizar el directorio",
+  "Clear reading": "Borrar lectura",
+  "Earlier observation": "Observación anterior",
+  "Observed history": "Historial observado",
+  "Later observation": "Observación posterior",
+  "Latest": "Último",
+  "Newest frame per product": "Fotograma más reciente por producto",
+  "Replay observed history": "Reproducir el historial observado",
+  "S on another day replaces it · × unpins": "S en otro día lo reemplaza · × quita la fijación",
+  "← → preview · S shows the focused day": "← → vista previa · S muestra el día enfocado",
+  "Recent imagery": "Imágenes recientes",
+  "ZOOM IN": "ACERCAR",
+  "Fly in until the view fits the 1,000 km limit": "Acércate hasta que la vista quepa en el límite de 1000 km",
+  "Imagery days, newest first · arrows move, S or A and B pin": "Días de imágenes, el más reciente primero · las flechas mueven, S o A y B fijan",
+  "On the map": "En el mapa",
+  "Mode": "Modo",
+  "Imagery on Esri · Google 3D returns when cleared": "Imágenes sobre Esri · BORRAR restaura Google 3D",
+  "Imagery opacity": "Opacidad de las imágenes",
+  "SWAP": "INVERTIR",
+  "VS BASEMAP": "VS MAPA BASE",
+  "Trade the two sides of the divider": "Intercambiar los dos lados del divisor",
+  "A / B": "A / B",
+  "Newest low-cloud day for this box · scene cloud, not box cloud": "Día más reciente con pocas nubes para este recuadro · nubes de la escena, no del recuadro",
+  "Newest day covering this box · cloudier than 20%": "Día más reciente que cubre este recuadro · más de un 20% de nubes",
+  "SELECT BOX": "SELECCIONAR",
+  "Drag a box on the map (Esc cancels)": "Arrastra un recuadro en el mapa (Esc cancela)",
+  "Newest day with imagery for this box · partial coverage": "Día más reciente con imágenes para este recuadro · cobertura parcial",
+  "USE VIEW": "USAR VISTA",
+  "Use the current view as the box": "Usar la vista actual como recuadro",
+  "Newest daily overview for this box": "Vista general diaria más reciente para este recuadro",
+  "Forget the box and its images": "Olvidar el recuadro y sus imágenes",
+  "newest clear day": "día despejado más reciente",
+  "newest day (cloudy)": "día más reciente (nublado)",
+  "newest day (partial coverage)": "día más reciente (cobertura parcial)",
+  "START HERE": "EMPIEZA AQUÍ",
+  "newest overview": "vista general más reciente",
+  "No imagery": "Sin imágenes",
+  "Checking": "Comprobando",
+  "Loading": "Cargando",
+  "PREVIEW": "VISTA PREVIA",
+  "Newest day with imagery for this box": "Día más reciente con imágenes para este recuadro",
+  "SHOW": "MOSTRAR",
+  "Pin {day} as {slot}": "Fijar {day} como {slot}",
+  "Show {day}": "Mostrar {day}",
+  "pinned {slot}": "fijado en {slot}",
+  "shown": "mostrado",
+  "preview": "vista previa",
+  "start here": "empieza aquí",
+  "No box": "Sin recuadro",
+  "Searching": "Buscando",
+  "Every day is empty here": "Todos los días están vacíos aquí",
+  "Sources off": "Fuentes desactivadas",
+  "VS": "VS",
+  "Not set": "Sin definir",
+  "Basemap": "Mapa base",
+  "Source off": "Fuente desactivada",
+  "Unpin {slot}": "Quitar {slot}",
+  "Unpin the image": "Quitar la imagen fijada",
+  "EXPORT {slot}": "EXP. {slot}",
+  "EXPORT": "EXPORTAR",
+  "Download {slot} as a PNG": "Descargar {slot} como PNG",
+  "Download the image as a PNG": "Descargar la imagen como PNG",
+  "Box {width} × {height} km": "Recuadro de {width} × {height} km",
+  "no imagery": "sin imágenes",
+  "Acquired {time}": "Adquirida {time}",
+  "cloud unknown": "nubosidad desconocida",
+  "Coverage {coverage}": "Cobertura {coverage}",
+  "unknown": "desconocida",
+  "START HERE · {reason}": "EMPIEZA AQUÍ · {reason}",
+  "Daily overview shows little detail in a box this small": "La vista general diaria muestra poco detalle en un recuadro tan pequeño",
+  "{percent}% cloud": "{percent}% de nubes",
+  "Imagery: NASA GIBS and Worldview · HLS (Sentinel-2, Landsat 8/9) and VIIRS": "Imágenes: NASA GIBS y Worldview · HLS (Sentinel‑2, Landsat 8/9) y VIIRS",
+  "{min}–{max}% cloud": "{min}–{max}% de nubes",
+  "Details": "Detalles",
+  "Times, coverage, sources": "Horas, cobertura, fuentes",
+  "HIDE EMPTY DAYS": "OCULTAR DÍAS VACÍOS",
+  "SHOW EMPTY DAYS · {count}": "MOSTRAR DÍAS VACÍOS · {count}",
+  "Days the probe found empty in this box": "Días que el sondeo encontró vacíos en este recuadro",
+  "NO BOX": "SIN RECUADRO",
+  "image": "imagen",
+  "BASEMAP": "MAPA BASE",
+  "The basemap": "El mapa base",
+  "basemap": "mapa base",
+  "SEARCHING": "BUSCANDO",
+  "{count} DAYS": {
+    "one": "{count} DÍA",
+    "many": "{count} DE DÍAS",
+    "other": "{count} DÍAS"
+  },
+  "Recent imagery against the basemap divider": "Divisor de imágenes recientes frente al mapa base",
+  "Recent imagery A and B divider": "Divisor A y B de imágenes recientes",
+  "{before} {left} percent, {after} {right} percent": "{before} {left} por ciento, {after} {right} por ciento",
+  "Zoom in or draw a smaller box": "Acércate o dibuja un recuadro más pequeño",
+  "Select a box or use the view": "Selecciona un recuadro o usa la vista",
+  "Searching the last 30 days": "Buscando en los últimos 30 días",
+  "No days to show for this box": "No hay días que mostrar para este recuadro",
+  "Drag the divider · SWAP trades sides": "Arrastra el divisor · INVERTIR cambia los lados",
+  "Export failed · {error}": "La exportación falló · {error}",
+  "← → preview · A or B pins the focused day": "← → vista previa · A o B fija el día enfocado",
+  "← → preview the other side · A or B pins it": "← → vista previa del otro lado · A o B lo fija",
+  "LOAD": "CARGAR",
+  "No shots yet. Use CAPTURE SHOT to save current look.": "Aún no hay planos. Usa CAPTURAR PLANO para guardar el aspecto actual.",
+  "Double-click to rename": "Doble clic para cambiar el nombre",
+  "Shot name": "Nombre del plano",
+  "RETRYING ALPR CAMERAS": "REINTENTANDO CÁMARAS ALPR",
+  "FETCHING ALPR CAMERAS": "OBTENIENDO CÁMARAS ALPR",
+  "OVERPASS TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE": "OVERPASS TEMPORALMENTE NO DISPONIBLE",
+  "Weather data by Open-Meteo.com": "Datos meteorológicos de Open-Meteo.com",
+  "ESC EXIT": "ESC SALIR",
+  "C TOGGLE": "C ALTERNAR",
+  "SIG": "SIG",
+  "NEWS": "NOTICIAS",
+  "LOCAL": "LOCAL",
+  "Cockpit briefing pages": "Páginas de información de la cabina",
+  "MM": "MM",
+  "KTS": "KN",
+  "FT": "FT",
+  "FLT": "FLT",
+  "MIL": "MIL",
+  "SITE": "SITIOS",
+  "WX": "WX",
+  "DIRECTORY: RADIO BROWSER": "DIRECTORIO: RADIO BROWSER",
+  "Use your location for faster ADS-B position decoding": "Usa tu ubicación para decodificar más rápido las posiciones ADS-B",
+  "CHANGE DEVICE": "CAMBIAR",
+  "Choose a different RTL-SDR or receiver channel": "Elige otro RTL-SDR u otro canal del receptor",
+  "TUNE": "SINTONIZAR",
+  "◀ SEEK": "◀ BUSCAR",
+  "SEEK ▶": "BUSCAR ▶",
+  "Local RTL-SDR receiver": "Receptor RTL-SDR local",
+  "RTL-SDR receiver mode": "Modo del receptor RTL-SDR",
+  "Seek broadcast FM stations": "Buscar emisoras de FM",
+  "Tune available internet radio stations": "Sintonizar las emisoras de radio por Internet disponibles",
+  "Local SDR volume": "Volumen del SDR local",
+  "GAIN": "GANANCIA",
+  "FM MHZ": "FM MHZ",
+  "AUTO": "AUTO",
+  "Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · one local tuner shared by FM and the Local ADS-B layer.": "Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · un sintonizador local compartido entre FM y la capa ADS-B local.",
+  "RTL-SDR tuner gain for the current mode": "Ganancia del sintonizador RTL-SDR para el modo actual",
+  "WEATHER": "CLIMA",
+  "Active weather products": "Productos meteorológicos activos",
+  "RECENT IMAGERY": "IMÁGENES RECIENTES",
+  "Imagery days in the box": "Días de imágenes en el recuadro",
+  "MSG/S": "MSG/S",
+  "HEARD": "CAPTADAS",
+  "POSITIONED": "POSICIONADAS",
+  "SDR VOL": "VOL. SDR",
+  "LOCAL RTL-SDR": "RTL-SDR LOCAL",
+  "Cyber sonar contact scanner": "Escáner de contactos del sonar Ciber",
+  "Sonar ring count": "Número de anillos del sonar",
+  "Sonar ring range": "Alcance de los anillos del sonar",
+  "Sonar intensity": "Intensidad del sonar",
+  "Cyber contact and label opacity": "Opacidad de contactos y etiquetas Ciber",
+  "Minimum opacity for map dots, icons, models, brackets, and labels between sonar passes": "Opacidad mínima de puntos, iconos, modelos, corchetes y etiquetas del mapa entre pasadas del sonar",
+  "Sonar sector width": "Ancho del sector del sonar",
+  "Rings": "Anillos",
+  "Range": "Alcance",
+  "Power": "Potencia",
+  "Opacity": "Opacidad",
+  "Sector": "Sector",
+  "Cyber": "Ciber",
+  "Sonar": "Sonar",
+  "Turn Street Level on or off": "Activar o desactivar A pie de calle",
+  "Toggle straight-down and tilted map views": "Alternar entre la vista cenital y la vista inclinada del mapa",
+  "Reset map to north up": "Orientar el mapa al norte",
+  "Reset map bearing to north": "Restablecer la orientación del mapa al norte",
+  "Rain radar": "Radar de lluvia",
+  "Lightning density": "Densidad de rayos",
+  "LATEST · newest per product": "ÚLTIMO · más reciente por producto",
+  "Forecast · valid {valid} · issued {issued}": "Pronóstico · válido {valid} · emitido {issued}",
+  "{detail} · Does not follow history": "{detail} · No sigue el historial",
+  "Forecast · valid {valid}": "Pronóstico · válido {valid}",
+  "{time} · {minutes} min ago": "{time} · hace {minutes} min",
+  "Active weather": "Capas meteorológicas activas",
+  "MINI": "MINI",
+  "STD": "STD",
+  "standard": "estándar",
+  "mini": "mini",
+  "COST UNKNOWN": "COSTO DESCONOCIDO",
+  "ChatGPT OAuth session: {responses} response(s), {input} input and {output} output tokens, {captions} caption transcription(s) reported.": "Sesión OAuth de ChatGPT (datos informados): {responses} respuesta(s), {input} tokens de entrada y {output} de salida, {captions} transcripción(es) de subtítulos.",
+  "USD cost and the API spend cap are unavailable for this auth mode.": "El costo en USD y el límite de gasto de la API no están disponibles con este modo de autenticación.",
+  "Usage is incomplete because a response was still in flight when the session ended.": "El uso está incompleto porque una respuesta seguía en curso cuando terminó la sesión.",
+  "Toggle voice control": "Alternar el control de voz",
+  "Activate to toggle voice": "Pulsa para activar o desactivar la voz",
+  "Voice active": "Voz activa",
+  "Voice could not be started.": "No se pudo iniciar la voz.",
+  "degraded": "degradado",
+  "stale": "desactualizado",
+  "partial": "parcial",
+  "fallback": "respaldo",
+  "unavailable": "no disponible",
+  "{label} on": "{label}: activado",
+  "{label} off": "{label}: desactivado",
+  "Frame aircraft": "Encuadrar aeronaves",
+  "Frame military aircraft": "Encuadrar aeronaves militares",
+  "Frame ships": "Encuadrar buques",
+  "Frame satellites": "Encuadrar satélites",
+  "Frame contacts": "Encuadrar contactos",
+  "{count} aircraft in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} aeronave en el encuadre",
+    "many": "{count} de aeronaves en el encuadre",
+    "other": "{count} aeronaves en el encuadre"
+  },
+  "{count} military aircraft in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} aeronave militar en el encuadre",
+    "many": "{count} de aeronaves militares en el encuadre",
+    "other": "{count} aeronaves militares en el encuadre"
+  },
+  "{count} ships in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} buque en el encuadre",
+    "many": "{count} de buques en el encuadre",
+    "other": "{count} buques en el encuadre"
+  },
+  "{count} satellites in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} satélite en el encuadre",
+    "many": "{count} de satélites en el encuadre",
+    "other": "{count} satélites en el encuadre"
+  },
+  "{count} contacts in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} contacto en el encuadre",
+    "many": "{count} de contactos en el encuadre",
+    "other": "{count} contactos en el encuadre"
+  },
+  "Nearest military aircraft": "Aeronaves militares más cercanas",
+  "Nearest ships": "Buques más cercanos",
+  "Nearest satellites": "Satélites más cercanos",
+  "Nearest aircraft": "Aeronaves más cercanas",
+  "{first} and {second}": "{first} y {second}",
+  "Camera range {range}": "Alcance de la cámara {range}",
+  "Within {radius} of the view": "En un radio de {radius} desde la vista",
+  "Labels on": "Etiquetas activadas",
+  "Framing uses the nearest 80 loaded contacts": "El encuadre usa los 80 contactos cargados más cercanos",
+  "{distance} from {location}": "A {distance} de {location}",
+  "Altitude {altitude}": "Altitud {altitude}",
+  "{origin} to {destination}": "De {origin} a {destination}",
+  "from {origin}": "desde {origin}",
+  "to {destination}": "a {destination}",
+  "Registration {registration}": "Matrícula {registration}",
+  "Route {route}": "Ruta {route}",
+  "View state": "Estado de la vista",
+  "Marked {count} places": {
+    "one": "{count} lugar marcado",
+    "many": "{count} de lugares marcados",
+    "other": "{count} lugares marcados"
+  },
+  "Nothing marked": "Nada marcado",
+  "Not found: {places}": "No encontrado: {places}",
+  "Tracing outlines": "Trazando contornos",
+  "Mark the map": "Marcar el mapa",
+  "Mark {targets} +{more}": "Marcar {targets} +{more}",
+  "Mark {targets}": "Marcar: {targets}",
+  "Fly to {place}": "Volar a {place}",
+  "Nearest aircraft to {place}": "Aeronave más cercana a {place}",
+  "Read the view": "Consultar la vista",
+  "Check view state": "Comprobar el estado de la vista",
+  "Frame {target}": "Encuadrar {target}",
+  "Finding places": "Buscando lugares",
+  "Tracing outline": "Trazando contorno",
+  "Looking up place": "Buscando lugar",
+  "Flying": "Volando",
+  "Turning on layer": "Activando capa",
+  "Loading aircraft": "Cargando aeronaves",
+  "Picking nearest": "Eligiendo la más cercana",
+  "Working": "Procesando",
+  "{value} feet": "{value} pies",
+  "nominal": "nominal",
+  "Source: {label}": "Fuente: {label}",
+  "N": "N",
+  "NNE": "NNE",
+  "NE": "NE",
+  "ENE": "ENE",
+  "E": "E",
+  "ESE": "ESE",
+  "SE": "SE",
+  "SSE": "SSE",
+  "S": "S",
+  "SSW": "SSO",
+  "SW": "SO",
+  "WSW": "OSO",
+  "W": "O",
+  "WNW": "ONO",
+  "NW": "NO",
+  "NNW": "NNO",
+  "Local ADS-B": "ADS-B local",
+  "Transit": "Transporte público",
+  "Recent Imagery": "Imágenes recientes",
+  "Fire Perimeters": "Perímetros de incendios",
+  "Cyclone advisories": "Avisos de ciclones",
+  "EDIT DETAILS": "EDITAR DETALLES",
+  "SHARE SCENE": "COMPARTIR ESCENA",
+  "ON/OFF": "ENC./APAG.",
+  "Voice assistant": "Asistente de voz",
+  "VOICE": "VOZ",
+  "Dismiss voice card": "Cerrar la tarjeta de voz",
+  "YOU": "TÚ",
+  "THIS": "ESTO",
+  "HERE": "AQUÍ",
+  "Plan": "Plan",
+  "Referenced items": "Elementos citados",
+  "NOTES & SOURCES": "NOTAS Y FUENTES",
+  "ΔN": "ΔN",
+  "ΔE": "ΔE",
+  "action|CLEAR": "BORRAR",
+  "ALPR Cameras": "Cámaras ALPR",
+  "Military aircraft": "Aeronaves militares",
+  "Vessels": "Buques",
+  "CCTV + Street View fallback": "CCTV + respaldo de Street View",
+  "OpenStreetMap + optional Google Maps Places": "OpenStreetMap + Google Maps Places opcional",
+  "GFS / ECMWF IFS · FORECAST": "GFS / ECMWF IFS · PRONÓSTICO",
+  "NOAA nowCOAST · OBSERVED": "NOAA nowCOAST · OBSERVADO",
+  "NASA FIRMS · LIVE": "NASA FIRMS · EN VIVO",
+  "data source|Local": "Datos locales",
+  "overview": "vista general",
+  "{percent}% scene cloud": "{percent}% de nubes en la escena",
+  "{min}–{max}% scene cloud": "{min}–{max}% de nubes en la escena",
+  "Sentinel-2 via HLS": "Sentinel‑2 vía HLS",
+  "Landsat 8/9 via HLS": "Landsat 8/9 vía HLS",
+  "coverage|full": "completa",
+  "coverage|partial": "parcial",
+  "m": "m",
+  "km/h": "km/h",
+  "m/s": "m/s",
+  "mph": "mph",
+  "hPa": "hPa",
+  "kt": "kn",
+  "km": "km",
+  "h": "h",
+  "min": "min",
+  "s": "s",
+  "direction|left": "a la izquierda",
+  "direction|right": "a la derecha",
+  "direction|slightly left": "ligeramente a la izquierda",
+  "direction|slightly right": "ligeramente a la derecha",
+  "direction|sharply left": "bruscamente a la izquierda",
+  "direction|sharply right": "bruscamente a la derecha",
+  "direction|straight": "recto",
+  "direction|around": "en sentido contrario",
+  "ordinal|{number}st": "{number}.ª",
+  "ordinal|{number}nd": "{number}.ª",
+  "ordinal|{number}rd": "{number}.ª",
+  "ordinal|{number}th": "{number}.ª",
+  "Head out on {road}": "Sal por {road}",
+  "Head out": "Inicia el recorrido",
+  "Arrive at your destination": "Has llegado a tu destino",
+  "Arrive at your destination, on the left": "Tu destino está a la izquierda",
+  "Arrive at your destination, on the right": "Tu destino está a la derecha",
+  "Make a U-turn": "Da la vuelta",
+  "Make a U-turn onto {road}": "Da la vuelta hacia {road}",
+  "Continue straight": "Sigue recto",
+  "Continue straight onto {road}": "Sigue recto por {road}",
+  "Turn {direction}": "Gira {direction}",
+  "Turn {direction} onto {road}": "Gira {direction} hacia {road}",
+  "maneuver|Turn": "Gira",
+  "Turn onto {road}": "Gira hacia {road}",
+  "Continue {direction}": "Sigue {direction}",
+  "Continue {direction} onto {road}": "Sigue {direction} por {road}",
+  "maneuver|Continue": "Continúa",
+  "Continue onto {road}": "Continúa por {road}",
+  "At the end of the road, turn {direction}": "Al final de la vía, gira {direction}",
+  "At the end of the road, turn {direction} onto {road}": "Al final de la vía, gira {direction} hacia {road}",
+  "At the end of the road, continue": "Al final de la vía, continúa",
+  "At the end of the road, continue onto {road}": "Al final de la vía, continúa por {road}",
+  "Keep {direction} at the fork": "En la bifurcación, mantente {direction}",
+  "Keep {direction} at the fork onto {road}": "En la bifurcación, mantente {direction} hacia {road}",
+  "Continue at the fork": "En la bifurcación, continúa",
+  "Continue at the fork onto {road}": "En la bifurcación, continúa por {road}",
+  "Merge {direction}": "Incorpórate {direction}",
+  "Merge {direction} onto {road}": "Incorpórate {direction} a {road}",
+  "maneuver|Merge": "Incorpórate",
+  "Merge onto {road}": "Incorpórate a {road}",
+  "Take the ramp on the {direction}": "Toma la rampa {direction}",
+  "Take the ramp on the {direction} onto {road}": "Toma la rampa {direction} hacia {road}",
+  "Take the ramp": "Toma la rampa",
+  "Take the ramp onto {road}": "Toma la rampa hacia {road}",
+  "Take the exit on the {direction}": "Toma la salida {direction}",
+  "Take the exit on the {direction} onto {road}": "Toma la salida {direction} hacia {road}",
+  "Take the exit": "Toma la salida",
+  "Take the exit onto {road}": "Toma la salida hacia {road}",
+  "At the roundabout, take the {exit} exit": "En la rotonda, toma la {exit} salida",
+  "At the roundabout, take the {exit} exit onto {road}": "En la rotonda, toma la {exit} salida hacia {road}",
+  "Enter the roundabout": "Entra en la rotonda",
+  "Enter the roundabout onto {road}": "Entra en la rotonda hacia {road}",
+  "At the roundabout, turn {direction}": "En la rotonda, gira {direction}",
+  "At the roundabout, turn {direction} onto {road}": "En la rotonda, gira {direction} hacia {road}",
+  "At the roundabout, continue": "En la rotonda, continúa",
+  "At the roundabout, continue onto {road}": "En la rotonda, continúa por {road}",
+  "Exit the roundabout": "Sal de la rotonda",
+  "Exit the roundabout onto {road}": "Sal de la rotonda hacia {road}",
+  "Use the {direction} lane": "Toma el carril {direction}",
+  "Use the {direction} lane onto {road}": "Toma el carril {direction} hacia {road}",
+  "voice|OFF": "APAG.",
+  "voice|CONNECTING": "CONEX…",
+  "voice|LISTENING": "OYENDO",
+  "voice|EXECUTING": "ACCIÓN",
+  "voice|ERROR": "ERROR",
+  "MIC": "MIC",
+  "WORKING": "EN CURSO",
+  "DONE": "HECHO",
+  "Outline traced": "Contorno trazado",
+  "Outline unavailable": "Contorno no disponible",
+  "in progress": "en curso",
+  "done": "hecho",
+  "failed": "fallido",
+  "cancelled": "cancelado",
+  "view band|STREET": "CALLE",
+  "view band|CITY": "CIUDAD",
+  "view band|METRO": "METRÓPOLI",
+  "view band|REGIONAL": "REGIÓN",
+  "view band|GLOBAL": "GLOBAL",
+  "NEAR {poi} ({city}) {distance}": "CERCA DE {poi} ({city}) {distance}",
+  "SECTOR {lat} {lon}": "SECTOR {lat} {lon}",
+  "ARCTIC": "ÁRTICO",
+  "ANTARCTIC": "ANTÁRTICO",
+  "NORTH AMERICA": "NORTEAMÉRICA",
+  "SOUTH AMERICA": "SUDAMÉRICA",
+  "EUROPE": "EUROPA",
+  "AFRICA": "ÁFRICA",
+  "ASIA": "ASIA",
+  "OCEANIA": "OCEANÍA",
+  "NORTHERN OCEANIC GRID": "CUADRÍCULA OCEÁNICA NORTE",
+  "SOUTHERN OCEANIC GRID": "CUADRÍCULA OCEÁNICA SUR",
+  "N/A": "N/D",
+  "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · VENTANA AIRE/MAR {radius}",
+  "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · INSTALACIONES: {coverage}",
+  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · CONSULTA POR UBICACIÓN · RECIENTE",
+  "ft": "ft",
+  "kts": "kn",
+  "PAUSE": "PAUSA",
+  "RESUME": "REANUDAR",
+  "dB": "dB",
+  "radio|NEWS": "NOTICIAS",
+  "radio|TALK": "RADIO HABLADA",
+  "radio|WEATHER": "CLIMA",
+  "radio|SAFETY": "SEGURIDAD",
+  "radio|AIR / SEA": "AIRE / MAR",
+  "radio|TRANSIT": "TRANSPORTE",
+  "radio|MUSIC": "MÚSICA",
+  "radio|OTHER": "OTROS",
+  "SNAPSHOT": "INSTANTÁNEA",
+  "LIVE": "EN VIVO",
+  "UPSTREAM": "ORIGEN",
+  "SYNTHETIC": "SINTÉTICO",
+  "CONFIGURED": "CONFIGURADO",
+  "SEED": "CATÁLOGO",
+  "Live HLS connected": "HLS en vivo conectado",
+  "Live HLS unavailable": "HLS en vivo no disponible",
+  "No stream URL configured": "No hay URL de transmisión configurada",
+  "Live stream connected": "Transmisión en vivo conectada",
+  "Snapshot feed connected": "Fuente de instantáneas conectada",
+  "Media fetch failed": "Error al obtener el contenido multimedia",
+  "Upstream snapshot active": "Instantánea de origen activa",
+  "Fallback Street View frame": "Fotograma de respaldo de Street View",
+  "Upstream unavailable": "Origen no disponible",
+  "No source configured": "No hay fuente configurada",
+  "Upstream HTTP {status}": "Origen: HTTP {status}",
+  "Unexpected media type {type}": "Tipo de contenido inesperado: {type}",
+  "Configured source": "Fuente configurada",
+  "Synthetic fallback": "Respaldo sintético",
+  "Cancel": "Cancelar",
+  "Choose files": "Elegir archivos",
+  "No file chosen": "Ningún archivo seleccionado",
+  "{count} files selected": {
+    "one": "{count} archivo seleccionado",
+    "many": "{count} de archivos seleccionados",
+    "other": "{count} archivos seleccionados"
+  },
+  "Rasuwagadhi witness video": "Video del testigo de Rasuwagadhi",
+  "Bhote Koshi valley footage": "Imágenes del valle del Bhote Koshi",
+  "Flood footage": "Imágenes de la inundación",
+  "Compilation and casualty claims": "Recopilación y afirmaciones sobre víctimas",
+  "SOURCE GEOCONFIRMED · WORLD-PINNED": "FUENTE GEOCONFIRMADA · FIJADA EN EL MAPA",
+  "SOURCE CREDITED · LOCATION UNRESOLVED": "AUTORÍA INDICADA · UBICACIÓN SIN DETERMINAR",
+  "REFERENCE ONLY · CLAIMS UNVERIFIED": "SOLO REFERENCIA · AFIRMACIONES SIN VERIFICAR",
+  "SOURCE GEOCONFIRMED": "FUENTE GEOCONFIRMADA",
+  "2021 historical reference versus 2026 post-event imagery; changes are cumulative and include the July 2025 Rasuwagadhi flood. Schematic downstream progression, not modeled arrival time; not an official hazard model.": "Referencia histórica de 2021 frente a imágenes posteriores al evento de 2026; los cambios son acumulativos e incluyen la inundación de Rasuwagadhi de julio de 2025. Avance esquemático aguas abajo, no un tiempo de llegada modelado; no es un modelo oficial de peligro.",
+  "Immediate collapse viewpoint": "Punto de vista junto al colapso",
+  "Collapse viewpoint": "Vista del colapso",
+  "Debris-dammed lake": "Lago represado por escombros",
+  "Dammed lake": "Lago represado",
+  "Second landslide": "Segundo deslizamiento",
+  "Gyirong border gate": "Paso fronterizo de Gyirong",
+  "Border gate": "Paso fronterizo",
+  "Timure evidence cluster": "Grupo de evidencias de Timure",
+  "Mailung / Upper Trishuli bridge": "Mailung / puente de Upper Trishuli",
+  "Dandagaun viewpoint restaurant": "Restaurante mirador de Dandagaun",
+  "Dandagaun viewpoint": "Mirador de Dandagaun",
+  "Bidur - Trishuli bridge": "Puente Bidur - Trishuli",
+  "Bidur bridge": "Puente de Bidur",
+  "Devighat / Taadi Khola Bridge": "Devighat / puente de Taadi Khola",
+  "Devighat bridge": "Puente de Devighat",
+  "Global Incident Context": "Contexto global del incidente",
+  "Nepal-Focused Globe Rotation": "Rotación del globo hacia Nepal",
+  "Bhote Koshi Regional Approach": "Aproximación regional al Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Nearby Cities": "Ciudades cercanas al Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Incident Corridor": "Corredor del incidente del Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Flood Path": "Trayectoria de la inundación del Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Corridor Overview": "Vista general del corredor del Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Upper Valley": "Valle alto del Bhote Koshi",
+  "Upper Valley Collapse": "Colapso en el valle alto",
+  "Debris-Dammed Lake": "Lago represado por escombros",
+  "Nepal-China Border Gate": "Paso fronterizo Nepal-China",
+  "Timure Evidence Cluster": "Grupo de evidencias de Timure",
+  "Syabru Besi Passage": "Paso por Syabru Besi",
+  "Bidur / Trishuli Consequence": "Consecuencias en Bidur / Trishuli",
+  "Final view": "Vista final",
+  "{year} HISTORICAL REFERENCE": "REFERENCIA HISTÓRICA {year}",
+  "{year} POST-EVENT": "POSTERIOR AL EVENTO {year}",
+  "Esri map unavailable · no swipe": "Mapa Esri no disponible · sin comparación",
+  "Swipe needs a globe map": "La comparación necesita un mapa de globo",
+  "Imagery stays on Esri · CLEAR to use Google 3D": "Las imágenes siguen en Esri · BORRAR para usar Google 3D",
+  "Box and images cleared": "Recuadro e imágenes borrados",
+  "Box is {size} wide · limit {limit}": "El recuadro mide {size} de ancho · límite {limit}",
+  "View is {size} wide · limit {limit}": "La vista mide {size} de ancho · límite {limit}",
+  "Frame unavailable; previous observation retained": "Fotograma no disponible; se mantiene la observación anterior",
+  "Weather imagery unavailable": "Imágenes meteorológicas no disponibles",
+  "Weather source unavailable; previous observation retained": "Fuente meteorológica no disponible; se mantiene la observación anterior",
+  "Weather unavailable": "Clima no disponible",
+  "Weather tiles unavailable · previous frame retained": "Teselas meteorológicas no disponibles · se mantiene el fotograma anterior",
+  "Some weather tiles unavailable": "Algunas teselas meteorológicas no disponibles",
+  "Hidden by this map source · choose a globe map": "Oculto con esta fuente del mapa · elige un mapa de globo",
+  "Wind source unavailable": "Fuente de viento no disponible",
+  "Globe imagery unavailable": "Imágenes del globo no disponibles",
+  "Globe field image unavailable": "Imagen del campo en el globo no disponible",
+  "status chip|UNAVAILABLE": "NO DISP.",
+  "Uses registered content or linked media. Those external files are not included in a scene bundle. Their original notices still apply.": "Contiene referencias a contenido registrado o medios vinculados. Esos archivos externos no se incluyen en un paquete de escena. Sus avisos originales siguen vigentes.",
+  "{state} {layers}": "{state}: {layers}",
+  "Selected Space Mission": "Misión espacial seleccionada",
+  "{duration}s + {hold}s": "{duration} s + {hold} s",
+  "Configured Source": "Fuente configurada",
+  "subject": "objetivo",
+  "{value}m": "{value} m",
+  "Google 3D tiles unavailable — check the key's API restrictions, quota, or network": "Teselas de Google 3D no disponibles: revisa las restricciones de API de la clave, la cuota o la red",
+  "Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings — or a Cesium ion token for the ion-hosted route": "Necesita {envVars} — se añade en Ajustes de proveedores — o un token de Cesium ion para la ruta alojada en ion",
+  "Comparison in use by another scene": "La comparación está en uso por otra escena",
+  "A location reading needs a loaded forecast and the Earth at the center of the view.": "Una lectura en un punto necesita un pronóstico cargado y la Tierra en el centro de la vista.",
+  "{mode} {band} {locality} | {region} | ALT {alt} | WINDOW {window} | SUN {sun}° | ONA {ona}° | {zone}": "{mode} · {band} · {locality} | {region} | ALT {alt} | VENTANA {window} | SOL {sun}° | ONA {ona}° | {zone}",
+  "light {source} to use your {name} key": "activa {source} para usar tu clave de {name}",
+  "light {source}": "activa {source}",
+  ", or ": ", o ",
+  "{requirement}, or {offer}": "{requirement}, o {offer}",
+  "The photorealistic 3D planet, place search + Street View": "El planeta 3D fotorrealista, búsqueda de lugares + Street View",
+  "{name} needs the Google 3D map: choose it under MAP SOURCE": "{name} requiere el mapa Google 3D: elígelo en FUENTE DEL MAPA",
+  "zoom in to a street to open {name}": "acércate a una calle para abrir {name}",
+  "Google Street View": "Google Street View",
+  "GOOGLE STREET VIEW": "GOOGLE STREET VIEW",
+  "Google refused GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY for Street View — check that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for it and this site is an allowed referrer": "Google rechazó GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY para Street View — comprueba que la clave tenga habilitada la API Maps JavaScript y que este sitio figure entre sus referentes HTTP (sitios web) permitidos",
+  "Street View did not answer — check the network, and that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY": "Street View no respondió — comprueba la red y que la API Maps JavaScript esté habilitada para GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY",
+  "click a street to open Street View": "haz clic en una calle para abrir Street View",
+  " or ": " o ",
+  "OPEN {labels}": "ABRIR {labels}",
+  "Open {names} at the centre of the view": "Abrir {names} en el centro de la vista",
+  "Zoom in to a street to open {names} here": "Acércate a una calle para abrir {names} aquí",
+  "radio tag|All": "Todas",
+  "Alternative": "Alternativa",
+  "Ambient": "Ambient",
+  "Blues": "Blues",
+  "Classical": "Clásica",
+  "Country": "Country",
+  "Dance": "Dance",
+  "Electronic": "Electrónica",
+  "Folk": "Folk",
+  "Funk": "Funk",
+  "Hip-Hop": "Hip-Hop",
+  "House": "House",
+  "Indie": "Indie",
+  "Jazz": "Jazz",
+  "Latin": "Latina",
+  "Metal": "Metal",
+  "Oldies": "Clásicos de siempre",
+  "Pop": "Pop",
+  "Punk": "Punk",
+  "R&B": "R&B",
+  "Reggae": "Reggae",
+  "Rock": "Rock",
+  "Soul": "Soul",
+  "Techno": "Techno",
+  "Trance": "Trance",
+  "World": "Músicas del mundo",
+  "{speed}KT": "{speed} KN",
+  "{heading}DEG": "{heading}°",
+  "At least {count}": "Al menos {count}",
+  "Named areas ({n})": "Zonas con nombre ({n})",
+  "{distance} FLIGHT / VESSEL WINDOW": "VENTANA DE VUELOS / BUQUES DE {distance}",
+  "mapped matches within {km} km of the subject": "coincidencias mapeadas a menos de {km} km del objetivo",
+  "none mapped within {km} km; not a complete 250 km survey": "ninguna mapeada a menos de {km} km; no es un barrido completo de 250 km",
+  "mapped matches from the loaded viewport": "coincidencias mapeadas en la vista cargada",
+  "viewport feed is not a complete 250 km survey": "los datos de la vista no son un barrido completo de 250 km",
+  "lane direction|left": "izquierdo",
+  "lane direction|right": "derecho",
+  "lane direction|slightly left": "izquierdo",
+  "lane direction|slightly right": "derecho",
+  "lane direction|sharply left": "del extremo izquierdo",
+  "lane direction|sharply right": "del extremo derecho",
+  "lane direction|straight": "central",
+  "{value}°N": "{value}°N",
+  "{value}°S": "{value}°S",
+  "{value}°E": "{value}°E",
+  "{value}°W": "{value}°O",
+  "fork direction|left": "a la izquierda",
+  "fork direction|right": "a la derecha",
+  "fork direction|slightly left": "ligeramente a la izquierda",
+  "fork direction|slightly right": "ligeramente a la derecha",
+  "fork direction|sharply left": "bruscamente a la izquierda",
+  "fork direction|sharply right": "bruscamente a la derecha",
+  "fork direction|straight": "recto",
+  "installation class|AIRFIELD": "AERÓDROMO",
+  "installation class|NAVAL BASE": "BASE NAVAL",
+  "installation class|RANGE": "CAMPO DE TIRO",
+  "installation class|MILITARY LAND": "TERRENO MILITAR",
+  "installation class|BASE": "BASE",
+  "installation class|PLACES CANDIDATE": "DE GOOGLE PLACES",
+  "installation class|INSTALLATION": "INSTALACIÓN",
+  "fire confidence|high": "alta",
+  "fire confidence|nominal": "nominal",
+  "fire confidence|low": "baja",
+  "age|<1h": "<1 h",
+  "age|{count}h": "{count} h",
+  "age|{count}d": "{count} d",
+  "General emergency": "Emergencia general",
+  "Unlawful interference": "Interferencia ilícita",
+  "Radio failure": "Fallo de radio",
+  "Downed aircraft": "Aeronave siniestrada",
+  "Minimum fuel": "Combustible mínimo",
+  "Lifeguard (medical priority)": "Lifeguard (prioridad médica)",
+  "That file is not valid JSON.": "Ese archivo no es un JSON válido.",
+  "That JSON file is not GeoJSON.": "Ese archivo JSON no es GeoJSON.",
+  "That FeatureCollection has no features list.": "Esa FeatureCollection no tiene lista de features.",
+  "Every GeoJSON feature must have type Feature.": "Cada elemento GeoJSON debe tener el tipo Feature.",
+  "That GeoJSON has invalid geometries.": "Ese GeoJSON tiene geometrías no válidas.",
+  "That GeoJSON contains an unsupported geometry.": "Ese GeoJSON contiene una geometría no admitida.",
+  "That GeoJSON has invalid coordinates.": "Ese GeoJSON tiene coordenadas no válidas.",
+  "That file creates more than {limit} map objects (the limit).": "Ese archivo crea más de {limit} objetos en el mapa (el límite).",
+  "That file has more than {limit} style definitions and image links after cleanup (the limit).": "Tras la limpieza, ese archivo tiene más de {limit} definiciones de estilo y enlaces a imágenes (el límite).",
+  "That file has more than {limit} features (the limit).": "Ese archivo tiene más de {limit} elementos (el límite).",
+  "That file has more than {limit} points (the limit) across {features} features.": "Ese archivo tiene más de {limit} puntos (el límite) en {features} elementos.",
+  "That file has more than {limit} points (the limit).": "Ese archivo tiene más de {limit} puntos (el límite).",
+  "That KMZ unpacks to more than the import limit.": "Al descomprimirse, ese KMZ supera el límite de importación.",
+  "That KMZ is damaged and could not be unpacked.": "Ese KMZ está dañado y no se pudo descomprimir.",
+  "That KMZ is not a readable zip archive.": "Ese KMZ no es un archivo zip legible.",
+  "That KMZ uses a zip format this import does not read.": "Ese KMZ usa un formato zip que esta importación no lee.",
+  "That KMZ is encrypted.": "Ese KMZ está cifrado.",
+  "That KMZ uses a compression method this import does not read.": "Ese KMZ usa un método de compresión que esta importación no lee.",
+  "That KML has invalid geometry bounds.": "Ese KML tiene límites de geometría no válidos.",
+  "That KML has invalid coordinates.": "Ese KML tiene coordenadas no válidas.",
+  "That GPX file has no <gpx> document.": "Ese archivo GPX no tiene documento <gpx>.",
+  "That {format} file is not valid XML.": "Ese archivo {format} no es un XML válido.",
+  "That file has an unreadable image or exceeds the 16-megapixel image limit.": "Ese archivo tiene una imagen ilegible o supera el límite de imagen de 16 megapíxeles.",
+  "That KML could not be read.": "No se pudo leer ese KML.",
+  "That file has invalid point coordinates.": "Ese archivo tiene coordenadas de puntos no válidas.",
+  "Ground heights are not available for that file. Try again when the map has loaded.": "Las alturas del terreno no están disponibles para ese archivo. Vuelve a intentarlo cuando el mapa haya cargado.",
+  "That file took too long to read.": "La lectura de ese archivo tardó demasiado.",
+  "Nothing to import.": "No hay nada que importar.",
+  "That file is larger than {size} MiB.": "Ese archivo pesa más de {size} MiB.",
+  "Only GeoJSON, KML, KMZ and GPX files can be imported.": "Solo se pueden importar archivos GeoJSON, KML, KMZ y GPX.",
+  "That file has nothing to draw.": "Ese archivo no tiene nada que dibujar.",
+  "That KMZ holds no KML document.": "Ese KMZ no contiene ningún documento KML.",
+  "That {format} file could not be read.": "No se pudo leer ese archivo {format}.",
+  "That file has {count} map objects; the limit is {limit}.": "Ese archivo tiene {count} objetos en el mapa; el límite es {limit}.",
+  "Ground heights could not be read. Try that file again.": "No se pudieron leer las alturas del terreno. Vuelve a intentarlo con ese archivo.",
+  "That file has invalid point graphics.": "Ese archivo tiene gráficos de puntos no válidos.",
+  "Low-accuracy score < 2%": "Índice de baja precisión < 2%",
+  "Low-accuracy score 2–10%": "Índice de baja precisión 2–10%",
+  "Low-accuracy score > 10%": "Índice de baja precisión > 10%",
+  "GNSS integrity source unavailable": "Fuente de integridad GNSS no disponible",
+  "Regional sample · 250 nm radius · cells from visited views over 30 min": "Muestra regional · radio de 250 NM · celdas de las vistas visitadas en 30 min",
+  "Retrying automatically at {time} UTC": "Reintento automático a las {time} UTC",
+  "Retrying automatically after provider cooldown": "Reintento automático tras la pausa del proveedor",
+  "Updates automatically after pan or zoom and once a minute. The public feed covers a 250-nautical-mile circle around the view centre; zooming out does not make it a worldwide snapshot. Blank cells are outside sampled coverage or have insufficient observations.": "Se actualiza automáticamente al desplazar o hacer zoom y una vez por minuto. El feed público cubre un círculo de 250 millas náuticas alrededor del centro de la vista; alejarte no lo convierte en una instantánea mundial. Las celdas vacías están fuera de la cobertura muestreada o no tienen observaciones suficientes.",
+  "Low-accuracy score = 100 × max(0, bad − 1) / total: one aircraft is discounted, so this is not the raw share. Cells need {aircraft} aircraft over {minutes} minutes. Navigation-integrity anomalies are not a detection of jamming or spoofing.": "Índice de baja precisión = 100 × max(0, malas − 1) / total: se descuenta una aeronave, así que no es la proporción bruta. Cada celda necesita {aircraft} aeronaves en {minutes} minutos. Las anomalías de integridad de navegación no son una detección de interferencias ni de suplantación.",
+  "SQUAWK {code} · {status}": "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
+  "ADS-B PRIORITY · {status}": "ADS-B PRIORIDAD · {status}",
+  "ADS-B EMERGENCY · {status}": "ADS-B EMERGENCIA · {status}",
+  "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
+  "Ground heights could not be refreshed. Try the file again when the map has loaded.": "No se pudieron actualizar las alturas del terreno. Vuelve a intentarlo con el archivo cuando el mapa haya cargado.",
+  "{count} map objects": {
+    "one": "{count} objeto en el mapa",
+    "many": "{count} de objetos en el mapa",
+    "other": "{count} objetos en el mapa"
+  },
+  ", drawn with its own styles": ", dibujado con sus propios estilos",
+  "Hide {name}": "Ocultar {name}",
+  "Show {name}": "Mostrar {name}",
+  "Fly to {name}": "Volar a {name}",
+  "Remove {name}": "Quitar {name}",
+  "At most {count} files at once — remove one first.": "Como máximo {count} archivos a la vez: quita uno primero.",
+  "Reading {name}…": "Leyendo {name}…",
+  "That file could not be read.": "No se pudo leer ese archivo.",
+  "Added {count} files.": {
+    "one": "Se añadió {count} archivo.",
+    "many": "Se añadieron {count} de archivos.",
+    "other": "Se añadieron {count} archivos."
+  },
+  "{count} files could not be added ({name}: {error})": {
+    "one": "No se pudo añadir {count} archivo ({name}: {error})",
+    "many": "No se pudieron añadir {count} de archivos ({name}: {error})",
+    "other": "No se pudieron añadir {count} archivos ({name}: {error})"
+  },
+  "Some KML content was left out.": "Se omitió parte del contenido KML.",
+  "GNSS Integrity": "Integridad GNSS",
+  "Show your own GeoJSON, KML, KMZ or GPX files on the globe (or drop them onto it). File bytes stay on this device; overlays can appear in map screenshots shared with voice.": "Muestra en el globo tus propios archivos GeoJSON, KML, KMZ o GPX (o suéltalos sobre él). Los archivos no salen de este dispositivo; las capas pueden aparecer en capturas del mapa compartidas con la voz.",
+  "Import": "Importar",
+  "Choose GeoJSON, KML, KMZ or GPX files": "Elige archivos GeoJSON, KML, KMZ o GPX",
+  "Imported files": "Archivos importados",
+  "DOCKED · {name}": "ACOPLE · {name}",
+  "DOCKED · {name} · +{extra}": "ACOPLE · {name} · +{extra}",
+  "loading coverage...": "cargando cobertura...",
+  "live feed unavailable": "fuente en vivo no disponible",
+  "GBFS fetch error": "error al obtener datos GBFS",
+  "Open the Street Level panel to view imagery": "Abre el panel \"A pie de calle\" para ver las imágenes",
+  "Image could not be opened": "No se pudo abrir la imagen",
+  "Mapillary rejected MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN — replace it in Provider Settings": "Mapillary rechazó MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN — sustitúyelo en Ajustes de proveedores",
+  "Coverage requests are being rate-limited — they resume on their own": "Las peticiones de cobertura están limitadas por frecuencia — se reanudan solas",
+  "No street-level imagery within {radius} m of that point": "No hay imágenes a pie de calle a menos de {radius} m de ese punto",
+  "No street-level imagery within {radius} m of the view centre": "No hay imágenes a pie de calle a menos de {radius} m del centro de la vista",
+  "Aim the middle of the view at a street to look for imagery there": "Apunta el centro de la vista a una calle para buscar imágenes allí",
+  "Street View has no imagery for this place": "Street View no tiene imágenes de este lugar",
+  "GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY is not set": "GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY no está configurada",
+  "The Google Maps JavaScript API could not load": "No se pudo cargar la API de Maps JavaScript de Google",
+  "Weather request timed out": "La petición del clima agotó el tiempo de espera",
+  "Malformed weather manifest": "Manifiesto del clima mal formado",
+  "Weather HTTP {status}": "Clima: HTTP {status}",
+  "Weather image HTTP {status}": "Imagen del clima: HTTP {status}",
+  "Weather prefetch unavailable": "Precarga del clima no disponible",
+  "Infrared decode failed": "Falló la decodificación del infrarrojo",
+  "rate limited": "límite de peticiones superado",
+  "routing service is rate limited": "el servicio de rutas superó el límite de peticiones",
+  "route leg too long": "tramo de la ruta demasiado largo",
+  "route too long": "ruta demasiado larga",
+  "Routing is rate limited — try again in a moment": "Se alcanzó el límite de peticiones de rutas — inténtalo de nuevo en un momento",
+  "{error} — try again in a moment": "{error} — inténtalo de nuevo en un momento",
+  "Routing unavailable (HTTP {status})": "Rutas no disponibles (HTTP {status})",
+  "CelesTrak unreachable": "CelesTrak inaccesible",
+  "KartaView is rate-limiting requests — they resume on their own": "KartaView está limitando las peticiones — se reanudan solas",
+  "KartaView’s photos here are archived and cannot be shown": "Las fotos de KartaView de aquí están archivadas y no se pueden mostrar",
+  "KartaView did not filter this area in time — move the map to ask again": "KartaView no filtró esta zona a tiempo — mueve el mapa para pedirlo de nuevo",
+  "None of KartaView’s photos here pass the imagery filter": "Ninguna foto de KartaView de aquí pasa el filtro de imágenes",
+  "KartaView did not answer in time — try again": "KartaView no respondió a tiempo — inténtalo de nuevo",
+  "KartaView could not be reached — check the network": "No se pudo conectar con KartaView — comprueba la red",
+  "KartaView sent an answer that could not be read": "KartaView envió una respuesta que no se pudo leer",
+  "KartaView is rate-limiting requests": "KartaView está limitando las peticiones",
+  "KartaView is rate-limiting requests — try again in a moment": "KartaView está limitando las peticiones — inténtalo de nuevo en un momento",
+  "KartaView sent too much data": "KartaView envió demasiados datos",
+  "KartaView has no such photo": "KartaView no tiene esa foto",
+  "The KartaView photo could not be loaded": "No se pudo cargar la foto de KartaView",
+  "KartaView has no position for this photo": "KartaView no tiene la posición de esta foto",
+  "Map tiles temporarily unavailable": "Teselas del mapa temporalmente no disponibles",
+  "Mapped names temporarily unavailable": "Nombres mapeados temporalmente no disponibles",
+  "No mapped sites in view": "No hay sitios mapeados a la vista",
+  "No mapped sites within {km} km of the contact": "No hay sitios mapeados a menos de {km} km del contacto",
+  "{count} mapped sites in view": {
+    "one": "{count} sitio mapeado a la vista",
+    "many": "{count} de sitios mapeados a la vista",
+    "other": "{count} sitios mapeados a la vista"
+  },
+  "{count} mapped sites within {km} km of the contact": {
+    "one": "{count} sitio mapeado a menos de {km} km del contacto",
+    "many": "{count} de sitios mapeados a menos de {km} km del contacto",
+    "other": "{count} sitios mapeados a menos de {km} km del contacto"
+  },
+  "Too many mapped sites in view to list them all": "Hay demasiados sitios mapeados a la vista para listarlos todos",
+  "Installation context unavailable": "Contexto de instalaciones no disponible",
+  "Focus vessel {name}, MMSI {mmsi}": "Enfocar el buque {name}, MMSI {mmsi}",
+  "Open the USGS initial report for the 26 August 2026 Nepal landslide": "Abrir el informe inicial del USGS sobre el deslizamiento del 26 de agosto de 2026 en Nepal",
+  "YouTube source": "Fuente de YouTube",
+  "Facebook source": "Fuente de Facebook",
+  "Military airfield": "Aeródromo militar",
+  "Naval base": "Base naval",
+  "Firing range": "Campo de tiro",
+  "Military land": "Terreno militar",
+  "Mapped installation": "Instalación mapeada",
+  "Military area": "Zona militar",
+  "SIMULATED — {reason}": "SIMULADO — {reason}",
+  "TomTom key unavailable": "Clave de TomTom no disponible",
+  "TomTom daily budget reached": "Se alcanzó el límite diario de TomTom",
+  "TomTom upstream unreachable": "Servidor de TomTom inaccesible",
+  "TomTom flow unavailable": "Flujo de TomTom no disponible",
+  "API key rejected — check AISSTREAM_API_KEY": "Clave de API rechazada — revisa AISSTREAM_API_KEY",
+  "feed silent {seconds}s — no AIS data": "fuente en silencio {seconds} s — sin datos AIS",
+  "feed silent — no AIS data": "fuente en silencio — sin datos AIS",
+  "feed down — retrying slowly (attempt {attempt})": "fuente caída — reintentando despacio (intento {attempt})",
+  "feed down — retrying slowly": "fuente caída — reintentando despacio",
+  "reconnecting to feed… (attempt {attempt})": "reconectando con la fuente… (intento {attempt})",
+  "reconnecting to feed…": "reconectando con la fuente…",
+  "AISSTREAM_API_KEY not set": "AISSTREAM_API_KEY no está configurada",
+  "live feed unsupported": "fuente en vivo no compatible",
+  "connecting to feed…": "conectando con la fuente…",
+  "feed disconnected": "fuente desconectada",
+  "feed down": "fuente caída",
+  "feed idle": "fuente inactiva",
+  "AIS live load failed": "Falló la carga de AIS en vivo",
+  "age|{count}m": "{count} min",
+  "{acres} ac": {
+    "one": "{acres} acre",
+    "many": "{acres} de acres",
+    "other": "{acres} acres"
+  },
+  "{percent}% contained": "contenido al {percent}%",
+  "containment unknown": "contención desconocida",
+  "{cause} cause": "causa: {cause}",
+  "{personnel} personnel": {
+    "one": "{personnel} efectivo",
+    "many": "{personnel} de efectivos",
+    "other": "{personnel} efectivos"
+  },
+  "{county} County": "condado de {county}",
+  "{cost} to date": "{cost} hasta la fecha",
+  "discovered {age} ago": "detectado hace {age}",
+  "updated {age} ago": "actualizado hace {age}",
+  "part of {complex}": "parte de {complex}",
+  "InciWeb ↗ · click card to open": "InciWeb ↗ · haz clic en la tarjeta para abrir",
+  "FIRE · {name}": "INCENDIO · {name}",
+  "Unnamed incident": "Sin nombre",
+  "Open {title} on InciWeb": "Abrir {title} en InciWeb",
+  "Vehicle {vehicle}": "Vehículo {vehicle}",
+  "Bus": "Autobús",
+  "Tram": "Tranvía",
+  "Subway": "Metro",
+  "Train": "Tren",
+  "Ferry": "Ferri",
+  "Transit vehicle": "Vehículo de transporte público",
+  "No recent fix": "Sin posición reciente",
+  "Waiting for update": "Esperando actualización",
+  "Moving": "En movimiento",
+  "reported {speed} km/h": "velocidad notificada: {speed} km/h",
+  "reported hdg {heading}°": "rumbo notificado: {heading}°",
+  "Last report: stopped at stop {stop}": "Último informe: detenido en la parada {stop}",
+  "Last report: arriving at stop {stop}": "Último informe: llegando a la parada {stop}",
+  "Last report: next stop {stop}": "Último informe: próxima parada {stop}",
+  "occupancy|empty": "vacío",
+  "occupancy|many seats available": "muchos asientos libres",
+  "occupancy|few seats available": "pocos asientos libres",
+  "occupancy|standing room only": "solo de pie",
+  "occupancy|crushed standing room only": "abarrotado, solo de pie",
+  "occupancy|full": "lleno",
+  "occupancy|not accepting passengers": "no admite pasajeros",
+  "occupancy|not boardable": "no se puede subir",
+  "Shown at street level · depth not in the feed": "Se muestra a nivel de calle · la fuente no indica la profundidad",
+  "Reported {seconds} s ago": "Notificado hace {seconds} s",
+  "Reported {minutes} min ago": "Notificado hace {minutes} min",
+  "{reported} (feed time)": "{reported} (hora de la fuente)",
+  "shown {seconds} s behind": "se muestra con {seconds} s de retraso",
+  "Available trail: {minutes} min": "Rastro disponible: {minutes} min",
+  "Available trail: {minutes} min (limited)": "Rastro disponible: {minutes} min (limitado)",
+  "UNAVAILABLE · {source} · Roads unavailable": "NO DISPONIBLE · {source} · Vías no disponibles",
+  "Roads: {source}": "Vías: {source}",
+  "TomTom roads unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable": "Vías de TomTom no disponibles mientras el servicio de tráfico esté inaccesible",
+  "Hybrid unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable": "Modo híbrido no disponible mientras el servicio de tráfico esté inaccesible",
+  "TomTom roads need a TomTom key": "Las vías de TomTom necesitan una clave de TomTom",
+  "Hybrid needs a TomTom key": "El modo híbrido necesita una clave de TomTom",
+  "Local surface still loading": "La superficie bajo las vías aún se está cargando",
+  "Partial coverage": "Cobertura parcial",
+  "Detailed roads unavailable": "Vías detalladas no disponibles",
+  "Reduced detail coverage": "Cobertura con menos detalle",
+  "OpenFreeMap tiles rate-limited": "Teselas de OpenFreeMap con límite de peticiones",
+  "OpenFreeMap tiles timed out": "Las teselas de OpenFreeMap agotaron el tiempo de espera",
+  "OpenFreeMap tiles unavailable": "Teselas de OpenFreeMap no disponibles",
+  "Heard by your receiver": "Captado por tu receptor",
+  "browser SDR": "SDR del navegador",
+  "decoder feed": "fuente del decodificador",
+  "Your RTL-SDR receiver and decoder feed": "Tu receptor RTL-SDR y la fuente del decodificador",
+  "Your decoder feed": "Tu fuente del decodificador",
+  "Your RTL-SDR receiver": "Tu receptor RTL-SDR",
+  "NO CALLSIGN": "SIN INDICATIVO",
+  "ALT {altitude} FT · GS {speed} KT · TRK {track}": "ALT {altitude} FT · VEL. SUELO {speed} KN · TRK {track}",
+  "V/S {rate}": "VEL. VERT. {rate}",
+  "V/S {rate} FPM": "VEL. VERT. {rate} FT/MIN",
+  "POSITION {age}": "POSICIÓN {age}",
+  "POSITION {seconds} S AGO": "POSICIÓN HACE {seconds} S",
+  "{count} MSGS": {
+    "one": "{count} MENSAJE",
+    "many": "{count} DE MENSAJES",
+    "other": "{count} MENSAJES"
+  },
+  "installation class|BARRACKS": "CUARTEL",
+  "installation class|TRAINING AREA": "ZONA DE INSTRUCCIÓN",
+  "Seeking up…": "Buscando hacia arriba…",
+  "Seeking down…": "Buscando hacia abajo…",
+  "Scanning {mhz} MHz…": "Escaneando {mhz} MHz…",
+  "Found {mhz} MHz · {snr} dB": "Encontrado {mhz} MHz · {snr} dB",
+  "Broadcaster stream is unavailable or blocked by the browser.": "El flujo de la emisora no está disponible o el navegador lo ha bloqueado.",
+  "Playback requires a direct click or tap.": "La reproducción requiere un clic o un toque directo.",
+  "Broadcaster stream could not be started.": "No se pudo iniciar el flujo de la emisora.",
+  "Directory refresh degraded; showing the previous station catalog.": "La actualización del directorio fue parcial; se muestra el catálogo de emisoras anterior.",
+  "Radio directory coverage is degraded.": "El directorio de radio funciona con interrupciones.",
+  "Directory refresh failed; showing the previous station catalog.": "La actualización del directorio falló; se muestra el catálogo de emisoras anterior.",
+  "Radio directory is temporarily unavailable.": "El directorio de radio no está disponible temporalmente.",
+  "Decoder feeds: {feeds}": "Fuentes del decodificador: {feeds}",
+  " · read while Local ADS-B is on": " · se leen mientras ADS-B local está activo",
+  "idle": "en espera",
+  "running": "activo",
+  "suspended": "suspendido",
+  "closed": "cerrado",
+  "Local FM stopped: internet radio started": "FM local detenida: se inició la radio por Internet",
+  "ALPR cameras": "cámaras ALPR",
+  "OVERPASS RATE-LIMITED": "OVERPASS CON LÍMITE DE PETICIONES",
+  "OVERPASS TIMED OUT": "OVERPASS AGOTÓ EL TIEMPO DE ESPERA",
+  "OVERPASS COULD NOT COMPLETE THE QUERY": "OVERPASS NO PUDO COMPLETAR LA CONSULTA",
+  "MAP TILES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE": "TESELAS DEL MAPA TEMPORALMENTE NO DISPONIBLES",
+  "MAPPED NAMES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE": "NOMBRES MAPEADOS TEMPORALMENTE NO DISPONIBLES",
+  "Shared flight follow expired": "El seguimiento del vuelo compartido ha caducado",
+  "Shared military flight follow expired": "El seguimiento del vuelo militar compartido ha caducado",
+  "Shared satellite follow expired": "El seguimiento del satélite compartido ha caducado",
+  "Shared flight could not be restored — feed unavailable": "No se pudo restaurar el vuelo compartido — fuente no disponible",
+  "Shared military flight could not be restored — feed unavailable": "No se pudo restaurar el vuelo militar compartido — fuente no disponible",
+  "Shared satellite could not be restored — feed unavailable": "No se pudo restaurar el satélite compartido — fuente no disponible",
+  "Shared flight is unavailable": "El vuelo compartido no está disponible",
+  "Shared military flight is unavailable": "El vuelo militar compartido no está disponible",
+  "Shared satellite is unavailable": "El satélite compartido no está disponible",
+  "Scene not saved — browser storage unavailable": "Escena no guardada — almacenamiento del navegador no disponible",
+  "Scene not saved — existing saved project could not be read. Export edits or import a valid file.": "Escena no guardada — no se pudo leer el proyecto guardado. Exporta los cambios o importa un archivo válido.",
+  "Saved project could not be read; storage preserved. Import a valid file to resume saving.": "No se pudo leer el proyecto guardado; el almacenamiento se conserva. Importa un archivo válido para volver a guardar.",
+  "Scene not saved — {reason}": "Escena no guardada — {reason}",
+  "Stopped": "Detenido",
+  "Stopped (Esc)": "Detenido (Esc)",
+  "Camera ownership changed": "Cambió el control de la cámara",
+  "Scene layer turned off": "Capa de la escena desactivada",
+  "Seeking scene clock": "Desplazando el reloj de la escena",
+  "Importing project": "Importando proyecto",
+  "Camera move interrupted": "Movimiento de cámara interrumpido",
+  "Scene media timed out": "El contenido multimedia de la escena agotó el tiempo de espera",
+  "Space Missions isolates replay data. Exit the mode to enable {layer}.": "El modo Misiones espaciales aísla los datos de repetición. Sal del modo para activar {layer}.",
+  "Tilted view": "Vista inclinada",
+  "Straight-down view": "Vista cenital",
+  "North up": "Norte arriba",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a camera": "Sal de la cabina para volar a una cámara",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a location": "Sal de la cabina para volar a una ubicación",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a photo": "Sal de la cabina para volar a una foto",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a shared view": "Sal de la cabina para volar a una vista compartida",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a target": "Sal de la cabina para volar a un objetivo",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a vessel": "Sal de la cabina para volar a un buque",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a fire": "Sal de la cabina para volar a un incendio",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a route": "Sal de la cabina para volar a una ruta",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a file": "Sal de la cabina para volar a un archivo",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a scene": "Sal de la cabina para volar a una escena",
+  "Go to expanded Radio section": "Ir a la sección de Radio expandida",
+  "Expand Radio section in Context": "Expandir la sección de Radio en Contexto",
+  "Double-click the header to snap the panel back": "Haz doble clic en el encabezado para devolver el panel a su sitio",
+  "New scene name": "Nombre de la nueva escena",
+  "Delete scene \"{scene}\" and all shots?": "¿Eliminar la escena \"{scene}\" y todos sus planos?",
+  "Detailed outline unavailable": "Contorno detallado no disponible",
+  "Provider Settings does not answer proxied requests": "Ajustes de proveedores no responde a peticiones a través de un proxy",
+  "Provider Settings is disabled while sharing is enabled": "El panel \"Ajustes de proveedores\" está desactivado mientras el uso compartido esté activado",
+  "Provider Settings answers only the machine running the server": "Ajustes de proveedores solo responde al equipo que ejecuta el servidor",
+  "Provider Settings answers only local hostnames": "Ajustes de proveedores solo responde a nombres de host locales",
+  "Provider Settings requires an exact local Origin": "Ajustes de proveedores requiere un Origin local exacto",
+  "Unrecognized Origin refused": "Origin no reconocido: petición rechazada",
+  "Cross-origin requests are refused": "Se rechazan las peticiones de otro origen",
+  "Content-Type must be application/json": "Content-Type debe ser application/json",
+  "Method not allowed": "Método no permitido",
+  "Request too large": "Petición demasiado grande",
+  "Invalid JSON": "JSON no válido",
+  "Body must be a JSON object of {ENV_VAR: value}": "El cuerpo debe ser un objeto JSON de {ENV_VAR: value}",
+  "No keys provided": "No se envió ninguna clave",
+  "At most {limit} keys per save": "Como máximo {limit} claves por guardado",
+  "Unknown key: {name}": "Clave desconocida: {name}",
+  "{name} must be a string": "{name}: el valor debe ser una cadena de texto",
+  "{name} is empty": "{name}: el valor está vacío",
+  "{name} is longer than any real key ({limit} max)": "{name}: el valor es más largo que cualquier clave real (máximo {limit})",
+  "{name} may only contain printable characters with no spaces": "{name}: solo se admiten caracteres imprimibles, sin espacios",
+  "{name} contains a character that is not valid in a key (#, quotes, $, \\, or backtick)": "{name}: hay un carácter no válido en una clave (#, comillas, $, \\ o acento grave)",
+  "{name} is configured outside Provider Settings and can only be changed where it was set": "{name} se configuró fuera de Ajustes de proveedores y solo se puede cambiar donde se definió",
+  "The key was not saved: could not restrict the credential file to your account; nothing was saved": "La clave no se guardó: no se pudo restringir el archivo de credenciales a tu cuenta; no se guardó nada",
+  "The key was not saved: the existing configuration could not be read, so nothing was changed": "La clave no se guardó: no se pudo leer la configuración existente, así que no se cambió nada",
+  "Could not write the {store} store": "No se pudo escribir en el almacén {store}",
+  "Could not check ChatGPT sign-in. Try again.": "No se pudo comprobar el inicio de sesión de ChatGPT. Inténtalo de nuevo.",
+  "Cloud voice will use OPENAI_API_KEY on the next session.": "La voz en la nube usará OPENAI_API_KEY en la próxima sesión.",
+  "Checking local ChatGPT OAuth sign-in…": "Comprobando el inicio de sesión OAuth local de ChatGPT…",
+  "Could not check ChatGPT sign-in.": "No se pudo comprobar el inicio de sesión de ChatGPT.",
+  "ChatGPT OAuth selected for cloud voice. Your API key stays saved and available.": "OAuth de ChatGPT seleccionado para la voz en la nube. Tu clave de API sigue guardada y disponible.",
+  "ChatGPT sign-in expired. Opening sign-in again…": "El inicio de sesión de ChatGPT caducó. Abriéndolo de nuevo…",
+  "Opening ChatGPT sign-in in your browser…": "Abriendo el inicio de sesión de ChatGPT en tu navegador…",
+  "Could not start ChatGPT sign-in on this machine.": "No se pudo abrir el inicio de sesión de ChatGPT en este equipo.",
+  "Finish ChatGPT sign-in in the browser. Waiting for it to complete…": "Termina de iniciar sesión en ChatGPT en el navegador. Esperando a que se complete…",
+  "ChatGPT sign-in timed out. Click {button} to try again.": "Se agotó el tiempo para iniciar sesión en ChatGPT. Haz clic en \"{button}\" para intentarlo de nuevo.",
+  "ChatGPT sign-in complete. OAuth will be used for the next cloud voice session.": "Sesión de ChatGPT iniciada. Se usará OAuth en la próxima sesión de voz en la nube.",
+  "OAuth check failed: {detail}": "Error al comprobar OAuth: {detail}",
+  "unsaved CCTV calibration": "la calibración de CCTV sin guardar",
+  "the open cockpit": "la cabina abierta",
+  "Switching language reloads the page. This will be lost: {items}. Switch anyway?": "Cambiar de idioma recarga la página. Se perderá lo siguiente: {items}. ¿Cambiar de todos modos?",
+  "Wind upstream unavailable": "Origen de datos de viento no disponible",
+  "WebUSB needs desktop Chrome or Edge": "WebUSB requiere Chrome o Edge de escritorio",
+  "connect a receiver in Radio": "conecta un receptor en Radio",
+  "receiver is in FM mode": "el receptor está en modo FM",
+  "Cyclone advisories unavailable": "Avisos de ciclones no disponibles",
+  "Cyclone data unavailable": "Datos de ciclones no disponibles",
+  "Drag to size the box": "Arrastra para dar tamaño al recuadro",
+  "Press on the ground, not the sky": "Pulsa sobre el suelo, no sobre el cielo",
+  "Point the camera at the ground to use the view": "Apunta la cámara al suelo para usar la vista",
+  "That point cannot anchor a box": "Ese punto no puede anclar un recuadro",
+  "Box edges must be finite": "Coordenadas del recuadro no válidas",
+  "Longitudes must be within ±180°": "Las longitudes deben estar dentro de ±180°",
+  "Select one side of the dateline": "No cruces la línea de cambio de fecha",
+  "Box must enclose an area": "El recuadro debe abarcar un área",
+  "Imagery stops at ±{limit}° latitude": "Las imágenes llegan hasta ±{limit}° de latitud",
+  "{owner} is using the pointer — close it first": "Puntero en uso: {owner}. Ciérralo primero",
+  "OpenSky OAuth client missing/invalid": "Cliente OAuth de OpenSky ausente o no válido",
+  "OpenSky OAuth rejected credentials": "OpenSky OAuth rechazó las credenciales",
+  "OpenSky username/password rejected": "OpenSky rechazó el usuario o la contraseña",
+  "OpenSky auth missing": "Falta la autenticación de OpenSky",
+  "OpenSky auth required": "OpenSky requiere autenticación",
+  "OpenSky auth invalid": "Autenticación de OpenSky no válida",
+  "OpenSky auth failed": "Falló la autenticación de OpenSky",
+  "Source snapshot {minutes} min old": "La instantánea de la fuente tiene {minutes} min",
+  "{source} rate limited (anonymous)": "{source}: límite de peticiones (anónimo)",
+  "{source} rate limited": "{source}: límite de peticiones",
+  "{source} HTTP {status}": "{source}: HTTP {status}",
+  "{source} network error": "{source}: error de red",
+  "Malformed {source} aircraft rows": "{source}: filas de aeronaves mal formadas",
+  "Malformed {source} response": "{source}: respuesta mal formada",
+  "Source snapshot time unavailable": "Hora de la instantánea de la fuente no disponible",
+  "Live data unavailable": "Datos en vivo no disponibles",
+  "{n} aircraft": {
+    "one": "{n} aeronave",
+    "many": "{n} de aeronaves",
+    "other": "{n} aeronaves"
+  },
+  "{n} military aircraft": {
+    "one": "{n} aeronave militar",
+    "many": "{n} de aeronaves militares",
+    "other": "{n} aeronaves militares"
+  },
+  "{n} ships": {
+    "one": "{n} buque",
+    "many": "{n} de buques",
+    "other": "{n} buques"
+  },
+  "{n} satellites": {
+    "one": "{n} satélite",
+    "many": "{n} de satélites",
+    "other": "{n} satélites"
+  },
+  "{n} launches": {
+    "one": "{n} lanzamiento",
+    "many": "{n} de lanzamientos",
+    "other": "{n} lanzamientos"
+  },
+  "{n} earthquakes": {
+    "one": "{n} terremoto",
+    "many": "{n} de terremotos",
+    "other": "{n} terremotos"
+  },
+  "{n} fires": {
+    "one": "{n} incendio",
+    "many": "{n} de incendios",
+    "other": "{n} incendios"
+  },
+  "{n} fire perimeters": {
+    "one": "{n} perímetro de incendio",
+    "many": "{n} de perímetros de incendio",
+    "other": "{n} perímetros de incendio"
+  },
+  "{n} cyclones": {
+    "one": "{n} ciclón",
+    "many": "{n} de ciclones",
+    "other": "{n} ciclones"
+  },
+  "{n} buses": {
+    "one": "{n} autobús",
+    "many": "{n} de autobuses",
+    "other": "{n} autobuses"
+  },
+  "{n} bike share": {
+    "one": "{n} estación de bicicletas compartidas",
+    "many": "{n} de estaciones de bicicletas compartidas",
+    "other": "{n} estaciones de bicicletas compartidas"
+  },
+  "{n} flock cameras": {
+    "one": "{n} cámara ALPR",
+    "many": "{n} de cámaras ALPR",
+    "other": "{n} cámaras ALPR"
+  },
+  "{n} military bases": {
+    "one": "{n} base militar",
+    "many": "{n} de bases militares",
+    "other": "{n} bases militares"
+  },
+  "{n} datacenters": {
+    "one": "{n} centro de datos",
+    "many": "{n} de centros de datos",
+    "other": "{n} centros de datos"
+  },
+  "{n} dams": {
+    "one": "{n} presa",
+    "many": "{n} de presas",
+    "other": "{n} presas"
+  },
+  "{n} results": {
+    "one": "{n} resultado",
+    "many": "{n} de resultados",
+    "other": "{n} resultados"
+  },
+  "anywhere in the loaded data": "en todos los datos cargados",
+  "in view": "a la vista",
+  "within {radius} of the view centre": "en un radio de {radius} del centro de la vista",
+  "within {radius} of {place} (Contacts window)": "en un radio de {radius} de {place} (ventana de Contactos)",
+  "within {radius} of {place}": "en un radio de {radius} de {place}",
+  "within {radius}": "en un radio de {radius}",
+  "over {region}": "en {region}",
+  "At least {items}": "Al menos {items}",
+  "{items} {scope}": "{items} {scope}",
+  "last 24 h": "últimas 24 h",
+  "past 30 d and upcoming": "últimos 30 d y próximos",
+  "the flights layer loads by viewport": "la capa de vuelos se carga según la vista",
+  "distance is ground distance, not overhead": "la distancia es sobre el terreno hasta el punto subsatélite, no hasta el satélite",
+  "the count is a lower bound because at least one layer reached its retained limit.": "el recuento es un mínimo porque al menos una capa alcanzó su límite de retención.",
+  "{label} loading": "{label}: cargando",
+  "{label} error": "{label}: error",
+  "counted the first {returned} loaded records": "se contaron los primeros {returned} registros cargados",
+  "counted {returned} of {total} loaded records": "se contaron {returned} de {total} registros cargados",
+  "{layers} just turned on — still loading, counts will rise": "{layers}: recién activado — aún se está cargando, los recuentos subirán",
+  "Contacts panel snapshot at {time} — the same retained cohort supplies the card, speech, and follow-up memory": "Instantánea del panel Contactos ({time}) — el mismo conjunto retenido alimenta la tarjeta, la voz y la memoria de seguimiento",
+  "Contacts panel snapshot — the same retained cohort supplies the card, speech, and follow-up memory": "Instantánea del panel Contactos — el mismo conjunto retenido alimenta la tarjeta, la voz y la memoria de seguimiento",
+  "Not answered: {layers}": "Sin respuesta: {layers}",
+  "The flights layer is not enabled": "La capa de vuelos no está activada",
+  "The military layer is not enabled": "La capa de vuelos militares no está activada",
+  "The satellites layer is not enabled": "La capa de satélites no está activada",
+  "The ais-live-vessels layer is not enabled": "La capa de buques AIS no está activada",
+  "Could not enable the requested layer": "No se pudo activar la capa solicitada",
+  "Could not disable the requested layer": "No se pudo desactivar la capa solicitada",
+  "Radio layer unavailable": "La capa de radio no está disponible",
+  "Camera navigation is unavailable in the current view": "La navegación de la cámara no está disponible en la vista actual",
+  "Camera navigation policy unavailable": "La política de navegación de la cámara no está disponible",
+  "Nearest-aircraft selection supports Flights or Military Flights only": "La selección de la aeronave más cercana solo funciona con vuelos o vuelos militares",
+  "Nearest-aircraft selection needs a preset, place name, or latitude and longitude": "Para seleccionar la aeronave más cercana se necesita un preajuste, un nombre de lugar o la latitud y la longitud",
+  "Could not arrive at the requested place": "No se pudo llegar al lugar solicitado",
+  "The nearest airborne aircraft could not be selected": "No se pudo seleccionar la aeronave en vuelo más cercana",
+  "No flights within {radius} of the current view": "No hay vuelos en un radio de {radius} de la vista actual",
+  "No military within {radius} of the current view": "No hay vuelos militares en un radio de {radius} de la vista actual",
+  "No satellites within {radius} of the current view": "No hay satélites en un radio de {radius} de la vista actual",
+  "No vessels within {radius} of the current view": "No hay buques en un radio de {radius} de la vista actual",
+  "{layer} is enabled on the {source} feed, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet": "La capa {layer} está activada con la fuente {source}, pero aún no hay aeronaves en vuelo cargadas en la vista de {place}",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet": "La capa {layer} está activada, pero aún no hay aeronaves en vuelo cargadas en la vista de {place}",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but its aircraft feed is unavailable": "La capa {layer} está activada, pero su fuente de aeronaves no está disponible",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but its destination refresh did not complete": "La capa {layer} está activada, pero la actualización en el destino no terminó",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but {source} is unavailable": "La capa {layer} está activada, pero {source} no está disponible",
+  "Could not arrive at {place}": "No se pudo llegar a {place}",
+  "{name} is no longer loaded": "{name} ya no está cargado",
+  "Unknown target layer: {target}": "Capa de destino desconocida: {target}",
+  "Layer": "Capa",
+  "there": "allí",
+  "Frame flights": "Encuadrar aeronaves",
+  "Frame military": "Encuadrar aeronaves militares",
+  "Frame vessels": "Encuadrar buques",
+  "Fly to Location": "Volar al lugar",
+  "Nearest aircraft to Here": "Aeronave más cercana aquí",
+  "Estimate is incomplete — a response was still in flight when the session ended, so its usage was never reported.": "La estimación está incompleta: una respuesta seguía en curso cuando terminó la sesión, así que su uso nunca se informó.",
+  "STANDARD": "ESTÁNDAR",
+  "vehicle motion|Stopped": "Detenido",
+  "ACQUIRING FRAME": "OBTENIENDO FOTOGRAMA",
+  "Camera source temporarily unavailable": "Fuente de cámaras no disponible temporalmente",
+  "Perimeter source unavailable": "Fuente de perímetros no disponible",
+  "Imagery catalog unavailable": "Catálogo de imágenes no disponible",
+  "Earthquake source unavailable": "Fuente de terremotos no disponible",
+  "TeleGeography load failed": "Falló la carga de TeleGeography",
+  "Wind request timed out": "La petición del viento agotó el tiempo de espera",
+  "Malformed wind manifest": "Manifiesto del viento mal formado",
+  "Malformed wind grid": "Malla del viento mal formada",
+  "Unknown wind model": "Modelo de viento desconocido",
+  "Unknown weather overlay": "Capa de clima desconocida",
+  "Temperature field unavailable": "Campo de temperatura no disponible",
+  "Mean sea level pressure field unavailable": "Campo de presión a nivel del mar no disponible",
+  "KartaView answered HTTP {status}": "KartaView respondió HTTP {status}",
+  "KartaView refused the request (code {code})": "KartaView rechazó la petición (código {code})",
+  "Stopped by voice": "Detenido por voz",
+  "drawings on the map": "los dibujos del mapa",
+  "imported map files": "los archivos importados en el mapa",
+  "the active voice session": "la sesión de voz activa",
+  "Light aircraft": "Avioneta",
+  "Glider": "Planeador",
+  "Turboprop": "Turbohélice",
+  "Airliner": "Avión comercial",
+  "Widebody": "Avión de fuselaje ancho",
+  "Four-engine jet": "Reactor cuatrimotor",
+  "Helicopter": "Helicóptero",
+  "Fast jet": "Avión de alto rendimiento",
+  "Business jet": "Reactor ejecutivo",
+  "Drone": "Dron",
+  "fire cause|Human": "humana",
+  "fire cause|Natural": "natural",
+  "fire cause|Undetermined": "indeterminada",
+  "fire cause|Unknown": "desconocida",
+  "fire behavior|Minimal": "actividad mínima",
+  "fire behavior|Moderate": "actividad moderada",
+  "fire behavior|Active": "actividad alta",
+  "fire behavior|Extreme": "actividad extrema",
+  "Type {level} Incident": "incidente de tipo {level}",
+  "${amount}K": "{amount} mil $",
+  "${amount}M": "{amount} M$",
+  "${amount}B": "{amount} mil M$",
+  "{speed} kn": "{speed} kn",
+  "1090 MHz": "1090 MHz",
+  "978 MHz UAT": "978 MHz UAT",
+  "feed status|live": "en vivo",
+  "feed status|stale": "desactualizada",
+  "feed status|unreachable": "inaccesible",
+  "feed status|invalid": "no válida",
+  "Vector tile metadata unavailable": "Metadatos de teselas vectoriales no disponibles",
+  "Vector tiles unavailable": "Teselas vectoriales no disponibles",
+  "Vector tiles unavailable (HTTP {status})": "Teselas vectoriales no disponibles (HTTP {status})",
+  "Vector tile request timed out": "Las teselas vectoriales agotaron el tiempo de espera",
+  "Zoom in for vector tile coverage": "Acércate para cargar las teselas vectoriales",
+  "Camera coverage unavailable": "Cobertura de cámaras no disponible",
+  "Hybrid": "Híbrido",
+  "TomTom roads only, each with its live flow": "Solo vías de TomTom, cada una con su flujo en vivo",
+  "TomTom roads only, each with its live flow (needs a TomTom key)": "Solo vías de TomTom, cada una con su flujo en vivo (necesita una clave de TomTom)",
+  "OpenStreetMap roads, with TomTom flow matched when available": "Vías de OpenStreetMap, con el flujo de TomTom emparejado cuando está disponible",
+  "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "Primero las vías de TomTom; OpenStreetMap completa el resto con flujo simulado",
+  "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "Primero las vías de TomTom; OpenStreetMap completa el resto con flujo simulado (necesita una clave de TomTom)",
+  "Austin": "Austin",
+  "San Francisco": "San Francisco",
+  "New York": "Nueva York",
+  "Tokyo": "Tokio",
+  "London": "Londres",
+  "Paris": "París",
+  "Dubai": "Dubái",
+  "Washington DC": "Washington D. C.",
+  "Tallinn": "Tallin",
+  "Los Angeles": "Los Ángeles",
+  "Data attribution": "Atribución de datos",
+  "Data provided by:": "Datos proporcionados por:",
+  "Exit cockpit to view weather coverage": "Sal de la cabina para ver la cobertura de la capa meteorológica",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a cyclone": "Sal de la cabina para volar a un ciclón",
+  "the title of scene {scene} is empty or longer than {max} characters": "el título de la escena {scene} está vacío o supera los {max} caracteres",
+  "the title of shot {shot} in scene {scene} is empty or longer than {max} characters": "el título del plano {shot} de la escena {scene} está vacío o supera los {max} caracteres",
+  "the project is larger than 5 MiB": "el proyecto pesa más de 5 MiB",
+  "the project has too many shots": "el proyecto tiene demasiados planos",
+  "the scene data failed validation": "los datos de la escena no superaron la validación",
+  "Layer on": "Capa: activada",
+  "Layer off": "Capa: desactivada",
+  "Zoom in": "Acercar",
+  "Zoom out": "Alejar",
+  "Zoom out to globe": "Alejar hasta el globo",
+  "Open data layers": "Abrir las capas de datos",
+  "Open or close a panel": "Abrir o cerrar un panel",
+  "Change context mode": "Cambiar el modo de contexto",
+  "Control cockpit": "Controlar la cabina",
+  "Change visual style": "Cambiar el estilo visual",
+  "Adjust HUD": "Ajustar el HUD",
+  "Adjust cyber sonar": "Ajustar el sonar Ciber",
+  "Adjust detection overlay": "Ajustar la superposición de detección",
+  "Change map stack": "Cambiar el conjunto de mapas",
+  "Adjust post-processing": "Ajustar el posprocesado",
+  "Control scene": "Controlar la escena",
+  "Control CCTV": "Controlar las cámaras CCTV",
+  "Control radio": "Controlar la radio",
+  "Track contact": "Rastrear el contacto",
+  "Stop tracking": "Detener el rastreo",
+  "Clear marks": "Borrar las marcas",
+  "Move camera": "Mover la cámara",
+  "Fly route": "Recorrer la ruta",
+  "Analyst query": "Consulta analítica",
+  "Next ISS pass": "Próximo paso de la EEI",
+  "Next satellite pass": "Próximo paso del satélite",
+  "Action": "Acción",
+  "The photo could not be loaded": "No se pudo cargar la foto",
+  "{name} photo. ← and → step along the sequence. On a 360° photo, drag or use Shift+← →, ↑ ↓ to look around, and + − to zoom": "Foto de {name}. ← y → avanzan por la secuencia. En una foto de 360°, arrastra o usa Mayús+← →, ↑ ↓ para mirar alrededor, y + − para hacer zoom",
+  "{name} street-level photo": "Foto a pie de calle de {name}",
+  "Previous photo in this sequence (←)": "Foto anterior de la secuencia (←)",
+  "Next photo in this sequence (→)": "Foto siguiente de la secuencia (→)",
+  "The Panoramax photo could not be loaded": "No se pudo cargar la foto de Panoramax",
+  "Panoramax is busy — coverage resumes on its own": "Panoramax está saturado — la cobertura se reanuda sola",
+  "no Panoramax photos in view": "no hay fotos de Panoramax a la vista",
+  "no Panoramax photos here match the filters": "aquí no hay fotos de Panoramax que cumplan los filtros",
+  "Panoramax sent a map tile that could not be read": "Panoramax envió una tesela del mapa que no se pudo leer",
+  "This Panoramax photo is no longer available": "Esta foto de Panoramax ya no está disponible",
+  "zoom in to see Panoramax coverage": "acércate para ver la cobertura de Panoramax",
+  "Panoramax did not answer in time — try again": "Panoramax no respondió a tiempo — inténtalo de nuevo",
+  "Panoramax could not be reached — check the connection": "No se pudo conectar con Panoramax — comprueba la conexión",
+  "Panoramax sent too much data": "Panoramax envió demasiados datos",
+  "Panoramax is busy": "Panoramax está saturado",
+  "Panoramax sent an unreadable answer": "Panoramax envió una respuesta que no se pudo leer",
+  "Apply the full cloud brightness key; 100% filter strength": "Aplica el filtro de brillo de nubes completo; intensidad del filtro 100%",
+  "Show the complete infrared image; 0% filter strength": "Muestra la imagen infrarroja completa; intensidad del filtro 0%",
+  "FILTER": "FILTRO",
+  "Cloud filter strength": "Intensidad del filtro de nubes",
+  "Panoramax answered HTTP {status}": "Panoramax respondió HTTP {status}",
+  "Highest air-quality readings in view": "Lecturas de calidad del aire más altas a la vista",
+  "Low": "Baja",
+  "Moderate": "Moderada",
+  "High": "Alta",
+  "Very High": "Muy alta",
+  "Air quality": "Calidad del aire",
+  "{n} sequences in view · click a line for its nearest photo": {
+    "one": "{n} secuencia a la vista · haz clic en una línea para su foto más cercana",
+    "many": "{n} secuencias a la vista · haz clic en una línea para su foto más cercana",
+    "other": "{n} secuencias a la vista · haz clic en una línea para su foto más cercana"
+  },
+  "FOV {value}° (DATASHEET)": "FOV {value}° (FICHA TÉCNICA)",
+  "SPEC FOV {span}° (CAPABILITY)": "FOV DE FICHA {span}° (CAPACIDAD)",
+  "{spec} · SPECS: CCTV-DATABASE.COM": "{spec} · ESPECIFICACIONES: CCTV-DATABASE.COM",
+  "Canada only · ECCC AQHI network": "Solo Canadá · red AQHI de ECCC",
+  "{count} stations reporting": {
+    "one": "{count} estación con datos",
+    "many": "{count} de estaciones con datos",
+    "other": "{count} estaciones con datos"
+  },
+  "No readings available": "No hay lecturas disponibles",
+  "No current readings": "Sin lecturas actuales",
+  "Low health risk": "Riesgo bajo para la salud",
+  "Moderate health risk": "Riesgo moderado para la salud",
+  "High health risk": "Riesgo alto para la salud",
+  "Very High health risk": "Riesgo muy alto para la salud",
+  "Air quality request failed": "Falló la petición de calidad del aire",
+  "ECCC request timed out": "La petición a ECCC agotó el tiempo de espera",
+  "Malformed AQHI station response": "Respuesta de estaciones AQHI mal formada",
+  "Malformed AQHI observation response": "Respuesta de observaciones AQHI mal formada",
+  "No AQHI stations available": "No hay estaciones AQHI disponibles",
+  "{n} air quality": {
+    "one": "{n} estación de calidad del aire",
+    "many": "{n} de estaciones de calidad del aire",
+    "other": "{n} estaciones de calidad del aire"
+  },
+  "GNSS feed rate limited (HTTP 429)": "Fuente GNSS: límite de peticiones superado (HTTP 429)",
+  "GNSS feed unavailable (HTTP {status})": "Fuente GNSS no disponible (HTTP {status})",
+  "GNSS snapshot needs a view anchor": "La instantánea GNSS necesita un punto de referencia de la vista",
+  "Malformed GNSS integrity snapshot": "Instantánea de integridad GNSS mal formada",
+  "GNSS integrity snapshot has no observation time": "La instantánea de integridad GNSS no tiene hora de observación",
+  "{feed} feed unavailable": "Fuente {feed} no disponible",
+  "Loading {feeds}": "Cargando {feeds}",
+  "{count} CelesTrak groups unavailable": {
+    "one": "{count} grupo de CelesTrak no disponible",
+    "many": "{count} de grupos de CelesTrak no disponibles",
+    "other": "{count} grupos de CelesTrak no disponibles"
+  },
+  "Malformed launch snapshot": "Instantánea de lanzamientos mal formada",
+  "Malformed perimeter snapshot": "Instantánea de perímetros mal formada",
+  "Overpass returned an incomplete camera response": "Overpass devolvió una respuesta de cámaras incompleta",
+  "Fly below {km} km to a covered region": "Desciende por debajo de {km} km sobre una región con cobertura",
+  "No feed here yet · {n} regions available": {
+    "one": "Aún no hay fuente aquí · {n} región disponible",
+    "many": "Aún no hay fuente aquí · {n} de regiones disponibles",
+    "other": "Aún no hay fuente aquí · {n} regiones disponibles"
+  },
+  "Wind speed field unavailable": "Campo de velocidad del viento no disponible",
+  "Decoder feeds": "Fuentes del decodificador",
+  "WebUSB + decoder feeds": "WebUSB + fuentes del decodificador",
+  "opening receiver": "abriendo el receptor",
+  "checking decoder feeds": "comprobando las fuentes del decodificador",
+  "listening": "escuchando",
+  "USB error": "error de USB",
+  "{count} heard": {
+    "one": "{count} aeronave captada",
+    "many": "{count} de aeronaves captadas",
+    "other": "{count} aeronaves captadas"
+  },
+  "{rate} msg/s": "{rate} msg/s",
+  "USB {rate} msg/s": "USB {rate} msg/s",
+  "{count} feeds live": {
+    "one": "{count} fuente en vivo",
+    "many": "{count} de fuentes en vivo",
+    "other": "{count} fuentes en vivo"
+  },
+  "feeds {names} stale": {
+    "one": "fuente {names} desactualizada",
+    "many": "fuentes {names} desactualizadas",
+    "other": "fuentes {names} desactualizadas"
+  },
+  "feeds {names} unreachable": {
+    "one": "fuente {names} inaccesible",
+    "many": "fuentes {names} inaccesibles",
+    "other": "fuentes {names} inaccesibles"
+  },
+  "feeds {names} invalid": {
+    "one": "fuente {names} no válida",
+    "many": "fuentes {names} no válidas",
+    "other": "fuentes {names} no válidas"
+  },
+  "unsaved provider keys": "las claves de proveedores sin guardar",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to an aircraft": "Sal de la cabina para volar a una aeronave",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a satellite": "Sal de la cabina para volar a un satélite",
+  "Exit cockpit to frame contacts": "Sal de la cabina para encuadrar contactos",
+  "{feed} {count} ({seconds}s old)": "{feed} {count} (hace {seconds} s)",
+  "entry {n}": "n.º {n}",
+  "Upstream response too large": "Respuesta del origen demasiado grande",
+  "Included in bundle": "Incluido en el paquete",
+  "Missing bundle file — reimport its bundle": "Falta el archivo en el paquete — vuelve a importar su paquete",
+  "Source configured; file checked when loaded": "Fuente configurada; el archivo se comprobará al cargarlo",
+  "Source unavailable": "Fuente no disponible",
+  "Coverage tile failed": "No se pudo cargar la tesela de cobertura",
+  "Unknown": "Desconocido",
+  "USB work abandoned after a stalled transfer": "Trabajo USB cancelado tras una transferencia bloqueada",
+  "SDR decoder did not start; receiver stopped": "El decodificador SDR no arrancó; receptor detenido",
+  "SDR decoder stopped responding; receiver stopped": "El decodificador SDR dejó de responder; receptor detenido",
+  "SDR decoder fell behind; receiver stopped": "El decodificador SDR se quedó atrás; receptor detenido"
+}
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..019415690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2960 @@
+{
+  "Flying to Austin, TX...": "Перелёт в Остин, Техас...",
+  "Restoring shared view...": "Восстановление общего вида...",
+  "Initializing systems...": "Инициализация систем...",
+  "Configuring viewer...": "Настройка просмотрщика...",
+  "Loading Google 3D Tiles...": "Загрузка Google 3D Tiles...",
+  "Loading the keyless globe...": "Загрузка глобуса без ключа...",
+  "Google 3D Tiles unavailable ({detail}). Loading the keyless globe...": "Google 3D Tiles недоступны ({detail}). Загрузка глобуса без ключа...",
+  "Close data attribution": "Закрыть атрибуцию данных",
+  "observed or mapped nearby context": "наблюдаемая или картографическая обстановка",
+  "no observed or mapped objects in current feeds": "нет наблюдаемых или картографированных объектов в текущих потоках",
+  "feed unavailable": "поток данных недоступен",
+  "feed stale": "поток данных устарел",
+  "Brightest naked-eye objects — CelesTrak visual group": "Самые яркие объекты невооружённым глазом — визуальная группа CelesTrak",
+  "COMMS": "СВЯЗЬ",
+  "Broadband constellation shell — shown only in DENSE mode": "Оболочка широкополосной группировки — только в режиме ПЛОТНО",
+  "STATION": "СТАНЦИЯ",
+  "Crewed stations and their visiting vehicles": "Пилотируемые станции и прибывающие к ним корабли",
+  "NAV": "NAV",
+  "GNSS navigation — GPS, GLONASS, Galileo": "Навигация GNSS — GPS, ГЛОНАСС, Galileo",
+  "GEO": "GEO",
+  "Geostationary belt — comms and weather, fixed over the equator": "Геостационарный пояс — связь и погода, неподвижно над экватором",
+  "VISUAL": "ВИДИМЫЕ",
+  "FISHING": "РЫБОЛОВНОЕ",
+  "TOWING": "БУКСИРОВКА",
+  "DREDGER": "ЗЕМСНАРЯД",
+  "DIVE OPS": "ВОДОЛАЗНОЕ",
+  "MILITARY": "ВОЕННОЕ",
+  "SAILING": "ПАРУСНИК",
+  "PLEASURE": "ПРОГУЛОЧНОЕ",
+  "PILOT": "ЛОЦМАН",
+  "SAR": "СПАСАТЕЛЬНОЕ",
+  "TUG": "БУКСИР",
+  "PORT TENDER": "ПОРТОВОЕ",
+  "ANTI-POLLUTION": "НЕФТЕСБОРЩИК",
+  "LAW ENFORCE": "ПАТРУЛЬНОЕ",
+  "MEDICAL": "МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ",
+  "HIGH-SPEED": "СКОРОСТНОЕ",
+  "PASSENGER": "ПАССАЖИРСКОЕ",
+  "CARGO": "ГРУЗОВОЕ",
+  "TANKER": "ТАНКЕР",
+  "OTHER": "ДРУГОЕ",
+  "Starting live contacts…": "Запуск контактов в реальном времени…",
+  "Opening space missions…": "Открытие космических миссий…",
+  "Scanning active events…": "Сканирование активных событий…",
+  "Live earthquakes and active fires, from USGS and NASA": "Землетрясения и активные пожары в реальном времени от USGS и NASA",
+  "It feels like a forbidden cockpit—then you realize the sources are public and the data is real.": "Будто вы в запретной кабине — а потом понимаете: источники открыты, а данные настоящие.",
+  "ENVIRONMENTAL": "ПРИРОДА",
+  "EARTH WATCH": "ДОЗОР ЗЕМЛИ",
+  "ACTIVE EVENTS": "АКТИВНЫЕ СОБЫТИЯ",
+  "Working…": "Работаем…",
+  "Could not open that mission{detail}. Retry or explore manually.": "Не удалось открыть эту миссию{detail}. Повторите попытку или исследуйте вручную.",
+  "This browser is blocking storage, so that could not be saved.": "Браузер блокирует хранилище, поэтому сохранить не удалось.",
+  "SUMMARY": "СВОДКА",
+  "Awaiting telemetry...": "Ожидание телеметрии...",
+  "REC": "REC",
+  "REMOVE": "УДАЛИТЬ",
+  "Remove {title} from this app's saved keys": "Удалить {title} из сохранённых ключей этого приложения",
+  "POWER UP · {count} KEYS WAITING": {
+    "one": "ЗАПУСК · {count} КЛЮЧ В ОЖИДАНИИ",
+    "few": "ЗАПУСК · {count} КЛЮЧА В ОЖИДАНИИ",
+    "many": "ЗАПУСК · {count} КЛЮЧЕЙ В ОЖИДАНИИ",
+    "other": "ЗАПУСК · {count} КЛЮЧА В ОЖИДАНИИ"
+  },
+  "POWERED UP": "ЗАПУЩЕНО",
+  "your app configuration": "ваша конфигурация приложения",
+  "your local .env": "ваш локальный .env",
+  "Saving…": "Сохранение…",
+  "Save failed ({status}).": "Не удалось сохранить ({status}).",
+  "Save failed: {detail}": "Не удалось сохранить: {detail}",
+  "Paste at least one key first.": "Сначала вставьте хотя бы один ключ.",
+  "Saved to {store}. Restarting — this page reloads itself.": "Сохранено: {store}. Перезапуск — страница перезагрузится сама.",
+  "Remove this key from your saved configuration?": "Удалить этот ключ из сохранённой конфигурации?",
+  "Removed from {store}. Restarting — this page reloads itself.": "Удалено: {store}. Перезапуск — страница перезагрузится сама.",
+  "More flight-polling credits (anonymous works without)": "Повышенный лимит запросов рейсов (анонимно работает и без ключа)",
+  "Street-level imagery and coverage in the Street Level layer. Free: register an app in the Mapillary developer dashboard and paste its Client Token": "Уличные снимки и покрытие в слое «Уличные снимки». Бесплатно: зарегистрируйте приложение в панели разработчика Mapillary и вставьте его клиентский токен (Client Token).",
+  "Higher space-missions request allowance": "Повышенный лимит запросов для космических миссий",
+  "Places context + Street View fallback; optional separate key": "Контекст Places + резерв: Просмотр улиц; отдельный ключ — по желанию",
+  "Voice control — API key or ChatGPT OAuth": "Голосовое управление — ключ API или ChatGPT OAuth",
+  "Live ships, worldwide": "Суда в реальном времени по всему миру",
+  "Live active-fire detections": "Обнаружение активных пожаров в реальном времени",
+  "Real live traffic (keyless runs a simulation)": "Настоящие пробки в реальном времени (без ключа — симуляция)",
+  "Bing imagery map stacks + world terrain": "Снимки Bing + рельеф мира",
+  "Global Context navigation": "Навигация глобального контекста",
+  "Previous — prior visited contact in the 250 km window": "Назад — предыдущий посещённый контакт в радиусе 250 км",
+  "PREVIOUS": "ПРЕД.",
+  "FOCUS": "ФОКУС",
+  "Next — nearest unvisited contact in the 250 km window": "Далее — ближайший непосещённый контакт в радиусе 250 км",
+  "NEXT": "СЛЕД.",
+  "Open-source mapped/observed context. Missing broadcasts, unloaded map areas, or unmapped sites are not evidence of absence.": "Контекст из открытых источников. Отсутствие трансляций, незагруженные области карты или неотмеченные объекты — не доказательство отсутствия.",
+  "CONTEXT READY": "КОНТЕКСТ ГОТОВ",
+  "GLOBAL CONTEXT OFF": "ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЙ КОНТЕКСТ ВЫКЛ.",
+  "SELECT A FLIGHT, VESSEL, OR MAPPED INSTALLATION": "ВЫБЕРИТЕ РЕЙС, СУДНО ИЛИ ОБЪЕКТ НА КАРТЕ",
+  "ENABLE TO LOAD OBSERVED / MAPPED PROXIMITY": "ВКЛЮЧИТЕ ДЛЯ ЗАГРУЗКИ НАБЛЮДАЕМОГО / КАРТОГРАФИРОВАННОГО ОКРУЖЕНИЯ",
+  "Unavailable": "Недоступно",
+  "Focus {label}": "Фокус на {label}",
+  "HDG {value}°": "КУРС {value}°",
+  "BRG {value}°": "ПЕЛ. {value}°",
+  "BRG —": "ПЕЛ. —",
+  "CRS {value}°": "ПУТЬ {value}°",
+  "Military flights": "Военные рейсы",
+  "AIS vessels": "Суда AIS",
+  "Mapped installations": "Картографированные объекты",
+  "CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY": "ТОЛЬКО ТЕКУЩАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ ОБЗОРА",
+  "WITHIN {km} KM": "В РАДИУСЕ {km} КМ",
+  "Flights": "Рейсы",
+  "syncing {count} city feeds...": "синхронизация городских потоков: {count}...",
+  "scanning nearby systems...": "поиск ближайших систем...",
+  "Station {id}": "Станция {id}",
+  "Station": "Станция",
+  "🚲 {bikes} avail · {docks} docks · {capacity} cap": "🚲 доступно {bikes} · своб. мест {docks} · вмест. {capacity}",
+  "⚠️ Not installed": "⚠️ Не установлена",
+  "⚠️ Not renting": "⚠️ Не выдаёт",
+  "⚠️ Not returning": "⚠️ Не принимает",
+  "HDG {value}° (ESTIMATED)": "КУРС {value}° (ОЦЕНКА)",
+  "{count} CAMERAS STANDING BY · NO CAMERA SELECTED · CLICK A CAMERA TO ACTIVATE": "КАМЕР В ГОТОВНОСТИ: {count} · КАМЕРА НЕ ВЫБРАНА · НАЖМИТЕ КАМЕРУ ДЛЯ АКТИВАЦИИ",
+  "No cameras available in catalog.": "В каталоге нет доступных камер.",
+  "{city} CCTV": "CCTV: {city}",
+  "FOV {value}°": "ОБЗОР {value}°",
+  "COVERAGE {value}km²": "ОХВАТ {value} КМ²",
+  "OVERLAP {count} cams": "ПЕРЕКРЫТИЕ {count} кам.",
+  "ISOLATED VIEW": "ИЗОЛИРОВАННЫЙ ВИД",
+  "PROJ MONITOR": "ПРОЕКЦ. МОНИТОР",
+  "PROJ OFF": "ПРОЕКЦ. ВЫКЛ.",
+  "VIEWSHED": "ЗОНА ВИДИМОСТИ",
+  "CAL {value}": "КАЛИБР. {value}",
+  "SRC {value}": "ИСТ. {value}",
+  "{value} CONTEXT": "КОНТЕКСТ {value}",
+  "Focus fire detection {title}, {details}": "Фокус на очаге пожара {title}, {details}",
+  "{value} conf": "увер.: {value}",
+  "{value} ago": "{value} назад",
+  "sensor n/a": "сенсор н/д",
+  "FIRE · {frp} MW": "ПОЖАР · {frp} МВт",
+  "NIGHT": "НОЧЬ",
+  "▲ {frp} MW": "▲ {frp} МВт",
+  "FIRE": "ПОЖАР",
+  "FIRES": "ПОЖ.",
+  "max {value} MW": "макс. {value} МВт",
+  "new {value}": "последний {value}",
+  "just now": "только что",
+  "<1m ago": "<1 мин назад",
+  "{count}m ago": "{count} мин назад",
+  "{count}h ago": "{count} ч назад",
+  "STALE · cached {age}": "УСТАРЕЛ · кэш {age}",
+  "STALE": "УСТАРЕЛ",
+  "refreshing...": "обновление...",
+  "loading...": "загрузка...",
+  "KEY REQUIRED": "ТРЕБУЕТСЯ КЛЮЧ",
+  "LIVE · updated {age}": "ОНЛАЙН · обновлено {age}",
+  "Retrying mapped sites…": "Повторный запрос объектов…",
+  "Fetching mapped sites…": "Загрузка объектов…",
+  "Zoom in to search mapped installations": "Приблизьте, чтобы искать картографированные объекты",
+  "Showing cached mapped sites": "Показаны объекты из кэша",
+  "Mapped sites not loaded": "Объекты не загружены",
+  "Mapped sites loaded": "Объекты загружены",
+  "Overpass rate-limited": "Overpass: превышен лимит запросов",
+  "Overpass timed out": "Overpass: истекло время ожидания",
+  "Overpass could not complete the query": "Overpass не смог завершить запрос",
+  "Overpass temporarily unavailable": "Overpass временно недоступен",
+  "loading mapped installation context": "загрузка контекста объектов",
+  "{reason} — retrying in {seconds}s": "{reason} — повтор через {seconds} с",
+  "{reason} — retry pending": "{reason} — ожидается повтор",
+  "MAPPED INSTALLATION": "КАРТОГРАФИРОВАННЫЙ ОБЪЕКТ",
+  "LAUNCH SITE · {site}": "МЕСТО ПУСКА · {site}",
+  "LAUNCH SITE": "МЕСТО ПУСКА",
+  "T−{time} · {mission}": "T−{time} · {mission}",
+  "LAUNCH STANDBY": "ОЖИДАНИЕ ПУСКА",
+  "LIFTOFF · {mission}": "СТАРТ · {mission}",
+  "ASCENT REPLAY · {mission}": "ПОВТОР ВЫВЕДЕНИЯ · {mission}",
+  "ASCENT ESTIMATE · {mission}": "РАСЧЁТНОЕ ВЫВЕДЕНИЕ · {mission}",
+  "STAGE RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY · {mission}": "ВХОД В АТМОСФЕРУ / ВОЗВРАТ СТУПЕНИ · {mission}",
+  "ORBIT REPLAY · {mission}": "ПОВТОР ОРБИТЫ · {mission}",
+  "PAUSED · {title}": "ПАУЗА · {title}",
+  "UNSPECIFIED": "НЕ УКАЗАНО",
+  "UNAVAILABLE": "НЕДОСТУПНО",
+  "+{count} additional payload records": "+{count} доп. записи о полезной нагрузке",
+  "PAYLOAD DATA UNAVAILABLE": "ДАННЫЕ ПОЛЕЗНОЙ НАГРУЗКИ НЕДОСТУПНЫ",
+  "{value} KM DOWNRANGE": "{value} КМ ПО ТРАССЕ",
+  "POSITION UNAVAILABLE": "ПОЗИЦИЯ НЕДОСТУПНА",
+  "FLIGHT {count}": "ПОЛЁТ {count}",
+  "REUSED": "ЛЕТАВШАЯ",
+  "NO STAGE RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY DATA": "НЕТ ДАННЫХ О ВХОДЕ В АТМОСФЕРУ / ВОЗВРАТЕ СТУПЕНИ",
+  "{count} / 30D": "{count} / 30 ДН.",
+  "NO MISSIONS AVAILABLE IN THE CURRENT 30-DAY WINDOW": "НЕТ МИССИЙ В ТЕКУЩЕМ 30-ДНЕВНОМ ОКНЕ",
+  "DATE UNAVAILABLE": "ДАТА НЕДОСТУПНА",
+  "UNSPECIFIED OPERATOR": "ОПЕРАТОР НЕ УКАЗАН",
+  "Select {mission}": "Выбрать {mission}",
+  "{value} KM": "{value} КМ",
+  "{value} KM/S": "{value} КМ/С",
+  "SELECTED SPACE MISSION": "ВЫБРАННАЯ КОСМИЧЕСКАЯ МИССИЯ",
+  "Show all missions": "Показать все миссии",
+  "Deselect mission": "Снять выбор миссии",
+  "MISSION": "МИССИЯ",
+  "STATUS · ": "СТАТУС · ",
+  "LAUNCH SITE · ": "МЕСТО ПУСКА · ",
+  "LAUNCH TIME · ": "ВРЕМЯ ПУСКА · ",
+  "ORBIT · ": "ОРБИТА · ",
+  "ASCENT PATH · ": "ТРАЕКТОРИЯ ВЫВЕДЕНИЯ · ",
+  "CURRENT DISTANCE FROM EARTH · ": "ТЕКУЩЕЕ РАССТОЯНИЕ ОТ ЗЕМЛИ · ",
+  "SATELLITE SPEED · ": "СКОРОСТЬ СПУТНИКА · ",
+  "PAYLOAD": "ПОЛЕЗНАЯ НАГРУЗКА",
+  "NAME": "НАЗВАНИЕ",
+  "TYPE": "ТИП",
+  "DESTINATION": "ПУНКТ НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ",
+  "STAGE / RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY": "СТУПЕНЬ / ВХОД В АТМОСФЕРУ / ВОЗВРАТ",
+  "STAGE": "СТУПЕНЬ",
+  "STATUS": "СТАТУС",
+  "FINAL POSITION": "КОНЕЧНОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ",
+  "REPLAY SPEED": "СКОРОСТЬ ПОВТОРА",
+  "Replay speed multiplier": "Множитель скорости повтора",
+  "REPLAY ASCENT": "ПОВТОРИТЬ ВЫВЕДЕНИЕ",
+  "Previous mission": "Предыдущая миссия",
+  "PREV": "ПРЕД.",
+  "Next mission": "Следующая миссия",
+  "SHOW ALL / DESELECT": "ПОКАЗАТЬ ВСЕ / СНЯТЬ ВЫБОР",
+  "Pause replay": "Приостановить повтор",
+  "Cancel replay": "Отменить повтор",
+  "EST. DOWNRANGE": "РАСЧЁТ ПО ТРАССЕ",
+  "PLANNED · ": "ПЛАН · ",
+  "SUPPLIED TRAJECTORY POINTS": "ПРЕДОСТАВЛЕННЫЕ ТОЧКИ ТРАЕКТОРИИ",
+  "RECONSTRUCTED ESTIMATE": "РЕКОНСТРУИРОВАННАЯ ОЦЕНКА",
+  "Replay the estimated ascent with a following camera": "Повторить расчётное выведение с камерой сопровождения",
+  "Resume replay": "Возобновить повтор",
+  "T minus {seconds}": "T минус {seconds}",
+  "Preparing launch site": "Подготовка стартовой площадки",
+  "Liftoff": "Старт",
+  "Ascent replay": "Повтор выведения",
+  "Orbit replay": "Повтор: орбита",
+  ", paused": ", пауза",
+  "Alt unknown": "Высота неизвестна",
+  "Type unknown": "Тип неизвестен",
+  "Reg unknown": "Рег. номер неизвестен",
+  "Operator unknown": "Оператор неизвестен",
+  "All": "Все",
+  "News": "Новости",
+  "Talk": "Разговорное",
+  "Weather / Emergency": "Погода / ЧС",
+  "Public Safety": "Общественная безопасность",
+  "Aviation / Marine": "Авиация / Море",
+  "Traffic / Transit": "Трафик / Транспорт",
+  "Music": "Музыка",
+  "Other": "Другое",
+  "Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)": "Добавить полную широкополосную оболочку Starlink (тысячи дополнительных точек)",
+  "Loading the Starlink shell…": "Загрузка оболочки Starlink…",
+  "Starlink {detail} — click to retry": "Starlink: {detail} — нажмите, чтобы повторить",
+  "load failed": "ошибка загрузки",
+  "Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only": "Показана полная оболочка Starlink — нажмите, чтобы оставить только основной каталог",
+  "DENSE ···": "ПЛОТНО ···",
+  "DENSE ✕": "ПЛОТНО ✕",
+  "DENSE": "ПЛОТНЫЙ",
+  "Syncing flow · Roads: {source}": "Синхронизация потока · Дороги: {source}",
+  "LIVE · Roads: {source} · Roads without flow hidden": "ОНЛАЙН · Дороги: {source} · Дороги без потока скрыты",
+  "LIVE · Roads: {source} · No flow roads in view": "ОНЛАЙН · Дороги: {source} · В кадре нет дорог с потоком",
+  "LIVE · Roads: {source} · Flow {percent}%": "ОНЛАЙН · Дороги: {source} · Поток {percent}%",
+  "SIMULATED · Roads: {source} · Flow {percent}%": "СИМУЛЯЦИЯ · Дороги: {source} · Поток {percent}%",
+  "Syncing flow · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · Unmatched: simulated": "Синхронизация потока · Дороги: OpenStreetMap · Поток: TomTom · Без совпадений: симуляция",
+  "LIVE · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · {percent}% cov · Unmatched: simulated": "ОНЛАЙН · Дороги: OpenStreetMap · Поток: TomTom · охват {percent}% · Без совпадений: симуляция",
+  "LIVE · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · {percent}% cov": "ОНЛАЙН · Дороги: OpenStreetMap · Поток: TomTom · охват {percent}%",
+  "SIMULATED · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom (no matches)": "СИМУЛЯЦИЯ · Дороги: OpenStreetMap · Поток: TomTom (нет совпадений)",
+  "SIMULATED — traffic service unreachable": "СИМУЛЯЦИЯ — сервис трафика недоступен",
+  "SIMULATED — add TomTom key for live": "СИМУЛЯЦИЯ — добавьте ключ TomTom для режима онлайн",
+  "POS: LIVE": "ПОЗ: ОНЛАЙН",
+  "POS: {time}Z": "ПОЗ: {time}Z",
+  "AIS: {name}": "AIS: {name}",
+  "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}": "{type}  СКОР: {speed}  КУРС: {heading}",
+  "VESSEL": "СУДНО",
+  "AIS: --": "AIS: --",
+  "awaiting first AIS position…": "ожидание первой позиции AIS…",
+  "awaiting usable AIS positions…": "ожидание пригодных позиций AIS…",
+  "awaiting first AIS message…": "ожидание первого сообщения AIS…",
+  "{label} unavailable: {hint}": "{label}: недоступно — {hint}",
+  "Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings": "Нужен {envVars} — добавьте его в «Настройках провайдеров»",
+  "{label} is unavailable": "{label}: недоступно",
+  "This map stack": "Этот набор карт",
+  "Updated: {scene} / {shot}": "Обновлено: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Camera unavailable — exit cockpit first": "Камера недоступна — сначала выйдите из кабины",
+  "No shots to run": "Нет кадров для воспроизведения",
+  "Error: {message}": "Ошибка: {message}",
+  "Project exported": "Проект экспортирован",
+  "Ready": "Готово",
+  "Could not exit {mode} — scene layers may be refused": "Не удалось выйти из режима {mode} — слои сцены могут быть отклонены",
+  "Loaded: {scene} / {shot}": "Загружено: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Global Flights Radar": "Глобальный радар рейсов",
+  "Orbital Watch": "Орбитальный дозор",
+  "Thermal Threat Board": "Панель тепловых угроз",
+  "City Overload": "Перегрузка города",
+  "Omniscience Pullback": "Отъезд к всевидению",
+  "Cannot capture shot: camera not ready": "Не удалось сделать кадр: камера не готова",
+  "Shot {n}": "Кадр {n}",
+  "Captured: {scene} / {shot}": "Снято: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Select a shot first": "Сначала выберите кадр",
+  "Running {index}/{total}: {scene} / {shot}": "Воспроизведение {index}/{total}: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Scene run complete": "Воспроизведение сцены завершено",
+  "CCTV layer unavailable": "Слой CCTV недоступен",
+  "Link copied!": "Ссылка скопирована!",
+  "Copy failed": "Не удалось скопировать",
+  "VISUAL PRESETS": "ПРЕСЕТЫ",
+  "LOCATION": "МЕСТО",
+  "DISPLAY": "ЭКРАН",
+  "CONTACT": "КОНТАКТ",
+  "CONTACTS — nearest planes · vessels · sites": "КОНТАКТЫ — ближайшие самолёты · суда · объекты",
+  "SPACE MISSIONS — launches & orbital assets": "КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ МИССИИ — пуски и орбитальные аппараты",
+  "LIVE SIGNALS": "СИГНАЛЫ ОНЛАЙН",
+  "MAP SOURCE": "ИСТОЧНИК КАРТЫ",
+  "Map source": "Источник карты",
+  "CCTV calibration saved": "Калибровка CCTV сохранена",
+  "ADJUST ON": "НАСТРОЙКА ВКЛ",
+  "ADJUST": "НАСТРОЙКА",
+  "CCTV calibration reset": "Калибровка CCTV сброшена",
+  "FRAME · UNAVAILABLE": "КАДР · НЕДОСТУПЕН",
+  "SOURCE · UNKNOWN": "ИСТОЧНИК · НЕИЗВЕСТЕН",
+  "FRAME · LOADING": "КАДР · ЗАГРУЗКА",
+  "VIEWSHED ON": "ВИДИМОСТЬ ВКЛ",
+  "COVERAGE ON": "ОХВАТ ВКЛ",
+  "COVERAGE OFF": "ОХВАТ ВЫКЛ",
+  "RAW PRIOR": "ИСХОДНАЯ ОЦЕНКА",
+  "AUTO HOP ON": "АВТОСМЕНА ВКЛ",
+  "AUTO HOP OFF": "АВТОСМЕНА ВЫКЛ",
+  "PROJECTION ON": "ПРОЕКЦИЯ ВКЛ",
+  "PROJECTION OFF": "ПРОЕКЦИЯ ВЫКЛ",
+  "CAL · EDITED (UNSAVED)": "КАЛИБР. · ИЗМЕНЕНО (НЕ СОХР.)",
+  "CAL · {badge}": "КАЛИБР. · {badge}",
+  "MONITOR": "МОНИТОР",
+  "OFF": "ВЫКЛ",
+  "{city} · HDG {heading} · FOV {fov} · RANGE {range}m · {projection}{calBadge} · {provider}{status}": "{city} · КУРС {heading} · ОБЗОР {fov} · ДАЛЬН. {range} м · {projection}{calBadge} · {provider}{status}",
+  "{count} cameras loaded · click a camera to activate": {
+    "one": "Загружена {count} камера · щёлкните по камере, чтобы активировать",
+    "few": "Загружено {count} камеры · щёлкните по камере, чтобы активировать",
+    "many": "Загружено {count} камер · щёлкните по камере, чтобы активировать",
+    "other": "Загружено {count} камеры · щёлкните по камере, чтобы активировать"
+  },
+  "{count} cameras loaded · enable CCTV to activate": {
+    "one": "Загружена {count} камера · включите CCTV, чтобы активировать",
+    "few": "Загружено {count} камеры · включите CCTV, чтобы активировать",
+    "many": "Загружено {count} камер · включите CCTV, чтобы активировать",
+    "other": "Загружено {count} камеры · включите CCTV, чтобы активировать"
+  },
+  "Enable CCTV to load camera intersections": "Включите CCTV, чтобы загрузить камеры на перекрёстках",
+  "Enable CCTV to start camera-linked intelligence summaries.": "Включите CCTV, чтобы запускать сводки по камерам.",
+  "No summary available.": "Сводка недоступна.",
+  "loading frames": "загрузка кадров",
+  "camera grid ready": "сетка камер готова",
+  "CCTV ON": "CCTV ВКЛ",
+  "CCTV OFF": "CCTV ВЫКЛ",
+  "CALIBRATED": "ОТКАЛИБРОВАНО",
+  "CURATED": "ВЫВЕРЕНО",
+  "Clearing selected data layers": "Очистка выбранных слоёв данных",
+  "Clear selected data layers": "Очистить выбранные слои данных",
+  "CONDITIONS UNKNOWN": "УСЛОВИЯ НЕИЗВЕСТНЫ",
+  "CLEAR": "ЯСНО",
+  "PARTLY CLOUDY": "ПЕРЕМЕННАЯ ОБЛАЧНОСТЬ",
+  "OVERCAST": "ПАСМУРНО",
+  "ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS": "ЗАГРУЗКА РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ НОВОСТЕЙ",
+  "REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE": "РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ НОВОСТИ НЕДОСТУПНЫ",
+  "RESOLVING REGION": "ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ РЕГИОНА",
+  "REGION UNAVAILABLE": "РЕГИОН НЕДОСТУПЕН",
+  "FOG": "ТУМАН",
+  "NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES": "НЕТ СВЕЖИХ СОВПАДЕНИЙ ПО МЕСТУ",
+  "DRIZZLE": "МОРОСЬ",
+  "RAIN": "ДОЖДЬ",
+  "{domain} · {age}": "{domain} · {age}",
+  "SOURCE": "ИСТОЧНИК",
+  "SNOW": "СНЕГ",
+  "RAIN SHOWERS": "ЛИВНИ",
+  "SNOW SHOWERS": "ЛИВНЕВЫЙ СНЕГ",
+  "THUNDERSTORM": "ГРОЗА",
+  "CLOUD {pct}%": "ОБЛАЧНОСТЬ {pct}%",
+  "CLOUD UNKNOWN": "ОБЛАЧНОСТЬ НЕИЗВЕСТНА",
+  "MIXED CONDITIONS": "СМЕШАННЫЕ УСЛОВИЯ",
+  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY": "{source} · ЗАПРОС ПО МЕСТУ",
+  "REGIONAL NEWS": "НОВОСТИ РЕГИОНА",
+  "CYCLE ON": "АВТО: ВКЛ",
+  "CYCLE OFF": "АВТО: ВЫКЛ",
+  "Stop automatic page cycling. Previous, Next, and the SIG/NEWS/LOCAL tabs stay available.": "Остановить автоматическое листание страниц. Кнопки ПРЕД./СЛЕД. и вкладки СИГН./НОВОСТИ/МЕСТН. остаются доступны.",
+  "Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.": "Автоматически листать страницы брифинга каждые 9 секунд (Сигналы → Новости → Местное). При наведении или фокусе на панели листание приостанавливается. Данные сигналов в реальном времени в любом случае обновляются непрерывно.",
+  "{cohort}, Unavailable": "{cohort}, недоступно",
+  "AHEAD": "ПО КУРСУ",
+  "{side} {angle}": "{side} {angle}",
+  "L": "Л",
+  "R": "П",
+  "{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": {
+    "one": "{count} ИСТОЧНИК ДАННЫХ НЕИЗВЕСТЕН · ОТСУТСТВИЕ УГРОЗ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
+    "few": "{count} ИСТОЧНИКА ДАННЫХ НЕИЗВЕСТНЫ · ОТСУТСТВИЕ УГРОЗ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
+    "many": "{count} ИСТОЧНИКОВ ДАННЫХ НЕИЗВЕСТНО · ОТСУТСТВИЕ УГРОЗ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
+    "other": "{count} ИСТОЧНИКА ДАННЫХ НЕИЗВЕСТНО · ОТСУТСТВИЕ УГРОЗ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО"
+  },
+  "AVAILABLE INPUTS CURRENT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "ДОСТУПНЫЕ ДАННЫЕ АКТУАЛЬНЫ · ОТСУТСТВИЕ УГРОЗ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
+  "CONTEXT STANDBY": "КОНТЕКСТ В ОЖИДАНИИ",
+  "ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS": "ВКЛЮЧИТЕ ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЙ КОНТЕКСТ ДЛЯ ПИНГОВ ПОБЛИЗОСТИ",
+  "CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "КОНТАКТ ПОТЕРЯН · ПОСЛЕДНИЕ ИЗВЕСТНЫЕ ДАННЫЕ · ОТСУТСТВИЕ УГРОЗ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
+  "CONTACT LOST · {subject}": "КОНТАКТ ПОТЕРЯН · {subject}",
+  "SUBJECT LEFT ITS FEED · READOUT HOLDING LAST KNOWN": "ОБЪЕКТ ВЫПАЛ ИЗ ПОТОКА · ПОКАЗАНЫ ПОСЛЕДНИЕ ДАННЫЕ",
+  "{cohort} · {contact}": "{cohort} · {contact}",
+  "NO AVAILABLE EXAMPLE": "НЕТ ДОСТУПНОГО ПРИМЕРА",
+  "ACQUIRING SURFACE": "ЗАХВАТ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ",
+  "SURFACE FALLBACK": "РЕЗЕРВНАЯ ПОВЕРХНОСТЬ",
+  "STALE FEED": "ПОТОК УСТАРЕЛ",
+  "LIVE TRACK": "ТРЕК ОНЛАЙН",
+  "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED": "{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · КУРС СОВМЕЩЁН",
+  "COMMERCIAL": "ГРАЖДАНСКИЙ",
+  "UNKNOWN": "НЕИЗВЕСТНО",
+  "ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION": "СТРЕЛКА · РАСЧЁТНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ",
+  "ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE": "ДАННЫЕ МАРШРУТА НЕДОСТУПНЫ",
+  "DEST {bearing}": "НАЗН. {bearing}",
+  "Disable cockpit weather effects": "Выключить погодные эффекты кабины",
+  "Enable cockpit weather effects": "Включить погодные эффекты кабины",
+  "ON": "ВКЛ",
+  "Night vision": "Ночное видение",
+  "Thermal": "Тепловизор",
+  "Anime": "Аниме",
+  "Noir": "Нуар",
+  "Snow": "Снег",
+  "Current cockpit vision style: {style}. Activate for next style.": "Текущий стиль обзора кабины: {style}. Активируйте, чтобы переключить на следующий.",
+  "Current style: {style} — click for next": "Текущий стиль: {style} — нажмите для следующего",
+  "AIRCRAFT": "САМОЛЁТ",
+  "Expand Contact panel": "Развернуть панель контактов",
+  "Collapse Contact panel": "Свернуть панель контактов",
+  "Expand contact panel": "Развернуть панель контактов",
+  "Collapse contact panel": "Свернуть панель контактов",
+  "Collapse cockpit briefing panel": "Свернуть панель брифинга кабины",
+  "Expand cockpit briefing panel": "Развернуть панель брифинга кабины",
+  "Collapse briefing panel": "Свернуть панель брифинга",
+  "Expand briefing panel": "Развернуть панель брифинга",
+  "OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS": "НАБЛЮДАЕМЫЕ / НАНЕСЁННЫЕ ПИНГИ",
+  "SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS": "СОБЫТИЯ ИЗ ИСТОЧНИКОВ · БЕЗ ВЫМЫСЛА",
+  "LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING": "СВЕЖИЕ НОВОСТИ ПО МЕСТУ",
+  "LOCAL INFO": "МЕСТНЫЕ ДАННЫЕ",
+  "PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION": "МЕСТО / ПОГОДА / КООРД.",
+  "TIME UNKNOWN": "ВРЕМЯ НЕИЗВЕСТНО",
+  "{count}M AGO": "{count} МИН НАЗАД",
+  "{count}H AGO": "{count} Ч НАЗАД",
+  "{count}D AGO": "{count} ДН. НАЗАД",
+  "DIR UNKNOWN": "НАПР. НЕИЗВЕСТНО",
+  "{aircraftClass} · CURRENT": "{aircraftClass} · ТЕКУЩИЙ",
+  "MILITARY FLIGHT": "ВОЕННЫЙ РЕЙС",
+  "COMMERCIAL FLIGHT": "ГРАЖДАНСКИЙ РЕЙС",
+  "{aircraftClass} · {distance}": "{aircraftClass} · {distance}",
+  "DISTANCE UNKNOWN": "ДИСТАНЦИЯ НЕИЗВЕСТНА",
+  "{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN": {
+    "one": "{count} ИСТОЧНИК ДАННЫХ НЕИЗВЕСТЕН",
+    "few": "{count} ИСТОЧНИКА ДАННЫХ НЕИЗВЕСТНЫ",
+    "many": "{count} ИСТОЧНИКОВ ДАННЫХ НЕИЗВЕСТНО",
+    "other": "{count} ИСТОЧНИКА ДАННЫХ НЕИЗВЕСТНО"
+  },
+  "SOURCE STATUS UNAVAILABLE": "СТАТУС ИСТОЧНИКА НЕДОСТУПЕН",
+  "Select flight {title}": "Выбрать рейс {title}",
+  "TRACK ACQUIRED": "ЦЕЛЬ ЗАХВАЧЕНА",
+  "{label} · COURSE {heading}°": "{label} · КУРС {heading}°",
+  "Restore real aircraft": "Вернуть реальный самолёт",
+  "Reclassify as TR-3B": "Переклассифицировать как TR-3B",
+  "No selected data layers": "Нет выбранных слоёв данных",
+  "{count} data layers could not be cleared": {
+    "one": "Не удалось очистить {count} слой данных",
+    "few": "Не удалось очистить {count} слоя данных",
+    "many": "Не удалось очистить {count} слоёв данных",
+    "other": "Не удалось очистить {count} слоя данных"
+  },
+  "Cleared {count} data layers": {
+    "one": "Очищен {count} слой данных",
+    "few": "Очищено {count} слоя данных",
+    "many": "Очищено {count} слоёв данных",
+    "other": "Очищено {count} слоя данных"
+  },
+  "Selected data layers could not be cleared": "Не удалось очистить выбранные слои данных",
+  "Context could not restore every layer; try again": "Контекст: не удалось восстановить все слои; попробуйте снова",
+  "Nearby installations refreshed": "Ближайшие объекты обновлены",
+  "Nearby installations could not be refreshed; try again": "Не удалось обновить ближайшие объекты; попробуйте снова",
+  "Contacts could not complete the requested transition; try again": "Не удалось переключить режим «Контакты»; попробуйте снова",
+  "Space Missions could not complete the requested transition; try again": "Не удалось переключить режим «Космические миссии»; попробуйте снова",
+  "{layerId} could not {action} cleanly": "Не удалось корректно {action} слой {layerId}",
+  "start": "запустить",
+  "stop": "остановить",
+  "Space Missions cancellation could not restore the previous layer state": "Не удалось восстановить прежнее состояние слоёв после отмены космических миссий",
+  "That layer is unavailable in the current Context mode": "Этот слой недоступен в текущем режиме контекста",
+  "{mode} could not start because another layer did not stop cleanly": "Не удалось запустить режим «{mode}»: другой слой не остановился корректно",
+  "Space Missions": "Космические миссии",
+  "Context": "Контекст",
+  "LOADING": "ЗАГРУЗКА",
+  "DEGRADED": "ПЕРЕБОИ",
+  "PARTIAL": "ЧАСТИЧНО",
+  "FALLBACK": "РЕЗЕРВ",
+  "Live Flights": "Рейсы онлайн",
+  "Military Flights": "Военные рейсы",
+  "Earthquakes (24h)": "Землетрясения (24 ч)",
+  "Satellites": "Спутники",
+  "Space Missions (30d)": "Космические миссии (30 дн.)",
+  "Street Traffic": "Дорожный трафик",
+  "CCTV": "CCTV",
+  "Radio": "Радио",
+  "Bikeshare": "Велошеринг",
+  "Live AIS Vessels": "Суда AIS онлайн",
+  "Mapped Installations": "Объекты на карте",
+  "Global Context": "Глобальный контекст",
+  "Datacenters": "Дата-центры",
+  "Dams": "Плотины",
+  "Submarine Cables": "Подводные кабели",
+  "FIRMS Active Fires": "Активные пожары FIRMS",
+  "ENABLING": "ВКЛЮЧЕНИЕ",
+  "DISABLING": "ВЫКЛЮЧЕНИЕ",
+  "{state} · {source}": "{state} · {source}",
+  "UNCERTAIN · {source} · lifecycle state requires reconciliation": "НЕОПРЕД. · {source} · требуется сверка состояния",
+  "{state} · {source} · {detail} · retry {seconds}s": "{state} · {source} · {detail} · повтор через {seconds} с",
+  "{state} · {source} · {detail}": "{state} · {source} · {detail}",
+  "never": "не обновлялось",
+  "{source} · {loadingLabel}": "{source} · {loadingLabel}",
+  "{accepted} of {raw} records accepted": "принято записей: {accepted} из {raw}",
+  "incomplete snapshot": "неполный снимок",
+  "{state} · {source} · {detail} · {ago}": "{state} · {source} · {detail} · {ago}",
+  "{state} · {source} · {ago} · retrying in {seconds}s": "{state} · {source} · {ago} · повтор через {seconds} с",
+  "{state} · {source} · {ago}": "{state} · {source} · {ago}",
+  "{source} · {ago}": "{source} · {ago}",
+  "UNCERTAIN": "НЕОПРЕД.",
+  "Data source unavailable": "Источник данных недоступен",
+  "{name}: {state}": "{name}: {state}",
+  "{count}s ago": "{count} с назад",
+  "📍 Location: --": "📍 Место: --",
+  "Landmark: --": "Ориентир: --",
+  "Searched location": "Найденное место",
+  "ORBIT": "ОРБИТА",
+  "Fly to a POI first": "Сначала перелетите к точке интереса",
+  "Reset to full globe view": "Сбросить к виду всего глобуса",
+  "Reset cockpit to full globe view": "Сбросить кабину к виду всего глобуса",
+  "Resetting to full globe view": "Сброс к виду всего глобуса",
+  "Resetting cockpit to full globe view": "Сброс кабины к виду всего глобуса",
+  "Location not found": "Место не найдено",
+  "Search failed": "Не удалось выполнить поиск",
+  "MAP": "КАРТА",
+  "panel": "панель",
+  "Expand {name}": "Развернуть {name}",
+  "Collapse {name}": "Свернуть {name}",
+  "Expand Radio": "Развернуть радио",
+  "Collapse Radio": "Свернуть радио",
+  "Expand Radio section": "Развернуть раздел радио",
+  "Collapse Radio section": "Свернуть раздел радио",
+  "Panel layout updated — positions reset to new defaults": "Макет панелей обновлён — позиции сброшены к новым значениям по умолчанию",
+  "NO STATIONS": "НЕТ СТАНЦИЙ",
+  "NO STATION AVAILABLE": "НЕТ ДОСТУПНЫХ СТАНЦИЙ",
+  "{name}, station {index} of {total}": "{name}, станция {index} из {total}",
+  "No station available": "Нет доступной станции",
+  "OFF AIR": "НЕ В ЭФИРЕ",
+  "STATION UNAVAILABLE": "СТАНЦИЯ НЕДОСТУПНА",
+  "Radio could not {action} cleanly": "Не удалось корректно {action} радио",
+  "Collapse Cockpit display options": "Свернуть параметры экрана кабины",
+  "Expand Cockpit display options": "Развернуть параметры экрана кабины",
+  "Collapse Cockpit Radio controls": "Свернуть управление радио кабины",
+  "Expand Cockpit Radio controls": "Развернуть управление радио кабины",
+  "Close compact Radio controls": "Закрыть компактное управление радио",
+  "Open compact Radio controls": "Открыть компактное управление радио",
+  "DIRECTORY BAND": "ДИАПАЗОН КАТАЛОГА",
+  "{category} BAND": "ДИАПАЗОН {category}",
+  "NO STATION SELECTED": "СТАНЦИЯ НЕ ВЫБРАНА",
+  "Directory metadata only": "Только метаданные каталога",
+  "Loading station directory…": "Загрузка каталога станций…",
+  "Choose a globe marker or use next.": "Выберите маркер на глобусе или нажмите «След.».",
+  "TAGS · {tags}": "ТЕГИ · {tags}",
+  "Pause": "Приостановить",
+  "Resume": "Продолжить",
+  "Play": "Воспроизвести",
+  "selected": "выбранную",
+  "nearest": "ближайшую",
+  "{action} {target} radio station": "{action} {target} радиостанцию",
+  "RADIO STATE UNCERTAIN": "СОСТОЯНИЕ РАДИО НЕОПРЕДЕЛЁННО",
+  "SYNCING DIRECTORY": "СИНХРОНИЗАЦИЯ КАТАЛОГА",
+  "RADIO READY": "РАДИО ГОТОВО",
+  "SYNCING": "СИНХРОНИЗАЦИЯ",
+  "READY": "ГОТОВО",
+  "station": "станция",
+  " · stale/degraded directory": " · каталог устарел/с перебоями",
+  " · degraded directory": " · каталог с перебоями",
+  " · stale directory": " · каталог устарел",
+  " · outside current filter": " · вне текущего фильтра",
+  "Ready — playback starts only from your action": "Готово — воспроизведение начнётся только по вашей команде",
+  "Radio off": "Радио выключено",
+  "Connecting directly to broadcaster…": "Прямое подключение к вещателю…",
+  "Buffering broadcaster stream…": "Буферизация потока вещателя…",
+  "Playing {station}": "Играет {station}",
+  "Paused {station}": "{station} на паузе",
+  "Broadcaster stream unavailable": "Поток вещателя недоступен",
+  " · muted during voice interaction": " · приглушено во время голосовой сессии",
+  " · restoring volume after voice": " · восстановление громкости после голосовой сессии",
+  " · static indicates no broadcaster audio": " · шум означает отсутствие аудио вещателя",
+  " · tuning static until broadcaster starts": " · шум настройки, пока не начнётся вещание",
+  "Station unavailable after directory refresh — choose another channel": "Станция недоступна после обновления каталога — выберите другой канал",
+  "Radio is enabling…": "Радио включается…",
+  "Radio is disabling…": "Радио выключается…",
+  "Radio lifecycle is uncertain — use Enable or Disable to reconcile": "Состояние радио не определено — нажмите «Включить» или «Выключить» для сверки",
+  "SYNC": "СИНХР.",
+  "RECONCILE": "СВЕРИТЬ",
+  "DISABLE": "ВЫКЛЮЧИТЬ",
+  "ENABLE": "ВКЛЮЧИТЬ",
+  "Reconcile Radio — lifecycle uncertain": "Сверить радио — состояние не определено",
+  "Disable Radio": "Выключить радио",
+  "Enable Radio": "Включить радио",
+  "Scene action failed": "Не удалось выполнить действие со сценой",
+  "Delete shot \"{shot}\"?": "Удалить кадр «{shot}»?",
+  "ACQUIRING": "ЗАХВАТ",
+  "SHARED {subject}": "ПО ССЫЛКЕ: {subject}",
+  "entity": "объект",
+  "Shared {subject} follow expired": "Срок отслеживания {subject} по ссылке истёк",
+  "Shared {subject} could not be restored — feed unavailable": "Не удалось восстановить {subject} по ссылке — поток данных недоступен",
+  "Shared {subject} is unavailable": "{subject} по ссылке недоступен",
+  "LOADING LIVE DATA": "ЗАГРУЗКА ОНЛАЙН-ДАННЫХ",
+  "LOAD COMPLETE": "ЗАГРУЗКА ЗАВЕРШЕНА",
+  "LOAD CANCELLED": "ЗАГРУЗКА ОТМЕНЕНА",
+  "LOAD FAILED": "ОШИБКА ЗАГРУЗКИ",
+  "LIVE DATA OFF": "ОНЛАЙН-ДАННЫЕ ВЫКЛ.",
+  "MAPPED SITES LOADED": "ОБЪЕКТЫ ЗАГРУЖЕНЫ",
+  "RETRYING MAPPED SITES": "ПОВТОРНАЯ ЗАГРУЗКА ОБЪЕКТОВ",
+  "FETCHING MAPPED SITES": "ЗАГРУЗКА ОБЪЕКТОВ",
+  "TURNING OFF LIVE DATA": "ОТКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ОНЛАЙН-ДАННЫХ",
+  "REFRESHING LIVE DATA": "ОБНОВЛЕНИЕ ОНЛАЙН-ДАННЫХ",
+  "syncing road network": "синхронизация дорожной сети",
+  "retrying in {seconds}s": "повтор через {seconds} с",
+  "retry pending": "повтор ожидается",
+  "Contact cockpit summary": "Сводка по контакту в кабине",
+  "Cockpit briefing carousel": "Карусель брифингов кабины",
+  "Cockpit display and Radio controls": "Управление экраном и радио кабины",
+  "Previous cockpit vision style": "Предыдущий стиль обзора кабины",
+  "Previous vision style": "Предыдущий стиль обзора",
+  "Current cockpit vision style: NORMAL. Activate for next style.": "Текущий стиль обзора кабины: ОБЫЧНЫЙ. Активируйте для следующего стиля.",
+  "Current style: NORMAL — click for next": "Текущий стиль: ОБЫЧНЫЙ — нажмите для следующего",
+  "Next cockpit vision style": "Следующий стиль обзора кабины",
+  "Next vision style": "Следующий стиль обзора",
+  "Previous briefing page": "Предыдущая страница брифинга",
+  "Next briefing page": "Следующая страница брифинга",
+  "Show Live Signals": "Показать сигналы в реальном времени",
+  "Show Regional News": "Показать региональные новости",
+  "Show Local Info": "Показать местную информацию",
+  "Previous filtered radio station": "Предыдущая отфильтрованная радиостанция",
+  "Play selected radio station": "Воспроизвести выбранную радиостанцию",
+  "Next filtered radio station": "Следующая отфильтрованная радиостанция",
+  "Exit cockpit and return to full globe view": "Выйти из кабины и вернуться к виду всего глобуса",
+  "Exit cockpit view": "Выйти из кабины",
+  "Estimated destination direction": "Расчётное направление на пункт назначения",
+  "OPTICAL PLANE · 01": "ОПТИЧЕСКАЯ ПЛОСКОСТЬ · 01",
+  "VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE": "БЛОКИРОВКА ВИЗОРА · АКТИВНА",
+  "Cockpit vision style": "Стиль обзора кабины",
+  "Current aircraft heading": "Текущий курс самолёта",
+  "Nearby cohort counts": "Счётчики контактов поблизости",
+  "Cockpit display options": "Параметры экрана кабины",
+  "Cockpit compact Radio controls": "Компактное управление радио кабины",
+  "Cockpit Radio volume": "Громкость радио кабины",
+  "Contact navigation": "Навигация по контактам",
+  "Cockpit briefing controls": "Управление брифингом кабины",
+  "View switcher": "Переключатель вида",
+  "Aircraft cockpit view": "Вид кабины самолёта",
+  "Estimated flight plan": "Расчётный план полёта",
+  "Live signals": "Сигналы в реальном времени",
+  "Latest regional news": "Последние региональные новости",
+  "Location-based information": "Информация по текущему месту",
+  "LEVEL": "ГОРИЗОНТ",
+  "DEST ---°": "НАЗН. ---°",
+  "CURRENT": "ТЕКУЩИЙ",
+  "NEAREST OBSERVED / MAPPED": "БЛИЖАЙШИЕ НАБЛЮДАЕМЫЕ / НА КАРТЕ",
+  "GROUND SPEED · KTS": "ПУТЕВАЯ СКОРОСТЬ · УЗ",
+  "ALTITUDE · FT": "ВЫСОТА · ФТ",
+  "FIRST PERSON": "ОТ ПЕРВОГО ЛИЦА",
+  "LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED": "ТРЕК ОНЛАЙН · КУРС СОВМЕЩЁН",
+  "GROUND SPEED": "ПУТЕВАЯ СКОРОСТЬ",
+  "ALTITUDE": "ВЫСОТА",
+  "CONTEXT ONLY": "ТОЛЬКО КОНТЕКСТ",
+  "AVAILABLE INPUTS ONLY · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR": "ТОЛЬКО ДОСТУПНЫЕ ДАННЫЕ · ОТСУТСТВИЕ УГРОЗ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
+  "ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN": "РАСЧЁТНЫЙ ПЛАН ПОЛЁТА",
+  "FROM": "ОТКУДА",
+  "TO": "КУДА",
+  "TEMP": "ТЕМП.",
+  "WIND": "ВЕТЕР",
+  "SKY": "НЕБО",
+  "PRECIP": "ОСАДКИ",
+  "RADIO": "РАДИО",
+  "VOLUME": "ГРОМКОСТЬ",
+  "RESET": "СБРОС",
+  "EXIT COCKPIT": "ВЫЙТИ ИЗ КАБИНЫ",
+  "CONTACTS · 250 KM": "КОНТАКТЫ · 250 КМ",
+  "Expand Visual Presets": "Развернуть визуальные пресеты",
+  "Pin visual presets": "Закрепить визуальные пресеты",
+  "Keep visual presets open": "Держать визуальные пресеты открытыми",
+  "Show the globe without a visual filter.": "Показывает глобус без визуального фильтра.",
+  "Emulate a green phosphor CRT with scanlines and screen curvature.": "Имитирует CRT-экран с зелёным люминофором, строками развёртки и кривизной экрана.",
+  "Simulate night-vision goggles with green intensification and a tube vignette.": "Имитирует приборы ночного видения с зелёным усилением изображения и виньеткой трубки.",
+  "Simulate FLIR-style thermal contrast. Turn up Ironbow for color.": "Имитирует тепловой контраст в стиле FLIR. Для цвета увеличьте Ironbow.",
+  "Apply bright cel-shaded color and illustrated outlines.": "Применяет яркие cel-shading-цвета и рисованные контуры.",
+  "Apply high-contrast monochrome film-noir grading.": "Применяет высококонтрастную монохромную цветокоррекцию в стиле нуар.",
+  "Add a cold, snowy whiteout treatment to the scene.": "Добавляет в сцену холодный снежный эффект «белой мглы».",
+  "Expand LOCATION": "Развернуть панель «Место»",
+  "Collapse panel": "Свернуть панель",
+  "Pin location tray": "Закрепить панель места",
+  "Keep location tray open": "Держать панель места открытой",
+  "Search any location": "Поиск любого места",
+  "Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls": "Управление навигацией, голосом и визуальными пресетами",
+  "Language: {language}": "Язык: {language}",
+  "Change the interface language": "Сменить язык интерфейса",
+  "Interface language": "Язык интерфейса",
+  "Search languages": "Поиск языка",
+  "No matching languages": "Подходящих языков нет",
+  "Search location by name or coordinates": "Поиск места по названию или координатам",
+  "Search any location...": "Поиск любого места...",
+  "Normal": "Обычный",
+  "CRT": "CRT",
+  "NVG": "NVG",
+  "FLIR": "FLIR",
+  "Style": "Стиль",
+  "STATION SITE": "САЙТ СТАНЦИИ",
+  "Open detailed Radio controls": "Открыть подробное управление радио",
+  "Previous station": "Предыдущая станция",
+  "Next station": "Следующая станция",
+  "Expand panel": "Развернуть панель",
+  "CONTACTS": "КОНТАКТЫ",
+  "Cycles the nearest contacts of whatever type you select — planes, vessels, installations. Satellites track independently.": "Перебирает ближайшие контакты выбранного типа — самолёты, суда, объекты. Спутники отслеживаются отдельно.",
+  "SEARCH NEARBY SITES": "ПОИСК ОБЪЕКТОВ РЯДОМ",
+  "Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B": "Переклассифицировать отслеживаемый контакт как TR-3B",
+  "Previous filtered station": "Предыдущая отфильтрованная станция",
+  "PLAY": "ПУСК",
+  "Play selected station": "Воспроизвести выбранную станцию",
+  "Next filtered station": "Следующая отфильтрованная станция",
+  "STOP": "СТОП",
+  "Stop radio playback": "Остановить воспроизведение радио",
+  "Compact Radio controls": "Компактное управление радио",
+  "Context mode": "Режим контекста",
+  "Contact Context actions": "Действия контекста контакта",
+  "Available Space Missions": "Доступные космические миссии",
+  "LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX": "ЗАГРУЗКА ИНДЕКСА МИССИЙ ЗА 30 ДНЕЙ",
+  "Radio playback": "Воспроизведение радио",
+  "Compact Radio volume": "Громкость компактного радио",
+  "Radio volume": "Громкость радио",
+  "STATION TAG": "ТЕГ СТАНЦИИ",
+  "DRAG TO TUNE": "ТЯНИТЕ ДЛЯ НАСТРОЙКИ",
+  "TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS": "TAB — ПРОСМОТР · ENTER / SPACE — ВЫБОР",
+  "Audio connects directly to the broadcaster after you press play. Your IP is visible to that broadcaster.": "После нажатия «Пуск» звук идёт напрямую от вещателя, и ему виден ваш IP-адрес.",
+  "Internet radio and local SDR": "Интернет-радио и локальный SDR",
+  "Filter stations by station tag": "Фильтровать станции по тегу",
+  "CONTEXT": "КОНТЕКСТ",
+  "SPACE MISSIONS": "КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ МИССИИ",
+  "COCKPIT": "КАБИНА",
+  "SELECT CONTACTS TO LOAD OBSERVED / MAPPED PROXIMITY": "ВЫБЕРИТЕ КОНТАКТЫ, ЧТОБЫ ЗАГРУЗИТЬ НАБЛЮДАЕМОЕ / КАРТОГРАФИРОВАННОЕ ОКРУЖЕНИЕ",
+  "SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT": "ВЫБЕРИТЕ МИССИЮ ДЛЯ ПРОСМОТРА",
+  "Enable Radio, then choose a globe marker or use next.": "Включите радио, затем выберите маркер на глобусе или переключите на следующую станцию.",
+  "ALL · DRAG THE NEEDLE": "ВСЕ · ТЯНИТЕ СТРЕЛКУ",
+  "SNAPS TO AVAILABLE STATIONS": "ПРИВЯЗКА К ДОСТУПНЫМ СТАНЦИЯМ",
+  "SELECT CONTEXT": "ВЫБЕРИТЕ КОНТЕКСТ",
+  "CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF": "КОНТЕКСТ КОНТАКТОВ ВЫКЛЮЧЕН",
+  "AVAILABLE MISSIONS": "ДОСТУПНЫЕ МИССИИ",
+  "Intelligence HUD (H)": "HUD разведки (H)",
+  "Detection Overlay (D)": "Слой детекции (D)",
+  "Detection overlay": "Слой детекции",
+  "Elastic": "Гибкое",
+  "Weighted": "Взвешенное",
+  "3D aircraft — flat icons zoomed out, 3D models up close": "3D-самолёты — издалека плоские иконки, вблизи 3D-модели",
+  "Proximity": "Вблизи",
+  "Scope — the circular viewport mask": "Прицел — круглая маска области просмотра",
+  "Hide UI chrome": "Скрыть элементы интерфейса",
+  "Bloom / Glow": "Bloom / свечение",
+  "Sharpening": "Повышение резкости",
+  "EXIT CLEAN VIEW": "ВЫЙТИ ИЗ ЧИСТОГО ВИДА",
+  "Return UI controls": "Вернуть управление интерфейсом",
+  "Detection label allocation": "Размещение меток детекции",
+  "3D model coverage": "Охват 3D-моделей",
+  "Detection label density": "Плотность меток детекции",
+  "Detection fade distance": "Дистанция затухания детекции",
+  "World-overlay fade distance outside the keyhole as a percentage of its radius": "Дистанция затухания мирового слоя за пределами маски в процентах от её радиуса",
+  "Detection opacity outside the keyhole": "Непрозрачность детекции за пределами маски",
+  "World-overlay label and card opacity beyond the fade distance": "Непрозрачность меток и карточек мирового слоя за пределами дистанции затухания",
+  "Scope edge feather": "Растушёвка края прицела",
+  "Scope edge feather as a percentage of the keyhole radius": "Растушёвка края прицела в процентах от радиуса маски",
+  "Bloom intensity": "Интенсивность bloom",
+  "Sharpen intensity": "Интенсивность резкости",
+  "Density": "Плотность",
+  "Fade": "Затухание",
+  "Outside": "Снаружи",
+  "Tactical": "Тактический",
+  "Operator": "Операторский",
+  "Minimal": "Минимальный",
+  "HUD layout": "Макет HUD",
+  "Layout": "Макет",
+  "Allocation": "Размещение",
+  "PARAMETERS": "ПАРАМЕТРЫ",
+  "Models": "Модели",
+  "Scope": "Прицел",
+  "Feather": "Растушёвка",
+  "Celestial": "Небо",
+  "Clean UI": "Чистый интерфейс",
+  "Bloom": "Свечение",
+  "Sharpen": "Резкость",
+  "Initializing photorealistic world...": "Инициализация фотореалистичного мира...",
+  "NEAREST": "БЛИЖАЙШАЯ",
+  "Drag the camera in the world: rings rotate, arrows move, handles set range/FOV": "Перетащите камеру в мире: кольца вращают, стрелки перемещают, маркеры задают дальность и угол обзора",
+  "Heading (compass °) — click to type": "Курс (° по компасу) — нажмите для ввода",
+  "Pitch (° up/down) — click to type": "Тангаж (° вверх/вниз) — нажмите для ввода",
+  "Horizontal FOV (°) — click to type": "Горизонтальный угол обзора (°) — нажмите для ввода",
+  "Range / monitor-plane distance (m) — click to type": "Дальность / расстояние до плоскости монитора (м) — нажмите для ввода",
+  "Mount height above ground (m) — click to type": "Высота крепления над землёй (м) — нажмите для ввода",
+  "North offset from catalog position (m) — click to type": "Смещение на север от позиции каталога (м) — нажмите для ввода",
+  "East offset from catalog position (m) — click to type": "Смещение на восток от позиции каталога (м) — нажмите для ввода",
+  "SAVE CAL": "СОХРАНИТЬ КАЛИБР.",
+  "RESET CAL": "СБРОСИТЬ КАЛИБР.",
+  "NEW": "НОВАЯ",
+  "DEL": "УДАЛ.",
+  "CAPTURE SHOT": "СДЕЛАТЬ КАДР",
+  "UPDATE SHOT": "ОБНОВИТЬ КАДР",
+  "START": "СТАРТ",
+  "EXPORT PRESETS": "ЭКСПОРТ ПРЕСЕТОВ",
+  "IMPORT": "ИМПОРТ",
+  "RUN LOG": "ЖУРНАЛ ЗАПУСКОВ",
+  "CALIBRATION": "КАЛИБРОВКА",
+  "Camera pose — click a value to type": "Поза камеры — щёлкните по значению, чтобы ввести",
+  "SCENE SUMMARY": "СВОДКА ПО СЦЕНЕ",
+  "CCTV camera": "Камера CCTV",
+  "Scene recipe": "Рецепт сцены",
+  "DATA LAYERS": "СЛОИ ДАННЫХ",
+  "SCENES": "СЦЕНЫ",
+  "Close key setup": "Закрыть настройку ключей",
+  "SAVE KEYS": "СОХРАНИТЬ КЛЮЧИ",
+  "Power up the globe": "Подключите потоки данных",
+  "The globe already flies keyless. Every key below switches on another real feed — paste one and it's saved into this app's local configuration, then the server restarts itself. Server-side keys stay on this machine; Google Maps and Cesium ion run in the browser and must be provider-restricted. Keys you configured elsewhere are shown but never touched.": "Глобус уже работает без ключей. Каждый ключ ниже включает ещё один поток данных в реальном времени — вставьте ключ, и он сохранится в локальной конфигурации приложения, после чего сервер перезапустится сам. Серверные ключи остаются на этом компьютере; Google Maps и Cesium ion работают в браузере, поэтому их ключи нужно ограничить на стороне провайдера. Ключи, настроенные в другом месте, видны здесь, но изменить их нельзя.",
+  "The Google Maps key buys the photorealistic planet — everything else stacks on top.": "Ключ Google Maps открывает фотореалистичную планету — остальное накладывается поверх.",
+  "POWER UP": "ЗАПУСК",
+  "GROUND STATION · PROVIDER SETTINGS": "НАЗЕМНАЯ СТАНЦИЯ · НАСТРОЙКИ ПРОВАЙДЕРОВ",
+  "ESC to close": "ESC — закрыть",
+  "Turn off all selected data layers": "Выключить все выбранные слои данных",
+  "Copy share link": "Скопировать ссылку",
+  "Reset camera and return to full globe view": "Сбросить камеру и вернуть полный вид глобуса",
+  "Visible map targets": "Видимые цели на карте",
+  "Globe actions": "Действия с глобусом",
+  "NO PLACE LEFT BEHIND": "НИ ОДНА ТОЧКА НЕ ОСТАНЕТСЯ ПОЗАДИ",
+  "ACTIVE STYLE": "АКТИВНЫЙ СТИЛЬ",
+  "Choose your first view": "Выберите первый вид",
+  "Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.": "Совет: кнопка «МИК» в доке позволяет говорить с картой.",
+  "Aircraft, vessels and nearby intelligence": "Самолёты, суда и разведданные поблизости",
+  "Launches, spacecraft and orbital context": "Пуски, космические аппараты и орбитальный контекст",
+  "Begin with a clean globe": "Начните с чистого глобуса",
+  "MISSION CONTROL · FIRST LAUNCH": "ЦЕНТР УПРАВЛЕНИЯ · ПЕРВЫЙ ЗАПУСК",
+  "Don't show this again": "Больше не показывать",
+  "ESC to dismiss": "ESC — скрыть",
+  "LIVE CONTACTS": "КОНТАКТЫ ОНЛАЙН",
+  "EXPLORE MANUALLY": "ИЗУЧИТЬ ВРУЧНУЮ",
+  "Celestial ring — reveal the full globe": "Небесное кольцо — показать весь глобус",
+  "Celestial ring — available in Normal style": "Небесное кольцо — доступно в стиле «Обычный»",
+  "Detection overlay: {mode}": "Слой детекции: {mode}",
+  "Detection overlay: off": "Слой детекции: выкл.",
+  "SPARSE": "РЕДКО",
+  "BALANCED": "УМЕРЕННО",
+  "DETECT": "ДЕТЕКЦИЯ",
+  "AI AGENT": "ИИ-АГЕНТ",
+  "Voice model tier — applies next session": "Уровень голосовой модели — вступит в силу со следующей сессии",
+  "Estimated session cost": "Оценочная стоимость сессии",
+  "Voice control — activate to toggle voice; hold Space to speak": "Голосовое управление — активируйте, чтобы включить или выключить голос; удерживайте Space, чтобы говорить",
+  "VOICE STANDBY": "ГОЛОС В ОЖИДАНИИ",
+  "VOICE CONTROL": "ГОЛОСОВОЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЕ",
+  "Hold Space to speak · tap Space to activate focused controls": "Удерживайте Space, чтобы говорить · нажатие Space активирует элемент в фокусе",
+  "VOICE SYSTEM ERROR": "ОШИБКА ГОЛОСОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ",
+  "DISMISS": "СКРЫТЬ",
+  "Check microphone permission and network access, then try again.": "Проверьте разрешение на микрофон и доступ к сети, затем попробуйте снова.",
+  "Release Space to send": "Отпустите Space для отправки",
+  "Hold Space to talk": "Держите Space и говорите",
+  "Ask or command": "Спросите или дайте команду",
+  "WebRTC microphone support unavailable": "Поддержка микрофона WebRTC недоступна",
+  "Requesting microphone": "Запрос доступа к микрофону",
+  "Voice off": "Голос выключен",
+  "VOICE UNAVAILABLE": "ГОЛОС НЕДОСТУПЕН",
+  "VOICE ACTIVE": "ГОЛОС АКТИВЕН",
+  "Voice session could not be started.": "Не удалось запустить голосовую сессию.",
+  "CONNECTING": "ПОДКЛЮЧЕНИЕ",
+  "ERROR": "ОШИБКА",
+  "{tier} applies next session": "{tier} — со следующей сессии",
+  "Session ended — cost cap {cost}": "Сессия завершена — лимит стоимости {cost}",
+  "Next session: {pendingId} — this session stays on {modelId}": "Следующая сессия: {pendingId} — текущая остаётся на {modelId}",
+  "Voice model: {pendingId} — click to switch to {target}; applies next session": "Голосовая модель: {pendingId} — нажмите, чтобы переключиться на {target}; вступит в силу со следующей сессии",
+  "Estimated session cost on {modelId} — {responses} response(s). Warns at {warn}, ends the session at {cap}.": "Оценочная стоимость сессии на {modelId} — ответов: {responses}. Предупреждение при {warn}, завершение сессии при {cap}.",
+  "Radio did not start": "Не удалось запустить радио",
+  "Running command": "Выполнение команды",
+  "Saturation": "Насыщенность",
+  "Edge Thickness": "Толщина контуров",
+  "Contrast": "Контраст",
+  "Grain": "Зерно",
+  "Vignette": "Виньетка",
+  "Pixelation": "Пикселизация",
+  "Distortion": "Искажение",
+  "Instability": "Нестабильность",
+  "Wind": "Ветер",
+  "Gain": "Усиление",
+  "Scanlines": "Строки развёртки",
+  "Sensitivity": "Чувствительность",
+  "WHOT/BHOT": "WHOT/BHOT",
+  "Ironbow": "Ironbow",
+  "Pick a shape, then click the map.": "Выберите фигуру и щёлкните по карте.",
+  "Enter to place the pin, Esc to cancel.": "Enter — поставить метку, Esc — отменить.",
+  "Click where the pin goes.": "Щёлкните там, где нужно поставить метку.",
+  "Click {count} more points.": {
+    "one": "Отметьте ещё {count} точку.",
+    "few": "Отметьте ещё {count} точки.",
+    "many": "Отметьте ещё {count} точек.",
+    "other": "Отметьте ещё {count} точки."
+  },
+  "Those points are in a line — move one off it to enclose an area.": "Точки лежат на одной линии — сдвиньте одну из них, чтобы образовалась замкнутая область.",
+  "That line has no length — click somewhere further away.": "У линии нет длины — щёлкните дальше.",
+  " · {max}-point limit reached": " · достигнут лимит точек: {max}",
+  "{measure} · double-click or Enter to finish, Backspace undoes, Esc cancels.{full}": "{measure} · двойной щелчок или Enter — завершить, Backspace — отменить точку, Esc — отменить.{full}",
+  "That point is off the globe — click on the world.": "Эта точка вне глобуса — щёлкните по Земле.",
+  "That shape could not be placed.": "Не удалось разместить фигуру.",
+  "Board cleared.": "Доска очищена.",
+  "Draw on the world — click vertices, double-click or Enter to finish, Esc to cancel": "Рисовать на карте мира — щёлкайте по вершинам, двойной щелчок или Enter — завершить, Esc — отменить",
+  "Draw": "Рисование",
+  "Shape": "Фигура",
+  "Shape to draw": "Фигура для рисования",
+  "Area": "Зона",
+  "Line": "Линия",
+  "Pin": "Метка",
+  "Label (optional)": "Подпись (необязательно)",
+  "Label for the drawn shape": "Подпись нарисованной фигуры",
+  "Colour of the drawn shape": "Цвет нарисованной фигуры",
+  "Primary": "Основной",
+  "Amber": "Янтарный",
+  "Cyan": "Голубой",
+  "Green": "Зелёный",
+  "Red": "Красный",
+  "Clear": "Очистить",
+  "Remove every mark from the board": "Убрать все пометки с доски",
+  "Point the camera at the globe for street-level coverage": "Наведите камеру на глобус, чтобы увидеть покрытие уличных снимков",
+  "No street-level imagery providers configured": "Источники уличных снимков не настроены",
+  "Selected": "Выбрано",
+  "Live Vessels": "Суда онлайн",
+  "Bike Share": "Прокат велосипедов",
+  "Cameras": "Камеры",
+  "Street Level": "Уличные снимки",
+  "Mapped ALPR Cameras": "Камеры ALPR на карте",
+  "Data Centers": "Дата-центры",
+  "Active Fires": "Активные пожары",
+  "Street Level could not start": "Не удалось запустить «Уличные снимки»",
+  "Street Level toggle failed": "Не удалось переключить «Уличные снимки»",
+  "Street-level image": "Уличный снимок",
+  "SHRINK": "СВЕРНУТЬ",
+  "EXPAND": "РАЗВЕРНУТЬ",
+  "Shrink": "Свернуть",
+  "Expand": "Развернуть",
+  "ANY DATE": "ЛЮБАЯ ДАТА",
+  "LAST 10 YEARS": "ЗА 10 ЛЕТ",
+  "LAST 5 YEARS": "ЗА 5 ЛЕТ",
+  "LAST 3 YEARS": "ЗА 3 ГОДА",
+  "LAST 2 YEARS": "ЗА 2 ГОДА",
+  "LAST YEAR": "ЗА ГОД",
+  "LAST 6 MONTHS": "ЗА 6 МЕСЯЦЕВ",
+  "LAST 3 MONTHS": "ЗА 3 МЕСЯЦА",
+  "LAST MONTH": "ЗА МЕСЯЦ",
+  "LAST {count} DAYS": {
+    "one": "ЗА {count} ДЕНЬ",
+    "few": "ЗА {count} ДНЯ",
+    "many": "ЗА {count} ДНЕЙ",
+    "other": "ЗА {count} ДНЯ"
+  },
+  "{window} · SINCE {date}": "{window} · С {date}",
+  "Turn Street Level off": "Выключить «Уличные снимки»",
+  "Turn Street Level on": "Включить «Уличные снимки»",
+  "KEY REJECTED": "КЛЮЧ ОТКЛОНЁН",
+  "{name} imagery on": "Снимки {name} включены",
+  "{name} imagery off": "Снимки {name} выключены",
+  "Image by {creator}": "Автор снимка: {creator}",
+  "zoom in to see KartaView coverage": "приблизьтесь, чтобы увидеть покрытие KartaView",
+  "no KartaView photos in view": "фотографий KartaView в зоне видимости нет",
+  "{names}: by upload date": "{names}: по дате загрузки",
+  "{n} streets in view · click a line for its nearest photo": {
+    "one": "{n} улица в кадре · щёлкните линию, чтобы открыть ближайшую фотографию",
+    "few": "{n} улицы в кадре · щёлкните линию, чтобы открыть ближайшую фотографию",
+    "many": "{n} улиц в кадре · щёлкните линию, чтобы открыть ближайшую фотографию",
+    "other": "{n} улицы в кадре · щёлкните линию, чтобы открыть ближайшую фотографию"
+  },
+  "Camera follows view: move the globe camera wherever the street-level view looks": "Камера следует за видом: камера глобуса поворачивается туда, куда смотрит уличный снимок",
+  "Camera follow needs the Google 3D map: choose Google 3D under MAP SOURCE": "Слежению камеры нужна карта Google 3D: выберите Google 3D в разделе «ИСТОЧНИК КАРТЫ»",
+  "Switch a provider on to draw its coverage.": "Включите источник, чтобы показать его покрытие.",
+  "Loading this sequence…": "Загрузка последовательности…",
+  "{n} images in this sequence · Esc clears": {
+    "one": "{n} снимок в последовательности · Esc — сбросить",
+    "few": "{n} снимка в последовательности · Esc — сбросить",
+    "many": "{n} снимков в последовательности · Esc — сбросить",
+    "other": "{n} снимка в последовательности · Esc — сбросить"
+  },
+  "{n} sequences in view · click a line for its photos": {
+    "one": "{n} последовательность в кадре · щёлкните по линии, чтобы открыть снимки",
+    "few": "{n} последовательности в кадре · щёлкните по линии, чтобы открыть снимки",
+    "many": "{n} последовательностей в кадре · щёлкните по линии, чтобы открыть снимки",
+    "other": "{n} последовательности в кадре · щёлкните по линии, чтобы открыть снимки"
+  },
+  "STREET LEVEL": "УЛИЧНЫЕ СНИМКИ",
+  "Expand the street-level view (Esc shrinks it)": "Развернуть уличный снимок (Esc сворачивает)",
+  "Image fit": "Масштаб снимка",
+  "FIT": "ВПИСАТЬ",
+  "Fit: show the whole photo, with dark bars where its shape differs from the frame": "Вписать: показать снимок целиком, с тёмными полосами там, где его форма не совпадает с рамкой",
+  "FILL": "ЗАПОЛНИТЬ",
+  "Fill: fill the frame edge to edge, cropping the photo": "Заполнить: заполнить рамку целиком, обрезав края снимка",
+  "Camera follows view": "Камера следует за видом",
+  "FOLLOW": "СЛЕДИТЬ",
+  "Close the image and deselect it on the map": "Закрыть снимок и снять выделение на карте",
+  "Close the street-level image": "Закрыть уличный снимок",
+  "Street-level viewer": "Просмотр уличных снимков",
+  "Open this image on the provider's site": "Открыть снимок на сайте источника",
+  "Imagery providers": "Источники снимков",
+  "PROVIDERS": "ИСТОЧНИКИ",
+  "Imagery filters": "Фильтры снимков",
+  "IMAGERY": "СНИМКИ",
+  "Panorama filter": "Фильтр панорам",
+  "ALL": "ВСЕ",
+  "FLAT": "ПЛОСКИЕ",
+  "SINCE": "С ДАТЫ",
+  "Coverage colours": "Цвета покрытия",
+  "That shape already has {count} points — finish it or press Backspace.": "В этой фигуре уже точек: {count} — завершите её или нажмите Backspace.",
+  "Could not place the shape: {error}": "Не удалось разместить фигуру: {error}",
+  "{owner} is using the pointer — close it first.": "Указатель занят: «{owner}». Закройте его.",
+  "{label} · Detailed outline unavailable": "{label} · Подробный контур недоступен",
+  "Witness source": "Свидетельство очевидца",
+  "{provider} · EMBEDDED SOURCE": "{provider} · ВСТРОЕННЫЙ ИСТОЧНИК",
+  "OPEN ORIGINAL ↗": "ОТКРЫТЬ ОРИГИНАЛ ↗",
+  "{provider} media: {source}": "Медиа {provider}: {source}",
+  "{provider} · PROVIDER CONTROLS": "{provider} · ВСТРОЕННЫЙ ПЛЕЕР",
+  "YOUTUBE {state} · OPEN ORIGINAL": "YOUTUBE {state} · ОТКРЫТЬ ОРИГИНАЛ",
+  "Facebook player API did not initialize.": "API плеера Facebook не инициализировался.",
+  "Facebook player API could not load.": "Не удалось загрузить API плеера Facebook.",
+  "Facebook player API timed out.": "Истекло время ожидания API плеера Facebook.",
+  "X embed API did not initialize.": "API встраивания X не инициализировался.",
+  "X embed could not load.": "Не удалось загрузить встраивание X.",
+  "X embed timed out.": "Истекло время ожидания встраивания X.",
+  "TIMEOUT": "ТАЙМАУТ",
+  "BLOCKED": "ЗАБЛОКИРОВАНО",
+  "Facebook embed unavailable. The post may be private, removed, region-restricted, or blocked.": "Встраивание Facebook недоступно. Публикация может быть закрытой, удалённой, ограниченной по региону или заблокированной.",
+  "Preloading {provider} media": "Предзагрузка медиа {provider}",
+  "LOADING X POST…": "ЗАГРУЗКА ПОСТА X…",
+  "The X post is unavailable or cannot be embedded.": "Пост X недоступен или не может быть встроен.",
+  "X POST · PROVIDER CONTROLS": "ПОСТ X · ВСТРОЕННЫЙ ВИДЖЕТ",
+  "{reason} OPEN ORIGINAL.": "{reason} ОТКРОЙТЕ ОРИГИНАЛ.",
+  "X embed unavailable": "Встраивание X недоступно",
+  "FACEBOOK · PROVIDER CONTROLS": "FACEBOOK · ВСТРОЕННЫЙ ПЛЕЕР",
+  "Facebook embed unavailable": "Встраивание Facebook недоступно",
+  "AUTOPLAY BLOCKED · USE PROVIDER CONTROLS": "АВТОВОСПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЕ ЗАБЛОКИРОВАНО · ЗАПУСТИТЕ В ПЛЕЕРЕ",
+  "Embedded {provider} media for {source}": "Встроенное медиа {provider}: {source}",
+  "witness source": "свидетельство очевидца",
+  "Rasuwagadhi witness": "Очевидец в Rasuwagadhi",
+  "Open original source for {source}; capture time unverified": "Открыть оригинал: {source}; время съёмки не подтверждено",
+  "Historical reference and post-event image divider": "Разделитель исторического снимка и снимка после события",
+  "A historical reference {before} percent, B post-event {after} percent": "A — исторический снимок: {before}%, B — после события: {after}%",
+  "■ RELEASE CAMERA": "■ ОСВОБОДИТЬ КАМЕРУ",
+  "Seek Nepal scene clock": "Перемотка времени сцены в Непале",
+  "NEPAL SCENE CLOCK": "ВРЕМЯ СЦЕНЫ В НЕПАЛЕ",
+  "… PLAYING SHOT": "… ИДЁТ КАДР",
+  "▶ PLAY SHOT": "▶ ПУСК КАДРА",
+  "Ⅱ PAUSE": "Ⅱ ПАУЗА",
+  "↺ REPLAY CINEMATIC": "↺ ПОВТОРИТЬ КИНОРЕЖИМ",
+  "↺ REPLAY": "↺ ПОВТОРИТЬ",
+  "… PLAYING SCENE": "… ИДЁТ СЦЕНА",
+  "Continue {scene} from next shot": "Продолжить со следующего кадра: {scene}",
+  "current scene": "текущая сцена",
+  "Replay the full reconstruction": "Повторить всю реконструкцию",
+  "SCENE SHOT": "КАДР СЦЕНЫ",
+  "TIME UNVERIFIED": "ВРЕМЯ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
+  "{count} SOURCES": {
+    "one": "{count} ИСТОЧНИК",
+    "few": "{count} ИСТОЧНИКА",
+    "many": "{count} ИСТОЧНИКОВ",
+    "other": "{count} ИСТОЧНИКА"
+  },
+  "OUTSIDE IMAGERY SWIPE": "ВНЕ СРАВНЕНИЯ СНИМКОВ",
+  "{scene} / AUTHORED SHOT": "{scene} / АВТОРСКИЙ КАДР",
+  "NEPAL FLOOD INCIDENT": "НАВОДНЕНИЕ В НЕПАЛЕ",
+  "Play {shot}": "Воспроизвести: {shot}",
+  "current scene shot": "текущий кадр сцены",
+  "Play reconstruction": "Воспроизвести реконструкцию",
+  "Load previous scene shot": "Загрузить предыдущий кадр сцены",
+  "Load next scene shot": "Загрузить следующий кадр сцены",
+  "SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR, NOT MODELED ARRIVAL TIME.": "СХЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ КОРИДОР, А НЕ МОДЕЛЬ ВРЕМЕНИ ДОБЕГАНИЯ ПАВОДКА.",
+  "Rasuwa · 26 Aug 2026": "Rasuwa · 26 авг. 2026",
+  "Event reconstruction": "Реконструкция события",
+  "INITIATION": "ЗАРОЖДЕНИЕ",
+  "DAMMING": "ЗАПРУДА",
+  "SECONDARY FAILURE": "ВТОРИЧНЫЙ ПРОРЫВ",
+  "BORDER ARRIVAL": "ДОСТИЖЕНИЕ ГРАНИЦЫ",
+  "PROPAGATION": "РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ",
+  "DOWNSTREAM PASSAGE": "ПРОХОЖДЕНИЕ ВНИЗ ПО ТЕЧЕНИЮ",
+  "CONSEQUENCE": "ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ",
+  "DOWNSTREAM CONSEQUENCE": "ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ НИЖЕ ПО ТЕЧЕНИЮ",
+  "EVIDENCE": "СВИДЕТЕЛЬСТВА",
+  "{count} GEOLOCATED SOURCE-MAP PLACEMENTS": {
+    "one": "{count} ГЕОПРИВЯЗАННАЯ МЕТКА НА КАРТЕ ИСТОЧНИКОВ",
+    "few": "{count} ГЕОПРИВЯЗАННЫЕ МЕТКИ НА КАРТЕ ИСТОЧНИКОВ",
+    "many": "{count} ГЕОПРИВЯЗАННЫХ МЕТОК НА КАРТЕ ИСТОЧНИКОВ",
+    "other": "{count} ГЕОПРИВЯЗАННОЙ МЕТКИ НА КАРТЕ ИСТОЧНИКОВ"
+  },
+  "NO PREVIEW": "НЕТ ПРЕДПРОСМОТРА",
+  "SOURCE LINK": "ССЫЛКА НА ИСТОЧНИК",
+  "{publisher} / OPEN": "{publisher} / ОТКРЫТЬ",
+  "Bhote Koshi flood reconstruction controls": "Управление реконструкцией наводнения на Bhote Koshi",
+  "EVENT RECONSTRUCTION · 26 AUG 2026": "РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ СОБЫТИЯ · 26 АВГ. 2026",
+  "BHOTE KOSHI OUTBURST FLOOD": "ПРОРЫВНОЙ ПАВОДОК НА BHOTE KOSHI",
+  "Close event layer": "Закрыть слой события",
+  "OBSERVED IMAGERY": "ФАКТИЧЕСКИЕ СНИМКИ",
+  "SCHEMATIC CORRIDOR": "СХЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ КОРИДОР",
+  "2021 HISTORICAL REFERENCE / 2026 POST-EVENT": "2021 ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ СНИМОК / 2026 ПОСЛЕ СОБЫТИЯ",
+  "Historical reference and post-event image split": "Сравнение исторического снимка и снимка после события",
+  "RECONSTRUCTION CLOCK": "ВРЕМЯ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ",
+  "Schematic downstream progression": "Схематическое продвижение вниз по течению",
+  "Story beat navigation": "Навигация по этапам сюжета",
+  "Previous story beat": "Предыдущий этап сюжета",
+  "CAUSE": "ПРИЧИНА",
+  "CAPTURE TIME UNVERIFIED": "ВРЕМЯ СЪЁМКИ НЕ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
+  "Next story beat": "Следующий этап сюжета",
+  "▶ PLAY": "▶ ПУСК",
+  "Play the next shot and continue through this scene": "Воспроизвести следующий кадр и продолжить эту сцену",
+  "▶ PLAY SCENE": "▶ ПУСК СЦЕНЫ",
+  "◉ CINEMATIC": "◉ КИНОРЕЖИМ",
+  "↺ FULL STORY": "↺ ВСЯ ИСТОРИЯ",
+  "↗ OPEN ORIGINAL": "↗ ОРИГИНАЛ",
+  "⌖ LOWER GORGE": "⌖ НИЖНЕЕ УЩЕЛЬЕ",
+  "FIELD REPORTS · {count}": "СООБЩЕНИЯ С МЕСТА · {count}",
+  "GEOLOCATIONS · {credit}": "ГЕОЛОКАЦИИ · {credit}",
+  "↗ OPEN PUBLIC MAP": "↗ ОТКРЫТЬ ПУБЛИЧНУЮ КАРТУ",
+  "Clouds are preserved from the source imagery.": "Облака оставлены такими, как на исходных снимках.",
+  "Show the Nepal context callout without a border or country fill": "Показать выноску с контекстом Непала без границы и заливки страны",
+  "Introduce Nepal, draw its border, then reveal the Bhote Koshi incident": "Представить Непал, нарисовать его границу, затем показать инцидент на Bhote Koshi",
+  "CITIES": "ГОРОДА",
+  "Keep the regional incident context and introduce nearby city labels": "Сохранить региональный контекст инцидента и добавить подписи ближайших городов",
+  "PLACES": "МЕСТА",
+  "Introduce the reconstruction scene key places from trigger to downstream": "Показать ключевые места сцены реконструкции — от источника события до низовья",
+  "PATH": "ПУТЬ",
+  "Animate the sourced cyan river-centerline route to Trishuli Bazaar": "Анимировать голубой маршрут по оси реки до Trishuli Bazaar по данным источников",
+  "OVERVIEW": "ОБЗОР",
+  "Keep the completed flood path and location labels visible": "Оставить на экране весь путь паводка и подписи мест",
+  "RECORD": "ЗАПИСЬ",
+  "Reveal the trigger record while making a slow camera approach": "Показать запись о первопричине при медленном приближении камеры",
+  "BHOTE KOSHI FLOOD INCIDENT": "НАВОДНЕНИЕ НА BHOTE KOSHI",
+  "NEPAL · 26 AUG 2026": "НЕПАЛ · 26 АВГ. 2026",
+  "USGS INITIAL REPORT": "ПЕРВИЧНОЕ СООБЩЕНИЕ USGS",
+  "26 AUG 2026 · 08:37 NPT": "26 АВГ. 2026 · 08:37 NPT",
+  "28.2710° N · 85.5150° E": "28,2710° С. Ш. · 85,5150° В. Д.",
+  "INITIAL M4.4 · RECLASSIFIED M5.2 LANDSLIDE": "ПЕРВОНАЧАЛЬНО M4,4 · ПЕРЕКЛАССИФИЦИРОВАНО: ОПОЛЗЕНЬ M5,2",
+  "USGS EVENT us7000tbwb · OPEN SOURCE": "СОБЫТИЕ USGS us7000tbwb · ОТКРЫТЬ ИСТОЧНИК",
+  "flight": "рейс",
+  "military flight": "военный рейс",
+  "satellite": "спутник",
+  "VOICE AUTH · CHATGPT OAUTH": "ГОЛОС: АВТОРИЗАЦИЯ · CHATGPT OAUTH",
+  "VOICE AUTH · API KEY": "ГОЛОС: КЛЮЧ API",
+  "USE API KEY": "ИСПОЛЬЗОВАТЬ КЛЮЧ API",
+  "USE CHATGPT OAUTH": "ИСПОЛЬЗОВАТЬ CHATGPT OAUTH",
+  "Use OPENAI_API_KEY for the next cloud voice session": "Использовать OPENAI_API_KEY для следующей облачной голосовой сессии",
+  "Use the signed-in local ChatGPT/Codex OAuth session for the next cloud voice session": "Использовать локальную OAuth-сессию ChatGPT/Codex, в которую выполнен вход, для следующей облачной голосовой сессии",
+  "Metered — a billing-enabled account": "Платный — нужен аккаунт с включённой оплатой",
+  "Free key — register, paste, done": "Бесплатный ключ — зарегистрируйтесь, вставьте, готово",
+  "browser-side": "в браузере",
+  "This key runs in the browser by design — restrict it at the provider (see SECURITY.md)": "Этот ключ по задумке работает в браузере — ограничьте его у провайдера (см. SECURITY.md)",
+  "configured externally": "задан извне",
+  "Supplied by your environment, Keychain, or launcher — change it where it was set": "Задан окружением, Keychain или лаунчером — меняйте его там, где он задан",
+  "MANAGE ↗": "УПРАВЛЯТЬ ↗",
+  "GET KEY ↗": "ПОЛУЧИТЬ КЛЮЧ ↗",
+  "{envVar} saved — paste to replace": "{envVar} сохранён — вставьте, чтобы заменить",
+  "paste {envVar}": "вставьте {envVar}",
+  "Project keys: {status}": "Ключи проекта: {status}",
+  "Mapped camera locations": "Расположение камер на карте",
+  "SHOW NEAREST": "ПОКАЗАТЬ БЛИЖАЙШУЮ",
+  "Stop following the current object before navigating to a camera": "Прекратите следовать за текущим объектом, прежде чем переходить к камере",
+  "Move to the nearest loaded camera and show its details": "Перейти к ближайшей загруженной камере и показать её данные",
+  "Camera badges": "Значки камер",
+  "Cyan cameras turn coral when selected. Wedges illustrate mapped direction, not measured coverage. Nearby cameras may be outside the screen.": "Голубые камеры при выборе становятся коралловыми. Секторы показывают направление по карте, а не измеренное покрытие. Ближайшие камеры могут быть за пределами экрана.",
+  "{count} nearby · {onScreen} on screen": {
+    "one": "{count} рядом · {onScreen} видно",
+    "few": "{count} рядом · {onScreen} видно",
+    "many": "{count} рядом · {onScreen} видно",
+    "other": "{count} рядом · {onScreen} видно"
+  },
+  "{count} nearby": {
+    "one": "рядом: {count}",
+    "few": "рядом: {count}",
+    "many": "рядом: {count}",
+    "other": "рядом: {count}"
+  },
+  "retrying mapped ALPR cameras": "повторная загрузка камер ALPR",
+  "loading mapped ALPR cameras": "загрузка камер ALPR",
+  "No ALPR data for this area — US and Canada only": "Нет данных ALPR для этой области — только США и Канада",
+  "Zoom in to load mapped cameras": "Приблизьте карту, чтобы загрузить камеры",
+  "Showing cached locations": "Показаны места из кэша",
+  "Coverage limited — zoom in": "Покрытие ограничено — приблизьте карту",
+  "No ALPR data for this area": "Нет данных ALPR для этой области",
+  "None on screen — nearby cameras are outside the view": "На экране нет — ближайшие камеры вне поля зрения",
+  "ALPR camera": "Камера ALPR",
+  "OpenStreetMap · community mapped": "OpenStreetMap · данные сообщества",
+  "Atlantic and eastern/central North Pacific; not worldwide cyclone coverage.": "Атлантика и восточная/центральная часть северного Тихого океана; покрытие циклонов не глобальное.",
+  "Potential tropical cyclone": "Потенциальный тропический циклон",
+  "Hurricane": "Ураган",
+  "Tropical storm": "Тропический шторм",
+  "Tropical depression": "Тропическая депрессия",
+  "Subtropical storm": "Субтропический шторм",
+  "Subtropical depression": "Субтропическая депрессия",
+  "Track and cone match this advisory": "Трек и конус соответствуют этой сводке",
+  "Track/cone awaiting advisory {number}": "Трек и конус появятся со сводкой № {number}",
+  "Track/cone unavailable": "Трек/конус недоступны",
+  "Cached advisory · stale source": "Сводка из кэша · источник устарел",
+  "Loading advisories…": "Загрузка сводок…",
+  "{count} active storms": {
+    "one": "{count} активный шторм",
+    "few": "{count} активных шторма",
+    "many": "{count} активных штормов",
+    "other": "{count} активного шторма"
+  },
+  "Position as of {time}": "Положение на {time}",
+  "Maximum sustained wind: {wind} · Pressure: {pressure}": "Макс. устойчивый ветер: {wind} · Давление: {pressure}",
+  "{name} · {classification} · Advisory {number} · issued {time}": "{name} · {classification} · Сводка № {number} · выпущена {time}",
+  "No active NHC/CPHC systems": "Нет активных систем NHC/CPHC",
+  "Advisories unavailable": "Сводки недоступны",
+  "Cyclones · NHC / CPHC": "Циклоны · NHC / CPHC",
+  "Atlantic · E/C Pacific": "Атлантика · вост./центр. Тихий океан",
+  "{storms} · {name} selected": "{storms} · выбран {name}",
+  "Official advisory ↗": "Официальная сводка ↗",
+  "Active NHC and CPHC cyclone advisories": "Действующие сводки NHC и CPHC о циклонах",
+  "Wind unavailable": "Ветер: нет данных",
+  "Advisory center / forecast track": "Центр циклона по сводке / прогнозный трек",
+  "Center-track uncertainty cone": "Конус неопределённости трека центра",
+  "Select a storm on the map, or choose a storm in the list to select it and move the camera. Click empty map space to clear the selection. NOAA NHC/CPHC advisory context. The cone describes forecast center-track uncertainty, not storm size or the full hazard area. Forecast point labels are source lead hours, not times computed from advisory issuance. Geometry follows the surface; height is not weather altitude. Consult the official advisory.": "Выберите шторм на карте или в списке, чтобы выделить его и переместить к нему камеру. Щёлкните по пустому месту карты, чтобы снять выделение. Контекст сводок NOAA NHC/CPHC. Конус описывает неопределённость прогнозного трека центра, а не размер шторма или всю зону опасности. Подписи прогнозных точек — заблаговременность источника в часах, а не время, рассчитанное от выпуска сводки. Геометрия следует поверхности; высота не отражает высоту погодных явлений. Сверяйтесь с официальной сводкой.",
+  "Directions": "Маршруты",
+  "{mode} — reroute for {modeLower}": "{mode} — перестроить маршрут: {modeLower}",
+  "CLICK MAP": "ЩЁЛКНИТЕ ПО КАРТЕ",
+  "SET A": "ЗАДАТЬ A",
+  "Click a spot on the globe to place A (click again to cancel)": "Щёлкните по точке на глобусе, чтобы поставить A (повторный щелчок — отмена)",
+  "Then click the globe to place the start": "Затем щёлкните по глобусу, чтобы поставить начало",
+  "SET B": "ЗАДАТЬ B",
+  "Click a spot on the globe to place B (click again to cancel)": "Щёлкните по точке на глобусе, чтобы поставить B (повторный щелчок — отмена)",
+  "Then click the globe to place the destination": "Затем щёлкните по глобусу, чтобы поставить пункт назначения",
+  "Swap A and B": "Поменять A и B местами",
+  "FLY ···": "ПОЛЁТ ···",
+  "FLYING": "В ПОЛЁТЕ",
+  "FLY": "ПОЛЁТ",
+  "Fly the camera along the route": "Пролететь камерой по маршруту",
+  "Place A and B first": "Сначала поставьте A и B",
+  "Remove the route and both markers": "Удалить маршрут и обе метки",
+  "press Escape twice to leave Draw": "дважды нажмите Esc, чтобы выйти из режима «Рисование»",
+  "{name} is active — turn {name} off, then set {endpoint}": "Активно: {name} — выключите {name}, затем задайте {endpoint}",
+  "{name} is active — {leave}, then set {endpoint}": "Активно: {name} — {leave}, затем задайте {endpoint}",
+  "Only the first {count} turns of this route are shown": "Показаны только первые повороты маршрута: {count}",
+  "Turn-by-turn directions": "Пошаговые указания",
+  "OSM routing": "Маршрутизация OSM",
+  "DRIVE": "АВТО",
+  "Drive": "На машине",
+  "Another map tool is using clicks — close it, then SET A again": "Щелчки перехватывает другой инструмент карты — закройте его и снова нажмите «ЗАДАТЬ A»",
+  "WALK": "ПЕШКОМ",
+  "Walk": "Пешком",
+  "Routing…": "Построение маршрута…",
+  "BIKE": "ВЕЛО",
+  "Bike": "На велосипеде",
+  "No route found": "Маршрут не найден",
+  "{distance} · {duration} · {mode} · first {count} turns": "{distance} · {duration} · {mode} · первые повороты: {count}",
+  "{distance} · {duration} · {mode}": "{distance} · {duration} · {mode}",
+  "Click the globe to place {endpoint}": "Щёлкните по глобусу, чтобы поставить {endpoint}",
+  "SET B, then click the globe": "Нажмите «ЗАДАТЬ B», затем щёлкните по глобусу",
+  "SET A, then click the globe": "Нажмите «ЗАДАТЬ A», затем щёлкните по глобусу",
+  "Step {step} of {total} · then {leg}": "Шаг {step} из {total} · затем {leg}",
+  "Step {step} of {total}": "Шаг {step} из {total}",
+  "Then: {instruction}": "Затем: {instruction}",
+  "No route found between A and B": "Маршрут между A и B не найден",
+  "Routing failed: {error}": "Не удалось построить маршрут: {error}",
+  "Routing timed out": "Истекло время построения маршрута",
+  "Routing unavailable — no response from the routing service": "Построение маршрута недоступно — сервис маршрутизации не отвечает",
+  "Routing unavailable": "Построение маршрута недоступно",
+  "Fire · FRP {frp} MW": "Пожар · FRP {frp} МВт",
+  "Not contained or unknown": "Не локализован или неизвестно",
+  "Under 50% contained": "Локализован менее чем на 50%",
+  "50–99% contained": "Локализован на 50–99%",
+  "Fully contained": "Полностью локализован",
+  "Colour shows reported containment. Perimeters are simplified to about 100 m.": "Цвет показывает заявленную степень локализации. Контуры упрощены примерно до 100 м.",
+  "MORE DETAIL · 30 m": "БОЛЬШЕ ДЕТАЛЕЙ · 30 м",
+  "Sentinel-2 and Landsat via HLS, 30 m, every 2–6 days": "Sentinel‑2 и Landsat через HLS, 30 м, каждые 2–6 дней",
+  "DAILY OVERVIEW · 250 m": "ЕЖЕДНЕВНЫЙ ОБЗОР · 250 м",
+  "VIIRS daily mosaic, 250 m, follows broad changes; little detail under 25 km": "Ежедневная мозаика VIIRS, 250 м, показывает крупные изменения; мало деталей в масштабе менее 25 км",
+  "Catalog truncated · a newer clear day may exist": "Каталог усечён · возможно, есть более поздний ясный день",
+  "{label} catalog unavailable · {detail}": "Каталог {label} недоступен · {detail}",
+  "Daily overview for today may still be empty until the pass": "Ежедневный обзор за сегодня может оставаться пустым до пролёта спутника",
+  "Sentinel-2": "Sentinel‑2",
+  "Landsat 8/9": "Landsat 8/9",
+  "Daily overview": "Ежедневный обзор",
+  "No frame within {gap} min of {time}": "Нет кадра в пределах {gap} мин от {time}",
+  "No frame within {gap} h of {time}": "Нет кадра в пределах {gap} ч от {time}",
+  "{hours}h {minutes}m ago": "{hours} ч {minutes} мин назад",
+  "{minutes}m ago": "{minutes} мин назад",
+  "{state} · {time} · {lag}": "{state} · {time} · {lag}",
+  "Observed": "Наблюдение",
+  "History": "История",
+  "Observation unavailable": "Наблюдение недоступно",
+  "Waiting for observation": "Ожидание наблюдения",
+  "{detail} · synced": "{detail} · синхр.",
+  "{detail} · nearest": "{detail} · ближайший",
+  "RADAR REFLECTIVITY · dBZ": "РАДИОЛОК. ОТРАЖАЕМОСТЬ · dBZ",
+  "LIGHTNING DENSITY · 15 min accumulation": "ПЛОТНОСТЬ МОЛНИЙ · накопление за 15 мин",
+  "GLOBAL INFRARED · hourly": "ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЙ ИК · ежечасно",
+  "GOES INFRARED · ~5 min": "GOES ИК · ~5 мин",
+  "{state}: {time}": "{state}: {time}",
+  "Latest observation": "Последнее наблюдение",
+  "frame {index}/{total}": "кадр {index}/{total}",
+  "loading": "загрузка",
+  "Observation: unavailable": "Наблюдение: недоступно",
+  "Contiguous US · gaps ≠ no rain": "Континентальные США · пробелы ≠ нет дождя",
+  "Americas + Pacific · not individual strikes": "Америка + Тихий океан · не отдельные разряды",
+  "Color: strikes/km²/min ×10³": "Цвет: разрядов/км²/мин ×10³",
+  "60°S–60°N · typically 2–3 h delayed": "60° ю. ш.–60° с. ш. · обычно задержка 2–3 ч",
+  "North America · infrared imagery": "Северная Америка · ИК-снимки",
+  "Reduced motion · history playback unavailable": "Уменьшение движения · воспроизведение истории недоступно",
+  "Reduced motion · manual history available": "Уменьшение движения · историю можно листать вручную",
+  "Rain radar · US": "Радар осадков · США",
+  "Lightning density · 15 min": "Плотность молний · 15 мин",
+  "Satellite clouds": "Спутниковая облачность",
+  "Americas + Pacific": "Америка + Тихий океан",
+  "Global · 60°S–60°N": "Глобально · 60° ю. ш.–60° с. ш.",
+  "North America": "Северная Америка",
+  "Source observations delayed": "Наблюдения источника задерживаются",
+  "Stale source": "Источник устарел",
+  "Loading next frame…": "Загрузка следующего кадра…",
+  "Map center outside coverage": "Центр карты вне зоны покрытия",
+  "strikes/km²/min ×10³": "разрядов/км²/мин ×10³",
+  "N. America": "Сев. Америка",
+  "Global": "Глобально",
+  "Hourly global mosaic; usually 2–3 hours delayed": "Ежечасная глобальная мозаика; обычно с задержкой 2–3 ч",
+  "GOES regional clouds; approximately 5-minute updates": "Региональная облачность GOES; обновление примерно каждые 5 мин",
+  "Clouds only": "Только облака",
+  "Full": "Полный",
+  "Soft": "Мягко",
+  "Vivid": "Ярко",
+  "Image opacity; does not alter the observed values": "Непрозрачность изображения; не меняет наблюдаемые значения",
+  "View US radar": "Показать радар США",
+  "View Americas & Pacific": "Показать Америку и Тихий океан",
+  "View coverage": "Показать зону покрытия",
+  "{value} strikes/km²/min ×10³ (15-minute density)": "{value} разрядов/км²/мин ×10³ (плотность за 15 мин)",
+  "{value} dBZ radar reflectivity": "Радиолокационная отражаемость: {value} dBZ",
+  "STALE · cached source metadata": "УСТАРЕЛ · метаданные источника из кэша",
+  "Map center is outside source coverage": "Центр карты вне зоны покрытия источника",
+  "NOAA/NWS 15-minute lightning density derived from Vaisala NLDN/GLD360. Coverage 110°E across the Pacific/Americas to 0°, 25°S–80°N. Not a live strike count, global coverage or a safety warning.": "15-минутная плотность молний NOAA/NWS на основе Vaisala NLDN/GLD360. Покрытие — от 110° в. д. через Тихий океан и Америку до 0°, 25° ю. ш.–80° с. ш. Это не подсчёт разрядов в реальном времени, не глобальное покрытие и не предупреждение об опасности.",
+  "NOAA MRMS radar echoes indicate precipitation patterns, not rain rate, a storm warning or a future forecast. Native source approximately 1 km; display is limited to level 6. Frames use exact advertised observation times.": "Радиолокационные эхосигналы NOAA MRMS показывают картину осадков, а не их интенсивность, штормовое предупреждение или прогноз. Исходное разрешение около 1 км; отображение ограничено уровнем 6. Для кадров используется точное заявленное время наблюдений.",
+  "GOES-19/18 longwave infrared Band 14 regional; NESDIS global longwave mosaic. Clouds only dims everything but bright, cold cloud tops; a brightness filter, not a cloud mask. Coverage and freshness differ by region.": "Региональный длинноволновый ИК-канал 14 GOES-19/18; глобальная длинноволновая мозаика NESDIS. Режим «Только облака» затемняет всё, кроме ярких холодных вершин облаков; это фильтр яркости, а не маска облачности. Покрытие и актуальность различаются по регионам.",
+  "REGION": "РЕГИОН",
+  "IMAGE": "СНИМОК",
+  "OPACITY": "НЕПРОЗР.",
+  "Forecast · does not follow history": "Прогноз · не следует за историей",
+  "Wind motion": "Движение ветра",
+  "Wind speed": "Скорость ветра",
+  "Sea-level pressure": "Давление на уровне моря",
+  "Air temperature · 2 m": "Температура воздуха · 2 м",
+  "Global · 1° grid": "Глобально · сетка 1°",
+  "{model} forecast · {time}": "Прогноз {model} · {time}",
+  "Loading forecast": "Загрузка прогноза",
+  "Preparing flow": "Подготовка анимации ветра",
+  "Selected field unavailable": "Выбранное поле недоступно",
+  "Cached forecast · stale": "Прогноз из кэша · устарел",
+  "ECMWF IFS surface forecast": "Приземный прогноз ECMWF IFS",
+  "NOAA GFS surface forecast": "Приземный прогноз NOAA GFS",
+  "Reduced motion": "Уменьшение движения",
+  "Pause visual flow; forecast time does not advance with animation": "Приостановить визуальный поток; время прогноза не сдвигается с анимацией",
+  "None": "Нет",
+  "Speed": "Скорость",
+  "Pressure": "Давление",
+  "Temperature": "Температура",
+  "Wind trails with no field shading": "Следы ветра без заливки поля",
+  "How hard the surface wind is blowing": "Насколько сильно дует приземный ветер",
+  "Sea-level air pressure: broad highs and lows": "Давление на уровне моря: крупные области высокого и низкого давления",
+  "Air temperature two meters above the surface": "Температура воздуха в двух метрах над поверхностью",
+  "Wind speed units": "Единицы скорости ветра",
+  "Read wind at map center": "Узнать ветер в центре карты",
+  "Read the forecast at the center of the map without changing selection": "Получить прогноз в центре карты, не меняя выбор",
+  "{model} forecast · {field} ({unit})": "Прогноз {model} · {field} ({unit})",
+  "Valid: {time}": "Действует на: {time}",
+  "preparing": "подготовка",
+  "Issued: {time}": "Выпущен: {time}",
+  "Selected field unavailable · wind remains visible": "Выбранное поле недоступно · ветер остаётся видимым",
+  "{error} · wind remains visible": "{error} · ветер остаётся видимым",
+  "Surface wind at 10 m. Approximately 1° global grid. Curves follow the 10 m wind field, lifted 12 km for visibility; display height is not weather altitude. View lighting is for readability. Animation shows flow through one fixed forecast; it does not advance time. Color fields drape the globe basemap or the active photorealistic 3D Tiles.": "Приземный ветер на высоте 10 м. Глобальная сетка около 1°. Линии следуют полю ветра на 10 м и подняты на 12 км для наглядности; высота отображения не является высотой погодных явлений. Освещение вида — для удобства чтения. Анимация показывает поток в одном фиксированном прогнозе и не сдвигает время. Цветовые поля накладываются на подложку глобуса или на активные фотореалистичные 3D Tiles.",
+  "MODEL": "МОДЕЛЬ",
+  "FIELD": "ПОЛЕ",
+  "UNITS": "ЕДИНИЦЫ",
+  "MOTION": "ДВИЖЕНИЕ",
+  "Forecast": "Прогноз",
+  "Interpolated model forecast on an approximately 1° grid. Broad weather patterns, not a street-level measurement.": "Интерполированный модельный прогноз на сетке около 1°. Общая погодная обстановка, а не измерение на уровне улицы.",
+  "No surface reading": "Нет приземных данных",
+  "Aim the map center at Earth": "Наведите центр карты на Землю",
+  " · calm": " · штиль",
+  " from {direction}": " с {direction}",
+  "WIND AT {coordinates}": "ВЕТЕР В ТОЧКЕ {coordinates}",
+  "{model} · valid {time}": "{model} · на {time}",
+  "Focusing {label}": "Фокусировка: {label}",
+  "Source": "Источник",
+  "Could not leave scene: {scene}": "Не удалось выйти из сцены: {scene}",
+  "Seeked: {scene} / {shot}": "Перемотано: {scene} / {shot}",
+  "Scene transition limit reached — load a shot to reset": "Достигнут лимит переходов сцены — загрузите кадр, чтобы сбросить счётчик",
+  "Export failed: {error}": "Ошибка экспорта: {error}",
+  "Imported {file}": "Импортировано: {file}",
+  "Import failed: {error}": "Ошибка импорта: {error}",
+  "Import failed (could not read JSON file)": "Ошибка импорта (не удалось прочитать файл JSON)",
+  "Layers refused: {layers}": "Слои отклонены: {layers}",
+  "Scene {n}": "Сцена {n}",
+  "Cannot update {scene}: shot inventory changed": "Не удалось обновить {scene}: изменился состав кадров",
+  "Cannot update {scene}: evidence beats changed": "Не удалось обновить {scene}: изменились этапы свидетельств",
+  "Cannot update {scene}: shot bindings are incomplete": "Не удалось обновить {scene}: привязки кадров неполные",
+  "Updated {count} shots: {scene}": {
+    "one": "Обновлён {count} кадр: {scene}",
+    "few": "Обновлено {count} кадра: {scene}",
+    "many": "Обновлено {count} кадров: {scene}",
+    "other": "Обновлено {count} кадра: {scene}"
+  },
+  "Appended {count} shots: {scene}": {
+    "one": "Добавлен {count} кадр: {scene}",
+    "few": "Добавлено {count} кадра: {scene}",
+    "many": "Добавлено {count} кадров: {scene}",
+    "other": "Добавлено {count} кадра: {scene}"
+  },
+  "Select a feature or use Tab and Enter to choose an action.": "Выберите объект на карте или используйте Tab и Enter, чтобы выбрать действие.",
+  "Selected feature: {feature}. Choose an action.": "Выбран объект: {feature}. Выберите действие.",
+  "Action complete": "Действие выполнено",
+  "Action unavailable or cancelled": "Действие недоступно или отменено",
+  "Scene actions": "Действия сцены",
+  "Bhote Koshi Evidence Sequence": "Последовательность свидетельств: Bhote Koshi",
+  "Nepal Flood Incident": "Наводнение в Непале",
+  "{count} scenes": {
+    "one": "{count} сцена",
+    "few": "{count} сцены",
+    "many": "{count} сцен",
+    "other": "{count} сцены"
+  },
+  "{count} shots": {
+    "one": "{count} кадр",
+    "few": "{count} кадра",
+    "many": "{count} кадров",
+    "other": "{count} кадра"
+  },
+  "{count} data packs": {
+    "one": "{count} пакет данных",
+    "few": "{count} пакета данных",
+    "many": "{count} пакетов данных",
+    "other": "{count} пакета данных"
+  },
+  "{scene} / {pack}: {status}. File: {path}. {attribution} · {license}": "{scene} / {pack}: {status}. Файл: {path}. {attribution} · {license}",
+  "Unavailable layers: {layers}": "Недоступные слои: {layers}",
+  "{bytes} bundled bytes verified. Files stay in memory for this session. Reimport the bundle after reloading the app.": "Проверено байт в архиве: {bytes}. Файлы хранятся в памяти только в этом сеансе. После перезагрузки приложения импортируйте архив снова.",
+  "Review scene import": "Проверка импорта сцены",
+  "Nothing is loaded or changed until you apply this file.": "Ничего не загружается и не меняется, пока вы не примените этот файл.",
+  "Ready to import": "Готово к импорту",
+  "Apply replaces the current project. Export your current project first if you want to keep both.": "Применение заменит текущий проект. Чтобы не потерять его, сначала экспортируйте текущий проект.",
+  "Apply import": "Применить импорт",
+  "Import was not applied. The current project may have changed.": "Импорт не применён. Возможно, текущий проект изменился.",
+  "Select a scene and shot first": "Сначала выберите сцену и кадр",
+  "Edit scene details": "Изменить параметры сцены",
+  "Camera positions use degrees and meters above the ellipsoid. Drafts are validated before they replace your saved scene.": "Положения камеры задаются в градусах и метрах над эллипсоидом. Перед заменой сохранённой сцены черновик проверяется.",
+  "Anchors and data packs": "Якоря и пакеты данных",
+  "Shot camera, timing, packs and actions": "Камера кадра, тайминг, пакеты и действия",
+  "New anchor ID": "ID нового якоря",
+  "Capture camera as anchor": "Сохранить камеру как якорь",
+  "Anchor added to draft": "Якорь добавлен в черновик",
+  "Set move start to current camera": "Начало перелёта — текущая камера",
+  "Move added to draft; destination remains the shot camera": "Перелёт добавлен в черновик; конечной точкой остаётся камера кадра",
+  "Use ordinary flight": "Использовать обычный перелёт",
+  "Invalid shot JSON": "Некорректный JSON кадра",
+  "Apply details": "Применить параметры",
+  "Select a scene first": "Сначала выберите сцену",
+  "Share selected scene": "Поделиться выбранной сценой",
+  "Scene JSON preserves authored settings and attribution. It does not include asset files. Bundles include only pack files you choose here or previously imported bundle files.": "JSON сцены сохраняет авторские настройки и атрибуцию, но не содержит файлов ресурсов. Архив включает только файлы пакетов, выбранные здесь, или файлы ранее импортированных архивов.",
+  "Download scene JSON": "Скачать JSON сцены",
+  "Choose data-pack files": "Выберите файлы пакетов данных",
+  "Or choose a data-pack folder": "Или выберите папку пакета данных",
+  "Download asset bundle": "Скачать архив ресурсов",
+  "Asset bundle downloaded": "Архив ресурсов скачан",
+  "Could not complete this action. Check the file, references and selected assets.": "Не удалось выполнить действие. Проверьте файл, ссылки и выбранные ресурсы.",
+  "RTL-SDR sample stream stopped": "Поток выборок RTL-SDR остановлен",
+  "Switching to {mode}…": "Переключение на {mode}…",
+  "Browser audio is suspended; select FM again to resume it": "Звук в браузере приостановлен; выберите FM ещё раз, чтобы возобновить его",
+  "RTL-SDR gain change failed": "Не удалось изменить усиление RTL-SDR",
+  "Tuned to {mhz} MHz FM": "Настроено на FM {mhz} МГц",
+  "FM signal found at {mhz} MHz": "Найден FM-сигнал на {mhz} МГц",
+  "No FM signal found": "FM-сигнал не найден",
+  "Seek stopped": "Поиск остановлен",
+  "Browser location is unavailable": "Местоположение браузера недоступно",
+  "Receiver location was not granted": "Доступ к местоположению приёмника не предоставлен",
+  "RTL-SDR disconnected": "RTL-SDR отключён",
+  "No RTL-SDR device selected": "Устройство RTL-SDR не выбрано",
+  "WebUSB requires desktop Chrome or Edge on localhost/HTTPS": "Для WebUSB нужен настольный Chrome или Edge на localhost/HTTPS",
+  "RTL-SDR access failed; close other SDR apps and check USB permissions": "Нет доступа к RTL-SDR; закройте другие SDR-приложения и проверьте разрешения USB",
+  "RTL-SDR connection failed": "Не удалось подключить RTL-SDR",
+  "Receiving 1090 MHz ADS-B": "Приём ADS-B на 1090 МГц",
+  "Receiving broadcast FM": "Приём FM-вещания",
+  "Connect an RTL-SDR to begin.": "Подключите RTL-SDR, чтобы начать.",
+  "WebUSB is unavailable in this browser": "WebUSB недоступен в этом браузере",
+  "SDR decoder worker failed": "Сбой обработчика декодера SDR",
+  "WebUSB requires desktop Chrome or Edge": "Для WebUSB нужен настольный Chrome или Edge",
+  "Waiting for an RTL-SDR device…": "Ожидание устройства RTL-SDR…",
+  "Browser audio is suspended; press Connect again to resume it": "Звук в браузере приостановлен; нажмите «Подключить» ещё раз, чтобы возобновить его",
+  "Return map to straight-down view": "Вернуть карту к виду сверху",
+  "Tilt map to oblique view": "Наклонить карту в перспективный вид",
+  "Reset map to north up. Current heading {heading} degrees": "Повернуть карту севером вверх. Текущий курс: {heading}°",
+  "HDG": "КУРС",
+  "PITCH": "ТАНГАЖ",
+  "FOV": "ОБЗОР",
+  "RANGE": "ДАЛЬН.",
+  "HGT": "ВЫС.",
+  "{value} KM/H": "{value} КМ/Ч",
+  "NORMAL": "ОБЫЧНЫЙ",
+  "ANIME": "АНИМЕ",
+  "NOIR": "НУАР",
+  "Rendered globe frames per second · toggle with `": "Кадров глобуса в секунду · переключение клавишей `",
+  "Utilities": "Инструменты",
+  "Other layers": "Другие слои",
+  "Movement": "Движение",
+  "Infrastructure": "Инфраструктура",
+  "Events": "События",
+  "Weather": "Погода",
+  "LOCATED": "ОПРЕДЕЛЕНА",
+  "LOCATE": "ГЕОПОЗИЦИЯ",
+  "IDLE": "ОЖИДАНИЕ",
+  "TUNING": "НАСТРОЙКА",
+  "STREAMING": "ПРИЁМ",
+  "UNSUPPORTED": "НЕ ПОДДЕРЖ.",
+  "waiting for IQ": "ожидание IQ",
+  "{count} messages": {
+    "one": "{count} сообщение",
+    "few": "{count} сообщения",
+    "many": "{count} сообщений",
+    "other": "{count} сообщения"
+  },
+  "DSP {count} blocks": {
+    "one": "DSP {count} блок",
+    "few": "DSP {count} блока",
+    "many": "DSP {count} блоков",
+    "other": "DSP {count} блока"
+  },
+  "DSP waiting": "DSP ожидает",
+  "{level} dBFS audio": "аудио {level} dBFS",
+  "audio signal --": "аудиосигнал --",
+  "audio {state}": "аудио: {state}",
+  "{count} HEARD": {
+    "one": "СЛЫШНО: {count}",
+    "few": "СЛЫШНО: {count}",
+    "many": "СЛЫШНО: {count}",
+    "other": "СЛЫШНО: {count}"
+  },
+  "DISCONNECT": "ОТКЛЮЧИТЬ",
+  "CONNECT": "ПОДКЛЮЧИТЬ",
+  "LOCATING…": "ОПРЕДЕЛЯЮ…",
+  "Drag to resize · double-click the header to snap back": "Перетащите, чтобы изменить размер · двойной щелчок по заголовку — вернуть на место",
+  "CH {index} / {total}": "КАН. {index} / {total}",
+  "Station unavailable after directory refresh": "Станция недоступна после обновления каталога",
+  "Clear reading": "Очистить показания",
+  "Earlier observation": "Более раннее наблюдение",
+  "Observed history": "История наблюдений",
+  "Later observation": "Более позднее наблюдение",
+  "Latest": "Последние",
+  "Newest frame per product": "Самый свежий кадр каждого продукта",
+  "Replay observed history": "Воспроизвести историю наблюдений",
+  "S on another day replaces it · × unpins": "S в другой день заменяет его · × открепляет",
+  "← → preview · S shows the focused day": "← → просмотр · S показывает выбранный день",
+  "Recent imagery": "Свежие снимки",
+  "ZOOM IN": "ПРИБЛИЗИТЬ",
+  "Fly in until the view fits the 1,000 km limit": "Приблизьтесь, пока вид не уложится в предел 1000 км",
+  "Imagery days, newest first · arrows move, S or A and B pin": "Дни со снимками, сначала новые · стрелки — перемещение, S или A и B — закрепить",
+  "On the map": "На карте",
+  "Mode": "Режим",
+  "Imagery on Esri · Google 3D returns when cleared": "Подложка: Esri · сброс вернёт Google 3D",
+  "Imagery opacity": "Непрозрачность снимков",
+  "SWAP": "ПОМЕНЯТЬ",
+  "VS BASEMAP": "С ПОДЛОЖКОЙ",
+  "Trade the two sides of the divider": "Поменять местами стороны разделителя",
+  "A / B": "A / B",
+  "Newest low-cloud day for this box · scene cloud, not box cloud": "Самый свежий малооблачный день для этой области · облачность всей сцены, а не области",
+  "Newest day covering this box · cloudier than 20%": "Самый свежий день с покрытием этой области · облачность выше 20%",
+  "SELECT BOX": "ВЫДЕЛИТЬ",
+  "Drag a box on the map (Esc cancels)": "Выделите область на карте (Esc — отмена)",
+  "Newest day with imagery for this box · partial coverage": "Самый свежий день со снимками этой области · частичное покрытие",
+  "USE VIEW": "ПО ВИДУ",
+  "Use the current view as the box": "Использовать текущий вид как область",
+  "Newest daily overview for this box": "Самый свежий ежедневный обзор для этой области",
+  "Forget the box and its images": "Сбросить область и её снимки",
+  "newest clear day": "самый свежий ясный день",
+  "newest day (cloudy)": "самый свежий день (облачно)",
+  "newest day (partial coverage)": "самый свежий день (частичное покрытие)",
+  "START HERE": "НАЧНИТЕ ЗДЕСЬ",
+  "newest overview": "самый свежий обзор",
+  "No imagery": "Нет снимков",
+  "Checking": "Проверка",
+  "Loading": "Загрузка",
+  "PREVIEW": "ПРОСМОТР",
+  "Newest day with imagery for this box": "Самый свежий день со снимками этой области",
+  "SHOW": "ПОКАЗАТЬ",
+  "Pin {day} as {slot}": "Закрепить {day} как {slot}",
+  "Show {day}": "Показать {day}",
+  "pinned {slot}": "закреплено как {slot}",
+  "shown": "показано",
+  "preview": "просмотр",
+  "start here": "начните здесь",
+  "No box": "Нет области",
+  "Searching": "Поиск",
+  "Every day is empty here": "Здесь все дни пустые",
+  "Sources off": "Источники выключены",
+  "VS": "СРАВН.",
+  "Not set": "Не задано",
+  "Basemap": "Подложка",
+  "Source off": "Источник выключен",
+  "Unpin {slot}": "Открепить {slot}",
+  "Unpin the image": "Открепить снимок",
+  "EXPORT {slot}": "ЭКСП. {slot}",
+  "EXPORT": "ЭКСПОРТ",
+  "Download {slot} as a PNG": "Скачать {slot} в PNG",
+  "Download the image as a PNG": "Скачать снимок в PNG",
+  "Box {width} × {height} km": "Область {width} × {height} км",
+  "no imagery": "нет снимков",
+  "Acquired {time}": "Снято {time}",
+  "cloud unknown": "облачность неизвестна",
+  "Coverage {coverage}": "Покрытие {coverage}",
+  "unknown": "неизвестно",
+  "START HERE · {reason}": "НАЧНИТЕ ЗДЕСЬ · {reason}",
+  "Daily overview shows little detail in a box this small": "В такой маленькой области ежедневный обзор почти не показывает деталей",
+  "{percent}% cloud": "облачность {percent}%",
+  "Imagery: NASA GIBS and Worldview · HLS (Sentinel-2, Landsat 8/9) and VIIRS": "Снимки: NASA GIBS и Worldview · HLS (Sentinel‑2, Landsat 8/9) и VIIRS",
+  "{min}–{max}% cloud": "облачность {min}–{max}%",
+  "Details": "Подробности",
+  "Times, coverage, sources": "Время, покрытие, источники",
+  "HIDE EMPTY DAYS": "СКРЫТЬ ПУСТЫЕ ДНИ",
+  "SHOW EMPTY DAYS · {count}": "ПОКАЗАТЬ ПУСТЫЕ ДНИ · {count}",
+  "Days the probe found empty in this box": "Дни, в которые проверка не нашла снимков в этой области",
+  "NO BOX": "НЕТ ОБЛАСТИ",
+  "image": "снимок",
+  "BASEMAP": "ПОДЛОЖКА",
+  "The basemap": "Подложка",
+  "basemap": "подложка",
+  "SEARCHING": "ПОИСК",
+  "{count} DAYS": {
+    "one": "{count} ДЕНЬ",
+    "few": "{count} ДНЯ",
+    "many": "{count} ДНЕЙ",
+    "other": "{count} ДНЯ"
+  },
+  "Recent imagery against the basemap divider": "Разделитель: свежие снимки и подложка",
+  "Recent imagery A and B divider": "Разделитель свежих снимков A и B",
+  "{before} {left} percent, {after} {right} percent": "{before}: {left}%, {after}: {right}%",
+  "Zoom in or draw a smaller box": "Приблизьте карту или выделите область поменьше",
+  "Select a box or use the view": "Выделите область или используйте текущий вид",
+  "Searching the last 30 days": "Поиск за последние 30 дней",
+  "No days to show for this box": "Для этой области нечего показать",
+  "Drag the divider · SWAP trades sides": "Тяните разделитель · «ПОМЕНЯТЬ» — смена сторон",
+  "Export failed · {error}": "Ошибка экспорта · {error}",
+  "← → preview · A or B pins the focused day": "← → просмотр · A или B закрепляет выбранный день",
+  "← → preview the other side · A or B pins it": "← → просмотр другой стороны · A или B закрепляет её",
+  "LOAD": "ЗАГРУЗИТЬ",
+  "No shots yet. Use CAPTURE SHOT to save current look.": "Кадров пока нет. Нажмите «СДЕЛАТЬ КАДР», чтобы сохранить текущий вид.",
+  "Double-click to rename": "Дважды щёлкните, чтобы переименовать",
+  "Shot name": "Название кадра",
+  "RETRYING ALPR CAMERAS": "ПОВТОРНАЯ ЗАГРУЗКА КАМЕР ALPR",
+  "FETCHING ALPR CAMERAS": "ЗАГРУЗКА КАМЕР ALPR",
+  "OVERPASS TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE": "OVERPASS ВРЕМЕННО НЕДОСТУПЕН",
+  "Weather data by Open-Meteo.com": "Данные о погоде: Open-Meteo.com",
+  "ESC EXIT": "ESC ВЫХОД",
+  "C TOGGLE": "C ПЕРЕКЛ.",
+  "SIG": "СИГН.",
+  "NEWS": "НОВОСТИ",
+  "LOCAL": "МЕСТН.",
+  "Cockpit briefing pages": "Страницы брифинга кабины",
+  "MM": "ММ",
+  "KTS": "УЗ",
+  "FT": "ФТ",
+  "FLT": "РЕЙСЫ",
+  "MIL": "ВОЕН.",
+  "SITE": "ОБЪЕКТЫ",
+  "WX": "ПОГОДА",
+  "DIRECTORY: RADIO BROWSER": "КАТАЛОГ: RADIO BROWSER",
+  "Use your location for faster ADS-B position decoding": "Использовать ваше местоположение для ускорения декодирования позиций ADS-B",
+  "CHANGE DEVICE": "СМЕНИТЬ",
+  "Choose a different RTL-SDR or receiver channel": "Выбрать другой RTL-SDR или канал приёмника",
+  "TUNE": "НАСТРОИТЬ",
+  "◀ SEEK": "◀ ПОИСК",
+  "SEEK ▶": "ПОИСК ▶",
+  "Local RTL-SDR receiver": "Локальный приёмник RTL-SDR",
+  "RTL-SDR receiver mode": "Режим приёмника RTL-SDR",
+  "Seek broadcast FM stations": "Поиск FM-радиостанций",
+  "Tune available internet radio stations": "Настройка на доступные интернет-радиостанции",
+  "Local SDR volume": "Громкость локального SDR",
+  "GAIN": "УСИЛЕНИЕ",
+  "FM MHZ": "FM МГЦ",
+  "AUTO": "АВТО",
+  "Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · one local tuner shared by FM and the Local ADS-B layer.": "Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · один локальный тюнер для FM и слоя «Локальный ADS-B».",
+  "RTL-SDR tuner gain for the current mode": "Усиление тюнера RTL-SDR для текущего режима",
+  "WEATHER": "ПОГОДА",
+  "Active weather products": "Активные погодные продукты",
+  "RECENT IMAGERY": "СВЕЖИЕ СНИМКИ",
+  "Imagery days in the box": "Дни со снимками в области",
+  "MSG/S": "СООБЩ./С",
+  "HEARD": "СЛЫШНО",
+  "POSITIONED": "С КООРД.",
+  "SDR VOL": "ГРОМК. SDR",
+  "LOCAL RTL-SDR": "ЛОКАЛЬНЫЙ RTL-SDR",
+  "Cyber sonar contact scanner": "Кибер-сонар: сканер контактов",
+  "Sonar ring count": "Число колец сонара",
+  "Sonar ring range": "Дальность колец сонара",
+  "Sonar intensity": "Интенсивность сонара",
+  "Cyber contact and label opacity": "Непрозрачность контактов и подписей в режиме «Кибер»",
+  "Minimum opacity for map dots, icons, models, brackets, and labels between sonar passes": "Минимальная непрозрачность точек, значков, моделей, рамок и подписей на карте между проходами сонара",
+  "Sonar sector width": "Ширина сектора сонара",
+  "Rings": "Кольца",
+  "Range": "Дальность",
+  "Power": "Мощность",
+  "Opacity": "Непрозрачность",
+  "Sector": "Сектор",
+  "Cyber": "Кибер",
+  "Sonar": "Сонар",
+  "Turn Street Level on or off": "Включить или выключить «Уличные снимки»",
+  "Toggle straight-down and tilted map views": "Переключить вид карты: сверху или с наклоном",
+  "Reset map to north up": "Повернуть карту севером вверх",
+  "Reset map bearing to north": "Сбросить азимут карты на север",
+  "Rain radar": "Радар осадков",
+  "Lightning density": "Плотность молний",
+  "LATEST · newest per product": "ПОСЛЕДНИЕ · самые свежие по каждому продукту",
+  "Forecast · valid {valid} · issued {issued}": "Прогноз · действует на {valid} · выпущен {issued}",
+  "{detail} · Does not follow history": "{detail} · не следует за историей",
+  "Forecast · valid {valid}": "Прогноз · действует на {valid}",
+  "{time} · {minutes} min ago": "{time} · {minutes} мин назад",
+  "Active weather": "Активные погодные слои",
+  "MINI": "МИНИ",
+  "STD": "СТД",
+  "standard": "стандартную",
+  "mini": "мини",
+  "COST UNKNOWN": "СТОИМОСТЬ НЕИЗВЕСТНА",
+  "ChatGPT OAuth session: {responses} response(s), {input} input and {output} output tokens, {captions} caption transcription(s) reported.": "Сессия ChatGPT OAuth: ответов — {responses}, входных токенов — {input}, выходных токенов — {output}, транскрипций субтитров — {captions}.",
+  "USD cost and the API spend cap are unavailable for this auth mode.": "Стоимость в USD и лимит расходов API недоступны в этом режиме авторизации.",
+  "Usage is incomplete because a response was still in flight when the session ended.": "Данные об использовании неполные: к моменту завершения сессии один из ответов ещё не был получен.",
+  "Toggle voice control": "Включить или выключить голосовое управление",
+  "Activate to toggle voice": "Активируйте, чтобы включить или выключить голос",
+  "Voice active": "Голос активен",
+  "Voice could not be started.": "Не удалось запустить голос.",
+  "degraded": "с перебоями",
+  "stale": "устарел",
+  "partial": "частично",
+  "fallback": "резерв",
+  "unavailable": "недоступен",
+  "{label} on": "{label}: вкл.",
+  "{label} off": "{label}: выкл.",
+  "Frame aircraft": "Показать самолёты в кадре",
+  "Frame military aircraft": "Показать военные самолёты в кадре",
+  "Frame ships": "Показать суда в кадре",
+  "Frame satellites": "Показать спутники в кадре",
+  "Frame contacts": "Показать контакты в кадре",
+  "{count} aircraft in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} самолёт в кадре",
+    "few": "{count} самолёта в кадре",
+    "many": "{count} самолётов в кадре",
+    "other": "{count} самолёта в кадре"
+  },
+  "{count} military aircraft in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} военный самолёт в кадре",
+    "few": "{count} военных самолёта в кадре",
+    "many": "{count} военных самолётов в кадре",
+    "other": "{count} военного самолёта в кадре"
+  },
+  "{count} ships in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} судно в кадре",
+    "few": "{count} судна в кадре",
+    "many": "{count} судов в кадре",
+    "other": "{count} судна в кадре"
+  },
+  "{count} satellites in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} спутник в кадре",
+    "few": "{count} спутника в кадре",
+    "many": "{count} спутников в кадре",
+    "other": "{count} спутника в кадре"
+  },
+  "{count} contacts in frame": {
+    "one": "{count} контакт в кадре",
+    "few": "{count} контакта в кадре",
+    "many": "{count} контактов в кадре",
+    "other": "{count} контакта в кадре"
+  },
+  "Nearest military aircraft": "Ближайшие военные самолёты",
+  "Nearest ships": "Ближайшие суда",
+  "Nearest satellites": "Ближайшие спутники",
+  "Nearest aircraft": "Ближайшие самолёты",
+  "{first} and {second}": "{first} и {second}",
+  "Camera range {range}": "Дальность камеры: {range}",
+  "Within {radius} of the view": "В радиусе {radius} от вида",
+  "Labels on": "Подписи включены",
+  "Framing uses the nearest 80 loaded contacts": "В кадр берутся 80 ближайших загруженных контактов",
+  "{distance} from {location}": "{location}: {distance}",
+  "Altitude {altitude}": "Высота {altitude}",
+  "{origin} to {destination}": "{origin} → {destination}",
+  "from {origin}": "откуда: {origin}",
+  "to {destination}": "куда: {destination}",
+  "Registration {registration}": "Регистрационный номер: {registration}",
+  "Route {route}": "Маршрут {route}",
+  "View state": "Состояние вида",
+  "Marked {count} places": {
+    "one": "Отмечено {count} место",
+    "few": "Отмечено {count} места",
+    "many": "Отмечено {count} мест",
+    "other": "Отмечено {count} места"
+  },
+  "Nothing marked": "Ничего не отмечено",
+  "Not found: {places}": "Не найдено: {places}",
+  "Tracing outlines": "Построение контуров",
+  "Mark the map": "Отметить на карте",
+  "Mark {targets} +{more}": "Отметить {targets} +{more}",
+  "Mark {targets}": "Отметить {targets}",
+  "Fly to {place}": "Перелёт: {place}",
+  "Nearest aircraft to {place}": "Ближайший самолёт: {place}",
+  "Read the view": "Осмотреть видимую область",
+  "Check view state": "Проверить состояние вида",
+  "Frame {target}": "Показать в кадре: {target}",
+  "Finding places": "Поиск мест",
+  "Tracing outline": "Построение контура",
+  "Looking up place": "Поиск места",
+  "Flying": "Перелёт",
+  "Turning on layer": "Включение слоя",
+  "Loading aircraft": "Загрузка самолётов",
+  "Picking nearest": "Выбор ближайших",
+  "Working": "Выполняется",
+  "{value} feet": "{value} фт",
+  "nominal": "в норме",
+  "Source: {label}": "Источник: {label}",
+  "N": "С",
+  "NNE": "ССВ",
+  "NE": "СВ",
+  "ENE": "ВСВ",
+  "E": "В",
+  "ESE": "ВЮВ",
+  "SE": "ЮВ",
+  "SSE": "ЮЮВ",
+  "S": "Ю",
+  "SSW": "ЮЮЗ",
+  "SW": "ЮЗ",
+  "WSW": "ЗЮЗ",
+  "W": "З",
+  "WNW": "ЗСЗ",
+  "NW": "СЗ",
+  "NNW": "ССЗ",
+  "Local ADS-B": "Локальный ADS-B",
+  "Transit": "Общественный транспорт",
+  "Recent Imagery": "Свежие снимки",
+  "Fire Perimeters": "Контуры пожаров",
+  "Cyclone advisories": "Сводки о циклонах",
+  "EDIT DETAILS": "ИЗМЕНИТЬ ПАРАМЕТРЫ",
+  "SHARE SCENE": "ПОДЕЛИТЬСЯ СЦЕНОЙ",
+  "ON/OFF": "ВКЛ/ВЫКЛ",
+  "Voice assistant": "Голосовой ассистент",
+  "VOICE": "ГОЛОС",
+  "Dismiss voice card": "Закрыть карточку голоса",
+  "YOU": "ВЫ",
+  "THIS": "ЭТО",
+  "HERE": "ЗДЕСЬ",
+  "Plan": "План",
+  "Referenced items": "Упомянутые объекты",
+  "NOTES & SOURCES": "ЗАМЕТКИ И ИСТОЧНИКИ",
+  "ΔN": "ΔС",
+  "ΔE": "ΔВ",
+  "action|CLEAR": "СБРОСИТЬ",
+  "ALPR Cameras": "Камеры ALPR",
+  "Military aircraft": "Военные самолёты",
+  "Vessels": "Суда",
+  "CCTV + Street View fallback": "CCTV + резерв: Просмотр улиц",
+  "OpenStreetMap + optional Google Maps Places": "OpenStreetMap + Google Maps Places (опц.)",
+  "GFS / ECMWF IFS · FORECAST": "GFS / ECMWF IFS · ПРОГНОЗ",
+  "NOAA nowCOAST · OBSERVED": "NOAA nowCOAST · НАБЛЮДЕНИЕ",
+  "NASA FIRMS · LIVE": "NASA FIRMS · ОНЛАЙН",
+  "data source|Local": "Локальные данные",
+  "overview": "обзор",
+  "{percent}% scene cloud": "облачность сцены {percent}%",
+  "{min}–{max}% scene cloud": "облачность сцены {min}–{max}%",
+  "Sentinel-2 via HLS": "Sentinel‑2 через HLS",
+  "Landsat 8/9 via HLS": "Landsat 8/9 через HLS",
+  "coverage|full": "полное",
+  "coverage|partial": "частичное",
+  "m": "м",
+  "km/h": "км/ч",
+  "m/s": "м/с",
+  "mph": "миль/ч",
+  "hPa": "гПа",
+  "kt": "уз",
+  "km": "км",
+  "h": "ч",
+  "min": "мин",
+  "s": "с",
+  "direction|left": "налево",
+  "direction|right": "направо",
+  "direction|slightly left": "плавно налево",
+  "direction|slightly right": "плавно направо",
+  "direction|sharply left": "резко налево",
+  "direction|sharply right": "резко направо",
+  "direction|straight": "прямо",
+  "direction|around": "в обратную сторону",
+  "ordinal|{number}st": "{number}-й",
+  "ordinal|{number}nd": "{number}-й",
+  "ordinal|{number}rd": "{number}-й",
+  "ordinal|{number}th": "{number}-й",
+  "Head out on {road}": "Начните движение по {road}",
+  "Head out": "Начните движение",
+  "Arrive at your destination": "Вы прибыли в пункт назначения",
+  "Arrive at your destination, on the left": "Пункт назначения слева",
+  "Arrive at your destination, on the right": "Пункт назначения справа",
+  "Make a U-turn": "Развернитесь",
+  "Make a U-turn onto {road}": "Развернитесь на {road}",
+  "Continue straight": "Продолжайте прямо",
+  "Continue straight onto {road}": "Продолжайте движение прямо по {road}",
+  "Turn {direction}": "Поверните {direction}",
+  "Turn {direction} onto {road}": "Поверните {direction} на {road}",
+  "maneuver|Turn": "Поверните",
+  "Turn onto {road}": "Поверните на {road}",
+  "Continue {direction}": "Продолжайте движение {direction}",
+  "Continue {direction} onto {road}": "Продолжайте движение {direction} по {road}",
+  "maneuver|Continue": "Продолжайте движение",
+  "Continue onto {road}": "Продолжайте движение по {road}",
+  "At the end of the road, turn {direction}": "В конце дороги поверните {direction}",
+  "At the end of the road, turn {direction} onto {road}": "В конце дороги поверните {direction} на {road}",
+  "At the end of the road, continue": "В конце дороги продолжайте движение",
+  "At the end of the road, continue onto {road}": "В конце дороги продолжайте движение по {road}",
+  "Keep {direction} at the fork": "На развилке держитесь {direction}",
+  "Keep {direction} at the fork onto {road}": "На развилке держитесь {direction}, чтобы выехать на {road}",
+  "Continue at the fork": "На развилке продолжайте движение",
+  "Continue at the fork onto {road}": "На развилке продолжайте движение по {road}",
+  "Merge {direction}": "Перестройтесь {direction}",
+  "Merge {direction} onto {road}": "Перестройтесь {direction} на {road}",
+  "maneuver|Merge": "Перестройтесь",
+  "Merge onto {road}": "Въезжайте на {road}",
+  "Take the ramp on the {direction}": "Въезжайте на съезд {direction}",
+  "Take the ramp on the {direction} onto {road}": "Въезжайте по съезду {direction} на {road}",
+  "Take the ramp": "Въезжайте на съезд",
+  "Take the ramp onto {road}": "Въезжайте по съезду на {road}",
+  "Take the exit on the {direction}": "Сверните на съезд {direction}",
+  "Take the exit on the {direction} onto {road}": "Сверните на съезд {direction} на {road}",
+  "Take the exit": "Сверните на съезд",
+  "Take the exit onto {road}": "Сверните на съезд на {road}",
+  "At the roundabout, take the {exit} exit": "На кольце сверните на {exit} съезд",
+  "At the roundabout, take the {exit} exit onto {road}": "На кольце сверните на {exit} съезд на {road}",
+  "Enter the roundabout": "Въезжайте на кольцо",
+  "Enter the roundabout onto {road}": "Въезжайте на кольцо, выезд на {road}",
+  "At the roundabout, turn {direction}": "На кольце поверните {direction}",
+  "At the roundabout, turn {direction} onto {road}": "На кольце поверните {direction} на {road}",
+  "At the roundabout, continue": "На кольце продолжайте движение",
+  "At the roundabout, continue onto {road}": "На кольце продолжайте движение по {road}",
+  "Exit the roundabout": "Съезжайте с кольца",
+  "Exit the roundabout onto {road}": "Съезжайте с кольца на {road}",
+  "Use the {direction} lane": "Займите {direction} полосу",
+  "Use the {direction} lane onto {road}": "Займите {direction} полосу, чтобы выехать на {road}",
+  "voice|OFF": "ВЫКЛ",
+  "voice|CONNECTING": "СВЯЗЬ…",
+  "voice|LISTENING": "СЛУШАЮ",
+  "voice|EXECUTING": "ДЕЛАЮ",
+  "voice|ERROR": "ОШИБКА",
+  "MIC": "МИК",
+  "WORKING": "В РАБОТЕ",
+  "DONE": "ГОТОВО",
+  "Outline traced": "Контур построен",
+  "Outline unavailable": "Контур недоступен",
+  "in progress": "выполняется",
+  "done": "готово",
+  "failed": "ошибка",
+  "cancelled": "отменено",
+  "view band|STREET": "УЛИЦА",
+  "view band|CITY": "ГОРОД",
+  "view band|METRO": "АГЛОМЕРАЦИЯ",
+  "view band|REGIONAL": "РЕГИОН",
+  "view band|GLOBAL": "ПЛАНЕТА",
+  "NEAR {poi} ({city}) {distance}": "РЯДОМ: {poi} ({city}) {distance}",
+  "SECTOR {lat} {lon}": "СЕКТОР {lat} {lon}",
+  "ARCTIC": "АРКТИКА",
+  "ANTARCTIC": "АНТАРКТИКА",
+  "NORTH AMERICA": "СЕВЕРНАЯ АМЕРИКА",
+  "SOUTH AMERICA": "ЮЖНАЯ АМЕРИКА",
+  "EUROPE": "ЕВРОПА",
+  "AFRICA": "АФРИКА",
+  "ASIA": "АЗИЯ",
+  "OCEANIA": "ОКЕАНИЯ",
+  "NORTHERN OCEANIC GRID": "СЕВЕРНАЯ ОКЕАНСКАЯ СЕТКА",
+  "SOUTHERN OCEANIC GRID": "ЮЖНАЯ ОКЕАНСКАЯ СЕТКА",
+  "N/A": "Н/Д",
+  "{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW": "{label} · ОКНО ВОЗДУХ/МОРЕ {radius}",
+  "{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}": "{scope} · ОБЪЕКТЫ: {coverage}",
+  "{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT": "{source} · ЗАПРОС ПО МЕСТУ · НЕДАВНИЕ",
+  "ft": "фт",
+  "kts": "уз",
+  "PAUSE": "ПАУЗА",
+  "RESUME": "ПРОДОЛЖ.",
+  "dB": "дБ",
+  "radio|NEWS": "НОВОСТИ",
+  "radio|TALK": "ТОК-РАДИО",
+  "radio|WEATHER": "ПОГОДА",
+  "radio|SAFETY": "БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ",
+  "radio|AIR / SEA": "АВИА / МОРЕ",
+  "radio|TRANSIT": "ТРАНСПОРТ",
+  "radio|MUSIC": "МУЗЫКА",
+  "radio|OTHER": "ДРУГОЕ",
+  "SNAPSHOT": "СНИМОК",
+  "LIVE": "ОНЛАЙН",
+  "UPSTREAM": "ИСТОЧНИК",
+  "SYNTHETIC": "СИМУЛЯЦИЯ",
+  "CONFIGURED": "НАСТРОЕН",
+  "SEED": "КАТАЛОГ",
+  "Live HLS connected": "Поток HLS подключён",
+  "Live HLS unavailable": "Поток HLS недоступен",
+  "No stream URL configured": "URL потока не настроен",
+  "Live stream connected": "Прямой поток подключён",
+  "Snapshot feed connected": "Поток снимков подключён",
+  "Media fetch failed": "Не удалось получить медиа",
+  "Upstream snapshot active": "Снимок с источника активен",
+  "Fallback Street View frame": "Резервный кадр из Просмотра улиц",
+  "Upstream unavailable": "Источник недоступен",
+  "No source configured": "Источник не настроен",
+  "Upstream HTTP {status}": "Источник: HTTP {status}",
+  "Unexpected media type {type}": "Неожиданный тип медиа: {type}",
+  "Configured source": "Настроенный источник",
+  "Synthetic fallback": "Синтетический резерв",
+  "Cancel": "Отмена",
+  "Choose files": "Выбрать файлы",
+  "No file chosen": "Файлы не выбраны",
+  "{count} files selected": {
+    "one": "Выбрано файлов: {count}",
+    "few": "Выбрано файлов: {count}",
+    "many": "Выбрано файлов: {count}",
+    "other": "Выбрано файлов: {count}"
+  },
+  "Rasuwagadhi witness video": "Видео очевидца в Rasuwagadhi",
+  "Bhote Koshi valley footage": "Съёмка долины Bhote Koshi",
+  "Flood footage": "Съёмка паводка",
+  "Compilation and casualty claims": "Подборка видео и сообщения о жертвах",
+  "SOURCE GEOCONFIRMED · WORLD-PINNED": "МЕСТО СЪЁМКИ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО · ОТМЕЧЕНО НА КАРТЕ",
+  "SOURCE CREDITED · LOCATION UNRESOLVED": "АВТОР УКАЗАН · МЕСТО НЕ УСТАНОВЛЕНО",
+  "REFERENCE ONLY · CLAIMS UNVERIFIED": "ТОЛЬКО ДЛЯ СПРАВКИ · ЗАЯВЛЕНИЯ НЕ ПРОВЕРЕНЫ",
+  "SOURCE GEOCONFIRMED": "МЕСТО СЪЁМКИ ПОДТВЕРЖДЕНО",
+  "2021 historical reference versus 2026 post-event imagery; changes are cumulative and include the July 2025 Rasuwagadhi flood. Schematic downstream progression, not modeled arrival time; not an official hazard model.": "Исторический снимок 2021 года в сравнении со снимками 2026 года после события; изменения показаны суммарно за весь период и включают паводок в Rasuwagadhi в июле 2025 года. Схематическое продвижение вниз по течению, а не смоделированное время добегания паводка; не официальная модель опасности.",
+  "Immediate collapse viewpoint": "Точка обзора у места обрушения",
+  "Collapse viewpoint": "Вид на обрушение",
+  "Debris-dammed lake": "Озеро, запруженное обломками",
+  "Dammed lake": "Запрудное озеро",
+  "Second landslide": "Второй оползень",
+  "Gyirong border gate": "Погранпереход Gyirong",
+  "Border gate": "Погранпереход",
+  "Timure evidence cluster": "Группа свидетельств у Timure",
+  "Mailung / Upper Trishuli bridge": "Mailung / мост Upper Trishuli",
+  "Dandagaun viewpoint restaurant": "Ресторан со смотровой площадкой, Dandagaun",
+  "Dandagaun viewpoint": "Смотровая площадка Dandagaun",
+  "Bidur - Trishuli bridge": "Мост Bidur — Trishuli",
+  "Bidur bridge": "Мост Bidur",
+  "Devighat / Taadi Khola Bridge": "Devighat / мост Taadi Khola",
+  "Devighat bridge": "Мост Devighat",
+  "Global Incident Context": "Глобальный контекст инцидента",
+  "Nepal-Focused Globe Rotation": "Поворот глобуса к Непалу",
+  "Bhote Koshi Regional Approach": "Подлёт к региону Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Nearby Cities": "Города рядом с Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Incident Corridor": "Коридор инцидента на Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Flood Path": "Путь паводка на Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Corridor Overview": "Обзор коридора Bhote Koshi",
+  "Bhote Koshi Upper Valley": "Верхняя долина Bhote Koshi",
+  "Upper Valley Collapse": "Обрушение в верхней долине",
+  "Debris-Dammed Lake": "Озеро, запруженное обломками",
+  "Nepal-China Border Gate": "Погранпереход Непал — Китай",
+  "Timure Evidence Cluster": "Группа свидетельств у Timure",
+  "Syabru Besi Passage": "Прохождение через Syabru Besi",
+  "Bidur / Trishuli Consequence": "Последствия в Bidur / Trishuli",
+  "Final view": "Финальный вид",
+  "{year} HISTORICAL REFERENCE": "{year} ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ СНИМОК",
+  "{year} POST-EVENT": "{year} ПОСЛЕ СОБЫТИЯ",
+  "Esri map unavailable · no swipe": "Карта Esri недоступна · без сравнения",
+  "Swipe needs a globe map": "Для сравнения нужна карта-глобус",
+  "Imagery stays on Esri · CLEAR to use Google 3D": "Снимки остаются на Esri · «СБРОСИТЬ», чтобы вернуть Google 3D",
+  "Box and images cleared": "Область и снимки сброшены",
+  "Box is {size} wide · limit {limit}": "Область шириной {size} · предел {limit}",
+  "View is {size} wide · limit {limit}": "Вид шириной {size} · предел {limit}",
+  "Frame unavailable; previous observation retained": "Кадр недоступен; показано предыдущее наблюдение",
+  "Weather imagery unavailable": "Погодные снимки недоступны",
+  "Weather source unavailable; previous observation retained": "Источник погоды недоступен; показано предыдущее наблюдение",
+  "Weather unavailable": "Погода недоступна",
+  "Weather tiles unavailable · previous frame retained": "Погодные тайлы недоступны · показан предыдущий кадр",
+  "Some weather tiles unavailable": "Часть погодных тайлов недоступна",
+  "Hidden by this map source · choose a globe map": "Скрыто этим источником карты · выберите глобус",
+  "Wind source unavailable": "Источник ветра недоступен",
+  "Globe imagery unavailable": "Снимки глобуса недоступны",
+  "Globe field image unavailable": "Изображение поля на глобусе недоступно",
+  "status chip|UNAVAILABLE": "НЕДОСТ.",
+  "Uses registered content or linked media. Those external files are not included in a scene bundle. Their original notices still apply.": "Используется зарегистрированный контент или связанные медиафайлы. Эти внешние файлы не входят в архив сцены. Их исходные условия использования по-прежнему действуют.",
+  "{state} {layers}": "{state}: {layers}",
+  "Selected Space Mission": "Выбранная космическая миссия",
+  "{duration}s + {hold}s": "{duration} с + {hold} с",
+  "Configured Source": "Настроенный источник",
+  "subject": "объект",
+  "{value}m": "{value} м",
+  "Google 3D tiles unavailable — check the key's API restrictions, quota, or network": "Тайлы Google 3D недоступны — проверьте ограничения API ключа, квоту или сеть",
+  "Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings — or a Cesium ion token for the ion-hosted route": "Нужен {envVars} — добавьте его в «Настройках провайдеров» — или токен Cesium ion для варианта через ion",
+  "Comparison in use by another scene": "Сравнение занято другой сценой",
+  "A location reading needs a loaded forecast and the Earth at the center of the view.": "Чтобы получить данные в точке, загрузите прогноз и поместите Землю в центр экрана.",
+  "{mode} {band} {locality} | {region} | ALT {alt} | WINDOW {window} | SUN {sun}° | ONA {ona}° | {zone}": "{mode} · {band} · {locality} | {region} | ALT {alt} | ОКНО {window} | SUN {sun}° | ONA {ona}° | {zone}",
+  "light {source} to use your {name} key": "включите {source}, чтобы использовать свой ключ {name}",
+  "light {source}": "включите {source}",
+  ", or ": ", или ",
+  "{requirement}, or {offer}": "{requirement}, или {offer}",
+  "The photorealistic 3D planet, place search + Street View": "Фотореалистичная 3D-планета, поиск мест + Просмотр улиц",
+  "{name} needs the Google 3D map: choose it under MAP SOURCE": "{name}: нужна карта Google 3D — выберите её в разделе «ИСТОЧНИК КАРТЫ»",
+  "zoom in to a street to open {name}": "приблизьтесь к улице, чтобы открыть {name}",
+  "Google Street View": "Google Просмотр улиц",
+  "GOOGLE STREET VIEW": "GOOGLE ПРОСМОТР УЛИЦ",
+  "Google refused GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY for Street View — check that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for it and this site is an allowed referrer": "Google отклонил GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY для Просмотра улиц — проверьте, что для ключа включён Maps JavaScript API, а адрес этого сайта есть в списке разрешённых (HTTP referrer)",
+  "Street View did not answer — check the network, and that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY": "Просмотр улиц не ответил — проверьте сеть и что для GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY включён Maps JavaScript API",
+  "click a street to open Street View": "щёлкните по улице, чтобы открыть Просмотр улиц",
+  " or ": " или ",
+  "OPEN {labels}": "ОТКРЫТЬ {labels}",
+  "Open {names} at the centre of the view": "Открыть {names} в центре вида",
+  "Zoom in to a street to open {names} here": "Приблизьтесь к улице, чтобы открыть здесь {names}",
+  "radio tag|All": "Все",
+  "Alternative": "Альтернатива",
+  "Ambient": "Эмбиент",
+  "Blues": "Блюз",
+  "Classical": "Классика",
+  "Country": "Кантри",
+  "Dance": "Танцевальная",
+  "Electronic": "Электроника",
+  "Folk": "Фолк",
+  "Funk": "Фанк",
+  "Hip-Hop": "Хип-хоп",
+  "House": "Хаус",
+  "Indie": "Инди",
+  "Jazz": "Джаз",
+  "Latin": "Латиноамериканская",
+  "Metal": "Метал",
+  "Oldies": "Ретро",
+  "Pop": "Поп",
+  "Punk": "Панк",
+  "R&B": "R&B",
+  "Reggae": "Регги",
+  "Rock": "Рок",
+  "Soul": "Соул",
+  "Techno": "Техно",
+  "Trance": "Транс",
+  "World": "Музыка мира",
+  "{speed}KT": "{speed} УЗ",
+  "{heading}DEG": "{heading}°",
+  "At least {count}": "Не менее {count}",
+  "Named areas ({n})": "Именованные зоны ({n})",
+  "{distance} FLIGHT / VESSEL WINDOW": "РАДИУС РЕЙСОВ / СУДОВ {distance}",
+  "mapped matches within {km} km of the subject": "совпадения на карте в радиусе {km} км от объекта",
+  "none mapped within {km} km; not a complete 250 km survey": "на карте нет в радиусе {km} км; это не полный обзор 250 км",
+  "mapped matches from the loaded viewport": "совпадения на карте в загруженной области",
+  "viewport feed is not a complete 250 km survey": "данные видимой области — не полный обзор 250 км",
+  "fork direction|left": "левее",
+  "fork direction|right": "правее",
+  "fork direction|slightly left": "чуть левее",
+  "fork direction|slightly right": "чуть правее",
+  "fork direction|sharply left": "левее",
+  "fork direction|sharply right": "правее",
+  "fork direction|straight": "прямо",
+  "lane direction|left": "левую",
+  "lane direction|right": "правую",
+  "lane direction|slightly left": "левую",
+  "lane direction|slightly right": "правую",
+  "lane direction|sharply left": "крайнюю левую",
+  "lane direction|sharply right": "крайнюю правую",
+  "lane direction|straight": "среднюю",
+  "{value}°N": "{value}° с. ш.",
+  "{value}°S": "{value}° ю. ш.",
+  "{value}°E": "{value}° в. д.",
+  "{value}°W": "{value}° з. д.",
+  "installation class|AIRFIELD": "АЭРОДРОМ",
+  "installation class|NAVAL BASE": "ВОЕННО-МОРСКАЯ БАЗА",
+  "installation class|RANGE": "ПОЛИГОН",
+  "installation class|MILITARY LAND": "ВОЕННАЯ ТЕРРИТОРИЯ",
+  "installation class|BASE": "БАЗА",
+  "installation class|PLACES CANDIDATE": "ИЗ GOOGLE PLACES",
+  "installation class|INSTALLATION": "ОБЪЕКТ",
+  "fire confidence|high": "высокая",
+  "fire confidence|nominal": "средняя",
+  "fire confidence|low": "низкая",
+  "age|<1h": "<1 ч",
+  "age|{count}h": "{count} ч",
+  "age|{count}d": "{count} д",
+  "General emergency": "Общая авария",
+  "Unlawful interference": "Незаконное вмешательство",
+  "Radio failure": "Отказ радиосвязи",
+  "Downed aircraft": "Вынужденная посадка",
+  "Minimum fuel": "Минимум топлива",
+  "Lifeguard (medical priority)": "Санитарный рейс (медицинский приоритет)",
+  "That file is not valid JSON.": "Этот файл — некорректный JSON.",
+  "That JSON file is not GeoJSON.": "Этот файл JSON не является GeoJSON.",
+  "That FeatureCollection has no features list.": "В этой FeatureCollection нет списка features.",
+  "Every GeoJSON feature must have type Feature.": "У каждого объекта GeoJSON должен быть тип Feature.",
+  "That GeoJSON has invalid geometries.": "В этом GeoJSON некорректные геометрии.",
+  "That GeoJSON contains an unsupported geometry.": "В этом GeoJSON есть неподдерживаемая геометрия.",
+  "That GeoJSON has invalid coordinates.": "В этом GeoJSON некорректные координаты.",
+  "That file creates more than {limit} map objects (the limit).": "Файл создаёт больше объектов на карте, чем позволяет лимит: {limit}.",
+  "That file has more than {limit} style definitions and image links after cleanup (the limit).": "После очистки в файле больше стилей и ссылок на изображения, чем позволяет лимит: {limit}.",
+  "That file has more than {limit} features (the limit).": "В файле больше объектов, чем позволяет лимит: {limit}.",
+  "That file has more than {limit} points (the limit) across {features} features.": "В файле больше точек, чем позволяет лимит: {limit} (объектов: {features}).",
+  "That file has more than {limit} points (the limit).": "В файле больше точек, чем позволяет лимит: {limit}.",
+  "That KMZ unpacks to more than the import limit.": "После распаковки этот KMZ превышает лимит импорта.",
+  "That KMZ is damaged and could not be unpacked.": "Этот KMZ повреждён, распаковать его не удалось.",
+  "That KMZ is not a readable zip archive.": "Этот KMZ — не читаемый zip-архив.",
+  "That KMZ uses a zip format this import does not read.": "Этот KMZ использует формат zip, который импорт не читает.",
+  "That KMZ is encrypted.": "Этот KMZ зашифрован.",
+  "That KMZ uses a compression method this import does not read.": "Этот KMZ использует метод сжатия, который импорт не читает.",
+  "That KML has invalid geometry bounds.": "В этом KML некорректные границы геометрии.",
+  "That KML has invalid coordinates.": "В этом KML некорректные координаты.",
+  "That GPX file has no <gpx> document.": "В этом файле GPX нет документа <gpx>.",
+  "That {format} file is not valid XML.": "Этот файл {format} — некорректный XML.",
+  "That file has an unreadable image or exceeds the 16-megapixel image limit.": "В файле есть нечитаемое изображение или изображение больше лимита в 16 мегапикселей.",
+  "That KML could not be read.": "Не удалось прочитать этот KML.",
+  "That file has invalid point coordinates.": "В файле некорректные координаты точек.",
+  "Ground heights are not available for that file. Try again when the map has loaded.": "Высоты рельефа для этого файла недоступны. Попробуйте ещё раз, когда карта загрузится.",
+  "That file took too long to read.": "Файл читался слишком долго.",
+  "Nothing to import.": "Нечего импортировать.",
+  "That file is larger than {size} MiB.": "Файл больше {size} МиБ.",
+  "Only GeoJSON, KML, KMZ and GPX files can be imported.": "Импортировать можно только файлы GeoJSON, KML, KMZ и GPX.",
+  "That file has nothing to draw.": "В файле нечего показать на карте.",
+  "That KMZ holds no KML document.": "В этом KMZ нет документа KML.",
+  "That {format} file could not be read.": "Не удалось прочитать этот файл {format}.",
+  "That file has {count} map objects; the limit is {limit}.": "Объектов на карте в файле: {count}; лимит: {limit}.",
+  "Ground heights could not be read. Try that file again.": "Не удалось получить высоты рельефа. Попробуйте импортировать файл ещё раз.",
+  "That file has invalid point graphics.": "В файле некорректное оформление точек.",
+  "Low-accuracy score < 2%": "Доля неточных < 2%",
+  "Low-accuracy score 2–10%": "Доля неточных 2–10%",
+  "Low-accuracy score > 10%": "Доля неточных > 10%",
+  "GNSS integrity source unavailable": "Источник целостности GNSS недоступен",
+  "Regional sample · 250 nm radius · cells from visited views over 30 min": "Региональная выборка · радиус 250 мор. миль · ячейки из просмотренных видов за 30 мин",
+  "Retrying automatically at {time} UTC": "Автоматический повтор в {time} UTC",
+  "Retrying automatically after provider cooldown": "Автоматический повтор после паузы провайдера",
+  "Updates automatically after pan or zoom and once a minute. The public feed covers a 250-nautical-mile circle around the view centre; zooming out does not make it a worldwide snapshot. Blank cells are outside sampled coverage or have insufficient observations.": "Обновляется автоматически после сдвига или масштабирования карты и раз в минуту. Публичный поток данных охватывает круг радиусом 250 морских миль вокруг центра вида; при отдалении карта не становится снимком всего мира. Пустые ячейки — вне охвата выборки или с недостаточным числом наблюдений.",
+  "Low-accuracy score = 100 × max(0, bad − 1) / total: one aircraft is discounted, so this is not the raw share. Cells need {aircraft} aircraft over {minutes} minutes. Navigation-integrity anomalies are not a detection of jamming or spoofing.": "Доля неточных = 100 × max(0, неточные − 1) / всего: один самолёт не учитывается, поэтому это не прямая доля. Для ячейки нужно самолётов: {aircraft} за {minutes} мин. Аномалии целостности навигации — не обнаружение глушения или подмены сигнала.",
+  "SQUAWK {code} · {status}": "СКВОК {code} · {status}",
+  "ADS-B PRIORITY · {status}": "ADS-B ПРИОРИТЕТ · {status}",
+  "ADS-B EMERGENCY · {status}": "ADS-B АВАРИЯ · {status}",
+  "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}": "{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}",
+  "Ground heights could not be refreshed. Try the file again when the map has loaded.": "Не удалось обновить высоты рельефа. Попробуйте импортировать файл ещё раз, когда карта загрузится.",
+  "{count} map objects": {
+    "one": "{count} объект на карте",
+    "few": "{count} объекта на карте",
+    "many": "{count} объектов на карте",
+    "other": "{count} объекта на карте"
+  },
+  ", drawn with its own styles": ", со своими стилями",
+  "Hide {name}": "Скрыть: {name}",
+  "Show {name}": "Показать: {name}",
+  "Fly to {name}": "Перелёт: {name}",
+  "Remove {name}": "Удалить: {name}",
+  "At most {count} files at once — remove one first.": "Не больше {count} файлов одновременно — сначала удалите один.",
+  "Reading {name}…": "Чтение: {name}…",
+  "That file could not be read.": "Не удалось прочитать этот файл.",
+  "Added {count} files.": {
+    "one": "Добавлен {count} файл.",
+    "few": "Добавлено {count} файла.",
+    "many": "Добавлено {count} файлов.",
+    "other": "Добавлено {count} файла."
+  },
+  "{count} files could not be added ({name}: {error})": {
+    "one": "Не удалось добавить {count} файл ({name}: {error})",
+    "few": "Не удалось добавить {count} файла ({name}: {error})",
+    "many": "Не удалось добавить {count} файлов ({name}: {error})",
+    "other": "Не удалось добавить {count} файла ({name}: {error})"
+  },
+  "Some KML content was left out.": "Часть содержимого KML пропущена.",
+  "GNSS Integrity": "Целостность GNSS",
+  "Show your own GeoJSON, KML, KMZ or GPX files on the globe (or drop them onto it). File bytes stay on this device; overlays can appear in map screenshots shared with voice.": "Показать на глобусе свои файлы GeoJSON, KML, KMZ или GPX (или перетащите их на глобус). Содержимое файлов остаётся на этом устройстве; наложения могут попасть в снимки карты, которые передаются голосовому ассистенту.",
+  "Import": "Импорт",
+  "Choose GeoJSON, KML, KMZ or GPX files": "Выберите файлы GeoJSON, KML, KMZ или GPX",
+  "Imported files": "Импортированные файлы",
+  "DOCKED · {name}": "СТЫКОВКА · {name}",
+  "DOCKED · {name} · +{extra}": "СТЫКОВКА · {name} · +{extra}",
+  "loading coverage...": "загрузка покрытия...",
+  "live feed unavailable": "поток в реальном времени недоступен",
+  "GBFS fetch error": "ошибка загрузки GBFS",
+  "Open the Street Level panel to view imagery": "Откройте панель «Уличные снимки», чтобы их посмотреть",
+  "Image could not be opened": "Не удалось открыть снимок",
+  "Mapillary rejected MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN — replace it in Provider Settings": "Mapillary отклонил MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN — замените его в «Настройках провайдеров»",
+  "Coverage requests are being rate-limited — they resume on their own": "Запросы покрытия ограничены по частоте — они возобновятся сами",
+  "No street-level imagery within {radius} m of that point": "В радиусе {radius} м от этой точки уличных снимков нет",
+  "No street-level imagery within {radius} m of the view centre": "В радиусе {radius} м от центра вида уличных снимков нет",
+  "Aim the middle of the view at a street to look for imagery there": "Наведите центр вида на улицу, чтобы поискать там снимки",
+  "Street View has no imagery for this place": "В Просмотре улиц нет снимков этого места",
+  "GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY is not set": "GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY не задан",
+  "The Google Maps JavaScript API could not load": "Не удалось загрузить Google Maps JavaScript API",
+  "Weather request timed out": "Истекло время ожидания запроса погоды",
+  "Malformed weather manifest": "Некорректный манифест погоды",
+  "Weather HTTP {status}": "Погода: HTTP {status}",
+  "Weather image HTTP {status}": "Снимок погоды: HTTP {status}",
+  "Weather prefetch unavailable": "Предзагрузка погоды недоступна",
+  "Infrared decode failed": "Не удалось декодировать инфракрасный снимок",
+  "rate limited": "превышен лимит запросов",
+  "routing service is rate limited": "сервис маршрутизации превысил лимит запросов",
+  "route leg too long": "участок маршрута слишком длинный",
+  "route too long": "маршрут слишком длинный",
+  "Routing is rate limited — try again in a moment": "Построение маршрута: превышен лимит запросов — попробуйте ещё раз чуть позже",
+  "{error} — try again in a moment": "{error} — попробуйте ещё раз чуть позже",
+  "Routing unavailable (HTTP {status})": "Построение маршрута недоступно (HTTP {status})",
+  "CelesTrak unreachable": "CelesTrak недоступен",
+  "KartaView is rate-limiting requests — they resume on their own": "KartaView ограничивает частоту запросов — они возобновятся сами",
+  "KartaView’s photos here are archived and cannot be shown": "Фотографии KartaView здесь в архиве, показать их нельзя",
+  "KartaView did not filter this area in time — move the map to ask again": "KartaView не успел отфильтровать эту область — сдвиньте карту, чтобы запросить снова",
+  "None of KartaView’s photos here pass the imagery filter": "Ни одна фотография KartaView здесь не проходит фильтр снимков",
+  "KartaView did not answer in time — try again": "KartaView не ответил вовремя — попробуйте снова",
+  "KartaView could not be reached — check the network": "Не удалось связаться с KartaView — проверьте сеть",
+  "KartaView sent an answer that could not be read": "KartaView прислал ответ, который не удалось прочитать",
+  "KartaView is rate-limiting requests": "KartaView ограничивает частоту запросов",
+  "KartaView is rate-limiting requests — try again in a moment": "KartaView ограничивает частоту запросов — попробуйте ещё раз чуть позже",
+  "KartaView sent too much data": "KartaView прислал слишком много данных",
+  "KartaView has no such photo": "У KartaView нет такой фотографии",
+  "The KartaView photo could not be loaded": "Не удалось загрузить фотографию KartaView",
+  "KartaView has no position for this photo": "У KartaView нет координат этой фотографии",
+  "Map tiles temporarily unavailable": "Тайлы карты временно недоступны",
+  "Mapped names temporarily unavailable": "Названия объектов временно недоступны",
+  "No mapped sites in view": "В кадре нет объектов",
+  "No mapped sites within {km} km of the contact": "Нет объектов в радиусе {km} км от контакта",
+  "{count} mapped sites in view": {
+    "one": "{count} объект в кадре",
+    "few": "{count} объекта в кадре",
+    "many": "{count} объектов в кадре",
+    "other": "{count} объекта в кадре"
+  },
+  "{count} mapped sites within {km} km of the contact": {
+    "one": "{count} объект в радиусе {km} км от контакта",
+    "few": "{count} объекта в радиусе {km} км от контакта",
+    "many": "{count} объектов в радиусе {km} км от контакта",
+    "other": "{count} объекта в радиусе {km} км от контакта"
+  },
+  "Too many mapped sites in view to list them all": "В кадре слишком много объектов, чтобы перечислить все",
+  "Installation context unavailable": "Контекст объектов недоступен",
+  "Focus vessel {name}, MMSI {mmsi}": "Фокус на судне {name}, MMSI {mmsi}",
+  "Open the USGS initial report for the 26 August 2026 Nepal landslide": "Открыть первичное сообщение USGS об оползне в Непале 26 августа 2026 года",
+  "YouTube source": "Источник YouTube",
+  "Facebook source": "Источник Facebook",
+  "Military airfield": "Военный аэродром",
+  "Naval base": "Военно-морская база",
+  "Firing range": "Стрельбище",
+  "Military land": "Военная территория",
+  "Mapped installation": "Объект на карте",
+  "Military area": "Военная зона",
+  "SIMULATED — {reason}": "СИМУЛЯЦИЯ — {reason}",
+  "TomTom key unavailable": "Ключ TomTom недоступен",
+  "TomTom daily budget reached": "Исчерпан дневной лимит TomTom",
+  "TomTom upstream unreachable": "Сервер TomTom не отвечает",
+  "TomTom flow unavailable": "Поток TomTom недоступен",
+  "API key rejected — check AISSTREAM_API_KEY": "Ключ API отклонён — проверьте AISSTREAM_API_KEY",
+  "feed silent {seconds}s — no AIS data": "нет данных AIS от потока {seconds} с",
+  "feed silent — no AIS data": "нет данных AIS от потока",
+  "feed down — retrying slowly (attempt {attempt})": "поток недоступен — повторяем реже (попытка {attempt})",
+  "feed down — retrying slowly": "поток недоступен — повторяем реже",
+  "reconnecting to feed… (attempt {attempt})": "переподключение к потоку… (попытка {attempt})",
+  "reconnecting to feed…": "переподключение к потоку…",
+  "AISSTREAM_API_KEY not set": "AISSTREAM_API_KEY не задан",
+  "live feed unsupported": "поток в реальном времени не поддерживается",
+  "connecting to feed…": "подключение к потоку…",
+  "feed disconnected": "поток отключён",
+  "feed down": "поток недоступен",
+  "feed idle": "поток простаивает",
+  "AIS live load failed": "Не удалось загрузить AIS в реальном времени",
+  "age|{count}m": "{count} мин",
+  "{acres} ac": {
+    "one": "{acres} акр",
+    "few": "{acres} акра",
+    "many": "{acres} акров",
+    "other": "{acres} акра"
+  },
+  "{percent}% contained": "локализован на {percent}%",
+  "containment unknown": "локализация неизвестна",
+  "{cause} cause": "причина: {cause}",
+  "{personnel} personnel": {
+    "one": "{personnel} человек",
+    "few": "{personnel} человека",
+    "many": "{personnel} человек",
+    "other": "{personnel} человека"
+  },
+  "{county} County": "округ {county}",
+  "{cost} to date": "{cost} на сегодня",
+  "discovered {age} ago": "обнаружен {age} назад",
+  "updated {age} ago": "обновлён {age} назад",
+  "part of {complex}": "входит в {complex}",
+  "InciWeb ↗ · click card to open": "InciWeb ↗ · нажмите на карточку, чтобы открыть",
+  "FIRE · {name}": "ПОЖАР · {name}",
+  "Unnamed incident": "Без названия",
+  "Open {title} on InciWeb": "Открыть {title} в InciWeb",
+  "Vehicle {vehicle}": "Борт {vehicle}",
+  "Bus": "Автобус",
+  "Tram": "Трамвай",
+  "Subway": "Метро",
+  "Train": "Поезд",
+  "Ferry": "Паром",
+  "Transit vehicle": "Общественный транспорт",
+  "No recent fix": "Нет свежих координат",
+  "Waiting for update": "Ожидание обновления",
+  "Moving": "В движении",
+  "reported {speed} km/h": "по отчёту {speed} км/ч",
+  "reported hdg {heading}°": "по отчёту курс {heading}°",
+  "Last report: stopped at stop {stop}": "Последний отчёт: стоит на остановке {stop}",
+  "Last report: arriving at stop {stop}": "Последний отчёт: прибывает на остановку {stop}",
+  "Last report: next stop {stop}": "Последний отчёт: следующая остановка {stop}",
+  "occupancy|empty": "пусто",
+  "occupancy|many seats available": "много свободных мест",
+  "occupancy|few seats available": "мало свободных мест",
+  "occupancy|standing room only": "только стоячие места",
+  "occupancy|crushed standing room only": "переполнен, только стоя",
+  "occupancy|full": "мест нет",
+  "occupancy|not accepting passengers": "посадки нет",
+  "occupancy|not boardable": "посадка невозможна",
+  "Shown at street level · depth not in the feed": "Показан на уровне улицы · глубины в потоке нет",
+  "Reported {seconds} s ago": "Отчёт {seconds} с назад",
+  "Reported {minutes} min ago": "Отчёт {minutes} мин назад",
+  "{reported} (feed time)": "{reported} (время потока)",
+  "shown {seconds} s behind": "показ отстаёт на {seconds} с",
+  "Available trail: {minutes} min": "Доступный след: {minutes} мин",
+  "Available trail: {minutes} min (limited)": "Доступный след: {minutes} мин (ограничен)",
+  "UNAVAILABLE · {source} · Roads unavailable": "НЕДОСТУПНО · {source} · Дороги недоступны",
+  "Roads: {source}": "Дороги: {source}",
+  "TomTom roads unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable": "Дороги TomTom недоступны, пока сервис трафика не отвечает",
+  "Hybrid unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable": "Гибридный режим недоступен, пока сервис трафика не отвечает",
+  "TomTom roads need a TomTom key": "Для дорог TomTom нужен ключ TomTom",
+  "Hybrid needs a TomTom key": "Для гибридного режима нужен ключ TomTom",
+  "Local surface still loading": "Поверхность под дорогами ещё загружается",
+  "Partial coverage": "Частичное покрытие",
+  "Detailed roads unavailable": "Нет детальных данных о дорогах",
+  "Reduced detail coverage": "Покрытие с меньшей детализацией",
+  "OpenFreeMap tiles rate-limited": "Тайлы OpenFreeMap: превышен лимит запросов",
+  "OpenFreeMap tiles timed out": "Тайлы OpenFreeMap: истекло время ожидания",
+  "OpenFreeMap tiles unavailable": "Тайлы OpenFreeMap недоступны",
+  "Heard by your receiver": "Принято вашим приёмником",
+  "browser SDR": "SDR в браузере",
+  "decoder feed": "поток декодера",
+  "Your RTL-SDR receiver and decoder feed": "Ваш приёмник RTL-SDR и поток декодера",
+  "Your decoder feed": "Ваш поток декодера",
+  "Your RTL-SDR receiver": "Ваш приёмник RTL-SDR",
+  "NO CALLSIGN": "БЕЗ ПОЗЫВНОГО",
+  "ALT {altitude} FT · GS {speed} KT · TRK {track}": "ВЫС. {altitude} ФТ · ПУТ. СКОР. {speed} УЗ · ПУТЬ {track}",
+  "V/S {rate}": "ВЕРТ. СКОР. {rate}",
+  "V/S {rate} FPM": "ВЕРТ. СКОР. {rate} ФТ/МИН",
+  "POSITION {age}": "ПОЗИЦИЯ {age}",
+  "POSITION {seconds} S AGO": "ПОЗИЦИЯ {seconds} С НАЗАД",
+  "{count} MSGS": {
+    "one": "{count} СООБЩЕНИЕ",
+    "few": "{count} СООБЩЕНИЯ",
+    "many": "{count} СООБЩЕНИЙ",
+    "other": "{count} СООБЩЕНИЯ"
+  },
+  "installation class|BARRACKS": "КАЗАРМЫ",
+  "installation class|TRAINING AREA": "УЧЕБНЫЙ ПОЛИГОН",
+  "Seeking up…": "Поиск вверх…",
+  "Seeking down…": "Поиск вниз…",
+  "Scanning {mhz} MHz…": "Сканирование {mhz} МГц…",
+  "Found {mhz} MHz · {snr} dB": "Найдено {mhz} МГц · {snr} дБ",
+  "Broadcaster stream is unavailable or blocked by the browser.": "Поток вещателя недоступен или заблокирован браузером.",
+  "Playback requires a direct click or tap.": "Чтобы начать воспроизведение, нажмите «Пуск».",
+  "Broadcaster stream could not be started.": "Не удалось запустить поток вещателя.",
+  "Directory refresh degraded; showing the previous station catalog.": "Обновление каталога прошло с перебоями; показан предыдущий каталог станций.",
+  "Radio directory coverage is degraded.": "Каталог радиостанций работает с перебоями.",
+  "Directory refresh failed; showing the previous station catalog.": "Не удалось обновить каталог; показан предыдущий каталог станций.",
+  "Radio directory is temporarily unavailable.": "Каталог радиостанций временно недоступен.",
+  "Decoder feeds: {feeds}": "Потоки декодера: {feeds}",
+  " · read while Local ADS-B is on": " · читаются при включённом слое «Локальный ADS-B»",
+  "idle": "ожидание",
+  "running": "работает",
+  "suspended": "приостановлено",
+  "closed": "закрыто",
+  "Local FM stopped: internet radio started": "Локальный FM остановлен: запущено интернет-радио",
+  "ALPR cameras": "камеры ALPR",
+  "OVERPASS RATE-LIMITED": "OVERPASS: ПРЕВЫШЕН ЛИМИТ ЗАПРОСОВ",
+  "OVERPASS TIMED OUT": "OVERPASS: ИСТЕКЛО ВРЕМЯ ОЖИДАНИЯ",
+  "OVERPASS COULD NOT COMPLETE THE QUERY": "OVERPASS: НЕ УДАЛОСЬ ЗАВЕРШИТЬ ЗАПРОС",
+  "MAP TILES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE": "ТАЙЛЫ КАРТЫ ВРЕМЕННО НЕДОСТУПНЫ",
+  "MAPPED NAMES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE": "НАЗВАНИЯ ОБЪЕКТОВ ВРЕМЕННО НЕДОСТУПНЫ",
+  "Shared flight follow expired": "Срок отслеживания рейса по ссылке истёк",
+  "Shared military flight follow expired": "Срок отслеживания военного рейса по ссылке истёк",
+  "Shared satellite follow expired": "Срок отслеживания спутника по ссылке истёк",
+  "Shared flight could not be restored — feed unavailable": "Не удалось восстановить рейс по ссылке — поток данных недоступен",
+  "Shared military flight could not be restored — feed unavailable": "Не удалось восстановить военный рейс по ссылке — поток данных недоступен",
+  "Shared satellite could not be restored — feed unavailable": "Не удалось восстановить спутник по ссылке — поток данных недоступен",
+  "Shared flight is unavailable": "Рейс по ссылке недоступен",
+  "Shared military flight is unavailable": "Военный рейс по ссылке недоступен",
+  "Shared satellite is unavailable": "Спутник по ссылке недоступен",
+  "Scene not saved — browser storage unavailable": "Сцена не сохранена — хранилище браузера недоступно",
+  "Scene not saved — existing saved project could not be read. Export edits or import a valid file.": "Сцена не сохранена — не удалось прочитать сохранённый проект. Экспортируйте правки или импортируйте корректный файл.",
+  "Saved project could not be read; storage preserved. Import a valid file to resume saving.": "Не удалось прочитать сохранённый проект; хранилище не тронуто. Импортируйте корректный файл, чтобы снова сохранять.",
+  "Scene not saved — {reason}": "Сцена не сохранена — {reason}",
+  "Stopped": "Остановлено",
+  "Stopped (Esc)": "Остановлено (Esc)",
+  "Camera ownership changed": "Управление камерой перехвачено",
+  "Scene layer turned off": "Слой сцены выключен",
+  "Seeking scene clock": "Перемотка сцены",
+  "Importing project": "Импорт проекта",
+  "Camera move interrupted": "Перелёт камеры прерван",
+  "Scene media timed out": "Истекло время ожидания медиа сцены",
+  "Space Missions isolates replay data. Exit the mode to enable {layer}.": "Режим «Космические миссии» изолирует данные воспроизведения. Выйдите из режима, чтобы включить слой «{layer}».",
+  "Tilted view": "Вид с наклоном",
+  "Straight-down view": "Вид сверху",
+  "North up": "Север вверху",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a camera": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к камере",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a location": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к месту",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a photo": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к фото",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a shared view": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к виду по ссылке",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a target": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к цели",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a vessel": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к судну",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a fire": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к пожару",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a route": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к маршруту",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a file": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к файлу",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a scene": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к сцене",
+  "Go to expanded Radio section": "Перейти к развёрнутому разделу радио",
+  "Expand Radio section in Context": "Развернуть раздел «Радио» в панели «Контекст»",
+  "Double-click the header to snap the panel back": "Двойной щелчок по заголовку — вернуть панель на место",
+  "New scene name": "Название новой сцены",
+  "Delete scene \"{scene}\" and all shots?": "Удалить сцену «{scene}» и все кадры?",
+  "Detailed outline unavailable": "Подробный контур недоступен",
+  "Provider Settings does not answer proxied requests": "«Настройки провайдеров» не отвечают на запросы через прокси",
+  "Provider Settings is disabled while sharing is enabled": "«Настройки провайдеров» отключены, пока включён общий доступ",
+  "Provider Settings answers only the machine running the server": "«Настройки провайдеров» отвечают только компьютеру, на котором запущен сервер",
+  "Provider Settings answers only local hostnames": "«Настройки провайдеров» отвечают только на локальные имена хостов",
+  "Provider Settings requires an exact local Origin": "«Настройкам провайдеров» нужен точный локальный Origin",
+  "Unrecognized Origin refused": "Нераспознанный Origin отклонён",
+  "Cross-origin requests are refused": "Запросы с другого источника отклоняются",
+  "Content-Type must be application/json": "Content-Type должен быть application/json",
+  "Method not allowed": "Метод не разрешён",
+  "Request too large": "Слишком большой запрос",
+  "Invalid JSON": "Некорректный JSON",
+  "Body must be a JSON object of {ENV_VAR: value}": "Тело запроса должно быть JSON-объектом вида {ENV_VAR: value}",
+  "No keys provided": "Ключи не переданы",
+  "At most {limit} keys per save": "Ключей за одно сохранение — не больше {limit}",
+  "Unknown key: {name}": "Неизвестный ключ: {name}",
+  "{name} must be a string": "{name}: значение должно быть строкой",
+  "{name} is empty": "{name}: пустое значение",
+  "{name} is longer than any real key ({limit} max)": "{name}: значение длиннее любого настоящего ключа (максимум {limit})",
+  "{name} may only contain printable characters with no spaces": "{name}: допустимы только печатные символы без пробелов",
+  "{name} contains a character that is not valid in a key (#, quotes, $, \\, or backtick)": "{name}: недопустимый для ключа символ (#, кавычки, $, \\ или обратный апостроф)",
+  "{name} is configured outside Provider Settings and can only be changed where it was set": "{name}: задан вне «Настроек провайдеров», изменить его можно только там, где его задали",
+  "The key was not saved: could not restrict the credential file to your account; nothing was saved": "Ключ не сохранён: не удалось закрыть файл учётных данных от всех, кроме вашей учётной записи; ничего не сохранено",
+  "The key was not saved: the existing configuration could not be read, so nothing was changed": "Ключ не сохранён: не удалось прочитать текущую конфигурацию, поэтому ничего не изменено",
+  "Could not write the {store} store": "Не удалось записать хранилище {store}",
+  "Could not check ChatGPT sign-in. Try again.": "Не удалось проверить вход в ChatGPT. Попробуйте ещё раз.",
+  "Cloud voice will use OPENAI_API_KEY on the next session.": "Следующая облачная голосовая сессия будет использовать OPENAI_API_KEY.",
+  "Checking local ChatGPT OAuth sign-in…": "Проверка локального входа в ChatGPT через OAuth…",
+  "Could not check ChatGPT sign-in.": "Не удалось проверить вход в ChatGPT.",
+  "ChatGPT OAuth selected for cloud voice. Your API key stays saved and available.": "Для облачного голоса выбран ChatGPT OAuth. Ваш ключ API остаётся сохранённым и доступным.",
+  "ChatGPT sign-in expired. Opening sign-in again…": "Сеанс ChatGPT истёк. Открываем вход заново…",
+  "Opening ChatGPT sign-in in your browser…": "Открываем вход в ChatGPT в браузере…",
+  "Could not start ChatGPT sign-in on this machine.": "Не удалось начать вход в ChatGPT на этом компьютере.",
+  "Finish ChatGPT sign-in in the browser. Waiting for it to complete…": "Завершите вход в ChatGPT в браузере. Ожидание завершения…",
+  "ChatGPT sign-in timed out. Click {button} to try again.": "Время на вход в ChatGPT истекло. Нажмите «{button}», чтобы попробовать ещё раз.",
+  "ChatGPT sign-in complete. OAuth will be used for the next cloud voice session.": "Вход в ChatGPT выполнен. В следующей облачной голосовой сессии будет использоваться OAuth.",
+  "OAuth check failed: {detail}": "Не удалось проверить OAuth: {detail}",
+  "unsaved CCTV calibration": "несохранённая калибровка CCTV",
+  "the open cockpit": "открытая кабина",
+  "Switching language reloads the page. This will be lost: {items}. Switch anyway?": "Смена языка перезагрузит страницу. Будет потеряно: {items}. Всё равно сменить язык?",
+  "Wind upstream unavailable": "Источник данных о ветре недоступен",
+  "WebUSB needs desktop Chrome or Edge": "Для WebUSB нужен настольный Chrome или Edge",
+  "connect a receiver in Radio": "подключите приёмник в разделе «Радио»",
+  "receiver is in FM mode": "приёмник в режиме FM",
+  "Cyclone advisories unavailable": "Сводки о циклонах недоступны",
+  "Cyclone data unavailable": "Данные о циклонах недоступны",
+  "Drag to size the box": "Потяните, чтобы задать размер области",
+  "Press on the ground, not the sky": "Нажмите на землю, а не на небо",
+  "Point the camera at the ground to use the view": "Наведите камеру на землю, чтобы использовать вид",
+  "That point cannot anchor a box": "От этой точки нельзя построить область",
+  "Box edges must be finite": "Некорректные координаты области",
+  "Longitudes must be within ±180°": "Долгота должна быть в пределах ±180°",
+  "Select one side of the dateline": "Не пересекайте линию перемены дат",
+  "Box must enclose an area": "Область должна иметь площадь",
+  "Imagery stops at ±{limit}° latitude": "Снимки есть только до ±{limit}° широты",
+  "{owner} is using the pointer — close it first": "Указатель занят: «{owner}». Закройте его",
+  "OpenSky OAuth client missing/invalid": "Клиент OAuth OpenSky отсутствует или недействителен",
+  "OpenSky OAuth rejected credentials": "OpenSky OAuth отклонил учётные данные",
+  "OpenSky username/password rejected": "OpenSky отклонил имя пользователя или пароль",
+  "OpenSky auth missing": "Нет данных для входа в OpenSky",
+  "OpenSky auth required": "OpenSky требует входа",
+  "OpenSky auth invalid": "Неверные данные для входа в OpenSky",
+  "OpenSky auth failed": "Не удалось войти в OpenSky",
+  "Source snapshot {minutes} min old": "Возраст снимка источника: {minutes} мин",
+  "{source} rate limited (anonymous)": "{source}: лимит запросов (анонимно)",
+  "{source} rate limited": "{source}: лимит запросов",
+  "{source} HTTP {status}": "{source}: HTTP {status}",
+  "{source} network error": "{source}: ошибка сети",
+  "Malformed {source} aircraft rows": "{source}: некорректные записи о самолётах",
+  "Malformed {source} response": "{source}: некорректный ответ",
+  "Source snapshot time unavailable": "Время снимка источника неизвестно",
+  "Live data unavailable": "Данные в реальном времени недоступны",
+  "{n} aircraft": {
+    "one": "{n} самолёт",
+    "few": "{n} самолёта",
+    "many": "{n} самолётов",
+    "other": "{n} самолёта"
+  },
+  "{n} military aircraft": {
+    "one": "{n} военный самолёт",
+    "few": "{n} военных самолёта",
+    "many": "{n} военных самолётов",
+    "other": "{n} военного самолёта"
+  },
+  "{n} ships": {
+    "one": "{n} судно",
+    "few": "{n} судна",
+    "many": "{n} судов",
+    "other": "{n} судна"
+  },
+  "{n} satellites": {
+    "one": "{n} спутник",
+    "few": "{n} спутника",
+    "many": "{n} спутников",
+    "other": "{n} спутника"
+  },
+  "{n} launches": {
+    "one": "{n} пуск",
+    "few": "{n} пуска",
+    "many": "{n} пусков",
+    "other": "{n} пуска"
+  },
+  "{n} earthquakes": {
+    "one": "{n} землетрясение",
+    "few": "{n} землетрясения",
+    "many": "{n} землетрясений",
+    "other": "{n} землетрясения"
+  },
+  "{n} fires": {
+    "one": "{n} пожар",
+    "few": "{n} пожара",
+    "many": "{n} пожаров",
+    "other": "{n} пожара"
+  },
+  "{n} fire perimeters": {
+    "one": "{n} контур пожара",
+    "few": "{n} контура пожаров",
+    "many": "{n} контуров пожаров",
+    "other": "{n} контура пожаров"
+  },
+  "{n} cyclones": {
+    "one": "{n} циклон",
+    "few": "{n} циклона",
+    "many": "{n} циклонов",
+    "other": "{n} циклона"
+  },
+  "{n} buses": {
+    "one": "{n} автобус",
+    "few": "{n} автобуса",
+    "many": "{n} автобусов",
+    "other": "{n} автобуса"
+  },
+  "{n} bike share": {
+    "one": "{n} станция проката велосипедов",
+    "few": "{n} станции проката велосипедов",
+    "many": "{n} станций проката велосипедов",
+    "other": "{n} станции проката велосипедов"
+  },
+  "{n} flock cameras": {
+    "one": "{n} камера ALPR",
+    "few": "{n} камеры ALPR",
+    "many": "{n} камер ALPR",
+    "other": "{n} камеры ALPR"
+  },
+  "{n} military bases": {
+    "one": "{n} военная база",
+    "few": "{n} военные базы",
+    "many": "{n} военных баз",
+    "other": "{n} военной базы"
+  },
+  "{n} datacenters": {
+    "one": "{n} дата-центр",
+    "few": "{n} дата-центра",
+    "many": "{n} дата-центров",
+    "other": "{n} дата-центра"
+  },
+  "{n} dams": {
+    "one": "{n} плотина",
+    "few": "{n} плотины",
+    "many": "{n} плотин",
+    "other": "{n} плотины"
+  },
+  "{n} results": {
+    "one": "{n} результат",
+    "few": "{n} результата",
+    "many": "{n} результатов",
+    "other": "{n} результата"
+  },
+  "anywhere in the loaded data": "во всех загруженных данных",
+  "in view": "в кадре",
+  "within {radius} of the view centre": "в радиусе {radius} от центра вида",
+  "within {radius} of {place} (Contacts window)": "в радиусе {radius} — {place} (окно «Контактов»)",
+  "within {radius} of {place}": "в радиусе {radius} — {place}",
+  "within {radius}": "в радиусе {radius}",
+  "over {region}": "в регионе {region}",
+  "At least {items}": "{items} или больше",
+  "{items} {scope}": "{items} {scope}",
+  "last 24 h": "за последние 24 ч",
+  "past 30 d and upcoming": "за последние 30 дн. и предстоящие",
+  "the flights layer loads by viewport": "слой рейсов загружается по области вида",
+  "distance is ground distance, not overhead": "расстояние — по поверхности земли до подспутниковой точки, а не до самого аппарата",
+  "the count is a lower bound because at least one layer reached its retained limit.": "это нижняя граница: хотя бы один слой достиг предела хранимых записей.",
+  "{label} loading": "{label}: загрузка",
+  "{label} error": "{label}: ошибка",
+  "counted the first {returned} loaded records": "учтены только первые загруженные записи: {returned}",
+  "counted {returned} of {total} loaded records": "учтено загруженных записей: {returned} из {total}",
+  "{layers} just turned on — still loading, counts will rise": "{layers}: только что включено — данные ещё загружаются, значения вырастут",
+  "Contacts panel snapshot at {time} — the same retained cohort supplies the card, speech, and follow-up memory": "Снимок панели «Контакты» ({time}) — та же сохранённая выборка используется для карточки, речи и памяти уточняющих вопросов",
+  "Contacts panel snapshot — the same retained cohort supplies the card, speech, and follow-up memory": "Снимок панели «Контакты» — та же сохранённая выборка используется для карточки, речи и памяти уточняющих вопросов",
+  "Not answered: {layers}": "Нет ответа: {layers}",
+  "The flights layer is not enabled": "Слой рейсов не включён",
+  "The military layer is not enabled": "Слой военных рейсов не включён",
+  "The satellites layer is not enabled": "Слой спутников не включён",
+  "The ais-live-vessels layer is not enabled": "Слой судов AIS не включён",
+  "Could not enable the requested layer": "Не удалось включить запрошенный слой",
+  "Could not disable the requested layer": "Не удалось выключить запрошенный слой",
+  "Radio layer unavailable": "Слой радио недоступен",
+  "Camera navigation is unavailable in the current view": "Управление камерой недоступно в текущем виде",
+  "Camera navigation policy unavailable": "Правила навигации камеры недоступны",
+  "Nearest-aircraft selection supports Flights or Military Flights only": "Выбор ближайшего самолёта работает только для рейсов и военных рейсов",
+  "Nearest-aircraft selection needs a preset, place name, or latitude and longitude": "Для выбора ближайшего самолёта нужен пресет, название места или широта и долгота",
+  "Could not arrive at the requested place": "Не удалось долететь до запрошенного места",
+  "The nearest airborne aircraft could not be selected": "Не удалось выбрать ближайший самолёт в воздухе",
+  "No flights within {radius} of the current view": "В радиусе {radius} от текущего вида нет рейсов",
+  "No military within {radius} of the current view": "В радиусе {radius} от текущего вида нет военных рейсов",
+  "No satellites within {radius} of the current view": "В радиусе {radius} от текущего вида нет спутников",
+  "No vessels within {radius} of the current view": "В радиусе {radius} от текущего вида нет судов",
+  "{layer} is enabled on the {source} feed, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet": "{layer}: включено (поток {source}), но в виде «{place}» пока не загружено ни одного самолёта в воздухе",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet": "{layer}: включено, но в виде «{place}» пока не загружено ни одного самолёта в воздухе",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but its aircraft feed is unavailable": "{layer}: включено, но поток данных о самолётах недоступен",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but its destination refresh did not complete": "{layer}: включено, но обновление в точке назначения не завершилось",
+  "{layer} is enabled, but {source} is unavailable": "{layer}: включено, но источник {source} недоступен",
+  "Could not arrive at {place}": "Не удалось долететь: {place}",
+  "{name} is no longer loaded": "{name}: объект больше не загружен",
+  "Unknown target layer: {target}": "Неизвестный слой цели: {target}",
+  "Layer": "Слой",
+  "there": "там",
+  "Frame flights": "Показать самолёты в кадре",
+  "Frame military": "Показать военные самолёты в кадре",
+  "Frame vessels": "Показать суда в кадре",
+  "Fly to Location": "Перелёт к месту",
+  "Nearest aircraft to Here": "Ближайший самолёт здесь",
+  "Estimate is incomplete — a response was still in flight when the session ended, so its usage was never reported.": "Оценка неполная: к моменту завершения сессии один из ответов ещё не был получен, поэтому его использование не учтено.",
+  "STANDARD": "СТАНДАРТ",
+  "vehicle motion|Stopped": "Стоит",
+  "ACQUIRING FRAME": "ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ КАДРА",
+  "Camera source temporarily unavailable": "Источник камер временно недоступен",
+  "Perimeter source unavailable": "Источник контуров пожаров недоступен",
+  "Imagery catalog unavailable": "Каталог снимков недоступен",
+  "Earthquake source unavailable": "Источник данных о землетрясениях недоступен",
+  "TeleGeography load failed": "Не удалось загрузить данные TeleGeography",
+  "Wind request timed out": "Истекло время ожидания запроса ветра",
+  "Malformed wind manifest": "Некорректный манифест ветра",
+  "Malformed wind grid": "Некорректная сетка ветра",
+  "Unknown wind model": "Неизвестная модель ветра",
+  "Unknown weather overlay": "Неизвестный погодный слой",
+  "Temperature field unavailable": "Поле температуры недоступно",
+  "Mean sea level pressure field unavailable": "Поле давления на уровне моря недоступно",
+  "KartaView answered HTTP {status}": "KartaView ответил: HTTP {status}",
+  "KartaView refused the request (code {code})": "KartaView отклонил запрос (код {code})",
+  "Stopped by voice": "Остановлено голосовой командой",
+  "drawings on the map": "рисунки на карте",
+  "imported map files": "импортированные файлы на карте",
+  "the active voice session": "активная голосовая сессия",
+  "Light aircraft": "Лёгкий самолёт",
+  "Glider": "Планёр",
+  "Turboprop": "Турбовинтовой самолёт",
+  "Airliner": "Авиалайнер",
+  "Widebody": "Широкофюзеляжный самолёт",
+  "Four-engine jet": "Четырёхмоторный реактивный самолёт",
+  "Helicopter": "Вертолёт",
+  "Fast jet": "Высокоманёвренный самолёт",
+  "Business jet": "Бизнес-джет",
+  "Drone": "Беспилотник",
+  "fire cause|Human": "деятельность человека",
+  "fire cause|Natural": "природная",
+  "fire cause|Undetermined": "не установлена",
+  "fire cause|Unknown": "неизвестна",
+  "fire behavior|Minimal": "минимальная активность",
+  "fire behavior|Moderate": "умеренная активность",
+  "fire behavior|Active": "высокая активность",
+  "fire behavior|Extreme": "экстремальная активность",
+  "Type {level} Incident": "инцидент {level}-го типа",
+  "${amount}K": "{amount} тыс. $",
+  "${amount}M": "{amount} млн $",
+  "${amount}B": "{amount} млрд $",
+  "{speed} kn": "{speed} уз",
+  "1090 MHz": "1090 МГц",
+  "978 MHz UAT": "978 МГц UAT",
+  "feed status|live": "онлайн",
+  "feed status|stale": "устарел",
+  "feed status|unreachable": "недоступен",
+  "feed status|invalid": "некорректный",
+  "Vector tile metadata unavailable": "Метаданные векторных тайлов недоступны",
+  "Vector tiles unavailable": "Векторные тайлы недоступны",
+  "Vector tiles unavailable (HTTP {status})": "Векторные тайлы недоступны (HTTP {status})",
+  "Vector tile request timed out": "Векторные тайлы: истекло время ожидания",
+  "Zoom in for vector tile coverage": "Приблизьте карту, чтобы загрузить векторные тайлы",
+  "Camera coverage unavailable": "Покрытие камер недоступно",
+  "Hybrid": "Гибрид",
+  "TomTom roads only, each with its live flow": "Только дороги TomTom, у каждой — свой поток онлайн",
+  "TomTom roads only, each with its live flow (needs a TomTom key)": "Только дороги TomTom, у каждой — свой поток онлайн (нужен ключ TomTom)",
+  "OpenStreetMap roads, with TomTom flow matched when available": "Дороги OpenStreetMap; поток TomTom сопоставляется, где он есть",
+  "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated": "Сначала дороги TomTom; остальное дополняет OpenStreetMap с симуляцией потока",
+  "TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)": "Сначала дороги TomTom; остальное дополняет OpenStreetMap с симуляцией потока (нужен ключ TomTom)",
+  "Austin": "Остин",
+  "San Francisco": "Сан-Франциско",
+  "New York": "Нью-Йорк",
+  "Tokyo": "Токио",
+  "London": "Лондон",
+  "Paris": "Париж",
+  "Dubai": "Дубай",
+  "Washington DC": "Вашингтон",
+  "Tallinn": "Таллин",
+  "Los Angeles": "Лос-Анджелес",
+  "Data attribution": "Источники данных",
+  "Data provided by:": "Данные предоставлены:",
+  "Exit cockpit to view weather coverage": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы показать зону покрытия погодного слоя",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a cyclone": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к циклону",
+  "the title of scene {scene} is empty or longer than {max} characters": "название сцены {scene} пустое или длиннее {max} символов",
+  "the title of shot {shot} in scene {scene} is empty or longer than {max} characters": "название кадра {shot} в сцене {scene} пустое или длиннее {max} символов",
+  "the project is larger than 5 MiB": "проект больше 5 МиБ",
+  "the project has too many shots": "в проекте слишком много кадров",
+  "the scene data failed validation": "данные сцены не прошли проверку",
+  "Layer on": "Слой: вкл.",
+  "Layer off": "Слой: выкл.",
+  "Zoom in": "Приблизить",
+  "Zoom out": "Отдалить",
+  "Zoom out to globe": "Отдалить до глобуса",
+  "Open data layers": "Открыть слои данных",
+  "Open or close a panel": "Открыть или закрыть панель",
+  "Change context mode": "Сменить режим контекста",
+  "Control cockpit": "Управлять кабиной",
+  "Change visual style": "Сменить визуальный стиль",
+  "Adjust HUD": "Настроить HUD",
+  "Adjust cyber sonar": "Настроить кибер-сонар",
+  "Adjust detection overlay": "Настроить слой детекции",
+  "Change map stack": "Сменить набор карт",
+  "Adjust post-processing": "Настроить постобработку",
+  "Control scene": "Управлять сценой",
+  "Control CCTV": "Управлять камерами CCTV",
+  "Control radio": "Управлять радио",
+  "Track contact": "Отслеживать контакт",
+  "Stop tracking": "Остановить отслеживание",
+  "Clear marks": "Убрать отметки",
+  "Move camera": "Переместить камеру",
+  "Fly route": "Пролететь по маршруту",
+  "Analyst query": "Аналитический запрос",
+  "Next ISS pass": "Следующий пролёт МКС",
+  "Next satellite pass": "Следующий пролёт спутника",
+  "Action": "Действие",
+  "The photo could not be loaded": "Не удалось загрузить фотографию",
+  "{name} photo. ← and → step along the sequence. On a 360° photo, drag or use Shift+← →, ↑ ↓ to look around, and + − to zoom": "Фотография {name}. ← и → листают съёмку. На 360°-фотографии перетаскивайте или используйте Shift+← →, ↑ ↓ для обзора, + − для масштаба",
+  "{name} street-level photo": "Уличная фотография {name}",
+  "Previous photo in this sequence (←)": "Предыдущая фотография съёмки (←)",
+  "Next photo in this sequence (→)": "Следующая фотография съёмки (→)",
+  "The Panoramax photo could not be loaded": "Не удалось загрузить фотографию Panoramax",
+  "Panoramax is busy — coverage resumes on its own": "Panoramax перегружен — покрытие загрузится само",
+  "no Panoramax photos in view": "фотографий Panoramax в зоне видимости нет",
+  "no Panoramax photos here match the filters": "здесь нет фотографий Panoramax, подходящих под фильтры",
+  "Panoramax sent a map tile that could not be read": "Panoramax прислал тайл карты, который не удалось прочитать",
+  "This Panoramax photo is no longer available": "Эта фотография Panoramax больше недоступна",
+  "zoom in to see Panoramax coverage": "приблизьтесь, чтобы увидеть покрытие Panoramax",
+  "Panoramax did not answer in time — try again": "Panoramax не ответил вовремя — попробуйте снова",
+  "Panoramax could not be reached — check the connection": "Не удалось связаться с Panoramax — проверьте подключение",
+  "Panoramax sent too much data": "Panoramax прислал слишком много данных",
+  "Panoramax is busy": "Panoramax перегружен",
+  "Panoramax sent an unreadable answer": "Panoramax прислал ответ, который не удалось прочитать",
+  "Apply the full cloud brightness key; 100% filter strength": "Применить полный фильтр яркости облаков; сила фильтра 100%",
+  "Show the complete infrared image; 0% filter strength": "Показать полное ИК-изображение; сила фильтра 0%",
+  "FILTER": "ФИЛЬТР",
+  "Cloud filter strength": "Сила фильтра облаков",
+  "Panoramax answered HTTP {status}": "Panoramax ответил: HTTP {status}",
+  "Highest air-quality readings in view": "Наивысшие показатели качества воздуха в поле зрения",
+  "Low": "Низкий",
+  "Moderate": "Умеренный",
+  "High": "Высокий",
+  "Very High": "Очень высокий",
+  "Air quality": "Качество воздуха",
+  "{n} sequences in view · click a line for its nearest photo": {
+    "one": "{n} съёмка в кадре · щёлкните линию, чтобы открыть ближайшую фотографию",
+    "few": "{n} съёмки в кадре · щёлкните линию, чтобы открыть ближайшую фотографию",
+    "many": "{n} съёмок в кадре · щёлкните линию, чтобы открыть ближайшую фотографию",
+    "other": "{n} съёмки в кадре · щёлкните линию, чтобы открыть ближайшую фотографию"
+  },
+  "FOV {value}° (DATASHEET)": "ОБЗОР {value}° (ПО ПАСПОРТУ)",
+  "SPEC FOV {span}° (CAPABILITY)": "ОБЗОР ПО ПАСПОРТУ {span}° (ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ)",
+  "{spec} · SPECS: CCTV-DATABASE.COM": "{spec} · ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ: CCTV-DATABASE.COM",
+  "Canada only · ECCC AQHI network": "Только Канада · сеть AQHI ECCC",
+  "{count} stations reporting": {
+    "one": "{count} станция передаёт данные",
+    "few": "{count} станции передают данные",
+    "many": "{count} станций передают данные",
+    "other": "{count} станции передают данные"
+  },
+  "No readings available": "Нет доступных показаний",
+  "No current readings": "Нет актуальных показаний",
+  "Low health risk": "Низкий риск для здоровья",
+  "Moderate health risk": "Умеренный риск для здоровья",
+  "High health risk": "Высокий риск для здоровья",
+  "Very High health risk": "Очень высокий риск для здоровья",
+  "Air quality request failed": "Не удалось запросить данные о качестве воздуха",
+  "ECCC request timed out": "Истекло время ожидания запроса к ECCC",
+  "Malformed AQHI station response": "Некорректный ответ со станциями AQHI",
+  "Malformed AQHI observation response": "Некорректный ответ с наблюдениями AQHI",
+  "No AQHI stations available": "Нет доступных станций AQHI",
+  "{n} air quality": {
+    "one": "{n} станция качества воздуха",
+    "few": "{n} станции качества воздуха",
+    "many": "{n} станций качества воздуха",
+    "other": "{n} станции качества воздуха"
+  },
+  "GNSS feed rate limited (HTTP 429)": "Поток GNSS: превышен лимит запросов (HTTP 429)",
+  "GNSS feed unavailable (HTTP {status})": "Поток GNSS недоступен (HTTP {status})",
+  "GNSS snapshot needs a view anchor": "Для снимка GNSS нужна опорная точка вида",
+  "Malformed GNSS integrity snapshot": "Некорректный снимок целостности GNSS",
+  "GNSS integrity snapshot has no observation time": "В снимке целостности GNSS нет времени наблюдения",
+  "{feed} feed unavailable": "Поток {feed} недоступен",
+  "Loading {feeds}": "Загрузка: {feeds}",
+  "{count} CelesTrak groups unavailable": {
+    "one": "{count} группа CelesTrak недоступна",
+    "few": "{count} группы CelesTrak недоступны",
+    "many": "{count} групп CelesTrak недоступны",
+    "other": "{count} группы CelesTrak недоступны"
+  },
+  "Malformed launch snapshot": "Некорректный снимок запусков",
+  "Malformed perimeter snapshot": "Некорректный снимок периметров",
+  "Overpass returned an incomplete camera response": "Overpass вернул неполный ответ о камерах",
+  "Fly below {km} km to a covered region": "Опуститесь ниже {km} км над регионом с покрытием",
+  "No feed here yet · {n} regions available": {
+    "one": "Здесь пока нет потока данных · доступен {n} регион",
+    "few": "Здесь пока нет потока данных · доступно {n} региона",
+    "many": "Здесь пока нет потока данных · доступно {n} регионов",
+    "other": "Здесь пока нет потока данных · доступно {n} региона"
+  },
+  "Wind speed field unavailable": "Поле скорости ветра недоступно",
+  "Decoder feeds": "Потоки декодера",
+  "WebUSB + decoder feeds": "WebUSB + потоки декодера",
+  "opening receiver": "открытие приёмника",
+  "checking decoder feeds": "проверка потоков декодера",
+  "listening": "приём",
+  "USB error": "ошибка USB",
+  "{count} heard": {
+    "one": "слышно бортов: {count}",
+    "few": "слышно бортов: {count}",
+    "many": "слышно бортов: {count}",
+    "other": "слышно бортов: {count}"
+  },
+  "{rate} msg/s": "{rate} сообщ./с",
+  "USB {rate} msg/s": "USB {rate} сообщ./с",
+  "{count} feeds live": {
+    "one": "{count} поток онлайн",
+    "few": "{count} потока онлайн",
+    "many": "{count} потоков онлайн",
+    "other": "{count} потока онлайн"
+  },
+  "feeds {names} stale": {
+    "one": "поток {names} устарел",
+    "few": "потоки {names} устарели",
+    "many": "потоки {names} устарели",
+    "other": "потоки {names} устарели"
+  },
+  "feeds {names} unreachable": {
+    "one": "поток {names} недоступен",
+    "few": "потоки {names} недоступны",
+    "many": "потоки {names} недоступны",
+    "other": "потоки {names} недоступны"
+  },
+  "feeds {names} invalid": {
+    "one": "поток {names} некорректен",
+    "few": "потоки {names} некорректны",
+    "many": "потоки {names} некорректны",
+    "other": "потоки {names} некорректны"
+  },
+  "unsaved provider keys": "несохранённые ключи провайдеров",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to an aircraft": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к самолёту",
+  "Exit cockpit to fly to a satellite": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы перелететь к спутнику",
+  "Exit cockpit to frame contacts": "Выйдите из кабины, чтобы показать контакты в кадре",
+  "{feed} {count} ({seconds}s old)": "{feed} {count} ({seconds} с назад)",
+  "entry {n}": "№ {n}",
+  "Upstream response too large": "Слишком большой ответ источника",
+  "Included in bundle": "Входит в архив",
+  "Missing bundle file — reimport its bundle": "Файла нет в архиве — импортируйте этот архив снова",
+  "Source configured; file checked when loaded": "Источник настроен; файл будет проверен при загрузке",
+  "Source unavailable": "Источник недоступен",
+  "Coverage tile failed": "Не удалось загрузить тайл покрытия",
+  "Unknown": "Неизвестно",
+  "USB work abandoned after a stalled transfer": "Работа с USB прервана: передача данных зависла",
+  "SDR decoder did not start; receiver stopped": "Декодер SDR не запустился; приёмник остановлен",
+  "SDR decoder stopped responding; receiver stopped": "Декодер SDR перестал отвечать; приёмник остановлен",
+  "SDR decoder fell behind; receiver stopped": "Декодер SDR не успевает; приёмник остановлен"
+}
diff --git a/src/i18n/marker.js b/src/i18n/marker.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb59369e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/marker.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// msg() for modules the server, tools or other portable code also import:
+// marks English that stays in data for `npm run i18n`, without loading the
+// catalogs (src/i18n/index.js). The UI shows it later through t().
+// Browser-only modules import msg from src/i18n/index.js instead.
+
+/** Mark English text that is stored in data and translated later by t(). */
+export const msg = (text) => text;
diff --git a/src/i18n/plural-english.test.mjs b/src/i18n/plural-english.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e86917b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/plural-english.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  checkCatalog,
+  extractMessages,
+  missingTemplate,
+} from '../../scripts/i18n.mjs';
+
+// A plural entry with forms left in English is reported like a string entry.
+const fixture = new Map([
+  ['{count} cameras', { plural: true, one: '{count} camera' }],
+  ['Save keys', { plural: false }],
+]);
+
+test('string entry left in English is reported (control)', () => {
+  const { errors } = checkCatalog(
+    'de',
+    {
+      'Save keys': 'Save keys',
+      '{count} cameras': { one: 'x {count}', other: 'y {count}' },
+    },
+    fixture,
+    new Set(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(errors.length, 1);
+  assert.match(errors[0], /is still English/);
+});
+
+for (const [locale, entry] of [
+  ['de', { one: '{count} camera', other: '{count} cameras' }],
+  ['ja', { other: '{count} cameras' }],
+  ['zh-CN', { other: '{count} cameras' }],
+  [
+    'es',
+    {
+      one: '{count} camera',
+      many: '{count} cámaras',
+      other: '{count} cameras',
+    },
+  ],
+  [
+    'ru',
+    {
+      one: '{count} camera',
+      few: '{count} камеры',
+      many: '{count} камер',
+      other: '{count} cameras',
+    },
+  ],
+]) {
+  test(`${locale}: plural entry with English forms is reported`, () => {
+    const { errors } = checkCatalog(
+      locale,
+      { 'Save keys': 'Schlüssel', '{count} cameras': entry },
+      fixture,
+      new Set(),
+    );
+    assert.ok(
+      errors.some((e) => /is still English/.test(e)),
+      `expected an "is still English" error, got ${JSON.stringify(errors)}`,
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+// The `--missing` template, pasted without edits, must fail entry by entry,
+// and its plural entries carry every form the language needs.
+const messages = extractMessages();
+for (const locale of ['de', 'ja', 'es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: an untouched --missing template fails the check entry by entry`, () => {
+    const template = missingTemplate(locale, {}, messages);
+    assert.equal(Object.keys(template).length, messages.size);
+    const categories = new Intl.PluralRules(locale).resolvedOptions()
+      .pluralCategories;
+    for (const [text, info] of messages)
+      if (info.plural)
+        assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(template[text]), categories, text);
+    const { missing, errors } = checkCatalog(
+      locale,
+      template,
+      messages,
+      new Set(),
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(missing, []);
+    const accepted = [...messages.keys()].filter(
+      (text) => !errors.some((error) => error.startsWith(`"${text}" `)),
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(accepted, []);
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/i18n/same-as-english.json b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c159beaab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/same-as-english.json
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+{
+  "es": [
+    "1090 MHz",
+    "978 MHz UAT",
+    "AIS: --",
+    "AIS: {name}",
+    "ANIME",
+    "ASIA",
+    "AUTO",
+    "Ambient",
+    "Anime",
+    "Austin",
+    "BRG {value}°",
+    "BRG —",
+    "Blues",
+    "CAL {value}",
+    "CAL · {badge}",
+    "CCTV",
+    "CRS {value}°",
+    "CRT",
+    "Country",
+    "DEST ---°",
+    "DEST {bearing}",
+    "Dance",
+    "ENE",
+    "ERROR",
+    "ESE",
+    "Error: {message}",
+    "FLIR",
+    "FLT",
+    "FM MHZ",
+    "FOV",
+    "FOV {value}°",
+    "FT",
+    "Folk",
+    "Funk",
+    "GEO",
+    "GOOGLE STREET VIEW",
+    "Global",
+    "Global · 60°S–60°N",
+    "Google Street View",
+    "HDG",
+    "HDG {value}°",
+    "Hip-Hop",
+    "House",
+    "Indie",
+    "Ironbow",
+    "Jazz",
+    "LOCAL",
+    "Landsat 8/9",
+    "MIC",
+    "MIL",
+    "MINI",
+    "MM",
+    "MONITOR",
+    "MSG/S",
+    "Metal",
+    "NAV",
+    "NE",
+    "NNE",
+    "NOIR",
+    "NORMAL",
+    "NVG",
+    "Noir",
+    "Normal",
+    "POS: {time}Z",
+    "Plan",
+    "Pop",
+    "Punk",
+    "R&B",
+    "RADIO",
+    "RANGE",
+    "REC",
+    "Radio",
+    "Reggae",
+    "Rock",
+    "SAR",
+    "SE",
+    "SECTOR {lat} {lon}",
+    "SIG",
+    "SQUAWK {code} · {status}",
+    "SRC {value}",
+    "SSE",
+    "STD",
+    "San Francisco",
+    "Sector",
+    "Sonar",
+    "Soul",
+    "Techno",
+    "Trance",
+    "USB {rate} msg/s",
+    "VISUAL",
+    "VS",
+    "WHOT/BHOT",
+    "WX",
+    "audio {state}",
+    "dB",
+    "fire confidence|nominal",
+    "ft",
+    "hPa",
+    "installation class|BASE",
+    "km",
+    "km/h",
+    "min",
+    "mini",
+    "mph",
+    "nominal",
+    "panel",
+    "view band|GLOBAL",
+    "voice|ERROR",
+    "{rate} msg/s",
+    "{speed} kn",
+    "{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}",
+    "{value} KM",
+    "{value} KM/H",
+    "{value} KM/S",
+    "ΔE",
+    "ΔN",
+    "▲ {frp} MW"
+  ],
+  "ru": [
+    "AIS: --",
+    "AIS: {name}",
+    "CCTV",
+    "CRT",
+    "FLIR",
+    "GEO",
+    "Ironbow",
+    "Landsat 8/9",
+    "NAV",
+    "NVG",
+    "R&B",
+    "REC",
+    "VS",
+    "WHOT/BHOT"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/src/i18n/stale-index.test.mjs b/src/i18n/stale-index.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d462d6d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/i18n/stale-index.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// scripts/i18n.mjs must skip index entries gone from the working tree
+// (plain `mv`/`rm` without `git mv`/`git rm`).
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import {
+  mkdtempSync,
+  mkdirSync,
+  writeFileSync,
+  copyFileSync,
+  renameSync,
+  rmSync,
+} from 'node:fs';
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath, pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
+
+const HERE = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+
+function sandbox() {
+  const root = mkdtempSync(path.join(tmpdir(), 'k23-'));
+  mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'scripts'));
+  mkdirSync(path.join(root, 'src/i18n/locales'), { recursive: true });
+  copyFileSync(
+    path.join(HERE, '../../scripts/i18n.mjs'),
+    path.join(root, 'scripts/i18n.mjs'),
+  );
+  writeFileSync(path.join(root, 'src/a.js'), "export const x = t('Hello');\n");
+  writeFileSync(path.join(root, 'index.html'), '<p data-i18n>Hello</p>\n');
+  const git = (...args) =>
+    execFileSync('git', args, { cwd: root, encoding: 'utf8' });
+  git('init', '-q');
+  git('add', '-A');
+  git('-c', 'user.email=k@23', '-c', 'user.name=k23', 'commit', '-qm', 'init');
+  return root;
+}
+
+test('extractMessages survives a module renamed with plain mv', async () => {
+  const root = sandbox();
+  try {
+    renameSync(path.join(root, 'src/a.js'), path.join(root, 'src/b.js'));
+    const mod = await import(
+      pathToFileURL(path.join(root, 'scripts/i18n.mjs')).href
+    );
+    const messages = mod.extractMessages();
+    assert.ok(messages.has('Hello'));
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => mod.findUnmarked());
+  } finally {
+    rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/keySetup.js b/src/keySetup.js
index 1029d479b..aab3d62b0 100644
--- a/src/keySetup.js
+++ b/src/keySetup.js
@@ -20,12 +20,22 @@ import {
  * the chip and the dialog are removed outright.
  */
 
-/** Chip label — pure, exported for tests. */
+import { t, msg, tn, registerUnsavedWork } from './i18n/index.js';
+
+/**
+ * Chip label — pure, exported for tests (keySetup.test.mjs pins the English).
+ * @param {{total?: number, setCount?: number}|null} status
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
 export function keySetupChipLabel(status) {
   const missing = Math.max(0, (status?.total || 0) - (status?.setCount || 0));
   return missing > 0
-    ? `POWER UP · ${missing} ${missing === 1 ? 'KEY' : 'KEYS'} WAITING`
-    : 'POWERED UP';
+    ? tn(
+        missing,
+        'POWER UP · {count} KEY WAITING',
+        'POWER UP · {count} KEYS WAITING',
+      )
+    : t('POWERED UP');
 }
 
 /**
@@ -42,6 +52,73 @@ export function collectKeyUpdates(fields) {
   return updates;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Why /api/setup/keys refused a save, by the `code` the server sends beside
+ * its English `error` (src/keySetupCore.mjs, server/standalone/key-setup.js).
+ * The English matches the server's text.
+ */
+const SAVE_REFUSALS = Object.freeze({
+  proxied: msg('Provider Settings does not answer proxied requests'),
+  sharing: msg('Provider Settings is disabled while sharing is enabled'),
+  'not-loopback': msg(
+    'Provider Settings answers only the machine running the server',
+  ),
+  'not-local-host': msg('Provider Settings answers only local hostnames'),
+  'origin-required': msg('Provider Settings requires an exact local Origin'),
+  'origin-unrecognized': msg('Unrecognized Origin refused'),
+  'cross-origin': msg('Cross-origin requests are refused'),
+  'content-type': msg('Content-Type must be application/json'),
+  method: msg('Method not allowed'),
+  'too-large': msg('Request too large'),
+  'invalid-json': msg('Invalid JSON'),
+  'not-object': msg('Body must be a JSON object of {ENV_VAR: value}'),
+  'no-keys': msg('No keys provided'),
+  'too-many': msg('At most {limit} keys per save'),
+  'unknown-key': msg('Unknown key: {name}'),
+  'not-string': msg('{name} must be a string'),
+  empty: msg('{name} is empty'),
+  'too-long': msg('{name} is longer than any real key ({limit} max)'),
+  'not-printable': msg(
+    '{name} may only contain printable characters with no spaces',
+  ),
+  'invalid-char': msg(
+    '{name} contains a character that is not valid in a key (#, quotes, $, \\, or backtick)',
+  ),
+  external: msg(
+    '{name} is configured outside Provider Settings and can only be changed where it was set',
+  ),
+  'harden-failed': msg(
+    'The key was not saved: could not restrict the credential file to your account; nothing was saved',
+  ),
+  'store-unreadable': msg(
+    'The key was not saved: the existing configuration could not be read, so nothing was changed',
+  ),
+  'write-failed': msg('Could not write the {store} store'),
+});
+
+/**
+ * The status line for a refused save — pure, exported for tests. A known
+ * `code` reads in the active language; anything else shows the server's text.
+ * @param {{code?: string, params?: object, error?: string}} payload
+ * @param {number} status HTTP status of the response.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function saveRefusalText(payload, status) {
+  const pattern = Object.hasOwn(SAVE_REFUSALS, payload?.code)
+    ? SAVE_REFUSALS[payload.code]
+    : null;
+  if (pattern) {
+    const values = {};
+    for (const name of ['name', 'limit', 'store']) {
+      const value = payload.params?.[name];
+      if (typeof value === 'string' || typeof value === 'number')
+        values[name] = value;
+    }
+    return t(pattern, values);
+  }
+  return payload?.error || t('Save failed ({status}).', { status });
+}
+
 function sleepWithSignal(ms, signal) {
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     if (signal?.aborted) {
@@ -60,6 +137,34 @@ function sleepWithSignal(ms, signal) {
   });
 }
 
+/**
+ * An OAuth check error. A server reason is later wrapped in «OAuth check
+ * failed: …»; our own translated fallback is flagged to show unwrapped.
+ * @param {unknown} serverError
+ * @param {string} fallback Already-translated fallback sentence.
+ * @returns {Error}
+ */
+function oauthCheckError(serverError, fallback) {
+  if (serverError) return new Error(String(serverError));
+  const error = new Error(fallback);
+  error.oauthFallback = true;
+  return error;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Status text for a failed OAuth check — pure, exported for tests. A fallback
+ * sentence of our own already says what failed and is shown alone; any other
+ * reason (server text, network error) gets the «OAuth check failed» wrapper.
+ * @param {unknown} error
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function oauthCheckFailureText(error) {
+  if (error?.oauthFallback && error.message) return error.message;
+  return t('OAuth check failed: {detail}', {
+    detail: error?.message || error,
+  });
+}
+
 export async function waitForChatGptOAuth({
   fetchImpl,
   signal,
@@ -78,8 +183,9 @@ export async function waitForChatGptOAuth({
     if (signal?.aborted) return false;
     if (response.ok && payload.available) return true;
     if (!response.ok || payload.loginFailed) {
-      throw new Error(
-        payload.error || 'Could not check ChatGPT sign-in. Try again.',
+      throw oauthCheckError(
+        payload.error,
+        t('Could not check ChatGPT sign-in. Try again.'),
       );
     }
     if (now() >= deadline) break;
@@ -116,12 +222,17 @@ function updateCloudVoiceAuthControl(auth, busy = false) {
   const state = auth.querySelector('.key-setup-cloud-auth-state');
   const toggle = auth.querySelector('[data-cloud-voice-auth-toggle]');
   state.textContent =
-    mode === 'oauth' ? 'VOICE AUTH · CHATGPT OAUTH' : 'VOICE AUTH · API KEY';
-  toggle.textContent = mode === 'oauth' ? 'USE API KEY' : 'USE CHATGPT OAUTH';
+    mode === 'oauth'
+      ? t('VOICE AUTH · CHATGPT OAUTH')
+      : t('VOICE AUTH · API KEY');
+  toggle.textContent =
+    mode === 'oauth' ? t('USE API KEY') : t('USE CHATGPT OAUTH');
   toggle.title =
     mode === 'oauth'
-      ? 'Use OPENAI_API_KEY for the next cloud voice session'
-      : 'Use the signed-in local ChatGPT/Codex OAuth session for the next cloud voice session';
+      ? t('Use OPENAI_API_KEY for the next cloud voice session')
+      : t(
+          'Use the signed-in local ChatGPT/Codex OAuth session for the next cloud voice session',
+        );
   // Keep the control focusable while the delegated handler blocks repeats.
   toggle.setAttribute('aria-disabled', String(busy));
 }
@@ -141,21 +252,22 @@ function buildRow(documentRef, key) {
   led.className = 'key-setup-led';
   led.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
   const title = documentRef.createElement('strong');
-  title.textContent = key.title;
+  title.textContent = key.title; // i18n-ignore: provider product name
   const tier = documentRef.createElement('span');
   tier.className = 'key-setup-tier';
   tier.textContent = TIER_DOTS[key.tier] || '';
   tier.title =
     key.tier === 'metered'
-      ? 'Metered — a billing-enabled account'
-      : 'Free key — register, paste, done';
+      ? t('Metered — a billing-enabled account')
+      : t('Free key — register, paste, done');
   head.append(led, title, tier);
   if (key.clientExposed) {
     const exposed = documentRef.createElement('span');
     exposed.className = 'key-setup-exposed';
-    exposed.textContent = 'browser-side';
-    exposed.title =
-      'This key runs in the browser by design — restrict it at the provider (see SECURITY.md)';
+    exposed.textContent = t('browser-side');
+    exposed.title = t(
+      'This key runs in the browser by design — restrict it at the provider (see SECURITY.md)',
+    );
     head.append(exposed);
   }
   if (external) {
@@ -163,9 +275,10 @@ function buildRow(documentRef, key) {
     // facts this panel reports, never values it rewrites or deletes.
     const badge = documentRef.createElement('span');
     badge.className = 'key-setup-external';
-    badge.textContent = 'configured externally';
-    badge.title =
-      'Supplied by your environment, Keychain, or launcher — change it where it was set';
+    badge.textContent = t('configured externally');
+    badge.title = t(
+      'Supplied by your environment, Keychain, or launcher — change it where it was set',
+    );
     head.append(badge);
   }
   const get = documentRef.createElement('a');
@@ -173,12 +286,12 @@ function buildRow(documentRef, key) {
   get.href = key.getUrl;
   get.target = '_blank';
   get.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
-  get.textContent = key.set ? 'MANAGE ↗' : 'GET KEY ↗';
+  get.textContent = key.set ? t('MANAGE ↗') : t('GET KEY ↗');
   head.append(get);
 
   const unlocks = documentRef.createElement('p');
   unlocks.className = 'key-setup-unlocks';
-  unlocks.textContent = key.unlocks;
+  unlocks.textContent = t(key.unlocks);
 
   row.append(head, unlocks);
   if (!external) {
@@ -194,8 +307,8 @@ function buildRow(documentRef, key) {
       input.dataset.envVar = envVar;
       input.setAttribute('aria-label', envVar);
       input.placeholder = key.set
-        ? `${envVar} saved — paste to replace`
-        : `paste ${envVar}`;
+        ? t('{envVar} saved — paste to replace', { envVar })
+        : t('paste {envVar}', { envVar });
       fields.append(input);
     }
     if (key.managed === 'file') {
@@ -203,8 +316,10 @@ function buildRow(documentRef, key) {
       remove.type = 'button';
       remove.className = 'key-setup-remove';
       remove.dataset.keySetupRemove = JSON.stringify(key.envVars);
-      remove.textContent = 'REMOVE';
-      remove.title = `Remove ${key.title} from this app's saved keys`;
+      remove.textContent = t('REMOVE');
+      remove.title = t("Remove {title} from this app's saved keys", {
+        title: key.title,
+      });
       fields.append(remove);
     }
     row.append(fields);
@@ -225,17 +340,22 @@ function buildRow(documentRef, key) {
   return row;
 }
 
-/** Move the existing setup action with the theme, retaining its listeners. */
-export function bindKeySetupPlacement(documentRef, chip, root) {
+/**
+ * Move the existing setup action with the theme, retaining its listeners:
+ * Cyber puts it in the top toolbar, every other theme keeps it first in its
+ * markup home (the bottom-right corner row, beside the language picker).
+ */
+export function bindKeySetupPlacement(documentRef, chip) {
   const theme = documentRef?.documentElement;
   const toolbar = documentRef?.getElementById?.('top-center-actions');
   const Observer = documentRef?.defaultView?.MutationObserver;
-  if (!theme || !toolbar || !Observer) return () => {};
+  const home = chip?.parentNode;
+  if (!theme || !toolbar || !Observer || !home) return () => {};
   const sync = () => {
     if (theme.dataset.uiTheme === 'cyber') {
       if (chip.parentNode !== toolbar) toolbar.append(chip);
-    } else if (chip.parentNode !== root.parentNode) {
-      root.before(chip);
+    } else if (chip.parentNode !== home) {
+      home.prepend(chip);
     }
   };
   const observer = new Observer(sync);
@@ -261,9 +381,19 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
   let disposed = false;
   let disposeControls = () => {};
   let disposePlacement = () => {};
+  // A pasted key lives only in its field until Save: switching language (a
+  // reload) asks first while any field holds one.
+  const unregisterUnsavedWork = registerUnsavedWork(() =>
+    [...(root.querySelectorAll?.('input[data-env-var]') || [])].some((input) =>
+      String(input.value ?? '').trim(),
+    )
+      ? msg('unsaved provider keys')
+      : null,
+  );
   const destroy = () => {
     if (disposed) return;
     disposed = true;
+    unregisterUnsavedWork();
     lifetime.abort();
     signal?.removeEventListener('abort', destroy);
     disposeControls();
@@ -295,7 +425,7 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
   }
 
   const rowsHost = root.querySelector('[data-key-setup-rows]');
-  disposePlacement = bindKeySetupPlacement(documentRef, chip, root);
+  disposePlacement = bindKeySetupPlacement(documentRef, chip);
   const applyButton = root.querySelector('[data-key-setup-apply]');
   const closeButton = root.querySelector('[data-key-setup-close]');
   const chipLabel = chip.querySelector('[data-key-setup-chip-label]') || chip;
@@ -314,7 +444,9 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
     if (disposed) return;
     status = nextStatus;
     chipLabel.textContent = keySetupChipLabel(status);
-    chip.title = `Project keys: ${keySetupChipLabel(status)}`;
+    chip.title = t('Project keys: {status}', {
+      status: keySetupChipLabel(status),
+    });
     chip.setAttribute('aria-label', chip.title);
     // Fully powered is the owner's clean screen: the chip retires. The dialog
     // stays reachable this session (and via ?setup=1) to swap or verify keys.
@@ -369,17 +501,19 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
 
   const storeLabel = () =>
     status?.store === 'pinokio-environment'
-      ? 'your app configuration'
-      : 'your local .env';
+      ? t('your app configuration')
+      : t('your local .env');
 
-  const submitUpdates = async (updates, doneVerb) => {
+  // doneMessageKey names the whole saved/removed sentence; the storage
+  // destination is interpolated so the {store} phrase stays one spelling.
+  const submitUpdates = async (updates, doneMessageKey) => {
     if (disposed || busy) return;
     const googleWasUnset = !status?.keys?.find(
       (key) => key.id === 'google-maps',
     )?.set;
     busy = true;
     applyButton?.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'true');
-    say('Saving…');
+    say(t('Saving…'));
     try {
       const response = await doFetch('/api/setup/keys', {
         method: 'POST',
@@ -390,7 +524,7 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
       const payload = await response.json().catch(() => ({}));
       if (disposed) return;
       if (!response.ok || !payload.ok) {
-        say(payload.error || `Save failed (${response.status}).`);
+        say(saveRefusalText(payload, response.status));
         return;
       }
       for (const input of root.querySelectorAll('input[data-env-var]'))
@@ -420,11 +554,13 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
           signal: lifetime.signal,
         });
       }
-      say(
-        `${doneVerb} ${storeLabel()}. Restarting — this page reloads itself.`,
-      );
+      say(t(doneMessageKey, { store: storeLabel() }));
     } catch (error) {
-      say(`Save failed: ${error?.message || error}`);
+      say(
+        t('Save failed: {detail}', {
+          detail: error?.message || error,
+        }),
+      );
     } finally {
       busy = false;
       applyButton?.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'false');
@@ -441,10 +577,13 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
       })),
     );
     if (!Object.keys(updates).length) {
-      say('Paste at least one key first.');
+      say(t('Paste at least one key first.'));
       return;
     }
-    await submitUpdates(updates, 'Saved to');
+    await submitUpdates(
+      updates,
+      msg('Saved to {store}. Restarting — this page reloads itself.'),
+    );
   };
 
   chip.addEventListener('click', openDialog);
@@ -462,12 +601,12 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
         if (current === 'oauth') {
           writeStoredCloudVoiceAuthMode('api-key');
           syncCloudVoiceAuth();
-          say('Cloud voice will use OPENAI_API_KEY on the next session.');
+          say(t('Cloud voice will use OPENAI_API_KEY on the next session.'));
           return;
         }
         oauthBusy = true;
         syncCloudVoiceAuth();
-        say('Checking local ChatGPT OAuth sign-in…');
+        say(t('Checking local ChatGPT OAuth sign-in…'));
         try {
           const response = await doFetch('/api/realtime/oauth-status', {
             cache: 'no-store',
@@ -476,22 +615,25 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
           const payload = await response.json().catch(() => ({}));
           if (lifetime.signal.aborted) return;
           if (!response.ok)
-            throw new Error(
-              payload.error || 'Could not check ChatGPT sign-in.',
+            throw oauthCheckError(
+              payload.error,
+              t('Could not check ChatGPT sign-in.'),
             );
           if (payload.available) {
             writeStoredCloudVoiceAuthMode('oauth');
             syncCloudVoiceAuth();
             say(
-              'ChatGPT OAuth selected for cloud voice. Your API key stays saved and available.',
+              t(
+                'ChatGPT OAuth selected for cloud voice. Your API key stays saved and available.',
+              ),
             );
             return;
           }
 
           say(
             payload.code === 'CODEX_OAUTH_REAUTH_REQUIRED'
-              ? 'ChatGPT sign-in expired. Opening sign-in again…'
-              : 'Opening ChatGPT sign-in in your browser…',
+              ? t('ChatGPT sign-in expired. Opening sign-in again…')
+              : t('Opening ChatGPT sign-in in your browser…'),
           );
           const loginResponse = await doFetch('/api/realtime/oauth-login', {
             method: 'POST',
@@ -504,7 +646,7 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
             say(
               loginPayload.error ||
                 payload.error ||
-                'Could not start ChatGPT sign-in on this machine.',
+                t('Could not start ChatGPT sign-in on this machine.'),
             );
             return;
           }
@@ -512,13 +654,17 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
             writeStoredCloudVoiceAuthMode('oauth');
             syncCloudVoiceAuth();
             say(
-              'ChatGPT OAuth selected for cloud voice. Your API key stays saved and available.',
+              t(
+                'ChatGPT OAuth selected for cloud voice. Your API key stays saved and available.',
+              ),
             );
             return;
           }
 
           say(
-            'Finish ChatGPT sign-in in the browser. Waiting for it to complete…',
+            t(
+              'Finish ChatGPT sign-in in the browser. Waiting for it to complete…',
+            ),
           );
           const available = await waitForChatGptOAuth({
             fetchImpl: doFetch,
@@ -527,18 +673,22 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
           if (lifetime.signal.aborted) return;
           if (!available) {
             say(
-              'ChatGPT sign-in timed out. Click USE CHATGPT OAUTH to try again.',
+              t('ChatGPT sign-in timed out. Click {button} to try again.', {
+                button: t('USE CHATGPT OAUTH'),
+              }),
             );
             return;
           }
           writeStoredCloudVoiceAuthMode('oauth');
           syncCloudVoiceAuth();
           say(
-            'ChatGPT sign-in complete. OAuth will be used for the next cloud voice session.',
+            t(
+              'ChatGPT sign-in complete. OAuth will be used for the next cloud voice session.',
+            ),
           );
         } catch (error) {
           if (lifetime.signal.aborted) return;
-          say(`OAuth check failed: ${error?.message || error}`);
+          say(oauthCheckFailureText(error));
         } finally {
           oauthBusy = false;
           if (!disposed) syncCloudVoiceAuth();
@@ -560,11 +710,11 @@ export async function initKeySetup({
     // a deliberate two-step the lure cannot pre-satisfy.
     const ok =
       typeof globalThis.confirm !== 'function' ||
-      globalThis.confirm('Remove this key from your saved configuration?');
+      globalThis.confirm(t('Remove this key from your saved configuration?'));
     if (!ok) return;
     void submitUpdates(
       Object.fromEntries(envVars.map((name) => [name, null])),
-      'Removed from',
+      msg('Removed from {store}. Restarting — this page reloads itself.'),
     );
   });
 
diff --git a/src/keySetup.test.mjs b/src/keySetup.test.mjs
index 4cdba1765..e7e6c70ae 100644
--- a/src/keySetup.test.mjs
+++ b/src/keySetup.test.mjs
@@ -6,29 +6,47 @@ import {
   stripKeylessBasemapFromHash,
   bindKeySetupPlacement,
   waitForChatGptOAuth,
+  initKeySetup,
 } from './keySetup.js';
+import { describeUnsavedWork } from './i18n/index.js';
 
 test('setup placement moves the same button only in Cyber and disconnects on teardown', () => {
-  const home = {};
+  const home = {
+    prepend: (node) => {
+      node.parentNode = home;
+    },
+  };
   const chip = { parentNode: home, hidden: true };
-  const root = { parentNode: home, before: (node) => { node.parentNode = home; } };
   let moves = 0;
-  const toolbar = { append: (node) => { moves++; node.parentNode = toolbar; } };
+  const toolbar = {
+    append: (node) => {
+      moves++;
+      node.parentNode = toolbar;
+    },
+  };
   const theme = { dataset: { uiTheme: 'tactical' } };
-  let notify, disconnected = false;
+  let notify,
+    disconnected = false;
   class Observer {
-    constructor(callback) { notify = callback; }
+    constructor(callback) {
+      notify = callback;
+    }
     observe(target, options) {
       assert.equal(target, theme);
       assert.deepEqual(options.attributeFilter, ['data-ui-theme']);
     }
-    disconnect() { disconnected = true; }
+    disconnect() {
+      disconnected = true;
+    }
   }
-  const dispose = bindKeySetupPlacement({
-    documentElement: theme,
-    getElementById: () => toolbar,
-    defaultView: { MutationObserver: Observer },
-  }, chip, root);
+  const dispose = bindKeySetupPlacement(
+    {
+      documentElement: theme,
+      getElementById: () => toolbar,
+      defaultView: { MutationObserver: Observer },
+    },
+    chip,
+  );
   assert.equal(chip.parentNode, home);
   for (const variant of ['cyber', 'operator', 'cyber', 'minimal']) {
     theme.dataset.uiTheme = variant;
@@ -156,3 +174,43 @@ test('aborting pending setup removes its surface and ignores a late response', a
   resolveResponse({ ok: true, json: async () => ({ keys: [] }) });
   assert.equal(await pending, null);
 });
+
+test('a pasted, unsaved key makes the language switch ask first until teardown', async () => {
+  const node = () => ({
+    dataset: {},
+    addEventListener() {},
+    removeEventListener() {},
+    setAttribute() {},
+    querySelector: () => null,
+    remove() {},
+  });
+  const chip = node();
+  const input = { dataset: { envVar: 'GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY' }, value: '' };
+  const root = {
+    ...node(),
+    querySelectorAll: (selector) =>
+      selector === 'input[data-env-var]' ? [input] : [],
+  };
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  const setup = await initKeySetup({
+    documentRef: {
+      getElementById: (id) => (id === 'key-setup-chip' ? chip : root),
+      addEventListener() {},
+      removeEventListener() {},
+    },
+    signal: controller.signal,
+    fetchImpl: async () => ({
+      ok: true,
+      json: async () => ({ keys: [], setCount: 0, total: 1 }),
+    }),
+  });
+  assert.ok(setup);
+  assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), []);
+  input.value = '   ';
+  assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), []);
+  input.value = 'AIza-pasted';
+  assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), ['unsaved provider keys']);
+  // The field still holds the key, so only teardown dropping the check clears it.
+  controller.abort();
+  assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), []);
+});
diff --git a/src/keySetupCore.mjs b/src/keySetupCore.mjs
index d455f1ee4..30c695370 100644
--- a/src/keySetupCore.mjs
+++ b/src/keySetupCore.mjs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 /**
  * Key setup ("POWER UP") — the pure core.
  *
- * One registry and pure functions; its only import is the proxy-header check
- * shared with the other local gates (localRequestGate.mjs). The dev server's
+ * One registry and pure functions; it imports only the proxy-header check
+ * shared with the other local gates (localRequestGate.mjs) and the msg()
+ * marker (src/i18n/marker.js). The dev server's
  * /api/setup endpoints (vite.config.js) and the in-app panel (keySetup.js)
  * are both thin shells over this module, so what a key is called, what it
  * unlocks, and how a .env line is written each live in exactly one place.
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@
  * behavior below unit-testable.
  */
 
+import { msg } from './i18n/marker.js';
 import { hasProxySignals } from './localRequestGate.mjs';
 
 /** Longest accepted key/token value. Real provider keys are all far shorter. */
@@ -35,8 +37,8 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_APPEND_HEADER =
 export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'google-maps',
-    title: 'GOOGLE MAPS',
-    unlocks: 'The photorealistic 3D planet, place search + Street View',
+    title: 'GOOGLE MAPS', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+    unlocks: msg('The photorealistic 3D planet, place search + Street View'),
     getUrl: 'https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/tile/get-api-key',
     envVars: Object.freeze(['GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY']),
     tier: 'metered',
@@ -44,8 +46,10 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'google-maps-server',
-    title: 'GOOGLE MAPS — SERVER',
-    unlocks: 'Places context + Street View fallback; optional separate key',
+    title: 'GOOGLE MAPS — SERVER', // i18n-ignore: provider product name; row is hidden
+    unlocks: msg(
+      'Places context + Street View fallback; optional separate key',
+    ),
     getUrl:
       'https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/places/web-service/get-api-key',
     envVars: Object.freeze(['GOOGLE_MAPS_SERVER_API_KEY']),
@@ -54,40 +58,40 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'openai',
-    title: 'OPENAI',
-    unlocks: 'Voice control — API key or ChatGPT OAuth',
+    title: 'OPENAI', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+    unlocks: msg('Voice control — API key or ChatGPT OAuth'),
     getUrl: 'https://platform.openai.com/api-keys',
     envVars: Object.freeze(['OPENAI_API_KEY']),
     tier: 'metered',
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'aisstream',
-    title: 'AISSTREAM',
-    unlocks: 'Live ships, worldwide',
+    title: 'AISSTREAM', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+    unlocks: msg('Live ships, worldwide'),
     getUrl: 'https://aisstream.io',
     envVars: Object.freeze(['AISSTREAM_API_KEY']),
     tier: 'free',
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'firms',
-    title: 'NASA FIRMS',
-    unlocks: 'Live active-fire detections',
+    title: 'NASA FIRMS', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+    unlocks: msg('Live active-fire detections'),
     getUrl: 'https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/api/map_key/',
     envVars: Object.freeze(['FIRMS_MAP_KEY']),
     tier: 'free',
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'tomtom',
-    title: 'TOMTOM',
-    unlocks: 'Real live traffic (keyless runs a simulation)',
+    title: 'TOMTOM', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+    unlocks: msg('Real live traffic (keyless runs a simulation)'),
     getUrl: 'https://my.tomtom.com/keys',
     envVars: Object.freeze(['TOMTOM_API_KEY']),
     tier: 'free',
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'cesium-ion',
-    title: 'CESIUM ION',
-    unlocks: 'Bing imagery map stacks + world terrain',
+    title: 'CESIUM ION', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+    unlocks: msg('Bing imagery map stacks + world terrain'),
     getUrl: 'https://ion.cesium.com/tokens',
     envVars: Object.freeze(['CESIUM_ION_TOKEN']),
     tier: 'free',
@@ -95,17 +99,18 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'opensky',
-    title: 'OPENSKY',
-    unlocks: 'More flight-polling credits (anonymous works without)',
+    title: 'OPENSKY', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+    unlocks: msg('More flight-polling credits (anonymous works without)'),
     getUrl: 'https://opensky-network.org',
     envVars: Object.freeze(['OPENSKY_CLIENT_ID', 'OPENSKY_CLIENT_SECRET']),
     tier: 'free',
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'mapillary',
-    title: 'MAPILLARY',
-    unlocks:
+    title: 'MAPILLARY', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+    unlocks: msg(
       'Street-level imagery and coverage in the Street Level layer. Free: register an app in the Mapillary developer dashboard and paste its Client Token',
+    ),
     getUrl: 'https://www.mapillary.com/dashboard/developers',
     envVars: Object.freeze(['MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN']),
     tier: 'free',
@@ -113,8 +118,8 @@ export const KEY_SETUP_KEYS = Object.freeze([
   }),
   Object.freeze({
     id: 'launch-library',
-    title: 'LAUNCH LIBRARY',
-    unlocks: 'Higher space-missions request allowance',
+    title: 'LAUNCH LIBRARY', // i18n-ignore: provider product name
+    unlocks: msg('Higher space-missions request allowance'),
     getUrl: 'https://thespacedevs.com',
     envVars: Object.freeze(['LL2_API_TOKEN']),
     tier: 'free',
@@ -262,7 +267,9 @@ export function isSharingEnabled(env = {}) {
  *    preflight this server never answers, closing the simple-request CSRF
  *    write primitive.
  *
- * @returns {{ok: true} | {ok: false, status: number, error: string}}
+ * A refusal also carries `code`, which the panel turns into its own localized
+ * sentence (keySetup.js); `error` stays the English for logs and API callers.
+ * @returns {{ok: true} | {ok: false, status: number, error: string, code: string}}
  */
 export function admitKeySetupRequest({
   method,
@@ -283,6 +290,7 @@ export function admitKeySetupRequest({
       ok: false,
       status: 403,
       error: 'Provider Settings does not answer proxied requests',
+      code: 'proxied',
     };
   }
   // Every sharing signal the launcher recognizes (scripts/pinokio-preflight.mjs)
@@ -300,6 +308,7 @@ export function admitKeySetupRequest({
       ok: false,
       status: 403,
       error: 'Provider Settings is disabled while sharing is enabled',
+      code: 'sharing',
     };
   }
   if (
@@ -310,6 +319,7 @@ export function admitKeySetupRequest({
       ok: false,
       status: 403,
       error: 'Provider Settings answers only the machine running the server',
+      code: 'not-loopback',
     };
   }
   const authority = localAuthority(hostHeader, protocol);
@@ -318,6 +328,7 @@ export function admitKeySetupRequest({
       ok: false,
       status: 403,
       error: 'Provider Settings answers only local hostnames',
+      code: 'not-local-host',
     };
   }
   if (
@@ -328,6 +339,7 @@ export function admitKeySetupRequest({
       ok: false,
       status: 403,
       error: 'Provider Settings requires an exact local Origin',
+      code: 'origin-required',
     };
   }
   if (origin !== undefined && origin !== null && origin !== '') {
@@ -335,7 +347,12 @@ export function admitKeySetupRequest({
     try {
       parsedOrigin = new URL(String(origin));
     } catch {
-      return { ok: false, status: 403, error: 'Unrecognized Origin refused' };
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        status: 403,
+        error: 'Unrecognized Origin refused',
+        code: 'origin-unrecognized',
+      };
     }
     const exactOrigin =
       parsedOrigin.username === '' &&
@@ -349,6 +366,7 @@ export function admitKeySetupRequest({
         ok: false,
         status: 403,
         error: 'Cross-origin requests are refused',
+        code: 'cross-origin',
       };
     }
   }
@@ -362,6 +380,7 @@ export function admitKeySetupRequest({
       ok: false,
       status: 415,
       error: 'Content-Type must be application/json',
+      code: 'content-type',
     };
   }
   return { ok: true };
@@ -376,7 +395,19 @@ export function knownKeySetupEnvVars() {
   return names;
 }
 
-/** Tooltip guidance for a control gated by one registry entry. */
+/**
+ * Env-var names a registry entry needs, joined with ' + ', for callers that
+ * build the guidance sentence in the UI language (src/ui/keyGuidance.js).
+ * @param {string} id Registry entry id.
+ * @returns {string|null} null for an unknown or hidden entry.
+ */
+export function keySetupRequirementEnvVars(id) {
+  const entry = KEY_SETUP_KEYS.find((candidate) => candidate.id === id);
+  if (!entry || entry.hidden) return null;
+  return entry.envVars.join(' + ');
+}
+
+/** English tooltip guidance for a control gated by one registry entry. */
 export function keySetupRequirement(id) {
   const entry = KEY_SETUP_KEYS.find((candidate) => candidate.id === id);
   if (!entry || entry.hidden) return '';
@@ -458,6 +489,8 @@ export function keySetupStatus(env = {}) {
  * below safe to write without quoting rules. A `null` value means REMOVE:
  * the writer comments the assignment back out, returning the file to its
  * template state for that key.
+ * A refusal carries `code` and `params` for the panel's localized sentence
+ * (keySetup.js) besides the English `error`.
  * @param {unknown} body Parsed JSON from the request.
  */
 export function validateKeySetupUpdates(body) {
@@ -465,38 +498,63 @@ export function validateKeySetupUpdates(body) {
     return {
       ok: false,
       error: 'Body must be a JSON object of {ENV_VAR: value}',
+      code: 'not-object',
     };
   }
   const entries = Object.entries(body);
-  if (entries.length === 0) return { ok: false, error: 'No keys provided' };
+  if (entries.length === 0)
+    return { ok: false, error: 'No keys provided', code: 'no-keys' };
   if (entries.length > KEY_SETUP_UPDATE_LIMIT) {
     return {
       ok: false,
       error: `At most ${KEY_SETUP_UPDATE_LIMIT} keys per save`,
+      code: 'too-many',
+      params: { limit: KEY_SETUP_UPDATE_LIMIT },
     };
   }
   const known = knownKeySetupEnvVars();
   const updates = {};
   for (const [name, raw] of entries) {
-    if (!known.has(name)) return { ok: false, error: `Unknown key: ${name}` };
+    if (!known.has(name))
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        error: `Unknown key: ${name}`,
+        code: 'unknown-key',
+        params: { name },
+      };
     if (raw === null) {
       updates[name] = null;
       continue;
     }
     if (typeof raw !== 'string')
-      return { ok: false, error: `${name} must be a string` };
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        error: `${name} must be a string`,
+        code: 'not-string',
+        params: { name },
+      };
     const value = raw.trim();
-    if (!value) return { ok: false, error: `${name} is empty` };
+    if (!value)
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        error: `${name} is empty`,
+        code: 'empty',
+        params: { name },
+      };
     if (value.length > KEY_SETUP_VALUE_LIMIT) {
       return {
         ok: false,
         error: `${name} is longer than any real key (${KEY_SETUP_VALUE_LIMIT} max)`,
+        code: 'too-long',
+        params: { name, limit: KEY_SETUP_VALUE_LIMIT },
       };
     }
     if (!/^[\x21-\x7e]+$/.test(value)) {
       return {
         ok: false,
         error: `${name} may only contain printable characters with no spaces`,
+        code: 'not-printable',
+        params: { name },
       };
     }
     // Reject the dotenv metacharacters that would round-trip WRONG when written
@@ -508,6 +566,8 @@ export function validateKeySetupUpdates(body) {
       return {
         ok: false,
         error: `${name} contains a character that is not valid in a key (#, quotes, $, \\, or backtick)`,
+        code: 'invalid-char',
+        params: { name },
       };
     }
     updates[name] = value;
diff --git a/src/keySetupErrorLocale.test.mjs b/src/keySetupErrorLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c24ec1c03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/keySetupErrorLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// A refused key save reads in the panel's language: the server sends `code`
+// and `params` beside its English `error`, the panel builds the sentence.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  admitKeySetupRequest,
+  KEY_SETUP_UPDATE_LIMIT,
+  validateKeySetupUpdates,
+} from './keySetupCore.mjs';
+import { collectKeyUpdates, saveRefusalText } from './keySetup.js';
+import { setLocale } from './i18n/index.js';
+import { extractMessages } from '../scripts/i18n.mjs';
+
+const local = {
+  method: 'POST',
+  remoteAddress: '127.0.0.1',
+  hostHeader: 'localhost:4173',
+  origin: 'http://localhost:4173',
+  contentType: 'application/json',
+};
+
+// Every refusal the core can return, plus the ones only the endpoint sends
+// (server/standalone/key-setup.js), with the English the server writes.
+const refusals = () => [
+  validateKeySetupUpdates(
+    collectKeyUpdates([{ envVar: 'OPENAI_API_KEY', value: '"sk-abc123"' }]),
+  ),
+  validateKeySetupUpdates(
+    collectKeyUpdates([{ envVar: 'OPENAI_API_KEY', value: 'sk abc123' }]),
+  ),
+  validateKeySetupUpdates({ OPENAI_API_KEY: 'x'.repeat(600) }),
+  validateKeySetupUpdates({ OPENAI_API_KEY: ' ' }),
+  validateKeySetupUpdates({ OPENAI_API_KEY: 42 }),
+  validateKeySetupUpdates({ PATH: '/usr/bin' }),
+  validateKeySetupUpdates({}),
+  validateKeySetupUpdates([]),
+  validateKeySetupUpdates(
+    Object.fromEntries(
+      Array.from({ length: KEY_SETUP_UPDATE_LIMIT + 1 }, (_, i) => [
+        `K${i}`,
+        'v',
+      ]),
+    ),
+  ),
+  admitKeySetupRequest({ ...local, proxyHeaders: { 'x-forwarded-for': '1' } }),
+  admitKeySetupRequest({
+    ...local,
+    env: { PINOKIO_SHARE_CLOUDFLARE: 'true' },
+  }),
+  admitKeySetupRequest({ ...local, remoteAddress: '192.168.1.20' }),
+  admitKeySetupRequest({ ...local, hostHeader: 'workstation.local:4173' }),
+  admitKeySetupRequest({ ...local, origin: undefined }),
+  admitKeySetupRequest({ ...local, origin: 'not a url' }),
+  admitKeySetupRequest({ ...local, origin: 'https://evil.example' }),
+  admitKeySetupRequest({ ...local, contentType: 'text/plain' }),
+  { error: 'Method not allowed', code: 'method' },
+  { error: 'Request too large', code: 'too-large' },
+  { error: 'Invalid JSON', code: 'invalid-json' },
+  {
+    error:
+      'OPENAI_API_KEY is configured outside Provider Settings and can only be changed where it was set',
+    code: 'external',
+    params: { name: 'OPENAI_API_KEY' },
+  },
+  {
+    error:
+      'The key was not saved: could not restrict the credential file to your account; nothing was saved',
+    code: 'harden-failed',
+  },
+  {
+    error:
+      'The key was not saved: the existing configuration could not be read, so nothing was changed',
+    code: 'store-unreadable',
+  },
+  {
+    error: 'Could not write the env-file store',
+    code: 'write-failed',
+    params: { store: 'env-file' },
+  },
+];
+
+test('every refusal carries a code', () => {
+  for (const refusal of refusals()) {
+    assert.equal(refusal.ok ?? false, false);
+    assert.equal(typeof refusal.code, 'string', refusal.error);
+  }
+});
+
+test('in English the panel shows exactly the server sentence', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  for (const refusal of refusals())
+    assert.equal(saveRefusalText(refusal, 400), refusal.error);
+});
+
+test('an unknown code or a bare error falls back to the server text or the status', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.equal(
+    saveRefusalText({ error: 'Something new', code: 'new' }, 400),
+    'Something new',
+  );
+  assert.equal(saveRefusalText({}, 502), 'Save failed (502).');
+});
+
+test('the refusal sentences are catalog messages', () => {
+  const messages = extractMessages();
+  setLocale('en');
+  for (const refusal of refusals()) {
+    const pattern = saveRefusalText(
+      {
+        code: refusal.code,
+        params: { name: '{name}', limit: '{limit}', store: '{store}' },
+      },
+      400,
+    );
+    assert.ok(messages.has(pattern), pattern);
+  }
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: a refused save reads in the panel language`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      for (const refusal of refusals()) {
+        const text = saveRefusalText(refusal, 400);
+        assert.notEqual(text, refusal.error, `${locale}: ${refusal.error}`);
+        if (refusal.params?.name) assert.ok(text.includes(refusal.params.name));
+      }
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/keySetupOAuthFailure.test.mjs b/src/keySetupOAuthFailure.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63d01b44d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/keySetupOAuthFailure.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// A failed ChatGPT OAuth check whose only reason is our own fallback sentence
+// shows it alone; a server-sent reason keeps the «OAuth check failed» wrapper.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { oauthCheckFailureText, waitForChatGptOAuth } from './keySetup.js';
+import { setLocale } from './i18n/index.js';
+
+const failWith = (payload, ok = true) =>
+  waitForChatGptOAuth({
+    fetchImpl: async () => ({ ok, json: async () => payload }),
+    sleep: () => assert.fail('failed login must stop polling'),
+  }).then(
+    () => assert.fail('expected a rejection'),
+    (error) => error,
+  );
+
+test('a fallback-only OAuth failure is shown without the wrapper in every locale', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+  const expected = {
+    en: 'Could not check ChatGPT sign-in. Try again.',
+    ru: 'Не удалось проверить вход в ChatGPT. Попробуйте ещё раз.',
+    es: 'No se pudo comprobar el inicio de sesión de ChatGPT. Inténtalo de nuevo.',
+  };
+  for (const [locale, text] of Object.entries(expected)) {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    const loginFailed = await failWith({ available: false, loginFailed: true });
+    assert.equal(oauthCheckFailureText(loginFailed), text);
+    const httpFailed = await failWith({}, false);
+    assert.equal(oauthCheckFailureText(httpFailed), text);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a server-sent or network OAuth failure keeps the «OAuth check failed» wrapper', async (t) => {
+  t.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+  setLocale('en');
+  const server = await failWith({
+    loginFailed: true,
+    error: 'Sign-in is local only.',
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    oauthCheckFailureText(server),
+    'OAuth check failed: Sign-in is local only.',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    oauthCheckFailureText(new TypeError('Failed to fetch')),
+    'OAuth check failed: Failed to fetch',
+  );
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.match(
+    oauthCheckFailureText(server),
+    /^Не удалось проверить OAuth: Sign-in is local only\.$/,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/keySetupOAuthI18n.test.mjs b/src/keySetupOAuthI18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74db387b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/keySetupOAuthI18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Every status line of the ChatGPT OAuth flow in Provider Settings goes
+// through t(), and the i18n check treats say() as a place UI text lands.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+
+import {
+  extractMessages,
+  readCatalog,
+  shippedLocales,
+  unmarkedScript,
+} from '../scripts/i18n.mjs';
+
+// Status-line texts of the ChatGPT OAuth flow in Provider Settings
+// (src/keySetup.js, handler of [data-cloud-voice-auth-toggle]).
+const OAUTH_STATUS_TEXTS = [
+  'Cloud voice will use OPENAI_API_KEY on the next session.',
+  'Checking local ChatGPT OAuth sign-in…',
+  'ChatGPT OAuth selected for cloud voice. Your API key stays saved and available.',
+  'ChatGPT sign-in expired. Opening sign-in again…',
+  'Opening ChatGPT sign-in in your browser…',
+  'Finish ChatGPT sign-in in the browser. Waiting for it to complete…',
+  'ChatGPT sign-in timed out. Click {button} to try again.',
+  'OAuth check failed: {detail}',
+  'Could not check ChatGPT sign-in.',
+  'Could not check ChatGPT sign-in. Try again.',
+  'Could not start ChatGPT sign-in on this machine.',
+  'ChatGPT sign-in complete. OAuth will be used for the next cloud voice session.',
+];
+
+test('OAuth status-line texts are extractable messages with es/ru entries', () => {
+  const messages = extractMessages();
+  const missing = OAUTH_STATUS_TEXTS.filter((text) => !messages.has(text));
+  assert.deepEqual(missing, [], 'texts not wrapped in t() in src/keySetup.js');
+  for (const locale of shippedLocales()) {
+    const catalog = readCatalog(locale);
+    const untranslated = OAUTH_STATUS_TEXTS.filter((text) => !catalog[text]);
+    assert.deepEqual(untranslated, [], `${locale}.json lacks entries`);
+  }
+});
+
+test('the i18n check sees an unmarked literal passed to say()', () => {
+  const sample =
+    "const say = (x) => { el.textContent = x; };\nsay('Checking local ChatGPT OAuth sign-in…');\n";
+  const found = unmarkedScript('sample.js', sample);
+  assert.ok(
+    found.some((f) => f.text.includes('Checking local ChatGPT OAuth')),
+    'say(...) is not among JS_SINKS in scripts/i18n.mjs',
+  );
+});
+
+test('src/keySetup.js has no unmarked say() literals', () => {
+  const source = readFileSync(
+    new URL('./keySetup.js', import.meta.url),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  const literal = /\bsay\(\s*['"`]/g;
+  const hits = [...source.matchAll(literal)].map(
+    (m) => source.slice(0, m.index).split('\n').length,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    hits,
+    [],
+    `say() called with a bare literal at lines ${hits.join(', ')}`,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/airQuality/airQualityLocale.test.mjs b/src/layers/airQuality/airQualityLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66f4942f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/airQuality/airQualityLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// The Air quality layer (AQHI) reads in the UI language: layer name, Weather
+// card (title, coverage, status, legend, risk) and its own failure text.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { setLocale, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { layerNameForId, localizeLayerName } from '../../ui/layerNames.js';
+import { LayerPanel } from '../../ui/layerPanel.js';
+import { translateFeedError } from '../../ui/statusText.js';
+import { createAirQualityLayer } from './index.js';
+
+function inLocale(locale, run) {
+  setLocale(locale);
+  try {
+    return run();
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+}
+
+function harness(source) {
+  const layer = createAirQualityLayer({
+    source,
+    overlayHost: { setEntries() {}, setVisible() {}, clearSource() {} },
+  });
+  const viewer = { dataSources: { add() {}, remove() {} } };
+  layer.init(viewer);
+  layer.enable(viewer);
+  return layer;
+}
+
+const reading = {
+  id: 'eccc:A',
+  provider: 'eccc',
+  scale: 'AQHI',
+  value: 2,
+  band: 'low',
+  stationId: 'A',
+  name: 'Toronto',
+  zone: 'ont',
+  lat: 43.65,
+  lon: -79.38,
+  observedMs: 1_700_000_000_000,
+  color: '#4cc9f0',
+  label: '2',
+  risk: 'Low health risk',
+  note: null,
+};
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: the layer name is translated`, () => {
+    inLocale(locale, () => {
+      assert.notEqual(t('Air quality'), 'Air quality', 'catalog has the entry');
+      assert.equal(layerNameForId('air-quality'), t('Air quality'));
+      assert.equal(localizeLayerName('Air quality'), t('Air quality'));
+    });
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: the Weather card of Air quality is translated`, async () => {
+    const layer = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => [reading] });
+    await layer.update();
+    const controls = inLocale(locale, () => layer.getRowControls());
+    const english = [
+      controls.summary.label,
+      controls.summary.coverage,
+      controls.summary.status,
+      ...controls.legend.map((entry) => entry.label),
+      ...controls.list.items.map((item) => item.text),
+    ].filter((text) =>
+      /\b(Air quality|Canada only|stations reporting|Low|Moderate|High|health risk)\b/.test(
+        text,
+      ),
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(english, [], `English left in the ${locale} card`);
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: the Air quality failure text is translated in the row`, () => {
+    const row = inLocale(locale, () =>
+      LayerPanel.prototype._buildMetaText({
+        id: 'air-quality',
+        enabled: true,
+        stats: {
+          count: 0,
+          error: 'Air quality request failed',
+          source: 'ECCC',
+          lastUpdate: null,
+        },
+      }),
+    );
+    assert.ok(!row.includes('Air quality request failed'), row);
+  });
+}
+
+for (const locale of ['en', 'es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: the Weather card shows an HTTP failure as the row does`, async () => {
+    const layer = harness({
+      getSnapshot: async () => {
+        throw new Error('ECCC HTTP 503');
+      },
+    });
+    await layer.update();
+    const card = inLocale(locale, () => layer.getRowControls().summary.status);
+    assert.equal(
+      card,
+      inLocale(locale, () => translateFeedError('ECCC HTTP 503')),
+    );
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/airQuality/index.js b/src/layers/airQuality/index.js
index 804f9a795..febee5423 100644
--- a/src/layers/airQuality/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/airQuality/index.js
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { msg, t, tn } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { translateFeedError } from '../../ui/statusText.js';
 import {
   AIR_QUALITY_BANDS,
   AIR_QUALITY_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ export function createAirQualityLayer({ source, overlayHost } = {}) {
         return true;
       } catch (error) {
         if (request.signal.aborted || _request !== request) return false;
-        _lastError = error?.message || 'Air quality request failed';
+        _lastError = error?.message || msg('Air quality request failed');
         console.warn('[Data:AirQuality] Refresh failed:', _lastError);
         notify();
         return false;
@@ -214,34 +216,41 @@ export function createAirQualityLayer({ source, overlayHost } = {}) {
         (max, reading) => Math.max(max, reading.observedMs || 0),
         0,
       );
+      // Readings and errors stay English data (analyst records, stats); the
+      // card translates them as the Layers panel row does. A provider's own
+      // error text has no catalog entry and shows as it came.
       return {
         readout: true,
         summary: {
-          label: provider.label,
-          coverage: provider.coverage,
+          label: t(provider.label),
+          coverage: t(provider.coverage),
           validTime: newest ? new Date(newest).toISOString() : undefined,
           detail: `${provider.network} · ${provider.scale}`,
           status: _lastError
-            ? _lastError
+            ? translateFeedError(_lastError)
             : _count === 0
               ? _lastUpdate === null
-                ? 'No readings available'
-                : 'No current readings'
-              : `${_count} stations reporting`,
+                ? t('No readings available')
+                : t('No current readings')
+              : tn(
+                  _count,
+                  '{count} station reporting',
+                  '{count} stations reporting',
+                ),
           units: provider.scale,
         },
         legend: AIR_QUALITY_BANDS.map((band) => ({
           color: band.color,
-          label: band.label,
+          label: t(band.label),
         })),
         legendCategorical: true,
         list: {
-          ariaLabel: 'Highest air-quality readings in view',
+          ariaLabel: t('Highest air-quality readings in view'),
           items: inView.map((reading, index) => ({
             id: reading.id,
             ordinal: index + 1,
             lead: `${reading.scale} ${reading.label}`,
-            text: `${reading.name} · ${reading.risk}`,
+            text: `${reading.name} · ${t(reading.risk)}`,
             accent: reading.color,
           })),
         },
diff --git a/src/layers/airQuality/model.js b/src/layers/airQuality/model.js
index 1e0eab47e..49b8a16a3 100644
--- a/src/layers/airQuality/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/airQuality/model.js
@@ -15,13 +15,36 @@
  * Only ECCC's AQHI is implemented here; `AIR_QUALITY_PROVIDERS` is the seam a
  * later provider registers against.
  */
+// A portable export (package.json): no i18n here. The labels stay English data;
+// the Weather card (index.js) shows them translated.
+const msg = (text) => text;
 
 /** Band identifiers shared across providers, in ascending severity. */
 export const AIR_QUALITY_BANDS = Object.freeze([
-  Object.freeze({ id: 'low', label: 'Low', color: '#4cc9f0' }),
-  Object.freeze({ id: 'moderate', label: 'Moderate', color: '#ffd43b' }),
-  Object.freeze({ id: 'high', label: 'High', color: '#ff6b35' }),
-  Object.freeze({ id: 'very-high', label: 'Very High', color: '#c1121f' }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    id: 'low',
+    label: msg('Low'),
+    risk: msg('Low health risk'),
+    color: '#4cc9f0',
+  }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    id: 'moderate',
+    label: msg('Moderate'),
+    risk: msg('Moderate health risk'),
+    color: '#ffd43b',
+  }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    id: 'high',
+    label: msg('High'),
+    risk: msg('High health risk'),
+    color: '#ff6b35',
+  }),
+  Object.freeze({
+    id: 'very-high',
+    label: msg('Very High'),
+    risk: msg('Very High health risk'),
+    color: '#c1121f',
+  }),
 ]);
 
 const BAND_BY_ID = new Map(AIR_QUALITY_BANDS.map((band) => [band.id, band]));
@@ -89,9 +112,9 @@ export const AIR_QUALITY_PROVIDERS = Object.freeze({
   eccc: Object.freeze({
     id: 'eccc',
     scale: 'AQHI',
-    label: 'Air quality',
+    label: msg('Air quality'),
     network: 'Environment and Climate Change Canada',
-    coverage: 'Canada only · ECCC AQHI network',
+    coverage: msg('Canada only · ECCC AQHI network'),
     /** ECCC's published band thresholds, evaluated in order. */
     bands: Object.freeze([
       Object.freeze({ id: 'low', max: 3 }),
@@ -161,8 +184,7 @@ export function valueLabel(providerId, value) {
 
 /** Plain-language risk phrase for a band id. */
 export function bandRiskText(bandId) {
-  const band = airQualityBandById(bandId);
-  return band ? `${band.label} health risk` : null;
+  return airQualityBandById(bandId)?.risk ?? null;
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/layers/airQuality/source.js b/src/layers/airQuality/source.js
index 8fb4808ec..02063bec9 100644
--- a/src/layers/airQuality/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/airQuality/source.js
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 import { readResponseJsonCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
 import { normalizeAqhiStations, normalizeAqhiObservations } from './model.js';
 
+// A portable export (package.json): no i18n here. Failures stay English data;
+// the Layers panel and the Weather card show them translated.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 const COLLECTIONS_ROOT = 'https://api.weather.gc.ca/collections';
 const STATIONS_URL = `${COLLECTIONS_ROOT}/aqhi-stations/items`;
 const OBSERVATIONS_URL = `${COLLECTIONS_ROOT}/aqhi-observations-realtime/items`;
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ export function createEcccAirQualitySource({
     const abort = () => controller.abort(signal.reason);
     signal?.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
     const timer = setTimeout(
-      () => controller.abort(new Error('ECCC request timed out')),
+      () => controller.abort(new Error(msg('ECCC request timed out'))),
       timeoutMs,
     );
     try {
@@ -82,14 +86,15 @@ export function createEcccAirQualitySource({
           signal,
         );
         const next = normalizeAqhiStations(payload);
-        if (!next) throw new Error('Malformed AQHI station response');
+        if (!next) throw new Error(msg('Malformed AQHI station response'));
         // An empty refresh must not wipe a good catalog.
         if (next.size > 0) {
           stations = next;
           stationsFetchedAt = clock;
         }
       }
-      if (stations.size === 0) throw new Error('No AQHI stations available');
+      if (stations.size === 0)
+        throw new Error(msg('No AQHI stations available'));
 
       const payload = await getJson(
         `${OBSERVATIONS_URL}?f=json&latest=true&limit=${OBSERVATION_LIMIT}`,
@@ -97,7 +102,8 @@ export function createEcccAirQualitySource({
         signal,
       );
       const readings = normalizeAqhiObservations(payload, stations, clock);
-      if (!readings) throw new Error('Malformed AQHI observation response');
+      if (!readings)
+        throw new Error(msg('Malformed AQHI observation response'));
       return readings;
     },
   };
diff --git a/src/layers/alpr/index.js b/src/layers/alpr/index.js
index 072fcf47a..1a0ca4c73 100644
--- a/src/layers/alpr/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/alpr/index.js
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   alprCreditMarkup,
 } from './model.js';
 import { createAlprPresentation } from './presentation.js';
+import { t, tn, msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
  * Own one layer's requests, records, display and viewer subscriptions.
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ export function createAlprCamerasLayer({ source, services } = {}) {
       state.stale = Boolean(state.lastUpdate);
       setAlprStatus(
         'unavailable',
-        error?.message || 'Camera source temporarily unavailable',
+        error?.message || msg('Camera source temporarily unavailable'),
       );
       if (!isUnavailableCapability(error)) scheduleUnavailableRetry();
     } finally {
@@ -293,7 +294,8 @@ export function createAlprCamerasLayer({ source, services } = {}) {
     id: LAYER_ID,
     name: 'ALPR Cameras',
     icon: '📷',
-    source: source.label || 'Mapped camera locations',
+    // English in layer state; the layer row translates it.
+    source: source.label || msg('Mapped camera locations'),
     updateInterval: 0,
     statsRefreshInterval: 1000,
     init(viewer) {
@@ -372,10 +374,12 @@ export function createAlprCamerasLayer({ source, services } = {}) {
         chips: [
           {
             id: 'find-camera',
-            label: 'SHOW NEAREST',
+            label: t('SHOW NEAREST'),
             title: state.viewer?.trackedEntity
-              ? 'Stop following the current object before navigating to a camera'
-              : 'Move to the nearest loaded camera and show its details',
+              ? t(
+                  'Stop following the current object before navigating to a camera',
+                )
+              : t('Move to the nearest loaded camera and show its details'),
             disabled:
               !state.enabled || !count || Boolean(state.viewer?.trackedEntity),
             onClick: focusNearest,
@@ -383,11 +387,12 @@ export function createAlprCamerasLayer({ source, services } = {}) {
         ],
         legend: [
           {
-            label: 'Camera badges',
+            label: t('Camera badges'),
             color: ALPR_COLOR,
             count,
-            blurb:
+            blurb: t(
               'Cyan cameras turn coral when selected. Wedges illustrate mapped direction, not measured coverage. Nearby cameras may be outside the screen.',
+            ),
           },
         ],
       };
@@ -428,11 +433,18 @@ export function createAlprCamerasLayer({ source, services } = {}) {
         count: state.dataSource?.entities.values.length || 0,
         countLabel:
           state.enabled && !state.noCoverage && state.status !== 'zoom-in'
-            ? `${state.dataSource?.entities.values.length || 0} nearby${
-                Number.isInteger(state.onScreen)
-                  ? ` · ${state.onScreen} on screen`
-                  : ''
-              }`
+            ? Number.isInteger(state.onScreen)
+              ? tn(
+                  state.dataSource?.entities.values.length || 0,
+                  '{count} nearby · {onScreen} on screen',
+                  '{count} nearby · {onScreen} on screen',
+                  { onScreen: state.onScreen },
+                )
+              : tn(
+                  state.dataSource?.entities.values.length || 0,
+                  '{count} nearby',
+                  '{count} nearby',
+                )
             : '',
         noCoverage: Boolean(state.noCoverage),
         lastUpdate: state.lastUpdate,
@@ -451,20 +463,22 @@ export function createAlprCamerasLayer({ source, services } = {}) {
           : 0,
         loadingLabel: state.loading
           ? state.retrying
-            ? 'retrying mapped ALPR cameras'
-            : 'loading mapped ALPR cameras'
+            ? t('retrying mapped ALPR cameras')
+            : t('loading mapped ALPR cameras')
           : state.noCoverage
-            ? 'No ALPR data for this area — US and Canada only'
+            ? t('No ALPR data for this area — US and Canada only')
             : state.status === 'zoom-in'
-              ? 'Zoom in to load mapped cameras'
+              ? t('Zoom in to load mapped cameras')
               : [
-                  state.stale ? 'Showing cached locations' : '',
+                  state.stale ? t('Showing cached locations') : '',
                   state.saturated || state.renderSaturated
-                    ? 'Coverage limited — zoom in'
+                    ? t('Coverage limited — zoom in')
+                    : '',
+                  state.status === 'empty'
+                    ? t('No ALPR data for this area')
                     : '',
-                  state.status === 'empty' ? 'No ALPR data for this area' : '',
                   state.status === 'ready' && state.onScreen === 0
-                    ? 'None on screen — nearby cameras are outside the view'
+                    ? t('None on screen — nearby cameras are outside the view')
                     : '',
                 ]
                   .filter(Boolean)
diff --git a/src/layers/alpr/presentation.js b/src/layers/alpr/presentation.js
index 7436773b4..866f15a6d 100644
--- a/src/layers/alpr/presentation.js
+++ b/src/layers/alpr/presentation.js
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   MARKER_SCALE_BY_DISTANCE,
 } from './policy.js';
 import { boxContains } from './model.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { createAlprFloorResolver } from './floors.js';
 import { createAlprOverlay } from './overlay.js';
 import {
@@ -451,7 +452,7 @@ export function createAlprPresentation({ state, services, source }) {
         layerName: 'ALPR Cameras',
         source:
           source.attribution?.description || source.label || 'Camera source',
-        label: 'ALPR camera',
+        label: t('ALPR camera'),
         latitude: record.latitude,
         longitude: record.longitude,
         properties: {
diff --git a/src/layers/alpr/source.js b/src/layers/alpr/source.js
index 4431668c5..76166ad50 100644
--- a/src/layers/alpr/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/alpr/source.js
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ import {
 } from '../../sources/vectorTiles.js';
 import { buildOverpassQuery, normalizeAlprNode } from './records.js';
 import { decodeAlprTile } from './tileRecords.js';
+// Marks text for i18n extraction; the UI translates it with t(). Kept local
+// because AI tool services import this module outside the browser.
+const msg = (text) => text;
 
 /**
  * Finest attributed extract zoom whose tiles for `box` fit the per-view cap,
@@ -136,7 +139,7 @@ export function createAlprTileSource({
         const metadata = await source.getMetadata(signal);
         const [west, south, east, north] = metadata.bounds || [];
         if (![west, south, east, north].every(Number.isFinite))
-          throw new Error('Camera coverage unavailable');
+          throw new Error(msg('Camera coverage unavailable'));
         if (
           box.east < west ||
           box.west > east ||
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@ export function createAlprTileSource({
       for (const source of sources) source.clear();
       precision.clear();
     },
-    label: 'OpenStreetMap · community mapped',
+    label: msg('OpenStreetMap · community mapped'),
     attribution: {
       name: 'OpenStreetMap',
       description: '© OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL',
@@ -242,7 +245,7 @@ export function createOverpassAlprSource({
     // The shared proxy already rejects query errors. Validate here too so a
     // malformed or partial response never becomes an authoritative empty map.
     if (!Array.isArray(payload?.elements) || payload.remark) {
-      throw new Error('Overpass returned an incomplete camera response');
+      throw new Error(msg('Overpass returned an incomplete camera response'));
     }
     return {
       records: [
@@ -260,7 +263,7 @@ export function createOverpassAlprSource({
   }
   return {
     fetch: fetchAlprNodes,
-    label: 'OpenStreetMap · community mapped',
+    label: msg('OpenStreetMap · community mapped'),
     attribution: {
       name: 'OpenStreetMap',
       description: 'OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL 1.0; community mapped)',
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/panel.js b/src/layers/awareness/panel.js
index 4eec6d5d1..5fe2a0ac8 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/panel.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/panel.js
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import {
   formatAwarenessLabel,
-  formatAwarenessDistance,
   AWARENESS_RADIUS_M,
 } from '../../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
+import { formatNumber, t, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 import { AWARENESS_PAGE_SIZE, AWARENESS_PAGE_ROTATE_MS } from './policy.js';
 
 /** Format a cohort total without presenting a retained cap as exact. */
@@ -14,6 +15,33 @@ export function formatAwarenessCount(summary = {}) {
     : count;
 }
 
+/** The count as the panel shows it, in the UI language. */
+function presentAwarenessCount(summary = {}) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(summary.count)) return '?';
+  const count = formatNumber(summary.count);
+  return summary.complete === false || summary.truncated === true
+    ? t('At least {count}', { count })
+    : count;
+}
+
+/** A distance as the panel shows it: 850 m, 4.6 km, 120 km, in the UI language. */
+function presentAwarenessDistance(meters) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(meters) || meters < 0) return '—';
+  if (meters < 1000) return formatQuantity(Math.round(meters), 'm');
+  const digits = meters < 10000 ? 1 : 0;
+  return formatQuantity(meters / 1000, 'km', {
+    minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+    maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+  });
+}
+
+/** The cohort's reason, kept English in data, shown in the UI language. */
+function presentAwarenessReason(summary = {}) {
+  return summary.reasonTemplate
+    ? t(summary.reasonTemplate, summary.reasonValues)
+    : translateKnown(summary.reason || '');
+}
+
 export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   function ensurePanel() {
     if (layerState.panel) return layerState.panel;
@@ -56,8 +84,8 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   function hidePanel() {
     if (layerState.panel) {
       const markup = `<div class="military-awareness-standby">
-      <strong>${layerState.enabled ? 'CONTEXT READY' : 'GLOBAL CONTEXT OFF'}</strong>
-      <span>${layerState.enabled ? 'SELECT A FLIGHT, VESSEL, OR MAPPED INSTALLATION' : 'ENABLE TO LOAD OBSERVED / MAPPED PROXIMITY'}</span>
+      <strong>${layerState.enabled ? t('CONTEXT READY') : t('GLOBAL CONTEXT OFF')}</strong>
+      <span>${layerState.enabled ? t('SELECT A FLIGHT, VESSEL, OR MAPPED INSTALLATION') : t('ENABLE TO LOAD OBSERVED / MAPPED PROXIMITY')}</span>
     </div>`;
       layerState.panel.hidden = false;
       if (layerState.panelMarkup !== markup) {
@@ -70,7 +98,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   function rowHtml(cohort) {
     const summary = cohort.summary;
-    const count = formatAwarenessCount(summary);
+    const count = presentAwarenessCount(summary);
     const page = layerState.cohortPages.get(cohort.id) || 0;
     const nearest = summary.nearest
       .slice(page, page + AWARENESS_PAGE_SIZE)
@@ -78,10 +106,10 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         const label = formatAwarenessLabel(item);
         const targetId = item.icao24 || item.mmsi || item.id;
         if (!targetId) {
-          return `<li><span class="military-awareness-target unavailable" aria-label="Unavailable">${escapeHtml(label)} <span>${formatAwarenessDistance(item.distanceM)}</span></span></li>`;
+          return `<li><span class="military-awareness-target unavailable" aria-label="${t('Unavailable')}">${escapeHtml(label)} <span>${presentAwarenessDistance(item.distanceM)}</span></span></li>`;
         }
-        const accessibleLabel = label === '—' ? 'Unavailable' : label;
-        return `<li><button type="button" class="military-awareness-target" data-awareness-layer="${escapeHtml(cohort.id)}" data-awareness-id="${escapeHtml(targetId)}" aria-label="Focus ${escapeHtml(accessibleLabel)}">${escapeHtml(label)} <span>${formatAwarenessDistance(item.distanceM)}</span></button>${namedAreasHtml(item.memberNames)}</li>`;
+        const accessibleLabel = label === '—' ? t('Unavailable') : label;
+        return `<li><button type="button" class="military-awareness-target" data-awareness-layer="${escapeHtml(cohort.id)}" data-awareness-id="${escapeHtml(targetId)}" aria-label="${escapeHtml(t('Focus {label}', { label: accessibleLabel }))}">${escapeHtml(label)} <span>${presentAwarenessDistance(item.distanceM)}</span></button>${namedAreasHtml(item.memberNames)}</li>`;
       })
       .join('');
     const pageCount = Math.max(
@@ -95,17 +123,17 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const coverage = cohort.coverage ? ` · ${escapeHtml(cohort.coverage)}` : '';
     return `<section class="military-awareness-row ${summary.relationship.toLowerCase()}">
     <div><strong>${escapeHtml(cohort.label)}</strong><b aria-live="polite">${count}${pageLabel}</b></div>
-    <small>${escapeHtml(cohort.source)}${coverage} · ${escapeHtml(summary.reason)}</small>
+    <small>${escapeHtml(cohort.source)}${coverage} · ${escapeHtml(presentAwarenessReason(summary))}</small>
     ${nearest ? `<ul>${nearest}</ul>` : ''}
   </section>`;
   }
 
   function navigationControlsHtml() {
     const canPrevious = layerState.navigationIndex > 0;
-    return `<div class="military-awareness-controls" role="group" aria-label="Global Context navigation">
-    <button type="button" data-awareness-action="previous" title="Previous — prior visited contact in the 250 km window"${canPrevious ? '' : ' disabled'}>PREVIOUS</button>
-    <button type="button" data-awareness-action="focus">FOCUS</button>
-    <button type="button" data-awareness-action="next" title="Next — nearest unvisited contact in the 250 km window"${parts.navigation.canNavigateNext() ? '' : ' disabled'}>NEXT</button>
+    return `<div class="military-awareness-controls" role="group" aria-label="${t('Global Context navigation')}">
+    <button type="button" data-awareness-action="previous" title="${t('Previous — prior visited contact in the 250 km window')}"${canPrevious ? '' : ' disabled'}>${t('PREVIOUS')}</button>
+    <button type="button" data-awareness-action="focus">${t('FOCUS')}</button>
+    <button type="button" data-awareness-action="next" title="${t('Next — nearest unvisited contact in the 250 km window')}"${parts.navigation.canNavigateNext() ? '' : ' disabled'}>${t('NEXT')}</button>
   </div>`;
   }
 
@@ -175,7 +203,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   function namedAreasHtml(names) {
     return names?.length
-      ? `<details class="military-awareness-names"><summary>Named areas (${names.length})</summary><div>${names.map((name) => escapeHtml(name)).join('<br>')}</div></details>`
+      ? `<details class="military-awareness-names"><summary>${escapeHtml(t('Named areas ({n})', { n: formatNumber(names.length) }))}</summary><div>${names.map((name) => escapeHtml(name)).join('<br>')}</div></details>`
       : '';
   }
 
@@ -183,11 +211,11 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     if (!layerState.enabled || !layerState.results) return hidePanel();
     const panel = ensurePanel();
     const { subject, cohorts } = layerState.results;
-    const markup = `<div class="military-awareness-subject">${escapeHtml(subject.label)} · ${formatAwarenessDistance(AWARENESS_RADIUS_M)} FLIGHT / VESSEL WINDOW</div>
+    const markup = `<div class="military-awareness-subject">${escapeHtml(subject.label)} · ${escapeHtml(t('{distance} FLIGHT / VESSEL WINDOW', { distance: presentAwarenessDistance(AWARENESS_RADIUS_M) }))}</div>
     ${namedAreasHtml(subject.memberNames)}
     ${navigationControlsHtml()}
     ${cohorts.map(rowHtml).join('')}
-    <p class="military-awareness-note" tabindex="-1" data-awareness-focus-continuation>Open-source mapped/observed context. Missing broadcasts, unloaded map areas, or unmapped sites are not evidence of absence.</p>`;
+    <p class="military-awareness-note" tabindex="-1" data-awareness-focus-continuation>${t('Open-source mapped/observed context. Missing broadcasts, unloaded map areas, or unmapped sites are not evidence of absence.')}</p>`;
     panel.hidden = false;
     if (layerState.panelMarkup !== markup) {
       const focusSnapshot = captureAwarenessPanelFocus(panel);
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/queries.js b/src/layers/awareness/queries.js
index 2a9c8d9e8..593c85ebf 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/queries.js
@@ -1,4 +1,16 @@
 import { AWARENESS_RADIUS_M } from '../../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
+
+// The reason stays English for the voice analyst; the Contacts panel shows it
+// in the UI language from `reasonTemplate`.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+const fillTemplate = (template, values = {}) =>
+  template.replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g, (_, name) => String(values[name]));
+const withReason = (summary, template, values) => ({
+  ...summary,
+  reason: fillTemplate(template, values),
+  reasonTemplate: template,
+  reasonValues: values,
+});
 import { DEPENDENCIES, AWARENESS_QUERY_LIMIT } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createQueries({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
@@ -119,19 +131,20 @@ export function createQueries({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     // A subject window is its own bounded area: name it instead of the viewport.
     if (coverage?.kind === 'subject' && Number.isFinite(coverage.radiusM)) {
       const km = Math.round(coverage.radiusM / 1000);
-      return {
-        ...summary,
-        reason: summary.count
-          ? `mapped matches within ${km} km of the subject`
-          : `none mapped within ${km} km; not a complete 250 km survey`,
-      };
+      return withReason(
+        summary,
+        summary.count
+          ? msg('mapped matches within {km} km of the subject')
+          : msg('none mapped within {km} km; not a complete 250 km survey'),
+        { km },
+      );
     }
-    return {
-      ...summary,
-      reason: summary.count
-        ? 'mapped matches from the loaded viewport'
-        : 'viewport feed is not a complete 250 km survey',
-    };
+    return withReason(
+      summary,
+      summary.count
+        ? msg('mapped matches from the loaded viewport')
+        : msg('viewport feed is not a complete 250 km survey'),
+    );
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/rendering.js b/src/layers/awareness/rendering.js
index 471c11b51..8fe147e46 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/rendering.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   createCyberSonarSampler,
   isCyberContactSonarActive as isCyberSonarActive,
@@ -137,7 +138,9 @@ export function createRendering({
       '--compass-rotation',
       `${-headingDeg}deg`,
     );
-    layerState.compassHeading.textContent = `HDG ${String(headingDeg).padStart(3, '0')}°`;
+    layerState.compassHeading.textContent = t('HDG {value}°', {
+      value: String(headingDeg).padStart(3, '0'),
+    });
     layerState.compassHeading.style.left = `${geometry.centerX}px`;
     layerState.compassHeading.style.top = `${geometry.centerY - compassRadius + 39}px`;
     for (const label of layerState.compassLabels) {
@@ -221,10 +224,14 @@ export function createRendering({
             )
           : null;
       const bearingText = Number.isFinite(bearing)
-        ? `BRG ${String(Math.round(bearing)).padStart(3, '0')}°`
-        : 'BRG —';
+        ? t('BRG {value}°', {
+            value: String(Math.round(bearing)).padStart(3, '0'),
+          })
+        : t('BRG —');
       const courseText = Number.isFinite(item.track)
-        ? ` · CRS ${String(Math.round(item.track)).padStart(3, '0')}°`
+        ? ` · ${t('CRS {value}°', {
+            value: String(Math.round(item.track)).padStart(3, '0'),
+          })}`
         : '';
       marker._label.textContent = `${label} · ${formatAwarenessDistance(item.distanceM)}\n${bearingText}${courseText}`;
       marker.hidden = false;
diff --git a/src/layers/awareness/subject.js b/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
index da2d6ab65..1baf54ec4 100644
--- a/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
+++ b/src/layers/awareness/subject.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   AWARENESS_RELATIONSHIP,
 } from '../../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   AWARENESS_QUERY_LIMIT,
   SOURCE_LABEL,
@@ -10,6 +11,19 @@ import {
   AWARENESS_PAGE_SIZE,
 } from './policy.js';
 
+// coverageLabel is machine-composed English from installations/controls.js
+// (pinned by src/data/militaryInstallations.test.mjs); translate the known
+// forms here, pass anything else through.
+const WITHIN_KM_RE = /^WITHIN (\d+) KM$/;
+
+function localizeCoverageLabel(label) {
+  if (typeof label !== 'string' || !label) return label;
+  if (label === 'CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY') return t('CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY');
+  const within = WITHIN_KM_RE.exec(label);
+  if (within) return t('WITHIN {km} KM', { km: within[1] });
+  return label;
+}
+
 export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   const aisLiveVesselsLayer = services.vessels;
   const militaryInstallationsLayer = services.installations;
@@ -78,7 +92,7 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       cohorts: [
         {
           id: 'flights',
-          label: 'Flights',
+          label: t('Flights'),
           source: flightsState.stats.source || SOURCE_LABEL.flights,
           provenance: retainedProvenance(
             'flights',
@@ -97,7 +111,7 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         },
         {
           id: 'military',
-          label: 'Military flights',
+          label: t('Military flights'),
           source: militaryState.stats.source || SOURCE_LABEL.military,
           provenance: retainedProvenance(
             'military',
@@ -116,7 +130,7 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         },
         {
           id: 'ais-live-vessels',
-          label: 'AIS vessels',
+          label: t('AIS vessels'),
           source: vesselsState.stats.source || SOURCE_LABEL['ais-live-vessels'],
           provenance: retainedProvenance(
             'ais-live-vessels',
@@ -131,7 +145,7 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         },
         {
           id: 'military-installations',
-          label: 'Mapped installations',
+          label: t('Mapped installations'),
           source:
             installationsState.stats.source ||
             SOURCE_LABEL['military-installations'],
@@ -142,7 +156,8 @@ export function createSubject({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
             SOURCE_LABEL['military-installations'],
           ),
           coverage:
-            installationsState.stats.coverageLabel || 'CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY',
+            localizeCoverageLabel(installationsState.stats.coverageLabel) ||
+            t('CURRENT VIEWPORT ONLY'),
           summary: parts.queries.summarizeInstallationViewport(
             installations,
             installationsState,
diff --git a/src/layers/bikeshare/controls.js b/src/layers/bikeshare/controls.js
index 58c5f003a..5f73a2dc9 100644
--- a/src/layers/bikeshare/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/bikeshare/controls.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { msg, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { STATUS_POLL_MS } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
@@ -67,8 +68,10 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       if (layerState._loading) {
         stats.loadingLabel =
           layerState._activeCityIds.size > 0
-            ? `syncing ${layerState._activeCityIds.size} city feeds...`
-            : 'scanning nearby systems...';
+            ? t('syncing {count} city feeds...', {
+                count: layerState._activeCityIds.size,
+              })
+            : t('scanning nearby systems...');
       }
       // A failed city is only the layer's failure when it left nothing on the
       // map. While other cities still render, the partial failure reads
@@ -76,7 +79,7 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       // points remain, they read STALE.
       if (layerState._failedCityIds.size > 0) {
         if (layerState._stationRenderMap.size === 0) {
-          stats.error = 'GBFS fetch error';
+          stats.error = msg('GBFS fetch error');
         } else {
           stats.degraded = true;
           const allFailed = Array.from(layerState._activeCityIds).every(
diff --git a/src/layers/bikeshare/model.js b/src/layers/bikeshare/model.js
index d501d073c..96a543232 100644
--- a/src/layers/bikeshare/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/bikeshare/model.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   parseStationStatus,
   toNonNegativeInteger,
 } from '../../sources/gbfsStations.js';
+import { greatCircleKm } from '../../geoDistance.js';
 
 export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   /**
@@ -28,15 +29,7 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    */
 
   function haversineKm(aLat, aLon, bLat, bLon) {
-    const toRad = (value) => (value * Math.PI) / 180;
-    const dLat = toRad(bLat - aLat);
-    const dLon = toRad(bLon - aLon);
-    const p1 = toRad(aLat);
-    const p2 = toRad(bLat);
-    const a =
-      Math.sin(dLat / 2) ** 2 +
-      Math.cos(p1) * Math.cos(p2) * Math.sin(dLon / 2) ** 2;
-    return 6371 * 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1 - a));
+    return greatCircleKm({ lat: aLat, lon: aLon }, { lat: bLat, lon: bLon });
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/layers/bikeshare/selection.js b/src/layers/bikeshare/selection.js
index 0c948281b..ad5024908 100644
--- a/src/layers/bikeshare/selection.js
+++ b/src/layers/bikeshare/selection.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { isPointerFree } from '../../data/inputOwnership.js';
 import {
   BIKESHARE_SELECTED_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
@@ -22,7 +23,9 @@ export function createSelection({
     const stationName = String(record?.stationName || '').trim();
     const stationLabel =
       stationName ||
-      (record?.stationId ? `Station ${record.stationId}` : 'Station');
+      (record?.stationId
+        ? t('Station {id}', { id: record.stationId })
+        : t('Station'));
     const bikes = Number.isFinite(record?.bikesAvailable)
       ? record.bikesAvailable
       : '?';
@@ -33,14 +36,18 @@ export function createSelection({
 
     const lines = [
       stationLabel,
-      `🚲 ${bikes} avail · ${docks} docks · ${capacity} cap`,
+      t('🚲 {bikes} avail · {docks} docks · {capacity} cap', {
+        bikes,
+        docks,
+        capacity,
+      }),
     ];
 
     // Append warnings for stations that are offline or partially non-operational
     const abnormal = [];
-    if (record?.isInstalled === false) abnormal.push('⚠️ Not installed');
-    if (record?.isRenting === false) abnormal.push('⚠️ Not renting');
-    if (record?.isReturning === false) abnormal.push('⚠️ Not returning');
+    if (record?.isInstalled === false) abnormal.push(t('⚠️ Not installed'));
+    if (record?.isRenting === false) abnormal.push(t('⚠️ Not renting'));
+    if (record?.isReturning === false) abnormal.push(t('⚠️ Not returning'));
     if (abnormal.length > 0) {
       lines.push(abnormal.join(' · '));
     }
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/headingConfidence.js b/src/layers/cctv/headingConfidence.js
index a42297e28..26a877558 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/headingConfidence.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/headingConfidence.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
 /**
  * @module headingConfidence
  *
@@ -43,5 +45,7 @@ export function isHeadingEstimated(camera) {
  */
 export function headingHudToken(camera) {
   const hdg = Math.round(Number(camera?.headingDeg) || 0);
-  return `HDG ${hdg}°${isHeadingEstimated(camera) ? ' (ESTIMATED)' : ''}`;
+  return isHeadingEstimated(camera)
+    ? t('HDG {value}° (ESTIMATED)', { value: hdg })
+    : t('HDG {value}°', { value: hdg });
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/model.js b/src/layers/cctv/model.js
index 48c8cddd4..3354e0d43 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/model.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { greatCircleKm } from '../../geoDistance.js';
 import { staticFrameRefreshMs } from '../../data/cctvLod.js';
 import { frameFetchDue, cardFetchPolicy } from '../../data/cctvCards.js';
 import { DEFAULT_CAMERA_CALIBRATION } from './policy.js';
@@ -97,12 +98,23 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
 
   /**
    * Coerces a value to a finite number or returns the fallback.
+   *
+   * Absent, blank and boolean values return the fallback as well. The source
+   * list serializes an unknown number (NaN) as JSON null, and `Number(null)`
+   * is 0, so without this an unknown pose field arrived as zero and was
+   * clamped to the field's floor instead of taking its default.
    * @param {*} value
    * @param {number} [fallback=NaN]
    * @returns {number}
    */
 
   function safeNumber(value, fallback = NaN) {
+    if (
+      value == null ||
+      typeof value === 'boolean' ||
+      (typeof value === 'string' && !value.trim())
+    )
+      return fallback;
     const n = Number(value);
     return Number.isFinite(n) ? n : fallback;
   }
@@ -298,12 +310,7 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
    */
 
   function haversineKm(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
-    const dLat = toRad(lat2 - lat1);
-    const dLon = toRad(lon2 - lon1);
-    const a =
-      Math.sin(dLat / 2) ** 2 +
-      Math.cos(toRad(lat1)) * Math.cos(toRad(lat2)) * Math.sin(dLon / 2) ** 2;
-    return 6371 * 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1 - a));
+    return greatCircleKm({ lat: lat1, lon: lon1 }, { lat: lat2, lon: lon2 });
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
index 1e5bc7cf1..2d93166a7 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/modelSpecs.js
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
     type: 'bullet',
     url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/hikvision-ds-2cd2087g3-li2uy/',
     fov_deg: '108.8 horizontal (2.8mm) / 93.3 horizontal (4mm)',
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 8, w: 3840, h: 2160, label: '8MP (4K)' },
     night_vision: { type: 'color', range_m: 40 },
     environment: ['outdoor'],
@@ -78,6 +79,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
     type: 'dome',
     url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/axis-f4105-lre/',
     fov_deg: '110 horizontal, 60 vertical',
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 2, w: 1920, h: 1080, label: '1080p HD' },
     night_vision: { type: 'ir', range_m: 10 },
     environment: ['outdoor'],
@@ -95,6 +97,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
       mp: 8,
       w: 1920,
       h: 1080,
+      // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
       label: '4x 2MP (8MP total; 4x 1080p)',
     },
     lens_count: 4,
@@ -117,6 +120,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
       mp: 8,
       w: 1920,
       h: 1080,
+      // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
       label: '4x 2MP (8MP total; 4x 1080p)',
     },
     lens_count: 4,
@@ -130,6 +134,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
     url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/axis-q6054-e/',
     aliases: ['AXIS Q6054-E', 'Q6054-E 50 Hz', 'Q6054-E 60 Hz'],
     fov_deg: '62.9-2.2 horizontal',
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 1, w: 1280, h: 720, label: '720p HD' },
     ptz: true,
     autotracking: true,
@@ -144,6 +149,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
     url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/axis-q6155-e/',
     aliases: ['AXIS Q6155-E', 'Q6155-E 50 Hz', 'Q6155-E 60 Hz'],
     fov_deg: '66.7-2.36 horizontal',
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 2, w: 1920, h: 1080, label: '1080p HD' },
     ptz: true,
     autotracking: true,
@@ -165,6 +171,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
       'VG4-500',
     ],
     fov_deg: '57.8-1.7 horizontal',
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 0.4, label: '540 TVL (NTSC/PAL)' },
     ptz: true,
     autotracking: true,
@@ -179,6 +186,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
     url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/bosch-autodome-ip-dynamic-7000-hd/',
     aliases: ['AUTODOME IP dynamic 7000 HD', 'AUTODOME 7000 dynamic HD'],
     fov_deg: '65-2.3 horizontal',
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 2, w: 1920, h: 1080, label: '1080p HD (2MP)' },
     ptz: true,
     autotracking: true,
@@ -198,6 +206,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
       'VG5-7130',
     ],
     fov_deg: '59-2.1 horizontal',
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 1, w: 1280, h: 720, label: '720p HD (1.3MP sensor)' },
     ptz: true,
     autotracking: true,
@@ -217,6 +226,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
       'NDP-5502-30',
     ],
     fov_deg: '60.9-2.4 horizontal',
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 2, w: 1920, h: 1080, label: '1080p HD (2MP)' },
     ptz: true,
     varifocal: true,
@@ -235,6 +245,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
       'NDP-7512-Z30K',
     ],
     fov_deg: '64.7-2.3 horizontal',
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 2, w: 1920, h: 1080, label: '1080p HD (2MP)' },
     ptz: true,
     autotracking: true,
@@ -268,6 +279,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
       'iDome 3925',
       'Cohu iDome 3920 Series',
     ],
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 0.4, label: 'NTSC / 470 TVL' },
     ptz: true,
     varifocal: true,
@@ -280,6 +292,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
     type: 'ptz',
     url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/cohu-3950-iview/',
     aliases: ['3950', '3950 Series', 'Cohu 3950 Series iVIEW'],
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 0.4, label: 'NTSC / 470 TVL' },
     ptz: true,
     varifocal: true,
@@ -292,6 +305,7 @@ const RECORDS = [
     type: 'ptz',
     url: 'https://www.cctv-database.com/camera/cohu-3960/',
     aliases: ['3960 Series', '3964', '3965', 'Cohu 3960 iView'],
+    // i18n-ignore: datasheet label
     resolution: { mp: 0.4, label: 'NTSC/PAL / 470 TVL' },
     ptz: true,
     varifocal: true,
@@ -500,16 +514,21 @@ export function isDatasheetFov(camera) {
  * HUD token for a datasheet FOV that describes capability rather than the
  * camera's current state, e.g. 'SPEC FOV 2.4–58° (CAPABILITY)'.
  * @param {Object} camera - Catalog camera (see applyModelEnrichment).
+ * @param {(span: string) => string} [format] Builds the token from the
+ *   degree span; the HUD passes a translated one.
  * @returns {string|null} Null when the datasheet FOV already IS the camera's
  *   FOV (fixed lens) or no datasheet range is known.
  */
-export function specFovCapabilityToken(camera) {
+export function specFovCapabilityToken(
+  camera,
+  format = (span) => `SPEC FOV ${span}° (CAPABILITY)`,
+) {
   if (!camera || camera.fovSource === 'datasheet') return null;
   const { specFovMinDeg: min, specFovMaxDeg: max } = camera;
   if (!Number.isFinite(min) || !Number.isFinite(max)) return null;
   const fmt = (deg) => (deg < 10 ? deg.toFixed(1) : String(Math.round(deg)));
   const span = min === max ? fmt(max) : `${fmt(min)}–${fmt(max)}`;
-  return `SPEC FOV ${span}° (CAPABILITY)`;
+  return format(span);
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/policy.js b/src/layers/cctv/policy.js
index 85bd0a84b..cf09ebe64 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/policy.js
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'nyc-midtown-w',
     cityId: 'nyc',
     poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'Midtown West @ 34th',
+    label: 'Midtown West @ 34th', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 120,
     offsetEastM: -70,
     headingDeg: 206,
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'nyc-wtc-n',
     cityId: 'nyc',
     poiIndex: 2,
-    label: 'WTC North Plaza',
+    label: 'WTC North Plaza', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 95,
     offsetEastM: 34,
     headingDeg: 164,
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'nyc-times-square-ne',
     cityId: 'nyc',
     poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'Times Sq Northeast',
+    label: 'Times Sq Northeast', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 230,
     offsetEastM: 120,
     headingDeg: 218,
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'sf-market-5th',
     cityId: 'sf',
     poiIndex: 2,
-    label: 'Market & 5th',
+    label: 'Market & 5th', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: -160,
     offsetEastM: 80,
     headingDeg: 320,
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'sf-financial-district',
     cityId: 'sf',
     poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'SF Financial Core',
+    label: 'SF Financial Core', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 110,
     offsetEastM: 52,
     headingDeg: 205,
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'tokyo-shibuya-scramble',
     cityId: 'tokyo',
     poiIndex: 4,
-    label: 'Shibuya Crossing',
+    label: 'Shibuya Crossing', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 180,
     offsetEastM: 46,
     headingDeg: 18,
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'tokyo-ginza-core',
     cityId: 'tokyo',
     poiIndex: 0,
-    label: 'Ginza Core',
+    label: 'Ginza Core', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: -180,
     offsetEastM: 150,
     headingDeg: 245,
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'tokyo-asakusa-n',
     cityId: 'tokyo',
     poiIndex: 3,
-    label: 'Asakusa North Gate',
+    label: 'Asakusa North Gate', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 110,
     offsetEastM: -65,
     headingDeg: 192,
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'london-city-a1',
     cityId: 'london',
     poiIndex: 4,
-    label: 'City Cluster A1',
+    label: 'City Cluster A1', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 80,
     offsetEastM: 65,
     headingDeg: 220,
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'london-soho-core',
     cityId: 'london',
     poiIndex: 2,
-    label: 'Soho Core',
+    label: 'Soho Core', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 210,
     offsetEastM: 120,
     headingDeg: 206,
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'paris-rivoli',
     cityId: 'paris',
     poiIndex: 4,
-    label: 'Rue de Rivoli',
+    label: 'Rue de Rivoli', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 55,
     offsetEastM: 85,
     headingDeg: 248,
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'paris-champs-n',
     cityId: 'paris',
     poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'Champs-Élysées North',
+    label: 'Champs-Élysées North', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 130,
     offsetEastM: -38,
     headingDeg: 175,
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'dc-mall-center',
     cityId: 'dc',
     poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'National Mall Center',
+    label: 'National Mall Center', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 120,
     offsetEastM: 20,
     headingDeg: 258,
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'dc-pentagon-s',
     cityId: 'dc',
     poiIndex: 3,
-    label: 'Pentagon South',
+    label: 'Pentagon South', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: -100,
     offsetEastM: 92,
     headingDeg: 14,
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'dubai-difc-loop',
     cityId: 'dubai',
     poiIndex: 4,
-    label: 'DIFC Loop',
+    label: 'DIFC Loop', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: 92,
     offsetEastM: -45,
     headingDeg: 196,
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'dubai-downtown-east',
     cityId: 'dubai',
     poiIndex: 0,
-    label: 'Downtown East',
+    label: 'Downtown East', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: -130,
     offsetEastM: 190,
     headingDeg: 322,
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'austin-congress-s',
     cityId: 'austin',
     poiIndex: 0,
-    label: 'Congress Southbound',
+    label: 'Congress Southbound', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: -165,
     offsetEastM: 40,
     headingDeg: 12,
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ export const CAMERA_SEEDS = [
     id: 'austin-downtown-west',
     cityId: 'austin',
     poiIndex: 1,
-    label: 'Downtown West',
+    label: 'Downtown West', // i18n-ignore: camera name
     offsetNorthM: -120,
     offsetEastM: -160,
     headingDeg: 120,
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/presentation.js b/src/layers/cctv/presentation.js
index 34c7dbcc9..e47e08194 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/presentation.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/presentation.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { CCTV_AMBIENT_CARD_MAX } from '../../data/cctvLod.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { ACTIVE_FRAME_REFRESH_MS, IDLE_FRAME_REFRESH_MS } from './policy.js';
 import { headingHudToken, isHeadingEstimated } from './headingConfidence.js';
 import {
@@ -24,8 +25,13 @@ export function createPresentation({
     const active = parts.selection.getActiveRecord();
     if (!active) {
       return layerState._records.length
-        ? `${layerState._records.length} CAMERAS STANDING BY · NO CAMERA SELECTED · CLICK A CAMERA TO ACTIVATE`
-        : 'No cameras available in catalog.';
+        ? t(
+            '{count} CAMERAS STANDING BY · NO CAMERA SELECTED · CLICK A CAMERA TO ACTIVATE',
+            {
+              count: layerState._records.length,
+            },
+          )
+        : t('No cameras available in catalog.');
     }
 
     const area = parts.model.sectorAreaKm2(
@@ -39,29 +45,49 @@ export function createPresentation({
     const calBadge = parts.calibration.deriveCalBadge(active.camera);
 
     return [
-      `${active.camera.city.toUpperCase()} CCTV`,
+      t('{city} CCTV', {
+        city: active.camera.city.toUpperCase(),
+      }),
       `${active.camera.name.toUpperCase()}`,
       // A synthetic bearing (headingConfidence 'low', no human calibration)
       // is tagged so a hashed guess never reads as a surveyed facing (#639).
       headingHudToken(active.camera),
       // Identified hardware labels its FOV as datasheet-sourced (catalog.js)
       // only while no manual calibration offset has moved it.
-      `FOV ${Math.round(active.camera.fovDeg)}°${isDatasheetFov(active.camera) ? ' (DATASHEET)' : ''}`,
+      isDatasheetFov(active.camera)
+        ? t('FOV {value}° (DATASHEET)', {
+            value: Math.round(active.camera.fovDeg),
+          })
+        : t('FOV {value}°', {
+            value: Math.round(active.camera.fovDeg),
+          }),
       // A PTZ/varifocal datasheet range is what the lens can do, not its
       // current zoom, so it is shown beside the estimate, never as it.
-      specFovCapabilityToken(active.camera),
-      `COVERAGE ${area.toFixed(2)}km²`,
-      overlapCount > 0 ? `OVERLAP ${overlapCount} cams` : 'ISOLATED VIEW',
-      `PROJ ${layerState._showProjection ? 'MONITOR' : 'OFF'}`,
-      layerState._coverageMode === 'viewshed' ? 'VIEWSHED' : null,
-      `CAL ${calBadge.replace('-', ' ').toUpperCase()}`,
+      specFovCapabilityToken(active.camera, (span) =>
+        t('SPEC FOV {span}° (CAPABILITY)', { span }),
+      ),
+      t('COVERAGE {value}km²', { value: area.toFixed(2) }),
+      overlapCount > 0
+        ? t('OVERLAP {count} cams', { count: overlapCount })
+        : t('ISOLATED VIEW'),
+      layerState._showProjection ? t('PROJ MONITOR') : t('PROJ OFF'),
+      layerState._coverageMode === 'viewshed' ? t('VIEWSHED') : null,
+      t('CAL {value}', {
+        value: calBadge.replace('-', ' ').toUpperCase(),
+      }),
       health?.sourceKind
-        ? `SRC ${String(health.sourceKind).toUpperCase()}`
-        : `SRC ${String(active.camera.feedType || 'image').toUpperCase()}`,
-      `${viewBand.toUpperCase()} CONTEXT`,
+        ? t('SRC {value}', {
+            value: String(health.sourceKind).toUpperCase(),
+          })
+        : t('SRC {value}', {
+            value: String(active.camera.feedType || 'image').toUpperCase(),
+          }),
+      t('{value} CONTEXT', { value: viewBand.toUpperCase() }),
       // Identified hardware: append the model's datasheet specs + attribution.
       active.camera.spec
-        ? `${specSummary(active.camera.spec).toUpperCase()} · SPECS: CCTV-DATABASE.COM`
+        ? t('{spec} · SPECS: CCTV-DATABASE.COM', {
+            spec: specSummary(active.camera.spec).toUpperCase(),
+          })
         : null,
     ]
       .filter(Boolean)
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/source.js b/src/layers/cctv/source.js
index 0dddce1b4..3b628954b 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/source.js
@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@ import {
   FRAME_ENDPOINT,
   MEDIA_ENDPOINT,
 } from './sourcePolicy.js';
+const FRAME_SOURCE_KINDS = new Set([
+  'upstream-image',
+  'hls-pull',
+  'streetview',
+  'synthetic',
+]);
 function safeNumber(value, fallback = NaN) {
   const n = Number(value);
   return Number.isFinite(n) ? n : fallback;
@@ -51,7 +57,7 @@ export function createCctvSource({
     },
     getFrameUrl: frameUrlFor,
     getMediaUrl: mediaUrlFor,
-    /** Read one current frame through the registered frame endpoint. */
+    /** Read a registered frame and its provenance, including fallback frames. */
     async getFrame(camera, { signal } = {}) {
       signal?.throwIfAborted();
       const response = await fetchImpl(frameUrlFor(camera), {
@@ -62,7 +68,12 @@ export function createCctvSource({
       const bytes = new Uint8Array(await response.arrayBuffer());
       signal?.throwIfAborted();
       const type = response.headers.get('content-type') || '';
-      return { contentType: type.split(';')[0].trim().toLowerCase(), bytes };
+      const sourceKind = response.headers.get('x-cctv-source');
+      return {
+        contentType: type.split(';')[0].trim().toLowerCase(),
+        bytes,
+        sourceKind: FRAME_SOURCE_KINDS.has(sourceKind) ? sourceKind : null,
+      };
     },
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/cctv/source.test.mjs b/src/layers/cctv/source.test.mjs
index 0103c03de..a4b276d21 100644
--- a/src/layers/cctv/source.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cctv/source.test.mjs
@@ -173,3 +173,26 @@ test('frames are read through the registered frame endpoint', async () => {
   });
   await assert.rejects(failing.getFrame(camera), /Camera frame HTTP 502/);
 });
+
+test('frame provenance admits the proxy kinds and leaves missing or unknown headers unknown', async () => {
+  for (const kind of [
+    'upstream-image',
+    'hls-pull',
+    'streetview',
+    'synthetic',
+    'other',
+    null,
+  ]) {
+    const source = createCctvSource({
+      fetchImpl: async () =>
+        new Response(new Uint8Array([1]), {
+          headers: {
+            'Content-Type': 'image/png',
+            ...(kind ? { 'X-CCTV-Source': kind } : {}),
+          },
+        }),
+    });
+    const frame = await source.getFrame(camera);
+    assert.equal(frame.sourceKind, kind === 'other' ? null : kind);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/coverage.test.mjs b/src/layers/cyclones/coverage.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2e722123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/coverage.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createCyclonesLayer } from './index.js';
+import { setLocale, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
+// The exact string the server sends (COVERAGE in server/providers/cyclones.js).
+const SERVER_COVERAGE =
+  'Atlantic and eastern/central North Pacific; not worldwide cyclone coverage.';
+const time = '2026-09-16T03:00:00.000Z';
+const storm = {
+  id: 'ep152026',
+  name: 'Fifteen-E',
+  classification: 'PTC',
+  basin: 'EP',
+  position: { longitude: -125.8, latitude: 15.5 },
+  positionAt: time,
+  issuedAt: time,
+  advisoryNumber: '10',
+  windKt: 25,
+  pressureHpa: 1006,
+  geometryStatus: 'pending',
+  geometryAdvisoryNumber: null,
+  forecastPoints: [],
+  track: null,
+  cone: null,
+  advisoryUrl: 'https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/MIATCMEP5.shtml',
+};
+const snapshot = (storms, extra = {}) => ({
+  schemaVersion: 1,
+  storms,
+  unavailable: false,
+  stale: false,
+  fetchedAt: Date.parse(time),
+  coverage: SERVER_COVERAGE,
+  reason: null,
+  ...extra,
+});
+function harness(feed) {
+  const rendering = {
+    async setSnapshot() {
+      return true;
+    },
+    setSelection() {},
+    getFocusSphere: () => ({ radius: 500000 }),
+    clear() {},
+    destroy() {},
+    getDiagnostics: () => ({ entities: 0, timerActive: false }),
+  };
+  const layer = createCyclonesLayer({
+    feed,
+    createRendering: () => rendering,
+    matchMedia: () => ({ matches: false }),
+    openLink: () => {},
+  });
+  layer.init({ camera: { flyToBoundingSphere() {} } });
+  layer.attachShellServices({ runNavigation: (fn) => fn() });
+  return layer;
+}
+
+const translated = () => t(SERVER_COVERAGE);
+
+test('es: server snapshot without storms -> coverage line in Spanish', async () => {
+  setLocale('es');
+  try {
+    assert.notEqual(translated(), SERVER_COVERAGE, 'es.json has a translation');
+    const layer = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => snapshot([]) });
+    layer.enable();
+    await layer.update();
+    const info = layer.getRowControls().info;
+    assert.ok(
+      info.endsWith(translated()),
+      `expected Spanish coverage, got:\n${info}`,
+    );
+    layer.destroy();
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('es: server snapshot with a storm -> coverage line in Spanish', async () => {
+  setLocale('es');
+  try {
+    const layer = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => snapshot([storm]) });
+    layer.enable();
+    await layer.update();
+    const info = layer.getRowControls().info;
+    assert.ok(
+      info.endsWith(translated()),
+      `expected Spanish coverage, got:\n${info}`,
+    );
+    layer.destroy();
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('es: unavailable without reason -> fallback status not the English literal', async () => {
+  setLocale('es');
+  try {
+    const layer = harness({
+      getSnapshot: async () =>
+        snapshot([], { unavailable: true, reason: null }),
+    });
+    layer.enable();
+    await layer.update();
+    const status = layer.getRowControls().summary.status;
+    assert.notEqual(
+      status,
+      'Cyclone advisories unavailable',
+      `fallback shown in English: ${status}`,
+    );
+    layer.destroy();
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('en: coverage and fallback status read as before', async () => {
+  const layer = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => snapshot([]) });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  assert.ok(layer.getRowControls().info.endsWith(SERVER_COVERAGE));
+  layer.destroy();
+  const down = harness({
+    getSnapshot: async () => snapshot([], { unavailable: true, reason: null }),
+  });
+  down.enable();
+  await down.update();
+  assert.equal(
+    down.getRowControls().summary.status,
+    'Cyclone advisories unavailable',
+  );
+  down.destroy();
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
index da67afe1d..bcd66923a 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.js
@@ -14,23 +14,47 @@ import {
   CYCLONE_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
   cycloneStormIdFromEntryId,
 } from './labels.js';
+import {
+  formatUtcDayMonth,
+  t,
+  tn,
+  msg,
+  translateKnown,
+} from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 
+// "10-12 15:00 UTC" never breaks across lines: no-break spaces, and a word
+// joiner after the hyphen (JetBrains Mono has no U+2011 non-breaking hyphen).
 const utc = (value) =>
-  value ? `${value.slice(5, 16).replace('T', ' ')} UTC` : 'Unavailable';
-const COVERAGE =
-  'Atlantic and eastern/central North Pacific; not worldwide cyclone coverage.';
+  value
+    ? `${formatUtcDayMonth(value).replace('-', '-\u2060')}\u00a0${value.slice(11, 16)}\u00a0UTC`
+    : t('Unavailable');
+const COVERAGE = msg(
+  'Atlantic and eastern/central North Pacific; not worldwide cyclone coverage.',
+);
+// The server sends the same English coverage (server/providers/cyclones.js);
+// data stays English and is translated here, where it is shown.
+const coverageText = (coverage) =>
+  !coverage || coverage === COVERAGE ? t(COVERAGE) : translateKnown(coverage);
+const ADVISORIES_UNAVAILABLE = msg('Cyclone advisories unavailable');
+// Reason the server gives with an unavailable snapshot, translated when shown.
+const SERVER_REASONS = new Set([msg('Cyclone data unavailable')]);
+const errorText = (error) =>
+  error && (SERVER_REASONS.has(error) ? t(error) : translateKnown(error));
 const CLASSIFICATION_NAMES = Object.freeze({
-  PTC: 'Potential tropical cyclone',
-  HU: 'Hurricane',
-  TS: 'Tropical storm',
-  TD: 'Tropical depression',
-  SS: 'Subtropical storm',
-  SD: 'Subtropical depression',
+  PTC: msg('Potential tropical cyclone'),
+  HU: msg('Hurricane'),
+  TS: msg('Tropical storm'),
+  TD: msg('Tropical depression'),
+  SS: msg('Subtropical storm'),
+  SD: msg('Subtropical depression'),
 });
 const classificationName = (code) =>
-  Object.hasOwn(CLASSIFICATION_NAMES, code) ? CLASSIFICATION_NAMES[code] : code;
+  Object.hasOwn(CLASSIFICATION_NAMES, code)
+    ? t(CLASSIFICATION_NAMES[code])
+    : code;
 const number = (value, unit) =>
-  value === null ? 'Unavailable' : `${value} ${unit}`;
+  value === null ? t('Unavailable') : formatQuantity(value, unit);
 
 /** Advisory status and coherent forecast geometry; selected through the shared row list. */
 export function createCyclonesLayer({
@@ -229,7 +253,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
           snapshot = next;
           selectedId = null;
           ++navigationGeneration;
-          error = next.reason || 'Cyclone advisories unavailable';
+          error = next.reason || ADVISORIES_UNAVAILABLE;
           return true;
         }
         const applied = await rendering.setSnapshot(next, {
@@ -254,7 +278,7 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
         return true;
       } catch (cause) {
         if (controller.signal.aborted || request !== controller) return false;
-        error = cause?.message || 'Cyclone advisories unavailable';
+        error = cause?.message || ADVISORIES_UNAVAILABLE;
         // Failed acquisition has no bounded last-good age guarantee at this layer.
         rendering?.clear();
         snapshot = null;
@@ -316,41 +340,68 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
       const geometry =
         storm &&
         (coherentCycloneGeometry(storm)
-          ? 'Track and cone match this advisory'
+          ? t('Track and cone match this advisory')
           : storm.geometryStatus === 'pending'
-            ? `Track/cone awaiting advisory ${storm.advisoryNumber}`
-            : 'Track/cone unavailable');
+            ? t('Track/cone awaiting advisory {number}', {
+                number: storm.advisoryNumber,
+              })
+            : t('Track/cone unavailable'));
       const status =
-        error ||
+        errorText(error) ||
         (snapshot?.stale
-          ? 'Cached advisory · stale source'
+          ? t('Cached advisory · stale source')
           : loading
-            ? 'Loading advisories…'
+            ? t('Loading advisories…')
             : storm && !coherentCycloneGeometry(storm)
               ? geometry
               : null);
+      const stormCount = snapshot?.storms.length || 0;
+      const activeStorms = tn(
+        stormCount,
+        '{count} active storm',
+        '{count} active storms',
+      );
+      const position = storm
+        ? t('Position as of {time}', { time: utc(storm.positionAt) })
+        : '';
+      const intensity = storm
+        ? t('Maximum sustained wind: {wind} · Pressure: {pressure}', {
+            wind: number(storm.windKt, 'kt'),
+            pressure: number(storm.pressureHpa, 'hPa'),
+          })
+        : '';
       const detail = storm
-        ? `${storm.name} · ${classificationName(storm.classification)} · Advisory ${storm.advisoryNumber} · issued ${utc(storm.issuedAt)}`
+        ? t('{name} · {classification} · Advisory {number} · issued {time}', {
+            name: storm.name,
+            classification: classificationName(storm.classification),
+            number: storm.advisoryNumber,
+            time: utc(storm.issuedAt),
+          })
         : empty
-          ? 'No active NHC/CPHC systems'
-          : snapshot?.storms.length
-            ? `${snapshot.storms.length} active storm${snapshot.storms.length === 1 ? '' : 's'}`
+          ? t('No active NHC/CPHC systems')
+          : stormCount
+            ? activeStorms
             : loading
-              ? 'Loading advisories…'
-              : 'Advisories unavailable';
+              ? t('Loading advisories…')
+              : t('Advisories unavailable');
       const controls = {
         readout: true,
         summary: {
-          label: 'Cyclones · NHC / CPHC',
-          coverage: 'Atlantic · E/C Pacific',
-          compact: snapshot?.storms.length
-            ? `${snapshot.storms.length} active storm${snapshot.storms.length === 1 ? '' : 's'}${storm ? ` · ${storm.name} selected` : ''}`
+          label: t('Cyclones · NHC / CPHC'),
+          coverage: t('Atlantic · E/C Pacific'),
+          compact: stormCount
+            ? storm
+              ? t('{storms} · {name} selected', {
+                  storms: activeStorms,
+                  name: storm.name,
+                })
+              : activeStorms
             : detail,
           actions: storm?.advisoryUrl
             ? [
                 {
                   id: 'advisory',
-                  label: 'Official advisory ↗',
+                  label: t('Official advisory ↗'),
                   href: storm.advisoryUrl,
                 },
               ]
@@ -360,12 +411,12 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
             ? [
                 {
                   id: 'position',
-                  text: `Position as of ${utc(storm.positionAt)}`,
+                  text: position,
                   muted: true,
                 },
                 {
                   id: 'intensity',
-                  text: `Maximum sustained wind: ${number(storm.windKt, 'kt')} · Pressure: ${number(storm.pressureHpa, 'hPa')}`,
+                  text: intensity,
                 },
                 { id: 'geometry', text: geometry, muted: true },
               ]
@@ -375,12 +426,12 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
           units: 'kt',
         },
         list: {
-          ariaLabel: 'Active NHC and CPHC cyclone advisories',
+          ariaLabel: t('Active NHC and CPHC cyclone advisories'),
           items: (snapshot?.storms || []).map((item, index) => ({
             id: item.id,
             ordinal: index + 1,
             lead: item.basin,
-            text: `${item.name} · ${classificationName(item.classification)} · ${item.windKt === null ? 'Wind unavailable' : `${item.windKt} kt`}`,
+            text: `${item.name} · ${classificationName(item.classification)} · ${item.windKt === null ? t('Wind unavailable') : formatQuantity(item.windKt, 'kt')}`,
             active: item.id === selectedId,
             params: { stormId: item.id, focus: true },
           })),
@@ -389,15 +440,22 @@ export function createCyclonesLayer({
         legendCategorical: true,
         legend: storm
           ? [
-              { label: 'Advisory center / forecast track', color: '#7fe6ed' },
-              { label: 'Center-track uncertainty cone', color: '#7fe6ed44' },
+              {
+                label: t('Advisory center / forecast track'),
+                color: '#7fe6ed',
+              },
+              {
+                label: t('Center-track uncertainty cone'),
+                color: '#7fe6ed44',
+              },
             ]
           : [],
         info: storm
-          ? `${detail}\nPosition as of ${utc(storm.positionAt)}\nMaximum sustained wind: ${number(storm.windKt, 'kt')} · Pressure: ${number(storm.pressureHpa, 'hPa')}\n${geometry}${status && status !== geometry ? '\n' + status : ''}\n${snapshot.coverage}`
-          : `${detail}${status ? '\n' + status : ''}\n${snapshot?.coverage || COVERAGE}`,
-        infoTitle:
+          ? `${detail}\n${position}\n${intensity}\n${geometry}${status && status !== geometry ? '\n' + status : ''}\n${coverageText(snapshot.coverage)}`
+          : `${detail}${status ? '\n' + status : ''}\n${coverageText(snapshot?.coverage)}`,
+        infoTitle: t(
           'Select a storm on the map, or choose a storm in the list to select it and move the camera. Click empty map space to clear the selection. NOAA NHC/CPHC advisory context. The cone describes forecast center-track uncertainty, not storm size or the full hazard area. Forecast point labels are source lead hours, not times computed from advisory issuance. Geometry follows the surface; height is not weather altitude. Consult the official advisory.',
+        ),
       };
       return controls;
     },
diff --git a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
index 4127871f4..3a7fbdfc7 100644
--- a/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/cyclones/index.test.mjs
@@ -565,7 +565,9 @@ test('advisory selection uses accessible row descriptors and shared camera hando
     1,
   );
   assert.equal(controls.summary.status, 'Track/cone awaiting advisory 10');
-  assert.match(controls.info, /09-16 03:00 UTC/);
+  // No line break inside the date: a word joiner holds the hyphen.
+  assert.match(controls.info, /issued 09-\u206016\u00a003:00\u00a0UTC/);
+  assert.match(controls.info, /: 25\u00a0kt · .*: 1006\u00a0hPa/);
   assert.match(controls.infoTitle, /not storm size/);
   assert.match(controls.infoTitle, /follows the surface/);
   assert.equal(controls.list.items[1].params.focus, true);
diff --git a/src/layers/directions/index.js b/src/layers/directions/index.js
index 28ab28309..2b8f8875e 100644
--- a/src/layers/directions/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/directions/index.js
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
  */
 
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import {
-  formatRouteDistance,
-  formatRouteDuration,
-} from '../../data/routeSteps.js';
+import { roadLabel } from '../../data/routeSteps.js';
+import { t, msg, formatNumber, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { pointerOwnerName } from '../../data/pointerOwnerNames.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 
 export const DIRECTIONS_STEP_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 'directions-step';
 export const DIRECTIONS_STEP_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS = Object.freeze({
@@ -31,12 +31,42 @@ export const DIRECTIONS_STEP_OVERLAY_SOURCE_OPTIONS = Object.freeze({
 
 /** Travel modes, keyed by the `/api/route` profile name. */
 export const DIRECTIONS_MODES = Object.freeze({
-  car: Object.freeze({ chip: 'DRIVE', word: 'Drive', icon: '🚗' }),
-  foot: Object.freeze({ chip: 'WALK', word: 'Walk', icon: '🚶' }),
-  bike: Object.freeze({ chip: 'BIKE', word: 'Bike', icon: '🚲' }),
+  car: Object.freeze({ chip: msg('DRIVE'), word: msg('Drive'), icon: '🚗' }),
+  foot: Object.freeze({ chip: msg('WALK'), word: msg('Walk'), icon: '🚶' }),
+  bike: Object.freeze({ chip: msg('BIKE'), word: msg('Bike'), icon: '🚲' }),
 });
 export const DEFAULT_DIRECTIONS_MODE = 'car';
 
+/**
+ * The route proxy's refusal texts (server/providers/places/routes.js). They
+ * stay English on the wire and in the AI tools; the row shows them translated.
+ */
+const ROUTING_REFUSALS = new Set([
+  msg('rate limited'),
+  msg('routing service is rate limited'),
+  msg('route leg too long'),
+  msg('route too long'),
+]);
+
+/** A refusal text from the route proxy in the language; unknown ones as given. */
+export function presentRoutingRefusal(text) {
+  return ROUTING_REFUSALS.has(text) ? t(text) : text;
+}
+
+/** The row text for a failed route request (createDirectionsSource errors). */
+export function presentRoutingFailure(error) {
+  if (error?.status === 429) {
+    return error.refusal
+      ? t('{error} — try again in a moment', {
+          error: presentRoutingRefusal(error.refusal),
+        })
+      : t('Routing is rate limited — try again in a moment');
+  }
+  if (Number.isFinite(error?.status) && error.status > 0)
+    return t('Routing unavailable (HTTP {status})', { status: error.status });
+  return error?.message || t('Routing unavailable');
+}
+
 /** Route colour — the annotation palette's cyan, so voice routes and Directions match. */
 export const DIRECTIONS_ROUTE_COLOR = '#39d0ff';
 const MARKER_A_COLOR = Cesium.Color.fromCssColorString('#5dff9f');
@@ -68,6 +98,269 @@ export const STEP_ANCHOR_FAST_ATTEMPTS = 5;
 /** How often the row repaints the highlighted step while FLY is running (ms). */
 export const FLIGHT_PROGRESS_MS = 250;
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Display text in the page's language. The proxy's English `instruction` stays
+// the machine value; steps are phrased from their OSRM type/modifier/road.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Localized "850 m", "1.2 km", "21 km" (the rounding of `formatRouteDistance`
+ * in src/data/routeSteps.js); number and unit never break apart.
+ * @param {number} meters
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function routeDistanceText(meters) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(meters) || meters < 0) return '';
+  if (meters < 100) return formatQuantity(Math.round(meters), 'm');
+  if (meters < 1000) return formatQuantity(Math.round(meters / 10) * 10, 'm');
+  const km = meters / 1000;
+  return km < 10
+    ? formatQuantity(km, 'km', {
+        minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+        maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+      })
+    : formatQuantity(Math.round(km), 'km');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Localized "40 s", "12 min", "1 h 5 min" (the rounding of
+ * `formatRouteDuration` in src/data/routeSteps.js); never broken apart.
+ * @param {number} seconds
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function routeDurationText(seconds) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(seconds) || seconds < 0) return '';
+  if (seconds < 60) return formatQuantity(Math.round(seconds), 's');
+  const minutes = Math.round(seconds / 60);
+  if (minutes < 60) return formatQuantity(minutes, 'min');
+  const hours = formatQuantity(Math.floor(minutes / 60), 'h');
+  const rest = minutes % 60;
+  return rest ? `${hours}\u00a0${formatQuantity(rest, 'min')}` : hours;
+}
+
+/** "left", "slightly right", … as it reads inside a maneuver sentence. */
+function directionWord(modifier) {
+  switch (modifier) {
+    case 'left':
+      return t('left', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'right':
+      return t('right', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'slight left':
+      return t('slightly left', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'slight right':
+      return t('slightly right', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'sharp left':
+      return t('sharply left', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'sharp right':
+      return t('sharply right', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'straight':
+      return t('straight', { context: 'direction' });
+    case 'uturn':
+      return t('around', { context: 'direction' });
+    default:
+      return modifier;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The side to keep at a fork. English reuses the turn words; a language may
+ * need another form here ("держитесь левее", not "держитесь налево").
+ */
+function forkWord(modifier) {
+  switch (modifier) {
+    case 'left':
+      return t('left', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'right':
+      return t('right', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'slight left':
+      return t('slightly left', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'slight right':
+      return t('slightly right', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'sharp left':
+      return t('sharply left', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'sharp right':
+      return t('sharply right', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    case 'straight':
+      return t('straight', { context: 'fork direction' });
+    default:
+      return directionWord(modifier);
+  }
+}
+
+/** The lane to use, as an adjective where a language needs one ("левую полосу"). */
+function laneWord(modifier) {
+  switch (modifier) {
+    case 'left':
+      return t('left', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'right':
+      return t('right', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'slight left':
+      return t('slightly left', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'slight right':
+      return t('slightly right', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'sharp left':
+      return t('sharply left', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'sharp right':
+      return t('sharply right', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    case 'straight':
+      return t('straight', { context: 'lane direction' });
+    default:
+      return directionWord(modifier);
+  }
+}
+
+/** "1st", "2nd", … for a roundabout exit. */
+function exitOrdinal(exit) {
+  const number = formatNumber(exit);
+  switch (new Intl.PluralRules('en', { type: 'ordinal' }).select(exit)) {
+    case 'one':
+      return t('{number}st', { context: 'ordinal', number });
+    case 'two':
+      return t('{number}nd', { context: 'ordinal', number });
+    case 'few':
+      return t('{number}rd', { context: 'ordinal', number });
+    default:
+      return t('{number}th', { context: 'ordinal', number });
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * One maneuver in the page's language, from the step's OSRM type, modifier,
+ * exit and road. English matches `instructionFor` in src/data/routeSteps.js
+ * word for word. A step without a type (an older payload) keeps the proxy's
+ * English instruction.
+ * @param {{type?:string, modifier?:string|null, exit?:number|null, name?:string, ref?:string|null, instruction?:string}} step
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function directionsInstruction(step) {
+  const type =
+    typeof step?.type === 'string' ? step.type.trim().toLowerCase() : '';
+  if (!type)
+    return typeof step?.instruction === 'string' ? step.instruction : '';
+  const modifier =
+    typeof step.modifier === 'string' ? step.modifier.trim().toLowerCase() : '';
+  const road = roadLabel(step);
+  const direction = directionWord(modifier);
+  const values = { road, direction };
+  switch (type) {
+    case 'depart':
+      return road ? t('Head out on {road}', values) : t('Head out');
+    case 'arrive':
+      if (modifier === 'left')
+        return t('Arrive at your destination, on the left');
+      if (modifier === 'right')
+        return t('Arrive at your destination, on the right');
+      return t('Arrive at your destination');
+    case 'turn':
+      if (modifier === 'uturn')
+        return road
+          ? t('Make a U-turn onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Make a U-turn');
+      if (modifier === 'straight')
+        return road
+          ? t('Continue straight onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Continue straight');
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('Turn {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Turn {direction}', values);
+      return road
+        ? t('Turn onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Turn', { context: 'maneuver' });
+    case 'continue':
+      if (modifier === 'uturn')
+        return road
+          ? t('Make a U-turn onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Make a U-turn');
+      if (direction && modifier !== 'straight')
+        return road
+          ? t('Continue {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Continue {direction}', values);
+      return road
+        ? t('Continue straight onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Continue straight');
+    case 'end of road':
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('At the end of the road, turn {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('At the end of the road, turn {direction}', values);
+      return road
+        ? t('At the end of the road, continue onto {road}', values)
+        : t('At the end of the road, continue');
+    case 'fork':
+      if (direction) {
+        const fork = { road, direction: forkWord(modifier) };
+        return road
+          ? t('Keep {direction} at the fork onto {road}', fork)
+          : t('Keep {direction} at the fork', fork);
+      }
+      return road
+        ? t('Continue at the fork onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Continue at the fork');
+    case 'merge':
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('Merge {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Merge {direction}', values);
+      return road
+        ? t('Merge onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Merge', { context: 'maneuver' });
+    case 'on ramp':
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('Take the ramp on the {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Take the ramp on the {direction}', values);
+      return road ? t('Take the ramp onto {road}', values) : t('Take the ramp');
+    case 'off ramp':
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('Take the exit on the {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('Take the exit on the {direction}', values);
+      return road ? t('Take the exit onto {road}', values) : t('Take the exit');
+    case 'roundabout':
+    case 'rotary':
+      if (Number.isInteger(step.exit) && step.exit >= 1) {
+        const exit = exitOrdinal(step.exit);
+        return road
+          ? t('At the roundabout, take the {exit} exit onto {road}', {
+              exit,
+              road,
+            })
+          : t('At the roundabout, take the {exit} exit', { exit });
+      }
+      return road
+        ? t('Enter the roundabout onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Enter the roundabout');
+    case 'roundabout turn':
+      if (direction)
+        return road
+          ? t('At the roundabout, turn {direction} onto {road}', values)
+          : t('At the roundabout, turn {direction}', values);
+      return road
+        ? t('At the roundabout, continue onto {road}', values)
+        : t('At the roundabout, continue');
+    case 'exit roundabout':
+    case 'exit rotary':
+      return road
+        ? t('Exit the roundabout onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Exit the roundabout');
+    case 'use lane':
+      if (direction) {
+        const lane = { road, direction: laneWord(modifier) };
+        return road
+          ? t('Use the {direction} lane onto {road}', lane)
+          : t('Use the {direction} lane', lane);
+      }
+      return road
+        ? t('Continue onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Continue', { context: 'maneuver' });
+    default:
+      return road
+        ? t('Continue onto {road}', values)
+        : t('Continue', { context: 'maneuver' });
+  }
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Pure helpers (exported for tests)
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -107,32 +400,35 @@ export function directionsRowControls(state) {
   const routing = status === 'routing';
   const chips = Object.entries(DIRECTIONS_MODES).map(([id, spec]) => ({
     id: `mode-${id}`,
-    label: spec.chip,
+    label: t(spec.chip),
     active: mode === id,
     state: mode === id ? 'active' : 'idle',
-    title: `${spec.word} — reroute for ${spec.word.toLowerCase()}`,
+    title: t('{mode} — reroute for {modeLower}', {
+      mode: t(spec.word),
+      modeLower: t(spec.word).toLowerCase(),
+    }),
     params: { mode: id },
   }));
   chips.push({
     id: 'set-a',
-    label: armed === 'a' ? 'CLICK MAP' : a ? 'A ✓' : 'SET A',
+    label: armed === 'a' ? t('CLICK MAP') : a ? 'A ✓' : t('SET A'),
     active: armed === 'a',
     state: armed === 'a' ? 'active' : 'idle',
     title:
       armed === 'a'
-        ? 'Click a spot on the globe to place A (click again to cancel)'
-        : 'Then click the globe to place the start',
+        ? t('Click a spot on the globe to place A (click again to cancel)')
+        : t('Then click the globe to place the start'),
     params: { arm: armed === 'a' ? null : 'a' },
   });
   chips.push({
     id: 'set-b',
-    label: armed === 'b' ? 'CLICK MAP' : b ? 'B ✓' : 'SET B',
+    label: armed === 'b' ? t('CLICK MAP') : b ? 'B ✓' : t('SET B'),
     active: armed === 'b',
     state: armed === 'b' ? 'active' : 'idle',
     title:
       armed === 'b'
-        ? 'Click a spot on the globe to place B (click again to cancel)'
-        : 'Then click the globe to place the destination',
+        ? t('Click a spot on the globe to place B (click again to cancel)')
+        : t('Then click the globe to place the destination'),
     params: { arm: armed === 'b' ? null : 'b' },
   });
   chips.push({
@@ -140,26 +436,28 @@ export function directionsRowControls(state) {
     label: '⇄',
     disabled: !(a && b) || routing,
     state: 'idle',
-    title: 'Swap A and B',
+    title: t('Swap A and B'),
     params: { swap: true },
   });
   const flying = Number.isInteger(flightStep);
   chips.push({
     id: 'fly',
-    label: routing ? 'FLY ···' : flying ? 'FLYING' : 'FLY',
+    label: routing ? t('FLY ···') : flying ? t('FLYING') : t('FLY'),
     disabled: !route || routing,
     busy: routing || flying,
     active: flying,
     state: routing || flying ? 'loading' : 'idle',
-    title: route ? 'Fly the camera along the route' : 'Place A and B first',
+    title: route
+      ? t('Fly the camera along the route')
+      : t('Place A and B first'),
     params: { fly: true },
   });
   chips.push({
     id: 'clear',
-    label: 'CLEAR',
+    label: t('CLEAR', { context: 'action' }),
     disabled: !a && !b && !route,
     state: 'idle',
-    title: 'Remove the route and both markers',
+    title: t('Remove the route and both markers'),
     params: { clear: true },
   });
   return {
@@ -179,8 +477,8 @@ export function directionsRowControls(state) {
  */
 export const POINTER_TOOL_EXITS = Object.freeze({
   draw: Object.freeze({
-    name: 'Draw',
-    leave: 'press Escape twice to leave Draw',
+    name: msg('Draw'),
+    leave: msg('press Escape twice to leave Draw'),
   }),
 });
 
@@ -201,9 +499,16 @@ export function pointerBlockedMessage(owner, which) {
   if (!id || id === DIRECTIONS_POINTER_OWNER) return null;
   const endpoint = which === 'b' ? 'B' : 'A';
   const known = POINTER_TOOL_EXITS[id];
-  const name = known?.name || id;
-  const leave = known?.leave || `turn ${name} off`;
-  return `${name} is active — ${leave}, then set ${endpoint}`;
+  if (!known)
+    return t('{name} is active — turn {name} off, then set {endpoint}', {
+      name: translateKnown(pointerOwnerName(id)),
+      endpoint,
+    });
+  return t('{name} is active — {leave}, then set {endpoint}', {
+    name: t(known.name),
+    leave: t(known.leave),
+    endpoint,
+  });
 }
 
 /**
@@ -272,8 +577,8 @@ export function directionsStepList({
   const items = steps.map((step, index) => ({
     id: `step-${index}`,
     ordinal: index + 1,
-    lead: formatRouteDistance(step.distanceM) || '—',
-    text: step.instruction,
+    lead: routeDistanceText(step.distanceM) || '—',
+    text: directionsInstruction(step),
     active: index === active,
     current: Number.isInteger(flightStep) && index === flightStep,
     params: { step: index },
@@ -285,13 +590,15 @@ export function directionsStepList({
       id: 'step-truncated',
       ordinal: items.length + 1,
       lead: '',
-      text: `Only the first ${steps.length} turns of this route are shown`,
+      text: t('Only the first {count} turns of this route are shown', {
+        count: steps.length,
+      }),
       active: false,
       current: false,
       disabled: true,
     });
   }
-  return { ariaLabel: 'Turn-by-turn directions', items };
+  return { ariaLabel: t('Turn-by-turn directions'), items };
 }
 
 /**
@@ -331,12 +638,12 @@ export function directionsStats(state) {
     armed,
     pointerBlocked,
   } = state;
-  const source = 'OSM routing';
+  const source = 'OSM routing'; // English in layer state; the layer row translates it
   if (pointerBlocked) {
     return {
       count: route?.steps.length || 0,
       lastUpdate,
-      error: 'Another map tool is using clicks — close it, then SET A again',
+      error: t('Another map tool is using clicks — close it, then SET A again'),
       status: 'empty',
       source,
     };
@@ -347,7 +654,7 @@ export function directionsStats(state) {
       lastUpdate,
       error: null,
       loading: true,
-      loadingLabel: 'Routing…',
+      loadingLabel: t('Routing…'),
       source,
     };
   }
@@ -355,7 +662,7 @@ export function directionsStats(state) {
     return {
       count: 0,
       lastUpdate,
-      error: error || 'No route found',
+      error: error || t('No route found'),
       status: 'empty',
       source,
     };
@@ -364,10 +671,17 @@ export function directionsStats(state) {
   // set (not only while loading), so the route summary and the placement
   // guidance ride on it; `coverage` carries the same text for stats readers.
   if (route) {
-    const word = DIRECTIONS_MODES[mode]?.word || mode;
-    const summary =
-      `${formatRouteDistance(route.distanceM)} · ${formatRouteDuration(route.durationS)} · ${word}` +
-      (route.stepsTruncated ? ` · first ${route.steps.length} turns` : '');
+    const spec = DIRECTIONS_MODES[mode];
+    const word = spec ? t(spec.word) : mode;
+    const values = {
+      distance: routeDistanceText(route.distanceM),
+      duration: routeDurationText(route.durationS),
+      mode: word,
+      count: route.steps.length,
+    };
+    const summary = route.stepsTruncated
+      ? t('{distance} · {duration} · {mode} · first {count} turns', values)
+      : t('{distance} · {duration} · {mode}', values);
     return {
       count: route.steps.length,
       lastUpdate,
@@ -378,10 +692,13 @@ export function directionsStats(state) {
     };
   }
   let coverage;
-  if (armed) coverage = `Click the globe to place ${armed.toUpperCase()}`;
-  else if (a && !b) coverage = 'SET B, then click the globe';
-  else if (!a && b) coverage = 'SET A, then click the globe';
-  else coverage = 'SET A, then click the globe';
+  if (armed)
+    coverage = t('Click the globe to place {endpoint}', {
+      endpoint: armed.toUpperCase(),
+    });
+  else if (a && !b) coverage = t('SET B, then click the globe');
+  else if (!a && b) coverage = t('SET A, then click the globe');
+  else coverage = t('SET A, then click the globe');
   return {
     count: 0,
     lastUpdate,
@@ -403,14 +720,23 @@ export function directionsStepCopy(steps, index) {
   const step = steps[index];
   const details = [];
   const leg = [];
-  if (step.distanceM > 0) leg.push(formatRouteDistance(step.distanceM));
-  if (step.durationS > 0) leg.push(formatRouteDuration(step.durationS));
+  if (step.distanceM > 0) leg.push(routeDistanceText(step.distanceM));
+  if (step.durationS > 0) leg.push(routeDurationText(step.durationS));
+  const position = { step: index + 1, total: steps.length };
   details.push(
-    `Step ${index + 1} of ${steps.length}${leg.length ? ` · then ${leg.join(' · ')}` : ''}`,
+    leg.length
+      ? t('Step {step} of {total} · then {leg}', {
+          ...position,
+          leg: leg.join(' · '),
+        })
+      : t('Step {step} of {total}', position),
   );
   const next = steps[index + 1];
-  if (next) details.push(`Then: ${next.instruction}`);
-  return { title: step.instruction, details };
+  if (next)
+    details.push(
+      t('Then: {instruction}', { instruction: directionsInstruction(next) }),
+    );
+  return { title: directionsInstruction(step), details };
 }
 
 /**
@@ -819,10 +1145,12 @@ export function createDirectionsLayer({ services, source }) {
         _status = 'error';
         _error =
           payload?.error === 'no route found'
-            ? 'No route found between A and B'
+            ? t('No route found between A and B')
             : payload?.error
-              ? `Routing failed: ${payload.error}`
-              : 'No route found between A and B';
+              ? t('Routing failed: {error}', {
+                  error: presentRoutingRefusal(payload.error),
+                })
+              : t('No route found between A and B');
         return;
       }
       _route = route;
@@ -839,10 +1167,10 @@ export function createDirectionsLayer({ services, source }) {
       // happened instead.
       _error =
         error?.name === 'AbortError'
-          ? 'Routing timed out'
+          ? t('Routing timed out')
           : error?.name === 'TypeError'
-            ? 'Routing unavailable — no response from the routing service'
-            : error?.message || 'Routing unavailable';
+            ? t('Routing unavailable — no response from the routing service')
+            : presentRoutingFailure(error);
     } finally {
       clearTimeout(timer);
       if (_routeAbort === controller) _routeAbort = null;
@@ -1037,7 +1365,7 @@ export function createDirectionsLayer({ services, source }) {
       [
         {
           type: 'route',
-          label: 'Directions',
+          label: t('Directions'),
           path: _route.geometry.map(([lon, lat]) => ({ lon, lat, height: 0 })),
         },
       ],
diff --git a/src/layers/directions/source.js b/src/layers/directions/source.js
index f4f353653..2766f83d4 100644
--- a/src/layers/directions/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/directions/source.js
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+// A source module (no browser globals, see check:boundaries), so no i18n
+// import: failures stay English here and the layer translates them on show.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /** Build the existing route-proxy query from geographic endpoints. */
 export function directionsRequestUrl(mode, a, b) {
   const coords = `${a.lon.toFixed(6)},${a.lat.toFixed(6)};${b.lon.toFixed(6)},${b.lat.toFixed(6)}`;
@@ -19,15 +23,27 @@ export function createDirectionsSource({
       });
       const payload = await response.json();
       signal?.throwIfAborted();
+      // Failures keep their English message and carry the HTTP status and the
+      // server's refusal text, so the layer can show them in the language.
       if (response.status === 429) {
-        throw new Error(
+        const refusal =
           typeof payload?.error === 'string' && payload.error
-            ? `${payload.error} — try again in a moment`
-            : 'Routing is rate limited — try again in a moment',
+            ? payload.error
+            : null;
+        throw Object.assign(
+          new Error(
+            refusal
+              ? `${refusal} — try again in a moment`
+              : msg('Routing is rate limited — try again in a moment'),
+          ),
+          { status: 429, refusal },
         );
       }
       if (!response.ok && !payload?.error)
-        throw new Error(`Routing unavailable (HTTP ${response.status})`);
+        throw Object.assign(
+          new Error(`Routing unavailable (HTTP ${response.status})`),
+          { status: response.status },
+        );
       return payload;
     },
   };
diff --git a/src/layers/earthquakes/index.js b/src/layers/earthquakes/index.js
index f4fd12bd8..0d522fcb9 100644
--- a/src/layers/earthquakes/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/earthquakes/index.js
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ import {
 export * from './model.js';
 export { createUsgsEarthquakeSource } from './source.js';
 
+// A portable package (no i18n): the error stays English data and the layer
+// panel shows it translated.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /** Own one earthquake display and its refresh lifecycle. */
 export function createEarthquakesLayer({ source, overlayHost } = {}) {
   if (typeof source?.getSnapshot !== 'function')
@@ -154,7 +158,7 @@ export function createEarthquakesLayer({ source, overlayHost } = {}) {
         if (request.signal.aborted || _request !== request || !_enabled)
           return false;
         console.warn('[Data:Earthquakes] Fetch error:', e);
-        _lastError = e?.message || 'Earthquake source unavailable';
+        _lastError = e?.message || msg('Earthquake source unavailable');
         return false;
       } finally {
         if (_request === request) _request = null;
diff --git a/src/layers/earthquakes/records.test.mjs b/src/layers/earthquakes/records.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd7b6a874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/earthquakes/records.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot } from './records.js';
+
+test('normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot parses valid GeoJSON earthquake features', () => {
+  const geojson = {
+    type: 'FeatureCollection',
+    features: [
+      {
+        id: 'us7000m123',
+        type: 'Feature',
+        geometry: {
+          type: 'Point',
+          coordinates: [-122.4194, 37.7749, 10.5],
+        },
+        properties: {
+          mag: 4.2,
+          place: 'San Francisco Bay Area, CA',
+          time: 1711929600000,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+
+  const rows = normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot(geojson);
+  assert.equal(Array.isArray(rows), true);
+  assert.equal(rows.length, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(rows[0], {
+    stableId: 'us7000m123',
+    usgsId: 'us7000m123',
+    lon: -122.4194,
+    lat: 37.7749,
+    depthKm: 10.5,
+    mag: 4.2,
+    place: 'San Francisco Bay Area, CA',
+    time: 1711929600000,
+  });
+});
+
+test('normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot generates index-based stable IDs when id is missing or blank', () => {
+  const geojson = {
+    features: [
+      {
+        id: null,
+        geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [139.6917, 35.6895, 25.0] },
+        properties: { mag: 3.5, place: 'Tokyo, Japan', time: 1711930000000 },
+      },
+      {
+        id: '',
+        geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [-70.6693, -33.4489, 45.2] },
+        properties: { mag: 5.1, place: 'Santiago, Chile', time: 1711931000000 },
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+
+  const rows = normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot(geojson);
+  assert.equal(rows.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(rows[0].stableId, 'event-1');
+  assert.equal(rows[0].usgsId, null);
+  assert.equal(rows[1].stableId, 'event-2');
+  assert.equal(rows[1].usgsId, '');
+});
+
+test('normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot filters events below M2.5 without dropping the feed', () => {
+  const geojson = {
+    features: [
+      {
+        id: 'ev-sub',
+        geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [10, 20, 5] },
+        properties: { mag: 2.49, place: 'Minor tremor' },
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'ev-null-mag',
+        geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [11, 21, 5] },
+        properties: { mag: null, place: 'Uncalculated' },
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'ev-threshold',
+        geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [12, 22, 5] },
+        properties: { mag: 2.5, place: 'Threshold event' },
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'ev-strong',
+        geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [13, 23, 5] },
+        properties: { mag: 6.8, place: 'Major event' },
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+
+  const rows = normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot(geojson);
+  assert.equal(rows.length, 2);
+  assert.equal(rows[0].stableId, 'ev-threshold');
+  assert.equal(rows[0].mag, 2.5);
+  assert.equal(rows[1].stableId, 'ev-strong');
+  assert.equal(rows[1].mag, 6.8);
+});
+
+test('normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot normalizes optional fields to null when omitted or invalid', () => {
+  const geojson = {
+    features: [
+      {
+        id: 'ev-sparse',
+        geometry: { coordinates: [-100, 40] }, // depth omitted
+        properties: { mag: 3.0, place: 12345, time: 'invalid' }, // place not string, time not number
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+
+  const rows = normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot(geojson);
+  assert.equal(rows.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(rows[0].depthKm, null);
+  assert.equal(rows[0].place, null);
+  assert.equal(rows[0].time, null);
+});
+
+test('normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot returns null for malformed structures or non-array features', () => {
+  assert.equal(normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot(null), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot(undefined), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({}), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({ features: 'not-an-array' }), null);
+  assert.equal(normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({ features: null }), null);
+});
+
+test('normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot returns null for invalid geometries or out-of-range coordinates', () => {
+  const baseFeature = {
+    id: 'test',
+    geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [0, 0, 0] },
+    properties: { mag: 3.0 },
+  };
+
+  // Non-Point geometry
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({
+      features: [
+        {
+          ...baseFeature,
+          geometry: {
+            type: 'LineString',
+            coordinates: [
+              [0, 0],
+              [1, 1],
+            ],
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+
+  // Missing or short coordinates
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({
+      features: [
+        { ...baseFeature, geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [0] } },
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+
+  // Longitude out of range [-180, 180]
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({
+      features: [
+        {
+          ...baseFeature,
+          geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [180.1, 0, 0] },
+        },
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({
+      features: [
+        {
+          ...baseFeature,
+          geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [-180.1, 0, 0] },
+        },
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+
+  // Latitude out of range [-90, 90]
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({
+      features: [
+        {
+          ...baseFeature,
+          geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [0, 90.1, 0] },
+        },
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({
+      features: [
+        {
+          ...baseFeature,
+          geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [0, -90.1, 0] },
+        },
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+
+  // Non-finite depth
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({
+      features: [
+        {
+          ...baseFeature,
+          geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [0, 0, NaN] },
+        },
+      ],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+
+  // Magnitude > 10
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({
+      features: [{ ...baseFeature, properties: { mag: 10.1 } }],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+
+  // Non-object or array properties
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({
+      features: [{ ...baseFeature, properties: 'invalid' }],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot({
+      features: [{ ...baseFeature, properties: [] }],
+    }),
+    null,
+  );
+});
+
+test('normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot returns null when feed contains duplicate IDs', () => {
+  const geojson = {
+    features: [
+      {
+        id: 'duplicate-id',
+        geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [0, 0, 0] },
+        properties: { mag: 3.0 },
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'duplicate-id',
+        geometry: { type: 'Point', coordinates: [1, 1, 1] },
+        properties: { mag: 4.0 },
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+
+  assert.equal(normalizeEarthquakeSnapshot(geojson), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/feedDegradationI18n.test.mjs b/src/layers/feedDegradationI18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb97435b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/feedDegradationI18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// The AIS degradation chip and the traffic "SIMULATED — <reason>" text read in
+// the UI language; English keeps its wording.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { deriveAisFeedError } from '../data/aisLiveVessels.js';
+import { createModel } from './traffic/model.js';
+
+test('AIS degraded-feed reasons are localized in es', () => {
+  setLocale('es');
+  try {
+    const cases = [
+      [
+        { status: 'down', reconnectAttempt: 3 },
+        'feed down — retrying slowly (attempt 3)',
+      ],
+      [{ status: 'missing-key' }, 'AISSTREAM_API_KEY not set'],
+      [
+        { status: 'stale', silentForMs: 90000 },
+        'feed silent 90s — no AIS data',
+      ],
+      [{ status: 'auth-failed' }, 'API key rejected — check AISSTREAM_API_KEY'],
+      [{ status: 'connecting' }, 'connecting to feed…'],
+      [{ status: 'closed' }, 'feed disconnected'],
+    ];
+    for (const [payload, english] of cases) {
+      // The layer panel runs stats.error through translateKnown(); emulate it.
+      const shown = translateKnown(deriveAisFeedError(payload, 0));
+      assert.notEqual(shown, english, `status ${payload.status} still English`);
+    }
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('traffic "SIMULATED — <reason>" is localized in es', () => {
+  setLocale('es');
+  try {
+    const { trafficFeedPresentation } = createModel({
+      state: {},
+      services: {},
+      parts: {},
+      source: {},
+    });
+    const degraded = trafficFeedPresentation({
+      liveMode: true,
+      flowError: 'TomTom daily budget reached',
+    });
+    const shown = translateKnown(degraded.error);
+    assert.notEqual(shown, 'SIMULATED — TomTom daily budget reached');
+    assert.ok(!shown.startsWith('SIMULATED'), `still English: ${shown}`);
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('English degraded-feed wording is unchanged', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.equal(
+    deriveAisFeedError({ status: 'down', reconnectAttempt: 3 }, 0),
+    'feed down — retrying slowly (attempt 3)',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    deriveAisFeedError({ status: 'reconnecting' }, 0),
+    'reconnecting to feed…',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    deriveAisFeedError({ status: 'missing-key' }, 0),
+    'AISSTREAM_API_KEY not set',
+  );
+  const { trafficFeedPresentation } = createModel({
+    state: {},
+    services: {},
+    parts: {},
+    source: {},
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    trafficFeedPresentation({
+      liveMode: true,
+      flowError: 'TomTom daily budget reached',
+    }).error,
+    'SIMULATED — TomTom daily budget reached',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/cards.js b/src/layers/firms/cards.js
index 6b8a72ab6..c99d29e1c 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/cards.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/cards.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   FIRMS_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID,
   FIRMS_AMBIENT_COHORT_LIMIT,
@@ -115,7 +116,10 @@ export function createCards({
         if (!card.interactive) return card;
         return {
           ...card,
-          accessibilityLabel: `Focus fire detection ${card.title}, ${card.details.join(', ')}`,
+          accessibilityLabel: t('Focus fire detection {title}, {details}', {
+            title: card.title,
+            details: card.details.join(', '),
+          }),
           activate: () => {
             const fire = layerState._fireByCardId.get(card.id);
             if (!fire) return false;
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js b/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
index e363fe72b..494ab5f1e 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/ingestion.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { adaptFirmsRecords } from '../../data/firmsAdapt.js';
 import { fireDetectionKey } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export function createIngestion({
   layerState,
@@ -72,7 +73,8 @@ export function createIngestion({
       )
         return;
       console.warn(`[Data:${id}] FIRMS live load failed:`, error);
-      layerState._error = 'live feed unavailable';
+      // English data (stats reach the voice tools); the panel translates it.
+      layerState._error = msg('live feed unavailable');
     } finally {
       if (layerState.request === request) {
         layerState.request = null;
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/model.js b/src/layers/firms/model.js
index 407204f06..3a1df327b 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/model.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   satelliteShortName,
   fireDetectionKey,
@@ -329,14 +330,18 @@ export function createModel({
    */
 
   function buildSelectedFireCard(fire, nowMs) {
-    const meta = [`${confidenceBucket(fire.confidence)} conf`];
+    const meta = [
+      t('{value} conf', {
+        value: confidenceLabel(confidenceBucket(fire.confidence)),
+      }),
+    ];
     if (fire.acqMs > 0) {
-      const age = formatAge(nowMs - fire.acqMs);
-      if (age) meta.push(`${age} ago`);
+      const age = formatAgeLabel(nowMs - fire.acqMs);
+      if (age) meta.push(t('{value} ago', { value: age }));
     }
     const sat = satelliteShortName(fire.satellite);
     meta.push(
-      sat ? `${fire.sensor || 'VIIRS'} ${sat}` : fire.sensor || 'sensor n/a',
+      sat ? `${fire.sensor || 'VIIRS'} ${sat}` : fire.sensor || t('sensor n/a'),
     );
     return {
       id: `selected-fire:${fireDetectionKey(fire)}`,
@@ -346,10 +351,11 @@ export function createModel({
       cullPosition: fireCullPosition(fire),
       gapPx: frpPixelSize(fire.frp),
       accent: accentForSeverity(detectionColorStop(fire).name),
-      title: `FIRE · ${formatFrp(fire.frp)} MW`,
+      title: t('FIRE · {frp} MW', { frp: formatFrpLabel(fire.frp) }),
       details: [
         meta.join(' · '),
-        formatLatLon(fire.lat, fire.lon) + (fire.night ? ' · NIGHT' : ''),
+        formatLatLonLabel(fire.lat, fire.lon) +
+          (fire.night ? ` · ${t('NIGHT')}` : ''),
       ],
       selected: true,
       priority: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
@@ -368,9 +374,9 @@ export function createModel({
 
   function buildFireCard(candidate, nowMs) {
     const fire = candidate.fire;
-    const meta = [confidenceBucket(fire.confidence)];
+    const meta = [confidenceLabel(confidenceBucket(fire.confidence))];
     if (fire.acqMs > 0) {
-      const age = formatAge(nowMs - fire.acqMs);
+      const age = formatAgeLabel(nowMs - fire.acqMs);
       if (age) meta.push(age);
     }
     const sat = satelliteShortName(fire.satellite) || fire.sensor;
@@ -382,7 +388,7 @@ export function createModel({
       cullPosition: candidate.cullPosition || candidate.position,
       gapPx: frpPixelSize(fire.frp),
       accent: accentForSeverity(detectionColorStop(fire).name),
-      title: `▲ ${formatFrp(fire.frp)} MW`,
+      title: t('▲ {frp} MW', { frp: formatFrpLabel(fire.frp) }),
       details: [meta.join(' · ')],
       selected: false,
       priority: Number(fire.frp) || 0,
@@ -400,11 +406,11 @@ export function createModel({
 
   function buildCellCard(candidate, nowMs) {
     const cell = candidate.cell;
-    const noun = cell.count === 1 ? 'FIRE' : 'FIRES';
-    const parts = [`max ${formatFrp(cell.maxFrp)} MW`];
+    const noun = cell.count === 1 ? t('FIRE') : t('FIRES');
+    const parts = [t('max {value} MW', { value: formatFrpLabel(cell.maxFrp) })];
     if (cell.newestAcqMs > 0) {
-      const age = formatAge(nowMs - cell.newestAcqMs);
-      if (age) parts.push(`new ${age}`);
+      const age = formatAgeLabel(nowMs - cell.newestAcqMs);
+      if (age) parts.push(t('new {value}', { value: age }));
     }
     return {
       id: `cell:${cell.latCell ?? 'x'}:${cell.lonCell ?? 'x'}`,
@@ -477,6 +483,37 @@ export function createModel({
     return frp >= 10 ? frp.toFixed(0) : frp.toFixed(1);
   }
 
+  /** formatFrp for a card, with the locale's decimal separator ("4,9"). */
+
+  function formatFrpLabel(frp) {
+    const digits = frp >= 10 ? 0 : 1;
+    return formatNumber(frp, {
+      minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+      maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+      useGrouping: false,
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** formatLatLon for a card: "8,389° ю. ш. 44,162° з. д." in Russian. */
+
+  function formatLatLonLabel(lat, lon) {
+    const amount = (value) =>
+      formatNumber(Math.abs(value), {
+        minimumFractionDigits: 3,
+        maximumFractionDigits: 3,
+        useGrouping: false,
+      });
+    const latPart =
+      lat >= 0
+        ? t('{value}°N', { value: amount(lat) })
+        : t('{value}°S', { value: amount(lat) });
+    const lonPart =
+      lon >= 0
+        ? t('{value}°E', { value: amount(lon) })
+        : t('{value}°W', { value: amount(lon) });
+    return `${latPart} ${lonPart}`;
+  }
+
   /** Millisecond delta → "<1h" / "Xh" / "Xd", or '' for invalid input. */
 
   function formatAge(deltaMs) {
@@ -490,11 +527,37 @@ export function createModel({
   /** Millisecond delta → "<1m ago" / "Xm ago" / "Xh ago" (fresh-feed readout). */
 
   function formatAgoMinutes(deltaMs) {
-    if (!Number.isFinite(deltaMs) || deltaMs < 0) return 'just now';
+    if (!Number.isFinite(deltaMs) || deltaMs < 0) return t('just now');
     const minutes = Math.floor(deltaMs / 60000);
-    if (minutes < 1) return '<1m ago';
-    if (minutes < 90) return `${minutes}m ago`;
-    return `${Math.round(minutes / 60)}h ago`;
+    if (minutes < 1) return t('<1m ago');
+    if (minutes < 90) return t('{count}m ago', { count: minutes });
+    return t('{count}h ago', { count: Math.round(minutes / 60) });
+  }
+
+  /** A confidence bucket as a card shows it, in the UI language. */
+
+  function confidenceLabel(bucket) {
+    switch (bucket) {
+      case 'high':
+        return t('high', { context: 'fire confidence' });
+      case 'nominal':
+        return t('nominal', { context: 'fire confidence' });
+      case 'low':
+        return t('low', { context: 'fire confidence' });
+      default:
+        return bucket;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** formatAge for a card: "<1h", "24h", "3d" in the UI language ("24 ч"). */
+
+  function formatAgeLabel(deltaMs) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(deltaMs) || deltaMs < 0) return '';
+    const hours = deltaMs / 3600000;
+    if (hours < 1) return t('<1h', { context: 'age' });
+    if (hours < 48)
+      return t('{count}h', { context: 'age', count: Math.round(hours) });
+    return t('{count}d', { context: 'age', count: Math.round(hours / 24) });
   }
 
   /** Normalized 0..1 confidence → low/nominal/high display bucket. */
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/queries.js b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
index 7c7e3642c..a7d22589e 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/queries.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { fireDetectionKey } from '../../data/firmsLabels.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createQueries({
@@ -17,7 +18,9 @@ export function createQueries({
       if (!fire) return null;
       return {
         id: fireDetectionKey(fire),
-        label: `Fire · FRP ${components.model.formatFrp(fire.frp)} MW`,
+        label: t('Fire · FRP {frp} MW', {
+          frp: components.model.formatFrp(fire.frp),
+        }),
         latitude: fire.lat,
         longitude: fire.lon,
         frp: fire.frp,
@@ -59,21 +62,26 @@ export function createQueries({
     getStats() {
       const now = Date.now();
       const staleText = layerState._lastUpdate
-        ? `STALE · cached ${components.model.formatAge(now - layerState._lastUpdate) || '<1h'}`
-        : 'STALE';
+        ? t('STALE · cached {age}', {
+            age:
+              components.model.formatAge(now - layerState._lastUpdate) || '<1h',
+          })
+        : t('STALE');
       let loadingLabel = '';
       if (layerState._loading) {
         loadingLabel = layerState._fires.length
-          ? 'refreshing...'
-          : 'loading...';
+          ? t('refreshing...')
+          : t('loading...');
       } else if (layerState._keyRequired) {
-        loadingLabel = 'KEY REQUIRED';
+        loadingLabel = t('KEY REQUIRED');
       } else if (layerState._stale) {
         loadingLabel = staleText;
       } else if (layerState._error) {
         loadingLabel = layerState._error;
       } else if (layerState._lastUpdate) {
-        loadingLabel = `LIVE · updated ${components.model.formatAgoMinutes(now - layerState._lastUpdate)}`;
+        loadingLabel = t('LIVE · updated {age}', {
+          age: components.model.formatAgoMinutes(now - layerState._lastUpdate),
+        });
       }
       return {
         count: layerState._count,
@@ -87,7 +95,7 @@ export function createQueries({
         // the operator can take.
         keyRequired: layerState._keyRequired,
         error: layerState._keyRequired
-          ? 'KEY REQUIRED'
+          ? t('KEY REQUIRED')
           : layerState._stale
             ? staleText
             : layerState._error,
@@ -109,7 +117,9 @@ export function createQueries({
         latitude: strongest.lat,
         longitude: strongest.lon,
         frp: strongest.frp,
-        label: `Fire · FRP ${components.model.formatFrp(strongest.frp)} MW`,
+        label: t('Fire · FRP {frp} MW', {
+          frp: components.model.formatFrp(strongest.frp),
+        }),
       };
     },
 
diff --git a/src/layers/firms/selection.js b/src/layers/firms/selection.js
index 5665c615a..fc05eea2a 100644
--- a/src/layers/firms/selection.js
+++ b/src/layers/firms/selection.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { isPointerFree } from '../../data/inputOwnership.js';
 import { CONTEXT_TOP_N } from './policy.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export function createSelection({
   layerState,
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ export function createSelection({
     requestWorldFocus({
       kind: 'fire',
       id: fireDetectionKey(fire),
-      label: 'FIRE',
+      label: t('FIRE'),
       position: components.model.firePosition(fire),
     });
   }
@@ -192,7 +193,9 @@ export function createSelection({
       layerName: name,
       source: 'NASA FIRMS',
       dataSource: layerState._dataSource,
-      label: `Fire · FRP ${components.model.formatFrp(fire.frp)} MW`,
+      label: t('Fire · FRP {frp} MW', {
+        frp: components.model.formatFrp(fire.frp),
+      }),
       latitude: fire.lat,
       longitude: fire.lon,
       properties: {
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/ingestion.js b/src/layers/flights/ingestion.js
index 5ab2fc95c..0e537a66f 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/ingestion.js
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import { ERROR_BACKOFF_INTERVAL } from './recordPolicy.js';
 
+// Marks English the Layers panel translates when it shows the error. Kept
+// local: this module stays free of browser globals (package boundaries).
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /** Own acquisition, cancellation, freshness and backoff independently of rendering. */
 export function createIngestion({
   feed,
@@ -41,9 +45,10 @@ export function createIngestion({
         const sourceStale = snapshot.stale || snapshot.freshness === 'unknown';
         feed._backoff = sourceStale;
         feed._retryAt = 0;
+        // i18n-ignore: English data; the panel shows it through FEED_ERROR_PATTERNS (ui/statusText.js)
         feed._lastError = sourceStale
           ? sourceAgeMs == null
-            ? 'Source snapshot time unavailable'
+            ? msg('Source snapshot time unavailable')
             : `Source snapshot ${Math.max(2, Math.round(sourceAgeMs / 60_000))} min old`
           : null;
         feed._lastSource = snapshot.source;
@@ -77,7 +82,9 @@ export function createIngestion({
           setSourceLabel(feed._lastSource);
         }
         feed._lastError =
-          e?.name === 'LiveSourceError' ? e.message : 'Live data unavailable';
+          e?.name === 'LiveSourceError'
+            ? e.message
+            : msg('Live data unavailable');
       } finally {
         feed._activeUpdateControllers.delete(resourceController);
       }
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/policy.js b/src/layers/flights/policy.js
index 80d77dddd..2c015e6c9 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/policy.js
@@ -219,8 +219,8 @@ export const COURSE_SLEW_DT_MAX_SEC = 0.25;
 // adsbdb enrichment (best-effort, fail-silent). Bounded fan-out: max 4
 // concurrent requests, dispatches dripped ≥ENRICH_DISPATCH_GAP_MS apart
 // (≤5/s — adsbdb is a free community API; the dev-server proxy additionally
-// caches per-key on disk forever, negative results included, so repeat
-// sessions never re-hit adsbdb). Each key is requested at most once per
+// caches successful and 404 responses per key for 24 hours, so later sessions
+// may refresh them). Each key is requested at most once per
 // session. Priority jobs (tracked plane, model-eligible planes) jump the
 // queue; the ambient fleet sweep (below) fills the back at poll cadence.
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ export const ENRICH_DISPATCH_GAP_MS = 200;
 //     of drip, so the backlog can't outgrow a poll and re-sorts fresh), and
 //   - a ROLLING token-bucket budget (below) bounding the sustained ambient
 //     request rate (repeat sessions resolve instantly from the proxy's
-//     permanent disk cache).
+//     24-hour disk cache).
 // Fail-silent by contract: the sweep never throws into the poll loop, never
 // blocks rendering, and never touches tracking state. When a type answer
 // lands, _requestTypeEnrichment's callback swaps the billboard glyph + scale
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ export const ENRICH_DISPATCH_GAP_MS = 200;
 // ENRICH_AMBIENT_REFILL_TOKENS every ENRICH_AMBIENT_REFILL_WINDOW_MS, clamped
 // at the ceiling (no banking beyond one bucket). Numbers: 150 / 5 min sustains
 // 0.5 req/s worst case — an order of magnitude under the 5/s drip that (with
-// the 4-concurrent limit + the proxy's permanent disk cache) is the REAL
+// the 4-concurrent limit + the proxy's 24-hour disk cache) is the REAL
 // politeness bound on adsbdb; the 300 ceiling preserves the old first-look
 // burst so a fresh region still classifies quickly.
 /** Bucket ceiling: max ambient tokens held at once (= the initial burst). */
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/queries.js b/src/layers/flights/queries.js
index 9c206a335..552adbe01 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/queries.js
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ export function createQueries({
    * Build a public descriptor for one aircraft using its best current position
    * (dead-reckoned when history exists, billboard position otherwise).
    * @param {string} icao24 - ICAO 24-bit transponder address.
-   * @returns {{icao24: string, callsign: string|null, position: Cesium.Cartesian3, latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number, velocityMps: number|null, track: number|null}|null}
+   * @returns {{icao24: string, callsign: string|null, position: Cesium.Cartesian3, latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number, velocityMps: number|null, track: number|null, verticalRateMps: number|null}|null}
    *   Descriptor with a cloned position, or null if the aircraft is unknown.
    */
 
@@ -164,6 +164,15 @@ export function createQueries({
       onGround: info?.onGround === true,
       velocityMps: displayed.speedMps,
       track: displayed.trackDeg,
+      // Climb/descent rate, the one kinematic field `mapAnalystRecord` already
+      // published (as `verticalRateMps`) but this descriptor did not, so a
+      // consumer reading the tracked seam had to reach back into `_flightData`
+      // for it. Reported, never derived: `stickyNumber` in records.js keeps the
+      // last value across a blank poll, and an absent rate stays null rather
+      // than becoming a level-flight 0 the aircraft never transmitted.
+      verticalRateMps: Number.isFinite(info?.verticalRate)
+        ? info.verticalRate
+        : null,
       stale: Boolean(
         flightState.records.missingPolls.get(icao24) ||
         flightState.feed._backoff,
@@ -856,7 +865,7 @@ export function createQueries({
 
     /**
      * Describe the currently tracked aircraft at its dead-reckoned position.
-     * @returns {{icao24: string, callsign: string|null, latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number, velocityMps: number|null, track: number|null}|null}
+     * @returns {{icao24: string, callsign: string|null, latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number, velocityMps: number|null, track: number|null, verticalRateMps: number|null}|null}
      *   Tracked aircraft info, or null when nothing is tracked.
      */
     getTrackedInfo() {
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js b/src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js
index ea284cb11..e269639d0 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.js
@@ -13,9 +13,4 @@ export const MISSING_POLL_LIMIT = 3;
 export const ERROR_BACKOFF_INTERVAL = 20000;
 
 /** Local equirectangular distance used for viewer-proximate floor sampling. */
-export function approxDistanceKm(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
-  const dLat = (lat2 - lat1) * 111.32;
-  const dLon =
-    (lon2 - lon1) * 111.32 * Math.cos((((lat1 + lat2) / 2) * Math.PI) / 180);
-  return Math.hypot(dLat, dLon);
-}
+export { approxDistanceKm } from '../../data/approxDistance.js';
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.test.mjs b/src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4cf74d3cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/flights/recordPolicy.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  approxDistanceKm,
+  GROUND_FLOOR_CLAMP_RADIUS_KM,
+} from './recordPolicy.js';
+
+test('approximate distance takes the short way across the antimeridian', () => {
+  // 0.2° of longitude at Taveuni, Fiji (16.8° S) is about 21 km.
+  for (const [lon1, lon2] of [
+    [179.9, -179.9],
+    [-179.9, 179.9],
+  ]) {
+    const km = approxDistanceKm(-16.8, lon1, -16.8, lon2);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(km - 21.31) < 0.01, `${lon1} → ${lon2}: ${km} km`);
+    assert.ok(km <= GROUND_FLOOR_CLAMP_RADIUS_KM);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/flights/tracking.js b/src/layers/flights/tracking.js
index 7a2bbcfeb..cef9e1563 100644
--- a/src/layers/flights/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/flights/tracking.js
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { unitLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 import { nextCockpitNearContacts } from '../../data/cockpitAirLod.js';
 import { trackedModelZoomActive } from '../../data/trackedModelRegime.js';
 import {
@@ -130,6 +132,7 @@ export function createTracking({
         icao24,
         // Honesty cue: the contact is coasting on dead reckoning, so the
         // narrated position/velocity are last-known rather than live.
+        // i18n-ignore: voice-context data, English for the model
         status: described.stale ? 'stale (missed polls)' : 'live',
       },
     };
@@ -751,11 +754,18 @@ export function createTracking({
     // the tail number rather than raw hex.
     const cs = parts.queries._contactLabel(icao24, info);
     const altFt = Math.round((info.altitude || 0) * 3.28084);
-    const fl = altFt >= 18000 ? `FL${Math.round(altFt / 100)}` : `${altFt} ft`;
-    const spd = info.velocity ? `${Math.round(info.velocity * 1.944)} kts` : '';
+    // Flight levels are an aviation code; feet and knots read in the active
+    // language ("0 фт · 1 уз").
+    const quantity = (value, unit) =>
+      `${formatNumber(value, { useGrouping: false })} ${unitLabel(unit)}`;
+    const fl =
+      altFt >= 18000 ? `FL${Math.round(altFt / 100)}` : quantity(altFt, 'ft');
+    const spd = info.velocity
+      ? quantity(Math.round(info.velocity * 1.944), 'kts')
+      : '';
     const stale =
       flightState.records.missingPolls.get(icao24) || flightState.feed._backoff
-        ? 'STALE'
+        ? t('STALE')
         : '';
     const lines = [[cs, fl, spd, stale].filter(Boolean).join(' · ')];
     // Converted contacts report their class as TR-3B and nothing else — the
diff --git a/src/layers/gnss/index.js b/src/layers/gnss/index.js
index bd63b600f..f3a4102f8 100644
--- a/src/layers/gnss/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/gnss/index.js
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { formatNumber, msg, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { translateFeedError } from '../../ui/statusText.js';
 import {
   GNSS_LEVEL_COLORS,
   GNSS_MIN_AIRCRAFT,
@@ -25,9 +27,9 @@ class GnssGroundFill extends Cesium.GroundPrimitive {
 /** Low stays visible over land so coverage reads apart from no data. */
 const FILL_ALPHA = Object.freeze({ low: 0.3, medium: 0.42, high: 0.55 });
 const LEVEL_LABELS = Object.freeze({
-  low: 'Low-accuracy score < 2%',
-  medium: 'Low-accuracy score 2–10%',
-  high: 'Low-accuracy score > 10%',
+  low: msg('Low-accuracy score < 2%'),
+  medium: msg('Low-accuracy score 2–10%'),
+  high: msg('Low-accuracy score > 10%'),
 });
 
 /** Degrees at the centre of the current view, or null before the camera settles. */
@@ -320,7 +322,7 @@ export function createGnssIntegrityLayer({
         // Only acquisition failures are kept enabled for recovery.
         if (received) throw e;
         console.warn('[Data:GNSS] Fetch error:', e);
-        _lastError = e?.message || 'GNSS integrity source unavailable';
+        _lastError = e?.message || msg('GNSS integrity source unavailable');
         // Keep the last cells only while their evidence is inside the window.
         expire();
         if (e?.retryable === false) return false;
@@ -372,23 +374,34 @@ export function createGnssIntegrityLayer({
       return {
         chips: [],
         info:
-          'Regional sample · 250 nm radius · cells from visited views over 30 min' +
+          t(
+            'Regional sample · 250 nm radius · cells from visited views over 30 min',
+          ) +
           (_lastError && _retryAt
-            ? ` · ${_lastError} · Retrying automatically${
+            ? ` · ${translateFeedError(_lastError)} · ${
                 _retryAt <= 8640000000000000
-                  ? ` at ${new Date(_retryAt).toISOString().slice(11, 19)} UTC`
-                  : ' after provider cooldown'
+                  ? t('Retrying automatically at {time} UTC', {
+                      time: new Date(_retryAt).toISOString().slice(11, 19),
+                    })
+                  : t('Retrying automatically after provider cooldown')
               }`
             : ''),
-        infoTitle:
+        infoTitle: t(
           'Updates automatically after pan or zoom and once a minute. The public feed covers a 250-nautical-mile circle around the view centre; zooming out does not make it a worldwide snapshot. Blank cells are outside sampled coverage or have insufficient observations.',
+        ),
         legend: ['high', 'medium', 'low'].map((level, index) => ({
-          label: LEVEL_LABELS[level],
+          label: t(LEVEL_LABELS[level]),
           color: GNSS_LEVEL_COLORS[level],
           count: _cells.filter((cell) => cell.level === level).length,
           ...(index === 0
             ? {
-                blurb: `Low-accuracy score = 100 × max(0, bad − 1) / total: one aircraft is discounted, so this is not the raw share. Cells need ${GNSS_MIN_AIRCRAFT} aircraft over ${provenance.window.minutes} minutes. Navigation-integrity anomalies are not a detection of jamming or spoofing.`,
+                blurb: t(
+                  'Low-accuracy score = 100 × max(0, bad − 1) / total: one aircraft is discounted, so this is not the raw share. Cells need {aircraft} aircraft over {minutes} minutes. Navigation-integrity anomalies are not a detection of jamming or spoofing.',
+                  {
+                    aircraft: formatNumber(GNSS_MIN_AIRCRAFT),
+                    minutes: formatNumber(provenance.window.minutes),
+                  },
+                ),
               }
             : {}),
         })),
diff --git a/src/layers/gnss/source.js b/src/layers/gnss/source.js
index af67aa18b..a63fdfd7f 100644
--- a/src/layers/gnss/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/gnss/source.js
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import { readResponseJsonCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
 
+// A portable export (package.json): no i18n here. Failures stay English data;
+// the Layers panel shows them translated.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 function retryDelay(raw, nowMs) {
   if (!raw) return null;
   const seconds = Number(raw);
@@ -21,7 +25,7 @@ export function createAdsbGnssSource({
     async getSnapshot({ latitude, longitude } = {}, { signal } = {}) {
       signal?.throwIfAborted();
       if (!Number.isFinite(latitude) || !Number.isFinite(longitude))
-        throw new Error('GNSS snapshot needs a view anchor');
+        throw new Error(msg('GNSS snapshot needs a view anchor'));
       const params = new URLSearchParams({
         lat: String(Math.round(latitude)),
         lon: String(Math.round(longitude)),
@@ -37,8 +41,9 @@ export function createAdsbGnssSource({
         );
         throw Object.assign(
           new Error(
+            // HTTP errors are matched by FEED_ERROR_PATTERNS in ui/statusText.js.
             limited
-              ? 'GNSS feed rate limited (HTTP 429)'
+              ? msg('GNSS feed rate limited (HTTP 429)')
               : `GNSS feed unavailable (HTTP ${response.status})`,
           ),
           {
@@ -55,12 +60,12 @@ export function createAdsbGnssSource({
       );
       signal?.throwIfAborted();
       if (!Array.isArray(payload?.rows))
-        throw new Error('Malformed GNSS integrity snapshot');
+        throw new Error(msg('Malformed GNSS integrity snapshot'));
       // The snapshot's age (measured on the proxy's clock) dates every row in
       // the rolling window; an undated snapshot could only be treated as new,
       // so it is refused.
       if (!Number.isFinite(payload.ageMs) || payload.ageMs < 0)
-        throw new Error('GNSS integrity snapshot has no observation time');
+        throw new Error(msg('GNSS integrity snapshot has no observation time'));
       return {
         rows: payload.rows,
         ageMs: payload.ageMs,
diff --git a/src/layers/gnss/sourceErrorLocale.test.mjs b/src/layers/gnss/sourceErrorLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a09019164
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/gnss/sourceErrorLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// The GNSS source's own failures are English data (source.js); the
+// card's info line shows them in the UI language, the HTTP form included.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { createGnssIntegrityLayer } from './index.js';
+
+async function failedLayer(message) {
+  const layer = createGnssIntegrityLayer({
+    source: {
+      async getSnapshot() {
+        throw Object.assign(new Error(message), {
+          retryable: true,
+          retryAfterMs: 60_000,
+        });
+      },
+    },
+    viewAnchor: () => ({ latitude: 50, longitude: 30 }),
+    now: () => 1_000,
+    monotonicNow: () => 1_000,
+  });
+  layer.init({
+    camera: { moveEnd: new Cesium.Event(), changed: new Cesium.Event() },
+    scene: {
+      globe: { show: true },
+      groundPrimitives: { add() {}, remove() {} },
+    },
+  });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  return layer;
+}
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: the GNSS source failure is translated on the card`, async (t) => {
+    t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout', 'setInterval'] });
+    for (const message of [
+      'GNSS feed unavailable (HTTP 503)',
+      'GNSS feed rate limited (HTTP 429)',
+    ]) {
+      const layer = await failedLayer(message);
+      setLocale(locale);
+      try {
+        const { info } = layer.getRowControls();
+        assert.ok(info.includes('HTTP'), info);
+        assert.doesNotMatch(info, /feed (unavailable|rate limited)/, info);
+      } finally {
+        setLocale('en');
+        layer.destroy();
+      }
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/installations/classLabel.js b/src/layers/installations/classLabel.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af7f1bc5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/installations/classLabel.js
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { UNNAMED_PLACE_NAMES } from '../../data/installationNames.js';
+
+const UNNAMED_NAMES = new Set(UNNAMED_PLACE_NAMES);
+
+/**
+ * An installation's card title: a mapped name as it is; the English label
+ * the data gives an unnamed feature ("Firing range", "Military area") in the
+ * UI language. The record keeps the English name.
+ * @param {string} name
+ * @returns {string} Empty when the record has no name.
+ */
+export function installationTitle(name) {
+  const text = String(name ?? '');
+  return UNNAMED_NAMES.has(text.trim()) ? t(text.trim()) : text;
+}
+
+/**
+ * An installation class as a map card shows it: AIRFIELD, NAVAL BASE…, in
+ * the UI language. The class itself stays an English identifier in data.
+ * @param {string} klass
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function installationClassLabel(klass) {
+  const key = String(klass || 'installation');
+  switch (key) {
+    case 'airfield':
+      return t('AIRFIELD', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'naval_base':
+      return t('NAVAL BASE', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'range':
+      return t('RANGE', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'military_land':
+      return t('MILITARY LAND', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'base':
+      return t('BASE', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'barracks':
+      return t('BARRACKS', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'training_area':
+      return t('TRAINING AREA', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'places_candidate':
+      return t('PLACES CANDIDATE', { context: 'installation class' });
+    case 'installation':
+      return t('INSTALLATION', { context: 'installation class' });
+    default:
+      return key.replaceAll('_', ' ').toUpperCase();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/installations/classLabel.packClasses.test.mjs b/src/layers/installations/classLabel.packClasses.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0220b6a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/installations/classLabel.packClasses.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Every class the bundled OSM names pack can put on a record has a
+// catalog entry, so the selected card shows it in the UI language.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { setLocale, getCatalog } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { installationClassLabel } from './classLabel.js';
+
+const pack = JSON.parse(
+  readFileSync(
+    new URL(
+      '../../data/local_data/osm_military_names/names.json',
+      import.meta.url,
+    ),
+    'utf8',
+  ),
+);
+
+setLocale('en');
+const englishLabel = Object.fromEntries(
+  pack.classes.map((c) => [c, installationClassLabel(c)]),
+);
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`every names-pack class is in the ${locale} catalog`, () => {
+    const catalog = getCatalog(locale);
+    const missing = pack.classes.filter(
+      (c) => catalog[`installation class|${englishLabel[c]}`] === undefined,
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      missing,
+      [],
+      `no ${locale} entry for: ${missing.join(', ')}`,
+    );
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/installations/controls.js b/src/layers/installations/controls.js
index db891043c..2fa31e59e 100644
--- a/src/layers/installations/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/installations/controls.js
@@ -1,10 +1,37 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
-import { installationFeedback } from '../../data/installationFeedback.js';
+import { describeInstallationFeedback } from '../../data/installationFeedback.js';
 import {
   LAYER_ID,
   DISTANCE_PREFILTER_MARGIN_M,
   ANCHOR_REFRESH_M,
 } from './policy.js';
+import { formatNumber, t, tn } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
+// installationFeedback.js is shared with the HUD (src/loadingFeedback.js) and
+// hands back msg()-marked English plus values; getStats translates them here.
+function localizeInstallationFeedback(feedback) {
+  if (feedback.text !== undefined) {
+    const values = {};
+    if (feedback.reason !== undefined) values.reason = t(feedback.reason);
+    if (feedback.seconds !== undefined) values.seconds = feedback.seconds;
+    return t(feedback.text, values);
+  }
+  const { count, km } = feedback;
+  if (km) {
+    const kmText = formatNumber(km);
+    return count === 0
+      ? t('No mapped sites within {km} km of the contact', { km: kmText })
+      : tn(
+          count,
+          '{count} mapped site within {km} km of the contact',
+          '{count} mapped sites within {km} km of the contact',
+          { km: kmText },
+        );
+  }
+  return count === 0
+    ? t('No mapped sites in view')
+    : tn(count, '{count} mapped site in view', '{count} mapped sites in view');
+}
 
 export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   const methods = {
@@ -225,13 +252,15 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         retryAt: layerState.retryAt,
         retrying: layerState.loading && Boolean(layerState.failureReason),
         failureReason: layerState.failureReason,
-        statusMessage: installationFeedback({
-          ...layerState,
-          count: layerState.lastUpdate ? mappedCount : undefined,
-          retrying: layerState.loading && Boolean(layerState.failureReason),
-        }),
+        statusMessage: localizeInstallationFeedback(
+          describeInstallationFeedback({
+            ...layerState,
+            count: layerState.lastUpdate ? mappedCount : undefined,
+            retrying: layerState.loading && Boolean(layerState.failureReason),
+          }),
+        ),
         loadingLabel: layerState.loading
-          ? 'loading mapped installation context'
+          ? t('loading mapped installation context')
           : '',
         coverage: layerState.coverage,
         coverageLabel:
diff --git a/src/layers/installations/ingestion.js b/src/layers/installations/ingestion.js
index 57cda2710..63862ddff 100644
--- a/src/layers/installations/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/installations/ingestion.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { militaryOsmKey } from '../../data/militaryNames.js';
 import { isUnavailableCapability } from '../../sources/capability.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 /** Keep named point coverage until its matching polygon takes over. */
 export function retainNamedHandoff(previous, records, box) {
   const named = new Map(
@@ -133,15 +134,16 @@ export function createIngestion({
       let placesError = null;
       if (layerState.googleSearchRequested) {
         layerState.googleSearchRequested = false;
+        // A view across 180° has west > east; its width runs through 180°.
+        const lonSpan = box.east - box.west + (box.east < box.west ? 360 : 0);
         const latitude = (box.south + box.north) / 2;
-        const longitude = (box.west + box.east) / 2;
+        let longitude = box.west + lonSpan / 2;
+        if (longitude > 180) longitude -= 360;
         const radiusM = Math.min(
           50000,
           Math.max(
             1000,
-            Math.round(
-              Math.max(box.north - box.south, box.east - box.west) * 55_000,
-            ),
+            Math.round(Math.max(box.north - box.south, lonSpan) * 55_000),
           ),
         );
         try {
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
           payload.status === 'stale'
             ? `Serving cached mapped context · ${payload.records[0]?.retrievedAt || 'date unknown'}`
             : saturated
-              ? 'Too many mapped sites in view to list them all'
+              ? msg('Too many mapped sites in view to list them all')
               : placesError,
         );
         parts.rendering.renderRecords();
@@ -291,7 +293,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
       layerState.failureReason = error?.failureReason || 'unavailable';
       setInstallationStatus(
         'unavailable',
-        error?.message || 'Installation context unavailable',
+        error?.message || msg('Installation context unavailable'),
       );
       if (!isUnavailableCapability(error))
         parts.viewport.scheduleUnavailableRetry(error?.retryAfterMs);
diff --git a/src/layers/installations/ingestion.test.mjs b/src/layers/installations/ingestion.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbb90534c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/installations/ingestion.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createIngestion } from './ingestion.js';
+
+// Taveuni, Fiji: Cesium reports a view across 180° with west > east. Each view
+// is 0.4° wide and 0.2° tall; the last one does not cross 180°.
+for (const [west, east, centre] of [
+  [179.7, -179.9, 179.9],
+  [179.9, -179.7, -179.9],
+  [179.5, 179.9, 179.7],
+])
+  test(`a nearby search is centred on the view at ${centre}`, async () => {
+    const box = { south: -17, west, north: -16.8, east };
+    const searches = [];
+    const state = {
+      enabled: true,
+      viewer: {},
+      records: [],
+      googleSearchRequested: true,
+    };
+    const ingestion = createIngestion({
+      state,
+      source: {
+        getMappedSites: async () => ({ records: [], wide: true }),
+        searchNearby: async (query) => {
+          searches.push(query);
+          return { places: [] };
+        },
+      },
+      services: {
+        render: { governorRequestRender() {} },
+        ground: { resolveGroundFloorCellsBounded: async () => {} },
+      },
+      parts: {
+        viewport: {
+          loadArea: () => ({ box, coverage: {} }),
+          clearUnavailableRetry() {},
+          scheduleUnavailableRetry() {},
+        },
+        model: { installationWithinViewport: () => true },
+        rendering: { renderRecords() {}, warmInstallationFloors() {} },
+      },
+    });
+    await ingestion.loadInstallations();
+    assert.equal(searches.length, 1);
+    const { latitude, longitude, radiusM } = searches[0];
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(latitude + 16.9) < 1e-9);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(longitude - centre) < 1e-9, `longitude ${longitude}`);
+    // The width, not the height, sets the radius.
+    assert.equal(radiusM, 22000);
+  });
diff --git a/src/layers/installations/installationFeedbackLocale.test.mjs b/src/layers/installations/installationFeedbackLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf4e758a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/installations/installationFeedbackLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { createControls } from './controls.js';
+
+function stats(state) {
+  const layerState = { records: [], enabled: true, ...state };
+  return createControls({
+    state: layerState,
+    services: {},
+    parts: {},
+    source: {},
+  }).methods.getStats();
+}
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: installation feedback is in the UI language`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    const empty = stats({ status: 'empty', lastUpdate: 1 }).statusMessage;
+    assert.notEqual(empty, 'No mapped sites in view');
+    const found = stats({
+      status: 'ready',
+      lastUpdate: 1,
+      records: [{ kind: 'installation' }, { kind: 'installation' }],
+    }).statusMessage;
+    assert.notEqual(found, '2 mapped sites in view');
+    const tiles = stats({
+      status: 'unavailable',
+      failureReason: 'tiles_unavailable',
+    }).statusMessage;
+    assert.notEqual(tiles, 'Map tiles temporarily unavailable');
+    const retry = stats({
+      status: 'unavailable',
+      failureReason: 'names_unavailable',
+      retryAt: Date.now() + 5000,
+    }).statusMessage;
+    assert.doesNotMatch(retry, /^Mapped names temporarily unavailable/);
+    for (const text of [
+      'Too many mapped sites in view to list them all',
+      'Installation context unavailable',
+    ]) {
+      assert.notEqual(translateKnown(text), text);
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+test('en: installation feedback keeps its English wording', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.equal(
+    stats({ status: 'empty', lastUpdate: 1 }).statusMessage,
+    'No mapped sites in view',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    stats({
+      status: 'ready',
+      lastUpdate: 1,
+      records: [{ kind: 'installation' }],
+    }).statusMessage,
+    '1 mapped site in view',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    stats({
+      status: 'ready',
+      lastUpdate: 1,
+      wide: true,
+      coverage: { kind: 'subject', radiusM: 25000 },
+      records: [{ kind: 'installation' }, { kind: 'installation' }],
+    }).statusMessage,
+    '2 mapped sites within 25 km of the contact',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    stats({
+      status: 'unavailable',
+      failureReason: 'names_unavailable',
+      retryAt: Date.now() + 5000,
+    }).statusMessage,
+    'Mapped names temporarily unavailable — retrying in 5s',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/installations/namedMarkers.js b/src/layers/installations/namedMarkers.js
index e516fb627..48a314ac2 100644
--- a/src/layers/installations/namedMarkers.js
+++ b/src/layers/installations/namedMarkers.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { installationClassLabel, installationTitle } from './classLabel.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import {
   MILITARY_LABEL_CAP,
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ export function createNamedMarkers({ state, services, parts, overlayHost }) {
             id: record.id,
             source: LAYER_ID,
             position,
-            title: record.name,
+            title: installationTitle(record.name),
             priority: record.areaM2 || 0,
             accent: COLOR_BY_CLASS[record.class] || '#9ca6b0',
           }),
@@ -177,14 +178,12 @@ export function createNamedMarkers({ state, services, parts, overlayHost }) {
       marker.entry.selected = record.id === state.selectedId;
       marker.entry.details = marker.entry.selected
         ? [
-            String(record.class || 'installation')
-              .replaceAll('_', ' ')
-              .toUpperCase(),
+            installationClassLabel(record.class),
             ...(record.memberNames || []).slice(0, 3),
           ]
         : [];
       marker.entry.position = position;
-      marker.entry.title = record.name;
+      marker.entry.title = installationTitle(record.name);
       marker.entry.priority = record.areaM2 || 0;
       entries.push(marker.entry);
       ordered.push(marker);
diff --git a/src/layers/installations/rendering.js b/src/layers/installations/rendering.js
index be7e29d75..43489e3f2 100644
--- a/src/layers/installations/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/installations/rendering.js
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+import { installationClassLabel, installationTitle } from './classLabel.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { LAYER_ID, MAX_RENDERED, COLOR_BY_CLASS } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createRendering({
@@ -270,11 +272,9 @@ export function createRendering({
       entity.gevTrackedId = `installations:${record.id}`;
       entity.gevDisplayPosition = () => displayPosition;
       entity.gevLabelModel = {
-        title: record.name || 'MAPPED INSTALLATION',
+        title: installationTitle(record.name) || t('MAPPED INSTALLATION'),
         details: [
-          String(record.class || 'installation')
-            .replaceAll('_', ' ')
-            .toUpperCase(),
+          installationClassLabel(record.class),
           ...(record.memberNames || []).slice(0, 3),
         ],
         accent: COLOR_BY_CLASS[record.class] || '#9ca6b0',
diff --git a/src/layers/installations/unnamedInstallationTitle.test.mjs b/src/layers/installations/unnamedInstallationTitle.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83cef6d24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/installations/unnamedInstallationTitle.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { normalizeMilitaryInstallations } from '../../data/militaryInstallationData.js';
+import { UNNAMED_MILITARY_AREA } from '../../sources/openFreeMap.js';
+import { setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { installationTitle } from './classLabel.js';
+import { formatAwarenessLabel } from '../../data/militaryAwarenessEngine.js';
+
+// Unnamed installations get an English label in data ("Firing range",
+// "Military land", "Military airfield"; OpenFreeMap polygons: "Military area").
+// The data stays English; the map card title reads in the UI language.
+const { records } = normalizeMilitaryInstallations({
+  elements: [
+    { type: 'node', id: 1, lat: 1, lon: 1, tags: { military: 'range' } },
+    {
+      type: 'way',
+      id: 2,
+      center: { lat: 2, lon: 2 },
+      tags: { landuse: 'military' },
+    },
+    { type: 'node', id: 3, lat: 3, lon: 3, tags: { military: 'airfield' } },
+    { type: 'node', id: 4, lat: 4, lon: 4, tags: { military: 'naval_base' } },
+  ],
+});
+const names = [...records.map((r) => r.name), UNNAMED_MILITARY_AREA];
+
+test('unnamed installations keep English names in data', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(names, [
+    'Firing range',
+    'Military land',
+    'Military airfield',
+    'Naval base',
+    'Military area',
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('unnamed installation card title reads in the UI language', () => {
+  try {
+    for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+      setLocale(locale);
+      for (const name of names) {
+        const shown = installationTitle(name);
+        assert.ok(shown, `${locale}: "${name}" has a title`);
+        assert.notEqual(
+          shown,
+          name,
+          `${locale}: "${name}" is shown in English`,
+        );
+      }
+      // A mapped name is shown as it is.
+      assert.equal(installationTitle('Fort Bragg'), 'Fort Bragg');
+    }
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('English card titles are unchanged', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  for (const name of names) assert.equal(installationTitle(name), name);
+  assert.equal(installationTitle(''), '');
+});
+
+test('the Contacts line names an unnamed installation in the UI language', () => {
+  try {
+    setLocale('en');
+    for (const name of names)
+      assert.equal(formatAwarenessLabel({ id: 'osm-1', name }), name);
+    for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+      setLocale(locale);
+      for (const name of names)
+        assert.equal(
+          formatAwarenessLabel({ id: 'osm-1', name }),
+          installationTitle(name),
+        );
+      assert.equal(
+        formatAwarenessLabel({ id: 'osm-2', name: 'Fort Bragg' }),
+        'Fort Bragg',
+      );
+      assert.equal(formatAwarenessLabel({ callsign: 'RCH123 ' }), 'RCH123');
+    }
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/missionStatus.i18n.test.mjs b/src/layers/launches/missionStatus.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45b03ec4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/launches/missionStatus.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// A launch without a Launch Library status gets our 'Unknown'. The record keeps
+// it English; the mission panel translates it and shows provider statuses as sent.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  launchStatusAllowsOrbit,
+  normalizeRocketLaunches,
+} from '../../data/rocketLaunches.js';
+import { UNKNOWN_LAUNCH_STATUS } from './model.js';
+import { createPanel } from './panel.js';
+
+const NOW = new Date('2026-07-27T00:00:00Z');
+
+function shownStatus(status) {
+  const outputs = new Map();
+  const state = {
+    _missionPanel: {
+      querySelector(selector) {
+        if (!outputs.has(selector))
+          outputs.set(selector, {
+            textContent: '',
+            closest: () => null,
+            removeAttribute() {},
+          });
+        return outputs.get(selector);
+      },
+      closest: () => null,
+    },
+    _selectedLaunchId: 'mission-1',
+    _launches: [
+      {
+        id: 'mission-1',
+        name: 'Example',
+        status,
+        payloads: [],
+        recoveryStages: [],
+      },
+    ],
+    _replayTracks: new Map(),
+  };
+  createPanel({
+    state,
+    parts: {
+      overlays: { shortMissionLabel: (name) => name },
+      policyHelpers: { missionPathPresentation: () => ({}) },
+      replay: { syncReplayButton() {} },
+    },
+  }).renderMissionPanel();
+  return outputs.get('[data-mission-status]').textContent;
+}
+
+test('a launch without a status keeps the English fallback in its record', () => {
+  const [launch] = normalizeRocketLaunches(
+    {
+      results: [
+        {
+          id: 'no-status',
+          name: 'Test Flight',
+          net: '2026-07-20T10:00:00Z',
+          pad: {
+            name: 'Pad A',
+            location: { name: 'Test Range', coordinates: '12.5,45.5' },
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    NOW,
+  );
+  assert.equal(UNKNOWN_LAUNCH_STATUS, 'Unknown');
+  assert.equal(launch.status, 'Unknown');
+  assert.equal(launchStatusAllowsOrbit(launch.status), true);
+});
+
+test('the mission panel translates only the fallback status', (t) => {
+  t.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.equal(shownStatus(UNKNOWN_LAUNCH_STATUS), 'Unknown');
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.equal(shownStatus(UNKNOWN_LAUNCH_STATUS), 'Неизвестно');
+  assert.equal(shownStatus('Go for Launch'), 'Go for Launch');
+  setLocale('es');
+  assert.equal(shownStatus(UNKNOWN_LAUNCH_STATUS), 'Desconocido');
+  assert.equal(shownStatus('Launch Successful'), 'Launch Successful');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/model.js b/src/layers/launches/model.js
index 641b8d157..5697e07e8 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/model.js
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { WINDOW_DAYS } from './policy.js';
 
+/**
+ * Fallback when Launch Library sends no status. English in the record
+ * (launchStatusAllowsOrbit, analyst records); the mission panel translates it.
+ */
+export const UNKNOWN_LAUNCH_STATUS = msg('Unknown');
+
 export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   function finiteCoordinate(value) {
+    // Number(null), Number('') and Number(false) are 0: absent is not zero.
+    if (value == null || typeof value === 'boolean') return null;
+    if (typeof value === 'string' && value.trim() === '') return null;
     const number = Number(value);
     return Number.isFinite(number) ? number : null;
   }
@@ -177,22 +187,18 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         const pad = launch.pad || {};
         const location = pad.location || {};
         const coordinates = location.coordinates || '';
-        const [coordinateLon, coordinateLat] = String(coordinates)
-          .split(',')
-          .map(Number);
-        const lat = Number.isFinite(Number(pad.latitude))
-          ? Number(pad.latitude)
-          : coordinateLat;
-        const lon = Number.isFinite(Number(pad.longitude))
-          ? Number(pad.longitude)
-          : coordinateLon;
+        const [coordinateLon, coordinateLat] = String(coordinates).split(',');
+        const lat =
+          finiteCoordinate(pad.latitude) ?? finiteCoordinate(coordinateLat);
+        const lon =
+          finiteCoordinate(pad.longitude) ?? finiteCoordinate(coordinateLon);
         const payloads = normalizePayloadFlights(launch);
         return {
           id: String(
             launch.id || launch.slug || launch.name || `launch-${date}`,
           ),
           name: launch.name || 'Unnamed launch',
-          status: launch.status?.name || 'Unknown',
+          status: launch.status?.name || UNKNOWN_LAUNCH_STATUS,
           launchTime: Number.isFinite(date)
             ? new Date(date).toISOString()
             : null,
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/overlays.js b/src/layers/launches/overlays.js
index 682007e84..afa11091c 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/overlays.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/overlays.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t, msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   createCyberSonarSampler,
   isCyberContactSonarActive as isCyberSonarActive,
@@ -119,8 +120,10 @@ export function createOverlays({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const details = selected
       ? [
           siteName
-            ? `LAUNCH SITE · ${shortMissionLabel(siteName, 20).toUpperCase()}`
-            : 'LAUNCH SITE',
+            ? t('LAUNCH SITE · {site}', {
+                site: shortMissionLabel(siteName, 20).toUpperCase(),
+              })
+            : t('LAUNCH SITE'),
         ]
       : [];
     return {
@@ -586,27 +589,37 @@ export function createOverlays({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const mission = shortMissionLabel(launch.name, 22).toUpperCase();
     const siteName = compactLaunchSiteName(launch.launchSite);
     const siteCallout = siteName
-      ? `LAUNCH SITE · ${shortMissionLabel(siteName, 20).toUpperCase()}`
-      : 'LAUNCH SITE';
+      ? t('LAUNCH SITE · {site}', {
+          site: shortMissionLabel(siteName, 20).toUpperCase(),
+        })
+      : t('LAUNCH SITE');
     let title = mission;
     let detail = siteCallout;
     if (mode === 'countdown') {
-      title = `T−${String(state.countdownSeconds).padStart(2, '0')} · ${mission}`;
-      detail = `LAUNCH STANDBY\n${siteCallout}`;
+      title = t('T−{time} · {mission}', {
+        time: String(state.countdownSeconds).padStart(2, '0'),
+        mission,
+      });
+      detail = `${t('LAUNCH STANDBY')}\n${siteCallout}`;
     } else if (mode === 'ascent') {
       title =
         state.elapsedSinceStart < 1
-          ? `LIFTOFF · ${mission}`
-          : `${launch.trajectory.length > 1 ? 'ASCENT REPLAY' : 'ASCENT ESTIMATE'} · ${mission}`;
+          ? t('LIFTOFF · {mission}', { mission })
+          : t(
+              launch.trajectory.length > 1
+                ? msg('ASCENT REPLAY · {mission}')
+                : msg('ASCENT ESTIMATE · {mission}'),
+              { mission },
+            );
       detail = parts.policyHelpers.formatMissionEventTime(state.eventTime);
     } else if (mode === 'recovery') {
-      title = `STAGE RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY · ${mission}`;
+      title = t('STAGE RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY · {mission}', { mission });
       detail = parts.policyHelpers.formatMissionEventTime(state.eventTime);
     } else if (mode === 'orbit') {
-      title = `ORBIT REPLAY · ${mission}`;
+      title = t('ORBIT REPLAY · {mission}', { mission });
       detail = parts.policyHelpers.formatMissionEventTime(state.eventTime);
     }
-    if (layerState._replayPaused) title = `PAUSED · ${title}`;
+    if (layerState._replayPaused) title = t('PAUSED · {title}', { title });
     const nextText = `${title}\n${detail}`;
     if (nextText !== layerState._replayVehicleOverlayText) {
       layerState._replayVehicleOverlayText = nextText;
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/panel.js b/src/layers/launches/panel.js
index c97077d42..f2e237b72 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/panel.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/panel.js
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   MISSION_CLOSE_VIEW_RANGE_M,
   MISSION_GLOBE_VIEW_RANGE_M,
 } from './policy.js';
+import { UNKNOWN_LAUNCH_STATUS } from './model.js';
 
 export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   /**
@@ -190,7 +192,14 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     layerState._missionPanel.querySelector('[data-mission-title]').textContent =
       parts.overlays.shortMissionLabel(launch.name, 32).toUpperCase();
     setMissionPanelField('[data-mission-provider]', launch.provider);
-    setMissionPanelField('[data-mission-status]', launch.status);
+    // Launch Library status names are provider data, shown as sent; only the
+    // fallback for a launch without one is ours to translate.
+    setMissionPanelField(
+      '[data-mission-status]',
+      launch.status === UNKNOWN_LAUNCH_STATUS
+        ? t(UNKNOWN_LAUNCH_STATUS)
+        : launch.status,
+    );
     setMissionPanelField(
       '[data-mission-site]',
       launch.launchSite && launch.launchSite !== 'Unknown launch site'
@@ -219,34 +228,42 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
           ]
             .filter(Boolean)
             .join(' · ');
-          return `<tr><td>${escapeMissionText(payload.name)}${payload.amount > 1 ? ` ×${payload.amount}` : ''}${detail ? `<small>${escapeMissionText(detail)}</small>` : ''}</td><td>${escapeMissionText(payload.type || 'UNSPECIFIED')}</td><td>${escapeMissionText(payload.destination || launch.orbit?.name || 'UNAVAILABLE')}</td></tr>`;
+          return `<tr><td>${escapeMissionText(payload.name)}${payload.amount > 1 ? ` ×${payload.amount}` : ''}${detail ? `<small>${escapeMissionText(detail)}</small>` : ''}</td><td>${escapeMissionText(payload.type || t('UNSPECIFIED'))}</td><td>${escapeMissionText(payload.destination || launch.orbit?.name || t('UNAVAILABLE'))}</td></tr>`;
         })
       : [];
     if (launch.payloads.length > 5) {
       payloadRows.push(
-        `<tr><td colspan="3" class="mission-table-empty">+${launch.payloads.length - 5} additional payload records</td></tr>`,
+        `<tr><td colspan="3" class="mission-table-empty">${t('+{count} additional payload records', { count: launch.payloads.length - 5 })}</td></tr>`,
       );
     }
     layerState._missionPanel.querySelector(
       '[data-mission-payloads]',
-    ).innerHTML = missionTableRows(payloadRows, 3, 'PAYLOAD DATA UNAVAILABLE');
+    ).innerHTML = missionTableRows(
+      payloadRows,
+      3,
+      t('PAYLOAD DATA UNAVAILABLE'),
+    );
     const stageRows = launch.recoveryStages.map((stage) => {
       const endpoint = stage.endpoint;
       const destination =
         stage.destination ||
         (endpoint?.accuracy === 'PAD / RTLS'
           ? launch.launchSite
-          : 'UNAVAILABLE');
+          : t('UNAVAILABLE'));
       const position = endpoint
         ? `${endpoint.lat.toFixed(2)}, ${endpoint.lon.toFixed(2)} · ${endpoint.accuracy}`
         : stage.downrangeKm > 0
-          ? `${stage.downrangeKm.toLocaleString()} KM DOWNRANGE`
-          : 'POSITION UNAVAILABLE';
+          ? t('{value} KM DOWNRANGE', {
+              value: stage.downrangeKm.toLocaleString(),
+            })
+          : t('POSITION UNAVAILABLE');
       const stageDetail = [
         Number.isFinite(stage.flightNumber)
-          ? `FLIGHT ${stage.flightNumber}`
+          ? t('FLIGHT {count}', {
+              count: stage.flightNumber,
+            })
           : null,
-        stage.reused ? 'REUSED' : null,
+        stage.reused ? t('REUSED') : null,
         stage.recoveryType,
       ]
         .filter(Boolean)
@@ -254,7 +271,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       return `<tr><td>${escapeMissionText(stage.name)}${stageDetail ? `<small>${escapeMissionText(stageDetail)}</small>` : ''}</td><td>${escapeMissionText(stage.status)}</td><td>${escapeMissionText(destination)}<small>${escapeMissionText(position)}</small></td></tr>`;
     });
     layerState._missionPanel.querySelector('[data-mission-stages]').innerHTML =
-      missionTableRows(stageRows, 3, 'NO STAGE RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY DATA');
+      missionTableRows(stageRows, 3, t('NO STAGE RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY DATA'));
     const stageSection = layerState._missionPanel.querySelector(
       '[data-mission-stages-section]',
     );
@@ -281,7 +298,10 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const count = layerState._missionRoster.querySelector(
       '[data-mission-roster-count]',
     );
-    if (count) count.textContent = `${layerState._launches.length} / 30D`;
+    if (count)
+      count.textContent = t('{count} / 30D', {
+        count: layerState._launches.length,
+      });
     if (!list) return;
     const focusSnapshot = captureMissionRosterFocus(list);
     layerState._missionRosterPreviewOwnership?.reset();
@@ -289,8 +309,7 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       layerState._launches,
     );
     if (!entries.length) {
-      list.innerHTML =
-        '<div class="space-mission-roster-empty">NO MISSIONS AVAILABLE IN THE CURRENT 30-DAY WINDOW</div>';
+      list.innerHTML = `<div class="space-mission-roster-empty">${t('NO MISSIONS AVAILABLE IN THE CURRENT 30-DAY WINDOW')}</div>`;
       restoreMissionRosterFocus(
         list,
         focusSnapshot,
@@ -303,12 +322,12 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     list.innerHTML = entries
       .map(({ launch, index }) => {
         const color = parts.model.missionMarkerColor(launch).toCssColorString();
-        const date = launch.launchTime?.slice(0, 10) || 'DATE UNAVAILABLE';
-        const provider = launch.provider || 'UNSPECIFIED OPERATOR';
+        const date = launch.launchTime?.slice(0, 10) || t('DATE UNAVAILABLE');
+        const provider = launch.provider || t('UNSPECIFIED OPERATOR');
         const label = parts.overlays
           .shortMissionLabel(launch.name, 27)
           .toUpperCase();
-        return `<button type="button" class="space-mission-roster-item" data-mission-roster-index="${index}" data-mission-roster-id="${escapeMissionText(launch.id)}" aria-label="Select ${escapeMissionText(label)}"><span class="space-mission-roster-marker" style="--mission-roster-color:${color}" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="space-mission-roster-copy"><strong>${escapeMissionText(label)}</strong><small>${escapeMissionText(provider)} · ${escapeMissionText(date)}</small></span><span class="space-mission-roster-chevron" aria-hidden="true">›</span></button>`;
+        return `<button type="button" class="space-mission-roster-item" data-mission-roster-index="${index}" data-mission-roster-id="${escapeMissionText(launch.id)}" aria-label="${escapeMissionText(t('Select {mission}', { mission: label }))}"><span class="space-mission-roster-marker" style="--mission-roster-color:${color}" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="space-mission-roster-copy"><strong>${escapeMissionText(label)}</strong><small>${escapeMissionText(provider)} · ${escapeMissionText(date)}</small></span><span class="space-mission-roster-chevron" aria-hidden="true">›</span></button>`;
       })
       .join('');
     list.querySelectorAll('[data-mission-roster-index]').forEach((button) => {
@@ -365,7 +384,11 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     setMissionPanelField(
       '[data-mission-distance]',
       Number.isFinite(altitudeM)
-        ? `${Math.max(0, altitudeM / 1000).toLocaleString(undefined, { maximumFractionDigits: 0 })} KM`
+        ? t('{value} KM', {
+            value: Math.max(0, altitudeM / 1000).toLocaleString(undefined, {
+              maximumFractionDigits: 0,
+            }),
+          })
         : null,
     );
     const speedMps = layerState._satelliteTelemetry.get(
@@ -374,7 +397,12 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     setMissionPanelField(
       '[data-mission-speed]',
       Number.isFinite(speedMps)
-        ? `${(speedMps / 1000).toLocaleString(undefined, { minimumFractionDigits: 2, maximumFractionDigits: 2 })} KM/S`
+        ? t('{value} KM/S', {
+            value: (speedMps / 1000).toLocaleString(undefined, {
+              minimumFractionDigits: 2,
+              maximumFractionDigits: 2,
+            }),
+          })
         : null,
       Number.isFinite(speedMps)
         ? `${(speedMps * 3.6).toLocaleString(undefined, { maximumFractionDigits: 0 })} km/h`
@@ -450,16 +478,16 @@ export function createPanel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     layerState._missionPanel.className = 'context-space-mission-detail';
     layerState._missionPanel.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
-      'Selected Space Mission',
+      t('Selected Space Mission'),
     );
-    layerState._missionPanel.innerHTML = `<div class="space-mission-view-header"><span>SELECTED SPACE MISSION</span><button type="button" data-mission-close title="Show all missions" aria-label="Deselect mission">×</button></div><div class="space-mission-detail"><strong data-mission-title>MISSION</strong><span data-mission-field data-mission-provider></span><span data-mission-field>STATUS · <b data-mission-status></b></span><span data-mission-field>LAUNCH SITE · <b data-mission-site></b></span><span data-mission-field>LAUNCH TIME · <b data-mission-time></b></span><span data-mission-field>ORBIT · <b data-mission-orbit></b></span><span>ASCENT PATH · <b data-mission-ascent-source></b></span><span data-mission-field>CURRENT DISTANCE FROM EARTH · <b data-mission-distance></b></span><span data-mission-field>SATELLITE SPEED · <b data-mission-speed></b></span></div><section class="mission-data-section"><h4>PAYLOAD</h4><div class="mission-table-scroll"><table class="mission-data-table"><thead><tr><th>NAME</th><th>TYPE</th><th>DESTINATION</th></tr></thead><tbody data-mission-payloads></tbody></table></div></section><section class="mission-data-section" data-mission-stages-section><h4>STAGE / RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY</h4><div class="mission-table-scroll"><table class="mission-data-table"><thead><tr><th>STAGE</th><th>STATUS</th><th>FINAL POSITION</th></tr></thead><tbody data-mission-stages></tbody></table></div></section><div class="mission-replay-speed-control"><div class="mission-replay-speed-header"><label for="space-mission-replay-speed">REPLAY SPEED</label><output class="gev-slider-value" for="space-mission-replay-speed" data-mission-replay-speed-output>1×</output></div><input id="space-mission-replay-speed" class="gev-quantitative-slider" type="range" min="0.25" max="4" step="0.25" value="1" data-mission-replay-speed aria-label="Replay speed multiplier"><div class="mission-replay-speed-scale" aria-hidden="true"><span>0.25×</span><span>1×</span><span>4×</span></div></div><div class="mission-action-row"><button type="button" class="mission-focus-button" data-mission-focus>FOCUS</button><button type="button" class="mission-replay-button" data-mission-replay aria-pressed="false">REPLAY ASCENT</button></div><div class="space-mission-nav"><button type="button" class="mission-nav-button" data-mission-prev title="Previous mission"><span aria-hidden="true">‹</span> PREV</button><span class="mission-nav-index" data-mission-index>—</span><button type="button" class="mission-nav-button" data-mission-next title="Next mission">NEXT <span aria-hidden="true">›</span></button></div><button type="button" class="panel-layer-toggle" data-mission-show-all>SHOW ALL / DESELECT</button>`;
+    layerState._missionPanel.innerHTML = `<div class="space-mission-view-header"><span>${t('SELECTED SPACE MISSION')}</span><button type="button" data-mission-close title="${t('Show all missions')}" aria-label="${t('Deselect mission')}">×</button></div><div class="space-mission-detail"><strong data-mission-title>${t('MISSION')}</strong><span data-mission-field data-mission-provider></span><span data-mission-field>${t('STATUS · ')}<b data-mission-status></b></span><span data-mission-field>${t('LAUNCH SITE · ')}<b data-mission-site></b></span><span data-mission-field>${t('LAUNCH TIME · ')}<b data-mission-time></b></span><span data-mission-field>${t('ORBIT · ')}<b data-mission-orbit></b></span><span>${t('ASCENT PATH · ')}<b data-mission-ascent-source></b></span><span data-mission-field>${t('CURRENT DISTANCE FROM EARTH · ')}<b data-mission-distance></b></span><span data-mission-field>${t('SATELLITE SPEED · ')}<b data-mission-speed></b></span></div><section class="mission-data-section"><h4>${t('PAYLOAD')}</h4><div class="mission-table-scroll"><table class="mission-data-table"><thead><tr><th>${t('NAME')}</th><th>${t('TYPE')}</th><th>${t('DESTINATION')}</th></tr></thead><tbody data-mission-payloads></tbody></table></div></section><section class="mission-data-section" data-mission-stages-section><h4>${t('STAGE / RE-ENTRY / RECOVERY')}</h4><div class="mission-table-scroll"><table class="mission-data-table"><thead><tr><th>${t('STAGE')}</th><th>${t('STATUS')}</th><th>${t('FINAL POSITION')}</th></tr></thead><tbody data-mission-stages></tbody></table></div></section><div class="mission-replay-speed-control"><div class="mission-replay-speed-header"><label for="space-mission-replay-speed">${t('REPLAY SPEED')}</label><output class="gev-slider-value" for="space-mission-replay-speed" data-mission-replay-speed-output>1×</output></div><input id="space-mission-replay-speed" class="gev-quantitative-slider" type="range" min="0.25" max="4" step="0.25" value="1" data-mission-replay-speed aria-label="${t('Replay speed multiplier')}"><div class="mission-replay-speed-scale" aria-hidden="true"><span>0.25×</span><span>1×</span><span>4×</span></div></div><div class="mission-action-row"><button type="button" class="mission-focus-button" data-mission-focus>${t('FOCUS')}</button><button type="button" class="mission-replay-button" data-mission-replay aria-pressed="false">${t('REPLAY ASCENT')}</button></div><div class="space-mission-nav"><button type="button" class="mission-nav-button" data-mission-prev title="${t('Previous mission')}"><span aria-hidden="true">‹</span> ${t('PREV')}</button><span class="mission-nav-index" data-mission-index>—</span><button type="button" class="mission-nav-button" data-mission-next title="${t('Next mission')}">${t('NEXT')} <span aria-hidden="true">›</span></button></div><button type="button" class="panel-layer-toggle" data-mission-show-all>${t('SHOW ALL / DESELECT')}</button>`;
     layerState._missionPanel
       .querySelector('.mission-action-row')
       .insertAdjacentHTML(
         'beforeend',
         `<div class="mission-replay-transport" data-mission-replay-transport hidden>
-      <button type="button" data-mission-replay-toggle title="Pause replay" aria-label="Pause replay">Ⅱ</button>
-      <button type="button" class="cancel" data-mission-replay-cancel title="Cancel replay" aria-label="Cancel replay"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button>
+      <button type="button" data-mission-replay-toggle title="${t('Pause replay')}" aria-label="${t('Pause replay')}">Ⅱ</button>
+      <button type="button" class="cancel" data-mission-replay-cancel title="${t('Cancel replay')}" aria-label="${t('Cancel replay')}"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button>
     </div>`,
       );
     host.appendChild(layerState._missionPanel);
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/paths.js b/src/layers/launches/paths.js
index 72819ffb8..84ef62d61 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/paths.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/paths.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   EARTH_ROTATION_RAD_PER_SEC,
   PROJECTED_ASCENT_ROTATION_SEC,
@@ -521,7 +522,7 @@ export function createPaths({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     return {
       lat: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(lat),
       lon: Cesium.Math.toDegrees(Cesium.Math.negativePiToPi(lon)),
-      accuracy: 'EST. DOWNRANGE',
+      accuracy: t('EST. DOWNRANGE'),
     };
   }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js b/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js
index c3cf77c07..d4539289a 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/policyHelpers.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   SATELLITE_STANDALONE_DEFAULTS,
   LAUNCH_PAD_ZONE_MAX_CAMERA_HEIGHT_M,
@@ -76,14 +77,14 @@ export function createPolicyHelpers({
       : 0;
     return {
       orbit: orbitName
-        ? `${orbitAllowed ? '' : 'PLANNED · '}${orbitName}`
+        ? `${orbitAllowed ? '' : t('PLANNED · ')}${orbitName}`
         : null,
       ascent:
         suppliedTrajectoryPoints > 1
-          ? 'SUPPLIED TRAJECTORY POINTS'
+          ? t('SUPPLIED TRAJECTORY POINTS')
           : replayAvailable
-            ? 'RECONSTRUCTED ESTIMATE'
-            : 'UNAVAILABLE',
+            ? t('RECONSTRUCTED ESTIMATE')
+            : t('UNAVAILABLE'),
       replayAvailable: Boolean(replayAvailable),
     };
   }
@@ -196,7 +197,8 @@ export function createPolicyHelpers({
 
   function formatMissionEventTime(launchTime) {
     const date = new Date(launchTime);
-    if (!launchTime || !Number.isFinite(date.getTime())) return 'UNAVAILABLE';
+    if (!launchTime || !Number.isFinite(date.getTime()))
+      return t('UNAVAILABLE');
     return `${date.toISOString().slice(0, 10)}\n${date.toISOString().slice(11, 19)} UTC`;
   }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/replay.js b/src/layers/launches/replay.js
index e6cbff98b..5354996bd 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/replay.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/replay.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   REPLAY_ASCENT_FALLBACK_SEC,
   REPLAY_ASCENT_MIN_SEC,
@@ -200,10 +201,10 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     if (speedControl) speedControl.hidden = !replayAvailable;
     button.hidden = active || !replayAvailable;
     button.disabled = !replayAvailable;
-    button.textContent = 'REPLAY ASCENT';
+    button.textContent = t('REPLAY ASCENT');
     button.classList.remove('active');
     button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(active));
-    button.title = 'Replay the estimated ascent with a following camera';
+    button.title = t('Replay the estimated ascent with a following camera');
     if (transport) {
       transport.hidden = !active;
       transport.classList.toggle(
@@ -218,11 +219,11 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         toggleButton.textContent = layerState._replayPaused ? '▶' : 'Ⅱ';
         toggleButton.setAttribute(
           'aria-label',
-          layerState._replayPaused ? 'Resume replay' : 'Pause replay',
+          layerState._replayPaused ? t('Resume replay') : t('Pause replay'),
         );
         toggleButton.title = layerState._replayPaused
-          ? 'Resume replay'
-          : 'Pause replay';
+          ? t('Resume replay')
+          : t('Pause replay');
       }
     }
   }
@@ -233,17 +234,19 @@ export function createReplay({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     );
     if (!transport || !layerState._replayCameraLaunchId) return;
     const phase = state.countdownActive
-      ? `T minus ${state.countdownSeconds}`
+      ? t('T minus {seconds}', {
+          seconds: state.countdownSeconds,
+        })
       : state.preCountdownActive
-        ? 'Preparing launch site'
+        ? t('Preparing launch site')
         : state.elapsedSinceStart < 1
-          ? 'Liftoff'
+          ? t('Liftoff')
           : state.ascending
-            ? 'Ascent replay'
-            : 'Orbit replay';
+            ? t('Ascent replay')
+            : t('Orbit replay');
     transport.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
-      `${phase}${layerState._replayPaused ? ', paused' : ''}`,
+      `${phase}${layerState._replayPaused ? t(', paused') : ''}`,
     );
   }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/launches/source.js b/src/layers/launches/source.js
index 2779e7d81..2e2833cca 100644
--- a/src/layers/launches/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/launches/source.js
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+// A portable export (package.json): no i18n here. Failures stay English data;
+// the Layers panel shows them translated.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /** Read launch records and their optional active-orbit catalog with explicit cancellation. */
 export function createLaunchSource({
   fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
@@ -10,7 +14,7 @@ export function createLaunchSource({
     const payload = await response.json();
     signal?.throwIfAborted();
     if (!Array.isArray(payload) && !Array.isArray(payload?.results))
-      throw new Error('Malformed launch snapshot');
+      throw new Error(msg('Malformed launch snapshot'));
     return {
       payload,
       stale: response.headers?.get?.('x-gev-cache') === 'STALE-ERROR',
diff --git a/src/layers/localAdsb/card.i18n.test.mjs b/src/layers/localAdsb/card.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d8826dba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/localAdsb/card.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// The Local ADS-B click card follows the UI language; English keeps its
+// wording (index.test.mjs pins the full English card).
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { localAdsbCardModel, localAdsbSourceText } from './card.js';
+
+const record = {
+  icao: 'abc123',
+  callsign: '',
+  altitudeFt: 12500,
+  groundSpeedKt: 240,
+  trackDeg: 90,
+  verticalRateFpm: -1200,
+  lastPositionAt: 1000,
+  messageCount: 48,
+  bands: ['1090'],
+  sources: ['webusb', 'feed'],
+};
+
+test('en: the local ADS-B card keeps its English wording', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.deepEqual(localAdsbCardModel(record, 5000).details, [
+    'ICAO ABC123 · NO CALLSIGN',
+    'ALT 12,500 FT · GS 240 KT · TRK 90°',
+    'V/S -1,200 FPM',
+    'POSITION 4 S AGO · 48 MSGS',
+    'Heard by your receiver · 1090 MHz · browser SDR + decoder feed',
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(
+    localAdsbSourceText(record),
+    'Your RTL-SDR receiver and decoder feed',
+  );
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: the local ADS-B card is in the UI language`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const text = [
+        ...localAdsbCardModel(record, 5000).details,
+        localAdsbSourceText(record),
+      ].join(' | ');
+      for (const english of [
+        'NO CALLSIGN',
+        'GS ',
+        'POSITION',
+        'AGO',
+        'MSGS',
+        'Heard by',
+        'browser SDR',
+        'decoder feed',
+        'Your RTL-SDR',
+        '12,500',
+      ])
+        assert.ok(
+          !text.includes(english),
+          `${locale}: "${english}" in ${text}`,
+        );
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+test('the class line names the aircraft class in the UI language', async () => {
+  const { localAdsbClassLine } = await import('./card.js');
+  const { AIRCRAFT_CLASS_LABELS } = await import('../../data/aircraftClass.js');
+  const heli = { category: 'A7' };
+  try {
+    setLocale('en');
+    assert.equal(
+      localAdsbClassLine(heli, { klass: 'helicopter', evidence: true }),
+      'Helicopter · A7',
+    );
+    for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+      setLocale(locale);
+      for (const [klass, label] of Object.entries(AIRCRAFT_CLASS_LABELS)) {
+        const line = localAdsbClassLine({}, { klass, evidence: true });
+        assert.ok(line, `${locale}: ${klass} has a class line`);
+        assert.notEqual(line, label, `${locale}: "${label}" is in English`);
+      }
+    }
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+// The receiver bands follow the UI language too ("1090 МГц").
+test('ru: the receiver line names the bands in Russian', async () => {
+  const { localAdsbReceiverLine } = await import('./card.js');
+  setLocale('ru');
+  try {
+    const line = localAdsbReceiverLine({ ...record, bands: ['1090', '978'] });
+    assert.match(line, /· 1090 МГц \+ 978 МГц UAT ·/);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(line, /MHz/);
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/localAdsb/card.js b/src/layers/localAdsb/card.js
index c656bd9fe..1b0122925 100644
--- a/src/layers/localAdsb/card.js
+++ b/src/layers/localAdsb/card.js
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 import { AIRCRAFT_CLASS_LABELS } from '../../data/aircraftClass.js';
-import {
-  BAND_LABELS,
-  HEARD_BY_RECEIVER,
-  LOCAL_ADSB_COLOR,
-  SOURCE_LABELS,
-} from './policy.js';
+import { formatNumber, t, tn } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { BAND_LABELS, LOCAL_ADSB_COLOR, SOURCE_LABELS } from './policy.js';
 
 const DASH = '—';
 
@@ -14,7 +10,7 @@ function rounded(value, digits = 0) {
 }
 
 function grouped(value) {
-  return value === null ? DASH : value.toLocaleString('en-US');
+  return value === null ? DASH : formatNumber(value);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -55,17 +51,37 @@ export function localAdsbIsUat(record) {
  * @returns {string}
  */
 export function localAdsbReceiverLine(record) {
-  const bands = recordBands(record)
-    .map((band) => BAND_LABELS[band])
-    .filter(Boolean);
-  const sources = recordSources(record)
-    .map((source) => SOURCE_LABELS[source])
-    .filter(Boolean);
-  return [HEARD_BY_RECEIVER, bands.join(' + '), sources.join(' + ')]
+  const bands = recordBands(record).map(bandLabel).filter(Boolean);
+  const sources = recordSources(record).map(sourceLabel).filter(Boolean);
+  return [t('Heard by your receiver'), bands.join(' + '), sources.join(' + ')]
     .filter(Boolean)
     .join(' · ');
 }
 
+/** A receiver band (policy.js BAND_LABELS) in the UI language: "1090 МГц". */
+function bandLabel(band) {
+  switch (String(band)) {
+    case '1090':
+      return t('1090 MHz');
+    case '978':
+      return t('978 MHz UAT');
+    default:
+      return BAND_LABELS[band];
+  }
+}
+
+/** A receiver source (policy.js SOURCE_LABELS) in the UI language. */
+function sourceLabel(source) {
+  switch (source) {
+    case 'webusb':
+      return t('browser SDR');
+    case 'feed':
+      return t('decoder feed');
+    default:
+      return SOURCE_LABELS[source];
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Where a heard aircraft came from, for the entity context's source field.
  * @param {object} record Local ADS-B record.
@@ -74,9 +90,9 @@ export function localAdsbReceiverLine(record) {
 export function localAdsbSourceText(record) {
   const sources = recordSources(record);
   if (sources.includes('webusb') && sources.includes('feed'))
-    return 'Your RTL-SDR receiver and decoder feed';
-  if (sources.includes('feed')) return 'Your decoder feed';
-  return 'Your RTL-SDR receiver';
+    return t('Your RTL-SDR receiver and decoder feed');
+  if (sources.includes('feed')) return t('Your decoder feed');
+  return t('Your RTL-SDR receiver');
 }
 
 /**
@@ -89,7 +105,7 @@ export function localAdsbSourceText(record) {
 export function localAdsbClassLine(record, aircraftClass = {}) {
   if (!aircraftClass.evidence) return '';
   const label = AIRCRAFT_CLASS_LABELS[aircraftClass.klass];
-  return [label, record?.category].filter(Boolean).join(' · ');
+  return [label && t(label), record?.category].filter(Boolean).join(' · ');
 }
 
 /**
@@ -129,13 +145,26 @@ export function localAdsbCardModel(
   return {
     title: localAdsbTitle(record),
     details: [
-      `ICAO ${icao} · ${record?.callsign || 'NO CALLSIGN'}`,
+      `ICAO ${icao} · ${record?.callsign || t('NO CALLSIGN')}`,
       localAdsbClassLine(record, aircraftClass || {}),
       identity,
       routeLine,
-      `ALT ${grouped(altitude)} FT · GS ${speed === null ? DASH : speed} KT · TRK ${track === null ? DASH : `${track}°`}`,
-      `V/S ${vertical === null ? DASH : `${vertical > 0 ? '+' : ''}${grouped(vertical)} FPM`}`,
-      `POSITION ${ageS === null ? DASH : `${ageS} S AGO`} · ${messages} ${messages === 1 ? 'MSG' : 'MSGS'}`,
+      t('ALT {altitude} FT · GS {speed} KT · TRK {track}', {
+        altitude: grouped(altitude),
+        speed: speed === null ? DASH : speed,
+        track: track === null ? DASH : `${track}°`,
+      }),
+      vertical === null
+        ? t('V/S {rate}', { rate: DASH })
+        : t('V/S {rate} FPM', {
+            rate: `${vertical > 0 ? '+' : ''}${grouped(vertical)}`,
+          }),
+      [
+        ageS === null
+          ? t('POSITION {age}', { age: DASH })
+          : t('POSITION {seconds} S AGO', { seconds: ageS }),
+        tn(messages, '{count} MSG', '{count} MSGS'),
+      ].join(' · '),
       localAdsbReceiverLine(record),
     ].filter(Boolean),
     accent: LOCAL_ADSB_COLOR,
diff --git a/src/layers/localAdsb/status.js b/src/layers/localAdsb/status.js
index 6d5c523e2..d264c5e15 100644
--- a/src/layers/localAdsb/status.js
+++ b/src/layers/localAdsb/status.js
@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
 import { localReceiverFeedName } from './feedNames.js';
 import { LAYER_SOURCE } from './policy.js';
 
+// Marks English that the Layers panel translates when it shows the status.
+// Texts with a number or a feed name stay English data too; the panel shows
+// them through STATUS_PIECE_PATTERNS (ui/statusText.js), piece by piece.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /**
  * Layers-panel status for Local ADS-B, from its two inputs: the browser
  * WebUSB receiver and the server's decoder feeds. Pure; no DOM or Cesium.
  */
 
-export const FEED_SOURCE = 'Decoder feeds';
-export const COMBINED_SOURCE = 'WebUSB + decoder feeds';
+export const FEED_SOURCE = msg('Decoder feeds');
+export const COMBINED_SOURCE = msg('WebUSB + decoder feeds');
 
 function plural(count, one, many) {
   return count === 1 ? one : many;
@@ -48,25 +53,29 @@ function webUsbStatus(receiver, heard, feedState) {
   if (receiver.status === 'error')
     return { status: 'error', error: receiver.message };
   if (receiver.status === 'connecting' || receiver.status === 'tuning')
-    return { loading: true, loadingLabel: 'opening receiver' };
+    return { loading: true, loadingLabel: msg('opening receiver') };
   if (
     feedState?.polling &&
     feedState.configured === null &&
     !receiver.connected
   )
-    return { loading: true, loadingLabel: 'checking decoder feeds' };
+    return { loading: true, loadingLabel: msg('checking decoder feeds') };
   if (!receiver.webUsbSupported)
     return {
       status: 'idle',
-      statusMessage: 'WebUSB needs desktop Chrome or Edge',
+      statusMessage: msg('WebUSB needs desktop Chrome or Edge'),
     };
   if (!receiver.connected)
-    return { status: 'idle', statusMessage: 'connect a receiver in Radio' };
+    return {
+      status: 'idle',
+      statusMessage: msg('connect a receiver in Radio'),
+    };
   if (receiver.mode !== 'adsb')
-    return { status: 'idle', statusMessage: 'receiver is in FM mode' };
+    return { status: 'idle', statusMessage: msg('receiver is in FM mode') };
   const rate = Number.isFinite(receiver.messagesPerSecond)
     ? `${receiver.messagesPerSecond} msg/s`
-    : 'listening';
+    : msg('listening');
+  // i18n-ignore: English data, shown through STATUS_PIECE_PATTERNS
   return { status: 'streaming', loadingLabel: `${heard} heard · ${rate}` };
 }
 
@@ -97,7 +106,7 @@ export function localAdsbStatus({ receiver, feedState, heard }) {
   const source = usbActive ? COMBINED_SOURCE : FEED_SOURCE;
   const live = feedState.feeds.filter((feed) => feed.status === 'live');
   const problems = [describeFeedProblems(feedState.feeds)].filter(Boolean);
-  if (usbActive && receiver.status === 'error') problems.push('USB error');
+  if (usbActive && receiver.status === 'error') problems.push(msg('USB error'));
   const rate =
     usbActive &&
     receiver.status !== 'error' &&
@@ -109,6 +118,7 @@ export function localAdsbStatus({ receiver, feedState, heard }) {
     return {
       source,
       status: 'streaming',
+      // i18n-ignore: English data, shown through STATUS_PIECE_PATTERNS
       loadingLabel: `${live.length} ${plural(live.length, 'feed', 'feeds')} live · ${heardText}${rate}`,
     };
   }
diff --git a/src/layers/localAdsb/statusLocale.test.mjs b/src/layers/localAdsb/statusLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fe8245db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/localAdsb/statusLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// The Local ADS-B row's working texts ("3 heard · 5.8 msg/s", "listening",
+// "USB error", feed problems, even as the whole error) read in the UI language.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { LayerPanel } from '../../ui/layerPanel.js';
+import { localAdsbStatus } from './status.js';
+
+const streaming = {
+  webUsbSupported: true,
+  connected: true,
+  mode: 'adsb',
+  status: 'streaming',
+  messagesPerSecond: 5.8,
+};
+
+const idle = {
+  webUsbSupported: true,
+  connected: false,
+  mode: 'adsb',
+  status: 'idle',
+};
+
+function rowFor(status, count) {
+  return LayerPanel.prototype._buildMetaText({
+    id: 'local-adsb',
+    enabled: true,
+    stats: { count, lastUpdate: Date.now(), ...status },
+  });
+}
+
+function inLocale(locale, run) {
+  setLocale(locale);
+  try {
+    run();
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+}
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: the streaming Local ADS-B row is translated`, () => {
+    inLocale(locale, () => {
+      const row = rowFor(
+        localAdsbStatus({ receiver: streaming, feedState: null, heard: 3 }),
+        3,
+      );
+      assert.doesNotMatch(row, /\bheard\b/, row);
+    });
+  });
+
+  for (const status of ['unreachable', 'invalid']) {
+    test(`${locale}: a lone ${status} decoder feed with nothing heard is translated`, () => {
+      inLocale(locale, () => {
+        const st = localAdsbStatus({
+          receiver: idle,
+          feedState: {
+            configured: true,
+            feeds: [{ id: 'a', label: '1090', band: '1090', status }],
+          },
+          heard: 0,
+        });
+        const row = rowFor(st, 0);
+        assert.doesNotMatch(row, /\b(unreachable|invalid)\b/, row);
+      });
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/military/ingestion.js b/src/layers/military/ingestion.js
index ee3dbc2d1..9777b1831 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/ingestion.js
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import { ERROR_BACKOFF_INTERVAL } from './recordPolicy.js';
 
+// Marks English the Layers panel translates when it shows the error. Kept
+// local: this module stays free of browser globals (package boundaries).
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /** Own military source acquisition, cancellation, freshness and error backoff. */
 export function createIngestion({
   feed,
@@ -42,7 +46,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
         feed._lastError =
           snapshot.reason ||
           (snapshot.freshness === 'unknown'
-            ? 'Source snapshot time unavailable'
+            ? msg('Source snapshot time unavailable')
             : null);
         const accepted = applySnapshot(snapshot, viewer);
         feed._count = accepted.count;
@@ -69,7 +73,9 @@ export function createIngestion({
           setSourceLabel(feed._lastSource);
         }
         feed._lastError =
-          e?.name === 'LiveSourceError' ? e.message : 'Live data unavailable';
+          e?.name === 'LiveSourceError'
+            ? e.message
+            : msg('Live data unavailable');
       } finally {
         feed._activeUpdateControllers.delete(resourceController);
       }
diff --git a/src/layers/military/queries.js b/src/layers/military/queries.js
index ee11f811f..9c106e927 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/queries.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { displayedKinematics } from '../../data/motionModel.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { isExplicitLayerStateOrigin } from '../../data/layerState.js';
 import { aircraftIncludedInNearby } from '../../data/aircraftNearbyPolicy.js';
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ export function createQueries({
    */
 
   function _formatAltitude(altitudeFt) {
-    if (!Number.isFinite(altitudeFt)) return 'Alt unknown';
+    if (!Number.isFinite(altitudeFt)) return t('Alt unknown');
     return `${Math.round(altitudeFt)} ft`;
   }
 
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ export function createQueries({
    * Build a public descriptor for one aircraft using its best current position
    * (dead-reckoned when history exists, billboard position otherwise).
    * @param {string} icao24 - ICAO hex identifier of the aircraft.
-   * @returns {{icao24: string, callsign: string|null, position: Cesium.Cartesian3, latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number, velocityMps: number|null, track: number|null}|null}
+   * @returns {{icao24: string, callsign: string|null, position: Cesium.Cartesian3, latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number, velocityMps: number|null, track: number|null, verticalRateMps: number|null}|null}
    *   Descriptor with a cloned position, or null if the aircraft is unknown.
    */
 
@@ -130,6 +131,13 @@ export function createQueries({
       onGround: info?.onGround === true,
       velocityMps: displayed.speedMps,
       track: displayed.trackDeg,
+      // Same field, same name, same null-when-absent rule as the civil
+      // descriptor — the two layers store the record under different keys
+      // (`verticalRateMps` here, `verticalRate` there), so only the mapping
+      // makes `resolveTrackedAircraftInfo` hand back one shape for both.
+      verticalRateMps: Number.isFinite(info?.verticalRateMps)
+        ? info.verticalRateMps
+        : null,
       stale: Boolean(
         flightState.records.missingPolls.get(icao24) ||
         flightState.feed._backoff,
@@ -776,7 +784,7 @@ export function createQueries({
 
     /**
      * Describe the currently tracked aircraft at its dead-reckoned position.
-     * @returns {{icao24: string, callsign: string|null, latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number, velocityMps: number|null, track: number|null}|null}
+     * @returns {{icao24: string, callsign: string|null, latitude: number, longitude: number, altitudeM: number, velocityMps: number|null, track: number|null, verticalRateMps: number|null}|null}
      *   Tracked aircraft info, or null when nothing is tracked.
      */
     getTrackedInfo() {
diff --git a/src/layers/military/records.js b/src/layers/military/records.js
index 9cd6754e6..05d91ccf0 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/records.js
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ export class MilitaryFlightRecords {
           ? prevMeta.altitudeFt * 0.3048
           : 0
         : 3048);
-    const track = aircraft.courseDeg || 0;
-    const speedMps = aircraft.speedMps ?? 0;
     const verticalRateMps = aircraft.verticalRateMps;
     const callsign = aircraft.callsign;
     const type = aircraft.typeCode;
@@ -148,8 +146,15 @@ export class MilitaryFlightRecords {
       // altitudeFt/baro).
       geoAltitudeM,
       renderAltitudeM,
-      speedMps: stickyNumber(speedMps, prevMeta?.speedMps, null),
-      track: stickyNumber(track, prevMeta?.track, null),
+      // A poll that omits track/speed holds the last values, like the civil
+      // records; 0 only until one is known. A grounded row without a speed
+      // reads 0, so a parked plane never coasts at its landing speed.
+      speedMps: stickyNumber(
+        aircraft.speedMps,
+        onGround ? 0 : prevMeta?.speedMps,
+        0,
+      ),
+      track: stickyNumber(aircraft.courseDeg, prevMeta?.track, 0),
       // Analyst seam (additive): sticky like the other kinematics.
       verticalRateMps: stickyNumber(
         verticalRateMps,
diff --git a/src/layers/military/records.test.mjs b/src/layers/military/records.test.mjs
index 5054fb28a..ce00c7761 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/records.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/military/records.test.mjs
@@ -114,3 +114,39 @@ test('military emergency status follows the latest poll instead of sticking', ()
   );
   assert.equal(next.meta.emergency, null);
 });
+
+test('military records hold the last track and speed when a poll omits them', () => {
+  const records = store();
+  records.receive(observation({ courseDeg: 270, speedMps: 200 }), context());
+  const missing = records.receive(
+    observation({ courseDeg: null, speedMps: null }),
+    context(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(missing.meta.track, 270);
+  assert.equal(missing.meta.speedMps, 200);
+  const north = records.receive(
+    observation({ courseDeg: 0, speedMps: 0 }),
+    context(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(north.meta.track, 0);
+  assert.equal(north.meta.speedMps, 0);
+  const unseen = store().receive(
+    observation({ courseDeg: undefined, speedMps: undefined }),
+    context(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(unseen.meta.track, 0);
+  assert.equal(unseen.meta.speedMps, 0);
+  const landing = store();
+  landing.receive(observation({ courseDeg: 90, speedMps: 70 }), context());
+  const parked = landing.receive(
+    observation({
+      onGround: true,
+      baroAltitudeM: null,
+      courseDeg: null,
+      speedMps: null,
+    }),
+    context(),
+  );
+  assert.equal(parked.meta.speedMps, 0);
+  assert.equal(parked.meta.track, 90);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/military/tracking.js b/src/layers/military/tracking.js
index 5723ac39e..8a440a54f 100644
--- a/src/layers/military/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/military/tracking.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { nextCockpitNearContacts } from '../../data/cockpitAirLod.js';
 import { aircraftIcon, TRACKED_ICON_PX } from '../../data/aircraftIcons.js';
 import { trackedModelZoomActive } from '../../data/trackedModelRegime.js';
@@ -124,6 +125,7 @@ export function createTracking({
         icao24,
         // Honesty cue: the contact is coasting on dead reckoning, so the
         // narrated position/velocity are last-known rather than live.
+        // i18n-ignore: voice-context data, English for the model
         status: described.stale ? 'stale (missed polls)' : 'live',
       },
     };
@@ -218,7 +220,7 @@ export function createTracking({
   function _buildTrackedLabel(info, icao24) {
     const stale =
       flightState.records.missingPolls.get(icao24) || flightState.feed._backoff
-        ? ' · STALE'
+        ? ` · ${t('STALE')}`
         : '';
     const callsign =
       (parts.queries._toCleanText(info?.callsign) ||
@@ -228,12 +230,12 @@ export function createTracking({
     // what the Easter egg replaces the real type with.
     const type = tr3bTypeLabel(
       icao24,
-      parts.queries._toCleanText(info?.type) || 'Type unknown',
+      parts.queries._toCleanText(info?.type) || t('Type unknown'),
     );
     const registration =
-      parts.queries._toCleanText(info?.registration) || 'Reg unknown';
+      parts.queries._toCleanText(info?.registration) || t('Reg unknown');
     const operator =
-      parts.queries._toCleanText(info?.operator) || 'Operator unknown';
+      parts.queries._toCleanText(info?.operator) || t('Operator unknown');
     const altitude = parts.queries._formatAltitude(info?.altitudeFt);
     const speedKt = info?.speedMps ? Math.round(info.speedMps * 1.944) : null;
     const tail = speedKt ? `${altitude} · ${speedKt} kt` : altitude;
diff --git a/src/layers/perimeters/cards.i18n.test.mjs b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95fa090a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// The selected-fire card of Fire Perimeters and its accessible
+// label follow the UI language, like the legend of the same layer
+// (perimeters/index.js). cards.test.mjs pins the English card.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { buildIncidentCard } from './cards.js';
+
+const now = Date.UTC(2026, 9, 14);
+const row = {
+  stableId: 'x',
+  name: 'Lake',
+  acres: 1200,
+  containedPct: 40,
+  state: 'CA',
+  discoveredTime: now - 2 * 3600e3,
+  updatedTime: now - 3600e3,
+  cause: 'Human',
+  behavior: 'Moderate',
+  complexity: 'Type 3 Incident',
+  personnel: 1500,
+  county: 'Plumas',
+  costToDate: 4200000,
+  complexName: 'NORTH COMPLEX',
+};
+
+test('en: the fire card keeps its English wording', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const card = buildIncidentCard(row, now, { link: 'https://inciweb.example' });
+  assert.equal(card.title, 'FIRE · Lake');
+  assert.deepEqual(card.details, [
+    '1,200 ac · 40% contained · CA',
+    'part of North Complex',
+    'Human cause · Moderate · Type 3 Incident',
+    '1,500 personnel · Plumas County · $4.2M to date',
+    'discovered 2h ago · updated 1h ago',
+    'InciWeb ↗ · click card to open',
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(card.accessibilityLabel, 'Open FIRE · Lake on InciWeb');
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: selected fire card follows the UI language`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      assert.notEqual(
+        t('Fully contained'),
+        'Fully contained',
+        'legend is translated',
+      );
+      const card = buildIncidentCard(row, now, {
+        link: 'https://inciweb.example',
+      });
+      const text = [card.title, ...card.details, card.accessibilityLabel].join(
+        ' | ',
+      );
+      for (const english of [
+        'FIRE',
+        ' ac ',
+        'contained',
+        'discovered',
+        'updated',
+        'part of',
+        'cause',
+        'personnel',
+        'County',
+        'to date',
+        'click card to open',
+        'Open ',
+      ])
+        assert.ok(
+          !text.includes(english),
+          `${locale}: English "${english}" in ${text}`,
+        );
+      assert.ok(
+        !text.includes('1,200'),
+        `${locale}: en-US grouping in ${text}`,
+      );
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+// Known WFIGS values, the cost and the unnamed title follow the
+// UI language; the row keeps the feed's English for the AI tools.
+const expected = {
+  es: {
+    situation: 'causa: humana · actividad moderada · incidente de tipo 3',
+    cost: '4,2 M$ hasta la fecha',
+    unnamed: 'INCENDIO · Sin nombre',
+  },
+  ru: {
+    situation:
+      'причина: деятельность человека · умеренная активность · инцидент 3-го типа',
+    cost: '4,2 млн $ на сегодня',
+    unnamed: 'ПОЖАР · Без названия',
+  },
+};
+
+for (const [locale, want] of Object.entries(expected)) {
+  test(`${locale}: feed values, cost and unnamed title are localized`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const card = buildIncidentCard(row, now);
+      assert.equal(card.details[2], want.situation);
+      assert.ok(
+        card.details[3].endsWith(want.cost),
+        `${locale}: ${card.details[3]}`,
+      );
+      assert.equal(
+        buildIncidentCard({ ...row, name: '' }, now).title,
+        want.unnamed,
+      );
+      assert.equal(row.cause, 'Human', 'the row keeps the feed value');
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+test('unknown WFIGS values are shown as sent', () => {
+  setLocale('ru');
+  try {
+    const card = buildIncidentCard(
+      {
+        ...row,
+        cause: 'Investigated',
+        behavior: 'Smoldering',
+        complexity: 'Complex Incident',
+      },
+      now,
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      card.details[2],
+      'причина: Investigated · Smoldering · Complex Incident',
+    );
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('en: compact costs keep the dollar prefix', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const cost = (costToDate) =>
+    buildIncidentCard({ ...row, costToDate }, now).details[3].split(' · ')[2];
+  assert.equal(cost(85_000), '$85K to date');
+  assert.equal(cost(999_600), '$1M to date');
+  assert.equal(cost(1_300_000_000), '$1.3B to date');
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js
index 6609d0a73..aef5913ce 100644
--- a/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js
+++ b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 /** Card model for one selected fire-perimeter incident. Pure — no Cesium types. */
+import { formatNumber, t, tn } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const PERIMETER_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID = 'fire-perimeters';
 
@@ -10,20 +11,26 @@ export function containmentAccent(containedPct) {
   return '#8bc34a';
 }
 
-/** Shoelace area (degree², sign dropped) — relative sizes only. */
+/** Shoelace area along short longitude edges (degree², relative sizes only). */
 function ringArea(ring) {
   let sum = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < ring.length - 1; i++) {
-    const [x1, y1] = ring[i];
-    const [x2, y2] = ring[i + 1];
+  let [x1, y1] = ring[0];
+  for (let i = 1; i < ring.length; i++) {
+    let delta = ring[i][0] - ring[i - 1][0];
+    if (delta > 180) delta -= 360;
+    else if (delta < -180) delta += 360;
+    const x2 = x1 + delta;
+    const y2 = ring[i][1];
     sum += x1 * y2 - x2 * y1;
+    x1 = x2;
+    y1 = y2;
   }
   return Math.abs(sum / 2);
 }
 
 /**
- * Anchor point for the incident card: the centroid of the largest polygon's
- * outer ring. Degrees, so callers own the Cartesian conversion.
+ * Anchor point for the incident card: the vertex mean of the largest polygon's
+ * outer ring, with circular longitude. Callers own the Cartesian conversion.
  * @param {Array<Array<Array<[number, number]>>>} polygons - Normalized rows' polygons.
  * @returns {{lon: number, lat: number}}
  */
@@ -40,35 +47,83 @@ export function perimeterAnchorDegrees(polygons) {
   }
   // Vertex mean over the closed ring (first == last point dropped): perimeters
   // are compact enough that this stays inside or near the polygon.
-  let lon = 0;
+  let sinLon = 0;
+  let cosLon = 0;
   let lat = 0;
   const count = best.length - 1;
+  const toRad = Math.PI / 180;
   for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    lon += best[i][0];
+    sinLon += Math.sin(best[i][0] * toRad);
+    cosLon += Math.cos(best[i][0] * toRad);
     lat += best[i][1];
   }
-  return { lon: lon / count, lat: lat / count };
+  return { lon: Math.atan2(sinLon, cosLon) / toRad, lat: lat / count };
 }
 
-/** Compact USD, e.g. $85K / $4.2M / $1.3B. Null under $1,000. */
+/**
+ * Compact USD in the UI language: en "$85K / $4.2M / $1.3B", ru "4,2 млн $",
+ * es "4,2 M$". Null under $1,000.
+ */
 function formatCost(dollars) {
   if (!Number.isFinite(dollars) || dollars < 1000) return null;
-  const units = [
-    [1e3, 'K'],
-    [1e6, 'M'],
-    [1e9, 'B'],
-  ];
+  const units = [1e3, 1e6, 1e9];
   let index = 0;
   for (let i = units.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-    if (dollars >= units[i][0]) {
+    if (dollars >= units[i]) {
       index = i;
       break;
     }
   }
   // 999,500 must promote to $1M, never render as $1000K.
-  if (dollars >= units[index][0] * 999.5 && index < units.length - 1) index++;
-  const value = dollars / units[index][0];
-  return `$${value >= 10 ? Math.round(value) : Math.round(value * 10) / 10}${units[index][1]}`;
+  if (dollars >= units[index] * 999.5 && index < units.length - 1) index++;
+  const value = dollars / units[index];
+  const amount = formatNumber(
+    value >= 10 ? Math.round(value) : Math.round(value * 10) / 10,
+  );
+  if (index === 0) return t('${amount}K', { amount });
+  if (index === 1) return t('${amount}M', { amount });
+  return t('${amount}B', { amount });
+}
+
+/** WFIGS attr_FireCause values in the UI language; others as sent. */
+function causeLabel(cause) {
+  switch (cause) {
+    case 'Human':
+      return t('Human', { context: 'fire cause' });
+    case 'Natural':
+      return t('Natural', { context: 'fire cause' });
+    case 'Undetermined':
+      return t('Undetermined', { context: 'fire cause' });
+    case 'Unknown':
+      return t('Unknown', { context: 'fire cause' });
+    default:
+      return cause;
+  }
+}
+
+/** WFIGS attr_FireBehaviorGeneral values in the UI language; others as sent. */
+function behaviorLabel(behavior) {
+  switch (behavior) {
+    case 'Minimal':
+      return t('Minimal', { context: 'fire behavior' });
+    case 'Moderate':
+      return t('Moderate', { context: 'fire behavior' });
+    case 'Active':
+      return t('Active', { context: 'fire behavior' });
+    case 'Extreme':
+      return t('Extreme', { context: 'fire behavior' });
+    default:
+      return behavior;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * WFIGS attr_IncidentComplexityLevel ("Type 1 Incident" … "Type 5 Incident")
+ * in the UI language; other values as sent.
+ */
+function complexityLabel(complexity) {
+  const match = /^Type ([1-5]) Incident$/.exec(complexity);
+  return match ? t('Type {level} Incident', { level: match[1] }) : complexity;
 }
 
 /** WFIGS complex names arrive ALL-CAPS; render them in title case. */
@@ -78,12 +133,17 @@ function titleCase(name) {
     .replace(/\b[a-z]/g, (letter) => letter.toUpperCase());
 }
 
+/** Compact age, "5m" / "3h" / "2d", in the UI language ("3 h", "3 ч"). */
 function formatAge(deltaMs) {
   if (!Number.isFinite(deltaMs) || deltaMs < 0) return null;
   const hours = Math.floor(deltaMs / 3600000);
-  if (hours < 1) return `${Math.max(1, Math.floor(deltaMs / 60000))}m`;
-  if (hours < 24) return `${hours}h`;
-  return `${Math.floor(hours / 24)}d`;
+  if (hours < 1)
+    return t('{count}m', {
+      context: 'age',
+      count: Math.max(1, Math.floor(deltaMs / 60000)),
+    });
+  if (hours < 24) return t('{count}h', { context: 'age', count: hours });
+  return t('{count}d', { context: 'age', count: Math.floor(hours / 24) });
 }
 
 /**
@@ -95,48 +155,65 @@ function formatAge(deltaMs) {
  * @returns {Object} World-overlay entry without `position`.
  */
 export function buildIncidentCard(row, nowMs, { link = null } = {}) {
+  // The row keeps WFIGS values as sent (AI tools read them); the card translates
+  // the known cause, behavior and complexity values and the wording around them.
   const facts = [];
-  if (Number.isFinite(row.acres))
-    facts.push(`${Math.round(row.acres).toLocaleString('en-US')} ac`);
+  if (Number.isFinite(row.acres)) {
+    const acres = Math.round(row.acres);
+    facts.push(
+      tn(acres, '{acres} ac', '{acres} ac', { acres: formatNumber(acres) }),
+    );
+  }
   facts.push(
     Number.isFinite(row.containedPct)
-      ? `${Math.round(row.containedPct)}% contained`
-      : 'containment unknown',
+      ? t('{percent}% contained', { percent: Math.round(row.containedPct) })
+      : t('containment unknown'),
   );
   if (row.state) facts.push(row.state);
   else if (row.category) facts.push(row.category);
 
   const situation = [];
-  if (row.cause) situation.push(`${row.cause} cause`);
-  if (row.behavior) situation.push(row.behavior);
-  if (row.complexity) situation.push(row.complexity);
+  if (row.cause)
+    situation.push(t('{cause} cause', { cause: causeLabel(row.cause) }));
+  if (row.behavior) situation.push(behaviorLabel(row.behavior));
+  if (row.complexity) situation.push(complexityLabel(row.complexity));
 
   const response = [];
-  if (Number.isFinite(row.personnel))
+  if (Number.isFinite(row.personnel)) {
+    const personnel = Math.round(row.personnel);
     response.push(
-      `${Math.round(row.personnel).toLocaleString('en-US')} personnel`,
+      tn(personnel, '{personnel} personnel', '{personnel} personnel', {
+        personnel: formatNumber(personnel),
+      }),
     );
-  if (row.county) response.push(`${row.county} County`);
+  }
+  if (row.county) response.push(t('{county} County', { county: row.county }));
   if (Number.isFinite(row.costToDate)) {
     const cost = formatCost(row.costToDate);
-    if (cost) response.push(`${cost} to date`);
+    if (cost) response.push(t('{cost} to date', { cost }));
   }
 
   const ages = [];
   const discovered = formatAge(nowMs - row.discoveredTime);
   if (row.discoveredTime != null && discovered)
-    ages.push(`discovered ${discovered} ago`);
+    ages.push(t('discovered {age} ago', { age: discovered }));
   const updated = formatAge(nowMs - row.updatedTime);
-  if (row.updatedTime != null && updated) ages.push(`updated ${updated} ago`);
+  if (row.updatedTime != null && updated)
+    ages.push(t('updated {age} ago', { age: updated }));
 
   const details = [facts.join(' · ')];
-  if (row.complexName) details.push(`part of ${titleCase(row.complexName)}`);
+  if (row.complexName)
+    details.push(
+      t('part of {complex}', { complex: titleCase(row.complexName) }),
+    );
   if (situation.length) details.push(situation.join(' · '));
   if (response.length) details.push(response.join(' · '));
   if (ages.length) details.push(ages.join(' · '));
-  if (link) details.push('InciWeb ↗ · click card to open');
+  if (link) details.push(t('InciWeb ↗ · click card to open'));
 
-  const title = `FIRE · ${row.name || 'Unnamed incident'}`;
+  const title = t('FIRE · {name}', {
+    name: row.name || t('Unnamed incident'),
+  });
   return {
     id: `fire-perimeter-card:${row.stableId}`,
     // `selected` picks the paint lane and collision protection; an explicit
@@ -145,7 +222,9 @@ export function buildIncidentCard(row, nowMs, { link = null } = {}) {
     // Only a linked card is clickable — the overlay host registers hit
     // rectangles solely for interactive entries.
     interactive: Boolean(link),
-    ...(link ? { accessibilityLabel: `Open ${title} on InciWeb` } : undefined),
+    ...(link
+      ? { accessibilityLabel: t('Open {title} on InciWeb', { title }) }
+      : undefined),
     title,
     details,
     accent: containmentAccent(row.containedPct),
diff --git a/src/layers/perimeters/cards.test.mjs b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.test.mjs
index 1b32a5e06..0e064bff0 100644
--- a/src/layers/perimeters/cards.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/perimeters/cards.test.mjs
@@ -16,12 +16,79 @@ const tiny = [
   [-107.01, 34.0],
 ];
 
-test('the card anchors at the centroid of the largest polygon', () => {
+test('the card anchors at the vertex mean of the largest polygon', () => {
   const anchor = perimeterAnchorDegrees([[tiny], [square]]);
   assert.ok(Math.abs(anchor.lon - -108.1) < 1e-9);
   assert.ok(Math.abs(anchor.lat - 35.1) < 1e-9);
 });
 
+test('incident cards stay at the dateline for closed, reversed and rotated outlines', () => {
+  const vertices = [
+    [179, 10],
+    [-179, 10],
+    [-179, 12],
+    [179, 12],
+  ];
+  for (let start = 0; start < vertices.length; start++) {
+    const rotated = [...vertices.slice(start), ...vertices.slice(0, start)];
+    for (const points of [rotated, [...rotated].reverse()]) {
+      const anchor = perimeterAnchorDegrees([[points.concat([points[0]])]]);
+      assert.ok(Math.abs(Math.abs(anchor.lon) - 180) < 1e-9);
+      assert.ok(Math.abs(anchor.lat - 11) < 1e-9);
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('incident card longitude treats vertices at either sign of 180 as the same meridian', () => {
+  for (const boundary of [-180, 180]) {
+    const ring = [
+      [179, 10],
+      [boundary, 10],
+      [-179, 10],
+      [-179, 12],
+      [179, 12],
+      [179, 10],
+    ];
+    const anchor = perimeterAnchorDegrees([[ring]]);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(Math.abs(anchor.lon) - 180) < 1e-9);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(anchor.lat - 10.8) < 1e-9);
+  }
+});
+
+test('multipart cards compare polygon areas along short dateline edges', () => {
+  const ordinary = [
+    [10, 20],
+    [11, 20],
+    [11, 21],
+    [10, 21],
+    [10, 20],
+  ];
+  for (const width of [0.2, 2]) {
+    const crossing = [
+      [180 - width / 2, 10],
+      [-180 + width / 2, 10],
+      [-180 + width / 2, 10 + width],
+      [180 - width / 2, 10 + width],
+      [180 - width / 2, 10],
+    ];
+    for (const ring of [crossing, [...crossing].reverse()]) {
+      for (const polygons of [
+        [[ring], [ordinary]],
+        [[ordinary], [ring]],
+      ]) {
+        const anchor = perimeterAnchorDegrees(polygons);
+        if (width < 1) {
+          assert.ok(Math.abs(anchor.lon - 10.5) < 1e-9);
+          assert.ok(Math.abs(anchor.lat - 20.5) < 1e-9);
+        } else {
+          assert.ok(Math.abs(Math.abs(anchor.lon) - 180) < 1e-9);
+          assert.ok(Math.abs(anchor.lat - 11) < 1e-9);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+});
+
 test('a full incident row renders name, size, containment, and ages', () => {
   const now = 1758000000000;
   const card = buildIncidentCard(
diff --git a/src/layers/perimeters/index.js b/src/layers/perimeters/index.js
index f59f4aef3..0ef9a9bcc 100644
--- a/src/layers/perimeters/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/perimeters/index.js
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   inciwebNodeId,
   isCurrentPublication,
 } from './inciweb.js';
+import { msg, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 export { normalizeFirePerimeterSnapshot } from './records.js';
 export { createWfigsPerimeterSource } from './source.js';
 export * from './cards.js';
@@ -364,7 +365,7 @@ export function createFirePerimetersLayer({
         if (request.signal.aborted || _request !== request || !_enabled)
           return false;
         console.warn('[Data:FirePerimeters] Fetch error:', e);
-        _lastError = e?.message || 'Perimeter source unavailable';
+        _lastError = e?.message || msg('Perimeter source unavailable');
         return false;
       } finally {
         if (_request === request) _request = null;
@@ -414,10 +415,10 @@ export function createFirePerimetersLayer({
 
     getRowControls() {
       const bands = [
-        { label: 'Not contained or unknown', color: containmentAccent(0) },
-        { label: 'Under 50% contained', color: containmentAccent(1) },
-        { label: '50–99% contained', color: containmentAccent(50) },
-        { label: 'Fully contained', color: containmentAccent(100) },
+        { label: t('Not contained or unknown'), color: containmentAccent(0) },
+        { label: t('Under 50% contained'), color: containmentAccent(1) },
+        { label: t('50–99% contained'), color: containmentAccent(50) },
+        { label: t('Fully contained'), color: containmentAccent(100) },
       ];
       return {
         chips: [],
@@ -428,8 +429,9 @@ export function createFirePerimetersLayer({
           ).length,
           ...(index === 0
             ? {
-                blurb:
+                blurb: t(
                   'Colour shows reported containment. Perimeters are simplified to about 100 m.',
+                ),
               }
             : {}),
         })),
diff --git a/src/layers/perimeters/source.js b/src/layers/perimeters/source.js
index 9147fe0f9..133beadb5 100644
--- a/src/layers/perimeters/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/perimeters/source.js
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import { readResponseJsonCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
 
+// A portable export (package.json): no i18n here. Failures stay English data;
+// the Layers panel shows them translated.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /** Request a normalized snapshot through the bounded, same-origin WFIGS proxy. */
 export function createWfigsPerimeterSource({
   fetchImpl = (...args) => globalThis.fetch(...args),
@@ -16,7 +20,7 @@ export function createWfigsPerimeterSource({
       );
       signal?.throwIfAborted();
       if (!Array.isArray(payload?.rows))
-        throw new Error('Malformed perimeter snapshot');
+        throw new Error(msg('Malformed perimeter snapshot'));
       return payload.rows;
     },
   };
diff --git a/src/layers/radio/categories.js b/src/layers/radio/categories.js
index a7bfc182e..81407a7d3 100644
--- a/src/layers/radio/categories.js
+++ b/src/layers/radio/categories.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { MUSIC_GENRES, CATEGORY_MATCHERS } from './policy.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export function createCategories({
   state: layerState,
@@ -69,23 +70,29 @@ export function createCategories({
   function buildRadioCategories(stations) {
     const rows = Array.isArray(stations) ? stations : [];
     const categories = [
-      { id: 'all', label: 'All' },
-      { id: 'news', label: 'News' },
-      { id: 'talk', label: 'Talk' },
-      { id: 'weather', label: 'Weather / Emergency' },
-      { id: 'public-safety', label: 'Public Safety' },
-      { id: 'aviation-marine', label: 'Aviation / Marine' },
-      { id: 'traffic-transit', label: 'Traffic / Transit' },
-      { id: 'music', label: 'Music' },
+      { id: 'all', label: t('All', { context: 'radio tag' }) },
+      { id: 'news', label: t('News') },
+      { id: 'talk', label: t('Talk') },
+      { id: 'weather', label: t('Weather / Emergency') },
+      { id: 'public-safety', label: t('Public Safety') },
+      {
+        id: 'aviation-marine',
+        label: t('Aviation / Marine'),
+      },
+      {
+        id: 'traffic-transit',
+        label: t('Traffic / Transit'),
+      },
+      { id: 'music', label: t('Music') },
     ];
 
     for (const [genre, label] of MUSIC_GENRES) {
       const id = `genre:${genre}`;
       if (rows.some((station) => stationMatchesRadioCategory(station, id))) {
-        categories.push({ id, label });
+        categories.push({ id, label: t(label) });
       }
     }
-    categories.push({ id: 'other', label: 'Other' });
+    categories.push({ id: 'other', label: t('Other') });
     return categories.map((category) => ({
       ...category,
       color: parts.model.radioCategoryColor(category.id),
diff --git a/src/layers/radio/ingestion.js b/src/layers/radio/ingestion.js
index 8a89b444c..869b8d403 100644
--- a/src/layers/radio/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/radio/ingestion.js
@@ -1,8 +1,22 @@
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   RADIO_DIRECTORY_STALE_MS,
   RADIO_DIRECTORY_FUTURE_SKEW_MS,
 } from './policy.js';
 
+// Directory errors stay English in layer state and stats; the layer row and
+// the Radio panel translate them when shown.
+const ERROR_REFRESH_DEGRADED = msg(
+  'Directory refresh degraded; showing the previous station catalog.',
+);
+const ERROR_COVERAGE_DEGRADED = msg('Radio directory coverage is degraded.');
+const ERROR_REFRESH_FAILED = msg(
+  'Directory refresh failed; showing the previous station catalog.',
+);
+const ERROR_DIRECTORY_UNAVAILABLE = msg(
+  'Radio directory is temporarily unavailable.',
+);
+
 export function createIngestion({
   state: layerState,
   services,
@@ -136,9 +150,9 @@ export function createIngestion({
         layerState._degraded = body.degraded;
         layerState._stale = body.stale;
         layerState._error = preservingWarmCatalog
-          ? 'Directory refresh degraded; showing the previous station catalog.'
+          ? ERROR_REFRESH_DEGRADED
           : layerState._degraded
-            ? 'Radio directory coverage is degraded.'
+            ? ERROR_COVERAGE_DEGRADED
             : null;
       } catch (error) {
         if (
@@ -153,8 +167,8 @@ export function createIngestion({
         )
           return;
         layerState._error = layerState._stations.length
-          ? 'Directory refresh failed; showing the previous station catalog.'
-          : 'Radio directory is temporarily unavailable.';
+          ? ERROR_REFRESH_FAILED
+          : ERROR_DIRECTORY_UNAVAILABLE;
         layerState._stale = layerState._stations.length > 0;
         layerState._degraded = layerState._stations.length > 0;
       } finally {
diff --git a/src/layers/radio/ingestionErrors.i18n.test.mjs b/src/layers/radio/ingestionErrors.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1717e13ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/radio/ingestionErrors.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale, t, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { createIngestion } from './ingestion.js';
+
+/**
+ * Directory errors are stored in English in layer state (layerPanel and the
+ * Radio panel translate them when shown). Every error the ingestion can set
+ * must therefore have a catalog entry in each shipped language.
+ */
+
+function makeIngestion({ stations = [], body = null, failure = null } = {}) {
+  const layerState = {
+    _enabled: true,
+    _requestGeneration: 0,
+    _sessionGeneration: 0,
+    _abortController: null,
+    _loading: false,
+    _error: null,
+    _stale: false,
+    _degraded: false,
+    _stations: stations,
+    _updatedAt: null,
+    _tuningActive: false,
+    _cancelledTuningPresentationStation: null,
+    _acceptedCatalogSnapshot: { generation: null, instance: null },
+  };
+  const parts = {
+    presentation: { emitState() {} },
+    model: { radioRequestIsCurrent: () => true },
+    catalogModel: {
+      isValidRadioDirectoryStation: () => true,
+      freezeRadioStation: (station) => station,
+      createAcceptedCatalogSnapshot: () => null,
+    },
+    rendering: { reconcileStations() {}, updateSelectionEntity() {} },
+  };
+  const source = {
+    async getDirectory() {
+      if (failure) throw failure;
+      return body;
+    },
+  };
+  const { methods } = createIngestion({
+    state: layerState,
+    services: {},
+    parts,
+    source,
+  });
+  return { layerState, methods };
+}
+
+const degradedBody = () => ({
+  stations: [{ id: 'a' }],
+  updatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+  stale: false,
+  degraded: true,
+  acceptedGeneration: 1,
+  catalogInstance: 'instance-1',
+});
+
+const CASES = [
+  {
+    name: 'directory unavailable without a catalog',
+    options: { failure: new Error('network') },
+    expected: 'Radio directory is temporarily unavailable.',
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'refresh failed with a warm catalog',
+    options: { stations: [{ id: 'a' }], failure: new Error('network') },
+    expected: 'Directory refresh failed; showing the previous station catalog.',
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'degraded coverage without a catalog',
+    options: { body: degradedBody() },
+    expected: 'Radio directory coverage is degraded.',
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'degraded refresh with a warm catalog',
+    options: { stations: [{ id: 'a' }], body: degradedBody() },
+    expected:
+      'Directory refresh degraded; showing the previous station catalog.',
+  },
+];
+
+for (const { name, options, expected } of CASES) {
+  test(`radio directory error is English in state and translated on show: ${name}`, async () => {
+    const { layerState, methods } = makeIngestion(options);
+    await methods.update();
+    assert.equal(layerState._error, expected);
+    try {
+      for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+        setLocale(locale);
+        const shown = translateKnown(layerState._error);
+        assert.notEqual(shown, expected, `${locale}: ${name}`);
+        assert.equal(t(layerState._error), shown);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/radio/model.js b/src/layers/radio/model.js
index f969a63fe..182d7c907 100644
--- a/src/layers/radio/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/radio/model.js
@@ -1,8 +1,30 @@
 import {
   RADIO_CATEGORY_COLORS,
-  RADIO_CLUSTER_LABELS,
   RADIO_MARKER_CATEGORY_ORDER,
 } from './policy.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
+/** Short uppercase category word on a cluster badge, in the page language. */
+function radioClusterLabel(categoryId) {
+  switch (categoryId) {
+    case 'news':
+      return t('NEWS', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'talk':
+      return t('TALK', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'weather':
+      return t('WEATHER', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'public-safety':
+      return t('SAFETY', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'aviation-marine':
+      return t('AIR / SEA', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'traffic-transit':
+      return t('TRANSIT', { context: 'radio' });
+    case 'music':
+      return t('MUSIC', { context: 'radio' });
+    default:
+      return t('OTHER', { context: 'radio' });
+  }
+}
 
 export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   /** Return the shared CSS color for a canonical or detected-genre category. */
@@ -18,7 +40,7 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   function radioClusterBadgeText(categoryId = 'other', count = 0) {
     const normalized = String(categoryId || 'other');
     const canonical = normalized.startsWith('genre:') ? 'music' : normalized;
-    const label = RADIO_CLUSTER_LABELS[canonical] || RADIO_CLUSTER_LABELS.other;
+    const label = radioClusterLabel(canonical);
     const stationCount = Math.max(0, Math.floor(Number(count) || 0));
     return `${stationCount} ${label}`;
   }
diff --git a/src/layers/radio/playback.js b/src/layers/radio/playback.js
index cbb4b8be5..9cd22a917 100644
--- a/src/layers/radio/playback.js
+++ b/src/layers/radio/playback.js
@@ -1,5 +1,18 @@
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { RADIO_VOICE_PLAYBACK_TIMEOUT_MS } from './policy.js';
 
+// Playback errors stay English in layer state; the Radio panel shows them
+// through t().
+const AUDIO_ERROR_STREAM_FAILED = msg(
+  'Broadcaster stream is unavailable or blocked by the browser.',
+);
+const AUDIO_ERROR_GESTURE_REQUIRED = msg(
+  'Playback requires a direct click or tap.',
+);
+const AUDIO_ERROR_START_FAILED = msg(
+  'Broadcaster stream could not be started.',
+);
+
 export function createPlayback({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   function audioEventBelongsToActiveAttempt(audio) {
     const attempt = layerState._activePlaybackAttempt;
@@ -75,8 +88,7 @@ export function createPlayback({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       const attempt = layerState._activePlaybackAttempt;
       if (tryRadioFallback(failedId, attempt?.origin, attempt?.id)) return;
       layerState._audioState = 'error';
-      layerState._audioError =
-        'Broadcaster stream is unavailable or blocked by the browser.';
+      layerState._audioError = AUDIO_ERROR_STREAM_FAILED;
       parts.presentation.emitState();
     });
   }
@@ -202,8 +214,8 @@ export function createPlayback({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       layerState._audioState = 'error';
       layerState._audioError =
         error?.name === 'NotAllowedError'
-          ? 'Playback requires a direct click or tap.'
-          : 'Broadcaster stream could not be started.';
+          ? AUDIO_ERROR_GESTURE_REQUIRED
+          : AUDIO_ERROR_START_FAILED;
       parts.presentation.emitState();
       return false;
     }
diff --git a/src/layers/radio/policy.js b/src/layers/radio/policy.js
index 21d987473..85777ed74 100644
--- a/src/layers/radio/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/radio/policy.js
@@ -62,32 +62,36 @@ export const DEFAULT_RADIO_FILTER = 'all';
 
 export const GLOBAL_RADIO_ALTITUDE_M = 2_000_000;
 
+// Genre labels stay English data (the radio source, shared with the AI tools,
+// imports this module); categories.js translates them.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 export const MUSIC_GENRES = Object.freeze([
-  ['alternative', 'Alternative'],
-  ['ambient', 'Ambient'],
-  ['blues', 'Blues'],
-  ['classical', 'Classical'],
-  ['country', 'Country'],
-  ['dance', 'Dance'],
-  ['electronic', 'Electronic'],
-  ['folk', 'Folk'],
-  ['funk', 'Funk'],
-  ['hip hop', 'Hip-Hop'],
-  ['house', 'House'],
-  ['indie', 'Indie'],
-  ['jazz', 'Jazz'],
-  ['latin', 'Latin'],
-  ['metal', 'Metal'],
-  ['oldies', 'Oldies'],
-  ['pop', 'Pop'],
-  ['punk', 'Punk'],
-  ['r&b', 'R&B'],
-  ['reggae', 'Reggae'],
-  ['rock', 'Rock'],
-  ['soul', 'Soul'],
-  ['techno', 'Techno'],
-  ['trance', 'Trance'],
-  ['world', 'World'],
+  ['alternative', msg('Alternative')],
+  ['ambient', msg('Ambient')],
+  ['blues', msg('Blues')],
+  ['classical', msg('Classical')],
+  ['country', msg('Country')],
+  ['dance', msg('Dance')],
+  ['electronic', msg('Electronic')],
+  ['folk', msg('Folk')],
+  ['funk', msg('Funk')],
+  ['hip hop', msg('Hip-Hop')],
+  ['house', msg('House')],
+  ['indie', msg('Indie')],
+  ['jazz', msg('Jazz')],
+  ['latin', msg('Latin')],
+  ['metal', msg('Metal')],
+  ['oldies', msg('Oldies')],
+  ['pop', msg('Pop')],
+  ['punk', msg('Punk')],
+  ['r&b', msg('R&B')],
+  ['reggae', msg('Reggae')],
+  ['rock', msg('Rock')],
+  ['soul', msg('Soul')],
+  ['techno', msg('Techno')],
+  ['trance', msg('Trance')],
+  ['world', msg('World')],
 ]);
 
 export const CATEGORY_MATCHERS = Object.freeze({
@@ -127,17 +131,6 @@ export const RADIO_CATEGORY_COLORS = Object.freeze({
   other: '#9aa7b3',
 });
 
-export const RADIO_CLUSTER_LABELS = Object.freeze({
-  news: 'NEWS',
-  talk: 'TALK',
-  weather: 'WEATHER',
-  'public-safety': 'SAFETY',
-  'aviation-marine': 'AIR / SEA',
-  'traffic-transit': 'TRANSIT',
-  music: 'MUSIC',
-  other: 'OTHER',
-});
-
 export const RADIO_MARKER_CATEGORY_ORDER = Object.freeze([
   'news',
   'public-safety',
diff --git a/src/layers/recentImagery/display.js b/src/layers/recentImagery/display.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b2b5ce39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/recentImagery/display.js
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/**
+ * Recent Imagery text in the page's language: days, metres and the focused
+ * day's readout. The model (`model.js`) stays English and i18n-free because AI
+ * tool services import it outside the browser; this module is page-only.
+ */
+import { formatDate, formatRelativeTime, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
+import { dayTime } from './model.js';
+
+const SHORT_DAY = Object.freeze({
+  month: 'short',
+  day: 'numeric',
+  timeZone: 'UTC',
+});
+const LONG_DAY = Object.freeze({ ...SHORT_DAY, year: 'numeric' });
+
+/** `Sep 18` / `18 сент.` for a `YYYY-MM-DD` day, in the page's language. */
+export function displayDay(day, options = SHORT_DAY) {
+  const time = dayTime(day);
+  return time === null ? '' : formatDate(time, options);
+}
+
+/** `30 m` / `30 м`, number and unit kept together. */
+export const displayMetres = (value) => formatQuantity(value, 'm');
+
+/** The readout's words in the page's language; the model keeps them English. */
+export const READOUT_WORDS = Object.freeze({
+  date: (day) => displayDay(day, LONG_DAY),
+  daysAgo: (delta) => formatRelativeTime(delta > 0 ? -delta : 0, 'day'),
+  // "Sentinel-2" never breaks at its hyphen: a word joiner follows it
+  // (JetBrains Mono has no U+2011 non-breaking hyphen).
+  sensor: (sensor) =>
+    t(sensor).replace(/(?<=[\p{L}\p{N}])-(?=[\p{L}\p{N}])/gu, '-\u2060'),
+  metres: displayMetres,
+  overview: () => t('overview'),
+  cloud: (cloud) => {
+    if (!cloud) return t('cloud unknown');
+    const min = Math.round(cloud.min);
+    const max = Math.round(cloud.max);
+    return min === max
+      ? t('{percent}% scene cloud', { percent: min })
+      : t('{min}–{max}% scene cloud', { min, max });
+  },
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/recentImagery/index.js b/src/layers/recentImagery/index.js
index 23b12f44c..68a0cc2f6 100644
--- a/src/layers/recentImagery/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/recentImagery/index.js
@@ -28,11 +28,12 @@ import {
   parseCandidateKey,
   quantizeBox,
   rankLatest,
-  shortDay,
   utcDay,
   validateBox,
   viewTooLargeMessage,
 } from './model.js';
+import { msg, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { READOUT_WORDS, displayDay, displayMetres } from './display.js';
 
 /**
  * Quiet time after the last arrow key before the focused day previews, so a
@@ -46,10 +47,11 @@ export const SPLIT_PUBLISH_MS = 400;
 /** The three modes, in share-link order (`m` = index). */
 export const MODES = Object.freeze(['image', 'basemap', 'ab']);
 
-const COMPARISON_IN_USE = 'Comparison in use by another scene';
-const COMPARISON_UNAVAILABLE = 'Esri map unavailable · no swipe';
-const COMPARISON_NEEDS_GLOBE = 'Swipe needs a globe map';
-const ESRI_KEPT = 'Imagery stays on Esri · CLEAR to use Google 3D';
+// Kept English in the snapshot (AI tools read it); the card translates them.
+const COMPARISON_IN_USE = msg('Comparison in use by another scene');
+const COMPARISON_UNAVAILABLE = msg('Esri map unavailable · no swipe');
+const COMPARISON_NEEDS_GLOBE = msg('Swipe needs a globe map');
+const ESRI_KEPT = msg('Imagery stays on Esri · CLEAR to use Google 3D');
 /** ZOOM IN's flight time, in seconds. */
 const ZOOM_FIT_SECONDS = 1.2;
 const DEFAULT_SPLIT = 0.5;
@@ -630,7 +632,7 @@ export function createRecentImageryLayer({
     } catch (error) {
       if (abort.signal.aborted) return;
       resetCatalog();
-      _catalogError = error?.message || 'Imagery catalog unavailable';
+      _catalogError = error?.message || msg('Imagery catalog unavailable');
     } finally {
       if (_searchAbort === abort) {
         _searchAbort = null;
@@ -748,15 +750,21 @@ export function createRecentImageryLayer({
 
   function notes() {
     const out = [];
-    if (_truncated) out.push('Catalog truncated · a newer clear day may exist');
+    if (_truncated)
+      out.push(t('Catalog truncated · a newer clear day may exist'));
     for (const error of _catalogErrors) {
       const label = PRODUCTS[error.product]?.label || error.product;
-      out.push(`${label} catalog unavailable · ${error.message}`);
+      out.push(
+        t('{label} catalog unavailable · {detail}', {
+          label,
+          detail: error.message,
+        }),
+      );
     }
     const today = utcDay(now());
     const viirsToday = candidateFor(`VIIRS:${today}`);
     if (viirsToday?.availability === 'unknown' && _sources.viirs)
-      out.push('Daily overview for today may still be empty until the pass');
+      out.push(t('Daily overview for today may still be empty until the pass'));
     return out;
   }
 
@@ -767,7 +775,7 @@ export function createRecentImageryLayer({
       key: key || null,
       candidate: candidateFor(key),
       label: parsed
-        ? `${shortDay(parsed.day)} · ${PRODUCTS[parsed.product].name} · ${PRODUCTS[parsed.product].resolutionM} m`
+        ? `${displayDay(parsed.day)} · ${t(PRODUCTS[parsed.product].name)} · ${displayMetres(PRODUCTS[parsed.product].resolutionM)}`
         : null,
       sourceOff,
       drapable: drapable(candidateFor(key)),
@@ -1227,7 +1235,7 @@ export function createRecentImageryLayer({
         _alpha = 1;
         for (const slotId of SLOT_IDS) renderer.setAlpha(slotId, 1);
       }
-      _notice = 'Box and images cleared';
+      _notice = msg('Box and images cleared');
       syncRender();
       publish([...BOX_EDGES, 'a', 'b', 'split']);
       notify();
@@ -1276,7 +1284,9 @@ export function createRecentImageryLayer({
         candidates,
         focusIndex,
         focus,
-        readout: focus ? formatCandidateReadout(focus, now()) : '',
+        readout: focus
+          ? formatCandidateReadout(focus, now(), READOUT_WORDS)
+          : '',
         recommended: ranked.candidate
           ? { key: ranked.candidate.key, reason: ranked.reason }
           : null,
@@ -1329,17 +1339,18 @@ export function createRecentImageryLayer({
         chips: [
           {
             id: 'hls',
-            label: 'MORE DETAIL · 30 m',
+            label: t('MORE DETAIL · 30 m'),
             active: _sources.hls,
-            title: 'Sentinel-2 and Landsat via HLS, 30 m, every 2–6 days',
+            title: t('Sentinel-2 and Landsat via HLS, 30 m, every 2–6 days'),
             params: { hls: !_sources.hls },
           },
           {
             id: 'viirs',
-            label: 'DAILY OVERVIEW · 250 m',
+            label: t('DAILY OVERVIEW · 250 m'),
             active: _sources.viirs,
-            title:
+            title: t(
               'VIIRS daily mosaic, 250 m, follows broad changes; little detail under 25 km',
+            ),
             params: { viirs: !_sources.viirs },
           },
         ],
diff --git a/src/layers/recentImagery/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/recentImagery/index.test.mjs
index 7675d0f3a..7d8c70bd3 100644
--- a/src/layers/recentImagery/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/recentImagery/index.test.mjs
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ test('a valid box searches and previews the START HERE day alone in IMAGE mode',
   assert.equal(snapshot.focus.key, S18, 'focus starts on it');
   assert.equal(snapshot.preview.key, S18);
   assert.equal(snapshot.preview.slot, 'a');
-  assert.equal(snapshot.preview.label, 'Sep 18 · Sentinel-2 · 30 m');
+  assert.equal(snapshot.preview.label, 'Sep 18 · Sentinel-2 · 30\u00a0m');
   assert.equal(snapshot.candidates[1].preview, true);
   const none = {
     key: null,
diff --git a/src/layers/recentImagery/model.js b/src/layers/recentImagery/model.js
index 24ef54fc6..406dc3e19 100644
--- a/src/layers/recentImagery/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/recentImagery/model.js
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+// Marks text for i18n extraction; the UI translates it with t(). Kept local
+// because AI tool services import this module outside the browser.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /**
  * Pure domain model for the Recent Imagery layer: products, the selection box,
  * per-day candidates, ranking and the keyless URL builders. No DOM, no Cesium,
@@ -29,10 +33,10 @@ const MONTHS = 'Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec'.split(' ');
  */
 export const PRODUCTS = Object.freeze({
   S30: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'HLS S30',
-    name: 'Sentinel-2',
+    label: 'HLS S30', // i18n-ignore: product code
+    name: msg('Sentinel-2'),
     source: 'hls',
-    sensor: 'Sentinel-2 via HLS',
+    sensor: msg('Sentinel-2 via HLS'),
     resolutionM: 30,
     gibsLayer: 'HLS_S30_Nadir_BRDF_Adjusted_Reflectance',
     maxLevel: 12,
@@ -41,10 +45,10 @@ export const PRODUCTS = Object.freeze({
     overview: false,
   }),
   L30: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'HLS L30',
-    name: 'Landsat 8/9',
+    label: 'HLS L30', // i18n-ignore: product code
+    name: msg('Landsat 8/9'),
     source: 'hls',
-    sensor: 'Landsat 8/9 via HLS',
+    sensor: msg('Landsat 8/9 via HLS'),
     resolutionM: 30,
     gibsLayer: 'HLS_L30_Nadir_BRDF_Adjusted_Reflectance',
     maxLevel: 12,
@@ -53,8 +57,8 @@ export const PRODUCTS = Object.freeze({
     overview: false,
   }),
   VIIRS: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'VIIRS',
-    name: 'Daily overview',
+    label: 'VIIRS', // i18n-ignore: product code
+    name: msg('Daily overview'),
     source: 'viirs',
     sensor: 'VIIRS NOAA-21',
     resolutionM: 250,
@@ -128,11 +132,12 @@ const refuse = (reason, message) => ({ ok: false, reason, message });
  */
 export function validateBox(box) {
   const normalized = normalizeBox(box);
-  if (!normalized) return refuse('invalid', 'Box edges must be finite');
+  if (!normalized) return refuse('invalid', msg('Box edges must be finite'));
   const { west, south, east, north } = normalized;
   if (Math.abs(west) > 180 || Math.abs(east) > 180)
-    return refuse('invalid', 'Longitudes must be within ±180°');
-  if (west > east) return refuse('dateline', 'Select one side of the dateline');
+    return refuse('invalid', msg('Longitudes must be within ±180°'));
+  if (west > east)
+    return refuse('dateline', msg('Select one side of the dateline'));
   if (
     Math.abs(south) > MERCATOR_LAT_LIMIT ||
     Math.abs(north) > MERCATOR_LAT_LIMIT
@@ -142,7 +147,7 @@ export function validateBox(box) {
       `Imagery stops at ±${MERCATOR_LAT_LIMIT.toFixed(2)}° latitude`,
     );
   if (east === west || north === south)
-    return refuse('degenerate', 'Box must enclose an area');
+    return refuse('degenerate', msg('Box must enclose an area'));
   const { width, height } = boxSideKm(normalized);
   if (width > MAX_BOX_SIDE_KM || height > MAX_BOX_SIDE_KM)
     return refuse('too-large', tooLargeMessage(Math.max(width, height)));
@@ -275,6 +280,11 @@ export function utcDay(value) {
     : null;
 }
 
+/** UTC midnight of a `YYYY-MM-DD` day in epoch ms, for locale formatting; null otherwise. */
+export function dayTime(day) {
+  return isValidDay(day) ? Date.parse(`${day}T00:00:00Z`) : null;
+}
+
 /** `Sep 18` for a `YYYY-MM-DD` day; '' otherwise. */
 export function shortDay(day) {
   const match = /^\d{4}-(\d{2})-(\d{2})$/.exec(String(day || ''));
@@ -492,15 +502,14 @@ export function rankLatest(
   return { candidate: null, reason: null, certain };
 }
 
-function daysAgoLabel(day, now) {
+/** Whole UTC days from `day` to the day of `now`; null when either is invalid. */
+function daysBetween(day, now) {
   const today = utcDay(now);
   if (!today) return null;
-  const delta = Math.round(
+  return Math.round(
     (Date.parse(`${today}T00:00:00Z`) - Date.parse(`${day}T00:00:00Z`)) /
       DAY_MS,
   );
-  if (delta <= 0) return 'today';
-  return delta === 1 ? 'yesterday' : `${delta} days ago`;
 }
 
 function cloudLabel(cloud) {
@@ -510,18 +519,40 @@ function cloudLabel(cloud) {
   return min === max ? `${min}% scene cloud` : `${min}–${max}% scene cloud`;
 }
 
+/**
+ * The words of the readout. The page passes its own (translated, locale
+ * formatted) set; this module stays free of i18n because AI tool services
+ * import it outside the browser.
+ */
+const READOUT_WORDS = Object.freeze({
+  /** `Sep 18, 2026` for a valid `YYYY-MM-DD` day. */
+  date: (day) => {
+    const [y, m, d] = day.split('-').map(Number);
+    return `${MONTHS[m - 1]} ${d}, ${y}`;
+  },
+  /** Age in whole UTC days, 0 or less for today. */
+  daysAgo: (delta) =>
+    delta <= 0 ? 'today' : delta === 1 ? 'yesterday' : `${delta} days ago`,
+  sensor: (sensor) => sensor,
+  metres: (value) => `${value} m`,
+  overview: () => 'overview',
+  /** `{ min, max }` scene cloud in percent, or null. */
+  cloud: cloudLabel,
+});
+
 /**
  * One-line UTC readout, e.g.
  * `Sep 18, 2026 17:12Z · 3 days ago · Sentinel-2 via HLS · 30 m · 12% scene cloud`.
  * @param {object} candidate
  * @param {string | number | Date} [now]
+ * @param {Partial<typeof READOUT_WORDS>} [words] the page's localized words
  * @returns {string}
  */
-export function formatCandidateReadout(candidate, now = new Date()) {
+export function formatCandidateReadout(candidate, now = new Date(), words) {
   const product = PRODUCTS[candidate?.product];
-  if (!product || !candidate?.day) return '';
-  const [y, m, d] = candidate.day.split('-').map(Number);
-  let when = `${MONTHS[m - 1]} ${d}, ${y}`;
+  if (!product || !isValidDay(candidate?.day)) return '';
+  const say = words ? { ...READOUT_WORDS, ...words } : READOUT_WORDS;
+  let when = say.date(candidate.day);
   if (candidate.timeRange?.start) {
     const start = hhmm(candidate.timeRange.start);
     const end = candidate.timeRange.end ? hhmm(candidate.timeRange.end) : start;
@@ -531,11 +562,11 @@ export function formatCandidateReadout(candidate, now = new Date()) {
         : ` ${start}Z`;
   }
   const parts = [when];
-  const ago = daysAgoLabel(candidate.day, now);
-  if (ago) parts.push(ago);
-  parts.push(product.sensor, `${product.resolutionM} m`);
-  if (product.overview) parts.push('overview');
-  parts.push(cloudLabel(candidate.cloud));
+  const delta = daysBetween(candidate.day, now);
+  if (delta !== null) parts.push(say.daysAgo(delta));
+  parts.push(say.sensor(product.sensor), say.metres(product.resolutionM));
+  if (product.overview) parts.push(say.overview());
+  parts.push(say.cloud(candidate.cloud));
   return parts.join(' · ');
 }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
index 25eaf9b2c..fd136c82d 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/catalog.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { twoline2satrec } from 'satellite.js';
+import { noradIdFromSatnum } from '../../sources/tle.js';
 import {
   DENSE_REFRESH_FRAMES,
   DENSE_GROUP_PATH,
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ export function createCatalog({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
           const entry = entries[i];
           const satrec = twoline2satrec(entry.line1, entry.line2);
           if (!satrec || satrec.error !== 0) continue;
-          const noradId = Number(satrec.satnum);
+          const noradId = noradIdFromSatnum(satrec.satnum);
           if (layerState._catalog.has(noradId)) continue; // core catalog keeps priority
           const pos = parts.orbits.propagatePosition(satrec, now);
           if (!pos) continue;
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
index f4910f754..9a56daac3 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/controls.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   satelliteClassLegend,
 } from '../../data/satelliteClass.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { ISS_NORAD, POINT_STYLES } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
@@ -493,19 +494,27 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       const active =
         layerState._params.catalog === 'dense' &&
         layerState._denseStatus === 'ready';
-      let title =
-        'Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)';
-      if (loading) title = 'Loading the Starlink shell…';
+      let title = t(
+        'Add the full Starlink broadband shell (thousands of extra points)',
+      );
+      if (loading) title = t('Loading the Starlink shell…');
       else if (failed)
-        title = `Starlink ${layerState._denseError || 'load failed'} — click to retry`;
+        title = t('Starlink {detail} — click to retry', {
+          detail: layerState._denseError || t('load failed'),
+        });
       else if (active)
-        title =
-          'Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only';
+        title = t(
+          'Showing the full Starlink shell — click for the core catalog only',
+        );
       return {
         chips: [
           {
             id: 'catalog',
-            label: loading ? 'DENSE ···' : failed ? 'DENSE ✕' : 'DENSE',
+            label: loading
+              ? t('DENSE ···')
+              : failed
+                ? t('DENSE ✕')
+                : t('DENSE'),
             active,
             busy: loading,
             disabled: loading,
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
index 7fb36bb00..f8ca1db56 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.js
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import { twoline2satrec } from 'satellite.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { noradIdFromSatnum } from '../../sources/tle.js';
 import { CATALOG_GROUPS, ISS_NORAD, POINT_STYLES } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createIngestion({
@@ -59,7 +61,8 @@ export function createIngestion({
         // the chip still read "just now". Keep the existing (stale) catalog on
         // screen and surface the outage instead — do NOT stamp _lastUpdate.
         if (results.every((r) => !r.ok)) {
-          layerState._lastError = 'CelesTrak unreachable';
+          // English data (stats reach the voice tools); the panel translates it.
+          layerState._lastError = msg('CelesTrak unreachable');
           console.warn(
             '[Data:Satellites] All CelesTrak groups failed — keeping existing catalog, surfacing outage',
           );
@@ -70,6 +73,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
         // At least one group loaded — proceed with a fresh rebuild, but keep the
         // partial outage visible at the layer control instead of presenting the
         // reduced catalog as a fully healthy refresh.
+        // i18n-ignore: English data; the panel shows it through FEED_ERROR_PATTERNS (ui/statusText.js)
         layerState._lastError = failed.length
           ? `${failed.length} CelesTrak group${failed.length === 1 ? '' : 's'} unavailable`
           : null;
@@ -108,7 +112,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
           const satrec = twoline2satrec(entry.line1, entry.line2);
           if (!satrec || satrec.error !== 0) continue;
 
-          const noradId = Number(satrec.satnum);
+          const noradId = noradIdFromSatnum(satrec.satnum);
           if (seen.has(noradId)) continue;
           seen.add(noradId);
 
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..313d999ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/ingestion.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { parseTleText } from '../../sources/tle.js';
+import { createIngestion } from './ingestion.js';
+
+// The ISS set (1 January 2024) with its catalog field swapped per satellite.
+const ISS_LINE1 =
+  '1 25544U 98067A   24001.50000000  .00016717  00000-0  30370-3 0  9993';
+const ISS_LINE2 =
+  '2 25544  51.6416 247.4627 0006703 130.5360 325.0288 15.50377579432323';
+
+function tleSet(name, field) {
+  return [
+    name,
+    ISS_LINE1.replace('25544', field),
+    ISS_LINE2.replace('25544', field),
+  ].join('\n');
+}
+
+function ingestionFor(catalogText) {
+  const state = {
+    _trackingRefreshEpoch: 0,
+    _activeUpdateControllers: new Set(),
+    _pointCollection: {
+      removeAll() {},
+      add: (point) => point,
+    },
+    _points: new Map(),
+    _orbitPaths: new Map(),
+    _catalog: new Map(),
+    _detectionObjects: new Map(),
+    _denseLoadToken: 0,
+    _catalogRevision: 0,
+    _params: { catalog: 'core', showOrbits: false },
+  };
+  const parts = {
+    orbits: {
+      parseTLE: parseTleText,
+      propagatePosition: () => ({ longitude: 0, latitude: 0, altitude: 4e5 }),
+    },
+    labels: { _syncIssOverlay() {} },
+    controls: { _pointStyleFor: () => ({}) },
+    rendering: { _showOrbitPath() {} },
+    tracking: {
+      async _reconcileTrackedSubjectContext() {},
+      _applyPendingTrackingRestore() {},
+    },
+    catalog: {},
+  };
+  const source = {
+    async readGroup() {
+      return { ok: true, text: catalogText };
+    },
+  };
+  const { methods } = createIngestion({ state, services: {}, parts, source });
+  return { state, update: () => methods.update({ scene: {} }) };
+}
+
+test('every Alpha-5 satellite keeps its own catalog entry through dedupe', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(console, 'log', () => {});
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  const { state, update } = ingestionFor(
+    [
+      tleSet('FIRST', 'A0000'),
+      tleSet('SECOND', 'B0001'),
+      tleSet('THIRD', 'Z9999'),
+    ].join('\n'),
+  );
+  await update();
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...state._catalog].map(([id, entry]) => [id, entry.name]),
+    [
+      [100000, 'FIRST'],
+      [110001, 'SECOND'],
+      [339999, 'THIRD'],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual([...state._points.keys()], [100000, 110001, 339999]);
+  assert.equal(state._count, 3);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/labels.js b/src/layers/satellites/labels.js
index 95169be35..c62bbb308 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/labels.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/labels.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export function createLabels({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       id: String(ISS_NORAD),
       position,
       variant: 'label',
-      title: 'ISS',
+      title: 'ISS', // i18n-ignore: satellite name, as in the satellite catalog
       accent: '#ff4444',
       priority: 1000,
       collisionGroup: 'ambient-label',
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js b/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js
index 32bb57cf9..0e4461e85 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/orbits.js
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   twoline2satrec,
 } from 'satellite.js';
 import { findNextSatellitePass } from '../../data/satellitePass.js';
-import { parseTleText } from '../../sources/tle.js';
+import { noradIdFromSatnum, parseTleText } from '../../sources/tle.js';
 import { ORBIT_PATH_STEPS, ISS_NORAD } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createOrbits({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ export function createOrbits({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const current = propagatePosition(satrec, referenceDate);
     if (!current) return null;
     return {
-      noradId: Number(satrec.satnum),
+      noradId: noradIdFromSatnum(satrec.satnum),
       name: String(name || '').trim(),
       current,
       periodSec: orbitalPeriodSeconds(satrec),
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/records.js b/src/layers/satellites/records.js
index eddae75b6..d4fb4d076 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/records.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/records.js
@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@ export function mapAnalystRecord(raw) {
     // Empty records stay class-less; the class table's fallback is VISUAL and
     // must not leak onto a row that has no satellite identity.
     satelliteClass:
-      noradId || group ? satelliteClassLabel(group, { isIss }) : null,
+      noradId || group
+        ? satelliteClassLabel(group, { isIss, localize: false })
+        : null,
     group,
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
index 7bdb1d29f..2b2624ff7 100644
--- a/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
+++ b/src/layers/satellites/tracking.js
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { satelliteClassLabel } from '../../data/satelliteClass.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity, unitLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 import {
   ISS_NORAD,
   CONTEXT_REFRESH_INTERVAL_MS,
@@ -239,7 +241,10 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         name,
         operator: '',
         noradId: String(noradId),
-        class: satelliteClassLabel(sat.group, { isIss: noradId === ISS_NORAD }),
+        class: satelliteClassLabel(sat.group, {
+          isIss: noradId === ISS_NORAD,
+          localize: false,
+        }),
         altitude:
           altitudeKm === null ? '' : `${altitudeKm.toLocaleString('en-US')} km`,
       },
@@ -351,7 +356,12 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const title = sat?.name?.trim() || `SAT-${layerState._trackedNorad}`;
     const altitudeM =
       layerState._trackedFrameGeo?.altitude ?? fallbackAltitudeM;
-    const detail = `${Number.isFinite(altitudeM) ? Math.round(altitudeM / 1000) : '?'} km · NORAD ${layerState._trackedNorad}`;
+    // The card is display only (the voice context slot keeps its own English
+    // copy), so the altitude unit and the companions line follow the language.
+    const altitudeText = Number.isFinite(altitudeM)
+      ? formatQuantity(Math.round(altitudeM / 1000), 'km')
+      : `?\u00a0${unitLabel('km')}`;
+    const detail = `${altitudeText} · NORAD ${layerState._trackedNorad}`;
     // Class leads the detail block: it is what tells the operator WHAT they are
     // looking at, and it stays readable under the IR styles that flatten the
     // dot colors to a single channel (the card is painted above post-FX).
@@ -369,7 +379,9 @@ export function createTracking({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     if (companions.length > 0) {
       const extra = companions.length - 1;
       details.push(
-        `DOCKED · ${companions[0]}${extra > 0 ? ` · +${extra}` : ''}`,
+        extra > 0
+          ? t('DOCKED · {name} · +{extra}', { name: companions[0], extra })
+          : t('DOCKED · {name}', { name: companions[0] }),
       );
     }
     const current = layerState._trackedEntity.gevLabelModel;
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
index 97b864d40..6e8b9e2d7 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.js
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import { cameraHeightAboveGround, viewCentre, whenIdle } from './view.js';
 import { createGroundClick, groundClickHeightOk } from './groundClick.js';
 import { createGroundCaster, nextSurfaceMode } from './groundCast.js';
 import { createMeshSampler } from './meshSampler.js';
+import { msg, t, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 /** Above this camera height the ground under the camera is not worth fetching. */
 const SURFACE_WARM_BELOW_M = 6000;
@@ -335,7 +336,9 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
   }
 
   function unavailableReason(entry) {
-    return `${entry.def.name} needs the Google 3D map: choose it under MAP SOURCE`;
+    return t('{name} needs the Google 3D map: choose it under MAP SOURCE', {
+      name: translateKnown(entry.def.name),
+    });
   }
 
   /** One imagery source at a time: lighting a provider darkens the others. */
@@ -410,7 +413,9 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
   /** The hint a ground-click provider shows, or the provider's own. */
   function hintFor(entry, stats) {
     if (entry.def.groundClick && stats.hint && !state.groundClickReady)
-      return `zoom in to a street to open ${entry.def.name}`;
+      return t('zoom in to a street to open {name}', {
+        name: translateKnown(entry.def.name),
+      });
     return stats.hint || '';
   }
 
@@ -578,10 +583,13 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
       // The lifecycle polls this every second: summarise, don't snapshot.
       const snapshots = providerSnapshots();
       const coverage = summarizeCoverage(snapshots);
+      // English data: the layer panel translates these through translateKnown.
       let loadingLabel = '';
-      const keyLabel = coverage.keyRejected ? 'KEY REJECTED' : 'KEY REQUIRED';
+      const keyLabel = coverage.keyRejected
+        ? msg('KEY REJECTED')
+        : msg('KEY REQUIRED');
       if (coverage.keyRequired) loadingLabel = keyLabel;
-      else if (coverage.loading) loadingLabel = 'loading coverage...';
+      else if (coverage.loading) loadingLabel = msg('loading coverage...');
       else if (coverage.hint && state.enabled) loadingLabel = coverage.hint;
       return {
         source: layer.source,
@@ -732,10 +740,21 @@ export function createStreetLevelLayer({
       const stillOn = entries.some(
         (entry) => entry.on && providerAvailable(entry),
       );
+      // A provider's own refusal is English data that the panel translates;
+      // the core's refusal is built here, for the panel only, in the language.
       if (state.enabled && stillOn)
         state.street.error =
           lastError?.message ||
-          `No street-level imagery within ${NEAREST_RADIUS_M} m of ${point ? 'that point' : 'the view centre'}`;
+          (point
+            ? t('No street-level imagery within {radius} m of that point', {
+                radius: NEAREST_RADIUS_M,
+              })
+            : t(
+                'No street-level imagery within {radius} m of the view centre',
+                {
+                  radius: NEAREST_RADIUS_M,
+                },
+              ));
       state.street.loading = false;
       notify();
       return false;
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs
index f50bcd380..d52570c94 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/index.test.mjs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { MAPILLARY_CREDIT_HTML } from './providers/mapillary/policy.js';
 import { createMapillaryProvider } from './providers/mapillary/index.js';
 import { createKartaViewProvider } from './providers/kartaview/index.js';
 import { fakeStreetLevelProvider as fakeProvider } from '../../testSupport/streetLevelFakes.mjs';
+import { setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
  * A stand-in Cesium viewer the layer can be enabled on: a canvas for the
@@ -690,6 +691,24 @@ test('a lookup for the click-to-open providers asks only them and reports "that
   );
 });
 
+test('the nearest-image refusal is written in the language of the page', async (t) => {
+  const { layer } = await withStreetView(t, { nearest: () => null });
+  layer.setProviderEnabled('google', true);
+  await settle();
+  setLocale('es');
+  try {
+    await layer.openNearest(
+      { lat: 38.58, lon: -121.49 },
+      { providerIds: ['google'], frame: false },
+    );
+    const error = layer.getUIState().street.error;
+    assert.notEqual(error, 'No street-level imagery within 50 m of that point');
+    assert.match(error, /50/, 'keeps the radius');
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
 test('an image opened from a ground click leaves the camera where it is', async (t) => {
   const { layer, viewer } = await withStreetView(t);
   layer.setProviderEnabled('google', true);
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/lineCoverage.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/lineCoverage.js
index d57a98bd0..fbd992f88 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/lineCoverage.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/lineCoverage.js
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   whenIdle,
 } from './view.js';
 import { densifyLine, MESH_DENSIFY_DEG } from './groundCast.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { MESH_SAMPLE_RADIUS_M } from './meshSampler.js';
 import { tileBounds, tilesForBbox } from './tileMath.js';
 
@@ -703,7 +704,7 @@ export function createLineCoverage({
         state.coverage.pending.get(key) !== controller
       )
         return;
-      state.coverage.lastError = error?.message || 'Coverage tile failed';
+      state.coverage.lastError = error?.message || msg('Coverage tile failed');
       if (error?.keyRequired) state.keyRequired = true;
       if (error?.keyRejected) {
         // Every other tile would be refused too: stop asking.
@@ -834,7 +835,7 @@ export function createLineCoverage({
       state.coverage.hint =
         zoom == null && Number.isFinite(height) && messages.tooHigh
           ? messages.tooHigh
-          : 'Point the camera at the globe for street-level coverage';
+          : msg('Point the camera at the globe for street-level coverage');
       clear();
       notify();
       return;
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/photoViewer.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/photoViewer.js
index 079cf82c8..705fa8524 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/photoViewer.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/photoViewer.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   wrapDegrees,
 } from './panorama.js';
 import { imageSize } from './imageSize.js';
+import { msg, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 /** A photo download (tens of kilobytes to a few megabytes). */
 export const IMAGE_TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000;
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ export function loadImage(
     crossOrigin = true,
     timeoutMs = IMAGE_TIMEOUT_MS,
     resize = null,
-    failure = 'The photo could not be loaded',
+    failure = msg('The photo could not be loaded'),
     signal = null,
   } = {},
 ) {
@@ -602,11 +603,14 @@ export function createPhotoViewer({
     root.setAttribute('role', 'group');
     root.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
-      `${name} photo. ← and → step along the sequence. On a 360° photo, drag or use Shift+← →, ↑ ↓ to look around, and + − to zoom`,
+      t(
+        '{name} photo. ← and → step along the sequence. On a 360° photo, drag or use Shift+← →, ↑ ↓ to look around, and + − to zoom',
+        { name },
+      ),
     );
     picture = doc.createElement('img');
     picture.className = 'sl-photo-flat';
-    picture.alt = `${name} street-level photo`;
+    picture.alt = t('{name} street-level photo', { name });
     picture.draggable = false;
     picture.hidden = true;
     canvas = makeCanvas(doc);
@@ -624,8 +628,8 @@ export function createPhotoViewer({
       });
       return button;
     };
-    prevButton = nav('Previous photo in this sequence (←)', '‹', -1);
-    nextButton = nav('Next photo in this sequence (→)', '›', 1);
+    prevButton = nav(t('Previous photo in this sequence (←)'), '‹', -1);
+    nextButton = nav(t('Next photo in this sequence (→)'), '›', 1);
     root.append(picture, canvas, prevButton, nextButton);
     host.append(root);
     listen(root, 'keydown', onKeyDown);
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/policy.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/policy.js
index 0d6fdadb8..a5e95d7d8 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/policy.js
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+// Reached by the providers' source modules (no browser globals, see
+// check:boundaries), so no i18n import: the text stays English data here.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /** Identity and shared tuning for the provider-neutral Street Level layer. */
 export const STREET_LEVEL_LAYER_ID = 'street-level';
 
@@ -42,5 +46,7 @@ export const FOLLOW_EYE_HEIGHT_M = 2.4;
 /** Above this, a ground click is a misclick, not a street. */
 export const GROUND_CLICK_MAX_HEIGHT_M = 3_000;
 
-export const AIM_AT_GROUND_MESSAGE =
-  'Aim the middle of the view at a street to look for imagery there';
+/** English data: the Street Level panel translates it (translateKnown). */
+export const AIM_AT_GROUND_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'Aim the middle of the view at a street to look for imagery there',
+);
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/index.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/index.js
index 54fcc02f5..5789a9321 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/index.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { FOLLOW_MAP_STACK_ID } from '../../policy.js';
 import { createMapsLoader } from './mapsLoader.js';
+import { getLocale } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 import { createGoogleViewer } from './viewer.js';
 import {
   COLORS,
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ function settleWithin(promise, { ms, signal, loader }) {
  */
 export function createGoogleProvider({
   getApiKey,
-  loader = createMapsLoader({ getApiKey }),
+  loader = createMapsLoader({ getApiKey, getLanguage: getLocale }),
 }) {
   if (typeof getApiKey !== 'function')
     throw new TypeError('Google Street View needs getApiKey');
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/mapsLoader.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/mapsLoader.js
index dd66e1c92..3e2f4c4a4 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/mapsLoader.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/mapsLoader.js
@@ -3,16 +3,21 @@
  * `gm_authFailure` (key refused) reaches every `onAuthFailure` listener.
  */
 
+import { msg } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
+
 const SCRIPT_ORIGIN = 'https://maps.googleapis.com';
 const READY_CALLBACK = '__gevGoogleMapsReady';
 /** The page's one script load, shared by every loader on it. */
 const PAGE_LOAD = Symbol.for('gev.googleMapsLoad');
 
 /**
- * @param {{getApiKey: () => string|null|undefined, document?: Document, global?: object}} options
+ * @param {{getApiKey: () => string|null|undefined, getLanguage?: () => string|null|undefined, document?: Document, global?: object}} options
+ *   `getLanguage` names the UI language; Google's own controls (Terms,
+ *   Report a problem) follow it. English adds nothing, as before.
  */
 export function createMapsLoader({
   getApiKey,
+  getLanguage,
   document = globalThis.document,
   global = globalThis,
 }) {
@@ -41,7 +46,7 @@ export function createMapsLoader({
   function load() {
     const key = getApiKey?.();
     if (!key)
-      return Promise.reject(new Error('GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY is not set'));
+      return Promise.reject(new Error(msg('GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY is not set')));
     installAuthHandler();
     if (global[PAGE_LOAD]) return global[PAGE_LOAD];
     if (global.google?.maps?.importLibrary)
@@ -53,17 +58,20 @@ export function createMapsLoader({
       };
       const script = document.createElement('script');
       script.async = true;
-      script.src = `${SCRIPT_ORIGIN}/maps/api/js?${new URLSearchParams({
+      const params = new URLSearchParams({
         key,
         v: 'weekly',
         loading: 'async',
         callback: READY_CALLBACK,
-      })}`;
+      });
+      const language = getLanguage?.();
+      if (language && language !== 'en') params.set('language', language);
+      script.src = `${SCRIPT_ORIGIN}/maps/api/js?${params}`;
       script.onerror = () => {
         if (global[PAGE_LOAD] === loading) delete global[PAGE_LOAD];
         script.remove();
         delete global[READY_CALLBACK];
-        reject(new Error('The Google Maps JavaScript API could not load'));
+        reject(new Error(msg('The Google Maps JavaScript API could not load')));
       };
       document.head.append(script);
     });
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/mapsLoader.test.mjs b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/mapsLoader.test.mjs
index 789353143..1da6cf9bd 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/mapsLoader.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/mapsLoader.test.mjs
@@ -142,3 +142,19 @@ test('a retried load still reports a refusal once, and the page handler once', a
   assert.deepEqual(heard, ['a']);
   assert.equal(before, 1);
 });
+
+test('Google controls follow the UI language; English adds no parameter', async () => {
+  const language = (locale) => {
+    const page = fakePage();
+    const loader = createMapsLoader({
+      getApiKey: () => 'k-1',
+      getLanguage: () => locale,
+      ...page,
+    });
+    void loader.importLibrary('streetView').catch(() => {});
+    return new URL(page.scripts[0].src).searchParams.get('language');
+  };
+  assert.equal(language('es'), 'es');
+  assert.equal(language('ru'), 'ru');
+  assert.equal(language('en'), null);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/policy.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/policy.js
index 2f253ab96..e0fa40cfb 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/policy.js
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import { COLORS as SHARED_COLORS, PROVIDER_COLORS } from '../../policy.js';
+import { msg } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export { NEAREST_RADIUS_M } from '../../policy.js';
 
 export const GOOGLE_PROVIDER_ID = 'google';
-export const GOOGLE_NAME = 'Google Street View';
-export const GOOGLE_LABEL = 'GOOGLE STREET VIEW';
+export const GOOGLE_NAME = msg('Google Street View');
+export const GOOGLE_LABEL = msg('GOOGLE STREET VIEW');
 /** The browser Maps key; Street View also needs the Maps JavaScript API on it. */
 export const GOOGLE_KEY_ID = 'google-maps';
 
@@ -19,8 +20,9 @@ export const GOOGLE_CREDIT_HTML =
   'Street View imagery © <a href="https://www.google.com/streetview/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google</a>';
 
 /** Shown when Google refuses the key (gm_authFailure). */
-export const KEY_REJECTED_MESSAGE =
-  'Google refused GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY for Street View — check that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for it and this site is an allowed referrer';
+export const KEY_REJECTED_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'Google refused GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY for Street View — check that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for it and this site is an allowed referrer',
+);
 
 /** Past these, a nearest lookup, an open or a details lookup has failed. */
 export const NEAREST_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000;
@@ -29,10 +31,11 @@ export const DETAILS_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000;
 /** Pause after a failed details lookup before a view event can retry. */
 export const DETAILS_RETRY_COOLDOWN_MS = 5_000;
 
-export const NO_ANSWER_MESSAGE =
-  'Street View did not answer — check the network, and that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY';
+export const NO_ANSWER_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'Street View did not answer — check the network, and that the Maps JavaScript API is enabled for GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY',
+);
 
-export const GROUND_CLICK_HINT = 'click a street to open Street View';
+export const GROUND_CLICK_HINT = msg('click a street to open Street View');
 
 /** Deep link to a panorama on Google Maps (Maps URLs). */
 export function streetViewUrl(panoId, { heading = 0, pitch = 0 } = {}) {
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/viewer.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/viewer.js
index 1c7fdfa34..25e0b08fe 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/viewer.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/viewer.js
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   imageDateMs,
   streetViewUrl,
 } from './policy.js';
+import { msg } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 const PANORAMA_OPTIONS = Object.freeze({
   visible: false,
@@ -96,6 +97,8 @@ export function createGoogleViewer({ loader, getService, render } = {}) {
           service ||= getService
             ? await getService()
             : new (await ensureLibrary()).StreetViewService();
+          if (!current())
+            throw new Error('Street View details lookup was released');
           return service.getPanorama({ pano: panoId });
         })().then(resolve, reject);
       });
@@ -204,7 +207,7 @@ export function createGoogleViewer({ loader, getService, render } = {}) {
         else if (status)
           finish(
             reject,
-            new Error('Street View has no imagery for this place'),
+            new Error(msg('Street View has no imagery for this place')),
           );
       };
       const onPosition = () => {
@@ -235,6 +238,7 @@ export function createGoogleViewer({ loader, getService, render } = {}) {
       const panoId = String(imageId);
       if (!host) throw new Error('Street View is not mounted');
       if (loader.authFailed()) throw new Error(KEY_REJECTED_MESSAGE);
+      cancelShown?.();
       pendingOpen = panoId;
       const instance = await ensurePanorama(host);
       if (pendingOpen !== panoId) return;
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/viewer.test.mjs b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/viewer.test.mjs
index a3d746a34..e1d4a187c 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/viewer.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/google/viewer.test.mjs
@@ -403,3 +403,69 @@ test('a remount looks up again a panorama whose lookup hung', async () => {
   await settle();
   assert.equal(poses.length, count);
 });
+
+test('superseded panorama waits cannot steal the current close cleanup', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const { OPEN_TIMEOUT_MS } = await import('./policy.js');
+  const flush = async () => {
+    for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) await Promise.resolve();
+  };
+  const { fake, loader, viewer, host } = setup();
+  await viewer.mount(host);
+  const [panorama] = fake.built;
+  panorama.setPano = (id) => {
+    panorama.pano = id;
+  };
+  const first = viewer.open('pano-a');
+  await flush();
+  const second = viewer.open('pano-b');
+  await flush();
+  panorama.fire('position_changed'); // new panorama has not reached OK
+  await flush();
+  viewer.close();
+  const remaining = loader.listenerCount();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(OPEN_TIMEOUT_MS);
+  await Promise.allSettled([first, second]);
+  assert.equal(
+    remaining,
+    0,
+    'close disposes every pending open without waiting 20 seconds',
+  );
+  assert.equal(panorama.visible, false);
+});
+
+test('unmount during details-service acquisition makes no later billed lookup', async () => {
+  const fake = fakeStreetViewLibrary({ panoramas: PANORAMAS });
+  const loader = fakeMapsLoader(fake.library);
+  const { createGoogleProvider } = await import('./index.js');
+  let release;
+  const acquiring = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    release = resolve;
+  });
+  const importLibrary = loader.importLibrary.bind(loader);
+  let imports = 0;
+  loader.importLibrary = async (name) => {
+    if (++imports > 1) await acquiring;
+    return importLibrary(name);
+  };
+  const provider = createGoogleProvider({
+    getApiKey: () => 'fixture-key',
+    loader,
+  });
+  const instance = provider.create({
+    notify() {},
+    actions: { reportError() {} },
+  });
+  const viewer = instance.viewer;
+  await viewer.mount(fakeHost());
+  await viewer.open('pano-a');
+  viewer.unmount();
+  release();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) await Promise.resolve();
+  assert.equal(
+    fake.lookups.length,
+    0,
+    'teardown invalidates the request before calling getPanorama',
+  );
+  instance.destroy();
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/index.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/index.js
index 31587b03f..1cf2513f3 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/index.js
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from './decode.js';
 import { createKartaViewSource } from './source.js';
 import { createKartaViewViewer } from './viewer.js';
+import { msg } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   ARCHIVED_MESSAGE,
   COLORS,
@@ -147,7 +148,8 @@ export function createKartaViewProvider({
         const cached = photos.get(photoId);
         if (cached) return cached;
         const photo = remember(await source.getPhoto(photoId, { signal }));
-        if (!photo) throw new Error('KartaView has no position for this photo');
+        if (!photo)
+          throw new Error(msg('KartaView has no position for this photo'));
         return photo;
       }
 
@@ -443,7 +445,8 @@ export function createKartaViewProvider({
             .open(photoId)
             .catch((error) =>
               context.actions.reportError(
-                error?.message || 'The KartaView photo could not be loaded',
+                error?.message ||
+                  msg('The KartaView photo could not be loaded'),
               ),
             ),
         // Esc in the viewer clears the selected drive, as the panel says.
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/policy.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/policy.js
index d75c4ebd7..137b9cc78 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/policy.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { COLORS as SHARED_COLORS, PROVIDER_COLORS } from '../../policy.js';
+import { msg } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export { NEAREST_RADIUS_M } from '../../policy.js';
 
@@ -47,10 +48,11 @@ export const COVERAGE_TUNING = Object.freeze({
   viewRangePerHeight: 10,
   viewNearM: 1_000,
 });
-export const TOO_HIGH_HINT = 'zoom in to see KartaView coverage';
-export const NO_COVERAGE_HINT = 'no KartaView photos in view';
-export const RATE_LIMITED_MESSAGE =
-  'KartaView is rate-limiting requests — they resume on their own';
+export const TOO_HIGH_HINT = msg('zoom in to see KartaView coverage');
+export const NO_COVERAGE_HINT = msg('no KartaView photos in view');
+export const RATE_LIMITED_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'KartaView is rate-limiting requests — they resume on their own',
+);
 
 /**
  * The photo API answers 429 to more than about three requests at once, so
@@ -81,8 +83,9 @@ export const IMAGE_TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000;
 export const IMAGE_PROBE_TIMEOUT_MS = 8_000;
 /** Nearest photos probed (at once) before giving up on archived ones; ‹ › skip this many. */
 export const NEAREST_PROBES = 6;
-export const ARCHIVED_MESSAGE =
-  'KartaView’s photos here are archived and cannot be shown';
+export const ARCHIVED_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'KartaView’s photos here are archived and cannot be shown',
+);
 
 /** Photos asked for around a point; the API returns them nearest first. */
 export const NEAREST_LIMIT = 10;
@@ -132,10 +135,12 @@ export const MASK_MAX_BYTES = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
 export const MASK_KEEP_SHARE = 0.5;
 /** Points along a segment are tested this many mask pixels apart. */
 export const MASK_SAMPLE_PX = 2;
-export const MASK_SLOW_MESSAGE =
-  'KartaView did not filter this area in time — move the map to ask again';
-export const FILTERED_OUT_MESSAGE =
-  'None of KartaView’s photos here pass the imagery filter';
+export const MASK_SLOW_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'KartaView did not filter this area in time — move the map to ask again',
+);
+export const FILTERED_OUT_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'None of KartaView’s photos here pass the imagery filter',
+);
 /** Under the SINCE slider while KartaView is lit. */
 export const SINCE_NOTE = 'KartaView: by upload date';
 
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/source.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/source.js
index 58b8602f4..89ed9409e 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/source.js
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import {
   TILE_TIMEOUT_MS,
   photoFilterParams,
 } from './policy.js';
+import { msg } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 import { createLimiter } from '../../limiter.js';
 
 export { createLimiter } from '../../limiter.js';
@@ -43,9 +44,10 @@ export class KartaViewSourceError extends Error {
   }
 }
 
-const NO_ANSWER = 'KartaView did not answer in time — try again';
-const UNREACHABLE = 'KartaView could not be reached — check the network';
-const UNREADABLE = 'KartaView sent an answer that could not be read';
+// Failure texts are English data: the Street Level panel translates them.
+const NO_ANSWER = msg('KartaView did not answer in time — try again');
+const UNREACHABLE = msg('KartaView could not be reached — check the network');
+const UNREADABLE = msg('KartaView sent an answer that could not be read');
 /** Statuses that mean a photo file is gone, not that storage hiccupped. */
 const GONE_STATUSES = Object.freeze([403, 404, 409, 410]);
 
@@ -122,10 +124,15 @@ export function createKartaViewSource({
     try {
       response = await fetchImpl(url, { signal: controller.signal });
       if (response.status === 429)
-        throw new KartaViewSourceError('KartaView is rate-limiting requests', {
-          status: 429,
-          retryAfterSec: retryAfterSeconds(response) ?? 2,
-        });
+        throw new KartaViewSourceError(
+          msg('KartaView is rate-limiting requests'),
+          {
+            status: 429,
+            retryAfterSec: retryAfterSeconds(response) ?? 2,
+          },
+        );
+      // English data with a number: the Street Level panel and the layer
+      // panel show it through the 'KartaView answered HTTP {status}' entry.
       if (!response.ok)
         throw new KartaViewSourceError(
           `KartaView answered HTTP ${response.status}`,
@@ -133,7 +140,7 @@ export function createKartaViewSource({
         );
       const length = Number(response.headers?.get?.('content-length'));
       const tooMuch = () =>
-        new KartaViewSourceError('KartaView sent too much data', {
+        new KartaViewSourceError(msg('KartaView sent too much data'), {
           status: response.status,
         });
       if (length > maxBytes) throw tooMuch();
@@ -228,6 +235,7 @@ export function createKartaViewSource({
         );
         const code = Number(payload?.status?.apiCode);
         // 600 ok, 601 empty, 602 partial: anything else is a refusal.
+        // Shown through 'KartaView refused the request (code {code})'.
         if (Number.isFinite(code) && (code < 600 || code > 603))
           throw new KartaViewSourceError(
             `KartaView refused the request (code ${code})`,
@@ -241,7 +249,9 @@ export function createKartaViewSource({
         if (error?.status !== 429 || attempt >= PHOTO_API_RETRIES) {
           if (error?.status === 429)
             throw new KartaViewSourceError(
-              'KartaView is rate-limiting requests — try again in a moment',
+              msg(
+                'KartaView is rate-limiting requests — try again in a moment',
+              ),
               { status: 429, retryAfterSec: error.retryAfterSec },
             );
           throw error;
@@ -372,7 +382,7 @@ export function createKartaViewSource({
         { signal },
       );
       if (!result.data || typeof result.data !== 'object')
-        throw new KartaViewSourceError('KartaView has no such photo');
+        throw new KartaViewSourceError(msg('KartaView has no such photo'));
       return result.data;
     },
 
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/viewer.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/viewer.js
index 9b1d0884b..e9c5c0c0d 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/viewer.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/kartaview/viewer.js
@@ -14,9 +14,12 @@ import {
   resizedImageUrl,
 } from './policy.js';
 
+import { msg } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
+
 export { panoSizeFor } from '../../photoViewer.js';
 
-const LOAD_FAILED = 'The KartaView photo could not be loaded';
+/** English data: the Street Level panel translates it (translateKnown). */
+const LOAD_FAILED = msg('The KartaView photo could not be loaded');
 
 /** Load a KartaView photo (see photoViewer.js `loadImage`). */
 export function loadImage(url, options = {}) {
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/policy.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/policy.js
index c55c0d26e..4689f3688 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/mapillary/policy.js
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import { COLORS as SHARED_COLORS, PROVIDER_COLORS } from '../../policy.js';
 
+// Reached by source.js (no browser globals, see check:boundaries), so no
+// i18n import: the messages stay English data, translated where shown.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 export { NEAREST_RADIUS_M } from '../../policy.js';
 
 /** Identity and tuning for the Mapillary street-level provider. */
@@ -36,11 +40,13 @@ export const COVERAGE_MAX_TILES = 9;
 /** Overview (z0–5) coverage points seen from orbit. */
 export const COVERAGE_OVERVIEW_MAX_TILES = 16;
 /** Shown when Mapillary refuses the server's token (401/403). */
-export const KEY_REJECTED_MESSAGE =
-  'Mapillary rejected MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN — replace it in Provider Settings';
+export const KEY_REJECTED_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'Mapillary rejected MAPILLARY_CLIENT_TOKEN — replace it in Provider Settings',
+);
 /** Shown while Mapillary rate-limits tile requests (429). */
-export const RATE_LIMITED_MESSAGE =
-  'Coverage requests are being rate-limited — they resume on their own';
+export const RATE_LIMITED_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'Coverage requests are being rate-limited — they resume on their own',
+);
 /**
  * Street-zoom coverage reaches this far from the camera: camera height times
  * the factor, never below the floor, even when a tilted view sees further.
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/index.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/index.js
index 3ce1f5d21..d3a3c7922 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/index.js
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { createLru, createTileCache } from '../../tileCache.js';
 import { decodeCoverageTileSliced, decodePictures } from './decode.js';
 import { createPanoramaxSource } from './source.js';
 import { createPanoramaxViewer } from './viewer.js';
+import { msg } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   COLORS,
   COVERAGE_LINES_BELOW_M,
@@ -447,7 +448,8 @@ export function createPanoramaxProvider({
             .open(photoId)
             .catch((error) =>
               context.actions.reportError(
-                error?.message || 'The Panoramax photo could not be loaded',
+                error?.message ||
+                  msg('The Panoramax photo could not be loaded'),
               ),
             ),
         step,
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/policy.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/policy.js
index 198b8bb8b..55036cb32 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/policy.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { COLORS as SHARED_COLORS, PROVIDER_COLORS } from '../../policy.js';
+import { msg } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export { NEAREST_RADIUS_M } from '../../policy.js';
 
@@ -79,16 +80,18 @@ export const DECODE_SLICE_MS = 8;
  */
 export const OVERVIEW_BINS_PER_AXIS = 96;
 
-export const RATE_LIMITED_MESSAGE =
-  'Panoramax is busy — coverage resumes on its own';
-export const NO_COVERAGE_HINT = 'no Panoramax photos in view';
+export const RATE_LIMITED_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'Panoramax is busy — coverage resumes on its own',
+);
+export const NO_COVERAGE_HINT = msg('no Panoramax photos in view');
 /** Lines in view, all hidden by the imagery filter. */
-export const FILTERED_HINT = 'no Panoramax photos here match the filters';
-export const UNREADABLE_TILE_MESSAGE =
-  'Panoramax sent a map tile that could not be read';
-export const GONE_MESSAGE = 'This Panoramax photo is no longer available';
+export const FILTERED_HINT = msg('no Panoramax photos here match the filters');
+export const UNREADABLE_TILE_MESSAGE = msg(
+  'Panoramax sent a map tile that could not be read',
+);
+export const GONE_MESSAGE = msg('This Panoramax photo is no longer available');
 /** From high up the dots are where pictures are, not sequences to click. */
-export const OVERVIEW_HINT = 'zoom in to see Panoramax coverage';
+export const OVERVIEW_HINT = msg('zoom in to see Panoramax coverage');
 
 /** Cones come from z15 tiles' `pictures` layer (~110 bytes a picture). */
 export const PICTURE_TILE_ZOOM = 15;
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/source.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/source.js
index 9678233ad..bfdd99057 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/providers/panoramax/source.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { createLimiter } from '../../limiter.js';
+import { msg } from '../../../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   API_CONCURRENCY,
   API_TIMEOUT_MS,
@@ -28,8 +29,10 @@ export class PanoramaxSourceError extends Error {
   }
 }
 
-const NO_ANSWER = 'Panoramax did not answer in time — try again';
-const UNREACHABLE = 'Panoramax could not be reached — check the connection';
+const NO_ANSWER = msg('Panoramax did not answer in time — try again');
+const UNREACHABLE = msg(
+  'Panoramax could not be reached — check the connection',
+);
 
 /**
  * Seconds from a Retry-After header (delay seconds or an HTTP date), or
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ export function retryAfterSeconds(response, now = Date.now()) {
  */
 async function readBounded(response, onChunk = () => {}) {
   const tooMuch = () =>
-    new PanoramaxSourceError('Panoramax sent too much data', {
+    new PanoramaxSourceError(msg('Panoramax sent too much data'), {
       status: response.status,
     });
   const length = Number(response.headers?.get?.('content-length'));
@@ -139,7 +142,7 @@ export function createPanoramaxSource({
             BUSY_BACKOFF_BASE_SEC * 2 ** Math.min(busyStreak, 8),
           );
         busyStreak++;
-        throw new PanoramaxSourceError('Panoramax is busy', {
+        throw new PanoramaxSourceError(msg('Panoramax is busy'), {
           status: response.status,
           retryAfterSec: wait,
         });
@@ -191,7 +194,9 @@ export function createPanoramaxSource({
     try {
       payload = JSON.parse(new TextDecoder().decode(bytes));
     } catch {
-      throw new PanoramaxSourceError('Panoramax sent an unreadable answer');
+      throw new PanoramaxSourceError(
+        msg('Panoramax sent an unreadable answer'),
+      );
     }
     return Array.isArray(payload?.features) ? payload.features : [];
   }
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/uiState.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/uiState.js
index 4c4590b3e..9d1afecc2 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/uiState.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/uiState.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { COLORS } from './policy.js';
 
+import { msg, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 /**
  * @typedef {object} ProviderSnapshot
  * @property {string} id
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ export function summarizeCoverage(providers) {
     loading: active.some((p) => p.loading),
     hint:
       providers.length === 0
-        ? 'No street-level imagery providers configured'
+        ? msg('No street-level imagery providers configured')
         : [...new Set(active.map((p) => p.hint).filter(Boolean))].join(' · '),
     error: active.find((p) => p.error)?.error || null,
     // One source is lit at a time; its wording counts the lines.
@@ -82,7 +83,9 @@ export function sinceNote(providers) {
   const names = providers
     .filter((p) => p.on && p.sinceBasis === 'upload')
     .map((p) => p.name);
-  return names.length ? `${names.join(', ')}: by upload date` : null;
+  return names.length
+    ? t('{names}: by upload date', { names: names.join(', ') })
+    : null;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -116,7 +119,11 @@ export function composeUIState({
         provider.groundClick !== true && provider.highlightsSequence !== false,
     )
   )
-    legend.push({ key: 'selected', label: 'Selected', color: COLORS.selected });
+    legend.push({
+      key: 'selected',
+      label: t('Selected'),
+      color: COLORS.selected,
+    });
   return {
     enabled,
     groundClickReady: groundClickReady === true,
diff --git a/src/layers/streetLevel/viewerHost.js b/src/layers/streetLevel/viewerHost.js
index 8992d4905..ce7363a13 100644
--- a/src/layers/streetLevel/viewerHost.js
+++ b/src/layers/streetLevel/viewerHost.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { freshStreet } from './state.js';
 
 /**
@@ -125,7 +126,8 @@ export function createViewerHost({ state, parts }) {
     if (!state.street.host) {
       // A nearest-image lookup may have set it; nothing is loading now.
       state.street.loading = false;
-      state.street.error = 'Open the Street Level panel to view imagery';
+      // English data: the Street Level panel translates it (translateKnown).
+      state.street.error = msg('Open the Street Level panel to view imagery');
       notify();
       return false;
     }
@@ -153,7 +155,7 @@ export function createViewerHost({ state, parts }) {
       if (ticket && !state.street.follow) parts.follow.lookAtPosition(ticket);
     } catch (error) {
       if (current())
-        state.street.error = error?.message || 'Image could not be opened';
+        state.street.error = error?.message || msg('Image could not be opened');
     } finally {
       if (current()) state.street.loading = false;
       notify();
diff --git a/src/layers/submarineCables/bundledSource.js b/src/layers/submarineCables/bundledSource.js
index 881522ee9..7a0b0095f 100644
--- a/src/layers/submarineCables/bundledSource.js
+++ b/src/layers/submarineCables/bundledSource.js
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export function createBundledCableSource({
     return json;
   }
   return {
-    label: 'TeleGeography',
+    label: 'TeleGeography', // i18n-ignore: data provider name
     async fetch(signal) {
       const [cables, landingPoints] = await Promise.all([
         read(cableUrl(), signal),
diff --git a/src/layers/submarineCables/ingestion.js b/src/layers/submarineCables/ingestion.js
index eaefbeb39..5468996d5 100644
--- a/src/layers/submarineCables/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/submarineCables/ingestion.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { msg, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   featureLabel,
   featureReference,
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ export function createIngestion({ state, parts, source }) {
 
     state._loading = true;
     state._error = null;
-    state._loadingLabel = 'loading...';
+    state._loadingLabel = t('loading...');
     // Ownership token (the militaryAwareness activationId pattern): a
     // disable/abort followed by a fresh enable starts a NEWER load while this
     // one is still settling. The stale load must bail after every await and
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ export function createIngestion({ state, parts, source }) {
       // A stale or aborted load reports nothing: its failure belongs to a
       // lifecycle the user already left.
       if (owns() && error?.name !== 'AbortError') {
-        state._error = error?.message || 'TeleGeography load failed';
+        state._error = error?.message || msg('TeleGeography load failed');
         console.warn(
           '[Data:telegeography-submarine-cables]',
           state._error,
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/controls.js b/src/layers/traffic/controls.js
index 44fde3fdd..d33e5a076 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/controls.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/controls.js
@@ -8,15 +8,17 @@ import {
   trafficStyleProfile,
 } from '../../data/trafficPresetStyle.js';
 import { TRAFFIC_TIMING_ENABLED } from './policy.js';
+import { t, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   /** One status line: feed, drawn road source, then degraded-coverage notes. */
   function roadStatusLabel(feed) {
     const source = layerState._roadSource;
     if (layerState._roadError)
-      return `UNAVAILABLE · ${source} · Roads unavailable`;
+      return t('UNAVAILABLE · {source} · Roads unavailable', { source });
     const notes = [feed.loadingLabel];
-    if (!layerState._liveMode || feed.error) notes.push(`Roads: ${source}`);
+    if (!layerState._liveMode || feed.error)
+      notes.push(t('Roads: {source}', { source }));
     // An explicit TomTom or Hybrid choice without a key draws OpenStreetMap.
     if (
       !layerState._liveMode &&
@@ -24,16 +26,24 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     )
       notes.push(
         layerState._flowStatusUnavailable
-          ? `${layerState._roadMode === 'tomtom' ? 'TomTom roads' : 'Hybrid'} unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable`
+          ? layerState._roadMode === 'tomtom'
+            ? t(
+                'TomTom roads unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable',
+              )
+            : t('Hybrid unavailable while the traffic service is unreachable')
           : layerState._roadMode === 'tomtom'
-            ? 'TomTom roads need a TomTom key'
-            : 'Hybrid needs a TomTom key',
+            ? t('TomTom roads need a TomTom key')
+            : t('Hybrid needs a TomTom key'),
       );
-    if (layerState._surfacePending) notes.push('Local surface still loading');
-    if (layerState._roadWarning) notes.push(layerState._roadWarning);
-    else if (layerState._roadPartial) notes.push('Partial coverage');
-    if (layerState._detailError) notes.push('Detailed roads unavailable');
-    else if (layerState._detailLimited) notes.push('Reduced detail coverage');
+    if (layerState._surfacePending)
+      notes.push(t('Local surface still loading'));
+    // The warning is a road-source message (source.js marks the known ones).
+    if (layerState._roadWarning)
+      notes.push(translateKnown(layerState._roadWarning));
+    else if (layerState._roadPartial) notes.push(t('Partial coverage'));
+    if (layerState._detailError) notes.push(t('Detailed roads unavailable'));
+    else if (layerState._detailLimited)
+      notes.push(t('Reduced detail coverage'));
     return notes.join(' · ');
   }
 
@@ -161,13 +171,22 @@ export function createControls({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     getRowControls() {
       const selected =
         layerState._roadMode || resolveRoadMode(null, layerState._liveMode);
-      const needsKey = layerState._liveMode ? '' : ' (needs a TomTom key)';
+      const live = layerState._liveMode;
       const titles = {
-        tomtom: `TomTom roads only, each with its live flow${needsKey}`,
-        osm: 'OpenStreetMap roads, with TomTom flow matched when available',
-        hybrid: `TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated${needsKey}`,
+        tomtom: live
+          ? t('TomTom roads only, each with its live flow')
+          : t(
+              'TomTom roads only, each with its live flow (needs a TomTom key)',
+            ),
+        osm: t('OpenStreetMap roads, with TomTom flow matched when available'),
+        hybrid: live
+          ? t('TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated')
+          : t(
+              'TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)',
+            ),
       };
-      const labels = { tomtom: 'TomTom', osm: 'OSM', hybrid: 'Hybrid' };
+      // TomTom and OSM are provider names and stay as they are.
+      const labels = { tomtom: 'TomTom', osm: 'OSM', hybrid: t('Hybrid') };
       return {
         chips: TRAFFIC_ROAD_MODES.map((mode) => ({
           id: `roads-${mode}`,
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/flow.js b/src/layers/traffic/flow.js
index 71c8a3442..7135fd8c6 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/flow.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/flow.js
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
   FAST_FETCH_ALTITUDE,
   roadDotBudget,
 } from './policy.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export function createFlow({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
   const { registerDynamicCredit, TOMTOM_CREDIT } = services.credits;
@@ -36,11 +37,13 @@ export function createFlow({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
     const status = Number.isFinite(error.status)
       ? error.status
       : Number(message.match(/HTTP (\d{3})/)?.[1]);
-    if (status === 503) return 'TomTom key unavailable';
-    if (status === 429) return 'TomTom daily budget reached';
-    if (status === 502 || status === 504) return 'TomTom upstream unreachable';
+    // English in state; trafficFeedPresentation translates it for the panel.
+    if (status === 503) return msg('TomTom key unavailable');
+    if (status === 429) return msg('TomTom daily budget reached');
+    if (status === 502 || status === 504)
+      return msg('TomTom upstream unreachable');
     if (Number.isFinite(status)) return `TomTom flow error (HTTP ${status})`;
-    return 'TomTom flow unavailable';
+    return msg('TomTom flow unavailable');
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/model.js b/src/layers/traffic/model.js
index 5a7907398..291c06c90 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/model.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/model.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { roadSurfaceChunks } from './surface.js';
+import { t, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   flowDensityMult,
   flowBucket,
@@ -251,7 +252,10 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       // drops `loadingLabel` in its error branch, so the owner's SIMULATED copy
       // has to BE the error text or the steady state reverts to a bare
       // "TomTom daily budget reached" that never says what is on screen.
-      const degraded = `SIMULATED — ${flowError}`;
+      // The reason is ours (flow.js marks it) or carries an HTTP code.
+      const degraded = t('SIMULATED — {reason}', {
+        reason: translateKnown(flowError),
+      });
       return { mode, error: degraded, loadingLabel: degraded };
     }
     // TomTom and Hybrid name their geometry; OpenStreetMap keeps its match copy.
@@ -260,10 +264,14 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         mode,
         error: null,
         loadingLabel: fetching
-          ? 'Syncing flow · Roads: TomTom'
+          ? t('Syncing flow · Roads: {source}', { source: roadSource })
           : coveragePct > 0
-            ? 'LIVE · Roads: TomTom · Roads without flow hidden'
-            : 'LIVE · Roads: TomTom · No flow roads in view',
+            ? t('LIVE · Roads: {source} · Roads without flow hidden', {
+                source: roadSource,
+              })
+            : t('LIVE · Roads: {source} · No flow roads in view', {
+                source: roadSource,
+              }),
       };
     }
     if (liveMode && roadSource === 'TomTom + OpenStreetMap') {
@@ -271,8 +279,16 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         mode,
         error: null,
         loadingLabel: fetching
-          ? `Syncing flow · Roads: ${roadSource}`
-          : `${coveragePct > 0 ? 'LIVE' : 'SIMULATED'} · Roads: ${roadSource} · Flow ${coveragePct}%`,
+          ? t('Syncing flow · Roads: {source}', { source: roadSource })
+          : coveragePct > 0
+            ? t('LIVE · Roads: {source} · Flow {percent}%', {
+                source: roadSource,
+                percent: coveragePct,
+              })
+            : t('SIMULATED · Roads: {source} · Flow {percent}%', {
+                source: roadSource,
+                percent: coveragePct,
+              }),
       };
     }
     if (liveMode) {
@@ -280,10 +296,24 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
         mode,
         error: null,
         loadingLabel: fetching
-          ? 'Syncing flow · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · Unmatched: simulated'
+          ? t(
+              'Syncing flow · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · Unmatched: simulated',
+            )
           : coveragePct > 0
-            ? `LIVE · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · ${coveragePct}% cov${coveragePct < 100 ? ' · Unmatched: simulated' : ''}`
-            : 'SIMULATED · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom (no matches)',
+            ? coveragePct < 100
+              ? t(
+                  'LIVE · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · {percent}% cov · Unmatched: simulated',
+                  {
+                    percent: coveragePct,
+                  },
+                )
+              : t(
+                  'LIVE · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom · {percent}% cov',
+                  {
+                    percent: coveragePct,
+                  },
+                )
+            : t('SIMULATED · Roads: OpenStreetMap · Flow: TomTom (no matches)'),
       };
     }
     // Keyless simulation — one terse line that names the mode and the remedy
@@ -293,8 +323,8 @@ export function createModel({ state: layerState, services, parts, source }) {
       mode,
       error: null,
       loadingLabel: statusUnavailable
-        ? 'SIMULATED — traffic service unreachable'
-        : 'SIMULATED — add TomTom key for live',
+        ? t('SIMULATED — traffic service unreachable')
+        : t('SIMULATED — add TomTom key for live'),
     };
   }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/roadStatus.i18n.test.mjs b/src/layers/traffic/roadStatus.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..655ae6557
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/roadStatus.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// The traffic road-status notes follow the UI language; English keeps
+// its wording.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { createState } from './state.js';
+import { createControls } from './controls.js';
+
+function loadingLabel(overrides) {
+  const state = createState({ services: {} });
+  Object.assign(state, overrides);
+  const controls = createControls({
+    state,
+    services: {},
+    source: { getFlowSessionStats: () => ({}) },
+    parts: { model: { trafficFeedPresentation: () => ({ loadingLabel: '' }) } },
+  });
+  return controls.methods.getStats().loadingLabel;
+}
+
+const DEGRADED = {
+  _liveMode: false,
+  _roadMode: 'tomtom',
+  _roadSource: 'OpenStreetMap',
+  _roadPartial: true,
+  _detailLimited: true,
+  _surfacePending: 2,
+};
+
+test('en: road status notes keep their English wording', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.equal(
+    loadingLabel(DEGRADED),
+    ' · Roads: OpenStreetMap · TomTom roads need a TomTom key · Local surface still loading · Partial coverage · Reduced detail coverage',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    loadingLabel({ _roadError: 'x', _roadSource: 'OpenStreetMap' }),
+    'UNAVAILABLE · OpenStreetMap · Roads unavailable',
+  );
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: road status notes are in the UI language`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const label = loadingLabel({
+        ...DEGRADED,
+        _roadPartial: false,
+        _roadWarning: 'OpenFreeMap tiles rate-limited',
+      });
+      for (const english of [
+        'Roads:',
+        'TomTom key',
+        'still loading',
+        'rate-limited',
+        'detail coverage',
+      ])
+        assert.ok(
+          !label.includes(english),
+          `${locale}: "${english}" in ${label}`,
+        );
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+function roadChips(liveMode) {
+  const state = createState({ services: {} });
+  state._liveMode = liveMode;
+  const controls = createControls({
+    state,
+    services: {},
+    source: { getFlowSessionStats: () => ({}) },
+    parts: {},
+  });
+  return controls.methods.getRowControls().chips;
+}
+
+test('en: road-source chips keep their English labels and titles', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    roadChips(false).map((chip) => [chip.label, chip.title]),
+    [
+      [
+        'TomTom',
+        'TomTom roads only, each with its live flow (needs a TomTom key)',
+      ],
+      ['OSM', 'OpenStreetMap roads, with TomTom flow matched when available'],
+      [
+        'Hybrid',
+        'TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated (needs a TomTom key)',
+      ],
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    roadChips(true)[2].title,
+    'TomTom roads first; OpenStreetMap fills the rest, simulated',
+  );
+});
+
+for (const [locale, hybrid] of [
+  ['ru', 'Гибрид'],
+  ['es', 'Híbrido'],
+]) {
+  test(`${locale}: the Hybrid chip and every chip title are translated`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      for (const live of [false, true]) {
+        const chips = roadChips(live);
+        assert.deepEqual(
+          chips.map((chip) => chip.label),
+          ['TomTom', 'OSM', hybrid],
+        );
+        for (const chip of chips)
+          assert.doesNotMatch(
+            chip.title,
+            /roads only|roads, with|fills the rest|needs a/,
+            `${locale}: ${chip.title}`,
+          );
+      }
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/traffic/source.js b/src/layers/traffic/source.js
index 7dc923a99..02478759e 100644
--- a/src/layers/traffic/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/traffic/source.js
@@ -59,16 +59,20 @@ export class RoadRequestError extends Error {
   }
 }
 
+// AI tool services import this module, so it marks its English with a local
+// msg(); the traffic panel translates the message (controls.js).
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /** Name the road upstream without exposing raw transport errors or missing codes. */
 export function roadRequestError(status, cause) {
   const code = Number.isFinite(status) ? status : null;
   const message =
     code === 429
-      ? 'OpenFreeMap tiles rate-limited'
+      ? msg('OpenFreeMap tiles rate-limited')
       : code === 504 || cause?.name === 'TimeoutError'
-        ? 'OpenFreeMap tiles timed out'
+        ? msg('OpenFreeMap tiles timed out')
         : code === null
-          ? 'OpenFreeMap tiles unavailable'
+          ? msg('OpenFreeMap tiles unavailable')
           : `OpenFreeMap tiles unavailable (HTTP ${code})`;
   return Object.assign(new RoadRequestError(message, { status: code, cause }), {
     retryable: cause?.retryable !== false,
diff --git a/src/layers/transit/ingestion.js b/src/layers/transit/ingestion.js
index be8833270..6fd46211f 100644
--- a/src/layers/transit/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/transit/ingestion.js
@@ -476,6 +476,7 @@ export function createIngestion({ state, services, parts, source }) {
           `[Data:Transit] ${feed.id} poll failed:`,
           error?.message || error,
         );
+        // i18n-ignore: English data, translated on display (ui/statusText.js)
         status.error = `${feed.name} feed unavailable`;
         status.retryInSec = Number.isFinite(error?.retryInSec)
           ? error.retryInSec
diff --git a/src/layers/transit/policy.js b/src/layers/transit/policy.js
index 721eb247e..2fb5101ce 100644
--- a/src/layers/transit/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/transit/policy.js
@@ -321,6 +321,42 @@ export function aggregateTransitFeedHealth(statuses, nowMs) {
   };
 }
 
+// AI tools (src/tools/queries/mobility.js) import this module, so no i18n here:
+// the card copy takes `t` from the caller (selection.js); without it, English.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
+/** English {placeholder} interpolation, the default `t` of the card copy. */
+function englishText(text, values) {
+  if (!values) return text;
+  return text.replace(/\{([A-Za-z0-9_]+)\}/g, (literal, name) =>
+    Object.hasOwn(values, name) ? String(values[name]) : literal,
+  );
+}
+
+/** GTFS-realtime OccupancyStatus in words. */
+function occupancyText(occupancy, t) {
+  switch (occupancy) {
+    case 'EMPTY':
+      return t('empty', { context: 'occupancy' });
+    case 'MANY_SEATS_AVAILABLE':
+      return t('many seats available', { context: 'occupancy' });
+    case 'FEW_SEATS_AVAILABLE':
+      return t('few seats available', { context: 'occupancy' });
+    case 'STANDING_ROOM_ONLY':
+      return t('standing room only', { context: 'occupancy' });
+    case 'CRUSHED_STANDING_ROOM_ONLY':
+      return t('crushed standing room only', { context: 'occupancy' });
+    case 'FULL':
+      return t('full', { context: 'occupancy' });
+    case 'NOT_ACCEPTING_PASSENGERS':
+      return t('not accepting passengers', { context: 'occupancy' });
+    case 'NOT_BOARDABLE':
+      return t('not boardable', { context: 'occupancy' });
+    default:
+      return occupancy.toLowerCase().replaceAll('_', ' ');
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Build the human lines of the selection card from a vehicle record.
  * @param {object} feed Registry entry.
@@ -328,6 +364,9 @@ export function aggregateTransitFeedHealth(statuses, nowMs) {
  * @param {string} mode Resolved transit mode.
  * @param {number} nowMs
  * @param {number|null} [fetchedAtMs] Snapshot fetch time.
+ * @param {object|null} [entry] Playback entry of the vehicle.
+ * @param {(text: string, values?: object) => string} [t] Translates the
+ *   card's English text; English when omitted.
  * @returns {{title:string, details:string[]}}
  */
 export function buildTransitSelectionCopy(
@@ -337,44 +376,55 @@ export function buildTransitSelectionCopy(
   nowMs,
   fetchedAtMs = null,
   entry = null,
+  t = englishText,
 ) {
   const icon = TRANSIT_MODE_ICON[mode] || TRANSIT_MODE_ICON.unknown;
   const routeLabel = record.routeId
-    ? `Route ${transitRouteLabel(feed, record.routeId)}`
-    : record.label
-      ? `Vehicle ${record.label}`
-      : `Vehicle ${record.id}`;
+    ? t('Route {route}', { route: transitRouteLabel(feed, record.routeId) })
+    : t('Vehicle {vehicle}', { vehicle: record.label || record.id });
   const title = `${icon} ${routeLabel}`;
   // The mode is said in words on its own line. A glyph and a route id do not
   // tell a reader that the dot on Tremont Street is a subway train, and a
   // subway drawn on a street reads as a bug until the card says what it is.
-  const kindWord = transitModeWord(mode, feed);
+  // An operator's own mode word (feed.modeWords) is a name and stays as is.
+  const kindWord =
+    feed?.modeWords?.[mode]?.word ||
+    t(TRANSIT_MODE_WORD[mode] || TRANSIT_MODE_WORD.unknown);
   const details = [`${kindWord} · ${feed.name} · ${feed.region}`];
   const motion = [];
   // What the SCREEN is doing leads, because that is what the reader can check.
   const shown = entry ? displayMotion(entry, nowMs) : null;
-  if (shown?.word === 'STOPPED') motion.push('Stopped');
-  else if (shown?.word === 'NO FIX') motion.push('No recent fix');
-  else if (shown?.word === 'WAITING') motion.push('Waiting for update');
-  else if (shown) motion.push('Moving');
+  if (shown?.word === 'STOPPED')
+    motion.push(t('Stopped', { context: 'vehicle motion' }));
+  else if (shown?.word === 'NO FIX') motion.push(t('No recent fix'));
+  else if (shown?.word === 'WAITING') motion.push(t('Waiting for update'));
+  else if (shown) motion.push(t('Moving'));
   if (motion.length) details.push(motion.join(' · '));
   const reportedMotion = [];
   if (Number.isFinite(record.speedMps))
-    reportedMotion.push(`reported ${Math.round(record.speedMps * 3.6)} km/h`);
+    reportedMotion.push(
+      t('reported {speed} km/h', { speed: Math.round(record.speedMps * 3.6) }),
+    );
   if (Number.isFinite(record.bearing))
-    reportedMotion.push(`reported hdg ${Math.round(record.bearing)}°`);
+    reportedMotion.push(
+      t('reported hdg {heading}°', { heading: Math.round(record.bearing) }),
+    );
   // The operator's own claim, kept as a REPORT rather than as the live state.
   // It describes the moment of the report, which the display may not have
   // reached yet; presenting it as "now" is what put STOPPED on a moving metro.
   const state = [];
   if (record.status === 'STOPPED_AT' && record.stopId)
-    state.push(`Last report: stopped at stop ${record.stopId}`);
+    state.push(
+      t('Last report: stopped at stop {stop}', { stop: record.stopId }),
+    );
   else if (record.status === 'INCOMING_AT' && record.stopId)
-    state.push(`Last report: arriving at stop ${record.stopId}`);
+    state.push(
+      t('Last report: arriving at stop {stop}', { stop: record.stopId }),
+    );
   else if (record.status === 'IN_TRANSIT_TO' && record.stopId)
-    state.push(`Last report: next stop ${record.stopId}`);
+    state.push(t('Last report: next stop {stop}', { stop: record.stopId }));
   if (record.occupancy && record.occupancy !== 'NO_DATA_AVAILABLE') {
-    state.push(record.occupancy.toLowerCase().replaceAll('_', ' '));
+    state.push(occupancyText(record.occupancy, t));
   }
   if (reportedMotion.length) details.push(reportedMotion.join(' · '));
   if (state.length) details.push(state.join(' · '));
@@ -382,10 +432,10 @@ export function buildTransitSelectionCopy(
   // That is a deliberate choice — a train nobody can see is not worth drawing —
   // but it has to be stated, or a metro sitting on a road looks like an error.
   if (UNDERGROUND_MODES.has(mode)) {
-    details.push('Shown at street level · depth not in the feed');
+    details.push(t('Shown at street level · depth not in the feed'));
   }
   details.push(
-    `Vehicle ${record.id}${record.label && record.label !== record.id ? ` · ${record.label}` : ''}`,
+    `${t('Vehicle {vehicle}', { vehicle: record.id })}${record.label && record.label !== record.id ? ` · ${record.label}` : ''}`,
   );
   const ageS = Math.round(
     (Number.isFinite(entry?.sample?.latestReportAgeMs)
@@ -394,8 +444,8 @@ export function buildTransitSelectionCopy(
   );
   const reported =
     ageS < 90
-      ? `Reported ${ageS} s ago`
-      : `Reported ${Math.round(ageS / 60)} min ago`;
+      ? t('Reported {seconds} s ago', { seconds: ageS })
+      : t('Reported {minutes} min ago', { minutes: Math.round(ageS / 60) });
   // A time the feed did not give for THIS vehicle is labelled, so the card
   // never presents a borrowed or inferred time as the vehicle's own report.
   const ownTime =
@@ -407,19 +457,25 @@ export function buildTransitSelectionCopy(
   const lagS = Number.isFinite(entry?.sample?.actualDelayMs)
     ? Math.max(0, Math.round(entry.sample.actualDelayMs / 1000))
     : null;
-  const behind = lagS === null ? '' : ` · shown ${lagS} s behind`;
+  const behind =
+    lagS === null
+      ? ''
+      : ` · ${t('shown {seconds} s behind', { seconds: lagS })}`;
   details.splice(
     motion.length ? 2 : 1,
     0,
-    (ownTime ? reported : `${reported} (feed time)`) + behind,
+    (ownTime ? reported : t('{reported} (feed time)', { reported })) + behind,
   );
   if (entry?.track?.count) {
     const duration = Math.max(
       0,
       Math.min(entry.playT, entry.fixes.at(-1).t) - entry.fixes[0].t,
     );
+    const minutes = Math.round(duration / 60000);
     details.push(
-      `Available trail: ${Math.round(duration / 60000)} min${entry.track.truncated || entry.trailTruncated ? ' (limited)' : ''}`,
+      entry.track.truncated || entry.trailTruncated
+        ? t('Available trail: {minutes} min (limited)', { minutes })
+        : t('Available trail: {minutes} min', { minutes }),
     );
   }
   return { title, details };
@@ -464,12 +520,12 @@ export const UNDERGROUND_MODES = new Set(['subway']);
 
 /** The mode in plain words, for a card a person reads rather than scans. */
 export const TRANSIT_MODE_WORD = Object.freeze({
-  bus: 'Bus',
-  tram: 'Tram',
-  subway: 'Subway',
-  rail: 'Train',
-  ferry: 'Ferry',
-  unknown: 'Transit vehicle',
+  bus: msg('Bus'),
+  tram: msg('Tram'),
+  subway: msg('Subway'),
+  rail: msg('Train'),
+  ferry: msg('Ferry'),
+  unknown: msg('Transit vehicle'),
 });
 
 /** Short, fixed-width mode word for the detection card's class field. */
diff --git a/src/layers/transit/queries.js b/src/layers/transit/queries.js
index 09b94c49f..b86613160 100644
--- a/src/layers/transit/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/transit/queries.js
@@ -246,9 +246,11 @@ export function createQueries({ state, parts }) {
           error: null,
           source: 'GTFS-RT',
           status: 'zoom-in',
+          // English data (the analyst's empty note to the model); the voice
+          // card shows it through NOTE_PATTERNS (voice/resultDisplay.js).
           coverage: state._altitudeGateOpen
             ? `No feed here yet · ${TRANSIT_ENABLED_FEEDS.length} regions available`
-            : `Fly below ${Math.round(ACTIVATION_ALTITUDE_M / 1000).toLocaleString()} km to a covered region`,
+            : `Fly below ${Math.round(ACTIVATION_ALTITUDE_M / 1000).toLocaleString('en-US')} km to a covered region`,
         };
       }
       // Age is shown by the same rule the row state uses, so the text and the
@@ -277,6 +279,7 @@ export function createQueries({ state, parts }) {
         degraded: count > 0 && health.degraded,
         loading: health.loading && count === 0,
         loadingLabel:
+          // i18n-ignore: English data, translated on display (ui/statusText.js)
           health.loading && count === 0
             ? `Loading ${active.map((feed) => feed.name).join(', ')}`
             : undefined,
diff --git a/src/layers/transit/selection.js b/src/layers/transit/selection.js
index cd7d33968..fd066ca55 100644
--- a/src/layers/transit/selection.js
+++ b/src/layers/transit/selection.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from './policy.js';
 import { getRegisteredTransitFeed } from '../../data/transitFeeds.js';
 import { isPointerFree } from '../../data/inputOwnership.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
  * Click-to-select one vehicle and a card that follows it.
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ export function createSelection({ state, services, parts }) {
       now,
       entry.fetchedAt,
       entry,
+      t,
     );
     // The TEXT is what the throttle is for, and it is republished only when
     // it has changed: the anchor is live through its getter, so re-sending
diff --git a/src/layers/transit/selectionCopy.i18n.test.mjs b/src/layers/transit/selectionCopy.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81fdfa0bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/transit/selectionCopy.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// The Transit selection card follows the UI language. The copy builder
+// stays free of i18n (AI tools import policy.js); the browser hands it t().
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { buildTransitSelectionCopy } from './policy.js';
+
+const feed = { name: 'Metro Transit', region: 'Minneapolis–St Paul, MN' };
+const now = 1_788_936_960_000;
+const record = {
+  id: 'T1',
+  label: 'T1',
+  routeId: 'Blue',
+  lat: 44.9,
+  lon: -93.4,
+  bearing: 248,
+  speedMps: 11.2,
+  timestamp: 1_788_936_900,
+  timestampSource: 'header',
+  stopId: '57458',
+  status: 'STOPPED_AT',
+  occupancy: 'FEW_SEATS_AVAILABLE',
+};
+
+test('en: the copy is unchanged with and without the i18n t()', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const plain = buildTransitSelectionCopy(feed, record, 'subway', now);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    buildTransitSelectionCopy(feed, record, 'subway', now, null, null, t),
+    plain,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(plain.details, [
+    'Subway · Metro Transit · Minneapolis–St Paul, MN',
+    'Reported 60 s ago (feed time)',
+    'reported 40 km/h · reported hdg 248°',
+    'Last report: stopped at stop 57458 · few seats available',
+    'Shown at street level · depth not in the feed',
+    'Vehicle T1',
+  ]);
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: the Transit card is in the UI language`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const copy = buildTransitSelectionCopy(
+        feed,
+        record,
+        'subway',
+        now,
+        null,
+        null,
+        t,
+      );
+      const text = [copy.title, ...copy.details].join(' | ');
+      for (const english of [
+        'Route',
+        'Subway',
+        'Reported',
+        'reported',
+        'Last report',
+        'few seats',
+        'street level',
+        'Vehicle',
+        'feed time',
+      ])
+        assert.ok(
+          !text.includes(english),
+          `${locale}: "${english}" in ${text}`,
+        );
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/cards.js b/src/layers/vessels/cards.js
index 4eb027565..da0a2ce82 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/cards.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/cards.js
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import {
   accentForVesselType,
+  displayVesselType,
   normalizeVesselType,
 } from '../../data/vesselLabels.js';
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export function createCards({
   vesselState,
@@ -20,9 +22,13 @@ export function createCards({
     const stale = (record.missedRefreshes || 0) > 0;
     el.classList.add('active');
     el.textContent = [
-      `AIS: ${trimHudValue(record.name, 32)}`,
-      `${trimHudValue(record.type || 'VESSEL', 24)}  SPD: ${formatSpeed(record.speed)}  HDG: ${formatHeading(record.heading ?? record.course)}`,
-      `MMSI: ${record.mmsi || '--'}  ${formatPositionTime(record)}${stale ? '  · STALE' : ''}`,
+      t('AIS: {name}', { name: trimHudValue(record.name, 32) }),
+      t('{type}  SPD: {speed}  HDG: {heading}', {
+        type: trimHudValue(record.type || t('VESSEL'), 24),
+        speed: formatSpeed(record.speed),
+        heading: formatHeading(record.heading ?? record.course),
+      }),
+      `MMSI: ${record.mmsi || '--'}  ${formatPositionTime(record)}${stale ? `  · ${t('STALE')}` : ''}`,
     ].join('\n');
   }
 
@@ -30,7 +36,7 @@ export function createCards({
     const el = document.getElementById('hud-ais-vessel');
     if (!el) return;
     el.classList.remove('active');
-    el.textContent = 'AIS: --';
+    el.textContent = t('AIS: --');
   }
 
   function trimHudValue(value, maxLength) {
@@ -85,7 +91,7 @@ export function createCards({
     const direction = record.heading ?? record.course;
     const details = [
       [
-        vesselTypeShort(record) || 'VESSEL',
+        vesselTypeShort(record) || t('VESSEL'),
         formatSpeed(record.speed),
         Number.isFinite(direction) ? `${Math.round(direction)}°` : '--°',
       ].join(' · '),
@@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ export function createCards({
     if (destination) details.push(`→ ${trimHudValue(destination, 24)}`);
     const stale = (record.missedRefreshes || 0) > 0;
     details.push(
-      `MMSI ${record.mmsi || '--'} · ${formatPositionTime(record)}${stale ? ' · STALE' : ''}`,
+      `MMSI ${record.mmsi || '--'} · ${formatPositionTime(record)}${stale ? ` · ${t('STALE')}` : ''}`,
     );
     return {
       id: vesselOverlayEntryId(record),
@@ -122,10 +128,18 @@ export function createCards({
     return `vessel:unkeyed:${name}:${lat}:${lon}`;
   }
 
-  /** Uppercased, card-width-bounded AIS type (empty string when unknown). */
+  /**
+   * Uppercased AIS type for the card (empty string when unknown). Free feed
+   * text is bounded to the card width; a translated type token is a short
+   * catalog word and shows whole, never cut mid-word ("AUXILIAR DE PUERTO").
+   */
 
   function vesselTypeShort(record) {
-    return normalizeVesselType(record.type).toUpperCase().slice(0, 14);
+    const feedType = normalizeVesselType(record.type);
+    const shown = displayVesselType(record.type);
+    return shown === feedType
+      ? feedType.toUpperCase().slice(0, 14)
+      : shown.toUpperCase();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -151,22 +165,33 @@ export function createCards({
   function displayVesselName(record) {
     const name = String(record.name || '').trim();
     if (name && name !== 'VESSEL' && name !== record.mmsi) return name;
-    return record.mmsi ? `MMSI ${record.mmsi}` : 'VESSEL';
+    return record.mmsi ? `MMSI ${record.mmsi}` : t('VESSEL');
   }
 
   function formatSpeed(speed) {
-    return speed === null ? '--KT' : `${speed.toFixed(1)}KT`;
+    return t('{speed}KT', {
+      speed:
+        speed === null
+          ? '--'
+          : formatNumber(speed, {
+              minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+              maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+              useGrouping: false,
+            }),
+    });
   }
 
   function formatHeading(heading) {
-    return Number.isFinite(heading) ? `${Math.round(heading)}DEG` : '--DEG';
+    return t('{heading}DEG', {
+      heading: Number.isFinite(heading) ? Math.round(heading) : '--',
+    });
   }
 
   function formatPositionTime(record) {
-    if (!record.lastPositionUtc) return 'POS: LIVE';
+    if (!record.lastPositionUtc) return t('POS: LIVE');
     const date = new Date(record.lastPositionUtc);
-    if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) return 'POS: LIVE';
-    return `POS: ${date.toISOString().slice(11, 19)}Z`;
+    if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) return t('POS: LIVE');
+    return t('POS: {time}Z', { time: date.toISOString().slice(11, 19) });
   }
   return {
     updateSelectedVesselHud,
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/ingestion.js b/src/layers/vessels/ingestion.js
index 408e3bec2..dca9b81ca 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/ingestion.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/ingestion.js
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 import { AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_LABEL } from './recordPolicy.js';
 import { viewAreaMovedEnough } from './viewArea.js';
 
+// A portable export (package.json): no i18n here. The text stays English data
+// and the layer panel shows it translated.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /** Own source requests and classified feed state through explicit operations. */
 export function createIngestion({
   feed,
@@ -69,7 +73,7 @@ export function createIngestion({
         ownsAisRequest(requestController, requestSessionId) &&
         error?.name !== 'AbortError'
       ) {
-        markUnavailable(error?.message || 'AIS live load failed');
+        markUnavailable(error?.message || msg('AIS live load failed'));
         console.warn('[Data:ais-live-vessels]', feed.error, error);
       }
     } finally {
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/lifecycle.js b/src/layers/vessels/lifecycle.js
index def0799b8..bb566320b 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/lifecycle.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/lifecycle.js
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 import { VESSEL_OVERLAY_SOURCE_ID } from '../../data/vesselLabels.js';
-import {
-  AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_GRACE_MS,
-  AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_LABEL,
-  AIS_HEALTHY_STATUSES,
-} from './policy.js';
+import { msg, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_GRACE_MS, AIS_HEALTHY_STATUSES } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createLifecycle({
   vesselState,
@@ -41,7 +38,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
     state.feed.firstConnectStartedAt = startedAt;
     state.feed.firstConnectDeadline = startedAt + AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_GRACE_MS;
     state.feed.error = null;
-    state.feed.loadingLabel = AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_LABEL;
+    state.feed.loadingLabel = t('awaiting first AIS position…');
     scheduleFirstConnectExpiry(sessionId, AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_GRACE_MS);
   }
 
@@ -63,8 +60,8 @@ export function createLifecycle({
       state.feed.firstConnectPhase = 'unavailable';
       state.feed.loadingLabel = '';
       state.feed.error = state.feed.lastMessageAt
-        ? 'awaiting usable AIS positions…'
-        : 'awaiting first AIS message…';
+        ? t('awaiting usable AIS positions…')
+        : t('awaiting first AIS message…');
       state.feed.stale = state.feed.count > 0;
     }, delayMs);
   }
@@ -85,7 +82,7 @@ export function createLifecycle({
 
   function markAisUnavailable(reason) {
     settleFirstConnectPhase('unavailable');
-    state.feed.error = reason || 'AIS live load failed';
+    state.feed.error = reason || msg('AIS live load failed');
     state.feed.stale = state.feed.count > 0;
   }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/policy.js b/src/layers/vessels/policy.js
index b84c1026e..75e5cdd67 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/policy.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/policy.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ export {
   AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_LABEL,
 } from './recordPolicy.js';
 import { VESSEL_LABEL_GRID_PX } from '../../data/vesselLabels.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 export const FOCUS_EVIDENCE_DEV = import.meta.env?.DEV === true;
 
@@ -71,12 +72,12 @@ export const DEFAULT_AIS_RUNTIME = Object.freeze({
  */
 
 export const AIS_STATUS_REASON = {
-  'missing-key': 'AISSTREAM_API_KEY not set',
-  unsupported: 'live feed unsupported',
-  connecting: 'connecting to feed…',
-  closed: 'feed disconnected',
-  error: 'feed down',
-  idle: 'feed idle',
+  'missing-key': msg('AISSTREAM_API_KEY not set'),
+  unsupported: msg('live feed unsupported'),
+  connecting: msg('connecting to feed…'),
+  closed: msg('feed disconnected'),
+  error: msg('feed down'),
+  idle: msg('feed idle'),
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
index 7b06ee23b..c848acc2d 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/queries.js
@@ -1,11 +1,25 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t, msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
+// ingestion.js is a portable export (package.json) and writes English labels
+// into state; translate the known ones here, pass anything else through.
+const FEED_STATE_LABEL_KEYS = Object.freeze({
+  'refreshing...': msg('refreshing...'),
+  'loading...': msg('loading...'),
+  'awaiting first AIS position…': msg('awaiting first AIS position…'),
+});
+
+function localizeFeedLabel(raw) {
+  if (typeof raw !== 'string' || !raw.trim()) return raw;
+  const key = FEED_STATE_LABEL_KEYS[raw.trim()];
+  return key ? t(key) : raw;
+}
 import {
   AIS_DEGRADED_STATUSES,
   AIS_HEALTHY_STATUSES,
   AIS_STATUS_REASON,
   REFRESH_MS,
   FOCUS_EVIDENCE_DEV,
-  AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_LABEL,
 } from './policy.js';
 
 export function createQueries({
@@ -44,20 +58,22 @@ export function createQueries({
     if (status === 'auth-failed') {
       // Actionable, not a countdown: retrying cannot fix a rejected credential,
       // so the chip asks the operator to do the one thing that can.
-      return 'API key rejected — check AISSTREAM_API_KEY';
+      return t('API key rejected — check AISSTREAM_API_KEY');
     }
     if (status === 'stale') {
       const silentSec = Math.round(Number(payload?.silentForMs) / 1000);
       return Number.isFinite(silentSec) && silentSec > 0
-        ? `feed silent ${silentSec}s — no AIS data`
-        : 'feed silent — no AIS data';
+        ? t('feed silent {seconds}s — no AIS data', { seconds: silentSec })
+        : t('feed silent — no AIS data');
     }
     const attempt = Number(payload?.reconnectAttempt);
-    const suffix =
-      Number.isFinite(attempt) && attempt >= 1 ? ` (attempt ${attempt})` : '';
+    if (Number.isFinite(attempt) && attempt >= 1)
+      return status === 'down'
+        ? t('feed down — retrying slowly (attempt {attempt})', { attempt })
+        : t('reconnecting to feed… (attempt {attempt})', { attempt });
     return status === 'down'
-      ? `feed down — retrying slowly${suffix}`
-      : `reconnecting to feed…${suffix}`;
+      ? t('feed down — retrying slowly')
+      : t('reconnecting to feed…');
   }
 
   /**
@@ -82,15 +98,16 @@ export function createQueries({
     if (acceptedRowCount > 0) return null; // accepted rows may be stale while reconnecting, but remain usable
     if (AIS_HEALTHY_STATUSES.has(status)) {
       return payload?.lastMessageAt
-        ? 'awaiting usable AIS positions…'
-        : 'awaiting first AIS message…';
+        ? t('awaiting usable AIS positions…')
+        : t('awaiting first AIS message…');
     }
     if (!status) return null;
     const detail =
       typeof payload.error === 'string' && payload.error.trim()
         ? payload.error.trim()
         : '';
-    const reason = AIS_STATUS_REASON[status] || 'feed unavailable';
+    // The reasons are English in policy.js (msg) and shown in the UI language.
+    const reason = t(AIS_STATUS_REASON[status] || msg('feed unavailable'));
     return detail && !AIS_STATUS_REASON[status]
       ? `${reason} (${detail})`
       : reason;
@@ -107,7 +124,7 @@ export function createQueries({
   /**
    * Classify one server snapshot before any destructive reconciliation.
    * @param {Object|null|undefined} payload - Parsed /api/vessels payload.
-   * @returns {{transportStatus: string|null, lastMessageAt: number|string|null,
+   * @returns {{emptyCoverage: boolean, transportStatus: string|null, lastMessageAt: number|string|null,
    *   rawRows: Array<Object>, acceptedRows: Array<Object>, rawRowCount: number,
    *   acceptedRowCount: number, error: string|null}}
    */
@@ -142,7 +159,7 @@ export function createQueries({
       error: emptyCoverage
         ? null
         : deriveAisFeedError(payload, acceptedRowCount) ||
-          (acceptedRowCount === 0 ? 'awaiting usable AIS positions…' : null),
+          (acceptedRowCount === 0 ? t('awaiting usable AIS positions…') : null),
     };
   }
 
@@ -514,8 +531,8 @@ export function createQueries({
         lastUpdate: state.feed.lastUpdate,
         loading: state.feed.loading || waitingForFirstPosition,
         loadingLabel: waitingForFirstPosition
-          ? AIS_FIRST_CONNECT_LABEL
-          : state.feed.loadingLabel,
+          ? t('awaiting first AIS position…')
+          : localizeFeedLabel(state.feed.loadingLabel),
         error: state.feed.error,
         stale: state.feed.stale,
         partial: state.feed.partial,
diff --git a/src/layers/vessels/rendering.js b/src/layers/vessels/rendering.js
index 2d3c7d276..f29ced5aa 100644
--- a/src/layers/vessels/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/vessels/rendering.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   vesselTypeCss,
   vesselOverlayCohortLimit,
@@ -448,7 +449,10 @@ export function createRendering({
           : '';
         return {
           ...card,
-          accessibilityLabel: `Focus vessel ${card.title}, MMSI ${mmsi}`,
+          accessibilityLabel: t('Focus vessel {name}, MMSI {mmsi}', {
+            name: card.title,
+            mmsi,
+          }),
           activate: () => {
             const record = state.records.byMmsi.get(mmsi);
             if (!record) return false;
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/imageryHost.js b/src/layers/weather/imageryHost.js
index f2fbb8682..29d171411 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/imageryHost.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/imageryHost.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
 /** Resolve the visible surface that can own weather imagery without scene mutation. */
 export function resolveImageryHost({ viewer, tileset }) {
   if (viewer?.scene?.globe?.show === true)
@@ -7,7 +9,9 @@ export function resolveImageryHost({ viewer, tileset }) {
   return { collection: null, kind: 'none' };
 }
 
-export const NO_IMAGERY_HOST = 'Hidden by this map source · choose a globe map';
+export const NO_IMAGERY_HOST = msg(
+  'Hidden by this map source · choose a globe map',
+);
 
 /** Report imagery suspension without changing or detaching the resolved host. */
 export function imageryHostStatus(host) {
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/index.js b/src/layers/weather/index.js
index beada1ef6..db62ea98a 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/index.js
@@ -7,6 +7,23 @@ import {
   GLOBAL_INFRARED_MAX_GAP_MS,
   LIGHTNING_MAX_GAP_MS,
 } from './clock.js';
+import { formatUtcDayMonth, t, msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatScaleLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
+
+/**
+ * A stored (English) failure in the language. HTTP failures from source.js
+ * and infraredImage.js carry their status in the text, so they are matched
+ * back onto a placeholder; anything else is a plain catalog key.
+ */
+function presentWeatherProblem(problem) {
+  const http = /^Weather (image )?HTTP (\d+)$/.exec(problem);
+  if (http) {
+    return http[1]
+      ? t('Weather image HTTP {status}', { status: http[2] })
+      : t('Weather HTTP {status}', { status: http[2] });
+  }
+  return t(problem);
+}
 
 const STOPS = [
   [10, '#00ecec'],
@@ -29,7 +46,9 @@ const LIGHTNING_STOPS = [
   ['300+', '#00FF00'],
 ];
 const utc = (value) =>
-  value ? `${value.slice(5, 16).replace('T', ' ')} UTC` : 'Unavailable';
+  value
+    ? `${formatUtcDayMonth(value)} ${value.slice(11, 16)} UTC`
+    : t('Unavailable');
 
 /** A per-application observation layer, using the existing layer lifecycle and
  * row controls. History is transient: shared links always open latest imagery. */
@@ -227,12 +246,14 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
         rendering.setHidden?.(false);
         void warmNext(time);
       }
-      error = ok ? null : 'Frame unavailable; previous observation retained';
+      error = ok
+        ? null
+        : msg('Frame unavailable; previous observation retained');
       if (!ok) stop();
       return ok;
     } catch {
       if (owner === generation && !controller.signal.aborted) {
-        error = 'Weather imagery unavailable';
+        error = msg('Weather imagery unavailable');
         stop();
       }
       return false;
@@ -338,7 +359,9 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
         if (!enabled || controller.signal.aborted || request !== controller)
           return false;
         if (snapshot.unavailable) {
-          error = 'Weather source unavailable; previous observation retained';
+          error = msg(
+            'Weather source unavailable; previous observation retained',
+          );
           stop();
           return true;
         }
@@ -368,7 +391,7 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
         return !controller.signal.aborted && request === controller && enabled;
       } catch (cause) {
         if (controller.signal.aborted || request !== controller) return false;
-        error = cause?.message || 'Weather unavailable';
+        error = cause?.message || msg('Weather unavailable');
         stop();
         return true;
       } finally {
@@ -496,15 +519,23 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
         noFrame &&
         shared?.mode === 'history' &&
         shared.products.find((entry) => entry.id === id)?.selected === null
-          ? `No frame within ${maxGap() / 60_000 < 60 ? `${maxGap() / 60_000} min` : `${maxGap() / 3600_000} h`} of ${utc(shared.target)}`
+          ? maxGap() / 60_000 < 60
+            ? t('No frame within {gap} min of {time}', {
+                gap: maxGap() / 60_000,
+                time: utc(shared.target),
+              })
+            : t('No frame within {gap} h of {time}', {
+                gap: maxGap() / 3600_000,
+                time: utc(shared.target),
+              })
           : null;
       const time = shownTime();
       const relation =
         shared?.mode === 'history' && time
           ? Date.parse(time) === Date.parse(shared.target)
-            ? ' · synced'
+            ? 'synced'
             : Date.parse(time) < Date.parse(shared.target)
-              ? ' · nearest'
+              ? 'nearest'
               : ''
           : '';
       const times = manifest?.times || [];
@@ -517,9 +548,16 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
         age === null
           ? ''
           : age >= 60
-            ? `${Math.floor(age / 60)}h ${age % 60}m ago`
-            : `${age}m ago`;
+            ? t('{hours}h {minutes}m ago', {
+                hours: Math.floor(age / 60),
+                minutes: age % 60,
+              })
+            : t('{minutes}m ago', { minutes: age });
       const diagnostic = rendering?.getDiagnostics();
+      // Errors are stored in English (stats, diagnostics); shown translated.
+      const problem = error || diagnostic?.error;
+      const shownProblem = problem ? presentWeatherProblem(problem) : null;
+      const shownHost = hostStatus ? t(hostStatus) : null;
       const b = manifest?.bounds;
       const canvas = viewer?.scene?.canvas;
       const point =
@@ -544,49 +582,94 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
           lat < b.south ||
           lat > b.north ||
           (lightning && lon > 0 && lon < 110));
+      let detail = time
+        ? t('{state} · {time} · {lag}', {
+            state: followLatest ? t('Observed') : t('History'),
+            time: utc(time),
+            lag,
+          })
+        : missing
+          ? t('Observation unavailable')
+          : t('Waiting for observation');
+      if (relation === 'synced') detail = t('{detail} · synced', { detail });
+      else if (relation === 'nearest')
+        detail = t('{detail} · nearest', { detail });
+      const infoHeading = radar
+        ? t('RADAR REFLECTIVITY · dBZ')
+        : lightning
+          ? t('LIGHTNING DENSITY · 15 min accumulation')
+          : product === 'clouds'
+            ? t('GLOBAL INFRARED · hourly')
+            : t('GOES INFRARED · ~5 min');
+      const infoTime = time
+        ? `${t('{state}: {time}', {
+            state: followLatest ? t('Latest observation') : t('History'),
+            time: utc(time),
+          })}\n${[
+            lag,
+            current && !followLatest
+              ? t('frame {index}/{total}', {
+                  index: index + 1,
+                  total: times.length,
+                })
+              : '',
+            loading ? t('loading') : '',
+          ]
+            .filter(Boolean)
+            .join(' · ')}`
+        : [t('Observation: unavailable'), loading ? t('loading') : '']
+            .filter(Boolean)
+            .join(' · ');
+      const infoCoverage = radar
+        ? t('Contiguous US · gaps ≠ no rain')
+        : lightning
+          ? `${t('Americas + Pacific · not individual strikes')}\n${t('Color: strikes/km²/min ×10³')}`
+          : product === 'clouds'
+            ? t('60°S–60°N · typically 2–3 h delayed')
+            : t('North America · infrared imagery');
+      const infoMotion = motion?.matches
+        ? clock
+          ? t('Reduced motion · history playback unavailable')
+          : t('Reduced motion · manual history available')
+        : '';
       const controls = {
         readout: true,
         summary: {
           label: radar
-            ? 'Rain radar · US'
+            ? t('Rain radar · US')
             : lightning
-              ? 'Lightning density · 15 min'
-              : 'Satellite clouds',
+              ? t('Lightning density · 15 min')
+              : t('Satellite clouds'),
           coverage: radar
             ? 'CONUS'
             : lightning
-              ? 'Americas + Pacific'
+              ? t('Americas + Pacific')
               : product === 'clouds'
-                ? 'Global · 60°S–60°N'
-                : 'North America',
+                ? t('Global · 60°S–60°N')
+                : t('North America'),
           shownTime: time,
           maxGapMinutes: maxGap() / 60_000,
-          detail: time
-            ? `${followLatest ? 'Observed' : 'History'} · ${utc(time)} · ${lag}${relation}`
-            : missing
-              ? 'Observation unavailable'
-              : 'Waiting for observation',
+          detail,
           status:
             missing ||
-            hostStatus ||
-            error ||
-            diagnostic?.error ||
+            shownHost ||
+            shownProblem ||
             (observationDelayed()
-              ? 'Source observations delayed'
+              ? t('Source observations delayed')
               : manifest?.stale
-                ? 'Stale source'
+                ? t('Stale source')
                 : loading
-                  ? 'Loading next frame…'
+                  ? t('Loading next frame…')
                   : outside
-                    ? 'Map center outside coverage'
+                    ? t('Map center outside coverage')
                     : null),
-          units: radar ? 'dBZ' : lightning ? 'strikes/km²/min ×10³' : '',
+          units: radar ? 'dBZ' : lightning ? t('strikes/km²/min ×10³') : '',
         },
         chips: [
           ...(satellite
             ? [
-                ['clouds-regional', 'N. America'],
-                ['clouds', 'Global'],
+                ['clouds-regional', t('N. America')],
+                ['clouds', t('Global')],
               ].map(([value, label]) => ({
                 id: value,
                 label,
@@ -594,43 +677,46 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
                 params: { product: value },
                 title:
                   value === 'clouds'
-                    ? 'Hourly global mosaic; usually 2–3 hours delayed'
-                    : 'GOES regional clouds; approximately 5-minute updates',
+                    ? t('Hourly global mosaic; usually 2–3 hours delayed')
+                    : t('GOES regional clouds; approximately 5-minute updates'),
               }))
             : []),
           ...(satellite
             ? [
                 {
                   id: 'filtered',
-                  label: 'Clouds only',
+                  label: t('Clouds only'),
                   active: infrared === 100,
                   params: { infrared: 100 },
-                  title:
+                  title: t(
                     'Apply the full cloud brightness key; 100% filter strength',
+                  ),
                 },
                 {
                   id: 'full',
-                  label: 'Full',
+                  label: t('Full'),
                   active: infrared === 0,
                   params: { infrared: 0 },
-                  title: 'Show the complete infrared image; 0% filter strength',
+                  title: t(
+                    'Show the complete infrared image; 0% filter strength',
+                  ),
                 },
               ]
             : []),
           ...['light', 'strong'].map((value) => ({
             id: `opacity-${value}`,
-            label: value === 'light' ? 'Soft' : 'Vivid',
+            label: value === 'light' ? t('Soft') : t('Vivid'),
             active: opacity === value,
             params: { opacity: value },
-            title: 'Image opacity; does not alter the observed values',
+            title: t('Image opacity; does not alter the observed values'),
           })),
           {
             id: 'coverage',
             label: radar
-              ? 'View US radar'
+              ? t('View US radar')
               : lightning
-                ? 'View Americas & Pacific'
-                : 'View coverage',
+                ? t('View Americas & Pacific')
+                : t('View coverage'),
             disabled: !manifest || !runNavigation,
             params: { focus: true },
           },
@@ -641,30 +727,40 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
                 label: String(label),
                 color,
                 blurb: lightning
-                  ? `${label} strikes/km²/min ×10³ (15-minute density)`
-                  : `${label} dBZ radar reflectivity`,
+                  ? t('{value} strikes/km²/min ×10³ (15-minute density)', {
+                      value: formatScaleLabel(label),
+                    })
+                  : t('{value} dBZ radar reflectivity', {
+                      value: formatScaleLabel(label),
+                    }),
               }))
             : [],
         info: hostHidden
-          ? hostStatus
-          : `${radar ? 'RADAR REFLECTIVITY · dBZ' : lightning ? 'LIGHTNING DENSITY · 15 min accumulation' : product === 'clouds' ? 'GLOBAL INFRARED · hourly' : 'GOES INFRARED · ~5 min'}\n${time ? `${followLatest ? 'Latest observation' : 'History'}: ${utc(time)}\n${lag}${current && !followLatest ? ` · frame ${index + 1}/${times.length}` : ''}${loading ? ' · loading' : ''}` : `Observation: unavailable${loading ? ' · loading' : ''}`}${missing ? `\n${missing}` : ''}${manifest?.stale ? '\nSTALE · cached source metadata' : ''}${error || diagnostic?.error ? '\n' + (error || diagnostic.error) : ''}\n${radar ? 'Contiguous US · gaps ≠ no rain' : lightning ? 'Americas + Pacific · not individual strikes\nColor: strikes/km²/min ×10³' : product === 'clouds' ? '60°S–60°N · typically 2–3 h delayed' : 'North America · infrared imagery'}${outside ? '\nMap center is outside source coverage' : ''}${motion?.matches ? (clock ? '\nReduced motion · history playback unavailable' : '\nReduced motion · manual history available') : ''}`,
+          ? shownHost
+          : `${infoHeading}\n${infoTime}${missing ? `\n${missing}` : ''}${manifest?.stale ? `\n${t('STALE · cached source metadata')}` : ''}${shownProblem ? `\n${shownProblem}` : ''}\n${infoCoverage}${outside ? `\n${t('Map center is outside source coverage')}` : ''}${infoMotion ? `\n${infoMotion}` : ''}`,
         infoTitle: lightning
-          ? 'NOAA/NWS 15-minute lightning density derived from Vaisala NLDN/GLD360. Coverage 110°E across the Pacific/Americas to 0°, 25°S–80°N. Not a live strike count, global coverage or a safety warning.'
+          ? t(
+              'NOAA/NWS 15-minute lightning density derived from Vaisala NLDN/GLD360. Coverage 110°E across the Pacific/Americas to 0°, 25°S–80°N. Not a live strike count, global coverage or a safety warning.',
+            )
           : radar
-            ? 'NOAA MRMS radar echoes indicate precipitation patterns, not rain rate, a storm warning or a future forecast. Native source approximately 1 km; display is limited to level 6. Frames use exact advertised observation times.'
-            : 'GOES-19/18 longwave infrared Band 14 regional; NESDIS global longwave mosaic. Clouds only dims everything but bright, cold cloud tops; a brightness filter, not a cloud mask. Coverage and freshness differ by region.',
+            ? t(
+                'NOAA MRMS radar echoes indicate precipitation patterns, not rain rate, a storm warning or a future forecast. Native source approximately 1 km; display is limited to level 6. Frames use exact advertised observation times.',
+              )
+            : t(
+                'GOES-19/18 longwave infrared Band 14 regional; NESDIS global longwave mosaic. Clouds only dims everything but bright, cold cloud tops; a brightness filter, not a cloud mask. Coverage and freshness differ by region.',
+              ),
       };
       controls.summary.settings = [
         ...(satellite
           ? [
               {
                 id: 'region',
-                label: 'REGION',
+                label: t('REGION'),
                 chips: controls.chips.filter(({ params }) => params.product),
               },
               {
                 id: 'image',
-                label: 'IMAGE',
+                label: t('IMAGE'),
                 chips: controls.chips.filter(
                   ({ params }) => params.infrared !== undefined,
                 ),
@@ -675,9 +771,9 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
                   max: 100,
                   step: 1,
                   value: infrared,
-                  label: 'FILTER',
+                  label: t('FILTER'),
                   unit: '%',
-                  ariaLabel: 'Cloud filter strength',
+                  ariaLabel: t('Cloud filter strength'),
                   commitOnChange: true,
                 },
               },
@@ -685,7 +781,7 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
           : []),
         {
           id: 'opacity',
-          label: 'OPACITY',
+          label: t('OPACITY'),
           chips: controls.chips.filter(({ params }) => params.opacity),
         },
       ];
@@ -700,7 +796,7 @@ export function createWeatherLayer({
     getStats() {
       return {
         count: shownTime() ? 1 : 0,
-        countLabel: isLatest() ? 'Observed' : 'History',
+        countLabel: isLatest() ? t('Observed') : t('History'),
         lastUpdate: shownTime() ? Date.parse(shownTime()) : null,
         loading,
         error: error || rendering?.getDiagnostics().error || null,
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/infraredImage.js b/src/layers/weather/infraredImage.js
index ccbb8e991..0957f9ce4 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/infraredImage.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/infraredImage.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { readResponseBytesCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { weatherImageUrl } from './source.js';
 import { infraredAlpha } from './infraredAlpha.js';
 
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export function decodeInfraredImage(blob, signal) {
     };
     image.onerror = () => {
       cleanup();
-      reject(new Error('Infrared decode failed'));
+      reject(new Error(msg('Infrared decode failed')));
     };
     signal.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
     image.src = url;
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/rendering.js b/src/layers/weather/rendering.js
index 8d195f302..b25bcceb2 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/rendering.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { orderWeatherImagery } from './imageryOrder.js';
 import { imageryHostStatus } from './imageryHost.js';
 import { createRasterTileProvider } from './rasterTiles.js';
 import { createWeatherShell } from './shellRendering.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { readResponseBytesCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
 import {
   acquireInfraredMosaic,
@@ -200,7 +201,8 @@ function createGlobeRendering({
           await Promise.all(
             urls.map(async (url) => {
               const response = await fetchImpl(url, { signal });
-              if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Weather prefetch unavailable');
+              if (!response.ok)
+                throw new Error(msg('Weather prefetch unavailable'));
               await readResponseBytesCapped(response, 4 * 1024 * 1024 + 65_536);
             }),
           );
@@ -294,7 +296,9 @@ function createGlobeRendering({
             );
           }
         } else {
-          lastError = 'Weather tiles unavailable · previous frame retained';
+          lastError = msg(
+            'Weather tiles unavailable · previous frame retained',
+          );
           remove(frame);
         }
         frame.resolve(ok);
@@ -413,7 +417,7 @@ function createGlobeRendering({
             return;
           }
           frame.failed = true;
-          lastError = 'Some weather tiles unavailable';
+          lastError = msg('Some weather tiles unavailable');
           onChange();
         });
         // A shown, transparent layer lets Cesium request staging tiles while the last
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/shellRendering.js b/src/layers/weather/shellRendering.js
index cc8b32035..9def82c43 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/shellRendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/shellRendering.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { acquireWeatherImage } from './infraredImage.js';
 import { imageryHostStatus } from './imageryHost.js';
 import { WEATHER_DETAIL_SIZE, WEATHER_IMAGE_SIZES } from './source.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 /** Metres above the ellipsoid. Lower shells draw first, so lightning draws last. */
 export const WEATHER_SHELL_HEIGHTS = Object.freeze({
@@ -630,7 +631,7 @@ export function createWeatherShell({
     if (incoming !== frame) return;
     incoming = null;
     close(frame);
-    lastError = 'Weather tiles unavailable · previous frame retained';
+    lastError = msg('Weather tiles unavailable · previous frame retained');
     frame.resolve(false);
     scene.requestRender();
     onChange();
diff --git a/src/layers/weather/source.js b/src/layers/weather/source.js
index 65bcd4a51..cf004476f 100644
--- a/src/layers/weather/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/weather/source.js
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import { readResponseJsonCapped } from '../../sources/httpBody.js';
 
+// Shared with the AI tools, so no i18n import: failures stay English here and
+// the weather layer translates them where it shows them (t / translateKnown).
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 export const WEATHER_PRODUCTS = Object.freeze([
   'radar',
   'clouds',
@@ -10,7 +14,7 @@ export const WEATHER_PRODUCTS = Object.freeze([
 /** Only bounded, explicit observations may become imagery requests. */
 export function validateWeatherSnapshot(value, product) {
   if (!value || value.schemaVersion !== 1 || value.product !== product)
-    throw new Error('Malformed weather manifest');
+    throw new Error(msg('Malformed weather manifest'));
   if (value.unavailable) return value;
   const { bounds, times } = value;
   if (
@@ -40,7 +44,7 @@ export function validateWeatherSnapshot(value, product) {
     value.maxLevel !== 6 ||
     value.tilingScheme !== 'geographic'
   )
-    throw new Error('Malformed weather manifest');
+    throw new Error(msg('Malformed weather manifest'));
   return value;
 }
 
@@ -113,7 +117,7 @@ export function createWeatherSource({
       const abort = () => controller.abort(signal.reason);
       signal?.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
       const timer = setTimeout(
-        () => controller.abort(new Error('Weather request timed out')),
+        () => controller.abort(new Error(msg('Weather request timed out'))),
         timeoutMs,
       );
       try {
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/fieldUnavailableLocale.test.mjs b/src/layers/wind/fieldUnavailableLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8be2fa347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wind/fieldUnavailableLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// A scalar overlay that cannot be drawn reports a marked English status
+// (rendering.js), which the Wind row shows through t() in the UI language.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { SCALAR_UNAVAILABLE, WIND_FIELDS } from './fields.js';
+import { fieldUnavailableText } from './rendering.js';
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: every field's unavailable status has a translation`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const english = Object.keys(WIND_FIELDS)
+        .map(fieldUnavailableText)
+        .filter((text) => t(text) === text);
+      assert.deepEqual(english, []);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+test('only a known overlay has an unavailable status', () => {
+  assert.equal(fieldUnavailableText('constructor'), null);
+  assert.equal(fieldUnavailableText('none'), null);
+  for (const [overlay, text] of Object.entries(SCALAR_UNAVAILABLE))
+    assert.equal(fieldUnavailableText(overlay), text);
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/fields.js b/src/layers/wind/fields.js
index 949a7e74b..a740d9478 100644
--- a/src/layers/wind/fields.js
+++ b/src/layers/wind/fields.js
@@ -1,16 +1,27 @@
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/marker.js';
 import { normalizeLongitude, sampleWind } from './model.js';
 
+// Imported by src/tools: the catalog-free marker, not src/i18n/index.js. The
+// texts stay English data and the wind layer and layer panel show them
+// translated.
+
+/** Status of a scalar overlay the provider could not supply, by overlay. */
+export const SCALAR_UNAVAILABLE = Object.freeze({
+  temperature: msg('Temperature field unavailable'),
+  pressure: msg('Mean sea level pressure field unavailable'),
+});
+
 /** Fixed physical scales shared by imagery and the field legend. */
 export const WIND_FIELDS = Object.freeze({
   speed: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'Wind speed',
+    label: 'Wind speed', // i18n-ignore: internal field name; the shown label comes from index.js
     units: 'm/s',
     min: 0,
     max: 30,
     stops: ['#133a67', '#2876a3', '#66c9d1', '#c8dfac', '#f1cf79', '#ee9761'],
   }),
   temperature: Object.freeze({
-    label: '2 m air temperature',
+    label: '2 m air temperature', // i18n-ignore: internal field name; the shown label comes from index.js
     units: '°C',
     min: -40,
     max: 50,
@@ -30,7 +41,7 @@ export const WIND_FIELDS = Object.freeze({
     ],
   }),
   pressure: Object.freeze({
-    label: 'Mean sea-level pressure',
+    label: 'Mean sea-level pressure', // i18n-ignore: internal field name; the shown label comes from index.js
     units: 'hPa',
     min: 960,
     max: 1050,
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/gpuRendering.js b/src/layers/wind/gpuRendering.js
index 3b40aa073..27d71dcd5 100644
--- a/src/layers/wind/gpuRendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/wind/gpuRendering.js
@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ export function createWindGpuRendering({ cesium: C, getViewer }) {
     } catch (error) {
       clear();
       diagnostics.error =
+        // i18n-ignore: GPU diagnostics only; the panel never shows this field
         error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Wind geometry unavailable';
       return false;
     }
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/index.js b/src/layers/wind/index.js
index 7b3da3956..c76e2501c 100644
--- a/src/layers/wind/index.js
+++ b/src/layers/wind/index.js
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import {
   createWindInspectionMarker,
   WIND_UNITS,
 } from './inspection.js';
+import { t, msg, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { unitLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 
 /** Format a forecast timestamp explicitly in UTC. */
 export function formatWindValidTime(value) {
@@ -20,6 +22,25 @@ export function formatWindValidTime(value) {
     : null;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Reasons the server puts in the manifest (server/providers/wind.js). They stay
+ * English in data and are translated where they are shown.
+ */
+const SERVER_REASONS = new Set([msg('Wind upstream unavailable')]);
+const reasonText = (reason) =>
+  SERVER_REASONS.has(reason) ? t(reason) : translateKnown(reason) || null;
+
+/**
+ * A wind problem in the UI language. Source errors are English data; the
+ * HTTP status line carries a number, so it goes back onto a placeholder.
+ */
+function presentWindProblem(problem) {
+  const http = /^Wind HTTP (\d+)$/.exec(problem);
+  if (http)
+    return t('{source} HTTP {status}', { source: t('Wind'), status: http[1] });
+  return t(problem);
+}
+
 /** Forecast issue time is source age; valid time is reported separately. */
 export function windStats(manifest) {
   const run = Date.parse(manifest?.cycle?.runIso);
@@ -27,7 +48,8 @@ export function windStats(manifest) {
     count: manifest?.grid ? manifest.grid.nx * manifest.grid.ny : 0,
     lastUpdate: Number.isFinite(run) ? run : null,
     error:
-      manifest?.reason || (manifest?.unavailable ? 'Wind unavailable' : null),
+      manifest?.reason ||
+      (manifest?.unavailable ? msg('Wind unavailable') : null),
   };
 }
 
@@ -69,6 +91,7 @@ export function createWindLayer({
       model: model === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF' : 'GFS',
       validTime:
         formatWindValidTime(manifest?.cycle?.validIso) || 'Unavailable',
+      // i18n-ignore: English reading for AI tools; the card status uses t()
       status: loading
         ? 'Loading forecast'
         : error ||
@@ -172,7 +195,7 @@ export function createWindLayer({
         return true;
       } catch (cause) {
         if (controller.signal.aborted || request !== controller) return false;
-        error = cause?.message || 'Wind source unavailable';
+        error = cause?.message || msg('Wind source unavailable');
         return true;
       } finally {
         signal?.removeEventListener('abort', abort);
@@ -242,7 +265,7 @@ export function createWindLayer({
     getRowControls() {
       const historyStatus =
         clock?.getState().mode === 'history'
-          ? 'Forecast · does not follow history'
+          ? t('Forecast · does not follow history')
           : null;
       const valid = formatWindValidTime(manifest?.cycle?.validIso);
       const run = formatWindValidTime(manifest?.cycle?.runIso);
@@ -258,13 +281,16 @@ export function createWindLayer({
         requestedScalar() !== 'none' &&
         manifest &&
         (!manifest.scalar || manifest.scalar.kind !== overlay);
+      // Stored in English for diagnostics; shown translated.
       const imageryError =
-        enabled && !loading ? diagnostic?.imageryError : null;
+        enabled && !loading && diagnostic?.imageryError
+          ? t(diagnostic.imageryError)
+          : null;
       const label = {
-        none: 'Wind motion',
-        speed: 'Wind speed',
-        pressure: 'Sea-level pressure',
-        temperature: 'Air temperature · 2 m',
+        none: t('Wind motion'),
+        speed: t('Wind speed'),
+        pressure: t('Sea-level pressure'),
+        temperature: t('Air temperature · 2 m'),
       }[overlay];
       const kind = ['temperature', 'pressure'].includes(overlay)
         ? overlay
@@ -290,60 +316,64 @@ export function createWindLayer({
         readout: true,
         summary: {
           label,
-          coverage: 'Global · 1° grid',
+          coverage: t('Global · 1° grid'),
           validTime: manifest?.cycle?.validIso,
           issuedTime: manifest?.cycle?.runIso,
-          detail: `${model === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF IFS' : 'GFS'} forecast · ${valid || 'Unavailable'}`,
+          detail: t('{model} forecast · {time}', {
+            model: model === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF IFS' : 'GFS',
+            time: valid || t('Unavailable'),
+          }),
           status: loading
-            ? 'Loading forecast'
+            ? t('Loading forecast')
             : preparing
-              ? 'Preparing flow'
-              : error ||
-                manifest?.reason ||
+              ? t('Preparing flow')
+              : (error && presentWindProblem(error)) ||
+                reasonText(manifest?.reason) ||
                 imageryError ||
-                (scalarMissing ? 'Selected field unavailable' : null) ||
-                (manifest?.stale ? 'Cached forecast · stale' : null),
+                (scalarMissing ? t('Selected field unavailable') : null) ||
+                (manifest?.stale ? t('Cached forecast · stale') : null),
           units: legendUnit,
         },
         chips: [
           ...['gfs', 'ifs'].map((value) => ({
             id: `model-${value}`,
-            label: value === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF' : 'GFS',
+            label: value === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF' : 'GFS', // i18n-ignore: forecast model names
             active: model === value,
             params: { model: value },
             title:
               value === 'ifs'
-                ? 'ECMWF IFS surface forecast'
-                : 'NOAA GFS surface forecast',
+                ? t('ECMWF IFS surface forecast')
+                : t('NOAA GFS surface forecast'),
           })),
           {
             id: 'motion',
             label: diagnostic?.reducedMotion
-              ? 'Reduced motion'
+              ? t('Reduced motion')
               : paused
-                ? 'Resume'
-                : 'Pause',
+                ? t('Resume')
+                : t('Pause'),
             active: motionPaused,
             disabled: Boolean(diagnostic?.reducedMotion),
             params: { paused: !paused },
-            title:
+            title: t(
               'Pause visual flow; forecast time does not advance with animation',
+            ),
           },
           ...['none', 'speed', 'pressure', 'temperature'].map((value) => ({
             id: `overlay-${value}`,
             label: {
-              none: 'None',
-              speed: 'Speed',
-              pressure: 'Pressure',
-              temperature: 'Temperature',
+              none: t('None'),
+              speed: t('Speed'),
+              pressure: t('Pressure'),
+              temperature: t('Temperature'),
             }[value],
             active: overlay === value,
             params: { overlay: value },
             title: {
-              none: 'Wind trails with no field shading',
-              speed: 'How hard the surface wind is blowing',
-              pressure: 'Sea-level air pressure: broad highs and lows',
-              temperature: 'Air temperature two meters above the surface',
+              none: t('Wind trails with no field shading'),
+              speed: t('How hard the surface wind is blowing'),
+              pressure: t('Sea-level air pressure: broad highs and lows'),
+              temperature: t('Air temperature two meters above the surface'),
             }[value],
           })),
           ...(speedLegendVisible ||
@@ -353,18 +383,19 @@ export function createWindLayer({
             : []
           ).map((value) => ({
             id: `units-${value}`,
-            label: value,
+            label: unitLabel(value),
             active: units === value,
             params: { units: value },
-            title: 'Wind speed units',
+            title: t('Wind speed units'),
           })),
           {
             id: 'read-wind',
-            label: 'Read wind at map center',
+            label: t('Read wind at map center'),
             params: { inspect: true },
             disabled: loading || !manifest?.u || manifest?.unavailable,
-            title:
+            title: t(
               'Read the forecast at the center of the map without changing selection',
+            ),
           },
         ],
         legend:
@@ -373,9 +404,14 @@ export function createWindLayer({
           (overlay === 'none' && !speedLegendVisible)
             ? []
             : legend,
-        info: `${model === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF IFS' : 'GFS'} forecast · ${label} (${legendUnit})${historyStatus ? `\n${historyStatus}` : ''}\nValid: ${valid || 'Unavailable'}${loading ? ' · loading' : preparing ? ' · preparing' : ''}\nIssued: ${run || 'Unavailable'}${manifest?.stale ? ' · STALE' : ''}${error ? '\n' + error : ''}${scalarMissing ? '\nSelected field unavailable · wind remains visible' : ''}${imageryError && !scalarMissing ? '\n' + imageryError + ' · wind remains visible' : ''}`,
-        infoTitle:
+        info: `${t('{model} forecast · {field} ({unit})', {
+          model: model === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF IFS' : 'GFS',
+          field: label,
+          unit: unitLabel(legendUnit),
+        })}${historyStatus ? `\n${historyStatus}` : ''}\n${t('Valid: {time}', { time: valid || t('Unavailable') })}${loading ? ` · ${t('loading')}` : preparing ? ` · ${t('preparing')}` : ''}\n${t('Issued: {time}', { time: run || t('Unavailable') })}${manifest?.stale ? ` · ${t('STALE')}` : ''}${error ? `\n${presentWindProblem(error)}` : ''}${scalarMissing ? `\n${t('Selected field unavailable · wind remains visible')}` : ''}${imageryError && !scalarMissing ? `\n${t('{error} · wind remains visible', { error: imageryError })}` : ''}`,
+        infoTitle: t(
           'Surface wind at 10 m. Approximately 1° global grid. Curves follow the 10 m wind field, lifted 12 km for visibility; display height is not weather altitude. View lighting is for readability. Animation shows flow through one fixed forecast; it does not advance time. Color fields drape the globe basemap or the active photorealistic 3D Tiles.',
+        ),
       };
       controls.summary.reading = reading;
       controls.summary.result = reading ? windReadingResult(reading) : null;
@@ -385,12 +421,12 @@ export function createWindLayer({
         chips: controls.chips.filter((chip) => chip.id.startsWith(prefix)),
       });
       controls.summary.settings = [
-        setting('model', 'MODEL', 'model-'),
-        setting('field', 'FIELD', 'overlay-'),
+        setting('model', t('MODEL'), 'model-'),
+        setting('field', t('FIELD'), 'overlay-'),
         ...(controls.chips.some(({ id }) => id.startsWith('units-'))
-          ? [{ id: 'units', label: 'UNITS', chips: windUnitChips(units) }]
+          ? [{ id: 'units', label: t('UNITS'), chips: windUnitChips(units) }]
           : []),
-        setting('motion', 'MOTION', 'motion'),
+        setting('motion', t('MOTION'), 'motion'),
       ];
       controls.summary.actions = controls.chips.filter(
         ({ id }) => id === 'read-wind',
@@ -425,7 +461,7 @@ export function createWindLayer({
           : null;
       return {
         ...windStats(manifest),
-        countLabel: 'Forecast',
+        countLabel: t('Forecast'),
         loading: loading || Boolean(preparing),
         model: model.toUpperCase(),
         overlay,
@@ -433,7 +469,7 @@ export function createWindLayer({
         stale: Boolean(manifest?.stale),
         source: model === 'ifs' ? 'ECMWF IFS' : 'NOAA GFS',
         validTime:
-          formatWindValidTime(manifest?.cycle?.validIso) || 'Unavailable',
+          formatWindValidTime(manifest?.cycle?.validIso) || t('Unavailable'),
         error:
           error ||
           windStats(manifest).error ||
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/inspection.js b/src/layers/wind/inspection.js
index e952a4d2b..16cb2e91e 100644
--- a/src/layers/wind/inspection.js
+++ b/src/layers/wind/inspection.js
@@ -1,23 +1,27 @@
 import { sampleWind, windSpeed } from './model.js';
 import { sampleScalar } from './fields.js';
 
+// The reading stays English: AI tools read it too. Text is marked for i18n
+// extraction and translated where the WEATHER card shows it (presentation.js).
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 const DIRECTIONS = [
-  'N',
-  'NNE',
-  'NE',
-  'ENE',
-  'E',
-  'ESE',
-  'SE',
-  'SSE',
-  'S',
-  'SSW',
-  'SW',
-  'WSW',
-  'W',
-  'WNW',
-  'NW',
-  'NNW',
+  msg('N'),
+  msg('NNE'),
+  msg('NE'),
+  msg('ENE'),
+  msg('E'),
+  msg('ESE'),
+  msg('SE'),
+  msg('SSE'),
+  msg('S'),
+  msg('SSW'),
+  msg('SW'),
+  msg('WSW'),
+  msg('W'),
+  msg('WNW'),
+  msg('NW'),
+  msg('NNW'),
 ];
 export const WIND_UNITS = Object.freeze({
   'km/h': 3.6,
@@ -56,13 +60,14 @@ export function inspectWindAtCenter(
       ));
   if (!point || !snapshot?.u || !snapshot?.v)
     return {
-      coordinates: 'No surface reading',
-      wind: 'Aim the map center at Earth',
+      coordinates: msg('No surface reading'),
+      wind: msg('Aim the map center at Earth'),
       model,
       validTime,
       status,
-      explanation:
+      explanation: msg(
         'A location reading needs a loaded forecast and the Earth at the center of the view.',
+      ),
     };
   const location = cesium.Cartographic.fromCartesian(point, ellipsoid);
   const lon = cesium.Math.toDegrees(location.longitude);
@@ -87,11 +92,11 @@ export function inspectWindAtCenter(
     scalarKind: overlay,
     scalarLabel:
       overlay === 'speed'
-        ? 'Wind speed'
+        ? msg('Wind speed')
         : overlay === 'temperature'
-          ? 'Air temperature · 2 m'
+          ? msg('Air temperature · 2 m')
           : overlay === 'pressure'
-            ? 'Sea-level pressure'
+            ? msg('Sea-level pressure')
             : null,
     scalarValue:
       overlay === 'speed'
@@ -102,8 +107,9 @@ export function inspectWindAtCenter(
     model,
     validTime,
     status,
-    explanation:
+    explanation: msg(
       'Interpolated model forecast on an approximately 1° grid. Broad weather patterns, not a street-level measurement.',
+    ),
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/presentation.js b/src/layers/wind/presentation.js
index 44c17051d..8475f8f4c 100644
--- a/src/layers/wind/presentation.js
+++ b/src/layers/wind/presentation.js
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import { formatWindSpeed, WIND_UNITS } from './inspection.js';
+import { formatNumber, formatUtcDayMonth, t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity, unitLabel } from '../../ui/unitLabels.js';
 
 /** Reformat a captured sample; changing units never samples the map again. */
 export function formatWindReading(reading, units) {
@@ -19,36 +21,111 @@ export function formatWindReading(reading, units) {
 export function windUnitChips(units) {
   return Object.keys(WIND_UNITS).map((value) => ({
     id: `units-${value}`,
-    label: value,
+    label: unitLabel(value),
     active: units === value,
     params: { units: value },
-    title: 'Wind speed units',
+    title: t('Wind speed units'),
   }));
 }
 
+/** formatWindSpeed's value in the active language: "22,0 км/ч". */
+function displaySpeed(speed, units) {
+  const unit = Object.hasOwn(WIND_UNITS, units) ? units : 'km/h';
+  return formatQuantity(speed * WIND_UNITS[unit], unit, {
+    minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+    maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+  });
+}
+
+/** "1012.4 hPa" / "-3.0 °C" from the English reading, in the active language. */
+function displayScalar(reading) {
+  if (reading.scalarKind === 'speed' && Number.isFinite(reading.speed))
+    return displaySpeed(reading.speed, reading.units);
+  const match = /^(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?) (°C|hPa)$/.exec(reading.scalarValue);
+  if (!match) return reading.scalarValue;
+  const decimals = match[1].split('.')[1]?.length || 0;
+  return formatQuantity(Number(match[1]), match[2], {
+    minimumFractionDigits: decimals,
+    maximumFractionDigits: decimals,
+  });
+}
+
+/** The wind line in the active language; the reading itself stays English. */
+function windText(reading) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(reading.speed))
+    return reading.wind === 'Aim the map center at Earth'
+      ? t('Aim the map center at Earth')
+      : reading.wind;
+  const speed = displaySpeed(reading.speed, reading.units);
+  return reading.from === 'Calm'
+    ? `${speed}${t(' · calm')}`
+    : `${speed}${t(' from {direction}', { direction: t(reading.from) })}`;
+}
+
+/** "29.93°N · 97.74°W" from the English reading, in the active language. */
+function displayCoordinates(coordinates) {
+  const match = /^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)°([NS]) · (\d+(?:\.\d+)?)°([EW])$/.exec(
+    coordinates,
+  );
+  if (!match) return coordinates.replace(' · ', ' ');
+  const part = (value, hemisphere) => {
+    const decimals = value.split('.')[1]?.length || 0;
+    const amount = formatNumber(Number(value), {
+      minimumFractionDigits: decimals,
+      maximumFractionDigits: decimals,
+      useGrouping: false,
+    });
+    switch (hemisphere) {
+      case 'N':
+        return t('{value}°N', { value: amount });
+      case 'S':
+        return t('{value}°S', { value: amount });
+      case 'E':
+        return t('{value}°E', { value: amount });
+      default:
+        return t('{value}°W', { value: amount });
+    }
+  };
+  return `${part(match[1], match[2])} ${part(match[3], match[4])}`;
+}
+
+/** "2026-10-14 14:00 UTC" from the reading, as "10-14 14:00 UTC" / "14.10 …". */
+function displayValidTime(validTime) {
+  const match = /^(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}) (\d{2}:\d{2}) UTC$/.exec(validTime || '');
+  if (!match) return validTime?.replace(/^\d{4}-/, '');
+  return `${formatUtcDayMonth(match[1])} ${match[2]} UTC`;
+}
+
 /** Portable result block consumed by the WEATHER card. */
 export function windReadingResult(reading) {
+  const coordinates =
+    reading.coordinates === 'No surface reading'
+      ? t('No surface reading')
+      : displayCoordinates(reading.coordinates);
   return {
     id: 'reading',
-    label: `WIND AT ${reading.coordinates.replace(' · ', ' ')}`,
+    label: t('WIND AT {coordinates}', { coordinates }),
     lines: [
       {
         id: 'wind',
-        text: reading.wind,
+        text: windText(reading),
       },
       {
         id: 'meta',
-        text: `${reading.model} · valid ${reading.validTime?.replace(/^\d{4}-/, '')}`,
+        text: t('{model} · valid {time}', {
+          model: reading.model,
+          time: displayValidTime(reading.validTime),
+        }),
       },
       ...(reading.scalarValue
         ? [
             {
               id: 'scalar',
-              text: `${reading.scalarLabel} · ${reading.scalarValue}`,
+              text: `${t(reading.scalarLabel)} · ${displayScalar(reading)}`,
             },
           ]
         : []),
-      { id: 'explanation', text: reading.explanation },
+      { id: 'explanation', text: t(reading.explanation) },
     ],
     clear: { params: { inspect: false } },
   };
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/presentation.test.mjs b/src/layers/wind/presentation.test.mjs
index e6d22ffb9..99b44af71 100644
--- a/src/layers/wind/presentation.test.mjs
+++ b/src/layers/wind/presentation.test.mjs
@@ -2,7 +2,16 @@ import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { formatWindReading, windReadingResult } from './presentation.js';
 
-const sample = { speed: 5, from: 'SW', coordinates: '41.9°N · 87.6°W', model: 'NOAA GFS', validTime: '2026-09-21 12:00 UTC', scalarLabel: 'Air temperature · 2 m', scalarValue: '12 °C', explanation: 'Interpolated model forecast.' };
+const sample = {
+  speed: 5,
+  from: 'SW',
+  coordinates: '41.9°N · 87.6°W',
+  model: 'NOAA GFS',
+  validTime: '2026-09-21 12:00 UTC',
+  scalarLabel: 'Air temperature · 2 m',
+  scalarValue: '12 °C',
+  explanation: 'Interpolated model forecast.',
+};
 test('captured reading reformats without changing its sample and produces a portable result block', () => {
   const reading = formatWindReading(sample, 'mph');
   assert.equal(reading.wind, '11.2 mph from SW');
@@ -11,12 +20,30 @@ test('captured reading reformats without changing its sample and produces a port
   assert.equal(sample.units, undefined);
   const section = windReadingResult(reading);
   assert.equal(section.id, 'reading');
-  assert.equal(section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'scalar').text, 'Air temperature · 2 m · 12 °C');
-  assert.equal(section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'wind').text, '11.2 mph from SW');
-  assert.equal(section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'meta').text, 'NOAA GFS · valid 09-21 12:00 UTC');
+  assert.equal(
+    section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'scalar').text,
+    'Air temperature · 2 m · 12\u00a0°C',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'wind').text,
+    '11.2\u00a0mph from SW',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    section.lines.find(({ id }) => id === 'meta').text,
+    'NOAA GFS · valid 09-21 12:00 UTC',
+  );
   assert.equal(section.label, 'WIND AT 41.9°N 87.6°W');
   assert.deepEqual(section.clear.params, { inspect: false });
-  assert.equal(formatWindReading({ ...sample, from: 'Calm' }, 'm/s').wind, '5.0 m/s · calm');
+  assert.equal(
+    formatWindReading({ ...sample, from: 'Calm' }, 'm/s').wind,
+    '5.0 m/s · calm',
+  );
   assert.equal(formatWindReading(null, 'km/h'), null);
-  assert.equal(windReadingResult({ coordinates: 'No surface reading', wind: 'Unavailable' }).lines.some(({ id }) => id === 'scalar'), false);
+  assert.equal(
+    windReadingResult({
+      coordinates: 'No surface reading',
+      wind: 'Unavailable',
+    }).lines.some(({ id }) => id === 'scalar'),
+    false,
+  );
 });
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/rendering.js b/src/layers/wind/rendering.js
index e9bce5780..462e9aca0 100644
--- a/src/layers/wind/rendering.js
+++ b/src/layers/wind/rendering.js
@@ -5,14 +5,29 @@ import {
 import { createWindRelief } from './relief.js';
 import { orderWeatherImagery } from '../weather/imageryOrder.js';
 import { NO_IMAGERY_HOST } from '../weather/imageryHost.js';
+import { msg } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 import { createWindGpuRendering } from './gpuRendering.js';
 import { advectParticle, sampleWind } from './model.js';
 import {
   createFieldRaster,
+  SCALAR_UNAVAILABLE,
   trailEraseAlpha,
   windTrailColor,
 } from './fields.js';
 
+// English for diagnostics; the row status shows it translated (index.js). The
+// scalar texts are the source's own; setOptions accepts only these overlays.
+const FIELD_UNAVAILABLE = Object.freeze({
+  speed: msg('Wind speed field unavailable'),
+  ...SCALAR_UNAVAILABLE,
+});
+
+/** English status for a scalar overlay with no drawable field. */
+export function fieldUnavailableText(overlay) {
+  return Object.hasOwn(FIELD_UNAVAILABLE, overlay)
+    ? FIELD_UNAVAILABLE[overlay]
+    : null;
+}
 const WIND_FIELD_FADE_HIGH_METERS = 1_200_000;
 const WIND_FIELD_FADE_LOW_METERS = 200_000;
 const WIND_FIELD_LOG_RANGE = Math.log(
@@ -336,7 +351,7 @@ export function createWindRendering({
     }
     const raster = createFieldRaster(snapshot, overlay);
     if (!raster) {
-      imageryError = `${overlay} field unavailable`;
+      imageryError = fieldUnavailableText(overlay);
       return;
     }
     if (
@@ -344,7 +359,7 @@ export function createWindRendering({
         ? !cesium.Primitive
         : !collection || !cesium.SingleTileImageryProvider
     ) {
-      imageryError = 'Globe imagery unavailable';
+      imageryError = msg('Globe imagery unavailable');
       return;
     }
     try {
@@ -384,12 +399,12 @@ export function createWindRendering({
       imagery.alpha = overlay === 'temperature' ? 1 : 0.85;
       if (gpuActive) updateImageryFade(viewer.scene.camera, true);
       imageryErrorRemove = provider.errorEvent?.addEventListener(() => {
-        imageryError = 'Globe field image unavailable';
+        imageryError = msg('Globe field image unavailable');
       });
       viewer.scene?.requestRender?.();
     } catch {
       removeImagery();
-      imageryError = 'Globe field image unavailable';
+      imageryError = msg('Globe field image unavailable');
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/source.js b/src/layers/wind/source.js
index 038365408..9347d34c5 100644
--- a/src/layers/wind/source.js
+++ b/src/layers/wind/source.js
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 import { readWindBody } from '../../sources/windBody.js';
+import { SCALAR_UNAVAILABLE } from './fields.js';
+
+// Imported by src/tools: no i18n here. The texts stay English data and the
+// wind layer and layer panel show them translated.
+const msg = (text) => text;
 
 /** Create a bounded, cancellable source for the same-origin wind provider. */
 export function createWindSource({
@@ -8,15 +13,15 @@ export function createWindSource({
   return {
     async getSnapshot({ signal, model = 'gfs', overlay = 'none' } = {}) {
       if (!['gfs', 'ifs'].includes(model))
-        throw new Error('Unknown wind model');
+        throw new Error(msg('Unknown wind model'));
       if (!['none', 'temperature', 'pressure'].includes(overlay))
-        throw new Error('Unknown weather overlay');
+        throw new Error(msg('Unknown weather overlay'));
       const query = `model=${model}${overlay === 'none' ? '' : `&overlay=${overlay}`}`;
       const controller = new AbortController();
       const abort = () => controller.abort(signal.reason);
       signal?.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true });
       const timer = setTimeout(
-        () => controller.abort(new Error('Wind request timed out')),
+        () => controller.abort(new Error(msg('Wind request timed out'))),
         timeoutMs,
       );
       const active = controller.signal;
@@ -40,10 +45,7 @@ export function createWindSource({
         const optionalUnavailable =
           overlay !== 'none' &&
           scalar === undefined &&
-          scalarError ===
-            (overlay === 'temperature'
-              ? 'Temperature field unavailable'
-              : 'Mean sea level pressure field unavailable');
+          scalarError === SCALAR_UNAVAILABLE[overlay];
         const scalarValid =
           overlay === 'none'
             ? scalar === undefined && scalarError === undefined
@@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ export function createWindSource({
             `^/api/wind/grid/${model}-[\\w.-]+\\.bin\\?${query}$`,
           ).test(manifest.gridUrl)
         )
-          throw new Error('Malformed wind manifest');
+          throw new Error(msg('Malformed wind manifest'));
         const count = grid.nx * grid.ny;
         const expectedBytes = count * (scalar ? 12 : 8);
         const gridResponse = await fetchImpl(manifest.gridUrl, {
@@ -84,10 +86,10 @@ export function createWindSource({
           throw new Error(`Wind HTTP ${gridResponse.status}`);
         const bytes = await readWindBody(gridResponse, expectedBytes, active);
         if (bytes.byteLength !== expectedBytes)
-          throw new Error('Malformed wind grid');
+          throw new Error(msg('Malformed wind grid'));
         const values = new Float32Array(bytes.buffer);
         if (!values.every(Number.isFinite))
-          throw new Error('Malformed wind grid');
+          throw new Error(msg('Malformed wind grid'));
         return {
           ...manifest,
           u: values.slice(0, count),
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/staleInfo.test.mjs b/src/layers/wind/staleInfo.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fab2b95a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wind/staleInfo.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { createWindLayer } from './index.js';
+
+test('stale wind forecast is marked in the UI language', async () => {
+  const rendering = Object.fromEntries(
+    ['attach', 'start', 'stop', 'clear', 'destroy', 'setField'].map((n) => [
+      n,
+      () => {},
+    ]),
+  );
+  rendering.getDiagnostics = () => ({});
+  const layer = createWindLayer({
+    feed: {
+      getSnapshot: async () => ({
+        model: 'gfs',
+        grid: { nx: 2, ny: 2 },
+        cycle: {
+          runIso: '2026-09-14T12:00:00Z',
+          validIso: '2026-09-14T18:00:00Z',
+        },
+        stale: true,
+        reason: 'Wind upstream unavailable',
+      }),
+    },
+    createRendering: () => rendering,
+  });
+  layer.init({ container: {} });
+  layer.enable();
+  await layer.update();
+  try {
+    assert.match(layer.getRowControls().info, / · STALE(\n|$)/);
+    for (const [locale, word] of [
+      ['es', 'DESACTUALIZADO'],
+      ['ru', 'УСТАРЕЛ'],
+    ]) {
+      setLocale(locale);
+      const info = layer.getRowControls().info;
+      assert.doesNotMatch(info, /STALE/);
+      assert.match(info, new RegExp(word));
+    }
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+    layer.destroy();
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/windProblemLocale.test.mjs b/src/layers/wind/windProblemLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e820b119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wind/windProblemLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Wind source failures are English data (src/layers/wind/source.js) and
+// are shown in the UI language; the HTTP line keeps its status number.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createWindLayer } from './index.js';
+import { setLocale } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+
+function harness(problem) {
+  const rendering = Object.fromEntries(
+    [
+      'attach',
+      'start',
+      'stop',
+      'clear',
+      'destroy',
+      'setField',
+      'setOptions',
+    ].map((name) => [name, () => {}]),
+  );
+  rendering.getDiagnostics = () => ({});
+  const layer = createWindLayer({
+    feed: {
+      getSnapshot: async () => {
+        throw new Error(problem);
+      },
+    },
+    createRendering: () => rendering,
+  });
+  layer.init({ container: {} });
+  layer.enable();
+  return layer;
+}
+
+async function statusFor(problem) {
+  const layer = harness(problem);
+  await layer.update();
+  return layer.getRowControls().summary.status;
+}
+
+test('en: wind source failures read as before', async () => {
+  assert.equal(await statusFor('Wind HTTP 503'), 'Wind HTTP 503');
+  assert.equal(
+    await statusFor('Wind request timed out'),
+    'Wind request timed out',
+  );
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: wind source failures are shown in the UI language`, async () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const http = await statusFor('Wind HTTP 503');
+      assert.notEqual(http, 'Wind HTTP 503');
+      assert.match(http, /503/);
+      for (const problem of [
+        'Wind request timed out',
+        'Malformed wind manifest',
+        'Malformed wind grid',
+      ])
+        assert.notEqual(await statusFor(problem), problem);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/layers/wind/windUpstreamReason.test.mjs b/src/layers/wind/windUpstreamReason.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53b70c52c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/layers/wind/windUpstreamReason.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { createWindLayer, windStats } from './index.js';
+import { setLocale, translateKnown } from '../../i18n/index.js';
+import { windProxy } from '../../../server/providers/wind.js';
+
+function harness(feed) {
+  const rendering = Object.fromEntries(
+    [
+      'attach',
+      'start',
+      'stop',
+      'clear',
+      'destroy',
+      'setField',
+      'setOptions',
+    ].map((name) => [name, () => {}]),
+  );
+  rendering.getDiagnostics = () => ({});
+  const layer = createWindLayer({ feed, createRendering: () => rendering });
+  layer.init({ container: {} });
+  layer.enable();
+  return layer;
+}
+
+async function serverManifestOnUpstreamFailure() {
+  let handler;
+  const failing = async () => {
+    throw new Error('upstream down');
+  };
+  windProxy({ models: { gfs: failing, ifs: failing } }).configureServer({
+    middlewares: { use: (_path, fn) => (handler = fn) },
+  });
+  let body = '';
+  await handler(
+    { method: 'GET', url: '/manifest?model=gfs&overlay=none' },
+    { writeHead() {}, end: (b) => (body = b), once() {}, removeListener() {} },
+  );
+  return JSON.parse(body);
+}
+
+test('en: the upstream failure reason reads as before', async () => {
+  const manifest = await serverManifestOnUpstreamFailure();
+  const layer = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => manifest });
+  await layer.update();
+  assert.equal(
+    layer.getRowControls().summary.status,
+    'Wind upstream unavailable',
+  );
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: upstream failure status is shown in the UI language`, async () => {
+    const manifest = await serverManifestOnUpstreamFailure();
+    assert.equal(manifest.reason, 'Wind upstream unavailable');
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const layer = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => manifest });
+      await layer.update();
+      const status = layer.getRowControls().summary.status;
+      const stats = translateKnown(windStats(manifest).error);
+      assert.notEqual(status, 'Wind upstream unavailable');
+      assert.notEqual(stats, 'Wind upstream unavailable');
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: a stale cached forecast is reported in the UI language`, async () => {
+    // Shape the server returns when a cached forecast is kept after a failure.
+    const manifest = {
+      model: 'gfs',
+      grid: { nx: 2, ny: 2 },
+      cycle: {
+        runIso: '2026-09-14T12:00:00Z',
+        validIso: '2026-09-14T18:00:00Z',
+      },
+      stale: true,
+      reason: 'Wind upstream unavailable',
+    };
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const layer = harness({ getSnapshot: async () => manifest });
+      await layer.update();
+      const status = layer.getRowControls().summary.status;
+      assert.doesNotMatch(status, /[A-Za-z]{4,} upstream unavailable/);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/loadingFeedback.js b/src/loadingFeedback.js
index df7766019..b4ea03ba1 100644
--- a/src/loadingFeedback.js
+++ b/src/loadingFeedback.js
@@ -244,6 +244,7 @@ export function reduceTrafficSyncFeedback(
       // Neutral default: the layer always supplies its own LIVE/SIMULATED
       // label, and a fallback string must never claim a live feed on a
       // keyless build.
+      // i18n-ignore: translated in src/ui/shellFeedback.js
       label: label || 'syncing road network',
       progressText: hasProgress ? `${progressPct}%` : '...',
     };
@@ -392,6 +393,7 @@ export function presentLoadingFeedback(state, summary, nowMs) {
     );
     return {
       state: 'retry',
+      // i18n-ignore: translated in src/ui/shellFeedback.js
       label: (
         camera.cameraRetry.error || 'Overpass temporarily unavailable'
       ).toUpperCase(),
@@ -438,6 +440,7 @@ export function presentLoadingFeedback(state, summary, nowMs) {
   if (active.length === 1 && active[0].cameraRetry && !summary.disabling) {
     return {
       state: 'loading',
+      // i18n-ignore: translated in src/ui/shellFeedback.js
       label: active[0].cameraRetry.retrying
         ? 'RETRYING ALPR CAMERAS'
         : 'FETCHING ALPR CAMERAS',
@@ -452,6 +455,7 @@ export function presentLoadingFeedback(state, summary, nowMs) {
   ) {
     return {
       state: 'loading',
+      // i18n-ignore: translated in src/ui/shellFeedback.js
       label: active[0].installationRetry.retrying
         ? 'RETRYING MAPPED SITES'
         : 'FETCHING MAPPED SITES',
diff --git a/src/locationReadouts.test.mjs b/src/locationReadouts.test.mjs
index 64d79037d..79cc92489 100644
--- a/src/locationReadouts.test.mjs
+++ b/src/locationReadouts.test.mjs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ test('the ACTIVE STYLE indicator is written from the style name and nothing else
   assert.equal(writes.length, 1, 'the style indicator must have exactly one writer');
   assert.match(
     ui.slice(writes[0].index, writes[0].index + 160),
-    /this\._styleIndicator\.textContent =\s*displayNames\[styleName\] \|\| styleName\.toUpperCase\(\);/,
+    /this\._styleIndicator\.textContent = STYLE_STATUS_LABELS\[styleName\]\s*\?\s*t\(STYLE_STATUS_LABELS\[styleName\]\)\s*:\s*styleName\.toUpperCase\(\);/,
   );
 
   const handler = locationSearchHandler();
diff --git a/src/locations.js b/src/locations.js
index 035f8114c..d17186905 100644
--- a/src/locations.js
+++ b/src/locations.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { isUnavailableCapability } from './sources/capability.js';
 import { createOverpassFeatureSource } from './sources/overpassFeatures.js';
 import { applicationServices } from './services/application.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { greatCircleKm } from './geoDistance.js';
 import {
   viewportBias,
   placesNearViewRecovery,
@@ -10,519 +11,11 @@ import {
 import { unavailablePlaceSearch } from './search/placeSearch.js';
 import { cancelCameraArrival } from './data/cameraArrival.js';
 import { guardCameraAboveGround } from './cameraGroundGuard.js';
+import { CITY_POIS } from './cityPois.js';
 
 /** Newest landmark arrival; an older post-arrival ground guard yields to it. */
 let arrivalGeneration = 0;
 
-/**
- * Points of Interest per city.
- * Each city has 5 POIs; the first is the default fly-to landmark.
- *
- * Field reference:
- *   alt     — RANGE (distance from target in meters), NOT absolute altitude
- *   heading — optimal camera heading in degrees (0=N, 90=E, 180=S, 270=W)
- *   pitch   — camera tilt in degrees (negative = looking down)
- *   buildingHeight — estimated height of landmark center above ground (meters)
- */
-export const CITY_POIS = {
-  austin: {
-    name: 'Austin',
-    groundElevation: 150, // meters above WGS84 ellipsoid
-    viewBounds: {
-      southwest: { lat: 30.1, lng: -97.95 },
-      northeast: { lat: 30.52, lng: -97.55 },
-    },
-    pois: [
-      {
-        name: 'Texas State Capitol',
-        lat: 30.2747,
-        lon: -97.7403,
-        alt: 550,
-        pitch: -28,
-        heading: 180,
-        buildingHeight: 35,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Frost Bank Tower',
-        lat: 30.2674,
-        lon: -97.7434,
-        alt: 550,
-        pitch: -22,
-        heading: 30,
-        buildingHeight: 80,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Pennybacker Bridge',
-        lat: 30.3451,
-        lon: -97.7951,
-        alt: 500,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 90,
-        buildingHeight: 40,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'The Jenga Tower',
-        lat: 30.2642,
-        lon: -97.75,
-        alt: 500,
-        pitch: -18,
-        heading: 45,
-        buildingHeight: 60,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'UT Tower',
-        lat: 30.2862,
-        lon: -97.7394,
-        alt: 500,
-        pitch: -22,
-        heading: 180,
-        buildingHeight: 50,
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-  sf: {
-    name: 'San Francisco',
-    groundElevation: 15,
-    viewBounds: {
-      southwest: { lat: 37.7, lng: -122.53 },
-      northeast: { lat: 37.84, lng: -122.35 },
-    },
-    pois: [
-      {
-        name: 'Golden Gate Bridge',
-        lat: 37.8199,
-        lon: -122.4783,
-        alt: 1400,
-        pitch: -20,
-        heading: 45,
-        buildingHeight: 100,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Transamerica Pyramid',
-        lat: 37.7952,
-        lon: -122.4028,
-        alt: 500,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 30,
-        buildingHeight: 85,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Salesforce Tower',
-        lat: 37.7897,
-        lon: -122.3972,
-        alt: 680,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 330,
-        buildingHeight: 100,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Alcatraz Island',
-        lat: 37.8267,
-        lon: -122.423,
-        alt: 800,
-        pitch: -30,
-        heading: 0,
-        buildingHeight: 20,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Coit Tower',
-        lat: 37.8024,
-        lon: -122.4058,
-        alt: 420,
-        pitch: -30,
-        heading: 45,
-        buildingHeight: 30,
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-  nyc: {
-    name: 'New York',
-    groundElevation: 10,
-    viewBounds: {
-      southwest: { lat: 40.477, lng: -74.259 },
-      northeast: { lat: 40.918, lng: -73.7 },
-    },
-    pois: [
-      {
-        name: 'Statue of Liberty',
-        lat: 40.6892,
-        lon: -74.0445,
-        alt: 450,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 315,
-        buildingHeight: 45,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Empire State Building',
-        lat: 40.7484,
-        lon: -73.9857,
-        alt: 850,
-        pitch: -12,
-        heading: 30,
-        buildingHeight: 130,
-        buildingBounds: { height: 443, width: 130, depth: 75 },
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'One World Trade Center',
-        lat: 40.7127,
-        lon: -74.0134,
-        alt: 850,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 0,
-        buildingHeight: 170,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Brooklyn Bridge',
-        lat: 40.7061,
-        lon: -73.9969,
-        alt: 850,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 45,
-        buildingHeight: 40,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Chrysler Building',
-        lat: 40.7516,
-        lon: -73.9755,
-        alt: 700,
-        pitch: -20,
-        heading: 225,
-        buildingHeight: 100,
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-  tokyo: {
-    name: 'Tokyo',
-    groundElevation: 40,
-    viewBounds: {
-      southwest: { lat: 35.52, lng: 139.55 },
-      northeast: { lat: 35.9, lng: 139.92 },
-    },
-    pois: [
-      {
-        name: 'Tokyo Tower',
-        lat: 35.6586,
-        lon: 139.7454,
-        alt: 850,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 0,
-        buildingHeight: 110,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Tokyo Skytree',
-        lat: 35.7101,
-        lon: 139.8107,
-        alt: 900,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 30,
-        buildingHeight: 200,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Imperial Palace',
-        lat: 35.6852,
-        lon: 139.7528,
-        alt: 900,
-        pitch: -35,
-        heading: 0,
-        buildingHeight: 20,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Senso-ji Temple',
-        lat: 35.7148,
-        lon: 139.7967,
-        alt: 400,
-        pitch: -30,
-        heading: 180,
-        buildingHeight: 25,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower',
-        lat: 35.6929,
-        lon: 139.6925,
-        alt: 350,
-        pitch: -20,
-        heading: 30,
-        buildingHeight: 70,
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-  london: {
-    name: 'London',
-    groundElevation: 15,
-    viewBounds: {
-      southwest: { lat: 51.28, lng: -0.51 },
-      northeast: { lat: 51.7, lng: 0.33 },
-    },
-    pois: [
-      {
-        name: 'Tower Bridge',
-        lat: 51.5055,
-        lon: -0.0754,
-        alt: 400,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 270,
-        buildingHeight: 65,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'The Shard',
-        lat: 51.5045,
-        lon: -0.0865,
-        alt: 850,
-        pitch: -20,
-        heading: 0,
-        buildingHeight: 100,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Big Ben / Parliament',
-        lat: 51.5007,
-        lon: -0.1246,
-        alt: 600,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 180,
-        buildingHeight: 50,
-      },
-      {
-        name: "St. Paul's Cathedral",
-        lat: 51.5138,
-        lon: -0.0984,
-        alt: 400,
-        pitch: -30,
-        heading: 270,
-        buildingHeight: 55,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'The Gherkin',
-        lat: 51.5145,
-        lon: -0.0803,
-        alt: 350,
-        pitch: -20,
-        heading: 30,
-        buildingHeight: 60,
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-  paris: {
-    name: 'Paris',
-    groundElevation: 35,
-    viewBounds: {
-      southwest: { lat: 48.815, lng: 2.224 },
-      northeast: { lat: 48.902, lng: 2.47 },
-    },
-    pois: [
-      {
-        name: 'Eiffel Tower',
-        lat: 48.8584,
-        lon: 2.2945,
-        alt: 750,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 315,
-        buildingHeight: 150,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Arc de Triomphe',
-        lat: 48.8738,
-        lon: 2.295,
-        alt: 400,
-        pitch: -28,
-        heading: 45,
-        buildingHeight: 25,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Notre-Dame',
-        lat: 48.853,
-        lon: 2.3499,
-        alt: 400,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 225,
-        buildingHeight: 35,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Sacré-Cœur',
-        lat: 48.8867,
-        lon: 2.3431,
-        alt: 400,
-        pitch: -30,
-        heading: 180,
-        buildingHeight: 40,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Louvre Pyramid',
-        lat: 48.8606,
-        lon: 2.3376,
-        alt: 500,
-        pitch: -35,
-        heading: 0,
-        buildingHeight: 10,
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-  dubai: {
-    name: 'Dubai',
-    groundElevation: 5,
-    viewBounds: {
-      southwest: { lat: 24.95, lng: 54.9 },
-      northeast: { lat: 25.35, lng: 55.55 },
-    },
-    pois: [
-      {
-        name: 'Burj Khalifa',
-        lat: 25.1972,
-        lon: 55.2744,
-        alt: 600,
-        pitch: -20,
-        heading: 200,
-        buildingHeight: 270,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Burj Al Arab',
-        lat: 25.1412,
-        lon: 55.1853,
-        alt: 500,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 90,
-        buildingHeight: 100,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Palm Jumeirah',
-        lat: 25.1124,
-        lon: 55.139,
-        alt: 1200,
-        pitch: -40,
-        heading: 0,
-        buildingHeight: 20,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Dubai Frame',
-        lat: 25.235,
-        lon: 55.3003,
-        alt: 400,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 270,
-        buildingHeight: 75,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Museum of the Future',
-        lat: 25.2197,
-        lon: 55.2806,
-        alt: 350,
-        pitch: -20,
-        heading: 30,
-        buildingHeight: 35,
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-  dc: {
-    name: 'Washington DC',
-    groundElevation: 10,
-    viewBounds: {
-      southwest: { lat: 38.79, lng: -77.12 },
-      northeast: { lat: 38.995, lng: -76.91 },
-    },
-    pois: [
-      {
-        name: 'US Capitol',
-        lat: 38.8897,
-        lon: -77.0091,
-        alt: 550,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 270,
-        buildingHeight: 45,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Washington Monument',
-        lat: 38.8895,
-        lon: -77.0353,
-        alt: 500,
-        pitch: -30,
-        heading: 0,
-        buildingHeight: 85,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Lincoln Memorial',
-        lat: 38.8893,
-        lon: -77.0502,
-        alt: 400,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 90,
-        buildingHeight: 20,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Pentagon',
-        lat: 38.8711,
-        lon: -77.0559,
-        alt: 800,
-        pitch: -40,
-        heading: 0,
-        buildingHeight: 20,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Jefferson Memorial',
-        lat: 38.8814,
-        lon: -77.0365,
-        alt: 400,
-        pitch: -30,
-        heading: 0,
-        buildingHeight: 25,
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-  tallinn: {
-    name: 'Tallinn',
-    groundElevation: 15,
-    viewBounds: {
-      southwest: { lat: 59.36, lng: 24.6 },
-      northeast: { lat: 59.52, lng: 24.92 },
-    },
-    pois: [
-      {
-        name: 'Viru Square',
-        lat: 59.4366,
-        lon: 24.7527,
-        alt: 450,
-        pitch: -28,
-        heading: 60,
-        buildingHeight: 25,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Old Town / Raekoja plats',
-        lat: 59.4372,
-        lon: 24.7452,
-        alt: 400,
-        pitch: -30,
-        heading: 180,
-        buildingHeight: 20,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Teatri väljak',
-        lat: 59.4344,
-        lon: 24.7514,
-        alt: 400,
-        pitch: -25,
-        heading: 220,
-        buildingHeight: 25,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Port of Tallinn',
-        lat: 59.4445,
-        lon: 24.7675,
-        alt: 700,
-        pitch: -30,
-        heading: 90,
-        buildingHeight: 20,
-      },
-      {
-        name: 'Ülemiste',
-        lat: 59.421,
-        lon: 24.792,
-        alt: 600,
-        pitch: -28,
-        heading: 45,
-        buildingHeight: 30,
-      },
-    ],
-  },
-};
-
 /**
  * Absolute full-earth camera preset for the zoom_to_globe voice tool. The height
  * must stay inside the app's 'global' view-scale band (>12,000 km — classifyViewScale
@@ -1156,18 +649,6 @@ export const PLACE_ANCHOR_OFFSET_RATIO = 0.15;
  */
 const PLACE_FALLBACK_HALF_SPAN_KM = 20;
 
-/** Great-circle distance in km (small enough here that the spherical model is fine). */
-function greatCircleKm(lat1, lng1, lat2, lng2) {
-  const dLat = Cesium.Math.toRadians(lat2 - lat1);
-  const dLng = Cesium.Math.toRadians(lng2 - lng1);
-  const a =
-    Math.sin(dLat / 2) ** 2 +
-    Math.cos(Cesium.Math.toRadians(lat1)) *
-      Math.cos(Cesium.Math.toRadians(lat2)) *
-      Math.sin(dLng / 2) ** 2;
-  return 6371 * 2 * Math.asin(Math.min(1, Math.sqrt(a)));
-}
-
 /**
  * Sanity-gate a geocode viewport before framing it. Pure — exported for unit tests.
  *
@@ -1202,10 +683,8 @@ export function placeFramingViewport(
     return viewport;
 
   const offsetKm = greatCircleKm(
-    anchorLat,
-    anchorLng,
-    metrics.centerLat,
-    metrics.centerLng,
+    { lat: anchorLat, lon: anchorLng },
+    { lat: metrics.centerLat, lon: metrics.centerLng },
   );
   if (offsetKm <= metrics.spanKm * PLACE_ANCHOR_OFFSET_RATIO) return viewport;
 
diff --git a/src/main.js b/src/main.js
index b09ec183a..2635ecc2c 100644
--- a/src/main.js
+++ b/src/main.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { createStandaloneApplication } from './standalone/application.js';
 import { describeError } from './standalone/errors.js';
+import { t } from './i18n/index.js';
 
 const application = createStandaloneApplication({
   googleApiKey: import.meta.env.GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY,
@@ -10,7 +11,9 @@ const application = createStandaloneApplication({
 application.start().catch((error) => {
   console.error("God's Eye View initialization failed:", error);
   const loaderStatus = document.querySelector('#loading-screen .loader-status');
-  loaderStatus.textContent = `Error: ${describeError(error)}`;
+  loaderStatus.textContent = t('Error: {message}', {
+    message: describeError(error),
+  });
   loaderStatus.style.color = '#ff4444';
 });
 
diff --git a/src/mapSourceFocus.test.mjs b/src/mapSourceFocus.test.mjs
index 3aff6c8d5..b7beec325 100644
--- a/src/mapSourceFocus.test.mjs
+++ b/src/mapSourceFocus.test.mjs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { createHoverDisclosure, collapsePanelOnEscape } from './ui/panelDisclosu
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { msg, t } from './i18n/index.js';
 
 // Exercise the installed event routes and central close method, without WebGL.
 const source = readShellSource();
@@ -107,9 +108,9 @@ function harness({ hidden = false, selected = true, noChips = false } = {}) {
   window.clearTimeout = (id) => timers.delete(id);
   window.performance = { now: () => now };
   document.defaultView = window;
-  const methods = new Function('createHoverDisclosure', 'collapsePanelOnEscape', 'document', 'window', 'clearTimeout', 'performance', 'requestAnimationFrame',
+  const methods = new Function('createHoverDisclosure', 'collapsePanelOnEscape', 'document', 'window', 'clearTimeout', 'performance', 'requestAnimationFrame', 't', 'msg',
     `return ({${shellMethod('_initAutoHoverPanel').toString()},\n${shellMethod('_collapsePanelOnEscape').toString()},\n${shellMethod('setPanelCollapsed').toString()},\n${shellMethod('_syncPanelCollapseButton').toString()}});`)(
-    createHoverDisclosure, collapsePanelOnEscape, document, window, (id) => timers.delete(id), { now: () => now }, () => {},
+    createHoverDisclosure, collapsePanelOnEscape, document, window, (id) => timers.delete(id), { now: () => now }, () => {}, t, msg,
   );
   const saves = [];
   const claims = [];
diff --git a/src/mapStackChips.js b/src/mapStackChips.js
index ac523700d..1f77ec7b2 100644
--- a/src/mapStackChips.js
+++ b/src/mapStackChips.js
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 // state is re-synced from controller state (never optimistically), so a failed
 // or superseded switch still leaves the truly-active stack lit.
 
-import { keySetupRequirement } from './keySetupCore.mjs';
+import { keySetupRequirementEnvVars } from './keySetupCore.mjs';
+import { t } from './i18n/index.js';
 
 export const MAP_STACK_CHIP_CLASS = 'map-stack-chip';
 export const PRESENTED_MAP_STACK_IDS = Object.freeze([
@@ -37,9 +38,14 @@ export function mapStackChipModel(stack, activeId) {
   const available = stack?.available !== false;
   const label = String(stack?.label ?? stack?.id ?? '');
   const requiresIon = stack?.requiresIon === true;
+  // Stack labels are provider names and stay English; the sentence translates.
   const fallbackReason = requiresIon
-    ? keySetupRequirement('cesium-ion')
-    : `${label || 'This map stack'} is unavailable`;
+    ? t('Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings', {
+        envVars: keySetupRequirementEnvVars('cesium-ion'),
+      })
+    : t('{label} is unavailable', {
+        label: label || t('This map stack'),
+      });
   const unavailableHint = available
     ? ''
     : String(stack?.unavailableReason || fallbackReason);
@@ -119,7 +125,10 @@ export function renderMapStackChips(
     if (!model.available) {
       chip.setAttribute(
         'aria-label',
-        `${model.label} unavailable: ${model.unavailableHint}`,
+        t('{label} unavailable: {hint}', {
+          label: model.label,
+          hint: model.unavailableHint,
+        }),
       );
     }
 
diff --git a/src/mapStackChips.test.mjs b/src/mapStackChips.test.mjs
index e9fbd05e2..db6521d50 100644
--- a/src/mapStackChips.test.mjs
+++ b/src/mapStackChips.test.mjs
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ test('the Visual Presets tray owns Map Source and the retired left panel is abse
   );
   assert.match(
     html,
-    /<section class="map-source-section"[\s\S]*?<div id="map-stack-chips" class="map-stack-chip-row" role="group" aria-label="Map source"><\/div>/,
+    /<section class="map-source-section"[\s\S]*?<div id="map-stack-chips" class="map-stack-chip-row" role="group" aria-label="Map source" data-i18n-aria-label><\/div>/,
   );
   assert.doesNotMatch(
     html,
diff --git a/src/maps/availability.js b/src/maps/availability.js
index 735d7883f..30ef3e6c6 100644
--- a/src/maps/availability.js
+++ b/src/maps/availability.js
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-import { keySetupRequirement } from '../keySetupCore.mjs';
+import {
+  keySetupRequirement,
+  keySetupRequirementEnvVars,
+} from '../keySetupCore.mjs';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 /**
  * Why Google 3D is unavailable, phrased so the tooltip and toast recommend the
  * RIGHT fix. With no credentials the fix is a key (or the ion route); with a
@@ -10,6 +14,12 @@ import { keySetupRequirement } from '../keySetupCore.mjs';
  */
 export function photorealUnavailableReason(hasCredentials) {
   if (hasCredentials)
-    return "Google 3D tiles unavailable — check the key's API restrictions, quota, or network";
-  return `${keySetupRequirement('google-maps')} — or a Cesium ion token for the ion-hosted route`;
+    return t(
+      "Google 3D tiles unavailable — check the key's API restrictions, quota, or network",
+    );
+  const envVars = keySetupRequirementEnvVars('google-maps');
+  return t(
+    'Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings — or a Cesium ion token for the ion-hosted route',
+    { envVars },
+  );
 }
diff --git a/src/maps/catalog.js b/src/maps/catalog.js
index 5668b893f..238263ba9 100644
--- a/src/maps/catalog.js
+++ b/src/maps/catalog.js
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 export const MAP_STACKS = [
   {
     id: 'photoreal',
-    label: 'Google 3D',
+    label: 'Google 3D', // i18n-ignore: imagery product name
     shortLabel: '3D',
     kind: 'photoreal',
     requiresIon: false,
   },
   {
     id: 'bing-aerial',
-    label: 'Bing Aerial',
+    label: 'Bing Aerial', // i18n-ignore: imagery product name
     shortLabel: 'Aerial',
     kind: 'ion',
     style: Cesium.IonWorldImageryStyle.AERIAL,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export const MAP_STACKS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'bing-labels',
-    label: 'Bing Labels',
+    label: 'Bing Labels', // i18n-ignore: imagery product name
     shortLabel: 'Labels',
     kind: 'ion',
     style: Cesium.IonWorldImageryStyle.AERIAL_WITH_LABELS,
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ export const MAP_STACKS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'esri-imagery',
-    label: 'Esri Satellite',
+    label: 'Esri Satellite', // i18n-ignore: imagery product name
     shortLabel: 'SAT',
     kind: 'esri-imagery',
     requiresIon: false,
   },
   {
     id: 'osm',
-    label: 'OSM',
+    label: 'OSM', // i18n-ignore: imagery product name
     shortLabel: 'OSM',
     kind: 'osm',
     requiresIon: false,
diff --git a/src/maps/controller.js b/src/maps/controller.js
index 2b2ea462f..bfdd82033 100644
--- a/src/maps/controller.js
+++ b/src/maps/controller.js
@@ -9,6 +9,18 @@ import { acquireImageryComparison } from './imageryComparison.js';
  */
 const AUTOMATIC = Symbol('automatic switch');
 
+/** Background retries of a fallback in use back off from 30 s to 10 min. */
+const FALLBACK_RETRY_MS = 30_000;
+const FALLBACK_RETRY_MAX_MS = 600_000;
+/** A retry attempt still unsettled after a minute counts as failed. */
+const FALLBACK_ATTEMPT_MS = 60_000;
+
+const resolved = (provider, effectiveStackId) => ({
+  provider,
+  effectiveStackId,
+  fallbackMessage: null,
+});
+
 /** Coordinate source lifetimes and scene changes; the registry owns provider choices. */
 export class MapSourceController {
   constructor(
@@ -46,8 +58,18 @@ export class MapSourceController {
     this._lastError = null;
     this._imageryLayer = null;
     this._activeImageryProvider = null;
+    this._activeResolution = null;
     this._removeImageryErrorListener = null;
     this._terrainMode = null;
+    this._terrainFallback = null;
+    this._retryTimer = null;
+    this._retrying = false;
+    this._retryRequested = false;
+    this._retryDelay = FALLBACK_RETRY_MS;
+    /** Expire callbacks of retry attempts in flight; destroy() runs them. */
+    this._retryDeadlines = new Set();
+    /** A fallback terrain a retry replaced while it stayed installed. */
+    this._replacedTerrain = null;
     this._subscribers = new Set();
     this._destroyed = false;
   }
@@ -285,21 +307,171 @@ export class MapSourceController {
     this._showTileset(null);
     this.viewer.scene.globe.show = true;
     this._activeId = resolution.effectiveStackId;
+    this._activeResolution = resolution;
     if (source?.terrain && source.terrain.id !== this._terrainMode) {
       const terrain = source.terrain;
-      const result = await this._cached(
-        this._terrainProviders,
-        terrain.id,
-        () => terrain.create({ signal: this._abort.signal }),
+      const pending = this._cached(this._terrainProviders, terrain.id, () =>
+        terrain.create({ signal: this._abort.signal }),
       );
+      let result = await pending;
       if (gen !== this._switchGen) return;
-      if (result.terrain) this.viewer.scene.setTerrain(result.terrain);
-      else this.viewer.terrainProvider = result.provider;
+      // A background retry may have replaced a fallback while this waited.
+      const latest = this._terrainProviders.get(terrain.id);
+      if (latest !== pending) result = await latest;
+      if (gen !== this._switchGen) return;
+      this._applyTerrain(result);
       this._terrainMode = terrain.id;
     }
+    if (resolution.fallbackFor || this._terrainFallback) this._scheduleRetry();
     return resolution;
   }
 
+  _applyTerrain(result) {
+    if (result.terrain) this.viewer.scene.setTerrain(result.terrain);
+    else this.viewer.terrainProvider = result.provider;
+    this._terrainFallback = result.fallback ? result : null;
+    if (this._replacedTerrain && this._replacedTerrain !== result) {
+      this._dispose(this._replacedTerrain.provider);
+      this._replacedTerrain = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * One timer retries the real provider behind whichever fallback is on
+   * screen: Esri's OSM stand-in, or flat terrain on a shown globe. Fallbacks
+   * stay cached and shown meanwhile, so no switch waits on a retry; a
+   * fallback out of use is left alone until an activation shows it again.
+   * One retry runs at a time; a request made meanwhile re-arms once it ends.
+   */
+  _scheduleRetry() {
+    if (this._retryTimer || this._destroyed) return;
+    if (this._retrying) {
+      this._retryRequested = true;
+      return;
+    }
+    this._retryTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+      this._retryTimer = null;
+      void this._retryFallbacks();
+    }, this._retryDelay);
+  }
+
+  async _retryFallbacks() {
+    const resolution = this._activeResolution;
+    const flat = this.viewer.scene.globe.show ? this._terrainFallback : null;
+    const id = resolution?.fallbackFor;
+    let terrain = flat && this._sources.get(this._activeId)?.terrain;
+    if (terrain?.id !== this._terrainMode) terrain = null;
+    if (!id && !terrain) return;
+    this._retrying = true;
+    this._retryRequested = false;
+    // An attempt that outlives its deadline counts as a failure. Its signal is
+    // aborted, but the Esri and keyless factories ignore it and Cesium's
+    // requests have no timeout, so a late result is released, never used.
+    const attempt = async (create, release) => {
+      const expiry = new AbortController();
+      let expire;
+      const deadline = new Promise((resolve) => {
+        expire = () => {
+          clearTimeout(timer);
+          resolve(expiry);
+        };
+      });
+      const timer = setTimeout(expire, FALLBACK_ATTEMPT_MS);
+      this._retryDeadlines.add(expire);
+      const pending = Promise.resolve().then(() =>
+        create?.({
+          signal: AbortSignal.any([this._abort.signal, expiry.signal]),
+        }),
+      );
+      try {
+        const result = await Promise.race([pending, deadline]);
+        if (result !== expiry) return result;
+        expiry.abort();
+        pending.then(release, () => {});
+        return null;
+      } catch {
+        return null; // Still unavailable: keep the fallback.
+      } finally {
+        clearTimeout(timer);
+        this._retryDeadlines.delete(expire);
+      }
+    };
+    // Each recovers as soon as it loads, never waiting on the other.
+    const retryImagery = async () => {
+      const cached = this._imageryProviders.get(id);
+      const provider = await attempt(this._sources.get(id).imagery, (late) =>
+        this._dispose(late),
+      );
+      // Obsolete: destroyed, or the cache moved on while this was in flight.
+      if (this._destroyed || this._imageryProviders.get(id) !== cached) {
+        this._dispose(provider);
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (!provider) return false;
+      this._imageryProviders.set(id, Promise.resolve(resolved(provider, id)));
+      // Still showing the fallback once any switch settles: use the real one.
+      const recover = () => {
+        if (this._activeResolution === resolution)
+          void this.setStack(id, { [AUTOMATIC]: true });
+      };
+      if (!this._isSwitching) recover();
+      else {
+        const stop = this.subscribe(() => {
+          stop();
+          recover();
+        });
+      }
+      return true;
+    };
+    const retryTerrain = async () => {
+      const cached = this._terrainProviders.get(terrain.id);
+      const real = await attempt(terrain.create, (late) =>
+        this._dispose(late?.provider),
+      );
+      if (
+        this._destroyed ||
+        this._terrainProviders.get(terrain.id) !== cached ||
+        !real ||
+        real.fallback
+      ) {
+        this._dispose(real?.provider);
+        return Boolean(real && !real.fallback);
+      }
+      this._terrainProviders.set(terrain.id, Promise.resolve(real));
+      if (this._terrainFallback === flat && this.viewer.scene.globe.show) {
+        this._applyTerrain(real);
+        this._dispose(flat.provider);
+        this._requestRender('map-stack');
+      } else {
+        this._terrainMode = null; // The next globe activation installs it.
+        // Release the replaced fallback once nothing shows it.
+        if (this._terrainFallback === flat) this._replacedTerrain = flat;
+        else this._dispose(flat.provider);
+      }
+      return true;
+    };
+    const settled = (retry) =>
+      retry().catch((error) => {
+        console.warn('[MapSourceController] fallback recovery failed:', error);
+        return false;
+      });
+    let failed = false;
+    try {
+      const results = await Promise.all([
+        id && settled(retryImagery),
+        terrain && settled(retryTerrain),
+      ]);
+      failed = results.includes(false);
+    } finally {
+      this._retrying = false;
+    }
+    if (this._destroyed) return;
+    this._retryDelay = failed
+      ? Math.min(this._retryDelay * 2, FALLBACK_RETRY_MAX_MS)
+      : FALLBACK_RETRY_MS;
+    if (failed || this._retryRequested) this._scheduleRetry();
+  }
+
   _cached(cache, id, create) {
     if (cache.has(id)) return cache.get(id);
     const promise = Promise.resolve()
@@ -323,7 +495,7 @@ export class MapSourceController {
       try {
         const provider = await source.imagery({ signal: this._abort.signal });
         if (this._destroyed) this._dispose(provider);
-        return { provider, effectiveStackId: stack.id, fallbackMessage: null };
+        return resolved(provider, stack.id);
       } catch (error) {
         const fallback = source.constructionFallback;
         if (this._destroyed || !fallback || !this.isStackAvailable(fallback.id))
@@ -333,7 +505,11 @@ export class MapSourceController {
           this.getStack(fallback.id),
           next,
         );
-        return { ...resolution, fallbackMessage: fallback.message };
+        return {
+          ...resolution,
+          fallbackMessage: fallback.message,
+          fallbackFor: stack.id,
+        };
       }
     });
   }
@@ -388,6 +564,7 @@ export class MapSourceController {
       this.viewer.imageryLayers.remove(this._imageryLayer, true);
     this._imageryLayer = null;
     this._activeImageryProvider = null;
+    this._activeResolution = null;
   }
   _dispose(value) {
     if (!value || this._disposed.has(value)) return;
@@ -401,6 +578,12 @@ export class MapSourceController {
     this._subscribers.clear();
     this._switchGen++;
     this._abort.abort();
+    clearTimeout(this._retryTimer);
+    for (const expire of this._retryDeadlines) expire();
+    this._retryDeadlines.clear();
+    this._retrying = false;
+    this._dispose(this._replacedTerrain?.provider);
+    this._replacedTerrain = null;
     this._isSwitching = false;
     this._removeImageryLayer();
     this._credits.destroy();
diff --git a/src/maps/controller.test.mjs b/src/maps/controller.test.mjs
index 1e6c1413f..f7e764754 100644
--- a/src/maps/controller.test.mjs
+++ b/src/maps/controller.test.mjs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ const settle = async () => {
   for (let i = 0; i < 20; i++) await Promise.resolve();
 };
 const descriptor = (id) => ({ id, label: id, kind: 'imagery' });
-function publicFixture() {
+function publicFixture(options) {
   const tileset = { show: true };
   const registry = createDefaultMapSources({ googleTileset: tileset });
   const providers = new Map();
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ function publicFixture() {
       create: async () => ({ provider: { id: 'terrain' } }),
     };
   }
-  return { ...fixture(registry), registry, providers, tileset };
+  return { ...fixture(registry, options), registry, providers, tileset };
 }
 
 test('an additional imagery source needs no controller branch and owns its cached resources', async () => {
@@ -839,3 +839,546 @@ test('each switch generation reports its origin: an outside setStack is manual,
   ]);
   recovering.controller.destroy();
 });
+
+function failingEsri(env) {
+  const esri = { failing: true, attempts: 0, next: null };
+  env.registry.sources.find(
+    (source) => source.descriptor.id === 'esri-imagery',
+  ).imagery = async () => {
+    esri.attempts++;
+    if (esri.next) await esri.next;
+    if (esri.failing) throw new Error('Esri unreachable');
+    return env.providers.get('esri-imagery');
+  };
+  return esri;
+}
+const deferred = () => {
+  let resolve;
+  const promise = new Promise((done) => (resolve = done));
+  return { promise, resolve };
+};
+
+test('a failed Esri construction shows OSM at once, backs off while retries fail, and recovers in place', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const env = publicFixture();
+  const esri = failingEsri(env);
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getActiveId(), 'osm');
+  const osmLayer = env.imagery.at(-1);
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 2, 'one background retry');
+  assert.equal(env.imagery.at(-1), osmLayer, 'a failed retry keeps the layer');
+  await env.controller.setStack('osm');
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 2, 'a reselection does not retry at once');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 2, 'the second retry waits twice as long');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 3);
+  esri.failing = false;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(120_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 4);
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getActiveId(), 'esri-imagery');
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getSwitchOrigin(), 'automatic');
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getState().lastError, null);
+  assert.equal(env.imagery.at(-1).provider, env.providers.get('esri-imagery'));
+  t.mock.timers.tick(600_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 4, 'the real provider ends the retries');
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+test('retries of a fallback that keeps failing back off to a 10 minute cap', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const env = publicFixture();
+  const esri = failingEsri(env);
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  for (const delay of [30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 600, 600]) {
+    t.mock.timers.tick(delay * 1000);
+    await settle();
+  }
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 8);
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+test('Esri is retried only while its fallback is shown', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const env = publicFixture();
+  const esri = failingEsri(env);
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  await env.controller.setStack('osm');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 1, 'no retry while OSM was chosen');
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 1, 'the cached fallback shows at once');
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getActiveId(), 'osm');
+  esri.failing = false;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 2);
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getActiveId(), 'esri-imagery');
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+test('an Esri recovery that lands mid-switch applies once the switch settles', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const env = publicFixture();
+  const esri = failingEsri(env);
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  const retry = deferred();
+  esri.next = retry.promise;
+  esri.failing = false;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  // The fallback activates OSM's terrain; make that switch slow.
+  const slow = deferred();
+  env.registry.sources.find(
+    (source) => source.descriptor.id === 'osm',
+  ).terrain = { id: 'slow', create: () => slow.promise };
+  const switching = env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  retry.resolve();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getActiveId(), 'osm', 'the switch is still open');
+  slow.resolve({ provider: { id: 'slow' } });
+  await switching;
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getActiveId(), 'esri-imagery');
+  assert.equal(env.imagery.at(-1).provider, env.providers.get('esri-imagery'));
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+function terrainFixture(t, create) {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  let renders = 0;
+  const env = publicFixture({ requestRender: () => renders++ });
+  const installed = [];
+  Object.defineProperty(env.viewer, 'terrainProvider', {
+    get: () => installed.at(-1),
+    set: (provider) => installed.push(provider),
+  });
+  const terrain = { id: 'keyless', calls: 0 };
+  terrain.create = () => create(++terrain.calls);
+  for (const source of env.registry.sources)
+    if (source.imagery) source.terrain = terrain;
+  return { env, installed, terrain, renders: () => renders };
+}
+const flatTerrain = (n) => ({ provider: { id: `flat-${n}` }, fallback: true });
+
+test('flat fallback terrain stays installed while retries run, and real terrain replaces it live', async (t) => {
+  const real = { id: 'real' };
+  let working = false;
+  const { env, installed, terrain, renders } = terrainFixture(t, async (n) =>
+    working ? { provider: real } : flatTerrain(n),
+  );
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  const [flat] = installed;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(terrain.calls, 2, 'one background retry');
+  await env.controller.setStack('osm');
+  assert.deepEqual(installed, [flat], 'failed retries and switches keep it');
+  working = true;
+  const before = renders();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(60_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(terrain.calls, 3);
+  assert.deepEqual(installed, [flat, real]);
+  assert.equal(renders(), before + 1, 'the live swap requests a render');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(600_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(terrain.calls, 3, 'the real terrain ends the retries');
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+test('terrain is not retried or installed while a 3D tileset hides the globe', async (t) => {
+  const real = { id: 'real' };
+  let working = false;
+  const { env, installed, terrain } = terrainFixture(t, async (n) =>
+    working ? { provider: real } : flatTerrain(n),
+  );
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  await env.controller.setStack('photoreal');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(terrain.calls, 1, 'no retry behind a hidden globe');
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  const hidden = deferred();
+  terrain.create = async () => {
+    terrain.calls++;
+    await hidden.promise;
+    return { provider: real };
+  };
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(terrain.calls, 2, 'the globe activation re-arms the retry');
+  await env.controller.setStack('photoreal');
+  hidden.resolve();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(installed.length, 1, 'nothing is installed behind a tileset');
+  await env.controller.setStack('osm');
+  assert.equal(installed.at(-1), real, 'the next globe activation installs it');
+  assert.equal(terrain.calls, 2);
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a switch that read the flat fallback installs the terrain a retry just cached', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  // Sweep the microtask distance between the retry landing and the switch.
+  for (let hops = 0; hops < 12; hops++) {
+    const real = { id: 'real' },
+      gate = deferred();
+    const keyless = {
+      id: 'keyless',
+      create: async () => {
+        if (!keyless.retried) return flatTerrain(1);
+        await gate.promise;
+        return { provider: real };
+      },
+    };
+    const other = { id: 'other', create: async () => ({ provider: {} }) };
+    const source = (id, terrain) => ({
+      descriptor: descriptor(id),
+      imagery: async () => ({ id }),
+      terrain,
+    });
+    const env = fixture({
+      defaultId: 'a',
+      sources: [source('a', keyless), source('c', other)],
+    });
+    const installed = [];
+    Object.defineProperty(env.viewer, 'terrainProvider', {
+      get: () => installed.at(-1),
+      set: (provider) => installed.push(provider),
+    });
+    await env.controller.setStack('a');
+    keyless.retried = true;
+    t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+    await settle();
+    await env.controller.setStack('c');
+    gate.resolve();
+    for (let i = 0; i < hops; i++) await null;
+    await env.controller.setStack('a');
+    await settle();
+    assert.equal(installed.at(-1), real, `hops ${hops}`);
+    env.controller.destroy();
+  }
+});
+
+test('destroy cancels a pending retry and releases one in flight', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const env = publicFixture();
+  const esri = failingEsri(env);
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  env.controller.destroy();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 1, 'a pending retry is cancelled');
+
+  const late = publicFixture();
+  const lateEsri = failingEsri(late);
+  await late.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  const retry = deferred();
+  lateEsri.next = retry.promise;
+  lateEsri.failing = false;
+  let destroyed = 0;
+  late.providers.get('esri-imagery').destroy = () => destroyed++;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  late.controller.destroy();
+  retry.resolve();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(destroyed, 1, 'a late provider is released');
+  assert.equal(late.imagery.length, 0);
+  t.mock.timers.tick(600_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(lateEsri.attempts, 2);
+});
+
+test('retries stay single-flight when an activation re-shows the fallback mid-retry', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const env = publicFixture();
+  const created = [],
+    pending = [];
+  let attempts = 0;
+  env.registry.sources.find(
+    (source) => source.descriptor.id === 'esri-imagery',
+  ).imagery = async () => {
+    if (++attempts === 1) throw new Error('Esri unreachable');
+    const gate = deferred();
+    pending.push(gate);
+    await gate.promise;
+    const provider = { id: `esri-${attempts}`, errorEvent: event() };
+    provider.destroy = () => (provider.destroyed = true);
+    created.push(provider);
+    return provider;
+  };
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(attempts, 2, 'retry #1 is in flight');
+  await env.controller.setStack('osm');
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getActiveId(), 'osm', 'the fallback is shown');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(attempts, 2, 'no second retry while one is in flight');
+  for (const gate of pending.reverse()) {
+    gate.resolve();
+    await settle();
+  }
+  const shown = env.imagery.at(-1).provider;
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getActiveId(), 'esri-imagery');
+  await env.controller.setStack('osm');
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  assert.equal(env.imagery.at(-1).provider, shown, 'the cached one is shown');
+  env.controller.destroy();
+  await settle();
+  assert.ok(created.length > 0);
+  for (const provider of created)
+    assert.equal(provider.destroyed, true, `${provider.id} is disposed`);
+});
+
+test('a stalled terrain retry does not hold back recovered imagery', async (t) => {
+  const stalled = deferred();
+  const { env, terrain } = terrainFixture(t, async (n) => {
+    if (n > 1) await stalled.promise;
+    return flatTerrain(n);
+  });
+  const esri = failingEsri(env);
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getActiveId(), 'osm');
+  esri.failing = false;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(terrain.calls, 2, 'the terrain retry is in flight');
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getActiveId(), 'esri-imagery');
+  assert.equal(env.imagery.at(-1).provider, env.providers.get('esri-imagery'));
+  stalled.resolve();
+  await settle();
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a stalled imagery retry does not hold back recovered terrain', async (t) => {
+  const real = { id: 'real' };
+  const { env, installed } = terrainFixture(t, async (n) =>
+    n > 1 ? { provider: real } : flatTerrain(n),
+  );
+  const esri = failingEsri(env);
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  const stalled = deferred();
+  esri.next = stalled.promise;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 2, 'the imagery retry is in flight');
+  assert.equal(installed.at(-1), real, 'real terrain is installed');
+  stalled.resolve();
+  await settle();
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a retry attempt that never settles is abandoned at its deadline and released if it lands late', async (t) => {
+  const hung = deferred();
+  const late = { id: 'late', destroy: () => (late.destroyed = true) };
+  const { env, installed, terrain } = terrainFixture(t, async (n) => {
+    if (n === 2) await hung.promise;
+    return n === 2 ? { provider: late } : flatTerrain(n);
+  });
+  const esri = failingEsri(env);
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 2, 'imagery failed');
+  assert.equal(terrain.calls, 2, 'terrain hangs');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(60_000); // The hung attempt's deadline.
+  await settle();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(60_000); // The doubled backoff.
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 3, 'imagery is retried again');
+  assert.equal(terrain.calls, 3, 'terrain is retried again');
+  hung.resolve();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(late.destroyed, true, 'the late provider is released');
+  assert.ok(!installed.includes(late), 'and never installed');
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a failed retry after a mid-retry re-show re-arms once, after the doubled delay', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const env = publicFixture();
+  const esri = failingEsri(env);
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  const gate = deferred();
+  esri.next = gate.promise;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  await env.controller.setStack('osm');
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  gate.resolve();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 2);
+  t.mock.timers.tick(59_999);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 2, 'not before the doubled delay');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(1);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 3, 'one retry after it');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(119_999);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 3, 'no second timer was armed');
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+test('destroy releases recovered imagery and terrain that lands afterwards', async (t) => {
+  const stalled = deferred();
+  const real = { id: 'real', destroy: () => (real.destroyed = true) };
+  const { env, installed } = terrainFixture(t, async (n) => {
+    if (n === 1) return flatTerrain(n);
+    await stalled.promise;
+    return { provider: real };
+  });
+  const esri = failingEsri(env);
+  const imagery = env.providers.get('esri-imagery');
+  imagery.destroy = () => (imagery.destroyed = true);
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  esri.failing = false;
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(env.imagery.at(-1).provider, imagery, 'imagery has landed');
+  env.controller.destroy();
+  stalled.resolve();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(imagery.destroyed, true);
+  assert.equal(real.destroyed, true);
+  assert.ok(!installed.includes(real));
+});
+
+function liveTimers(t) {
+  const live = new Set();
+  const { setTimeout: set, clearTimeout: clear } = globalThis;
+  globalThis.setTimeout = (fn, ms, ...args) => {
+    const id = set(
+      (...values) => {
+        live.delete(id);
+        fn(...values);
+      },
+      ms,
+      ...args,
+    );
+    live.add(id);
+    return id;
+  };
+  globalThis.clearTimeout = (id) => {
+    live.delete(id);
+    clear(id);
+  };
+  t.after(() =>
+    Object.assign(globalThis, { setTimeout: set, clearTimeout: clear }),
+  );
+  return live;
+}
+
+test('destroy during a hung retry attempt clears its deadline at once', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const live = liveTimers(t);
+  const env = publicFixture();
+  const esri = failingEsri(env);
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  esri.next = new Promise(() => {});
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(esri.attempts, 2, 'the attempt hangs');
+  assert.equal(live.size, 1, 'only its deadline is armed');
+  env.controller.destroy();
+  assert.equal(live.size, 0, 'destroy clears the deadline');
+  assert.equal(env.controller._retrying, false);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(live.size, 0, 'and nothing re-arms');
+});
+
+function destroyableFlat(n) {
+  const provider = { id: `flat-${n}` };
+  provider.destroy = () => (provider.destroyed = true);
+  return { provider, fallback: true };
+}
+
+test('terrain recovered on screen releases the fallback it replaced', async (t) => {
+  const real = { id: 'real' };
+  let flat;
+  const { env, installed } = terrainFixture(t, async (n) =>
+    n === 1 ? (flat = destroyableFlat(n)) : { provider: real },
+  );
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(installed.at(-1), real);
+  assert.equal(flat.provider.destroyed, true);
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+test('terrain recovered behind a tileset releases the fallback once a globe replaces it', async (t) => {
+  const real = { id: 'real' };
+  const gate = deferred();
+  let flat;
+  const { env, installed } = terrainFixture(t, async (n) => {
+    if (n === 1) return (flat = destroyableFlat(n));
+    await gate.promise;
+    return { provider: real };
+  });
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  await env.controller.setStack('photoreal');
+  gate.resolve();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(installed.at(-1), flat.provider);
+  assert.ok(!flat.provider.destroyed, 'still installed behind the tileset');
+  await env.controller.setStack('osm');
+  assert.equal(installed.at(-1), real);
+  assert.equal(flat.provider.destroyed, true);
+  env.controller.destroy();
+});
+
+test('a hung imagery attempt that lands after its deadline is released, never cached or shown', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['setTimeout'] });
+  const env = publicFixture();
+  const hung = deferred();
+  const late = { id: 'late', errorEvent: event() };
+  const good = { id: 'good', errorEvent: event() };
+  for (const provider of [late, good])
+    provider.destroy = () => (provider.destroyed = true);
+  let attempts = 0;
+  env.registry.sources.find(
+    (source) => source.descriptor.id === 'esri-imagery',
+  ).imagery = async () => {
+    if (++attempts === 1) throw new Error('Esri unreachable');
+    if (attempts === 2) {
+      await hung.promise;
+      return late;
+    }
+    return good;
+  };
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(30_000);
+  await settle();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(60_000); // The deadline.
+  await settle();
+  hung.resolve();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(late.destroyed, true, 'the late provider is released');
+  assert.equal(env.controller.getActiveId(), 'osm', 'and not shown');
+  t.mock.timers.tick(60_000);
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(attempts, 3);
+  assert.equal(env.imagery.at(-1).provider, good, 'the next retry installs');
+  await env.controller.setStack('osm');
+  await env.controller.setStack('esri-imagery');
+  assert.equal(env.imagery.at(-1).provider, good, 'only its own is cached');
+  env.controller.destroy();
+  await settle();
+  assert.equal(good.destroyed, true);
+});
diff --git a/src/maps/defaultSources.js b/src/maps/defaultSources.js
index 99e767418..f69b21e31 100644
--- a/src/maps/defaultSources.js
+++ b/src/maps/defaultSources.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { MAP_STACKS } from './catalog.js';
 import { photorealUnavailableReason } from './availability.js';
-import { keySetupRequirement } from '../keySetupCore.mjs';
+import { keySetupRequirementEnvVars } from '../keySetupCore.mjs';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   createOsmImagery,
   createEsriImagery,
@@ -34,7 +35,9 @@ export function createDefaultMapSources({
         descriptor,
         available: !descriptor.requiresIon || hasIon,
         unavailableReason: descriptor.requiresIon
-          ? keySetupRequirement('cesium-ion')
+          ? t('Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings', {
+              envVars: keySetupRequirementEnvVars('cesium-ion'),
+            })
           : null,
       };
       if (descriptor.kind === 'photoreal')
diff --git a/src/maps/imageryHost.js b/src/maps/imageryHost.js
index 2e227b47c..e3086819f 100644
--- a/src/maps/imageryHost.js
+++ b/src/maps/imageryHost.js
@@ -5,8 +5,12 @@
  * neither exists there is nowhere to drape and the caller says so.
  */
 
+import { msg } from '../i18n/marker.js';
+
 /** Guidance shown when the active map stack cannot host draped imagery. */
-export const NO_IMAGERY_HOST = 'Hidden by this map source · choose a globe map';
+export const NO_IMAGERY_HOST = msg(
+  'Hidden by this map source · choose a globe map',
+);
 
 /**
  * Resolve the imagery layer collection for the active map stack.
diff --git a/src/maps/sourceFactories.test.mjs b/src/maps/sourceFactories.test.mjs
index d3aaa5068..3f1edc7ba 100644
--- a/src/maps/sourceFactories.test.mjs
+++ b/src/maps/sourceFactories.test.mjs
@@ -317,3 +317,13 @@ test('both Google 3D routes keep tiles drawing while draped imagery loads', asyn
   assert.equal(calls[1][1].asynchronouslyLoadImagery, true);
   assert.equal(calls[1][1].enableCollision, true);
 });
+
+test('unreachable keyless terrain falls back to flat terrain marked as a fallback', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.method(Cesium.CesiumTerrainProvider, 'fromUrl', async () => {
+    throw new Error('layer.json unreachable');
+  });
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  const result = await createKeylessTerrain();
+  assert.ok(result.provider instanceof Cesium.EllipsoidTerrainProvider);
+  assert.equal(result.fallback, true);
+});
diff --git a/src/maps/terrain.js b/src/maps/terrain.js
index f58c1c755..d2f214700 100644
--- a/src/maps/terrain.js
+++ b/src/maps/terrain.js
@@ -59,6 +59,6 @@ export async function createKeylessTerrain() {
       '[MapStack] Re:Earth terrain unavailable, falling back to flat ellipsoid terrain:',
       error,
     );
-    return { provider: new Cesium.EllipsoidTerrainProvider() };
+    return { provider: new Cesium.EllipsoidTerrainProvider(), fallback: true };
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/navigationPolicy.js b/src/navigationPolicy.js
index a3d836e4a..d2ed6ff39 100644
--- a/src/navigationPolicy.js
+++ b/src/navigationPolicy.js
@@ -7,8 +7,45 @@
  * flying.
  */
 
+import { t, msg } from './i18n/index.js';
+
 export const NAVIGATION_AUTHORITY_EVENT = 'gev:navigation-authority-taken';
 
+// The Cockpit refusal per destination noun. Nouns are English identifiers
+// from the callers ('camera', 'location', 'photo'…);
+// navigationPolicyFrame.test.mjs collects every noun the callers pass and
+// fails when one has no sentence here.
+const COCKPIT_REFUSALS = Object.freeze({
+  camera: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a camera'),
+  location: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a location'),
+  photo: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a photo'),
+  'shared view': msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a shared view'),
+  target: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a target'),
+  vessel: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a vessel'),
+  fire: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a fire'),
+  route: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a route'),
+  file: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a file'),
+  scene: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a scene'),
+  // Radar, satellite and lightning fly to the layer's coverage area (their
+  // «View coverage» button); the cyclone layer flies to the selected storm.
+  weather: msg('Exit cockpit to view weather coverage'),
+  cyclone: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a cyclone'),
+  // Voice track_entity (TRACKABLE_FAMILIES kinds in gevActions.js) and
+  // frame_overhead, which frames the contacts around the current view.
+  aircraft: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to an aircraft'),
+  satellite: msg('Exit cockpit to fly to a satellite'),
+  frame: msg('Exit cockpit to frame contacts'),
+});
+
+/** The destination nouns with their own Cockpit refusal (for tests). */
+export const COCKPIT_REFUSAL_NOUNS = Object.freeze(
+  Object.keys(COCKPIT_REFUSALS),
+);
+
+function cockpitRefusal(noun) {
+  return t(COCKPIT_REFUSALS[noun]);
+}
+
 /**
  * Announce that a layer-owned camera flight is taking navigation authority.
  *
@@ -90,7 +127,7 @@ export function runExplicitNavigation({
 } = {}) {
   if (disposed) return false;
   if (cockpitActive) {
-    showToast?.(`Exit cockpit to fly to a ${noun}`);
+    showToast?.(cockpitRefusal(noun));
     return false;
   }
   const generation = stamp?.();
@@ -112,7 +149,7 @@ export function beginDeferredNavigation({
 } = {}) {
   if (disposed) return false;
   if (cockpitActive) {
-    showToast?.(`Exit cockpit to fly to a ${noun}`);
+    showToast?.(cockpitRefusal(noun));
     return false;
   }
   return stamp?.();
@@ -133,7 +170,7 @@ export function reassertNavigationHandoff({
 } = {}) {
   if (disposed || generation !== currentGeneration) return false;
   if (cockpitActive) {
-    showToast?.('Exit cockpit to fly to a location');
+    showToast?.(cockpitRefusal('location'));
     return false;
   }
   release?.();
diff --git a/src/navigationPolicy.test.mjs b/src/navigationPolicy.test.mjs
index 7ee19e8a4..9826846ca 100644
--- a/src/navigationPolicy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/navigationPolicy.test.mjs
@@ -132,6 +132,18 @@ test('cockpit refuses without stamping or releasing anything', () => {
   }
 });
 
+test('weather layers name their destination in the Cockpit refusal', () => {
+  const expected = {
+    weather: 'Exit cockpit to view weather coverage',
+    cyclone: 'Exit cockpit to fly to a cyclone',
+  };
+  for (const [noun, text] of Object.entries(expected)) {
+    const s = spy();
+    runExplicitNavigation({ cockpitActive: true, noun, ...s });
+    assert.deepEqual(s.log, [`toast:${text}`]);
+  }
+});
+
 test('disposed navigation is inert before any camera or UI mutation', () => {
   const s = spy();
   const result = runExplicitNavigation({ disposed: true, cockpitActive: true, ...s });
diff --git a/src/navigationPolicyFrame.test.mjs b/src/navigationPolicyFrame.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a861870cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/navigationPolicyFrame.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+// The Cockpit refusal names its destination in the UI language. The scan
+// below collects every noun the callers hand to the navigation policy, so a
+// noun without its own sentence fails here instead of reaching the page.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readdirSync, readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { join, relative } from 'node:path';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { setLocale } from './i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  COCKPIT_REFUSAL_NOUNS,
+  runExplicitNavigation,
+} from './navigationPolicy.js';
+import { WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING } from './worldFocus.js';
+
+const SRC = fileURLToPath(new URL('.', import.meta.url));
+
+test.afterEach(() => setLocale('en'));
+
+function cockpitToast(noun) {
+  const log = [];
+  runExplicitNavigation({
+    cockpitActive: true,
+    noun,
+    showToast: (text) => log.push(text),
+    stamp: () => 1,
+    release: () => {},
+    navigate: () => {},
+  });
+  assert.equal(log.length, 1);
+  return log[0];
+}
+
+test('es: the Cockpit refusal for frame_overhead has no English id', () => {
+  setLocale('es');
+  const shown = cockpitToast('frame');
+  assert.doesNotMatch(shown, /\bframe\b/, shown);
+  assert.equal(shown, 'Sal de la cabina para encuadrar contactos');
+});
+
+test('en: the voice nouns read as English sentences', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.equal(cockpitToast('frame'), 'Exit cockpit to frame contacts');
+  assert.equal(cockpitToast('aircraft'), 'Exit cockpit to fly to an aircraft');
+  assert.equal(cockpitToast('satellite'), 'Exit cockpit to fly to a satellite');
+});
+
+// ── Every noun a caller passes ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function sourceFiles(dir) {
+  return readdirSync(dir, { withFileTypes: true }).flatMap((entry) => {
+    const path = join(dir, entry.name);
+    if (entry.isDirectory()) return sourceFiles(path);
+    return /\.js$/.test(entry.name) && !/\.test\./.test(entry.name)
+      ? [path]
+      : [];
+  });
+}
+
+// The destination noun: the first argument of a navigation call, or the
+// second of runManagedVoiceNavigation(styleManager, noun, …) in gevActions.js.
+// `runNavigation(fly)` layer seams take only the flight (group 1).
+const NOUN_ARGUMENT =
+  /\b(?:(runNavigation)\s*\(|(?:runImmediateNavigation|_runExplicitNavigation|runOrientation|_beginDeferredNavigation|cockpitRefusal|navigation\??\.(?:run|begin))\s*\(|runManagedVoiceNavigation\s*\(\s*[\w.?]+\s*,)\s*([^,)]*)/g;
+// Literal nouns elsewhere: a parameter default (`noun = 'location'`) or both
+// branches of `const noun = … ? 'cyclone' : 'weather'`.
+const NOUN_LITERAL =
+  /\bnoun\s*=\s*'([^']+)'|\bconst noun\s*=\s*[^?;]*\?\s*'([^']+)'\s*:\s*'([^']+)'/g;
+
+function trackableKinds() {
+  const source = readFileSync(join(SRC, 'voice/gevActions.js'), 'utf8');
+  const block = source.match(/const TRACKABLE_FAMILIES = \[([\s\S]*?)\];/);
+  assert.ok(block, 'TRACKABLE_FAMILIES is still in gevActions.js');
+  return [...block[1].matchAll(/kind:\s*'([^']+)'/g)].map((m) => m[1]);
+}
+
+// Non-literal arguments: what each one can be. A wrapper's own `noun` (or all
+// its arguments) passes on; its default is a NOUN_LITERAL. Anything else is a
+// new dynamic noun: list its values here.
+const DYNAMIC_NOUNS = new Map([
+  ['family.kind', trackableKinds],
+  [
+    "detail?.kind || 'target'",
+    () => [...Object.keys(WORLD_FOCUS_FRAMING), 'target'],
+  ],
+  ['noun', () => []],
+  ['...args', () => []],
+  ['...arguments', () => []],
+]);
+
+function collectNouns() {
+  const nouns = new Set();
+  const unknown = [];
+  for (const file of sourceFiles(SRC)) {
+    const text = readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
+    for (const [, seam, raw] of text.matchAll(NOUN_ARGUMENT)) {
+      const arg = raw.trim();
+      const literal = arg.match(/^'([^']*)'$/)?.[1];
+      if (literal) nouns.add(literal);
+      else if (DYNAMIC_NOUNS.has(arg))
+        DYNAMIC_NOUNS.get(arg)().forEach((noun) => nouns.add(noun));
+      else if (!seam && !/^noun\s*=/.test(arg))
+        unknown.push(`${relative(SRC, file)}: ${arg}`);
+    }
+    for (const m of text.matchAll(NOUN_LITERAL))
+      m.slice(1).forEach((noun) => noun && nouns.add(noun));
+  }
+  return { nouns, unknown };
+}
+
+test('every noun the callers pass has its own Cockpit refusal', () => {
+  const { nouns, unknown } = collectNouns();
+  assert.deepEqual(unknown, [], 'a new dynamic noun: add it to DYNAMIC_NOUNS');
+  // The scan still sees the known callers (a guard against a broken regex).
+  for (const noun of [
+    'location',
+    'camera',
+    'photo',
+    'shared view',
+    'file',
+    'scene',
+    'route',
+    'weather',
+    'cyclone',
+    'vessel',
+    'fire',
+    'frame',
+    'aircraft',
+    'satellite',
+    'target',
+  ])
+    assert.ok(nouns.has(noun), `found ${noun}`);
+  const missing = [...nouns].filter(
+    (noun) => !COCKPIT_REFUSAL_NOUNS.includes(noun),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(missing, [], 'add these nouns to COCKPIT_REFUSALS');
+});
diff --git a/src/overlays/worldOverlay.js b/src/overlays/worldOverlay.js
index 660ba56fe..717c826a2 100644
--- a/src/overlays/worldOverlay.js
+++ b/src/overlays/worldOverlay.js
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import {
   placementVariants,
 } from './worldOverlayDraw.js';
 import { WORLD_OVERLAY_STYLE } from './worldOverlayTokens.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
  * @module worldOverlay
@@ -1269,7 +1270,7 @@ function ensureOverlayDom() {
     _accessibilityRoot.id = ACCESSIBILITY_ROOT_ID;
     _accessibilityRoot.className = 'world-overlay-accessibility';
     _accessibilityRoot.setAttribute('role', 'region');
-    _accessibilityRoot.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Visible map targets');
+    _accessibilityRoot.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Visible map targets'));
     document.body.appendChild(_accessibilityRoot);
   }
   _accessibilityList = document.getElementById(ACCESSIBILITY_LIST_ID);
@@ -2419,7 +2420,9 @@ function syncAccessibleActions() {
       if (!activate) return;
       const accepted = activate();
       if (accepted !== false && _accessibilityStatus) {
-        _accessibilityStatus.textContent = `Focusing ${item.label}`;
+        _accessibilityStatus.textContent = t('Focusing {label}', {
+          label: item.label,
+        });
       }
     });
     _accessibilityList.appendChild(button);
diff --git a/src/overlays/worldOverlayAllocation.worker.mjs b/src/overlays/worldOverlayAllocation.worker.mjs
index 0314ec41d..e2a4c6240 100644
--- a/src/overlays/worldOverlayAllocation.worker.mjs
+++ b/src/overlays/worldOverlayAllocation.worker.mjs
@@ -357,6 +357,7 @@ function buildWorkload(count) {
       id: `mover-${index}`,
       position: () => position,
       variant: 'label',
+      // i18n-ignore: benchmark fixture
       title: `TRK ${1000 + index}`,
       details: [`ALT ${10_000 + index * 25}`],
       priority: index % 7,
@@ -467,6 +468,7 @@ function buildPhase3FirmsWorkload(count) {
           position,
           gapPx: 10,
           accent: '224, 82, 82',
+          // i18n-ignore: benchmark fixture
           title: `▲ ${50 + fireIndex} MW`,
           details: ['high · 2h · N20'],
           selected: false,
@@ -557,6 +559,7 @@ function buildPhase3VesselsWorkload(count) {
           position,
           gapPx: 10,
           accent: '224, 82, 82',
+          // i18n-ignore: benchmark fixture
           title: `▲ ${50 + fireIndex} MW`,
           details: ['high · 2h · N20'],
           selected: false,
@@ -576,6 +579,7 @@ function buildPhase3VesselsWorkload(count) {
         position,
         gapPx: selected ? 12 : 10,
         accent: '57, 213, 255',
+        // i18n-ignore: benchmark fixture
         title: selected ? 'SELECTED VESSEL' : `VESSEL ${vesselIndex}`,
         details: selected
           ? ['CARGO · 14.5KT · 231°', 'MMSI 353136000 · POS: LIVE']
@@ -650,6 +654,7 @@ function buildPhase3TrackedWorkload(count) {
     gevTrackedId: 'flights:allocation-probe',
     gevDisplayPosition: selected.position,
     gevLabelModel: {
+      // i18n-ignore: benchmark fixture
       title: 'ALLOC01',
       details: ['FL350 · 451 kts', 'TEST AIR · A320'],
       accent: '#39d0ff',
@@ -700,6 +705,7 @@ function buildPhase4CctvWorkload(count) {
     const entry = createCctvThumbnailOverlayEntry({
       id: active ? 'cctv:active' : `cctv:${index}`,
       position,
+      // i18n-ignore: benchmark fixture
       title: active ? 'ACTIVE CAMERA' : `CAMERA ${index}`,
       frameSlot: slot,
       rank: index,
@@ -873,6 +879,7 @@ function buildPhase5CivilWorkload(count) {
   const entry = registration?.entries[0];
   if (!entry)
     throw new Error('phase5-civil requires the protected tracked entry');
+  // i18n-ignore: benchmark fixture
   entry.title = 'ALLOC01 · FL350 · 451 kts';
   entry.details = ['TEST AIR · A320', 'AUS → LAX'];
   return workload;
@@ -887,6 +894,7 @@ function buildPhase5MilitaryWorkload(count) {
   if (!entry)
     throw new Error('phase5-military requires the protected tracked entry');
   entry.id = 'military:allocation-probe';
+  // i18n-ignore: benchmark fixture
   entry.title = 'RCH451';
   entry.details = ['C17 · 05-8152', 'USAF · 28000 ft · 400 kt'];
   entry.accent = '#ffd166';
@@ -1073,6 +1081,7 @@ function appendSubmarineCableWorkload(workload, count) {
       id: `${kind}-reference-${index}-alloc`,
       kind,
       label:
+        // i18n-ignore: benchmark fixture
         kind === 'cable' ? `Cable System ${index}` : `Landing Point ${index}`,
       tip: position,
       distanceM: 200_000 + index * 40_000,
@@ -1151,6 +1160,7 @@ function buildAirQualityWorkload(count) {
     const entry = createAirQualityOverlayEntry({
       id: `air-${index}`,
       position,
+      // i18n-ignore: benchmark fixture
       title: `Station ${index} ${1 + (index % 10)}`,
       accent: '#4cc9f0',
       value: 1 + (index % 10),
diff --git a/src/overpassProxy.test.mjs b/src/overpassProxy.test.mjs
index ed4539fda..788846db7 100644
--- a/src/overpassProxy.test.mjs
+++ b/src/overpassProxy.test.mjs
@@ -126,6 +126,32 @@ test('production reader rejects oversized, malformed and runtime-failure bodies'
   }
 });
 
+test('element data that mentions a failure phrase is data, and sets no cooldown', async () => {
+  const names = ['Timed Out Escape Rooms', 'Runtime Error Bar', 'Out of Memory Lane', 'Too Many Requests Cafe', 'rate_limited'];
+  for (const [i, name] of names.entries()) {
+    const body = JSON.stringify({ elements: [{ type: 'node', id: 1, lat: 1, lon: 2, tags: { name } }] });
+    let count = 0;
+    const options = { endpoints: [`https://phrase-${i}.example/`], fetchImpl: async () => {
+      count++; return new Response(body);
+    } };
+    const payload = await fetchOverpassPayload('first', 1024, options);
+    assert.equal(payload.status, 200, name);
+    assert.ok(overpassPayloadIsData(payload), name);
+    assert.ok(payload.body.includes(name), name);
+    await fetchOverpassPayload('different', 1024, options);
+    assert.equal(count, 2, name);
+  }
+  const remark = JSON.stringify({ elements: [], remark: 'runtime error: rate_limited' });
+  const limited = await fetchOverpassPayload('x', 1024, { endpoints: ['https://remark.example/'],
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response(remark, { headers: { 'Retry-After': '90' } }) });
+  assert.equal(limited.status, 429);
+  assert.equal(limited.retryAfterMs, 90_000);
+  const error = await fetchOverpassPayload('x', 1024, { endpoints: ['https://error.example/'],
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response('{"error":"rate_limited"}', { headers: { 'Retry-After': '120' } }) });
+  assert.equal(error.status, 429);
+  assert.equal(error.retryAfterMs, 120_000);
+});
+
 function proxyHandler() {
   const plugin = createViteConfig({ mode: 'test' }).plugins.find(p => p.name === 'overpass-proxy');
   const routes = new Map();
diff --git a/src/scenes/dataPacks/presentation.js b/src/scenes/dataPacks/presentation.js
index efdf5cbac..b3823db97 100644
--- a/src/scenes/dataPacks/presentation.js
+++ b/src/scenes/dataPacks/presentation.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { renderPackGeometry } from './geometry.js';
+import { t } from '../../i18n/index.js';
 
 function caption(viewer, pack) {
   const card = document.createElement('section');
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ function caption(viewer, pack) {
   card.append(title);
   if (pack.attribution.url) {
     const link = document.createElement('a');
-    link.textContent = 'Source';
+    link.textContent = t('Source');
     link.href = pack.attribution.url;
     link.target = '_blank';
     link.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
diff --git a/src/scenes/director.js b/src/scenes/director.js
index d2343138e..000c02681 100644
--- a/src/scenes/director.js
+++ b/src/scenes/director.js
@@ -23,9 +23,12 @@ import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import {
   SCENE_APPEND_RECIPES,
   SCENE_RECIPES,
+  displaySceneTitle,
+  displayShotTitle,
   getSceneAppendRecipeById,
 } from './recipes.js';
 import { sceneLayerPlan, sceneRequiresContextModeExit } from './scenePolicy.js';
+import { t, tn, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { createSceneDataPacks } from './dataPacks/controller.js';
 import { createSceneInteractions } from './interactions.js';
 import { createSceneSharing } from './sharing.js';
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ import {
   stringifySceneDocument,
   SceneDocumentError,
 } from '../director/document.js';
+import { sceneSaveFailureReason } from './sceneSaveError.js';
 
 /** @constant {string} localStorage key for the serialized project */
 const STORAGE_KEY = 'godsEyeView.sceneProject.v2';
@@ -122,7 +126,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
       )
         return;
       if (this._usesAuthoredCamera && !this._claimingCamera)
-        this.stopScene('Camera ownership changed');
+        this.stopScene(msg('Camera ownership changed'));
     };
     this._cameraHandoffUnsubscribe =
       styleManager.subscribeCameraHandoff?.(yieldCamera);
@@ -171,8 +175,10 @@ export class SceneDirector {
 
     this._presentation = {
       status: this._storageReadError
-        ? 'Saved project could not be read; storage preserved. Import a valid file to resume saving.'
-        : 'Ready',
+        ? t(
+            'Saved project could not be read; storage preserved. Import a valid file to resume saving.',
+          )
+        : t('Ready'),
       progress: 0,
       runtime: '',
       playbackActive: false,
@@ -183,20 +189,22 @@ export class SceneDirector {
       ...this._presentation,
       hasRun: !!this._lastRunJson,
     }));
-    this._bootstrapLegacyShotPacks();
-    // Upgrade only already-installed packs; unrelated Scenes are untouched.
-    for (const scene of this._project.scenes) {
-      for (const marker of [...(scene.appliedShotPacks || [])]) {
-        const recipe = getSceneAppendRecipeById(marker.id);
-        if (
-          recipe?.expansionFromVersion &&
-          marker.version > 0 &&
-          marker.version <= recipe.expansionFromVersion
-        ) {
-          this.appendShotPack(scene.id, marker.id, {
-            render: false,
-            announce: false,
-          });
+    if (!this._storageReadError) {
+      this._bootstrapLegacyShotPacks();
+      // Upgrade only already-installed packs; unrelated Scenes are untouched.
+      for (const scene of this._project.scenes) {
+        for (const marker of [...(scene.appliedShotPacks || [])]) {
+          const recipe = getSceneAppendRecipeById(marker.id);
+          if (
+            recipe?.expansionFromVersion &&
+            marker.version > 0 &&
+            marker.version <= recipe.expansionFromVersion
+          ) {
+            this.appendShotPack(scene.id, marker.id, {
+              render: false,
+              announce: false,
+            });
+          }
         }
       }
     }
@@ -210,7 +218,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
           return;
         const scene = this._getSelectedScene();
         if (!scene?.releaseLayerIds?.includes(change.layerId)) return;
-        this.stopScene('Scene layer turned off');
+        this.stopScene(msg('Scene layer turned off'));
       });
   }
 
@@ -238,7 +246,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     this._controls?.destroy();
     this._state.destroy();
     this._destroyPromise = Promise.resolve().then(async () => {
-      this.stopScene('Stopped');
+      this.stopScene(msg('Stopped'));
       this._loadAbort?.abort();
       this._loadGeneration++;
       this.viewer.camera.cancelFlight();
@@ -314,34 +322,45 @@ export class SceneDirector {
   _saveProject() {
     if (this._storageReadError) {
       this._toastStorageError(
-        'Scene not saved — existing saved project could not be read. Export edits or import a valid file.',
+        t(
+          'Scene not saved — existing saved project could not be read. Export edits or import a valid file.',
+        ),
       );
-      return;
+      return false;
     }
     this._project.updatedAt = new Date().toISOString();
     try {
       const payload = JSON.stringify(this._project);
       parseSceneDocument(payload);
       localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, payload);
+      return true;
     } catch (e) {
       // Private browsing / block-all-cookies / quota-exceeded throws here. The
       // in-memory project stays usable this session, but persistence failed —
       // tell the user instead of crashing the caller (M11).
+      // A validation failure is logged with its technical path and check;
+      // the toast says it in words (sceneSaveError.js).
+      const invalid = e instanceof SceneDocumentError;
       console.warn(
-        '[Scenes] Could not persist project (storage unavailable):',
+        invalid
+          ? '[Scenes] Could not persist project (invalid project data):'
+          : '[Scenes] Could not persist project (storage unavailable):',
         e,
       );
       this._toastStorageError(
-        e instanceof SceneDocumentError
-          ? `Scene not saved — ${e.message}`
+        invalid
+          ? t('Scene not saved — {reason}', {
+              reason: sceneSaveFailureReason(e),
+            })
           : undefined,
       );
+      return false;
     }
   }
 
   /** Surface a "scene not saved" notice via the global toast + scene status line. */
   _toastStorageError(
-    message = 'Scene not saved — browser storage unavailable',
+    message = t('Scene not saved — browser storage unavailable'),
   ) {
     this._updateStatus(message);
     try {
@@ -370,7 +389,10 @@ export class SceneDirector {
 
   _shotOutcome(type, scene, shot, index = scene.shots.indexOf(shot)) {
     if (type === 'shot-loaded')
-      this._presentation.status = `Loaded: ${scene.title} / ${shot.title}`;
+      this._presentation.status = t('Loaded: {scene} / {shot}', {
+        scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+        shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title, shot, scene),
+      });
     this._publish({
       type,
       sceneId: scene.id,
@@ -389,7 +411,16 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     this._controls = new SceneControls({
       subscribe: (listener) => this.subscribe(listener),
       read: () => ({
-        scenes: this._project.scenes,
+        // The panel shows display titles; shots keep the stored title for
+        // editing and matching.
+        scenes: this._project.scenes.map((scene) => ({
+          ...scene,
+          title: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+          shots: scene.shots.map((shot) => ({
+            ...shot,
+            displayTitle: displayShotTitle(shot.title, shot, scene),
+          })),
+        })),
         selectedSceneId: this._selectedSceneId,
         selectedShotId: this._selectedShotId,
         running: this._running,
@@ -485,6 +516,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
 
     const scene = {
       id: uid('scene'),
+      // i18n-ignore: stored English, like normalizeProject; displaySceneTitle translates it.
       title: sceneName.trim() || `Scene ${this._project.scenes.length + 1}`,
       shots: [],
     };
@@ -763,7 +795,9 @@ export class SceneDirector {
             ));
       if (!inventoryMatches) {
         this._updateStatus(
-          `Cannot update ${recipe.title}: shot inventory changed`,
+          t('Cannot update {scene}: shot inventory changed', {
+            scene: t(recipe.title),
+          }),
         );
         return {
           appended: false,
@@ -794,7 +828,9 @@ export class SceneDirector {
         );
       if (!sourcePackMatches) {
         this._updateStatus(
-          `Cannot update ${recipe.title}: evidence beats changed`,
+          t('Cannot update {scene}: evidence beats changed', {
+            scene: t(recipe.title),
+          }),
         );
         return {
           appended: false,
@@ -817,7 +853,9 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     }));
     if (resolvedPatches.some(({ shot }) => !shot)) {
       this._updateStatus(
-        `Cannot update ${recipe.title}: shot bindings are incomplete`,
+        t('Cannot update {scene}: shot bindings are incomplete', {
+          scene: t(recipe.title),
+        }),
       );
       return {
         appended: false,
@@ -889,16 +927,26 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     }
     this._selectedSceneId = scene.id;
     this._selectedShotId = appendedShots[0]?.id || this._selectedShotId;
-    this._saveProject();
+    const saved = this._saveProject();
     if (render) {
       this._renderSceneSelect();
       this._renderShotList();
     }
-    if (announce) {
+    if (announce && saved) {
       this._updateStatus(
         marker
-          ? `Updated ${patchedShotCount} ${patchedShotCount === 1 ? 'shot' : 'shots'}: ${recipe.title}`
-          : `Appended ${appendedShots.length} shots: ${recipe.title}`,
+          ? tn(
+              patchedShotCount,
+              'Updated {count} shot: {scene}',
+              'Updated {count} shots: {scene}',
+              { scene: t(recipe.title) },
+            )
+          : tn(
+              appendedShots.length,
+              'Appended {count} shot: {scene}',
+              'Appended {count} shots: {scene}',
+              { scene: t(recipe.title) },
+            ),
       );
     }
     return {
@@ -920,13 +968,14 @@ export class SceneDirector {
 
     const camera = this.styleManager.getCameraState();
     if (!camera) {
-      this._updateStatus('Cannot capture shot: camera not ready');
+      this._updateStatus(t('Cannot capture shot: camera not ready'));
       return;
     }
 
     const shot = normalizeShot(
       {
         id: uid('shot'),
+        // i18n-ignore: stored English; displayShotTitle translates it when shown.
         title: `Shot ${scene.shots.length + 1}`,
         durationSec: DEFAULT_SHOT_DURATION_SEC,
         holdSec: DEFAULT_HOLD_SEC,
@@ -939,9 +988,16 @@ export class SceneDirector {
 
     scene.shots.push(shot);
     this._selectedShotId = shot.id;
-    this._saveProject();
+    const saved = this._saveProject();
     this._shotOutcome('shot-captured', scene, shot);
-    this._updateStatus(`Captured: ${scene.title} / ${shot.title}`);
+    if (saved) {
+      this._updateStatus(
+        t('Captured: {scene} / {shot}', {
+          scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+          shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title, shot, scene),
+        }),
+      );
+    }
   }
 
   /**
@@ -954,7 +1010,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
 
     const shot = scene.shots.find((item) => item.id === this._selectedShotId);
     if (!shot) {
-      this._updateStatus('Select a shot first');
+      this._updateStatus(t('Select a shot first'));
       return;
     }
 
@@ -967,9 +1023,16 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     shot.visual = this.styleManager.getVisualState();
     shot.layers = this._captureLayerStates();
 
-    this._saveProject();
+    const saved = this._saveProject();
     this._shotOutcome('shot-updated', scene, shot);
-    this._updateStatus(`Updated: ${scene.title} / ${shot.title}`);
+    if (saved) {
+      this._updateStatus(
+        t('Updated: {scene} / {shot}', {
+          scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+          shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title, shot, scene),
+        }),
+      );
+    }
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1075,7 +1138,11 @@ export class SceneDirector {
       const released = await this._releaseSceneLayers(previousScene, token);
       if (!released || token.cancelled) {
         if (!token.cancelled)
-          this._updateStatus(`Could not leave scene: ${previousScene.title}`);
+          this._updateStatus(
+            t('Could not leave scene: {scene}', {
+              scene: displaySceneTitle(previousScene),
+            }),
+          );
         return;
       }
       this._loadedSceneId = null;
@@ -1125,7 +1192,12 @@ export class SceneDirector {
         seeking: true,
       });
       if (this._loadAbort === controller) this._loadAbort = null;
-      this._updateStatus(`Seeked: ${scene.title} / ${shot.title}`);
+      this._updateStatus(
+        t('Seeked: {scene} / {shot}', {
+          scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+          shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title, shot, scene),
+        }),
+      );
       this._activateInteractions(scene, shot);
       return { started: true, shotId };
     }
@@ -1487,14 +1559,19 @@ export class SceneDirector {
       running: false,
       seeking: true,
     });
-    this._updateStatus(`Seeked: ${scene.title} / ${shot.title}`);
+    this._updateStatus(
+      t('Seeked: {scene} / {shot}', {
+        scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+        shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title, shot, scene),
+      }),
+    );
     return true;
   }
 
   /** Seek the complete authored scene state to an exact clock position. */
   seekScene(sceneId, progress) {
     if (this._destroyed) return Promise.resolve(false);
-    this.stopScene('Seeking scene clock');
+    this.stopScene(msg('Seeking scene clock'));
     const generation = ++this._sceneSeekGeneration;
     return this._trackWork(this._seekScene(sceneId, progress, generation));
   }
@@ -1564,7 +1641,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
       this._claimingCamera = false;
     }
     if (claimed === false) {
-      this._updateStatus('Camera unavailable — exit cockpit first');
+      this._updateStatus(t('Camera unavailable — exit cockpit first'));
       return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -1686,20 +1763,20 @@ export class SceneDirector {
   ) {
     if (this._running) return { started: false, reason: 'already-running' };
 
-    let queue = this._buildPlaybackQueue(
-      sceneId || this._selectedSceneId || this._project.scenes[0]?.id,
-      { single },
-    );
+    const startSceneId =
+      sceneId || this._selectedSceneId || this._project.scenes[0]?.id;
+    let queue = this._buildPlaybackQueue(startSceneId, { single });
     if (afterShotId !== null) {
       const index = queue.findIndex(
-        ({ scene, shot }) => scene.id === sceneId && shot.id === afterShotId,
+        ({ scene, shot }) =>
+          scene.id === startSceneId && shot.id === afterShotId,
       );
       if (index < 0) return { started: false, reason: 'shot-not-found' };
       queue = queue.slice(index + 1);
       if (!queue.length) return { started: false, reason: 'scene-complete' };
     }
     if (!queue.length) {
-      this._updateStatus('No shots to run');
+      this._updateStatus(t('No shots to run'));
       return { started: false, reason: 'no-shots' };
     }
 
@@ -1761,10 +1838,11 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     // Initialize telemetry accumulator for this run
     this._activeRun = {
       recipeId: `project-${PROJECT_VERSION}`,
+      // i18n-ignore: run telemetry record, downloaded as JSON
       title: 'Editable Scene Run',
       startedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
       estimatedDurationSec,
-      scenesRun: queue.length,
+      scenesRun: new Set(queue.map(({ scene }) => scene.id)).size,
       events: [],
     };
 
@@ -1772,6 +1850,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     this._logEvent('scene_run_start', { count: queue.length });
     this._setPlaybackKeyboardEnabled(true);
 
+    let runResult = { started: true, shots: queue.length };
     try {
       await playSceneQueue(queue, {
         token,
@@ -1782,13 +1861,19 @@ export class SceneDirector {
         releaseOnFinish: preview,
       });
     } catch (error) {
-      this._updateStatus(`Error: ${error.message || 'run failed'}`);
+      this._updateStatus(
+        t('Error: {message}', {
+          message: error.message || 'run failed',
+        }),
+      );
       this._logEvent('scene_run_error', {
         message: error.message || 'unknown error',
       });
+      runResult = { started: false, reason: 'run-failed' };
     } finally {
       this._finishRun();
     }
+    return runResult;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1826,9 +1911,11 @@ export class SceneDirector {
    * enabled while the post-await check skips its params. The manager rolls an
    * aborted enable back through the module's own disable().
    *
-   * @param {string} [reason='Stopped'] - Human-readable cancellation reason
+   * @param {string} [reason='Stopped'] - Cancellation reason, in English: it
+   *   is logged as data and translated only for the status line (callers mark
+   *   theirs with msg()).
    */
-  stopScene(reason = 'Stopped') {
+  stopScene(reason = msg('Stopped')) {
     this._setSceneMediaPlayback();
     this._interactions?.clear();
     this._dataPacks?.clear();
@@ -1843,7 +1930,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     if (!this._running || !this._runToken) return;
     this._runToken.cancelled = true;
     this._runAbort?.abort();
-    this._updateStatus(reason);
+    this._updateStatus(t(reason));
     this._logEvent('scene_stopped', { reason });
   }
 
@@ -1900,7 +1987,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     if (action.type === 'shot') {
       if (this._interactionTransitions >= 64) {
         this._updateStatus(
-          'Scene transition limit reached — load a shot to reset',
+          t('Scene transition limit reached — load a shot to reset'),
         );
         return false;
       }
@@ -1943,7 +2030,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     try {
       payload = stringifySceneDocument(this._project);
     } catch (error) {
-      this._updateStatus(`Export failed: ${error.message}`);
+      this._updateStatus(t('Export failed: {error}', { error: error.message }));
       return;
     }
     // Trigger a browser download via a temporary anchor element
@@ -1956,7 +2043,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     link.click();
     link.remove();
     URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
-    this._presentation.status = 'Project exported';
+    this._presentation.status = t('Project exported');
     this._publish({ type: 'project-exported', project: this._project });
   }
 
@@ -1986,7 +2073,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
       )
         return false;
       // Validate before touching playback, selection or the saved project.
-      this.stopScene('Importing project');
+      this.stopScene(msg('Importing project'));
       await Promise.allSettled([...(this._pendingWork || [])]);
       if (this._destroyed || generation !== this._importGeneration) return;
       if (
@@ -2014,9 +2101,9 @@ export class SceneDirector {
       this._selectedShotId =
         selection?.shotId || project.scenes[0]?.shots[0]?.id || null;
       this._loadedSceneId = null;
-      this._saveProject();
+      const saved = this._saveProject();
       this._publish({ type: 'project-imported', project });
-      this._updateStatus(`Imported ${file.name}`);
+      if (saved) this._updateStatus(t('Imported {file}', { file: file.name }));
       return true;
     } catch (error) {
       if (
@@ -2027,8 +2114,8 @@ export class SceneDirector {
         return false;
       this._updateStatus(
         error instanceof SceneDocumentError
-          ? `Import failed: ${error.message}`
-          : 'Import failed (could not read JSON file)',
+          ? t('Import failed: {error}', { error: error.message })
+          : t('Import failed (could not read JSON file)'),
       );
     }
   }
@@ -2128,7 +2215,9 @@ export class SceneDirector {
     }
 
     if (refused.length) {
-      this._updateStatus(`Layers refused: ${refused.join(', ')}`);
+      this._updateStatus(
+        t('Layers refused: {layers}', { layers: refused.join(', ') }),
+      );
       this._logEvent('shot_layers_refused', { layerIds: [...refused] });
     }
     return { applied, refused, cancelled: false };
@@ -2219,7 +2308,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
         result.error || 'unknown reason',
       );
       this._updateStatus(
-        `Could not exit ${mode} — scene layers may be refused`,
+        t('Could not exit {mode} — scene layers may be refused', { mode }),
       );
       this._logEvent('context_mode_exit_failed', {
         mode,
@@ -2245,7 +2334,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
       token,
     );
     if (!completed && !token.cancelled && !this._destroyed)
-      this.stopScene('Camera move interrupted');
+      this.stopScene(msg('Camera move interrupted'));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -2334,7 +2423,7 @@ export class SceneDirector {
       const pending = readers.filter(({ read }) => read()?.pending === true);
       if (!pending.length) return;
       if (pending.some(({ maxWaitMs }) => Date.now() - began >= maxWaitMs)) {
-        this.stopScene('Scene media timed out');
+        this.stopScene(msg('Scene media timed out'));
         throw new Error(
           'Scene media did not finish within its bounded playback window',
         );
diff --git a/src/scenes/director.test.mjs b/src/scenes/director.test.mjs
index 95552025f..f72b43dc7 100644
--- a/src/scenes/director.test.mjs
+++ b/src/scenes/director.test.mjs
@@ -601,8 +601,12 @@ const PROJECT_FIXTURE = {
   }],
 };
 
-/** Stub the browser globals the director touches, headlessly. */
-function installSceneRuntime(project = PROJECT_FIXTURE) {
+/**
+ * Stub the browser globals the director touches, headlessly. `storage` replaces
+ * the seeded entries (key -> raw string); setting `localStorage.full` makes
+ * every write throw a quota error.
+ */
+function installSceneRuntime(project = PROJECT_FIXTURE, { storage } = {}) {
   const originalDocument = globalThis.document;
   const originalLocalStorage = globalThis.localStorage;
   const noopClassList = { add() {}, remove() {}, toggle() {}, contains: () => false };
@@ -614,10 +618,17 @@ function installSceneRuntime(project = PROJECT_FIXTURE) {
     removeEventListener() {},
     body: { classList: noopClassList, appendChild() {} },
   };
-  const stored = new Map([['godsEyeView.sceneProject.v2', JSON.stringify(project)]]);
+  const stored = new Map(storage
+    ? Object.entries(storage)
+    : [['godsEyeView.sceneProject.v2', JSON.stringify(project)]]);
   globalThis.localStorage = {
+    stored,
+    full: false,
     getItem: (key) => stored.get(key) ?? null,
-    setItem: (key, value) => stored.set(key, value),
+    setItem(key, value) {
+      if (this.full) throw new DOMException('quota exceeded', 'QuotaExceededError');
+      stored.set(key, value);
+    },
     removeItem: (key) => stored.delete(key),
   };
 
@@ -718,7 +729,8 @@ async function settle(turns = 8) {
 
 /** Build a director over doubles, with the fixture project loaded. */
 function makeDirector(options = {}) {
-  const restore = installSceneRuntime(options.project);
+  const restore = installSceneRuntime(options.project, { storage: options.storage });
+  const storage = globalThis.localStorage;
   const viewer = fakeViewer();
   const styleManager = fakeStyleManager(options.style);
   const dataManager = fakeDataManager(options.data);
@@ -728,7 +740,7 @@ function makeDirector(options = {}) {
   // Telemetry is only accumulated during a run; observable-failure assertions
   // need the accumulator without driving a whole run.
   director._activeRun = { events: [] };
-  return { director, viewer, styleManager, dataManager, restore };
+  return { director, viewer, styleManager, dataManager, storage, restore };
 }
 
 test('only Play Shot or a scene run grants transient media authority; LOAD, Stop and replacement revoke it', async () => {
@@ -1584,3 +1596,65 @@ test('camera refusal starts no authored frame or playback clock', async () => {
     assert.deepEqual(viewer.flights, []);
   } finally { restore(); }
 });
+
+test('an unreadable saved project does not overwrite its recovery checkpoint (#971)', async () => {
+  const unreadable = '{"version":99,"scenes":[]}';
+  const warn = console.warn;
+  console.warn = () => {};
+  const { director, storage, restore } = makeDirector({ storage: {
+    'godsEyeView.sceneProject.v2': unreadable,
+    'godsEyeView.sceneProject.checkpoint.v1': 'EARLIER-CHECKPOINT',
+  } });
+  try {
+    assert.equal(storage.stored.get('godsEyeView.sceneProject.v2'), unreadable);
+    assert.equal(storage.stored.get('godsEyeView.sceneProject.checkpoint.v1'), 'EARLIER-CHECKPOINT');
+  } finally { console.warn = warn; await director.destroy(); restore(); }
+});
+
+test('a capture, update or import that cannot be saved keeps the "Scene not saved" status (#971)', async () => {
+  const warn = console.warn;
+  console.warn = () => {};
+  const { director, storage, restore } = makeDirector();
+  let status = '';
+  director.subscribe(({ state }) => { status = state.status; });
+  try {
+    storage.full = true;
+    director._selectedSceneId = 'scene-1';
+    director._selectedShotId = 'shot-a';
+    director.captureShot();
+    assert.match(status, /^Scene not saved/, 'failed capture keeps the save failure');
+    director.updateSelectedShot();
+    assert.match(status, /^Scene not saved/, 'failed update keeps the save failure');
+    assert.equal(await director.importProjectFile(
+      { name: 'fixture.json' },
+      { prepared: { project: structuredClone(PROJECT_FIXTURE), assets: [] } },
+    ), true);
+    assert.match(status, /^Scene not saved/, 'failed import keeps the save failure');
+  } finally { console.warn = warn; await director.destroy(); restore(); }
+});
+
+test('startScene resolves its result, resumes after a shot without a scene id, and counts distinct scenes (#971)', async () => {
+  const { director, restore } = makeDirector();
+  try {
+    const options = { single: true, preview: false };
+    assert.deepEqual(await director.startScene('scene-1', options), { started: true, shots: 2 });
+    assert.equal(director._lastRun.scenesRun, 1, 'one scene with two shots is one scene run');
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      await director.startScene(undefined, { ...options, afterShotId: 'shot-a' }),
+      { started: true, shots: 1 },
+    );
+  } finally { await director.destroy(); restore(); }
+});
+
+test('a caught run failure resolves as run-failed, not success (#971)', async () => {
+  const { director, styleManager, restore } = makeDirector();
+  const warn = console.warn;
+  console.warn = () => {};
+  styleManager.applyVisualState = async () => { throw new Error('visual failed'); };
+  try {
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      await director.startScene('scene-1', { single: true, preview: false }),
+      { started: false, reason: 'run-failed' },
+    );
+  } finally { console.warn = warn; await director.destroy(); restore(); }
+});
diff --git a/src/scenes/directorStorageNotices.test.mjs b/src/scenes/directorStorageNotices.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e652537d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scenes/directorStorageNotices.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Director storage-failure notices and stop reasons must be marked for
+// translation and present in every shipped catalog, so es/ru users do not
+// get English toasts or Scene status lines. The stop reason itself stays
+// English data (it is logged); only the status line translates it.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+
+import {
+  extractMessages,
+  readCatalog,
+  shippedLocales,
+} from '../../scripts/i18n.mjs';
+
+const NOTICES = [
+  'Scene not saved — browser storage unavailable',
+  'Scene not saved — existing saved project could not be read. Export edits or import a valid file.',
+  'Saved project could not be read; storage preserved. Import a valid file to resume saving.',
+  'Scene not saved — {reason}',
+  'Stopped',
+  'Stopped (Esc)',
+  'Stopped by voice',
+  'Camera ownership changed',
+  'Scene layer turned off',
+  'Seeking scene clock',
+  'Importing project',
+  'Camera move interrupted',
+  'Scene media timed out',
+];
+
+const messages = extractMessages();
+
+for (const text of NOTICES) {
+  test(`Director notice is marked with t()/msg(): ${text}`, () => {
+    assert.ok(messages.has(text), `not marked for translation: ${text}`);
+  });
+  for (const locale of shippedLocales()) {
+    test(`${locale} catalog translates: ${text}`, () => {
+      const value = readCatalog(locale)[text];
+      assert.ok(value, `missing in ${locale}.json`);
+      assert.notEqual(value, text);
+    });
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/scenes/interactions.js b/src/scenes/interactions.js
index 8bb660715..c7cc22f31 100644
--- a/src/scenes/interactions.js
+++ b/src/scenes/interactions.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { isPointerFree } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
 import { createInteractionSession } from '../director/interactions/session.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /** Own the active shot's pick handler, accessible actions and plain-text feedback. */
 export function createSceneInteractions(
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ export function createSceneInteractions(
         card.append(text);
         if (item.action.url) {
           const link = document.createElement('a');
-          link.textContent = 'Source';
+          link.textContent = t('Source');
           link.style.color = '#6eeaff';
           link.href = item.action.url;
           link.target = '_blank';
@@ -60,8 +61,8 @@ export function createSceneInteractions(
     const ok = await session.dispatch(id);
     if (current && current === panel && status)
       status.textContent = ok
-        ? 'Action complete'
-        : 'Action unavailable or cancelled';
+        ? t('Action complete')
+        : t('Action unavailable or cancelled');
     return ok;
   }
   return {
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ export function createSceneInteractions(
       }
       panel = document.createElement('section');
       panel.dataset.directorInteractions = '';
-      panel.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Scene actions');
+      panel.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Scene actions'));
       Object.assign(panel.style, {
         position: 'absolute',
         left: '12px',
@@ -104,12 +105,13 @@ export function createSceneInteractions(
       });
       const owner = panel;
       const title = document.createElement('strong');
-      title.textContent = 'Scene actions';
+      title.textContent = t('Scene actions');
       panel.append(title);
       status = document.createElement('p');
       status.setAttribute('role', 'status');
-      status.textContent =
-        'Select a feature or use Tab and Enter to choose an action.';
+      status.textContent = t(
+        'Select a feature or use Tab and Enter to choose an action.',
+      );
       panel.append(status);
       for (const item of items) {
         const button = document.createElement('button');
@@ -157,7 +159,12 @@ export function createSceneInteractions(
             ? '2px solid #6eeaff'
             : '';
         }
-        status.textContent = `Selected feature: ${matches[0].target.featureId}. Choose an action.`;
+        status.textContent = t(
+          'Selected feature: {feature}. Choose an action.',
+          {
+            feature: matches[0].target.featureId,
+          },
+        );
         buttons.get(matches[0].id)?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
       }, Cesium.ScreenSpaceEventType.LEFT_CLICK);
     },
diff --git a/src/scenes/nepalEvidencePack.js b/src/scenes/nepalEvidencePack.js
index eaca287bc..19ed4174a 100644
--- a/src/scenes/nepalEvidencePack.js
+++ b/src/scenes/nepalEvidencePack.js
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { SOURCE_PATH_BEAT_IDS } from '../data/bhoteKoshiShotPaths.js';
 const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
   {
     id: 'second-landslide',
+    // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
     title: 'Second landslide',
     lat: 28.399234,
     lon: 85.535806,
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'dhunche',
+    // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
     title: 'Dhunche',
     lat: 28.161431,
     lon: 85.324278,
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'mailung-upper-trishuli',
+    // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
     title: 'Mailung / Upper Trishuli bridge',
     lat: 28.140642,
     lon: 85.265996,
@@ -37,6 +40,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'mailung-bazzar',
+    // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
     title: 'Mailung Bazzar, Dandaguan',
     lat: 28.126526,
     lon: 85.248027,
@@ -47,6 +51,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'dandagaun',
+    // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
     title: 'Dandagaun, Rasuwa',
     lat: 28.124424,
     lon: 85.245154,
@@ -57,6 +62,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'dandagaun-viewpoint',
+    // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
     title: 'Dandagaun viewpoint restaurant',
     lat: 28.086663,
     lon: 85.229914,
@@ -67,6 +73,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'betrawati-bazaar',
+    // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
     title: 'Betrawati Bazaar',
     lat: 28.029827,
     lon: 85.227694,
@@ -77,6 +84,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'bhainse',
+    // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
     title: 'Bhainse',
     lat: 28.023087,
     lon: 85.229449,
@@ -87,6 +95,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'devighat-taadi-khola-bridge',
+    // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
     title: 'Devighat / Taadi Khola Bridge',
     lat: 27.921132,
     lon: 85.177113,
@@ -97,6 +106,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'charaudi',
+    // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
     title: 'Charaudi',
     lat: 27.865095,
     lon: 84.838424,
@@ -107,6 +117,7 @@ const ADDITIONAL_SHOTS = [
   },
   {
     id: 'final-view',
+    // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
     title: 'Final view',
     lat: 28.0834,
     lon: 85.206,
@@ -340,6 +351,7 @@ export function expandNepalEvidencePack(base) {
     shotPatches: [
       ...(base.shotPatches || []),
       {
+        // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
         title: 'Final view',
         layers: finalView.layers,
       },
diff --git a/src/scenes/playbackAdapter.js b/src/scenes/playbackAdapter.js
index 450929da5..e44286988 100644
--- a/src/scenes/playbackAdapter.js
+++ b/src/scenes/playbackAdapter.js
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 /** Connect the portable Director runner to the existing scene presentation. */
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { displaySceneTitle, displayShotTitle } from './recipes.js';
+
 export function createScenePlaybackAdapter(director, defaultShotDurationSec) {
   let timing;
   let travel;
@@ -14,7 +17,12 @@ export function createScenePlaybackAdapter(director, defaultShotDurationSec) {
       director._renderSceneSelect();
       director._renderShotList();
       director._updateStatus(
-        `Running ${index + 1}/${total}: ${scene.title} / ${shot.title}`,
+        t('Running {index}/{total}: {scene} / {shot}', {
+          index: index + 1,
+          total,
+          scene: displaySceneTitle(scene),
+          shot: displayShotTitle(shot.title, shot, scene),
+        }),
       );
       director._logEvent('shot_start', {
         sceneId: scene.id,
@@ -71,7 +79,7 @@ export function createScenePlaybackAdapter(director, defaultShotDurationSec) {
     },
     complete() {
       director._setProgress(1);
-      director._updateStatus('Scene run complete');
+      director._updateStatus(t('Scene run complete'));
       director._logEvent('scene_run_complete', {});
     },
   };
diff --git a/src/scenes/project.js b/src/scenes/project.js
index ecbc14b56..eb3084962 100644
--- a/src/scenes/project.js
+++ b/src/scenes/project.js
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ export function recipeToScene(recipe) {
     const mapStack = keyframe.mapStack || post.mapStack;
     return {
       id: uid('shot'),
+      // i18n-ignore: persisted fallback; legacy bootstrap matches 'Shot N'
       title: keyframe.title || `Shot ${idx + 1}`,
       durationSec: Math.max(
         0.2,
@@ -171,6 +172,7 @@ export function recipeToScene(recipe) {
 
   return {
     id: recipe.id || uid('scene'),
+    // i18n-ignore: persisted fallback; built-in titles display through director
     title: recipe.title || 'Untitled Scene',
     releaseLayerIds: [
       ...new Set(
@@ -225,6 +227,7 @@ export function normalizeShot(
 
   return {
     id: rawShot?.id || uid('shot'),
+    // i18n-ignore: persisted fallback; legacy bootstrap matches 'Shot N'
     title: rawShot?.title || `Shot ${index + 1}`,
     durationSec: Math.max(
       0.2,
@@ -349,6 +352,7 @@ export function normalizeProject(rawProject) {
       );
       return {
         id: scene?.id || uid('scene'),
+        // i18n-ignore: persisted fallback for a saved scene without a title
         title: scene?.title || `Scene ${sceneIdx + 1}`,
         ...(scene?.dataPacks ? { dataPacks: deepClone(scene.dataPacks) } : {}),
         ...(scene?.anchors ? { anchors: deepClone(scene.anchors) } : {}),
diff --git a/src/scenes/recipes.js b/src/scenes/recipes.js
index e04c8692b..191bb1ac1 100644
--- a/src/scenes/recipes.js
+++ b/src/scenes/recipes.js
@@ -4,11 +4,12 @@
  */
 
 import { expandNepalEvidencePack } from './nepalEvidencePack.js';
+import { msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
   id: 'bhote-koshi-nepal-evidence-pack',
   version: 12,
-  title: 'Bhote Koshi Evidence Sequence',
+  title: msg('Bhote Koshi Evidence Sequence'),
   style: 'normal',
   ui: { hidePanels: false, hudMode: 'full', safeFrame: '16:9' },
   layers: {
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
     fromShotTitles: ['Shot 1', 'Shot 2', 'Shot 3'],
     cameraPath: [
       {
+        // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
         title: 'Global Incident Context',
         lat: 27.5962,
         lon: 78.5718,
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
         },
       },
       {
+        // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
         title: 'Nepal-Focused Globe Rotation',
         lat: 28.7248,
         lon: 81.3226,
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
         },
       },
       {
+        // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
         title: 'Bhote Koshi Regional Approach',
         lat: 27.0354,
         lon: 84.6287,
@@ -77,6 +81,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
         },
       },
       {
+        // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
         title: 'Bhote Koshi Nearby Cities',
         lat: 27.891,
         lon: 85.428,
@@ -94,6 +99,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
         },
       },
       {
+        // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
         title: 'Bhote Koshi Incident Corridor',
         lat: 28.0529,
         lon: 85.2189,
@@ -111,6 +117,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
         },
       },
       {
+        // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
         title: 'Bhote Koshi Flood Path',
         lat: 28.1691,
         lon: 85.352,
@@ -128,6 +135,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
         },
       },
       {
+        // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
         title: 'Bhote Koshi Corridor Overview',
         lat: 27.8986,
         lon: 84.8723,
@@ -145,6 +153,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
         },
       },
       {
+        // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
         title: 'Bhote Koshi Upper Valley',
         lat: 28.4187,
         lon: 85.4341,
@@ -221,6 +230,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
   },
   shotPatches: [
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Global Incident Context',
       visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
       layers: {
@@ -236,6 +246,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Nepal-Focused Globe Rotation',
       visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
       layers: {
@@ -251,6 +262,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Bhote Koshi Regional Approach',
       visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
       layers: {
@@ -266,6 +278,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Bhote Koshi Nearby Cities',
       visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
       layers: {
@@ -281,6 +294,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Bhote Koshi Incident Corridor',
       camera: {
         lat: 28.0529,
@@ -305,6 +319,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Bhote Koshi Flood Path',
       visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
       layers: {
@@ -320,6 +335,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Bhote Koshi Corridor Overview',
       visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
       layers: {
@@ -335,6 +351,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Bhote Koshi Upper Valley',
       holdSec: 8,
       visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
@@ -357,6 +374,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Upper Valley Collapse',
       camera: {
         lat: 28.417,
@@ -380,24 +398,29 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Nepal-China Border Gate',
       visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Timure Evidence Cluster',
       visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Syabru Besi Passage',
       visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Bidur / Trishuli Consequence',
       visual: { mapStack: 'photoreal' },
     },
   ],
   cameraPath: [
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Upper Valley Collapse',
       lat: 28.417,
       lon: 85.3937,
@@ -421,6 +444,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Debris-Dammed Lake',
       lat: 28.392914,
       lon: 85.570921,
@@ -444,6 +468,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Nepal-China Border Gate',
       mapStack: 'photoreal',
       lat: 28.316789,
@@ -474,6 +499,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Timure Evidence Cluster',
       mapStack: 'photoreal',
       lat: 28.285968,
@@ -502,6 +528,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Syabru Besi Passage',
       mapStack: 'photoreal',
       lat: 28.210306,
@@ -530,6 +557,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE = Object.freeze({
       },
     },
     {
+      // i18n-ignore: stored shot title, matched verbatim
       title: 'Bidur / Trishuli Consequence',
       mapStack: 'photoreal',
       lat: 27.981737,
@@ -569,7 +597,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_APPEND_RECIPE = BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BASE_RECIPE
 const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BOOTSTRAP_RECIPE = BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_APPEND_RECIPE
   ? Object.freeze({
       id: 'bhote-koshi-nepal-scene',
-      title: 'Nepal Flood Incident',
+      title: msg('Nepal Flood Incident'),
       durationSec: 15,
       style: BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_APPEND_RECIPE.style,
       ui: BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_APPEND_RECIPE.ui,
@@ -583,6 +611,7 @@ const BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BOOTSTRAP_RECIPE = BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_APPEND_RECIPE
           .slice(0, 3)
           .map((keyframe, index) => ({
             ...keyframe,
+            // i18n-ignore: legacy shot titles the bootstrap matches verbatim
             title: `Shot ${index + 1}`,
           })),
     })
@@ -593,7 +622,7 @@ const EVENT_RECIPES = [BHOTE_KOSHI_NEPAL_BOOTSTRAP_RECIPE].filter(Boolean);
 const PUBLIC_SCENE_RECIPES = [
   {
     id: 'flights-radar',
-    title: 'Global Flights Radar',
+    title: msg('Global Flights Radar'),
     durationSec: 30,
     style: 'retro',
     ui: { hidePanels: true, hudMode: 'minimal', safeFrame: '16:9' },
@@ -663,7 +692,7 @@ const PUBLIC_SCENE_RECIPES = [
   },
   {
     id: 'orbital-watch',
-    title: 'Orbital Watch',
+    title: msg('Orbital Watch'),
     durationSec: 32,
     style: 'surveillance',
     ui: { hidePanels: true, hudMode: 'full', safeFrame: '16:9' },
@@ -741,7 +770,7 @@ const PUBLIC_SCENE_RECIPES = [
   },
   {
     id: 'thermal-threats',
-    title: 'Thermal Threat Board',
+    title: msg('Thermal Threat Board'),
     durationSec: 26,
     style: 'thermal',
     ui: { hidePanels: true, hudMode: 'full', safeFrame: '16:9' },
@@ -809,7 +838,7 @@ const PUBLIC_SCENE_RECIPES = [
   },
   {
     id: 'city-overload',
-    title: 'City Overload',
+    title: msg('City Overload'),
     durationSec: 30,
     style: 'surveillance',
     ui: { hidePanels: true, hudMode: 'minimal', safeFrame: '9:16' },
@@ -887,7 +916,7 @@ const PUBLIC_SCENE_RECIPES = [
   },
   {
     id: 'omniscience-pullback',
-    title: 'Omniscience Pullback',
+    title: msg('Omniscience Pullback'),
     durationSec: 36,
     style: 'retro',
     ui: { hidePanels: true, hudMode: 'full', safeFrame: '16:9' },
@@ -982,3 +1011,75 @@ export function getSceneRecipeById(id) {
 export function getSceneAppendRecipeById(id) {
   return SCENE_APPEND_RECIPES.find((recipe) => recipe.id === id) || null;
 }
+
+// Built-in shot titles stay English in recipes and saved projects (upgrades
+// and bindings match them verbatim). These are their display names; a title
+// the user typed shows as typed. Place names inside them stay Latin.
+const BUILTIN_SHOT_TITLES = new Set([
+  msg('Global Incident Context'),
+  msg('Nepal-Focused Globe Rotation'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Regional Approach'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Nearby Cities'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Incident Corridor'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Flood Path'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Corridor Overview'),
+  msg('Bhote Koshi Upper Valley'),
+  msg('Upper Valley Collapse'),
+  msg('Debris-Dammed Lake'),
+  msg('Nepal-China Border Gate'),
+  msg('Timure Evidence Cluster'),
+  msg('Syabru Besi Passage'),
+  msg('Bidur / Trishuli Consequence'),
+  msg('Second landslide'),
+  msg('Mailung / Upper Trishuli bridge'),
+  msg('Dandagaun viewpoint restaurant'),
+  msg('Devighat / Taadi Khola Bridge'),
+  msg('Final view'),
+]);
+
+/**
+ * Display title for a scene: the localized recipe name while the stored title
+ * still matches the built-in verbatim, the stored title otherwise.
+ * @param {{id?: string, title?: string}} scene
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function displaySceneTitle(scene) {
+  const builtin = SCENE_RECIPES.find((recipe) => recipe.id === scene?.id);
+  if (builtin?.title && scene.title === builtin.title) return t(builtin.title);
+  const title = scene?.title || '';
+  // Only the generated "Scene N" localizes; an operator-typed "Scene 007"
+  // keeps its digits, so the number stays a string (no Number() round trip).
+  const numbered = /^Scene ([1-9]\d*)$/.exec(title);
+  return numbered ? t('Scene {n}', { n: numbered[1] }) : title;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Display title for a shot: built-in titles and the numbered "Shot N"
+ * fallback localize; any other title shows as stored.
+ *
+ * With `shot`, a built-in title localizes only for a recipe shot
+ * (`sourcePackId`), so a typed title that matches a built-in one stays as
+ * typed. Without `shot`, the title alone decides.
+ * @param {string} title
+ * @param {{sourcePackId?: string}} [shot]
+ * @param {{id?: string}} [scene] The shot's scene, for projects saved before
+ *   shots recorded their source pack.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function displayShotTitle(title, shot = undefined, scene = undefined) {
+  const text = typeof title === 'string' ? title : '';
+  const fromRecipe = shot
+    ? Boolean(shot.sourcePackId) || recipeDeclaresShotTitle(scene?.id, text)
+    : true;
+  if (fromRecipe && BUILTIN_SHOT_TITLES.has(text)) return t(text);
+  const numbered = /^Shot ([1-9]\d*)$/.exec(text);
+  return numbered ? t('Shot {n}', { n: numbered[1] }) : text;
+}
+
+/** Whether the built-in recipe behind a scene declares a shot with this title. */
+function recipeDeclaresShotTitle(sceneId, title) {
+  const recipe = sceneId ? getSceneRecipeById(sceneId) : null;
+  return Boolean(
+    recipe?.cameraPath?.some((keyframe) => keyframe?.title === title),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/scenes/sceneSaveError.js b/src/scenes/sceneSaveError.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..462467b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scenes/sceneSaveError.js
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/**
+ * The reason for «Scene not saved — {reason}» when the project fails
+ * validation. The validator's text («$.scenes[6].title: expected …») is for
+ * the console: known failures get a sentence with 1-based numbers, others a
+ * general one (English keeps the raw text). director.js logs the full error.
+ */
+
+import { formatNumber, getLocale, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+const TEXT_LIMIT = /^expected nonempty text, at most (\d+) characters$/;
+const SCENE_TITLE = /^\$\.scenes\[(\d+)\]\.title$/;
+const SHOT_TITLE = /^\$\.scenes\[(\d+)\]\.shots\[(\d+)\]\.title$/;
+
+const ordinal = (index) => formatNumber(Number(index) + 1);
+
+/**
+ * @param {unknown} error Usually a SceneDocumentError ({path, reason}).
+ * @returns {string} Reason in the UI language.
+ */
+export function sceneSaveFailureReason(error) {
+  const path = typeof error?.path === 'string' ? error.path : '';
+  const reason =
+    typeof error?.reason === 'string'
+      ? error.reason
+      : String(error?.message || '').slice(path ? path.length + 2 : 0);
+  const limit = TEXT_LIMIT.exec(reason);
+  if (limit) {
+    const max = formatNumber(Number(limit[1]));
+    const scene = SCENE_TITLE.exec(path);
+    if (scene)
+      return t(
+        'the title of scene {scene} is empty or longer than {max} characters',
+        { scene: ordinal(scene[1]), max },
+      );
+    const shot = SHOT_TITLE.exec(path);
+    if (shot)
+      return t(
+        'the title of shot {shot} in scene {scene} is empty or longer than {max} characters',
+        { scene: ordinal(shot[1]), shot: ordinal(shot[2]), max },
+      );
+  }
+  if (path === '$' && reason === 'file exceeds 5 MiB')
+    return t('the project is larger than 5 MiB');
+  if (reason === 'too many shots in project')
+    return t('the project has too many shots');
+  // English keeps the validator's own text, which names the field; another
+  // language gets a general sentence (the field is in the console warning).
+  if (getLocale() === 'en' && error?.message) return String(error.message);
+  return t('the scene data failed validation');
+}
diff --git a/src/scenes/sceneSaveError.test.mjs b/src/scenes/sceneSaveError.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22bf74155
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scenes/sceneSaveError.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// «Scene not saved — {reason}» never shows the validator's JSON path: known
+// failures read as a sentence, the rest get a general reason.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  SceneDocumentError,
+  validateSceneDocument,
+} from '../director/document.js';
+import { sceneSaveFailureReason } from './sceneSaveError.js';
+
+const caught = (project) => {
+  try {
+    validateSceneDocument(project);
+  } catch (error) {
+    return error;
+  }
+  return assert.fail('expected a validation error');
+};
+
+test('an empty scene title is named with its 1-based scene number', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const scenes = Array.from({ length: 7 }, (_, i) => ({
+    id: `s${i}`,
+    title: i === 6 ? '   ' : `Scene ${i + 1}`,
+    shots: [],
+  }));
+  const error = caught({ version: 6, scenes });
+  assert.ok(error instanceof SceneDocumentError);
+  assert.equal(error.path, '$.scenes[6].title');
+  assert.equal(
+    sceneSaveFailureReason(error),
+    'the title of scene 7 is empty or longer than 4,096 characters',
+  );
+});
+
+test('a shot title names the shot and its scene', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const error = caught({
+    version: 6,
+    scenes: [
+      {
+        id: 'a',
+        title: 'A',
+        shots: [{ id: 'x' }, { id: 'y', title: 'z'.repeat(4097) }],
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    sceneSaveFailureReason(error),
+    'the title of shot 2 in scene 1 is empty or longer than 4,096 characters',
+  );
+});
+
+test('size and shot-count limits read as sentences', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.equal(
+    sceneSaveFailureReason(new SceneDocumentError('$', 'file exceeds 5 MiB')),
+    'the project is larger than 5 MiB',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    sceneSaveFailureReason(
+      new SceneDocumentError('$.scenes[3].shots', 'too many shots in project'),
+    ),
+    'the project has too many shots',
+  );
+});
+
+test('any other validation failure: English keeps the field, a translation never shows the path', () => {
+  const errors = [
+    new SceneDocumentError(
+      '$.scenes[0].shots[2].layers.x.enabled',
+      'expected a boolean',
+    ),
+    new SceneDocumentError('$.scenes[1].anchors[0].id', 'duplicate ID'),
+    new Error('$.scenes[0]: odd'),
+  ];
+  setLocale('en');
+  for (const error of errors)
+    assert.equal(sceneSaveFailureReason(error), error.message);
+  assert.equal(
+    sceneSaveFailureReason(null),
+    'the scene data failed validation',
+  );
+  for (const locale of ['ru', 'es']) {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      for (const error of [...errors, null]) {
+        const text = sceneSaveFailureReason(error);
+        assert.doesNotMatch(
+          text,
+          /\$\.|expected|duplicate|odd/,
+          `${locale}: ${text}`,
+        );
+      }
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/scenes/sceneTitleDisplay.test.mjs b/src/scenes/sceneTitleDisplay.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..604e01c49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/scenes/sceneTitleDisplay.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// Display helpers must not rewrite operator-typed scene/shot titles: only the
+// generated "Scene N" / "Shot N" and the titles of recipe-sourced shots
+// localize; everything else shows exactly as stored.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  SCENE_RECIPES,
+  displaySceneTitle,
+  displayShotTitle,
+} from './recipes.js';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+test.afterEach(() => setLocale('en'));
+
+test('user-typed numbered titles keep their digits in en', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.equal(
+    displaySceneTitle({ id: 'scene-user', title: 'Scene 007' }),
+    'Scene 007',
+  );
+  assert.equal(displayShotTitle('Shot 01'), 'Shot 01');
+  // default generated names still work
+  assert.equal(
+    displaySceneTitle({ id: 'scene-user', title: 'Scene 3' }),
+    'Scene 3',
+  );
+  assert.equal(displayShotTitle('Shot 2'), 'Shot 2');
+});
+
+test('generated numbered titles localize, typed ones with leading zeros do not', () => {
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.equal(
+    displaySceneTitle({ id: 'scene-user', title: 'Scene 3' }),
+    'Сцена 3',
+  );
+  assert.equal(displayShotTitle('Shot 2'), 'Кадр 2');
+  assert.equal(
+    displaySceneTitle({ id: 'scene-user', title: 'Scene 007' }),
+    'Scene 007',
+  );
+  assert.equal(displayShotTitle('Shot 01'), 'Shot 01');
+});
+
+test('a built-in shot title localizes only for a recipe-sourced shot', () => {
+  setLocale('ru');
+  // A built-in shot title (BUILTIN_SHOT_TITLES in recipes.js).
+  const title = 'Final view';
+  const userScene = { id: 'scene-user' };
+  // Operator-typed title that happens to match a built-in one: shown as typed.
+  assert.equal(
+    displayShotTitle(title, { id: 'shot-user', title }, userScene),
+    title,
+  );
+  // A recipe-sourced shot: localized.
+  const fromRecipe = displayShotTitle(
+    title,
+    { id: 'shot-recipe', title, sourcePackId: 'bhote-koshi-nepal-scene' },
+    userScene,
+  );
+  assert.notEqual(fromRecipe, title);
+  // Without provenance the title alone decides.
+  assert.equal(displayShotTitle(title), fromRecipe);
+  // A project saved before shots recorded their source pack: the scene's
+  // recipe still vouches for a title its keyframes declare (only when such a
+  // recipe ships in this build).
+  const named = (keyframe) =>
+    keyframe?.title && !/^Shot \d+$/.test(keyframe.title);
+  const recipe = SCENE_RECIPES.find((item) => item.cameraPath?.some(named));
+  if (recipe) {
+    const declared = recipe.cameraPath.find(named).title;
+    assert.equal(
+      displayShotTitle(
+        declared,
+        { id: 'shot-old', title: declared },
+        { id: recipe.id },
+      ),
+      displayShotTitle(declared),
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      displayShotTitle(
+        declared,
+        { id: 'shot-old', title: declared },
+        userScene,
+      ),
+      declared,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('the Scene status line shows an operator-typed shot title as typed', async () => {
+  const { createScenePlaybackAdapter } = await import('./playbackAdapter.js');
+  const statuses = [];
+  const director = {
+    _renderSceneSelect() {},
+    _renderShotList() {},
+    _updateStatus: (text) => statuses.push(text),
+    _logEvent() {},
+  };
+  const adapter = createScenePlaybackAdapter(director, 4);
+  const title = 'Final view';
+  const scene = { id: 'scene-user', title: 'Scene 1', shots: [] };
+  setLocale('ru');
+  adapter.selectShot({
+    scene,
+    shot: { id: 'shot-user', title },
+    index: 0,
+    total: 1,
+  });
+  adapter.selectShot({
+    scene,
+    shot: { id: 'shot-recipe', title, sourcePackId: 'bhote-koshi-nepal-scene' },
+    index: 0,
+    total: 1,
+  });
+  assert.ok(statuses[0].endsWith(` / ${title}`), statuses[0]);
+  assert.ok(
+    statuses[1].endsWith(` / ${displayShotTitle(title)}`) &&
+      !statuses[1].endsWith(` / ${title}`),
+    statuses[1],
+  );
+});
+
+test('the scene context of a shot carries its display title by provenance', async () => {
+  const { layerStatesForShot } = await import('./shotPresentation.js');
+  const title = 'Final view';
+  const packs = { recipeForShot: () => null, minimumHoldSec: () => 0 };
+  const contextFor = (shot) => {
+    const scene = { id: 'scene-user', title: 'Scene 1', shots: [shot] };
+    const states = layerStatesForShot(
+      scene,
+      { ...shot, layers: { a: { params: { presentation: 'scene-beat' } } } },
+      packs,
+    );
+    return states.a.params.sceneContext;
+  };
+  setLocale('ru');
+  assert.equal(contextFor({ id: 'u', title }).shotDisplayTitle, title);
+  assert.notEqual(
+    contextFor({ id: 'r', title, sourcePackId: 'bhote-koshi-nepal-scene' })
+      .shotDisplayTitle,
+    title,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/scenes/sharing.js b/src/scenes/sharing.js
index 22b000f78..b3adde27a 100644
--- a/src/scenes/sharing.js
+++ b/src/scenes/sharing.js
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from '../director/authoring.js';
 import { createSceneDialog, mountSceneSharing } from '../ui/sceneSharing.js';
 import { PACK_LIMITS } from '../director/packs/manifest.js';
+import { t, tn } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 function download(text, name) {
   const url = URL.createObjectURL(
@@ -91,7 +92,9 @@ export function createSceneSharing(director) {
         dialog.status.textContent =
           error?.name === 'SceneDocumentError'
             ? error.message
-            : 'Could not complete this action. Check the file, references and selected assets.';
+            : t(
+                'Could not complete this action. Check the file, references and selected assets.',
+              );
     } finally {
       if (alive(owner)) busy = false;
     }
@@ -103,39 +106,64 @@ export function createSceneSharing(director) {
       layerIds: director.dataManager.getAll().map((l) => l.id),
     });
     dialog.text(
-      `${report.scenes} scenes · ${report.shots} shots · ${report.packs.length} data packs`,
+      [
+        tn(report.scenes, '{count} scene', '{count} scenes'),
+        tn(report.shots, '{count} shot', '{count} shots'),
+        tn(report.packs.length, '{count} data pack', '{count} data packs'),
+      ].join(' · '),
     );
     for (const pack of report.packs)
       dialog.text(
-        `${pack.scene} / ${pack.id}: ${pack.status}. File: ${pack.path}. ${pack.attribution.text} · ${pack.attribution.license}`,
+        t(
+          '{scene} / {pack}: {status}. File: {path}. {attribution} · {license}',
+          {
+            scene: pack.scene,
+            pack: pack.id,
+            status: t(pack.status),
+            path: pack.path,
+            attribution: pack.attribution.text,
+            license: pack.attribution.license,
+          },
+        ),
       );
     if (report.missingLayers.length)
-      dialog.text(`Unavailable layers: ${report.missingLayers.join(', ')}`);
+      dialog.text(
+        t('Unavailable layers: {layers}', {
+          layers: report.missingLayers.join(', '),
+        }),
+      );
     if (report.externalContent)
       dialog.text(
-        'This scene uses registered content or linked media. Those external files are not included in a scene bundle. Their original notices still apply.',
+        t(
+          'Uses registered content or linked media. Those external files are not included in a scene bundle. Their original notices still apply.',
+        ),
       );
     if (report.bundledBytes)
       dialog.text(
-        `${report.bundledBytes} bundled bytes verified. Files stay in memory for this session. Reimport the bundle after reloading the app.`,
+        t(
+          '{bytes} bundled bytes verified. Files stay in memory for this session. Reimport the bundle after reloading the app.',
+          { bytes: report.bundledBytes },
+        ),
       );
     return report;
   }
   async function preview(file) {
-    const owner = open('Review scene import');
+    const owner = open(t('Review scene import'));
     if (!owner) return;
     const expected = currentProject();
-    dialog.text('Nothing is loaded or changed until you apply this file.');
+    dialog.text(t('Nothing is loaded or changed until you apply this file.'));
     await run(owner, async () => {
       const input = await readSceneShare(file, { signal: owner.signal });
       if (!alive(owner)) return;
       staged = input;
       inventory(input);
-      dialog.status.textContent = 'Ready to import';
+      dialog.status.textContent = t('Ready to import');
       dialog.text(
-        'Apply replaces the current project. Export your current project first if you want to keep both.',
+        t(
+          'Apply replaces the current project. Export your current project first if you want to keep both.',
+        ),
       );
-      const apply = dialog.button('Apply import', () =>
+      const apply = dialog.button(t('Apply import'), () =>
         run(owner, async () => {
           if (expected !== currentProject()) throw new Error('Project changed');
           apply.disabled = true;
@@ -148,8 +176,9 @@ export function createSceneSharing(director) {
             if (ok) close();
             else {
               apply.disabled = false;
-              dialog.status.textContent =
-                'Import was not applied. The current project may have changed.';
+              dialog.status.textContent = t(
+                'Import was not applied. The current project may have changed.',
+              );
             }
           }
         }),
@@ -161,29 +190,31 @@ export function createSceneSharing(director) {
     const scene = director._getSelectedScene(),
       shot = scene?.shots.find((s) => s.id === director._selectedShotId);
     if (!scene || !shot) {
-      director._updateStatus('Select a scene and shot first');
+      director._updateStatus(t('Select a scene and shot first'));
       return;
     }
-    const owner = open('Edit scene details');
+    const owner = open(t('Edit scene details'));
     if (!owner) return;
     const original = structuredClone(director._project),
       expected = currentProject();
     dialog.text(
-      'Camera positions use degrees and meters above the ellipsoid. Drafts are validated before they replace your saved scene.',
+      t(
+        'Camera positions use degrees and meters above the ellipsoid. Drafts are validated before they replace your saved scene.',
+      ),
     );
     const sceneText = dialog.input(
-      'Anchors and data packs',
+      t('Anchors and data packs'),
       json(subset(scene, sceneKeys)),
       { multiline: true },
     );
     const shotText = dialog.input(
-      'Shot camera, timing, packs and actions',
+      t('Shot camera, timing, packs and actions'),
       json(subset(shot, shotKeys)),
       { multiline: true },
     );
-    const anchorName = dialog.input('New anchor ID', 'anchor-1');
+    const anchorName = dialog.input(t('New anchor ID'), 'anchor-1');
     dialog.button(
-      'Capture camera as anchor',
+      t('Capture camera as anchor'),
       () =>
         run(owner, async () => {
           const details = JSON.parse(sceneText.value),
@@ -210,12 +241,12 @@ export function createSceneSharing(director) {
             JSON.parse(shotText.value),
           );
           sceneText.value = json(details);
-          dialog.status.textContent = 'Anchor added to draft';
+          dialog.status.textContent = t('Anchor added to draft');
         }),
       dialog.body,
     );
     dialog.button(
-      'Set move start to current camera',
+      t('Set move start to current camera'),
       () =>
         run(owner, async () => {
           const details = JSON.parse(shotText.value),
@@ -246,13 +277,14 @@ export function createSceneSharing(director) {
             details,
           );
           shotText.value = json(details);
-          dialog.status.textContent =
-            'Move added to draft; destination remains the shot camera';
+          dialog.status.textContent = t(
+            'Move added to draft; destination remains the shot camera',
+          );
         }),
       dialog.body,
     );
     dialog.button(
-      'Use ordinary flight',
+      t('Use ordinary flight'),
       () => {
         if (!alive(owner)) return;
         try {
@@ -260,12 +292,12 @@ export function createSceneSharing(director) {
           delete details.move;
           shotText.value = json(details);
         } catch {
-          dialog.status.textContent = 'Invalid shot JSON';
+          dialog.status.textContent = t('Invalid shot JSON');
         }
       },
       dialog.body,
     );
-    const apply = dialog.button('Apply details', () =>
+    const apply = dialog.button(t('Apply details'), () =>
       run(owner, async () => {
         if (expected !== currentProject()) throw new Error('Project changed');
         const project = editSceneDetails(
@@ -300,10 +332,10 @@ export function createSceneSharing(director) {
         director._selectedSceneId,
       );
     } catch {
-      director._updateStatus('Select a scene first');
+      director._updateStatus(t('Select a scene first'));
       return;
     }
-    const owner = open('Share selected scene');
+    const owner = open(t('Share selected scene'));
     if (!owner) return;
     const paths = new Set(
       project.scenes.flatMap((s) =>
@@ -320,19 +352,23 @@ export function createSceneSharing(director) {
     staged = { project, assets: existing };
     inventory(staged);
     dialog.text(
-      'Scene JSON preserves authored settings and attribution. It does not include asset files. Bundles include only pack files you choose here or previously imported bundle files.',
+      t(
+        'Scene JSON preserves authored settings and attribution. It does not include asset files. Bundles include only pack files you choose here or previously imported bundle files.',
+      ),
     );
-    dialog.button('Download scene JSON', () => {
+    dialog.button(t('Download scene JSON'), () => {
       if (alive(owner)) download(stringifySceneDocument(project), 'scene.json');
     });
-    const files = dialog.input('Choose data-pack files', '', { type: 'file' });
+    const files = dialog.input(t('Choose data-pack files'), '', {
+      type: 'file',
+    });
     files.multiple = true;
-    const folder = dialog.input('Or choose a data-pack folder', '', {
+    const folder = dialog.input(t('Or choose a data-pack folder'), '', {
       type: 'file',
     });
     folder.multiple = true;
     folder.setAttribute('webkitdirectory', '');
-    dialog.button('Download asset bundle', () =>
+    dialog.button(t('Download asset bundle'), () =>
       run(owner, async () => {
         const selected = [...files.files, ...folder.files];
         const packs = project.scenes.flatMap((s) => s.dataPacks || []);
@@ -374,7 +410,7 @@ export function createSceneSharing(director) {
         );
         if (alive(owner)) {
           download(text, 'scene.gevbundle.json');
-          dialog.status.textContent = 'Asset bundle downloaded';
+          dialog.status.textContent = t('Asset bundle downloaded');
         }
       }),
     );
diff --git a/src/scenes/shotPresentation.js b/src/scenes/shotPresentation.js
index 921aa2709..04759fc3f 100644
--- a/src/scenes/shotPresentation.js
+++ b/src/scenes/shotPresentation.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { displaySceneTitle, displayShotTitle } from './recipes.js';
+
 const DEFAULT_SHOT_DURATION_SEC = 4;
 const clamp01 = (value) => Math.max(0, Math.min(1, value));
 const deepClone = (value) => JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(value));
@@ -63,8 +65,10 @@ export function layerStatesForShot(
     state.params.sceneContext = {
       sceneId: scene.id,
       sceneTitle: scene.title,
+      sceneDisplayTitle: displaySceneTitle(scene),
       shotId: shot.id,
       shotTitle: shot.title,
+      shotDisplayTitle: displayShotTitle(shot.title, shot, scene),
       shotIndex,
       shotCount: scene.shots.length,
       durationSec: shot.durationSec || DEFAULT_SHOT_DURATION_SEC,
diff --git a/src/sdr/controller.js b/src/sdr/controller.js
index 1c86658ec..50fec4a38 100644
--- a/src/sdr/controller.js
+++ b/src/sdr/controller.js
@@ -17,16 +17,51 @@ import {
   selectAuthorizedSdrDevice,
 } from './usbDevices.js';
 import { summarizeLocalAdsb } from '../sources/adsbRecords.js';
+import { formatNumber, msg, t, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 export { createRememberingWebUsb } from './usbDevices.js';
 
 const FM_MIN_HZ = 87_500_000;
 const FM_MAX_HZ = 108_000_000;
+// Seek frames step around a lap one step longer than the band, so the frames
+// either side of the wrap, clamped into the band, each reach their edge.
+const FM_SEEK_STEP_HZ = 1_200_000;
+const FM_SEEK_LAP_HZ = FM_MAX_HZ - FM_MIN_HZ + FM_SEEK_STEP_HZ;
+const FM_SEEK_LAP_START_HZ = FM_MIN_HZ - FM_SEEK_STEP_HZ / 2;
+// 19 frames; the last is one channel short of a full lap.
+const FM_SEEK_FRAMES = Math.ceil(FM_SEEK_LAP_HZ / FM_SEEK_STEP_HZ);
 const READ_SAMPLE_COUNT = 32_768;
+// Bulk reads kept queued at the host. With one read at a time, nothing is
+// requested while this thread is busy between reads, and delivered IQ falls
+// short of the configured rate; queued reads keep a transfer pending meanwhile.
+const READ_PIPELINE_DEPTH = 4;
 const RATE_WINDOW_MS = 1_000;
 // A bulk read that has not completed in this long is treated as a stalled
 // USB transfer: the session is torn down instead of waiting forever.
 export const SDR_READ_STALL_MS = 5_000;
+// Decoder admission. Every block sent to the worker is numbered and must be
+// acknowledged; past these bounds the receiver stops with an overload error
+// rather than queueing raw IQ the decoder cannot keep up with. Eight 16 ms
+// blocks is 128 ms of input, about forty times the measured decode cost.
+export const SDR_WORKER_ADMISSION = Object.freeze({
+  maxBlocks: 8,
+  maxBytes: 8 * 65_536,
+  maxAgeMs: 1_000,
+  watchdogMs: 250,
+  // Pending-work diagnostics are published at most this often, never per ack.
+  reportMs: 1_000,
+  // A cold module worker can take far longer to load than 8 blocks of input:
+  // no block is sent before it reports ready, and a worker that never does
+  // stops the receiver.
+  readyTimeoutMs: 10_000,
+});
+const WORKER_READY = Symbol('workerReady');
+// SNR and signal levels are display values: published at most this often.
+const FM_LEVEL_STATE_MS = 250;
+// Diagnostic mode: per-worker ring of recent block timings, and per-report
+// samples kept for peaks. Both are bounded.
+const DECODER_TIMING_RING = 256;
+const DECODER_WINDOW_SAMPLES = 256;
 // Upper bound on a graceful close queued behind other USB work; past it the
 // raw USB device is closed directly, which aborts any pending transfer. The
 // raw close is bounded by the same deadline, so a teardown settles within
@@ -177,6 +212,53 @@ function fenceDevice(device) {
   }
 }
 
+/** Wall-aligned milliseconds comparable between this page and its workers. */
+function absoluteNow() {
+  const clock = globalThis.performance;
+  return clock?.timeOrigin !== undefined
+    ? clock.timeOrigin + clock.now()
+    : Date.now();
+}
+
+function newTimingWindow() {
+  return {
+    queueMs: [],
+    computeMs: [],
+    ackDelayMs: [],
+    rttMs: [],
+    audioDelayMs: [],
+    max: {},
+    pendingPeak: 0,
+    oldestPeakMs: 0,
+  };
+}
+
+function percentile(values, fraction) {
+  const sorted = [...values].sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  return sorted[
+    Math.min(sorted.length - 1, Math.floor(fraction * sorted.length))
+  ];
+}
+
+/** Monotonic milliseconds for ages and deadlines (wall-clock can jump). */
+function monotonicNow() {
+  return globalThis.performance?.now?.() ?? Date.now();
+}
+
+function newUsbGate() {
+  return { waiting: 0, idle: [], reads: [], retired: false };
+}
+
+function wakeUsbGate(gate) {
+  for (const resolve of gate.idle.splice(0)) resolve();
+}
+
+/** Resolves once the gate has no pending control work, or is retired. */
+function usbGateIdle(gate) {
+  if (gate.waiting === 0 || gate.retired) return Promise.resolve();
+  return new Promise((resolve) => gate.idle.push(resolve));
+}
+
 /** Resolve with the operation's outcome, or reject once `ms` elapses. */
 function withDeadline(promise, ms, message) {
   let timer = null;
@@ -204,23 +286,25 @@ function clampFmFrequency(value) {
 function describeConnectionError(error) {
   const message = String(error?.message || error || '').trim();
   if (/No device was selected|NotFoundError/i.test(message))
-    return 'No RTL-SDR device selected';
+    return t('No RTL-SDR device selected');
   if (
     /does not support the WebUSB|usb/i.test(message) &&
     /support/i.test(message)
   ) {
-    return 'WebUSB requires desktop Chrome or Edge on localhost/HTTPS';
+    return t('WebUSB requires desktop Chrome or Edge on localhost/HTTPS');
   }
   if (/access|permission|claim|busy/i.test(message)) {
-    return 'RTL-SDR access failed; close other SDR apps and check USB permissions';
+    return t(
+      'RTL-SDR access failed; close other SDR apps and check USB permissions',
+    );
   }
-  return message || 'RTL-SDR connection failed';
+  return message ? translateKnown(message) : t('RTL-SDR connection failed');
 }
 
 function streamingMessage(mode) {
   return mode === 'adsb'
-    ? 'Receiving 1090 MHz ADS-B'
-    : 'Receiving broadcast FM';
+    ? t('Receiving 1090 MHz ADS-B')
+    : t('Receiving broadcast FM');
 }
 
 /**
@@ -242,6 +326,8 @@ export class SdrController {
     providerFactory = null,
     readStallMs = SDR_READ_STALL_MS,
     closeTimeoutMs = SDR_CLOSE_TIMEOUT_MS,
+    workerAdmission = SDR_WORKER_ADMISSION,
+    decoderDiagnostics = false,
     storage = defaultStorage(),
     webUsb = typeof navigator !== 'undefined' ? navigator.usb : null,
   } = {}) {
@@ -255,8 +341,8 @@ export class SdrController {
       connected: false,
       status: webUsbSupported ? 'idle' : 'unsupported',
       message: webUsbSupported
-        ? 'Connect an RTL-SDR to begin.'
-        : 'WebUSB is unavailable in this browser',
+        ? t('Connect an RTL-SDR to begin.')
+        : t('WebUSB is unavailable in this browser'),
       mode: 'fm',
       frequencyHz: FM_DEFAULT_HZ,
       sampleRate: FM_SAMPLE_RATE,
@@ -294,6 +380,29 @@ export class SdrController {
     // Bumped whenever a stalled queue is abandoned; work queued in an older
     // epoch refuses to touch whatever device is current when it finally runs.
     this._usbEpoch = 0;
+    // Control admission for one USB epoch: pending control work, read-loop
+    // waiters and the reads that control work drains. Abandoning the queue
+    // retires the gate, so nothing from an old session can hold a new one.
+    this._usbGate = newUsbGate();
+    this._admission = { ...SDR_WORKER_ADMISSION, ...workerAdmission };
+    // Blocks sent to the current worker and not yet acknowledged, in order.
+    this._pendingBlocks = new Map();
+    this._pendingBytes = 0;
+    this._nextBlockId = 0;
+    this._watchdog = null;
+    this._lastAdmissionReport = 0;
+    this._ackAnomalies = 0;
+    this._lastAckId = null;
+    this._workerSerial = 0;
+    // Optional timing instrumentation (test and soak use); off in production.
+    this._decoderDiagnostics = Boolean(decoderDiagnostics);
+    this._timingRing = [];
+    this._timingWindow = newTimingWindow();
+    this._fmLevelStateAt = -Infinity;
+    this._fmLevelPatch = null;
+    // Audio player epoch: only samples of the active FM session are accepted.
+    this._audioSessionId = 0;
+    this._audioSessionActive = false;
     this._readGeneration = 0;
     // Bumped by every connect() and stop(); a connect, mode change or
     // configuration whose token is stale after an await has been superseded
@@ -313,6 +422,7 @@ export class SdrController {
     this._fmFrequencyHz = FM_DEFAULT_HZ;
     this._spectrum = null;
     this._spectrumSequence = 0;
+    this._fmTune = 0;
     this._spectrumWaiters = new Set();
     this._seekToken = 0;
     // Every provider opens its device through the selecting WebUSB wrapper.
@@ -370,12 +480,27 @@ export class SdrController {
 
   _queueUsb(operation) {
     const epoch = this._usbEpoch;
-    const run = () => {
+    const gate = this._usbGate;
+    // Reads stop being issued from here, and the ones already queued are
+    // delivered before control work runs, so every pre-control block reaches
+    // the worker ahead of any reset that follows.
+    gate.waiting += 1;
+    const run = async () => {
       if (epoch !== this._usbEpoch)
-        throw new Error('USB work abandoned after a stalled transfer');
+        throw new Error(msg('USB work abandoned after a stalled transfer'));
+      await Promise.allSettled(gate.reads);
+      // A stalled read may have ended this session while it drained.
+      if (epoch !== this._usbEpoch)
+        throw new Error(msg('USB work abandoned after a stalled transfer'));
       return operation();
     };
     const queued = this._usbTail.then(run, run);
+    // Only the gate this work entered is updated, even if it settles late.
+    const done = () => {
+      gate.waiting -= 1;
+      if (gate.waiting === 0) wakeUsbGate(gate);
+    };
+    queued.then(done, done);
     this._usbTail = queued.catch(() => {});
     return queued;
   }
@@ -384,6 +509,10 @@ export class SdrController {
   _resetUsbQueue() {
     this._usbEpoch += 1;
     this._usbTail = Promise.resolve();
+    const retired = this._usbGate;
+    this._usbGate = newUsbGate();
+    retired.retired = true;
+    wakeUsbGate(retired);
   }
 
   _ensureWorker() {
@@ -392,9 +521,33 @@ export class SdrController {
       type: 'module',
     });
     this._worker = worker;
+    // A new worker tags its spectra from 0 until its first reset.
+    this._fmTune = 0;
+    // Block numbers and pending work belong to one worker.
+    this._clearPendingBlocks();
+    this._nextBlockId = 0;
+    let markReady;
+    this._workerSerial += 1;
+    this._timingRing = [];
+    this._timingWindow = newTimingWindow();
+    this._lastAckId = null;
+    worker[WORKER_READY] = {
+      ready: false,
+      promise: new Promise((resolve) => (markReady = resolve)),
+    };
     worker.onmessage = (event) => {
       if (this._worker !== worker) return;
-      this._handleWorkerMessage(event.data || {});
+      const data = event.data || {};
+      if (data.type === 'ready') {
+        worker[WORKER_READY].ready = true;
+        markReady();
+        return;
+      }
+      if (data.type === 'ack') {
+        this._acknowledgeBlock(data.id, data);
+        return;
+      }
+      this._handleWorkerMessage(data);
     };
     worker.onerror = (event) => {
       if (this._worker !== worker) return;
@@ -402,7 +555,10 @@ export class SdrController {
       // A failed worker (e.g. its module did not load) never recovers: drop
       // it so the next session builds and configures a fresh one.
       this._discardWorker();
-      this._setState({ status: 'error', message: 'SDR decoder worker failed' });
+      this._setState({
+        status: 'error',
+        message: t('SDR decoder worker failed'),
+      });
       if (this._device) void this.stop({ preserveMessage: true });
     };
     return worker;
@@ -411,6 +567,7 @@ export class SdrController {
   _discardWorker() {
     const worker = this._worker;
     this._worker = null;
+    this._clearPendingBlocks();
     if (!worker) return;
     worker.onmessage = null;
     worker.onerror = null;
@@ -421,9 +578,255 @@ export class SdrController {
     }
   }
 
+  /** Start an audio epoch: the player accepts only this session's samples. */
+  _beginAudioSession() {
+    if (!this._audioNode) return;
+    this._audioSessionId += 1;
+    this._audioSessionActive = true;
+    const port = this._audioNode.port;
+    port.postMessage({
+      type: 'session',
+      sessionId: this._audioSessionId,
+      enabled: true,
+    });
+    port.postMessage({ type: 'diagnostics', enabled: true });
+  }
+
+  _endAudioSession() {
+    if (!this._audioSessionActive) return;
+    this._audioSessionActive = false;
+    const port = this._audioNode?.port;
+    port?.postMessage({ type: 'diagnostics', enabled: false });
+    port?.postMessage({
+      type: 'session',
+      sessionId: this._audioSessionId,
+      enabled: false,
+    });
+    port?.postMessage({ type: 'clear' });
+  }
+
+  /** Send one block to the worker if admission allows; otherwise stop. */
+  _postSamples(buffer) {
+    const worker = this._ensureWorker();
+    const { maxBlocks, maxBytes } = this._admission;
+    if (
+      this._pendingBlocks.size >= maxBlocks ||
+      this._pendingBytes + buffer.byteLength > maxBytes
+    ) {
+      this._overload('backlog');
+      return false;
+    }
+    const id = this._nextBlockId++;
+    const postedAt = this._decoderDiagnostics ? absoluteNow() : undefined;
+    this._pendingBlocks.set(id, {
+      bytes: buffer.byteLength,
+      at: monotonicNow(),
+      postedAt,
+    });
+    this._pendingBytes += buffer.byteLength;
+    if (this._decoderDiagnostics) {
+      const window = this._timingWindow;
+      window.pendingPeak = Math.max(
+        window.pendingPeak,
+        this._pendingBlocks.size,
+      );
+    }
+    // Spectra are used only by seek, so the decoder computes them only then.
+    const spectrum = this.state.seeking === true;
+    worker.postMessage(
+      postedAt === undefined
+        ? { type: 'samples', buffer, id, spectrum }
+        : { type: 'samples', buffer, id, spectrum, postedAt },
+      [buffer],
+    );
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  _acknowledgeBlock(id, ack = {}) {
+    const entry = this._pendingBlocks.get(id);
+    // Unknown, duplicate or already-cleared ids change nothing.
+    if (!entry) {
+      this._ackAnomalies += 1;
+      return;
+    }
+    this._pendingBlocks.delete(id);
+    this._pendingBytes -= entry.bytes;
+    this._lastAckId = id;
+    if (this._decoderDiagnostics && entry.postedAt !== undefined)
+      this._recordBlockTiming(id, entry.postedAt, ack);
+  }
+
+  /** Diagnostic mode: split one block's round trip into its hops. */
+  _recordBlockTiming(id, postedAt, ack) {
+    const received = absoluteNow();
+    const finite = (value) => (Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null);
+    const timing = {
+      id,
+      postedAt,
+      // Waiting in the worker's queue before it started this block.
+      queueMs: finite(ack.receivedAt - postedAt),
+      computeMs: finite(ack.computeMs),
+      // From the worker posting the ack to this thread handling it.
+      ackDelayMs: finite(received - ack.ackPostedAt),
+      rttMs: received - postedAt,
+    };
+    this._timingRing.push(timing);
+    if (this._timingRing.length > DECODER_TIMING_RING) this._timingRing.shift();
+    const window = this._timingWindow;
+    for (const key of ['queueMs', 'computeMs', 'ackDelayMs', 'rttMs']) {
+      if (timing[key] === null) continue;
+      const values = window[key];
+      if (values.length < DECODER_WINDOW_SAMPLES) values.push(timing[key]);
+      window.max[key] = Math.max(window.max[key] ?? -Infinity, timing[key]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Diagnostic mode: worker post to this thread, for FM audio messages. */
+  _recordAudioDelay(workerPostedAt) {
+    if (!this._decoderDiagnostics || !Number.isFinite(workerPostedAt)) return;
+    const delay = absoluteNow() - workerPostedAt;
+    const window = this._timingWindow;
+    if (window.audioDelayMs.length < DECODER_WINDOW_SAMPLES)
+      window.audioDelayMs.push(delay);
+    window.max.audioDelayMs = Math.max(
+      window.max.audioDelayMs ?? -Infinity,
+      delay,
+    );
+  }
+
+  _publishTimingWindow(now) {
+    const window = this._timingWindow;
+    this._timingWindow = newTimingWindow();
+    const summary = {};
+    for (const key of [
+      'queueMs',
+      'computeMs',
+      'ackDelayMs',
+      'rttMs',
+      'audioDelayMs',
+    ]) {
+      const values = window[key];
+      summary[key] = values.length
+        ? {
+            count: values.length,
+            p95: percentile(values, 0.95),
+            max: window.max[key],
+          }
+        : null;
+    }
+    summary.pendingPeak = Math.max(
+      window.pendingPeak,
+      this._pendingBlocks.size,
+    );
+    summary.oldestPendingPeakMs = Math.max(
+      window.oldestPeakMs,
+      this._oldestPendingAgeMs(now),
+    );
+    return summary;
+  }
+
+  _clearPendingBlocks() {
+    this._pendingBlocks.clear();
+    this._pendingBytes = 0;
+  }
+
+  _oldestPendingAgeMs(now = monotonicNow()) {
+    const first = this._pendingBlocks.values().next().value;
+    return first ? now - first.at : 0;
+  }
+
+  /** Bounds unacked age even when the worker hangs and no block arrives. */
+  _startWatchdog() {
+    this._stopWatchdog();
+    this._watchdog = setInterval(() => {
+      if (!this._device) return;
+      const now = monotonicNow();
+      const oldest = this._oldestPendingAgeMs(now);
+      if (oldest > this._admission.maxAgeMs) {
+        this._overload('stalled');
+        return;
+      }
+      if (this._decoderDiagnostics) {
+        const window = this._timingWindow;
+        window.oldestPeakMs = Math.max(window.oldestPeakMs, oldest);
+      }
+      if (now - this._lastAdmissionReport >= this._admission.reportMs) {
+        this._lastAdmissionReport = now;
+        this._setState({
+          decoderPendingBlocks: this._pendingBlocks.size,
+          decoderPendingBytes: this._pendingBytes,
+          decoderOldestPendingMs: oldest,
+          ...(this._decoderDiagnostics
+            ? { decoderTimings: this._publishTimingWindow(now) }
+            : {}),
+        });
+      }
+    }, this._admission.watchdogMs);
+    this._watchdog.unref?.();
+  }
+
+  _stopWatchdog() {
+    if (this._watchdog) clearInterval(this._watchdog);
+    this._watchdog = null;
+  }
+
+  /** Containment: stop with an explicit error instead of queueing input. */
+  _overload(reason) {
+    if (!this._device) return;
+    console.warn(`[SDR] Decoder overload (${reason}); stopping receiver`);
+    // Captured before stop() clears pending work and discards the worker.
+    const snapshot = this._overloadSnapshot(reason);
+    // Published before stopping; stop() preserves it, and nothing is set
+    // afterwards, so a reconnect started during teardown keeps its own state.
+    this._setState({
+      status: 'error',
+      connected: false,
+      decoderOverload: reason,
+      decoderOverloadSnapshot: snapshot,
+      message:
+        reason === 'startup'
+          ? t('SDR decoder did not start; receiver stopped')
+          : reason === 'stalled'
+            ? t('SDR decoder stopped responding; receiver stopped')
+            : t('SDR decoder fell behind; receiver stopped'),
+    });
+    void this.stop({ preserveMessage: true });
+  }
+
+  _overloadSnapshot(reason) {
+    const now = monotonicNow();
+    const snapshot = {
+      reason,
+      worker: this._workerSerial,
+      pendingBlocks: this._pendingBlocks.size,
+      pendingBytes: this._pendingBytes,
+      oldestPendingMs: this._oldestPendingAgeMs(now),
+      inflightReads: this._usbGate.reads.length,
+      controlWaiting: this._usbGate.waiting,
+      lastAckId: this._lastAckId,
+      nextBlockId: this._nextBlockId,
+      ackAnomalies: this._ackAnomalies,
+    };
+    if (this._decoderDiagnostics) {
+      snapshot.pending = [...this._pendingBlocks].map(([id, entry]) => ({
+        id,
+        ageMs: now - entry.at,
+        bytes: entry.bytes,
+      }));
+      snapshot.timings = this._timingRing.slice();
+      snapshot.window = this._publishTimingWindow(now);
+    }
+    return snapshot;
+  }
+
   _configureWorker() {
-    this._ensureWorker().postMessage({
+    const worker = this._ensureWorker();
+    // Every configuration starts a new decoder epoch, so output of blocks
+    // queued before it (another mode, or a failed retune) is never current.
+    const tune = ++this._fmTune;
+    worker.postMessage({
       type: 'configure',
+      tune,
       mode: this.state.mode,
       sampleRate: this.state.sampleRate,
       location: this.state.receiverLocation,
@@ -452,6 +855,25 @@ export class SdrController {
           outputChannelCount: [1],
         },
       );
+      // Local diagnostic candidate: expose playback accounting for the live test.
+      const audioNode = this._audioNode;
+      audioNode.port.onmessage = (event) => {
+        if (
+          this._audioNode !== audioNode ||
+          event.data?.type !== 'audioStats' ||
+          !this._device ||
+          this.state.mode !== 'fm'
+        )
+          return;
+        const { underruns, waiting, empty, dropped, queued } = event.data;
+        this._setState({
+          audioUnderruns: underruns,
+          audioWaitingFrames: waiting,
+          audioEmptyFrames: empty,
+          audioDroppedFrames: dropped,
+          audioQueuedFrames: queued,
+        });
+      };
       this._audioNode.connect(this._audioContext.destination);
       this._audioNode.port.postMessage({
         type: 'volume',
@@ -466,37 +888,78 @@ export class SdrController {
   }
 
   _handleWorkerMessage(message) {
+    // Output of an earlier decoder epoch (before a retune or reconfiguration)
+    // is stale in every field, not only its audio.
+    if (message.tune !== this._fmTune) return;
     const diagnostics = message.diagnostics;
-    if (diagnostics && Number.isFinite(diagnostics.workerBlocks)) {
-      this._setState({
-        workerBlocks: diagnostics.workerBlocks,
-        iqLevelDbfs: Number.isFinite(diagnostics.iqLevelDbfs)
-          ? diagnostics.iqLevelDbfs
-          : this.state.iqLevelDbfs,
-        audioLevelDbfs: Number.isFinite(diagnostics.audioLevelDbfs)
-          ? diagnostics.audioLevelDbfs
-          : this.state.audioLevelDbfs,
-      });
+    const levels =
+      diagnostics && Number.isFinite(diagnostics.workerBlocks)
+        ? {
+            workerBlocks: diagnostics.workerBlocks,
+            iqLevelDbfs: Number.isFinite(diagnostics.iqLevelDbfs)
+              ? diagnostics.iqLevelDbfs
+              : this.state.iqLevelDbfs,
+            audioLevelDbfs: Number.isFinite(diagnostics.audioLevelDbfs)
+              ? diagnostics.audioLevelDbfs
+              : this.state.audioLevelDbfs,
+          }
+        : null;
+    if (message.type === 'fm') {
+      this._recordAudioDelay(message.workerPostedAt);
+      // Display values only: merged and published at most every 250 ms, so
+      // every subscriber is not run for each 16 ms block.
+      const patch = {
+        ...(levels || {}),
+        ...(Number.isFinite(message.snr) ? { snr: message.snr } : {}),
+      };
+      if (Object.keys(patch).length)
+        this._fmLevelPatch = { ...(this._fmLevelPatch || {}), ...patch };
+      const now = monotonicNow();
+      if (
+        this._fmLevelPatch &&
+        now - this._fmLevelStateAt >= FM_LEVEL_STATE_MS
+      ) {
+        this._fmLevelStateAt = now;
+        const pending = this._fmLevelPatch;
+        this._fmLevelPatch = null;
+        this._setState(pending);
+      }
+    } else if (levels) {
+      this._setState(levels);
     }
     if (message.type === 'fm') {
+      // Audio from before the latest retune, from another mode, or from a
+      // session that has ended never reaches the player.
       if (
         message.samples instanceof Float32Array &&
+        message.samples.length > 0 &&
         this._audioNode &&
+        this._device &&
+        this._audioSessionActive &&
+        this.state.mode === 'fm' &&
+        message.tune === this._fmTune &&
         !this.state.seeking
       ) {
         this._audioNode.port.postMessage(
-          { type: 'samples', samples: message.samples },
+          {
+            type: 'samples',
+            sessionId: this._audioSessionId,
+            samples: message.samples,
+          },
           [message.samples.buffer],
         );
       }
-      if (message.bins instanceof Float32Array) {
+      // A spectrum of samples from before the latest retune is dropped.
+      if (
+        message.bins instanceof Float32Array &&
+        message.tune === this._fmTune
+      ) {
         this._spectrum = message.bins;
         this._spectrumSequence += 1;
         for (const waiter of this._spectrumWaiters)
           waiter(this._spectrumSequence);
         this._spectrumWaiters.clear();
       }
-      if (Number.isFinite(message.snr)) this._setState({ snr: message.snr });
       return;
     }
     if (message.type === 'adsb') {
@@ -592,6 +1055,8 @@ export class SdrController {
     if (!owned || !this._owns(token, device)) return false;
     this._configureWorker();
     this._audioNode?.port.postMessage({ type: 'clear' });
+    if (mode === 'fm') this._beginAudioSession();
+    else this._endAudioSession();
     return true;
   }
 
@@ -600,7 +1065,7 @@ export class SdrController {
     if (!this.state.webUsbSupported) {
       this._setState({
         status: 'unsupported',
-        message: 'WebUSB requires desktop Chrome or Edge',
+        message: t('WebUSB requires desktop Chrome or Edge'),
       });
       return false;
     }
@@ -609,7 +1074,7 @@ export class SdrController {
     const superseded = () => this._destroyed || token !== this._sessionToken;
     this._setState({
       status: 'connecting',
-      message: 'Waiting for an RTL-SDR device…',
+      message: t('Waiting for an RTL-SDR device…'),
     });
     let acquisition = null;
     try {
@@ -620,7 +1085,7 @@ export class SdrController {
       // consumes the click activation.
       if (nextMode === 'fm' && !(await this._ensureAudio())) {
         throw new Error(
-          'Browser audio is suspended; press Connect again to resume it',
+          t('Browser audio is suspended; press Connect again to resume it'),
         );
       }
       if (superseded()) return false;
@@ -665,6 +1130,7 @@ export class SdrController {
         audioLevelDbfs: null,
         ...this._resetAdsbCounters(),
       });
+      this._startWatchdog();
       void this._readLoop(this._readGeneration);
       return true;
     } catch (error) {
@@ -967,42 +1433,82 @@ export class SdrController {
     return connected;
   }
 
+  /** Wait (bounded) until the decoder has loaded; false ends this loop. */
+  async _decoderReady(generation) {
+    const startup = this._ensureWorker()[WORKER_READY];
+    if (!startup || startup.ready) return true;
+    let timer = null;
+    await Promise.race([
+      startup.promise,
+      new Promise((resolve) => {
+        timer = setTimeout(resolve, this._admission.readyTimeoutMs);
+      }),
+    ]);
+    clearTimeout(timer);
+    if (generation !== this._readGeneration) return false;
+    if (startup.ready) return true;
+    this._overload('startup');
+    return false;
+  }
+
   async _readLoop(generation) {
+    if (!(await this._decoderReady(generation))) return;
+    // Each read's delivery is chained to it in order, so a drained read has
+    // also been handed to the worker before any control work runs.
+    const inflight = [];
+    let chain = Promise.resolve();
+    const deliver = (block) => {
+      if (!this._device || generation !== this._readGeneration) return;
+      const buffer = block.data;
+      this._sampleWindowSamples += buffer.byteLength / 2;
+      const now = Date.now();
+      const elapsed = now - this._sampleWindowStartedAt;
+      if (elapsed >= RATE_WINDOW_MS) {
+        this._setState({
+          samplesPerSecond: Math.round(
+            (this._sampleWindowSamples * 1_000) / elapsed,
+          ),
+        });
+        this._sampleWindowStartedAt = now;
+        this._sampleWindowSamples = 0;
+      }
+      this._postSamples(buffer);
+    };
     while (this._device && generation === this._readGeneration) {
       try {
         const device = this._device;
-        // A transfer that never settles would hold the shared USB queue
-        // forever; past the deadline the session is torn down (stop() closes
-        // the raw USB device, which aborts the transfer).
-        const block = await this._queueUsb(() =>
-          withDeadline(
+        const gate = this._usbGate;
+        // Control work in this epoch drains this loop's reads; a retired
+        // gate's waiters are released and re-check the session above.
+        gate.reads = inflight;
+        // A transfer that never settles would hold control work forever; past
+        // the deadline the session is torn down (stop() closes the raw USB
+        // device, which aborts the transfer).
+        while (gate.waiting === 0 && inflight.length < READ_PIPELINE_DEPTH) {
+          const read = withDeadline(
             device.readSamples(READ_SAMPLE_COUNT),
             this._readStallMs,
             'RTL-SDR sample read stalled',
-          ),
-        );
-        if (!this._device || generation !== this._readGeneration) break;
-        const buffer = block.data;
-        this._sampleWindowSamples += buffer.byteLength / 2;
-        const now = Date.now();
-        const elapsed = now - this._sampleWindowStartedAt;
-        if (elapsed >= RATE_WINDOW_MS) {
-          this._setState({
-            samplesPerSecond: Math.round(
-              (this._sampleWindowSamples * 1_000) / elapsed,
-            ),
-          });
-          this._sampleWindowStartedAt = now;
-          this._sampleWindowSamples = 0;
+          );
+          read.catch(() => {});
+          chain = chain.then(() => read).then(deliver);
+          const handled = chain;
+          handled.catch(() => {});
+          inflight.push(handled);
         }
-        this._ensureWorker().postMessage({ type: 'samples', buffer }, [buffer]);
+        if (!inflight.length) {
+          await usbGateIdle(gate);
+          continue;
+        }
+        await inflight[0];
+        inflight.shift();
       } catch (error) {
         if (generation !== this._readGeneration) break;
         console.warn('[SDR] Sample read failed:', error);
         this._setState({
           connected: false,
           status: 'error',
-          message: 'RTL-SDR sample stream stopped',
+          message: t('RTL-SDR sample stream stopped'),
         });
         await this.stop({ preserveMessage: true });
         break;
@@ -1040,12 +1546,14 @@ export class SdrController {
       status: 'tuning',
       mode: nextMode,
       gain: this._gainByMode[nextMode],
-      message: `Switching to ${nextMode === 'adsb' ? 'ADS-B' : 'FM'}…`,
+      message: t('Switching to {mode}…', {
+        mode: nextMode === 'adsb' ? 'ADS-B' : 'FM',
+      }),
     });
     try {
       if (nextMode === 'fm' && !(await this._ensureAudio())) {
         throw new Error(
-          'Browser audio is suspended; select FM again to resume it',
+          t('Browser audio is suspended; select FM again to resume it'),
         );
       }
       // A stall teardown, stop() or reconnect during the switch supersedes
@@ -1116,7 +1624,7 @@ export class SdrController {
       console.warn('[SDR] Gain change failed:', error);
       this._setState({
         status: 'error',
-        message: 'RTL-SDR gain change failed',
+        message: t('RTL-SDR gain change failed'),
       });
       return null;
     }
@@ -1146,6 +1654,9 @@ export class SdrController {
       return true;
     }
     if (this.state.mode !== 'fm') await this.setMode('fm');
+    // Spectra are dropped from here until the worker takes this tag, so a
+    // retune that fails part-way never has them read at the wrong frequency.
+    const tune = ++this._fmTune;
     try {
       let actualFrequency = frequency;
       await this._queueUsb(async () => {
@@ -1153,7 +1664,7 @@ export class SdrController {
         if (Number.isFinite(tuned)) actualFrequency = tuned;
         await this._device.resetBuffer();
       });
-      this._worker?.postMessage({ type: 'reset' });
+      this._worker?.postMessage({ type: 'reset', tune });
       this._audioNode?.port.postMessage({ type: 'clear' });
       this._setState({
         frequencyHz: actualFrequency,
@@ -1161,7 +1672,9 @@ export class SdrController {
         ...(quiet
           ? {}
           : {
-              message: `Tuned to ${(frequency / 1_000_000).toFixed(1)} MHz FM`,
+              message: t('Tuned to {mhz} MHz FM', {
+                mhz: formatMhz(frequency),
+              }),
             }),
       });
       return true;
@@ -1196,18 +1709,29 @@ export class SdrController {
     const token = ++this._seekToken;
     this._setState({
       seeking: true,
-      seekMessage: `Seeking ${seekDirection > 0 ? 'up' : 'down'}…`,
+      seekMessage: seekDirection > 0 ? t('Seeking up…') : t('Seeking down…'),
     });
     this._audioNode?.port.postMessage({ type: 'volume', value: 0 });
     try {
-      for (let scan = 0; scan < 18 && token === this._seekToken; scan += 1) {
-        const span = FM_MAX_HZ - FM_MIN_HZ;
-        const rawCenter = origin + seekDirection * scan * 1_200_000;
-        const center = FM_MIN_HZ + positiveModulo(rawCenter - FM_MIN_HZ, span);
+      for (
+        let scan = 0;
+        scan < FM_SEEK_FRAMES && token === this._seekToken;
+        scan += 1
+      ) {
+        const rawCenter = origin + seekDirection * scan * FM_SEEK_STEP_HZ;
+        const position =
+          FM_SEEK_LAP_START_HZ +
+          positiveModulo(rawCenter - FM_SEEK_LAP_START_HZ, FM_SEEK_LAP_HZ);
+        const center = clampFmFrequency(position);
+        // tuneFm reports the failure; no spectrum is valid for this frame.
+        if (!(await this.tuneFm(center, { quiet: true }))) {
+          if (token === this._seekToken)
+            this._setState({ seeking: false, seekMessage: t('Seek stopped') });
+          return null;
+        }
         const sequence = this._spectrumSequence;
-        await this.tuneFm(center, { quiet: true });
         this._setState({
-          seekMessage: `Scanning ${(center / 1_000_000).toFixed(1)} MHz…`,
+          seekMessage: t('Scanning {mhz} MHz…', { mhz: formatMhz(center) }),
         });
         if (
           !(await this._waitForSpectrum(sequence)) ||
@@ -1219,20 +1743,31 @@ export class SdrController {
           this.state.frequencyHz,
           this.state.sampleRate,
           seekDirection,
-          origin,
+          // Past the wrap the origin lies a lap behind this frame.
+          origin + position - rawCenter,
+          // A full lap ends back on the origin's own station.
+          { skipFrequency: origin },
         );
         if (!peak) continue;
         await this.tuneFm(peak.frequency, { quiet: true });
         this._setState({
           seeking: false,
-          seekMessage: `Found ${(peak.frequency / 1_000_000).toFixed(1)} MHz · ${peak.snr.toFixed(1)} dB`,
-          message: `FM signal found at ${(peak.frequency / 1_000_000).toFixed(1)} MHz`,
+          seekMessage: t('Found {mhz} MHz · {snr} dB', {
+            mhz: formatMhz(peak.frequency),
+            snr: formatOneDecimal(peak.snr),
+          }),
+          message: t('FM signal found at {mhz} MHz', {
+            mhz: formatMhz(peak.frequency),
+          }),
         });
         return peak;
       }
       if (token === this._seekToken) {
         await this.tuneFm(origin, { quiet: true });
-        this._setState({ seeking: false, seekMessage: 'No FM signal found' });
+        this._setState({
+          seeking: false,
+          seekMessage: t('No FM signal found'),
+        });
       }
       return null;
     } finally {
@@ -1248,7 +1783,7 @@ export class SdrController {
   cancelSeek() {
     this._seekToken += 1;
     if (!this.state.seeking) return false;
-    this._setState({ seeking: false, seekMessage: 'Seek stopped' });
+    this._setState({ seeking: false, seekMessage: t('Seek stopped') });
     this._audioNode?.port.postMessage({
       type: 'volume',
       value: this.state.volume,
@@ -1268,7 +1803,7 @@ export class SdrController {
     if (typeof navigator === 'undefined' || !navigator.geolocation) {
       this._setState({
         locationStatus: 'unavailable',
-        message: 'Browser location is unavailable',
+        message: t('Browser location is unavailable'),
       });
       return false;
     }
@@ -1295,7 +1830,7 @@ export class SdrController {
       console.warn('[SDR] Receiver location failed:', error);
       this._setState({
         locationStatus: 'denied',
-        message: 'Receiver location was not granted',
+        message: t('Receiver location was not granted'),
       });
       return false;
     }
@@ -1311,6 +1846,11 @@ export class SdrController {
   async stop({ preserveMessage = false, message = null } = {}) {
     this.cancelSeek();
     this._readGeneration += 1;
+    // Before any await: the worker and its queued input and output are gone,
+    // and the player refuses this session, so nothing late is handled.
+    this._stopWatchdog();
+    this._discardWorker();
+    this._endAudioSession();
     const token = ++this._sessionToken;
     const device = this._device;
     const provider = this._provider;
@@ -1333,7 +1873,7 @@ export class SdrController {
       status: preserveMessage ? this.state.status : idleStatus,
       ...(preserveMessage
         ? {}
-        : { message: message || 'RTL-SDR disconnected' }),
+        : { message: message || t('RTL-SDR disconnected') }),
       snr: null,
       samplesPerSecond: 0,
       workerBlocks: 0,
@@ -1356,6 +1896,19 @@ export class SdrController {
   }
 }
 
+/** One decimal in the UI language ("98.5" / "98,5"); status text only. */
+function formatOneDecimal(value) {
+  return formatNumber(value, {
+    minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+    maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+    useGrouping: false,
+  });
+}
+
+function formatMhz(hz) {
+  return formatOneDecimal(hz / 1_000_000);
+}
+
 function positiveModulo(value, divisor) {
   return ((value % divisor) + divisor) % divisor;
 }
diff --git a/src/sdr/controller.test.mjs b/src/sdr/controller.test.mjs
index f8078dbe5..6abc1b6f4 100644
--- a/src/sdr/controller.test.mjs
+++ b/src/sdr/controller.test.mjs
@@ -33,7 +33,18 @@ function memoryStorage(initial = {}) {
 }
 
 class FakeWorker {
-  postMessage() {}
+  constructor() {
+    // Like the real worker, report ready once loaded.
+    queueMicrotask(() => this.onmessage?.({ data: { type: 'ready' } }));
+  }
+
+  // Like the real worker, every numbered samples block is acknowledged.
+  postMessage(message) {
+    if (message?.type === 'samples' && Number.isSafeInteger(message.id))
+      queueMicrotask(() =>
+        this.onmessage?.({ data: { type: 'ack', id: message.id } }),
+      );
+  }
   terminate() {}
 }
 
@@ -1020,3 +1031,259 @@ test("a device selection that resolves after its acquisition was superseded cann
   assert.equal(state.status, 'streaming');
   assert.equal(state.connected, true);
 });
+
+/** An FM spectrum frame centred on `center` with carriers at `stations`. */
+function fmSpectrum(stations, center, sampleRate) {
+  const bins = new Float32Array(512).fill(-80);
+  for (const station of stations) {
+    const index = Math.round(
+      (station - center) / (sampleRate / bins.length) + bins.length / 2,
+    );
+    for (let bin = index - 5; bin <= index + 5; bin += 1) {
+      if (bin >= 0 && bin < bins.length) bins[bin] = -10;
+    }
+  }
+  return bins;
+}
+
+/**
+ * An open FM receiver hearing `stations`. Like the real worker, spectra of
+ * samples read before a retune keep arriving after it: one during the retune
+ * and one after the worker's reset, each drawn at the previous centre and
+ * tagged with the previous tune, before the first spectrum at the new centre.
+ */
+function fmSeekController(stations) {
+  const events = [];
+  const controller = new SdrController({
+    storage: memoryStorage(),
+    webUsb: {},
+  });
+  const { sampleRate } = controller.getState();
+  let center = null;
+  let workerTune = 0;
+  const deliver = (tune, at) =>
+    controller._handleWorkerMessage({
+      type: 'fm',
+      bins: fmSpectrum(stations, at, sampleRate),
+      tune,
+    });
+  let previous = null;
+  controller._worker = {
+    postMessage(message) {
+      if (message.type !== 'reset') return;
+      const stale = [workerTune, previous];
+      const fresh = [message.tune, center];
+      workerTune = message.tune;
+      if (stale[1] !== null) setTimeout(() => deliver(...stale), 0);
+      setTimeout(() => deliver(...fresh), 1);
+    },
+    terminate() {},
+  };
+  const device = fakeDevice(events);
+  const setCenterFrequency = device.setCenterFrequency;
+  device.setCenterFrequency = async (frequency) => {
+    if (center !== null) deliver(workerTune, center);
+    previous = center;
+    center = frequency;
+    return setCenterFrequency(frequency);
+  };
+  controller._device = device;
+  return { controller, events };
+}
+
+async function seekFrom(origin, direction, stations, prepare = () => {}) {
+  const { controller, events } = fmSeekController(stations);
+  await controller.tuneFm(origin);
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  prepare(controller);
+  events.length = 0;
+  const scanned = new Set();
+  controller.subscribe(({ seekMessage }) => {
+    const match = /^Scanning ([\d.]+) MHz/.exec(seekMessage);
+    if (match) scanned.add(Number(match[1]));
+  });
+  const peak = await controller.seekFm(direction);
+  const tuned = events.filter((event) => event.startsWith('device:tune:'));
+  return { peak, state: controller.getState(), tuned, scanned };
+}
+
+test('FM seek wraps past either band edge and finds the next station', async () => {
+  const cases = [
+    // [origin, direction, stations, expected]
+    [107_500_000, 1, [88_500_000], 88_500_000],
+    [107_500_000, 1, [106_000_000, 88_500_000, 87_900_000], 87_900_000],
+    [107_900_000, 1, [87_500_000], 87_500_000],
+    [88_000_000, -1, [107_000_000], 107_000_000],
+    [88_000_000, -1, [89_000_000, 107_000_000, 107_600_000], 107_600_000],
+    [87_600_000, -1, [108_000_000], 108_000_000],
+  ];
+  for (const [origin, direction, stations, expected] of cases) {
+    const { peak, state } = await seekFrom(origin, direction, stations);
+    const label = `${direction > 0 ? 'up' : 'down'} from ${origin}`;
+    assert.equal(peak?.frequency, expected, label);
+    assert.equal(state.frequencyHz, expected, label);
+    assert.equal(state.seeking, false, label);
+  }
+});
+
+test('FM seek reaches both band-edge channels from anywhere in the band', async () => {
+  for (let origin = 87_600_000; origin < 108_000_000; origin += 1_300_000) {
+    for (const direction of [1, -1]) {
+      for (const station of [87_500_000, 108_000_000]) {
+        const { peak } = await seekFrom(origin, direction, [station]);
+        assert.equal(
+          peak?.frequency,
+          station,
+          `${direction > 0 ? 'up' : 'down'} from ${origin} to ${station}`,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('FM seek laps the band to a station just behind the origin', async () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    (await seekFrom(98_500_000, 1, [98_200_000])).peak?.frequency,
+    98_200_000,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    (await seekFrom(98_500_000, -1, [98_800_000])).peak?.frequency,
+    98_800_000,
+  );
+});
+
+test('FM seek with no other station stops after one lap and returns to the origin', async () => {
+  for (const stations of [[], [98_500_000]]) {
+    for (const direction of [1, -1]) {
+      const { peak, state, tuned, scanned } = await seekFrom(
+        98_500_000,
+        direction,
+        stations,
+      );
+      const label = `${stations.length} station(s), direction ${direction}`;
+      assert.equal(peak, null, label);
+      assert.equal(state.seeking, false, label);
+      assert.equal(state.seekMessage, 'No FM signal found', label);
+      assert.equal(state.frequencyHz, 98_500_000, label);
+      // 19 frames, then the retune to the origin.
+      assert.equal(tuned.length, 20, label);
+      for (const mhz of scanned) {
+        assert.ok(mhz >= 87.5 && mhz <= 108, `${label}: scanning ${mhz} MHz`);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('FM seek passes over its own station to the next one in the same frame', async () => {
+  // The first frame's spectrum never arrives, so 98.7 is first seen in the
+  // last frame of the lap, behind the origin's own carrier.
+  const { peak } = await seekFrom(
+    98_500_000,
+    1,
+    [98_500_000, 98_700_000],
+    (controller) => {
+      const wait = controller._waitForSpectrum.bind(controller);
+      let first = true;
+      controller._waitForSpectrum = async (...args) => {
+        if (!first) return wait(...args);
+        first = false;
+        return false;
+      };
+    },
+  );
+  assert.equal(peak?.frequency, 98_700_000);
+});
+
+test('FM seek stops when a retune fails instead of reading the old frame', async () => {
+  const { peak, state, tuned } = await seekFrom(
+    98_500_000,
+    1,
+    [102_100_000],
+    (controller) => {
+      const device = controller._device;
+      const setCenterFrequency = device.setCenterFrequency;
+      let calls = 0;
+      device.setCenterFrequency = async (frequency) => {
+        calls += 1;
+        if (calls === 2) throw new Error('transfer error');
+        return setCenterFrequency(frequency);
+      };
+    },
+  );
+  assert.equal(peak, null);
+  assert.equal(state.seeking, false);
+  assert.equal(state.seekMessage, 'Seek stopped');
+  assert.equal(state.status, 'error');
+  assert.equal(tuned.length, 1, 'no frame is tuned after the failure');
+});
+
+test('a retune that fails part-way drops spectra until a retune succeeds', async () => {
+  const resets = [];
+  const controller = new SdrController({
+    storage: memoryStorage(),
+    webUsb: {},
+  });
+  const device = fakeDevice();
+  controller._device = device;
+  controller._worker = {
+    postMessage: (message) => {
+      if (message.type === 'reset') resets.push(message.tune);
+    },
+    terminate() {},
+  };
+  const spectrum = (tune) =>
+    controller._handleWorkerMessage({
+      type: 'fm',
+      bins: new Float32Array(512),
+      tune,
+    });
+  assert.equal(await controller.tuneFm(98_500_000), true);
+  const workerTune = resets.at(-1);
+  spectrum(workerTune);
+  const accepted = controller._spectrumSequence;
+  assert.equal(accepted, 1);
+  // The tuner moves, then the buffer reset fails: the worker is never reset,
+  // so samples at the new frequency still carry its old tag.
+  device.resetBuffer = async () => {
+    throw new Error('transfer error');
+  };
+  assert.equal(await controller.tuneFm(99_700_000), false);
+  assert.deepEqual(resets, [workerTune]);
+  spectrum(workerTune);
+  assert.equal(controller._spectrumSequence, accepted);
+  device.resetBuffer = async () => {};
+  assert.equal(await controller.tuneFm(99_700_000), true);
+  spectrum(resets.at(-1));
+  assert.equal(controller._spectrumSequence, accepted + 1);
+});
+
+test("a rebuilt decoder worker's spectra are accepted before its first reset", async (t) => {
+  const workers = [];
+  class TaggedWorker {
+    constructor() {
+      workers.push(this);
+    }
+
+    postMessage() {}
+
+    terminate() {}
+  }
+  t.after(replaceGlobal('Worker', TaggedWorker));
+  const controller = new SdrController({
+    storage: memoryStorage(),
+    webUsb: {},
+  });
+  controller._device = fakeDevice();
+  controller._ensureWorker();
+  await controller.tuneFm(98_500_000);
+  await controller.tuneFm(99_700_000);
+  controller._discardWorker();
+  controller._ensureWorker();
+  assert.equal(workers.length, 2);
+  const before = controller._spectrumSequence;
+  // Like sdr.worker.js, a fresh worker tags its spectra 0 until a reset.
+  workers[1].onmessage({
+    data: { type: 'fm', bins: new Float32Array(512), tune: 0 },
+  });
+  assert.equal(controller._spectrumSequence, before + 1);
+});
diff --git a/src/sdr/decoderDiagnostics.test.mjs b/src/sdr/decoderDiagnostics.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39b7e4d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/sdr/decoderDiagnostics.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { Worker as ThreadWorker } from 'node:worker_threads';
+
+import { SdrController } from './controller.js';
+
+const ADMISSION = {
+  maxBlocks: 4,
+  maxBytes: 4 * 64,
+  maxAgeMs: 200,
+  watchdogMs: 10,
+  reportMs: 20,
+  readyTimeoutMs: 500,
+};
+
+const pause = (ms = 0) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+
+async function until(check, ms = 1_000) {
+  const deadline = Date.now() + ms;
+  while (!check()) {
+    if (Date.now() > deadline) throw new Error('condition not reached');
+    await pause(2);
+  }
+}
+
+/** Decoder stand-in; with `timings` it answers like the real worker in diagnostic mode. */
+function installWorker(t, { ack = 'auto', timings = true } = {}) {
+  const workers = [];
+  class TimedWorker {
+    constructor() {
+      this.messages = [];
+      this.terminated = false;
+      workers.push(this);
+      setTimeout(() => this.emit({ type: 'ready' }), 0);
+    }
+    postMessage(message) {
+      this.messages.push(message);
+      if (message?.type !== 'samples') return;
+      if (ack === 'auto') queueMicrotask(() => this.ack(message));
+    }
+    ack(message) {
+      const now = performance.timeOrigin + performance.now();
+      this.emit(
+        timings && Number.isFinite(message.postedAt)
+          ? {
+              type: 'ack',
+              id: message.id,
+              receivedAt: now,
+              computeMs: 0.5,
+              ackPostedAt: now,
+            }
+          : { type: 'ack', id: message.id },
+      );
+    }
+    emit(data) {
+      this.onmessage?.({ data });
+    }
+    terminate() {
+      this.terminated = true;
+    }
+  }
+  const prior = globalThis.Worker;
+  globalThis.Worker = TimedWorker;
+  t.after(() => {
+    globalThis.Worker = prior;
+  });
+  return workers;
+}
+
+function streaming(t, { reads = Infinity, diagnostics = false } = {}) {
+  const controller = new SdrController({
+    storage: { getItem: () => null, setItem() {} },
+    webUsb: {},
+    workerAdmission: ADMISSION,
+    decoderDiagnostics: diagnostics,
+  });
+  const audio = [];
+  controller._audioNode = {
+    port: { postMessage: (message) => audio.push(message) },
+  };
+  let served = 0;
+  const device = {
+    readSamples: () =>
+      served++ < reads
+        ? new Promise((resolve) =>
+            setTimeout(() => resolve({ data: new ArrayBuffer(64) }), 1),
+          )
+        : new Promise(() => {}),
+    close: async () => {},
+  };
+  controller._device = device;
+  controller._setState({ mode: 'fm', status: 'streaming', connected: true });
+  controller._beginAudioSession();
+  controller._readGeneration += 1;
+  controller._startWatchdog();
+  void controller._readLoop(controller._readGeneration);
+  t.after(() => {
+    controller._stopWatchdog();
+    controller._readGeneration += 1;
+    controller._device = null;
+  });
+  return { controller, audio };
+}
+
+test('FM SNR and levels publish at most every 250 ms, while audio and spectrum stay immediate', async (t) => {
+  // Acknowledging decoder, so the 200 ms age bound does not stop the session.
+  const workers = installWorker(t);
+  const { controller, audio } = streaming(t, { reads: 1 });
+  await until(() => workers[0]?.messages.some((m) => m.type === 'samples'));
+  const worker = workers[0];
+  const tune = controller._fmTune;
+  // subscribe() reports the full state now and on every change, so count
+  // actual changes of the published SNR value.
+  let snrUpdates = 0;
+  let lastSnr;
+  let first = true;
+  controller.subscribe((state) => {
+    if (first) {
+      first = false;
+      lastSnr = state.snr;
+      return;
+    }
+    if (state.snr !== lastSnr) {
+      snrUpdates += 1;
+      lastSnr = state.snr;
+    }
+  });
+  const spectrumBefore = controller._spectrumSequence;
+  for (let index = 0; index < 20; index += 1) {
+    worker.emit({
+      type: 'fm',
+      tune,
+      snr: index,
+      samples: new Float32Array(4),
+      bins: new Float32Array(16),
+      diagnostics:
+        index === 7
+          ? { workerBlocks: 700, iqLevelDbfs: -9, audioLevelDbfs: -12 }
+          : null,
+    });
+  }
+  const forwarded = audio.filter((m) => m.type === 'samples').length;
+  assert.equal(forwarded, 20, 'every block of audio forwarded immediately');
+  assert.equal(
+    controller._spectrumSequence - spectrumBefore,
+    20,
+    'spectrum immediate',
+  );
+  assert.equal(snrUpdates, 1, 'one display update for 20 blocks');
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().snr, 0);
+  await pause(260);
+  worker.emit({ type: 'fm', tune, snr: 99, samples: new Float32Array(4) });
+  assert.equal(snrUpdates, 2);
+  const state = controller.getState();
+  assert.equal(state.snr, 99, 'latest value published');
+  assert.equal(state.workerBlocks, 700, 'a level update held back is not lost');
+  assert.equal(state.iqLevelDbfs, -9);
+});
+
+test('diagnostics are off by default: no timestamps, no timing state', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t);
+  const { controller } = streaming(t, { reads: 30 });
+  await until(
+    () => workers[0]?.messages.filter((m) => m.type === 'samples').length >= 30,
+  );
+  await pause(40);
+  const samples = workers[0].messages.filter((m) => m.type === 'samples');
+  assert.ok(samples.every((m) => !('postedAt' in m)));
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().decoderTimings, undefined);
+  assert.equal(controller._timingRing.length, 0);
+});
+
+test('diagnostic timings: fixed-size per-second summaries; the 256-record ring stays internal', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t);
+  const { controller } = streaming(t, { reads: 300, diagnostics: true });
+  const published = [];
+  controller.subscribe((state) => {
+    if (state.decoderTimings) published.push(state.decoderTimings);
+  });
+  await until(
+    () =>
+      workers[0]?.messages.filter((m) => m.type === 'samples').length >= 300,
+    5_000,
+  );
+  await pause(40);
+  assert.equal(controller._timingRing.length, 256, 'ring capped at 256');
+  assert.ok(published.length > 0);
+  for (const summary of published) {
+    assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(summary).sort(), [
+      'ackDelayMs',
+      'audioDelayMs',
+      'computeMs',
+      'oldestPendingPeakMs',
+      'pendingPeak',
+      'queueMs',
+      'rttMs',
+    ]);
+    assert.ok(!('timings' in summary) && !Array.isArray(summary.queueMs));
+    if (summary.computeMs) {
+      assert.ok(summary.computeMs.count <= 256);
+      assert.equal(summary.computeMs.max, 0.5);
+    }
+    assert.ok(summary.pendingPeak <= ADMISSION.maxBlocks);
+  }
+});
+
+test('an overload freezes one snapshot before pending work is cleared', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { ack: 'manual' });
+  const { controller } = streaming(t, { diagnostics: true });
+  await until(() => controller.getState().status === 'error');
+  const snapshot = controller.getState().decoderOverloadSnapshot;
+  assert.equal(snapshot.reason, 'backlog');
+  assert.equal(snapshot.pendingBlocks, ADMISSION.maxBlocks);
+  assert.equal(snapshot.pendingBytes, ADMISSION.maxBytes);
+  assert.equal(snapshot.pending.length, ADMISSION.maxBlocks);
+  assert.ok(snapshot.pending.every((entry) => entry.bytes === 64));
+  assert.ok(Number.isFinite(snapshot.inflightReads));
+  assert.ok(Array.isArray(snapshot.timings) && snapshot.timings.length <= 256);
+  assert.equal(controller._pendingBlocks.size, 0, 'cleared after the snapshot');
+  assert.equal(workers[0].terminated, true);
+});
+
+test('without diagnostics the overload snapshot keeps counts only', async (t) => {
+  installWorker(t, { ack: 'manual' });
+  const { controller } = streaming(t);
+  await until(() => controller.getState().status === 'error');
+  const snapshot = controller.getState().decoderOverloadSnapshot;
+  assert.equal(snapshot.pendingBlocks, ADMISSION.maxBlocks);
+  assert.equal(snapshot.pending, undefined);
+  assert.equal(snapshot.timings, undefined);
+});
+
+test('the real decoder returns timings only for stamped blocks', async (t) => {
+  const module = new URL('./sdr.worker.js', import.meta.url).href;
+  const thread = new ThreadWorker(
+    `const { parentPort } = require('node:worker_threads');
+     globalThis.self = globalThis;
+     self.postMessage = (m, transfer) => parentPort.postMessage(m, transfer);
+     parentPort.on('message', (data) => self.onmessage && self.onmessage({ data }));
+     import(${JSON.stringify(module)});`,
+    { eval: true },
+  );
+  t.after(() => thread.terminate());
+  const inbox = [];
+  thread.on('message', (message) => inbox.push(message));
+  await until(() => inbox.some((m) => m.type === 'ready'), 5_000);
+  thread.postMessage({
+    type: 'configure',
+    mode: 'fm',
+    sampleRate: 2_048_000,
+    tune: 1,
+  });
+  const block = () => {
+    const bytes = new Uint8Array(32_768 * 2).fill(128);
+    return bytes.buffer;
+  };
+  const stamped = block();
+  const postedAt = performance.timeOrigin + performance.now();
+  thread.postMessage({ type: 'samples', buffer: stamped, id: 0, postedAt }, [
+    stamped,
+  ]);
+  const plain = block();
+  thread.postMessage({ type: 'samples', buffer: plain, id: 1 }, [plain]);
+  await until(() => inbox.filter((m) => m.type === 'ack').length === 2, 5_000);
+  const [timed, untimed] = inbox.filter((m) => m.type === 'ack');
+  assert.ok(
+    timed.receivedAt >= postedAt - 5,
+    'receipt after posting (clock skew tolerance)',
+  );
+  assert.ok(timed.computeMs >= 0 && timed.computeMs < 5_000);
+  assert.ok(timed.ackPostedAt >= timed.receivedAt);
+  assert.deepEqual(Object.keys(untimed).sort(), ['id', 'type']);
+  const fm = inbox.filter((m) => m.type === 'fm');
+  assert.ok(Number.isFinite(fm[0].workerPostedAt));
+  assert.equal(fm[1].workerPostedAt, undefined);
+});
+
+test('blocks request a spectrum only while seeking', (t) => {
+  // Deterministic: the _postSamples contract directly, no read loop or polling.
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { ack: 'manual' });
+  const controller = new SdrController({
+    storage: { getItem: () => null, setItem() {} },
+    webUsb: {},
+    workerAdmission: ADMISSION,
+  });
+  const post = () => {
+    assert.equal(controller._postSamples(new ArrayBuffer(64)), true);
+    const sent = workers[0].messages.filter((m) => m.type === 'samples');
+    return sent[sent.length - 1];
+  };
+  controller._setState({ seeking: false });
+  assert.equal(post().spectrum, false, 'listening: no spectrum');
+  controller._setState({ seeking: true });
+  assert.equal(post().spectrum, true, 'seeking: spectrum requested');
+  controller._setState({ seeking: false });
+  assert.equal(post().spectrum, false, 'after seek: no spectrum');
+  // The diagnostic branch carries the same flag.
+  controller._decoderDiagnostics = true;
+  controller._setState({ seeking: true });
+  const stamped = post();
+  assert.equal(stamped.spectrum, true);
+  assert.ok(Number.isFinite(stamped.postedAt));
+});
+
+test('the real decoder computes spectra only when requested, with audio unchanged', async (t) => {
+  const module = new URL('./sdr.worker.js', import.meta.url).href;
+  const thread = new ThreadWorker(
+    `const { parentPort } = require('node:worker_threads');
+     globalThis.self = globalThis;
+     self.postMessage = (m, transfer) => parentPort.postMessage(m, transfer);
+     parentPort.on('message', (data) => self.onmessage && self.onmessage({ data }));
+     import(${JSON.stringify(module)});`,
+    { eval: true },
+  );
+  t.after(() => thread.terminate());
+  const inbox = [];
+  thread.on('message', (message) => inbox.push(message));
+  await until(() => inbox.some((m) => m.type === 'ready'), 5_000);
+  const tone = () => {
+    const bytes = new Uint8Array(32_768 * 2);
+    for (let n = 0; n < 32_768; n += 1) {
+      const phase = (2 * Math.PI * 100_000 * n) / 2_048_000;
+      bytes[2 * n] = Math.round(127.5 + 60 * Math.cos(phase));
+      bytes[2 * n + 1] = Math.round(127.5 + 60 * Math.sin(phase));
+    }
+    return bytes.buffer;
+  };
+  const run = async (spectrum, firstId) => {
+    // A reset starts each run at block 0 with identical decoder state.
+    thread.postMessage({ type: 'reset', tune: 1 });
+    thread.postMessage({
+      type: 'configure',
+      mode: 'fm',
+      sampleRate: 2_048_000,
+      tune: 1,
+    });
+    for (let index = 0; index < 6; index += 1) {
+      const buffer = tone();
+      thread.postMessage(
+        { type: 'samples', buffer, id: firstId + index, spectrum },
+        [buffer],
+      );
+    }
+    await until(
+      () =>
+        inbox.filter((m) => m.type === 'ack' && m.id >= firstId).length === 6,
+      5_000,
+    );
+    return inbox.filter((m) => m.type === 'fm').splice(-6);
+  };
+  const listening = await run(false, 0);
+  const seeking = await run(true, 100);
+  assert.ok(
+    listening.every((m) => m.bins === null),
+    'no FFT while listening',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    seeking.filter((m) => m.bins instanceof Float32Array).length,
+    2,
+    'every third block',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    listening.map((m) => m.samples.length),
+    seeking.map((m) => m.samples.length),
+    'audio output unchanged',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    Array.from(listening[5].samples),
+    Array.from(seeking[5].samples),
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/sdr/readPipeline.diag.test.mjs b/src/sdr/readPipeline.diag.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a2253d17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/sdr/readPipeline.diag.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+// Diagnostic prototype tests (isolated copy only): pipelined reads and control drain ordering.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { SdrController } from './controller.js';
+
+function rig() {
+  const log = [];
+  const reads = [];
+  const c = new SdrController({
+    storage: { getItem: () => null, setItem() {} },
+    webUsb: {},
+  });
+  c._worker = {
+    postMessage(m) {
+      if (m.type === 'samples') log.push(`block:${m.buffer.byteLength}`);
+      else log.push(`worker:${m.type}`);
+    },
+    terminate() {},
+  };
+  c._device = {
+    readSamples: () =>
+      new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+        const id = reads.length;
+        reads.push({ resolve, reject, id });
+        log.push(`issue:${id}`);
+      }),
+  };
+  c._readGeneration += 1;
+  void c._readLoop(c._readGeneration);
+  const settle = () => new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 0));
+  const finish = (id) => reads[id].resolve({ data: new ArrayBuffer(8 + id) });
+  return {
+    c,
+    log,
+    reads,
+    settle,
+    finish,
+    rejectFirst: () => reads[0].reject(new Error('transfer error')),
+    stop: () => {
+      c._readGeneration += 1;
+      c._device = null;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('reads stay queued at the host while a completed block is handled', async () => {
+  const r = rig();
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    r.reads.length,
+    4,
+    'four reads outstanding before any completes',
+  );
+  r.finish(0);
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    r.reads.length,
+    5,
+    'a replacement read is issued as soon as one completes',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    r.log.filter((e) => e.startsWith('block')),
+    ['block:8'],
+  );
+  r.stop();
+});
+
+test('control work waits for in-flight reads, and no read is issued until it finishes', async () => {
+  const r = rig();
+  await r.settle();
+  let ran = false;
+  const control = r.c._queueUsb(async () => {
+    r.log.push('control');
+    ran = true;
+  });
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.equal(ran, false, 'control waits for queued reads');
+  for (const id of [0, 1, 2, 3]) r.finish(id);
+  await control;
+  await r.settle();
+  const at = r.log.indexOf('control');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    r.log.slice(at - 4, at),
+    ['block:8', 'block:9', 'block:10', 'block:11'],
+    'every pre-control block is delivered first',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    r.log.slice(at + 1).some((e) => e.startsWith('issue:')),
+    'reads resume after control',
+  );
+  assert.ok(
+    !r.log
+      .slice(r.log.indexOf('issue:3') + 1, at)
+      .some((e) => e.startsWith('issue:')),
+    'no read issued while control pending',
+  );
+  r.stop();
+});
+
+test('a retune posts its tagged reset only after every pre-retune block reached the worker', async () => {
+  const r = rig();
+  Object.assign(r.c._device, {
+    setCenterFrequency: async (f) => {
+      r.log.push(`tune:${f}`);
+      return f;
+    },
+    resetBuffer: async () => {
+      r.log.push('resetBuffer');
+    },
+  });
+  r.c._setState({ mode: 'fm', status: 'streaming' });
+  await r.settle();
+  const tuned = r.c.tuneFm(99_000_000, { quiet: true });
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.ok(
+    !r.log.includes('tune:99000000'),
+    'tuner untouched while reads are in flight',
+  );
+  for (const id of [0, 1, 2, 3]) r.finish(id);
+  assert.equal(await tuned, true);
+  await r.settle();
+  const reset = r.log.indexOf('worker:reset');
+  const tune = r.log.indexOf('tune:99000000');
+  const preBlocks = r.log.slice(0, tune).filter((e) => e.startsWith('block'));
+  assert.deepEqual(preBlocks, ['block:8', 'block:9', 'block:10', 'block:11']);
+  assert.ok(tune < reset, 'tuner and buffer reset before the worker reset');
+  assert.ok(
+    !r.log.slice(tune, reset).some((e) => e.startsWith('block')),
+    'no block between retune and reset',
+  );
+  r.stop();
+});
+
+function newSession(r, name) {
+  const reads = [];
+  r.c._device = {
+    readSamples: () =>
+      new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+        reads.push({ resolve, reject });
+        r.log.push(`${name}:issue:${reads.length - 1}`);
+      }),
+  };
+  r.c._readGeneration += 1;
+  void r.c._readLoop(r.c._readGeneration);
+  return reads;
+}
+
+test('a hung control operation cannot block a new session after the queue is abandoned', async () => {
+  const r = rig();
+  await r.settle();
+  let release;
+  const hung = r.c._queueUsb(
+    () => new Promise((resolve) => (release = resolve)),
+  );
+  for (const id of [0, 1, 2, 3]) r.finish(id);
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.equal(typeof release, 'function', 'old control work is running');
+  // Forced teardown: abandon the queue, end the old generation, open a new session.
+  r.c._resetUsbQueue();
+  r.c._readGeneration += 1;
+  const reads = newSession(r, 'new');
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.equal(
+    reads.length,
+    4,
+    'the new session streams despite the hung old work',
+  );
+  // The old work settles late: it must not touch the new gate.
+  release();
+  await hung;
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.equal(r.c._usbGate.waiting, 0);
+  let ran = false;
+  const control = r.c._queueUsb(async () => (ran = true));
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.equal(ran, false, 'new control work still waits for the new reads');
+  reads.forEach((read) => read.resolve({ data: new ArrayBuffer(4) }));
+  await control;
+  assert.equal(ran, true);
+  r.c._readGeneration += 1;
+  r.c._device = null;
+});
+
+test('blocks read by an ended session are never delivered after reconnect', async () => {
+  const r = rig();
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.equal(r.reads.length, 4);
+  // Session ends with four reads outstanding; a new session starts.
+  r.c._readGeneration += 1;
+  const reads = newSession(r, 'new');
+  await r.settle();
+  for (const id of [0, 1, 2, 3]) r.finish(id); // old reads complete late
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.ok(
+    !r.log.some((e) => /^block:(8|9|10|11)$/.test(e)),
+    'no old block reached the worker',
+  );
+  reads[0].resolve({ data: new ArrayBuffer(100) });
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.ok(r.log.includes('block:100'), 'the new session delivers');
+  r.c._readGeneration += 1;
+  r.c._device = null;
+});
+
+test('a read that fails while control work is pending still lets the drain settle', async () => {
+  const r = rig();
+  await r.settle();
+  r.c.stop = async () => {
+    r.log.push('stop');
+    return true;
+  };
+  let ran = false;
+  const control = r.c._queueUsb(async () => (ran = true));
+  // First read fails (as a stalled or aborted transfer would); the rest complete.
+  r.finish(1);
+  r.finish(2);
+  r.finish(3);
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.equal(ran, false, 'drain waits for the outstanding failing read');
+  // Reject the first transfer.
+  r.rejectFirst();
+  await control;
+  await r.settle();
+  assert.equal(ran, true, 'control work runs once every read has settled');
+  assert.ok(r.log.includes('stop'), 'the failed read ended the session');
+});
diff --git a/src/sdr/sdr.worker.js b/src/sdr/sdr.worker.js
index 07f3c5bc6..ef1cb22b7 100644
--- a/src/sdr/sdr.worker.js
+++ b/src/sdr/sdr.worker.js
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ let sampleRate = 2_048_000;
 let receiverLocation = null;
 let demodulator = null;
 let blockCount = 0;
+let tune = 0;
+// True while handling a block the controller stamped for diagnostics.
+let timedBlock = false;
 const aircraft = new Map();
 // Positions refused by the decoder's speed check since the last clear.
 const decoderStats = { positionsRejected: 0 };
@@ -85,9 +88,49 @@ function publicAircraft() {
   return records;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Every samples message the controller numbered is acknowledged once, after
+ * any decoder output, whatever this worker did with it (FM, ADS-B, nothing,
+ * or an error, which still reaches onerror). The controller bounds unacked
+ * work, so an acknowledgement must never depend on producing output.
+ */
 self.onmessage = (event) => {
   const message = event.data || {};
+  if (message.type !== 'samples' || !Number.isSafeInteger(message.id)) {
+    handleMessage(message);
+    return;
+  }
+  // Diagnostic mode only: the controller stamped the block, so time it here.
+  const timed = Number.isFinite(message.postedAt);
+  const receivedAt = timed ? absoluteNow() : 0;
+  const started = timed ? performance.now() : 0;
+  timedBlock = timed;
+  try {
+    handleMessage(message);
+  } finally {
+    timedBlock = false;
+    self.postMessage(
+      timed
+        ? {
+            type: 'ack',
+            id: message.id,
+            receivedAt,
+            computeMs: performance.now() - started,
+            ackPostedAt: absoluteNow(),
+          }
+        : { type: 'ack', id: message.id },
+    );
+  }
+};
+
+/** Wall-aligned milliseconds comparable across the page and its workers. */
+function absoluteNow() {
+  return performance.timeOrigin + performance.now();
+}
+
+function handleMessage(message) {
   if (message.type === 'configure') {
+    if (Number.isSafeInteger(message.tune)) tune = message.tune;
     configure(message.mode, message.sampleRate, message.location);
     return;
   }
@@ -97,6 +140,7 @@ self.onmessage = (event) => {
   }
   if (message.type === 'reset') {
     blockCount = 0;
+    tune = message.tune;
     adsbStream.reset();
     if (message.clearAircraft) {
       aircraft.clear();
@@ -110,7 +154,11 @@ self.onmessage = (event) => {
 
   blockCount += 1;
   if (mode === 'fm') {
-    const bins = blockCount % 3 === 0 ? analyzeSpectrum(message.buffer) : null;
+    // Only seek reads spectra: skip the FFT and its transfer otherwise.
+    const bins =
+      message.spectrum === true && blockCount % 3 === 0
+        ? analyzeSpectrum(message.buffer)
+        : null;
     const { i, q, iqLevelDbfs } = normalizedIq(message.buffer);
     const decoded = demodulator.demodulate(i, q, 0);
     // The demodulator owns pooled output arrays. Transfer a copy so detaching
@@ -119,8 +167,10 @@ self.onmessage = (event) => {
     self.postMessage(
       {
         type: 'fm',
+        ...(timedBlock ? { workerPostedAt: absoluteNow() } : {}),
         samples,
         bins,
+        tune,
         snr:
           Number.isFinite(decoded.snr) && decoded.snr > 0
             ? 10 * Math.log10(decoded.snr)
@@ -151,6 +201,7 @@ self.onmessage = (event) => {
   if (decodedCount || removed || blockCount % 30 === 0) {
     self.postMessage({
       type: 'adsb',
+      tune,
       aircraft: publicAircraft(),
       decodedCount,
       positionsRejected: decoderStats.positionsRejected,
@@ -163,6 +214,8 @@ self.onmessage = (event) => {
           : null,
     });
   }
-};
+}
 
 configure(mode, sampleRate, receiverLocation);
+// Module loaded and configured: the controller may start sending blocks.
+self.postMessage({ type: 'ready' });
diff --git a/src/sdr/sdrAudioWorklet.js b/src/sdr/sdrAudioWorklet.js
index 4983e43bf..6ea87d98b 100644
--- a/src/sdr/sdrAudioWorklet.js
+++ b/src/sdr/sdrAudioWorklet.js
@@ -1,44 +1,159 @@
 class GevSdrAudioPlayer extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
-  constructor() {
+  constructor(options = {}) {
     super();
+    const config = options.processorOptions || {};
+    const maxFrames = Number.isFinite(config.maxFrames)
+      ? Math.floor(config.maxFrames)
+      : Math.round(sampleRate * 0.256);
+    this.maxFrames = Math.min(Math.round(sampleRate), Math.max(1, maxFrames));
+    const prebufferFrames = Number.isFinite(config.prebufferFrames)
+      ? Math.floor(config.prebufferFrames)
+      : Math.round(sampleRate * 0.08);
+    this.prebufferFrames = Math.min(
+      Math.max(0, prebufferFrames),
+      this.maxFrames,
+    );
     this.queue = [];
     this.offset = 0;
+    this.queuedFrames = 0;
     this.volume = 0.8;
-    this.port.onmessage = (event) => {
-      if (
-        event.data?.type === 'samples' &&
-        event.data.samples instanceof Float32Array
-      ) {
-        this.queue.push(event.data.samples);
-        if (this.queue.length > 48)
-          this.queue.splice(0, this.queue.length - 48);
-      } else if (event.data?.type === 'volume') {
-        this.volume = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, Number(event.data.value) || 0));
-      } else if (event.data?.type === 'clear') {
-        this.queue.length = 0;
-        this.offset = 0;
-      }
+    this.sessionId = null;
+    this.enabled = false;
+    this.active = false;
+    this.playing = false;
+    this.diagnosticsEnabled = false;
+    this.diagnosticFrames = 0;
+    this.stats = {
+      enqueued: 0,
+      consumed: 0,
+      empty: 0,
+      waiting: 0,
+      dropped: 0,
+      cleared: 0,
+      underruns: 0,
+      output: 0,
     };
+    this.port.onmessage = (event) => this.receive(event.data);
+  }
+
+  reportStats() {
+    this.port.postMessage({
+      type: 'audioStats',
+      ...this.stats,
+      queued: this.queuedFrames,
+      active: this.active,
+      sessionId: this.sessionId,
+      enabled: this.enabled,
+      playing: this.playing,
+    });
+  }
+
+  receive(message) {
+    if (message?.type === 'session') {
+      if (!Number.isSafeInteger(message.sessionId) || message.sessionId < 0)
+        return;
+      if (message.enabled === true) {
+        // A retired epoch cannot be re-enabled by a late control message.
+        if (
+          this.sessionId !== null &&
+          (message.sessionId < this.sessionId ||
+            (message.sessionId === this.sessionId && !this.enabled))
+        )
+          return;
+        if (this.sessionId !== message.sessionId) {
+          this.receive({ type: 'clear' });
+          this.sessionId = message.sessionId;
+        }
+        this.enabled = true;
+      } else if (
+        message.enabled === false &&
+        this.sessionId === message.sessionId
+      ) {
+        this.enabled = false;
+        this.receive({ type: 'clear' });
+      }
+    } else if (
+      message?.type === 'samples' &&
+      this.enabled &&
+      message.sessionId === this.sessionId &&
+      message.samples instanceof Float32Array &&
+      message.samples.length > 0
+    ) {
+      this.active = true;
+      this.queue.push(message.samples);
+      this.queuedFrames += message.samples.length;
+      this.stats.enqueued += message.samples.length;
+      let drop = Math.max(0, this.queuedFrames - this.maxFrames);
+      this.stats.dropped += drop;
+      while (drop > 0 && this.queue.length > 0) {
+        const count = Math.min(drop, this.queue[0].length - this.offset);
+        this.offset += count;
+        this.queuedFrames -= count;
+        drop -= count;
+        if (this.offset === this.queue[0].length) {
+          this.queue.shift();
+          this.offset = 0;
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (message?.type === 'clear') {
+      this.stats.cleared += this.queuedFrames;
+      this.queue.length = 0;
+      this.offset = 0;
+      this.queuedFrames = 0;
+      this.active = false;
+      this.playing = false;
+      this.diagnosticFrames = 0;
+      if (this.diagnosticsEnabled) this.reportStats();
+    } else if (message?.type === 'volume') {
+      this.volume = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, Number(message.value) || 0));
+    } else if (message?.type === 'diagnostics') {
+      this.diagnosticsEnabled = message.enabled === true;
+      this.diagnosticFrames = 0;
+    } else if (message?.type === 'stats') {
+      this.reportStats();
+    }
   }
 
   process(_inputs, outputs) {
     const output = outputs[0]?.[0];
     if (!output) return true;
     output.fill(0);
-    let outputOffset = 0;
-    while (outputOffset < output.length && this.queue.length) {
-      const samples = this.queue[0];
-      const available = samples.length - this.offset;
-      const count = Math.min(output.length - outputOffset, available);
-      for (let index = 0; index < count; index += 1) {
-        output[outputOffset + index] =
-          samples[this.offset + index] * this.volume;
+    if (!this.active) return true;
+    this.stats.output += output.length;
+    if (!this.playing && this.queuedFrames >= this.prebufferFrames)
+      this.playing = true;
+    if (!this.playing) {
+      this.stats.waiting += output.length;
+    } else {
+      let written = 0;
+      while (written < output.length && this.queue.length > 0) {
+        const samples = this.queue[0];
+        const count = Math.min(
+          output.length - written,
+          samples.length - this.offset,
+        );
+        for (let index = 0; index < count; index += 1)
+          output[written + index] = samples[this.offset + index] * this.volume;
+        written += count;
+        this.offset += count;
+        this.queuedFrames -= count;
+        this.stats.consumed += count;
+        if (this.offset === samples.length) {
+          this.queue.shift();
+          this.offset = 0;
+        }
       }
-      outputOffset += count;
-      this.offset += count;
-      if (this.offset >= samples.length) {
-        this.queue.shift();
-        this.offset = 0;
+      if (written < output.length) {
+        this.stats.empty += output.length - written;
+        this.stats.underruns += 1;
+        this.playing = false;
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.diagnosticsEnabled) {
+      this.diagnosticFrames += output.length;
+      if (this.diagnosticFrames >= sampleRate) {
+        this.diagnosticFrames %= sampleRate;
+        this.reportStats();
       }
     }
     return true;
diff --git a/src/sdr/sdrAudioWorklet.test.mjs b/src/sdr/sdrAudioWorklet.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ddb328b76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/sdr/sdrAudioWorklet.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import vm from 'node:vm';
+import test from 'node:test';
+
+const source = readFileSync(
+  new URL('./sdrAudioWorklet.js', import.meta.url),
+  'utf8',
+);
+function rig(options = {}, rate = 48_000) {
+  let Processor;
+  const reports = [];
+  vm.runInNewContext(source, {
+    Float32Array,
+    sampleRate: rate,
+    AudioWorkletProcessor: class {
+      constructor() {
+        this.port = { postMessage: (m) => reports.push(m) };
+      }
+    },
+    registerProcessor: (_name, implementation) => {
+      Processor = implementation;
+    },
+  });
+  const player = new Processor({ processorOptions: options });
+  const send = (message) => player.port.onmessage({ data: message });
+  const enable = (sessionId = 1) =>
+    send({ type: 'session', sessionId, enabled: true });
+  const samples = (array, sessionId = 1) =>
+    send({ type: 'samples', samples: array, sessionId });
+  const tick = (length = 128) => {
+    const out = new Float32Array(length);
+    assert.equal(player.process([], [[out]]), true);
+    return out;
+  };
+  const snapshot = () => {
+    send({ type: 'stats' });
+    return reports.at(-1);
+  };
+  const conserve = () => {
+    const s = snapshot();
+    assert.equal(s.enqueued, s.consumed + s.dropped + s.cleared + s.queued);
+    assert.equal(s.output, s.consumed + s.empty + s.waiting);
+  };
+  return { player, reports, send, enable, samples, tick, snapshot, conserve };
+}
+
+test('idle worklet does not emit periodic diagnostics or count picker silence', () => {
+  const r = rig();
+  r.send({ type: 'diagnostics', enabled: true });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 1000; i++) assert.ok(r.tick().every((v) => v === 0));
+  assert.equal(r.reports.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().output, 0);
+  r.conserve();
+});
+
+test('disabled, stale-session and zero-length messages cannot enqueue or reactivate', () => {
+  const r = rig({ prebufferFrames: 0 });
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(128).fill(1));
+  r.enable(2);
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10_000; i++) r.samples(new Float32Array(0), 2);
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(128).fill(1), 1);
+  assert.equal(r.player.queue.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().active, false);
+  assert.ok(r.tick().every((v) => v === 0));
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(128).fill(1), 2);
+  r.send({ type: 'session', sessionId: 2, enabled: false });
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(128).fill(1), 2);
+  assert.equal(r.player.queue.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().active, false);
+  r.conserve();
+});
+
+test('new session clears old audio and stale disable cannot disable current session', () => {
+  const r = rig({ prebufferFrames: 0 });
+  r.enable(1);
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(256).fill(1), 1);
+  r.enable(2);
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(256).fill(2), 2);
+  r.send({ type: 'session', sessionId: 1, enabled: false });
+  r.send({ type: 'volume', value: 1 });
+  assert.ok(r.tick().every((v) => v === 2));
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().cleared, 256);
+  r.conserve();
+});
+
+test('prebuffer waits for threshold then consumes real samples in order', () => {
+  const r = rig({ prebufferFrames: 384, maxFrames: 1024 });
+  r.enable();
+  r.send({ type: 'volume', value: 1 });
+  r.samples(Float32Array.from({ length: 256 }, (_, i) => i + 1));
+  assert.ok(r.tick().every((v) => v === 0));
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().waiting, 128);
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(256).fill(999));
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    [...r.tick()],
+    Array.from({ length: 128 }, (_, i) => i + 1),
+  );
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().empty, 0);
+  r.conserve();
+});
+
+test('underrun zero-fills only missing frames and rebuffer waits before restarting', () => {
+  const r = rig({ prebufferFrames: 256 });
+  r.enable();
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(256).fill(1));
+  r.tick();
+  r.tick();
+  r.tick();
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().empty, 128);
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().underruns, 1);
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(128).fill(1));
+  assert.ok(r.tick().every((v) => v === 0));
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(128).fill(1));
+  assert.ok(r.tick().every((v) => v !== 0));
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().waiting, 128);
+  r.conserve();
+});
+
+test('overflow trims exact frames across a partially consumed head', () => {
+  const r = rig({ prebufferFrames: 0, maxFrames: 1000 });
+  r.enable();
+  r.send({ type: 'volume', value: 1 });
+  r.samples(Float32Array.from({ length: 768 }, (_, i) => i + 1));
+  r.tick();
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(768).fill(999));
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().dropped, 408);
+  assert.equal(r.tick(1)[0], 537);
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().queued, 999);
+  r.conserve();
+});
+
+test('clear counts intentional discarded audio separately and stops idle reporting', () => {
+  const r = rig({ prebufferFrames: 0 });
+  r.enable();
+  r.send({ type: 'diagnostics', enabled: true });
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(768).fill(1));
+  r.tick();
+  r.send({ type: 'clear' });
+  const before = r.snapshot();
+  assert.equal(before.cleared, 640);
+  assert.equal(before.dropped, 0);
+  const reports = r.reports.length;
+  for (let i = 0; i < 750; i++) r.tick();
+  assert.equal(r.reports.length, reports);
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().output, before.output);
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().waiting, before.waiting);
+  r.conserve();
+});
+
+test('diagnostics are opt-in and paced by rendered frames rather than fixed quantum count', () => {
+  const r = rig({ prebufferFrames: 0 });
+  r.enable();
+  for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
+    r.samples(new Float32Array(256).fill(1));
+    r.tick(256);
+  }
+  assert.equal(r.reports.length, 0);
+  r.send({ type: 'diagnostics', enabled: true });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 188; i++) {
+    r.samples(new Float32Array(256).fill(1));
+    r.tick(256);
+  }
+  assert.equal(r.reports.length, 1);
+  r.send({ type: 'diagnostics', enabled: false });
+  for (let i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
+    r.samples(new Float32Array(256).fill(1));
+    r.tick(256);
+  }
+  assert.equal(r.reports.length, 1);
+  r.conserve();
+});
+
+test('buffer options stay finite and bounded with prebuffer no greater than capacity', () => {
+  for (const options of [
+    { maxFrames: Infinity, prebufferFrames: NaN },
+    { maxFrames: -1, prebufferFrames: 1e9 },
+    { maxFrames: 1e12, prebufferFrames: -Infinity },
+    { maxFrames: '100', prebufferFrames: '200' },
+  ]) {
+    const r = rig(options);
+    assert.ok(Number.isInteger(r.player.maxFrames));
+    assert.ok(r.player.maxFrames >= 1 && r.player.maxFrames <= 48_000);
+    assert.ok(
+      r.player.prebufferFrames >= 0 &&
+        r.player.prebufferFrames <= r.player.maxFrames,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('full-rate jitter is absorbed but sustained undersupply remains visible', () => {
+  for (const rate of [48_000, 33_984]) {
+    const r = rig();
+    r.enable();
+    const arrivals = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < Math.ceil((6 * rate) / 768); i++)
+      arrivals.push(
+        ((i * 768) / rate) * 1000 + (rate === 48_000 && i % 8 >= 4 ? 40 : 0),
+      );
+    arrivals.sort((a, b) => a - b);
+    let index = 0;
+    for (let frame = 0; frame < 6 * 48_000; frame += 128) {
+      while (index < arrivals.length && arrivals[index] <= frame / 48) {
+        r.samples(new Float32Array(768).fill(1));
+        index++;
+      }
+      r.tick();
+    }
+    const s = r.snapshot();
+    if (rate === 48_000) {
+      assert.equal(s.empty, 0);
+      assert.equal(s.underruns, 0);
+    } else {
+      assert.ok(s.underruns > 0);
+      assert.ok(s.waiting + s.empty > 50_000);
+    }
+    r.conserve();
+  }
+});
+
+test('late enable cannot roll back a newer session or revive a retired epoch', () => {
+  const r = rig({ prebufferFrames: 0 });
+  r.enable(2);
+  r.enable(1);
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().sessionId, 2);
+  r.send({ type: 'session', sessionId: 2, enabled: false });
+  r.enable(2);
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(128).fill(1), 2);
+  assert.equal(r.snapshot().enqueued, 0);
+  r.enable(3);
+  r.samples(new Float32Array(128).fill(1), 3);
+  assert.ok(r.tick().every((v) => v !== 0));
+  r.conserve();
+});
diff --git a/src/sdr/sdrSeekLocalized.test.mjs b/src/sdr/sdrSeekLocalized.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..887d5f012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/sdr/sdrSeekLocalized.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { SdrController } from './controller.js';
+import { localSdrCardView } from '../ui/localSdrPresentation.js';
+
+function makeController() {
+  const c = new SdrController({ storage: null, webUsb: null });
+  c._device = {};
+  c.state.mode = 'fm';
+  const seen = [];
+  c.subscribe?.((s) => seen.push(localSdrCardView(s)));
+  c.tuneFm = async (f) => {
+    c.state.frequencyHz = f;
+    const sr = c.state.sampleRate;
+    const bins = new Float32Array(1024).fill(-80);
+    const target = 98_800_000;
+    const idx = Math.round((target - f) / (sr / 1024) + 512);
+    for (let i = idx - 20; i <= idx + 20; i++)
+      if (i >= 0 && i < 1024) bins[i] = -10;
+    c._spectrum = bins;
+    return true;
+  };
+  c._waitForSpectrum = async () => true;
+  c.state.frequencyHz = 98_500_000;
+  return { c, seen };
+}
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`FM seek messages are localized in ${locale}`, async () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const { c, seen } = makeController();
+      const peak = await c.seekFm(1);
+      assert.ok(peak, 'synthetic peak found');
+      const texts = seen.map((view) => view.statusText);
+      // Every status line shown during and after the seek is in the UI language.
+      for (const text of texts) {
+        assert.doesNotMatch(text, /Seeking (up|down)|Scanning \d|Found \d/);
+      }
+      // Decimal separator follows the locale (98,8 in es and ru).
+      assert.match(texts.at(-1), /98,8/);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+test('FM seek messages keep their English wording and decimal point', async () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const { c, seen } = makeController();
+  const peak = await c.seekFm(1);
+  assert.ok(peak, 'synthetic peak found');
+  const texts = seen.map((view) => view.statusText);
+  assert.ok(texts.includes('Seeking up…'));
+  assert.ok(texts.includes('Scanning 98.5 MHz…'));
+  assert.match(texts.at(-1), /^Found 98\.8 MHz · \d+\.\d dB$/);
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`a failed seek tune and a decoder overload are localized in ${locale}`, async () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const { c } = makeController();
+      c.tuneFm = async () => false;
+      assert.equal(await c.seekFm(1), null);
+      assert.ok(c.state.seekMessage);
+      assert.notEqual(c.state.seekMessage, 'Seek stopped');
+
+      c.stop = async () => {};
+      for (const reason of ['startup', 'stalled', 'backlog']) {
+        c._device = {};
+        c._overload(reason);
+        assert.doesNotMatch(c.state.message, /SDR decoder|receiver stopped/);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/sdr/spectrum.js b/src/sdr/spectrum.js
index acec025c4..4b4f22de8 100644
--- a/src/sdr/spectrum.js
+++ b/src/sdr/spectrum.js
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ export function findDirectionalFmPeak(
     minFrequency = 87_500_000,
     maxFrequency = 108_000_000,
     thresholdDb = 6,
+    skipFrequency = NaN,
   } = {},
 ) {
   if (
@@ -124,6 +125,7 @@ export function findDirectionalFmPeak(
   ) {
     if (direction > 0 && frequency <= afterFrequency + 75_000) continue;
     if (direction < 0 && frequency >= afterFrequency - 75_000) continue;
+    if (Math.abs(frequency - skipFrequency) <= 75_000) continue;
     const index = Math.round(
       (frequency - centerFrequency) / binWidth + bins.length / 2,
     );
diff --git a/src/sdr/spectrum.test.mjs b/src/sdr/spectrum.test.mjs
index 551b3f824..65104e6b2 100644
--- a/src/sdr/spectrum.test.mjs
+++ b/src/sdr/spectrum.test.mjs
@@ -41,3 +41,23 @@ test('directional FM seek chooses the nearest rounded station in-band', () => {
     null,
   );
 });
+
+test('directional FM seek passes over the skipped channel to the next station', () => {
+  const sampleRate = 2_048_000;
+  const bins = new Float32Array(2_048).fill(-80);
+  // Carriers at 98.8 and 99.1 MHz in a frame centred on 98.5 MHz. A carrier
+  // 100 kHz away would sit inside the peak test's 150 kHz comparison window.
+  for (const offset of [300_000, 600_000]) {
+    const index = offset / (sampleRate / bins.length) + bins.length / 2;
+    for (let bin = index - 5; bin <= index + 5; bin += 1) bins[bin] = -10;
+  }
+  const seek = (skipFrequency) =>
+    findDirectionalFmPeak(bins, 98_500_000, sampleRate, 1, 98_500_000, {
+      skipFrequency,
+    })?.frequency;
+  assert.equal(seek(undefined), 98_800_000);
+  assert.equal(seek(98_800_000), 99_100_000);
+  // The skip covers channels up to and including 75 kHz away.
+  assert.equal(seek(98_725_000), 99_100_000);
+  assert.equal(seek(98_724_999), 98_800_000);
+});
diff --git a/src/sdr/workerAdmission.test.mjs b/src/sdr/workerAdmission.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7392b66a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/sdr/workerAdmission.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { Worker as ThreadWorker } from 'node:worker_threads';
+
+import { SdrController } from './controller.js';
+
+const ADMISSION = {
+  maxBlocks: 4,
+  maxBytes: 4 * 64,
+  maxAgeMs: 60,
+  watchdogMs: 10,
+  reportMs: 20,
+  readyTimeoutMs: 150,
+};
+
+const pause = (ms = 0) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+
+/** Wait (bounded) until `check` holds. */
+async function until(check, ms = 1_000) {
+  const deadline = Date.now() + ms;
+  while (!check()) {
+    if (Date.now() > deadline) throw new Error('condition not reached');
+    await pause(2);
+  }
+}
+
+/** A decoder stand-in that records blocks and acknowledges as told. */
+function installWorker(t, { ack = 'auto', readyAfterMs = 0 } = {}) {
+  const workers = [];
+  class AckWorker {
+    constructor() {
+      this.blocks = [];
+      this.messages = [];
+      this.terminated = false;
+      workers.push(this);
+      // Like the real worker, report ready once the module has loaded.
+      if (readyAfterMs !== null)
+        setTimeout(() => this.emit({ type: 'ready' }), readyAfterMs);
+    }
+    postMessage(message) {
+      this.messages.push(message);
+      if (message?.type !== 'samples') return;
+      this.blocks.push(message.id);
+      if (ack === 'auto') queueMicrotask(() => this.ack(message.id));
+    }
+    ack(id) {
+      this.onmessage?.({ data: { type: 'ack', id } });
+    }
+    emit(data) {
+      this.onmessage?.({ data });
+    }
+    terminate() {
+      this.terminated = true;
+    }
+  }
+  const prior = globalThis.Worker;
+  globalThis.Worker = AckWorker;
+  t.after(() => {
+    globalThis.Worker = prior;
+  });
+  return workers;
+}
+
+/** A streaming controller with a device that yields one block per read. */
+function streaming(t, { reads = Infinity, admission = ADMISSION } = {}) {
+  const controller = new SdrController({
+    storage: { getItem: () => null, setItem() {} },
+    webUsb: {},
+    workerAdmission: admission,
+  });
+  const audio = [];
+  controller._audioNode = {
+    port: { postMessage: (message) => audio.push(message) },
+  };
+  let served = 0;
+  const device = {
+    readSamples: (count) =>
+      served++ < reads
+        ? new Promise((resolve) =>
+            setTimeout(() => resolve({ data: new ArrayBuffer(64) }), 1),
+          )
+        : new Promise(() => {}),
+    close: async () => {},
+  };
+  controller._device = device;
+  controller._setState({ mode: 'fm', status: 'streaming', connected: true });
+  controller._beginAudioSession();
+  controller._readGeneration += 1;
+  controller._startWatchdog();
+  void controller._readLoop(controller._readGeneration);
+  t.after(() => {
+    controller._stopWatchdog();
+    controller._readGeneration += 1;
+    controller._device = null;
+  });
+  return { controller, audio, device };
+}
+
+test('a slow decoder startup is not an overload: no block is sent before ready', async (t) => {
+  // Ready after 200 ms: longer than the 4 blocks the cap admits (and than the
+  // 128 ms the production cap of 8 blocks covers).
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { readyAfterMs: 200 });
+  const admission = { ...ADMISSION, readyTimeoutMs: 1_000 };
+  const { controller } = streaming(t, { reads: 10, admission });
+  await pause(150);
+  assert.equal(workers[0].blocks.length, 0, 'no block before ready');
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().status, 'streaming');
+  await until(() => workers[0].blocks.length >= 10);
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().status, 'streaming');
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().decoderOverload, undefined);
+});
+
+test('a decoder that never becomes ready stops the receiver at the startup bound', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { readyAfterMs: null });
+  const { controller } = streaming(t, { reads: 10 });
+  await until(() => controller.getState().status === 'error', 1_000);
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().decoderOverload, 'startup');
+  assert.equal(workers[0].blocks.length, 0);
+  assert.equal(workers[0].terminated, true);
+});
+
+test('an acknowledging decoder streams with pending work bounded', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t);
+  const { controller } = streaming(t, { reads: 40 });
+  await until(() => workers[0]?.blocks.length >= 40);
+  await pause(5);
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().status, 'streaming');
+  assert.equal(controller._pendingBlocks.size, 0);
+  assert.equal(workers[0].terminated, false);
+});
+
+test('a decoder that falls behind stops the receiver at the block bound', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { ack: 'manual' });
+  const { controller } = streaming(t);
+  await until(() => controller.getState().status === 'error');
+  const worker = workers[0];
+  assert.equal(worker.blocks.length, ADMISSION.maxBlocks, 'never past the cap');
+  assert.equal(worker.terminated, true, 'decoder terminated');
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().decoderOverload, 'backlog');
+  assert.equal(controller._pendingBlocks.size, 0);
+  const posted = worker.blocks.length;
+  await pause(20);
+  assert.equal(worker.blocks.length, posted, 'nothing posted after overload');
+});
+
+test('a hung decoder is stopped by age even when no further USB block arrives', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { ack: 'manual' });
+  const { controller } = streaming(t, { reads: 2 });
+  await until(() => workers[0]?.blocks.length === 2);
+  await until(() => controller.getState().status === 'error', 1_000);
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().decoderOverload, 'stalled');
+  assert.equal(workers[0].terminated, true);
+});
+
+test('pending diagnostics are published at low frequency, not per ack', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t);
+  const { controller } = streaming(t, { reads: 30 });
+  let reports = 0;
+  controller.subscribe((state) => {
+    if ('decoderPendingBlocks' in state) reports += 1;
+  });
+  await until(() => workers[0]?.blocks.length >= 30);
+  const state = controller.getState();
+  assert.ok(Number.isFinite(state.decoderPendingBlocks));
+  assert.ok(Number.isFinite(state.decoderPendingBytes));
+  assert.ok(Number.isFinite(state.decoderOldestPendingMs));
+  assert.ok(reports < workers[0].blocks.length, 'fewer reports than acks');
+});
+
+test('duplicate, unknown and stale acknowledgements change nothing', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { ack: 'manual' });
+  const { controller } = streaming(t, { reads: 2 });
+  await until(() => workers[0]?.blocks.length === 2);
+  const worker = workers[0];
+  worker.ack(0);
+  worker.ack(0); // duplicate
+  worker.ack(99); // never sent
+  assert.equal(controller._pendingBlocks.size, 1);
+  assert.equal(controller._pendingBytes, 64);
+  assert.equal(controller._ackAnomalies, 2);
+  // A replaced worker's late acknowledgement cannot touch the new worker.
+  const oldHandler = worker.onmessage;
+  controller._discardWorker();
+  controller._ensureWorker();
+  const fresh = workers[1];
+  controller._postSamples(new ArrayBuffer(64));
+  assert.equal(fresh.blocks[0], 0, 'block numbers restart per worker');
+  oldHandler?.({ data: { type: 'ack', id: 0 } });
+  assert.equal(controller._pendingBlocks.size, 1, 'stale ack ignored');
+  fresh.ack(0);
+  assert.equal(controller._pendingBlocks.size, 0);
+});
+
+test('stop terminates the decoder before cleanup and fences its late output', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t);
+  const { controller, audio, device } = streaming(t, { reads: 5 });
+  await until(() => workers[0]?.blocks.length >= 3);
+  const worker = workers[0];
+  const handler = worker.onmessage;
+  let closed = false;
+  device.close = () =>
+    new Promise((resolve) =>
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        closed = true;
+        resolve();
+      }, 30),
+    );
+  const stopping = controller.stop();
+  assert.equal(worker.terminated, true, 'terminated synchronously');
+  assert.equal(closed, false, 'before the device close settled');
+  const disabled = audio.filter(
+    (message) => message.type === 'session' && message.enabled === false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(disabled.length, 1, 'player session disabled');
+  const before = audio.filter((message) => message.type === 'samples').length;
+  handler?.({
+    data: {
+      type: 'fm',
+      samples: new Float32Array(8),
+      tune: controller._fmTune,
+    },
+  });
+  await stopping;
+  assert.equal(
+    audio.filter((message) => message.type === 'samples').length,
+    before,
+    'no late audio after stop',
+  );
+});
+
+test('audio reaches the player only for the live FM session and current tune', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { ack: 'manual' });
+  const { controller, audio } = streaming(t, { reads: 1 });
+  await until(() => workers[0]?.blocks.length === 1);
+  const worker = workers[0];
+  const samples = () => audio.filter((message) => message.type === 'samples');
+  worker.emit({ type: 'fm', samples: new Float32Array(4), tune: 0 });
+  assert.equal(samples().length, 1);
+  assert.equal(samples()[0].sessionId, controller._audioSessionId);
+  controller._fmTune = 3; // a retune is in flight
+  worker.emit({ type: 'fm', samples: new Float32Array(4), tune: 0 });
+  assert.equal(samples().length, 1, 'pre-retune audio dropped');
+  worker.emit({ type: 'fm', samples: new Float32Array(4), tune: 3 });
+  assert.equal(samples().length, 2);
+  controller._setState({ mode: 'adsb' });
+  worker.emit({ type: 'fm', samples: new Float32Array(4), tune: 3 });
+  assert.equal(samples().length, 2, 'no FM audio outside FM mode');
+  controller._setState({ mode: 'fm' });
+  worker.emit({ type: 'fm', samples: new Float32Array(0), tune: 3 });
+  assert.equal(samples().length, 2, 'empty audio is not forwarded');
+});
+
+test('an FM to ADS-B to FM round trip cannot relabel old output as current', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { ack: 'manual' });
+  const { controller, audio } = streaming(t, { reads: 1 });
+  await until(() => workers[0]?.blocks.length === 1);
+  const worker = workers[0];
+  const samples = () => audio.filter((message) => message.type === 'samples');
+  controller._configureWorker();
+  const fmEpoch = controller._fmTune;
+  // Leave for ADS-B and come back, on the same worker, as _configureDevice does.
+  controller._setState({ mode: 'adsb' });
+  controller._configureWorker();
+  controller._setState({ mode: 'fm' });
+  controller._configureWorker();
+  controller._beginAudioSession();
+  const current = controller._fmTune;
+  assert.ok(current > fmEpoch);
+  worker.emit({ type: 'fm', samples: new Float32Array(4), tune: fmEpoch });
+  assert.equal(
+    samples().length,
+    0,
+    'old FM output dropped after the round trip',
+  );
+  worker.emit({ type: 'fm', samples: new Float32Array(4), tune: current });
+  assert.equal(samples().length, 1);
+});
+
+test('old-epoch diagnostics, SNR and ADS-B output are ignored', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { ack: 'manual' });
+  const { controller } = streaming(t, { reads: 1 });
+  await until(() => workers[0]?.blocks.length === 1);
+  const worker = workers[0];
+  controller._configureWorker();
+  const old = controller._fmTune - 1;
+  const before = controller.getState();
+  worker.emit({
+    type: 'fm',
+    tune: old,
+    snr: 42,
+    samples: new Float32Array(4),
+    diagnostics: { workerBlocks: 999, iqLevelDbfs: -1, audioLevelDbfs: -1 },
+  });
+  worker.emit({ type: 'adsb', tune: old, aircraft: [{ icao: 'abc123' }] });
+  const after = controller.getState();
+  assert.equal(after.snr, before.snr);
+  assert.equal(after.workerBlocks, before.workerBlocks);
+  assert.deepEqual(after.aircraft, before.aircraft, 'old ADS-B output ignored');
+  // Control: the same output in the current epoch is applied, so the checks
+  // above are not vacuous.
+  worker.emit({
+    type: 'adsb',
+    tune: controller._fmTune,
+    aircraft: [{ icao: 'abc123' }],
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    controller.getState().aircraft.map((entry) => entry.icao),
+    ['abc123'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('an overload publishes its error first and never overwrites a reconnect', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { ack: 'manual' });
+  const { controller, device } = streaming(t);
+  device.close = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 40));
+  await until(() => controller.getState().status === 'error');
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().connected, false);
+  assert.equal(workers[0].terminated, true);
+  // A reconnect starts while the overloaded session is still tearing down.
+  controller._sessionToken += 1;
+  controller._setState({ status: 'streaming', connected: true });
+  await pause(80);
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().status, 'streaming');
+  assert.equal(controller.getState().connected, true);
+});
+
+test('a reconnect gets a new decoder with fresh numbering and no carried backlog', async (t) => {
+  const workers = installWorker(t, { ack: 'manual' });
+  const first = streaming(t, { reads: 3 });
+  await until(() => workers[0]?.blocks.length === 3);
+  await first.controller.stop();
+  assert.equal(first.controller._pendingBlocks.size, 0);
+  first.controller._device = {
+    readSamples: () =>
+      new Promise((resolve) =>
+        setTimeout(() => resolve({ data: new ArrayBuffer(64) }), 1),
+      ),
+    close: async () => {},
+  };
+  first.controller._readGeneration += 1;
+  first.controller._startWatchdog();
+  void first.controller._readLoop(first.controller._readGeneration);
+  await until(() => workers[1]?.blocks.length >= 1);
+  assert.equal(workers[1].blocks[0], 0);
+  assert.equal(
+    workers[0].blocks.length,
+    3,
+    'old decoder receives nothing more',
+  );
+});
+
+/** The real sdr.worker.js in a Node worker thread, with a browser-like `self`. */
+function realWorker(t) {
+  const module = new URL('./sdr.worker.js', import.meta.url).href;
+  const thread = new ThreadWorker(
+    `const { parentPort } = require('node:worker_threads');
+     globalThis.self = globalThis;
+     self.postMessage = (m, transfer) => parentPort.postMessage(m, transfer);
+     parentPort.on('message', (data) => self.onmessage && self.onmessage({ data }));
+     import(${JSON.stringify(module)}).then(() => parentPort.postMessage({ type: 'ready' }));`,
+    { eval: true },
+  );
+  const inbox = [];
+  thread.on('message', (message) => inbox.push(message));
+  t.after(() => thread.terminate());
+  return { thread, inbox };
+}
+
+function iqBlock(samples = 32_768) {
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(samples * 2);
+  for (let n = 0; n < samples; n += 1) {
+    const phase = (2 * Math.PI * 100_000 * n) / 2_048_000;
+    bytes[2 * n] = Math.round(127.5 + 60 * Math.cos(phase));
+    bytes[2 * n + 1] = Math.round(127.5 + 60 * Math.sin(phase));
+  }
+  return bytes.buffer;
+}
+
+test('the real decoder acknowledges every numbered block after its output, in every path', async (t) => {
+  const { thread, inbox } = realWorker(t);
+  await until(() => inbox.some((m) => m.type === 'ready'), 5_000);
+  thread.postMessage({
+    type: 'configure',
+    mode: 'fm',
+    sampleRate: 2_048_000,
+    tune: 5,
+  });
+  for (const id of [0, 1, 2]) {
+    const buffer = iqBlock();
+    thread.postMessage({ type: 'samples', buffer, id }, [buffer]);
+  }
+  await until(() => inbox.filter((m) => m.type === 'ack').length === 3, 5_000);
+  const fm = inbox.filter((m) => m.type === 'fm');
+  assert.equal(fm.length, 3);
+  assert.ok(
+    fm.every((m) => m.tune === 5),
+    'configure re-synced the tune tag',
+  );
+  const order = inbox.filter((m) => m.type === 'fm' || m.type === 'ack');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    order.map((m) => m.type),
+    ['fm', 'ack', 'fm', 'ack', 'fm', 'ack'],
+    'each ack follows that block output',
+  );
+  // An invalid block produces no output and is still acknowledged.
+  thread.postMessage({ type: 'samples', buffer: null, id: 3 });
+  // ADS-B: output is rare, acknowledgement is not.
+  thread.postMessage({
+    type: 'configure',
+    mode: 'adsb',
+    sampleRate: 2_000_000,
+  });
+  const adsb = iqBlock(16_384);
+  thread.postMessage({ type: 'samples', buffer: adsb, id: 4 }, [adsb]);
+  await until(() => inbox.filter((m) => m.type === 'ack').length === 5, 5_000);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    inbox.filter((m) => m.type === 'ack').map((m) => m.id),
+    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/search/coordinateGeocoder.js b/src/search/coordinateGeocoder.js
index 265a0e12c..aa145bb08 100644
--- a/src/search/coordinateGeocoder.js
+++ b/src/search/coordinateGeocoder.js
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ function boundedBox(lat, lon, halfSpan) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Answer a decimal-degree query without asking anyone.
+ * Answer a decimal-degree or geo-URI query without asking anyone.
  *
  * It sits ahead of the network geocoders, so a coordinate costs no request and
  * works with no key. Anything that is not exactly a coordinate is passed on
diff --git a/src/search/coordinateParser.js b/src/search/coordinateParser.js
index cb8c85524..105f13934 100644
--- a/src/search/coordinateParser.js
+++ b/src/search/coordinateParser.js
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
  * as 12, 34 flies the operator somewhere they did not ask for and looks like a
  * successful search. So every rule here is exact — a component is a decimal
  * number, optionally signed, optionally marked with one hemisphere letter, and
- * nothing else. Degrees/minutes/seconds and grid references are not handled;
+ * nothing else. Two-dimensional WGS84 geo URIs use their own strict grammar.
+ * Degrees/minutes/seconds and grid references are not handled;
  * they fall through to the geocoders, which is what happens today.
  */
 
@@ -13,6 +14,10 @@
 const COMPONENT =
   /^([NSEW])?\s*([+-]?(?:\d+(?:\.\d+)?|\.\d+))\s*°?\s*([NSEW])?$/i;
 
+/** RFC 5870's 2D WGS84 subset; never discard altitude or uncertainty. */
+const GEO_URI =
+  /^geo:(-?\d{1,2}(?:\.\d+)?),(-?\d{1,3}(?:\.\d+)?)(?:;crs=wgs84)?$/i;
+
 /** Hemisphere letters, by the axis each one can name. */
 const LATITUDE_LETTERS = new Set(['N', 'S']);
 
@@ -61,20 +66,25 @@ export function formatCoordinateLabel(lat, lon) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Parse a decimal-degree query, or return null.
+ * Parse a decimal-degree pair or a two-dimensional WGS84 geo URI, or return null.
  *
  * Both orders are accepted when the hemisphere letters say which is which
  * (`W 40, N 74` is longitude then latitude); with no letters the conventional
  * latitude-then-longitude order applies. Two letters naming the same axis, a
  * letter that fixes nothing, an out-of-range latitude or longitude, and any
  * trailing text all decline.
+ * Geo URIs accept only latitude/longitude and an optional `;crs=wgs84`;
+ * altitude, uncertainty, other parameters and query/fragment suffixes decline.
  *
  * @param {string} query
  * @returns {{ lat: number, lon: number, label: string } | null}
  */
 export function parseCoordinateQuery(query) {
   if (typeof query !== 'string') return null;
-  const parts = splitComponents(query);
+  const text = query.trim();
+  const parts = /^geo:/i.test(text)
+    ? GEO_URI.exec(text)?.slice(1, 3)
+    : splitComponents(text);
   if (!parts) return null;
 
   const first = readComponent(parts[0]);
diff --git a/src/search/coordinateParser.test.mjs b/src/search/coordinateParser.test.mjs
index 393de37a4..7007a9b61 100644
--- a/src/search/coordinateParser.test.mjs
+++ b/src/search/coordinateParser.test.mjs
@@ -132,3 +132,67 @@ test('the poles and the dateline are inside the accepted range', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(parseCoordinateQuery('90, 180')?.lat, 90);
   assert.deepEqual(parseCoordinateQuery('-90, -180')?.lon, -180);
 });
+
+test('two-dimensional WGS84 geo URIs resolve to the same decimal coordinate', () => {
+  for (const query of [
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903;crs=wgs84',
+    '  GEO:39.7392,-104.9903;CRS=WGS84  ',
+  ]) {
+    assert.deepEqual(parseCoordinateQuery(query), {
+      lat: 39.7392,
+      lon: -104.9903,
+      label: '39.7392° N, 104.9903° W',
+    });
+  }
+  for (const [query, decimal] of [
+    ['geo:0,0', '0,0'],
+    ['geo:-33.8568,151.2153', '-33.8568,151.2153'],
+    ['geo:90,180', '90,180'],
+    ['geo:-90,-180;crs=wgs84', '-90,-180'],
+    ['geo:09,007', '9,7'],
+    ['geo:-0,-0', '-0,-0'],
+  ]) {
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      parseCoordinateQuery(query),
+      parseCoordinateQuery(decimal),
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test('malformed or unsupported geo URIs are refused without losing their meaning', () => {
+  for (const query of [
+    'geo:',
+    'geo:39.7392',
+    'geo:,104.9903',
+    'geo:39.7392,,104.9903',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903,',
+    'geo:91,0',
+    'geo:-90.1,0',
+    'geo:0,181',
+    'geo:0,-180.1',
+    'geo:000,0',
+    'geo:0,0000',
+    'geo:+39.7392,-104.9903',
+    'geo:.5,-.25',
+    'geo:1e1,2',
+    'geo:NaN,0',
+    'geo:Infinity,0',
+    'geo:39.7392, -104.9903',
+    'geo:39.7392;-104.9903',
+    'geo:39.7392N,104.9903W',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903,1600',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903;u=10',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903;crs=unknown',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903;crs=wgs84;crs=wgs84',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903;crs=wgs84;u=0',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903;custom=value',
+    'geo:0,0?q=39.7392,-104.9903(Denver)',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903#Denver',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903 trailing text',
+    'geo://39.7392,-104.9903',
+    'https://example.com/geo:39.7392,-104.9903',
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(parseCoordinateQuery(query), null, query);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/search/offlineGeocoders.test.mjs b/src/search/offlineGeocoders.test.mjs
index f0d6a507a..2a01eac69 100644
--- a/src/search/offlineGeocoders.test.mjs
+++ b/src/search/offlineGeocoders.test.mjs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { createCoordinateGeocoder } from './coordinateGeocoder.js';
 import { createPresetGeocoder } from './presetGeocoder.js';
 import { createPlaceSearch } from './placeSearch.js';
+import { createDefaultPlaceSearch } from './defaults.js';
 
 const PRESETS = {
   austin: {
@@ -189,3 +190,52 @@ test('a cancelled search stops the offline providers too', async () => {
     );
   }
 });
+
+test('default search resolves a geo URI exactly without requesting a geocoder', async () => {
+  const requests = [];
+  const search = createDefaultPlaceSearch({
+    resolveApiKey: () => 'test-key',
+    fetchImpl: async (url) => {
+      requests.push(url);
+      throw new Error('No network request should be needed');
+    },
+  });
+  const { place, fallbackUsed } = await search.geocode(
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903;crs=wgs84',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(requests, []);
+  assert.equal(fallbackUsed, false);
+  assert.equal(place.lat, 39.7392);
+  assert.equal(place.lng, -104.9903);
+  assert.equal(place.exact, true);
+  assert.deepEqual(place.types, ['coordinate']);
+  assert.ok(place.viewport.southwest.lat < place.lat);
+  assert.ok(place.viewport.northeast.lat > place.lat);
+  assert.ok(place.viewport.southwest.lng < place.lng);
+  assert.ok(place.viewport.northeast.lng > place.lng);
+});
+
+test('unsupported geo URIs reach the next search provider unchanged', async () => {
+  const queries = [
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903,1600',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903;u=10',
+    'geo:39.7392,-104.9903;crs=unknown',
+    'geo:0,0?q=Denver',
+  ];
+  const received = [];
+  const search = createPlaceSearch({
+    providers: [
+      createCoordinateGeocoder(),
+      {
+        async geocode(query) {
+          received.push(query);
+          return { place: null, answered: true };
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+  });
+  for (const query of queries) {
+    assert.equal((await search.geocode(query)).place, null);
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(received, queries);
+});
diff --git a/src/services/groundFloor.js b/src/services/groundFloor.js
index 950c1b94e..27b7dc5e4 100644
--- a/src/services/groundFloor.js
+++ b/src/services/groundFloor.js
@@ -204,12 +204,16 @@ export function createGroundFloor({ terrain, signal }) {
    * @returns {{lat: number, lon: number}} The cell to read.
    */
   function stickyFloorCell(lat, lon, previousCell) {
-    if (
-      previousCell &&
-      Math.abs(lat - previousCell.lat) <= 0.0005 + CELL_HYSTERESIS_DEG &&
-      Math.abs(lon - previousCell.lon) <= 0.0005 + CELL_HYSTERESIS_DEG
-    ) {
-      return previousCell;
+    if (previousCell) {
+      // The short way round, so a contact on the 180° seam keeps its cell.
+      let dLon = lon - previousCell.lon;
+      dLon -= 360 * Math.round(dLon / 360);
+      if (
+        Math.abs(lat - previousCell.lat) <= 0.0005 + CELL_HYSTERESIS_DEG &&
+        Math.abs(dLon) <= 0.0005 + CELL_HYSTERESIS_DEG
+      ) {
+        return previousCell;
+      }
     }
     return coarseFloorCoord(lat, lon);
   }
@@ -269,17 +273,20 @@ export function createGroundFloor({ terrain, signal }) {
       const a = points[s];
       const b = points[s + 1];
       if (![a?.lat, a?.lon, b?.lat, b?.lon].every(Number.isFinite)) continue;
+      // The short way round, so a segment across 180° walks across it.
+      let dLon = b.lon - a.lon;
+      dLon -= 360 * Math.round(dLon / 360);
       const steps = Math.ceil(
-        Math.max(Math.abs(b.lat - a.lat), Math.abs(b.lon - a.lon)) /
+        Math.max(Math.abs(b.lat - a.lat), Math.abs(dLon)) /
           CORRIDOR_WALK_STEP_DEG,
       );
       for (let i = 1; i <= steps; i++) {
         if (out.length >= prefixLimit) break walk;
         const t = i / steps;
-        const cell = coarseFloorCoord(
-          a.lat + (b.lat - a.lat) * t,
-          a.lon + (b.lon - a.lon) * t,
-        );
+        let lon = a.lon + dLon * t;
+        if (lon > 180) lon -= 360;
+        else if (lon < -180) lon += 360;
+        const cell = coarseFloorCoord(a.lat + (b.lat - a.lat) * t, lon);
         const key = `${cell.lat},${cell.lon}`;
         if (seen.has(key) || key === destKey) continue;
         seen.add(key);
diff --git a/src/services/meshFloorSampler.js b/src/services/meshFloorSampler.js
index b1cf65f29..e1416d288 100644
--- a/src/services/meshFloorSampler.js
+++ b/src/services/meshFloorSampler.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { approxDistanceKm } from '../data/approxDistance.js';
 
 /** Construct an instance-owned meshFloorSampler service with explicit dependencies. */
 export function createMeshFloorSampler({
@@ -79,16 +80,6 @@ export function createMeshFloorSampler({
     return false;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Equirectangular distance (km) — same approximation the flights clamp uses.
-   */
-  function _approxKm(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
-    const dLat = (lat2 - lat1) * 111.32;
-    const dLon =
-      (lon2 - lon1) * 111.32 * Math.cos((((lat1 + lat2) / 2) * Math.PI) / 180);
-    return Math.hypot(dLat, dLon);
-  }
-
   /**
    * Samples the rendered mesh height for the coarse cells containing `points`,
    * one-shot per cell, budget-capped, viewer-proximity-gated. Call ONCE per
@@ -133,7 +124,8 @@ export function createMeshFloorSampler({
       if (
         Number.isFinite(viewerLat) &&
         Number.isFinite(viewerLon) &&
-        _approxKm(viewerLat, viewerLon, cell.lat, cell.lon) > MAX_SAMPLE_DIST_KM
+        approxDistanceKm(viewerLat, viewerLon, cell.lat, cell.lon) >
+          MAX_SAMPLE_DIST_KM
       ) {
         continue; // too far: tiles not streamed there, probe would be a guaranteed miss
       }
diff --git a/src/setupDoctor.test.mjs b/src/setupDoctor.test.mjs
index 71c6e44af..26d695ba1 100644
--- a/src/setupDoctor.test.mjs
+++ b/src/setupDoctor.test.mjs
@@ -69,12 +69,22 @@ test('placeholder values are never counted as configured credentials', () => {
 });
 
 test('doctor selects a Windows-safe npm process without changing Unix behavior', () => {
-  assert.deepEqual(npmProcessSpec('win32'), {
-    command: 'npm.cmd',
+  // Windows passes no argument array with shell: true (Node DEP0190).
+  assert.deepEqual(npmProcessSpec(['ci'], 'win32'), {
+    command: 'npm.cmd ci',
+    args: [],
     shell: true,
   });
-  assert.deepEqual(npmProcessSpec('darwin'), { command: 'npm', shell: false });
-  assert.deepEqual(npmProcessSpec('linux'), { command: 'npm', shell: false });
+  assert.deepEqual(npmProcessSpec(['--version'], 'darwin'), {
+    command: 'npm',
+    args: ['--version'],
+    shell: false,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(npmProcessSpec(['ci'], 'linux'), {
+    command: 'npm',
+    args: ['ci'],
+    shell: false,
+  });
 });
 
 test('doctor recognizes every OpenSky OAuth keychain alias used by dev-fresh', () => {
diff --git a/src/sharelink.js b/src/sharelink.js
index e2a9e41b2..6072fb1bd 100644
--- a/src/sharelink.js
+++ b/src/sharelink.js
@@ -511,6 +511,8 @@ export class ShareLinkManager {
     if (!params) return false;
     params.set(SHARE_CREATED_AT_PARAM, String(Math.floor(nowMs / 1000)));
     const copiedUrl = new URL(window.location.href);
+    // ?lang is the sender's language override; the recipient keeps their own.
+    copiedUrl.searchParams.delete('lang');
     copiedUrl.hash = params.toString();
     try {
       await navigator.clipboard.writeText(copiedUrl.href);
diff --git a/src/sharelink.lang.test.mjs b/src/sharelink.lang.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fee4241f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/sharelink.lang.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// A copied share link must not carry the sender's ?lang override: on the
+// recipient's side ?lang would beat their own stored choice.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { ShareLinkManager } from './sharelink.js';
+import { resolveLocale } from './i18n/locale.js';
+import { persistLocaleAndReload } from './i18n/index.js';
+
+function makeManager(href) {
+  globalThis.window = { location: { href, hash: new URL(href).hash } };
+  globalThis.history = { replaceState() {} };
+  const viewer = {
+    camera: {
+      changed: { addEventListener() {} },
+      positionCartographic: { latitude: 0, longitude: 0, height: 1000 },
+      heading: 0,
+      pitch: -Math.PI / 2,
+      roll: 0,
+    },
+  };
+  return new ShareLinkManager(viewer);
+}
+
+function installClipboard(writeText) {
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'navigator', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: { clipboard: { writeText } },
+  });
+}
+
+test('the copied link does not carry the sender ?lang override', async () => {
+  let copied = null;
+  installClipboard(async (url) => {
+    copied = url;
+  });
+  const manager = makeManager('https://gev.example/?lang=ru#v=2&lat=10&lon=20');
+  assert.equal(await manager.copyLink({ nowMs: 1_000_000 }), true);
+  const link = new URL(copied);
+  assert.equal(link.searchParams.get('lang'), null, `copied link: ${copied}`);
+
+  const store = new Map([['gev:locale:v1', 'es']]);
+  const recipient = resolveLocale({
+    location: { search: link.search },
+    storage: { getItem: (k) => store.get(k) ?? null },
+    languages: ['en-US'],
+  });
+  assert.equal(recipient, 'es');
+});
+
+test('with storage blocked the language picker keeps the choice in ?lang', () => {
+  let href = 'https://gev.example/#v=2';
+  const location = {
+    get href() {
+      return href;
+    },
+    assign(next) {
+      href = next;
+    },
+    reload() {},
+  };
+  const history = {
+    replaceState: (_s, _t, url) => {
+      href = url;
+    },
+  };
+  const blocked = {
+    setItem() {
+      throw new Error('blocked');
+    },
+  };
+  persistLocaleAndReload('ru', { location, history, storage: blocked });
+  // Storage blocked: the choice survives only in ?lang.
+  assert.equal(new URL(href).searchParams.get('lang'), 'ru');
+});
diff --git a/src/sources/httpBody.js b/src/sources/httpBody.js
index 9c8a28f04..eb6c49754 100644
--- a/src/sources/httpBody.js
+++ b/src/sources/httpBody.js
@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
+// Imported by the server: the catalog-free marker, not src/i18n/index.js. The
+// text stays English data; layers show it translated (translateKnown).
+import { msg } from '../i18n/marker.js';
+
+const tooLarge = () =>
+  Object.assign(new Error(msg('Upstream response too large')), {
+    code: 'RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE',
+  });
+
 /**
  * Read a fetch() Response body as text with a hard byte cap. Rejects early on an
  * oversized Content-Length, then streams with a running cap so a chunked or
  * length-omitted response cannot blow past the limit. Throws { code:'RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE' }.
  */
 export async function readResponseTextCapped(response, maxBytes, signal) {
-  const tooLarge = () =>
-    Object.assign(new Error('Upstream response too large'), {
-      code: 'RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE',
-    });
   const declared = Number(response.headers.get('content-length'));
   if (Number.isFinite(declared) && declared > maxBytes) {
     void response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
@@ -61,10 +66,6 @@ export async function readResponseJsonCapped(response, maxBytes, signal) {
  * Throws { code:'RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE' }.
  */
 export async function readResponseBytesCapped(response, maxBytes, signal) {
-  const tooLarge = () =>
-    Object.assign(new Error('Upstream response too large'), {
-      code: 'RESPONSE_TOO_LARGE',
-    });
   const declared = Number(response.headers.get('content-length'));
   if (Number.isFinite(declared) && declared > maxBytes) {
     await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {});
diff --git a/src/sources/httpBody.test.mjs b/src/sources/httpBody.test.mjs
index aa8e77d1a..82c0bed43 100644
--- a/src/sources/httpBody.test.mjs
+++ b/src/sources/httpBody.test.mjs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { test } from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import { readResponseBytesCapped } from './httpBody.js';
+import { setLocale, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { readResponseBytesCapped, readResponseTextCapped } from './httpBody.js';
 
 /**
  * A Response that streams `chunk` forever until the reader cancels it. The
@@ -131,3 +132,19 @@ test('falls back to arrayBuffer() for a body with no stream reader', async () =>
   assert.equal(buf.byteLength, 16);
   assert.equal(buf[0], 9);
 });
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: an oversized upstream response is translated`, async () => {
+    const response = new Response('x'.repeat(10), {
+      headers: { 'content-length': '10' },
+    });
+    const error = await readResponseTextCapped(response, 4).catch((e) => e);
+    assert.equal(error.message, 'Upstream response too large');
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      assert.notEqual(translateKnown(error.message), error.message);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/sources/live/contract.js b/src/sources/live/contract.js
index d99b55f0d..7c2e41788 100644
--- a/src/sources/live/contract.js
+++ b/src/sources/live/contract.js
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@
  * Snapshots describe coverage and completeness independently of freshness.
  * Records contain observation data only, with no scene objects or transport data.
  */
+// Messages are English data (AI tools read them too); the Layers panel shows
+// them translated by their shape (translateFeedError in src/ui/statusText.js),
+// so a new or reworded message is changed there as well.
 export class LiveSourceError extends Error {
   constructor(
     code,
diff --git a/src/sources/live/standalone.js b/src/sources/live/standalone.js
index 68ac5b6be..55670c629 100644
--- a/src/sources/live/standalone.js
+++ b/src/sources/live/standalone.js
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ export function createFlightSource({
   now = () => Date.now(),
 } = {}) {
   return {
+    // i18n-ignore: feed source name, replaced by the provider from each snapshot and reported to AI tools
     label: 'Flights',
     async getSnapshot(query = {}, { signal } = {}) {
       const params = new URLSearchParams();
@@ -127,6 +128,7 @@ export function createMilitarySource({
   now = () => Date.now(),
 } = {}) {
   return {
+    // i18n-ignore: feed source name, replaced by the provider from each snapshot and reported to AI tools
     label: 'Military aircraft',
     async getIdentities(_query = {}, { signal } = {}) {
       const { response, payload } = await readResponse(
@@ -186,6 +188,7 @@ export function createVesselSource({
   origin = () => globalThis.location?.origin || 'http://localhost',
 } = {}) {
   return {
+    // i18n-ignore: feed source name, replaced by the provider from each snapshot and reported to AI tools
     label: 'Vessels',
     async getSnapshot({ maxRows = 12000, area } = {}, { signal } = {}) {
       const url = new URL(apiUrl, origin());
diff --git a/src/sources/openFreeMap.js b/src/sources/openFreeMap.js
index 58208a1fd..274c2ace7 100644
--- a/src/sources/openFreeMap.js
+++ b/src/sources/openFreeMap.js
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@ import { VectorTile } from '@mapbox/vector-tile';
 import { createVectorTileSource } from './vectorTiles.js';
 import { clipTileRing, militaryOutlineLines } from './militaryTileGeometry.js';
 import { tileToBBox } from '../data/tomtomTiles.js';
+// Kept English in data; the map card and Contacts translate it.
+import { UNNAMED_MILITARY_AREA } from '../data/installationNames.js';
+
+/** Name of a military polygon the names pack has not named. */
+export { UNNAMED_MILITARY_AREA };
 
 const ROAD_TYPES = Object.freeze({
   motorway: 'motorway',
@@ -191,7 +196,7 @@ function decodeLayers(bytes, z, x, y, layerNames) {
             id: `ofm:${z}/${x}/${y}:${feature.id ?? i}:${p}`,
             kind: 'installation',
             class: 'military_land',
-            name: 'Military area',
+            name: UNNAMED_MILITARY_AREA,
             latitude,
             longitude,
             footprint: ring,
diff --git a/src/sources/tle.js b/src/sources/tle.js
index e46266244..61c409a2b 100644
--- a/src/sources/tle.js
+++ b/src/sources/tle.js
@@ -28,35 +28,47 @@ export function parseTleText(text) {
   return result;
 }
 
+// Alpha-5: a letter A–Z, skipping I and O, then exactly four digits.
+const ALPHA5 = /^[A-HJ-NP-Z]\d{4}$/;
+const DIGITS = /^\d+$/;
+
 /**
- * The catalog number an Alpha-5 field stands for, or null for any other field.
+ * The catalog number a catalog field stands for, or null for any other field.
  *
- * Since the catalog passed 99999 (July 2026) a TLE writes the numbers above it
- * in Alpha-5: a letter A–Z, skipping I and O, stands for 10–33 in the
- * ten-thousands place, so 100000 is "A0000" and 339999 is "Z9999".
+ * A field is either plain digits or Alpha-5, the TLE spelling of numbers above
+ * 99999: the letter stands for 10–33 in the ten-thousands place, skipping I
+ * and O, so 100000 is "A0000" and 339999 is "Z9999". Anything else (a sign, a
+ * decimal point, hex, an embedded space, a lowercase or trailing letter) is
+ * not a catalog number.
+ * @param {string} field the field with any leading spaces already removed
+ * @returns {number | null}
  */
-function alpha5CatalogNumber(field) {
+function decodeCatalogField(field) {
+  if (DIGITS.test(field)) return Number(field);
+  if (!ALPHA5.test(field)) return null;
   const letter = field[0];
-  if (
-    letter >= 'A' &&
-    letter <= 'Z' &&
-    letter !== 'I' &&
-    letter !== 'O' &&
-    /^\d{4}$/.test(field.slice(1))
-  ) {
-    let tens = letter.charCodeAt(0) - 65 + 10;
-    if (letter > 'I') tens -= 1;
-    if (letter > 'O') tens -= 1;
-    return tens * 10000 + Number(field.slice(1));
-  }
-  return null;
+  let tens = letter.charCodeAt(0) - 65 + 10;
+  if (letter > 'I') tens -= 1;
+  if (letter > 'O') tens -= 1;
+  return tens * 10000 + Number(field.slice(1));
 }
 
-/** The NORAD catalog number from a TLE line, or null. */
+/**
+ * NORAD catalog number of a satrec as a number, or NaN.
+ *
+ * satellite.js keeps the TLE's five-character field verbatim in
+ * `satrec.satnum`, and `Number("A0000")` is NaN, so every Alpha-5 satellite
+ * would share one NaN key. Digits of any length (an OMM satrec carries the
+ * number unpadded) and Alpha-5 decode; anything else, blank included, is NaN.
+ * @param {string} satnum
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function noradIdFromSatnum(satnum) {
+  return decodeCatalogField(String(satnum ?? '').trim()) ?? Number.NaN;
+}
+
+/** The NORAD catalog number from TLE line 1 or 2 (columns 3–7), or null. */
 export function tleCatalogNumber(line) {
   const field = String(line).slice(2, 7);
-  const alpha5 = alpha5CatalogNumber(field);
-  if (alpha5 !== null) return alpha5;
-  const number = Number.parseInt(field, 10);
-  return Number.isInteger(number) ? number : null;
+  return decodeCatalogField(field.replace(/^ +/, ''));
 }
diff --git a/src/sources/vectorTiles.js b/src/sources/vectorTiles.js
index 6a90f4aaf..c09b0d1db 100644
--- a/src/sources/vectorTiles.js
+++ b/src/sources/vectorTiles.js
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ import { phaseTiming } from './phaseTiming.js';
 import { tilesForBounds } from '../data/tomtomTiles.js';
 import { readResponseBytesCapped, readResponseJsonCapped } from './httpBody.js';
 
+// Marks text for i18n extraction; the UI translates these failures where it
+// shows them (layer row, loading chip). Kept local because AI tool services
+// import this module outside the browser.
+const msg = (text) => text;
+
 /** Validate a non-dateline geographic viewport before selecting a bounded grid. */
 export function validTileBounds(box) {
   return (
@@ -70,7 +75,10 @@ export function createVectorTileSource({
     const timer = setTimeout(
       () =>
         controller.abort(
-          new DOMException('Vector tile request timed out', 'TimeoutError'),
+          new DOMException(
+            msg('Vector tile request timed out'),
+            'TimeoutError',
+          ),
         ),
       12_000,
     );
@@ -87,8 +95,9 @@ export function createVectorTileSource({
         throw Object.assign(
           new Error(
             status === null
-              ? 'Vector tiles unavailable'
-              : `Vector tiles unavailable (HTTP ${status})`,
+              ? msg('Vector tiles unavailable')
+              : // Shown through the 'Vector tiles unavailable (HTTP {status})' key.
+                `Vector tiles unavailable (HTTP ${status})`,
           ),
           { status },
         );
@@ -172,7 +181,9 @@ export function createVectorTileSource({
           if (flight.controller.signal.aborted || error.name === 'AbortError')
             throw error;
           metadataError = Object.assign(
-            new Error('Vector tile metadata unavailable', { cause: error }),
+            new Error(msg('Vector tile metadata unavailable'), {
+              cause: error,
+            }),
             {
               status: error.status ?? null,
               name: error.name === 'TimeoutError' ? 'TimeoutError' : 'Error',
@@ -364,10 +375,13 @@ export function createVectorTileSource({
       const limited = candidates.length > maxTiles;
       // Refuse over-wide views instead of silently sampling a northwest strip.
       if (limited)
-        throw Object.assign(new Error('Zoom in for vector tile coverage'), {
-          retryable: false,
-          code: 'TILE_VIEW_TOO_WIDE',
-        });
+        throw Object.assign(
+          new Error(msg('Zoom in for vector tile coverage')),
+          {
+            retryable: false,
+            code: 'TILE_VIEW_TOO_WIDE',
+          },
+        );
       let index = 0;
       const results = new Array(candidates.length);
       await Promise.all(
diff --git a/src/standalone/application.js b/src/standalone/application.js
index 5c5b048d9..c73daf374 100644
--- a/src/standalone/application.js
+++ b/src/standalone/application.js
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 import { createStandaloneCatalog } from './catalog.js';
 import { createStandalonePlaceSearch } from './placeSearch.js';
-import { CITY_POIS } from '../locations.js';
+import { CITY_POIS } from '../cityPois.js';
 import { createApplication } from '../app/application.js';
 import { createStandaloneScene } from './scene.js';
 import { createStandaloneControls } from './controls.js';
 import { createStandaloneData } from './data.js';
 import { createStandaloneTools } from './tools.js';
+import { resolveLocale, applyDocumentLanguage } from '../i18n/locale.js';
+import { applyDocumentTranslations, setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { createGoogleTokenSource } from '../maps/googleTokens.js';
 
 // The existing controls and layer catalog contain page-scoped state.
@@ -24,6 +26,14 @@ export function createStandaloneApplication({
   if (constructed)
     throw new Error('The standalone application already owns this page');
   constructed = true;
+  // Locale is resolved before any UI initialization so <html lang>/<html dir>
+  // and every catalog lookup agree from the first painted frame. Module
+  // scripts execute after parsing, so the DOM is ready here and every
+  // data-i18n* element honors the resolved locale without a reload.
+  const activeLocale = resolveLocale();
+  setLocale(activeLocale);
+  applyDocumentLanguage(document, activeLocale);
+  applyDocumentTranslations(document);
   const loadingScreen = document.getElementById('loading-screen');
   const loaderStatus = loadingScreen.querySelector('.loader-status');
   let placeSearch;
diff --git a/src/streetLevelMarkup.test.mjs b/src/streetLevelMarkup.test.mjs
index 7f8bee304..4617eb4d9 100644
--- a/src/streetLevelMarkup.test.mjs
+++ b/src/streetLevelMarkup.test.mjs
@@ -25,7 +25,10 @@ test('Street Level is an ordinary collapsible GEV panel that starts collapsed',
     html,
     /<button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="street-level-panel"/,
   );
-  assert.match(html, /<span class="panel-title">STREET LEVEL<\/span>/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /<span class="panel-title" data-i18n>STREET LEVEL<\/span>/,
+  );
   // Provider-neutral header: no vendor mark; the inner restores its scroll.
   assert.doesNotMatch(html, /sl-mark|mly-mark/);
   assert.match(
diff --git a/src/styles/anime.js b/src/styles/anime.js
index bfe51a685..deb79c355 100644
--- a/src/styles/anime.js
+++ b/src/styles/anime.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 /**
  * Anime / Studio Ghibli Style — Cel-shading + Saturation boost
  * Transforms the world into an animated film look
@@ -5,8 +7,8 @@
 export const animeShader = {
   name: 'anime',
   uniforms: {
-    saturation: { default: 1.0, min: 0, max: 2, label: 'Saturation' },
-    edgeThick: { default: 0.5, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Edge Thickness' },
+    saturation: { default: 1.0, min: 0, max: 2, label: msg('Saturation') },
+    edgeThick: { default: 0.5, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Edge Thickness') },
   },
   fragmentShader: /* glsl */ `
     uniform sampler2D colorTexture;
diff --git a/src/styles/noir.js b/src/styles/noir.js
index ff01d58fc..5ea458859 100644
--- a/src/styles/noir.js
+++ b/src/styles/noir.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 /**
  * Noir Style — Desaturation + High Contrast + Vignette
  * Classic film noir / detective movie look
@@ -5,9 +7,9 @@
 export const noirShader = {
   name: 'noir',
   uniforms: {
-    contrastAmt: { default: 1.2, min: 0, max: 2, label: 'Contrast' },
-    grainAmt: { default: 0.5, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Grain' },
-    vignetteAmt: { default: 0.5, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Vignette' },
+    contrastAmt: { default: 1.2, min: 0, max: 2, label: msg('Contrast') },
+    grainAmt: { default: 0.5, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Grain') },
+    vignetteAmt: { default: 0.5, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Vignette') },
   },
   fragmentShader: /* glsl */ `
     uniform sampler2D colorTexture;
diff --git a/src/styles/retro.js b/src/styles/retro.js
index 7ff76e1d4..396f95853 100644
--- a/src/styles/retro.js
+++ b/src/styles/retro.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 /**
  * CRT Terminal — Dynamic CRT Monitor Aesthetic
  * Pixelation + Bayer dithering + barrel distortion + scanlines +
@@ -12,9 +14,9 @@
 export const retroShader = {
   name: 'retro',
   uniforms: {
-    pixelation: { default: 5.0, min: 1, max: 10, label: 'Pixelation' },
-    distortion: { default: 0, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Distortion' },
-    instability: { default: 0.4, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Instability' },
+    pixelation: { default: 5.0, min: 1, max: 10, label: msg('Pixelation') },
+    distortion: { default: 0, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Distortion') },
+    instability: { default: 0.4, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Instability') },
   },
   fragmentShader: /* glsl */ `
     uniform sampler2D colorTexture;
diff --git a/src/styles/snow.js b/src/styles/snow.js
index b23f9bd71..569f6cbbc 100644
--- a/src/styles/snow.js
+++ b/src/styles/snow.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 /**
  * Snow Style — White overlay + Desaturation + Falling particles
  * Transforms the world into a winter wonderland
@@ -5,8 +7,8 @@
 export const snowShader = {
   name: 'snow',
   uniforms: {
-    density: { default: 0.6, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Density' },
-    wind: { default: 0.5, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Wind' },
+    density: { default: 0.6, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Density') },
+    wind: { default: 0.5, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Wind') },
   },
   fragmentShader: /* glsl */ `
     uniform sampler2D colorTexture;
diff --git a/src/styles/surveillance.js b/src/styles/surveillance.js
index 8ab7eb914..810ac7e4f 100644
--- a/src/styles/surveillance.js
+++ b/src/styles/surveillance.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 /**
  * Night Vision / NVG — PVS-14 Image Intensifier Emulation
  * P43 phosphor green, intensifier tube bloom, circular vignette,
@@ -12,10 +14,10 @@
 export const nightVisionShader = {
   name: 'surveillance',
   uniforms: {
-    gain: { default: 0.55, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Gain' },
-    bloom: { default: 0.3, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Bloom' },
-    scanlineStr: { default: 1.0, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Scanlines' },
-    pixelation: { default: 2.5, min: 1, max: 6, label: 'Pixelation' },
+    gain: { default: 0.55, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Gain') },
+    bloom: { default: 0.3, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Bloom') },
+    scanlineStr: { default: 1.0, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Scanlines') },
+    pixelation: { default: 2.5, min: 1, max: 6, label: msg('Pixelation') },
   },
   fragmentShader: /* glsl */ `
     uniform sampler2D colorTexture;
@@ -244,7 +246,7 @@ export const nightVisionShader = {
         nvgColor += phosphor * lbl * 0.3 * intensity;
       }
 
-      // Gain indicator below label: "AUTO" marker
+      // Gain indicator below label: "AUTO" marker (i18n-ignore: shader comment, not UI)
       vec2 gainArea = (uv - vec2(0.03, 0.88)) / vec2(0.05, 0.025);
       if (gainArea.x >= 0.0 && gainArea.x <= 1.0 && gainArea.y >= 0.0 && gainArea.y <= 1.0) {
         float gLbl = step(0.1, gainArea.x) * step(gainArea.x, 0.9) *
diff --git a/src/styles/thermal.js b/src/styles/thermal.js
index fe0796810..90aff5312 100644
--- a/src/styles/thermal.js
+++ b/src/styles/thermal.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 /**
  * FLIR — Forward Looking Infrared
  * Military-grade thermal imaging with White-Hot/Black-Hot modes,
@@ -14,11 +16,11 @@
 export const thermalShader = {
   name: 'thermal',
   uniforms: {
-    sensitivity: { default: 0.75, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Sensitivity' },
-    bloom: { default: 0.65, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Bloom' },
-    mode: { default: 0.0, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'WHOT/BHOT' },
-    pixelation: { default: 1.5, min: 1, max: 6, label: 'Pixelation' },
-    palette: { default: 0.0, min: 0, max: 1, label: 'Ironbow' },
+    sensitivity: { default: 0.75, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Sensitivity') },
+    bloom: { default: 0.65, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Bloom') },
+    mode: { default: 0.0, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('WHOT/BHOT') },
+    pixelation: { default: 1.5, min: 1, max: 6, label: msg('Pixelation') },
+    palette: { default: 0.0, min: 0, max: 1, label: msg('Ironbow') },
   },
   fragmentShader: /* glsl */ `
     uniform sampler2D colorTexture;
diff --git a/src/tooling/changelogFragments.test.mjs b/src/tooling/changelogFragments.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..792542f68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tooling/changelogFragments.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import * as fs from 'node:fs/promises';
+import {
+  mkdtemp,
+  mkdir,
+  writeFile,
+  readFile,
+  readdir,
+  rm,
+} from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+import {
+  FRAGMENT_DIR,
+  STAGING_DIR,
+  assembleChangelog,
+  assembleFragments,
+  orderFragmentNames,
+  recoverInterruptedBatch,
+} from '../../scripts/assemble-changelog.mjs';
+
+const EXISTING =
+  '# Changelog\n\n- An entry that was already released (someone, #1).\n';
+
+const repositoryRoot = fileURLToPath(new URL('../..', import.meta.url));
+
+async function fixture(t, fragments = {}) {
+  const root = await mkdtemp(path.join(tmpdir(), 'gev-changelog-'));
+  t.after(() => rm(root, { recursive: true, force: true }));
+  await mkdir(path.join(root, FRAGMENT_DIR));
+  await writeFile(
+    path.join(root, FRAGMENT_DIR, 'README.md'),
+    '# How to add one\n',
+  );
+  await writeFile(path.join(root, 'CHANGELOG.md'), EXISTING);
+  for (const [name, body] of Object.entries(fragments)) {
+    await writeFile(path.join(root, FRAGMENT_DIR, name), body);
+  }
+  return root;
+}
+
+test('the batch reads newest pull request first', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(orderFragmentNames(['7-b.md', '112-c.md', '19-a.md']), [
+    '112-c.md',
+    '19-a.md',
+    '7-b.md',
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('the directory README is documentation, never an entry', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(orderFragmentNames(['README.md', '5-a.md']), ['5-a.md']);
+});
+
+test('two fragments claiming one pull request fail loudly, not silently', () => {
+  assert.throws(
+    () => orderFragmentNames(['5-first.md', '5-second.md']),
+    /Two fragments claim pull request 5/,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a name that is not <pull request>-<slug>.md is refused', () => {
+  for (const name of ['notes.md', '5_underscore.md', '5-Caps.md', '5-a.txt']) {
+    assert.throws(() => orderFragmentNames([name]), /Unexpected file/, name);
+  }
+});
+
+test('fragment text is spliced in unchanged, above the existing entries', () => {
+  // Wrapped, indented and punctuated the way a real entry is: the continuation
+  // indent and the blank line inside the entry are the parts a reflow would eat.
+  const entry = [
+    '- A new thing, with `code` and a — dash. The second line is indented the',
+    '  way the surrounding entries wrap, and it keeps its two spaces.',
+    '',
+    '  A second paragraph, because some entries have one (someone, #9).',
+  ].join('\n');
+  const result = assembleChangelog(EXISTING, [`${entry}\n\n\n`]);
+  assert.equal(
+    result,
+    `# Changelog\n\n${entry}\n\n- An entry that was already released (someone, #1).\n`,
+  );
+  // The entry survives byte for byte: drawTool.test.mjs reads this file as
+  // prose and slices a fixed window, so reflowing would move text across it.
+  assert.ok(result.includes(entry));
+});
+
+test('a CHANGELOG without the heading is refused rather than prepended to', () => {
+  assert.throws(
+    () => assembleChangelog('- orphan entry\n', ['- new\n']),
+    /must start with "# Changelog"/,
+  );
+});
+
+test('assembling consumes the fragments and leaves the README', async (t) => {
+  const root = await fixture(t, {
+    '20-second.md': '- Second (someone, #20).',
+    '100-first.md': '- First (someone, #100).',
+  });
+  const { consumed } = await assembleFragments(root, '--write');
+  assert.deepEqual(consumed, ['100-first.md', '20-second.md']);
+  const changelog = await readFile(path.join(root, 'CHANGELOG.md'), 'utf8');
+  assert.match(
+    changelog,
+    /# Changelog\n\n- First \(someone, #100\)\.\n\n- Second \(someone, #20\)\.\n\n- An entry that was already released/,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(await readdir(path.join(root, FRAGMENT_DIR)), ['README.md']);
+});
+
+test('a rejected batch leaves the directory and the file untouched', async (t) => {
+  const root = await fixture(t, {
+    '8-first.md': '- First (someone, #8).',
+    '8-again.md': '- Again (someone, #8).',
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(
+    assembleFragments(root, '--write'),
+    /Two fragments claim pull request 8/,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    await readFile(path.join(root, 'CHANGELOG.md'), 'utf8'),
+    EXISTING,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual((await readdir(path.join(root, FRAGMENT_DIR))).sort(), [
+    '8-again.md',
+    '8-first.md',
+    'README.md',
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('check mode changes nothing on disk', async (t) => {
+  const root = await fixture(t, { '3-a.md': '- Something (someone, #3).' });
+  const { consumed } = await assembleFragments(root, '--check');
+  assert.deepEqual(consumed, ['3-a.md']);
+  assert.equal(
+    await readFile(path.join(root, 'CHANGELOG.md'), 'utf8'),
+    EXISTING,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual((await readdir(path.join(root, FRAGMENT_DIR))).sort(), [
+    '3-a.md',
+    'README.md',
+  ]);
+});
+
+test('an empty directory is a no-op, so a release can always run it', async (t) => {
+  const root = await fixture(t);
+  const { consumed } = await assembleFragments(root, '--write');
+  assert.deepEqual(consumed, []);
+  assert.equal(
+    await readFile(path.join(root, 'CHANGELOG.md'), 'utf8'),
+    EXISTING,
+  );
+});
+
+test('a mode that is neither check nor write is refused', async (t) => {
+  const root = await fixture(t);
+  await assert.rejects(assembleFragments(root, '--force'), /--check\|--write/);
+});
+
+// Failure injection. Every filesystem call the write path makes is a point
+// where a release can die: a full disk, a permissions error, a killed process.
+
+const IO_CALLS = ['readdir', 'readFile', 'mkdir', 'writeFile', 'rename', 'rm'];
+const BATCH = {
+  '20-second.md': '- Second (someone, #20).',
+  '100-first.md': '- First (someone, #100).',
+  '7-third.md': '- Third (someone, #7).',
+};
+
+/**
+ * The real filesystem, except that `call` throws the `nth` time it runs. With
+ * `crash`, every later call throws as well, the way a killed process makes no
+ * further calls: the in-process rollback cannot run either, so the next
+ * invocation is the only thing that can recover.
+ */
+function failing(call, nth, { crash = false } = {}) {
+  let seen = 0;
+  let dead = false;
+  const io = { ...fs };
+  for (const name of IO_CALLS) {
+    io[name] = async (...args) => {
+      if (dead) throw new Error('process already gone');
+      if (name === call && ++seen === nth) {
+        dead = crash;
+        throw new Error(`injected ${call} failure #${nth}`);
+      }
+      return fs[name](...args);
+    };
+  }
+  return io;
+}
+
+/** How many times one uninterrupted `--write` makes each filesystem call. */
+async function countCalls(t) {
+  const root = await fixture(t, BATCH);
+  const counts = Object.fromEntries(IO_CALLS.map((name) => [name, 0]));
+  const io = { ...fs };
+  for (const name of IO_CALLS) {
+    io[name] = (...args) => {
+      counts[name] += 1;
+      return fs[name](...args);
+    };
+  }
+  await assembleFragments(root, '--write', io);
+  return {
+    counts,
+    expected: await readFile(path.join(root, 'CHANGELOG.md'), 'utf8'),
+  };
+}
+
+test('a write that fails at any call never lets a retry duplicate or lose an entry', async (t) => {
+  const { counts, expected } = await countCalls(t);
+  // The write path itself: one mkdir, one writeFile, a rename per fragment plus
+  // the commit rename, and the cleanup rm. Fewer would mean a step went missing.
+  assert.ok(counts.rename >= Object.keys(BATCH).length + 1);
+  for (const crash of [false, true]) {
+    for (const call of IO_CALLS) {
+      for (let nth = 1; nth <= counts[call]; nth += 1) {
+        const label = `${crash ? 'crash' : 'error'} at ${call} #${nth}`;
+        const root = await fixture(t, BATCH);
+        await assert.rejects(
+          assembleFragments(root, '--write', failing(call, nth, { crash })),
+          /injected|already gone/,
+          label,
+        );
+        await assembleFragments(root, '--write');
+        const changelog = await readFile(
+          path.join(root, 'CHANGELOG.md'),
+          'utf8',
+        );
+        assert.equal(changelog, expected, label);
+        for (const pr of [100, 20, 7, 1]) {
+          assert.equal(
+            changelog.split(`(someone, #${pr}).`).length - 1,
+            1,
+            `${label}: #${pr} appears exactly once`,
+          );
+        }
+        assert.deepEqual(
+          await readdir(path.join(root, FRAGMENT_DIR)),
+          ['README.md'],
+          label,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('an error before the commit rolls the batch back in the same run', async (t) => {
+  const root = await fixture(t, BATCH);
+  // The second rename has already moved one fragment into the staging directory.
+  await assert.rejects(
+    assembleFragments(root, '--write', failing('rename', 2)),
+    /injected rename failure #2/,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    await readFile(path.join(root, 'CHANGELOG.md'), 'utf8'),
+    EXISTING,
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    (await readdir(path.join(root, FRAGMENT_DIR))).sort(),
+    [...Object.keys(BATCH), 'README.md'].sort(),
+  );
+});
+
+test('check mode reports a batch an interrupted release left staged', async (t) => {
+  const root = await fixture(t, BATCH);
+  await assert.rejects(
+    assembleFragments(root, '--write', failing('rename', 2, { crash: true })),
+  );
+  await assert.rejects(
+    assembleFragments(root, '--check'),
+    new RegExp(`${STAGING_DIR}/ holds a batch an interrupted release`),
+  );
+  assert.equal(await recoverInterruptedBatch(root), 'rolled-back');
+  assert.equal(await recoverInterruptedBatch(root), 'none');
+});
+
+test('recovery refuses to roll a fragment back over a file of the same name', async (t) => {
+  const root = await fixture(t, BATCH);
+  await assert.rejects(
+    assembleFragments(root, '--write', failing('rename', 2, { crash: true })),
+  );
+  await writeFile(
+    path.join(root, FRAGMENT_DIR, '100-first.md'),
+    '- Rewritten.',
+  );
+  await assert.rejects(
+    assembleFragments(root, '--write'),
+    /Cannot roll back .*100-first\.md/,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    await readFile(path.join(root, 'CHANGELOG.md'), 'utf8'),
+    EXISTING,
+  );
+});
+
+// The two below run against the repository itself, so a fragment that the
+// release could not assemble fails `npm test` in the pull request that adds it
+// rather than at release time, when its author has moved on.
+
+test('every pending fragment in the repository can be assembled', async () => {
+  const names = await readdir(path.join(repositoryRoot, FRAGMENT_DIR));
+  assert.ok(
+    names.includes('README.md'),
+    `${FRAGMENT_DIR}/README.md documents the convention and keeps the directory tracked`,
+  );
+  // Throws on a name that is not <pull request>-<slug>.md, and on two fragments
+  // claiming one pull request number. Every other file is an entry.
+  assert.equal(orderFragmentNames(names).length, names.length - 1);
+});
+
+test('CHANGELOG.md still carries the heading a release splices under', async () => {
+  const changelog = await readFile(
+    path.join(repositoryRoot, 'CHANGELOG.md'),
+    'utf8',
+  );
+  assert.ok(changelog.startsWith('# Changelog\n'));
+});
diff --git a/src/tooling/environmentProviders.test.mjs b/src/tooling/environmentProviders.test.mjs
index 63795c16d..b6faeb34c 100644
--- a/src/tooling/environmentProviders.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/environmentProviders.test.mjs
@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ import { firmsProxy } from 'gods-eye-view/server/providers/firms';
 import { gbfsProxy } from 'gods-eye-view/server/providers/gbfs';
 import { localProviderPlugins } from '../../server/providers/local.js';
 
-function install(plugin) {
+function install(plugin, hook = 'configureServer') {
   const routes = new Map();
-  plugin.configureServer({
+  assert.equal(typeof plugin[hook], 'function', `${hook} is available`);
+  plugin[hook]({
     middlewares: {
       use(route, handler) {
         routes.set(route, handler);
@@ -17,9 +18,16 @@ function install(plugin) {
     },
   });
   assert.equal(routes.size, 1);
-  return async (url = '/', method = 'GET') => {
+  return async (url = '/', method = 'GET', headers = {}) => {
     const res = {
       headersSent: false,
+      headers: {},
+      set statusCode(status) {
+        this.status = status;
+      },
+      setHeader(name, value) {
+        this.headers[name.toLowerCase()] = value;
+      },
       writeHead(status, headers) {
         Object.assign(this, { status, headers, headersSent: true });
       },
@@ -27,7 +35,7 @@ function install(plugin) {
         this.body = body;
       },
     };
-    await [...routes.values()][0]({ url, method }, res);
+    await [...routes.values()][0]({ url, method, headers, socket: {} }, res);
     return res;
   };
 }
@@ -191,6 +199,64 @@ test('traffic middleware preserves keyless mode, caching, stale budget fallback
   assert.equal(calls, 2);
 });
 
+test('traffic refuses cross-site requests in dev and preview before spending the TomTom budget', async (t) => {
+  isolate(t, { TOMTOM_API_KEY: 'fixture-key', TOMTOM_DAILY_TILE_BUDGET: '3' });
+  let calls = 0;
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async () => {
+    calls++;
+    return new Response(new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]));
+  });
+  const host = 'localhost:5173';
+  const refused = [
+    { host, 'sec-fetch-site': 'cross-site' }, // <img src> from any web page
+    { host, 'sec-fetch-site': 'same-site' },
+    { host, origin: 'https://evil.example' }, // fetch from another page
+    { host, origin: 'null' }, // sandboxed frame
+    { host, 'x-forwarded-for': '203.0.113.9' }, // through a proxy
+  ];
+  for (const [mode, hook] of [
+    ['dev', 'configureServer'],
+    ['preview', 'configurePreviewServer'],
+  ]) {
+    const request = install(tomtomProxy(), hook);
+    // Each refused shape asks for distinct uncached tiles: without the gate
+    // every one would be a billed attempt counted against the daily budget.
+    let x = 0;
+    for (const headers of refused)
+      for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        const res = await request(`/flow/16/${x++}/0.pbf`, 'GET', headers);
+        assert.equal(res.status, 403, `${mode}: ${JSON.stringify(headers)}`);
+      }
+    assert.equal(
+      (await request('/status', 'GET', refused[0])).status,
+      403,
+      `${mode}: status is gated too`,
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      calls,
+      mode === 'dev' ? 0 : 2,
+      `${mode}: no refused upstream work`,
+    );
+    const app = { host, 'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin' };
+    assert.equal(json(await request('/status', 'GET', app)).dailyCount, 0);
+    // The app itself and loopback tools (no browser headers) still get tiles.
+    const tile = await request('/flow/8/1/1.pbf', 'GET', app);
+    assert.equal(tile.status, 200);
+    assert.equal(tile.headers['x-tomtom-cache'], 'MISS');
+    assert.equal((await request('/flow/8/2/1.pbf')).status, 200);
+    assert.equal(
+      (
+        await request('/flow/8/1/1.pbf', 'GET', {
+          host,
+          origin: `http://${host}`,
+        })
+      ).headers['x-tomtom-cache'],
+      'HIT',
+    );
+    assert.equal(calls, mode === 'dev' ? 2 : 4);
+  }
+});
+
 test('traffic middleware answers 502 to an oversized tile without caching it', async (t) => {
   isolate(t, { TOMTOM_API_KEY: 'fixture-key', TOMTOM_DAILY_TILE_BUDGET: '' });
   const bodies = [];
diff --git a/src/tooling/viteBuild.test.mjs b/src/tooling/viteBuild.test.mjs
index 86a9afb63..9e38a0295 100644
--- a/src/tooling/viteBuild.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tooling/viteBuild.test.mjs
@@ -89,17 +89,34 @@ test('root config retains existing named exports and standalone provider order',
     assert.equal(compatibility[name], value, name);
   const config = standaloneConfig({ mode: 'test' });
   assert.deepEqual(
-    config.plugins.slice(3, -4).map((plugin) => plugin.name),
+    config.plugins.slice(3, -5).map((plugin) => plugin.name),
     providers.localProviderPlugins().map((plugin) => plugin.name),
   );
-  assert.equal(config.plugins.at(-5).name, 'gev-key-setup');
+  assert.equal(config.plugins.at(-6).name, 'gev-key-setup');
   // The local MCP route follows every provider and precedes the API fallback.
-  assert.equal(config.plugins.at(-4).name, 'local-mcp');
-  assert.equal(config.plugins.at(-3).name, 'api-not-found');
+  assert.equal(config.plugins.at(-5).name, 'local-mcp');
+  assert.equal(config.plugins.at(-4).name, 'api-not-found');
+  // Config-only, so it sits after the provider slice rather than in it.
+  assert.equal(config.plugins.at(-3).name, 'gev-unwatched-runtime-dirs');
   assert.equal(config.plugins.at(-2).name, 'embed-framing');
   assert.equal(config.plugins.at(-1).name, 'panel-build');
 });
 
+test('directories the server writes while it runs are kept out of the dev watcher', () => {
+  // Providers write cache files and logs here while the app runs; none of it is
+  // source, so the dev watcher has no reason to stat it.
+  const config = standaloneConfig({ mode: 'test' });
+  const plugin = config.plugins.find(
+    ({ name }) => name === 'gev-unwatched-runtime-dirs',
+  );
+  // Dev only: preview and build have no watcher.
+  assert.equal(plugin.apply, 'serve');
+  assert.deepEqual(plugin.config().server.watch.ignored, [
+    '**/.gev-cache/**',
+    '**/.gev-logs/**',
+  ]);
+});
+
 test('build export resolves in Node and has no browser fallback', async () => {
   const exported = await import('gods-eye-view/build/vite');
   assert.equal(exported.createBrowserViteConfig, createBrowserViteConfig);
diff --git a/src/tools/area.js b/src/tools/area.js
index 4af62a03c..e83db33eb 100644
--- a/src/tools/area.js
+++ b/src/tools/area.js
@@ -323,13 +323,30 @@ export function lineTouchesArea(coords, area) {
 
 /** Whether a point lies inside a ring of `[lon, lat]` vertices (ray casting). */
 function ringContains(ring, point) {
+  if (ring.length < 3) return false;
+  // Keep adjacent vertices on the same longitude sheet, as the edge tests do.
+  // Wrapping each vertex around the query point would split a dateline ring
+  // when queried from Greenwich and mistake its complement for its interior.
+  let previous = ring[0][0];
+  let west = previous;
+  let east = previous;
+  const vertices = ring.map(([lon, lat]) => {
+    if (Math.abs(lon - previous) > 180)
+      lon += 360 * Math.round((previous - lon) / 360);
+    previous = lon;
+    west = Math.min(west, lon);
+    east = Math.max(east, lon);
+    return [lon, lat];
+  });
+  const middle = (west + east) / 2;
+  const lon = point.lon + 360 * Math.round((middle - point.lon) / 360);
   let inside = false;
-  for (let i = 0, j = ring.length - 1; i < ring.length; j = i, i += 1) {
-    const [xi, yi] = ring[i];
-    const [xj, yj] = ring[j];
+  for (let i = 0, j = vertices.length - 1; i < vertices.length; j = i, i += 1) {
+    const [xi, yi] = vertices[i];
+    const [xj, yj] = vertices[j];
     if (
       yi > point.lat !== yj > point.lat &&
-      point.lon < ((xj - xi) * (point.lat - yi)) / (yj - yi) + xi
+      lon < ((xj - xi) * (point.lat - yi)) / (yj - yi) + xi
     )
       inside = !inside;
   }
diff --git a/src/tools/area.test.mjs b/src/tools/area.test.mjs
index 7ec551aae..15e4bd006 100644
--- a/src/tools/area.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/area.test.mjs
@@ -262,3 +262,78 @@ test('a box radius reaches every point of the box, however large', async () => {
   const small = await resolveArea({ bbox: [-97.94, 30.1, -97.56, 30.52] });
   assert.ok(areaRadiusKm(small) < 30);
 });
+
+test('polygon containment follows the short edges across the antimeridian', async () => {
+  const ring = [
+    [179, -2],
+    [-179, -2],
+    [-179, 2],
+    [179, 2],
+  ];
+  const areas = [
+    [{ bbox: [179.4, -0.1, 179.6, 0.1] }, true],
+    [{ bbox: [-179.6, -0.1, -179.4, 0.1] }, true],
+    [{ bbox: [179.8, -0.1, -179.8, 0.1] }, true],
+    [{ lat: 0, lon: 179.5, radius_km: 10 }, true],
+    [{ lat: 0, lon: -179.5, radius_km: 10 }, true],
+    [{ lat: 0, lon: 180, radius_km: 10 }, true],
+    [{ lat: 0, lon: -180, radius_km: 10 }, true],
+    [{ bbox: [-0.1, -0.1, 0.1, 0.1] }, false],
+    [{ lat: 0, lon: 0, radius_km: 10 }, false],
+  ];
+  for (const vertices of [
+    ring,
+    [...ring, [...ring[0]]],
+    [...ring].reverse(),
+    [...ring.slice(2), ...ring.slice(0, 2)],
+  ]) {
+    for (const [input, expected] of areas) {
+      assert.equal(
+        polygonsTouchArea([[vertices]], await resolveArea(input)),
+        expected,
+        JSON.stringify({ vertices, input }),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('antimeridian polygons keep holes empty and include their boundaries', async () => {
+  const outer = [
+    [178, -3],
+    [-178, -3],
+    [-178, 3],
+    [178, 3],
+  ];
+  const hole = [
+    [179, -1],
+    [-179, -1],
+    [-179, 1],
+    [179, 1],
+  ];
+  for (const input of [
+    { bbox: [179.4, -0.1, 179.6, 0.1] },
+    { bbox: [-179.6, -0.1, -179.4, 0.1] },
+    { lat: 0, lon: 180, radius_km: 10 },
+  ]) {
+    const area = await resolveArea(input);
+    assert.ok(polygonsTouchArea([[outer]], area));
+    assert.ok(!polygonsTouchArea([[outer, hole]], area));
+    assert.ok(!polygonsTouchArea([[outer, [...hole].reverse()]], area));
+  }
+  const solid = await resolveArea({ bbox: [178.4, -0.1, 178.6, 0.1] });
+  assert.ok(polygonsTouchArea([[outer, hole]], solid));
+  const boundary = await resolveArea({ bbox: [178.9, -0.1, 179.1, 0.1] });
+  assert.ok(polygonsTouchArea([[outer, hole]], boundary));
+});
+
+test('polygon containment retains rings spanning more than half the globe', async () => {
+  const longitudes = [-170, -110, -50, 10, 70, 130];
+  const ring = [
+    ...longitudes.map((lon) => [lon, -5]),
+    ...[...longitudes].reverse().map((lon) => [lon, 5]),
+  ];
+  const inside = await resolveArea({ bbox: [99, -1, 101, 1] });
+  const outside = await resolveArea({ bbox: [169, -1, 171, 1] });
+  assert.ok(polygonsTouchArea([[ring]], inside));
+  assert.ok(!polygonsTouchArea([[ring]], outside));
+});
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/aviation.js b/src/tools/queries/aviation.js
index 0b8b54b79..235f542e1 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/aviation.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/aviation.js
@@ -111,6 +111,8 @@ export const aircraftInArea = defineTool({
         (record) =>
           areaContains(area, { lat: record.latitude, lon: record.longitude }) &&
           !(args.airborne_only && record.onGround) &&
+          ((args.min_altitude_m == null && args.max_altitude_m == null) ||
+            Number.isFinite(altitude(record))) &&
           (args.min_altitude_m == null ||
             altitude(record) >= args.min_altitude_m) &&
           (args.max_altitude_m == null ||
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/aviation.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/aviation.test.mjs
index 20ec833aa..d0e979ed6 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/aviation.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/aviation.test.mjs
@@ -388,3 +388,62 @@ test('the real OpenSky source marks an hour-old snapshot stale for searches', as
   assert.deepEqual(result.data.stale_feeds, ['civil']);
   assert.match(result.summary, /may be stale\.$/);
 });
+
+test('altitude bands require a reported altitude from normalized OpenSky records', async () => {
+  const { normalizeOpenSkyAircraft } =
+    await import('../../sources/live/aircraft.js');
+  const state = (id, baro, geometric) =>
+    normalizeOpenSkyAircraft([
+      id,
+      'TEST',
+      'Test',
+      1767225600,
+      1767225600,
+      0,
+      0,
+      baro,
+      false,
+      10,
+      90,
+      0,
+      [],
+      geometric,
+    ]);
+  const records = [
+    state('abc001', null, null),
+    state('abc002', 0, null),
+    state('abc003', null, 50),
+    state('abc004', 500, null),
+  ];
+  const catalog = composeCatalog({
+    tools: coreTools,
+    services: {
+      aircraft: { getSnapshot: async () => ({ records }) },
+    },
+  });
+  const area = { bbox: [-1, -1, 1, 1] };
+  assert.equal(
+    (await catalog.call('aircraft_in_area', { area })).data.total,
+    4,
+    'unfiltered answers retain unknown altitude',
+  );
+  for (const band of [
+    { max_altitude_m: 100 },
+    { min_altitude_m: -500, max_altitude_m: 100 },
+  ]) {
+    const result = await catalog.call('aircraft_in_area', { area, ...band });
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      result.data.rows.map((row) => row.id),
+      ['abc002', 'abc003'],
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      result.data.rows.map((row) => row.altitude_m),
+      [0, 50],
+    );
+  }
+  const minimum = await catalog.call('aircraft_in_area', {
+    area,
+    min_altitude_m: -500,
+  });
+  assert.equal(minimum.data.total, 3);
+});
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/environment.js b/src/tools/queries/environment.js
index 4f653ff32..b1d0c6a86 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/environment.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/environment.js
@@ -288,20 +288,25 @@ export const getFirePerimeters = defineTool({
   },
 });
 
-/** The average vertex of a perimeter's outer rings, enough to place it in an area. */
+/** Average outer-ring vertices, using a circular longitude mean at the dateline. */
 function polygonCenter(polygons) {
   let lat = 0;
-  let lon = 0;
+  let sinLon = 0;
+  let cosLon = 0;
   let count = 0;
+  const toRad = Math.PI / 180;
   for (const polygon of polygons || []) {
     for (const [x, y] of polygon?.[0] || []) {
       if (!Number.isFinite(x) || !Number.isFinite(y)) continue;
-      lon += x;
+      sinLon += Math.sin(x * toRad);
+      cosLon += Math.cos(x * toRad);
       lat += y;
       count += 1;
     }
   }
-  return count ? { lat: lat / count, lon: lon / count } : null;
+  return count
+    ? { lat: lat / count, lon: Math.atan2(sinLon, cosLon) / toRad }
+    : null;
 }
 
 export const getTerrainHeight = defineTool({
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/environment.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/environment.test.mjs
index 9dd3d0f8c..694b9718e 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/environment.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/environment.test.mjs
@@ -227,6 +227,97 @@ test('fire perimeters are placed by their outline and sorted by size', async ()
   });
 });
 
+test('fire perimeter queries include dateline interiors and exclude the opposite meridian', async () => {
+  const perimeters = {
+    getSnapshot: async () => [
+      {
+        stableId: 'dateline',
+        name: 'Dateline Fire',
+        acres: 100,
+        polygons: [
+          [
+            [
+              [179, -2],
+              [-179, -2],
+              [-179, 2],
+              [179, 2],
+              [179, -2],
+            ],
+          ],
+        ],
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+  const catalog = catalogWith({ perimeters });
+  for (const area of [
+    { bbox: [179.4, -0.1, 179.6, 0.1] },
+    { bbox: [-179.6, -0.1, -179.4, 0.1] },
+    { lat: 0, lon: 180, radius_km: 10 },
+  ]) {
+    const result = await catalog.call('get_fire_perimeters', { area });
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      result.data.rows.map((row) => row.id),
+      ['dateline'],
+    );
+  }
+  const elsewhere = await catalog.call('get_fire_perimeters', {
+    area: { bbox: [-0.1, -0.1, 0.1, 0.1] },
+  });
+  assert.equal(elsewhere.data.total, 0);
+});
+
+test('fire perimeter coordinates stay at the dateline for closed and multipart outlines', async () => {
+  const perimeters = {
+    getSnapshot: async () => [
+      {
+        stableId: 'closed',
+        acres: 100,
+        polygons: [
+          [
+            [
+              [179, -2],
+              [-179, -2],
+              [-179, 2],
+              [179, 2],
+              [179, -2],
+            ],
+          ],
+        ],
+      },
+      {
+        stableId: 'multipart',
+        acres: 50,
+        polygons: [
+          [
+            [
+              [179, -1],
+              [179.5, -1],
+              [179.5, 1],
+              [179, 1],
+            ],
+          ],
+          [
+            [
+              [-179.5, -1],
+              [-179, -1],
+              [-179, 1],
+              [-179.5, 1],
+            ],
+          ],
+        ],
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+  const result = await catalogWith({ perimeters }).call('get_fire_perimeters', {
+    area: { bbox: [178, -3, -178, 3] },
+  });
+  assert.equal(result.data.total, 2);
+  for (const row of result.data.rows) {
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(row.lon) > 179, `${row.id}: ${row.lon}`);
+    assert.ok(Math.abs(row.lon) <= 180);
+  }
+});
+
 test('terrain heights are returned in request order', async () => {
   const terrain = {
     async getHeights(points) {
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/media.js b/src/tools/queries/media.js
index 4879d57c5..a03e88bb4 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/media.js
+++ b/src/tools/queries/media.js
@@ -118,9 +118,11 @@ export const findCctvCameras = defineTool({
 
 export const getCctvSnapshot = defineTool({
   name: 'get_cctv_snapshot',
-  title: 'Current camera view',
+  title: 'Camera snapshot',
   description:
-    'The current image from one public camera, by the id from find_cctv_cameras.',
+    'An image from one public camera, by the id from find_cctv_cameras. ' +
+    'Street View fallback imagery is historical, not the current camera view; ' +
+    'unknown frame provenance is explicit.',
   inputSchema: {
     type: 'object',
     properties: { camera_id: { type: 'string', minLength: 1, maxLength: 200 } },
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ export const getCctvSnapshot = defineTool({
         `No camera has id ${args.camera_id}; use find_cctv_cameras first`,
       );
     const frame = await services.cctv.getFrame(camera, { signal });
-    if (!FRAME_TYPES.has(frame.contentType))
+    if (frame.sourceKind === 'synthetic' || !FRAME_TYPES.has(frame.contentType))
       throw new ToolError(
         'unavailable',
         `Camera ${camera.name || camera.id} has no still image right now`,
@@ -149,8 +151,22 @@ export const getCctvSnapshot = defineTool({
         'The camera image is too large to return',
       );
     const name = text(camera.name) || camera.id;
+    const fallback = frame.sourceKind === 'streetview';
+    const current = ['upstream-image', 'hls-pull'].includes(frame.sourceKind);
+    const credit = fallback ? 'Google Street View' : text(camera.credit);
+    const label = fallback
+      ? 'Street View fallback for'
+      : current
+        ? 'Current view from'
+        : 'Image from';
     return {
-      summary: `Current view from ${name}${camera.city ? ` in ${camera.city}` : ''}${camera.credit ? `, courtesy of ${camera.credit}` : ''}.`,
+      summary:
+        `${label} ${name}${camera.city ? ` in ${camera.city}` : ''}${credit ? `, courtesy of ${credit}` : ''}.` +
+        (fallback
+          ? ' Historical imagery; the current camera frame is unavailable.'
+          : current
+            ? ''
+            : ' Frame provenance is unknown.'),
       data: {
         view: suggestView(services, {
           point: { lat: camera.lat, lon: camera.lon },
@@ -160,8 +176,10 @@ export const getCctvSnapshot = defineTool({
         id: camera.id,
         name,
         city: text(camera.city),
-        provider: text(camera.provider),
-        credit: text(camera.credit),
+        provider: fallback ? 'Google Street View' : text(camera.provider),
+        credit,
+        source_kind: frame.sourceKind ?? null,
+        current_view: current ? true : fallback ? false : null,
         mime_type: frame.contentType,
         bytes: frame.bytes.byteLength,
       },
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/media.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/media.test.mjs
index a024191e7..28c037a57 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/media.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/media.test.mjs
@@ -30,7 +30,13 @@ const cameras = [
   { id: 'no-position', name: 'Unplaced' },
 ];
 const PNG = Uint8Array.from([0x89, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x0a]);
-const cctv = (frame = { contentType: 'image/png', bytes: PNG }) => ({
+const cctv = (
+  frame = {
+    contentType: 'image/png',
+    bytes: PNG,
+    sourceKind: 'upstream-image',
+  },
+) => ({
   frames: [],
   async getCatalog() {
     return { sources: cameras };
@@ -104,6 +110,183 @@ test('a snapshot returns the frame as an image with its credit', async () => {
   });
 });
 
+test('mounted camera fallback provenance survives the source and MCP image result', async (t) => {
+  const { cctvProxy } = await import('../../../server/providers/cctv.js');
+  const { createCctvSource } = await import('../../layers/cctv/source.js');
+  const camera = {
+    id: 'fixture-camera',
+    name: 'Fixture crossing',
+    city: 'Fixture City',
+    provider: 'Fixture transport agency',
+    credit: 'Fixture transport agency',
+    lat: 30.2685,
+    lon: -97.7425,
+    headingDeg: 180,
+    fovDeg: 60,
+    url: 'https://camera.example/current.png',
+    feedType: 'image',
+  };
+  const environment = {
+    CCTV_SOURCES_JSON: JSON.stringify([camera]),
+    CCTV_PREFER_AUSTIN: '0',
+    CCTV_FORCE_AUSTIN: '0',
+    CCTV_SOURCES_FILE: 'missing-cctv-provenance-fixture.json',
+    GOOGLE_MAPS_SERVER_API_KEY: 'fixture-key',
+    GOOGLE_MAPS_API_KEY: '',
+  };
+  for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(environment)) {
+    const previous = process.env[name];
+    t.after(() => {
+      if (previous === undefined) delete process.env[name];
+      else process.env[name] = previous;
+    });
+    process.env[name] = value;
+  }
+  t.mock.method(console, 'warn', () => {});
+  let upstreamAvailable = false;
+  const calls = [];
+  t.mock.method(globalThis, 'fetch', async (raw) => {
+    const url = new URL(raw);
+    calls.push(url.origin);
+    if (url.origin === 'https://camera.example')
+      return upstreamAvailable
+        ? new Response(PNG, { headers: { 'Content-Type': 'image/png' } })
+        : new Response(null, { status: 503 });
+    assert.equal(
+      url.origin,
+      'https://maps.googleapis.com',
+      'no actual upstream is contacted',
+    );
+    assert.equal(url.searchParams.get('key'), 'fixture-key');
+    return new Response(PNG, { headers: { 'Content-Type': 'image/png' } });
+  });
+  let middleware;
+  cctvProxy().configureServer({
+    middlewares: {
+      use(route, handler) {
+        assert.equal(route, '/api/cctv');
+        middleware = handler;
+      },
+    },
+  });
+  const source = createCctvSource({
+    fetchImpl: async (path) => {
+      assert.ok(path.startsWith('/api/cctv/'));
+      const response = {
+        writeHead(status, headers) {
+          this.status = status;
+          this.headers = headers;
+        },
+        end(body) {
+          this.body = body;
+        },
+      };
+      await middleware(
+        { url: path.slice('/api/cctv'.length), method: 'GET', headers: {} },
+        response,
+      );
+      return new Response(response.body, {
+        status: response.status,
+        headers: response.headers,
+      });
+    },
+  });
+  const catalog = composeCatalog({
+    tools: coreTools,
+    services: { cctv: source },
+  });
+  const fallback = await catalog.call('get_cctv_snapshot', {
+    camera_id: camera.id,
+  });
+  assert.equal(fallback.data.source_kind, 'streetview');
+  assert.equal(fallback.data.current_view, false);
+  assert.equal(fallback.data.credit, 'Google Street View');
+  assert.match(fallback.summary, /Street View fallback/);
+  assert.match(fallback.summary, /Historical imagery/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(
+    fallback.summary,
+    /Current view|courtesy of Fixture transport agency/,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    fallback.images.length,
+    1,
+    'the historical image stays available with its caveat',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [
+    'https://camera.example',
+    'https://maps.googleapis.com',
+  ]);
+  upstreamAvailable = true;
+  const current = await catalog.call('get_cctv_snapshot', {
+    camera_id: camera.id,
+  });
+  assert.equal(current.data.source_kind, 'upstream-image');
+  assert.equal(current.data.current_view, true);
+  assert.equal(current.data.credit, camera.credit);
+  assert.match(current.summary, /^Current view from/);
+  const server = createMcpServer({ catalog, name: 'test', version: '1' });
+  upstreamAvailable = false;
+  const result = await server.handle({
+    jsonrpc: '2.0',
+    id: 1,
+    method: 'tools/call',
+    params: { name: 'get_cctv_snapshot', arguments: { camera_id: camera.id } },
+  });
+  assert.ok(
+    result.result.content.some(
+      (entry) => entry.type === 'text' && /Historical imagery/.test(entry.text),
+    ),
+  );
+  assert.ok(result.result.content.some((entry) => entry.type === 'image'));
+  process.env.GOOGLE_MAPS_SERVER_API_KEY = '';
+  const placeholder = await source.getFrame(camera);
+  assert.equal(placeholder.sourceKind, 'synthetic');
+  assert.equal(placeholder.contentType, 'image/svg+xml');
+  await assert.rejects(
+    catalog.call('get_cctv_snapshot', { camera_id: camera.id }),
+    (error) => error.code === 'unavailable',
+  );
+  const unavailable = await server.handle({
+    jsonrpc: '2.0',
+    id: 2,
+    method: 'tools/call',
+    params: { name: 'get_cctv_snapshot', arguments: { camera_id: camera.id } },
+  });
+  assert.equal(unavailable.result.isError, true);
+  assert.ok(
+    !unavailable.result.content.some((entry) => entry.type === 'image'),
+  );
+});
+
+test('snapshot placeholders are refused and unknown frame provenance is explicit', async () => {
+  const synthetic = composeCatalog({
+    tools: coreTools,
+    services: {
+      cctv: cctv({
+        contentType: 'image/png',
+        bytes: PNG,
+        sourceKind: 'synthetic',
+      }),
+    },
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(
+    synthetic.call('get_cctv_snapshot', { camera_id: 'austin-1' }),
+    (error) => error.code === 'unavailable',
+  );
+  const unknown = await composeCatalog({
+    tools: coreTools,
+    services: { cctv: cctv({ contentType: 'image/png', bytes: PNG }) },
+  }).call('get_cctv_snapshot', { camera_id: 'austin-1' });
+  assert.equal(unknown.data.current_view, null);
+  assert.equal(
+    unknown.data.credit,
+    cameras[0].credit,
+    'catalog attribution is preserved',
+  );
+  assert.match(unknown.summary, /provenance is unknown/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(unknown.summary, /Current view/);
+});
+
 test('unknown cameras, video-only feeds and oversized frames are reported', async () => {
   const catalog = (frame) =>
     composeCatalog({ tools: coreTools, services: { cctv: cctv(frame) } });
diff --git a/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs b/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
index dcde81cba..5b0fa5837 100644
--- a/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
+++ b/src/tools/queries/space.test.mjs
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import test from 'node:test';
+import { twoline2satrec } from 'satellite.js';
 import { composeCatalog, coreTools } from '../index.js';
-import { parseTleText, tleCatalogNumber } from '../../sources/tle.js';
+import {
+  noradIdFromSatnum,
+  parseTleText,
+  tleCatalogNumber,
+} from '../../sources/tle.js';
 
 // Element sets published for 1 January 2024.
 const TLE = `ISS (ZARYA)
@@ -85,6 +90,76 @@ SAT ALPHA5
   assert.equal(tleCatalogNumber(entries[0].line2), 100000);
 });
 
+test('Alpha-5 catalog numbers decode, skipping I and O', () => {
+  for (const [field, id] of [
+    ['A0000', 100000],
+    ['A0404', 100404],
+    ['H9999', 179999],
+    ['J0000', 180000],
+    ['N9999', 229999],
+    ['P0000', 230000],
+    ['T0449', 270449],
+    ['Z9999', 339999],
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(noradIdFromSatnum(field), id, field);
+    assert.equal(tleCatalogNumber(`1 ${field}U`), id, field);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a digit catalog field reads as it did before', () => {
+  assert.equal(noradIdFromSatnum('25544'), 25544);
+  assert.equal(noradIdFromSatnum('00404'), 404);
+  assert.equal(noradIdFromSatnum('  404'), 404);
+  assert.equal(tleCatalogNumber('1 25544U'), 25544);
+  assert.equal(tleCatalogNumber('1   404U'), 404);
+  // An OMM satrec carries the number unpadded, past five digits.
+  assert.equal(noradIdFromSatnum('100000'), 100000);
+});
+
+test('a malformed catalog field is no number', () => {
+  for (const field of [
+    'I0000',
+    'O0000',
+    'a0404',
+    'A00',
+    '2554A',
+    '255 4',
+    '-1234',
+    '0x1F0',
+    '1.5',
+    '1e3',
+    '',
+    '     ',
+  ]) {
+    assert.ok(Number.isNaN(noradIdFromSatnum(field)), JSON.stringify(field));
+    assert.equal(
+      tleCatalogNumber(`1 ${field.padEnd(5)}U`),
+      null,
+      JSON.stringify(field),
+    );
+  }
+  assert.ok(Number.isNaN(noradIdFromSatnum(undefined)));
+});
+
+test('a satellite numbered above 99999 keeps its number and is found by it', async () => {
+  // The ISS set with its catalog field in Alpha-5: A0000 is 100000.
+  const text = TLE.replaceAll('25544', 'A0000');
+  const [iss] = parseTleText(text);
+  const { satnum } = twoline2satrec(iss.line1, iss.line2);
+  assert.ok(Number.isNaN(Number(satnum))); // what the catalog builders used
+  assert.equal(noradIdFromSatnum(satnum), 100000);
+  const catalog = composeCatalog({
+    tools: coreTools,
+    services: { satellites: satellites(text), clock: CLOCK },
+  });
+  const result = await catalog.call('next_satellite_pass', {
+    location: { lat: 40.7, lon: -74 },
+    satellite: '100000',
+  });
+  assert.equal(result.data.satellite, 'ISS (ZARYA)');
+  assert.equal(result.data.norad, 100000);
+});
+
 test('the next pass defaults to the ISS and reports times, peak and direction', async () => {
   const catalog = composeCatalog({
     tools: coreTools,
diff --git a/src/ui/applicationShell.js b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
index d400b54c2..fda0d0837 100644
--- a/src/ui/applicationShell.js
+++ b/src/ui/applicationShell.js
@@ -37,6 +37,16 @@ import { ShellFeedback } from './shellFeedback.js';
 
 import { runCctvLayerEnableTransition } from '../cctvFocusPolicy.js';
 
+import {
+  describeUnsavedWork,
+  getLocale,
+  msg,
+  persistLocaleAndReload,
+  registerUnsavedWork,
+  t,
+} from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { applyLocaleChoice, mountLocalePicker } from './localePicker.js';
+
 /**
  * Central UI orchestrator for the God's Eye View application.
  *
@@ -566,7 +576,11 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
     });
     this._initUI();
     this._initMapStackControl();
+    // Headers first: panel chrome builds its toggle labels from them.
+    this._applyRuntimeStaticHeaderText();
     this._initPanelChrome();
+    this._initLocaleSelector();
+    this._sizeDisplayLabelColumn();
     this._initLeftPanelAdaptiveLayout();
     this._initRightPanelAdaptiveLayout();
     this._initRadioPanel();
@@ -700,6 +714,141 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
     this._displayBindings._initUI();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Mounts the language picker (src/ui/localePicker.js). A choice reloads the
+   * page; _confirmLocaleReload asks first when that would lose work.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  _initLocaleSelector() {
+    // Work this shell can see that a reload drops. Other modules register
+    // their own (registerUnsavedWork in src/i18n/index.js).
+    this._unsavedWorkChecks = [
+      registerUnsavedWork(() =>
+        this.services?.cctvLayer
+          ?.getUIState?.()
+          ?.cameras?.some((camera) => camera.calDirty)
+          ? msg('unsaved CCTV calibration')
+          : null,
+      ),
+      registerUnsavedWork(() =>
+        this.cockpitView?.active ? msg('the open cockpit') : null,
+      ),
+    ];
+    const root = globalThis.document?.getElementById?.('locale-picker');
+    if (!root) return;
+    this._localePicker = mountLocalePicker({
+      root,
+      current: getLocale(),
+      onSelect: (locale) => this._chooseLocale(locale),
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Switch to `locale`: nothing for the active language, otherwise store it
+   * and reload once _confirmLocaleReload agrees.
+   * @param {string} locale
+   * @returns {'unchanged'|'declined'|'switched'}
+   */
+  _chooseLocale(locale) {
+    return applyLocaleChoice(locale, {
+      current: getLocale(),
+      confirmSwitch: () => this._confirmLocaleReload(),
+      switchLocale: (next) => persistLocaleAndReload(next),
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Switching language reloads the page. While that would lose work the page
+   * cannot restore, ask first.
+   * @returns {boolean} true to switch.
+   */
+  _confirmLocaleReload() {
+    const lost = describeUnsavedWork();
+    if (!lost.length || typeof globalThis.confirm !== 'function') return true;
+    return globalThis.confirm(
+      t(
+        'Switching language reloads the page. This will be lost: {items}. Switch anyway?',
+        { items: lost.join(', ') },
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sizes one Display-panel label column to the longest label in the active
+   * language, so slider tracks line up. Counts characters (labels are
+   * monospace and often hidden); CSS turns the count into a width.
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  _sizeDisplayLabelColumn() {
+    const labels = document.querySelectorAll(
+      '#pp-toggles .pp-slider-row > .pp-slider-mini-label',
+    );
+    let longest = 0;
+    for (const label of labels) {
+      longest = Math.max(longest, label.textContent.trim().length);
+    }
+    if (longest > 0) {
+      document.documentElement.style.setProperty(
+        '--pp-label-chars',
+        String(longest),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Rewrites a header's last text node, keeping the leading icon span that a
+   * textContent write would destroy.
+   * @param {Element|null} element
+   * @param {string} text
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  _setHeaderText(element, text) {
+    if (!element) return;
+    const textNode = Array.from(element.childNodes)
+      .reverse()
+      .find(
+        (node) => node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && node.nodeValue?.trim(),
+      );
+    if (textNode) textNode.nodeValue = text;
+    else element.textContent = text;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Translates at boot the header texts that share their element with an
+   * icon or a <br> (data-i18n-runtime in the templates).
+   * @returns {void}
+   */
+  _applyRuntimeStaticHeaderText() {
+    this._setHeaderText(
+      document.querySelector('#control-panel .panel-title'),
+      t('VISUAL PRESETS'),
+    );
+    this._setHeaderText(
+      document.querySelector('#location-bar .location-toolbar-label'),
+      t('LOCATION'),
+    );
+    // One span holds both mode descriptions around a <br>; keep the <br>.
+    const standbyDescription = document.querySelector(
+      '#context-mode-standby span',
+    );
+    if (standbyDescription) {
+      standbyDescription.replaceChildren(
+        document.createTextNode(
+          t('CONTACTS — nearest planes · vessels · sites'),
+        ),
+        document.createElement('br'),
+        document.createTextNode(
+          t('SPACE MISSIONS — launches & orbital assets'),
+        ),
+      );
+    }
+    // Leading space after the live dot, as showBriefPage writes it.
+    const briefKicker = document.querySelector('#cockpit-brief-kicker');
+    if (briefKicker) {
+      this._setHeaderText(briefKicker, ` ${t('LIVE SIGNALS')}`);
+    }
+  }
+
   /**
    * Renders the owner-approved map stack chip row from the matching controller
    * entries. Cesium ion/Bing chips remain keyboard-focusable but unavailable,
@@ -708,6 +857,7 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
    */
   _initMapStackControl() {
     if (!this.mapStackController) return;
+
     this._mapSourceControls?.destroy();
     this._mapSourceControls = createMapSourceControls({
       container: this._mapStackChips,
@@ -1029,7 +1179,7 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
     const { cctvLayer } = this.services;
     if (this._disposed) return false;
     if (!this._dataManager || !this._dataManager.layers?.has('cctv')) {
-      this._showToast('CCTV layer unavailable');
+      this._showToast(t('CCTV layer unavailable'));
       return false;
     }
     const enabled = this._dataManager.isEnabled('cctv');
@@ -1478,7 +1628,7 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
     this._lifetime.listen(this._shareBtn, 'click', async () => {
       const success = await this.shareLinkManager.copyLink();
       if (!this._disposed)
-        this._showToast(success ? 'Link copied!' : 'Copy failed');
+        this._showToast(success ? t('Link copied!') : t('Copy failed'));
     });
   }
 
@@ -1576,6 +1726,10 @@ export class StyleManager extends ShellFacade {
     this._shareState.destroy();
     this._locationNavigation.destroy();
     this._lifetime.destroy();
+    for (const unregister of this._unsavedWorkChecks?.splice(0) ?? [])
+      unregister();
+    this._localePicker?.destroy();
+    this._localePicker = null;
     this._recording.destroy();
     this._panelChrome.destroy();
     this._feedback.destroy();
diff --git a/src/ui/cameraOrientationControls.js b/src/ui/cameraOrientationControls.js
index 887f59d0b..0fb67f1d4 100644
--- a/src/ui/cameraOrientationControls.js
+++ b/src/ui/cameraOrientationControls.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
 import { isPickedWorldPosition } from '../data/scenePick.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 function trackedTarget(viewer) {
   const entity = viewer.trackedEntity;
@@ -288,8 +289,8 @@ export function bindCameraOrientationControls({
       tiltButton?.setAttribute(
         'aria-label',
         next.tilted
-          ? 'Return map to straight-down view'
-          : 'Tilt map to oblique view',
+          ? t('Return map to straight-down view')
+          : t('Tilt map to oblique view'),
       );
     }
     if (!applied || applied.heading !== next.heading) {
@@ -297,7 +298,9 @@ export function bindCameraOrientationControls({
       northButton?.style?.setProperty('--camera-heading', `${next.heading}deg`);
       northButton?.setAttribute(
         'aria-label',
-        `Reset map to north up. Current heading ${next.heading} degrees`,
+        t('Reset map to north up. Current heading {heading} degrees', {
+          heading: next.heading,
+        }),
       );
     }
     applied = next;
@@ -323,7 +326,7 @@ export function bindCameraOrientationControls({
         : false;
     });
     if (result) {
-      showToast?.(result.tilted ? 'Tilted view' : 'Straight-down view');
+      showToast?.(result.tilted ? t('Tilted view') : t('Straight-down view'));
       // The action reports the state it just commanded, so the button can
       // follow it without a second pick.
       tilted = result.tilted;
@@ -342,7 +345,7 @@ export function bindCameraOrientationControls({
         })
       );
     });
-    if (result) showToast?.('North up');
+    if (result) showToast?.(t('North up'));
     sync();
   });
 
diff --git a/src/ui/cctvBindings.js b/src/ui/cctvBindings.js
index 612e4eb37..d79a9e99a 100644
--- a/src/ui/cctvBindings.js
+++ b/src/ui/cctvBindings.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 export function _initCctvPanel() {
   if (!this._cctvPanel) return;
 
@@ -143,7 +145,7 @@ export function _initCctvPanel() {
       },
       { origin: 'user' },
     );
-    this.actions.showToast('CCTV calibration saved');
+    this.actions.showToast(t('CCTV calibration saved'));
   });
 
   this.listen(this._cctvCalibResetBtn, 'click', () => {
diff --git a/src/ui/cctvCalibration.js b/src/ui/cctvCalibration.js
index 533c2615d..8144edd8a 100644
--- a/src/ui/cctvCalibration.js
+++ b/src/ui/cctvCalibration.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { formatNumber, t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 /** Shortest-wrap signed degrees, for heading offsets typed as absolute values. */
 const signedNormalizeDeg = (deg) => ((((deg + 180) % 360) + 360) % 360) - 180;
 
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@ const signedNormalizeDeg = (deg) => ((((deg + 180) % 360) + 360) % 360) - 180;
  */
 const CCTV_CAL_FIELDS = {
   heading: {
-    label: 'HDG',
+    label: msg('HDG'),
     unit: '°',
     decimals: 1,
     get: (cam) => cam.headingDeg,
@@ -19,21 +21,21 @@ const CCTV_CAL_FIELDS = {
     }),
   },
   pitch: {
-    label: 'PITCH',
+    label: msg('PITCH'),
     unit: '°',
     decimals: 1,
     get: (cam) => cam.pitchDeg,
     toPatch: (value, base) => ({ pitchDeg: value - base.pitchDeg }),
   },
   fov: {
-    label: 'FOV',
+    label: msg('FOV'),
     unit: '°',
     decimals: 0,
     get: (cam) => cam.fovDeg,
     toPatch: (value, base) => ({ fovDeg: value - base.fovDeg }),
   },
   range: {
-    label: 'RANGE',
+    label: msg('RANGE'),
     unit: 'm',
     decimals: 0,
     get: (cam) => cam.rangeM,
@@ -42,21 +44,21 @@ const CCTV_CAL_FIELDS = {
     }),
   },
   height: {
-    label: 'HGT',
+    label: msg('HGT'),
     unit: 'm',
     decimals: 0,
     get: (cam) => cam.mountHeightM,
     toPatch: (value, base) => ({ heightM: value - base.mountHeightM }),
   },
   north: {
-    label: 'ΔN',
+    label: msg('ΔN'),
     unit: 'm',
     decimals: 1,
     get: (cam) => cam.calibration?.offsetNorthM || 0,
     toPatch: (value) => ({ offsetNorthM: value }),
   },
   east: {
-    label: 'ΔE',
+    label: msg('ΔE'),
     unit: 'm',
     decimals: 1,
     get: (cam) => cam.calibration?.offsetEastM || 0,
@@ -64,6 +66,27 @@ const CCTV_CAL_FIELDS = {
   },
 };
 
+/** Chip text for one pose value: locale decimals, translated metre unit. */
+function calValueText(field, value) {
+  const options = {
+    minimumFractionDigits: field.decimals,
+    maximumFractionDigits: field.decimals,
+  };
+  if (field.unit === 'm') {
+    // English keeps its compact "RANGE 120m"; other languages space the unit.
+    const metres = formatNumber(Number(value), {
+      useGrouping: false,
+      ...options,
+    });
+    return `${t(field.label)} ${t('{value}m', { value: metres })}`;
+  }
+  const number = formatNumber(Number(value), {
+    useGrouping: false,
+    ...options,
+  });
+  return `${t(field.label)} ${number}${field.unit}`;
+}
+
 export function _activeCctvCameraId() {
   return this._cctvState?.activeCameraId || this._cctvSelect?.value || '';
 }
@@ -81,7 +104,7 @@ export function _resetCctvCalibration() {
     },
     { origin: 'user' },
   );
-  this.actions.showToast('CCTV calibration reset');
+  this.actions.showToast(t('CCTV calibration reset'));
 }
 
 export function _beginCctvCalValueEdit(chip) {
@@ -99,7 +122,7 @@ export function _beginCctvCalValueEdit(chip) {
   input.step = field.decimals > 0 ? '0.1' : '1';
   input.value = Number(startValue).toFixed(field.decimals);
   input.className = 'cctv-cal-input';
-  chip.textContent = `${field.label} `;
+  chip.textContent = `${t(field.label)} `;
   chip.appendChild(input);
   input.focus();
   input.select();
@@ -162,7 +185,7 @@ export function _syncCctvCalReadout(enabled, activeCamera) {
   if (this._cctvAdjustBtn) {
     const adjustOn = !!this._cctvState?.calibrationMode;
     this._cctvAdjustBtn.classList.toggle('active', adjustOn && canCalibrate);
-    this._cctvAdjustBtn.textContent = adjustOn ? 'ADJUST ON' : 'ADJUST';
+    this._cctvAdjustBtn.textContent = adjustOn ? t('ADJUST ON') : t('ADJUST');
     this._cctvAdjustBtn.disabled = !canCalibrate;
   }
   if (this._cctvCalReadout) {
@@ -174,8 +197,8 @@ export function _syncCctvCalReadout(enabled, activeCamera) {
       if (!field) continue;
       const value = canCalibrate ? field.get(activeCamera) : null;
       chip.textContent = Number.isFinite(value)
-        ? `${field.label} ${Number(value).toFixed(field.decimals)}${field.unit}`
-        : `${field.label} --`;
+        ? calValueText(field, value)
+        : `${t(field.label)} --`;
       chip.disabled = !canCalibrate;
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/ui/cctvFrames.js b/src/ui/cctvFrames.js
index 7dce71dd7..7976d46c8 100644
--- a/src/ui/cctvFrames.js
+++ b/src/ui/cctvFrames.js
@@ -1,3 +1,81 @@
+import { msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+/**
+ * Display text for the CCTV source health the server reports
+ * (server/providers/cctv.js `setHealth`). The server keeps its English codes
+ * and messages; the panel translates them where it renders.
+ */
+
+const SOURCE_KIND_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  snapshot: msg('SNAPSHOT'),
+  live: msg('LIVE'),
+  fallback: msg('FALLBACK'),
+  upstream: msg('UPSTREAM'),
+  synthetic: msg('SYNTHETIC'),
+  configured: msg('CONFIGURED'),
+  seed: msg('SEED'),
+  image: msg('IMAGE'),
+  unknown: msg('UNKNOWN'),
+});
+
+const SOURCE_STATUS_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  degraded: msg('DEGRADED'),
+  error: msg('ERROR'),
+  unknown: msg('UNKNOWN'),
+});
+
+const SOURCE_MESSAGES = Object.freeze({
+  'Live HLS connected': msg('Live HLS connected'),
+  'Live HLS unavailable': msg('Live HLS unavailable'),
+  'No stream URL configured': msg('No stream URL configured'),
+  'Live stream connected': msg('Live stream connected'),
+  'Snapshot feed connected': msg('Snapshot feed connected'),
+  'Media fetch failed': msg('Media fetch failed'),
+  'Upstream snapshot active': msg('Upstream snapshot active'),
+  'Fallback Street View frame': msg('Fallback Street View frame'),
+  'Upstream unavailable': msg('Upstream unavailable'),
+  'No source configured': msg('No source configured'),
+});
+
+const SOURCE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  'Configured source': msg('Configured source'),
+  'Configured Source': msg('Configured Source'),
+  'Synthetic fallback': msg('Synthetic fallback'),
+});
+
+/** "SNAPSHOT" / "СНИМОК"; unknown codes (HLS, MJPEG…) stay as uppercase codes. */
+export function cctvSourceKindLabel(kind) {
+  const key = String(kind || 'unknown').toLowerCase();
+  return SOURCE_KIND_LABELS[key]
+    ? t(SOURCE_KIND_LABELS[key])
+    : key.toUpperCase();
+}
+
+/** "DEGRADED" / "ПЕРЕБОИ"; OK and unknown codes stay as uppercase codes. */
+export function cctvSourceStatusLabel(status) {
+  const key = String(status || 'unknown').toLowerCase();
+  return SOURCE_STATUS_LABELS[key]
+    ? t(SOURCE_STATUS_LABELS[key])
+    : key.toUpperCase();
+}
+
+/** A server health message in the page language; unknown text passes through. */
+export function cctvSourceMessageText(message) {
+  const text = String(message || '');
+  if (SOURCE_MESSAGES[text]) return t(SOURCE_MESSAGES[text]);
+  const http = /^Upstream HTTP (\d{3})$/.exec(text);
+  if (http) return t('Upstream HTTP {status}', { status: http[1] });
+  const media = /^Unexpected media type (.+)$/.exec(text);
+  if (media) return t('Unexpected media type {type}', { type: media[1] });
+  return text;
+}
+
+/** A generic provider label from the server; real provider names pass through. */
+export function cctvSourceLabelText(label) {
+  const text = String(label || '');
+  return SOURCE_LABELS[text] ? t(SOURCE_LABELS[text]) : text;
+}
+
 export function _clearCctvFrame() {
   this._cctvFrameRequestToken += 1;
   if (this._cctvFramePreloader) {
@@ -86,26 +164,26 @@ export function _settleCctvFrame(token, src, ok) {
 export function _syncCctvSourceBadge(activeCamera, enabled) {
   if (!this._cctvSourceBadge) return;
   if (!enabled || !activeCamera) {
-    this._cctvSourceBadge.textContent = 'SOURCE · UNKNOWN';
+    this._cctvSourceBadge.textContent = t('SOURCE · UNKNOWN');
     this._cctvSourceBadge.dataset.frameState = 'idle';
     return;
   }
   const hasDisplayedFrame =
     this._cctvFrameWrap?.classList.contains('has-frame');
   if (this._cctvFrame?.dataset.loading === 'true' && !hasDisplayedFrame) {
-    this._cctvSourceBadge.textContent = 'FRAME · LOADING';
+    this._cctvSourceBadge.textContent = t('FRAME · LOADING');
     this._cctvSourceBadge.dataset.frameState = 'loading';
     return;
   }
   if (this._cctvFrame?.dataset.error === 'true' && !hasDisplayedFrame) {
-    this._cctvSourceBadge.textContent = 'FRAME · UNAVAILABLE';
+    this._cctvSourceBadge.textContent = t('FRAME · UNAVAILABLE');
     this._cctvSourceBadge.dataset.frameState = 'error';
     return;
   }
-  const kind = String(
+  const kind = cctvSourceKindLabel(
     activeCamera.sourceKind || activeCamera.feedType || 'unknown',
-  ).toUpperCase();
-  const status = String(activeCamera.sourceStatus || 'unknown').toUpperCase();
+  );
+  const status = cctvSourceStatusLabel(activeCamera.sourceStatus || 'unknown');
   this._cctvSourceBadge.textContent = `${kind} · ${status}`;
   this._cctvSourceBadge.dataset.frameState = 'ready';
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/cctvPresentation.js b/src/ui/cctvPresentation.js
index fef358099..3e738e109 100644
--- a/src/ui/cctvPresentation.js
+++ b/src/ui/cctvPresentation.js
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
+import { t, tn } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { cctvSourceLabelText, cctvSourceMessageText } from './cctvFrames.js';
+
 import { createCctvVideoSurface } from './cctvVideo.js';
 export function _calBadgeLabel(badge) {
   switch (badge) {
     case 'calibrated':
-      return 'CALIBRATED';
+      return t('CALIBRATED');
     case 'curated':
-      return 'CURATED';
+      return t('CURATED');
     case 'raw-prior':
-      return 'RAW PRIOR';
+      return t('RAW PRIOR');
     default:
       return '--';
   }
@@ -51,7 +54,7 @@ export function _renderCctvState(state) {
 
   if (this._cctvEnableBtn) {
     this._cctvEnableBtn.classList.toggle('active', enabled);
-    this._cctvEnableBtn.textContent = enabled ? 'CCTV ON' : 'CCTV OFF';
+    this._cctvEnableBtn.textContent = enabled ? t('CCTV ON') : t('CCTV OFF');
   }
 
   if (this._cctvSelect) {
@@ -99,17 +102,19 @@ export function _renderCctvState(state) {
     this._cctvCoverageBtn.classList.toggle('active', mode !== 'off');
     this._cctvCoverageBtn.textContent =
       mode === 'viewshed'
-        ? 'VIEWSHED ON'
+        ? t('VIEWSHED ON')
         : mode === 'on'
-          ? 'COVERAGE ON'
-          : 'COVERAGE OFF';
+          ? t('COVERAGE ON')
+          : t('COVERAGE OFF');
     this._cctvCoverageBtn.disabled = !enabled;
   }
 
   if (this._cctvAutoHopBtn) {
     const autoHop = !!state?.autoHop;
     this._cctvAutoHopBtn.classList.toggle('active', autoHop);
-    this._cctvAutoHopBtn.textContent = autoHop ? 'AUTO HOP ON' : 'AUTO HOP OFF';
+    this._cctvAutoHopBtn.textContent = autoHop
+      ? t('AUTO HOP ON')
+      : t('AUTO HOP OFF');
     this._cctvAutoHopBtn.disabled = !enabled;
   }
 
@@ -117,8 +122,8 @@ export function _renderCctvState(state) {
     const showProjection = state?.showProjection !== false;
     this._cctvProjectionBtn.classList.toggle('active', showProjection);
     this._cctvProjectionBtn.textContent = showProjection
-      ? 'PROJECTION ON'
-      : 'PROJECTION OFF';
+      ? t('PROJECTION ON')
+      : t('PROJECTION OFF');
     this._cctvProjectionBtn.disabled = !enabled;
   }
 
@@ -133,8 +138,10 @@ export function _renderCctvState(state) {
     const badge = activeCamera?.calBadge || null;
     const dirty = !!activeCamera?.calDirty;
     this._cctvQualityChip.textContent = dirty
-      ? 'CAL · EDITED (UNSAVED)'
-      : `CAL · ${this._calBadgeLabel(badge)}`;
+      ? t('CAL · EDITED (UNSAVED)')
+      : t('CAL · {badge}', {
+          badge: this._calBadgeLabel(badge),
+        });
     this._cctvQualityChip.dataset.calBadge = dirty ? 'edited' : badge || '';
   }
 
@@ -142,26 +149,50 @@ export function _renderCctvState(state) {
 
   if (this._cctvMeta) {
     if (activeCamera) {
-      const provider =
+      const provider = cctvSourceLabelText(
         activeCamera.sourceLabel ||
-        activeCamera.provider ||
-        'Configured Source';
+          activeCamera.provider ||
+          'Configured Source',
+      );
       const statusMsg = activeCamera.sourceMessage
-        ? ` · ${activeCamera.sourceMessage}`
+        ? ` · ${cctvSourceMessageText(activeCamera.sourceMessage)}`
         : '';
       // A partner-supplied feed inside a pack names its owner here.
       const credit = activeCamera.credit ? ` · ${activeCamera.credit}` : '';
       const calBadge = activeCamera.calBadge
         ? this._calBadgeLabel(activeCamera.calBadge)
         : '';
-      const projLabel = state?.showProjection !== false ? 'MONITOR' : 'OFF';
-      this._cctvMeta.textContent = `${activeCamera.city} · HDG ${Math.round(activeCamera.headingDeg)}° · FOV ${Math.round(activeCamera.fovDeg)}° · RANGE ${Math.round(activeCamera.rangeM)}m · ${projLabel}${calBadge ? ` · ${calBadge}` : ''} · ${provider}${credit}${statusMsg}`;
+      const projLabel =
+        state?.showProjection !== false ? t('MONITOR') : t('OFF');
+      this._cctvMeta.textContent = t(
+        '{city} · HDG {heading} · FOV {fov} · RANGE {range}m · {projection}{calBadge} · {provider}{status}',
+        {
+          city: activeCamera.city,
+          heading: `${Math.round(activeCamera.headingDeg)}°`,
+          fov: `${Math.round(activeCamera.fovDeg)}°`,
+          range: Math.round(activeCamera.rangeM),
+          projection: projLabel,
+          calBadge: calBadge ? ` · ${calBadge}` : '',
+          provider,
+          status: `${credit}${statusMsg}`,
+        },
+      );
     } else if (cameras.length > 0) {
       this._cctvMeta.textContent = enabled
-        ? `${cameras.length} cameras loaded · click a camera to activate`
-        : `${cameras.length} cameras loaded · enable CCTV to activate`;
+        ? tn(
+            cameras.length,
+            '{count} camera loaded · click a camera to activate',
+            '{count} cameras loaded · click a camera to activate',
+          )
+        : tn(
+            cameras.length,
+            '{count} camera loaded · enable CCTV to activate',
+            '{count} cameras loaded · enable CCTV to activate',
+          );
     } else {
-      this._cctvMeta.textContent = 'Enable CCTV to load camera intersections';
+      this._cctvMeta.textContent = t(
+        'Enable CCTV to load camera intersections',
+      );
     }
   }
 
@@ -211,13 +242,13 @@ export function _renderCctvState(state) {
   this._syncCctvSourceBadge(activeCamera, enabled);
   this._typeCctvSummary(
     state?.summary ||
-      'Enable CCTV to start camera-linked intelligence summaries.',
+      t('Enable CCTV to start camera-linked intelligence summaries.'),
   );
 }
 
 export function _typeCctvSummary(text) {
   if (this.destroyed || !this._cctvSummary) return;
-  const nextText = String(text || '').trim() || 'No summary available.';
+  const nextText = String(text || '').trim() || t('No summary available.');
   if (nextText === this._lastCctvSummaryText) return;
   this._lastCctvSummaryText = nextText;
 
@@ -249,7 +280,7 @@ export function _updateCctvSyncChip(loading, enabled) {
     clearTimeout(this._cctvChipHideTimer);
     this._cctvChipHideTimer = null;
     this._cctvChipWasBusy = true;
-    this.actions.setSplitFlapText(this._cctvSyncLabel, 'loading frames');
+    this.actions.setSplitFlapText(this._cctvSyncLabel, t('loading frames'));
     // The counter is left plain on purpose: it ticks every few frames
     // during a grid load, and flapping it would read as a slot machine.
     this._cctvSyncProgress.textContent = `${loaded}/${total}`;
@@ -260,7 +291,7 @@ export function _updateCctvSyncChip(loading, enabled) {
   if (this._cctvChipWasBusy && enabled && total > 0) {
     // Load just completed — flash the final count, then auto-hide.
     this._cctvChipWasBusy = false;
-    this.actions.setSplitFlapText(this._cctvSyncLabel, 'camera grid ready');
+    this.actions.setSplitFlapText(this._cctvSyncLabel, t('camera grid ready'));
     this._cctvSyncProgress.textContent = `${total}/${total}`;
     this._cctvSyncChip.classList.add('visible');
     clearTimeout(this._cctvChipHideTimer);
diff --git a/src/ui/clearLayersControl.js b/src/ui/clearLayersControl.js
index a3e0e078f..7ca1f3747 100644
--- a/src/ui/clearLayersControl.js
+++ b/src/ui/clearLayersControl.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 /** Keep the clear action focusable while busy; the caller owns its transaction. */
 export function bindClearLayersControl(button, clear) {
   let destroyed = false;
@@ -12,7 +14,9 @@ export function bindClearLayersControl(button, clear) {
       button.setAttribute('aria-busy', String(busy));
       button.setAttribute(
         'aria-label',
-        busy ? 'Clearing selected data layers' : 'Clear selected data layers',
+        busy
+          ? t('Clearing selected data layers')
+          : t('Clear selected data layers'),
       );
     },
     destroy() {
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
index c467ed865..47b100867 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitBriefing.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 /** Regional briefing requests, pages and rotation for the Cockpit controller. */
+import { formatNumber, t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   COCKPIT_BRIEF_ROTATE_MS,
   COCKPIT_BRIEF_CYCLE_OFF_HELP,
@@ -7,9 +8,27 @@ import {
   COCKPIT_REGIONAL_REFRESH_DISTANCE_M,
   COCKPIT_BRIEF_PAGES,
   formatCockpitBriefAge,
+  formatCockpitCoordinate,
   formatCockpitWindDirection,
 } from './cockpitPresentation.js';
 
+// regionalModel.weatherCodeLabel is shared with node code and returns
+// English; translate it here.
+const WEATHER_CONDITION_KEYS = Object.freeze({
+  'CONDITIONS UNKNOWN': msg('CONDITIONS UNKNOWN'),
+  CLEAR: msg('CLEAR'),
+  'PARTLY CLOUDY': msg('PARTLY CLOUDY'),
+  OVERCAST: msg('OVERCAST'),
+  FOG: msg('FOG'),
+  DRIZZLE: msg('DRIZZLE'),
+  RAIN: msg('RAIN'),
+  SNOW: msg('SNOW'),
+  'RAIN SHOWERS': msg('RAIN SHOWERS'),
+  'SNOW SHOWERS': msg('SNOW SHOWERS'),
+  THUNDERSTORM: msg('THUNDERSTORM'),
+  'MIXED CONDITIONS': msg('MIXED CONDITIONS'),
+});
+
 export function showBriefPage(index, { manual = false } = {}) {
   if (this.destroyed) return;
   const count = COCKPIT_BRIEF_PAGES.length;
@@ -26,15 +45,18 @@ export function showBriefPage(index, { manual = false } = {}) {
   if (this.briefKicker) {
     const indicator = this.briefKicker.querySelector('i');
     this.briefKicker.replaceChildren(
-      ...[indicator, document.createTextNode(` ${page.kicker}`)].filter(
+      ...[indicator, document.createTextNode(` ${t(page.kickerKey)}`)].filter(
         Boolean,
       ),
     );
   }
-  if (this.briefSubtitle) this.briefSubtitle.textContent = page.subtitle;
+  if (this.briefSubtitle) this.briefSubtitle.textContent = t(page.subtitleKey);
   if (this.briefPosition)
     this.briefPosition.textContent = `${this.briefPageIndex + 1} / ${count}`;
-  if (this.briefSource) this.briefSource.textContent = page.source;
+  if (this.briefSource)
+    this.briefSource.textContent = page.sourceKey
+      ? t(page.sourceKey, { source: page.sourceName })
+      : page.source;
   if (this.signalStream) this.signalStream.dataset.briefPage = page.id;
   if (manual && this.briefAutoRotateEnabled)
     this.startBriefRotation({ reset: true });
@@ -56,6 +78,22 @@ export function setBriefAutoRotate(enabled) {
       : COCKPIT_BRIEF_CYCLE_OFF_HELP;
     this.briefAutoToggle.setAttribute('aria-label', label);
     this.briefAutoToggle.title = help;
+    // cockpitMarkup.test.mjs pins the English writes above; these translate
+    // them.
+    const labelKey = this.briefAutoRotateEnabled
+      ? msg('CYCLE ON')
+      : msg('CYCLE OFF');
+    this.briefAutoToggle.textContent = t(labelKey);
+    this.briefAutoToggle.setAttribute('aria-label', t(labelKey));
+    this.briefAutoToggle.title = t(
+      this.briefAutoRotateEnabled
+        ? msg(
+            'Stop automatic page cycling. Previous, Next, and the SIG/NEWS/LOCAL tabs stay available.',
+          )
+        : msg(
+            'Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way.',
+          ),
+    );
   }
   if (this.briefAutoRotateEnabled) this.startBriefRotation({ reset: true });
   else this.stopBriefRotation();
@@ -94,11 +132,11 @@ export function stopBriefRotation() {
 export function updateLocalPosition(info) {
   if (!this.localCoordinates) return;
   if (!Number.isFinite(info.latitude) || !Number.isFinite(info.longitude)) {
-    this.localCoordinates.textContent = 'POSITION UNAVAILABLE';
+    this.localCoordinates.textContent = t('POSITION UNAVAILABLE');
     return;
   }
-  const lat = `${Math.abs(info.latitude).toFixed(3)}°${info.latitude >= 0 ? 'N' : 'S'}`;
-  const lon = `${Math.abs(info.longitude).toFixed(3)}°${info.longitude >= 0 ? 'E' : 'W'}`;
+  const lat = formatCockpitCoordinate(info.latitude, 'N', 'S');
+  const lon = formatCockpitCoordinate(info.longitude, 'E', 'W');
   this.localCoordinates.textContent = `${lat} · ${lon}`;
 }
 
@@ -175,14 +213,14 @@ export function renderRegionalBriefStatus(status, info) {
     this.newsStatus.dataset.state = status;
     this.newsStatus.textContent =
       status === 'loading'
-        ? 'ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS'
-        : 'REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE';
+        ? t('ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS')
+        : t('REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE');
   }
   if (status === 'unavailable') this.newsList?.replaceChildren();
   if (this.localPlace && status === 'loading')
-    this.localPlace.textContent = 'RESOLVING REGION';
+    this.localPlace.textContent = t('RESOLVING REGION');
   if (this.localPlace && status === 'unavailable')
-    this.localPlace.textContent = 'REGION UNAVAILABLE';
+    this.localPlace.textContent = t('REGION UNAVAILABLE');
   this.updateLocalPosition(info);
 }
 
@@ -193,8 +231,8 @@ export function renderRegionalBrief(payload, info) {
     this.newsStatus.dataset.state = payload?.newsStatus || 'unavailable';
     this.newsStatus.textContent =
       payload?.newsStatus === 'empty'
-        ? 'NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES'
-        : 'REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE';
+        ? t('NO RECENT LOCATION MATCHES')
+        : t('REGIONAL NEWS UNAVAILABLE');
   }
   if (this.newsList) {
     this.newsList.replaceChildren(
@@ -207,7 +245,10 @@ export function renderRegionalBrief(payload, info) {
         const title = document.createElement('strong');
         title.textContent = article.title;
         const metadata = document.createElement('span');
-        metadata.textContent = `${article.domain || 'SOURCE'} · ${formatCockpitBriefAge(article.publishedAt)}`;
+        metadata.textContent = t('{domain} · {age}', {
+          domain: article.domain || t('SOURCE'),
+          age: formatCockpitBriefAge(article.publishedAt),
+        });
         link.append(title, metadata);
         entry.append(link);
         return entry;
@@ -216,7 +257,7 @@ export function renderRegionalBrief(payload, info) {
   }
 
   const placeLabel =
-    payload?.place?.label || payload?.place?.country || 'REGION UNAVAILABLE';
+    payload?.place?.label || payload?.place?.country || t('REGION UNAVAILABLE');
   if (this.localPlace) this.localPlace.textContent = placeLabel.toUpperCase();
   this.updateLocalPosition(info);
   const weather = payload?.weather;
@@ -227,7 +268,7 @@ export function renderRegionalBrief(payload, info) {
   }
   if (this.localWind) {
     this.localWind.textContent = Number.isFinite(weather?.windKph)
-      ? `${Math.round(weather.windKph)} KM/H`
+      ? t('{value} KM/H', { value: Math.round(weather.windKph) })
       : '—';
   }
   if (this.localWindDirection) {
@@ -235,26 +276,37 @@ export function renderRegionalBrief(payload, info) {
       weather?.windDirectionDeg,
     );
   }
-  if (this.localCondition)
-    this.localCondition.textContent = this.services.weatherCodeLabel(
-      weather?.weatherCode,
-    );
+  if (this.localCondition) {
+    const condition = this.services.weatherCodeLabel(weather?.weatherCode);
+    const conditionKey = WEATHER_CONDITION_KEYS[condition];
+    this.localCondition.textContent = conditionKey
+      ? t(conditionKey)
+      : condition;
+  }
   if (this.localCloud) {
     this.localCloud.textContent = Number.isFinite(weather?.cloudCoverPct)
-      ? `CLOUD ${Math.round(weather.cloudCoverPct)}%`
-      : 'CLOUD UNKNOWN';
+      ? t('CLOUD {pct}%', {
+          pct: Math.round(weather.cloudCoverPct),
+        })
+      : t('CLOUD UNKNOWN');
   }
   if (this.localPrecipitation) {
     this.localPrecipitation.textContent = Number.isFinite(
       weather?.precipitationMm,
     )
-      ? weather.precipitationMm.toFixed(1)
+      ? formatNumber(weather.precipitationMm, {
+          useGrouping: false,
+          minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+          maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+        })
       : '—';
   }
   if (this.signalStream)
     this.signalStream.dataset.regionalStatus = payload?.status || 'partial';
   if (this.briefPageIndex === 1 && this.briefSource) {
-    this.briefSource.textContent = `${String(payload?.newsSource || 'REGIONAL NEWS').toUpperCase()} · LOCATION QUERY`;
+    this.briefSource.textContent = t('{source} · LOCATION QUERY', {
+      source: String(payload?.newsSource || t('REGIONAL NEWS')).toUpperCase(),
+    });
   }
   this.scheduleContextLayout();
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitContext.js b/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
index 70dac99f7..57db349ee 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitContext.js
@@ -1,11 +1,25 @@
 /** Contact readouts and nearby-signal presentation for the Cockpit controller. */
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { formatNumber, t, tn } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { unitLabel } from './unitLabels.js';
 import {
   bearingBetweenCoordinates,
   formatCockpitContextScope,
   relativeBearing,
   resolveCockpitContextReadout,
 } from '../cockpitMath.js';
+import { formatCockpitDistance } from './cockpitPresentation.js';
+
+/** The Context scope line in the active language (see cockpitMath.js). */
+const LOCALIZED_CONTEXT_SCOPE = Object.freeze({
+  window: ({ label, radiusKm }) =>
+    t('{label} · {radius} AIR/SEA WINDOW', {
+      label,
+      radius: `${radiusKm === null ? '—' : formatNumber(radiusKm)}\u00a0${unitLabel('km').toUpperCase()}`,
+    }),
+  installations: ({ scope, coverage }) =>
+    t('{scope} · INSTALLATIONS {coverage}', { scope, coverage }),
+});
 
 export function updateContext(info, heading) {
   if (!this.context) return;
@@ -20,8 +34,8 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
     this.pushCockpitSignal(
       'context-status',
       'info',
-      'CONTEXT STANDBY',
-      'ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS',
+      t('CONTEXT STANDBY'),
+      t('ENABLE GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR PROXIMITY PINGS'),
     );
     return;
   }
@@ -36,6 +50,7 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
       snapshot.subject.label || trackedId,
       snapshot.radiusM,
       installationCoverage,
+      LOCALIZED_CONTEXT_SCOPE,
     );
   }
   // Navigation stays wired in every state — the operator must always be able
@@ -52,8 +67,9 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
     const enteringLost = this.context.dataset.state !== 'lost';
     this.context.dataset.state = 'lost';
     if (this.contextUncertainty) {
-      this.contextUncertainty.textContent =
-        'CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR';
+      this.contextUncertainty.textContent = t(
+        'CONTACT LOST · LAST KNOWN READOUT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR',
+      );
     }
     // The cue changes the footer's height; re-run layout once on the way in
     // rather than every frame the contact stays lost.
@@ -61,8 +77,10 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
     this.pushCockpitSignal(
       'context-status',
       'warning',
-      `CONTACT LOST · ${snapshot.subject.label || snapshot.subject.id || 'SUBJECT'}`,
-      'SUBJECT LEFT ITS FEED · READOUT HOLDING LAST KNOWN',
+      t('CONTACT LOST · {subject}', {
+        subject: snapshot.subject.label || snapshot.subject.id || 'SUBJECT',
+      }),
+      t('SUBJECT LEFT ITS FEED · READOUT HOLDING LAST KNOWN'),
     );
     return;
   }
@@ -83,25 +101,30 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
   const closestLabel = this.services.formatAwarenessLabel(closest);
   if (this.contextNearestLabel) {
     this.contextNearestLabel.textContent = closest
-      ? `${closest.cohort.label.toUpperCase()} · ${closestLabel}`
-      : 'NO AVAILABLE EXAMPLE';
+      ? t('{cohort} · {contact}', {
+          cohort: closest.cohort.label.toUpperCase(),
+          contact: closestLabel,
+        })
+      : t('NO AVAILABLE EXAMPLE');
     this.contextNearestLabel.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
       closest && closestLabel === '—'
-        ? `${closest.cohort.label}, Unavailable`
+        ? t('{cohort}, Unavailable', {
+            cohort: closest.cohort.label,
+          })
         : this.contextNearestLabel.textContent,
     );
   }
   if (this.contextDistance) {
     const distanceM = closest?.distanceM;
     this.contextDistance.textContent = Number.isFinite(distanceM)
-      ? `${distanceM < 10000 ? (distanceM / 1000).toFixed(1) : Math.round(distanceM / 1000)} KM`
+      ? formatCockpitDistance(distanceM)
       : '—';
     this.contextDistance.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
       Number.isFinite(distanceM)
         ? this.contextDistance.textContent
-        : 'Unavailable',
+        : t('Unavailable'),
     );
   }
 
@@ -133,15 +156,24 @@ export function updateContext(info, heading) {
     this.contextDirection.classList.toggle('unknown', relative === null);
   }
   if (this.contextBearing) {
-    if (relative === null) this.contextBearing.textContent = 'BRG —';
-    else if (Math.abs(relative) < 8) this.contextBearing.textContent = 'AHEAD';
-    else
-      this.contextBearing.textContent = `${relative < 0 ? 'L' : 'R'} ${String(Math.round(Math.abs(relative))).padStart(3, '0')}°`;
+    if (relative === null) this.contextBearing.textContent = t('BRG —');
+    else if (Math.abs(relative) < 8)
+      this.contextBearing.textContent = t('AHEAD');
+    else {
+      this.contextBearing.textContent = t('{side} {angle}', {
+        side: relative < 0 ? t('L') : t('R'),
+        angle: `${String(Math.round(Math.abs(relative))).padStart(3, '0')}°`,
+      });
+    }
   }
   if (this.contextUncertainty) {
     this.contextUncertainty.textContent = unknownCount
-      ? `${unknownCount} INPUT${unknownCount === 1 ? '' : 'S'} UNKNOWN · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR`
-      : 'AVAILABLE INPUTS CURRENT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR';
+      ? tn(
+          unknownCount,
+          '{count} INPUT UNKNOWN · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR',
+          '{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR',
+        )
+      : t('AVAILABLE INPUTS CURRENT · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR');
   }
   if (this.contextUpdated) {
     this.contextUpdated.textContent = Number.isFinite(snapshot.evaluatedAt)
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
index 437aa9b26..1904b6cea 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitInstruments.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 /** Instrument values, routes and vision controls for the Cockpit controller. */
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   COCKPIT_VISION_MODES,
   normalizeCockpitVisionMode,
@@ -20,9 +21,27 @@ import {
 } from '../cockpitMath.js';
 import {
   COCKPIT_CONTEXT_UPDATE_MS,
+  compassPointLabel,
+  formatCockpitCoordinate,
   setCockpitRollingValue,
 } from './cockpitPresentation.js';
 
+/** A transponder status name (src/data/aircraftEmergency.js) for the HUD. */
+const emergencyLabel = ({ name }) => t(name).toUpperCase();
+
+/** The emergency line in the active language (see cockpitMath.js). */
+const LOCALIZED_EMERGENCY = Object.freeze({
+  squawk: (parts) =>
+    t('SQUAWK {code} · {status}', {
+      code: parts.squawk,
+      status: emergencyLabel(parts),
+    }),
+  adsb: (parts) =>
+    parts.priority
+      ? t('ADS-B PRIORITY · {status}', { status: emergencyLabel(parts) })
+      : t('ADS-B EMERGENCY · {status}', { status: emergencyLabel(parts) }),
+});
+
 export function updateHud(
   info,
   nowMs = performance.now(),
@@ -32,7 +51,7 @@ export function updateHud(
   const heading = normalizeHeading(this.heading ?? info.track ?? 0);
   if (this.callsign) {
     this.callsign.textContent =
-      info.callsign || info.registration || info.icao24 || 'AIRCRAFT';
+      info.callsign || info.registration || info.icao24 || t('AIRCRAFT');
   }
   const speedKt = Number.isFinite(info.velocityMps)
     ? info.velocityMps * 1.94384
@@ -67,7 +86,7 @@ export function updateHud(
     setCockpitRollingValue(
       this.altitude,
       displayedAltitudeFt !== null
-        ? displayedAltitudeFt.toLocaleString('en-US')
+        ? formatNumber(displayedAltitudeFt)
         : '-----',
       displayedAltitudeFt,
       { immediate: forceContext },
@@ -110,7 +129,7 @@ export function updateHud(
       this.compassTape.innerHTML = divisions
         .map((division, index) => {
           const slot = index - 3;
-          return `<span class="${slot === 0 ? 'active' : ''}" style="--slot:${slot};--depth:${Math.abs(slot)}">${formatCompassDivision(division)}</span>`;
+          return `<span class="${slot === 0 ? 'active' : ''}" style="--slot:${slot};--depth:${Math.abs(slot)}">${compassPointLabel(formatCompassDivision(division))}</span>`;
         })
         .join('');
     }
@@ -119,26 +138,37 @@ export function updateHud(
     this.clock.textContent = new Date().toISOString().slice(11, 19) + 'Z';
   if (this.position) {
     const lat = Number.isFinite(info.latitude)
-      ? `${Math.abs(info.latitude).toFixed(3)}°${info.latitude >= 0 ? 'N' : 'S'}`
+      ? formatCockpitCoordinate(info.latitude, 'N', 'S')
       : '--';
     const lon = Number.isFinite(info.longitude)
-      ? `${Math.abs(info.longitude).toFixed(3)}°${info.longitude >= 0 ? 'E' : 'W'}`
+      ? formatCockpitCoordinate(info.longitude, 'E', 'W')
       : '--';
     this.position.textContent = `${lat} · ${lon}`;
   }
   if (this.aircraftMeta) {
     const feedState = this.surfaceAcquiring
-      ? 'ACQUIRING SURFACE'
+      ? t('ACQUIRING SURFACE')
       : this.surfaceFallback
-        ? 'SURFACE FALLBACK'
+        ? t('SURFACE FALLBACK')
         : info.stale
-          ? 'STALE FEED'
-          : 'LIVE TRACK';
-    const fleet = info.layerId === 'military' ? 'MILITARY' : 'COMMERCIAL';
-    const emergency = formatCockpitEmergency(info.emergency);
+          ? t('STALE FEED')
+          : t('LIVE TRACK');
+    const aircraftClass =
+      info.layerId === 'military' ? t('MILITARY') : t('COMMERCIAL');
+    const emergency = formatCockpitEmergency(
+      info.emergency,
+      LOCALIZED_EMERGENCY,
+    );
     this.aircraftMeta.textContent = emergency
-      ? `${fleet} · ${emergency} · ${feedState}`
-      : `${fleet} · ${feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED`;
+      ? t('{aircraftClass} · {emergency} · {feedState}', {
+          aircraftClass,
+          emergency,
+          feedState,
+        })
+      : t('{aircraftClass} · {feedState} · COURSE ALIGNED', {
+          aircraftClass,
+          feedState,
+        });
     this.aircraftMeta.classList.toggle(
       'emergency',
       info.emergency?.severity === 'emergency',
@@ -167,13 +197,13 @@ export function updateRoute(info) {
   const validDestination =
     Number.isFinite(destination?.lat) && Number.isFinite(destination?.lon);
   const routeLabel = (airport) =>
-    [airport?.code, airport?.name].filter(Boolean).join(' · ') || 'UNKNOWN';
+    [airport?.code, airport?.name].filter(Boolean).join(' · ') || t('UNKNOWN');
   if (this.routeFrom) this.routeFrom.textContent = routeLabel(origin);
   if (this.routeTo) this.routeTo.textContent = routeLabel(destination);
   if (this.routeStatus) {
     this.routeStatus.textContent = validDestination
-      ? 'ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION'
-      : 'ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE';
+      ? t('ARROW · ESTIMATED DIRECTION')
+      : t('ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE');
   }
   if (this.route) this.route.hidden = !origin && !destination;
   if (
@@ -207,7 +237,9 @@ export function updateRoute(info) {
     );
   }
   if (this.routeDirectionLabel) {
-    this.routeDirectionLabel.textContent = `DEST ${String(Math.round(destinationBearing)).padStart(3, '0')}°`;
+    this.routeDirectionLabel.textContent = t('DEST {bearing}', {
+      bearing: `${String(Math.round(destinationBearing)).padStart(3, '0')}°`,
+    });
   }
 }
 
@@ -215,42 +247,48 @@ export function syncWeatherToggle(enabled) {
   if (!this.weatherToggle) return;
   const active = !!enabled;
   this.weatherToggle.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(active));
-  this.weatherToggle.setAttribute(
-    'aria-label',
-    `${active ? 'Disable' : 'Enable'} cockpit weather effects`,
-  );
-  this.weatherToggle.title = `${active ? 'Disable' : 'Enable'} cockpit weather effects`;
-  if (this.weatherState) this.weatherState.textContent = active ? 'ON' : 'OFF';
+  const weatherLabel = active
+    ? t('Disable cockpit weather effects')
+    : t('Enable cockpit weather effects');
+  this.weatherToggle.setAttribute('aria-label', weatherLabel);
+  this.weatherToggle.title = weatherLabel;
+  if (this.weatherState) {
+    this.weatherState.textContent = active ? t('ON') : t('OFF');
+  }
 }
 
 export function setVisionMode(mode, { revealParameters = false } = {}) {
   const next = normalizeCockpitVisionMode(mode);
   this.visionMode = next;
   const labels = {
-    optical: 'NORMAL',
-    crt: 'CRT',
-    nvg: 'NVG',
-    thermal: 'FLIR',
-    anime: 'ANIME',
-    noir: 'NOIR',
-    snow: 'SNOW',
+    optical: t('NORMAL'),
+    crt: t('CRT'),
+    nvg: t('NVG'),
+    thermal: t('FLIR'),
+    anime: t('ANIME'),
+    noir: t('NOIR'),
+    snow: t('SNOW'),
   };
   const names = {
-    optical: 'Normal',
-    crt: 'CRT',
-    nvg: 'Night vision',
-    thermal: 'Thermal',
-    anime: 'Anime',
-    noir: 'Noir',
-    snow: 'Snow',
+    optical: t('Normal'),
+    crt: t('CRT'),
+    nvg: t('Night vision'),
+    thermal: t('Thermal'),
+    anime: t('Anime'),
+    noir: t('Noir'),
+    snow: t('Snow'),
   };
   if (this.visionCurrent) {
     this.visionCurrent.dataset.cockpitVision = next;
     this.visionCurrent.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
-      `Current cockpit vision style: ${names[next]}. Activate for next style.`,
+      t('Current cockpit vision style: {style}. Activate for next style.', {
+        style: names[next],
+      }),
     );
-    this.visionCurrent.title = `Current style: ${names[next]} — click for next`;
+    this.visionCurrent.title = t('Current style: {style} — click for next', {
+      style: names[next],
+    });
   }
   if (this.visionCurrentLabel)
     this.visionCurrentLabel.textContent = labels[next];
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitLayout.js b/src/ui/cockpitLayout.js
index 0122a4b6e..074f6cff3 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitLayout.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitLayout.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 /** Measure Cockpit panels against visible HUD and viewport obstacles. */
+import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   resolveCockpitUtilityAnchor,
   resolveCockpitUtilityLayout,
@@ -37,9 +38,11 @@ export function setContextCollapsed(collapsed) {
     this.contextToggle.setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(expanded));
     this.contextToggle.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
-      `${expanded ? 'Collapse' : 'Expand'} Contact panel`,
+      expanded ? t('Collapse Contact panel') : t('Expand Contact panel'),
+    );
+    this.contextToggle.title = t(
+      expanded ? msg('Collapse contact panel') : msg('Expand contact panel'),
     );
-    this.contextToggle.title = `${expanded ? 'Collapse' : 'Expand'} contact panel`;
     const icon = this.contextToggle.querySelector('.material-symbols-outlined');
     if (icon) icon.textContent = expanded ? 'chevron_left' : 'chevron_right';
   }
@@ -60,9 +63,15 @@ export function setSignalCollapsed(collapsed, { user = false } = {}) {
     this.signalToggle.setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(expanded));
     this.signalToggle.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
-      `${expanded ? 'Collapse' : 'Expand'} cockpit briefing panel`,
+      t(
+        expanded
+          ? msg('Collapse cockpit briefing panel')
+          : msg('Expand cockpit briefing panel'),
+      ),
+    );
+    this.signalToggle.title = t(
+      expanded ? msg('Collapse briefing panel') : msg('Expand briefing panel'),
     );
-    this.signalToggle.title = `${expanded ? 'Collapse' : 'Expand'} briefing panel`;
     const icon = this.signalToggle.querySelector('.material-symbols-outlined');
     if (icon)
       icon.textContent = expanded ? 'right_panel_close' : 'right_panel_open';
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
index e61620eeb..f8930d4e0 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitPresentation.js
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 /** Pure formatting and fixed presentation constants used by Cockpit components. */
+import { formatNumber, t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from './unitLabels.js';
+
 export const COCKPIT_HEADING_SLEW_DPS = 28;
 
 export const COCKPIT_FORWARD_OFFSET_M = 7;
@@ -44,20 +47,22 @@ export const COCKPIT_REGIONAL_REFRESH_DISTANCE_M = 25_000;
 export const COCKPIT_BRIEF_PAGES = [
   {
     id: 'signals',
-    kicker: 'LIVE SIGNALS',
-    subtitle: 'OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS',
-    source: 'SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS',
+    kickerKey: msg('LIVE SIGNALS'),
+    subtitleKey: msg('OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS'),
+    sourceKey: msg('SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS'),
   },
   {
     id: 'news',
-    kicker: 'REGIONAL NEWS',
-    subtitle: 'LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING',
-    source: 'GOOGLE NEWS RSS · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT',
+    kickerKey: msg('REGIONAL NEWS'),
+    subtitleKey: msg('LATEST LOCATION-MATCHED REPORTING'),
+    sourceKey: msg('{source} · LOCATION QUERY · RECENT'),
+    sourceName: 'GOOGLE NEWS RSS', // i18n-ignore: provider name
   },
   {
     id: 'local',
-    kicker: 'LOCAL INFO',
-    subtitle: 'PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION',
+    kickerKey: msg('LOCAL INFO'),
+    subtitleKey: msg('PLACE / CONDITIONS / POSITION'),
+    // Attribution stays English.
     source: 'NATURAL EARTH · OPEN-METEO · UTC',
   },
 ];
@@ -80,18 +85,87 @@ export function isRenderedOnScreen(element) {
 
 export function formatCockpitBriefAge(value) {
   const timestamp = Date.parse(value);
-  if (!Number.isFinite(timestamp)) return 'TIME UNKNOWN';
+  if (!Number.isFinite(timestamp)) return t('TIME UNKNOWN');
   const minutes = Math.max(0, Math.round((Date.now() - timestamp) / 60_000));
-  if (minutes < 60) return `${minutes}M AGO`;
+  if (minutes < 60) return t('{count}M AGO', { count: minutes });
   const hours = Math.round(minutes / 60);
-  return hours < 48 ? `${hours}H AGO` : `${Math.round(hours / 24)}D AGO`;
+  return hours < 48
+    ? t('{count}H AGO', { count: hours })
+    : t('{count}D AGO', { count: Math.round(hours / 24) });
+}
+
+/** Compass point codes in display order and the label shown for each. */
+const COMPASS_POINT_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  N: msg('N'),
+  NE: msg('NE'),
+  E: msg('E'),
+  SE: msg('SE'),
+  S: msg('S'),
+  SW: msg('SW'),
+  W: msg('W'),
+  NW: msg('NW'),
+});
+
+/**
+ * The shown label for a compass point code (`N`, `SW`…): С, ЮЗ… in Russian.
+ * Anything else (a degree reading such as `030`) passes through unchanged.
+ */
+export function compassPointLabel(code) {
+  return Object.hasOwn(COMPASS_POINT_LABELS, code)
+    ? t(COMPASS_POINT_LABELS[code])
+    : code;
+}
+
+/** `30.203°N` in the active language: `30,203° с. ш.` in Russian. */
+export function formatCockpitCoordinate(value, positive, negative) {
+  const amount = formatNumber(Math.abs(value), {
+    useGrouping: false,
+    minimumFractionDigits: 3,
+    maximumFractionDigits: 3,
+  });
+  const code = value >= 0 ? positive : negative;
+  // Not «30,203°С»: after a degree sign «С» reads as Celsius.
+  switch (code) {
+    case 'N':
+      return t('{value}°N', { value: amount });
+    case 'S':
+      return t('{value}°S', { value: amount });
+    case 'E':
+      return t('{value}°E', { value: amount });
+    case 'W':
+      return t('{value}°W', { value: amount });
+    default:
+      return `${amount}°${compassPointLabel(code)}`;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A contact distance such as `4.2 KM` / `44 KM` in the active language
+ * (`4,2 КМ`): one decimal under 10 km, whole kilometres beyond.
+ */
+export function formatCockpitDistance(distanceM) {
+  const digits = distanceM < 10000 ? 1 : 0;
+  return formatQuantity(distanceM / 1000, 'km', {
+    minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+    maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+  }).toUpperCase();
 }
 
 export function formatCockpitWindDirection(value) {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return 'DIR UNKNOWN';
-  const labels = ['N', 'NE', 'E', 'SE', 'S', 'SW', 'W', 'NW'];
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return t('DIR UNKNOWN');
+  const labels = Object.keys(COMPASS_POINT_LABELS);
   const normalized = ((value % 360) + 360) % 360;
-  return `${labels[Math.round(normalized / 45) % labels.length]} · ${Math.round(normalized)}°`;
+  return `${compassPointLabel(labels[Math.round(normalized / 45) % labels.length])} · ${Math.round(normalized)}°`;
+}
+
+// Digit grouping and decimal marks (`26,175`, `26 175`, `26.175`) take a
+// narrow cell; a full digit cell would open a gap in the middle of a number.
+const ROLL_SEPARATOR = /^[,.\u00a0\u202f]$/;
+
+function rollTokenClass(character) {
+  return ROLL_SEPARATOR.test(character)
+    ? 'cockpit-roll-token is-separator'
+    : 'cockpit-roll-token';
 }
 
 export function setCockpitRollingValue(
@@ -130,7 +204,7 @@ export function setCockpitRollingValue(
       element.replaceChildren(
         ...Array.from(nextText, (character) => {
           const token = document.createElement('span');
-          token.className = 'cockpit-roll-token';
+          token.className = rollTokenClass(character);
           token.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
           token.textContent = character;
           return token;
@@ -159,7 +233,7 @@ export function setCockpitRollingValue(
     const previousCharacter = from[index];
     const nextCharacter = to[index];
     const token = document.createElement('span');
-    token.className = 'cockpit-roll-token';
+    token.className = rollTokenClass(nextCharacter);
     token.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
 
     if (
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js b/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
index b8d6fe18b..cbac4cd03 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitSignals.js
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 /** Reconcile actionable signal rows without disturbing native keyboard focus. */
+import { t, tn } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatCockpitDistance } from './cockpitPresentation.js';
 
 export function renderCockpitSignals() {
   if (!this.signalList) return;
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ export function renderCockpitSignals() {
     if (item.target) {
       heading.dataset.signalLayer = item.target.layerId;
       heading.dataset.signalId = item.target.id;
-      const label = `Select flight ${item.title}`;
+      const label = t('Select flight {title}', { title: item.title });
       if (heading.getAttribute('aria-label') !== label)
         heading.setAttribute('aria-label', label);
       setText(heading.children[0], item.title);
@@ -126,7 +128,12 @@ export function updateCockpitSignals(snapshot, unknownCount) {
       key: `flight:${subject.layerId}:${subject.id}`,
       tone: 'track',
       title: subject.label || subject.id,
-      detail: `${subject.layerId === 'military' ? 'MILITARY FLIGHT' : 'COMMERCIAL FLIGHT'} · CURRENT`,
+      detail: t('{aircraftClass} · CURRENT', {
+        aircraftClass:
+          subject.layerId === 'military'
+            ? t('MILITARY FLIGHT')
+            : t('COMMERCIAL FLIGHT'),
+      }),
       target: { layerId: subject.layerId, id: String(subject.id) },
       distanceM: -1,
     });
@@ -145,11 +152,15 @@ export function updateCockpitSignals(snapshot, unknownCount) {
         // contact reads as its registration here too. Same helper the
         // Context panel's nearest list uses.
         title: this.services.formatAwarenessLabel(item),
-        detail: `${cohort.id === 'military' ? 'MILITARY FLIGHT' : 'COMMERCIAL FLIGHT'} · ${
-          Number.isFinite(item.distanceM)
-            ? `${item.distanceM < 10000 ? (item.distanceM / 1000).toFixed(1) : Math.round(item.distanceM / 1000)} KM`
-            : 'DISTANCE UNKNOWN'
-        }`,
+        detail: t('{aircraftClass} · {distance}', {
+          aircraftClass:
+            cohort.id === 'military'
+              ? t('MILITARY FLIGHT')
+              : t('COMMERCIAL FLIGHT'),
+          distance: Number.isFinite(item.distanceM)
+            ? formatCockpitDistance(item.distanceM)
+            : t('DISTANCE UNKNOWN'),
+        }),
         target: { layerId: cohort.id, id: String(id) },
         distanceM: item.distanceM ?? Infinity,
       });
@@ -169,8 +180,12 @@ export function updateCockpitSignals(snapshot, unknownCount) {
     nextItems.splice(4, Math.max(0, nextItems.length - 4), {
       key: 'input-status',
       tone: 'warning',
-      title: `${unknownCount} INPUT${unknownCount === 1 ? '' : 'S'} UNKNOWN`,
-      detail: sources || 'SOURCE STATUS UNAVAILABLE',
+      title: tn(
+        unknownCount,
+        '{count} INPUT UNKNOWN',
+        '{count} INPUTS UNKNOWN',
+      ),
+      detail: sources || t('SOURCE STATUS UNAVAILABLE'),
       target: null,
       timestamp:
         previous.get('input-status')?.timestamp ||
diff --git a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
index 4d76b4e6b..06aea19d2 100644
--- a/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
+++ b/src/ui/cockpitTrackingController.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 /** Tracking identity, entry, exit and contact navigation for the Cockpit controller. */
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   normalizeHeading,
   resolveTrackedAircraftInfo,
@@ -58,8 +59,8 @@ export function syncTr3bToggle(info) {
   this.tr3bToggle.hidden = !icao24;
   this.tr3bToggle.setAttribute('aria-pressed', converted ? 'true' : 'false');
   this.tr3bToggle.title = converted
-    ? 'Restore real aircraft'
-    : 'Reclassify as TR-3B';
+    ? t('Restore real aircraft')
+    : t('Reclassify as TR-3B');
 }
 
 export function syncEntry() {
@@ -183,15 +184,18 @@ export function enter() {
   this.showBriefPage(0);
   this.startBriefRotation();
   const trackLabel =
-    info.callsign || info.registration || info.icao24 || 'AIRCRAFT';
+    info.callsign || info.registration || info.icao24 || t('AIRCRAFT');
   const trackHeading = String(
     Math.round(normalizeHeading(info.track ?? 0)),
   ).padStart(3, '0');
   this.pushCockpitSignal(
     'track',
     'track',
-    'TRACK ACQUIRED',
-    `${trackLabel} · COURSE ${trackHeading}°`,
+    t('TRACK ACQUIRED'),
+    t('{label} · COURSE {heading}°', {
+      label: trackLabel,
+      heading: trackHeading,
+    }),
   );
   this.updateHud(info, performance.now(), true);
   this.setVisionMode(this.getInitialVisionMode());
diff --git a/src/ui/composition.js b/src/ui/composition.js
index 6f8ac6bc5..797157567 100644
--- a/src/ui/composition.js
+++ b/src/ui/composition.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 /** Compose UI controls with the application's existing engines and layer instances. */
 import { StyleManager as ApplicationShell } from './applicationShell.js';
 import { LocationSearch } from './location.js';
+import { CITY_POIS } from '../cityPois.js';
 import {
-  CITY_POIS,
   GLOBE_VIEW,
   flyToGlobeView,
   flyToPresetLocation,
diff --git a/src/ui/contextActions.js b/src/ui/contextActions.js
index 6b08e5411..a621137ad 100644
--- a/src/ui/contextActions.js
+++ b/src/ui/contextActions.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { t, tn } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   settleUserFacingContextAction,
   contextModeWord,
@@ -5,8 +6,8 @@ import {
 
 export async function _runUserFacingContextAction(
   operation,
-  message = 'Context could not restore every layer; try again',
-  { falseIsFailure = true } = {},
+  message = t('Context could not restore every layer; try again'),
+  { falseIsFailure = true, localizedMessage = null } = {},
 ) {
   if (this.destroyed) return false;
   const notificationToken = Symbol('user-facing-context-action');
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ export async function _runUserFacingContextAction(
       onFailure: (error) => {
         if (this.destroyed) return;
         console.warn('[Context] user-facing transition failed', error);
-        this.showToast(message);
+        this.showToast(localizedMessage || message);
       },
     });
   } finally {
@@ -222,21 +223,29 @@ export function clearSelectedLayers() {
   const operation = managerOperation
     .then((result) => {
       if (result.targetIds.length === 0) {
-        this.showToast('No selected data layers');
+        this.showToast(t('No selected data layers'));
       } else if (result.notClearedIds.length > 0) {
         this.showToast(
-          `${result.notClearedIds.length} data layer${result.notClearedIds.length === 1 ? '' : 's'} could not be cleared`,
+          tn(
+            result.notClearedIds.length,
+            '{count} data layer could not be cleared',
+            '{count} data layers could not be cleared',
+          ),
         );
       } else {
         this.showToast(
-          `Cleared ${result.clearedIds.length} data layer${result.clearedIds.length === 1 ? '' : 's'}`,
+          tn(
+            result.clearedIds.length,
+            'Cleared {count} data layer',
+            'Cleared {count} data layers',
+          ),
         );
       }
       return result;
     })
     .catch((error) => {
       console.warn('[Data] clear selected layers failed', error);
-      this.showToast('Selected data layers could not be cleared');
+      this.showToast(t('Selected data layers could not be cleared'));
       return {
         targetIds: [],
         items: [],
diff --git a/src/ui/contextBindings.js b/src/ui/contextBindings.js
index 5d3f074ce..16a21df4f 100644
--- a/src/ui/contextBindings.js
+++ b/src/ui/contextBindings.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { shouldExpandGlobalContextPanel } from '../rightRailPolicy.js';
 
 export function _initGlobalContextPanel() {
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ export function _initGlobalContextPanel() {
     void this._runUserFacingContextAction(
       (notificationToken) =>
         this._selectContextMode(nextMode, { notificationToken }),
-      'Contacts could not complete the requested transition; try again',
+      t('Contacts could not complete the requested transition; try again'),
     ).then((succeeded) => {
       if (
         !this.destroyed &&
@@ -61,7 +62,9 @@ export function _initGlobalContextPanel() {
     void this._runUserFacingContextAction(
       (notificationToken) =>
         this._selectContextMode(nextMode, { notificationToken }),
-      'Space Missions could not complete the requested transition; try again',
+      t(
+        'Space Missions could not complete the requested transition; try again',
+      ),
     ).then((succeeded) => {
       if (
         !this.destroyed &&
@@ -108,14 +111,16 @@ export function _initGlobalContextPanel() {
       this.showToast(
         stats?.statusMessage ||
           (stats?.status === 'zoom-in'
-            ? 'Zoom in to search mapped installations'
-            : 'Nearby installations refreshed'),
+            ? t('Zoom in to search mapped installations')
+            : t('Nearby installations refreshed')),
       );
       return true;
-    }, 'Nearby installations could not be refreshed; try again').finally(() => {
-      if (this.destroyed) return;
-      button.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'false');
-      button.setAttribute('aria-busy', 'false');
-    });
+    }, t('Nearby installations could not be refreshed; try again')).finally(
+      () => {
+        if (this.destroyed) return;
+        button.setAttribute('aria-disabled', 'false');
+        button.setAttribute('aria-busy', 'false');
+      },
+    );
   });
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.i18n.test.mjs b/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bc973764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// The blocked-visibility toast reason in the UI language.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  contextLayerEnableBlockReason,
+  parseContextLayerBlockReason,
+} from '../contextModePolicy.js';
+import {
+  _handleContextLayerChange,
+  localizeVisibilityBlockReason,
+} from './contextLayerChanges.js';
+
+function fakeShell() {
+  const toasts = [];
+  return {
+    destroyed: false,
+    _userFacingContextNotificationTokens: new Set(),
+    _contextSessionSnapshot: null,
+    _contextModeChanging: false,
+    _contextMode: 'space-missions',
+    _contextModeEntering: null,
+    _syncContextModeButtons() {},
+    showToast(message) {
+      toasts.push(message);
+    },
+    toasts,
+  };
+}
+
+const ENGLISH_GUARD =
+  'Space Missions isolates replay data. Exit the mode to enable Live Flights.';
+
+test.afterEach(() => setLocale('en'));
+
+test('the guard reason is English data and parses back to its layer name', () => {
+  const reason = contextLayerEnableBlockReason({
+    contextMode: 'space-missions',
+    change: { layerId: 'flights', enabled: true, origin: 'user' },
+    layerName: 'Live Flights',
+  });
+  assert.equal(reason, ENGLISH_GUARD);
+  assert.deepEqual(parseContextLayerBlockReason(reason), {
+    layer: 'Live Flights',
+  });
+  assert.equal(parseContextLayerBlockReason('Data source unavailable'), null);
+  assert.equal(
+    parseContextLayerBlockReason(
+      'Space Missions isolates replay data. Exit the mode to enable .',
+    ),
+    null,
+  );
+});
+
+test('en: the toast shows the reason unchanged', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const shell = fakeShell();
+  _handleContextLayerChange.call(shell, {
+    type: 'visibility-blocked',
+    layerId: 'flights',
+    enabled: true,
+    origin: 'user',
+    reason: ENGLISH_GUARD,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(shell.toasts, [ENGLISH_GUARD]);
+  assert.equal(
+    localizeVisibilityBlockReason('Overpass returned HTTP 503'),
+    'Overpass returned HTTP 503',
+  );
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: the Space Missions block toast is localized with the layer name`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    const reason = contextLayerEnableBlockReason({
+      contextMode: 'space-missions',
+      change: { layerId: 'flights', enabled: true, origin: 'user' },
+      layerName: 'Live Flights',
+    });
+    const shell = fakeShell();
+    _handleContextLayerChange.call(shell, {
+      type: 'visibility-blocked',
+      layerId: 'flights',
+      enabled: true,
+      origin: 'user',
+      reason,
+    });
+    assert.equal(shell.toasts.length, 1);
+    assert.notEqual(shell.toasts[0], ENGLISH_GUARD, 'toast must be localized');
+    assert.doesNotMatch(shell.toasts[0], /Space Missions isolates/);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(shell.toasts[0], /Live Flights/);
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: a known lifecycle reason is looked up in the catalog`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    const shell = fakeShell();
+    shell._contextMode = null;
+    _handleContextLayerChange.call(shell, {
+      type: 'visibility-blocked',
+      layerId: 'street-level',
+      enabled: true,
+      origin: 'user',
+      reason: 'Data source unavailable',
+    });
+    assert.equal(shell.toasts.length, 1);
+    assert.notEqual(shell.toasts[0], 'Data source unavailable');
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: an unknown provider message passes through verbatim`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    assert.equal(
+      localizeVisibilityBlockReason('Overpass returned HTTP 503'),
+      'Overpass returned HTTP 503',
+    );
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js b/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js
index 53b2ba760..fc5abe3a7 100644
--- a/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js
+++ b/src/ui/contextLayerChanges.js
@@ -1,11 +1,30 @@
+import { t, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
+  SPACE_MISSIONS_LAYER_BLOCK_REASON,
   cockpitEntryAllowed,
   isExplicitUserIntentOrigin,
+  parseContextLayerBlockReason,
   recordContextRestoreExplicitChange,
   recordContextSessionUserChange,
   shouldExitContextForLayerChange,
   spaceMissionEntryCancellationDisposition,
 } from '../contextModePolicy.js';
+import { localizeLayerName } from './layerNames.js';
+
+/**
+ * A blocked-visibility reason in the UI language. Reasons stay English (voice
+ * and tools read them): the Space Missions refusal is rebuilt with the layer
+ * name localized, a known sentence is looked up, anything else passes.
+ */
+export function localizeVisibilityBlockReason(reason) {
+  if (typeof reason !== 'string' || !reason) return reason;
+  const blocked = parseContextLayerBlockReason(reason);
+  if (blocked)
+    return t(SPACE_MISSIONS_LAYER_BLOCK_REASON, {
+      layer: localizeLayerName(blocked.layer),
+    });
+  return translateKnown(reason);
+}
 
 export function _handleContextLayerChange(change) {
   if (this.destroyed) return;
@@ -58,12 +77,23 @@ export function _handleContextLayerChange(change) {
       if (this._contextSessionSnapshot && !this._contextModeChanging) {
         this._contextMode = null;
         void this._trackContextLayerReaction(
-          this._runUserFacingContextAction(async (notificationToken) => {
-            await this._restoreContextSessionAfterLayerSettles(change.layerId, {
-              notificationToken,
-            });
-            return true;
-          }, 'Space Missions cancellation could not restore the previous layer state'),
+          this._runUserFacingContextAction(
+            async (notificationToken) => {
+              await this._restoreContextSessionAfterLayerSettles(
+                change.layerId,
+                {
+                  notificationToken,
+                },
+              );
+              return true;
+            },
+            'Space Missions cancellation could not restore the previous layer state', // i18n-ignore: English message; the toast shows localizedMessage
+            {
+              localizedMessage: t(
+                'Space Missions cancellation could not restore the previous layer state',
+              ),
+            },
+          ),
         );
       }
     }
@@ -83,15 +113,18 @@ export function _handleContextLayerChange(change) {
       !this._userFacingContextNotificationTokens.has(change.notificationToken)
     ) {
       this.showToast(
-        change.reason ||
-          'That layer is unavailable in the current Context mode',
+        localizeVisibilityBlockReason(change.reason) ||
+          t('That layer is unavailable in the current Context mode'),
       );
     }
     this._syncContextModeButtons();
     return;
   }
   if (change?.type === 'visibility-failed') {
-    const failureMessage = `${change.layerId} could not ${change.enabled ? 'start' : 'stop'} cleanly`;
+    const failureMessage = t('{layerId} could not {action} cleanly', {
+      layerId: change.layerId,
+      action: change.enabled ? t('start') : t('stop'),
+    });
     // A failed direct Context-shell START has already had its siblings
     // cleared by the visibility guard. Wait outside the synchronous manager
     // notification for this queue to settle, then reconcile the complete
diff --git a/src/ui/contextSubscriptions.js b/src/ui/contextSubscriptions.js
index 1c067e9b5..8a171a69a 100644
--- a/src/ui/contextSubscriptions.js
+++ b/src/ui/contextSubscriptions.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   contextLayerEnableBlockReason,
   isExplicitUserIntentOrigin,
@@ -124,7 +125,15 @@ export function connectContextManager(manager) {
                 restoreError,
               );
             }
-            return `${entryMode === 'space-missions' ? 'Space Missions' : 'Context'} could not start because another layer did not stop cleanly`;
+            return t(
+              '{mode} could not start because another layer did not stop cleanly',
+              {
+                mode:
+                  entryMode === 'space-missions'
+                    ? t('Space Missions')
+                    : t('Context'),
+              },
+            );
           } finally {
             if (ownsNotificationToken) {
               this._userFacingContextNotificationTokens.delete(
diff --git a/src/ui/cssContentCaption.test.mjs b/src/ui/cssContentCaption.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35a0aaee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/cssContentCaption.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// The CCTV "ACQUIRING FRAME" caption lives in CSS `content:` and the
+// i18n scanner (scripts/i18n.mjs) never reads CSS, so es/ru show it in English.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync, readdirSync } from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const HERE = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const STYLES = path.join(HERE, 'styles');
+const LOCALES = path.join(HERE, '..', 'i18n', 'locales');
+// cyber.css carries decorative theme strings (LOC / GRID, SYS 06 // ...);
+// street-level.css ' · ESC' is a key cap. Neither is UI copy.
+const DECORATIVE = new Set(['cyber.css', 'street-level.css']);
+
+test('no user-visible text in CSS content: outside decorative themes', () => {
+  const hits = [];
+  for (const file of readdirSync(STYLES)) {
+    if (!file.endsWith('.css') || DECORATIVE.has(file)) continue;
+    const css = readFileSync(path.join(STYLES, file), 'utf8');
+    css.split('\n').forEach((line, i) => {
+      if (/^\s*content:\s*['"][^'"]*[A-Za-z]{2,}/.test(line))
+        hits.push(`${file}:${i + 1} ${line.trim()}`);
+    });
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(hits, []);
+});
+
+test('the CCTV acquisition caption has es and ru translations', () => {
+  for (const lang of ['es', 'ru']) {
+    const dict = JSON.parse(readFileSync(path.join(LOCALES, `${lang}.json`), 'utf8'));
+    assert.ok('ACQUIRING FRAME' in dict, `${lang}.json lacks "ACQUIRING FRAME"`);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/cyberTheme.test.mjs b/src/ui/cyberTheme.test.mjs
index 6566e4172..68710a36a 100644
--- a/src/ui/cyberTheme.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/cyberTheme.test.mjs
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ test('the Display selector, voice schema and final stylesheet expose Cyber', ()
   const militaryRendering = read('../layers/military/rendering.js');
   const setHud = GEV_ACTION_SCHEMAS.find((schema) => schema.name === 'set_hud');
 
-  assert.match(display, /<option value="cyber">Cyber<\/option>/);
+  assert.match(display, /<option value="cyber" data-i18n>Cyber<\/option>/);
   assert.match(display, /id="cyber-sonar-toggle"/);
   assert.match(
     display,
diff --git a/src/ui/feedErrorI18n.test.mjs b/src/ui/feedErrorI18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..145acdfa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/feedErrorI18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Flights / Military feed failure texts reach the DATA LAYERS row in the
+// UI language; the feeds keep them in English.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { LayerPanel } from './layerPanel.js';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { httpError, LiveSourceError } from '../sources/live/contract.js';
+
+const panel = LayerPanel.prototype;
+
+function flightsRow(error) {
+  return panel._buildMetaText({
+    id: 'flights',
+    enabled: true,
+    stats: {
+      count: 0,
+      stale: true,
+      error,
+      status: 429,
+      retryInSec: 45,
+      source: 'OpenSky',
+      lastUpdate: Date.now(),
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+const cases = [
+  ['OpenSky 429 anonymous', 'OpenSky rate limited (anonymous)'],
+  ['OpenSky auth', 'OpenSky auth required'],
+  ['generic 429', httpError({ status: 429 }, 'Flights').message],
+  ['HTTP 503', httpError({ status: 503 }, 'Military aircraft').message],
+  [
+    'network error',
+    new LiveSourceError('unavailable', 'Flights network error').message,
+  ],
+  ['stale snapshot', 'Source snapshot 7 min old'],
+  ['snapshot time unknown', 'Source snapshot time unavailable'],
+  ['non-LiveSourceError', 'Live data unavailable'],
+  ['malformed', 'Malformed OpenSky response'],
+  ['malformed rows', 'Malformed adsb.lol aircraft rows'],
+];
+
+test('en: feed failure texts stay English', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  for (const [, message] of cases)
+    assert.equal(
+      flightsRow(message),
+      `STALE · OpenSky · ${message} · retry 45s`,
+    );
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: feed failure texts are translated in the layer row`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      for (const [name, message] of cases) {
+        const row = flightsRow(message);
+        assert.ok(
+          !row.includes(message),
+          `${locale} ${name}: row still contains English detail: ${row}`,
+        );
+      }
+      assert.match(flightsRow('Source snapshot 7 min old'), /\b7\b/);
+      assert.match(flightsRow('Flights HTTP 503'), /\b503\b/);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/frameRateMonitor.js b/src/ui/frameRateMonitor.js
index dd63311ca..3bad73a20 100644
--- a/src/ui/frameRateMonitor.js
+++ b/src/ui/frameRateMonitor.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 /** Count rendered globe frames while the optional readout is visible. */
 export function createFrameRateMonitor({ viewer, documentRef = document }) {
   const host = documentRef.getElementById('title-bar');
@@ -7,8 +8,9 @@ export function createFrameRateMonitor({ viewer, documentRef = document }) {
   const readout = documentRef.createElement('div');
   readout.className = 'frame-rate-readout';
   readout.hidden = true;
+  // i18n-ignore: FPS is a unit code, the same in every language
   readout.textContent = 'FPS —';
-  readout.title = 'Rendered globe frames per second · toggle with `';
+  readout.title = t('Rendered globe frames per second · toggle with `');
   host.appendChild(readout);
   let removeFrameListener = null;
   let timer = null;
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ export function createFrameRateMonitor({ viewer, documentRef = document }) {
   function show() {
     frames = 0;
     startedAt = performance.now();
+    // i18n-ignore: FPS is a unit code, the same in every language
     readout.textContent = 'FPS —';
     readout.hidden = false;
     removeFrameListener = frameEvent.addEventListener(() => {
@@ -36,6 +39,7 @@ export function createFrameRateMonitor({ viewer, documentRef = document }) {
       const now = performance.now();
       const elapsed = now - startedAt;
       readout.textContent =
+        // i18n-ignore: FPS is a unit code, the same in every language
         documentRef.hidden || elapsed <= 0
           ? 'FPS —'
           : `FPS ${Math.round((frames * 1000) / elapsed)}`;
diff --git a/src/ui/geoFileImport.js b/src/ui/geoFileImport.js
index ae3266608..8785f24fd 100644
--- a/src/ui/geoFileImport.js
+++ b/src/ui/geoFileImport.js
@@ -5,6 +5,14 @@ import {
   MAX_IMPORTED_FILES,
   loadGeoFile,
 } from '../data/geoFileImport.js';
+import {
+  formatNumber,
+  msg,
+  registerUnsavedWork,
+  t,
+  tn,
+  translateKnown,
+} from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { flyToDataSource } from './flyToDataSource.js';
 
 // One color per file, in import order, from the whiteboard palette.
@@ -43,6 +51,11 @@ export function initGeoFileImport({
   let cameraIntent = 0;
   const lifetime = new AbortController();
   let removeMapSource;
+  // Imports live for the page session: switching language (a reload) asks
+  // first while any are on the map.
+  const unregisterUnsavedWork = registerUnsavedWork(() =>
+    !destroyed && imports.length ? msg('imported map files') : null,
+  );
 
   const listen = (target, type, listener, options) => {
     if (!target?.addEventListener) return;
@@ -78,7 +91,9 @@ export function initGeoFileImport({
           } catch {
             if (!destroyed)
               setHint(
-                'Ground heights could not be refreshed. Try the file again when the map has loaded.',
+                t(
+                  'Ground heights could not be refreshed. Try the file again when the map has loaded.',
+                ),
               );
           } finally {
             groundQueued = false;
@@ -139,15 +154,22 @@ export function initGeoFileImport({
         name.className = 'geo-import-name';
         // textContent, never markup: the name comes from the file system.
         name.textContent = item.name;
-        name.title = `${item.name} — ${item.format.toUpperCase()}, ${item.entityCount.toLocaleString()} map object${item.entityCount === 1 ? '' : 's'}${item.ownStyles ? ', drawn with its own styles' : ''}`;
+        name.title = `${item.name} — ${item.format.toUpperCase()}, ${tn(
+          item.entityCount,
+          '{count} map object',
+          '{count} map objects',
+          { count: formatNumber(item.entityCount) },
+        )}${item.ownStyles ? t(', drawn with its own styles') : ''}`;
         const actions = [
           [
             item.visible ? 'visibility' : 'visibility_off',
-            item.visible ? `Hide ${item.name}` : `Show ${item.name}`,
+            item.visible
+              ? t('Hide {name}', { name: item.name })
+              : t('Show {name}', { name: item.name }),
             'toggle',
           ],
-          ['my_location', `Fly to ${item.name}`, 'fly'],
-          ['close', `Remove ${item.name}`, 'remove'],
+          ['my_location', t('Fly to {name}', { name: item.name }), 'fly'],
+          ['close', t('Remove {name}', { name: item.name }), 'remove'],
         ].map(([icon, label, action]) => {
           const btn = doc.createElement('button');
           btn.type = 'button';
@@ -264,11 +286,13 @@ export function initGeoFileImport({
         outcomes.push({
           name: fileName,
           ok: false,
-          error: `At most ${MAX_IMPORTED_FILES} files at once — remove one first.`,
+          error: t('At most {count} files at once — remove one first.', {
+            count: formatNumber(MAX_IMPORTED_FILES),
+          }),
         });
         continue;
       }
-      setHint(`Reading ${fileName}…`);
+      setHint(t('Reading {name}…', { name: fileName }));
       const color = COLORS[colorAt % COLORS.length];
       let loaded;
       try {
@@ -279,8 +303,8 @@ export function initGeoFileImport({
           ok: false,
           error:
             error instanceof GeoImportError || error?.name === 'GeoImportError'
-              ? error.message
-              : 'That file could not be read.',
+              ? t(error.template || error.message, error.values)
+              : t('That file could not be read.'),
         });
         continue;
       }
@@ -416,6 +440,7 @@ export function initGeoFileImport({
     destroy() {
       if (destroyed) return;
       destroyed = true;
+      unregisterUnsavedWork();
       lifetime.abort();
       removeMapSource?.();
       clearTimeout(groundTimer);
@@ -447,16 +472,28 @@ export function summarize(outcomes) {
   const failed = outcomes.filter((o) => !o.ok);
   const added = outcomes.length - failed.length;
   const parts = [];
-  if (added) parts.push(`Added ${added} file${added === 1 ? '' : 's'}.`);
-  if (failed.length === 1) parts.push(`${failed[0].name}: ${failed[0].error}`);
+  if (added)
+    parts.push(
+      tn(added, 'Added {count} file.', 'Added {count} files.', {
+        count: formatNumber(added),
+      }),
+    );
+  // Import errors stay English in the outcome; they translate here.
+  const error = translateKnown(failed[0]?.error);
+  if (failed.length === 1) parts.push(`${failed[0].name}: ${error}`);
   else if (failed.length > 1)
     parts.push(
-      `${failed.length} files could not be added (${failed[0].name}: ${failed[0].error})`,
+      tn(
+        failed.length,
+        '{count} file could not be added ({name}: {error})',
+        '{count} files could not be added ({name}: {error})',
+        { count: formatNumber(failed.length), name: failed[0].name, error },
+      ),
     );
   const stripped = outcomes.reduce(
     (n, o) => n + (o.ok ? o.removed || 0 : 0),
     0,
   );
-  if (added && stripped) parts.push('Some KML content was left out.');
+  if (added && stripped) parts.push(t('Some KML content was left out.'));
   return parts.join(' ');
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/geoFileImport.test.mjs b/src/ui/geoFileImport.test.mjs
index 510883cb1..eb4bdfa99 100644
--- a/src/ui/geoFileImport.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/geoFileImport.test.mjs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import { initGeoFileImport, summarize } from './geoFileImport.js';
 import { GeoImportError, MAX_IMPORTED_FILES } from '../data/geoFileImport.js';
+import { describeUnsavedWork } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 class FakeClassList {
   constructor() {
@@ -211,6 +212,19 @@ const rows = (els) => els['geo-import-list'].children;
 const action = (row, name) =>
   row.children.find((c) => c.dataset.action === name);
 
+// Runs first: tools left by later tests would answer the same registry.
+test('imported files make the language switch ask first', async () => {
+  const t = setup();
+  assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), []);
+  await t.tool.importFiles([file('a.geojson')]);
+  assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), ['imported map files']);
+  t.tool.remove(t.tool.list()[0].id);
+  assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), [], 'nothing left to lose');
+  await t.tool.importFiles([file('b.kml')]);
+  t.tool.destroy();
+  assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), [], 'destroy unregisters');
+});
+
 test('returns null without its markup or viewer', () => {
   const document = { getElementById: () => null };
   assert.equal(initGeoFileImport({ viewer: {}, document }), null);
@@ -698,3 +712,20 @@ test('KML and KMZ rows say they keep their own styles instead of showing a color
   assert.ok(!gpx.children[0].classList.contains('own-styles'));
   assert.ok(gpx.children[0].style.background);
 });
+
+test('the map-object count in a row title keeps digit grouping', async () => {
+  const t = setup({
+    load: async (f) => ({
+      dataSource: {},
+      name: f.name,
+      format: 'geojson',
+      entityCount: 12345,
+      removed: 0,
+      revoke() {},
+    }),
+  });
+  await t.tool.importFiles([file('big.geojson')]);
+  const [row] = rows(t.els);
+  assert.match(row.children[1].title, /12,345 map objects/);
+  t.tool.destroy();
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/imageryBoxTool.js b/src/ui/imageryBoxTool.js
index 98b232f70..5bd58a414 100644
--- a/src/ui/imageryBoxTool.js
+++ b/src/ui/imageryBoxTool.js
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   releasePointer,
 } from '../data/inputOwnership.js';
 import { validateBox } from '../layers/recentImagery/model.js';
+import { msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /** The id this tool claims the pointer under. */
 export const IMAGERY_BOX_POINTER_OWNER = 'recent-imagery-box';
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ export function initImageryBoxTool({
     if (!active || destroyed || anchor) return;
     const point = worldAt(event.position);
     if (!point) {
-      onCancel?.('sky', 'Press on the ground, not the sky');
+      onCancel?.('sky', msg('Press on the ground, not the sky'));
       return;
     }
     anchor = point;
@@ -169,7 +170,8 @@ export function initImageryBoxTool({
     corner = worldAt(event.position) || corner;
     const box = dragBox();
     const result = validateBox(box);
-    if (result.reason === 'degenerate') result.message = 'Drag to size the box';
+    if (result.reason === 'degenerate')
+      result.message = msg('Drag to size the box');
     endDrag();
     setActive(false);
     if (result.ok) onBox(result.box);
diff --git a/src/ui/keyGuidance.js b/src/ui/keyGuidance.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08db2998c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/keyGuidance.js
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/**
+ * Key guidance in the UI language. keySetupCore.mjs builds the same sentences
+ * in English for the server and the AI tools; these are the ones people read.
+ */
+import {
+  KEY_SETUP_KEYS,
+  keySetupRequirementEnvVars,
+} from '../keySetupCore.mjs';
+import { t, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+/** "Needs X — add it in Provider Settings", or '' for an unknown or hidden key. */
+export function keyRequirementText(id) {
+  const envVars = id ? keySetupRequirementEnvVars(id) : null;
+  return envVars
+    ? t('Needs {envVars} — add it in Provider Settings', { envVars })
+    : '';
+}
+
+/** The key's product name in title case: GOOGLE MAPS → Google Maps. */
+function keyName(id) {
+  const entry = KEY_SETUP_KEYS.find((candidate) => candidate.id === id);
+  return entry
+    ? entry.title
+        .toLowerCase()
+        .replace(/\b\w/g, (letter) => letter.toUpperCase())
+    : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The requirement, then the switched-off sources that would draw with a key
+ * already set (see keySetupWithAlternatives).
+ *
+ * @param {string} requirement
+ * @param {Array<{label: string, requiresKeyId: string|null}>} [alternatives]
+ */
+export function keyGuidanceText(requirement, alternatives = []) {
+  const options = alternatives.map(({ label, requiresKeyId }) => {
+    const name = keyName(requiresKeyId);
+    const source = translateKnown(label);
+    return name
+      ? t('light {source} to use your {name} key', { source, name })
+      : t('light {source}', { source });
+  });
+  if (!options.length) return requirement;
+  const offer = options.join(t(', or '));
+  if (requirement)
+    return t('{requirement}, or {offer}', { requirement, offer });
+  return offer.charAt(0).toLocaleUpperCase() + offer.slice(1);
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/layerBindings.js b/src/ui/layerBindings.js
index 10ceb3c82..af71a5ce8 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerBindings.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerBindings.js
@@ -130,9 +130,10 @@ export class LayerBindings {
     ]) {
       const layer = this._dataManager?.layers?.get(id)?.module;
       if (typeof layer?.attachShellServices !== 'function') continue;
+      const noun = id === 'weather-cyclones' ? 'cyclone' : 'weather';
       layer.attachShellServices({
         runNavigation: (navigate) =>
-          this.runImmediateNavigation('weather', navigate),
+          this.runImmediateNavigation(noun, navigate),
         imageryHost: this.services.imageryHost,
       });
       this._weatherShellModules.push(layer);
diff --git a/src/ui/layerNames.js b/src/ui/layerNames.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9674efea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/layerNames.js
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/**
+ * Layer and source names as the page shows them.
+ *
+ * Layer ids, English module names (`layer.name`) and declared source names
+ * stay English in layer state, share links and AI tool output; these helpers
+ * translate them only at a presentation boundary. The layer panel, the HUD
+ * and the voice card name a layer the same way through them.
+ *
+ * Pure: imports only i18n, no DOM.
+ * @module ui/layerNames
+ */
+import { msg, t, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+/** English module names (`layer.name`) by layer id. */
+export const LAYER_NAME_KEYS = Object.freeze({
+  flights: msg('Live Flights'),
+  military: msg('Military Flights'),
+  earthquakes: msg('Earthquakes (24h)'),
+  satellites: msg('Satellites'),
+  'rocket-launches': msg('Space Missions (30d)'),
+  traffic: msg('Street Traffic'),
+  cctv: msg('CCTV'),
+  radio: msg('Radio'),
+  bikeshare: msg('Bikeshare'),
+  'ais-live-vessels': msg('Live AIS Vessels'),
+  'military-installations': msg('Mapped Installations'),
+  'military-awareness': msg('Global Context'),
+  'local-datacenters': msg('Datacenters'),
+  'local-dams': msg('Dams'),
+  'telegeography-submarine-cables': msg('Submarine Cables'),
+  'local-firms': msg('FIRMS Active Fires'),
+  'local-adsb': msg('Local ADS-B'),
+  transit: msg('Transit'),
+  'recent-imagery': msg('Recent Imagery'),
+  'fire-perimeters': msg('Fire Perimeters'),
+  'gnss-integrity': msg('GNSS Integrity'),
+  wind: msg('Wind'),
+  'weather-radar': msg('Rain radar'),
+  'weather-satellite': msg('Satellite clouds'),
+  'weather-lightning': msg('Lightning density'),
+  'weather-cyclones': msg('Cyclone advisories'),
+  'air-quality': msg('Air quality'),
+  directions: msg('Directions'),
+  'alpr-cameras': msg('ALPR Cameras'),
+});
+
+/** The layer panel's own English names, where they differ from the module's. */
+export const PANEL_LABEL_KEYS = Object.freeze({
+  'ais-live-vessels': msg('Live Vessels'),
+  bikeshare: msg('Bike Share'),
+  cctv: msg('Cameras'),
+  'street-level': msg('Street Level'),
+  'alpr-cameras': msg('Mapped ALPR Cameras'),
+  'local-datacenters': msg('Data Centers'),
+  'local-firms': msg('Active Fires'),
+});
+
+// Looked up by the English text, so a surface that holds `layer.name` keeps
+// its English data and only the shown text translates.
+const MODULE_NAME_KEYS = new Map(
+  [...Object.values(LAYER_NAME_KEYS), ...Object.values(PANEL_LABEL_KEYS)].map(
+    (key) => [key, key],
+  ),
+);
+
+/**
+ * Translate a layer's English module name for display; any other text
+ * (a provider name, an unknown layer) is returned unchanged.
+ * @param {string} name English `layer.name`.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function localizeLayerName(name) {
+  const key = MODULE_NAME_KEYS.get(String(name ?? '').trim());
+  return key ? t(key) : name;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A layer id's module name in the active language, or null for an id this
+ * module does not know.
+ * @param {string} id Layer id, e.g. `earthquakes`.
+ * @returns {string|null}
+ */
+export function layerNameForId(id) {
+  const key = Object.hasOwn(LAYER_NAME_KEYS, id)
+    ? LAYER_NAME_KEYS[id]
+    : Object.hasOwn(PANEL_LABEL_KEYS, id)
+      ? PANEL_LABEL_KEYS[id]
+      : null;
+  return key ? t(key) : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A layer as shown: its English module name or its id, whichever is known,
+ * in the active language; otherwise the text as given.
+ * @param {string} [name] English `layer.name`, or an id when the layer had none.
+ * @param {string} [id] Layer id.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function shownLayerName(name, id) {
+  const text = String(name ?? '').trim();
+  if (text && MODULE_NAME_KEYS.has(text)) return t(MODULE_NAME_KEYS.get(text));
+  return layerNameForId(id || text) || text || String(id ?? '');
+}
+
+// Layer-declared source names. Provider names (USGS, CelesTrak, GTFS-RT…)
+// are not listed and pass through unchanged unless the catalog knows them.
+const SOURCE_LABEL_KEYS = new Map(
+  [
+    msg('Flights'),
+    msg('Military aircraft'),
+    msg('Vessels'),
+    msg('CCTV + Street View fallback'),
+    msg('OpenStreetMap + optional Google Maps Places'),
+    msg('GFS / ECMWF IFS · FORECAST'),
+    msg('NOAA nowCOAST · OBSERVED'),
+    msg('NASA FIRMS · LIVE'),
+    msg('OSM routing'),
+    msg('Mapped camera locations'),
+    msg('OpenStreetMap · community mapped'),
+  ].map((key) => [key, key]),
+);
+
+/**
+ * A layer's declared source name as shown.
+ * @param {string} source English source name, e.g. `Flights` or `OpenSky`.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function sourceLabel(source) {
+  if (typeof source !== 'string') return source;
+  if (source === 'Local') return t('Local', { context: 'data source' });
+  const key = SOURCE_LABEL_KEYS.get(source);
+  if (key) return t(key);
+  // A layer with several providers joins their names ("Mapillary · Google
+  // Street View"); a name with a translation shows it.
+  return source.includes(' · ')
+    ? source.split(' · ').map(translateKnown).join(' · ')
+    : translateKnown(source);
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/layerNames.test.mjs b/src/ui/layerNames.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df15c79bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/layerNames.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { APPLICATION_LAYER_METADATA } from '../app/constructCatalog.js';
+import { setLocale, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { FEED_SOURCE, COMBINED_SOURCE } from '../layers/localAdsb/status.js';
+import {
+  LAYER_NAME_KEYS,
+  PANEL_LABEL_KEYS,
+  sourceLabel,
+} from './layerNames.js';
+
+// Layers whose module name is a proper name and stays as it is in every
+// language: the Bhote Koshi pair belong to a scripted scene.
+const UNTRANSLATED_NAMES = new Set(['bhote-koshi-2026', 'bhote-koshi-locator']);
+
+const catalogIds = APPLICATION_LAYER_METADATA.map((layer) => layer.id);
+
+test('every catalog layer has a translatable name', () => {
+  const missing = catalogIds.filter(
+    (id) =>
+      !UNTRANSLATED_NAMES.has(id) &&
+      !Object.hasOwn(LAYER_NAME_KEYS, id) &&
+      !Object.hasOwn(PANEL_LABEL_KEYS, id),
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    missing,
+    [],
+    'add the layer to LAYER_NAME_KEYS in src/ui/layerNames.js',
+  );
+});
+
+test('the name tables list only catalog layers', () => {
+  const unknown = [
+    ...Object.keys(LAYER_NAME_KEYS),
+    ...Object.keys(PANEL_LABEL_KEYS),
+    ...UNTRANSLATED_NAMES,
+  ].filter((id) => !catalogIds.includes(id));
+  assert.deepEqual(unknown, []);
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: Local ADS-B source names translate without their own entry`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      for (const source of [FEED_SOURCE, COMBINED_SOURCE]) {
+        assert.notEqual(t(source), source, 'the catalog has the entry');
+        assert.equal(sourceLabel(source), t(source));
+      }
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel.js b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
index 37269fa2b..109d96c60 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel.js
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel.js
@@ -3,25 +3,43 @@ import { syncRowList } from './rowList.js';
 import { layerFeedState } from '../data/feedState.js';
 export { layerFeedState } from '../data/feedState.js';
 import { GUIDANCE_STATUSES } from '../loadingFeedback.js';
+import { keyGuidanceText, keyRequirementText } from './keyGuidance.js';
 import {
-  keySetupRequirement,
-  keySetupWithAlternatives,
-} from '../keySetupCore.mjs';
+  LAYER_NAME_KEYS,
+  PANEL_LABEL_KEYS as PANEL_LABELS,
+  sourceLabel,
+} from './layerNames.js';
+export { localizeLayerName } from './layerNames.js';
 import { createWeatherPanel } from './weatherPanel.js';
-const FEED_STATE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
-  nominal: 'ON',
-  loading: 'LOADING',
-  degraded: 'DEGRADED',
-  stale: 'STALE',
-  partial: 'PARTIAL',
-  fallback: 'FALLBACK',
-  unavailable: 'UNAVAILABLE',
+import { translateFeedError, translateStatusLine } from './statusText.js';
+import {
+  formatNumber,
+  getLocale,
+  msg,
+  t,
+  translateKnown,
+} from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+// Feed-state values are machine ids (QA hooks, CSS feed-* classes); only the
+// label translates.
+const FEED_STATE_LABEL_KEYS = Object.freeze({
+  nominal: msg('ON'),
+  loading: msg('LOADING'),
+  degraded: msg('DEGRADED'),
+  stale: msg('STALE'),
+  partial: msg('PARTIAL'),
+  fallback: msg('FALLBACK'),
+  unavailable: msg('UNAVAILABLE'),
 });
 
+function lifecycleStateLabel(lifecycleState) {
+  return t(lifecycleState === 'enabling' ? msg('ENABLING') : msg('DISABLING'));
+}
+
 // Presentation order is independent of catalog registration and startup order.
 const PANEL_GROUPS = [
   {
-    label: 'Movement',
+    label: msg('Movement'),
     ids: [
       'satellites',
       'flights',
@@ -34,11 +52,11 @@ const PANEL_GROUPS = [
     ],
   },
   {
-    label: 'Cameras',
+    label: msg('Cameras'),
     ids: ['cctv', 'recent-imagery', 'street-level'],
   },
   {
-    label: 'Infrastructure',
+    label: msg('Infrastructure'),
     ids: [
       'alpr-cameras',
       'military-installations',
@@ -48,7 +66,7 @@ const PANEL_GROUPS = [
     ],
   },
   {
-    label: 'Events',
+    label: msg('Events'),
     ids: [
       'rocket-launches',
       'earthquakes',
@@ -58,7 +76,7 @@ const PANEL_GROUPS = [
     ],
   },
   {
-    label: 'Weather',
+    label: msg('Weather'),
     ids: [
       'air-quality',
       'wind',
@@ -69,7 +87,7 @@ const PANEL_GROUPS = [
     ],
   },
   {
-    label: 'Utilities',
+    label: msg('Utilities'),
     ids: ['directions', 'radio'],
   },
 ];
@@ -79,18 +97,16 @@ const PANEL_ORDER = PANEL_GROUPS.flatMap(({ label, ids }) =>
 const PANEL_POSITIONS = new Map(
   PANEL_ORDER.map(({ id }, index) => [id, index]),
 );
-const PANEL_LABELS = {
-  'ais-live-vessels': 'Live Vessels',
-  bikeshare: 'Bike Share',
-  cctv: 'Cameras',
-  'street-level': 'Street Level',
-  'alpr-cameras': 'Mapped ALPR Cameras',
-  'local-datacenters': 'Data Centers',
-  'local-firms': 'Active Fires',
-};
 
+function englishPanelLabel(layer) {
+  return PANEL_LABELS[layer.id] || LAYER_NAME_KEYS[layer.id] || layer.name;
+}
+
+// PANEL_LABELS win over layer-name keys; otherwise the module's own name.
 function panelLabel(layer) {
-  return PANEL_LABELS[layer.id] || layer.name;
+  if (PANEL_LABELS[layer.id]) return t(PANEL_LABELS[layer.id]);
+  const key = LAYER_NAME_KEYS[layer.id];
+  return key ? t(key) : layer.name;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -111,12 +127,71 @@ export function layerKeyRequirementTooltip(layer = {}) {
   if (layer?.stats?.keyRequired !== true) return '';
   const requiresKeyId = String(layer.requiresKeyId || '').trim();
   // A layer with several sources also names the ones it could use instead.
-  return keySetupWithAlternatives(
-    requiresKeyId ? keySetupRequirement(requiresKeyId) : '',
+  return keyGuidanceText(
+    requiresKeyId ? keyRequirementText(requiresKeyId) : '',
     layer.stats.keyAlternatives || [],
   );
 }
 
+const ROW_TEXT_SEPARATOR = ' · ';
+
+// A short Latin code joined by hyphens. Longer runs (a URL, a token in an
+// error) keep their break opportunities so they cannot overflow the rail.
+const HYPHENATED_CODE = /[A-Za-z0-9]+(?:-[A-Za-z0-9]+)+/g;
+const HYPHENATED_CODE_MAX = 16;
+
+/** A span for one run of row text; `keep` stops the browser breaking inside it. */
+function rowTextSpan(text, keep) {
+  const span = document.createElement('span');
+  if (keep) span.className = 'data-keep';
+  span.textContent = text;
+  return span;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Set a row's name, count or meta line so that a narrow column wraps it well
+ * in every language: a Latin code with hyphens (ADS-B, RTL-SDR, GTFS-RT) never
+ * splits at its hyphen, and a " · " separator stays at the end of the line it
+ * closes, so no line starts with "·". The element's textContent is still the
+ * plain string; text with neither feature is set directly.
+ *
+ * @param {HTMLElement} element
+ * @param {string} text
+ */
+export function setRowText(element, text) {
+  const value = String(text ?? '');
+  // Refreshes run every second; leave unchanged text (and its spans) alone.
+  if (element.textContent === value) return;
+  const codes = [...value.matchAll(HYPHENATED_CODE)].filter(
+    (match) => match[0].length <= HYPHENATED_CODE_MAX,
+  );
+  if (!codes.length && !value.includes(ROW_TEXT_SEPARATOR)) {
+    element.textContent = value;
+    return;
+  }
+  const spans = [];
+  const pushPlain = (from, to) => {
+    if (to <= from) return;
+    const pieces = value.slice(from, to).split(ROW_TEXT_SEPARATOR);
+    pieces.forEach((piece, index) => {
+      // The space before the dot belongs to a no-wrap span, so the only break
+      // opportunity around a separator is the space after it.
+      if (index > 0) spans.push(rowTextSpan(' ·', true));
+      const textPiece = index > 0 ? ` ${piece}` : piece;
+      if (textPiece) spans.push(rowTextSpan(textPiece, false));
+    });
+  };
+  let cursor = 0;
+  for (const match of codes) {
+    pushPlain(cursor, match.index);
+    spans.push(rowTextSpan(match[0], true));
+    cursor = match.index + match[0].length;
+  }
+  pushPlain(cursor, value.length);
+  element.textContent = '';
+  for (const span of spans) element.appendChild(span);
+}
+
 /** Layer row presentation over supplied state and actions; no layer imports. */
 export class LayerPanel {
   constructor({
@@ -218,17 +293,20 @@ export class LayerPanel {
     for (const layer of layers) {
       if (!layer.showInTogglePanel) continue;
       const group =
-        PANEL_ORDER[PANEL_POSITIONS.get(layer.id)]?.label ?? 'Other layers';
+        PANEL_ORDER[PANEL_POSITIONS.get(layer.id)]?.label ??
+        msg('Other layers');
       if (group && group !== previousGroup) {
         const heading = document.createElement('h3');
         heading.className = 'data-layer-group-heading';
-        heading.textContent = group;
+        heading.textContent = t(group);
         this._toggleContainer.appendChild(heading);
       }
       previousGroup = group;
       const row = document.createElement('div');
       row.className = 'data-toggle-row';
       row.dataset.layerId = layer.id;
+      // English name for voice tools, which must not receive translated text.
+      row.dataset.layerName = englishPanelLabel(layer);
 
       const topRow = document.createElement('div');
       topRow.className = 'data-toggle-top';
@@ -241,7 +319,7 @@ export class LayerPanel {
       icon.textContent = layer.icon;
       const name = document.createElement('span');
       name.className = 'data-name';
-      name.textContent = panelLabel(layer);
+      setRowText(name, panelLabel(layer));
       left.appendChild(icon);
       left.appendChild(name);
 
@@ -250,7 +328,7 @@ export class LayerPanel {
 
       const count = document.createElement('span');
       count.className = 'data-count';
-      count.textContent = this._layerCountText(layer.stats);
+      this._syncCount(row, count, layer.stats);
 
       const toggle = document.createElement('button');
       toggle.type = 'button';
@@ -289,7 +367,7 @@ export class LayerPanel {
 
       const bottomRow = document.createElement('div');
       bottomRow.className = 'data-toggle-meta';
-      bottomRow.textContent = this._buildMetaText(layer);
+      setRowText(bottomRow, this._buildMetaText(layer));
 
       row.appendChild(topRow);
       row.appendChild(bottomRow);
@@ -393,6 +471,23 @@ export class LayerPanel {
     );
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Write a row's count. Outside English a count phrase ("24 nearby · 2 on
+   * screen") gets its own line, or it squeezes a longer translated name to a
+   * word per line. "—" is marked so a wide status chip can replace it
+   * (radio.css).
+   */
+  _syncCount(row, count, stats) {
+    const text = this._layerCountText(stats);
+    setRowText(count, text);
+    const phrase =
+      getLocale() !== 'en' &&
+      typeof stats.countLabel === 'string' &&
+      /\d/.test(stats.countLabel);
+    row.classList.toggle('data-toggle-row--count-line', phrase);
+    count.classList.toggle('data-count-empty', text === '—');
+  }
+
   /** Qualify a loaded count when it does not mean items currently on screen. */
   _layerCountText(stats) {
     if (typeof stats.countLabel === 'string' && stats.countLabel.trim())
@@ -516,12 +611,12 @@ export class LayerPanel {
 
       const count = row.querySelector('.data-count');
       if (count) {
-        count.textContent = this._layerCountText(layer.stats);
+        this._syncCount(row, count, layer.stats);
       }
 
       const meta = row.querySelector('.data-toggle-meta');
       if (meta) {
-        meta.textContent = this._buildMetaText(layer);
+        setRowText(meta, this._buildMetaText(layer));
       }
 
       this._syncRowControls(
@@ -536,23 +631,39 @@ export class LayerPanel {
   _buildMetaText(layer) {
     const stats = layer.stats || {};
     const feedState = layerFeedState(stats);
-    const stateLabel = FEED_STATE_LABELS[feedState];
-    const source = stats.source || layer.source;
+    const stateLabel = t(FEED_STATE_LABEL_KEYS[feedState]);
+    const source = sourceLabel(stats.source || layer.source);
     const lifecycleState =
       layer.lifecycleState || (layer.enabled ? 'enabled' : 'disabled');
     if (lifecycleState === 'enabling' || lifecycleState === 'disabling') {
-      return `${lifecycleState.toUpperCase()} · ${source}`;
+      return t('{state} · {source}', {
+        state: lifecycleStateLabel(lifecycleState),
+        source,
+      });
     }
     if (layer.lifecycleUncertain) {
-      return `UNCERTAIN · ${source} · lifecycle state requires reconciliation`;
+      return t(
+        'UNCERTAIN · {source} · lifecycle state requires reconciliation',
+        { source },
+      );
     }
-    const presentedError =
-      stats.error || stats.lastError || stats.managerRefreshError;
+    const presentedError = translateFeedError(
+      stats.error || stats.lastError || stats.managerRefreshError,
+    );
     if (presentedError) {
       if (typeof stats.retryInSec === 'number' && stats.retryInSec > 0) {
-        return `${stateLabel} · ${source} · ${presentedError} · retry ${stats.retryInSec}s`;
+        return t('{state} · {source} · {detail} · retry {seconds}s', {
+          state: stateLabel,
+          source,
+          detail: presentedError,
+          seconds: stats.retryInSec,
+        });
       }
-      return `${stateLabel} · ${source} · ${presentedError}`;
+      return t('{state} · {source} · {detail}', {
+        state: stateLabel,
+        source,
+        detail: presentedError,
+      });
     }
     // A guidance status carries its prompt in `statusMessage`, not `error`, so
     // the row still tells the operator what to do without reporting a fault.
@@ -561,22 +672,26 @@ export class LayerPanel {
       typeof stats.statusMessage === 'string' &&
       stats.statusMessage.trim()
     ) {
-      return `${source} · ${stats.statusMessage.trim()}`;
+      return `${source} · ${translateKnown(stats.statusMessage.trim())}`;
     }
-    const ago = stats.lastUpdate ? this._timeAgo(stats.lastUpdate) : 'never';
+    const ago = stats.lastUpdate ? this._timeAgo(stats.lastUpdate) : t('never');
     if (stats.loading) {
       const loadingLabel =
         typeof stats.loadingLabel === 'string' && stats.loadingLabel.trim()
-          ? stats.loadingLabel.trim()
-          : 'loading...';
-      return `${source} · ${loadingLabel}`;
+          ? translateStatusLine(stats.loadingLabel.trim())
+          : t('loading...');
+      return t('{source} · {loadingLabel}', { source, loadingLabel });
     }
     if (feedState === 'fallback') {
       const detail =
         typeof stats.loadingLabel === 'string' && stats.loadingLabel.trim()
-          ? stats.loadingLabel.trim()
+          ? translateStatusLine(stats.loadingLabel.trim())
           : stats.coverage || ago;
-      return `${stateLabel} · ${source} · ${detail}`;
+      return t('{state} · {source} · {detail}', {
+        state: stateLabel,
+        source,
+        detail,
+      });
     }
     if (feedState === 'partial') {
       const { acceptedRowCount, rawRowCount } = stats;
@@ -585,21 +700,40 @@ export class LayerPanel {
         Number.isInteger(rawRowCount) &&
         acceptedRowCount >= 0 &&
         rawRowCount > acceptedRowCount
-          ? `${acceptedRowCount} of ${rawRowCount} records accepted`
-          : 'incomplete snapshot';
-      return `${stateLabel} · ${source} · ${detail} · ${ago}`;
+          ? t('{accepted} of {raw} records accepted', {
+              accepted: acceptedRowCount,
+              raw: rawRowCount,
+            })
+          : t('incomplete snapshot');
+      return t('{state} · {source} · {detail} · {ago}', {
+        state: stateLabel,
+        source,
+        detail,
+        ago,
+      });
     }
     if (feedState === 'stale') {
-      const retry =
-        typeof stats.retryInSec === 'number' && stats.retryInSec > 0
-          ? ` · retrying in ${stats.retryInSec}s`
-          : '';
-      return `${stateLabel} · ${source} · ${ago}${retry}`;
+      if (typeof stats.retryInSec === 'number' && stats.retryInSec > 0) {
+        return t('{state} · {source} · {ago} · retrying in {seconds}s', {
+          state: stateLabel,
+          source,
+          ago,
+          seconds: stats.retryInSec,
+        });
+      }
+      return t('{state} · {source} · {ago}', {
+        state: stateLabel,
+        source,
+        ago,
+      });
     }
     if (typeof stats.loadingLabel === 'string' && stats.loadingLabel.trim()) {
-      return `${source} · ${stats.loadingLabel.trim()}`;
+      return t('{source} · {loadingLabel}', {
+        source,
+        loadingLabel: translateStatusLine(stats.loadingLabel.trim()),
+      });
     }
-    return `${source} · ${ago}`;
+    return t('{source} · {ago}', { source, ago });
   }
 
   _syncToggleButton(button, layer) {
@@ -618,7 +752,7 @@ export class LayerPanel {
     button.classList.toggle('enabling', layer.lifecycleState === 'enabling');
     button.classList.toggle('disabling', layer.lifecycleState === 'disabling');
     button.classList.toggle('lifecycle-uncertain', uncertain);
-    for (const state of Object.keys(FEED_STATE_LABELS)) {
+    for (const state of Object.keys(FEED_STATE_LABEL_KEYS)) {
       button.classList.toggle(
         `feed-${state}`,
         (layer.enabled || unavailable) && !uncertain && feedState === state,
@@ -638,38 +772,55 @@ export class LayerPanel {
       String(transitioning || (unavailable && !layer.enabled)),
     );
     button.setAttribute('aria-busy', String(transitioning));
-    button.textContent = transitioning
-      ? layer.lifecycleState.toUpperCase()
+    const showsFeedState =
+      !transitioning && !uncertain && (layer.enabled || unavailable);
+    const stateText = transitioning
+      ? lifecycleStateLabel(layer.lifecycleState)
       : uncertain
-        ? 'UNCERTAIN'
-        : layer.enabled || unavailable
-          ? FEED_STATE_LABELS[feedState]
-          : 'OFF';
+        ? t('UNCERTAIN')
+        : showsFeedState
+          ? t(FEED_STATE_LABEL_KEYS[feedState])
+          : t('OFF');
+    // The chip may abbreviate where a language's word is wider than the
+    // status column; the meta line and the accessible name keep the full word.
+    button.textContent =
+      showsFeedState && feedState === 'unavailable'
+        ? t('UNAVAILABLE', { context: 'status chip' })
+        : stateText;
     const keyGuidance = unavailable
-      ? String(layer.stats.error || 'Data source unavailable')
+      ? String(
+          translateFeedError(layer.stats.error) || t('Data source unavailable'),
+        )
       : layerKeyRequirementTooltip(layer);
     // Name the missing key on the control itself: a row reading KEY REQUIRED
     // without saying WHICH key leaves a dead control and no next step. Empty
     // when the layer needs no key, or already has one.
     button.title = keyGuidance;
+    const ariaLabel = t('{name}: {state}', {
+      name: panelLabel(layer),
+      state: stateText,
+    });
     button.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
-      keyGuidance
-        ? `${panelLabel(layer)}: ${button.textContent}. ${keyGuidance}`
-        : `${panelLabel(layer)}: ${button.textContent}`,
+      keyGuidance ? `${ariaLabel}. ${keyGuidance}` : ariaLabel,
     );
   }
 
   _formatCount(n) {
-    if (n >= 1000) return `${(n / 1000).toFixed(1)}K`;
+    if (n >= 1000)
+      return `${formatNumber(n / 1000, {
+        minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+        maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+        useGrouping: false,
+      })}K`;
     return String(n);
   }
 
   _timeAgo(timestamp) {
     const diff = Math.floor((Date.now() - timestamp) / 1000);
-    if (diff < 5) return 'just now';
-    if (diff < 60) return `${diff}s ago`;
-    if (diff < 3600) return `${Math.floor(diff / 60)}m ago`;
-    return `${Math.floor(diff / 3600)}h ago`;
+    if (diff < 5) return t('just now');
+    if (diff < 60) return t('{count}s ago', { count: diff });
+    if (diff < 3600) return t('{count}m ago', { count: Math.floor(diff / 60) });
+    return t('{count}h ago', { count: Math.floor(diff / 3600) });
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs b/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs
index 40c5fc81e..b4b771e1a 100644
--- a/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/layerPanel.test.mjs
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ test('panel presentation places Transit between Street Traffic and Bike Share in
     source.indexOf('const PANEL_POSITIONS ='),
   );
   const order = JSON.parse(
-    runInNewContext(`${declarations}\nJSON.stringify(PANEL_ORDER)`),
+    runInNewContext(
+      `const msg = (text) => text;\n${declarations}\nJSON.stringify(PANEL_ORDER)`,
+    ),
   );
   assert.deepEqual(
     order.filter(({ label }) => label === 'Movement').map(({ id }) => id),
@@ -259,6 +261,75 @@ test('an omitted source is visibly unavailable and cannot be toggled on', async
   );
 });
 
+test('row text keeps a hyphenated code whole and never starts a line with the separator', async () => {
+  const { setRowText } = await import('./layerPanel.js');
+  const previousDocument = globalThis.document;
+  const element = () => ({
+    className: '',
+    textContent: '',
+    children: [],
+    appendChild(child) {
+      this.children.push(child);
+      return child;
+    },
+  });
+  globalThis.document = { createElement: element };
+  try {
+    const text = (node) =>
+      node.children.length
+        ? node.children.map((child) => child.textContent).join('')
+        : node.textContent;
+    const kept = (node) =>
+      node.children
+        .filter((child) => child.className === 'data-keep')
+        .map((child) => child.textContent);
+
+    const name = element();
+    setRowText(name, 'Локальный ADS-B');
+    assert.equal(text(name), 'Локальный ADS-B');
+    assert.deepEqual(kept(name), ['ADS-B']);
+
+    const meta = element();
+    setRowText(meta, 'UNAVAILABLE · NASA FIRMS · LIVE · KEY REQUIRED');
+    assert.equal(text(meta), 'UNAVAILABLE · NASA FIRMS · LIVE · KEY REQUIRED');
+    assert.deepEqual(kept(meta), [' ·', ' ·', ' ·']);
+    assert.ok(
+      meta.children.every((child) => !child.textContent.startsWith('·')),
+      'the space before each dot is held to the piece it closes',
+    );
+
+    const plain = element();
+    setRowText(plain, 'Satellites');
+    assert.equal(plain.textContent, 'Satellites');
+    assert.equal(plain.children.length, 0);
+
+    const long = element();
+    setRowText(long, 'see https-proxy-endpoint-config-x');
+    assert.deepEqual(kept(long), [], 'a long hyphenated run may still wrap');
+  } finally {
+    globalThis.document = previousDocument;
+  }
+});
+
+test('the unavailable chip may abbreviate, but its accessible name keeps the full state', async () => {
+  const { LayerPanel } = await import('./layerPanel.js');
+  const attrs = new Map();
+  const button = {
+    classList: { toggle() {} },
+    dataset: {},
+    setAttribute: (key, value) => attrs.set(key, value),
+  };
+  LayerPanel.prototype._syncToggleButton(button, {
+    id: 'local-firms',
+    name: 'FIRMS Active Fires',
+    enabled: false,
+    stats: { sourceUnavailable: true, error: 'KEY REQUIRED' },
+  });
+  assert.equal(button.textContent, 'UNAVAILABLE');
+  assert.equal(button.dataset.feedState, 'unavailable');
+  assert.match(attrs.get('aria-label'), /^Active Fires: UNAVAILABLE\./);
+});
+
 test('the Weather readout receives enabled air-quality alongside weather layers', async () => {
   const { LayerPanel } = await import('./layerPanel.js');
   const layers = ['wind', 'air-quality', 'other'].map((id) => ({
diff --git a/src/ui/layerStatusLocale.test.mjs b/src/ui/layerStatusLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e017b4b8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/layerStatusLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// The DATA LAYERS row shows the English status texts that GNSS, Transit,
+// CelesTrak and AQHI produce in the UI language.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { LayerPanel } from './layerPanel.js';
+
+const row = (id, stats) =>
+  LayerPanel.prototype._buildMetaText({ id, enabled: true, stats });
+const now = Date.now();
+
+// [layer id, stats, English fragment that must not reach the row]
+const cases = [
+  [
+    'gnss-integrity',
+    {
+      count: 0,
+      error: 'GNSS feed rate limited (HTTP 429)',
+      source: 'GNSS',
+      lastUpdate: now,
+    },
+    'rate limited',
+  ],
+  [
+    'gnss-integrity',
+    {
+      count: 0,
+      error: 'GNSS feed unavailable (HTTP 503)',
+      source: 'GNSS',
+      lastUpdate: now,
+    },
+    'feed unavailable',
+  ],
+  [
+    'transit',
+    {
+      count: 0,
+      error: 'GO Transit feed unavailable',
+      source: 'GTFS-RT',
+      lastUpdate: now,
+    },
+    'feed unavailable',
+  ],
+  [
+    'transit',
+    {
+      count: 0,
+      loading: true,
+      loadingLabel: 'Loading GO Transit, Metro Transit',
+      source: 'GTFS-RT',
+    },
+    'Loading',
+  ],
+  [
+    'satellites',
+    {
+      count: 10,
+      error: '1 CelesTrak group unavailable',
+      source: 'CelesTrak',
+      lastUpdate: now,
+    },
+    'group unavailable',
+  ],
+  [
+    'air-quality',
+    {
+      count: 0,
+      error: 'ECCC request timed out',
+      source: 'ECCC',
+      lastUpdate: now,
+    },
+    'request timed out',
+  ],
+];
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: layer status texts are translated in the row`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const english = cases
+        .map(([id, stats, marker]) => [id, row(id, stats), marker])
+        .filter(([, text, marker]) => text.includes(marker))
+        .map(([id, text]) => `${id}: ${text}`);
+      assert.deepEqual(english, []);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/localAdsbGuidanceI18n.test.mjs b/src/ui/localAdsbGuidanceI18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34809af9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/localAdsbGuidanceI18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+
+test('Local ADS-B guidance hint is translated in the layer row', async () => {
+  const { setLocale, t } = await import('../i18n/index.js');
+  const { LayerPanel } = await import('./layerPanel.js');
+  const { localAdsbStatus } = await import('../layers/localAdsb/status.js');
+  const english = localAdsbStatus({
+    receiver: { webUsbSupported: true, connected: false },
+    feedState: null,
+    heard: 0,
+  });
+  assert.equal(
+    LayerPanel.prototype._buildMetaText.call(LayerPanel.prototype, {
+      id: 'local-adsb',
+      enabled: true,
+      lifecycleState: 'enabled',
+      stats: { count: 0, lastUpdate: null, ...english },
+    }),
+    'RTL-SDR · WebUSB · connect a receiver in Radio',
+  );
+  for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    for (const receiver of [
+      { webUsbSupported: true, connected: false },
+      { webUsbSupported: false, connected: false },
+      { webUsbSupported: true, connected: true, mode: 'fm' },
+    ]) {
+      const stats = localAdsbStatus({ receiver, feedState: null, heard: 0 });
+      const text = LayerPanel.prototype._buildMetaText.call(
+        LayerPanel.prototype,
+        {
+          id: 'local-adsb',
+          enabled: true,
+          lifecycleState: 'enabled',
+          stats: { count: 0, lastUpdate: null, ...stats },
+        },
+      );
+      assert.notEqual(
+        t(stats.statusMessage),
+        stats.statusMessage,
+        `${locale}: no catalog entry for "${stats.statusMessage}"`,
+      );
+      assert.ok(
+        !text.includes(stats.statusMessage),
+        `${locale}: row shows English hint: ${text}`,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  setLocale('en');
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/localSdrAudioState.i18n.test.mjs b/src/ui/localSdrAudioState.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9c0a6dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/localSdrAudioState.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { localSdrCardView } from './localSdrPresentation.js';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+const fmStreaming = {
+  webUsbSupported: true,
+  connected: true,
+  status: 'streaming',
+  message: 'Streaming',
+  mode: 'fm',
+  frequencyHz: 98_500_000,
+  volume: 0.8,
+  gain: 'auto',
+  seeking: false,
+  seekMessage: '',
+  decodedMessages: 0,
+  messagesPerSecond: null,
+  aircraftHeard: 0,
+  aircraftPositioned: 0,
+  deviceLabel: 'RTL2838',
+  locationStatus: 'unknown',
+  audioState: 'running',
+  samplesPerSecond: 2_400_000,
+  workerBlocks: 3,
+  iqLevelDbfs: -20,
+  audioLevelDbfs: -12,
+};
+
+test('FM status line names the AudioContext state in the UI language', () => {
+  try {
+    for (const [locale, state] of [
+      ['es', 'running'],
+      ['ru', 'running'],
+      ['es', 'suspended'],
+      ['ru', 'closed'],
+      ['es', 'idle'],
+      ['ru', 'idle'],
+    ]) {
+      setLocale(locale);
+      const text = localSdrCardView({
+        ...fmStreaming,
+        audioState: state,
+      }).statusText;
+      assert.doesNotMatch(
+        text,
+        new RegExp(`audio[: ]+${state}\\b|аудио[: ]+${state}\\b`),
+        `${locale}: ${text}`,
+      );
+    }
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('FM status line keeps the English AudioContext state words', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  for (const state of ['running', 'suspended', 'closed', 'idle']) {
+    const text = localSdrCardView({
+      ...fmStreaming,
+      audioState: state,
+    }).statusText;
+    assert.ok(text.endsWith(` · audio ${state}`), text);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/localSdrControls.js b/src/ui/localSdrControls.js
index b4845ec00..51c0175dd 100644
--- a/src/ui/localSdrControls.js
+++ b/src/ui/localSdrControls.js
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   internetRadioAudioActive,
   localSdrCardView,
   localSdrFeedLine,
   localSdrFmAudioActive,
+  localSdrGainOptionLabel,
 } from './localSdrPresentation.js';
 
 const ELEMENT_IDS = Object.freeze({
@@ -77,6 +79,7 @@ export class LocalSdrControls {
     this._renderFrame = null;
     this._destroyed = false;
     if (!this.elements.card) return;
+    this._labelGainOptions();
     this._bind();
     this._receiverUnsubscribe = receiver.subscribe((state) =>
       this._onReceiverState(state),
@@ -95,6 +98,14 @@ export class LocalSdrControls {
     return Boolean(this._state?.connected);
   }
 
+  /** Numeric gain options read in the page language; values stay numeric. */
+  _labelGainOptions() {
+    for (const option of this.elements.gain?.options || []) {
+      if (option.value !== 'auto')
+        option.textContent = localSdrGainOptionLabel(option.value);
+    }
+  }
+
   _listen(element, type, handler) {
     element?.addEventListener(type, handler, {
       signal: this._listeners.signal,
@@ -188,7 +199,7 @@ export class LocalSdrControls {
     // Internet radio just started: it takes over from local FM.
     if (radioAudioActive && !this._radioAudioActive && this._fmAudioActive) {
       void this.receiver.stop({
-        message: 'Local FM stopped: internet radio started',
+        message: t('Local FM stopped: internet radio started'),
       });
     }
     this._radioAudioActive = radioAudioActive;
diff --git a/src/ui/localSdrFeedLine.i18n.test.mjs b/src/ui/localSdrFeedLine.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d5ea5c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/localSdrFeedLine.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { localSdrFeedLine } from './localSdrPresentation.js';
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`decoder feed line is translated in ${locale}`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const feeds = [{ id: '1090', band: '1090', status: 'live' }];
+      const polling = localSdrFeedLine({
+        configured: true,
+        polling: true,
+        feeds: [{ ...feeds[0], status: 'unreachable' }],
+      });
+      const idle = localSdrFeedLine({
+        configured: true,
+        polling: false,
+        feeds,
+      });
+      assert.doesNotMatch(polling, /Decoder feeds|unreachable/);
+      assert.match(polling, /1090/);
+      assert.doesNotMatch(idle, /Decoder feeds|read while Local ADS-B is on/);
+      assert.match(idle, /1090/);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+test('an unknown feed status is shown as given', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const feeds = [{ band: '1090', status: 'odd' }];
+  assert.equal(
+    localSdrFeedLine({ configured: true, polling: true, feeds }),
+    'Decoder feeds: 1090 odd',
+  );
+});
+
+// A feed status agrees with "fuente" in Spanish; the shared "invalid" key
+// (any other masculine noun) is left alone.
+test('es: an invalid decoder feed reads "no válida"', () => {
+  setLocale('es');
+  try {
+    const line = localSdrFeedLine({
+      configured: true,
+      polling: true,
+      feeds: [
+        { band: '1090', status: 'live' },
+        { band: '1090', status: 'invalid' },
+      ],
+    });
+    assert.match(line, /no válida/);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(line, /no válido\b/);
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/localSdrFmStopMessage.i18n.test.mjs b/src/ui/localSdrFmStopMessage.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ec72b7ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/localSdrFmStopMessage.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { SdrController } from '../sdr/controller.js';
+import { LocalSdrControls } from './localSdrControls.js';
+import { localSdrCardView } from './localSdrPresentation.js';
+
+function stubDocument() {
+  const elements = new Map();
+  const doc = {
+    activeElement: null,
+    getElementById(id) {
+      if (!elements.has(id)) {
+        const listeners = new Map();
+        elements.set(id, {
+          id,
+          value: '',
+          hidden: false,
+          disabled: false,
+          textContent: '',
+          ownerDocument: doc,
+          classList: { toggle() {} },
+          setAttribute() {},
+          closest: () => null,
+          addEventListener(type, handler) {
+            listeners.set(type, handler);
+          },
+        });
+      }
+      return elements.get(id);
+    },
+  };
+  return doc;
+}
+
+function stubRadio() {
+  const listeners = new Set();
+  return {
+    subscribe(fn) {
+      listeners.add(fn);
+      return () => listeners.delete(fn);
+    },
+    stopPlayback() {},
+    emit(state) {
+      for (const fn of listeners) fn(state);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+async function stopLocalFmForInternetRadio(t, locale) {
+  setLocale(locale);
+  const receiver = new SdrController({ webUsb: {}, storage: null });
+  // Pretend local FM is streaming (no real device: stop() has nothing to tear down).
+  receiver._setState({ connected: true, status: 'streaming', mode: 'fm' });
+  const radio = stubRadio();
+  const controls = new LocalSdrControls({
+    document: stubDocument(),
+    receiver,
+    radio,
+  });
+  t.after(() => {
+    controls.destroy();
+    setLocale('en');
+  });
+
+  radio.emit({ audioState: 'playing' });
+  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 50));
+  assert.equal(receiver.state.connected, false);
+  return localSdrCardView(receiver.state);
+}
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`FM stop message after internet radio start is shown in ${locale}`, async (t) => {
+    const view = await stopLocalFmForInternetRadio(t, locale);
+    assert.notEqual(
+      view.connectLabel,
+      'CONNECT',
+      'surrounding UI is translated',
+    );
+    assert.notEqual(
+      view.statusText,
+      'Local FM stopped: internet radio started',
+      `status must not be the English literal under ${locale}`,
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+test('FM stop message after internet radio start stays English', async (t) => {
+  const view = await stopLocalFmForInternetRadio(t, 'en');
+  assert.equal(view.statusText, 'Local FM stopped: internet radio started');
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/localSdrNumbers.i18n.test.mjs b/src/ui/localSdrNumbers.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..201939f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/localSdrNumbers.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// The SDR status line and stats write numbers in the UI language, like
+// the frequency next to them ("Сканирование 101,1 МГц…").
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { localSdrCardView } from './localSdrPresentation.js';
+
+const fm = {
+  connected: true,
+  status: 'streaming',
+  mode: 'fm',
+  message: 'Tuned',
+  seekMessage: '',
+  samplesPerSecond: 2_400_000,
+  iqLevelDbfs: -21.44,
+  audioLevelDbfs: -18.26,
+  workerBlocks: 0,
+  audioState: 'running',
+  gain: 20.7,
+  frequencyHz: 101_100_000,
+  volume: 0.5,
+  messagesPerSecond: 13.8,
+  webUsbSupported: true,
+};
+
+test('en: SDR readings keep their English digits', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const view = localSdrCardView(fm);
+  assert.match(view.statusText, /· 2\.40 MS\/s IQ ·/);
+  assert.match(view.statusText, /· RF -21\.4 dBFS ·/);
+  assert.match(view.statusText, /-18\.3 dBFS audio/);
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: SDR readings use the locale's decimal comma`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const view = localSdrCardView(fm);
+      assert.match(view.statusText, /· 2,40 MS\/s IQ ·/);
+      assert.match(view.statusText, /· RF -21,4 dBFS ·/);
+      assert.match(view.statusText, /-18,3 dBFS/);
+      const adsb = localSdrCardView({ ...fm, mode: 'adsb' });
+      assert.equal(adsb.stats.rate, '13,8');
+      assert.equal(adsb.stats.iq, '-21,4 dBFS');
+      assert.equal(adsb.gainValue, '20.7', 'input values stay machine');
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/localSdrPresentation.js b/src/ui/localSdrPresentation.js
index 53201d455..505c1bad0 100644
--- a/src/ui/localSdrPresentation.js
+++ b/src/ui/localSdrPresentation.js
@@ -1,17 +1,89 @@
 import { localReceiverFeedName } from '../layers/localAdsb/feedNames.js';
+import { formatNumber, msg, t, tn } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from './unitLabels.js';
 
 /**
  * Pure presentation of the Local RTL-SDR card in the Radio panel. Receives the
  * receiver session snapshot and returns what each control should show.
  */
 
+// Receiver status codes shown on the connection chip and the connect button.
+const STATUS_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  idle: msg('IDLE'),
+  connecting: msg('CONNECTING'),
+  tuning: msg('TUNING'),
+  streaming: msg('STREAMING'),
+  error: msg('ERROR'),
+  unsupported: msg('UNSUPPORTED'),
+});
+
+function statusLabel(status) {
+  const key = String(status || 'idle');
+  return STATUS_LABELS[key] ? t(STATUS_LABELS[key]) : key.toUpperCase();
+}
+
+// AudioContext.state values (plus the controller's "idle") as shown in the
+// FM status line; the value itself stays machine.
+const AUDIO_STATE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  idle: msg('idle'),
+  running: msg('running'),
+  suspended: msg('suspended'),
+  closed: msg('closed'),
+});
+
+function audioStateLabel(audioState) {
+  const key = String(audioState || 'idle');
+  return AUDIO_STATE_LABELS[key] ? t(AUDIO_STATE_LABELS[key]) : key;
+}
+
+// Decoder feed statuses from the server route, as shown on the card. They
+// carry their own context: the word agrees with "feed" (es "fuente no válida"),
+// unlike the shared "invalid" / "stale" elsewhere.
+function feedStatusLabel(status) {
+  const key = String(status || 'unreachable');
+  switch (key) {
+    case 'live':
+      return t('live', { context: 'feed status' });
+    case 'stale':
+      return t('stale', { context: 'feed status' });
+    case 'unreachable':
+      return t('unreachable', { context: 'feed status' });
+    case 'invalid':
+      return t('invalid', { context: 'feed status' });
+    default:
+      return key;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Text for a numeric gain option: the option value stays the machine value
+ * ("28.0"); only the label follows the locale ("28,0 дБ").
+ */
+export function localSdrGainOptionLabel(value) {
+  const gain = Number(value);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(gain)) return String(value);
+  return formatQuantity(gain, 'dB', {
+    minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+    maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+  });
+}
+
 function formatGain(gain) {
   return gain === 'auto' || !Number.isFinite(gain) ? 'auto' : gain.toFixed(1);
 }
 
+/** A reading with a fixed number of decimals, in the UI language ("2,40"). */
+function fixed(value, digits) {
+  return formatNumber(value, {
+    minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+    maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+    useGrouping: false,
+  });
+}
+
 function formatIq(state) {
   return Number.isFinite(state.iqLevelDbfs)
-    ? `${state.iqLevelDbfs.toFixed(1)} dBFS`
+    ? `${fixed(state.iqLevelDbfs, 1)} dBFS`
     : '--';
 }
 
@@ -19,11 +91,16 @@ function statusText(state) {
   const fmActive = state.mode === 'fm';
   const iqStatus =
     state.samplesPerSecond > 0
-      ? `${(state.samplesPerSecond / 1_000_000).toFixed(2)} MS/s IQ`
-      : 'waiting for IQ';
+      ? `${fixed(state.samplesPerSecond / 1_000_000, 2)} MS/s IQ`
+      : t('waiting for IQ');
   const device = state.deviceLabel ? ` · ${state.deviceLabel}` : '';
   if (state.connected && !fmActive) {
-    return `${state.message}${device} · ${iqStatus} · ${state.decodedMessages} messages`;
+    const decoded = tn(
+      state.decodedMessages,
+      '{count} message',
+      '{count} messages',
+    );
+    return `${state.message}${device} · ${iqStatus} · ${decoded}`;
   }
   const detail = state.seeking
     ? state.seekMessage
@@ -31,13 +108,16 @@ function statusText(state) {
   if (state.connected && fmActive) {
     const workerStatus =
       state.workerBlocks > 0
-        ? `DSP ${state.workerBlocks} blocks`
-        : 'DSP waiting';
+        ? tn(state.workerBlocks, 'DSP {count} block', 'DSP {count} blocks')
+        : t('DSP waiting');
     const rfStatus = `RF ${formatIq(state)}`;
     const audioSignal = Number.isFinite(state.audioLevelDbfs)
-      ? `${state.audioLevelDbfs.toFixed(1)} dBFS audio`
-      : 'audio signal --';
-    return `${detail}${device} · ${iqStatus} · ${workerStatus} · ${rfStatus} · ${audioSignal} · audio ${state.audioState}`;
+      ? t('{level} dBFS audio', { level: fixed(state.audioLevelDbfs, 1) })
+      : t('audio signal --');
+    const audio = t('audio {state}', {
+      state: audioStateLabel(state.audioState),
+    });
+    return `${detail}${device} · ${iqStatus} · ${workerStatus} · ${rfStatus} · ${audioSignal} · ${audio}`;
   }
   return detail;
 }
@@ -57,15 +137,15 @@ export function localSdrCardView(state) {
   return {
     connectionLabel: state.connected
       ? adsbActive
-        ? `${state.aircraftHeard || 0} HEARD`
-        : 'STREAMING'
-      : String(state.status || 'idle').toUpperCase(),
+        ? tn(state.aircraftHeard || 0, '{count} HEARD', '{count} HEARD')
+        : t('STREAMING')
+      : statusLabel(state.status),
     connectionActive: Boolean(state.connected),
     connectLabel: transitional
-      ? String(state.status).toUpperCase()
+      ? statusLabel(state.status)
       : state.connected
-        ? 'DISCONNECT'
-        : 'CONNECT',
+        ? t('DISCONNECT')
+        : t('CONNECT'),
     connectDisabled: transitional || !state.webUsbSupported,
     connectPressed: Boolean(state.connected),
     fmActive,
@@ -73,10 +153,10 @@ export function localSdrCardView(state) {
     modeDisabled: transitional,
     locateLabel:
       state.locationStatus === 'requesting'
-        ? 'LOCATING…'
+        ? t('LOCATING…')
         : state.locationStatus === 'ready'
-          ? 'LOCATED'
-          : 'LOCATE',
+          ? t('LOCATED')
+          : t('LOCATE'),
     locateDisabled: state.locationStatus === 'requesting',
     locateActive: state.locationStatus === 'ready',
     changeDeviceDisabled: transitional || !state.webUsbSupported,
@@ -85,7 +165,7 @@ export function localSdrCardView(state) {
     statsHidden: !(adsbActive && state.connected),
     stats: {
       rate: Number.isFinite(state.messagesPerSecond)
-        ? state.messagesPerSecond.toFixed(1)
+        ? fixed(state.messagesPerSecond, 1)
         : '--',
       heard: String(state.aircraftHeard || 0),
       positioned: String(state.aircraftPositioned || 0),
@@ -138,9 +218,9 @@ export function localSdrFeedLine(feedState) {
   const names = feeds.map((feed) => {
     const name = localReceiverFeedName(feed, feeds);
     return feedState.polling || feed?.status === 'invalid'
-      ? `${name} ${feed?.status || 'unreachable'}`
+      ? `${name} ${feedStatusLabel(feed?.status)}`
       : name;
   });
-  const suffix = feedState.polling ? '' : ' · read while Local ADS-B is on';
-  return `Decoder feeds: ${names.join(' · ')}${suffix}`;
+  const suffix = feedState.polling ? '' : t(' · read while Local ADS-B is on');
+  return `${t('Decoder feeds: {feeds}', { feeds: names.join(' · ') })}${suffix}`;
 }
diff --git a/src/ui/localSdrPresentation.test.mjs b/src/ui/localSdrPresentation.test.mjs
index d159ae52d..3a5be4565 100644
--- a/src/ui/localSdrPresentation.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/localSdrPresentation.test.mjs
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ import {
   localSdrCardView,
   localSdrFeedLine,
   localSdrFmAudioActive,
+  localSdrGainOptionLabel,
 } from './localSdrPresentation.js';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 const idle = Object.freeze({
   webUsbSupported: true,
@@ -153,3 +155,15 @@ test('two feeds on one band are told apart by their ordinal labels', () => {
     'Decoder feeds: 1090 · 978 MHz UAT #1 · 978 MHz UAT #2 · read while Local ADS-B is on',
   );
 });
+
+test('gain option labels follow the page language; values stay numeric', () => {
+  try {
+    setLocale('en');
+    assert.equal(localSdrGainOptionLabel('28.0'), '28.0\u00a0dB');
+    assert.equal(localSdrGainOptionLabel('0.9'), '0.9\u00a0dB');
+    setLocale('ru');
+    assert.match(localSdrGainOptionLabel('28.0'), /^28,0\u00a0\S+$/);
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/localePicker.js b/src/ui/localePicker.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d60b4e91a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/localePicker.js
@@ -0,0 +1,629 @@
+/**
+ * Interface language picker: a HUD button in the bottom-right corner that
+ * opens a listbox of the shipped languages.
+ *
+ * The logic is pure and DOM-free; mountLocalePicker() only renders it. The
+ * shell decides what a choice does (confirm, reload).
+ *
+ * The list follows the ARIA listbox pattern: the button opens it, focus moves
+ * into the list (or into the search field, which is a combobox, once there are
+ * more than LOCALE_SEARCH_THRESHOLD languages), and aria-activedescendant
+ * marks the active option.
+ */
+
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { LOCALES, LOCALE_NAMES } from '../i18n/locale.js';
+
+/** Above this many languages the list gets a search field. */
+export const LOCALE_SEARCH_THRESHOLD = 8;
+
+/** Type-ahead keystrokes closer together than this extend one prefix. */
+export const TYPEAHEAD_RESET_MS = 500;
+
+/**
+ * Text folded for search: no diacritics, lower case. 'Español' → 'espanol',
+ * 'Ёжик' → 'ежик'.
+ * @param {unknown} text
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function foldSearchText(text) {
+  return String(text ?? '')
+    .normalize('NFD')
+    .replace(/\p{M}+/gu, '')
+    .toLowerCase()
+    .trim();
+}
+
+/**
+ * A reader of language names in the interface language, via Intl.DisplayNames.
+ * Returns '' for anything it cannot name (no Intl support, unknown code).
+ * @param {string} locale Interface language.
+ * @param {typeof Intl.DisplayNames} [DisplayNames]
+ * @returns {(code: string) => string}
+ */
+export function createLocalNameReader(
+  locale,
+  DisplayNames = globalThis.Intl?.DisplayNames,
+) {
+  let names = null;
+  try {
+    names = new DisplayNames([locale], { type: 'language', fallback: 'none' });
+  } catch {
+    return () => '';
+  }
+  return (code) => {
+    try {
+      const name = names.of(code);
+      return typeof name === 'string' && name !== code ? name : '';
+    } catch {
+      return '';
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The rows of the list: the current language first, then the rest in
+ * alphabetical order of their own-language names (collated for the
+ * interface language). `localName` is the name in the interface language,
+ * left empty when it only repeats `nativeName`.
+ * @param {object} input
+ * @param {readonly string[]} input.locales
+ * @param {string} input.current
+ * @param {Record<string, string>} input.nativeNames
+ * @param {(code: string) => string} [input.localName]
+ * @returns {Array<{code: string, nativeName: string, localName: string, selected: boolean}>}
+ */
+export function buildLocaleOptions({
+  locales,
+  current,
+  nativeNames,
+  localName = () => '',
+}) {
+  const rows = locales.map((code) => {
+    const nativeName = nativeNames[code] || code;
+    const translated = localName(code) || '';
+    return {
+      code,
+      nativeName,
+      localName:
+        foldSearchText(translated) === foldSearchText(nativeName)
+          ? ''
+          : translated,
+      selected: code === current,
+    };
+  });
+  let collate;
+  try {
+    collate = new Intl.Collator(current).compare;
+  } catch {
+    collate = (a, b) => a.localeCompare(b);
+  }
+  const others = rows
+    .filter((row) => !row.selected)
+    .sort((a, b) => collate(a.nativeName, b.nativeName));
+  return [...rows.filter((row) => row.selected), ...others];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rows matching a search: by own-language name, interface-language name or
+ * code, ignoring case and diacritics. An empty query keeps every row.
+ * @template {{code: string, nativeName: string, localName: string}} Row
+ * @param {Row[]} options
+ * @param {string} query
+ * @returns {Row[]}
+ */
+export function filterLocaleOptions(options, query) {
+  const needle = foldSearchText(query);
+  if (!needle) return options.slice();
+  return options.filter((option) =>
+    [option.nativeName, option.localName, option.code].some((value) =>
+      foldSearchText(value).includes(needle),
+    ),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The option a navigation key moves to; null for any other key. The list
+ * does not wrap, as in the ARIA listbox pattern.
+ * @param {string} key
+ * @param {number} index Active option, -1 for none.
+ * @param {number} count
+ * @returns {number|null}
+ */
+export function moveActiveIndex(key, index, count) {
+  if (count <= 0) return null;
+  switch (key) {
+    case 'ArrowDown':
+      return index < 0 ? 0 : Math.min(index + 1, count - 1);
+    case 'ArrowUp':
+      return index < 0 ? count - 1 : Math.max(index - 1, 0);
+    case 'Home':
+      return 0;
+    case 'End':
+      return count - 1;
+    default:
+      return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type-ahead: the next option after `fromIndex` (wrapping) whose own-language
+ * or interface-language name starts with `buffer`. A buffer of one repeated
+ * letter cycles through the options starting with that letter.
+ * @param {Array<{nativeName: string, localName: string}>} options
+ * @param {string} buffer
+ * @param {number} fromIndex
+ * @returns {number} -1 when nothing matches.
+ */
+export function typeaheadIndex(options, buffer, fromIndex) {
+  const folded = foldSearchText(buffer);
+  if (!folded || !options.length) return -1;
+  const repeated = [...folded].every((char) => char === folded[0]);
+  const prefix = repeated ? folded[0] : folded;
+  // A longer prefix keeps refining the current option; a single letter moves on.
+  const start = repeated ? fromIndex + 1 : Math.max(fromIndex, 0);
+  for (let step = 0; step < options.length; step++) {
+    const index = (start + step) % options.length;
+    const option = options[index];
+    if (
+      foldSearchText(option.nativeName).startsWith(prefix) ||
+      foldSearchText(option.localName).startsWith(prefix)
+    )
+      return index;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * What choosing a language does. The current one changes nothing; another one
+ * switches after `confirmSwitch()` agrees (it asks when a reload loses work).
+ * @param {string} locale
+ * @param {{current: string, confirmSwitch: () => boolean, switchLocale: (locale: string) => void}} actions
+ * @returns {'unchanged'|'declined'|'switched'}
+ */
+export function applyLocaleChoice(
+  locale,
+  { current, confirmSwitch, switchLocale },
+) {
+  if (locale === current) return 'unchanged';
+  if (!confirmSwitch()) return 'declined';
+  switchLocale(locale);
+  return 'switched';
+}
+
+/**
+ * The picker's state without a DOM: open/closed, query, visible rows, active
+ * row and type-ahead. `keydown` answers what a key did so the DOM layer only
+ * has to render and focus.
+ * @param {object} input
+ * @param {readonly string[]} [input.locales]
+ * @param {string} input.current
+ * @param {Record<string, string>} [input.nativeNames]
+ * @param {(code: string) => string} [input.localName]
+ * @param {number} [input.searchThreshold]
+ * @param {() => number} [input.now]
+ */
+export function createLocalePickerModel({
+  locales = LOCALES,
+  current,
+  nativeNames = LOCALE_NAMES,
+  localName = () => '',
+  searchThreshold = LOCALE_SEARCH_THRESHOLD,
+  now = () => Date.now(),
+}) {
+  const options = buildLocaleOptions({
+    locales,
+    current,
+    nativeNames,
+    localName,
+  });
+  const searchable = locales.length > searchThreshold;
+  let open = false;
+  let query = '';
+  let visible = options;
+  let active = -1;
+  let typed = '';
+  let typedAt = -Infinity;
+
+  const activateSelected = () => {
+    const selected = visible.findIndex((option) => option.selected);
+    active = visible.length ? Math.max(selected, 0) : -1;
+  };
+
+  return {
+    current,
+    options,
+    searchable,
+    get open() {
+      return open;
+    },
+    get query() {
+      return query;
+    },
+    get visible() {
+      return visible;
+    },
+    get activeIndex() {
+      return active;
+    },
+    get activeOption() {
+      return visible[active] || null;
+    },
+    openList() {
+      open = true;
+      query = '';
+      visible = options;
+      typed = '';
+      activateSelected();
+    },
+    closeList() {
+      open = false;
+      typed = '';
+    },
+    setQuery(text) {
+      query = String(text ?? '');
+      visible = filterLocaleOptions(options, query);
+      // The current language stays active while it matches; else the first.
+      activateSelected();
+    },
+    setActive(index) {
+      if (index >= 0 && index < visible.length) active = index;
+    },
+    /**
+     * @param {{key: string, altKey?: boolean, ctrlKey?: boolean, metaKey?: boolean}} event
+     * @returns {{handled: boolean, close?: boolean, choose?: string}}
+     */
+    keydown({ key, altKey = false, ctrlKey = false, metaKey = false }) {
+      if (!open) return { handled: false };
+      if (key === 'Escape') return { handled: true, close: true };
+      if (key === 'Enter' || (key === ' ' && !searchable)) {
+        const option = visible[active];
+        return option
+          ? { handled: true, choose: option.code }
+          : { handled: true };
+      }
+      // In the search field Home/End move the caret, as in the APG combobox.
+      if (searchable && (key === 'Home' || key === 'End'))
+        return { handled: false };
+      const moved = moveActiveIndex(key, active, visible.length);
+      if (moved !== null) {
+        active = moved;
+        return { handled: true };
+      }
+      const printable =
+        key.length === 1 && key !== ' ' && !altKey && !ctrlKey && !metaKey;
+      // With a search field, letters are typed into it.
+      if (!printable || searchable) return { handled: false };
+      const time = now();
+      typed = time - typedAt > TYPEAHEAD_RESET_MS ? key : typed + key;
+      typedAt = time;
+      const match = typeaheadIndex(visible, typed, active);
+      if (match >= 0) active = match;
+      return { handled: true };
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/* ── DOM ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+const SVG_NS = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg';
+
+/** Thin-line globe, check mark and caret, drawn in currentColor. */
+const ICONS = Object.freeze({
+  globe: {
+    stroke: [
+      'M12 3a9 9 0 1 0 0 18a9 9 0 1 0 0-18Z',
+      'M12 3c-2.6 2.5-3.9 5.5-3.9 9s1.3 6.5 3.9 9',
+      'M12 3c2.6 2.5 3.9 5.5 3.9 9s-1.3 6.5-3.9 9',
+      'M3 12h18',
+      'M4.3 7.5h15.4',
+      'M4.3 16.5h15.4',
+    ],
+  },
+  check: { stroke: ['M5 12.5l4.3 4.3L19 7'] },
+  caret: { fill: ['M7 10h10l-5 5.5Z'] },
+});
+
+function icon(documentRef, name, className) {
+  const svg = documentRef.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'svg');
+  svg.setAttribute('viewBox', '0 0 24 24');
+  svg.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
+  svg.setAttribute('focusable', 'false');
+  svg.setAttribute('class', className);
+  const { stroke = [], fill = [] } = ICONS[name];
+  for (const d of stroke) {
+    const path = documentRef.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'path');
+    path.setAttribute('d', d);
+    path.setAttribute('fill', 'none');
+    path.setAttribute('stroke', 'currentColor');
+    path.setAttribute('stroke-width', '1.4');
+    path.setAttribute('stroke-linecap', 'round');
+    path.setAttribute('stroke-linejoin', 'round');
+    svg.append(path);
+  }
+  for (const d of fill) {
+    const path = documentRef.createElementNS(SVG_NS, 'path');
+    path.setAttribute('d', d);
+    path.setAttribute('fill', 'currentColor');
+    svg.append(path);
+  }
+  return svg;
+}
+
+function element(documentRef, tag, className) {
+  const node = documentRef.createElement(tag);
+  if (className) node.className = className;
+  return node;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Render the picker into `root` and wire it.
+ * @param {object} input
+ * @param {HTMLElement} input.root Empty #locale-picker container.
+ * @param {string} input.current Active interface language.
+ * @param {(locale: string) => void} input.onSelect Called after the list
+ *   closes, for a language other than the current one.
+ * @param {readonly string[]} [input.locales]
+ * @param {Record<string, string>} [input.nativeNames]
+ * @param {number} [input.searchThreshold]
+ * @returns {{open: Function, close: Function, isOpen: () => boolean, destroy: Function}}
+ */
+export function mountLocalePicker({
+  root,
+  current,
+  onSelect,
+  locales = LOCALES,
+  nativeNames = LOCALE_NAMES,
+  searchThreshold = LOCALE_SEARCH_THRESHOLD,
+}) {
+  const documentRef = root.ownerDocument;
+  const windowRef = documentRef.defaultView;
+  const model = createLocalePickerModel({
+    locales,
+    current,
+    nativeNames,
+    localName: createLocalNameReader(current),
+    searchThreshold,
+  });
+  const id = root.id || 'locale-picker';
+  const ids = {
+    popup: `${id}-popup`,
+    heading: `${id}-heading`,
+    listbox: `${id}-listbox`,
+    option: (code) => `${id}-option-${code}`,
+  };
+
+  root.textContent = '';
+  root.classList.add('locale-picker');
+
+  const button = element(documentRef, 'button', 'locale-picker-button');
+  button.type = 'button';
+  button.setAttribute('aria-haspopup', 'listbox');
+  button.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false');
+  button.setAttribute('aria-controls', ids.popup);
+  button.setAttribute(
+    'aria-label',
+    t('Language: {language}', {
+      language: nativeNames[current] || current,
+    }),
+  );
+  button.title = t('Change the interface language');
+  const code = element(documentRef, 'span', 'locale-picker-code');
+  code.setAttribute('translate', 'no');
+  code.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
+  code.textContent = current.toUpperCase();
+  button.append(
+    icon(documentRef, 'globe', 'locale-picker-globe'),
+    code,
+    icon(documentRef, 'caret', 'locale-picker-caret'),
+  );
+
+  const popup = element(documentRef, 'div', 'locale-picker-popup');
+  popup.id = ids.popup;
+  popup.hidden = true;
+  const heading = element(documentRef, 'div', 'locale-picker-heading');
+  heading.id = ids.heading;
+  heading.textContent = t('Interface language');
+  popup.append(heading);
+
+  const listbox = element(documentRef, 'ul', 'locale-picker-list');
+  listbox.id = ids.listbox;
+  listbox.setAttribute('role', 'listbox');
+  listbox.setAttribute('aria-labelledby', ids.heading);
+  listbox.tabIndex = -1;
+
+  let search = null;
+  if (model.searchable) {
+    search = element(documentRef, 'input', 'locale-picker-search');
+    search.type = 'search';
+    search.autocomplete = 'off';
+    search.spellcheck = false;
+    search.setAttribute('role', 'combobox');
+    search.setAttribute('aria-autocomplete', 'list');
+    search.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true');
+    search.setAttribute('aria-controls', ids.listbox);
+    search.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Search languages'));
+    search.placeholder = t('Search languages');
+    popup.append(search);
+  }
+  popup.append(listbox);
+  const empty = element(documentRef, 'p', 'locale-picker-empty');
+  empty.setAttribute('role', 'status');
+  empty.textContent = t('No matching languages');
+  empty.hidden = true;
+  popup.append(empty);
+  root.append(button, popup);
+
+  const optionNodes = new Map();
+  for (const option of model.options) {
+    const item = element(documentRef, 'li', 'locale-picker-option');
+    item.id = ids.option(option.code);
+    item.setAttribute('role', 'option');
+    item.setAttribute('aria-selected', String(option.selected));
+    item.lang = option.code;
+    item.dataset.locale = option.code;
+    const name = element(documentRef, 'span', 'locale-picker-native');
+    name.textContent = option.nativeName;
+    // Every row reads the same: the language named in itself, then its code.
+    // The interface-language name only helps the search find it.
+    const meta = element(documentRef, 'span', 'locale-picker-meta');
+    const codeLabel = element(documentRef, 'span', 'locale-picker-option-code');
+    codeLabel.setAttribute('translate', 'no');
+    codeLabel.textContent = option.code.toUpperCase();
+    meta.append(codeLabel);
+    const text = element(documentRef, 'span', 'locale-picker-text');
+    text.append(name, meta);
+    item.append(text);
+    if (option.selected)
+      item.append(icon(documentRef, 'check', 'locale-picker-check'));
+    optionNodes.set(option.code, item);
+  }
+
+  const focusTarget = () => search || listbox;
+
+  const render = () => {
+    const visible = new Set(model.visible.map((option) => option.code));
+    listbox.replaceChildren(
+      ...model.visible.map((option) => optionNodes.get(option.code)),
+    );
+    for (const [localeCode, item] of optionNodes) {
+      item.classList.toggle(
+        'is-active',
+        visible.has(localeCode) && model.activeOption?.code === localeCode,
+      );
+    }
+    empty.hidden = model.visible.length > 0;
+    const activeNode = model.activeOption
+      ? optionNodes.get(model.activeOption.code)
+      : null;
+    if (activeNode) {
+      focusTarget().setAttribute('aria-activedescendant', activeNode.id);
+      activeNode.scrollIntoView?.({ block: 'nearest' });
+    } else {
+      focusTarget().removeAttribute('aria-activedescendant');
+    }
+  };
+
+  let swallowSpaceKeyup = false;
+
+  const close = ({ restoreFocus = false } = {}) => {
+    if (!model.open) return;
+    model.closeList();
+    popup.hidden = true;
+    root.classList.remove('is-open');
+    button.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false');
+    windowRef?.removeEventListener('keydown', onWindowKeyDown, true);
+    documentRef.removeEventListener('pointerdown', onDocumentPointerDown, true);
+    if (restoreFocus) button.focus({ preventScroll: true });
+  };
+
+  const choose = (localeCode) => {
+    close({ restoreFocus: true });
+    if (localeCode !== current) onSelect(localeCode);
+  };
+
+  const open = () => {
+    if (model.open) return;
+    model.openList();
+    if (search) search.value = '';
+    popup.hidden = false;
+    root.classList.add('is-open');
+    button.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true');
+    render();
+    // Window capture runs before the document-level shortcut handlers
+    // (cockpit, hotkeys, push-to-talk), so keys typed in the list stay here.
+    windowRef?.addEventListener('keydown', onWindowKeyDown, true);
+    documentRef.addEventListener('pointerdown', onDocumentPointerDown, true);
+    focusTarget().focus({ preventScroll: true });
+  };
+
+  function onWindowKeyDown(event) {
+    if (!model.open || event.isComposing) return;
+    const inside = root.contains(event.target);
+    if (!inside && event.key !== 'Escape') return;
+    const result = model.keydown(event);
+    if (!result.handled) return;
+    event.preventDefault();
+    event.stopImmediatePropagation();
+    if (result.close) close({ restoreFocus: true });
+    else if (result.choose) {
+      if (event.key === ' ') swallowSpaceKeyup = true;
+      choose(result.choose);
+    } else render();
+  }
+
+  function onDocumentPointerDown(event) {
+    if (!root.contains(event.target)) close();
+  }
+
+  const onButtonClick = () => {
+    if (model.open) close({ restoreFocus: true });
+    else open();
+  };
+
+  const onButtonKeyDown = (event) => {
+    if (event.key !== 'ArrowDown' && event.key !== 'ArrowUp') return;
+    event.preventDefault();
+    event.stopPropagation();
+    open();
+  };
+
+  // Space chose an option and moved focus here; its keyup must not click.
+  const onButtonKeyUp = (event) => {
+    if (event.key !== ' ' || !swallowSpaceKeyup) return;
+    swallowSpaceKeyup = false;
+    event.preventDefault();
+  };
+
+  const optionFromEvent = (event) =>
+    event.target?.closest?.('[role="option"]')?.dataset.locale || null;
+
+  const onListClick = (event) => {
+    const localeCode = optionFromEvent(event);
+    if (localeCode) choose(localeCode);
+  };
+
+  const onListPointerMove = (event) => {
+    const localeCode = optionFromEvent(event);
+    if (!localeCode || model.activeOption?.code === localeCode) return;
+    model.setActive(
+      model.visible.findIndex((option) => option.code === localeCode),
+    );
+    render();
+  };
+
+  const onSearchInput = () => {
+    model.setQuery(search.value);
+    render();
+  };
+
+  const onFocusOut = (event) => {
+    const next = event.relatedTarget;
+    if (model.open && next && !root.contains(next)) close();
+  };
+
+  button.addEventListener('click', onButtonClick);
+  button.addEventListener('keydown', onButtonKeyDown);
+  button.addEventListener('keyup', onButtonKeyUp);
+  listbox.addEventListener('click', onListClick);
+  listbox.addEventListener('pointermove', onListPointerMove);
+  search?.addEventListener('input', onSearchInput);
+  root.addEventListener('focusout', onFocusOut);
+
+  return {
+    open,
+    close,
+    isOpen: () => model.open,
+    destroy() {
+      close();
+      button.removeEventListener('click', onButtonClick);
+      button.removeEventListener('keydown', onButtonKeyDown);
+      button.removeEventListener('keyup', onButtonKeyUp);
+      listbox.removeEventListener('click', onListClick);
+      listbox.removeEventListener('pointermove', onListPointerMove);
+      search?.removeEventListener('input', onSearchInput);
+      root.removeEventListener('focusout', onFocusOut);
+      root.textContent = '';
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/localePicker.test.mjs b/src/ui/localePicker.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35b473e42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/localePicker.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+// The interface language picker without a DOM: row order, search, the
+// keyboard model and what choosing a language does.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  LOCALE_SEARCH_THRESHOLD,
+  TYPEAHEAD_RESET_MS,
+  applyLocaleChoice,
+  buildLocaleOptions,
+  createLocalNameReader,
+  createLocalePickerModel,
+  filterLocaleOptions,
+  foldSearchText,
+  moveActiveIndex,
+  typeaheadIndex,
+} from './localePicker.js';
+import { LOCALES, LOCALE_NAMES } from '../i18n/locale.js';
+
+const NAMES = {
+  en: 'English',
+  es: 'Español',
+  ru: 'Русский',
+  de: 'Deutsch',
+  fr: 'Français',
+  pt: 'Português',
+  tr: 'Türkçe',
+  uk: 'Українська',
+  ja: '日本語',
+};
+const MANY = Object.keys(NAMES);
+
+const codes = (rows) => rows.map((row) => row.code);
+
+test('the current language comes first, the rest by their own names', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    codes(
+      buildLocaleOptions({
+        locales: LOCALES,
+        current: 'ru',
+        nativeNames: LOCALE_NAMES,
+      }),
+    ),
+    ['ru', 'en', 'es'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    codes(
+      buildLocaleOptions({
+        locales: LOCALES,
+        current: 'es',
+        nativeNames: LOCALE_NAMES,
+      }),
+    ),
+    ['es', 'en', 'ru'],
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    codes(
+      buildLocaleOptions({
+        locales: LOCALES,
+        current: 'en',
+        nativeNames: LOCALE_NAMES,
+      }),
+    ),
+    ['en', 'es', 'ru'],
+  );
+  const rows = buildLocaleOptions({
+    locales: MANY,
+    current: 'en',
+    nativeNames: NAMES,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(codes(rows), [
+    'en',
+    'de',
+    'es',
+    'fr',
+    'pt',
+    'tr',
+    'ru',
+    'uk',
+    'ja',
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    rows.map((row) => row.selected),
+    [true, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
+  );
+});
+
+test('each row gets the interface-language name for search, unless it only repeats the native one', () => {
+  const local = createLocalNameReader('ru');
+  const rows = buildLocaleOptions({
+    locales: LOCALES,
+    current: 'ru',
+    nativeNames: LOCALE_NAMES,
+    localName: local,
+  });
+  const byCode = Object.fromEntries(rows.map((row) => [row.code, row]));
+  assert.equal(byCode.en.localName, 'английский');
+  assert.equal(byCode.es.localName, 'испанский');
+  assert.equal(byCode.ru.localName, '', 'русский only repeats Русский');
+  const english = buildLocaleOptions({
+    locales: LOCALES,
+    current: 'en',
+    nativeNames: LOCALE_NAMES,
+    localName: createLocalNameReader('en'),
+  });
+  assert.equal(english.find((row) => row.code === 'es').localName, 'Spanish');
+});
+
+test('without Intl.DisplayNames the interface-language name is simply left out', () => {
+  const read = createLocalNameReader('ru', null);
+  assert.equal(read('en'), '');
+  class Broken {
+    of() {
+      throw new RangeError('bad code');
+    }
+  }
+  assert.equal(createLocalNameReader('ru', Broken)('en'), '');
+  class Echo {
+    of(code) {
+      return code;
+    }
+  }
+  assert.equal(
+    createLocalNameReader('ru', Echo)('xx'),
+    '',
+    'a code echoed back is no name',
+  );
+});
+
+test('search folds case and diacritics, and matches either name or the code', () => {
+  assert.equal(foldSearchText('  Español '), 'espanol');
+  assert.equal(foldSearchText('Français'), 'francais');
+  assert.equal(foldSearchText('Ёлка'), 'елка');
+  const rows = buildLocaleOptions({
+    locales: MANY,
+    current: 'ru',
+    nativeNames: NAMES,
+    localName: createLocalNameReader('ru'),
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(codes(filterLocaleOptions(rows, 'espan')), ['es']);
+  assert.deepEqual(codes(filterLocaleOptions(rows, 'ESPAÑ')), ['es']);
+  assert.deepEqual(codes(filterLocaleOptions(rows, 'francais')), ['fr']);
+  assert.deepEqual(codes(filterLocaleOptions(rows, 'turkce')), ['tr']);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    codes(filterLocaleOptions(rows, 'испан')),
+    ['es'],
+    'by the interface-language name',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    codes(filterLocaleOptions(rows, 'УКРАИН')),
+    ['uk'],
+    'й folds to и',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    codes(filterLocaleOptions(rows, 'JA')),
+    ['ja'],
+    'by the code',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    codes(filterLocaleOptions(rows, '  ')),
+    codes(rows),
+    'empty keeps all',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(filterLocaleOptions(rows, 'klingon'), []);
+});
+
+test('the search field appears only above the threshold', () => {
+  assert.equal(LOCALE_SEARCH_THRESHOLD, 8);
+  assert.equal(createLocalePickerModel({ current: 'en' }).searchable, false);
+  const eight = MANY.slice(0, 8);
+  assert.equal(
+    createLocalePickerModel({
+      locales: eight,
+      nativeNames: NAMES,
+      current: 'en',
+    }).searchable,
+    false,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    createLocalePickerModel({
+      locales: MANY,
+      nativeNames: NAMES,
+      current: 'en',
+    }).searchable,
+    true,
+  );
+});
+
+test('choosing the current language changes nothing; another asks, then switches', () => {
+  const calls = [];
+  const actions = (answer) => ({
+    current: 'ru',
+    confirmSwitch: () => {
+      calls.push('confirm');
+      return answer;
+    },
+    switchLocale: (locale) => calls.push(`switch:${locale}`),
+  });
+  assert.equal(applyLocaleChoice('ru', actions(true)), 'unchanged');
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, [], 'no prompt, no reload');
+  assert.equal(applyLocaleChoice('es', actions(false)), 'declined');
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['confirm']);
+  assert.equal(applyLocaleChoice('es', actions(true)), 'switched');
+  assert.deepEqual(calls, ['confirm', 'confirm', 'switch:es']);
+});
+
+test('navigation keys move without wrapping', () => {
+  assert.equal(moveActiveIndex('ArrowDown', 0, 3), 1);
+  assert.equal(moveActiveIndex('ArrowDown', 2, 3), 2);
+  assert.equal(moveActiveIndex('ArrowUp', 0, 3), 0);
+  assert.equal(moveActiveIndex('ArrowUp', 2, 3), 1);
+  assert.equal(moveActiveIndex('ArrowDown', -1, 3), 0);
+  assert.equal(moveActiveIndex('ArrowUp', -1, 3), 2);
+  assert.equal(moveActiveIndex('Home', 2, 3), 0);
+  assert.equal(moveActiveIndex('End', 0, 3), 2);
+  assert.equal(moveActiveIndex('Tab', 0, 3), null);
+  assert.equal(moveActiveIndex('ArrowDown', 0, 0), null);
+});
+
+test('type-ahead cycles by first letter and refines with more letters', () => {
+  const rows = buildLocaleOptions({
+    locales: MANY,
+    current: 'en',
+    nativeNames: NAMES,
+  });
+  // en, de, es, fr, pt, tr, ru, uk, ja
+  assert.equal(
+    typeaheadIndex(rows, 'e', 0),
+    2,
+    'from English, e moves on to Español',
+  );
+  assert.equal(typeaheadIndex(rows, 'e', 2), 0, 'and wraps back to English');
+  assert.equal(
+    typeaheadIndex(rows, 'ee', 2),
+    0,
+    'a repeated letter keeps cycling',
+  );
+  assert.equal(typeaheadIndex(rows, 'es', 0), 2);
+  assert.equal(
+    typeaheadIndex(rows, 'en', 0),
+    0,
+    'a longer prefix may stay put',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    typeaheadIndex(rows, 'р', 0),
+    6,
+    'Русский by its Cyrillic letter',
+  );
+  assert.equal(typeaheadIndex(rows, 'q', 0), -1);
+});
+
+test('keyboard model: open on the current language, move, choose, close', () => {
+  const model = createLocalePickerModel({
+    current: 'ru',
+    localName: createLocalNameReader('ru'),
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    model.keydown({ key: 'ArrowDown' }),
+    { handled: false },
+    'closed: ignored',
+  );
+  model.openList();
+  assert.equal(model.activeOption.code, 'ru');
+  assert.deepEqual(model.keydown({ key: 'ArrowDown' }), { handled: true });
+  assert.equal(model.activeOption.code, 'en');
+  model.keydown({ key: 'End' });
+  assert.equal(model.activeOption.code, 'es');
+  model.keydown({ key: 'Home' });
+  assert.equal(model.activeOption.code, 'ru');
+  model.keydown({ key: 'ArrowUp' });
+  assert.equal(model.activeOption.code, 'ru', 'no wrap at the top');
+  assert.deepEqual(model.keydown({ key: 'Enter' }), {
+    handled: true,
+    choose: 'ru',
+  });
+  model.keydown({ key: 'ArrowDown' });
+  assert.deepEqual(model.keydown({ key: ' ' }), {
+    handled: true,
+    choose: 'en',
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(model.keydown({ key: 'Escape' }), {
+    handled: true,
+    close: true,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    model.keydown({ key: 'Tab' }),
+    { handled: false },
+    'Tab leaves the list',
+  );
+  model.closeList();
+  assert.equal(model.open, false);
+});
+
+test('keyboard model: type-ahead resets after a pause and ignores shortcuts', () => {
+  let clock = 0;
+  const model = createLocalePickerModel({ current: 'en', now: () => clock });
+  model.openList();
+  assert.deepEqual(model.keydown({ key: 'e' }), { handled: true });
+  assert.equal(model.activeOption.code, 'es');
+  clock += 100;
+  model.keydown({ key: 's' });
+  assert.equal(model.activeOption.code, 'es', '"es" keeps Español');
+  clock += TYPEAHEAD_RESET_MS + 1;
+  model.keydown({ key: 'Р' });
+  assert.equal(model.activeOption.code, 'ru');
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    model.keydown({ key: 'z' }),
+    { handled: true },
+    'an unmatched letter is still the list’s, not a global hotkey',
+  );
+  assert.equal(model.activeOption.code, 'ru');
+  assert.deepEqual(model.keydown({ key: 'c', metaKey: true }), {
+    handled: false,
+  });
+});
+
+test('keyboard model with search: letters, Space, Home and End belong to the field', () => {
+  const model = createLocalePickerModel({
+    locales: MANY,
+    nativeNames: NAMES,
+    current: 'en',
+    localName: createLocalNameReader('en'),
+  });
+  model.openList();
+  assert.deepEqual(model.keydown({ key: 'f' }), { handled: false });
+  assert.deepEqual(model.keydown({ key: ' ' }), { handled: false });
+  assert.deepEqual(model.keydown({ key: 'Home' }), { handled: false });
+  model.setQuery('SPAN');
+  assert.deepEqual(codes(model.visible), ['es']);
+  assert.equal(model.activeOption.code, 'es');
+  assert.deepEqual(model.keydown({ key: 'Enter' }), {
+    handled: true,
+    choose: 'es',
+  });
+  model.setQuery('e');
+  assert.equal(
+    model.activeOption.code,
+    'en',
+    'the current language stays active while it matches',
+  );
+  model.keydown({ key: 'ArrowDown' });
+  assert.notEqual(model.activeOption.code, 'en');
+  model.setQuery('nothing like it');
+  assert.equal(model.activeOption, null);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    model.keydown({ key: 'Enter' }),
+    { handled: true },
+    'nothing to choose',
+  );
+  model.openList();
+  assert.equal(model.query, '', 'reopening clears the search');
+  assert.equal(model.visible.length, MANY.length);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/localeSwitchReload.test.mjs b/src/ui/localeSwitchReload.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eed8d2f52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/localeSwitchReload.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// The language picker reloads the page, so it asks first while the
+// reload would lose work (unsaved CCTV calibration, the open cockpit, anything
+// a module registers). Choosing the language already active does nothing.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { StyleManager } from './applicationShell.js';
+import {
+  describeUnsavedWork,
+  msg,
+  registerUnsavedWork,
+  setLocale,
+} from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+/** Wire the shell's language choice with the given shell state. No picker
+ * markup here: the picker's own behaviour is covered by localePicker.test. */
+function renderSwitch({ calDirty = false, cockpit = false } = {}) {
+  const previous = {
+    document: globalThis.document,
+    location: globalThis.location,
+    history: globalThis.history,
+    confirm: globalThis.confirm,
+  };
+  const reloads = [];
+  const prompts = [];
+  let answer = true;
+  globalThis.document = { getElementById: () => null };
+  globalThis.location = {
+    href: 'https://gev.example/#v=2',
+    assign() {},
+    reload: () => reloads.push(true),
+  };
+  globalThis.history = { replaceState() {} };
+  globalThis.confirm = (text) => {
+    prompts.push(text);
+    return answer;
+  };
+  const shell = {
+    services: {
+      cctvLayer: {
+        getUIState: () => ({ cameras: [{ calDirty: false }, { calDirty }] }),
+      },
+    },
+    cockpitView: { active: cockpit },
+    _confirmLocaleReload: StyleManager.prototype._confirmLocaleReload,
+    _chooseLocale: StyleManager.prototype._chooseLocale,
+  };
+  StyleManager.prototype._initLocaleSelector.call(shell);
+  return {
+    choose: (locale) => shell._chooseLocale(locale),
+    reloads,
+    prompts,
+    answer: (value) => (answer = value),
+    restore() {
+      for (const unregister of shell._unsavedWorkChecks) unregister();
+      Object.assign(globalThis, previous);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+const storage = globalThis.localStorage;
+test.before(() => {
+  globalThis.localStorage = { setItem() {}, getItem: () => null };
+});
+test.after(() => {
+  globalThis.localStorage = storage;
+});
+
+test('nothing to lose: the switch reloads without asking', () => {
+  const view = renderSwitch();
+  try {
+    view.choose('es');
+    assert.deepEqual(view.prompts, []);
+    assert.equal(view.reloads.length, 1);
+  } finally {
+    view.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('unsaved calibration or the open cockpit: the switch asks first', () => {
+  const view = renderSwitch({ calDirty: true, cockpit: true });
+  try {
+    view.answer(false);
+    view.choose('ru');
+    assert.equal(view.prompts.length, 1);
+    assert.match(view.prompts[0], /unsaved CCTV calibration/);
+    assert.match(view.prompts[0], /the open cockpit/);
+    assert.equal(view.reloads.length, 0, 'declined: no reload');
+    view.answer(true);
+    view.choose('ru');
+    assert.equal(view.reloads.length, 1, 'confirmed: reload');
+  } finally {
+    view.restore();
+  }
+});
+
+test('modules register their own unsaved work', () => {
+  const unregister = registerUnsavedWork(() => msg('drawings on the map'));
+  const failing = registerUnsavedWork(() => {
+    throw new Error('broken check');
+  });
+  const view = renderSwitch();
+  try {
+    view.answer(false);
+    view.choose('es');
+    assert.match(view.prompts[0], /drawings on the map/);
+    assert.equal(view.reloads.length, 0);
+  } finally {
+    view.restore();
+    unregister();
+    failing();
+  }
+  assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), []);
+});
+
+test('the prompt reads in the active language', () => {
+  setLocale('es');
+  const view = renderSwitch({ calDirty: true });
+  try {
+    view.answer(false);
+    view.choose('en');
+    assert.equal(view.prompts.length, 1);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(view.prompts[0], /Switching language/);
+  } finally {
+    view.restore();
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('the language already active neither asks nor reloads', () => {
+  const view = renderSwitch({ calDirty: true });
+  try {
+    assert.equal(view.choose('en'), 'unchanged');
+    assert.deepEqual(view.prompts, []);
+    assert.equal(view.reloads.length, 0);
+  } finally {
+    view.restore();
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/locationControls.js b/src/ui/locationControls.js
index 29f334b5d..f2b67c7db 100644
--- a/src/ui/locationControls.js
+++ b/src/ui/locationControls.js
@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
 import { locationMiniStatus } from '../locationStatus.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { localizePlaceName } from './placeNames.js';
+
 const POI_KEYS = ['Q', 'W', 'E', 'R', 'T'];
 
+/**
+ * locationStatus.js placeholder lines, built by the module itself; renderStatus
+ * swaps them for translated text. Place names are shown as they are.
+ */
+const LOCATION_MINI_EMPTY = Object.freeze(locationMiniStatus());
+const LOCATION_MINI_SEARCHED_PLACEHOLDER = Object.freeze(
+  locationMiniStatus({ searchedLabel: '·' }),
+);
+
 /** Location DOM, keyboard handling and pending row animation over supplied actions. */
 export class LocationControls {
   constructor({
@@ -38,7 +50,7 @@ export class LocationControls {
       pill.type = 'button';
       pill.className = 'location-pill';
       pill.dataset.locationId = id;
-      pill.textContent = city.name;
+      pill.textContent = localizePlaceName(city.name);
       this.bind(pill, 'click', () => onCity(id));
       elements.pills.appendChild(pill);
     }
@@ -129,12 +141,28 @@ export class LocationControls {
     for (const pill of this.elements.pills.querySelectorAll('.location-pill'))
       pill.classList.toggle('active', pill.dataset.locationId === id);
   }
-  renderStatus(state) {
+  renderStatus(record) {
     if (this.destroyed || !this.elements.statusCity || !this.elements.statusPoi)
       return;
+    // A preset city shows its name in the UI language; the record stays English.
+    const state = record?.city?.name
+      ? {
+          ...record,
+          city: { ...record.city, name: localizePlaceName(record.city.name) },
+        }
+      : record;
     const lines = locationMiniStatus(state);
-    this.elements.statusCity.textContent = lines.city;
-    this.elements.statusPoi.textContent = lines.poi;
+    this.elements.statusCity.textContent =
+      lines.city === LOCATION_MINI_EMPTY.city
+        ? t('📍 Location: --')
+        : lines.city;
+    if (lines.poi === LOCATION_MINI_EMPTY.poi) {
+      this.elements.statusPoi.textContent = t('Landmark: --');
+    } else if (lines.poi === LOCATION_MINI_SEARCHED_PLACEHOLDER.poi) {
+      this.elements.statusPoi.textContent = t('Searched location');
+    } else {
+      this.elements.statusPoi.textContent = lines.poi;
+    }
   }
   createOrbitIndicator() {
     if (this.destroyed) return null;
@@ -144,7 +172,7 @@ export class LocationControls {
       const icon = this.doc.createElement('span');
       icon.className = 'orbit-icon';
       icon.textContent = '↻';
-      this.orbitIndicator.append(icon, ' ORBIT');
+      this.orbitIndicator.append(icon, ` ${t('ORBIT')}`);
       this.doc.body.appendChild(this.orbitIndicator);
     }
     return this.orbitIndicator;
diff --git a/src/ui/locationNavigation.js b/src/ui/locationNavigation.js
index 83c20ddef..07ce43d8d 100644
--- a/src/ui/locationNavigation.js
+++ b/src/ui/locationNavigation.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { createStateChannel } from '../app/stateChannel.js';
 import { LocationControls } from './location.js';
 
@@ -87,8 +88,9 @@ export class LocationNavigation {
       this._currentPoi = null;
       this._collapsePOIRow();
       this._updateLocationMiniStatus();
-    } else if (change.type === 'missing') this._showToast('Location not found');
-    else if (change.type === 'failed') this._showToast('Search failed');
+    } else if (change.type === 'missing')
+      this._showToast(t('Location not found'));
+    else if (change.type === 'failed') this._showToast(t('Search failed'));
     else if (change.type === 'settled')
       this._settleLocationSearchUi(change.generation);
     else if (
@@ -117,7 +119,7 @@ export class LocationNavigation {
         }),
       onResult: (destination) => {
         if (destination.outlineUnavailable)
-          this._showToast('Detailed outline unavailable');
+          this._showToast(t('Detailed outline unavailable'));
       },
       onError: (error) => console.error('[Search] Geocoding failed:', error),
     });
@@ -277,7 +279,7 @@ export class LocationNavigation {
 
   _toggleOrbit() {
     if (!this._currentTarget) {
-      this._showToast('Fly to a POI first');
+      this._showToast(t('Fly to a POI first'));
       return;
     }
 
@@ -379,11 +381,11 @@ export class LocationNavigation {
       };
       this._resetGlobeBtn?.setAttribute(
         'aria-label',
-        'Reset to full globe view',
+        t('Reset to full globe view'),
       );
       this._cockpitResetGlobeBtn?.setAttribute(
         'aria-label',
-        'Reset cockpit to full globe view',
+        t('Reset cockpit to full globe view'),
       );
       this._globeResetPromise = null;
       this._cancelGlobeReset = null;
@@ -399,11 +401,11 @@ export class LocationNavigation {
     }, 4200);
     this._resetGlobeBtn?.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
-      'Resetting to full globe view',
+      t('Resetting to full globe view'),
     );
     this._cockpitResetGlobeBtn?.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
-      'Resetting cockpit to full globe view',
+      t('Resetting cockpit to full globe view'),
     );
     const target = flyToGlobeView(this.viewer, {
       onComplete: () => finish(false),
diff --git a/src/ui/mapSourceControls.js b/src/ui/mapSourceControls.js
index 383f0d15f..8546f6cb3 100644
--- a/src/ui/mapSourceControls.js
+++ b/src/ui/mapSourceControls.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { renderMapStackChips, syncMapStackChips } from '../mapStackChips.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /**
  * Own Map Source presentation and selection without constructing map providers.
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ export function createMapSourceControls({
       statusElement.textContent =
         state.status === 'switching'
           ? '...'
-          : stack?.shortLabel || stack?.label || 'MAP';
+          : stack?.shortLabel || stack?.label || t('MAP');
       statusElement.classList.toggle('warn', !!state.lastError);
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/ui/panelChrome.js b/src/ui/panelChrome.js
index 284d2b1b2..359ac3792 100644
--- a/src/ui/panelChrome.js
+++ b/src/ui/panelChrome.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { UiLifetime } from './uiLifetime.js';
+import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { displayPanelScroller } from './displayPanelScroll.js';
 import { PanelPositionControls } from './panelPositionControls.js';
 import { PanelLayoutController } from './panelLayoutController.js';
@@ -310,14 +311,25 @@ export class PanelChrome {
         const panelName =
           panelEl
             .querySelector('.panel-title, .pp-header-label')
-            ?.textContent?.trim() || 'panel';
-        const action = collapsed ? 'Expand' : 'Collapse';
-        btn.title = `${action} ${panelName}`;
-        btn.setAttribute('aria-label', `${action} ${panelName}`);
+            ?.textContent?.trim() || t('panel');
+        const titleKey = collapsed
+          ? msg('Expand {name}')
+          : msg('Collapse {name}');
+        btn.title = t(titleKey, { name: panelName });
+        btn.setAttribute('aria-label', t(titleKey, { name: panelName }));
         if (panelEl.id === 'radio-panel') {
-          const action = collapsed ? 'Expand' : 'Collapse';
-          btn.title = `${action} Radio`;
-          btn.setAttribute('aria-label', `${action} Radio section`);
+          // Radio keeps the wording of its static button (context.html).
+          btn.title = t(
+            collapsed ? msg('Expand Radio') : msg('Collapse Radio'),
+          );
+          btn.setAttribute(
+            'aria-label',
+            t(
+              collapsed
+                ? msg('Expand Radio section')
+                : msg('Collapse Radio section'),
+            ),
+          );
         }
       });
     const dockToggle = panelEl.querySelector(
@@ -327,11 +339,13 @@ export class PanelChrome {
       const panelName =
         panelEl
           .querySelector('.panel-title, .location-toolbar-label')
-          ?.textContent?.trim() || 'panel';
-      const action = collapsed ? 'Expand' : 'Collapse';
+          ?.textContent?.trim() || t('panel');
+      const titleKey = collapsed
+        ? msg('Expand {name}')
+        : msg('Collapse {name}');
       dockToggle.setAttribute('aria-expanded', String(!collapsed));
-      dockToggle.setAttribute('aria-label', `${action} ${panelName}`);
-      dockToggle.title = `${action} ${panelName}`;
+      dockToggle.setAttribute('aria-label', t(titleKey, { name: panelName }));
+      dockToggle.title = t(titleKey, { name: panelName });
     }
     if (panelEl.id === 'radio-panel' && this._contextRadioDetailsBtn) {
       this._contextRadioDetailsBtn.setAttribute(
diff --git a/src/ui/panelPositionControls.js b/src/ui/panelPositionControls.js
index b40a2d378..41bb67830 100644
--- a/src/ui/panelPositionControls.js
+++ b/src/ui/panelPositionControls.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /** Own panel position preferences, viewport clamping and drag listeners. */
+import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { RESIZE_DIRECTIONS, resizeBox } from './panelResize.js';
-
 /** Versioned localStorage namespace prefix to invalidate stale panel layouts. */
 const PANEL_LAYOUT_STORAGE_VERSION = 'v6';
 /**
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ const VIEWPORT_MARGIN_PX = 6;
  */
 const PANEL_OBSTACLE_IDS = ['command-dock', 'gev-voice-control'];
 const PANEL_FLOAT_HINT_STORAGE_KEY = `godsEyeView.${PANEL_POSITION_STORAGE_VERSION}.panelFloatHintShown`;
-const PANEL_FLOAT_HINT = 'Double-click the header to snap the panel back';
+const PANEL_FLOAT_HINT = msg('Double-click the header to snap the panel back');
 /** Header children whose own interaction wins over a drag or a snap-back. */
 const INTERACTIVE_SELECTOR =
   'input, select, option, textarea, button, a, [role="button"]';
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ export class PanelPositionControls {
       );
       if (hadOldPositions) {
         this._showToast(
-          'Panel layout updated — positions reset to new defaults',
+          t('Panel layout updated — positions reset to new defaults'),
         );
       }
     } catch {
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ export class PanelPositionControls {
       if (this._floatHintShown) return;
       this._floatHintShown = true;
     }
-    this._showToast(PANEL_FLOAT_HINT);
+    this._showToast(t(PANEL_FLOAT_HINT));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -761,7 +761,9 @@ export class PanelPositionControls {
       handle.dataset.dir = dir;
       handle.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
       if (dir === 'se') {
-        handle.title = 'Drag to resize · double-click the header to snap back';
+        handle.title = t(
+          'Drag to resize · double-click the header to snap back',
+        );
       }
       panelEl.appendChild(handle);
       this._resizeHandles.push(handle);
diff --git a/src/ui/placeNames.js b/src/ui/placeNames.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48ed69894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/placeNames.js
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/**
+ * Preset place names as the page shows them.
+ *
+ * The preset cities in src/cityPois.js keep their English names in data:
+ * those are what voice tools, the AI model, share links and lookups match on.
+ * This helper translates a known English name at a presentation boundary
+ * only; any other place (a geocoded address, a name the model chose) is shown
+ * as given.
+ *
+ * Pure: imports only i18n, no DOM.
+ * @module ui/placeNames
+ */
+import { msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+// The preset cities (CITY_POIS names, kept in step by placeNames.test.mjs),
+// and Los Angeles, which voice results name for the analyst's region scopes.
+const PLACE_NAME_KEYS = new Map(
+  [
+    msg('Austin'),
+    msg('San Francisco'),
+    msg('New York'),
+    msg('Tokyo'),
+    msg('London'),
+    msg('Paris'),
+    msg('Dubai'),
+    msg('Washington DC'),
+    msg('Tallinn'),
+    msg('Los Angeles'),
+  ].map((key) => [key, key]),
+);
+
+/**
+ * A preset place name in the active language; any other text unchanged.
+ * @param {string} name English place name, e.g. `Tokyo`.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function localizePlaceName(name) {
+  if (typeof name !== 'string') return name;
+  const key = PLACE_NAME_KEYS.get(name.trim());
+  return key ? t(key) : name;
+}
+
+/** The English names this module translates (for tests). */
+export const KNOWN_PLACE_NAMES = Object.freeze([...PLACE_NAME_KEYS.keys()]);
diff --git a/src/ui/placeNames.test.mjs b/src/ui/placeNames.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eff49b942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/placeNames.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// Preset place names show in the UI language at the presentation boundary
+// (voice results, location pills, HUD); the preset data stays English.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { CITY_POIS } from '../cityPois.js';
+import { KNOWN_PLACE_NAMES, localizePlaceName } from './placeNames.js';
+import { LocationControls } from './locationControls.js';
+
+test.afterEach(() => setLocale('en'));
+
+test('every preset city has a display name entry', () => {
+  for (const city of Object.values(CITY_POIS))
+    assert.ok(KNOWN_PLACE_NAMES.includes(city.name), city.name);
+});
+
+test('en: place names pass through unchanged', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  for (const name of KNOWN_PLACE_NAMES)
+    assert.equal(localizePlaceName(name), name);
+});
+
+for (const [locale, tokyo, losAngeles] of [
+  ['ru', 'Токио', 'Лос-Анджелес'],
+  ['es', 'Tokio', 'Los Ángeles'],
+]) {
+  test(`${locale}: preset names are translated, other places shown as given`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    assert.equal(localizePlaceName('Tokyo'), tokyo);
+    assert.equal(localizePlaceName('Los Angeles'), losAngeles);
+    assert.equal(localizePlaceName('Ulaanbaatar'), 'Ulaanbaatar');
+    assert.equal(localizePlaceName(undefined), undefined);
+  });
+}
+
+function element() {
+  return {
+    children: [],
+    dataset: {},
+    textContent: '',
+    addEventListener() {},
+    removeEventListener() {},
+    appendChild(child) {
+      this.children.push(child);
+    },
+    replaceChildren() {
+      this.children = [];
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+test('ru: location pills and the mini-status show the translated city', () => {
+  setLocale('ru');
+  const elements = {
+    pills: element(),
+    poiRow: element(),
+    divider: element(),
+    search: element(),
+    searchToggle: element(),
+    resetButtons: [],
+    statusCity: element(),
+    statusPoi: element(),
+  };
+  const doc = { ...element(), createElement: element };
+  const cities = { tokyo: CITY_POIS.tokyo };
+  const controls = new LocationControls({
+    elements,
+    cities,
+    getExpandedCity: () => null,
+    onCity() {},
+    onPoi() {},
+    onSearch() {},
+    onReset() {},
+    doc,
+    requestFrame: () => 0,
+    cancelFrame() {},
+  });
+  assert.equal(elements.pills.children[0].textContent, 'Токио');
+  controls.renderStatus({ city: CITY_POIS.tokyo, currentPoi: null });
+  assert.equal(elements.statusCity.textContent, '📍 Токио');
+  assert.equal(CITY_POIS.tokyo.name, 'Tokyo');
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/radioBindings.js b/src/ui/radioBindings.js
index 68ee78fa8..88756d5bc 100644
--- a/src/ui/radioBindings.js
+++ b/src/ui/radioBindings.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   radioTunerSlot,
   radioTunerCommitSlot,
@@ -47,22 +48,36 @@ export function bindRadioControls() {
     );
     if (displayOpen) this.actions.revealStyleParameters();
     if (this._cockpitDisplayToggleBtn) {
-      const action = displayOpen ? 'Collapse' : 'Expand';
       this._cockpitDisplayToggleBtn.textContent = displayOpen ? '▶' : '◀';
       this._cockpitDisplayToggleBtn.setAttribute(
         'aria-label',
-        `${action} Cockpit display options`,
+        t(
+          displayOpen
+            ? msg('Collapse Cockpit display options')
+            : msg('Expand Cockpit display options'),
+        ),
+      );
+      this._cockpitDisplayToggleBtn.title = t(
+        displayOpen
+          ? msg('Collapse Cockpit display options')
+          : msg('Expand Cockpit display options'),
       );
-      this._cockpitDisplayToggleBtn.title = `${action} Cockpit display options`;
     }
     if (this._cockpitRadioToggleBtn) {
-      const action = radioOpen ? 'Collapse' : 'Expand';
       this._cockpitRadioToggleBtn.textContent = radioOpen ? '▶' : '◀';
       this._cockpitRadioToggleBtn.setAttribute(
         'aria-label',
-        `${action} Cockpit Radio controls`,
+        t(
+          radioOpen
+            ? msg('Collapse Cockpit Radio controls')
+            : msg('Expand Cockpit Radio controls'),
+        ),
+      );
+      this._cockpitRadioToggleBtn.title = t(
+        radioOpen
+          ? msg('Collapse Cockpit Radio controls')
+          : msg('Expand Cockpit Radio controls'),
       );
-      this._cockpitRadioToggleBtn.title = `${action} Cockpit Radio controls`;
     }
     if (!expanded && returnFocus) {
       (kind === 'display'
@@ -139,18 +154,25 @@ export function bindRadioControls() {
     syncTunerTape(resolvedCoordinate);
     if (this._radioTunerValue) {
       this._radioTunerValue.textContent = station
-        ? `CH ${String(slot.stationIndex + 1).padStart(2, '0')} / ${String(this._radioTunerStations.length).padStart(2, '0')}`
-        : 'NO STATIONS';
+        ? t('CH {index} / {total}', {
+            index: String(slot.stationIndex + 1).padStart(2, '0'),
+            total: String(this._radioTunerStations.length).padStart(2, '0'),
+          })
+        : t('NO STATIONS');
     }
     if (this._radioTunerStation)
       this._radioTunerStation.textContent =
-        station?.name || 'NO STATION AVAILABLE';
+        station?.name || t('NO STATION AVAILABLE');
     if (this._radioTunerSlider) {
       this._radioTunerSlider.setAttribute(
         'aria-valuetext',
         station
-          ? `${station.name}, station ${slot.stationIndex + 1} of ${this._radioTunerStations.length}`
-          : 'No station available',
+          ? t('{name}, station {index} of {total}', {
+              name: station.name,
+              index: slot.stationIndex + 1,
+              total: this._radioTunerStations.length,
+            })
+          : t('No station available'),
       );
     }
     if (syncStatic)
@@ -301,12 +323,12 @@ export function bindRadioControls() {
       this._radioTunerBandPinnedForNavigation = false;
       if (result.reason === 'station-unavailable') {
         if (this._radioTunerValue)
-          this._radioTunerValue.textContent = 'OFF AIR';
+          this._radioTunerValue.textContent = t('OFF AIR');
         if (this._radioTunerStation)
-          this._radioTunerStation.textContent = 'STATION UNAVAILABLE';
+          this._radioTunerStation.textContent = t('STATION UNAVAILABLE');
         this._radioTunerSlider?.setAttribute(
           'aria-valuetext',
-          'Station unavailable after directory refresh',
+          t('Station unavailable after directory refresh'),
         );
       }
     }
@@ -340,7 +362,14 @@ export function bindRadioControls() {
             origin: 'user',
             notificationToken,
           }),
+        // contextSessionOrdering.test.mjs pins this English argument; the
+        // toast shows localizedMessage.
         `Radio could not ${enabling ? 'start' : 'stop'} cleanly`,
+        {
+          localizedMessage: t('Radio could not {action} cleanly', {
+            action: enabling ? t('start') : t('stop'),
+          }),
+        },
       );
       if (this.destroyed || toggled === false) return;
       if (
diff --git a/src/ui/radioControls.js b/src/ui/radioControls.js
index b4a3669ba..85bf08bcb 100644
--- a/src/ui/radioControls.js
+++ b/src/ui/radioControls.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { bindRadioControls } from './radioBindings.js';
 import { renderRadioState } from './radioPresentation.js';
 
@@ -178,9 +179,11 @@ export class RadioControls {
         'aria-expanded',
         String(radioExpanded),
       );
-      const label = radioExpanded
-        ? 'Go to expanded Radio section'
-        : 'Expand Radio section in Context';
+      const label = t(
+        radioExpanded
+          ? msg('Go to expanded Radio section')
+          : msg('Expand Radio section in Context'),
+      );
       this._contextRadioToggleBtn.setAttribute('aria-label', label);
       this._contextRadioToggleBtn.title = label;
       return;
@@ -198,12 +201,13 @@ export class RadioControls {
       'aria-expanded',
       String(compactOpen),
     );
-    const action = compactOpen ? 'Close' : 'Open';
-    this._contextRadioToggleBtn.setAttribute(
-      'aria-label',
-      `${action} compact Radio controls`,
+    const launcherLabel = t(
+      compactOpen
+        ? msg('Close compact Radio controls')
+        : msg('Open compact Radio controls'),
     );
-    this._contextRadioToggleBtn.title = `${action} compact Radio controls`;
+    this._contextRadioToggleBtn.setAttribute('aria-label', launcherLabel);
+    this._contextRadioToggleBtn.title = launcherLabel;
   }
 
   destroy() {
diff --git a/src/ui/radioPresentation.js b/src/ui/radioPresentation.js
index eab9c3bf7..94431fdec 100644
--- a/src/ui/radioPresentation.js
+++ b/src/ui/radioPresentation.js
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 /** Render Radio state without making playback or Context decisions. */
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 export function renderRadioState(state) {
   if (this.destroyed || !state || !this._radioPanel) return;
   const lifecycle = this.actions.getLifecycle() || null;
@@ -30,33 +32,36 @@ export function renderRadioState(state) {
   }
   this._syncContextRadioLauncherState();
   this._radioLayerState?.classList.toggle('active', enabled);
+  const lifecycleLabel =
+    lifecycleState === 'enabling' ? t('ENABLING') : t('DISABLING');
   if (this._radioLayerState) {
     this._radioLayerState.textContent = transitioning
-      ? lifecycleState.toUpperCase()
+      ? lifecycleLabel
       : uncertain
-        ? 'UNCERTAIN'
+        ? t('UNCERTAIN')
         : state.loading
-          ? 'SYNC'
+          ? t('SYNC')
           : enabled
             ? `${state.filteredCount}/${state.stationCount}`
-            : 'OFF';
+            : t('OFF');
   }
+  const enableLabel = uncertain
+    ? t('RECONCILE')
+    : enabled
+      ? t('DISABLE')
+      : t('ENABLE');
+  const enableAria = uncertain
+    ? t('Reconcile Radio — lifecycle uncertain')
+    : enabled
+      ? t('Disable Radio')
+      : t('Enable Radio');
   if (this._radioEnableBtn) {
     this._radioEnableBtn.classList.toggle('active', enabled);
     this._radioEnableBtn.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(enabled));
     this._radioEnableBtn.textContent = transitioning
-      ? lifecycleState.toUpperCase()
-      : uncertain
-        ? 'RECONCILE'
-        : enabled
-          ? 'DISABLE'
-          : 'ENABLE';
-    this._radioEnableBtn.setAttribute(
-      'aria-label',
-      uncertain
-        ? 'Reconcile Radio — lifecycle uncertain'
-        : `${enabled ? 'Disable' : 'Enable'} Radio`,
-    );
+      ? lifecycleLabel
+      : enableLabel;
+    this._radioEnableBtn.setAttribute('aria-label', enableAria);
     this._radioEnableBtn.disabled = false;
     this._radioEnableBtn.setAttribute('aria-disabled', String(transitioning));
     this._radioEnableBtn.setAttribute('aria-busy', String(transitioning));
@@ -68,18 +73,9 @@ export function renderRadioState(state) {
       String(enabled),
     );
     this._contextRadioMiniEnableBtn.textContent = transitioning
-      ? lifecycleState.toUpperCase()
-      : uncertain
-        ? 'RECONCILE'
-        : enabled
-          ? 'DISABLE'
-          : 'ENABLE';
-    this._contextRadioMiniEnableBtn.setAttribute(
-      'aria-label',
-      uncertain
-        ? 'Reconcile Radio — lifecycle uncertain'
-        : `${enabled ? 'Disable' : 'Enable'} Radio`,
-    );
+      ? lifecycleLabel
+      : enableLabel;
+    this._contextRadioMiniEnableBtn.setAttribute('aria-label', enableAria);
     this._contextRadioMiniEnableBtn.disabled = false;
     this._contextRadioMiniEnableBtn.setAttribute(
       'aria-disabled',
@@ -94,18 +90,9 @@ export function renderRadioState(state) {
     this._cockpitRadioEnableBtn.classList.toggle('active', enabled);
     this._cockpitRadioEnableBtn.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(enabled));
     this._cockpitRadioEnableBtn.textContent = transitioning
-      ? lifecycleState.toUpperCase()
-      : uncertain
-        ? 'RECONCILE'
-        : enabled
-          ? 'DISABLE'
-          : 'ENABLE';
-    this._cockpitRadioEnableBtn.setAttribute(
-      'aria-label',
-      uncertain
-        ? 'Reconcile Radio — lifecycle uncertain'
-        : `${enabled ? 'Disable' : 'Enable'} Radio`,
-    );
+      ? lifecycleLabel
+      : enableLabel;
+    this._cockpitRadioEnableBtn.setAttribute('aria-label', enableAria);
     this._cockpitRadioEnableBtn.disabled = false;
     this._cockpitRadioEnableBtn.setAttribute(
       'aria-disabled',
@@ -156,8 +143,12 @@ export function renderRadioState(state) {
     );
     this._radioTunerBandLabel.textContent =
       state.filter === 'all'
-        ? 'DIRECTORY BAND'
-        : `${String(activeCategory?.label || state.filter).toUpperCase()} BAND`;
+        ? t('DIRECTORY BAND')
+        : t('{category} BAND', {
+            category: String(
+              activeCategory?.label || state.filter,
+            ).toUpperCase(),
+          });
   }
   this._radioTuner?.classList.toggle('is-static', Boolean(state.tuningStatic));
   if (tunerAvailable) this._refreshRadioTunerBand?.();
@@ -176,7 +167,7 @@ export function renderRadioState(state) {
 
   if (this._radioStationName)
     this._radioStationName.textContent =
-      selected?.name || 'NO STATION SELECTED';
+      selected?.name || t('NO STATION SELECTED');
   if (this._radioStationMeta) {
     const place = selected
       ? [selected.state, selected.countryCode].filter(Boolean).join(' · ')
@@ -188,15 +179,15 @@ export function renderRadioState(state) {
       : '';
     this._radioStationMeta.textContent = selected
       ? [place, signal].filter(Boolean).join('  /  ') ||
-        'Directory metadata only'
+        t('Directory metadata only')
       : state.loading
-        ? 'Loading station directory…'
-        : 'Choose a globe marker or use next.';
+        ? t('Loading station directory…')
+        : t('Choose a globe marker or use next.');
   }
   if (this._radioStationTags) {
     const tags = Array.isArray(selected?.tags) ? selected.tags.slice(0, 8) : [];
     this._radioStationTags.textContent = tags.length
-      ? `TAGS · ${tags.join(' · ')}`
+      ? t('TAGS · {tags}', { tags: tags.join(' · ') })
       : '';
   }
   if (this._radioStationHomepage) {
@@ -218,49 +209,41 @@ export function renderRadioState(state) {
     this._cockpitRadioPrevBtn.disabled = !interactive || !hasStations;
   if (this._cockpitRadioNextBtn)
     this._cockpitRadioNextBtn.disabled = !interactive || !hasStations;
+  const playbackAction = activePlayback
+    ? t('Pause')
+    : state.audioState === 'paused'
+      ? t('Resume')
+      : t('Play');
+  // The transport button is narrow: it gets its own short uppercase labels.
+  const playbackButtonLabel = activePlayback
+    ? t('PAUSE')
+    : state.audioState === 'paused'
+      ? t('RESUME')
+      : t('PLAY');
+  const playTargetWord = selected ? t('selected') : t('nearest');
+  const playAria = t('{action} {target} radio station', {
+    action: playbackAction,
+    target: playTargetWord,
+  });
   if (this._radioPlayBtn) {
-    const action = activePlayback
-      ? 'Pause'
-      : state.audioState === 'paused'
-        ? 'Resume'
-        : 'Play';
     this._radioPlayBtn.disabled = !interactive || !hasStations;
     this._radioPlayBtn.classList.toggle('active', activePlayback);
-    this._radioPlayBtn.textContent = action.toUpperCase();
-    this._radioPlayBtn.setAttribute(
-      'aria-label',
-      `${action} ${selected ? 'selected' : 'nearest'} radio station`,
-    );
+    this._radioPlayBtn.textContent = playbackButtonLabel;
+    this._radioPlayBtn.setAttribute('aria-label', playAria);
   }
   if (this._contextRadioMiniPlayBtn) {
-    const action = activePlayback
-      ? 'Pause'
-      : state.audioState === 'paused'
-        ? 'Resume'
-        : 'Play';
     this._contextRadioMiniPlayBtn.disabled = !interactive || !hasStations;
     this._contextRadioMiniPlayBtn.classList.toggle('active', activePlayback);
     this._contextRadioMiniPlayBtn.textContent = activePlayback ? 'Ⅱ' : '▶';
-    this._contextRadioMiniPlayBtn.setAttribute(
-      'aria-label',
-      `${action} ${selected ? 'selected' : 'nearest'} radio station`,
-    );
-    this._contextRadioMiniPlayBtn.title = action;
+    this._contextRadioMiniPlayBtn.setAttribute('aria-label', playAria);
+    this._contextRadioMiniPlayBtn.title = playbackAction;
   }
   if (this._cockpitRadioPlayBtn) {
-    const action = activePlayback
-      ? 'Pause'
-      : state.audioState === 'paused'
-        ? 'Resume'
-        : 'Play';
     this._cockpitRadioPlayBtn.disabled = !interactive || !hasStations;
     this._cockpitRadioPlayBtn.classList.toggle('active', activePlayback);
     this._cockpitRadioPlayBtn.textContent = activePlayback ? 'Ⅱ' : '▶';
-    this._cockpitRadioPlayBtn.setAttribute(
-      'aria-label',
-      `${action} ${selected ? 'selected' : 'nearest'} radio station`,
-    );
-    this._cockpitRadioPlayBtn.title = action;
+    this._cockpitRadioPlayBtn.setAttribute('aria-label', playAria);
+    this._cockpitRadioPlayBtn.title = playbackAction;
   }
   if (this._radioStopBtn)
     this._radioStopBtn.disabled =
@@ -295,56 +278,65 @@ export function renderRadioState(state) {
   }
   if (this._contextRadioMiniStation) {
     this._contextRadioMiniStation.textContent = uncertain
-      ? 'RADIO STATE UNCERTAIN'
-      : selected?.name || (state.loading ? 'SYNCING DIRECTORY' : 'RADIO READY');
+      ? t('RADIO STATE UNCERTAIN')
+      : selected?.name ||
+        (state.loading ? t('SYNCING DIRECTORY') : t('RADIO READY'));
   }
   if (this._cockpitRadioStation) {
     this._cockpitRadioStation.textContent = uncertain
-      ? 'UNCERTAIN'
-      : selected?.name || (state.loading ? 'SYNCING' : 'READY');
+      ? t('UNCERTAIN')
+      : selected?.name || (state.loading ? t('SYNCING') : t('READY'));
   }
   if (this._radioPlaybackState) {
+    const stationName = selected?.name || t('station');
     const catalogSuffix = state.degraded
       ? state.stale
-        ? ' · stale/degraded directory'
-        : ' · degraded directory'
+        ? t(' · stale/degraded directory')
+        : t(' · degraded directory')
       : state.stale
-        ? ' · stale directory'
+        ? t(' · stale directory')
         : '';
     const outsideFilter =
-      selected && state.selectedIndex < 0 ? ' · outside current filter' : '';
+      selected && state.selectedIndex < 0 ? t(' · outside current filter') : '';
     const messages = {
       stopped: enabled
-        ? 'Ready — playback starts only from your action'
-        : 'Radio off',
-      loading: 'Connecting directly to broadcaster…',
-      buffering: 'Buffering broadcaster stream…',
-      playing: `Playing ${selected?.name || 'station'}`,
-      paused: `Paused ${selected?.name || 'station'}`,
-      error: state.audioError || 'Broadcaster stream unavailable',
+        ? t('Ready — playback starts only from your action')
+        : t('Radio off'),
+      loading: t('Connecting directly to broadcaster…'),
+      buffering: t('Buffering broadcaster stream…'),
+      playing: t('Playing {station}', { station: stationName }),
+      paused: t('Paused {station}', { station: stationName }),
+      // Playback keeps its messages in English (msg()); shown in the UI language.
+      error: state.audioError
+        ? t(state.audioError)
+        : t('Broadcaster stream unavailable'),
     };
     const voiceSuffix = state.voiceDucked
-      ? ' · muted during voice interaction'
+      ? t(' · muted during voice interaction')
       : state.voiceRestoring
-        ? ' · restoring volume after voice'
+        ? t(' · restoring volume after voice')
         : '';
     const tuningSuffix = state.tuningAwaitingStationId
       ? state.audioState === 'error'
-        ? ' · static indicates no broadcaster audio'
-        : ' · tuning static until broadcaster starts'
+        ? t(' · static indicates no broadcaster audio')
+        : t(' · tuning static until broadcaster starts')
       : '';
     const unavailable = state.tuningUnavailableStationId
-      ? 'Station unavailable after directory refresh — choose another channel'
+      ? t(
+          'Station unavailable after directory refresh — choose another channel',
+        )
       : null;
     const lifecycleMessage = transitioning
       ? lifecycleState === 'enabling'
-        ? 'Radio is enabling…'
-        : 'Radio is disabling…'
+        ? t('Radio is enabling…')
+        : t('Radio is disabling…')
       : null;
     const uncertainMessage = uncertain
-      ? 'Radio lifecycle is uncertain — use Enable or Disable to reconcile'
+      ? t('Radio lifecycle is uncertain — use Enable or Disable to reconcile')
       : null;
-    this._radioPlaybackState.textContent = `${uncertainMessage || unavailable || lifecycleMessage || state.error || messages[state.audioState] || 'Ready'}${tuningSuffix}${voiceSuffix}${catalogSuffix}${outsideFilter}`;
+    // Directory errors are msg() literals from the radio layer's ingestion.
+    const directoryError = state.error ? t(state.error) : null;
+    this._radioPlaybackState.textContent = `${uncertainMessage || unavailable || lifecycleMessage || directoryError || messages[state.audioState] || t('Ready')}${tuningSuffix}${voiceSuffix}${catalogSuffix}${outsideFilter}`;
     this._radioPlaybackState.classList.toggle(
       'error',
       Boolean(
diff --git a/src/ui/radioPresentation.playbackError.test.mjs b/src/ui/radioPresentation.playbackError.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a89b7f3df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/radioPresentation.playbackError.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { renderRadioState } from './radioPresentation.js';
+
+function el() {
+  const classes = new Set();
+  return {
+    textContent: '',
+    classList: {
+      toggle(name, on) {
+        on ? classes.add(name) : classes.delete(name);
+      },
+      contains: (name) => classes.has(name),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function render(audioError) {
+  globalThis.document = { getElementById: () => null, activeElement: null };
+  const host = {
+    destroyed: false,
+    _radioPanel: el(),
+    _radioPlaybackState: el(),
+    _syncContextRadioLauncherState() {},
+    actions: {
+      getLifecycle: () => null,
+      preservePanelStateDuringClear: () => false,
+      setPanelCollapsed() {},
+      scheduleLayout() {},
+    },
+  };
+  renderRadioState.call(host, {
+    enabled: true,
+    audioState: 'error',
+    audioError,
+    filteredCount: 1,
+    stationCount: 1,
+    volume: 1,
+  });
+  return host._radioPlaybackState.textContent;
+}
+
+const PLAYBACK_ERRORS = [
+  'Playback requires a direct click or tap.',
+  'Broadcaster stream could not be started.',
+  'Broadcaster stream is unavailable or blocked by the browser.',
+];
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`radio playback errors are localized in ${locale}`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      for (const message of PLAYBACK_ERRORS) {
+        assert.notEqual(render(message), message, `${locale}: ${message}`);
+      }
+      // Control: the fallback (no audioError) is translated.
+      assert.notEqual(render(null), 'Broadcaster stream unavailable');
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+test('radio playback errors stay English', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  for (const message of PLAYBACK_ERRORS) {
+    assert.equal(render(message), message);
+  }
+  assert.equal(render(null), 'Broadcaster stream unavailable');
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/radioPresentationTransition.test.mjs b/src/ui/radioPresentationTransition.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca02adeeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/radioPresentationTransition.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import { renderRadioState } from './radioPresentation.js';
+
+function el() {
+  const attrs = new Map();
+  return {
+    textContent: '',
+    hidden: false,
+    disabled: false,
+    style: {},
+    dataset: {},
+    classList: { toggle() {}, add() {}, remove() {}, contains: () => false },
+    setAttribute: (k, v) => attrs.set(k, String(v)),
+    getAttribute: (k) => attrs.get(k),
+    attrs,
+  };
+}
+
+for (const lifecycleState of ['enabling', 'disabling']) {
+  test(`Radio render survives the ${lifecycleState} transition`, () => {
+    const prior = globalThis.document;
+    globalThis.document = { getElementById: () => null };
+    try {
+      const enable = el();
+      const ctx = {
+        destroyed: false,
+        _radioPanel: el(),
+        _radioEnableBtn: enable,
+        _syncContextRadioLauncherState() {},
+        actions: {
+          getLifecycle: () => ({
+            lifecycleState,
+            enabled: lifecycleState === 'disabling',
+            uncertain: false,
+          }),
+        },
+      };
+      const state = {
+        enabled: false,
+        categories: [],
+        filteredCount: 0,
+        stationCount: 0,
+        audioState: 'idle',
+      };
+      try {
+        renderRadioState.call(ctx, state);
+      } catch (error) {
+        // Anything thrown after the transitional label is a different
+        // missing fixture field, not the bug under test.
+        assert.ok(
+          !(
+            error instanceof ReferenceError &&
+            /lifecycleLabel/.test(error.message)
+          ),
+          `render threw: ${error.message}`,
+        );
+      }
+      assert.equal(enable.attrs.get('aria-busy'), 'true');
+      assert.equal(enable.textContent, lifecycleState.toUpperCase());
+    } finally {
+      globalThis.document = prior;
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/railCardBlocks.js b/src/ui/railCardBlocks.js
index 1726860f9..e1d37356c 100644
--- a/src/ui/railCardBlocks.js
+++ b/src/ui/railCardBlocks.js
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { syncChipGroup } from './chipGroup.js';
 import { syncRowList } from './rowList.js';
+import { formatScaleLabel, unitLabel } from './unitLabels.js';
 
 const set = (node, key, value) => {
   if (node[key] !== value) node[key] = value;
@@ -13,6 +15,13 @@ const order = (parent, nodes) =>
       parent.insertBefore(node, parent.children[i] || null);
   });
 
+// "960 — 1050+ гПа": the unit stays with the last number.
+const scaleText = (low, high, units) => {
+  const unit = unitLabel(units);
+  const range = `${formatScaleLabel(low)} — ${formatScaleLabel(high)}`;
+  return unit ? `${range}\u00a0${unit}` : range;
+};
+
 /** Optional, ordered blocks without disclosure state. All controls are keyed. */
 export function createRailCardBlocks({ container, cardId, onParams }) {
   const document = container.ownerDocument;
@@ -159,8 +168,8 @@ export function createRailCardBlocks({ container, cardId, onParams }) {
             block.clear.type = 'button';
             block.clear.dataset.actionId = 'clear';
             block.clear.textContent = '×';
-            block.clear.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Clear reading');
-            block.clear.title = 'Clear reading';
+            block.clear.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Clear reading'));
+            block.clear.title = t('Clear reading');
             bind((event) => {
               if (event.target === block.clear) dispatch(block.props.clear);
             });
@@ -300,7 +309,7 @@ export function createRailCardBlocks({ container, cardId, onParams }) {
             block.scale,
             'textContent',
             visible
-              ? `${legend.labels[0]} — ${legend.labels.at(-1)} ${legend.units || ''}`.trim()
+              ? scaleText(legend.labels[0], legend.labels.at(-1), legend.units)
               : '',
           );
         } else if (props.type === 'actions') {
diff --git a/src/ui/railTimeline.js b/src/ui/railTimeline.js
index af0ed46b3..b96ded34e 100644
--- a/src/ui/railTimeline.js
+++ b/src/ui/railTimeline.js
@@ -1,9 +1,19 @@
+import { formatUtcDayMonth, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 const set = (node, key, value) => {
   if (node[key] !== value) node[key] = value;
 };
+/**
+ * "HH:MM UTC" of a time, or '' when it is not one. Computed on its own rather
+ * than cut from the dated readout: the localized day and month vary in length
+ * ("3/9" in Spanish, "09-03" in English).
+ */
+export const utcClock = (tick) =>
+  Number.isFinite(Date.parse(tick))
+    ? `${new Date(tick).toISOString().slice(11, 16)} UTC`
+    : '';
 const utc = (tick) =>
   Number.isFinite(Date.parse(tick))
-    ? `${new Date(tick).toISOString().slice(5, 16).replace('T', ' ')} UTC`
+    ? `${formatUtcDayMonth(tick)} ${utcClock(tick)}`
     : '';
 
 /** Stable native transport with local preview and a coalesced 150 ms drag commit. */
@@ -32,7 +42,7 @@ export function createRailTimeline({
     parent.appendChild(node);
     return node;
   };
-  const previous = makeButton('‹', 'Earlier observation', row);
+  const previous = makeButton('‹', t('Earlier observation'), row);
   const slider = document.createElement('input');
   slider.type = 'range';
   slider.className = `gev-quantitative-slider${sliderClassName ? ` ${sliderClassName}` : ''}`;
@@ -40,19 +50,23 @@ export function createRailTimeline({
   slider.max = '0';
   slider.step = '1';
   slider.value = '0';
-  slider.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Observed history');
+  slider.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Observed history'));
   row.appendChild(slider);
-  const next = makeButton('›', 'Later observation', row);
+  const next = makeButton('›', t('Later observation'), row);
   const controls = document.createElement('div');
   controls.className = 'rail-timeline-controls';
-  const latest = makeButton('Latest', 'Newest frame per product', controls);
-  const play = makeButton('Play', 'Replay observed history', controls);
+  const latest = makeButton(
+    t('Latest'),
+    t('Newest frame per product'),
+    controls,
+  );
+  const play = makeButton(t('Play'), t('Replay observed history'), controls);
   const readout = document.createElement('span');
   readout.className = 'rail-timeline-readout';
   controls.appendChild(readout);
   const label = document.createElement('div');
   label.className = 'panel-title';
-  label.textContent = 'Observed history';
+  label.textContent = t('Observed history');
   const endpoints = document.createElement('div');
   endpoints.className = 'rail-timeline-endpoints';
   const oldest = document.createElement('span');
@@ -110,8 +124,8 @@ export function createRailTimeline({
         String(Math.max(0, Math.min(props.index, ticks.length - 1))),
       );
       valueText(ticks[Number(slider.value)]);
-      set(oldest, 'textContent', utc(ticks[0]).slice(6));
-      set(newest, 'textContent', utc(ticks.at(-1)).slice(6));
+      set(oldest, 'textContent', utcClock(ticks[0]));
+      set(newest, 'textContent', utcClock(ticks.at(-1)));
       set(readout, 'textContent', props.readout || '');
     }
     for (const node of [slider, latest, play])
@@ -128,7 +142,7 @@ export function createRailTimeline({
       `data-toggle-chip${props.mode === 'latest' ? ' active' : ''}`,
     );
     set(play, 'className', `data-toggle-chip${props.playing ? ' active' : ''}`);
-    set(play, 'textContent', props.playing ? 'Pause' : 'Play');
+    set(play, 'textContent', props.playing ? t('Pause') : t('Play'));
     for (const [node, active] of [
       [latest, props.mode === 'latest'],
       [play, props.playing],
diff --git a/src/ui/recentImagery.js b/src/ui/recentImagery.js
index 27067e4bf..857271c8b 100644
--- a/src/ui/recentImagery.js
+++ b/src/ui/recentImagery.js
@@ -8,40 +8,98 @@
  * strip and selection bar are this adapter's own keyed DOM. Source toggles
  * live on the data-panel row.
  */
+import { formatNumber, msg, t, tn, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { createRailCardBlocks } from './railCardBlocks.js';
 import { createRailCards } from './railCards.js';
 import { createImagerySplit } from './imagerySplit.js';
 import {
   PRODUCTS,
   hhmm,
-  shortDay,
   wvsSnapshotUrl,
 } from '../layers/recentImagery/model.js';
+import { displayDay, displayMetres } from '../layers/recentImagery/display.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from './unitLabels.js';
+import { pointerOwnerName } from '../data/pointerOwnerNames.js';
 
 const PANEL_ID = 'recent-imagery-panel';
 const OVERVIEW_MIN_BOX_KM = 25;
-const ESRI_NOTE = 'Imagery on Esri · Google 3D returns when cleared';
+const ESRI_NOTE = msg('Imagery on Esri · Google 3D returns when cleared');
+
+// The layer keeps its notices and box refusals in English (AI tools read the
+// same snapshot); translate the ones we write, show anything else as it came.
+const LAYER_NOTICES = new Set([
+  ESRI_NOTE,
+  msg('Box and images cleared'),
+  msg('Esri map unavailable · no swipe'),
+  msg('Swipe needs a globe map'),
+  msg('Imagery stays on Esri · CLEAR to use Google 3D'),
+  // Box refusals the layer writes itself (layers/recentImagery/index.js).
+  msg('Point the camera at the ground to use the view'),
+  msg('That point cannot anchor a box'),
+]);
+// Refusals with a value in them (layers/recentImagery/model.js and
+// imageryBoxTool.js); fixed refusals there are msg() text for translateKnown.
+const TOO_LARGE = /^(Box|View) is ([\d,]+) km wide · limit ([\d,]+) km$/;
+const POLAR = /^Imagery stops at ±([\d.]+)° latitude$/;
+const POINTER_BUSY = /^(.+) is using the pointer — close it first$/;
+
+/**
+ * The notice line in the UI language: notices and box refusals arrive in
+ * English. Exported for tests.
+ * @param {string} text
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function localizeNotice(text) {
+  if (!text) return '';
+  if (LAYER_NOTICES.has(text)) return t(text);
+  const polar = POLAR.exec(text);
+  if (polar)
+    return t('Imagery stops at ±{limit}° latitude', {
+      limit: formatNumber(Number(polar[1]), {
+        minimumFractionDigits: 2,
+        maximumFractionDigits: 2,
+      }),
+    });
+  const busy = POINTER_BUSY.exec(text);
+  if (busy)
+    return t('{owner} is using the pointer — close it first', {
+      owner: translateKnown(pointerOwnerName(busy[1])),
+    });
+  const tooLarge = TOO_LARGE.exec(text);
+  if (!tooLarge) return translateKnown(text);
+  const values = {
+    size: formatQuantity(Number(tooLarge[2].replace(/,/g, '')), 'km', {
+      useGrouping: true,
+    }),
+    limit: formatQuantity(Number(tooLarge[3].replace(/,/g, '')), 'km', {
+      useGrouping: true,
+    }),
+  };
+  return tooLarge[1] === 'Box'
+    ? t('Box is {size} wide · limit {limit}', values)
+    : t('View is {size} wide · limit {limit}', values);
+}
 const MODE_LABELS = [
-  ['image', 'IMAGE'],
-  ['basemap', 'VS BASEMAP'],
-  ['ab', 'A / B'],
+  ['image', msg('IMAGE')],
+  ['basemap', msg('VS BASEMAP')],
+  ['ab', msg('A / B')],
 ];
 const START_HERE_TITLES = {
-  clear: 'Newest low-cloud day for this box · scene cloud, not box cloud',
-  cloudy: 'Newest day covering this box · cloudier than 20%',
-  partial: 'Newest day with imagery for this box · partial coverage',
-  overview: 'Newest daily overview for this box',
+  clear: msg('Newest low-cloud day for this box · scene cloud, not box cloud'),
+  cloudy: msg('Newest day covering this box · cloudier than 20%'),
+  partial: msg('Newest day with imagery for this box · partial coverage'),
+  overview: msg('Newest daily overview for this box'),
 };
 const START_HERE_REASONS = {
-  clear: 'newest clear day',
-  cloudy: 'newest day (cloudy)',
-  partial: 'newest day (partial coverage)',
-  overview: 'newest overview',
+  clear: msg('newest clear day'),
+  cloudy: msg('newest day (cloudy)'),
+  partial: msg('newest day (partial coverage)'),
+  overview: msg('newest overview'),
 };
 const PLACEHOLDERS = {
-  empty: 'No imagery',
-  error: 'Unavailable',
-  present: 'Loading',
+  empty: msg('No imagery'),
+  error: msg('Unavailable'),
+  present: msg('Loading'),
 };
 const KEY_STEPS = {
   ArrowLeft: (index) => index - 1,
@@ -55,48 +113,57 @@ const appearedDocuments = new WeakSet();
 
 const sensorLine = (product) =>
   PRODUCTS[product]
-    ? `${PRODUCTS[product].name} · ${PRODUCTS[product].resolutionM} m`
+    ? `${t(PRODUCTS[product].name)} · ${displayMetres(PRODUCTS[product].resolutionM)}`
     : product || '';
 const utcTime = (iso) => (hhmm(iso) ? `${hhmm(iso)}Z` : '');
 const longerSideKm = (size) =>
   Math.max(Number(size?.width) || 0, Number(size?.height) || 0);
-const kmText = (km) =>
-  !Number.isFinite(km)
-    ? '?'
-    : km >= 100
-      ? Math.round(km).toLocaleString('en-US')
-      : km.toFixed(1);
+const kmText = (km) => {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(km)) return '?';
+  const digits = km >= 100 ? 0 : 1;
+  return formatNumber(km, {
+    minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+    maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+  });
+};
+
+function coverageText(coverage) {
+  if (coverage === 'full') return t('full', { context: 'coverage' });
+  if (coverage === 'partial') return t('partial', { context: 'coverage' });
+  return t('unknown');
+}
 
 function cloudText(candidate) {
-  if (candidate.thumbnail?.status === 'empty') return 'no imagery';
-  if (!candidate.cloud) return 'cloud unknown';
+  if (candidate.thumbnail?.status === 'empty') return t('no imagery');
+  if (!candidate.cloud) return t('cloud unknown');
   const min = Math.round(candidate.cloud.min);
   const max = Math.round(candidate.cloud.max);
-  return min === max ? `${min}% cloud` : `${min}–${max}% cloud`;
+  return min === max
+    ? t('{percent}% cloud', { percent: min })
+    : t('{min}–{max}% cloud', { min, max });
 }
 
 function countText(snapshot) {
-  if (!snapshot.box) return 'NO BOX';
-  if (snapshot.searching) return 'SEARCHING';
-  const count = snapshot.candidates.length;
-  return `${count} DAY${count === 1 ? '' : 'S'}`;
+  if (!snapshot.box) return t('NO BOX');
+  if (snapshot.searching) return t('SEARCHING');
+  return tn(snapshot.candidates.length, '{count} DAY', '{count} DAYS');
 }
 
 /** The one-line hint under the strip: the next thing to do, per state. */
 function hintText(snapshot) {
-  if (snapshot.zoomToFit) return 'Zoom in or draw a smaller box';
-  if (!snapshot.box) return 'Select a box or use the view';
-  if (snapshot.searching) return 'Searching the last 30 days';
-  if (!snapshot.candidates.length) return 'No days to show for this box';
+  if (snapshot.zoomToFit) return t('Zoom in or draw a smaller box');
+  if (!snapshot.box) return t('Select a box or use the view');
+  if (snapshot.searching) return t('Searching the last 30 days');
+  if (!snapshot.candidates.length) return t('No days to show for this box');
   const { mode, pins, shown } = snapshot;
-  if (shown.swipe !== 'none') return 'Drag the divider · SWAP trades sides';
+  if (shown.swipe !== 'none') return t('Drag the divider · SWAP trades sides');
   if (mode === 'ab') {
     if (!pins.a.key && !pins.b.key)
-      return '← → preview · A or B pins the focused day';
-    return '← → preview the other side · A or B pins it';
+      return t('← → preview · A or B pins the focused day');
+    return t('← → preview the other side · A or B pins it');
   }
-  if (pins.a.key) return 'S on another day replaces it · × unpins';
-  return '← → preview · S shows the focused day';
+  if (pins.a.key) return t('S on another day replaces it · × unpins');
+  return t('← → preview · S shows the focused day');
 }
 
 /**
@@ -173,7 +240,7 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
 
   // ---- build: every block exists from the start, in its final order ----
   const root = el('section', 'recent-imagery-readout');
-  root.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Recent imagery');
+  root.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Recent imagery'));
 
   const actionsHost = el('div', 'ri-block ri-actions-row', root);
   actionsHost.id = 'ri-actions';
@@ -191,10 +258,15 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
   noticeText.id = 'ri-notice-text';
   noticeText.setAttribute('role', 'status');
   noticeText.setAttribute('aria-live', 'polite');
-  const zoomIn = el('button', 'data-toggle-chip ri-zoom-in', notice, 'ZOOM IN');
+  const zoomIn = el(
+    'button',
+    'data-toggle-chip ri-zoom-in',
+    notice,
+    t('ZOOM IN'),
+  );
   zoomIn.id = 'ri-zoom-in';
   zoomIn.type = 'button';
-  zoomIn.title = 'Fly in until the view fits the 1,000 km limit';
+  zoomIn.title = t('Fly in until the view fits the 1,000 km limit');
 
   const strip = el('div', 'ri-block ri-strip', root);
   strip.id = 'ri-strip';
@@ -203,7 +275,7 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
   strip.setAttribute('aria-orientation', 'horizontal');
   strip.setAttribute(
     'aria-label',
-    'Imagery days, newest first · arrows move, S or A and B pin',
+    t('Imagery days, newest first · arrows move, S or A and B pin'),
   );
   strip.setAttribute('aria-keyshortcuts', 'A B S');
   const stripEmpty = el('div', 'ri-strip-empty', strip);
@@ -213,16 +285,16 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
 
   const selection = el('section', 'ri-block ri-selection', root);
   selection.id = 'ri-selection';
-  selection.setAttribute('aria-label', 'On the map');
+  selection.setAttribute('aria-label', t('On the map'));
   const modeGroup = el('div', 'ri-mode', selection);
   modeGroup.id = 'ri-mode';
   modeGroup.setAttribute('role', 'radiogroup');
-  modeGroup.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Mode');
+  modeGroup.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Mode'));
   const modeButtons = new Map(
     MODE_LABELS.map(([mode, label]) => {
       const node = el('button', 'data-toggle-chip ri-mode-btn', modeGroup);
       node.type = 'button';
-      node.textContent = label;
+      node.textContent = t(label);
       node.dataset.mode = mode;
       node.setAttribute('role', 'radio');
       return [mode, node];
@@ -244,7 +316,7 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
   const controls = el('div', 'ri-block ri-controls', root);
   controls.id = 'ri-controls';
   const opacityLabel = el('label', 'ri-opacity-label', controls);
-  el('span', '', opacityLabel, 'OPACITY');
+  el('span', '', opacityLabel, t('OPACITY'));
   const opacityValue = el('span', 'ri-opacity-value', opacityLabel, '100%');
   const opacity = el('input', 'ri-opacity', controls);
   opacity.id = 'ri-opacity';
@@ -255,13 +327,13 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
     step: '1',
     value: '100',
   });
-  opacity.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Imagery opacity');
+  opacity.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Imagery opacity'));
   opacityLabel.htmlFor = 'ri-opacity';
   // Its slot is always there; it is only usable while a swipe is live.
-  const swap = el('button', 'data-toggle-chip ri-swap', controls, 'SWAP');
+  const swap = el('button', 'data-toggle-chip ri-swap', controls, t('SWAP'));
   swap.id = 'ri-swap';
   swap.type = 'button';
-  swap.title = 'Trade the two sides of the divider';
+  swap.title = t('Trade the two sides of the divider');
   const exportHost = el('div', 'ri-exports', controls);
   const exports = createRailCardBlocks({
     container: exportHost,
@@ -272,7 +344,6 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
   const detailsHost = el('div', 'ri-details', root);
   detailsHost.id = 'ri-details';
   let detailsOpen = false;
-  let detailsShownOpen = false;
   const details = createRailCards({
     container: detailsHost,
     document,
@@ -280,6 +351,8 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
     onOpen: () => {
       detailsOpen = !detailsOpen;
       render();
+      // After the render: preserveScroll() puts the old position back.
+      if (detailsOpen) revealCard(container, detailsHost.children[0]);
     },
   });
 
@@ -318,8 +391,8 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
         actions: [
           {
             id: 'select-box',
-            label: 'SELECT BOX',
-            title: 'Drag a box on the map (Esc cancels)',
+            label: t('SELECT BOX'),
+            title: t('Drag a box on the map (Esc cancels)'),
             onClick: () => {
               exportError = null;
               if (tool?.isActive()) tool.cancel('toggle');
@@ -328,8 +401,8 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
           },
           {
             id: 'use-view',
-            label: 'USE VIEW',
-            title: 'Use the current view as the box',
+            label: t('USE VIEW'),
+            title: t('Use the current view as the box'),
             onClick: () => {
               exportError = null;
               layer.useCurrentView(viewer);
@@ -337,8 +410,8 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
           },
           {
             id: 'clear',
-            label: 'CLEAR',
-            title: 'Forget the box and its images',
+            label: t('CLEAR', { context: 'action' }),
+            title: t('Forget the box and its images'),
             disabled: !snapshot.box && !snapshot.boxError,
             onClick: () => {
               exportError = null;
@@ -365,8 +438,9 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
   // ---- notice -----------------------------------------------------------
   function renderNotice() {
     const warning = snapshot.boxError || snapshot.error || exportError;
-    const text =
-      warning || snapshot.notice || (snapshot.borrowedEsri ? ESRI_NOTE : '');
+    const text = localizeNotice(
+      warning || snapshot.notice || (snapshot.borrowedEsri ? ESRI_NOTE : ''),
+    );
     set(noticeText, 'textContent', text);
     attribute(noticeText, 'title', text);
     toggle(notice, 'warn', Boolean(warning));
@@ -388,7 +462,7 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
     entry.thumb = el('div', 'ri-thumb', card);
     entry.placeholder = el('span', 'ri-thumb-text', entry.thumb);
     entry.flag = el('span', 'ri-card-flag', entry.thumb);
-    entry.start = el('span', 'ri-card-start', entry.thumb, 'START HERE');
+    entry.start = el('span', 'ri-card-start', entry.thumb, t('START HERE'));
     entry.date = el('div', 'ri-card-date', card);
     entry.sensor = el('div', 'ri-card-sensor', card);
     entry.cloud = el('div', 'ri-card-cloud', card);
@@ -409,7 +483,7 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
     const entry = cards.get(candidate.key);
     if (!entry) return;
     const { card } = entry;
-    const day = shortDay(candidate.day);
+    const day = displayDay(candidate.day);
     const ab = snapshot.mode === 'ab';
     set(card, 'id', `ri-card-${index}`);
     const focused = index === snapshot.focusIndex;
@@ -432,13 +506,17 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
     }
     if (entry.image) set(entry.image, 'hidden', !shown);
     set(entry.placeholder, 'hidden', shown);
-    set(entry.placeholder, 'textContent', PLACEHOLDERS[status] || 'Checking');
+    set(
+      entry.placeholder,
+      'textContent',
+      PLACEHOLDERS[status] ? t(PLACEHOLDERS[status]) : t('Checking'),
+    );
     if (entry.thumb.dataset.status !== status)
       entry.thumb.dataset.status = status;
     const flag = candidate.preview
-      ? 'PREVIEW'
+      ? t('PREVIEW')
       : candidate.pending
-        ? 'LOADING'
+        ? t('LOADING')
         : '';
     set(entry.flag, 'textContent', flag);
     set(entry.flag, 'hidden', !flag);
@@ -448,8 +526,10 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
       set(
         entry.start,
         'title',
-        START_HERE_TITLES[snapshot.recommended.reason] ||
-          'Newest day with imagery for this box',
+        t(
+          START_HERE_TITLES[snapshot.recommended.reason] ||
+            msg('Newest day with imagery for this box'),
+        ),
       );
     set(entry.date, 'textContent', day);
     set(entry.sensor, 'textContent', sensorLine(candidate.product));
@@ -459,7 +539,7 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
       const chip = entry.chips[slotId];
       const live = slotId === 'a' || ab;
       const on = candidate.pinned === slotId && live;
-      const label = slotId === 'a' ? (ab ? 'A' : 'SHOW') : 'B';
+      const label = slotId === 'a' ? (ab ? 'A' : t('SHOW')) : 'B';
       set(chip, 'textContent', label);
       set(chip, 'disabled', empty || !live);
       toggle(chip, 'active', on);
@@ -469,22 +549,29 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
       attribute(
         chip,
         'aria-label',
-        ab ? `Pin ${day} as ${slotId.toUpperCase()}` : `Show ${day}`,
+        ab
+          ? t('Pin {day} as {slot}', { day, slot: slotId.toUpperCase() })
+          : t('Show {day}', { day }),
       );
     }
     const state = candidate.pinned
       ? ab
-        ? ` · pinned ${candidate.pinned.toUpperCase()}`
+        ? t('pinned {slot}', { slot: candidate.pinned.toUpperCase() })
         : candidate.pinned === 'a'
-          ? ' · shown'
+          ? t('shown')
           : ''
       : candidate.preview
-        ? ' · preview'
+        ? t('preview')
         : '';
     attribute(
       card,
       'aria-label',
-      `${day} · ${sensorLine(candidate.product)} · ${cloudText(candidate)}${recommended ? ' · start here' : ''}${state}`,
+      [
+        day,
+        sensorLine(candidate.product),
+        cloudText(candidate),
+        ...[recommended ? t('start here') : '', state].filter(Boolean),
+      ].join(' · '),
     );
   }
 
@@ -512,14 +599,14 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
       candidates.length
         ? ''
         : !snapshot.box
-          ? 'No box'
+          ? t('No box')
           : snapshot.searching
-            ? 'Searching'
+            ? t('Searching')
             : snapshot.hiddenCount
-              ? 'Every day is empty here'
+              ? t('Every day is empty here')
               : !snapshot.sources.hls && !snapshot.sources.viirs
-                ? 'Sources off'
-                : 'No imagery',
+                ? t('Sources off')
+                : t('No imagery'),
     );
     set(stripEmpty, 'hidden', candidates.length > 0);
     if (candidates[snapshot.focusIndex])
@@ -596,18 +683,22 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
       set(
         tag,
         'textContent',
-        ab ? slotId.toUpperCase() : slotId === 'a' ? 'IMAGE' : 'VS',
+        ab ? slotId.toUpperCase() : slotId === 'a' ? t('IMAGE') : t('VS'),
       );
-      let text = 'Not set';
-      if (basemapRow) text = 'Basemap';
+      let text = t('Not set');
+      if (basemapRow) text = t('Basemap');
       else if (image?.label)
-        text = `${image.sourceOff ? 'Source off · ' : ''}${image.label}${
+        text = [
+          image.sourceOff ? t('Source off') : '',
+          image.label,
           image.preview
-            ? ' · preview'
+            ? t('preview')
             : image.candidate && !image.drapable && !image.sourceOff
-              ? ' · loading'
-              : ''
-        }`;
+              ? t('loading')
+              : '',
+        ]
+          .filter(Boolean)
+          .join(' · ');
       set(value, 'textContent', text);
       attribute(value, 'title', text);
       const lit = basemapRow
@@ -625,7 +716,9 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
       attribute(
         unpin,
         'aria-label',
-        ab ? `Unpin ${slotId.toUpperCase()}` : 'Unpin the image',
+        ab
+          ? t('Unpin {slot}', { slot: slotId.toUpperCase() })
+          : t('Unpin the image'),
       );
       set(unpin, 'title', unpin.getAttribute('aria-label'));
     }
@@ -658,8 +751,12 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
         type: 'actions',
         actions: ['a', 'b'].map((slotId) => ({
           id: `export-${slotId}`,
-          label: ab ? `EXPORT ${slotId.toUpperCase()}` : 'EXPORT',
-          title: `Download ${ab ? slotId.toUpperCase() : 'the image'} as a PNG`,
+          label: ab
+            ? t('EXPORT {slot}', { slot: slotId.toUpperCase() })
+            : t('EXPORT'),
+          title: ab
+            ? t('Download {slot} as a PNG', { slot: slotId.toUpperCase() })
+            : t('Download the image as a PNG'),
           disabled: !exportTarget(slotId) || exporting.has(slotId),
           onClick: () => void exportImage(slotId),
         })),
@@ -682,7 +779,10 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
     if (snapshot.box)
       lines.push({
         id: 'box',
-        text: `Box ${kmText(snapshot.boxSizeKm?.width)} × ${kmText(snapshot.boxSizeKm?.height)} km`,
+        text: t('Box {width} × {height} km', {
+          width: kmText(snapshot.boxSizeKm?.width),
+          height: kmText(snapshot.boxSizeKm?.height),
+        }),
       });
     if (focus) {
       lines.push({ id: 'readout', text: snapshot.readout || '' });
@@ -690,14 +790,24 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
       if (focus.timeRange?.start) {
         const start = utcTime(focus.timeRange.start);
         const end = utcTime(focus.timeRange.end || focus.timeRange.start);
-        times.push(`Acquired ${start === end ? start : `${start}–${end}`}`);
+        times.push(
+          t('Acquired {time}', {
+            time: start === end ? start : `${start}–${end}`,
+          }),
+        );
       } else if (focus.thumbnail?.acquisitionTime)
-        times.push(`Acquired ${utcTime(focus.thumbnail.acquisitionTime)}`);
-      times.push(`Coverage ${focus.coverage || 'unknown'}`);
+        times.push(
+          t('Acquired {time}', {
+            time: utcTime(focus.thumbnail.acquisitionTime),
+          }),
+        );
+      times.push(
+        t('Coverage {coverage}', { coverage: coverageText(focus.coverage) }),
+      );
       lines.push({ id: 'acquired', text: times.join(' · ') });
       (focus.granules || []).forEach((granule, index) => {
         const cloud = Number.isFinite(granule.cloud)
-          ? ` · ${Math.round(granule.cloud)}% cloud`
+          ? ` · ${t('{percent}% cloud', { percent: Math.round(granule.cloud) })}`
           : '';
         lines.push({
           id: `granule-${index}`,
@@ -707,7 +817,11 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
       });
     }
     const reason = START_HERE_REASONS[snapshot.recommended?.reason];
-    if (reason) lines.push({ id: 'start', text: `START HERE · ${reason}` });
+    if (reason)
+      lines.push({
+        id: 'start',
+        text: t('START HERE · {reason}', { reason: t(reason) }),
+      });
     for (const [index, note] of snapshot.notes.entries())
       lines.push({ id: `note-${index}`, text: note, muted: true });
     if (
@@ -718,12 +832,14 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
     )
       lines.push({
         id: 'overview-scale',
-        text: 'Daily overview shows little detail in a box this small',
+        text: t('Daily overview shows little detail in a box this small'),
         muted: true,
       });
     lines.push({
       id: 'credit',
-      text: 'Imagery: NASA GIBS and Worldview · HLS (Sentinel-2, Landsat 8/9) and VIIRS',
+      text: t(
+        'Imagery: NASA GIBS and Worldview · HLS (Sentinel-2, Landsat 8/9) and VIIRS',
+      ),
       muted: true,
     });
     return lines;
@@ -735,9 +851,11 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
     details.update([
       {
         id: 'details',
-        title: 'Details',
+        title: t('Details'),
         open: detailsOpen,
-        compact: snapshot.focus ? snapshot.readout : 'Times, coverage, sources',
+        compact: snapshot.focus
+          ? snapshot.readout
+          : t('Times, coverage, sources'),
         blocks: [
           { id: 'lines', type: 'lines', lines: detailLines() },
           {
@@ -747,9 +865,9 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
               {
                 id: 'toggle-empty',
                 label: showing
-                  ? 'HIDE EMPTY DAYS'
-                  : `SHOW EMPTY DAYS · ${hidden}`,
-                title: 'Days the probe found empty in this box',
+                  ? t('HIDE EMPTY DAYS')
+                  : t('SHOW EMPTY DAYS · {count}', { count: hidden }),
+                title: t('Days the probe found empty in this box'),
                 disabled: !showing && !hidden,
                 onClick: () => layer.setShowUnavailable(!showing),
               },
@@ -758,9 +876,6 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
         ],
       },
     ]);
-    if (detailsOpen && !detailsShownOpen)
-      revealCard(container, detailsHost.children[0]);
-    detailsShownOpen = detailsOpen;
   }
 
   // ---- divider ----------------------------------------------------------
@@ -773,8 +888,10 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
     const describe = (c) => (c ? `${sensorLine(c.product)} · ${c.day}` : '');
     // The two sides as [label, title, spoken name]; SWAP trades them.
     const sides = [
-      basemap ? ['IMAGE', describe(a), 'image'] : ['A', describe(a), 'A'],
-      basemap ? ['BASEMAP', 'The basemap', 'basemap'] : ['B', describe(b), 'B'],
+      basemap ? [t('IMAGE'), describe(a), t('image')] : ['A', describe(a), 'A'],
+      basemap
+        ? [t('BASEMAP'), t('The basemap'), t('basemap')]
+        : ['B', describe(b), 'B'],
     ];
     const [before, after] = swapped ? [sides[1], sides[0]] : sides;
     const signature = live
@@ -799,10 +916,15 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
       beforeTitle: before[1],
       afterTitle: after[1],
       ariaLabel: basemap
-        ? 'Recent imagery against the basemap divider'
-        : 'Recent imagery A and B divider',
+        ? t('Recent imagery against the basemap divider')
+        : t('Recent imagery A and B divider'),
       formatValueText: (leftPercent, rightPercent) =>
-        `${before[2][0].toUpperCase()}${before[2].slice(1)} ${leftPercent} percent, ${after[2]} ${rightPercent} percent`,
+        t('{before} {left} percent, {after} {right} percent', {
+          before: `${before[2][0].toUpperCase()}${before[2].slice(1)}`,
+          left: leftPercent,
+          after: after[2],
+          right: rightPercent,
+        }),
       getViewportWidth: () =>
         Number(viewer?.scene?.canvas?.clientWidth) ||
         Number(document.documentElement?.clientWidth) ||
@@ -895,7 +1017,9 @@ export function createRecentImageryPanel({
       return true;
     } catch (error) {
       if (!destroyed)
-        exportError = `Export failed · ${error?.message || error}`;
+        exportError = t('Export failed · {error}', {
+          error: error?.message || error,
+        });
       return false;
     } finally {
       exporting.delete(slotId);
diff --git a/src/ui/recentImagery.test.mjs b/src/ui/recentImagery.test.mjs
index b91169739..a77556797 100644
--- a/src/ui/recentImagery.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/recentImagery.test.mjs
@@ -646,7 +646,10 @@ test('cards carry thumbnail, date, sensor, cloud, START HERE and PREVIEW; the ch
   f.layer.focus(1);
   const s18 = f.card(S18);
   assert.equal(f.part(s18, 'ri-card-date').textContent, 'Sep 18');
-  assert.equal(f.part(s18, 'ri-card-sensor').textContent, 'Sentinel-2 · 30 m');
+  assert.equal(
+    f.part(s18, 'ri-card-sensor').textContent,
+    'Sentinel-2 · 30\u00a0m',
+  );
   assert.equal(f.part(s18, 'ri-card-cloud').textContent, '12% cloud');
   assert.equal(f.part(s18, 'ri-card-start').hidden, false);
   assert.match(f.part(s18, 'ri-card-start').title, /Newest low-cloud day/);
@@ -658,11 +661,11 @@ test('cards carry thumbnail, date, sensor, cloud, START HERE and PREVIEW; the ch
   assert.equal(f.part(f.card(V21), 'ri-thumb-text').textContent, 'Checking');
   assert.equal(
     f.part(f.card(V21), 'ri-card-sensor').textContent,
-    'Daily overview · 250 m',
+    'Daily overview · 250\u00a0m',
   );
   assert.equal(
     f.part(f.card(L16), 'ri-card-sensor').textContent,
-    'Landsat 8/9 · 30 m',
+    'Landsat 8/9 · 30\u00a0m',
   );
   // IMAGE: one SHOW chip; the B chip keeps its box but is invisible.
   const [a, b] = [f.chip(S18, 'a'), f.chip(S18, 'b')];
@@ -734,7 +737,10 @@ test('the selection bar reads the mode, both rows and a preview, with × reserve
       ['A / B', 'radio', 'false'],
     ],
   );
-  assert.equal(rowText(f, 'a'), 'IMAGE | Sep 18 · Sentinel-2 · 30 m · preview');
+  assert.equal(
+    rowText(f, 'a'),
+    'IMAGE | Sep 18 · Sentinel-2 · 30\u00a0m · preview',
+  );
   assert.equal(f.byId('ri-slot-a').dataset.state, 'preview');
   assert.equal(rowText(f, 'b'), 'VS | Basemap');
   assert.equal(f.byId('ri-slot-b').classList.contains('lit'), false, 'dimmed');
@@ -748,7 +754,7 @@ test('the selection bar reads the mode, both rows and a preview, with × reserve
     [true, true, '×'],
   );
   f.key('s');
-  assert.equal(rowText(f, 'a'), 'IMAGE | Sep 18 · Sentinel-2 · 30 m');
+  assert.equal(rowText(f, 'a'), 'IMAGE | Sep 18 · Sentinel-2 · 30\u00a0m');
   assert.equal(f.byId('ri-slot-a').dataset.state, 'pinned');
   assert.equal(unpinA.disabled, false);
   assert.equal(unpinA.getAttribute('aria-label'), 'Unpin the image');
@@ -757,12 +763,12 @@ test('the selection bar reads the mode, both rows and a preview, with × reserve
   assert.equal(modes[1].getAttribute('aria-checked'), 'true');
   assert.equal(f.byId('ri-slot-b').classList.contains('lit'), true, 'lit');
   modes[2].click();
-  assert.equal(rowText(f, 'a'), 'A | Sep 18 · Sentinel-2 · 30 m');
+  assert.equal(rowText(f, 'a'), 'A | Sep 18 · Sentinel-2 · 30\u00a0m');
   assert.equal(rowText(f, 'b'), 'B | Not set');
   assert.equal(f.byId('ri-slot-b').dataset.state, 'empty');
   assert.equal(f.byId('ri-unpin-b').classList.contains('is-reserved'), true);
   f.chip(L16, 'b').click();
-  assert.equal(rowText(f, 'b'), 'B | Sep 16 · Landsat 8/9 · 30 m');
+  assert.equal(rowText(f, 'b'), 'B | Sep 16 · Landsat 8/9 · 30\u00a0m');
   f.byId('ri-unpin-b').click();
   assert.equal(f.snap().pins.b.key, null);
   unpinA.click();
@@ -879,7 +885,10 @@ test('the notice line shows the refusal, then errors, then CLEAR, then the Esri
   );
   assert.equal(notice.classList.contains('info'), true);
   f.layer.setBox({ west: 0, south: 0, east: 20, north: 20 });
-  assert.equal(noticeText.textContent, 'Box is 2,226 km wide · limit 1,000 km');
+  assert.equal(
+    noticeText.textContent,
+    'Box is 2,226\u00a0km wide · limit 1,000\u00a0km',
+  );
   assert.equal(notice.classList.contains('warn'), true);
   assert.equal(hint.textContent, 'Zoom in or draw a smaller box');
   f.layer.setBox(BOX);
@@ -929,7 +938,7 @@ test('an oversized box offers ZOOM IN in a fixed slot at the end of the notice l
   assert.deepEqual(reserved(), [false, false, 'false', true]);
   assert.equal(
     f.byId('ri-notice-text').textContent,
-    'Box is 2,226 km wide · limit 1,000 km',
+    'Box is 2,226\u00a0km wide · limit 1,000\u00a0km',
   );
   assert.equal(f.byId('ri-hint').textContent, 'Zoom in or draw a smaller box');
   assert.equal(zoom.title, 'Fly in until the view fits the 1,000 km limit');
@@ -998,7 +1007,10 @@ test('the divider exists only while a swipe is live, labelled A / B or IMAGE / B
     [split.options.beforeLabel, split.options.afterLabel],
     ['A', 'B'],
   );
-  assert.equal(split.options.afterTitle, 'Landsat 8/9 · 30 m · 2026-09-16');
+  assert.equal(
+    split.options.afterTitle,
+    'Landsat 8/9 · 30\u00a0m · 2026-09-16',
+  );
   split.options.onChange(0.3);
   assert.equal(f.snap().split, 0.3);
   assert.deepEqual(directions(), ['left', 'right']);
@@ -1015,7 +1027,7 @@ test('the divider exists only while a swipe is live, labelled A / B or IMAGE / B
   assert.deepEqual(labels(), ['B', 'A']);
   assert.equal(
     f.splits.at(-1).options.beforeTitle,
-    'Landsat 8/9 · 30 m · 2026-09-16',
+    'Landsat 8/9 · 30\u00a0m · 2026-09-16',
   );
   assert.equal(f.splits.at(-1).options.initialValue, 0.3);
   assert.deepEqual(directions(), ['right', 'left']);
@@ -1135,6 +1147,29 @@ test('the body scroll position survives renders even when DOM mutations reset it
   assert.equal(f.body.scrollTop, 120);
 });
 
+test('opening DETAILS scrolls its card into view, and closing it does not scroll', async () => {
+  const f = fixture();
+  await f.ready();
+  // The body is 100 px high and scrolled 40 px; the card opens 150 px down.
+  f.body.scrollTop = 40;
+  f.body.clientHeight = 100;
+  f.body.getBoundingClientRect = () => ({ top: 0 });
+  const header = f
+    .byId('ri-details')
+    .find((node) => node.classList.contains('rail-card-header'));
+  const card = header.parentNode;
+  card.getBoundingClientRect = () => ({
+    top: 150,
+    height: card.dataset.open === 'true' ? 60 : 0,
+  });
+  header.click();
+  assert.equal(card.dataset.open, 'true');
+  assert.equal(f.body.scrollTop, 150);
+  header.click();
+  assert.equal(card.dataset.open, 'false');
+  assert.equal(f.body.scrollTop, 150);
+});
+
 test('destroy returns every listener, the divider and the panel state', async () => {
   const f = fixture();
   await f.ready();
diff --git a/src/ui/recentImageryNotice.test.mjs b/src/ui/recentImageryNotice.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fc1e3d0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/recentImageryNotice.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Box-tool and model refusals on the Recent Imagery notice line are
+// shown in the UI language; the layer keeps them in English.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { validateBox } from '../layers/recentImagery/model.js';
+import { localizeNotice } from './recentImagery.js';
+
+const REFUSALS = [
+  'Drag to size the box', // imageryBoxTool.js, click without drag
+  'Press on the ground, not the sky', // imageryBoxTool.js
+  'draw is using the pointer — close it first', // imageryBoxTool.js, pointer busy
+  'Point the camera at the ground to use the view', // layers/recentImagery/index.js
+  'That point cannot anchor a box', // layers/recentImagery/index.js
+  ...[
+    { west: 170, south: 10, east: -170, north: 20 }, // dateline
+    { west: 10, south: 80, east: 20, north: 89 }, // polar
+    { west: 10, south: 10, east: 10, north: 20 }, // degenerate
+    { west: 10, south: 10, east: 200, north: 20 }, // longitude range
+    { west: Number.NaN, south: 10, east: 20, north: 20 }, // not finite
+  ].map((box) => {
+    const result = validateBox(box);
+    assert.equal(result.ok, false);
+    return result.message;
+  }),
+];
+
+// The pointer-busy refusal names the owner by its internal id; the notice
+// shows the tool's name instead, in English too.
+const SHOWN_EN = new Map([
+  [
+    'draw is using the pointer — close it first',
+    'Draw is using the pointer — close it first',
+  ],
+]);
+
+test('en: refusals stay English', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  for (const text of REFUSALS)
+    assert.equal(localizeNotice(text), SHOWN_EN.get(text) ?? text);
+  assert.ok(REFUSALS.includes('Imagery stops at ±85.05° latitude'));
+});
+
+test('E3/E12: the pointer owner is named by its tool, never by its id', () => {
+  const owners = {
+    en: {
+      draw: 'Draw',
+      directions: 'Directions',
+      'recent-imagery-box': 'Recent imagery',
+    },
+    ru: {
+      draw: 'Рисование',
+      directions: 'Маршруты',
+      'recent-imagery-box': 'Свежие снимки',
+    },
+    es: {
+      draw: 'Dibujo',
+      directions: 'Indicaciones',
+      'recent-imagery-box': 'Imágenes recientes',
+    },
+  };
+  try {
+    for (const [locale, names] of Object.entries(owners)) {
+      setLocale(locale);
+      for (const [id, name] of Object.entries(names)) {
+        const shown = localizeNotice(
+          `${id} is using the pointer — close it first`,
+        );
+        assert.ok(shown.includes(name), `${locale} ${id}: ${shown}`);
+        assert.ok(!shown.includes(id), `${locale} ${id} leaked: ${shown}`);
+      }
+    }
+    setLocale('en');
+    assert.equal(
+      localizeNotice('measure is using the pointer — close it first'),
+      'measure is using the pointer — close it first',
+      'an unregistered owner falls back to its id',
+    );
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: box-tool and model refusals are translated`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      for (const text of REFUSALS)
+        assert.notEqual(localizeNotice(text), text, `untranslated: ${text}`);
+      assert.match(
+        localizeNotice('Imagery stops at ±85.05° latitude'),
+        /85,05/,
+      );
+      assert.doesNotMatch(
+        localizeNotice('draw is using the pointer — close it first'),
+        /\bdraw\b/,
+      );
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/sceneControls.js b/src/ui/sceneControls.js
index 10f5051f1..ce0fc4027 100644
--- a/src/ui/sceneControls.js
+++ b/src/ui/sceneControls.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 /** Own Scene panel listeners and presentation through project reads and actions. */
+import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   sceneElements,
   renderSceneOptions,
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ export class SceneControls {
     this.listen(elements.start, 'click', () =>
       this.run('start', this.read().selectedSceneId),
     );
-    this.listen(elements.stop, 'click', () => this.run('stop', 'Stopped'));
+    this.listen(elements.stop, 'click', () => this.run('stop', msg('Stopped')));
     this.listen(elements.import, 'click', () => elements.file?.click());
     this.listen(elements.file, 'change', async () => {
       const file = elements.file?.files?.[0];
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ export class SceneControls {
       if (!this.destroyed) elements.file.value = '';
     });
     if (!subscribe) {
-      this.updateStatus('Ready');
+      this.updateStatus(t('Ready'));
       this.setProgress(0);
       this.setButtons(false);
     }
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ export class SceneControls {
     const generation = ++this.actionGeneration;
     const failed = () => {
       if (!this.destroyed && generation === this.actionGeneration)
-        this.updateStatus('Scene action failed');
+        this.updateStatus(t('Scene action failed'));
     };
     try {
       const result = this.actions[action](...args);
@@ -140,8 +141,8 @@ export class SceneControls {
   createScene() {
     if (this.destroyed) return;
     const name = window.prompt(
-      'New scene name',
-      `Scene ${this.read().scenes.length + 1}`,
+      t('New scene name'),
+      t('Scene {n}', { n: this.read().scenes.length + 1 }),
     );
     if (name) this.run('create', name);
   }
@@ -152,7 +153,12 @@ export class SceneControls {
     const scene = state.scenes.find(
       (item) => item.id === state.selectedSceneId,
     );
-    if (scene && window.confirm(`Delete scene "${scene.title}" and all shots?`))
+    if (
+      scene &&
+      window.confirm(
+        t('Delete scene "{scene}" and all shots?', { scene: scene.title }),
+      )
+    )
       this.run('deleteScene');
   }
 
@@ -160,7 +166,12 @@ export class SceneControls {
     if (this.destroyed) return;
     const scene = this.read().scenes.find((item) => item.id === sceneId);
     const shot = scene?.shots.find((item) => item.id === shotId);
-    if (shot && window.confirm(`Delete shot "${shot.title}"?`))
+    if (
+      shot &&
+      window.confirm(
+        t('Delete shot "{shot}"?', { shot: shot.displayTitle || shot.title }),
+      )
+    )
       this.run('deleteShot', sceneId, shotId);
   }
 
@@ -215,7 +226,7 @@ export class SceneControls {
     } else if (!this.destroyed && !this.playbackKeyRemover) {
       const onKeyDown = (event) => {
         if (!this.destroyed && event.key === 'Escape' && this.read().running)
-          this.run('stop', 'Stopped (Esc)');
+          this.run('stop', msg('Stopped (Esc)'));
       };
       document.addEventListener('keydown', onKeyDown);
       this.playbackKeyRemover = () =>
diff --git a/src/ui/scenePresentation.js b/src/ui/scenePresentation.js
index 94cacd022..258ee5059 100644
--- a/src/ui/scenePresentation.js
+++ b/src/ui/scenePresentation.js
@@ -1,4 +1,26 @@
 /** Scene panel elements and text-only project presentation. */
+import { formatNumber, msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+// Labels for what a shot stores; anything else shows as stored. Style names
+// match STYLE_STATUS_LABELS in visualPresets.js, which this package cannot
+// import (it pulls in the shaders).
+const STYLE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  normal: msg('NORMAL'),
+  retro: msg('CRT'),
+  surveillance: msg('NVG'),
+  thermal: msg('FLIR'),
+  anime: msg('ANIME'),
+  noir: msg('NOIR'),
+  snow: msg('SNOW'),
+});
+
+const DETECTION_MODE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  OFF: msg('OFF'),
+  SPARSE: msg('SPARSE'),
+  BALANCED: msg('BALANCED'),
+  DENSE: msg('DENSE'),
+});
+
 export function sceneElements(root = document) {
   const ids = {
     panel: 'scene-panel',
@@ -47,11 +69,16 @@ export function renderSceneShots(
   if (!scene || scene.shots.length === 0) {
     const empty = document.createElement('div');
     empty.className = 'scene-shot-empty';
-    empty.textContent = 'No shots yet. Use CAPTURE SHOT to save current look.';
+    empty.textContent = t(
+      'No shots yet. Use CAPTURE SHOT to save current look.',
+    );
     element.appendChild(empty);
     return;
   }
   for (const shot of scene.shots) {
+    // Built-in titles arrive localized as displayTitle; the stored title
+    // stays English, so a rename happens only when the shown text changes.
+    const shownTitle = shot.displayTitle || shot.title;
     const row = document.createElement('div');
     row.className = 'scene-shot-row';
     row.dataset.sceneShotId = shot.id;
@@ -60,23 +87,23 @@ export function renderSceneShots(
     top.className = 'scene-shot-top';
     const label = document.createElement('div');
     label.className = 'scene-shot-label';
-    label.textContent = shot.title;
-    label.title = 'Double-click to rename';
+    label.textContent = shownTitle;
+    label.title = t('Double-click to rename');
     listen(label, 'click', () => select(shot.id));
     listen(label, 'dblclick', () => {
       if (label.children.length) return;
       const input = document.createElement('input');
       input.type = 'text';
       input.className = 'scene-shot-rename';
-      input.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Shot name');
-      input.value = shot.title;
+      input.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Shot name'));
+      input.value = shownTitle;
       let finished = false;
       const finish = (save) => {
         if (finished) return;
         finished = true;
         const title = input.value.trim();
-        label.textContent = shot.title;
-        if (save && title && title !== shot.title)
+        label.textContent = shownTitle;
+        if (save && title && title !== shownTitle)
           rename(scene.id, shot.id, title);
       };
       listen(input, 'keydown', (event) => {
@@ -96,11 +123,11 @@ export function renderSceneShots(
     actions.className = 'scene-shot-actions';
     const loadButton = document.createElement('button');
     loadButton.className = 'scene-shot-btn';
-    loadButton.textContent = 'LOAD';
+    loadButton.textContent = t('LOAD');
     listen(loadButton, 'click', () => load(scene.id, shot.id));
     const deleteButton = document.createElement('button');
     deleteButton.className = 'scene-shot-btn scene-shot-danger';
-    deleteButton.textContent = 'DEL';
+    deleteButton.textContent = t('DEL');
     listen(deleteButton, 'click', () => remove(scene.id, shot.id));
     actions.appendChild(loadButton);
     actions.appendChild(deleteButton);
@@ -110,7 +137,23 @@ export function renderSceneShots(
     meta.className = 'scene-shot-meta';
     const mode = shot.visual?.detection?.mode || 'OFF';
     const style = shot.visual?.style || 'normal';
-    meta.textContent = `${style.toUpperCase()} · ${mode} · ${shot.durationSec.toFixed(1)}s + ${shot.holdSec.toFixed(1)}s`;
+    const styleLabel = STYLE_LABELS[style]
+      ? t(STYLE_LABELS[style])
+      : style.toUpperCase();
+    const modeLabel = DETECTION_MODE_LABELS[mode]
+      ? t(DETECTION_MODE_LABELS[mode])
+      : mode;
+    const seconds = (value) =>
+      formatNumber(value, {
+        minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+        maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+      });
+    // English keeps its compact "4.0s + 0.9s"; other languages space the unit.
+    const timing = t('{duration}s + {hold}s', {
+      duration: seconds(shot.durationSec),
+      hold: seconds(shot.holdSec),
+    });
+    meta.textContent = `${styleLabel} · ${modeLabel} · ${timing}`;
     row.appendChild(top);
     row.appendChild(meta);
     element.appendChild(row);
diff --git a/src/ui/sceneSharing.js b/src/ui/sceneSharing.js
index c171cd6d9..245561b8d 100644
--- a/src/ui/sceneSharing.js
+++ b/src/ui/sceneSharing.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { t, tn } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 /** Small owned modal for scene authoring and import review; text never becomes markup. */
 export function createSceneDialog(title, onClose) {
   const dialog = document.createElement('dialog');
@@ -79,10 +81,72 @@ export function createSceneDialog(title, onClose) {
     });
     if (multiline) node.rows = 9;
     wrapper.append(node);
+    if (type === 'file') fileChooser(wrapper, node);
     body.append(wrapper);
     return node;
   }
-  button('Cancel', onClose);
+  /**
+   * The browser draws a file input's button and "no file" text in its own
+   * language. Stretch the native input, transparent, over the whole row (so
+   * click, focus and drops stay native) and draw translated text under it.
+   */
+  function fileChooser(wrapper, node) {
+    wrapper.style.position = 'relative';
+    Object.assign(node.style, {
+      position: 'absolute',
+      inset: '0',
+      width: '100%',
+      height: '100%',
+      margin: '0',
+      padding: '0',
+      border: '0',
+      opacity: '0',
+      cursor: 'pointer',
+      zIndex: '1',
+    });
+    const row = document.createElement('span');
+    row.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
+    Object.assign(row.style, {
+      display: 'flex',
+      alignItems: 'center',
+      gap: '10px',
+      margin: '6px 0 14px',
+      padding: '7px',
+      background: '#10242e',
+      border: '1px solid #397080',
+    });
+    const chooser = document.createElement('span');
+    chooser.textContent = t('Choose files');
+    Object.assign(chooser.style, {
+      padding: '3px 9px',
+      border: '1px solid #397080',
+      borderRadius: '3px',
+      background: '#08141e',
+      cursor: 'pointer',
+    });
+    const chosen = document.createElement('span');
+    const showChosen = () => {
+      const count = node.files?.length || 0;
+      // One file shows its name, like the browser's own picker did.
+      chosen.textContent =
+        count === 1
+          ? node.files[0].name
+          : count
+            ? tn(count, '{count} file selected', '{count} files selected')
+            : t('No file chosen');
+    };
+    showChosen();
+    row.append(chooser, chosen);
+    wrapper.append(row);
+    listen(node, 'change', showChosen);
+    listen(node, 'focus', () => {
+      chooser.style.outline = '2px solid #e3faff';
+    });
+    listen(node, 'blur', () => {
+      chooser.style.outline = '';
+    });
+  }
+  button(t('Cancel'), onClose);
   listen(dialog, 'cancel', (event) => {
     event.preventDefault();
     onClose();
@@ -116,8 +180,8 @@ export function mountSceneSharing(
   bar.dataset.directorAuthoring = '';
   bar.className = 'scene-controls';
   const entries = [
-    ['EDIT DETAILS', edit],
-    ['SHARE SCENE', share],
+    [t('EDIT DETAILS'), edit],
+    [t('SHARE SCENE'), share],
   ];
   const removers = [];
   for (const [text, fn] of entries) {
diff --git a/src/ui/shareRestoration.js b/src/ui/shareRestoration.js
index 135d70d75..52c48c95b 100644
--- a/src/ui/shareRestoration.js
+++ b/src/ui/shareRestoration.js
@@ -1,8 +1,56 @@
 import { LayerStateCoordinator } from '../data/layerStateCoordinator.js';
 import { stampInitialShareGesture } from '../navigationPolicy.js';
 import { canPresentDeferredStatusNotice } from '../loadingFeedback.js';
+import { t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { UiLifetime } from './uiLifetime.js';
 
+// One ready-made sentence per restore policy (SHARE_TRACKING_RESTORE_POLICIES
+// label) and outcome: a label dropped into a template cannot take the case or
+// article the sentence needs in every language. The generic template stays
+// for a label this table does not know.
+const SHARE_RESTORE_NOTICES = Object.freeze({
+  expired: Object.freeze({
+    flight: msg('Shared flight follow expired'),
+    'military flight': msg('Shared military flight follow expired'),
+    satellite: msg('Shared satellite follow expired'),
+  }),
+  'source-unavailable': Object.freeze({
+    flight: msg('Shared flight could not be restored — feed unavailable'),
+    'military flight': msg(
+      'Shared military flight could not be restored — feed unavailable',
+    ),
+    satellite: msg('Shared satellite could not be restored — feed unavailable'),
+  }),
+  unavailable: Object.freeze({
+    flight: msg('Shared flight is unavailable'),
+    'military flight': msg('Shared military flight is unavailable'),
+    satellite: msg('Shared satellite is unavailable'),
+  }),
+});
+
+/**
+ * The status notice for a terminal share-tracking restore result.
+ * @param {{classification?: string, label?: string}} result
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function shareTrackingRestoreNotice(result) {
+  const outcome =
+    result?.classification === 'expired' ||
+    result?.classification === 'source-unavailable'
+      ? result.classification
+      : 'unavailable';
+  const ready = SHARE_RESTORE_NOTICES[outcome][result?.label];
+  if (ready) return t(ready);
+  const subject = result?.label ? t(result.label) : t('entity');
+  return outcome === 'expired'
+    ? t('Shared {subject} follow expired', { subject })
+    : outcome === 'source-unavailable'
+      ? t('Shared {subject} could not be restored — feed unavailable', {
+          subject,
+        })
+      : t('Shared {subject} is unavailable', { subject });
+}
+
 /** Own initial share restoration, durable layer state and restoration notices. */
 export class ShareRestoration {
   constructor({
@@ -188,9 +236,13 @@ export class ShareRestoration {
     if (result.classification === 'pending') {
       this._shareTrackingNoticeGeneration += 1;
       this._shareTrackingAcquiringKey = trackingKey;
-      this.showStatus('ACQUIRING', {
+      this.showStatus(t('ACQUIRING'), {
         state: 'acquiring',
-        detail: `SHARED ${String(result.label || 'SUBJECT').toUpperCase()}`,
+        detail: t('SHARED {subject}', {
+          subject: String(
+            result.label ? t(result.label) : t('subject'),
+          ).toUpperCase(),
+        }),
         persistent: true,
       });
       return;
@@ -214,13 +266,7 @@ export class ShareRestoration {
     const noticeGeneration = ownsAcquiringNotice
       ? this._shareTrackingNoticeGeneration
       : ++this._shareTrackingNoticeGeneration;
-    const subject = result.label || 'entity';
-    const message =
-      result.classification === 'expired'
-        ? `Shared ${subject} follow expired`
-        : result.classification === 'source-unavailable'
-          ? `Shared ${subject} could not be restored — feed unavailable`
-          : `Shared ${subject} is unavailable`;
+    const message = shareTrackingRestoreNotice(result);
     const showAfterStartupCover = () => {
       this._lifetime.frame(() => {
         if (
diff --git a/src/ui/shareRestorationNotice.test.mjs b/src/ui/shareRestorationNotice.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4c6a81d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/shareRestorationNotice.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Share-tracking restore notices are ready-made sentences per policy: a label
+// dropped into a template cannot take the case (ru) or article (es) needed.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { SHARE_TRACKING_RESTORE_POLICIES } from '../data/layerState.js';
+import { shareTrackingRestoreNotice } from './shareRestoration.js';
+
+const { flights, military, satellites } = SHARE_TRACKING_RESTORE_POLICIES;
+
+test.afterEach(() => setLocale('en'));
+
+test('en: the notices for every policy and outcome', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const notice = (policy, classification) =>
+    shareTrackingRestoreNotice({ ...policy, classification });
+  assert.equal(notice(flights, 'expired'), 'Shared flight follow expired');
+  assert.equal(
+    notice(military, 'expired'),
+    'Shared military flight follow expired',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    notice(satellites, 'source-unavailable'),
+    'Shared satellite could not be restored — feed unavailable',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    notice(flights, 'source-unavailable'),
+    'Shared flight could not be restored — feed unavailable',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    notice(military, 'unavailable'),
+    'Shared military flight is unavailable',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    notice(satellites, 'unavailable'),
+    'Shared satellite is unavailable',
+  );
+  // Unknown label and classification: the generic template still applies.
+  assert.equal(
+    shareTrackingRestoreNotice({ label: 'contact', classification: 'odd' }),
+    'Shared contact is unavailable',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    shareTrackingRestoreNotice({ classification: 'expired' }),
+    'Shared entity follow expired',
+  );
+});
+
+test('ru: the restore notices do not glue the nominative label into a genitive slot', () => {
+  setLocale('ru');
+  for (const policy of [flights, military, satellites]) {
+    for (const classification of [
+      'expired',
+      'source-unavailable',
+      'unavailable',
+    ]) {
+      const message = shareTrackingRestoreNotice({ ...policy, classification });
+      // "Срок отслеживания" takes the genitive: рейса / спутника, never the
+      // nominative label as stored in the policy.
+      assert.doesNotMatch(
+        message,
+        /отслеживания (военный )?(рейс|спутник) /,
+        message,
+      );
+      assert.doesNotMatch(message, /Shared|\{subject\}/, message);
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+test('es: the restore notices read with an article before the subject', () => {
+  setLocale('es');
+  const message = shareTrackingRestoreNotice({
+    ...flights,
+    classification: 'expired',
+  });
+  assert.doesNotMatch(message, /seguimiento de vuelo/, message);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(message, /Shared/, message);
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/shellFeedback.js b/src/ui/shellFeedback.js
index 359e885d1..332fa50af 100644
--- a/src/ui/shellFeedback.js
+++ b/src/ui/shellFeedback.js
@@ -9,6 +9,112 @@ import {
   reduceTrafficSyncFeedback,
 } from '../loadingFeedback.js';
 import { setSplitFlapText, disposeSplitFlap } from '../splitFlap.js';
+import { getLocale, t, msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { localizeLayerName } from './layerPanel.js';
+import { translateFeedError } from './statusText.js';
+
+// The server also loads loadingFeedback.js (through the HUD summary), so its
+// labels stay English. Translate the known ones; pass anything else (a live
+// provider error) through.
+const STATUS_LABEL_KEYS = Object.freeze({
+  'LOADING LIVE DATA': msg('LOADING LIVE DATA'),
+  'LOAD COMPLETE': msg('LOAD COMPLETE'),
+  'LOAD CANCELLED': msg('LOAD CANCELLED'),
+  'LOAD FAILED': msg('LOAD FAILED'),
+  'LIVE DATA OFF': msg('LIVE DATA OFF'),
+  'MAPPED SITES LOADED': msg('MAPPED SITES LOADED'),
+  'RETRYING MAPPED SITES': msg('RETRYING MAPPED SITES'),
+  'FETCHING MAPPED SITES': msg('FETCHING MAPPED SITES'),
+  'RETRYING ALPR CAMERAS': msg('RETRYING ALPR CAMERAS'),
+  'FETCHING ALPR CAMERAS': msg('FETCHING ALPR CAMERAS'),
+  'OVERPASS TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE': msg('OVERPASS TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE'),
+  // The other mapped-site failure reasons (src/data/installationFeedback.js),
+  // upper-cased by presentGlobalLoadingStatus.
+  'OVERPASS RATE-LIMITED': msg('OVERPASS RATE-LIMITED'),
+  'OVERPASS TIMED OUT': msg('OVERPASS TIMED OUT'),
+  'OVERPASS COULD NOT COMPLETE THE QUERY': msg(
+    'OVERPASS COULD NOT COMPLETE THE QUERY',
+  ),
+  'MAP TILES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE': msg('MAP TILES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE'),
+  'MAPPED NAMES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE': msg(
+    'MAPPED NAMES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE',
+  ),
+  'TURNING OFF LIVE DATA': msg('TURNING OFF LIVE DATA'),
+  'REFRESHING LIVE DATA': msg('REFRESHING LIVE DATA'),
+  'syncing road network': msg('syncing road network'),
+});
+
+// The ALPR retry chip shows the layer's English error upper-cased
+// (loadingFeedback.js). These are the camera and vector tile failures it can
+// carry, by their upper-cased text; each is translated through its own
+// sentence-case key, the one the layer row shows, and upper-cased again.
+const CHIP_ERROR_KEYS = new Map(
+  [
+    msg('Vector tile metadata unavailable'),
+    msg('Vector tiles unavailable'),
+    msg('Vector tile request timed out'),
+    msg('Camera coverage unavailable'),
+    msg('Camera source temporarily unavailable'),
+    msg('Overpass returned an incomplete camera response'),
+  ].map((key) => [key.toUpperCase(), key]),
+);
+const CHIP_TILE_HTTP_RE = /^VECTOR TILES UNAVAILABLE \(HTTP (\d+)\)$/;
+
+function localizeStatusLabel(label) {
+  if (typeof label !== 'string' || !label) return label;
+  const text = label.trim();
+  const key = STATUS_LABEL_KEYS[text];
+  if (key) return t(key);
+  const errorKey = CHIP_ERROR_KEYS.get(text);
+  const http = errorKey ? null : CHIP_TILE_HTTP_RE.exec(text);
+  if (!errorKey && !http) return label;
+  return translateFeedError(
+    errorKey || `Vector tiles unavailable (HTTP ${http[1]})`,
+  ).toLocaleUpperCase(getLocale());
+}
+
+// A retry detail is "retrying in Ns" or "retry pending", optionally prefixed
+// by the ALPR layer name (loadingFeedback.js). The prefix is kept in every
+// language: it is what tells the chip apart from a mapped-sites retry.
+const RETRY_DETAIL_RE =
+  /^(?:(ALPR cameras) · )?(?:retrying in (\d+)s|(retry pending))$/;
+
+function localizeStatusDetail(detail) {
+  if (typeof detail !== 'string' || !detail) return detail;
+  const match = detail.trim().match(RETRY_DETAIL_RE);
+  if (match) {
+    const [, prefix, seconds, pending] = match;
+    const retry = pending
+      ? t('retry pending')
+      : t('retrying in {seconds}s', { seconds });
+    return prefix ? `${t('ALPR cameras')} · ${retry}` : retry;
+  }
+  return localizeLayerRoster(detail);
+}
+
+// The loading detail is the active layers' English names joined by " · ",
+// with " +N" when more are loading. Translate each known layer name; anything
+// else (a provider such as "OpenStreetMap · Overpass") passes through.
+function localizeLayerRoster(detail) {
+  const [, names, suffix = ''] = detail.match(/^(.*?)( \+\d+)?$/s) || [];
+  if (!names) return detail;
+  return (
+    names
+      .split(' · ')
+      .map((name) => localizeLayerName(name))
+      .join(' · ') + suffix
+  );
+}
+
+/** The chip's label and detail in the UI language (exported for tests). */
+export function localizeLoadingPresentation(presentation) {
+  if (!presentation) return presentation;
+  return {
+    ...presentation,
+    label: localizeStatusLabel(presentation.label),
+    detail: localizeStatusDetail(presentation.detail),
+  };
+}
 export class ShellFeedback {
   constructor({ readLayers }) {
     this.readLayers = readLayers;
@@ -76,10 +182,14 @@ export class ShellFeedback {
     // the flap keeps textContent equal to the settled label throughout, so
     // this stays a no-op on the repeat ticks exactly as it did before.
     if (presentation.label)
-      setSplitFlapText(this._trafficSyncLabel, presentation.label, {
-        // Completion is a timing signal, not another animated loading stage.
-        immediate: !presentation.busy,
-      });
+      setSplitFlapText(
+        this._trafficSyncLabel,
+        localizeStatusLabel(presentation.label),
+        {
+          // Completion is a timing signal, not another animated loading stage.
+          immediate: !presentation.busy,
+        },
+      );
     // Written on every change INCLUDING the empty settled value — the reducer
     // clears the progress number once the sync lands, and a truthiness guard
     // here would strand the last "..." beside the settled label.
@@ -120,6 +230,7 @@ export class ShellFeedback {
     if (this._loadingFeedbackState?.phase !== 'idle' || noticeNeedsTicker) {
       this._armLoadingFeedbackTicker();
     }
+    const localized = localizeLoadingPresentation(presentation);
     this._globalLoadingStatus.hidden = !presentation;
     if (!presentation) {
       delete this._globalLoadingStatus.dataset.state;
@@ -131,8 +242,8 @@ export class ShellFeedback {
     // here: this runs on every 60 ms and 500 ms tick. The detail line is the
     // live layer roster inside an ellipsised, width-capped span — flapping a
     // list that churns as layers join would be noise, not delight.
-    setSplitFlapText(this._globalLoadingLabel, presentation.label);
-    this._globalLoadingDetail.textContent = presentation.detail;
+    setSplitFlapText(this._globalLoadingLabel, localized.label);
+    this._globalLoadingDetail.textContent = localized.detail;
   }
 
   _showGlobalStatusNotice(message, options = {}) {
diff --git a/src/ui/shellFeedbackStatusLocalization.test.mjs b/src/ui/shellFeedbackStatusLocalization.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9639fe834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/shellFeedbackStatusLocalization.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// The global loading chip in the UI language: the status vocabulary, the ALPR
+// retry prefix and every mapped-site failure reason.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  aggregateLayerLoading,
+  createLoadingFeedbackState,
+  presentLoadingFeedback,
+  reduceLoadingFeedback,
+} from '../loadingFeedback.js';
+
+const elements = {
+  'global-loading-status': { hidden: true, dataset: {} },
+  'global-loading-detail': { textContent: '' },
+};
+globalThis.document ??= {
+  getElementById: (id) => elements[id] ?? null,
+  addEventListener() {},
+  removeEventListener() {},
+  hidden: false,
+};
+const { ShellFeedback, localizeLoadingPresentation } =
+  await import('./shellFeedback.js');
+
+function alprChipDetail(locale, retryInMs) {
+  setLocale(locale);
+  const layer = {
+    id: 'alpr-cameras',
+    name: 'ALPR cameras',
+    enabled: true,
+    stats: {
+      status: 'unavailable',
+      error: 'Unavailable',
+      retryAt: Date.now() + retryInMs,
+    },
+  };
+  const feedback = new ShellFeedback({ readLayers: () => [layer] });
+  feedback._armLoadingFeedbackTicker = () => {};
+  feedback._updateGlobalLoadingFeedback(0);
+  return elements['global-loading-detail'].textContent;
+}
+
+test.afterEach(() => setLocale('en'));
+
+test('English ALPR retry chip keeps the layer name (as on main)', () => {
+  assert.equal(alprChipDetail('en', 12000), 'ALPR cameras · retrying in 12s');
+  assert.equal(alprChipDetail('en', -1000), 'ALPR cameras · retry pending');
+});
+
+test('Spanish ALPR retry chip keeps the layer name', () => {
+  assert.match(alprChipDetail('es', 12000), /ALPR.* · reintento en 12 s/);
+});
+
+test('Spanish ALPR retry-pending chip is translated', () => {
+  const detail = alprChipDetail('es', -1000);
+  assert.match(detail, /ALPR/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(detail, /retry pending/);
+});
+
+test('English presentation passes through unchanged', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  for (const label of [
+    'OVERPASS TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE',
+    'OVERPASS RATE-LIMITED',
+    'OVERPASS TIMED OUT',
+    'OVERPASS COULD NOT COMPLETE THE QUERY',
+    'MAP TILES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE',
+    'MAPPED NAMES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE',
+  ]) {
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      localizeLoadingPresentation({
+        state: 'retry',
+        label,
+        detail: 'retrying in 12s',
+      }),
+      { state: 'retry', label, detail: 'retrying in 12s' },
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: every mapped-site retry label is translated with its detail`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    for (const label of [
+      'OVERPASS TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE',
+      'OVERPASS RATE-LIMITED',
+      'OVERPASS TIMED OUT',
+      'OVERPASS COULD NOT COMPLETE THE QUERY',
+      'MAP TILES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE',
+      'MAPPED NAMES TEMPORARILY UNAVAILABLE',
+    ]) {
+      const localized = localizeLoadingPresentation({
+        state: 'retry',
+        label,
+        detail: 'retrying in 12s',
+      });
+      assert.notEqual(localized.label, label, `label stays English: ${label}`);
+      assert.notEqual(localized.detail, 'retrying in 12s');
+    }
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: a live provider error label passes through verbatim`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    const localized = localizeLoadingPresentation({
+      state: 'retry',
+      label: 'HTTP 503 FROM OVERPASS-API.DE',
+      detail: 'retry pending',
+    });
+    assert.equal(localized.label, 'HTTP 503 FROM OVERPASS-API.DE');
+    assert.notEqual(localized.detail, 'retry pending');
+  });
+
+  // An incomplete Overpass answer (alpr/source.js) on the ALPR retry chip,
+  // which shows the layer's error upper-cased.
+  test(`${locale}: the ALPR retry chip translates an incomplete Overpass answer`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    const error = 'Overpass returned an incomplete camera response';
+    assert.notEqual(t(error), error, 'the catalog has the entry');
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const layer = {
+      id: 'alpr-cameras',
+      name: 'ALPR cameras',
+      enabled: true,
+      stats: { status: 'unavailable', error, retryAt: now + 12000 },
+    };
+    const summary = aggregateLayerLoading([layer]);
+    const state = reduceLoadingFeedback(
+      createLoadingFeedbackState(),
+      summary,
+      now,
+    );
+    const shown = localizeLoadingPresentation(
+      presentLoadingFeedback(state, summary, now),
+    );
+    assert.equal(shown.state, 'retry', 'the ALPR retry chip is up');
+    assert.equal(shown.label, t(error).toLocaleUpperCase(locale));
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/shellToasts.i18n.test.mjs b/src/ui/shellToasts.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9890e01d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/shellToasts.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Shell toasts, prompts and launcher labels: pin that they are marked in the
+// code, present in every shipped catalog, and that no bare literal is left at
+// the call sites (`window.prompt/confirm` and constants are invisible to the
+// unmarked-text checker).
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import {
+  extractMessages,
+  readCatalog,
+  shippedLocales,
+} from '../../scripts/i18n.mjs';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  beginDeferredNavigation,
+  reassertNavigationHandoff,
+  runExplicitNavigation,
+} from '../navigationPolicy.js';
+
+const KEYS = [
+  'Tilted view',
+  'Straight-down view',
+  'North up',
+  'Exit cockpit to fly to a camera',
+  'Exit cockpit to fly to a location',
+  'Exit cockpit to fly to a photo',
+  'Exit cockpit to fly to a shared view',
+  'Go to expanded Radio section',
+  'Expand Radio section in Context',
+  'Double-click the header to snap the panel back',
+  'New scene name',
+  'Delete scene "{scene}" and all shots?',
+  'Detailed outline unavailable',
+];
+
+const messages = extractMessages();
+
+for (const key of KEYS) {
+  test(`marked for translation: ${key}`, () => {
+    assert.ok(messages.has(key), `not marked with t()/msg(): ${key}`);
+  });
+  for (const locale of shippedLocales()) {
+    test(`${locale} catalog translates: ${key}`, () => {
+      const value = readCatalog(locale)[key];
+      assert.ok(value, `missing in ${locale}.json`);
+      assert.notEqual(value, key);
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+test('no bare literal reaches showToast in the orientation and navigation code', () => {
+  for (const file of [
+    '../ui/cameraOrientationControls.js',
+    '../navigationPolicy.js',
+    '../ui/locationNavigation.js',
+    '../ui/panelPositionControls.js',
+  ]) {
+    const source = readFileSync(
+      fileURLToPath(new URL(file, import.meta.url)),
+      'utf8',
+    );
+    assert.doesNotMatch(
+      source,
+      /_?showToast\??\.?\(\s*['"`]/,
+      `${file} passes a bare literal to showToast`,
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+test.afterEach(() => setLocale('en'));
+
+test('the Cockpit refusal keeps its English wording per noun', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  const log = [];
+  const showToast = (text) => log.push(text);
+  runExplicitNavigation({ cockpitActive: true, noun: 'camera', showToast });
+  beginDeferredNavigation({ cockpitActive: true, showToast });
+  reassertNavigationHandoff({
+    generation: 1,
+    currentGeneration: 1,
+    cockpitActive: true,
+    showToast,
+  });
+  assert.deepEqual(log, [
+    'Exit cockpit to fly to a camera',
+    'Exit cockpit to fly to a location',
+    'Exit cockpit to fly to a location',
+  ]);
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: the Cockpit refusal is translated`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    const log = [];
+    runExplicitNavigation({
+      cockpitActive: true,
+      noun: 'camera',
+      showToast: (text) => log.push(text),
+    });
+    assert.equal(log.length, 1);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(log[0], /Exit cockpit/);
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/statusText.js b/src/ui/statusText.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0899d55e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/statusText.js
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+/**
+ * Layer status texts in the UI language.
+ *
+ * Layers report errors, loading labels and status notes as English data
+ * (stats, analyst records, what the model receives); the Layers panel, the
+ * loading chip, layer cards and the voice card show them translated through
+ * here, by their shape.
+ *
+ * Pure: imports only i18n and layer names, no DOM.
+ * @module ui/statusText
+ */
+import { sourceLabel } from './layerNames.js';
+import { formatNumber, msg, t, tn, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+const STATUS_SEPARATOR = ' · ';
+
+// Live-source failures arrive as English data (src/sources/live/contract.js,
+// standalone.js, flights and military ingestion), some with a source name or a
+// number in them; the row shows them in the UI language. Keep these in step
+// with the producers. Anything else shows its catalog entry, or as it came.
+const FEED_ERRORS = new Set([
+  msg('OpenSky OAuth client missing/invalid'),
+  msg('OpenSky OAuth rejected credentials'),
+  msg('OpenSky username/password rejected'),
+  msg('OpenSky auth missing'),
+  msg('OpenSky auth required'),
+  msg('OpenSky auth invalid'),
+  msg('OpenSky auth failed'),
+]);
+const FEED_ERROR_PATTERNS = [
+  // Street Level provider errors (providers/{kartaview,panoramax}/source.js),
+  // ahead of the generic "<source> HTTP <status>".
+  [
+    /^KartaView answered HTTP (\d+)$/,
+    ([, status]) => t('KartaView answered HTTP {status}', { status }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^Panoramax answered HTTP (\d+)$/,
+    ([, status]) => t('Panoramax answered HTTP {status}', { status }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^KartaView refused the request \(code (-?\d+)\)$/,
+    ([, code]) => t('KartaView refused the request (code {code})', { code }),
+  ],
+  // Weather imagery (weather/source.js, infraredImage.js) and vector tile
+  // (sources/vectorTiles.js) failures carry their own wording; the generic
+  // pattern below would take "Weather image" for a source name.
+  [
+    /^Weather (image )?HTTP (\d+)$/,
+    ([, image, status]) =>
+      image
+        ? t('Weather image HTTP {status}', { status })
+        : t('Weather HTTP {status}', { status }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^Vector tiles unavailable \(HTTP (\d+)\)$/,
+    ([, status]) => t('Vector tiles unavailable (HTTP {status})', { status }),
+  ],
+  // Layer statuses with a number or a feed name in them: GNSS
+  // (gnss/source.js), CelesTrak groups (satellites/ingestion.js) and transit
+  // feeds (transit/ingestion.js).
+  [
+    /^GNSS feed unavailable \(HTTP (\d{3})\)$/,
+    ([, status]) => t('GNSS feed unavailable (HTTP {status})', { status }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(\d+) CelesTrak groups? unavailable$/,
+    ([, groups]) =>
+      tn(
+        Number(groups),
+        '{count} CelesTrak group unavailable',
+        '{count} CelesTrak groups unavailable',
+        { count: formatNumber(Number(groups)) },
+      ),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(.+) feed unavailable$/,
+    ([, feed]) => t('{feed} feed unavailable', { feed: translateKnown(feed) }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^Source snapshot (\d+) min old$/,
+    ([, minutes]) => t('Source snapshot {minutes} min old', { minutes }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(.+) rate limited \(anonymous\)$/,
+    ([, source]) =>
+      t('{source} rate limited (anonymous)', { source: sourceLabel(source) }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(.+) rate limited$/,
+    ([, source]) => t('{source} rate limited', { source: sourceLabel(source) }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(.+) HTTP (\d{3})$/,
+    ([, source, status]) =>
+      t('{source} HTTP {status}', { source: sourceLabel(source), status }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(.+) network error$/,
+    ([, source]) =>
+      t('{source} network error', { source: sourceLabel(source) }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^Malformed (.+) aircraft rows$/,
+    ([, source]) =>
+      t('Malformed {source} aircraft rows', { source: sourceLabel(source) }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^Malformed (.+) response$/,
+    ([, source]) =>
+      t('Malformed {source} response', { source: sourceLabel(source) }),
+  ],
+];
+
+/** One error text in the UI language, or null when nothing matches. */
+function feedErrorText(text) {
+  if (FEED_ERRORS.has(text)) return t(text);
+  const known = translateKnown(text);
+  if (known !== text) return known;
+  for (const [pattern, format] of FEED_ERROR_PATTERNS) {
+    const match = pattern.exec(text);
+    if (match) return format(match);
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A layer's error text in the UI language (see FEED_ERRORS). An error made of
+ * several statuses joined by " · " (Local ADS-B) translates piece by piece,
+ * and so does a lone status piece ("feed 1090 unreachable").
+ */
+export function translateFeedError(text) {
+  if (typeof text !== 'string') return text;
+  const whole = feedErrorText(text);
+  if (whole !== null) return whole;
+  // feedErrorText has already looked the text up in the catalog.
+  if (!text.includes(STATUS_SEPARATOR)) return statusPatternText(text) ?? text;
+  return text
+    .split(STATUS_SEPARATOR)
+    .map((piece) => feedErrorText(piece) ?? statusPatternText(piece) ?? piece)
+    .join(STATUS_SEPARATOR);
+}
+
+// A decoder feed with no band is named by the server's "entry N" (its place
+// in LOCAL_RECEIVER_FEEDS, server/providers/local-receivers.js).
+const FEED_ENTRY = /^entry (\d+)$/;
+
+function shownFeedName(name) {
+  const entry = FEED_ENTRY.exec(name);
+  return entry ? t('entry {n}', { n: entry[1] }) : name;
+}
+
+// Feed states named in a Local ADS-B feed problem ("feeds 1090, 978 stale").
+const FEED_PROBLEM_FORMS = Object.freeze({
+  stale: (count, names) =>
+    tn(count, 'feed {names} stale', 'feeds {names} stale', { names }),
+  unreachable: (count, names) =>
+    tn(count, 'feed {names} unreachable', 'feeds {names} unreachable', {
+      names,
+    }),
+  invalid: (count, names) =>
+    tn(count, 'feed {names} invalid', 'feeds {names} invalid', { names }),
+});
+
+// Working texts with a number or a name in them arrive as English data, one
+// piece of a " · " joined line each: transit (transit/queries.js) and Local
+// ADS-B (localAdsb/status.js). The Layers panel and the voice card's analyst
+// notes show them through here. Keep these in step with the producers.
+const STATUS_PIECE_PATTERNS = [
+  [/^Loading (.+)$/, ([, feeds]) => t('Loading {feeds}', { feeds })],
+  [
+    /^(\d+) heard$/,
+    ([, heard]) =>
+      tn(Number(heard), '{count} heard', '{count} heard', {
+        count: formatNumber(Number(heard)),
+      }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(USB )?(\d+(?:\.\d+)?) msg\/s$/,
+    ([, usb, rate]) =>
+      usb
+        ? t('USB {rate} msg/s', { rate: formatNumber(Number(rate)) })
+        : t('{rate} msg/s', { rate: formatNumber(Number(rate)) }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(\d+) feeds? live$/,
+    ([, live]) =>
+      tn(Number(live), '{count} feed live', '{count} feeds live', {
+        count: formatNumber(Number(live)),
+      }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^feeds? (.+) (stale|unreachable|invalid)$/,
+    ([, names, status]) => {
+      const list = names.split(', ');
+      return FEED_PROBLEM_FORMS[status](
+        list.length,
+        list.map(shownFeedName).join(', '),
+      );
+    },
+  ],
+  // A quiet transit feed in the coverage line, "TTC 0 (95s old)"
+  // (transit/queries.js); the feed name and the numbers stay as they came.
+  [
+    /^(.+) (\d+) \((\d+)s old\)$/,
+    ([, feed, count, seconds]) =>
+      t('{feed} {count} ({seconds}s old)', { feed, count, seconds }),
+  ],
+];
+
+/** A status piece by its shape in the UI language, or null. */
+function statusPatternText(piece) {
+  for (const [pattern, format] of STATUS_PIECE_PATTERNS) {
+    const match = pattern.exec(piece);
+    if (match) return format(match);
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+/** One piece of a status line in the UI language, or as it came. */
+export function translateStatusPiece(piece) {
+  const known = translateKnown(piece);
+  if (known !== piece) return known;
+  return statusPatternText(piece) ?? piece;
+}
+
+/** A status line of " · " joined pieces in the UI language, piece by piece. */
+export function translateStatusLine(text) {
+  return text
+    .split(STATUS_SEPARATOR)
+    .map(translateStatusPiece)
+    .join(STATUS_SEPARATOR);
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/statusText.test.mjs b/src/ui/statusText.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a64975c48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/statusText.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Layer status texts arrive as English data and show in the UI language by
+// their shape; English shows exactly as it came.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { setLocale, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { translateFeedError, translateStatusLine } from './statusText.js';
+
+function inLocale(locale, run) {
+  setLocale(locale);
+  try {
+    return run();
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+}
+
+const STATUS_LINES = [
+  'feed 1090 unreachable',
+  'feeds 1090, entry 2 invalid',
+  '3 heard · USB 5.8 msg/s · feed 1090 stale',
+  '2 feeds live · 14 heard',
+  'TTC 0 (95s old)',
+  'TTC 0 · GO Transit 4 (95s old)',
+  'Loading TTC, MiWay',
+];
+
+test('en: status lines and errors show as they came', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  for (const text of [
+    ...STATUS_LINES,
+    'ECCC HTTP 503',
+    'GNSS feed unavailable (HTTP 503)',
+    'Upstream response too large',
+  ]) {
+    assert.equal(translateFeedError(text), text);
+    assert.equal(translateStatusLine(text), text);
+  }
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: a lone feed problem translates like a joined one`, () => {
+    inLocale(locale, () => {
+      const lone = translateFeedError('feed 1090 unreachable');
+      assert.doesNotMatch(lone, /unreachable/, lone);
+      assert.equal(
+        translateFeedError('feed 1090 unreachable · 2 heard').split(' · ')[0],
+        lone,
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: a feed with no band is named in the UI language`, () => {
+    inLocale(locale, () => {
+      const shown = translateFeedError('feeds 1090, entry 2 invalid');
+      assert.doesNotMatch(shown, /\b(entry|invalid)\b/, shown);
+      assert.ok(shown.includes(t('entry {n}', { n: 2 })), shown);
+      assert.ok(shown.includes('1090'), shown);
+    });
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: a quiet transit feed keeps its name and numbers`, () => {
+    inLocale(locale, () => {
+      const shown = translateStatusLine('TTC 0 · GO Transit 4 (95s old)');
+      assert.doesNotMatch(shown, /\bold\b/, shown);
+      assert.ok(shown.startsWith('TTC 0 · GO Transit 4 '), shown);
+      assert.ok(shown.includes('95'), shown);
+    });
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: a known error shows its catalog entry`, () => {
+    inLocale(locale, () => {
+      const text = 'Upstream response too large';
+      assert.notEqual(t(text), text, 'the catalog has the entry');
+      assert.equal(translateFeedError(text), t(text));
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/streetLevelControls.js b/src/ui/streetLevelControls.js
index db1a626f5..d15b92e2f 100644
--- a/src/ui/streetLevelControls.js
+++ b/src/ui/streetLevelControls.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   SINCE_STOPS,
 } from './streetLevelPresentation.js';
 
+import { t, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
 const RENDER_MODE_KEY = 'gev:street-level:render-mode';
 const FOCUSABLE =
   'a[href], button:not([disabled]), input:not([disabled]), select:not([disabled]), [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])';
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ export class StreetLevelControls {
     const sinceDays = () =>
       SINCE_STOPS[Number(el.sinceRange?.value) || 0]?.days ?? 0;
     this.listen(el.sinceRange, 'input', () => {
-      const label = SINCE_STOPS[Number(el.sinceRange.value) || 0].label;
+      const label = t(SINCE_STOPS[Number(el.sinceRange.value) || 0].label);
       if (el.sinceLabel) el.sinceLabel.textContent = label;
       el.sinceRange.setAttribute('aria-valuetext', label);
     });
@@ -229,7 +230,8 @@ export class StreetLevelControls {
       await this.actions.setEnabled?.(true);
     } catch (error) {
       this.actions.showToast?.(
-        error?.message || 'Street Level could not start',
+        translateKnown(error?.message || '') ||
+          t('Street Level could not start'),
       );
       return false;
     }
@@ -241,7 +243,9 @@ export class StreetLevelControls {
     try {
       await this.actions.setEnabled?.(!enabled);
     } catch (error) {
-      this.actions.showToast?.(error?.message || 'Street Level toggle failed');
+      this.actions.showToast?.(
+        translateKnown(error?.message || '') || t('Street Level toggle failed'),
+      );
     }
   }
 
@@ -273,7 +277,9 @@ export class StreetLevelControls {
     try {
       await this.actions.setEnabled?.(false);
     } catch (error) {
-      this.actions.showToast?.(error?.message || 'Street Level toggle failed');
+      this.actions.showToast?.(
+        translateKnown(error?.message || '') || t('Street Level toggle failed'),
+      );
     }
   }
 
@@ -325,7 +331,7 @@ export class StreetLevelControls {
       wrap.classList.add('sl-viewer-wrap-expanded');
       wrap.setAttribute('role', 'dialog');
       wrap.setAttribute('aria-modal', 'true');
-      wrap.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Street-level image');
+      wrap.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Street-level image'));
       wrap.tabIndex = -1;
       wrap.focus({ preventScroll: true });
       this._watchModal(true);
@@ -357,9 +363,9 @@ export class StreetLevelControls {
       const icon = button.querySelector('.sl-btn-icon');
       const text = button.querySelector('.sl-btn-text');
       if (icon) icon.textContent = on ? '⤡' : '⤢';
-      if (text) text.textContent = on ? 'SHRINK' : 'EXPAND';
+      if (text) text.textContent = on ? t('SHRINK') : t('EXPAND');
       button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(on));
-      button.setAttribute('aria-label', on ? 'Shrink' : 'Expand');
+      button.setAttribute('aria-label', on ? t('Shrink') : t('Expand'));
     }
     if (!on && dock) this.actions.dockPanel?.();
     this._requestResize();
diff --git a/src/ui/streetLevelMetaLocale.test.mjs b/src/ui/streetLevelMetaLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0109b8172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/streetLevelMetaLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// The Street Level meta-line test must not depend on the system locale: the
+// code formats the count in the app language (formatNumber), so a contributor
+// whose terminal sets LANG=de_DE or es_ES must see the same green run as CI's
+// C.UTF-8. Runs the presentation test file under three process locales.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import path from 'node:path';
+
+const here = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const target = path.join(here, 'streetLevelPresentation.test.mjs');
+
+for (const locale of ['de_DE.UTF-8', 'es_ES.UTF-8', 'C.UTF-8']) {
+  test(`streetLevelPresentation tests pass under LC_ALL=${locale}`, () => {
+    // Drop the node:test child markers so the nested run is a real top-level run.
+    const env = { ...process.env, LC_ALL: locale, LANG: locale };
+    delete env.NODE_TEST_CONTEXT;
+    delete env.NODE_TEST_WORKER_ID;
+    const result = spawnSync(process.execPath, ['--test', target], {
+      encoding: 'utf8',
+      env,
+    });
+    const failed = result.stdout.match(/^ℹ fail (\d+)/m)?.[1] ?? '?';
+    assert.equal(
+      result.status,
+      0,
+      `exit status ${result.status}, ${failed} failing test(s) under ${locale}\n${result.stdout.slice(-700)}`,
+    );
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/streetLevelPresentation.js b/src/ui/streetLevelPresentation.js
index eeb00df66..d7d31da2e 100644
--- a/src/ui/streetLevelPresentation.js
+++ b/src/ui/streetLevelPresentation.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-import {
-  keySetupRequirement,
-  keySetupWithAlternatives,
-} from '../keySetupCore.mjs';
+import { formatNumber, msg, t, tn, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { keyGuidanceText, keyRequirementText } from './keyGuidance.js';
 
 // Street Level UI state to panel strings and flags. Pure, so it is testable.
 
@@ -9,15 +7,15 @@ const DAY_MS = 86_400_000;
 
 /** SINCE slider stops, in relative days so a share link keeps its meaning. */
 export const SINCE_STOPS = Object.freeze([
-  Object.freeze({ days: 0, label: 'ANY DATE' }),
-  Object.freeze({ days: 3652, label: 'LAST 10 YEARS' }),
-  Object.freeze({ days: 1826, label: 'LAST 5 YEARS' }),
-  Object.freeze({ days: 1095, label: 'LAST 3 YEARS' }),
-  Object.freeze({ days: 730, label: 'LAST 2 YEARS' }),
-  Object.freeze({ days: 365, label: 'LAST YEAR' }),
-  Object.freeze({ days: 182, label: 'LAST 6 MONTHS' }),
-  Object.freeze({ days: 91, label: 'LAST 3 MONTHS' }),
-  Object.freeze({ days: 30, label: 'LAST MONTH' }),
+  Object.freeze({ days: 0, label: msg('ANY DATE') }),
+  Object.freeze({ days: 3652, label: msg('LAST 10 YEARS') }),
+  Object.freeze({ days: 1826, label: msg('LAST 5 YEARS') }),
+  Object.freeze({ days: 1095, label: msg('LAST 3 YEARS') }),
+  Object.freeze({ days: 730, label: msg('LAST 2 YEARS') }),
+  Object.freeze({ days: 365, label: msg('LAST YEAR') }),
+  Object.freeze({ days: 182, label: msg('LAST 6 MONTHS') }),
+  Object.freeze({ days: 91, label: msg('LAST 3 MONTHS') }),
+  Object.freeze({ days: 30, label: msg('LAST MONTH') }),
 ]);
 
 /** The exact stop for a day count, else the nearest one. */
@@ -37,13 +35,19 @@ export function sinceStopIndex(days) {
 function presentSince(days, now) {
   const value = Number(days) || 0;
   const index = sinceStopIndex(value);
-  if (value <= 0) return { index, days: 0, label: 'ANY DATE' };
+  if (value <= 0) return { index, days: 0, label: t('ANY DATE') };
   const stop = SINCE_STOPS[index];
-  const window = stop.days === value ? stop.label : `LAST ${value} DAYS`;
+  const window =
+    stop.days === value
+      ? t(stop.label)
+      : tn(value, 'LAST {count} DAY', 'LAST {count} DAYS');
   return {
     index,
     days: value,
-    label: `${window} · SINCE ${formatDate(now - value * DAY_MS)}`,
+    label: t('{window} · SINCE {date}', {
+      window,
+      date: formatDate(now - value * DAY_MS),
+    }),
   };
 }
 
@@ -64,9 +68,9 @@ function formatDate(ms, precision = 'day') {
 function keyGuidance(state) {
   const needs = (state.providers || [])
     .filter((p) => p.on && p.keyRequired && p.requiresKeyId)
-    .map((p) => keySetupRequirement(p.requiresKeyId))
+    .map((p) => keyRequirementText(p.requiresKeyId))
     .filter(Boolean);
-  return keySetupWithAlternatives(
+  return keyGuidanceText(
     [...new Set(needs)].join('; '),
     state.keyAlternatives || [],
   );
@@ -74,21 +78,56 @@ function keyGuidance(state) {
 
 function presentStatus(state) {
   const pressed = state.enabled === true;
-  const title = pressed ? 'Turn Street Level off' : 'Turn Street Level on';
+  const title = pressed
+    ? t('Turn Street Level off')
+    : t('Turn Street Level on');
   if (state.keyRejected)
-    return { text: 'KEY REJECTED', tone: 'warn', pressed, title };
+    return { text: t('KEY REJECTED'), tone: 'warn', pressed, title };
   if (state.keyRequired)
     return {
-      text: 'KEY REQUIRED',
+      text: t('KEY REQUIRED'),
       tone: 'warn',
       pressed,
       title: keyGuidance(state) || title,
     };
   if (state.coverage.loading)
-    return { text: 'LOADING', tone: 'busy', pressed, title };
+    return { text: t('LOADING'), tone: 'busy', pressed, title };
   return pressed
-    ? { text: 'ON', tone: 'on', pressed, title }
-    : { text: 'OFF', tone: '', pressed, title };
+    ? { text: t('ON'), tone: 'on', pressed, title }
+    : { text: t('OFF'), tone: '', pressed, title };
+}
+
+// Provider refusals with a number stay English data (kartaview and panoramax
+// source.js); they go back onto a placeholder here.
+const ERROR_PATTERNS = [
+  [
+    /^KartaView answered HTTP (\d+)$/,
+    ([, status]) => t('KartaView answered HTTP {status}', { status }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^Panoramax answered HTTP (\d+)$/,
+    ([, status]) => t('Panoramax answered HTTP {status}', { status }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^KartaView refused the request \(code (-?\d+)\)$/,
+    ([, code]) => t('KartaView refused the request (code {code})', { code }),
+  ],
+];
+
+/**
+ * A provider or viewer error in the UI language. Exported for tests.
+ * @param {string} text English error text from a provider.
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function translateStreetLevelError(text) {
+  if (typeof text !== 'string' || !text) return text;
+  const known = translateKnown(text);
+  if (known !== text) return known;
+  for (const [pattern, format] of ERROR_PATTERNS) {
+    const match = pattern.exec(text);
+    if (match) return format(match);
+  }
+  return text;
 }
 
 /** A chip is lit only while the layer and its provider are both on. */
@@ -97,15 +136,18 @@ function presentProviders(state) {
   return (state.providers || []).map((provider) => {
     const keyRequired = provider.keyRequired === true;
     const on = enabled && provider.on === true;
-    let title = `${provider.name} imagery ${on ? 'on' : 'off'}`;
+    let title = on
+      ? t('{name} imagery on', { name: provider.name })
+      : t('{name} imagery off', { name: provider.name });
     if (provider.keyRejected && provider.error)
-      title = `${provider.name}: ${provider.error}`;
+      title = `${provider.name}: ${translateStreetLevelError(provider.error)}`;
     else if (keyRequired && provider.requiresKeyId)
-      title = `${provider.name}: ${keySetupRequirement(provider.requiresKeyId)}`;
-    else if (provider.error) title = `${provider.name}: ${provider.error}`;
+      title = `${provider.name}: ${keyRequirementText(provider.requiresKeyId)}`;
+    else if (provider.error)
+      title = `${provider.name}: ${translateStreetLevelError(provider.error)}`;
     return {
       id: provider.id,
-      label: provider.label,
+      label: translateKnown(provider.label),
       color: provider.color || null,
       title,
       active: on,
@@ -132,7 +174,8 @@ function presentViewer(state) {
     right.push(formatDate(street.capturedAt, street.capturedAtPrecision));
   const left = [];
   if (street.title) left.push(street.title);
-  if (street.creator) left.push(`Image by ${street.creator}`);
+  if (street.creator)
+    left.push(t('Image by {creator}', { creator: street.creator }));
   if (street.license) left.push(street.license);
   return {
     open: street.open === true,
@@ -142,14 +185,20 @@ function presentViewer(state) {
     captionLeft: left.join(' · '),
     captionRight: right.join(' · '),
     link: street.externalUrl || null,
-    linkLabel: street.providerLabel ? `${street.providerLabel} ↗` : '',
+    linkLabel: street.providerLabel
+      ? `${translateKnown(street.providerLabel)} ↗`
+      : '',
     follow: {
       pressed: street.follow === true,
       disabled: street.open !== true || street.followAvailable !== true,
       title:
         street.followAvailable === true
-          ? 'Camera follows view: move the globe camera wherever the street-level view looks'
-          : 'Camera follow needs the Google 3D map: choose Google 3D under MAP SOURCE',
+          ? t(
+              'Camera follows view: move the globe camera wherever the street-level view looks',
+            )
+          : t(
+              'Camera follow needs the Google 3D map: choose Google 3D under MAP SOURCE',
+            ),
     },
   };
 }
@@ -168,40 +217,85 @@ function presentNearest(state) {
       disabled: true,
       providerIds: [],
     };
-  const names = targets.map((provider) => provider.name).join(' or ');
+  const names = targets
+    .map((provider) => translateKnown(provider.name))
+    .join(t(' or '));
+  const labels = targets
+    .map((provider) => translateKnown(provider.label))
+    .join(' / ');
   const ready = state.groundClickReady === true;
   return {
     visible: true,
-    label: `OPEN ${targets.map((provider) => provider.label).join(' / ')}`,
+    label: t('OPEN {labels}', { labels }),
     title: ready
-      ? `Open ${names} at the centre of the view`
-      : `Zoom in to a street to open ${names} here`,
+      ? t('Open {names} at the centre of the view', { names })
+      : t('Zoom in to a street to open {names} here', { names }),
     disabled: !ready || state.street.loading === true,
     providerIds: targets.map((provider) => provider.id),
   };
 }
 
+/** Provider hints are English data joined by " · "; translate each part. */
+function translateHint(hint) {
+  return hint ? hint.split(' · ').map(translateKnown).join(' · ') : '';
+}
+
 function presentMeta(state) {
-  if (state.providers.length === 0) return state.coverage.hint || '';
-  if (!state.enabled) return 'Switch a provider on to draw its coverage.';
+  if (state.providers.length === 0) return translateHint(state.coverage.hint);
+  if (!state.enabled) return t('Switch a provider on to draw its coverage.');
   // Key-gated with another source ready: say how to use it.
   if (state.keyRequired && state.keyAlternatives?.length)
     return keyGuidance(state);
   if (state.sequence.selectedId)
     return state.sequence.loading
-      ? 'Loading this sequence…'
-      : `${state.sequence.images.toLocaleString()} images in this sequence · Esc clears`;
-  const hint = state.coverage.hint || '';
-  if (state.coverage.count > 0)
-    return [
-      `${state.coverage.count.toLocaleString()} ${state.coverage.label?.noun || 'sequences'} in view · ${state.coverage.label?.action || 'click a line for its photos'}`,
-      hint,
-    ]
-      .filter(Boolean)
-      .join(' · ');
+      ? t('Loading this sequence…')
+      : tn(
+          state.sequence.images,
+          '{n} image in this sequence · Esc clears',
+          '{n} images in this sequence · Esc clears',
+          { n: formatNumber(state.sequence.images) },
+        );
+  const hint = translateHint(state.coverage.hint);
+  if (state.coverage.count > 0) {
+    const countLine = coverageCountLine(state.coverage);
+    return [countLine, hint].filter(Boolean).join(' · ');
+  }
   return hint;
 }
 
+/**
+ * The coverage count line. Providers carry their wording as data
+ * (coverageLabel noun/action); each combination needs its own literal tn
+ * pair so every language gets real plural forms — the noun cannot inflect
+ * through a placeholder in Russian. New wording: add a pair here and to the
+ * catalogs (es.json/ru.json).
+ * @param {{count: number, label?: {noun?: string, action?: string}|null}} coverage
+ */
+function coverageCountLine(coverage) {
+  const count = coverage.count;
+  const values = { n: formatNumber(count) };
+  if (coverage.label?.action === 'click a line for its nearest photo')
+    return coverage.label.noun === 'streets'
+      ? tn(
+          count,
+          '{n} street in view · click a line for its nearest photo',
+          '{n} streets in view · click a line for its nearest photo',
+          values,
+        )
+      : tn(
+          count,
+          '{n} sequence in view · click a line for its nearest photo',
+          '{n} sequences in view · click a line for its nearest photo',
+          values,
+        );
+  return tn(
+    count,
+    '{n} sequence in view · click a line for its photos',
+    '{n} sequences in view · click a line for its photos',
+    values,
+  );
+}
+
 /** @param {{now?: number}} [options] Clock for the SINCE readout. */
 export function presentStreetLevelPanel(state, { now = Date.now() } = {}) {
   const enabled = state.enabled === true;
@@ -218,7 +312,9 @@ export function presentStreetLevelPanel(state, { now = Date.now() } = {}) {
     providers: presentProviders(state),
     error: keyMissing
       ? null
-      : state.street.error || state.coverage.error || null,
+      : translateStreetLevelError(
+          state.street.error || state.coverage.error || '',
+        ) || null,
     filter: { pano: filter.pano, sinceDays: Number(filter.sinceDays) || 0 },
     filterControls: {
       pano: state.filterControls?.pano !== false,
diff --git a/src/ui/streetLevelPresentation.test.mjs b/src/ui/streetLevelPresentation.test.mjs
index 7dbf18179..40cc4d14a 100644
--- a/src/ui/streetLevelPresentation.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/streetLevelPresentation.test.mjs
@@ -446,9 +446,11 @@ test('the meta line keeps the sequence count and adds the other providers’ hin
       },
     }),
   );
+  // The count follows the app locale (formatNumber under the default 'en'),
+  // not the system locale of the Node process running the tests.
   assert.equal(
     view.meta,
-    `${(2514).toLocaleString()} sequences in view · click a line for its photos · click a street to open Street View`,
+    '2,514 sequences in view · click a line for its photos · click a street to open Street View',
   );
 });
 
diff --git a/src/ui/styleParameters.js b/src/ui/styleParameters.js
index 6afa3e36b..c88872d69 100644
--- a/src/ui/styleParameters.js
+++ b/src/ui/styleParameters.js
@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
+import { formatNumber, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+/** A slider value in the UI language: 0.85 in English, 0,85 in Spanish. */
+const formatParam = (value, digits) =>
+  formatNumber(value, {
+    minimumFractionDigits: digits,
+    maximumFractionDigits: digits,
+    useGrouping: false,
+  });
+
 /**
  * Own generated parameter rows and their input listeners.
  * The caller supplies uniform metadata/value access and rendering/persistence
@@ -30,11 +40,11 @@ export function createStyleParameters({
         row.className = 'param-slider-row';
         const label = documentRef.createElement('span');
         label.className = 'param-label';
-        label.textContent = metadata.label;
+        label.textContent = t(metadata.label);
         const slider = documentRef.createElement('input');
         slider.type = 'range';
         slider.className = 'param-slider';
-        slider.setAttribute('aria-label', metadata.label);
+        slider.setAttribute('aria-label', t(metadata.label));
         slider.min = metadata.min;
         slider.max = metadata.max;
         slider.step = metadata.max <= 1 ? '0.01' : '0.1';
@@ -42,11 +52,14 @@ export function createStyleParameters({
         const digits = metadata.max <= 1 ? 2 : 1;
         const valueDisplay = documentRef.createElement('span');
         valueDisplay.className = 'param-value';
-        valueDisplay.textContent = parseFloat(slider.value).toFixed(digits);
+        valueDisplay.textContent = formatParam(
+          parseFloat(slider.value),
+          digits,
+        );
         const onInput = () => {
           const value = parseFloat(slider.value);
           writeValue(name, value);
-          valueDisplay.textContent = value.toFixed(digits);
+          valueDisplay.textContent = formatParam(value, digits);
           onChange();
         };
         slider.addEventListener('input', onInput);
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/bhote-koshi.css b/src/ui/styles/bhote-koshi.css
index 952e4d07b..21a0348f7 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/bhote-koshi.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/bhote-koshi.css
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@
   background: var(--glass-bg);
   border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
   border-radius: 6px;
-  box-shadow: 0 18px 52px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.48), inset 0 0 28px rgba(14, 78, 92, 0.12);
+  box-shadow:
+    0 18px 52px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.48),
+    inset 0 0 28px rgba(14, 78, 92, 0.12);
   backdrop-filter: blur(24px) saturate(1.4);
   font-family: var(--font-mono);
   letter-spacing: 0;
@@ -153,33 +155,69 @@
 }
 
 @keyframes bhote-embedded-anchor-enter {
-  from { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0.2); }
-  to { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); }
+  from {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: scale(0.2);
+  }
+  to {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: scale(1);
+  }
 }
 
 @keyframes bhote-embedded-leader-enter {
-  from { opacity: 0; stroke-dashoffset: 1; }
-  to { opacity: 1; stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
+  from {
+    opacity: 0;
+    stroke-dashoffset: 1;
+  }
+  to {
+    opacity: 1;
+    stroke-dashoffset: 0;
+  }
 }
 
 @keyframes bhote-embedded-body-enter {
-  from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(8px) scale(0.98); }
-  to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0) scale(1); }
+  from {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: translateY(8px) scale(0.98);
+  }
+  to {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: translateY(0) scale(1);
+  }
 }
 
 @keyframes bhote-embedded-body-exit {
-  from { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0) scale(1); }
-  to { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(6px) scale(0.985); }
+  from {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: translateY(0) scale(1);
+  }
+  to {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: translateY(6px) scale(0.985);
+  }
 }
 
 @keyframes bhote-embedded-leader-exit {
-  from { opacity: 1; stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
-  to { opacity: 0; stroke-dashoffset: 1; }
+  from {
+    opacity: 1;
+    stroke-dashoffset: 0;
+  }
+  to {
+    opacity: 0;
+    stroke-dashoffset: 1;
+  }
 }
 
 @keyframes bhote-embedded-anchor-exit {
-  from { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); }
-  to { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0.2); }
+  from {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: scale(1);
+  }
+  to {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: scale(0.2);
+  }
 }
 
 @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
@@ -267,6 +305,27 @@
   text-decoration: none;
 }
 
+/* The title takes the full card width and up to two lines, so a translated
+   title keeps its place name; the link sits beside the status below it. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .bhote-embedded-callout footer strong {
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+  display: -webkit-box;
+  text-overflow: clip;
+  white-space: normal;
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
+  -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) .bhote-embedded-callout footer small {
+  align-self: center;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) .bhote-embedded-callout footer a {
+  grid-row: 2;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
 .bhote-embedded-callout footer a:hover,
 .bhote-embedded-callout footer a:focus-visible {
   text-decoration: underline;
@@ -354,6 +413,12 @@
   color: rgba(222, 240, 245, 0.88);
 }
 
+/* A longer translated heading wraps; the readout beside it stays one piece. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .bhote-event-section-head span:last-child {
+  flex: none;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
 .bhote-event-range {
   width: 100%;
   height: 4px;
@@ -372,6 +437,12 @@
   color: rgba(174, 208, 216, 0.62);
 }
 
+/* Keep a translated date ("16 OCT 2021") together so the year never wraps
+   alone. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .bhote-event-date {
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
 .bhote-event-story-nav {
   display: grid;
   grid-template-columns: 34px minmax(0, 1fr) 34px;
@@ -388,7 +459,11 @@
   border-radius: 4px;
   color: var(--accent);
   background: rgba(7, 25, 35, 0.9);
-  font: 22px/1 'JetBrains Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace;
+  font:
+    22px/1 'JetBrains Mono',
+    'SFMono-Regular',
+    Consolas,
+    monospace;
   cursor: pointer;
 }
 
@@ -428,6 +503,31 @@
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
 
+html:not([lang='en']) .bhote-event-story-current {
+  padding: 5px 10px;
+}
+
+/* Up to two lines: a translated beat title keeps its subject. Two title lines
+   and one meta line still fit the 54px arrow buttons, so the controls stay put. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .bhote-event-story-current strong {
+  display: -webkit-box;
+  text-overflow: clip;
+  white-space: normal;
+  overflow-wrap: break-word;
+  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
+  -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
+}
+
+/* Phase / time / sources run long in translation: allow a second line. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .bhote-event-story-current small {
+  display: -webkit-box;
+  margin-top: 3px;
+  text-overflow: clip;
+  white-space: normal;
+  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
+  -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
+}
+
 .bhote-event-actions {
   display: grid;
   grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
@@ -458,6 +558,15 @@
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
 
+/* A longer translation wraps to a second line instead of being cut. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .bhote-event-actions button {
+  padding: 3px 5px;
+  line-height: 1.2;
+  text-overflow: clip;
+  white-space: normal;
+  overflow-wrap: break-word;
+}
+
 .bhote-event-actions button:disabled,
 .bhote-event-story-nav > button:disabled {
   opacity: 0.3;
@@ -469,7 +578,7 @@
   border-color: rgba(88, 196, 218, 0.36);
 }
 
-.bhote-event-actions button[data-action="cinematic"][aria-pressed="true"] {
+.bhote-event-actions button[data-action='cinematic'][aria-pressed='true'] {
   color: #071017;
   border-color: var(--accent);
   background: var(--accent);
@@ -593,7 +702,6 @@
     max-height: 48vh;
     overflow-y: auto;
   }
-
 }
 
 * {
@@ -602,7 +710,8 @@
   box-sizing: border-box;
 }
 
-html, body {
+html,
+body {
   width: 100%;
   height: 100%;
   overflow: hidden;
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cctv.css b/src/ui/styles/cctv.css
index ece71c732..d6f895681 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cctv.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cctv.css
@@ -70,6 +70,18 @@
   margin-bottom: 0;
 }
 
+/* Spanish labels overflow the nowrap .scene-btn row of the fixed-width
+   panel; wrap the row under es only, English stays as is. */
+html[lang='es'] .cctv-controls {
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+}
+
+/* A label longer than its button wraps inside it, not past the panel edge. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .cctv-controls .scene-btn {
+  white-space: normal;
+  overflow-wrap: break-word;
+}
+
 .cctv-calibration-block {
   border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
   border-radius: 9px;
@@ -157,6 +169,9 @@
   padding: 6px 8px;
   font-family: var(--font-sans);
   font-size: 12px;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
   outline: none;
 }
 
@@ -260,12 +275,12 @@
   animation: cctv-frame-shimmer 1.4s linear infinite;
 }
 
-/* "Acquiring" caption only when no previous frame is showing underneath */
-.cctv-frame-wrap.loading:not(.has-frame)::before {
-  content: 'ACQUIRING FRAME';
+/* "Acquiring" caption only when no previous frame is showing underneath.
+   The text lives in the markup (data-i18n) so it is translated. */
+.cctv-frame-caption {
+  display: none;
   position: absolute;
   inset: 0;
-  display: flex;
   align-items: center;
   justify-content: center;
   font-family: var(--font-mono);
@@ -275,6 +290,10 @@
   pointer-events: none;
 }
 
+.cctv-frame-wrap.loading:not(.has-frame) .cctv-frame-caption {
+  display: flex;
+}
+
 @keyframes cctv-frame-shimmer {
   to {
     transform: translateX(100%);
@@ -365,3 +384,32 @@
   color: #a8f7ff;
   text-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.18);
 }
+
+/* Tighter calibration chips keep the seven values to two rows, so
+   SAVE / RESET stay in view. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .cctv-cal-readout {
+  gap: 4px;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) .cctv-cal-value {
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  letter-spacing: 0.3px;
+  padding: 4px;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) #cctv-camera-select {
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 10px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
+}
+
+/* The camera name gets its own row; PREV / NEXT share the row below it. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .cctv-controls:has(#cctv-camera-select) {
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) #cctv-camera-select {
+  flex: 1 1 100%;
+  order: -1;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
index bed0c1772..c1cd9c562 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cockpit.css
@@ -575,6 +575,11 @@ body.cockpit-mode:has(#left-panel-stack > .panel-collapsible:not(.collapsed))
   text-align: center;
   vertical-align: -0.08em;
 }
+/* Grouping and decimal separators (a space or comma in Spanish and Russian)
+   get a narrow cell; English keeps the full 0.56em cell. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .cockpit-roll-token.is-separator {
+  min-width: 0.3em;
+}
 .cockpit-roll-token.is-rolling {
   color: color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 92%, var(--cockpit-accent));
   text-shadow: 0 0 10px
@@ -1506,6 +1511,14 @@ body.cockpit-mode #view-switcher button {
   display: grid;
   gap: 2px;
 }
+html:not([lang='en']) .cockpit-signal-header > div {
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+html:not([lang='en']) .cockpit-signal-kicker {
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
 .cockpit-signal-header strong {
   color: #fff;
   font-size: 8px;
@@ -1532,6 +1545,11 @@ body.cockpit-mode #view-switcher button {
   align-items: center;
   gap: 3px;
 }
+/* A longer translated state label widens the cycle button; the other
+   controls keep their size instead of being squeezed. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .cockpit-brief-actions > * {
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+}
 .cockpit-brief-actions button {
   display: grid;
   width: 23px;
@@ -1559,6 +1577,12 @@ body.cockpit-mode #view-switcher button {
   font: 700 6px/1 var(--font-mono);
   letter-spacing: 0.05em;
 }
+html:not([lang='en']) #cockpit-brief-auto {
+  width: auto;
+  min-width: 50px;
+  padding: 0 4px;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
 #cockpit-brief-auto[aria-pressed='true'] {
   border-color: var(--cockpit-accent);
   background: color-mix(
@@ -1871,6 +1895,18 @@ body.cockpit-mode #view-switcher button {
   display: flex;
   gap: 3px;
 }
+/* Translated tab names are longer: the tabs keep their words whole and the
+   footer text beside them gives way. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .cockpit-signal-footer > span {
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+html:not([lang='en']) .cockpit-brief-tabs {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+}
+html:not([lang='en']) .cockpit-brief-tabs button {
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
 .cockpit-brief-tabs button {
   padding: 2px 4px;
   border: 0;
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/command-dock-sliding.css b/src/ui/styles/command-dock-sliding.css
index 396a34c21..ee64b9a8c 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/command-dock-sliding.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/command-dock-sliding.css
@@ -647,6 +647,11 @@
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
 
+/* The ru/es push-to-talk hint is longer than the tray: wrap it instead of clipping. */
+html:not([lang='en']) #gev-voice-control .gev-voice-help-detail {
+  white-space: normal;
+}
+
 #gev-voice-control:not([data-status='error']):hover .gev-voice-help-tray,
 #gev-voice-control:not([data-status='error'])
   #gev-voice-button:focus-visible
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/command-dock-trays.css b/src/ui/styles/command-dock-trays.css
index 4631bfcff..eef3c6001 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/command-dock-trays.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/command-dock-trays.css
@@ -392,6 +392,12 @@
     transform 220ms cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1);
 }
 
+/* The side wings sit at z-index 100 (controls.css, location.css), so their
+   open trays would cover the alert; lift the voice column while it shows. */
+#command-dock > #gev-voice-control[data-status='error']:not(.error-dismissed) {
+  z-index: 101;
+}
+
 #command-dock
   #gev-voice-control[data-status='error']:not(.error-dismissed)
   .gev-voice-error-tray {
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/controls.css b/src/ui/styles/controls.css
index 4c3769568..24104e66a 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/controls.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/controls.css
@@ -221,6 +221,18 @@
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
 
+/* A longer translated title in a collapsed rail launcher tightens its
+   tracking rather than pushing the disclosure button out of the card. */
+html:not([lang='en'])
+  #right-context-rail
+  .panel-collapsible.collapsed
+  .panel-title {
+  min-width: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  letter-spacing: 1.5px;
+}
+
 .panel-divider {
   flex: 1;
   height: 1px;
@@ -244,6 +256,11 @@
     color var(--transition-fast);
 }
 
+/* A long translated title must not squeeze the toggle into a sliver. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .panel-collapse-btn {
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+}
+
 .panel-collapse-btn:hover {
   border-color: var(--glass-border-hover);
   color: var(--text-primary);
@@ -770,6 +787,14 @@
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
 
+/* One label column across the Display rows: --pp-label-chars is the longest
+   label of the active language (set in applicationShell.js); the labels are
+   monospace. 0.125em is the 1px letter-spacing at 8px. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .pp-slider-row > .pp-slider-mini-label {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  min-width: calc(var(--pp-label-chars, 0) * (1ch + 0.125em));
+}
+
 .detection-slider-row {
   min-width: 170px;
   padding: 5px 8px 6px;
@@ -966,6 +991,11 @@
 #draw-mode-row {
   min-width: 184px;
 }
+/* Equal thirds with room around the label, so a long translated shape name
+   never runs edge to edge in its segment. */
+html:not([lang='en']) #draw-mode-row .pp-mode-btn {
+  padding: 0 4px;
+}
 #draw-label-row {
   flex-wrap: wrap;
   row-gap: 6px;
@@ -990,6 +1020,11 @@
 .draw-color-select {
   flex: 0 0 74px;
 }
+/* Sized to its longest colour name so a translated one is never clipped. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .draw-color-select {
+  flex: 0 0 auto;
+  min-width: 74px;
+}
 .draw-clear-btn {
   flex: 0 0 auto;
   padding: 0 8px;
@@ -1319,6 +1354,22 @@ body.ui-clean-view #scene-runtime.active {
   margin-bottom: 0;
 }
 
+/* One label column for every parameter, as wide as the longest translated
+   label, so all slider tracks start and end at the same x. */
+html:not([lang='en']) #param-sliders {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: max-content minmax(0, 1fr) max-content;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 10px;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) .param-slider-row {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+  grid-template-columns: subgrid;
+  margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
 .param-label {
   font-family: var(--font-mono);
   font-size: 9px;
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/cyber.css b/src/ui/styles/cyber.css
index c8f5b139f..04a1efa77 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/cyber.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/cyber.css
@@ -174,6 +174,8 @@
     .context-mode-button,
     .map-stack-chip,
     .key-setup-chip,
+    .locale-picker-button,
+    .locale-picker-popup,
     .first-run-card
   ) {
   border-color: var(--glass-border);
@@ -1834,9 +1836,11 @@
     display: none;
   }
 
+  /* Sits above the language picker row in the bottom-right corner
+     (locale-picker.css: 0.9rem inset + one ~2rem button + a gap). */
   #intel-hud[data-variant='cyber'] .hud-bottom-right {
     right: 28px;
-    bottom: 28px;
+    bottom: 3.5rem;
   }
 }
 
@@ -2733,6 +2737,9 @@
 
 :root[data-ui-theme='cyber'] body.cockpit-mode .cockpit-position-readout {
   right: 30px;
+  /* Clears the language picker row it shares the corner with, as in the
+     other themes (locale-picker.css). */
+  bottom: 3.5rem;
 }
 
 :root[data-ui-theme='cyber'] body.cockpit-mode .cockpit-help {
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/embed.css b/src/ui/styles/embed.css
index 3567f6a50..5528a76da 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/embed.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/embed.css
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 body.ui-embed #clean-view-exit,
 body.ui-embed #intel-hud,
 body.ui-embed #key-setup-chip,
+body.ui-embed #corner-actions,
 body.ui-embed #key-setup,
 body.ui-embed #first-run-launcher,
 body.ui-embed #command-dock,
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/english-css-parity.test.mjs b/src/ui/styles/english-css-parity.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d9a1ae4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/styles/english-css-parity.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+// Layout rules written for long translations must not change the English
+// rendering: every rule checked here has no `html:not([lang='en'])` guard,
+// so it applies to English too.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { dirname, join } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+
+const here = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const css = (name) => readFileSync(join(here, name), 'utf8');
+
+/** Declarations of every rule whose (unguarded) selector list is `selector`. */
+function unguardedRules(source, selector) {
+  const norm = (s) => s.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
+  const want = norm(selector);
+  const out = [];
+  const re = /([^{}]+)\{([^{}]*)\}/g;
+  let m;
+  while ((m = re.exec(source))) {
+    // The captured "selector" may carry the tail of a preceding block
+    // (comments, an @media prelude); keep what follows the last `}` or `*/`.
+    const raw = m[1].split(/\*\/|\}/).pop();
+    const sel = norm(raw);
+    if (sel === want && !sel.includes("html:not([lang='en'])")) out.push(m[2]);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+function declaration(block, prop) {
+  const m = block.match(new RegExp(`(?:^|;)\\s*${prop}\\s*:\\s*([^;]+)`));
+  return m ? m[1].replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim() : undefined;
+}
+
+test('layer status chip keeps its English width (82px)', () => {
+  const rules = unguardedRules(
+    css('radio.css'),
+    `.data-toggle-btn.feed-loading, .data-toggle-btn.feed-degraded,
+     .data-toggle-btn.feed-stale, .data-toggle-btn.feed-partial,
+     .data-toggle-btn.feed-fallback, .data-toggle-btn.feed-unavailable`,
+  );
+  assert.equal(rules.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(declaration(rules[0], 'min-width'), '82px');
+});
+
+test('Directions steps keep one line with an ellipsis in English', () => {
+  const [rule] = unguardedRules(css('radio.css'), '.data-row-list-text');
+  assert.ok(rule);
+  assert.equal(declaration(rule, 'white-space'), 'nowrap');
+  assert.equal(declaration(rule, 'text-overflow'), 'ellipsis');
+});
+
+test('count-line layout is not reachable from an unguarded selector', () => {
+  const source = css('radio.css');
+  assert.equal(
+    unguardedRules(source, '.data-toggle-row--count-line .data-count').length,
+    0,
+  );
+});
+
+test('weather status line keeps its fixed English height', () => {
+  const [rule] = unguardedRules(
+    css('weather.css'),
+    ".weather-card [data-line-id='status']",
+  );
+  assert.ok(rule);
+  assert.equal(declaration(rule, 'height'), '1.45em');
+});
+
+test('cockpit number separators keep the English cell width', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    unguardedRules(css('cockpit.css'), '.cockpit-roll-token.is-separator')
+      .length,
+    0,
+  );
+});
+
+test('Bhote Koshi callout keeps its English footer layout', () => {
+  const source = css('bhote-koshi.css');
+  const [strong] = unguardedRules(
+    source,
+    '.bhote-embedded-callout footer strong',
+  );
+  assert.equal(declaration(strong, 'white-space'), 'nowrap');
+  const [link] = unguardedRules(source, '.bhote-embedded-callout footer a');
+  assert.equal(declaration(link, 'grid-row'), '1 / span 2');
+});
+
+test('SCENES actions stay on one line in English', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    unguardedRules(css('scenes.css'), '#scene-panel .scene-controls .scene-btn')
+      .length,
+    0,
+  );
+  const [select] = unguardedRules(css('scenes.css'), '#scene-select');
+  assert.equal(declaration(select, 'white-space'), undefined);
+});
+
+test('Display and parameter rows keep their English layout', () => {
+  const source = css('controls.css');
+  assert.equal(
+    unguardedRules(source, '.pp-slider-row > .pp-slider-mini-label').length,
+    0,
+  );
+  assert.equal(unguardedRules(source, '#param-sliders').length, 0);
+  const [row] = unguardedRules(source, '.param-slider-row');
+  assert.equal(declaration(row, 'display'), 'flex');
+  const [color] = unguardedRules(source, '.draw-color-select');
+  assert.equal(declaration(color, 'flex'), '0 0 74px');
+});
+
+test('weather setting rows keep the 56px English label column', () => {
+  const source = css('weather.css');
+  assert.equal(unguardedRules(source, '.rail-card-settings').length, 0);
+  const [row] = unguardedRules(source, '.rail-card-setting');
+  assert.equal(
+    declaration(row, 'grid-template-columns'),
+    '56px minmax(0, 1fr)',
+  );
+});
+
+test('cockpit brief controls keep their English sizes', () => {
+  const source = css('cockpit.css');
+  const [auto] = unguardedRules(source, '#cockpit-brief-auto');
+  assert.equal(declaration(auto, 'width'), '50px');
+  assert.equal(unguardedRules(source, '.cockpit-brief-actions > *').length, 0);
+});
+
+test('the count-line class is set only outside English', async () => {
+  const { setLocale } = await import('../../i18n/index.js');
+  const { LayerPanel } = await import('../layerPanel.js');
+  const classes = () => {
+    const toggled = new Map();
+    const node = () => ({
+      textContent: '',
+      classList: { toggle: (name, on) => toggled.set(name, on) },
+      appendChild() {},
+    });
+    LayerPanel.prototype._syncCount.call(LayerPanel.prototype, node(), node(), {
+      countLabel: '693 nearby · 93 on screen',
+    });
+    return toggled.get('data-toggle-row--count-line');
+  };
+  globalThis.document ??= { createElement: () => ({}) };
+  try {
+    setLocale('en');
+    assert.equal(classes(), false);
+    setLocale('es');
+    assert.equal(classes(), true);
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('Recent Imagery readout keeps its English layout', () => {
+  const source = css('recent-imagery.css');
+  const one = (selector) => {
+    const rules = unguardedRules(source, selector);
+    assert.equal(rules.length, 1, selector);
+    return rules[0];
+  };
+  // The SHOW chip shares its row with the reserved B half.
+  assert.equal(
+    unguardedRules(
+      source,
+      ".recent-imagery-readout:not([data-mode='ab']) .ri-card-chips .ri-chip[data-slot='a']",
+    ).length,
+    0,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    unguardedRules(
+      source,
+      ".recent-imagery-readout:not([data-mode='ab']) .ri-card-chips .ri-chip[data-slot='b']",
+    ).length,
+    0,
+  );
+  // Slot rows: their own fixed 44px tag column, no subgrid.
+  const selection = one('.recent-imagery-readout .ri-selection');
+  assert.equal(declaration(selection, 'grid-template-columns'), undefined);
+  assert.equal(declaration(selection, 'column-gap'), undefined);
+  assert.equal(
+    declaration(one('.recent-imagery-readout .ri-mode'), 'grid-column'),
+    undefined,
+  );
+  const slot = one('.recent-imagery-readout .ri-slot');
+  assert.equal(
+    declaration(slot, 'grid-template-columns'),
+    '44px minmax(0, 1fr) 22px',
+  );
+  assert.equal(declaration(slot, 'grid-column'), undefined);
+  assert.equal(declaration(slot, 'height'), '20px');
+  assert.equal(
+    declaration(one('.recent-imagery-readout .ri-slot-tag'), 'padding'),
+    undefined,
+  );
+  // Opacity / SWAP / export row: fixed English columns.
+  assert.equal(
+    declaration(
+      one('.recent-imagery-readout .ri-controls'),
+      'grid-template-columns',
+    ),
+    '76px minmax(0, 1fr) 40px 128px',
+  );
+  const label = one('.recent-imagery-readout .ri-opacity-label');
+  assert.equal(declaration(label, 'flex-wrap'), undefined);
+  assert.equal(declaration(label, 'gap'), '4px');
+  assert.equal(declaration(label, 'line-height'), undefined);
+  const swap = one('.recent-imagery-readout .ri-swap');
+  assert.equal(declaration(swap, 'width'), '40px');
+  assert.equal(declaration(swap, 'min-width'), undefined);
+});
+
+test('CCTV control buttons stay on one line in English', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    unguardedRules(css('cctv.css'), '.cctv-controls .scene-btn').length,
+    0,
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/layers.css b/src/ui/styles/layers.css
index 9b2534054..bfd97f895 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/layers.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/layers.css
@@ -1371,10 +1371,12 @@
   padding: 2px 4px;
 }
 
-/* ALPR keeps its nearby count in the legend while a wider status chip is shown. */
+/* ALPR keeps its nearby count in the legend while a wider status chip
+   (including ENABLING / DISABLING) is shown. */
 .data-toggle-row[data-layer-id='alpr-cameras']
   .data-toggle-right:has(
     .data-toggle-btn:is(
+      .transitioning,
       .feed-loading,
       .feed-degraded,
       .feed-stale,
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/locale-picker.css b/src/ui/styles/locale-picker.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f5d994b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/styles/locale-picker.css
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+/* ============================================================
+   Bottom-right corner row: the POWER UP chip (provider-settings.css)
+   and, in the very corner, the interface language picker
+   (src/ui/localePicker.js). Logical properties throughout, so a
+   right-to-left page mirrors the row and the list.
+   ============================================================ */
+
+#corner-actions {
+  position: fixed;
+  inset-inline-end: 0.9rem;
+  inset-block-end: 0.9rem;
+  /* Above the dock (145), the cockpit HUD and panel stacks (146–147);
+     below the first-run launcher (175) and Provider Settings (190). */
+  z-index: 150;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: stretch;
+  gap: 0.4rem;
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+#corner-actions > * {
+  pointer-events: auto;
+}
+
+.locale-picker {
+  position: relative;
+  display: flex;
+}
+
+/* Same HUD frame as #key-setup-chip, so the two read as one group. */
+.locale-picker-button {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 0.35rem;
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0.45rem 0.6rem;
+  color: rgba(225, 244, 248, 0.92);
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 0.6rem;
+  letter-spacing: 0.09rem;
+  line-height: 1;
+  background: linear-gradient(
+    145deg,
+    rgba(10, 27, 37, 0.92),
+    rgba(7, 13, 22, 0.9)
+  );
+  border: 1px solid rgba(54, 220, 255, 0.38);
+  border-radius: 0.42rem;
+  box-shadow:
+    0 0.4rem 1.6rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5),
+    0 0 1.2rem rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.07);
+  backdrop-filter: blur(18px) saturate(1.2);
+  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(18px) saturate(1.2);
+  cursor: pointer;
+  transition:
+    border-color var(--transition-fast),
+    background var(--transition-fast),
+    transform var(--transition-fast);
+}
+
+.locale-picker-button:hover,
+.locale-picker-button:focus-visible,
+.locale-picker.is-open .locale-picker-button {
+  background: linear-gradient(
+    145deg,
+    rgba(14, 38, 51, 0.95),
+    rgba(9, 18, 28, 0.93)
+  );
+  border-color: rgba(54, 220, 255, 0.7);
+  outline: none;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-button:hover,
+.locale-picker-button:focus-visible {
+  transform: translateY(-1px);
+}
+
+.locale-picker-globe {
+  flex: none;
+  width: 0.95rem;
+  height: 0.95rem;
+  color: #55dff5;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-caret {
+  flex: none;
+  width: 0.62rem;
+  height: 0.62rem;
+  margin-inline-start: -0.1rem;
+  opacity: 0.75;
+  transition: transform var(--transition-fast);
+}
+
+.locale-picker.is-open .locale-picker-caret {
+  transform: rotate(180deg);
+}
+
+/* Opens upward, aligned to the corner edge. */
+.locale-picker-popup {
+  position: absolute;
+  inset-block-end: calc(100% + 0.4rem);
+  inset-inline-end: 0;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  width: max-content;
+  min-width: 14rem;
+  max-width: calc(100vw - 1.8rem);
+  max-height: min(26rem, calc(100vh - 4.5rem));
+  max-height: min(26rem, calc(100dvh - 4.5rem));
+  padding: 0.45rem;
+  color: var(--text-primary);
+  background:
+    linear-gradient(145deg, rgba(10, 27, 37, 0.97), rgba(7, 13, 22, 0.95)),
+    rgba(7, 17, 25, 0.96);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(54, 220, 255, 0.42);
+  border-radius: 0.55rem;
+  box-shadow:
+    0 1rem 3rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65),
+    0 0 2rem rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.08),
+    inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.025);
+  backdrop-filter: blur(24px) saturate(1.25);
+  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(24px) saturate(1.25);
+}
+
+.locale-picker-popup[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-heading {
+  padding: 0.2rem 0.4rem 0.45rem;
+  color: rgba(85, 223, 245, 0.85);
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 0.55rem;
+  letter-spacing: 0.14rem;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-search {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  width: 100%;
+  margin: 0 0 0.4rem;
+  padding: 0.45rem 0.55rem;
+  color: var(--text-primary);
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 0.7rem;
+  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.04);
+  border: 1px solid rgba(54, 220, 255, 0.28);
+  border-radius: 0.35rem;
+  outline: none;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-search:focus {
+  border-color: rgba(54, 220, 255, 0.7);
+}
+
+.locale-picker-list {
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  list-style: none;
+  outline: none;
+  overscroll-behavior: contain;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-option {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 0.75rem;
+  padding: 0.45rem 0.5rem;
+  border: 1px solid transparent;
+  border-radius: 0.35rem;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-option.is-active {
+  background: rgba(54, 220, 255, 0.09);
+  border-color: rgba(54, 220, 255, 0.28);
+}
+
+/* Keyboard focus lives on the list (aria-activedescendant): show it. */
+.locale-picker-list:focus-visible .locale-picker-option.is-active,
+.locale-picker-search:focus
+  ~ .locale-picker-list
+  .locale-picker-option.is-active {
+  border-color: rgba(54, 220, 255, 0.75);
+}
+
+.locale-picker-text {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 0.15rem;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-native {
+  color: var(--text-primary);
+  font-family: var(--font-sans);
+  font-size: 0.85rem;
+  line-height: 1.2;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-option[aria-selected='true'] .locale-picker-native {
+  color: #55dff5;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-meta {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  gap: 0.35rem;
+  color: rgba(199, 225, 231, 0.6);
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 0.55rem;
+  letter-spacing: 0.05rem;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-check {
+  flex: none;
+  width: 0.95rem;
+  height: 0.95rem;
+  margin-inline-start: auto;
+  color: #55dff5;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-empty {
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0.5rem;
+  color: rgba(199, 225, 231, 0.62);
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 0.6rem;
+}
+
+.locale-picker-empty[hidden] {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+/* The surfaces that hide the rest of the chrome hide the corner too. The
+   cockpit keeps the language picker (provider-settings.css hides the chip). */
+body.ui-clean-view #corner-actions,
+body.recording-mode #corner-actions,
+body.scene-playback-mode #corner-actions {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+/* The cockpit's position readout shares this corner: it steps up to clear
+   the picker row (0.9rem inset + one ~2rem button + a gap). */
+body.cockpit-mode .cockpit-position-readout {
+  bottom: max(clamp(22px, 4vh, 42px), 3.5rem);
+}
+
+/* Below this width the full chip label runs into the centred dock: the chip
+   keeps its bolt, and its count stays in its title and aria-label. */
+@media (max-width: 1180px) {
+  #corner-actions #key-setup-chip [data-key-setup-chip-label] {
+    display: none;
+  }
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
+  /* Phone: the corner beside the dock, clear of the attribution above it.
+     There is room for one button across, so the chip stacks on the globe. */
+  #corner-actions {
+    inset-inline-end: 10px;
+    inset-block-end: max(16px, env(safe-area-inset-bottom));
+    flex-direction: column;
+  }
+
+  #corner-actions #key-setup-chip {
+    justify-content: center;
+    padding-inline: 0.5rem;
+  }
+
+  /* Phone: the globe alone; the label stays in aria-label. */
+  .locale-picker-code,
+  .locale-picker-caret {
+    display: none;
+  }
+
+  .locale-picker-button {
+    padding-inline: 0.5rem;
+  }
+
+  /* The list becomes a bottom sheet across the screen. */
+  .locale-picker-popup {
+    position: fixed;
+    inset-inline: 16px;
+    inset-block-end: 16px;
+    width: auto;
+    min-width: 0;
+    max-width: none;
+    max-height: calc(100vh - 32px);
+    max-height: calc(100dvh - 32px);
+    padding: 0.6rem;
+  }
+
+  .locale-picker-option {
+    padding-block: 0.7rem;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/provider-settings.css b/src/ui/styles/provider-settings.css
index 7563a886d..da29da9ae 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/provider-settings.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/provider-settings.css
@@ -4,11 +4,9 @@
    mono kickers. The chip retires once every key is configured.
    ============================================================ */
 
+/* The chip sits in the bottom-right corner row (#corner-actions,
+   locale-picker.css), which owns the position. */
 #key-setup-chip {
-  position: fixed;
-  right: 0.9rem;
-  bottom: 0.9rem;
-  z-index: 60;
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
   gap: 0.4rem;
@@ -389,13 +387,6 @@ body.scene-playback-mode #key-setup {
   display: none;
 }
 
-@media (max-width: 620px) {
-  /* Clear the dock. Desktop-first app; this is a courtesy, not a layout. */
-  #key-setup-chip {
-    bottom: 5.8rem;
-  }
-}
-
 /* Provider Settings additions: externally-managed badge + per-row remove. */
 .key-setup-external {
   padding: 0.05rem 0.3rem;
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/radio.css b/src/ui/styles/radio.css
index 1fa4f29e2..568a60a9e 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/radio.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/radio.css
@@ -260,6 +260,13 @@
   letter-spacing: 0.06em;
   cursor: pointer;
 }
+/* A longer translated action stays on one line, cut with an ellipsis. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .radio-transport button {
+  min-width: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
 .radio-transport button:hover:not(:disabled),
 .radio-transport button:focus-visible:not(:disabled) {
   border-color: #65f7ff;
@@ -644,6 +651,89 @@
   text-align: right;
 }
 
+/* Longer translations below; English keeps the layout above. */
+
+/* The name takes the room the status column leaves; a long word wraps inside
+   it instead of pushing the toggle out of line. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-toggle-left {
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+
+/* A fixed icon box, so every name (and the meta line under it, 26px in)
+   starts at the same x whatever the glyph's width. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-toggle-left .data-icon {
+  flex: none;
+  width: 18px;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+
+/* Translated layer names are longer: break between words, and hyphenate a
+   word that still does not fit instead of splitting it anywhere. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-name {
+  min-width: 0;
+  overflow-wrap: break-word;
+  hyphens: auto;
+  /* No two-letter pieces such as "es-paciales": a word hyphenates only when
+     at least four letters stay on each side. */
+  hyphenate-limit-chars: 8 4 4;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-count {
+  min-width: auto;
+  text-wrap: balance;
+}
+
+/* Row text pieces that must not break inside: a hyphenated code (ADS-B) and
+   the space before a " · " separator (see setRowText in layerPanel.js). */
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-keep {
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+/* A count phrase ("24 nearby · 2 on screen") takes its own line under the
+   name instead of squeezing it beside the toggle. layerPanel.js sets the
+   class only outside English. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-toggle-row--count-line .data-toggle-top {
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  row-gap: 2px;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-toggle-row--count-line .data-toggle-right {
+  display: contents;
+}
+
+/* A zero basis, so a long name wraps beside the toggle instead of pushing the
+   toggle onto the count's line. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-toggle-row--count-line .data-toggle-left {
+  flex-basis: 0;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-toggle-row--count-line .data-count {
+  order: 1;
+  flex: 1 0 100%;
+  padding-left: 26px;
+  font-size: 10px;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+
+/* The "—" placeholder gives way to a wide status chip, so the name keeps the
+   room it needs. */
+html:not([lang='en'])
+  .data-toggle-right:has(
+    .data-toggle-btn:is(
+      .transitioning,
+      .feed-loading,
+      .feed-degraded,
+      .feed-stale,
+      .feed-partial,
+      .feed-fallback,
+      .feed-unavailable
+    )
+  )
+  .data-count-empty {
+  display: none;
+}
+
 .data-toggle-btn {
   padding: 3px 10px;
   font-family: var(--font-mono);
@@ -666,6 +756,11 @@
   text-align: center;
 }
 
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-toggle-btn {
+  flex: none;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
 /* An inset ring stays visible inside the scrolling layer list. */
 .data-toggle-btn:focus-visible {
   outline: 2px solid var(--text-primary);
@@ -682,6 +777,20 @@
   letter-spacing: 0.8px;
 }
 
+/* Status chips up to eight characters share one width; a longer word grows
+   its own chip rather than widening every chip and squeezing every name. */
+html:not([lang='en'])
+  .data-toggle-btn:is(
+    .feed-loading,
+    .feed-degraded,
+    .feed-stale,
+    .feed-partial,
+    .feed-fallback,
+    .feed-unavailable
+  ) {
+  min-width: 72px;
+}
+
 .data-toggle-btn:hover {
   border-color: var(--glass-border-hover);
   background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
@@ -893,6 +1002,20 @@
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
 
+/* A translated instruction wraps under itself rather than losing its tail:
+   "Gira a la derecha hacia …" says nothing. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-row-list-lead {
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) .data-row-list-text {
+  min-width: 0;
+  overflow: visible;
+  text-overflow: clip;
+  white-space: normal;
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+}
+
 /* A list line that states a limit rather than offering an action. */
 .data-row-list-item.note {
   cursor: default;
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/recent-imagery.css b/src/ui/styles/recent-imagery.css
index f1e2e20e5..e04955e2f 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/recent-imagery.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/recent-imagery.css
@@ -293,6 +293,21 @@
   height: 18px;
   font-weight: 700;
 }
+/* Outside A / B there is one chip (SHOW): in a translation it takes the
+   whole row, so a long label is not cut to a stub. English keeps the
+   reserved B half. */
+html:not([lang='en'])
+  .recent-imagery-readout:not([data-mode='ab'])
+  .ri-card-chips
+  .ri-chip[data-slot='a'] {
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+}
+html:not([lang='en'])
+  .recent-imagery-readout:not([data-mode='ab'])
+  .ri-card-chips
+  .ri-chip[data-slot='b'] {
+  display: none;
+}
 
 /* 4. The selection bar: mode, then two rows that are always there. */
 .recent-imagery-readout .ri-selection {
@@ -347,6 +362,28 @@
   color: var(--text-secondary);
   font-style: italic;
 }
+/* The slot rows share the bar's columns (subgrid), so the tag column fits
+   the longest tag and both rows align; a long slot line (date · source ·
+   resolution · state) takes a second line instead of losing the state. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .recent-imagery-readout .ri-selection {
+  grid-template-columns: minmax(44px, max-content) minmax(0, 1fr) 22px;
+  column-gap: 6px;
+}
+html:not([lang='en']) .recent-imagery-readout .ri-mode {
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+}
+html:not([lang='en']) .recent-imagery-readout .ri-slot {
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+  grid-template-columns: subgrid;
+  height: auto;
+  min-height: 20px;
+}
+html:not([lang='en']) .recent-imagery-readout .ri-slot-tag {
+  padding: 0 3px;
+}
+html:not([lang='en']) .recent-imagery-readout .ri-slot-value {
+  white-space: normal;
+}
 .recent-imagery-readout .ri-unpin {
   width: 22px;
   padding: 0;
@@ -371,6 +408,19 @@
   letter-spacing: 1px;
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
+/* In a translation a label longer than its 76px column widens it to the
+   label's longest word, and the value wraps under the label. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .recent-imagery-readout .ri-controls {
+  grid-template-columns:
+    minmax(76px, min-content) minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(40px, max-content)
+    128px;
+}
+html:not([lang='en']) .recent-imagery-readout .ri-opacity-label {
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  align-content: center;
+  row-gap: 0;
+  line-height: 10px;
+}
 .recent-imagery-readout .ri-opacity-value {
   font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
   color: var(--text-secondary);
@@ -388,6 +438,10 @@
   width: 40px;
   padding: 0 2px;
 }
+html:not([lang='en']) .recent-imagery-readout .ri-swap {
+  width: auto;
+  min-width: 40px;
+}
 .recent-imagery-readout .ri-exports .rail-card-actions {
   display: grid;
   grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/scenes.css b/src/ui/styles/scenes.css
index c9e92bea2..287b8b842 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/scenes.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/scenes.css
@@ -163,6 +163,26 @@
   outline: none;
 }
 
+/* A translated scene name needs the width: the select takes its own row,
+   NEW / DEL share the next one. */
+html:not([lang='en']) #scene-select {
+  flex: 1 1 100%;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
+  font-size: 10px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
+}
+
+/* A translated action longer than its button wraps inside the button instead
+   of running past it. English keeps its one-line buttons ("EXPORT PRESETS"
+   included). */
+html:not([lang='en']) #scene-panel .scene-controls .scene-btn {
+  white-space: normal;
+  overflow-wrap: break-word;
+}
+
 .scene-btn {
   background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
   border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.14);
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/status.css b/src/ui/styles/status.css
index b03dfe602..2b3ff7e62 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/status.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/status.css
@@ -123,6 +123,11 @@
   text-overflow: ellipsis;
   white-space: nowrap;
 }
+/* Translated retry details ("cámaras ALPR · reintento en 53 s") run longer
+   than the English one; English keeps its 220px. */
+html:not([lang='en']) #global-loading-detail {
+  max-width: min(300px, 46vw);
+}
 #global-loading-status:is(
   [data-state='complete'],
   [data-state='cancelled'],
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/street-level.css b/src/ui/styles/street-level.css
index d01158dbe..4e72d87b8 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/street-level.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/street-level.css
@@ -216,6 +216,19 @@ button.sl-status:focus-visible {
   display: none;
 }
 
+/* When the hint and the button do not both fit, the button takes its own line. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .sl-meta-row {
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) .sl-meta-row .sl-meta {
+  flex: 1 1 14em;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) .sl-meta-row .sl-nearest-btn {
+  flex: 1 0 auto;
+}
+
 /* ── Errors ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
 .sl-error {
   font-family: var(--font-sans);
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/voice-card.css b/src/ui/styles/voice-card.css
index 0fbc85595..ef3d77055 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/voice-card.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/voice-card.css
@@ -231,6 +231,7 @@
   font-family: var(--font-sans);
   font-size: 0.78rem;
   font-weight: 600;
+  overflow-wrap: break-word;
 }
 
 .gev-voice-card-chips {
@@ -271,6 +272,8 @@
   font-size: 0.66rem;
   line-height: 1.4;
   color: rgba(223, 245, 250, 0.82);
+  /* A whole error line or a long headline wraps inside the card. */
+  overflow-wrap: break-word;
 }
 
 .gev-voice-card-referents {
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/voice-cost.css b/src/ui/styles/voice-cost.css
index 5cb1a4122..128811e3b 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/voice-cost.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/voice-cost.css
@@ -82,3 +82,61 @@
 .gev-voice-cost-value[hidden] {
   display: none;
 }
+
+/* The heading row is only as wide as the voice column: the cost cluster
+   keeps its size and a long state (ПОДКЛЮЧЕНИЕ, CONECTANDO) ends in an
+   ellipsis. Dropping the kicker returns its gap to the state label; the
+   negative margin reaches over the gutter beside the mic ring, which has
+   curved away at heading height. */
+html:not([lang='en']) #command-dock .gev-voice-heading {
+  gap: 0.2rem;
+  margin-left: -0.6rem;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) #command-dock .gev-voice-heading > .gev-voice-kicker {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) #command-dock .gev-voice-heading > #gev-voice-status {
+  flex: 0 1 auto;
+  min-width: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  letter-spacing: 0;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) #command-dock .gev-voice-cost {
+  gap: 0.16rem;
+  padding-left: 0.1rem;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) #command-dock .gev-voice-tier-btn {
+  min-width: 0;
+  padding: 0 0.2rem;
+}
+
+html:not([lang='en']) #command-dock .gev-voice-cost-value {
+  letter-spacing: 0;
+}
+
+/* Live hints and the tier switch ("СТАНДАРТ — со следующей сессии") run
+   longer: a second line from the spare space under the readout, with no
+   tracking so the tier line does not need a third. */
+html:not([lang='en'])
+  #command-dock
+  #gev-voice-control:is(
+    [data-status='connecting'],
+    [data-status='listening'],
+    [data-status='executing']
+  )
+  #gev-voice-detail {
+  display: -webkit-box;
+  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
+  -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
+  line-clamp: 2;
+  line-height: 1.15;
+  letter-spacing: 0;
+  white-space: normal;
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/styles/weather.css b/src/ui/styles/weather.css
index 0540fac0a..c8b2d544c 100644
--- a/src/ui/styles/weather.css
+++ b/src/ui/styles/weather.css
@@ -152,6 +152,13 @@
   overflow-y: auto;
   color: var(--accent);
 }
+/* One line stays reserved so the card does not jump when a status appears;
+   a translated status runs longer and wraps instead of being cut. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .weather-card [data-line-id='status'] {
+  height: auto;
+  min-height: 1.45em;
+  overflow-y: visible;
+}
 .rail-card-ramp {
   position: relative;
   height: 4px;
@@ -261,6 +268,9 @@ body.recording-mode .gev-wind-inspection-marker {
   font: 9px/1.45 var(--font-mono);
   color: var(--text-dim);
 }
+html:not([lang='en']) .rail-card-zero::after {
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
 
 .weather-observed-group {
   border: 1px solid var(--weather-card-border);
@@ -318,6 +328,18 @@ body.recording-mode .gev-wind-inspection-marker {
   gap: 6px;
   margin-top: 6px;
 }
+/* One label column per card, as wide as its longest label: chips line up
+   across rows, and a long translated label never runs under its chips. */
+html:not([lang='en']) .rail-card-settings {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: minmax(56px, max-content) minmax(0, 1fr);
+  column-gap: 6px;
+}
+html:not([lang='en']) .rail-card-setting {
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+  grid-template-columns: minmax(56px, max-content) minmax(0, 1fr);
+  grid-template-columns: subgrid;
+}
 .rail-card-setting-label {
   color: var(--text-dim);
   font: 9px var(--font-mono);
diff --git a/src/ui/templates/cockpit.html b/src/ui/templates/cockpit.html
index f9a1af97b..b54ce3661 100644
--- a/src/ui/templates/cockpit.html
+++ b/src/ui/templates/cockpit.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
   <!-- Aircraft first-person view. It can be entered from the visible view switcher. -->
-  <section id="cockpit-hud" aria-label="Aircraft cockpit view" hidden>
+  <section id="cockpit-hud" aria-label="Aircraft cockpit view" hidden data-i18n-aria-label>
     <!-- One optical coordinate system: every targeting mark shares this center.
          Decorative only; telemetry and interactive panels remain separate. -->
     <svg class="cockpit-frame-lines" viewBox="0 0 1200 720" preserveAspectRatio="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
@@ -61,19 +61,19 @@
         <span>+20</span><span>+10</span><span class="active">00</span><span>−10</span><span>−20</span>
       </div>
       <div class="cockpit-horizon-guide">
-        <span></span><small>LEVEL</small><span></span>
+        <span></span><small data-i18n>LEVEL</small><span></span>
       </div>
-      <div id="cockpit-route-direction" class="cockpit-route-direction" hidden aria-label="Estimated destination direction">
+      <div id="cockpit-route-direction" class="cockpit-route-direction" hidden aria-label="Estimated destination direction" data-i18n-aria-label>
         <svg class="cockpit-route-chevron" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false">
           <path d="M12 2 4.58 19.93c-.34.83.51 1.63 1.31 1.27L12 18.47l6.11 2.73c.8.36 1.65-.44 1.31-1.27L12 2Z" />
         </svg>
-        <small id="cockpit-route-direction-label">DEST ---°</small>
+        <small id="cockpit-route-direction-label" data-i18n>DEST ---°</small>
       </div>
-      <div class="cockpit-visor-status cockpit-visor-status-left">OPTICAL PLANE · 01</div>
-      <div class="cockpit-visor-status cockpit-visor-status-right">VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE</div>
+      <div class="cockpit-visor-status cockpit-visor-status-left" data-i18n>OPTICAL PLANE · 01</div>
+      <div class="cockpit-visor-status cockpit-visor-status-right" data-i18n>VISOR LOCK · ACTIVE</div>
     </div>
     <div id="cockpit-speed-rim" class="cockpit-altitude-rim cockpit-speed-rim">
-      <span class="cockpit-altitude-rim-label">GROUND SPEED · KTS</span>
+      <span class="cockpit-altitude-rim-label" data-i18n>GROUND SPEED · KTS</span>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-rail"></div>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-scale">
         <span data-speed-rim-tick><b></b><i></i></span>
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
       </div>
     </div>
     <div id="cockpit-altitude-rim" class="cockpit-altitude-rim">
-      <span class="cockpit-altitude-rim-label">ALTITUDE · FT</span>
+      <span class="cockpit-altitude-rim-label" data-i18n>ALTITUDE · FT</span>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-rail"></div>
       <div class="cockpit-altitude-rim-scale">
         <span data-altitude-rim-tick><b></b><i></i></span>
@@ -112,38 +112,38 @@
     </div>
     <div class="cockpit-topline">
       <div>
-        <span class="cockpit-kicker">FIRST PERSON</span>
-        <strong id="cockpit-callsign">AIRCRAFT</strong>
-        <span id="cockpit-aircraft-meta" class="cockpit-aircraft-meta">LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED</span>
+        <span class="cockpit-kicker" data-i18n>FIRST PERSON</span>
+        <strong id="cockpit-callsign" data-i18n>AIRCRAFT</strong>
+        <span id="cockpit-aircraft-meta" class="cockpit-aircraft-meta" data-i18n>LIVE TRACK · COURSE ALIGNED</span>
       </div>
-      <div class="cockpit-vision-controls" role="group" aria-label="Cockpit vision style">
-        <button id="cockpit-vision-previous" class="cockpit-vision-nav" type="button" aria-label="Previous cockpit vision style" title="Previous vision style">
+      <div class="cockpit-vision-controls" role="group" aria-label="Cockpit vision style" data-i18n-aria-label>
+        <button id="cockpit-vision-previous" class="cockpit-vision-nav" type="button" aria-label="Previous cockpit vision style" title="Previous vision style" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
           <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">chevron_left</span>
-          <small>PREV</small>
+          <small data-i18n>PREV</small>
         </button>
-        <button id="cockpit-vision-current" class="cockpit-vision-current" type="button" data-cockpit-vision="optical" aria-label="Current cockpit vision style: NORMAL. Activate for next style." title="Current style: NORMAL — click for next">
-          <small>CURRENT</small>
-          <strong id="cockpit-vision-current-label" aria-live="polite">NORMAL</strong>
+        <button id="cockpit-vision-current" class="cockpit-vision-current" type="button" data-cockpit-vision="optical" aria-label="Current cockpit vision style: NORMAL. Activate for next style." title="Current style: NORMAL — click for next" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
+          <small data-i18n>CURRENT</small>
+          <strong id="cockpit-vision-current-label" aria-live="polite" data-i18n>NORMAL</strong>
         </button>
-        <button id="cockpit-vision-next" class="cockpit-vision-nav" type="button" aria-label="Next cockpit vision style" title="Next vision style">
-          <small>NEXT</small>
+        <button id="cockpit-vision-next" class="cockpit-vision-nav" type="button" aria-label="Next cockpit vision style" title="Next vision style" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
+          <small data-i18n>NEXT</small>
           <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">chevron_right</span>
         </button>
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="cockpit-reticle material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">my_location</div>
-    <div class="cockpit-compass" aria-label="Current aircraft heading">
+    <div class="cockpit-compass" aria-label="Current aircraft heading" data-i18n-aria-label>
       <div class="cockpit-instrument-row">
         <div class="cockpit-readout cockpit-speed">
-          <span class="cockpit-readout-label">GROUND SPEED</span>
+          <span class="cockpit-readout-label" data-i18n>GROUND SPEED</span>
           <strong id="cockpit-speed-value">---</strong>
-          <span class="cockpit-readout-unit">KTS</span>
+          <span class="cockpit-readout-unit" data-i18n>KTS</span>
         </div>
         <div class="cockpit-heading-value"><span id="cockpit-heading-value">---</span><small>°</small></div>
         <div class="cockpit-readout cockpit-altitude">
-          <span class="cockpit-readout-label">ALTITUDE</span>
+          <span class="cockpit-readout-label" data-i18n>ALTITUDE</span>
           <strong id="cockpit-altitude-value">-----</strong>
-          <span class="cockpit-readout-unit">FT</span>
+          <span class="cockpit-readout-unit" data-i18n>FT</span>
         </div>
       </div>
       <span class="cockpit-heading-caret material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">arrow_drop_down</span>
@@ -153,85 +153,85 @@
       <span id="cockpit-clock">--:--:--Z</span>
       <span id="cockpit-position">--° · --°</span>
     </div>
-    <aside id="cockpit-context" class="cockpit-context-window" aria-label="Contact cockpit summary" hidden>
+    <aside id="cockpit-context" class="cockpit-context-window" aria-label="Contact cockpit summary" hidden data-i18n-aria-label>
       <header class="cockpit-context-header">
         <div>
-          <span class="cockpit-context-kicker">CONTACT</span>
-          <strong id="cockpit-context-subject">CONTACTS · 250 KM</strong>
+          <span data-i18n class="cockpit-context-kicker">CONTACT</span>
+          <strong id="cockpit-context-subject" data-i18n>CONTACTS · 250 KM</strong>
         </div>
-        <nav class="cockpit-context-actions" aria-label="Contact navigation">
-          <button id="cockpit-context-previous" type="button" aria-label="Previous — prior visited contact in the 250 km window" title="Previous — prior visited contact in the 250 km window">
+        <nav class="cockpit-context-actions" aria-label="Contact navigation" data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <button id="cockpit-context-previous" type="button" aria-label="Previous — prior visited contact in the 250 km window" title="Previous — prior visited contact in the 250 km window" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
             <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">skip_previous</span>
           </button>
-          <button id="cockpit-context-next" type="button" aria-label="Next — nearest unvisited contact in the 250 km window" title="Next — nearest unvisited contact in the 250 km window">
+          <button id="cockpit-context-next" type="button" aria-label="Next — nearest unvisited contact in the 250 km window" title="Next — nearest unvisited contact in the 250 km window" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
             <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">skip_next</span>
           </button>
-          <button id="cockpit-context-toggle" type="button" aria-label="Collapse Contact panel" aria-expanded="true" title="Collapse contact panel">
+          <button id="cockpit-context-toggle" type="button" aria-label="Collapse Contact panel" aria-expanded="true" title="Collapse contact panel" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
             <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">chevron_left</span>
           </button>
         </nav>
-        <span class="cockpit-context-qualifier">CONTEXT ONLY</span>
+        <span class="cockpit-context-qualifier" data-i18n>CONTEXT ONLY</span>
       </header>
-      <div class="cockpit-context-cohorts" role="list" aria-label="Nearby cohort counts">
-        <div role="listitem" data-context-cohort="flights"><span>FLT</span><strong>—</strong><small>OpenSky</small></div>
-        <div role="listitem" data-context-cohort="military"><span>MIL</span><strong>—</strong><small>adsb.lol</small></div>
-        <div role="listitem" data-context-cohort="ais-live-vessels"><span>AIS</span><strong>—</strong><small>AISStream</small></div>
-        <div role="listitem" data-context-cohort="military-installations"><span>SITE</span><strong>—</strong><small>OpenStreetMap</small></div>
+      <div class="cockpit-context-cohorts" role="list" aria-label="Nearby cohort counts" data-i18n-aria-label>
+        <div role="listitem" data-context-cohort="flights"><span data-i18n>FLT</span><strong>—</strong><small translate="no">OpenSky</small></div>
+        <div role="listitem" data-context-cohort="military"><span data-i18n>MIL</span><strong>—</strong><small translate="no">adsb.lol</small></div>
+        <div role="listitem" data-context-cohort="ais-live-vessels"><span translate="no">AIS</span><strong>—</strong><small translate="no">AISStream</small></div>
+        <div role="listitem" data-context-cohort="military-installations"><span data-i18n>SITE</span><strong>—</strong><small translate="no">OpenStreetMap</small></div>
       </div>
       <div class="cockpit-context-nearest">
         <span id="cockpit-context-direction" class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">navigation</span>
         <div>
-          <small>NEAREST OBSERVED / MAPPED</small>
-          <strong id="cockpit-context-nearest-label">NO AVAILABLE EXAMPLE</strong>
+          <small data-i18n>NEAREST OBSERVED / MAPPED</small>
+          <strong id="cockpit-context-nearest-label" data-i18n>NO AVAILABLE EXAMPLE</strong>
         </div>
         <span id="cockpit-context-bearing">—</span>
         <span id="cockpit-context-distance">—</span>
       </div>
       <footer class="cockpit-context-footer">
-        <span id="cockpit-context-uncertainty">AVAILABLE INPUTS ONLY · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR</span>
+        <span id="cockpit-context-uncertainty" data-i18n>AVAILABLE INPUTS ONLY · NOT AN ALL-CLEAR</span>
         <button
           id="cockpit-weather-toggle"
           class="cockpit-context-weather"
           type="button"
           aria-label="Enable cockpit weather effects"
           aria-pressed="false"
-          title="Enable cockpit weather effects"
+          title="Enable cockpit weather effects" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title
         >
-          <span>WX</span>
-          <strong id="cockpit-weather-state">OFF</strong>
+          <span data-i18n>WX</span>
+          <strong data-i18n id="cockpit-weather-state">OFF</strong>
         </button>
         <time id="cockpit-context-updated">--:--:--Z</time>
       </footer>
     </aside>
-    <aside id="cockpit-signal-stream" class="cockpit-signal-window" aria-label="Cockpit briefing carousel" hidden>
-      <section id="cockpit-route" class="cockpit-route-card" aria-label="Estimated flight plan" hidden>
+    <aside id="cockpit-signal-stream" class="cockpit-signal-window" aria-label="Cockpit briefing carousel" hidden data-i18n-aria-label>
+      <section id="cockpit-route" class="cockpit-route-card" aria-label="Estimated flight plan" hidden data-i18n-aria-label>
         <div class="cockpit-route-heading">
-          <span class="cockpit-route-kicker">ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN</span>
-          <small id="cockpit-route-status">ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE</small>
+          <span class="cockpit-route-kicker" data-i18n>ESTIMATED FLIGHT PLAN</span>
+          <small id="cockpit-route-status" data-i18n>ROUTE DATA UNAVAILABLE</small>
         </div>
         <div class="cockpit-route-endpoints">
           <div class="cockpit-route-airport">
-            <span>FROM</span>
-            <strong id="cockpit-route-from">UNKNOWN</strong>
+            <span data-i18n>FROM</span>
+            <strong id="cockpit-route-from" data-i18n>UNKNOWN</strong>
           </div>
           <span class="cockpit-route-arrow material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">east</span>
           <div class="cockpit-route-airport">
-            <span>TO</span>
-            <strong id="cockpit-route-to">UNKNOWN</strong>
+            <span data-i18n>TO</span>
+            <strong id="cockpit-route-to" data-i18n>UNKNOWN</strong>
           </div>
         </div>
       </section>
       <header class="cockpit-signal-header">
         <div class="cockpit-brief-heading">
-          <span id="cockpit-brief-kicker" class="cockpit-signal-kicker"><i aria-hidden="true"></i> LIVE SIGNALS</span>
-          <strong id="cockpit-brief-subtitle">OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS</strong>
+          <span id="cockpit-brief-kicker" class="cockpit-signal-kicker" data-i18n-runtime><i aria-hidden="true"></i> LIVE SIGNALS</span>
+          <strong id="cockpit-brief-subtitle" data-i18n>OBSERVED / MAPPED PINGS</strong>
         </div>
-        <nav class="cockpit-brief-actions" aria-label="Cockpit briefing controls">
-          <button id="cockpit-brief-previous" type="button" aria-label="Previous briefing page" title="Previous briefing page">
+        <nav class="cockpit-brief-actions" aria-label="Cockpit briefing controls" data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <button id="cockpit-brief-previous" type="button" aria-label="Previous briefing page" title="Previous briefing page" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
             <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">chevron_left</span>
           </button>
           <span id="cockpit-brief-position" aria-live="polite">1 / 3</span>
-          <button id="cockpit-brief-next" type="button" aria-label="Next briefing page" title="Next briefing page">
+          <button id="cockpit-brief-next" type="button" aria-label="Next briefing page" title="Next briefing page" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
             <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">chevron_right</span>
           </button>
           <button
@@ -239,52 +239,52 @@
             type="button"
             aria-label="CYCLE OFF"
             aria-pressed="false"
-            title="Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way."
+            title="Cycle briefing pages automatically every 9 seconds (Signals → News → Local). Pauses while you hover or focus the panel. Live signal data refreshes continuously either way." data-i18n-title data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n
           >CYCLE OFF</button>
-          <button id="cockpit-signal-toggle" type="button" aria-label="Collapse cockpit briefing panel" aria-expanded="true" title="Collapse briefing panel">
+          <button id="cockpit-signal-toggle" type="button" aria-label="Collapse cockpit briefing panel" aria-expanded="true" title="Collapse briefing panel" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
             <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">right_panel_close</span>
           </button>
         </nav>
       </header>
       <div class="cockpit-brief-stage">
-        <section data-cockpit-brief-page="signals" aria-label="Live signals">
+        <section data-cockpit-brief-page="signals" aria-label="Live signals" data-i18n-aria-label>
           <ol id="cockpit-signal-list" class="cockpit-signal-list" aria-live="polite"></ol>
         </section>
-        <section data-cockpit-brief-page="news" aria-label="Latest regional news" hidden>
-          <div id="cockpit-news-status" class="cockpit-brief-status">ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS</div>
+        <section data-cockpit-brief-page="news" aria-label="Latest regional news" hidden data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <div id="cockpit-news-status" class="cockpit-brief-status" data-i18n>ACQUIRING REGIONAL NEWS</div>
           <ol id="cockpit-news-list" class="cockpit-news-list" aria-live="polite"></ol>
         </section>
-        <section data-cockpit-brief-page="local" aria-label="Location-based information" hidden>
+        <section data-cockpit-brief-page="local" aria-label="Location-based information" hidden data-i18n-aria-label>
           <div class="cockpit-local-place">
-            <strong id="cockpit-local-place">RESOLVING REGION</strong>
+            <strong id="cockpit-local-place" data-i18n>RESOLVING REGION</strong>
             <small id="cockpit-local-coordinates">--</small>
           </div>
           <div class="cockpit-local-grid">
-            <div><span>TEMP</span><strong id="cockpit-local-temperature">—</strong><small>OPEN-METEO</small></div>
-            <div><span>WIND</span><strong id="cockpit-local-wind">—</strong><small id="cockpit-local-wind-direction">—</small></div>
-            <div><span>SKY</span><strong id="cockpit-local-condition">UNKNOWN</strong><small id="cockpit-local-cloud">—</small></div>
-            <div><span>PRECIP</span><strong id="cockpit-local-precipitation">—</strong><small>MM</small></div>
+            <div><span data-i18n>TEMP</span><strong id="cockpit-local-temperature">—</strong><small translate="no">OPEN-METEO</small></div>
+            <div><span data-i18n>WIND</span><strong id="cockpit-local-wind">—</strong><small id="cockpit-local-wind-direction">—</small></div>
+            <div><span data-i18n>SKY</span><strong id="cockpit-local-condition" data-i18n>UNKNOWN</strong><small id="cockpit-local-cloud">—</small></div>
+            <div><span data-i18n>PRECIP</span><strong id="cockpit-local-precipitation">—</strong><small data-i18n>MM</small></div>
           </div>
-          <a class="cockpit-weather-credit" href="https://open-meteo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Weather data by Open-Meteo.com</a>
+          <a class="cockpit-weather-credit" href="https://open-meteo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-i18n>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com</a>
         </section>
       </div>
       <footer class="cockpit-signal-footer">
-        <span id="cockpit-brief-source">SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS</span>
-        <nav class="cockpit-brief-tabs" aria-label="Cockpit briefing pages">
-          <button type="button" data-cockpit-brief-index="0" aria-label="Show Live Signals" aria-current="true">SIG</button>
-          <button type="button" data-cockpit-brief-index="1" aria-label="Show Regional News">NEWS</button>
-          <button type="button" data-cockpit-brief-index="2" aria-label="Show Local Info">LOCAL</button>
+        <span id="cockpit-brief-source" data-i18n>SOURCE-BACKED EVENTS · NO SYNTHETIC NEWS</span>
+        <nav class="cockpit-brief-tabs" aria-label="Cockpit briefing pages" data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <button type="button" data-cockpit-brief-index="0" aria-label="Show Live Signals" aria-current="true" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n>SIG</button>
+          <button type="button" data-cockpit-brief-index="1" aria-label="Show Regional News" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n>NEWS</button>
+          <button type="button" data-cockpit-brief-index="2" aria-label="Show Local Info" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n>LOCAL</button>
         </nav>
       </footer>
     </aside>
-    <aside id="cockpit-utility-controls" class="cockpit-utility-controls" aria-label="Cockpit display and Radio controls">
+    <aside id="cockpit-utility-controls" class="cockpit-utility-controls" aria-label="Cockpit display and Radio controls" data-i18n-aria-label>
       <div class="cockpit-utility-control">
         <div class="cockpit-utility-launcher" data-cockpit-launcher="display">
-          <span>DISPLAY</span>
+          <span data-i18n>DISPLAY</span>
           <span class="cockpit-utility-divider" aria-hidden="true"></span>
-          <button id="cockpit-display-toggle-btn" class="cockpit-utility-glyph" type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="cockpit-display-panel" aria-label="Expand Cockpit display options" title="Expand Cockpit display options">◀</button>
+          <button id="cockpit-display-toggle-btn" class="cockpit-utility-glyph" type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="cockpit-display-panel" aria-label="Expand Cockpit display options" title="Expand Cockpit display options" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>◀</button>
         </div>
-        <div id="cockpit-display-panel" class="cockpit-utility-popover" role="group" aria-label="Cockpit display options" hidden>
+        <div id="cockpit-display-panel" class="cockpit-utility-popover" role="group" aria-label="Cockpit display options" hidden data-i18n-aria-label>
           <div class="cockpit-display-slot" data-cockpit-display-slot="hud"></div>
           <div class="cockpit-display-slot" data-cockpit-display-slot="detection"></div>
           <div class="cockpit-display-slot" data-cockpit-display-slot="parameters"></div>
@@ -293,36 +293,36 @@
       </div>
       <div class="cockpit-utility-control">
         <div class="cockpit-utility-launcher" data-cockpit-launcher="radio">
-          <span>RADIO</span>
+          <span data-i18n>RADIO</span>
           <span class="cockpit-utility-divider" aria-hidden="true"></span>
-          <button id="cockpit-radio-toggle-btn" class="cockpit-utility-glyph" type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="cockpit-radio-panel" aria-label="Expand Cockpit Radio controls" title="Expand Cockpit Radio controls">◀</button>
+          <button id="cockpit-radio-toggle-btn" class="cockpit-utility-glyph" type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="cockpit-radio-panel" aria-label="Expand Cockpit Radio controls" title="Expand Cockpit Radio controls" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>◀</button>
         </div>
-        <div id="cockpit-radio-panel" class="cockpit-utility-popover cockpit-radio-compact" role="group" aria-label="Cockpit compact Radio controls" hidden>
-          <strong id="cockpit-radio-station" class="cockpit-radio-station">READY</strong>
-          <button id="cockpit-radio-enable-btn" class="panel-layer-toggle" type="button" aria-pressed="false">ENABLE</button>
+        <div id="cockpit-radio-panel" class="cockpit-utility-popover cockpit-radio-compact" role="group" aria-label="Cockpit compact Radio controls" hidden data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <strong id="cockpit-radio-station" class="cockpit-radio-station" data-i18n>READY</strong>
+          <button id="cockpit-radio-enable-btn" class="panel-layer-toggle" type="button" aria-pressed="false" data-i18n>ENABLE</button>
           <div class="cockpit-radio-transport">
-            <button id="cockpit-radio-prev-btn" type="button" aria-label="Previous filtered radio station" disabled>◀◀</button>
-            <button id="cockpit-radio-play-btn" type="button" aria-label="Play selected radio station" disabled>▶</button>
-            <button id="cockpit-radio-next-btn" type="button" aria-label="Next filtered radio station" disabled>▶▶</button>
+            <button id="cockpit-radio-prev-btn" type="button" aria-label="Previous filtered radio station" disabled data-i18n-aria-label>◀◀</button>
+            <button id="cockpit-radio-play-btn" type="button" aria-label="Play selected radio station" disabled data-i18n-aria-label>▶</button>
+            <button id="cockpit-radio-next-btn" type="button" aria-label="Next filtered radio station" disabled data-i18n-aria-label>▶▶</button>
           </div>
           <label class="cockpit-radio-volume" for="cockpit-radio-volume">
-            <span>VOLUME</span>
-            <input id="cockpit-radio-volume" class="gev-quantitative-slider" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="80" aria-label="Cockpit Radio volume" disabled />
+            <span data-i18n>VOLUME</span>
+            <input id="cockpit-radio-volume" class="gev-quantitative-slider" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="80" aria-label="Cockpit Radio volume" disabled data-i18n-aria-label />
             <output id="cockpit-radio-volume-value" class="gev-slider-value" for="cockpit-radio-volume">80%</output>
           </label>
         </div>
       </div>
     </aside>
-    <div class="cockpit-help">ESC EXIT <span>·</span> C TOGGLE</div>
+    <div class="cockpit-help"><bdi data-i18n>ESC EXIT</bdi> <span>·</span> <bdi data-i18n>C TOGGLE</bdi></div>
   </section>
 
-  <nav id="view-switcher" aria-label="View switcher">
-    <button id="cockpit-reset-globe" type="button" aria-label="Reset cockpit to full globe view" title="Exit cockpit and return to full globe view" hidden>
+  <nav id="view-switcher" aria-label="View switcher" data-i18n-aria-label>
+    <button id="cockpit-reset-globe" type="button" aria-label="Reset cockpit to full globe view" title="Exit cockpit and return to full globe view" hidden data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
       <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">public</span>
-      <span>RESET</span>
+      <span data-i18n>RESET</span>
     </button>
-    <button id="map-view-switch" type="button" aria-label="Exit cockpit view" aria-keyshortcuts="Escape C" title="Exit cockpit view" hidden>
+    <button id="map-view-switch" type="button" aria-label="Exit cockpit view" aria-keyshortcuts="Escape C" title="Exit cockpit view" hidden data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
       <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">close_fullscreen</span>
-      <span>EXIT COCKPIT</span>
+      <span data-i18n>EXIT COCKPIT</span>
     </button>
   </nav>
diff --git a/src/ui/templates/command-dock.html b/src/ui/templates/command-dock.html
index cf1af7efb..e6e2735ea 100644
--- a/src/ui/templates/command-dock.html
+++ b/src/ui/templates/command-dock.html
@@ -1,65 +1,65 @@
   <!-- Unified bottom command dock: locations, voice (injected at runtime), visual presets -->
-  <div id="command-dock" aria-label="Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls">
+  <div id="command-dock" aria-label="Navigation, voice, and visual preset controls" data-i18n-aria-label>
   <!-- Control panel -->
   <div id="control-panel" class="panel-collapsible collapsed">
     <div class="panel-glow"></div>
     <div class="panel-inner">
       <button id="control-panel-toggle" class="panel-header dock-tray-toggle" type="button"
         data-dock-toggle-target="control-panel" aria-expanded="false"
-        aria-controls="control-panel-popover" aria-label="Expand Visual Presets">
-        <span class="panel-title"><span class="dock-label-icon dock-label-icon-presets" aria-hidden="true"></span>VISUAL PRESETS</span>
+        aria-controls="control-panel-popover" aria-label="Expand Visual Presets" data-i18n-aria-label>
+        <span class="panel-title" data-i18n-runtime><span class="dock-label-icon dock-label-icon-presets" aria-hidden="true"></span>VISUAL PRESETS</span>
         <span class="panel-divider"></span>
       </button>
       <div id="control-panel-popover" class="dock-popover-content">
-      <button class="dock-pin-btn" data-pin-target="control-panel" type="button" aria-label="Pin visual presets" aria-pressed="false" title="Keep visual presets open"><img src="/pin.svg" alt="" /></button>
+      <button class="dock-pin-btn" data-pin-target="control-panel" type="button" aria-label="Pin visual presets" aria-pressed="false" title="Keep visual presets open" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title><img src="/pin.svg" alt="" /></button>
       <div id="style-buttons" class="button-grid">
-        <button class="style-btn active" data-style="normal" title="Show the globe without a visual filter.">
+        <button class="style-btn active" data-style="normal" title="Show the globe without a visual filter." data-i18n-title>
           <span class="btn-icon">◯</span>
-          <span class="btn-label">Normal</span>
+          <span class="btn-label" data-i18n>Normal</span>
           <span class="btn-key">1</span>
         </button>
-        <button class="style-btn" data-style="retro" title="Emulate a green phosphor CRT with scanlines and screen curvature.">
+        <button class="style-btn" data-style="retro" title="Emulate a green phosphor CRT with scanlines and screen curvature." data-i18n-title>
           <span class="btn-icon">▦</span>
-          <span class="btn-label">CRT</span>
+          <span class="btn-label" data-i18n>CRT</span>
           <span class="btn-key">2</span>
         </button>
-        <button class="style-btn" data-style="surveillance" title="Simulate night-vision goggles with green intensification and a tube vignette.">
+        <button class="style-btn" data-style="surveillance" title="Simulate night-vision goggles with green intensification and a tube vignette." data-i18n-title>
           <span class="btn-icon">🌙</span>
-          <span class="btn-label">NVG</span>
+          <span class="btn-label" data-i18n>NVG</span>
           <span class="btn-key">3</span>
         </button>
-        <button class="style-btn" data-style="thermal" title="Simulate FLIR-style thermal contrast. Turn up Ironbow for color.">
+        <button class="style-btn" data-style="thermal" title="Simulate FLIR-style thermal contrast. Turn up Ironbow for color." data-i18n-title>
           <span class="btn-icon">🌡️</span>
-          <span class="btn-label">FLIR</span>
+          <span class="btn-label" data-i18n>FLIR</span>
           <span class="btn-key">4</span>
         </button>
-        <button class="style-btn" data-style="anime" title="Apply bright cel-shaded color and illustrated outlines.">
+        <button class="style-btn" data-style="anime" title="Apply bright cel-shaded color and illustrated outlines." data-i18n-title>
           <span class="btn-icon">✦</span>
-          <span class="btn-label">Anime</span>
+          <span class="btn-label" data-i18n>Anime</span>
           <span class="btn-key">5</span>
         </button>
-        <button class="style-btn" data-style="noir" title="Apply high-contrast monochrome film-noir grading.">
+        <button class="style-btn" data-style="noir" title="Apply high-contrast monochrome film-noir grading." data-i18n-title>
           <span class="btn-icon">◐</span>
-          <span class="btn-label">Noir</span>
+          <span class="btn-label" data-i18n>Noir</span>
           <span class="btn-key">6</span>
         </button>
-        <button class="style-btn" data-style="snow" title="Add a cold, snowy whiteout treatment to the scene.">
+        <button class="style-btn" data-style="snow" title="Add a cold, snowy whiteout treatment to the scene." data-i18n-title>
           <span class="btn-icon">❄</span>
-          <span class="btn-label">Snow</span>
+          <span class="btn-label" data-i18n>Snow</span>
           <span class="btn-key">7</span>
         </button>
       </div>
       <section class="map-source-section" aria-labelledby="map-source-label">
         <div class="map-source-heading">
-          <span id="map-source-label">MAP SOURCE</span>
+          <span data-i18n id="map-source-label">MAP SOURCE</span>
           <span id="map-stack-status" class="pp-stack-status" aria-live="polite">3D</span>
         </div>
-        <div id="map-stack-chips" class="map-stack-chip-row" role="group" aria-label="Map source"></div>
+        <div id="map-stack-chips" class="map-stack-chip-row" role="group" aria-label="Map source" data-i18n-aria-label></div>
       </section>
       </div>
       <div id="style-mini-status" class="panel-mini-status" aria-live="polite">
-        <span class="panel-mini-label">Style</span>
-        <span id="style-mini-value" class="panel-mini-value">NORMAL</span>
+        <span class="panel-mini-label" data-i18n>Style</span>
+        <span id="style-mini-value" class="panel-mini-value" data-i18n>NORMAL</span>
       </div>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -69,26 +69,26 @@
     <div class="panel-glow"></div>
     <div class="location-inner">
       <div class="location-toolbar">
-        <button id="location-bar-toggle" class="dock-tray-toggle" type="button" data-dock-toggle-target="location-bar" aria-controls="location-bar-popover" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Expand LOCATION" title="Expand LOCATION">
-          <span class="location-toolbar-label"><span class="dock-label-icon dock-label-icon-location" aria-hidden="true"></span>LOCATION</span>
+        <button id="location-bar-toggle" class="dock-tray-toggle" type="button" data-dock-toggle-target="location-bar" aria-controls="location-bar-popover" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Expand LOCATION" title="Expand LOCATION" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
+          <span class="location-toolbar-label" data-i18n-runtime><span class="dock-label-icon dock-label-icon-location" aria-hidden="true"></span>LOCATION</span>
         </button>
-        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="location-bar" title="Collapse panel">+</button>
+        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="location-bar" title="Collapse panel" data-i18n-title>+</button>
       </div>
       <div id="location-mini-status" class="location-mini-status" aria-live="polite">
-        <div id="location-mini-city" class="location-mini-city">📍 Location: --</div>
-        <div id="location-mini-poi" class="location-mini-poi">Landmark: --</div>
+        <div id="location-mini-city" class="location-mini-city" data-i18n>📍 Location: --</div>
+        <div id="location-mini-poi" class="location-mini-poi" data-i18n>Landmark: --</div>
       </div>
       <div id="location-bar-popover" class="dock-popover-content">
-        <button class="dock-pin-btn" data-pin-target="location-bar" type="button" aria-label="Pin location tray" aria-pressed="false" title="Keep location tray open"><img src="/pin.svg" alt="" /></button>
+        <button class="dock-pin-btn" data-pin-target="location-bar" type="button" aria-label="Pin location tray" aria-pressed="false" title="Keep location tray open" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title><img src="/pin.svg" alt="" /></button>
         <div id="poi-row" class="poi-row-container"></div>
         <div class="location-bar-divider" id="location-bar-divider"></div>
         <div class="location-city-row">
           <div id="location-pills" class="location-pills"></div>
           <div class="location-search-wrap">
-            <button id="search-toggle" class="search-toggle-btn" title="Search any location">
+            <button id="search-toggle" class="search-toggle-btn" title="Search any location" data-i18n-title>
               <span>&#x1F50E;</span>
             </button>
-            <input type="text" id="location-search" placeholder="Search any location..." autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" aria-label="Search location by name or coordinates" />
+            <input type="text" id="location-search" placeholder="Search any location..." autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" aria-label="Search location by name or coordinates" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-placeholder />
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/ui/templates/context.html b/src/ui/templates/context.html
index dd4d70ee1..290726417 100644
--- a/src/ui/templates/context.html
+++ b/src/ui/templates/context.html
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
       <div class="panel-glow"></div>
       <div class="weather-panel-inner" data-rail-scroller>
         <div class="panel-header">
-          <span class="panel-title">WEATHER</span>
-          <span id="weather-panel-count" aria-label="Active weather products">0</span>
+          <span class="panel-title" data-i18n>WEATHER</span>
+          <span id="weather-panel-count" aria-label="Active weather products" data-i18n-aria-label>0</span>
           <span class="panel-divider"></span>
-          <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="weather-panel" type="button" title="Collapse panel">▼</button>
+          <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="weather-panel" type="button" title="Collapse panel" data-i18n-title>▼</button>
         </div>
         <div id="weather-panel-body" data-rail-scroller></div>
       </div>
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
       <div class="panel-glow"></div>
       <div class="recent-imagery-panel-inner" data-rail-scroller>
         <div class="panel-header">
-          <span class="panel-title">RECENT IMAGERY</span>
-          <span id="recent-imagery-panel-count" aria-label="Imagery days in the box"></span>
+          <span class="panel-title" data-i18n>RECENT IMAGERY</span>
+          <span id="recent-imagery-panel-count" aria-label="Imagery days in the box" data-i18n-aria-label></span>
           <span class="panel-divider"></span>
-          <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="recent-imagery-panel" type="button" title="Collapse panel">▼</button>
+          <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="recent-imagery-panel" type="button" title="Collapse panel" data-i18n-title>▼</button>
         </div>
         <div id="recent-imagery-panel-body" data-rail-scroller></div>
       </div>
@@ -28,212 +28,212 @@
       <div class="panel-glow"></div>
       <div class="global-context-panel-inner" data-rail-scroller>
         <div class="panel-header">
-          <span class="panel-title">CONTEXT</span>
+          <span class="panel-title" data-i18n>CONTEXT</span>
           <span class="panel-divider"></span>
           <div id="context-radio-dock" class="context-radio-dock">
-            <button id="context-radio-toggle-btn" class="context-radio-toggle" type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="context-radio-mini" aria-label="Open compact Radio controls" title="Open compact Radio controls">
+            <button id="context-radio-toggle-btn" class="context-radio-toggle" type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="context-radio-mini" aria-label="Open compact Radio controls" title="Open compact Radio controls" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
               <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">radio</span>
             </button>
-            <div id="context-radio-mini" class="context-radio-mini" role="group" aria-label="Compact Radio controls" hidden>
+            <div id="context-radio-mini" class="context-radio-mini" role="group" aria-label="Compact Radio controls" hidden data-i18n-aria-label>
               <div class="context-radio-mini-heading">
-                <span>RADIO</span>
-                <strong id="context-radio-mini-station">RADIO READY</strong>
+                <span data-i18n>RADIO</span>
+                <strong id="context-radio-mini-station" data-i18n>RADIO READY</strong>
                 <span class="context-radio-mini-actions">
-                  <button id="context-radio-details-btn" type="button" aria-label="Open detailed Radio controls" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="radio-panel" title="Open detailed Radio controls">
+                  <button id="context-radio-details-btn" type="button" aria-label="Open detailed Radio controls" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="radio-panel" title="Open detailed Radio controls" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
                     <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">open_in_full</span>
                   </button>
-                  <button id="context-radio-mini-close-btn" type="button" aria-label="Close compact Radio controls" title="Close compact Radio controls">
+                  <button id="context-radio-mini-close-btn" type="button" aria-label="Close compact Radio controls" title="Close compact Radio controls" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
                     <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">close</span>
                   </button>
                 </span>
               </div>
-              <button id="context-radio-mini-enable-btn" class="panel-layer-toggle" type="button" aria-pressed="false">ENABLE</button>
+              <button id="context-radio-mini-enable-btn" class="panel-layer-toggle" type="button" aria-pressed="false" data-i18n>ENABLE</button>
               <div class="context-radio-mini-transport">
-                <button id="context-radio-mini-prev-btn" type="button" aria-label="Previous filtered radio station" title="Previous station" disabled>◀◀</button>
-                <button id="context-radio-mini-play-btn" type="button" aria-label="Play selected radio station" title="Play" disabled>▶</button>
-                <button id="context-radio-mini-next-btn" type="button" aria-label="Next filtered radio station" title="Next station" disabled>▶▶</button>
+                <button id="context-radio-mini-prev-btn" type="button" aria-label="Previous filtered radio station" title="Previous station" disabled data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>◀◀</button>
+                <button id="context-radio-mini-play-btn" type="button" aria-label="Play selected radio station" title="Play" disabled data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>▶</button>
+                <button id="context-radio-mini-next-btn" type="button" aria-label="Next filtered radio station" title="Next station" disabled data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>▶▶</button>
               </div>
               <label class="context-radio-mini-volume" for="context-radio-mini-volume">
-                <span>VOLUME</span>
-                <input id="context-radio-mini-volume" class="gev-quantitative-slider" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="80" aria-label="Compact Radio volume" disabled />
+                <span data-i18n>VOLUME</span>
+                <input id="context-radio-mini-volume" class="gev-quantitative-slider" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="80" aria-label="Compact Radio volume" disabled data-i18n-aria-label />
                 <output id="context-radio-mini-volume-value" class="gev-slider-value" for="context-radio-mini-volume">80%</output>
               </label>
             </div>
           </div>
-          <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="global-context-panel" title="Expand panel">▶</button>
+          <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="global-context-panel" title="Expand panel" data-i18n-title>▶</button>
         </div>
         <div class="cyber-panel-body" data-rail-scroller>
-        <div class="global-context-modes" role="tablist" aria-label="Context mode">
-          <button id="global-context-flights-btn" class="context-mode-button" type="button" role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="context-flights-view" aria-label="CONTACTS" title="Cycles the nearest contacts of whatever type you select — planes, vessels, installations. Satellites track independently.">
+        <div class="global-context-modes" role="tablist" aria-label="Context mode" data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <button id="global-context-flights-btn" class="context-mode-button" type="button" role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="context-flights-view" aria-label="CONTACTS" title="Cycles the nearest contacts of whatever type you select — planes, vessels, installations. Satellites track independently." data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
             <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">radar</span>
-            <span>CONTACTS</span>
+            <span data-i18n>CONTACTS</span>
           </button>
           <button id="global-context-missions-btn" class="context-mode-button" type="button" role="tab" tabindex="0" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="context-missions-view">
             <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">rocket_launch</span>
-            <span>SPACE MISSIONS</span>
+            <span data-i18n>SPACE MISSIONS</span>
           </button>
         </div>
         <div id="context-mode-standby" class="context-mode-standby">
-          <strong>SELECT CONTEXT</strong>
-          <span>CONTACTS — nearest planes · vessels · sites<br>SPACE MISSIONS — launches &amp; orbital assets</span>
+          <strong data-i18n>SELECT CONTEXT</strong>
+          <span data-i18n-runtime>CONTACTS — nearest planes · vessels · sites<br>SPACE MISSIONS — launches &amp; orbital assets</span>
         </div>
         <section id="context-flights-view" class="context-mode-view" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="global-context-flights-btn" hidden>
-          <div class="global-context-actions" aria-label="Contact Context actions">
+          <div class="global-context-actions" aria-label="Contact Context actions" data-i18n-aria-label>
             <button id="cockpit-entry" type="button" hidden>
               <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">flight</span>
-              <span>COCKPIT</span>
+              <span data-i18n>COCKPIT</span>
             </button>
-            <button id="installations-search-btn" class="panel-layer-toggle" type="button">SEARCH NEARBY SITES</button>
-            <button id="tr3b-toggle" class="tr3b-toggle" type="button" aria-pressed="false" hidden aria-label="Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B" title="Reclassify as TR-3B">🛸</button>
+            <button id="installations-search-btn" class="panel-layer-toggle" type="button" data-i18n>SEARCH NEARBY SITES</button>
+            <button id="tr3b-toggle" class="tr3b-toggle" type="button" aria-pressed="false" hidden aria-label="Reclassify tracked contact as TR-3B" title="Reclassify as TR-3B" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>🛸</button>
           </div>
           <aside id="military-awareness-panel">
             <div class="military-awareness-standby">
-              <strong>CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF</strong>
-              <span>SELECT CONTACTS TO LOAD OBSERVED / MAPPED PROXIMITY</span>
+              <strong data-i18n>CONTACTS CONTEXT OFF</strong>
+              <span data-i18n>SELECT CONTACTS TO LOAD OBSERVED / MAPPED PROXIMITY</span>
             </div>
           </aside>
         </section>
         <section id="context-missions-view" class="context-mode-view" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="global-context-missions-btn" hidden>
           <div id="space-mission-panel-host">
-            <div id="space-mission-roster" class="space-mission-roster" aria-label="Available Space Missions">
+            <div id="space-mission-roster" class="space-mission-roster" aria-label="Available Space Missions" data-i18n-aria-label>
               <div class="space-mission-roster-header">
                 <div>
-                  <strong>AVAILABLE MISSIONS</strong>
-                  <span>SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT</span>
+                  <strong data-i18n>AVAILABLE MISSIONS</strong>
+                  <span data-i18n>SELECT A MISSION TO INSPECT</span>
                 </div>
                 <output data-mission-roster-count>—</output>
               </div>
               <div class="space-mission-roster-list" data-mission-roster-list>
-                <div class="space-mission-roster-empty">LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX</div>
+                <div class="space-mission-roster-empty" data-i18n>LOADING 30-DAY MISSION INDEX</div>
               </div>
-              <p class="space-mission-roster-focus-continuation" tabindex="-1" data-mission-roster-focus-continuation>TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS</p>
+              <p class="space-mission-roster-focus-continuation" tabindex="-1" data-mission-roster-focus-continuation data-i18n>TAB PREVIEWS · ENTER / SPACE SELECTS</p>
             </div>
           </div>
         </section>
-        <section id="radio-panel" class="panel-collapsible collapsed" data-panel-id="radio-panel" aria-label="Internet radio and local SDR">
+        <section id="radio-panel" class="panel-collapsible collapsed" data-panel-id="radio-panel" aria-label="Internet radio and local SDR" data-i18n-aria-label>
           <div class="radio-panel-inner">
             <div class="panel-header">
-              <span class="panel-title">RADIO</span>
-              <span id="radio-layer-state" class="radio-layer-state">OFF</span>
+              <span class="panel-title" data-i18n>RADIO</span>
+              <span id="radio-layer-state" class="radio-layer-state" data-i18n>OFF</span>
               <span class="panel-divider"></span>
-              <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="radio-panel" title="Expand Radio" aria-label="Expand Radio section">+</button>
+              <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="radio-panel" title="Expand Radio" aria-label="Expand Radio section" data-i18n-title data-i18n-aria-label>+</button>
             </div>
             <div class="radio-directory-row">
-              <button id="radio-enable-btn" class="panel-layer-toggle" type="button" aria-pressed="false">ENABLE</button>
-              <label class="radio-filter-label" for="radio-filter">STATION TAG</label>
-              <select id="radio-filter" aria-label="Filter stations by station tag" disabled>
-                <option value="all">All</option>
+              <button id="radio-enable-btn" class="panel-layer-toggle" type="button" aria-pressed="false" data-i18n>ENABLE</button>
+              <label class="radio-filter-label" for="radio-filter" data-i18n>STATION TAG</label>
+              <select id="radio-filter" aria-label="Filter stations by station tag" disabled data-i18n-aria-label>
+                <option value="all" data-i18n>All</option>
               </select>
             </div>
             <div id="radio-station-card" class="radio-station-card" aria-live="polite">
-              <strong id="radio-station-name">NO STATION SELECTED</strong>
-              <span id="radio-station-meta">Enable Radio, then choose a globe marker or use next.</span>
+              <strong id="radio-station-name" data-i18n>NO STATION SELECTED</strong>
+              <span id="radio-station-meta" data-i18n>Enable Radio, then choose a globe marker or use next.</span>
               <span id="radio-station-tags"></span>
             </div>
             <div id="radio-tuner" class="radio-tuner" hidden>
               <div class="radio-tuner-header">
-                <span id="radio-tuner-band-label">DIRECTORY BAND</span>
-                <output id="radio-tuner-value" for="radio-tuner-slider">DRAG TO TUNE</output>
+                <span data-i18n id="radio-tuner-band-label">DIRECTORY BAND</span>
+                <output id="radio-tuner-value" for="radio-tuner-slider" data-i18n>DRAG TO TUNE</output>
               </div>
               <div class="radio-tuner-dial">
                 <div class="radio-tuner-scale" aria-hidden="true"></div>
                 <div id="radio-tuner-needle" class="radio-tuner-needle" aria-hidden="true"></div>
                 <input id="radio-tuner-slider" type="range" min="0" max="0" step="1" value="0"
-                  aria-label="Tune available internet radio stations" aria-valuetext="No station available" disabled />
+                  aria-label="Tune available internet radio stations" aria-valuetext="No station available" disabled data-i18n-aria-label />
               </div>
               <div class="radio-tuner-readout">
-                <span id="radio-tuner-station">ALL · DRAG THE NEEDLE</span>
-                <span>SNAPS TO AVAILABLE STATIONS</span>
+                <span id="radio-tuner-station" data-i18n>ALL · DRAG THE NEEDLE</span>
+                <span data-i18n>SNAPS TO AVAILABLE STATIONS</span>
               </div>
             </div>
-            <div class="radio-transport" role="group" aria-label="Radio playback">
-              <button id="radio-prev-btn" type="button" aria-label="Previous filtered station" disabled>PREV</button>
-              <button id="radio-play-btn" type="button" aria-label="Play selected station" disabled>PLAY</button>
-              <button id="radio-next-btn" type="button" aria-label="Next filtered station" disabled>NEXT</button>
-              <button id="radio-stop-btn" type="button" aria-label="Stop radio playback" disabled>STOP</button>
+            <div class="radio-transport" role="group" aria-label="Radio playback" data-i18n-aria-label>
+              <button id="radio-prev-btn" type="button" aria-label="Previous filtered station" disabled data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n>PREV</button>
+              <button id="radio-play-btn" type="button" aria-label="Play selected station" disabled data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n>PLAY</button>
+              <button id="radio-next-btn" type="button" aria-label="Next filtered station" disabled data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n>NEXT</button>
+              <button id="radio-stop-btn" type="button" aria-label="Stop radio playback" disabled data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n>STOP</button>
             </div>
             <label class="radio-volume-row" for="radio-volume">
-              <span>VOLUME</span>
-              <input id="radio-volume" class="gev-quantitative-slider" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="80" aria-label="Radio volume" />
+              <span data-i18n>VOLUME</span>
+              <input id="radio-volume" class="gev-quantitative-slider" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="80" aria-label="Radio volume" data-i18n-aria-label />
               <output id="radio-volume-value" class="gev-slider-value" for="radio-volume">80%</output>
             </label>
-            <div id="radio-playback-state" class="radio-playback-state" role="status" aria-live="polite">Radio off</div>
+            <div id="radio-playback-state" class="radio-playback-state" role="status" aria-live="polite" data-i18n>Radio off</div>
             <div class="radio-links">
-              <a id="radio-station-homepage" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" hidden>STATION SITE</a>
-              <a href="https://www.radio-browser.info/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DIRECTORY: RADIO BROWSER</a>
+              <a id="radio-station-homepage" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" hidden data-i18n>STATION SITE</a>
+              <a href="https://www.radio-browser.info/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-i18n>DIRECTORY: RADIO BROWSER</a>
             </div>
-            <p class="radio-privacy">Audio connects directly to the broadcaster after you press play. Your IP is visible to that broadcaster.</p>
-            <div id="sdr-radio-card" class="sdr-radio-card" role="group" aria-label="Local RTL-SDR receiver">
+            <p class="radio-privacy" data-i18n>Audio connects directly to the broadcaster after you press play. Your IP is visible to that broadcaster.</p>
+            <div id="sdr-radio-card" class="sdr-radio-card" role="group" aria-label="Local RTL-SDR receiver" data-i18n-aria-label>
               <div class="sdr-radio-heading">
-                <strong>LOCAL RTL-SDR</strong>
-                <span id="sdr-connection-state">NO USB</span>
+                <strong data-i18n>LOCAL RTL-SDR</strong>
+                <span id="sdr-connection-state" data-i18n-runtime>NO USB</span>
               </div>
-              <p>Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · one local tuner shared by FM and the Local ADS-B layer.</p>
+              <p data-i18n>Chrome/Edge · WebUSB · one local tuner shared by FM and the Local ADS-B layer.</p>
               <div class="sdr-radio-actions">
-                <button id="sdr-connect-btn" class="panel-layer-toggle" type="button" aria-pressed="false">CONNECT</button>
-                <button id="sdr-locate-btn" type="button" title="Use your location for faster ADS-B position decoding">LOCATE</button>
-                <button id="sdr-change-device-btn" type="button" title="Choose a different RTL-SDR or receiver channel">CHANGE DEVICE</button>
+                <button id="sdr-connect-btn" class="panel-layer-toggle" type="button" aria-pressed="false" data-i18n>CONNECT</button>
+                <button id="sdr-locate-btn" type="button" title="Use your location for faster ADS-B position decoding" data-i18n-title data-i18n>LOCATE</button>
+                <button id="sdr-change-device-btn" type="button" title="Choose a different RTL-SDR or receiver channel" data-i18n-title data-i18n>CHANGE DEVICE</button>
               </div>
-              <div class="sdr-mode-row" role="group" aria-label="RTL-SDR receiver mode">
-                <button id="sdr-mode-fm-btn" class="active" type="button" aria-pressed="true">FM</button>
-                <button id="sdr-mode-adsb-btn" type="button" aria-pressed="false">ADS-B · 1090</button>
+              <div class="sdr-mode-row" role="group" aria-label="RTL-SDR receiver mode" data-i18n-aria-label>
+                <button id="sdr-mode-fm-btn" class="active" type="button" aria-pressed="true" translate="no">FM</button>
+                <button id="sdr-mode-adsb-btn" type="button" aria-pressed="false" translate="no">ADS-B · 1090</button>
               </div>
               <div class="sdr-gain-row">
-                <label for="sdr-gain-select">GAIN</label>
-                <select id="sdr-gain-select" aria-label="RTL-SDR tuner gain for the current mode">
-                  <option value="auto">AUTO</option>
-                  <option value="0.0">0.0 dB</option>
-                  <option value="0.9">0.9 dB</option>
-                  <option value="1.4">1.4 dB</option>
-                  <option value="2.7">2.7 dB</option>
-                  <option value="3.7">3.7 dB</option>
-                  <option value="7.7">7.7 dB</option>
-                  <option value="8.7">8.7 dB</option>
-                  <option value="12.5">12.5 dB</option>
-                  <option value="14.4">14.4 dB</option>
-                  <option value="15.7">15.7 dB</option>
-                  <option value="16.6">16.6 dB</option>
-                  <option value="19.7">19.7 dB</option>
-                  <option value="20.7">20.7 dB</option>
-                  <option value="22.9">22.9 dB</option>
-                  <option value="25.4">25.4 dB</option>
-                  <option value="28.0">28.0 dB</option>
-                  <option value="29.7">29.7 dB</option>
-                  <option value="32.8">32.8 dB</option>
-                  <option value="33.8">33.8 dB</option>
-                  <option value="36.4">36.4 dB</option>
-                  <option value="37.2">37.2 dB</option>
-                  <option value="38.6">38.6 dB</option>
-                  <option value="40.2">40.2 dB</option>
-                  <option value="42.1">42.1 dB</option>
-                  <option value="43.4">43.4 dB</option>
-                  <option value="43.9">43.9 dB</option>
-                  <option value="44.5">44.5 dB</option>
-                  <option value="48.0">48.0 dB</option>
-                  <option value="49.6">49.6 dB</option>
+                <label for="sdr-gain-select" data-i18n>GAIN</label>
+                <select id="sdr-gain-select" aria-label="RTL-SDR tuner gain for the current mode" data-i18n-aria-label>
+                  <option value="auto" data-i18n>AUTO</option>
+                  <option value="0.0" translate="no">0.0 dB</option>
+                  <option value="0.9" translate="no">0.9 dB</option>
+                  <option value="1.4" translate="no">1.4 dB</option>
+                  <option value="2.7" translate="no">2.7 dB</option>
+                  <option value="3.7" translate="no">3.7 dB</option>
+                  <option value="7.7" translate="no">7.7 dB</option>
+                  <option value="8.7" translate="no">8.7 dB</option>
+                  <option value="12.5" translate="no">12.5 dB</option>
+                  <option value="14.4" translate="no">14.4 dB</option>
+                  <option value="15.7" translate="no">15.7 dB</option>
+                  <option value="16.6" translate="no">16.6 dB</option>
+                  <option value="19.7" translate="no">19.7 dB</option>
+                  <option value="20.7" translate="no">20.7 dB</option>
+                  <option value="22.9" translate="no">22.9 dB</option>
+                  <option value="25.4" translate="no">25.4 dB</option>
+                  <option value="28.0" translate="no">28.0 dB</option>
+                  <option value="29.7" translate="no">29.7 dB</option>
+                  <option value="32.8" translate="no">32.8 dB</option>
+                  <option value="33.8" translate="no">33.8 dB</option>
+                  <option value="36.4" translate="no">36.4 dB</option>
+                  <option value="37.2" translate="no">37.2 dB</option>
+                  <option value="38.6" translate="no">38.6 dB</option>
+                  <option value="40.2" translate="no">40.2 dB</option>
+                  <option value="42.1" translate="no">42.1 dB</option>
+                  <option value="43.4" translate="no">43.4 dB</option>
+                  <option value="43.9" translate="no">43.9 dB</option>
+                  <option value="44.5" translate="no">44.5 dB</option>
+                  <option value="48.0" translate="no">48.0 dB</option>
+                  <option value="49.6" translate="no">49.6 dB</option>
                 </select>
               </div>
               <div id="sdr-adsb-stats" class="sdr-adsb-stats" role="status" aria-live="off" hidden>
-                <span><output id="sdr-stat-rate">--</output> MSG/S</span>
-                <span><output id="sdr-stat-heard">0</output> HEARD</span>
-                <span><output id="sdr-stat-positioned">0</output> POSITIONED</span>
-                <span>IQ <output id="sdr-stat-iq">--</output></span>
+                <span><output id="sdr-stat-rate">--</output> <span data-i18n>MSG/S</span></span>
+                <span><output id="sdr-stat-heard">0</output> <span data-i18n>HEARD</span></span>
+                <span><output id="sdr-stat-positioned">0</output> <span data-i18n>POSITIONED</span></span>
+                <span translate="no">IQ <output id="sdr-stat-iq">--</output></span>
               </div>
               <div class="sdr-frequency-row">
-                <label for="sdr-frequency-input">FM MHZ</label>
+                <label for="sdr-frequency-input" data-i18n>FM MHZ</label>
                 <input id="sdr-frequency-input" type="number" min="87.5" max="108" step="0.1" value="98.5" inputmode="decimal" />
-                <button id="sdr-tune-btn" type="button">TUNE</button>
+                <button id="sdr-tune-btn" type="button" data-i18n>TUNE</button>
               </div>
-              <div class="sdr-seek-row" role="group" aria-label="Seek broadcast FM stations">
-                <button id="sdr-seek-back-btn" type="button" disabled>◀ SEEK</button>
-                <button id="sdr-seek-forward-btn" type="button" disabled>SEEK ▶</button>
+              <div class="sdr-seek-row" role="group" aria-label="Seek broadcast FM stations" data-i18n-aria-label>
+                <button id="sdr-seek-back-btn" type="button" disabled data-i18n>◀ SEEK</button>
+                <button id="sdr-seek-forward-btn" type="button" disabled data-i18n>SEEK ▶</button>
               </div>
               <label class="radio-volume-row" for="sdr-volume">
-                <span>SDR VOL</span>
-                <input id="sdr-volume" class="gev-quantitative-slider" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="80" aria-label="Local SDR volume" />
+                <span data-i18n>SDR VOL</span>
+                <input id="sdr-volume" class="gev-quantitative-slider" type="range" min="0" max="100" value="80" aria-label="Local SDR volume" data-i18n-aria-label />
                 <output id="sdr-volume-value" class="gev-slider-value" for="sdr-volume">80%</output>
               </label>
-              <div id="sdr-status" class="radio-playback-state" role="status" aria-live="polite">Connect an RTL-SDR to begin.</div>
+              <div id="sdr-status" class="radio-playback-state" role="status" aria-live="polite" data-i18n>Connect an RTL-SDR to begin.</div>
               <div id="sdr-feed-status" class="sdr-feed-status" role="status" aria-live="off" hidden></div>
             </div>
           </div>
diff --git a/src/ui/templates/display-controls.html b/src/ui/templates/display-controls.html
index 79e1f7fd7..220dc373b 100644
--- a/src/ui/templates/display-controls.html
+++ b/src/ui/templates/display-controls.html
@@ -1,90 +1,90 @@
   <!-- Post-processing toggles (top-right) -->
   <div id="pp-toggles" class="panel-collapsible collapsed" data-panel-id="pp-toggles">
     <div class="compact pp-header-row">
-      <span class="pp-header-label">DISPLAY</span>
+      <span data-i18n class="pp-header-label">DISPLAY</span>
       <span class="panel-divider" aria-hidden="true"></span>
-      <button class="panel-collapse-btn pp-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="pp-toggles" title="Collapse panel">&#x25C0;</button>
+      <button class="panel-collapse-btn pp-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="pp-toggles" title="Collapse panel" data-i18n-title>&#x25C0;</button>
     </div>
     <div class="pp-panel-body" data-rail-scroller>
     <div class="pp-toggle-group">
-      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="hud-toggle" title="Intelligence HUD (H)">
+      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="hud-toggle" title="Intelligence HUD (H)" data-i18n-title>
         <span class="pp-icon">&#x25CE;</span>
-        <span class="pp-label">HUD</span>
+        <span class="pp-label" translate="no">HUD</span>
       </button>
       <div class="pp-slider-row" id="hud-layout-row">
-        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label">Layout</span>
-        <select id="hud-layout-select" class="pp-select" aria-label="HUD layout">
-          <option value="tactical">Tactical</option>
-          <option value="operator">Operator</option>
-          <option value="minimal">Minimal</option>
-          <option value="cyber">Cyber</option>
+        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label" data-i18n>Layout</span>
+        <select id="hud-layout-select" class="pp-select" aria-label="HUD layout" data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <option value="tactical" data-i18n>Tactical</option>
+          <option value="operator" data-i18n>Operator</option>
+          <option value="minimal" data-i18n>Minimal</option>
+          <option value="cyber" data-i18n>Cyber</option>
         </select>
       </div>
       <div class="pp-slider-row cyber-sonar-control cyber-sonar-toggle-row" id="cyber-sonar-row">
-        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label">Sonar</span>
-        <button class="pp-mode-btn active" id="cyber-sonar-toggle" title="Cyber sonar contact scanner" aria-label="Cyber sonar contact scanner" aria-pressed="true">ON</button>
+        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label" data-i18n>Sonar</span>
+        <button class="pp-mode-btn active" id="cyber-sonar-toggle" title="Cyber sonar contact scanner" aria-label="Cyber sonar contact scanner" aria-pressed="true" data-i18n-title data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n>ON</button>
       </div>
       <output id="cyber-sonar-status" class="cyber-sonar-control" role="status"></output>
       <div class="pp-slider-row cyber-sonar-control cyber-sonar-setting" id="cyber-sonar-rings-row">
-        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="cyber-sonar-rings">Rings</label>
-        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="cyber-sonar-rings" min="3" max="12" step="1" value="8" aria-label="Sonar ring count" />
+        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="cyber-sonar-rings" data-i18n>Rings</label>
+        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="cyber-sonar-rings" min="3" max="12" step="1" value="8" aria-label="Sonar ring count" data-i18n-aria-label />
         <span class="pp-slider-value" id="cyber-sonar-rings-value">8</span>
       </div>
       <div class="pp-slider-row cyber-sonar-control cyber-sonar-setting" id="cyber-sonar-range-row">
-        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="cyber-sonar-range">Range</label>
-        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="cyber-sonar-range" min="60" max="120" step="1" value="100" aria-label="Sonar ring range" />
+        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="cyber-sonar-range" data-i18n>Range</label>
+        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="cyber-sonar-range" min="60" max="120" step="1" value="100" aria-label="Sonar ring range" data-i18n-aria-label />
         <span class="pp-slider-value" id="cyber-sonar-range-value">100%</span>
       </div>
       <div class="pp-slider-row cyber-sonar-control cyber-sonar-setting" id="cyber-sonar-intensity-row">
-        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="cyber-sonar-intensity">Power</label>
-        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="cyber-sonar-intensity" min="0" max="100" step="1" value="70" aria-label="Sonar intensity" />
+        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="cyber-sonar-intensity" data-i18n>Power</label>
+        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="cyber-sonar-intensity" min="0" max="100" step="1" value="70" aria-label="Sonar intensity" data-i18n-aria-label />
         <span class="pp-slider-value" id="cyber-sonar-intensity-value">70%</span>
       </div>
       <div class="pp-slider-row cyber-sonar-control cyber-sonar-setting" id="cyber-sonar-opacity-row">
-        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="cyber-sonar-opacity">Opacity</label>
-        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="cyber-sonar-opacity" min="35" max="100" step="1" value="84" aria-label="Cyber contact and label opacity" title="Minimum opacity for map dots, icons, models, brackets, and labels between sonar passes" />
+        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="cyber-sonar-opacity" data-i18n>Opacity</label>
+        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="cyber-sonar-opacity" min="35" max="100" step="1" value="84" aria-label="Cyber contact and label opacity" title="Minimum opacity for map dots, icons, models, brackets, and labels between sonar passes" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title />
         <span class="pp-slider-value" id="cyber-sonar-opacity-value">84%</span>
       </div>
       <div class="pp-slider-row cyber-sonar-control cyber-sonar-setting" id="cyber-sonar-sector-row">
-        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="cyber-sonar-sector">Sector</label>
-        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="cyber-sonar-sector" min="8" max="60" step="1" value="24" aria-label="Sonar sector width" />
+        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="cyber-sonar-sector" data-i18n>Sector</label>
+        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="cyber-sonar-sector" min="8" max="60" step="1" value="24" aria-label="Sonar sector width" data-i18n-aria-label />
         <span class="pp-slider-value" id="cyber-sonar-sector-value">24°</span>
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="pp-toggle-group">
-      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="detection-toggle" title="Detection Overlay (D)" aria-label="Detection overlay" aria-pressed="false">
+      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="detection-toggle" title="Detection Overlay (D)" aria-label="Detection overlay" aria-pressed="false" data-i18n-title data-i18n-aria-label>
         <span class="pp-icon">&#x25A3;</span>
-        <span class="pp-label">DETECT</span>
+        <span class="pp-label" data-i18n>DETECT</span>
       </button>
       <div class="pp-slider-row detection-slider-row" id="detection-slider-row">
-        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="detection-density-slider">Density</label>
-        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="detection-density-slider" min="0" max="100" step="25" value="50" aria-label="Detection label density" />
+        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="detection-density-slider" data-i18n>Density</label>
+        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="detection-density-slider" min="0" max="100" step="25" value="50" aria-label="Detection label density" data-i18n-aria-label />
         <span class="pp-slider-value" id="detection-density-value">50%</span>
       </div>
       <div class="pp-slider-row detection-allocation-row" id="detection-allocation-row">
-        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label">Allocation</span>
-        <div class="pp-mode-seg detection-allocation-seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Detection label allocation">
-          <button class="pp-mode-btn active" id="detection-allocation-elastic" data-allocation="ELASTIC" role="radio" aria-checked="true">Elastic</button>
-          <button class="pp-mode-btn" id="detection-allocation-weighted" data-allocation="WEIGHTED" role="radio" aria-checked="false">Weighted</button>
+        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label" data-i18n>Allocation</span>
+        <div class="pp-mode-seg detection-allocation-seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Detection label allocation" data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <button class="pp-mode-btn active" id="detection-allocation-elastic" data-allocation="ELASTIC" role="radio" aria-checked="true" data-i18n>Elastic</button>
+          <button class="pp-mode-btn" id="detection-allocation-weighted" data-allocation="WEIGHTED" role="radio" aria-checked="false" data-i18n>Weighted</button>
         </div>
       </div>
       <div class="pp-slider-row detection-fade-row" id="detection-fade-row">
-        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="detection-fade-slider">Fade</label>
-        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="detection-fade-slider" min="0" max="40" step="1" value="7" aria-label="Detection fade distance" title="World-overlay fade distance outside the keyhole as a percentage of its radius" />
+        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="detection-fade-slider" data-i18n>Fade</label>
+        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="detection-fade-slider" min="0" max="40" step="1" value="7" aria-label="Detection fade distance" title="World-overlay fade distance outside the keyhole as a percentage of its radius" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title />
         <span class="pp-slider-value" id="detection-fade-value">7%</span>
       </div>
       <div class="pp-slider-row detection-opacity-row" id="detection-opacity-row">
-        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="detection-opacity-slider">Outside</label>
-        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="detection-opacity-slider" min="0" max="100" step="1" value="1" aria-label="Detection opacity outside the keyhole" title="World-overlay label and card opacity beyond the fade distance" />
+        <label class="pp-slider-mini-label" for="detection-opacity-slider" data-i18n>Outside</label>
+        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="detection-opacity-slider" min="0" max="100" step="1" value="1" aria-label="Detection opacity outside the keyhole" title="World-overlay label and card opacity beyond the fade distance" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title />
         <span class="pp-slider-value" id="detection-opacity-value">1%</span>
       </div>
     </div>
     <!-- The one shared preset-parameter surface is inserted here at runtime. -->
     <div id="param-slider-panel">
       <div class="param-panel-header">
-        <span class="param-panel-title">PARAMETERS</span>
+        <span class="param-panel-title" data-i18n>PARAMETERS</span>
         <span class="param-panel-divider"></span>
-        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" id="param-panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="param-slider-panel" title="Collapse panel">−</button>
+        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" id="param-panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="param-slider-panel" title="Collapse panel" data-i18n-title>−</button>
       </div>
       <div id="param-sliders"></div>
     </div>
@@ -93,99 +93,99 @@
            button ships lit and the mode row ships open — the same markup-carries-the-default
            convention as #scope-toggle. ui.js re-syncs both from durable layer state, which
            is what flips them back for a share link or a stored session carrying 3D off. -->
-      <button class="pp-toggle-btn active" id="models3d-toggle" aria-pressed="true" title="3D aircraft — flat icons zoomed out, 3D models up close">
+      <button class="pp-toggle-btn active" id="models3d-toggle" aria-pressed="true" title="3D aircraft — flat icons zoomed out, 3D models up close" data-i18n-title>
         <span class="pp-icon">&#x2708;</span>
         <span class="pp-label">3D</span>
       </button>
       <div class="pp-slider-row visible" id="models3d-mode-row">
-        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label">Models</span>
-        <div class="pp-mode-seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="3D model coverage">
-          <button class="pp-mode-btn active" id="models3d-mode-proximity" data-mode="proximity" role="radio" aria-checked="true">Proximity</button>
-          <button class="pp-mode-btn" id="models3d-mode-all" data-mode="all" role="radio" aria-checked="false">All</button>
+        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label" data-i18n>Models</span>
+        <div class="pp-mode-seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="3D model coverage" data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <button class="pp-mode-btn active" id="models3d-mode-proximity" data-mode="proximity" role="radio" aria-checked="true" data-i18n>Proximity</button>
+          <button class="pp-mode-btn" id="models3d-mode-all" data-mode="all" role="radio" aria-checked="false" data-i18n>All</button>
         </div>
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="pp-toggle-group">
-      <button class="pp-toggle-btn active" id="scope-toggle" title="Scope — the circular viewport mask" aria-pressed="true">
+      <button class="pp-toggle-btn active" id="scope-toggle" title="Scope — the circular viewport mask" aria-pressed="true" data-i18n-title>
         <span class="pp-icon material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">adjust</span>
-        <span class="pp-label">Scope</span>
+        <span class="pp-label" data-i18n>Scope</span>
       </button>
       <div class="pp-slider-row visible" id="scope-slider-row">
-        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label">Feather</span>
+        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label" data-i18n>Feather</span>
         <!-- Feather starts at an 11% soft scope-mask edge (owner final lock
              2026-08-24, superseding the 08-22 hard-crop and 08-23 8% rulings);
              mirrors SCOPE_FEATHER_RATIO_DEFAULT in src/scopeMask.js. Feather
              softens the black mask edge; label fading is the separate Fade
              slider. -->
-        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="scope-feather-slider" min="0" max="100" value="11" aria-label="Scope edge feather" title="Scope edge feather as a percentage of the keyhole radius" />
+        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="scope-feather-slider" min="0" max="100" value="11" aria-label="Scope edge feather" title="Scope edge feather as a percentage of the keyhole radius" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title />
         <span class="pp-slider-value" id="scope-feather-value">11%</span>
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="pp-toggle-group">
-      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="draw-toggle" title="Draw on the world — click vertices, double-click or Enter to finish, Esc to cancel" aria-pressed="false">
+      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="draw-toggle" title="Draw on the world — click vertices, double-click or Enter to finish, Esc to cancel" aria-pressed="false" data-i18n-title>
         <span class="pp-icon material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">draw</span>
-        <span class="pp-label">Draw</span>
+        <span class="pp-label" data-i18n>Draw</span>
       </button>
       <div class="pp-slider-row" id="draw-mode-row">
-        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label">Shape</span>
-        <div class="pp-mode-seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Shape to draw">
-          <button class="pp-mode-btn active" data-shape="area" role="radio" aria-checked="true">Area</button>
-          <button class="pp-mode-btn" data-shape="line" role="radio" aria-checked="false">Line</button>
-          <button class="pp-mode-btn" data-shape="pin" role="radio" aria-checked="false">Pin</button>
+        <span class="pp-slider-mini-label" data-i18n>Shape</span>
+        <div class="pp-mode-seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Shape to draw" data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <button class="pp-mode-btn active" data-shape="area" role="radio" aria-checked="true" data-i18n>Area</button>
+          <button class="pp-mode-btn" data-shape="line" role="radio" aria-checked="false" data-i18n>Line</button>
+          <button class="pp-mode-btn" data-shape="pin" role="radio" aria-checked="false" data-i18n>Pin</button>
         </div>
       </div>
       <div class="pp-slider-row" id="draw-label-row">
-        <input type="text" class="pp-text-input" id="draw-label-input" maxlength="120" placeholder="Label (optional)" aria-label="Label for the drawn shape" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false">
-        <select class="pp-select draw-color-select" id="draw-color-select" aria-label="Colour of the drawn shape">
-          <option value="primary">Primary</option>
-          <option value="amber">Amber</option>
-          <option value="cyan">Cyan</option>
-          <option value="green">Green</option>
-          <option value="red">Red</option>
+        <input type="text" class="pp-text-input" id="draw-label-input" maxlength="120" placeholder="Label (optional)" aria-label="Label for the drawn shape" data-i18n-placeholder data-i18n-aria-label autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false">
+        <select class="pp-select draw-color-select" id="draw-color-select" aria-label="Colour of the drawn shape" data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <option value="primary" data-i18n>Primary</option>
+          <option value="amber" data-i18n>Amber</option>
+          <option value="cyan" data-i18n>Cyan</option>
+          <option value="green" data-i18n>Green</option>
+          <option value="red" data-i18n>Red</option>
         </select>
-        <button class="pp-mode-btn draw-clear-btn" id="draw-clear" type="button" title="Remove every mark from the board">Clear</button>
+        <button class="pp-mode-btn draw-clear-btn" id="draw-clear" type="button" title="Remove every mark from the board" data-i18n-title data-i18n>Clear</button>
         <span class="draw-hint" id="draw-hint" aria-live="polite"></span>
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="pp-toggle-group" id="geo-import-group">
-      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="geo-import-button" type="button" title="Show your own GeoJSON, KML, KMZ or GPX files on the globe (or drop them onto it). File bytes stay on this device; overlays can appear in map screenshots shared with voice.">
+      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="geo-import-button" type="button" title="Show your own GeoJSON, KML, KMZ or GPX files on the globe (or drop them onto it). File bytes stay on this device; overlays can appear in map screenshots shared with voice." data-i18n-title>
         <span class="pp-icon material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">upload_file</span>
-        <span class="pp-label">Import</span>
+        <span class="pp-label" data-i18n>Import</span>
       </button>
-      <input type="file" id="geo-import-input" accept=".geojson,.json,.kml,.kmz,.gpx" multiple hidden aria-label="Choose GeoJSON, KML, KMZ or GPX files">
-      <ul class="geo-import-list" id="geo-import-list" aria-label="Imported files"></ul>
+      <input type="file" id="geo-import-input" accept=".geojson,.json,.kml,.kmz,.gpx" multiple hidden aria-label="Choose GeoJSON, KML, KMZ or GPX files" data-i18n-aria-label>
+      <ul class="geo-import-list" id="geo-import-list" aria-label="Imported files" data-i18n-aria-label></ul>
       <span class="draw-hint geo-import-hint" id="geo-import-hint" aria-live="polite"></span>
     </div>
     <div class="pp-toggle-group">
-      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="celestial-toggle" title="Celestial ring — reveal the full globe" aria-pressed="false">
+      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="celestial-toggle" title="Celestial ring — reveal the full globe" aria-pressed="false" data-i18n-title>
         <span class="pp-icon material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">flare</span>
-        <span class="pp-label">Celestial</span>
+        <span class="pp-label" data-i18n>Celestial</span>
       </button>
     </div>
-    <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="clean-view-toggle" title="Hide UI chrome">
+    <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="clean-view-toggle" title="Hide UI chrome" data-i18n-title>
       <span class="pp-icon">&#x25A1;</span>
-      <span class="pp-label">Clean UI</span>
+      <span class="pp-label" data-i18n>Clean UI</span>
     </button>
     <div class="pp-toggle-group">
-      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="bloom-toggle" title="Bloom / Glow">
+      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="bloom-toggle" title="Bloom / Glow" data-i18n-title>
         <span class="pp-icon">&#x2728;</span>
-        <span class="pp-label">Bloom</span>
+        <span class="pp-label" data-i18n>Bloom</span>
       </button>
       <div class="pp-slider-row" id="bloom-slider-row">
-        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="bloom-intensity-slider" min="0" max="200" value="0" aria-label="Bloom intensity" />
+        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="bloom-intensity-slider" min="0" max="200" value="0" aria-label="Bloom intensity" data-i18n-aria-label />
         <span class="pp-slider-value" id="bloom-intensity-value">0%</span>
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="pp-toggle-group">
-      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="sharpen-toggle" title="Sharpening">
+      <button class="pp-toggle-btn" id="sharpen-toggle" title="Sharpening" data-i18n-title>
         <span class="pp-icon">&#x1F50D;</span>
-        <span class="pp-label">Sharpen</span>
+        <span class="pp-label" data-i18n>Sharpen</span>
       </button>
       <div class="pp-slider-row" id="sharpen-slider-row">
-        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="sharpen-intensity-slider" min="0" max="100" value="49" aria-label="Sharpen intensity" />
+        <input type="range" class="pp-slider" id="sharpen-intensity-slider" min="0" max="100" value="49" aria-label="Sharpen intensity" data-i18n-aria-label />
         <span class="pp-slider-value" id="sharpen-intensity-value">49%</span>
       </div>
     </div>
   </div>
   </div>
-  <button id="clean-view-exit" title="Return UI controls">EXIT CLEAN VIEW</button>
+  <button id="clean-view-exit" title="Return UI controls" data-i18n-title data-i18n>EXIT CLEAN VIEW</button>
diff --git a/src/ui/templates/hud-loading.html b/src/ui/templates/hud-loading.html
index f4ffb3a27..1a68a7078 100644
--- a/src/ui/templates/hud-loading.html
+++ b/src/ui/templates/hud-loading.html
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
   <div id="loading-screen">
     <div class="loader-content">
       <span class="loader-logo brand-logo" data-logo-gaze data-logo-src="/logo.svg" aria-hidden="true"><img src="/logo.svg" alt="" /></span>
-      <h2>GOD'S EYE <span class="title-accent">VIEW</span></h2>
-      <p class="loader-status">Initializing photorealistic world...</p>
+      <h2 translate="no">GOD'S EYE <span class="title-accent">VIEW</span></h2>
+      <p class="loader-status" data-i18n>Initializing photorealistic world...</p>
     </div>
   </div>
diff --git a/src/ui/templates/layer-panels.html b/src/ui/templates/layer-panels.html
index d079ebd11..363cfe0af 100644
--- a/src/ui/templates/layer-panels.html
+++ b/src/ui/templates/layer-panels.html
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
     <div class="panel-glow"></div>
     <div class="data-panel-inner">
       <div class="panel-header">
-        <span class="panel-title">DATA LAYERS</span>
+        <span class="panel-title" data-i18n>DATA LAYERS</span>
         <span class="panel-divider"></span>
-        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="data-panel" title="Collapse panel">+</button>
+        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="data-panel" title="Collapse panel" data-i18n-title>+</button>
       </div>
       <div id="data-toggles" class="data-toggle-list"></div>
     </div>
@@ -17,56 +17,57 @@
     <div class="panel-glow"></div>
     <div class="cctv-panel-inner" data-rail-scroller>
       <div class="panel-header">
-        <span class="panel-title">CCTV</span>
+        <span class="panel-title" data-i18n>CCTV</span>
         <span class="panel-divider"></span>
-        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="cctv-panel" title="Collapse panel">+</button>
+        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="cctv-panel" title="Collapse panel" data-i18n-title>+</button>
       </div>
       <div class="cyber-panel-body" data-rail-scroller>
       <div id="cctv-frame-wrap" class="cctv-frame-wrap">
+        <span class="cctv-frame-caption" aria-hidden="true" data-i18n>ACQUIRING FRAME</span>
         <img id="cctv-frame" alt="CCTV feed frame" />
         <canvas id="cctv-video" class="cctv-frame" hidden></canvas>
       </div>
-      <div id="cctv-source-badge" role="status" aria-live="polite">SOURCE · UNKNOWN</div>
-      <div id="cctv-meta">Enable CCTV to load camera intersections</div>
+      <div id="cctv-source-badge" role="status" aria-live="polite" data-i18n>SOURCE · UNKNOWN</div>
+      <div id="cctv-meta" data-i18n>Enable CCTV to load camera intersections</div>
       <div class="cctv-controls">
-        <button id="cctv-enable-btn" class="scene-btn">CCTV OFF</button>
-        <button id="cctv-nearest-btn" class="scene-btn">NEAREST</button>
+        <button id="cctv-enable-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>CCTV OFF</button>
+        <button id="cctv-nearest-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>NEAREST</button>
       </div>
       <div class="cctv-controls">
-        <button id="cctv-prev-btn" class="scene-btn">PREV</button>
-        <select id="cctv-camera-select" aria-label="CCTV camera"></select>
-        <button id="cctv-next-btn" class="scene-btn">NEXT</button>
+        <button id="cctv-prev-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>PREV</button>
+        <select id="cctv-camera-select" aria-label="CCTV camera" data-i18n-aria-label></select>
+        <button id="cctv-next-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>NEXT</button>
       </div>
       <div class="cctv-controls">
-        <button id="cctv-focus-btn" class="scene-btn">FOCUS</button>
-        <button id="cctv-coverage-btn" class="scene-btn">COVERAGE OFF</button>
-        <button id="cctv-auto-hop-btn" class="scene-btn">AUTO HOP OFF</button>
+        <button id="cctv-focus-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>FOCUS</button>
+        <button id="cctv-coverage-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>COVERAGE OFF</button>
+        <button id="cctv-auto-hop-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>AUTO HOP OFF</button>
       </div>
       <div class="cctv-controls">
-        <button id="cctv-projection-btn" class="scene-btn">PROJECTION ON</button>
-        <span id="cctv-quality-chip">CAL · --</span>
+        <button id="cctv-projection-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>PROJECTION ON</button>
+        <span id="cctv-quality-chip" data-i18n-runtime>CAL · --</span>
       </div>
       <div class="cctv-calibration-block">
         <div class="cctv-calibration-header">
-          <div class="cctv-summary-label">CALIBRATION</div>
-          <button id="cctv-adjust-btn" class="scene-btn" title="Drag the camera in the world: rings rotate, arrows move, handles set range/FOV">ADJUST</button>
+          <div class="cctv-summary-label" data-i18n>CALIBRATION</div>
+          <button id="cctv-adjust-btn" class="scene-btn" title="Drag the camera in the world: rings rotate, arrows move, handles set range/FOV" data-i18n-title data-i18n>ADJUST</button>
         </div>
-        <div id="cctv-cal-readout" class="cctv-cal-readout" aria-label="Camera pose — click a value to type">
-          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="heading" title="Heading (compass °) — click to type">HDG --</button>
-          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="pitch" title="Pitch (° up/down) — click to type">PITCH --</button>
-          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="fov" title="Horizontal FOV (°) — click to type">FOV --</button>
-          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="range" title="Range / monitor-plane distance (m) — click to type">RANGE --</button>
-          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="height" title="Mount height above ground (m) — click to type">HGT --</button>
-          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="north" title="North offset from catalog position (m) — click to type">ΔN --</button>
-          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="east" title="East offset from catalog position (m) — click to type">ΔE --</button>
+        <div id="cctv-cal-readout" class="cctv-cal-readout" aria-label="Camera pose — click a value to type" data-i18n-aria-label>
+          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="heading" title="Heading (compass °) — click to type" data-i18n-title data-i18n-runtime>HDG --</button>
+          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="pitch" title="Pitch (° up/down) — click to type" data-i18n-title data-i18n-runtime>PITCH --</button>
+          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="fov" title="Horizontal FOV (°) — click to type" data-i18n-title data-i18n-runtime>FOV --</button>
+          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="range" title="Range / monitor-plane distance (m) — click to type" data-i18n-title data-i18n-runtime>RANGE --</button>
+          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="height" title="Mount height above ground (m) — click to type" data-i18n-title data-i18n-runtime>HGT --</button>
+          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="north" title="North offset from catalog position (m) — click to type" data-i18n-title>ΔN --</button>
+          <button class="cctv-cal-value" data-cal-field="east" title="East offset from catalog position (m) — click to type" data-i18n-title>ΔE --</button>
         </div>
         <div class="cctv-controls cctv-calibration-actions">
-          <button id="cctv-calib-save-btn" class="scene-btn">SAVE CAL</button>
-          <button id="cctv-calib-reset-btn" class="scene-btn">RESET CAL</button>
+          <button id="cctv-calib-save-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>SAVE CAL</button>
+          <button id="cctv-calib-reset-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>RESET CAL</button>
         </div>
       </div>
-      <div class="cctv-summary-label">SCENE SUMMARY</div>
-      <div id="cctv-summary">Enable CCTV to start camera-linked intelligence summaries.</div>
+      <div class="cctv-summary-label" data-i18n>SCENE SUMMARY</div>
+      <div id="cctv-summary" data-i18n>Enable CCTV to start camera-linked intelligence summaries.</div>
       </div>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -76,68 +77,68 @@
     <div class="panel-glow"></div>
     <div class="street-level-panel-inner" data-rail-scroller>
       <div class="panel-header">
-        <span class="panel-title">STREET LEVEL</span>
+        <span class="panel-title" data-i18n>STREET LEVEL</span>
         <span class="panel-divider"></span>
-        <button id="sl-status" class="sl-status" type="button" aria-pressed="false" title="Turn Street Level on or off">OFF</button>
-        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="street-level-panel" title="Expand panel">◀</button>
+        <button id="sl-status" class="sl-status" type="button" aria-pressed="false" title="Turn Street Level on or off" data-i18n-title data-i18n>OFF</button>
+        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="street-level-panel" title="Expand panel" data-i18n-title>◀</button>
       </div>
       <div id="sl-body" class="sl-body">
         <div class="sl-main">
           <div id="sl-viewer-wrap" class="sl-viewer-wrap" hidden>
             <div class="sl-viewer-bar">
               <div class="sl-viewer-tools">
-                <button id="sl-viewer-expand" class="scene-btn" type="button" aria-pressed="false" title="Expand the street-level view (Esc shrinks it)"><span class="sl-btn-icon" aria-hidden="true">⤢</span><span class="sl-btn-text">EXPAND</span></button>
-                <div class="sl-seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Image fit">
-                  <button type="button" class="sl-seg-btn is-active" data-sl-render="letterbox" role="radio" aria-checked="true" title="Fit: show the whole photo, with dark bars where its shape differs from the frame">FIT</button>
-                  <button type="button" class="sl-seg-btn" data-sl-render="fill" role="radio" aria-checked="false" tabindex="-1" title="Fill: fill the frame edge to edge, cropping the photo">FILL</button>
+                <button id="sl-viewer-expand" class="scene-btn" type="button" aria-pressed="false" title="Expand the street-level view (Esc shrinks it)" data-i18n-title><span class="sl-btn-icon" aria-hidden="true">⤢</span><span class="sl-btn-text" data-i18n>EXPAND</span></button>
+                <div class="sl-seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Image fit" data-i18n-aria-label>
+                  <button type="button" class="sl-seg-btn is-active" data-sl-render="letterbox" role="radio" aria-checked="true" title="Fit: show the whole photo, with dark bars where its shape differs from the frame" data-i18n-title data-i18n>FIT</button>
+                  <button type="button" class="sl-seg-btn" data-sl-render="fill" role="radio" aria-checked="false" tabindex="-1" title="Fill: fill the frame edge to edge, cropping the photo" data-i18n-title data-i18n>FILL</button>
                 </div>
-                <button id="sl-follow-btn" class="scene-btn" type="button" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="Camera follows view" title="Camera follows view: move the globe camera wherever the street-level view looks"><span class="sl-btn-icon" aria-hidden="true">⌖</span><span class="sl-btn-text">FOLLOW</span></button>
+                <button id="sl-follow-btn" class="scene-btn" type="button" aria-pressed="false" aria-label="Camera follows view" title="Camera follows view: move the globe camera wherever the street-level view looks" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title><span class="sl-btn-icon" aria-hidden="true">⌖</span><span class="sl-btn-text" data-i18n>FOLLOW</span></button>
               </div>
               <div class="sl-viewer-tools sl-viewer-tools-right">
-                <button id="sl-viewer-close" class="sl-viewer-x" type="button" title="Close the image and deselect it on the map" aria-label="Close the street-level image">×</button>
+                <button id="sl-viewer-close" class="sl-viewer-x" type="button" title="Close the image and deselect it on the map" aria-label="Close the street-level image" data-i18n-title data-i18n-aria-label>×</button>
               </div>
             </div>
             <div class="sl-viewer-stage">
               <div id="sl-viewer-placeholder" class="sl-viewer-placeholder" hidden></div>
-              <div id="sl-viewer" class="sl-viewer" aria-label="Street-level viewer"></div>
+              <div id="sl-viewer" class="sl-viewer" aria-label="Street-level viewer" data-i18n-aria-label></div>
             </div>
             <div id="sl-image-meta" class="sl-image-meta">
               <span id="sl-image-by" class="sl-image-by"></span>
               <span class="sl-image-right">
                 <span id="sl-image-when" class="sl-image-when"></span>
-                <a id="sl-image-link" class="sl-image-link" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Open this image on the provider's site" hidden></a>
+                <a id="sl-image-link" class="sl-image-link" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Open this image on the provider's site" data-i18n-title hidden></a>
               </span>
             </div>
           </div>
           <div class="sl-settings">
-            <div class="sl-providers" role="group" aria-label="Imagery providers">
-              <span class="cctv-summary-label">PROVIDERS</span>
+            <div class="sl-providers" role="group" aria-label="Imagery providers" data-i18n-aria-label>
+              <span class="cctv-summary-label" data-i18n>PROVIDERS</span>
               <div id="sl-provider-chips" class="sl-chips"></div>
             </div>
             <div id="sl-error" class="sl-error" role="alert" hidden><span aria-hidden="true">⚠</span> <span id="sl-error-text"></span></div>
             <!-- A missing key gates the filters only: the chips above stay
                  focusable so their tooltip can say how to add the key. -->
             <fieldset id="sl-controls" class="sl-controls">
-              <div id="sl-pano-row" class="sl-filters" role="group" aria-label="Imagery filters">
-                <span class="cctv-summary-label">IMAGERY</span>
-                <div class="sl-seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Panorama filter">
-                  <button type="button" class="sl-seg-btn is-active" data-sl-pano="all" role="radio" aria-checked="true">ALL</button>
+              <div id="sl-pano-row" class="sl-filters" role="group" aria-label="Imagery filters" data-i18n-aria-label>
+                <span class="cctv-summary-label" data-i18n>IMAGERY</span>
+                <div class="sl-seg" role="radiogroup" aria-label="Panorama filter" data-i18n-aria-label>
+                  <button type="button" class="sl-seg-btn is-active" data-sl-pano="all" role="radio" aria-checked="true" data-i18n>ALL</button>
                   <button type="button" class="sl-seg-btn" data-sl-pano="pano" role="radio" aria-checked="false" tabindex="-1">360°</button>
-                  <button type="button" class="sl-seg-btn" data-sl-pano="flat" role="radio" aria-checked="false" tabindex="-1">FLAT</button>
+                  <button type="button" class="sl-seg-btn" data-sl-pano="flat" role="radio" aria-checked="false" tabindex="-1" data-i18n>FLAT</button>
                 </div>
               </div>
               <div id="sl-since-row" class="sl-since">
-                <label class="cctv-summary-label" for="sl-since">SINCE</label>
+                <label class="cctv-summary-label" for="sl-since" data-i18n>SINCE</label>
                 <input id="sl-since" class="sl-range" type="range" min="0" max="8" step="1" value="0" aria-valuetext="ANY DATE" aria-describedby="sl-since-label sl-since-note" />
-                <output id="sl-since-label" class="sl-since-label" for="sl-since">ANY DATE</output>
+                <output id="sl-since-label" class="sl-since-label" for="sl-since" data-i18n>ANY DATE</output>
                 <small id="sl-since-note" class="sl-since-note" hidden></small>
               </div>
             </fieldset>
-            <ul id="sl-legend" class="sl-legend" aria-label="Coverage colours"></ul>
+            <ul id="sl-legend" class="sl-legend" aria-label="Coverage colours" data-i18n-aria-label></ul>
             <!-- The hint says how to open imagery; the button does it without a pointer. -->
             <div class="sl-meta-row">
               <div id="sl-coverage-meta" class="sl-meta"></div>
-              <button id="sl-nearest-btn" class="scene-btn sl-nearest-btn" type="button" hidden>OPEN STREET VIEW</button>
+              <button id="sl-nearest-btn" class="scene-btn sl-nearest-btn" type="button" hidden data-i18n-runtime>OPEN STREET VIEW</button>
             </div>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -150,35 +151,35 @@
     <div class="panel-glow"></div>
     <div class="scene-panel-inner">
       <div class="panel-header">
-        <span class="panel-title">SCENES</span>
+        <span class="panel-title" data-i18n>SCENES</span>
         <span class="panel-divider"></span>
-        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="scene-panel" title="Collapse panel">+</button>
+        <button class="panel-collapse-btn" data-collapse-target="scene-panel" title="Collapse panel" data-i18n-title>+</button>
       </div>
       <div class="scene-controls">
-        <select id="scene-select" aria-label="Scene recipe"></select>
-        <button id="scene-new-btn" class="scene-btn">NEW</button>
-        <button id="scene-delete-btn" class="scene-btn scene-btn-danger">DEL</button>
+        <select id="scene-select" aria-label="Scene recipe" data-i18n-aria-label></select>
+        <button id="scene-new-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>NEW</button>
+        <button id="scene-delete-btn" class="scene-btn scene-btn-danger" data-i18n>DEL</button>
       </div>
       <div class="scene-controls">
-        <button id="scene-capture-btn" class="scene-btn">CAPTURE SHOT</button>
-        <button id="scene-update-shot-btn" class="scene-btn">UPDATE SHOT</button>
+        <button id="scene-capture-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>CAPTURE SHOT</button>
+        <button id="scene-update-shot-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>UPDATE SHOT</button>
       </div>
       <div id="scene-shot-list" class="scene-shot-list"></div>
       <div class="scene-controls">
-        <button id="scene-start-btn" class="scene-btn">START</button>
-        <button id="scene-stop-btn" class="scene-btn scene-btn-danger">STOP</button>
-        <button id="scene-next-btn" class="scene-btn">NEXT</button>
+        <button id="scene-start-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>START</button>
+        <button id="scene-stop-btn" class="scene-btn scene-btn-danger" data-i18n>STOP</button>
+        <button id="scene-next-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>NEXT</button>
       </div>
       <div class="scene-controls">
-        <button id="scene-export-btn" class="scene-btn">EXPORT PRESETS</button>
-        <button id="scene-import-btn" class="scene-btn">IMPORT</button>
-        <button id="scene-download-btn" class="scene-btn">RUN LOG</button>
+        <button id="scene-export-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>EXPORT PRESETS</button>
+        <button id="scene-import-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>IMPORT</button>
+        <button id="scene-download-btn" class="scene-btn" data-i18n>RUN LOG</button>
         <input type="file" id="scene-import-file" accept="application/json,.json" hidden />
       </div>
       <div class="scene-progress">
         <div id="scene-progress-fill">0%</div>
       </div>
-      <div id="scene-status">Ready</div>
+      <div id="scene-status" data-i18n>Ready</div>
     </div>
   </div>
 
diff --git a/src/ui/templates/provider-settings.html b/src/ui/templates/provider-settings.html
index 3b5d98a97..a293799f3 100644
--- a/src/ui/templates/provider-settings.html
+++ b/src/ui/templates/provider-settings.html
@@ -2,24 +2,29 @@
        both the chip and this dialog outright when /api/setup/status is not
        there to answer (prod builds, LAN visitors). Rows are rendered from
        that payload, so the key registry lives in src/keySetupCore.mjs alone. -->
-  <button id="key-setup-chip" type="button" hidden aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="key-setup">
-    <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">bolt</span>
-    <span data-key-setup-chip-label>POWER UP</span>
-  </button>
+  <!-- Bottom-right HUD row: the POWER UP chip (while keys are missing) and
+       the language picker that src/ui/localePicker.js renders into #locale-picker. -->
+  <div id="corner-actions">
+    <button id="key-setup-chip" type="button" hidden aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="key-setup">
+      <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">bolt</span>
+      <span data-key-setup-chip-label data-i18n>POWER UP</span>
+    </button>
+    <div id="locale-picker"></div>
+  </div>
   <aside id="key-setup" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="key-setup-title" aria-describedby="key-setup-description" hidden>
     <div class="key-setup-scanline" aria-hidden="true"></div>
     <header class="key-setup-header">
-      <span class="key-setup-kicker">GROUND STATION · PROVIDER SETTINGS</span>
-      <button type="button" class="key-setup-close" data-key-setup-close aria-label="Close key setup">
+      <span class="key-setup-kicker" data-i18n>GROUND STATION · PROVIDER SETTINGS</span>
+      <button type="button" class="key-setup-close" data-key-setup-close aria-label="Close key setup" data-i18n-aria-label>
         <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">close</span>
       </button>
     </header>
-    <h2 id="key-setup-title">Power up the globe</h2>
-    <p id="key-setup-description">The globe already flies keyless. Every key below switches on another real feed — paste one and it's saved into this app's local configuration, then the server restarts itself. Server-side keys stay on this machine; Google Maps and Cesium ion run in the browser and must be provider-restricted. Keys you configured elsewhere are shown but never touched.</p>
+    <h2 id="key-setup-title" data-i18n>Power up the globe</h2>
+    <p id="key-setup-description" data-i18n>The globe already flies keyless. Every key below switches on another real feed — paste one and it's saved into this app's local configuration, then the server restarts itself. Server-side keys stay on this machine; Google Maps and Cesium ion run in the browser and must be provider-restricted. Keys you configured elsewhere are shown but never touched.</p>
     <div class="key-setup-rows" data-key-setup-rows></div>
     <div class="key-setup-footer">
-      <button type="button" class="key-setup-apply" data-key-setup-apply>SAVE KEYS</button>
-      <span class="key-setup-hint">ESC to close</span>
+      <button type="button" class="key-setup-apply" data-key-setup-apply data-i18n>SAVE KEYS</button>
+      <span class="key-setup-hint" data-i18n>ESC to close</span>
     </div>
-    <p class="key-setup-note" data-key-setup-status role="status" aria-live="polite">The Google Maps key buys the photorealistic planet — everything else stacks on top.</p>
+    <p class="key-setup-note" data-key-setup-status role="status" aria-live="polite" data-i18n>The Google Maps key buys the photorealistic planet — everything else stacks on top.</p>
   </aside>
diff --git a/src/ui/templates/scene-chrome.html b/src/ui/templates/scene-chrome.html
index 03b7743a0..b3c9785f1 100644
--- a/src/ui/templates/scene-chrome.html
+++ b/src/ui/templates/scene-chrome.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   <div id="world-overlay-root" aria-hidden="true">
     <canvas id="world-overlay-canvas"></canvas>
   </div>
-  <div id="world-overlay-actions" class="world-overlay-accessibility" role="region" aria-label="Visible map targets">
+  <div id="world-overlay-actions" class="world-overlay-accessibility" role="region" aria-label="Visible map targets" data-i18n-aria-label>
     <div id="world-overlay-action-list"></div>
     <div id="world-overlay-status" role="status" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true"></div>
   </div>
@@ -10,45 +10,45 @@
   <!-- Title -->
   <div id="title-bar">
     <div class="title-glow"></div>
-    <h1><span class="title-logo brand-logo" data-logo-gaze data-logo-src="/logo.svg" aria-hidden="true"><img src="/logo.svg" alt="" /></span> <span>GOD'S EYE <span class="title-accent">VIEW</span></span></h1>
-    <p class="subtitle">NO PLACE LEFT BEHIND</p>
+    <h1><span class="title-logo brand-logo" data-logo-gaze data-logo-src="/logo.svg" aria-hidden="true"><img src="/logo.svg" alt="" /></span> <span translate="no">GOD'S EYE <span class="title-accent">VIEW</span></span></h1>
+    <p class="subtitle" data-i18n>NO PLACE LEFT BEHIND</p>
   </div>
 
   <!-- Style indicator -->
   <div id="style-indicator">
-    <span class="indicator-label">ACTIVE STYLE</span>
-    <span class="indicator-value" id="active-style-name">NORMAL</span>
+    <span class="indicator-label" data-i18n>ACTIVE STYLE</span>
+    <span class="indicator-value" id="active-style-name" data-i18n>NORMAL</span>
   </div>
 
   <!-- Top-center camera and share actions -->
-  <nav id="top-center-actions" aria-label="Globe actions">
-    <button id="clear-selected-layers" type="button" aria-label="Clear selected data layers" title="Turn off all selected data layers">
+  <nav id="top-center-actions" aria-label="Globe actions" data-i18n-aria-label>
+    <button id="clear-selected-layers" type="button" aria-label="Clear selected data layers" title="Turn off all selected data layers" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
       <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">layers_clear</span>
     </button>
-    <button id="share-btn" type="button" aria-label="Copy share link" title="Copy share link">
+    <button id="share-btn" type="button" aria-label="Copy share link" title="Copy share link" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
       <span class="share-icon" aria-hidden="true">&#x1F517;</span>
     </button>
-    <button id="tilt-map-view" type="button" aria-label="Tilt map to oblique view" aria-pressed="false" title="Toggle straight-down and tilted map views">
+    <button id="tilt-map-view" type="button" aria-label="Tilt map to oblique view" aria-pressed="false" title="Toggle straight-down and tilted map views" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
       <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">view_in_ar</span>
     </button>
-    <button id="north-up-view" type="button" aria-label="Reset map to north up" title="Reset map bearing to north">
+    <button id="north-up-view" type="button" aria-label="Reset map to north up" title="Reset map bearing to north" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
       <span class="camera-compass-n" aria-hidden="true">N</span>
       <span class="camera-compass-needle material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">navigation</span>
     </button>
-    <button id="reset-globe-view" type="button" aria-label="Reset to full globe view" title="Reset camera and return to full globe view">
+    <button id="reset-globe-view" type="button" aria-label="Reset to full globe view" title="Reset camera and return to full globe view" data-i18n-aria-label data-i18n-title>
       <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">public</span>
     </button>
   </nav>
   <div id="global-loading-status" role="status" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" hidden>
-    <span id="global-loading-label">LOADING LIVE DATA</span>
+    <span id="global-loading-label" data-i18n>LOADING LIVE DATA</span>
     <span id="global-loading-detail"></span>
   </div>
   <div id="traffic-sync-chip" aria-live="polite">
-    <span id="traffic-sync-label">syncing road network</span>
+    <span id="traffic-sync-label" data-i18n>syncing road network</span>
     <span id="traffic-sync-progress">0%</span>
   </div>
   <div id="cctv-sync-chip" aria-live="polite">
-    <span id="cctv-sync-label">loading frames</span>
+    <span id="cctv-sync-label" data-i18n>loading frames</span>
     <span id="cctv-sync-progress">0/0</span>
   </div>
 
diff --git a/src/ui/templates/welcome.html b/src/ui/templates/welcome.html
index fe682abd2..852c232d5 100644
--- a/src/ui/templates/welcome.html
+++ b/src/ui/templates/welcome.html
@@ -5,23 +5,23 @@
   <aside id="first-run-launcher" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="first-run-title" aria-describedby="first-run-description" hidden>
     <div class="first-run-scanline" aria-hidden="true"></div>
     <header class="first-run-header">
-      <span class="first-run-kicker">MISSION CONTROL · FIRST LAUNCH</span>
+      <span class="first-run-kicker" data-i18n>MISSION CONTROL · FIRST LAUNCH</span>
     </header>
-    <h2 id="first-run-title">Choose your first view</h2>
+    <h2 id="first-run-title" data-i18n>Choose your first view</h2>
     <!-- The card's one persuasive line, owner-authored and VERBATIM (2026-08-23)
          — including the unspaced em dash. The arc it has to carry: this looks
          like something you should not have access to → the sources are all
          public → the data is real. Tile subcopy stays purely functional. -->
-    <p id="first-run-description">It feels like a forbidden cockpit—then you realize the sources are public and the data is real.</p>
+    <p id="first-run-description" data-i18n-runtime>It feels like a forbidden cockpit—then you realize the sources are public and the data is real.</p>
     <div class="first-run-choices">
       <button type="button" data-first-run-choice="contacts">
         <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">radar</span>
-        <span><strong>LIVE CONTACTS</strong><small>Aircraft, vessels and nearby intelligence</small></span>
+        <span><strong data-i18n>LIVE CONTACTS</strong><small data-i18n>Aircraft, vessels and nearby intelligence</small></span>
         <span class="material-symbols-outlined first-run-arrow" aria-hidden="true">arrow_forward</span>
       </button>
       <button type="button" data-first-run-choice="space-missions">
         <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">rocket_launch</span>
-        <span><strong>SPACE MISSIONS</strong><small>Launches, spacecraft and orbital context</small></span>
+        <span><strong data-i18n>SPACE MISSIONS</strong><small data-i18n>Launches, spacecraft and orbital context</small></span>
         <span class="material-symbols-outlined first-run-arrow" aria-hidden="true">arrow_forward</span>
       </button>
       <button type="button" data-first-run-choice="environmental">
@@ -30,23 +30,23 @@
         <!-- Subcopy names BOTH feeds this tile turns on, because the launcher
              optimizes for the fully configured experience (owner ruling,
              2026-08-23) — see the mission table in src/firstRunExperience.js. -->
-        <span><strong data-first-run-environmental-title>ENVIRONMENTAL</strong><small>Live earthquakes and active fires, from USGS and NASA</small></span>
+        <span data-i18n-runtime><strong data-first-run-environmental-title>ENVIRONMENTAL</strong><small>Live earthquakes and active fires, from USGS and NASA</small></span>
         <span class="material-symbols-outlined first-run-arrow" aria-hidden="true">arrow_forward</span>
       </button>
       <button type="button" class="first-run-explore" data-first-run-choice="explore">
         <span class="material-symbols-outlined" aria-hidden="true">public</span>
-        <span><strong>EXPLORE MANUALLY</strong><small>Begin with a clean globe</small></span>
+        <span><strong data-i18n>EXPLORE MANUALLY</strong><small data-i18n>Begin with a clean globe</small></span>
         <span class="material-symbols-outlined first-run-arrow" aria-hidden="true">arrow_forward</span>
       </button>
     </div>
     <div class="first-run-footer">
       <label class="first-run-suppress">
         <input type="checkbox" data-first-run-suppress />
-        <span>Don't show this again</span>
+        <span data-i18n>Don't show this again</span>
       </label>
-      <span>ESC to dismiss</span>
+      <span data-i18n>ESC to dismiss</span>
     </div>
     <!-- Kept out of the footer row: it swaps to mission progress and errors, and
          a live region that also holds layout makes the row jump as it speaks. -->
-    <p class="first-run-note" data-first-run-status role="status" aria-live="polite">Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.</p>
+    <p class="first-run-note" data-first-run-status role="status" aria-live="polite" data-i18n>Tip: the GEV MIC button in the dock lets you talk to the map.</p>
   </aside>
diff --git a/src/ui/tileErrorI18n.test.mjs b/src/ui/tileErrorI18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..829c55e48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/tileErrorI18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// Vector tile and weather image failures reach the DATA LAYERS row and the
+// ALPR retry chip in the UI language; the sources keep them in English.
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { createVectorTileSource } from '../sources/vectorTiles.js';
+
+globalThis.document ??= {
+  getElementById: () => null,
+  addEventListener() {},
+  removeEventListener() {},
+  hidden: false,
+};
+const { LayerPanel } = await import('./layerPanel.js');
+const { localizeLoadingPresentation } = await import('./shellFeedback.js');
+
+const row = (id, error) =>
+  LayerPanel.prototype._buildMetaText({
+    id,
+    enabled: true,
+    stats: { status: 'unavailable', error, source: 'OpenSky' },
+  });
+const chipLabel = (label) =>
+  localizeLoadingPresentation({
+    state: 'retry',
+    label,
+    detail: 'ALPR cameras · retrying in 53s',
+  }).label;
+
+test.afterEach(() => setLocale('en'));
+
+test('the vector tile source fails with the catalog key', async () => {
+  const source = createVectorTileSource({
+    tileJsonUrl: 'https://tiles.example/index.json',
+    decode: () => [],
+    fetchImpl: async () => new Response('', { status: 503 }),
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(source.getMetadata(), {
+    message: 'Vector tile metadata unavailable',
+  });
+});
+
+test('en: tile and weather image failures stay English', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.match(
+    row('alpr-cameras', 'Vector tile metadata unavailable'),
+    / · Vector tile metadata unavailable$/,
+  );
+  assert.match(
+    row('weather-radar', 'Weather image HTTP 404'),
+    /Weather image HTTP 404$/,
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    chipLabel('VECTOR TILE METADATA UNAVAILABLE'),
+    'VECTOR TILE METADATA UNAVAILABLE',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    chipLabel('VECTOR TILES UNAVAILABLE (HTTP 503)'),
+    'VECTOR TILES UNAVAILABLE (HTTP 503)',
+  );
+  assert.equal(chipLabel('SOMETHING ELSE'), 'SOMETHING ELSE');
+});
+
+const EXPECTED = {
+  ru: {
+    metadata: 'Метаданные векторных тайлов недоступны',
+    http: 'Векторные тайлы недоступны (HTTP 503)',
+    weather: 'Снимок погоды: HTTP 404',
+  },
+  es: {
+    metadata: 'Metadatos de teselas vectoriales no disponibles',
+    http: 'Teselas vectoriales no disponibles (HTTP 503)',
+    weather: 'Imagen del clima: HTTP 404',
+  },
+};
+
+for (const [locale, expected] of Object.entries(EXPECTED)) {
+  test(`${locale}: tile failures are translated in the row and the chip`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    assert.match(
+      row('alpr-cameras', 'Vector tile metadata unavailable'),
+      new RegExp(` · ${expected.metadata}$`),
+    );
+    assert.ok(
+      row('alpr-cameras', 'Vector tiles unavailable (HTTP 503)').endsWith(
+        expected.http,
+      ),
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      chipLabel('VECTOR TILE METADATA UNAVAILABLE'),
+      expected.metadata.toLocaleUpperCase(locale),
+    );
+    assert.equal(
+      chipLabel('VECTOR TILES UNAVAILABLE (HTTP 503)'),
+      expected.http.toLocaleUpperCase(locale),
+    );
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: a weather image failure is not read as a source name`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    assert.ok(
+      row('weather-radar', 'Weather image HTTP 404').endsWith(expected.weather),
+    );
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/unitLabels.js b/src/ui/unitLabels.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d9bd6a61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/unitLabels.js
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { formatNumber, msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+// Unit ids stay English in data, params and AI-tool readings; only the label
+// shown on the page is translated. dBZ and °C read the same in every language.
+const UNIT_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  'km/h': msg('km/h'),
+  'm/s': msg('m/s'),
+  mph: msg('mph'),
+  hPa: msg('hPa'),
+  kt: msg('kt'),
+  kts: msg('kts'),
+  ft: msg('ft'),
+  km: msg('km'),
+  m: msg('m'),
+  h: msg('h'),
+  min: msg('min'),
+  s: msg('s'),
+  dB: msg('dB'),
+});
+
+/** The display label for a unit id; unknown units pass through unchanged. */
+export function unitLabel(unit) {
+  return Object.hasOwn(UNIT_LABELS, unit) ? t(UNIT_LABELS[unit]) : unit || '';
+}
+
+/**
+ * A number and its unit that never break apart: "22,0 км/ч". Readings carry
+ * no digit grouping ("1008 hPa"), as on weather charts.
+ */
+export function formatQuantity(value, unit, options) {
+  const label = unitLabel(unit);
+  const number = formatNumber(value, { useGrouping: false, ...options });
+  return label ? `${number}\u00a0${label}` : number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A legend stop such as "0.1", "-40" or "300+" in the active language.
+ * Anything that is not a plain number is shown as given.
+ */
+export function formatScaleLabel(label) {
+  const match = /^(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?)(\+?)$/.exec(String(label ?? ''));
+  if (!match) return String(label ?? '');
+  const decimals = match[1].split('.')[1]?.length || 0;
+  return `${formatNumber(Number(match[1]), {
+    useGrouping: false,
+    minimumFractionDigits: decimals,
+    maximumFractionDigits: decimals,
+  })}${match[2]}`;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/unitLabels.test.mjs b/src/ui/unitLabels.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0b1932b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/unitLabels.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { formatQuantity, formatScaleLabel, unitLabel } from './unitLabels.js';
+
+test('English readings and scales read exactly as the unit ids', () => {
+  setLocale('en');
+  assert.equal(unitLabel('km/h'), 'km/h');
+  assert.equal(unitLabel('°C'), '°C');
+  assert.equal(unitLabel('dBZ'), 'dBZ');
+  assert.equal(unitLabel(''), '');
+  assert.equal(formatQuantity(95, 'kt'), '95 kt');
+  assert.equal(formatQuantity(1006, 'hPa'), '1006 hPa');
+  assert.equal(
+    formatQuantity(22, 'km/h', {
+      minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+      maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+    }),
+    '22.0 km/h',
+  );
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    ['0.1', '-40', '1050+', '300+', 'Calm'].map(formatScaleLabel),
+    ['0.1', '-40', '1050+', '300+', 'Calm'],
+  );
+});
+
+test('other languages get their decimal separator and no digit grouping', () => {
+  try {
+    setLocale('ru');
+    assert.match(
+      formatQuantity(22, 'km/h', {
+        minimumFractionDigits: 1,
+        maximumFractionDigits: 1,
+      }),
+      /^22,0 \S+$/,
+    );
+    assert.match(formatQuantity(1050, 'hPa'), /^1050 /);
+    assert.deepEqual(['0.1', '-40', '1050+'].map(formatScaleLabel), [
+      '0,1',
+      '-40',
+      '1050+',
+    ]);
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/ui/untranslatedErrors.test.mjs b/src/ui/untranslatedErrors.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40a8e2848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/untranslatedErrors.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// Refusals and failures that source modules produce in English reach
+// the page translated — through a placeholder at the point of display, or
+// through a catalog entry when the text is stored as data.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { setLocale, t, translateKnown } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { presentStreetLevelPanel } from './streetLevelPresentation.js';
+import { providerSnapshot } from '../testSupport/streetLevelFakes.mjs';
+import { createWeatherSource } from '../layers/weather/source.js';
+import {
+  presentRoutingFailure,
+  presentRoutingRefusal,
+} from '../layers/directions/index.js';
+import { AIM_AT_GROUND_MESSAGE } from '../layers/streetLevel/policy.js';
+
+const NO_IMAGERY = 'No street-level imagery within 50 m of that point';
+
+function snapshot(error) {
+  return {
+    enabled: true,
+    keyRequired: false,
+    filter: { pano: 'all', sinceDays: 0 },
+    providers: [providerSnapshot()],
+    coverage: { loading: false, count: 0, hint: '', error: null },
+    legend: [],
+    sequence: { providerId: null, selectedId: null, images: 0, loading: false },
+    street: { open: false, loading: false, error, providerId: null },
+    groundClickReady: true,
+  };
+}
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`${locale}: the nearest-image refusal is built in the language and kept by the panel`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      // What streetLevel/index.js openNearest writes into street.error.
+      const refusal = t(
+        'No street-level imagery within {radius} m of that point',
+        { radius: 50 },
+      );
+      assert.notEqual(refusal, NO_IMAGERY, 'should be translated');
+      assert.match(refusal, /50/, 'keeps the radius');
+      assert.equal(presentStreetLevelPanel(snapshot(refusal)).error, refusal);
+      // The screen-centre refusal is stored as English data and translated
+      // by the panel.
+      const aim = presentStreetLevelPanel(snapshot(AIM_AT_GROUND_MESSAGE));
+      assert.notEqual(aim.error, AIM_AT_GROUND_MESSAGE, 'should be translated');
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: the route proxy's refusals are shown translated`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const shown = t('Routing failed: {error}', {
+        error: presentRoutingRefusal('route leg too long'),
+      });
+      assert.doesNotMatch(shown, /route leg too long/);
+      const limited = presentRoutingFailure(
+        Object.assign(new Error('rate limited — try again in a moment'), {
+          status: 429,
+          refusal: 'rate limited',
+        }),
+      );
+      assert.doesNotMatch(limited, /rate limited|try again in a moment/);
+      const http = presentRoutingFailure(
+        Object.assign(new Error('Routing unavailable (HTTP 503)'), {
+          status: 503,
+        }),
+      );
+      assert.notEqual(http, 'Routing unavailable (HTTP 503)');
+      assert.match(http, /503/);
+      // A text the proxy never sends is shown as given.
+      assert.equal(presentRoutingRefusal('something else'), 'something else');
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+
+  test(`${locale}: a weather manifest timeout is shown translated`, async () => {
+    const source = createWeatherSource({
+      fetchImpl: (_url, { signal }) =>
+        new Promise((_resolve, reject) =>
+          signal.addEventListener('abort', () => reject(signal.reason)),
+        ),
+      timeoutMs: 10,
+    });
+    let message = null;
+    try {
+      await source.getSnapshot({ product: 'radar' });
+    } catch (error) {
+      message = error.message;
+    }
+    assert.equal(message, 'Weather request timed out', 'stored in English');
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      // The layer shows `t(problem)` (weather/index.js presentWeatherProblem).
+      assert.notEqual(t(message), message, 'should be translated');
+      assert.notEqual(translateKnown(message), message);
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/visualPresets.js b/src/ui/visualPresets.js
index fa5c57939..48a758a33 100644
--- a/src/ui/visualPresets.js
+++ b/src/ui/visualPresets.js
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { snowShader } from '../styles/snow.js';
 import { nightVisionShader } from '../styles/surveillance.js';
 import { thermalShader } from '../styles/thermal.js';
 import { BLOOM_INTENSITY_DEFAULT } from '../bloom.js';
+import { msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 /** Duration (ms) for shader intensity crossfade between style presets. */
 export const TRANSITION_DURATION_MS = 500;
@@ -144,13 +145,16 @@ export const SHARPEN_SHADER = /* glsl */ `
   }
 `;
 
-/** Stable display labels for the active style and inherited Cockpit vision. */
+/**
+ * Stable display labels for the active style and inherited Cockpit vision.
+ * English source text: render through t().
+ */
 export const STYLE_STATUS_LABELS = {
-  normal: 'NORMAL',
-  retro: 'CRT',
-  surveillance: 'NVG',
-  thermal: 'FLIR',
-  anime: 'ANIME',
-  noir: 'NOIR',
-  snow: 'SNOW',
+  normal: msg('NORMAL'),
+  retro: msg('CRT'),
+  surveillance: msg('NVG'),
+  thermal: msg('FLIR'),
+  anime: msg('ANIME'),
+  noir: msg('NOIR'),
+  snow: msg('SNOW'),
 };
diff --git a/src/ui/visualSettings.js b/src/ui/visualSettings.js
index 17788a68d..2aab58f10 100644
--- a/src/ui/visualSettings.js
+++ b/src/ui/visualSettings.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { STYLE_STATUS_LABELS } from './visualPresets.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { UiLifetime } from './uiLifetime.js';
 import {
   VisualEffects,
@@ -671,7 +672,7 @@ export class VisualSettings {
     const settings = applyCyberSonarSettings(readCyberSonarSettings());
     this._cyberSonarBtn.classList.toggle('active', enabled);
     this._cyberSonarBtn.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(enabled));
-    this._cyberSonarBtn.textContent = enabled ? 'ON' : 'OFF';
+    this._cyberSonarBtn.textContent = enabled ? t('ON') : t('OFF');
     for (const [input, output, value, suffix] of [
       [this._cyberSonarRings, this._cyberSonarRingsValue, settings.rings, ''],
       [this._cyberSonarRange, this._cyberSonarRangeValue, settings.range, '%'],
@@ -1190,8 +1191,8 @@ export class VisualSettings {
       this._celestialBtn.disabled = !styleSupported;
       this._celestialBtn.setAttribute('aria-disabled', String(!styleSupported));
       this._celestialBtn.title = styleSupported
-        ? 'Celestial ring — reveal the full globe'
-        : 'Celestial ring — available in Normal style';
+        ? t('Celestial ring — reveal the full globe')
+        : t('Celestial ring — available in Normal style');
     }
     let cameraFocused = false;
     if (nextEnabled && focus) {
@@ -1594,9 +1595,9 @@ export class VisualSettings {
     });
 
     // Update style indicator
-    const displayNames = { surveillance: 'NVG', thermal: 'FLIR', retro: 'CRT' };
-    this._styleIndicator.textContent =
-      displayNames[styleName] || styleName.toUpperCase();
+    this._styleIndicator.textContent = STYLE_STATUS_LABELS[styleName]
+      ? t(STYLE_STATUS_LABELS[styleName])
+      : styleName.toUpperCase();
     this._updateStyleMiniStatus(styleName);
 
     // Update parameter sliders
@@ -1628,9 +1629,9 @@ export class VisualSettings {
 
   _updateStyleMiniStatus(styleName = this.activeStyle) {
     if (!this._styleMiniValue) return;
-    this._styleMiniValue.textContent =
-      STYLE_STATUS_LABELS[styleName] ||
-      String(styleName || 'normal').toUpperCase();
+    this._styleMiniValue.textContent = STYLE_STATUS_LABELS[styleName]
+      ? t(STYLE_STATUS_LABELS[styleName])
+      : String(styleName || 'normal').toUpperCase();
   }
 
   _updateHudButtonState() {
@@ -1648,21 +1649,23 @@ export class VisualSettings {
     btn.setAttribute(
       'aria-label',
       enabled
-        ? `Detection overlay: ${String(modeLabel).toLowerCase()}`
-        : 'Detection overlay: off',
+        ? t('Detection overlay: {mode}', {
+            mode: String(modeLabel).toLowerCase(),
+          })
+        : t('Detection overlay: off'),
     );
     btn.classList.remove('active', 'god', 'panoptic');
     if (modeLabel === 'SPARSE') {
-      btn.querySelector('.pp-label').textContent = 'SPARSE';
+      btn.querySelector('.pp-label').textContent = t('SPARSE');
       btn.classList.add('active');
     } else if (modeLabel === 'BALANCED') {
-      btn.querySelector('.pp-label').textContent = 'BALANCED';
+      btn.querySelector('.pp-label').textContent = t('BALANCED');
       btn.classList.add('active');
     } else if (modeLabel === 'DENSE') {
-      btn.querySelector('.pp-label').textContent = 'DENSE';
+      btn.querySelector('.pp-label').textContent = t('DENSE');
       btn.classList.add('active', 'panoptic');
     } else {
-      btn.querySelector('.pp-label').textContent = 'DETECT';
+      btn.querySelector('.pp-label').textContent = t('DETECT');
     }
 
     if (this._detectionSliderRow) {
diff --git a/src/ui/weatherPanel.js b/src/ui/weatherPanel.js
index 8eac004f8..24ff83fd7 100644
--- a/src/ui/weatherPanel.js
+++ b/src/ui/weatherPanel.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import { formatUtcDayMonth, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { createRailCards } from './railCards.js';
-import { createRailTimeline } from './railTimeline.js';
+import { createRailTimeline, utcClock } from './railTimeline.js';
 
 // Remounting controls must not reopen a panel the user already collapsed.
 const appearedDocuments = new WeakSet();
@@ -15,19 +16,26 @@ const ORDER = [
 const OBSERVED = new Set(ORDER.slice(2, 5));
 const utc = (time) =>
   Number.isFinite(Date.parse(time))
-    ? `${new Date(time).toISOString().slice(5, 16).replace('T', ' ')} UTC`
-    : 'Unavailable';
+    ? `${formatUtcDayMonth(time)} ${utcClock(time)}`
+    : t('Unavailable');
+const clockTime = (time) => utcClock(time) || t('Unavailable');
 const age = (time) => {
   const minutes = Math.max(
     0,
     Math.floor((Date.now() - Date.parse(time)) / 60_000),
   );
   return minutes >= 60
-    ? `${Math.floor(minutes / 60)}h ${minutes % 60}m ago`
-    : `${minutes}m ago`;
+    ? t('{hours}h {minutes}m ago', {
+        hours: Math.floor(minutes / 60),
+        minutes: minutes % 60,
+      })
+    : t('{minutes}m ago', { minutes });
 };
 const historyTime = (time) =>
-  `${utc(time).slice(6)} · ${Math.max(0, Math.floor((Date.now() - Date.parse(time)) / 60_000))} min ago`;
+  t('{time} · {minutes} min ago', {
+    time: clockTime(time),
+    minutes: Math.max(0, Math.floor((Date.now() - Date.parse(time)) / 60_000)),
+  });
 const dated = (time) => `${utc(time)} · ${age(time)}`;
 const set = (node, key, value) => {
   if (node[key] !== value) node[key] = value;
@@ -64,7 +72,7 @@ export function createWeatherPanel({
   const root = document.createElement('section');
   root.className = 'weather-readout';
   root.hidden = true;
-  root.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Active weather');
+  root.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Active weather'));
   const timelineHost = document.createElement('div');
   timelineHost.className = 'weather-timeline-block';
   timelineHost.hidden = true;
@@ -72,10 +80,10 @@ export function createWeatherPanel({
   cardsHost.className = 'weather-cards';
   const observedGroup = document.createElement('section');
   observedGroup.className = 'weather-observed-group';
-  observedGroup.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Observed history');
+  observedGroup.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Observed history'));
   const heading = document.createElement('h3');
   heading.className = 'panel-title';
-  heading.textContent = 'Observed history';
+  heading.textContent = t('Observed history');
   const scope = document.createElement('div');
   scope.className = 'weather-observed-scope';
   const observedCardsHost = document.createElement('div');
@@ -133,9 +141,9 @@ export function createWeatherPanel({
     const showTimeline = observed.length > 0;
     set(observedGroup, 'hidden', !showTimeline);
     const names = {
-      'weather-radar': 'Rain radar',
-      'weather-satellite': 'Satellite clouds',
-      'weather-lightning': 'Lightning density',
+      'weather-radar': t('Rain radar'),
+      'weather-satellite': t('Satellite clouds'),
+      'weather-lightning': t('Lightning density'),
     };
     set(scope, 'textContent', observed.map(({ id }) => names[id]).join(' · '));
     set(timelineHost, 'hidden', !showTimeline);
@@ -156,7 +164,7 @@ export function createWeatherPanel({
       disabled: !showTimeline || state.timeline.length < 2,
       readout:
         state.mode === 'latest'
-          ? 'LATEST · newest per product'
+          ? t('LATEST · newest per product')
           : historyTime(state.target),
     });
     const models = active.map((entry) => {
@@ -169,18 +177,26 @@ export function createWeatherPanel({
         const shown = product?.shown ?? summary.shownTime;
         if (state.mode === 'history' && product?.selected === null) {
           const gap = summary.maxGapMinutes || 30;
-          detail = `No frame within ${gap < 60 ? `${gap} min` : `${gap / 60} h`} of ${utc(state.target).slice(6)}`;
+          const time = clockTime(state.target);
+          detail =
+            gap < 60
+              ? t('No frame within {gap} min of {time}', { gap, time })
+              : t('No frame within {gap} h of {time}', { gap: gap / 60, time });
         } else if (shown) {
           detail = dated(shown);
           if (state.mode === 'history')
-            detail +=
+            detail =
               Date.parse(shown) === Date.parse(state.target)
-                ? ' · synced'
-                : ' · nearest';
+                ? t('{detail} · synced', { detail })
+                : t('{detail} · nearest', { detail });
         }
       } else if (id === 'wind') {
-        detail = `Forecast · valid ${utc(summary.validTime)} · issued ${utc(summary.issuedTime)}`;
-        if (state.mode === 'history') detail += ' · Does not follow history';
+        detail = t('Forecast · valid {valid} · issued {issued}', {
+          valid: utc(summary.validTime),
+          issued: utc(summary.issuedTime),
+        });
+        if (state.mode === 'history')
+          detail = t('{detail} · Does not follow history', { detail });
       }
       const lines = [
         { id: 'time', text: detail, muted: true },
@@ -224,7 +240,7 @@ export function createWeatherPanel({
           summary.status ||
           summary.compact ||
           (id === 'wind'
-            ? `Forecast · valid ${utc(summary.validTime)}`
+            ? t('Forecast · valid {valid}', { valid: utc(summary.validTime) })
             : detail),
         compactStatus: Boolean(summary.status),
         blocks,
diff --git a/src/ui/weatherPanel.test.mjs b/src/ui/weatherPanel.test.mjs
index 7015ee873..70757c2f5 100644
--- a/src/ui/weatherPanel.test.mjs
+++ b/src/ui/weatherPanel.test.mjs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import test from 'node:test';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { createWeatherPanel } from './weatherPanel.js';
 import { railFixture } from './railTestFixture.mjs';
 import { createAirQualityLayer } from '../layers/airQuality/index.js';
@@ -656,6 +657,37 @@ test('a change of open card scrolls its header into view once; refreshes never m
   assert.deepEqual(intoView, [], 'ancestor scrollers are never moved');
   view.destroy();
 });
+test('history time keeps the hour whatever the length of the localized date', () => {
+  for (const locale of ['en', 'es', 'ru']) {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const f = fixture();
+      const view = createWeatherPanel(f);
+      view.update([wind, radar]);
+      const ends = f.find((n) => n.className === 'rail-timeline-endpoints');
+      assert.deepEqual(
+        ends.children.map((n) => n.textContent),
+        ['01:00 UTC', '01:05 UTC'],
+        locale,
+      );
+      f.state({ mode: 'history', target: ticks[1] });
+      assert.match(
+        line(f, radar.id, 'time').textContent,
+        /(^|[^\d:])01:05 UTC/,
+        locale,
+      );
+      f.state({ products: [{ id: radar.id, shown: null, selected: null }] });
+      assert.match(
+        line(f, radar.id, 'time').textContent,
+        /(^|[^\d:])01:05 UTC/,
+        locale,
+      );
+      view.destroy();
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  }
+});
 
 test('air-quality readout renders its band legend, Canada coverage and worst-first list', async () => {
   const observedMs = Date.now() - 10 * 60_000;
diff --git a/src/voice/analystCardLocale.test.mjs b/src/voice/analystCardLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46a9cb77d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/voice/analystCardLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// The analyst card shows its headline, scope, chips and caveats in the UI
+// language; the spoken headline stays English for the model.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { attachVoiceResult as withSpeech } from './speech.js';
+import {
+  initialVoiceCardState,
+  reduceVoiceCard,
+  voiceCardView,
+} from './voiceCardPresentation.js';
+
+function cardFor(name, result, args = {}) {
+  const shaped = withSpeech(name, result, args);
+  return {
+    shaped,
+    view: voiceCardView(
+      [
+        { type: 'action-call', callId: 'c1', name, arguments: args },
+        { type: 'action-result', callId: 'c1', name, result: shaped },
+      ].reduce(reduceVoiceCard, initialVoiceCardState()),
+    ),
+  };
+}
+
+const analyst = {
+  ok: true,
+  count: 3,
+  complete: true,
+  scopeLabel: 'anywhere in the loaded data',
+  partial: true,
+  feedState: 'degraded',
+  unanswered: ['earthquakes'],
+  coverage: { layersQueried: [{ layerKey: 'flights', source: 'OpenSky' }] },
+  display: { scope: 'anywhere in the loaded data' },
+  items: [],
+};
+
+const radius = {
+  ...analyst,
+  count: 1234,
+  complete: false,
+  partial: false,
+  feedState: 'nominal',
+  unanswered: [],
+  scopeLabel: 'in view',
+  display: {
+    scope: 'within 42 km of the view centre',
+    window: 'last 24 h',
+    caveat:
+      'counted 1,000 of 2,345 loaded records; earthquakes loading; flights: distance is ground distance, not overhead',
+  },
+  coverage: {
+    layersQueried: [{ layerKey: 'flights', source: 'OpenSky' }],
+    note: 'the flights layer loads by viewport',
+  },
+};
+
+test('analyst card in es has no English text', () => {
+  setLocale('es');
+  try {
+    const { view } = cardFor('analyst_query', analyst);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(view.result.title, /anywhere in the loaded data/);
+    assert.ok(!view.result.chips.includes('partial'));
+    assert.ok(!view.result.chips.includes('degraded'));
+    assert.ok(!view.result.notes.some((n) => n.startsWith('Not answered')));
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('analyst scope, window and caveats in ru', () => {
+  setLocale('ru');
+  try {
+    const { shaped, view } = cardFor('analyst_query', radius);
+    assert.match(shaped.say, /^At least 1,234 aircraft in view/);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(
+      JSON.stringify(view.result),
+      /aircraft|within|view centre|last 24 h|counted|loading|ground distance|loads by viewport/,
+    );
+    assert.match(view.result.title, /^1\s234 /);
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+});
+
+test('en: the card keeps its English text and names layers', () => {
+  const { shaped, view } = cardFor('analyst_query', analyst);
+  assert.equal(view.result.title, '3 aircraft anywhere in the loaded data');
+  assert.deepEqual(view.result.chips, ['degraded', 'partial']);
+  assert.ok(view.result.notes.includes('Not answered: Earthquakes (24h)'));
+  // The model still gets the layer key.
+  assert.match(shaped.say, /earthquakes not answered/);
+  const capped = cardFor('analyst_query', radius).view.result;
+  assert.equal(capped.title, 'At least 1,234 aircraft in view');
+  assert.deepEqual(capped.lines, [
+    'within 42 km of the view centre',
+    'last 24 h',
+  ]);
+  assert.ok(capped.notes.includes('counted 1,000 of 2,345 loaded records'));
+  assert.ok(capped.notes.includes('the flights layer loads by viewport'));
+});
diff --git a/src/voice/analystEmptyNotes.test.mjs b/src/voice/analystEmptyNotes.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0de16ebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/voice/analystEmptyNotes.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+// The analyst card's empty notes can be a layer's status line: Local ADS-B
+// with every decoder feed stale, Transit with a quiet feed ("(95s old)") or
+// its getStats().coverage text. The card shows them in the UI language; the
+// model gets the English.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { attachVoiceResult } from './speech.js';
+import {
+  initialVoiceCardState,
+  reduceVoiceCard,
+  voiceCardView,
+} from './voiceCardPresentation.js';
+
+function viewFor(layer, caveat) {
+  const shaped = attachVoiceResult(
+    'analyst_query',
+    {
+      ok: true,
+      count: 0,
+      complete: true,
+      scopeLabel: 'in view',
+      feedState: 'nominal',
+      unanswered: [],
+      coverage: { layersQueried: [{ ...layer, status: 'empty' }] },
+      display: { scope: 'in view', caveat },
+      items: [],
+    },
+    {},
+  );
+  return voiceCardView(
+    [
+      {
+        type: 'action-call',
+        callId: 'c1',
+        name: 'analyst_query',
+        arguments: {},
+      },
+      {
+        type: 'action-result',
+        callId: 'c1',
+        name: 'analyst_query',
+        result: shaped,
+      },
+    ].reduce(reduceVoiceCard, initialVoiceCardState()),
+  );
+}
+
+function notesFor(layerKey, caveat) {
+  return viewFor({ layerKey }, caveat).result.notes;
+}
+
+function inLocale(locale, run) {
+  setLocale(locale);
+  try {
+    run();
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+}
+
+// Caveat = `${layerKey}: ${getEmptyNote(layerKey)}` (data/analystEngine.js;
+// gevActions.js getEmptyNote → stats.coverage || stats.statusMessage).
+const cases = [
+  ['local-adsb', 'local-adsb: feeds 1090, 978 stale · 0 heard'],
+  ['local-adsb', 'local-adsb: feed 1090 stale · 0 heard'],
+  ['transit', 'transit: TTC 0 (95s old)'],
+  ['transit', 'transit: TTC 0 · GO Transit 0 (95s old)'],
+];
+
+// Transit's coverage text when nothing is in view (transit/queries.js).
+const transitCoverage = [
+  'transit: Fly below 3,000 km to a covered region',
+  'transit: No feed here yet · 12 regions available',
+];
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  for (const [layerKey, caveat] of cases) {
+    test(`${locale}: analyst note "${caveat}" is translated`, () => {
+      inLocale(locale, () => {
+        const notes = notesFor(layerKey, caveat);
+        assert.ok(notes.length > 0, 'the note is shown');
+        assert.doesNotMatch(notes.join(' | '), /\b(stale|heard|old)\b/);
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  test(`${locale}: Transit's empty note is translated on the analyst card`, () => {
+    inLocale(locale, () => {
+      for (const caveat of transitCoverage) {
+        const view = viewFor(
+          { layerKey: 'transit', source: 'GTFS-RT' },
+          caveat,
+        );
+        const text = JSON.stringify(view.result);
+        assert.doesNotMatch(
+          text,
+          /Fly below|No feed here yet|regions available/,
+          text,
+        );
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+for (const [layerKey, caveat] of cases) {
+  test(`en: analyst note "${caveat}" keeps its status line`, () => {
+    setLocale('en');
+    const line = caveat.slice(caveat.indexOf(': ') + 2);
+    assert.ok(
+      notesFor(layerKey, caveat).some((note) => note.endsWith(`: ${line}`)),
+    );
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/voice/control.js b/src/voice/control.js
index a5b586d7d..e729a5cb1 100644
--- a/src/voice/control.js
+++ b/src/voice/control.js
@@ -1,3 +1,31 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
+// The assistant's name on its card. i18n-ignore: product name
+const ASSISTANT_NAME = 'GEV';
+
+/**
+ * Short state label for the narrow voice heading. The `voice` context lets
+ * languages use shorter words; unknown states show upper-cased.
+ * @param {string} status machine state (dataset.status)
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function voiceStatusLabel(status) {
+  switch (status) {
+    case 'idle':
+      return t('OFF', { context: 'voice' });
+    case 'connecting':
+      return t('CONNECTING', { context: 'voice' });
+    case 'listening':
+      return t('LISTENING', { context: 'voice' });
+    case 'executing':
+      return t('EXECUTING', { context: 'voice' });
+    case 'error':
+      return t('ERROR', { context: 'voice' });
+    default:
+      return String(status || '').toUpperCase();
+  }
+}
+
 /** Build the voice control independently of its connection backend. */
 export function createVoiceControl({ reset = false } = {}) {
   let root = document.getElementById('gev-voice-control');
@@ -12,44 +40,44 @@ export function createVoiceControl({ reset = false } = {}) {
     root.dataset.speaker = 'idle';
     root.innerHTML = `
       <div class="gev-voice-heading">
-        <div class="gev-voice-kicker">AI AGENT</div>
-        <div id="gev-voice-status">OFF</div>
+        <div class="gev-voice-kicker">${t('AI AGENT')}</div>
+        <div id="gev-voice-status">${voiceStatusLabel('idle')}</div>
         <div class="gev-voice-cost">
-          <button id="gev-voice-tier" class="gev-voice-tier-btn" type="button" aria-pressed="false" title="Voice model tier — applies next session">STD</button>
-          <span id="gev-voice-cost-value" class="gev-voice-cost-value" data-level="ok" title="Estimated session cost">~$0.00</span>
+          <button id="gev-voice-tier" class="gev-voice-tier-btn" type="button" aria-pressed="false" title="${t('Voice model tier — applies next session')}">${t('STD')}</button>
+          <span id="gev-voice-cost-value" class="gev-voice-cost-value" data-level="ok" title="${t('Estimated session cost')}">~$0.00</span>
         </div>
       </div>
-      <button id="gev-voice-button" type="button" aria-label="Voice control — activate to toggle voice; hold Space to speak" aria-describedby="gev-voice-help">
+      <button id="gev-voice-button" type="button" aria-label="${t('Voice control — activate to toggle voice; hold Space to speak')}" aria-describedby="gev-voice-help">
         <span class="gev-mic-orbit"><img src="/mic.svg" alt="" /></span>
-        <span class="gev-mic-label">ON/OFF</span>
+        <span class="gev-mic-label">${t('ON/OFF')}</span>
       </button>
       <div class="gev-voice-visualizer" aria-hidden="true">
         ${Array.from({ length: 15 }, (_, index) => `<span style="--bar:${index}"></span>`).join('')}
       </div>
       <div class="gev-voice-readout">
-        <div id="gev-voice-detail">VOICE STANDBY</div>
+        <div id="gev-voice-detail">${t('VOICE STANDBY')}</div>
       </div>
       <div id="gev-voice-help" class="gev-voice-help-tray" role="tooltip">
-        <span class="gev-voice-help-kicker">VOICE CONTROL</span>
-        <span class="gev-voice-help-detail">Hold Space to speak · tap Space to activate focused controls</span>
+        <span class="gev-voice-help-kicker">${t('VOICE CONTROL')}</span>
+        <span class="gev-voice-help-detail">${t('Hold Space to speak · tap Space to activate focused controls')}</span>
       </div>
-      <section id="gev-voice-card" class="gev-voice-card" hidden aria-label="Voice assistant">
+      <section id="gev-voice-card" class="gev-voice-card" hidden aria-label="${t('Voice assistant')}">
         <div class="gev-voice-card-header">
-          <span class="gev-voice-card-kicker">VOICE</span>
+          <span class="gev-voice-card-kicker">${t('VOICE')}</span>
           <span id="gev-voice-card-phase" class="gev-voice-card-phase"></span>
-          <button id="gev-voice-card-dismiss" class="gev-voice-card-dismiss" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss voice card">×</button>
+          <button id="gev-voice-card-dismiss" class="gev-voice-card-dismiss" type="button" aria-label="${t('Dismiss voice card')}">×</button>
         </div>
-        <p id="gev-voice-card-user" class="gev-voice-card-caption" data-role="user" hidden><span class="gev-voice-card-who">YOU</span><span id="gev-voice-card-user-text" class="gev-voice-card-text"></span></p>
-        <p id="gev-voice-card-pointer" class="gev-voice-card-pointer" hidden><span id="gev-voice-card-pointer-kind" class="gev-voice-card-who">THIS</span><span class="gev-voice-card-sr">: </span><span id="gev-voice-card-pointer-text" class="gev-voice-card-pointer-label"></span></p>
-        <p id="gev-voice-card-assistant" class="gev-voice-card-caption" data-role="assistant" hidden><span class="gev-voice-card-who">GEV</span><span id="gev-voice-card-assistant-text" class="gev-voice-card-text"></span></p>
-        <ol id="gev-voice-card-plan" class="gev-voice-card-plan" aria-label="Plan" hidden></ol>
+        <p id="gev-voice-card-user" class="gev-voice-card-caption" data-role="user" hidden><span class="gev-voice-card-who">${t('YOU')}</span><span id="gev-voice-card-user-text" class="gev-voice-card-text"></span></p>
+        <p id="gev-voice-card-pointer" class="gev-voice-card-pointer" hidden><span id="gev-voice-card-pointer-kind" class="gev-voice-card-who">${t('THIS')}</span><span class="gev-voice-card-sr">: </span><span id="gev-voice-card-pointer-text" class="gev-voice-card-pointer-label"></span></p>
+        <p id="gev-voice-card-assistant" class="gev-voice-card-caption" data-role="assistant" hidden><span class="gev-voice-card-who">${ASSISTANT_NAME}</span><span id="gev-voice-card-assistant-text" class="gev-voice-card-text"></span></p>
+        <ol id="gev-voice-card-plan" class="gev-voice-card-plan" aria-label="${t('Plan')}" hidden></ol>
         <div id="gev-voice-card-result" class="gev-voice-card-result" hidden>
           <div id="gev-voice-card-result-title" class="gev-voice-card-result-title"></div>
           <div id="gev-voice-card-chips" class="gev-voice-card-chips" hidden></div>
           <ul id="gev-voice-card-lines" class="gev-voice-card-lines"></ul>
-          <ol id="gev-voice-card-referents" class="gev-voice-card-referents" aria-label="Referenced items" hidden></ol>
+          <ol id="gev-voice-card-referents" class="gev-voice-card-referents" aria-label="${t('Referenced items')}" hidden></ol>
           <details id="gev-voice-card-notes" class="gev-voice-card-notes" hidden>
-            <summary>NOTES &amp; SOURCES</summary>
+            <summary>${t('NOTES & SOURCES')}</summary>
             <ul id="gev-voice-card-note-list" class="gev-voice-card-lines"></ul>
           </details>
         </div>
@@ -57,11 +85,11 @@ export function createVoiceControl({ reset = false } = {}) {
       </section>
       <div class="gev-voice-error-tray" role="alert" aria-live="assertive">
         <div class="gev-voice-error-header">
-          <span>VOICE SYSTEM ERROR</span>
-          <button class="gev-voice-error-dismiss" type="button">DISMISS</button>
+          <span>${t('VOICE SYSTEM ERROR')}</span>
+          <button class="gev-voice-error-dismiss" type="button">${t('DISMISS')}</button>
         </div>
         <div id="gev-voice-error-detail"></div>
-        <div class="gev-voice-error-hint">Check microphone permission and network access, then try again.</div>
+        <div class="gev-voice-error-hint">${t('Check microphone permission and network access, then try again.')}</div>
       </div>
     `;
     const commandDock = document.getElementById('command-dock');
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.js b/src/voice/gevActions.js
index d78528af2..26974ce60 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.js
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.js
@@ -8,9 +8,11 @@ import { SPEECH_BUILDERS, attachVoiceResult } from './speech.js';
 import { resolveDeicticArgs } from './deixis.js';
 export { readLayerLifecycleSummary } from './layerSummary.js';
 import { defaultGeospatial } from '../search/defaults.js';
+import { msg } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import * as Cesium from 'cesium';
+import { CITY_POIS } from '../cityPois.js';
+import { greatCircleKm } from '../geoDistance.js';
 import {
-  CITY_POIS,
   findPoiByName,
   flyToGlobeView,
   flyToLandmark,
@@ -1442,7 +1444,7 @@ function controlScene(sceneDirector, args = {}) {
     };
   }
   if (sceneAction === 'stop') {
-    sceneDirector.stopScene('Stopped by voice');
+    sceneDirector.stopScene(msg('Stopped by voice'));
     return { ok: true, action: 'control_scene', running: false };
   }
   if (sceneAction === 'next') {
@@ -1643,14 +1645,18 @@ export async function controlCctv(dataManager, args = {}, styleManager = null) {
 }
 
 const RADIO_COUNTRY_CENTERS = new Map([
+  // i18n-ignore: place name in tool data
   ['us', { lat: 39.8, lon: -98.6, country: 'US', label: 'United States' }],
+  // i18n-ignore: place name in tool data
   ['usa', { lat: 39.8, lon: -98.6, country: 'US', label: 'United States' }],
   [
     'united states',
+    // i18n-ignore: place name in tool data
     { lat: 39.8, lon: -98.6, country: 'US', label: 'United States' },
   ],
   [
     'united states of america',
+    // i18n-ignore: place name in tool data
     { lat: 39.8, lon: -98.6, country: 'US', label: 'United States' },
   ],
 ]);
@@ -2251,6 +2257,7 @@ async function trackEntity(
           action: 'track_entity',
           kind: 'fire',
           layerId: 'local-firms',
+          // i18n-ignore: entity name in a tool result for the voice model
           label: strongest.label || 'Strongest fire',
           latitude: strongest.latitude,
           longitude: strongest.longitude,
@@ -2997,7 +3004,11 @@ function focusDataLayerRow(layerId) {
   void row.offsetWidth;
   row.classList.add('gev-voice-focus');
   window.setTimeout(() => row.classList.remove('gev-voice-focus'), 3000);
-  const name = row.querySelector('.data-name')?.textContent?.trim() || layerId;
+  // The English name: tool results stay English whatever the UI language.
+  const name =
+    row.dataset.layerName ||
+    row.querySelector('.data-name')?.textContent?.trim() ||
+    layerId;
   return { id: layerId, name };
 }
 
@@ -3732,8 +3743,10 @@ function centerMatchesSubject(center, subjectPosition) {
   const subjectLat = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.latitude);
   const subjectLon = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(carto.longitude);
   return (
-    haversineKm(subjectLat, subjectLon, center.lat, center.lon) <=
-    SUBJECT_CENTER_TOLERANCE_KM
+    greatCircleKm(
+      { lat: subjectLat, lon: subjectLon },
+      { lat: center.lat, lon: center.lon },
+    ) <= SUBJECT_CENTER_TOLERANCE_KM
   );
 }
 
@@ -4023,7 +4036,7 @@ function nearbyKnownLandmarks(latitude, longitude, cameraHeightM) {
   for (const [cityId, city] of Object.entries(CITY_POIS)) {
     for (let poiIndex = 0; poiIndex < city.pois.length; poiIndex++) {
       const poi = city.pois[poiIndex];
-      const distanceKm = haversineKm(latitude, longitude, poi.lat, poi.lon);
+      const distanceKm = greatCircleKm({ lat: latitude, lon: longitude }, poi);
       if (distanceKm > maxDistanceKm) continue;
       matches.push({
         name: poi.name,
@@ -4038,20 +4051,6 @@ function nearbyKnownLandmarks(latitude, longitude, cameraHeightM) {
   return matches.sort((a, b) => a.distanceKm - b.distanceKm).slice(0, 5);
 }
 
-function haversineKm(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2) {
-  const toRad = (value) => Cesium.Math.toRadians(value);
-  const radiusKm = 6371.0088;
-  const dLat = toRad(lat2 - lat1);
-  const dLon = toRad(lon2 - lon1);
-  const a =
-    Math.sin(dLat / 2) * Math.sin(dLat / 2) +
-    Math.cos(toRad(lat1)) *
-      Math.cos(toRad(lat2)) *
-      Math.sin(dLon / 2) *
-      Math.sin(dLon / 2);
-  return 2 * radiusKm * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1 - a));
-}
-
 function coarseBasemapPlace(
   viewScale,
   latitude,
diff --git a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
index 16b00be4a..4a3a8ec72 100644
--- a/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/gevActions.test.mjs
@@ -1079,7 +1079,9 @@ test('generic layer visibility exposes lifecycle truth for every manager phase a
   });
   // The voice envelope is additive and states the failure plainly.
   assert.equal(say, "Couldn't turn on radio.");
-  assert.equal(display.title, 'radio');
+  // The card names the layer, not its id; the result keeps the id.
+  assert.equal(display.title, 'Radio');
+  assert.deepEqual(display.lines, ['Radio layer unavailable']);
 });
 
 test('generic voice visibility maps Space Missions to the explicit mission layer', async () => {
diff --git a/src/voice/integrationContract.test.mjs b/src/voice/integrationContract.test.mjs
index aed6920ea..13a9932ed 100644
--- a/src/voice/integrationContract.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/integrationContract.test.mjs
@@ -124,7 +124,8 @@ test('a partial answer names the layers it could not read', async () => {
   assert.match(result.say, /Partial; earthquakes not answered/);
   assert.deepEqual(result.unanswered, ['earthquakes']);
   assert.ok(view.chips.includes('partial'));
-  assert.ok(view.notes.includes('Not answered: earthquakes'));
+  // The card names the layer; the result keeps its key for the model.
+  assert.ok(view.notes.includes('Not answered: Earthquakes (24h)'));
 });
 
 test('"the second one" is the second row the card lists', async () => {
diff --git a/src/voice/realtimeConnection.js b/src/voice/realtimeConnection.js
index 4f1e0c482..c00012079 100644
--- a/src/voice/realtimeConnection.js
+++ b/src/voice/realtimeConnection.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 const DISCONNECT_GRACE_MS = 6000;
 
 function releaseStartResources({ localStream = null, localPc = null } = {}) {
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ export class RealtimeConnection {
     this.input.pushToTalkKeyHeld = pushToTalkKeyHeld;
     this.input.spaceKeyHeld = spaceKeyHeld;
     if (!window.RTCPeerConnection || !navigator.mediaDevices?.getUserMedia) {
-      this.setStatus('error', 'WebRTC microphone support unavailable');
+      this.setStatus('error', t('WebRTC microphone support unavailable'));
       return;
     }
 
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ export class RealtimeConnection {
     // — this is what "applies next session" means.
     this.cost.prepareSession();
     this.syncCostUi();
-    this.setStatus('connecting', 'Requesting microphone');
+    this.setStatus('connecting', t('Requesting microphone'));
     this.debugLog('session.starting', {
       epoch,
       tier: this.cost.voiceTier,
@@ -179,9 +181,9 @@ export class RealtimeConnection {
         if (!ownsChannel()) return;
         const detail = this.input.pushToTalkMode
           ? this.input.pushToTalkKeyHeld
-            ? 'Release Space to send'
-            : 'Hold Space to talk'
-          : 'Ask or command';
+            ? t('Release Space to send')
+            : t('Hold Space to talk')
+          : t('Ask or command');
         this.setStatus('listening', detail);
         this.debugLog('data_channel.open', {
           connection: this.connectionDiagnostics(dataChannel),
diff --git a/src/voice/realtimeController.js b/src/voice/realtimeController.js
index 7cc9c8d69..86586ea01 100644
--- a/src/voice/realtimeController.js
+++ b/src/voice/realtimeController.js
@@ -55,13 +55,17 @@ export {
 
 import { createRealtimeBackend } from './realtimeBackend.js';
 
-const STATUS = {
-  idle: 'OFF',
-  connecting: 'CONNECTING',
-  listening: 'LISTENING',
-  executing: 'EXECUTING',
-  error: 'ERROR',
-};
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { voiceStatusLabel } from './control.js';
+
+// Machine states (dataset.status, CSS); voiceStatusLabel() translates labels.
+const STATUS_STATES = new Set([
+  'idle',
+  'connecting',
+  'listening',
+  'executing',
+  'error',
+]);
 
 /** Compose voice state owners and coordinate ordered session startup/teardown. */
 export class GevRealtimeController extends RealtimeFacade {
@@ -412,7 +416,7 @@ export class GevRealtimeController extends RealtimeFacade {
       this.ui.root.remove();
     }
     if (!preserveStatus && !removeUi) {
-      this.setStatus('idle', 'Voice off');
+      this.setStatus('idle', t('Voice off'));
     }
     this.setRadioVoiceDucking(false);
     if (removeUi) this.emitSessionEvent({ type: 'disposed' });
@@ -432,24 +436,25 @@ export class GevRealtimeController extends RealtimeFacade {
     this.ui.root.dataset.status = status;
     if (status === 'error') this.ui.root.classList.remove('error-dismissed');
     this.updateVoiceButtonLabel();
-    this.ui.status.textContent = STATUS[status] || STATUS.idle;
+    const shownStatus = STATUS_STATES.has(status) ? status : 'idle';
+    this.ui.status.textContent = voiceStatusLabel(shownStatus);
     const resolvedDetail =
       status === 'listening' && this.pushToTalkMode
         ? this.pushToTalkKeyHeld
-          ? 'Release Space to send'
-          : 'Hold Space to talk'
+          ? t('Release Space to send')
+          : t('Hold Space to talk')
         : detail;
     const primaryDetail =
       status === 'error'
-        ? 'VOICE UNAVAILABLE'
+        ? t('VOICE UNAVAILABLE')
         : resolvedDetail ||
-          (status === 'idle' ? 'VOICE STANDBY' : 'VOICE ACTIVE');
+          (status === 'idle' ? t('VOICE STANDBY') : t('VOICE ACTIVE'));
     this.ui.detail.textContent = primaryDetail;
     this.ui.detail.title = primaryDetail;
     if (this.ui.errorDetail) {
       this.ui.errorDetail.textContent =
         status === 'error'
-          ? resolvedDetail || 'Voice session could not be started.'
+          ? resolvedDetail || t('Voice session could not be started.')
           : '';
     }
     if (status === 'idle' || status === 'connecting' || status === 'error') {
diff --git a/src/voice/realtimeCost.js b/src/voice/realtimeCost.js
index d3d7f684e..98b03781f 100644
--- a/src/voice/realtimeCost.js
+++ b/src/voice/realtimeCost.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   readStoredVoiceTier,
   readStoredVoiceLimits,
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ export class RealtimeCost {
     const pendingTier = resolveVoiceModel(this.voiceTier).tier;
     const isMini = pendingTier === 'mini';
     if (this.ui?.tierButton) {
-      this.ui.tierButton.textContent = isMini ? 'MINI' : 'STD';
+      this.ui.tierButton.textContent = isMini ? t('MINI') : t('STD');
       this.ui.tierButton.setAttribute(
         'aria-pressed',
         isMini ? 'true' : 'false',
@@ -56,23 +57,39 @@ export class RealtimeCost {
       const pendingId = resolveVoiceModel(pendingTier).id;
       this.ui.tierButton.title =
         this.isActive() && state.modelId !== pendingId
-          ? `Next session: ${pendingId} — this session stays on ${state.modelId}`
-          : `Voice model: ${pendingId} — click to switch to ${
-              isMini ? 'standard' : 'mini'
-            }; applies next session`;
+          ? t('Next session: {pendingId} — this session stays on {modelId}', {
+              pendingId,
+              modelId: state.modelId,
+            })
+          : t(
+              'Voice model: {pendingId} — click to switch to {target}; applies next session',
+              {
+                pendingId,
+                target: isMini ? t('standard') : t('mini'),
+              },
+            );
     }
     if (this.ui?.costValue) {
       const liveAuth = this.sessionCloudVoiceAuth || this.cloudVoiceAuth;
       if (liveAuth === 'oauth') {
         const { responses, input, output, captions } = this.oauthUsage;
         this.ui.costValue.hidden = false;
-        this.ui.costValue.textContent = 'COST UNKNOWN';
+        this.ui.costValue.textContent = t('COST UNKNOWN');
         this.ui.costValue.dataset.level = 'unknown';
         this.ui.costValue.title =
-          `ChatGPT OAuth session: ${responses} response(s), ${input} input and ${output} output tokens, ${captions} caption transcription(s) reported. ` +
-          'USD cost and the API spend cap are unavailable for this auth mode.' +
+          t(
+            'ChatGPT OAuth session: {responses} response(s), {input} input and {output} output tokens, {captions} caption transcription(s) reported.',
+            { responses, input, output, captions },
+          ) +
+          ' ' +
+          t(
+            'USD cost and the API spend cap are unavailable for this auth mode.',
+          ) +
           (state.incomplete
-            ? ' Usage is incomplete because a response was still in flight when the session ended.'
+            ? ' ' +
+              t(
+                'Usage is incomplete because a response was still in flight when the session ended.',
+              )
             : '');
         return;
       }
@@ -80,9 +97,23 @@ export class RealtimeCost {
       this.ui.costValue.textContent = state.display;
       this.ui.costValue.dataset.level = state.level;
       this.ui.costValue.title =
-        `Estimated session cost on ${state.modelId} — ${state.responses} response(s). ` +
-        `Warns at ${formatCostUsd(state.warnUsd)}, ends the session at ${formatCostUsd(state.capUsd)}.` +
-        (state.note ? ` ${state.note}` : '');
+        t(
+          'Estimated session cost on {modelId} — {responses} response(s). Warns at {warn}, ends the session at {cap}.',
+          {
+            modelId: state.modelId,
+            responses: state.responses,
+            warn: formatCostUsd(state.warnUsd),
+            cap: formatCostUsd(state.capUsd),
+          },
+        ) +
+        // `state.note` is the tracker's English diagnostic; the tooltip says
+        // the same in the interface language.
+        (state.incomplete
+          ? ' ' +
+            t(
+              'Estimate is incomplete — a response was still in flight when the session ended, so its usage was never reported.',
+            )
+          : '');
     }
   }
 
@@ -123,10 +154,12 @@ export class RealtimeCost {
     }
     this.syncCostUi();
     if (this.isActive() && this.ui?.detail) {
-      this.setStatus(
-        this.status,
-        `${this.voiceTier.toUpperCase()} applies next session`,
-      );
+      // The tier as the interface names it; the stored value stays English.
+      const tier =
+        resolveVoiceModel(this.voiceTier).tier === 'mini'
+          ? t('MINI')
+          : t('STANDARD');
+      this.setStatus(this.status, t('{tier} applies next session', { tier }));
     }
     return this.voiceTier;
   }
@@ -240,7 +273,10 @@ export class RealtimeCost {
     try {
       this.stop({ preserveStatus: true });
     } finally {
-      this.setStatus('idle', `Session ended — cost cap ${state.display}`);
+      this.setStatus(
+        'idle',
+        t('Session ended — cost cap {cost}', { cost: state.display }),
+      );
       this.syncCostUi();
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/voice/realtimeCostIncompleteNote.i18n.test.mjs b/src/voice/realtimeCostIncompleteNote.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0336971bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/voice/realtimeCostIncompleteNote.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// The API-key cost tooltip states an incomplete estimate in the
+// interface language; the tracker keeps its English note for diagnostics.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { RealtimeCost } from './realtimeCost.js';
+import { createVoiceCostTracker } from './voiceCost.js';
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  test(`API-key cost tooltip for an incomplete session has no English (${locale})`, () => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    try {
+      const costTracker = createVoiceCostTracker({ tier: 'standard' });
+      costTracker.markIncomplete();
+      const host = {
+        costTracker,
+        voiceTier: 'standard',
+        cloudVoiceAuth: 'api-key',
+        sessionCloudVoiceAuth: 'api-key',
+        isActive: () => false,
+        ui: {
+          costValue: { hidden: true, dataset: {}, title: '', textContent: '' },
+        },
+      };
+      RealtimeCost.prototype.syncCostUi.call(host);
+      const title = host.ui.costValue.title;
+      assert.ok(title.length > 0);
+      assert.doesNotMatch(
+        title,
+        /Estimate is incomplete|still in flight/,
+        title,
+      );
+    } finally {
+      setLocale('en');
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+test('API-key cost tooltip in English still ends with the tracker note', () => {
+  const costTracker = createVoiceCostTracker({ tier: 'standard' });
+  costTracker.markIncomplete();
+  const host = {
+    costTracker,
+    voiceTier: 'standard',
+    cloudVoiceAuth: 'api-key',
+    sessionCloudVoiceAuth: 'api-key',
+    isActive: () => false,
+    ui: {
+      costValue: { hidden: true, dataset: {}, title: '', textContent: '' },
+    },
+  };
+  RealtimeCost.prototype.syncCostUi.call(host);
+  assert.ok(host.ui.costValue.title.endsWith(` ${costTracker.state().note}`));
+});
diff --git a/src/voice/realtimeCostTierStatus.test.mjs b/src/voice/realtimeCostTierStatus.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3461edd34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/voice/realtimeCostTierStatus.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// The status after a tier switch names the tier in the interface
+// language, as the tier button does; the stored tier value stays English.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { RealtimeCost } from './realtimeCost.js';
+
+function harness() {
+  const button = { textContent: '', title: '', setAttribute() {} };
+  const ui = { tierButton: button, detail: {} };
+  const statusCalls = [];
+  const cost = new RealtimeCost({
+    readUi: () => ui,
+    readStatus: () => 'listening',
+    operations: {
+      isActive: () => true,
+      isVoiceSessionSettled: () => false,
+      setStatus: (status, detail) => statusCalls.push(detail),
+    },
+  });
+  return { cost, button, statusCalls };
+}
+
+const EXPECTED = {
+  en: {
+    mini: 'MINI applies next session',
+    standard: 'STANDARD applies next session',
+  },
+  ru: {
+    mini: 'МИНИ — со следующей сессии',
+    standard: 'СТАНДАРТ — со следующей сессии',
+  },
+  es: {
+    mini: 'MINI desde la próxima sesión',
+    standard: 'ESTÁNDAR desde la próxima sesión',
+  },
+};
+
+for (const locale of Object.keys(EXPECTED)) {
+  test(`${locale}: tier status names the tier in the interface language`, (ctx) => {
+    setLocale(locale);
+    ctx.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+    for (const tier of ['mini', 'standard']) {
+      const { cost, button, statusCalls } = harness();
+      assert.equal(cost.setVoiceTier(tier), tier, 'stored tier stays English');
+      assert.equal(statusCalls.at(-1), EXPECTED[locale][tier]);
+      assert.equal(button.textContent, tier === 'mini' ? t('MINI') : t('STD'));
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/voice/realtimeInput.js b/src/voice/realtimeInput.js
index 3debf0909..d82b9465d 100644
--- a/src/voice/realtimeInput.js
+++ b/src/voice/realtimeInput.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   PUSH_TO_TALK_HOLD_DELAY_MS,
   MICROPHONE_VISUALIZER_GATE,
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ export class RealtimeInput {
           this.ui.root.dataset.pushToTalk = 'held';
           this.setMicrophoneEnabled(true);
           if (this.status === 'listening')
-            this.setStatus('listening', 'Release Space to send');
+            this.setStatus('listening', t('Release Space to send'));
         } else {
           this.start({ pushToTalk: true });
           // start() performs a controlled stop() before connecting. Restore the
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@ export class RealtimeInput {
     if (!this.pushToTalkMode) return;
     this.setMicrophoneEnabled(false);
     if (this.status === 'listening')
-      this.setStatus('listening', 'Hold Space to talk');
+      this.setStatus('listening', t('Hold Space to talk'));
     else this.updateVoiceButtonLabel();
   }
 
@@ -363,7 +364,8 @@ export class RealtimeInput {
    */
   updateVoiceButtonLabel() {
     if (!this.ui.buttonLabel) return;
-    this.ui.buttonLabel.textContent = 'MIC';
+    // The mic button's caption; the first-run tip names it the same way.
+    this.ui.buttonLabel.textContent = t('MIC');
     if (this.ui.helpDetail) {
       this.ui.helpDetail.textContent = resolveVoiceControlHint(
         this.pushToTalkMode,
diff --git a/src/voice/realtimeInputPolicy.js b/src/voice/realtimeInputPolicy.js
index 55466f275..cb7661632 100644
--- a/src/voice/realtimeInputPolicy.js
+++ b/src/voice/realtimeInputPolicy.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
+
 export const PUSH_TO_TALK_HOLD_DELAY_MS = 500;
 
 // The input meter is intentionally stricter than the assistant-output meter:
@@ -150,8 +152,8 @@ export function resolveVoiceVisualizerSpeaker(
  */
 export function resolveVoiceControlHint(pushToTalkMode, pushToTalkKeyHeld) {
   return pushToTalkMode && pushToTalkKeyHeld
-    ? 'Release Space to send'
-    : 'Hold Space to speak · tap Space to activate focused controls';
+    ? t('Release Space to send')
+    : t('Hold Space to speak · tap Space to activate focused controls');
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/voice/realtimeRadio.js b/src/voice/realtimeRadio.js
index 520a0573e..b4cd1dfa6 100644
--- a/src/voice/realtimeRadio.js
+++ b/src/voice/realtimeRadio.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import {
   silenceRadioForVoice,
   startPreparedRadioAfterPlaybackReady,
@@ -258,7 +259,7 @@ export class RealtimeRadio {
     if (radioHandoff.result?.ok || radioHandoff.cancelled || !stillCurrent)
       return;
     if (this.dc?.readyState === 'open' && !this.userTurnPending) {
-      this.setStatus('listening', 'Radio did not start');
+      this.setStatus('listening', t('Radio did not start'));
       this.queueResponseCreate(
         'Say exactly one short correction: “The Radio station could not start. Voice is still on.”',
       );
diff --git a/src/voice/realtimeTurns.js b/src/voice/realtimeTurns.js
index a0c8715b3..6905cc17e 100644
--- a/src/voice/realtimeTurns.js
+++ b/src/voice/realtimeTurns.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { realtimeSessionEvent } from './realtimeEvents.js';
+import { t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 import { readLayerLifecycleSummary } from './layerSummary.js';
 import {
   CALL_DEDUPE_MS,
@@ -277,7 +278,7 @@ export class RealtimeTurns {
           eventId: payload.event_id,
           activeResponseMessage: payload.error?.message || null,
         });
-        this.setStatus('listening', 'Ask or command');
+        this.setStatus('listening', t('Ask or command'));
         return;
       }
       // A conversation.item.delete for a stale viewport screenshot can land
@@ -414,7 +415,7 @@ export class RealtimeTurns {
       return;
     }
 
-    this.setStatus('executing', 'Running command');
+    this.setStatus('executing', t('Running command'));
     this.pruneProcessedCalls();
     let sentOutput = false;
     let lastResult = null;
@@ -678,7 +679,7 @@ export class RealtimeTurns {
         ),
       );
     }
-    this.setStatus('listening', 'Ask or command');
+    this.setStatus('listening', t('Ask or command'));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -997,7 +998,7 @@ export class RealtimeTurns {
         // connection is still live. Recover to listening so the user can retry
         // (mirrors the transient-blip philosophy, H8).
         if (this.dc?.readyState === 'open') {
-          this.setStatus('listening', 'Ask or command');
+          this.setStatus('listening', t('Ask or command'));
         }
       }
       if (!this.radio.pendingRadioPlaybackResult) {
diff --git a/src/voice/resultDisplay.js b/src/voice/resultDisplay.js
index 7d364de79..642db2bb4 100644
--- a/src/voice/resultDisplay.js
+++ b/src/voice/resultDisplay.js
@@ -9,11 +9,27 @@
  * referents the card lists (the referent registry reads the same answer, so
  * "the second one" always means the second row on screen).
  *
+ * What the model receives stays English (`analystHeadline` feeds the spoken
+ * answer); the card shows the same answer in the active language.
+ *
  * Pure: no DOM, no Cesium.
  * @module voice/resultDisplay
  */
 
 import { voiceLayer } from './layerManifest.js';
+import {
+  formatDate,
+  formatNumber,
+  getLocale,
+  msg,
+  t,
+  tn,
+  translateKnown,
+} from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { layerNameForId, sourceLabel } from '../ui/layerNames.js';
+import { localizePlaceName } from '../ui/placeNames.js';
+import { translateStatusLine } from '../ui/statusText.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from '../ui/unitLabels.js';
 
 const LAYER_NOUNS = Object.freeze({
   flights: 'aircraft',
@@ -52,13 +68,17 @@ export function analystNounFor(layerKeys) {
 
 /** The count/scope headline shared by the analyst card and spoken answer. */
 const ANALYST_HEADLINE_MAX = 64;
+// The card's headline wraps, and a translation runs longer than the English:
+// "Al menos 12 aeronaves militares en un radio de 40 km de Los Ángeles" is 67.
+// English keeps the spoken bound, so its card title still equals `say`.
+const SHOWN_HEADLINE_MAX = 120;
 
-function boundedHeadline(value) {
+function boundedHeadline(value, max = ANALYST_HEADLINE_MAX) {
   const text = String(value || '')
     .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
     .trim();
-  if (text.length <= ANALYST_HEADLINE_MAX) return text;
-  return `${text.slice(0, ANALYST_HEADLINE_MAX - 1).trimEnd()}…`;
+  if (text.length <= max) return text;
+  return `${text.slice(0, max - 1).trimEnd()}…`;
 }
 
 export function analystHeadline(result) {
@@ -72,6 +92,307 @@ export function analystHeadline(result) {
   );
 }
 
+/* ---------------- the analyst card in the active language ---------------- */
+
+/**
+ * The count and its noun as the card shows them. The English matches
+ * `analystNounFor`, one form for any count as the spoken headline has it.
+ */
+function shownCount(count, noun) {
+  const values = { n: formatNumber(count) };
+  switch (noun) {
+    case 'aircraft':
+      return tn(count, '{n} aircraft', '{n} aircraft', values);
+    case 'military aircraft':
+      return tn(
+        count,
+        '{n} military aircraft',
+        '{n} military aircraft',
+        values,
+      );
+    case 'ships':
+      return tn(count, '{n} ships', '{n} ships', values);
+    case 'satellites':
+      return tn(count, '{n} satellites', '{n} satellites', values);
+    case 'launches':
+      return tn(count, '{n} launches', '{n} launches', values);
+    case 'earthquakes':
+      return tn(count, '{n} earthquakes', '{n} earthquakes', values);
+    case 'fires':
+      return tn(count, '{n} fires', '{n} fires', values);
+    case 'fire perimeters':
+      return tn(count, '{n} fire perimeters', '{n} fire perimeters', values);
+    case 'cyclones':
+      return tn(count, '{n} cyclones', '{n} cyclones', values);
+    case 'buses':
+      return tn(count, '{n} buses', '{n} buses', values);
+    case 'bike share':
+      return tn(count, '{n} bike share', '{n} bike share', values);
+    case 'flock cameras':
+      return tn(count, '{n} flock cameras', '{n} flock cameras', values);
+    case 'military bases':
+      return tn(count, '{n} military bases', '{n} military bases', values);
+    case 'datacenters':
+      return tn(count, '{n} datacenters', '{n} datacenters', values);
+    case 'dams':
+      return tn(count, '{n} dams', '{n} dams', values);
+    case 'air quality':
+      return tn(count, '{n} air quality', '{n} air quality', values);
+    case 'results':
+      return tn(count, '{n} results', '{n} results', values);
+    default:
+      return `${values.n} ${noun}`;
+  }
+}
+
+const shownRadius = (km) => formatQuantity(Number(km), 'km');
+
+const FIXED_SCOPES = new Map(
+  [msg('anywhere in the loaded data'), msg('in view')].map((text) => [
+    text,
+    text,
+  ]),
+);
+
+/**
+ * The engine's scope phrases (analystEngine, the Contacts window in
+ * gevActions) as the card shows them. The English is exactly the engine's;
+ * a phrase not listed shows as given.
+ */
+const SCOPE_PATTERNS = [
+  [
+    /^within (\d+(?:\.\d+)?) km of the view centre$/,
+    ([, km]) =>
+      t('within {radius} of the view centre', { radius: shownRadius(km) }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^within (\d+(?:\.\d+)?) km of (.+) \(Contacts window\)$/,
+    ([, km, place]) =>
+      t('within {radius} of {place} (Contacts window)', {
+        radius: shownRadius(km),
+        place: localizePlaceName(place),
+      }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^within (\d+(?:\.\d+)?) km of (.+)$/,
+    ([, km, place]) =>
+      t('within {radius} of {place}', {
+        radius: shownRadius(km),
+        place: localizePlaceName(place),
+      }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^within (\d+(?:\.\d+)?) km$/,
+    ([, km]) => t('within {radius}', { radius: shownRadius(km) }),
+  ],
+  [/^over (.+)$/, ([, region]) => t('over {region}', { region })],
+];
+
+function shownScope(text) {
+  const scope = String(text || '').trim();
+  if (!scope) return '';
+  if (FIXED_SCOPES.has(scope)) return t(FIXED_SCOPES.get(scope));
+  for (const [pattern, show] of SCOPE_PATTERNS) {
+    const match = pattern.exec(scope);
+    if (match) return show(match);
+  }
+  return translateKnown(scope);
+}
+
+/** The analyst headline in the active language, for the card. */
+function shownAnalystHeadline(result) {
+  const keys = (result?.coverage?.layersQueried || []).map(
+    (layer) => layer.layerKey,
+  );
+  const count = Number(result?.count) || 0;
+  const counted = shownCount(count, analystNounFor(keys));
+  const items =
+    result?.complete === false
+      ? t('At least {items}', { items: counted })
+      : counted;
+  const scope = shownScope(result?.scopeLabel);
+  return boundedHeadline(
+    scope ? t('{items} {scope}', { items, scope }) : items,
+    getLocale() === 'en' ? ANALYST_HEADLINE_MAX : SHOWN_HEADLINE_MAX,
+  );
+}
+
+/** A layer key as the card names it. */
+function shownLayerKey(key) {
+  const text = String(key || '').trim();
+  return layerNameForId(text) || text;
+}
+
+const shownLayerKeys = (list) =>
+  String(list || '')
+    .split(/,\s*/)
+    .map(shownLayerKey)
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .join(', ');
+
+/** The feed windows layers declare in the voice manifest. */
+const FIXED_WINDOWS = new Map(
+  [msg('last 24 h'), msg('past 30 d and upcoming')].map((text) => [text, text]),
+);
+
+function shownWindow(text) {
+  return String(text || '')
+    .split(/;\s*/)
+    .map((part) => part.trim())
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .map((part) =>
+      FIXED_WINDOWS.has(part)
+        ? t(FIXED_WINDOWS.get(part))
+        : translateKnown(part),
+    )
+    .join('; ');
+}
+
+const UTC_CLOCK = Object.freeze({
+  hour: '2-digit',
+  minute: '2-digit',
+  second: '2-digit',
+  hourCycle: 'h23',
+  timeZone: 'UTC',
+});
+const UTC_DATE = Object.freeze({
+  day: '2-digit',
+  month: '2-digit',
+  year: 'numeric',
+  timeZone: 'UTC',
+});
+
+/**
+ * The note's ISO snapshot time as the card shows it: "14:32:05 UTC", dated
+ * ("15.10.2026, 14:32:05 UTC") when not from today (UTC). English and
+ * non-time values show as given.
+ */
+export function shownSnapshotTime(iso, now = Date.now()) {
+  const time = Date.parse(iso);
+  if (getLocale() === 'en' || !Number.isFinite(time)) return iso;
+  const clock = `${formatDate(time, UTC_CLOCK)} UTC`;
+  const today = new Date(now).toISOString().slice(0, 10);
+  return new Date(time).toISOString().slice(0, 10) === today
+    ? clock
+    : `${formatDate(time, UTC_DATE)}, ${clock}`;
+}
+
+/** Coverage notes and caveats the engine and the action runner write. */
+const FIXED_NOTES = new Map(
+  [
+    msg('the flights layer loads by viewport'),
+    msg('distance is ground distance, not overhead'),
+    msg(
+      'the count is a lower bound because at least one layer reached its retained limit.',
+    ),
+  ].map((text) => [text, text]),
+);
+
+const LAYER_STATUS_NOTES = Object.freeze({
+  off: (label) => t('{label} off', { label }),
+  loading: (label) => t('{label} loading', { label }),
+  error: (label) => t('{label} error', { label }),
+});
+
+const NOTE_PATTERNS = [
+  [
+    /^counted the first ([\d,]+) loaded records$/,
+    ([, returned]) =>
+      t('counted the first {returned} loaded records', {
+        returned: formatNumber(Number(returned.replace(/,/g, ''))),
+      }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^counted ([\d,]+) of ([\d,]+) loaded records$/,
+    ([, returned, total]) =>
+      t('counted {returned} of {total} loaded records', {
+        returned: formatNumber(Number(returned.replace(/,/g, ''))),
+        total: formatNumber(Number(total.replace(/,/g, ''))),
+      }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(.+) just turned on — still loading, counts will rise$/,
+    ([, layers]) =>
+      t('{layers} just turned on — still loading, counts will rise', {
+        layers: shownLayerKeys(layers),
+      }),
+  ],
+  [
+    // The note ends in a period unless a lower-bound clause follows it.
+    /^Contacts panel snapshot(?: at (\S+))? — the same retained cohort supplies the card, speech, and follow-up memory(\.?)$/,
+    ([, time, period]) =>
+      (time
+        ? t(
+            'Contacts panel snapshot at {time} — the same retained cohort supplies the card, speech, and follow-up memory',
+            { time: shownSnapshotTime(time) },
+          )
+        : t(
+            'Contacts panel snapshot — the same retained cohort supplies the card, speech, and follow-up memory',
+          )) + period,
+  ],
+  // Transit's empty note when no feed covers the view (transit/queries.js);
+  // the model gets the English.
+  [
+    /^Fly below ([\d,]+) km to a covered region$/,
+    ([, km]) =>
+      t('Fly below {km} km to a covered region', {
+        km: formatNumber(Number(km.replace(/,/g, ''))),
+      }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^No feed here yet · ([\d,]+) regions available$/,
+    ([, regions]) => {
+      const count = Number(regions.replace(/,/g, ''));
+      return tn(
+        count,
+        'No feed here yet · {n} region available',
+        'No feed here yet · {n} regions available',
+        { n: formatNumber(count) },
+      );
+    },
+  ],
+  [
+    /^([a-z0-9-]+) (off|loading|error)$/,
+    ([, key, status]) =>
+      layerNameForId(key)
+        ? LAYER_STATUS_NOTES[status](shownLayerKey(key))
+        : null,
+  ],
+  [
+    /^([a-z0-9-]+): (.+)$/,
+    ([, key, note]) =>
+      layerNameForId(key) ? `${shownLayerKey(key)}: ${shownNote(note)}` : null,
+  ],
+];
+
+function shownNote(text) {
+  if (FIXED_NOTES.has(text)) return t(FIXED_NOTES.get(text));
+  for (const [pattern, show] of NOTE_PATTERNS) {
+    const match = pattern.exec(text);
+    const shown = match ? show(match) : null;
+    if (shown) return shown;
+  }
+  // A layer's empty note can be its status line, English pieces joined by
+  // " · " ("feeds 1090, 978 stale · 0 heard", "TTC 0 (95s old)").
+  const known = translateKnown(text);
+  return known !== text ? known : translateStatusLine(text);
+}
+
+/** Feed states as the card's chips show them; the values stay English. */
+const FEED_STATE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  loading: msg('loading'),
+  degraded: msg('degraded'),
+  stale: msg('stale'),
+  partial: msg('partial'),
+  fallback: msg('fallback'),
+  unavailable: msg('unavailable'),
+});
+
+function shownFeedState(state) {
+  const key = FEED_STATE_LABELS[state];
+  return key ? t(key) : state;
+}
+
 function analystCard(result) {
   if (!result?.ok) return null;
   const display = result.display || {};
@@ -91,28 +412,32 @@ function analystCard(result) {
   ].map((label) => ({ label }));
   return {
     display: {
-      title: analystHeadline(result),
+      title: shownAnalystHeadline(result),
       // The precise scope, unless the title already says exactly that.
       lines: [
-        display.scope !== result.scopeLabel ? display.scope : null,
-        display.window,
+        display.scope !== result.scopeLabel ? shownScope(display.scope) : null,
+        shownWindow(display.window),
       ].filter(Boolean),
       chips: [
         ...(result.feedState && result.feedState !== 'nominal'
-          ? [{ label: result.feedState }]
+          ? [{ label: shownFeedState(result.feedState) }]
           : []),
-        ...(result.partial ? [{ label: 'partial' }] : []),
+        ...(result.partial ? [{ label: t('partial') }] : []),
       ],
       // Coverage qualifications lead the feed detail. The bounded card groups
       // overflow in its existing Notes disclosure rather than dropping them.
       preserveNotes: true,
       notes: [
-        ...notesOf(result.coverage?.note, display.caveat),
+        ...notesOf(result.coverage?.note, display.caveat).map(shownNote),
         ...(unanswered.length
-          ? [`Not answered: ${unanswered.join(', ')}`]
+          ? [
+              t('Not answered: {layers}', {
+                layers: unanswered.map(shownLayerKey).join(', '),
+              }),
+            ]
           : []),
       ],
-      sources,
+      sources: sources.map(({ label }) => ({ label: sourceLabel(label) })),
     },
     referents: Array.isArray(result.items) ? result.items : [],
     resultSet: true,
diff --git a/src/voice/session.test.mjs b/src/voice/session.test.mjs
index bdb45e145..9bd016f20 100644
--- a/src/voice/session.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/session.test.mjs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
 import { createVoiceSession } from './session.js';
 import { realtimeSessionEvent } from './realtimeEvents.js';
 import { createVoiceCommands } from './sessionCommands.js';
+import { describeUnsavedWork } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 function deferred() {
   let resolve;
@@ -300,17 +301,24 @@ test('common button and annotation bindings work with an alternate adapter and c
     assert.equal(ui.helpDetail.textContent, 'Activate to toggle voice');
     assert.equal(ui.status.textContent, 'LISTENING');
     assert.equal(ui.detail.textContent, 'Ready');
+    // Switching language (a reload) asks first during a session.
+    assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), ['the active voice session']);
     subscribed({ status: 'resolved' });
     assert.deepEqual(events, [
       { type: 'map_annotation_outline', status: 'resolved' },
     ]);
     button.dispatchEvent(new Event('click'));
     assert.equal(controls.state, 'idle');
+    assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), []);
+    button.dispatchEvent(new Event('click'));
+    await new Promise((done) => setTimeout(done, 0));
+    assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), ['the active voice session']);
     lifetime.abort();
+    assert.deepEqual(describeUnsavedWork(), [], 'disposal unregisters');
     assert.equal(subscribed, null);
     assert.equal(removed, 1);
     button.dispatchEvent(new Event('click'));
-    assert.equal(calls, 1);
+    assert.equal(calls, 2);
   } finally {
     globalThis.window = previous;
   }
diff --git a/src/voice/sessionCommands.js b/src/voice/sessionCommands.js
index d6a4160ef..05bbcc501 100644
--- a/src/voice/sessionCommands.js
+++ b/src/voice/sessionCommands.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import { createVoiceControl } from './control.js';
+import { createVoiceControl, voiceStatusLabel } from './control.js';
 import { createVoiceSession } from './session.js';
 import { VoiceCardControls } from './voiceCard.js';
 import { PointerReticle } from './pointerReticle.js';
+import { msg, registerUnsavedWork, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 
 function createDefaultReticle(pointer) {
   const element = pointer?.element;
@@ -52,8 +53,9 @@ export function createVoiceCommands({
   if (ui.tierButton) ui.tierButton.hidden = !capabilities.costControls;
   if (ui.costValue) ui.costValue.hidden = !capabilities.costControls;
   if (!capabilities.pushToTalk) {
-    ui.button.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Toggle voice control');
-    if (ui.helpDetail) ui.helpDetail.textContent = 'Activate to toggle voice';
+    ui.button.setAttribute('aria-label', t('Toggle voice control'));
+    if (ui.helpDetail)
+      ui.helpDetail.textContent = t('Activate to toggle voice');
   }
   // Retain the existing controller's inspection surface for browser tools.
   const controls = adapter.controller || session;
@@ -61,15 +63,19 @@ export function createVoiceCommands({
   const updateStatus = session.subscribe((event) => {
     if (event.type !== 'state') return;
     ui.root.dataset.status = event.state;
-    ui.status.textContent =
-      event.state === 'idle' ? 'OFF' : event.state.toUpperCase();
+    // States are machine values; only the label is translated.
+    ui.status.textContent = voiceStatusLabel(event.state);
+    // The portable session reports 'Voice off' in English: show the idle
+    // label instead. Other details are provider messages, shown as they come.
+    const idle = event.state === 'idle';
+    const detail = event.detail === 'Voice off' ? '' : event.detail;
     ui.detail.textContent =
-      event.detail || (event.state === 'idle' ? 'Voice off' : 'Voice active');
+      detail || (idle ? t('Voice off') : t('Voice active'));
     ui.button.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(session.isActive()));
     if (ui.errorDetail)
       ui.errorDetail.textContent =
         event.state === 'error'
-          ? event.detail || 'Voice could not be started.'
+          ? event.detail || t('Voice could not be started.')
           : '';
     if (event.state === 'error') ui.root.classList?.remove('error-dismissed');
   });
@@ -99,6 +105,10 @@ export function createVoiceCommands({
     card?.outline(event);
     session.sendMapEvent({ type: 'map_annotation_outline', ...event });
   });
+  // A reload (the language switch) ends the conversation: ask first.
+  const unregisterUnsavedWork = registerUnsavedWork(() =>
+    session.isActive() ? msg('the active voice session') : null,
+  );
   const buttonHandler = () => {
     if (adapter.ignoreButtonClick?.()) return;
     if (session.isActive()) session.stop();
@@ -109,6 +119,7 @@ export function createVoiceCommands({
     'abort',
     () => {
       ui.button.removeEventListener('click', buttonHandler);
+      unregisterUnsavedWork();
       annotationUnsubscribe?.();
       updateStatus();
       updateCard?.();
@@ -122,6 +133,7 @@ export function createVoiceCommands({
   );
   if (session.disposed) {
     ui.button.removeEventListener('click', buttonHandler);
+    unregisterUnsavedWork();
     annotationUnsubscribe?.();
     updateStatus();
     updateCard?.();
diff --git a/src/voice/speech.js b/src/voice/speech.js
index 31716e03e..ab129aad3 100644
--- a/src/voice/speech.js
+++ b/src/voice/speech.js
@@ -16,9 +16,29 @@
  *
  * Builders are small pure functions keyed by tool name. Tools without one are
  * returned unchanged.
+ *
+ * Only `display` and plan/progress labels are UI text (t()). `say`,
+ * `identityLine`, spoken progress lines and the tool result stay English for
+ * the model; the card shows them through the shown* helpers.
  */
 
 import { analystHeadline } from './resultDisplay.js';
+import {
+  formatNumber,
+  getLocale,
+  msg,
+  t,
+  tn,
+  translateKnown,
+} from '../i18n/index.js';
+import {
+  layerNameForId,
+  shownLayerName,
+  sourceLabel,
+} from '../ui/layerNames.js';
+import { localizePlaceName } from '../ui/placeNames.js';
+import { CITY_POIS } from '../cityPois.js';
+import { formatQuantity } from '../ui/unitLabels.js';
 
 const LAYER_NOUNS = Object.freeze({
   flights: 'aircraft',
@@ -53,17 +73,168 @@ function listPhrase(items) {
   return `${list.slice(0, -1).join(', ')} and ${list.at(-1)}`;
 }
 
-function feet(meters) {
+function feetRounded(meters) {
   const value = Number(meters);
-  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return null;
-  const rounded = Math.round((value * 3.28084) / 100) * 100;
+  return Number.isFinite(value)
+    ? Math.round((value * 3.28084) / 100) * 100
+    : null;
+}
+
+function feet(meters) {
+  const rounded = feetRounded(meters);
+  if (rounded === null) return null;
   return `${rounded.toLocaleString('en-US')} feet`;
 }
 
-function kilometers(km) {
+/** The card's altitude, in the active language. */
+function shownFeet(meters) {
+  const rounded = feetRounded(meters);
+  if (rounded === null) return null;
+  return t('{value} feet', { value: formatNumber(rounded) });
+}
+
+function roundedKm(km) {
   const value = Number(km);
   if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return null;
-  return `${value < 10 ? Number(value.toFixed(1)) : Math.round(value)} km`;
+  return value < 10 ? Number(value.toFixed(1)) : Math.round(value);
+}
+
+function kilometers(km) {
+  const value = roundedKm(km);
+  return value === null ? null : `${value} km`;
+}
+
+/** The card's distance, in the active language: "2,5 км". */
+function shownKm(km) {
+  const value = roundedKm(km);
+  return value === null ? null : formatQuantity(value, 'km');
+}
+
+/** Sources as the card lists them. */
+function shownSources(source) {
+  return source ? [{ label: sourceLabel(source) }] : [];
+}
+
+/*
+ * Tool errors stay English in the result (the model reads them). The card
+ * translates the known ones; the English must match gevActions exactly.
+ */
+const KNOWN_ERRORS = new Map(
+  [
+    msg('The flights layer is not enabled'),
+    msg('The military layer is not enabled'),
+    msg('The satellites layer is not enabled'),
+    msg('The ais-live-vessels layer is not enabled'),
+    msg('Could not enable the requested layer'),
+    msg('Could not disable the requested layer'),
+    msg('Radio layer unavailable'),
+    msg('Camera navigation is unavailable in the current view'),
+    msg('Camera navigation policy unavailable'),
+    msg('Nearest-aircraft selection supports Flights or Military Flights only'),
+    msg(
+      'Nearest-aircraft selection needs a preset, place name, or latitude and longitude',
+    ),
+    msg('Could not arrive at the requested place'),
+    msg('The nearest airborne aircraft could not be selected'),
+  ].map((text) => [text, text]),
+);
+
+function noneWithinView(target, radius) {
+  switch (target) {
+    case 'flights':
+      return t('No flights within {radius} of the current view', { radius });
+    case 'military':
+      return t('No military within {radius} of the current view', { radius });
+    case 'satellites':
+      return t('No satellites within {radius} of the current view', {
+        radius,
+      });
+    case 'vessels':
+      return t('No vessels within {radius} of the current view', { radius });
+    default:
+      return null;
+  }
+}
+
+const ERROR_PATTERNS = [
+  [
+    /^(.+) is enabled on the (.+) feed, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the (.+) view yet$/,
+    ([, layer, source, place]) =>
+      t(
+        '{layer} is enabled on the {source} feed, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet',
+        {
+          layer: shownLayerName(layer),
+          source: sourceLabel(source),
+          place: localizePlaceName(place),
+        },
+      ),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(.+) is enabled, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the (.+) view yet$/,
+    ([, layer, place]) =>
+      t(
+        '{layer} is enabled, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the {place} view yet',
+        { layer: shownLayerName(layer), place: localizePlaceName(place) },
+      ),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(.+) is enabled, but its aircraft feed is unavailable$/,
+    ([, layer]) =>
+      t('{layer} is enabled, but its aircraft feed is unavailable', {
+        layer: shownLayerName(layer),
+      }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(.+) is enabled, but its destination refresh did not complete$/,
+    ([, layer]) =>
+      t('{layer} is enabled, but its destination refresh did not complete', {
+        layer: shownLayerName(layer),
+      }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(.+) is enabled, but (.+) is unavailable$/,
+    ([, layer, source]) =>
+      t('{layer} is enabled, but {source} is unavailable', {
+        layer: shownLayerName(layer),
+        source: sourceLabel(source),
+      }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^Could not arrive at (.+)$/,
+    ([, place]) =>
+      t('Could not arrive at {place}', { place: localizePlaceName(place) }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^(.+) is no longer loaded$/,
+    ([, name]) => t('{name} is no longer loaded', { name }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^Unknown target layer: (.*)$/,
+    ([, target]) => t('Unknown target layer: {target}', { target }),
+  ],
+  [
+    /^No (\S+) within (\d+(?:\.\d+)?) km of the current view$/,
+    ([, target, km]) => noneWithinView(target, shownKm(km)),
+  ],
+];
+
+/** A tool error as the card shows it. */
+function shownError(error) {
+  if (typeof error !== 'string' || !error) return null;
+  const known = KNOWN_ERRORS.get(error);
+  if (known) return t(known);
+  for (const [pattern, show] of ERROR_PATTERNS) {
+    const match = pattern.exec(error);
+    const shown = match ? show(match) : null;
+    if (shown) return shown;
+  }
+  return translateKnown(error);
+}
+
+// The card wraps a failed result's lines rather than cutting them: a
+// translated error runs longer than the English (voiceCardPresentation).
+function errorLines(result) {
+  return [shownError(result?.error)].filter(Boolean);
 }
 
 function sentence(text) {
@@ -76,9 +247,110 @@ function feedTag(state) {
   return MATERIAL_FEED_TAGS[state] || null;
 }
 
+/** Feed states as the card shows them; the state values stay English. */
+const FEED_STATE_LABELS = Object.freeze({
+  nominal: msg('nominal'),
+  loading: msg('loading'),
+  degraded: msg('degraded'),
+  stale: msg('stale'),
+  partial: msg('partial'),
+  fallback: msg('fallback'),
+  unavailable: msg('unavailable'),
+});
+
+function feedStateLabel(state) {
+  const key = FEED_STATE_LABELS[state];
+  return key ? t(key) : state;
+}
+
 /** A feed chip only when the state is worth seeing; nominal is the default. */
 function feedChips(state) {
-  return state && state !== 'nominal' ? [{ label: state }] : [];
+  return state && state !== 'nominal' ? [{ label: feedStateLabel(state) }] : [];
+}
+
+/** '{label} on' / '{label} off' as the card shows it. */
+function switchedTitle(label, on) {
+  return on ? t('{label} on', { label }) : t('{label} off', { label });
+}
+
+// Card titles name the layer's things in whole phrases, so each language can
+// inflect the noun; the English matches LAYER_NOUNS.
+function frameTitle(layerId) {
+  switch (layerId) {
+    case 'flights':
+      return t('Frame aircraft');
+    case 'military':
+      return t('Frame military aircraft');
+    case 'ais-live-vessels':
+      return t('Frame ships');
+    case 'satellites':
+      return t('Frame satellites');
+    default:
+      return t('Frame contacts');
+  }
+}
+
+function inFrameTitle(layerId, count) {
+  switch (layerId) {
+    case 'flights':
+      return tn(
+        count,
+        '{count} aircraft in frame',
+        '{count} aircraft in frame',
+      );
+    case 'military':
+      return tn(
+        count,
+        '{count} military aircraft in frame',
+        '{count} military aircraft in frame',
+      );
+    case 'ais-live-vessels':
+      return tn(count, '{count} ships in frame', '{count} ships in frame');
+    case 'satellites':
+      return tn(
+        count,
+        '{count} satellites in frame',
+        '{count} satellites in frame',
+      );
+    default:
+      return tn(
+        count,
+        '{count} contacts in frame',
+        '{count} contacts in frame',
+      );
+  }
+}
+
+function nearestTitle(layerId) {
+  switch (layerId) {
+    case 'military':
+      return t('Nearest military aircraft');
+    case 'ais-live-vessels':
+      return t('Nearest ships');
+    case 'satellites':
+      return t('Nearest satellites');
+    default:
+      return t('Nearest aircraft');
+  }
+}
+
+/** Two shown items joined, or the one item. */
+function shownPair(items) {
+  return items.length === 2
+    ? t('{first} and {second}', { first: items[0], second: items[1] })
+    : items[0] || '';
+}
+
+/** A preset city id (`sf`, `nyc`) as its English name; any other value unchanged. */
+function presetPlaceName(value) {
+  const id = typeof value === 'string' ? value.trim() : '';
+  return Object.hasOwn(CITY_POIS, id) ? CITY_POIS[id].name : value;
+}
+
+// A place as the card shows it: a preset city in the interface language,
+// whether the call named it ("Tokyo") or gave its id ("tokyo", "nyc").
+function shownPlace(value, max) {
+  return localizePlaceName(displayName(presetPlaceName(value), max));
 }
 
 /** Ids such as `austin` or `local-firms` read as names on screen. */
@@ -96,6 +368,12 @@ function layerLabel(result) {
   return spokenLabel(result?.label || result?.layerId || 'Layer');
 }
 
+/** The layer as the card names it, in the active language. */
+function shownLayerLabel(result) {
+  const name = shownLayerName(result?.label, result?.layerId);
+  return spokenLabel(name || t('Layer'));
+}
+
 /* ---------------- per-tool builders ---------------- */
 
 function setLayerVisibility(result, args = {}) {
@@ -105,7 +383,7 @@ function setLayerVisibility(result, args = {}) {
     const wanted = args.enabled === false ? 'off' : 'on';
     return {
       say: `Couldn't turn ${wanted} ${label}.`,
-      display: { title: label, lines: [result?.error].filter(Boolean) },
+      display: { title: shownLayerLabel(result), lines: errorLines(result) },
     };
   }
   const on = result.enabled !== false;
@@ -117,28 +395,35 @@ function setLayerVisibility(result, args = {}) {
   return {
     say,
     display: {
-      title: `${label} ${on ? 'on' : 'off'}`,
+      title: switchedTitle(shownLayerLabel(result), on),
       chips: on ? feedChips(result.feedState) : [],
-      sources: result.source ? [{ label: result.source }] : [],
+      sources: shownSources(result.source),
     },
   };
 }
 
 function flyToLocation(result) {
   const label = spokenLabel(result?.label || result?.query || 'there');
+  const title =
+    spokenLabel(localizePlaceName(result?.label || result?.query)) ||
+    t('there');
   if (result?.cancelled) return null;
   if (!result?.ok) {
     return {
       say: sentence(`Couldn't find ${label}`),
-      display: { title: label, lines: [result?.error].filter(Boolean) },
+      display: { title, lines: errorLines(result) },
     };
   }
   return {
     say: sentence(result.arrived ? `Over ${label}` : `Flying to ${label}`),
     display: {
-      title: label,
+      title,
       lines: result.rangeM
-        ? [`Camera range ${kilometers(result.rangeM / 1000)}`]
+        ? [
+            t('Camera range {range}', {
+              range: shownKm(result.rangeM / 1000),
+            }),
+          ]
         : [],
     },
   };
@@ -162,8 +447,8 @@ function frameOverhead(result) {
     return {
       say,
       display: {
-        title: `Frame ${noun}`,
-        lines: [result?.error].filter(Boolean),
+        title: frameTitle(result?.layerId),
+        lines: errorLines(result),
       },
     };
   }
@@ -181,12 +466,15 @@ function frameOverhead(result) {
   return {
     say: sentence(`Framed ${countText} ${noun} within ${radius}`),
     display: {
-      title: `${count} ${noun} in frame`,
+      title: inFrameTitle(result.layerId, count),
       lines: [
-        `Within ${radius} of the view`,
-        result.detectionEnabled ? 'Labels on' : null,
+        t('Within {radius} of the view', {
+          radius: shownKm(result?.radiusKm),
+        }),
+        result.detectionEnabled ? t('Labels on') : null,
       ].filter(Boolean),
-      notes: count >= 80 ? ['Framing uses the nearest 80 loaded contacts'] : [],
+      notes:
+        count >= 80 ? [t('Framing uses the nearest 80 loaded contacts')] : [],
     },
     referents,
   };
@@ -197,8 +485,12 @@ function selectNearestAircraft(result) {
     result?.location?.label || result?.location || 'there',
   );
   const noun = LAYER_NOUNS[result?.layerId] || 'aircraft';
+  const shownLocation =
+    spokenLabel(
+      localizePlaceName(result?.location?.label || result?.location),
+    ) || t('there');
   const feed = result?.feed || {};
-  const sources = feed.source ? [{ label: feed.source }] : [];
+  const sources = shownSources(feed.source);
   if (result?.cancelled) return null;
   if (!result?.ok) {
     let say;
@@ -212,8 +504,8 @@ function selectNearestAircraft(result) {
     return {
       say,
       display: {
-        title: `Nearest ${noun}`,
-        lines: [result?.error].filter(Boolean),
+        title: nearestTitle(result?.layerId),
+        lines: errorLines(result),
         chips: feedChips(feed.state),
         sources,
       },
@@ -239,8 +531,17 @@ function selectNearestAircraft(result) {
     display: {
       title: name,
       lines: [
-        distance ? `${distance} from ${location}` : null,
-        altitude ? `Altitude ${altitude}` : null,
+        distance
+          ? t('{distance} from {location}', {
+              distance: shownKm(aircraft.distanceKm),
+              location: shownLocation,
+            })
+          : null,
+        altitude
+          ? t('Altitude {altitude}', {
+              altitude: shownFeet(aircraft.altitudeM),
+            })
+          : null,
       ].filter(Boolean),
       chips: feedChips(feed.state),
       sources,
@@ -251,14 +552,30 @@ function selectNearestAircraft(result) {
   };
 }
 
-function routeText(properties) {
+const SPOKEN_ROUTE = Object.freeze({
+  between: (origin, destination) => `${origin} to ${destination}`,
+  from: (origin) => `from ${origin}`,
+  to: (destination) => `to ${destination}`,
+});
+
+const SHOWN_ROUTE = Object.freeze({
+  between: (origin, destination) =>
+    t('{origin} to {destination}', { origin, destination }),
+  from: (origin) => t('from {origin}', { origin }),
+  to: (destination) => t('to {destination}', { destination }),
+});
+
+function routeText(properties, words = SPOKEN_ROUTE) {
   const route = spokenLabel(properties.route || '', 40);
-  if (route) return route.replace(/\s*(?:-|→|>)\s*/g, ' to ');
+  if (route)
+    return route
+      .split(/\s*(?:-|→|>)\s*/)
+      .reduce((origin, destination) => words.between(origin, destination));
   const origin = spokenLabel(properties.routeOrigin || '', 12);
   const destination = spokenLabel(properties.routeDestination || '', 12);
-  if (origin && destination) return `${origin} to ${destination}`;
-  if (origin) return `from ${origin}`;
-  if (destination) return `to ${destination}`;
+  if (origin && destination) return words.between(origin, destination);
+  if (origin) return words.from(origin);
+  if (destination) return words.to(destination);
   return null;
 }
 
@@ -276,8 +593,12 @@ function getEntityContext(result) {
       say: null,
       display: {
         title,
-        lines: [selected.layerName].filter(Boolean),
-        sources: selected.source ? [{ label: selected.source }] : [],
+        lines: [
+          selected.layerName
+            ? shownLayerName(selected.layerName, selected.layerId)
+            : null,
+        ].filter(Boolean),
+        sources: shownSources(selected.source),
       },
     };
   }
@@ -301,11 +622,15 @@ function getEntityContext(result) {
       title,
       lines: [
         properties.registration
-          ? `Registration ${spokenLabel(properties.registration, 16)}`
+          ? t('Registration {registration}', {
+              registration: spokenLabel(properties.registration, 16),
+            })
+          : null,
+        route
+          ? t('Route {route}', { route: routeText(properties, SHOWN_ROUTE) })
           : null,
-        route ? `Route ${route}` : null,
       ].filter(Boolean),
-      sources: selected.source ? [{ label: selected.source }] : [],
+      sources: shownSources(selected.source),
     },
     referents: [
       {
@@ -350,10 +675,10 @@ function getCurrentViewState(result) {
       .map((part) => sentence(part[0].toUpperCase() + part.slice(1)))
       .join(' '),
     display: {
-      title: 'View state',
+      title: t('View state'),
       lines: enabled.map(
         (layer) =>
-          `${spokenLabel(layer.name || layer.id, 32)} · ${layer.count ?? 0} · ${layer.feedState || 'nominal'}`,
+          `${spokenLabel(shownLayerName(layer.name, layer.id), 32)} · ${layer.count ?? 0} · ${feedStateLabel(layer.feedState || 'nominal')}`,
       ),
     },
     schedule: 'silent',
@@ -387,13 +712,15 @@ function annotateMap(result) {
     say: parts.length ? parts.join(' ') : null,
     display: {
       title: result?.ok
-        ? `Marked ${drawn.length} ${drawn.length === 1 ? 'place' : 'places'}`
-        : 'Nothing marked',
+        ? tn(drawn.length, 'Marked {count} place', 'Marked {count} places')
+        : t('Nothing marked'),
       // The numbered referents list the marks; lines stay for extra facts.
       lines: [],
       notes: [
-        ...(failed.length ? [`Not found: ${failed.join(', ')}`] : []),
-        ...(result?.outlinePending ? ['Tracing outlines'] : []),
+        ...(failed.length
+          ? [t('Not found: {places}', { places: failed.join(', ') })]
+          : []),
+        ...(result?.outlinePending ? [t('Tracing outlines')] : []),
       ],
     },
     referents,
@@ -487,29 +814,98 @@ function annotationTargets(args) {
     .filter(Boolean);
 }
 
+// frame_overhead targets as the schema names them.
+function frameStepLabel(target) {
+  switch (target) {
+    case 'flights':
+      return t('Frame flights');
+    case 'military':
+      return t('Frame military');
+    case 'satellites':
+      return t('Frame satellites');
+    case 'vessels':
+      return t('Frame vessels');
+    default:
+      return t('Frame {target}', { target });
+  }
+}
+
+// Plan-step labels for the other tools in actionSchemas. A tool missing here
+// shows its raw name in English only.
+const STEP_TITLES = Object.freeze({
+  zoom_to_globe: msg('Zoom out to globe'),
+  show_data_layers_menu: msg('Open data layers'),
+  set_panel_open: msg('Open or close a panel'),
+  set_context_mode: msg('Change context mode'),
+  control_cockpit: msg('Control cockpit'),
+  set_visual_style: msg('Change visual style'),
+  set_hud: msg('Adjust HUD'),
+  set_cyber_sonar: msg('Adjust cyber sonar'),
+  set_detection: msg('Adjust detection overlay'),
+  set_map_stack: msg('Change map stack'),
+  set_post_processing: msg('Adjust post-processing'),
+  control_scene: msg('Control scene'),
+  control_cctv: msg('Control CCTV'),
+  control_radio: msg('Control radio'),
+  track_entity: msg('Track contact'),
+  stop_tracking: msg('Stop tracking'),
+  clear_annotations: msg('Clear marks'),
+  move_camera: msg('Move camera'),
+  fly_route: msg('Fly route'),
+  analyst_query: msg('Analyst query'),
+  next_iss_pass: msg('Next ISS pass'),
+  next_satellite_pass: msg('Next satellite pass'),
+});
+
 /** A short on-screen label for one tool call in the voice card's plan. */
 export function planStepLabel(name, args = {}) {
+  if (Object.hasOwn(STEP_TITLES, name)) return t(STEP_TITLES[name]);
   switch (name) {
     case 'annotate_map': {
       const targets = annotationTargets(args);
-      return targets.length
-        ? `Mark ${listPhrase(targets.slice(0, 2))}${targets.length > 2 ? ` +${targets.length - 2}` : ''}`
-        : 'Mark the map';
+      if (!targets.length) return t('Mark the map');
+      const shown = shownPair(targets.slice(0, 2));
+      return targets.length > 2
+        ? t('Mark {targets} +{more}', {
+            targets: shown,
+            more: targets.length - 2,
+          })
+        : t('Mark {targets}', { targets: shown });
     }
-    case 'fly_to_location':
-      return `Fly to ${displayName(args.query || args.locationId || 'location', 40)}`;
-    case 'select_nearest_aircraft':
-      return `Nearest aircraft to ${displayName(args.locationQuery || args.locationId || 'here', 32)}`;
-    case 'set_layer_visibility':
-      return `${displayName(args.layerId || 'Layer', 32)} ${args.enabled === false ? 'off' : 'on'}`;
+    case 'fly_to_location': {
+      const place = args.query || args.locationId;
+      return place
+        ? t('Fly to {place}', { place: shownPlace(place, 40) })
+        : t('Fly to Location');
+    }
+    case 'select_nearest_aircraft': {
+      const place = args.locationQuery || args.locationId;
+      return place
+        ? t('Nearest aircraft to {place}', { place: shownPlace(place, 32) })
+        : t('Nearest aircraft to Here');
+    }
+    case 'set_layer_visibility': {
+      const on = args.enabled !== false;
+      const label =
+        layerNameForId(args.layerId) ||
+        (args.layerId ? displayName(args.layerId, 32) : '');
+      // "Layer" alone is a noun the languages inflect the state for.
+      if (!label) return on ? t('Layer on') : t('Layer off');
+      return switchedTitle(label, on);
+    }
+    case 'adjust_camera_zoom':
+      return args.direction === 'out' ? t('Zoom out') : t('Zoom in');
     case 'get_entity_context':
-      return 'Read the view';
+      return t('Read the view');
     case 'get_current_view_state':
-      return 'Check view state';
+      return t('Check view state');
     case 'frame_overhead':
-      return `Frame ${spokenLabel(args.target || 'flights', 24)}`;
+      return frameStepLabel(spokenLabel(args.target || 'flights', 24));
     default:
-      return spokenLabel(String(name || 'Action').replace(/_/g, ' '), 40);
+      // A tool with no label: its name in English, "Action" elsewhere.
+      return getLocale() === 'en'
+        ? spokenLabel(String(name || 'Action').replace(/_/g, ' '), 40)
+        : t('Action');
   }
 }
 
@@ -522,9 +918,15 @@ export function narrationLabel(name, args = {}) {
     case 'annotate_map':
       return annotationTargets(args)[0] || '';
     case 'fly_to_location':
-      return displayName(args.query || args.locationId || '', 32);
+      return displayName(
+        presetPlaceName(args.query || args.locationId || ''),
+        32,
+      );
     case 'select_nearest_aircraft':
-      return displayName(args.locationQuery || args.locationId || '', 32);
+      return displayName(
+        presetPlaceName(args.locationQuery || args.locationId || ''),
+        32,
+      );
     default:
       return '';
   }
@@ -532,18 +934,22 @@ export function narrationLabel(name, args = {}) {
 
 /** On-screen labels for progress steps. */
 const STEP_LABELS = Object.freeze({
-  resolve: 'Finding places',
-  outline: 'Tracing outline',
-  search: 'Looking up place',
-  fly: 'Flying',
-  layer: 'Turning on layer',
-  refresh: 'Loading aircraft',
-  nearest: 'Picking nearest',
+  resolve: msg('Finding places'),
+  outline: msg('Tracing outline'),
+  search: msg('Looking up place'),
+  fly: msg('Flying'),
+  layer: msg('Turning on layer'),
+  refresh: msg('Loading aircraft'),
+  nearest: msg('Picking nearest'),
 });
 
 /** On-screen label for a progress step. */
 export function progressStepLabel(step, label) {
-  const base = STEP_LABELS[step] || spokenLabel(step || 'Working', 24);
+  const base = STEP_LABELS[step]
+    ? t(STEP_LABELS[step])
+    : step
+      ? spokenLabel(step, 24)
+      : t('Working');
   return label ? `${base}: ${spokenLabel(label, 32)}` : base;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/voice/voiceCard.test.mjs b/src/voice/voiceCard.test.mjs
index 259da2d5c..5863cde8d 100644
--- a/src/voice/voiceCard.test.mjs
+++ b/src/voice/voiceCard.test.mjs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ test('markup: the card nests inside the voice control with every element and a p
     assert.match(controlSource, new RegExp(`id="${id}"`), `${id} is missing`);
   }
   assert.match(controlSource, /id="gev-voice-card-live"[^>]*aria-live="polite"/);
-  assert.match(controlSource, /aria-label="Dismiss voice card"/);
+  assert.match(controlSource, /aria-label="\$\{t\('Dismiss voice card'\)\}"/);
   assert.match(css, /#gev-voice-control \.gev-voice-card \{/);
   assert.match(css, /body\.recording-mode #gev-voice-control/, 'recording mode hides the control, card included');
   assert.match(css, /body\.ui-clean-view #command-dock/, 'Clean-UI hides the dock, card included');
diff --git a/src/voice/voiceCardErrorLines.i18n.test.mjs b/src/voice/voiceCardErrorLines.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a885ce114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/voice/voiceCardErrorLines.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// A failed tool step: the card shows the tool error in the UI language; the
+// result keeps gevActions' English for the model.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { attachVoiceResult, spokenLabel } from './speech.js';
+import {
+  initialVoiceCardState,
+  reduceVoiceCard,
+  voiceCardView,
+} from './voiceCardPresentation.js';
+
+// Error texts as gevActions.js builds them (frameOverhead, select_nearest_aircraft).
+const CASES = [
+  {
+    name: 'frame_overhead',
+    args: { target: 'military' },
+    result: {
+      ok: false,
+      action: 'frame_overhead',
+      layerId: 'military',
+      error: 'The military layer is not enabled',
+    },
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'select_nearest_aircraft',
+    args: { locationQuery: 'Madrid' },
+    result: {
+      ok: false,
+      action: 'select_nearest_aircraft',
+      stage: 'nearest',
+      cancelled: false,
+      error:
+        'Live Flights is enabled, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the Madrid view yet',
+      location: { label: 'Madrid' },
+      layer: { label: 'Live Flights' },
+      feed: { state: 'nominal', source: 'OpenSky' },
+      count: 0,
+    },
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'frame_overhead',
+    args: { target: 'flights' },
+    result: {
+      ok: false,
+      action: 'frame_overhead',
+      layerId: 'flights',
+      radiusKm: 150,
+      count: 0,
+      error: 'No flights within 150 km of the current view',
+    },
+  },
+];
+
+function cardFor(locale, { name, args, result }) {
+  setLocale(locale);
+  let state = reduceVoiceCard(initialVoiceCardState(), {
+    type: 'action-call',
+    id: 'c1',
+    name,
+    arguments: args,
+  });
+  state = reduceVoiceCard(state, {
+    type: 'action-result',
+    id: 'c1',
+    name,
+    result: attachVoiceResult(name, result, args),
+  });
+  return voiceCardView(state);
+}
+
+for (const locale of ['es', 'ru']) {
+  for (const c of CASES) {
+    test(`${locale}: ${c.name} failure shows the card lines in the UI language`, () => {
+      const view = cardFor(locale, c);
+      try {
+        assert.ok(view.result.visible, 'card shows a result');
+        assert.notEqual(view.result.title, '', 'card has a title');
+        // Title and step status are translated.
+        assert.notEqual(
+          view.steps[0].statusText,
+          'failed',
+          'step status translated',
+        );
+        // The error line is translated, not the raw English.
+        for (const line of view.result.lines) {
+          assert.ok(
+            !/\b(is not enabled|no airborne aircraft|of the current view)\b/.test(
+              line,
+            ),
+            `English tool error shown under ${locale} title "${view.result.title}" / step "${view.steps[0].label}: ${view.steps[0].statusText}": "${line}"`,
+          );
+        }
+      } finally {
+        setLocale('en');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+test('en: the card shows the tool error as the model got it', () => {
+  for (const c of CASES) {
+    const view = cardFor('en', c);
+    // Whole, not cut at 80 characters: the card wraps an error line.
+    assert.deepEqual(view.result.lines, [
+      spokenLabel(c.result.error, Infinity),
+    ]);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/src/voice/voiceCardLocale.test.mjs b/src/voice/voiceCardLocale.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08274d21b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/voice/voiceCardLocale.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// The voice card names layers, sources and distances in the interface
+// language; what the model receives stays English.
+import test from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { attachVoiceResult, planStepLabel } from './speech.js';
+import { voiceCardView } from './voiceCardPresentation.js';
+
+for (const locale of ['ru', 'es']) {
+  test(`voice card is in ${locale} for a layer switch`, (t) => {
+    t.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+    setLocale(locale);
+    const out = attachVoiceResult(
+      'set_layer_visibility',
+      {
+        ok: true,
+        layerId: 'flights',
+        label: 'Live Flights',
+        enabled: true,
+        source: 'Flights',
+      },
+      { layerId: 'flights', enabled: true },
+    );
+    const view = voiceCardView({ steps: [], result: out });
+    assert.doesNotMatch(out.display.title, /Live Flights/);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(JSON.stringify(view), /Flights/);
+  });
+  test(`voice card distance is in ${locale}`, (t) => {
+    t.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+    setLocale(locale);
+    const out = attachVoiceResult('fly_to_location', {
+      ok: true,
+      label: 'Paris',
+      rangeM: 2500,
+    });
+    assert.doesNotMatch(out.display.lines[0], /2\.5 km/);
+  });
+  test(`plan label is in ${locale}`, (t) => {
+    t.after(() => setLocale('en'));
+    setLocale(locale);
+    const a = planStepLabel('select_nearest_aircraft', {});
+    const b = planStepLabel('set_layer_visibility', {
+      layerId: 'earthquakes',
+      enabled: true,
+    });
+    assert.doesNotMatch(a, /Here/);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(b, /Earthquakes/);
+  });
+}
+
+test('en: layer switch, distance and plan labels in English', () => {
+  const out = attachVoiceResult(
+    'set_layer_visibility',
+    {
+      ok: true,
+      layerId: 'flights',
+      label: 'Live Flights',
+      enabled: true,
+      source: 'Flights',
+    },
+    { layerId: 'flights', enabled: true },
+  );
+  assert.equal(out.say, 'Live Flights on.');
+  assert.equal(out.display.title, 'Live Flights on');
+  assert.deepEqual(out.display.sources, [{ label: 'Flights' }]);
+  const fly = attachVoiceResult('fly_to_location', {
+    ok: true,
+    label: 'Paris',
+    rangeM: 2500,
+  });
+  assert.equal(fly.display.lines[0].replace(/\s/g, ' '), 'Camera range 2.5 km');
+  assert.equal(
+    planStepLabel('select_nearest_aircraft', {}),
+    'Nearest aircraft to Here',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    planStepLabel('frame_overhead', { target: 'vessels' }),
+    'Frame vessels',
+  );
+  // The plan names the layer as its result card does, not by its id.
+  assert.equal(
+    planStepLabel('set_layer_visibility', {
+      layerId: 'earthquakes',
+      enabled: true,
+    }),
+    'Earthquakes (24h) on',
+  );
+});
diff --git a/src/voice/voiceCardPlaceNames.i18n.test.mjs b/src/voice/voiceCardPlaceNames.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f5bdcd39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/voice/voiceCardPlaceNames.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// The voice card names a preset city in the interface language in the
+// fly-to headline and the nearest-aircraft distance line; what the model
+// says stays English.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { SPEECH_BUILDERS } from './speech.js';
+
+function inLocale(locale, run) {
+  setLocale(locale);
+  try {
+    return run();
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+}
+
+const FLY = { ok: true, arrived: true, label: 'Tokyo' };
+const NEAREST = {
+  ok: true,
+  layerId: 'flights',
+  location: { label: 'Tokyo' },
+  aircraft: { callsign: 'JAL123', distanceKm: 12, altitudeM: 3000 },
+  feed: {},
+};
+
+test('the fly-to headline shows the city in the interface language', () => {
+  assert.equal(SPEECH_BUILDERS.fly_to_location(FLY).display.title, 'Tokyo');
+  const ru = inLocale('ru', () => SPEECH_BUILDERS.fly_to_location(FLY));
+  assert.equal(ru.display.title, 'Токио');
+  assert.match(ru.say, /Tokyo/);
+  const es = inLocale('es', () => SPEECH_BUILDERS.fly_to_location(FLY));
+  assert.equal(es.display.title, 'Tokio');
+});
+
+test('the nearest-aircraft distance line shows the city in the interface language', () => {
+  const en = SPEECH_BUILDERS.select_nearest_aircraft(NEAREST);
+  assert.match(en.display.lines[0], /from Tokyo$/);
+  const ru = inLocale('ru', () =>
+    SPEECH_BUILDERS.select_nearest_aircraft(NEAREST),
+  );
+  assert.match(ru.display.lines[0], /Токио/);
+  assert.match(ru.say, /Tokyo/);
+  const es = inLocale('es', () =>
+    SPEECH_BUILDERS.select_nearest_aircraft(NEAREST),
+  );
+  assert.match(es.display.lines[0], /Tokio/);
+});
diff --git a/src/voice/voiceCardPlanSteps.i18n.test.mjs b/src/voice/voiceCardPlanSteps.i18n.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31b971c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/voice/voiceCardPlanSteps.i18n.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+// Voice card in the UI language: every tool's plan step, the bare "Layer"
+// step, whole error lines and long headlines, the Contacts snapshot clock.
+// What the model receives stays English.
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import test from 'node:test';
+import { setLocale } from '../i18n/index.js';
+import { GEV_ACTION_SCHEMAS } from './actionSchemas.js';
+import { presentResult, shownSnapshotTime } from './resultDisplay.js';
+import { CITY_POIS } from '../cityPois.js';
+import { attachVoiceResult, narrationLabel, planStepLabel } from './speech.js';
+import {
+  initialVoiceCardState,
+  reduceVoiceCard,
+  voiceCardView,
+} from './voiceCardPresentation.js';
+
+const TOOLS = GEV_ACTION_SCHEMAS.map((schema) => schema.name);
+
+function inLocale(locale, run) {
+  setLocale(locale);
+  try {
+    return run();
+  } finally {
+    setLocale('en');
+  }
+}
+
+test('every tool has a plan label, never its raw name', () => {
+  for (const name of TOOLS) {
+    const label = planStepLabel(name, {});
+    assert.notEqual(label, name.replace(/_/g, ' '), name);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(label, /_/, name);
+  }
+  assert.equal(planStepLabel('analyst_query', {}), 'Analyst query');
+  assert.equal(
+    planStepLabel('adjust_camera_zoom', { direction: 'in' }),
+    'Zoom in',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    planStepLabel('adjust_camera_zoom', { direction: 'out' }),
+    'Zoom out',
+  );
+  // A tool the card does not know keeps its name in English.
+  assert.equal(planStepLabel('brand_new_tool', {}), 'brand new tool');
+});
+
+for (const locale of ['ru', 'es']) {
+  test(`${locale} plan labels are all translated`, () => {
+    const english = Object.fromEntries(
+      TOOLS.map((name) => [name, planStepLabel(name, { direction: 'out' })]),
+    );
+    inLocale(locale, () => {
+      for (const name of TOOLS) {
+        // A layer switch without a layer is checked below.
+        const label = planStepLabel(name, { direction: 'out' });
+        assert.notEqual(label, english[name], `${name}: "${label}"`);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+test('analyst query and an unknown tool in ru and es', () => {
+  inLocale('ru', () => {
+    assert.equal(planStepLabel('analyst_query', {}), 'Аналитический запрос');
+    assert.equal(planStepLabel('brand_new_tool', {}), 'Действие');
+  });
+  inLocale('es', () => {
+    assert.equal(planStepLabel('analyst_query', {}), 'Consulta analítica');
+    assert.equal(planStepLabel('brand_new_tool', {}), 'Acción');
+  });
+});
+
+test('a layer step with no layer agrees with "Capa"', () => {
+  const step = (enabled) => planStepLabel('set_layer_visibility', { enabled });
+  assert.equal(step(true), 'Layer on');
+  assert.equal(step(false), 'Layer off');
+  inLocale('es', () => {
+    assert.equal(step(true), 'Capa: activada');
+    assert.equal(step(false), 'Capa: desactivada');
+    // A named layer keeps the shared "{label} on" wording.
+    assert.match(
+      planStepLabel('set_layer_visibility', {
+        layerId: 'earthquakes',
+        enabled: true,
+      }),
+      /: activado$/,
+    );
+  });
+  inLocale('ru', () => {
+    assert.equal(step(true), 'Слой: вкл.');
+    assert.equal(step(false), 'Слой: выкл.');
+  });
+});
+
+function cardAfter(name, result, args = {}) {
+  let state = reduceVoiceCard(initialVoiceCardState(), {
+    type: 'action-call',
+    id: 'c1',
+    name,
+    arguments: args,
+  });
+  state = reduceVoiceCard(state, {
+    type: 'action-result',
+    id: 'c1',
+    name,
+    result: attachVoiceResult(name, result, args),
+  });
+  return voiceCardView(state);
+}
+
+const NO_PLACE = {
+  ok: false,
+  action: 'select_nearest_aircraft',
+  stage: 'location',
+  error:
+    'Nearest-aircraft selection needs a preset, place name, or latitude and longitude',
+  feed: {},
+};
+
+test('an error line shows whole, in every language', () => {
+  for (const [locale, expected] of [
+    ['en', NO_PLACE.error],
+    [
+      'ru',
+      'Для выбора ближайшего самолёта нужен пресет, название места или широта и долгота',
+    ],
+    [
+      'es',
+      'Para seleccionar la aeronave más cercana se necesita un preajuste, un nombre de lugar o la latitud y la longitud',
+    ],
+  ]) {
+    const view = inLocale(locale, () =>
+      cardAfter('select_nearest_aircraft', NO_PLACE),
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(view.result.lines, [expected], locale);
+  }
+});
+
+test('a successful line keeps its 80-character cap', () => {
+  const long = 'x'.repeat(120);
+  const view = voiceCardView({
+    ...initialVoiceCardState(),
+    result: { display: { title: 'T', lines: [long] } },
+  });
+  assert.equal(view.result.lines[0].length, 80);
+});
+
+test('a translated analyst headline fits the card title whole', () => {
+  const title =
+    'Al menos 12 aeronaves militares en un radio de 40 km de Los Angeles';
+  const card = () =>
+    voiceCardView({
+      ...initialVoiceCardState(),
+      result: { display: { title, lines: [] } },
+    }).result.title;
+  assert.equal(inLocale('es', card), title);
+  // English keeps its 64-character title, equal to the spoken headline.
+  assert.equal(card().length, 64);
+});
+
+test('the snapshot time reads as a UTC clock, dated when not today', () => {
+  const iso = '2026-10-15T14:32:05.000Z';
+  const sameDay = Date.parse('2026-10-15T23:00:00Z');
+  const nextDay = Date.parse('2026-10-16T00:10:00Z');
+  assert.equal(shownSnapshotTime(iso, sameDay), iso, 'English keeps ISO');
+  inLocale('ru', () => {
+    assert.equal(shownSnapshotTime(iso, sameDay), '14:32:05 UTC');
+    assert.equal(shownSnapshotTime(iso, nextDay), '15.10.2026, 14:32:05 UTC');
+  });
+  inLocale('es', () => {
+    assert.equal(shownSnapshotTime(iso, sameDay), '14:32:05 UTC');
+    assert.equal(shownSnapshotTime(iso, nextDay), '15/10/2026, 14:32:05 UTC');
+    assert.equal(shownSnapshotTime('not a time'), 'not a time');
+  });
+});
+
+test('the Contacts note shows the clock; the model note stays ISO', () => {
+  const evaluatedAt = new Date();
+  evaluatedAt.setUTCHours(14, 32, 5, 0);
+  const iso = evaluatedAt.toISOString();
+  const note = `Contacts panel snapshot at ${iso} — the same retained cohort supplies the card, speech, and follow-up memory.`;
+  const result = {
+    ok: true,
+    count: 12,
+    complete: true,
+    scopeLabel: 'in view',
+    display: { scope: 'in view' },
+    coverage: { note },
+    items: [],
+  };
+  const notes = inLocale('es', () =>
+    presentResult('analyst_query', result).display.notes.join(' | '),
+  );
+  assert.match(notes, /\(14:32:05 UTC\)/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(notes, /T14:32/);
+  assert.equal(result.coverage.note, note, 'the result is not changed');
+});
+
+test('plan steps and errors name a preset place in the UI language', () => {
+  const failed = {
+    ok: false,
+    action: 'select_nearest_aircraft',
+    stage: 'nearest',
+    error:
+      'Live Flights is enabled, but no airborne aircraft is loaded in the Tokyo view yet',
+    location: { label: 'Tokyo' },
+    feed: { state: 'nominal' },
+  };
+  assert.equal(
+    planStepLabel('fly_to_location', { query: 'Tokyo' }),
+    'Fly to Tokyo',
+  );
+  inLocale('es', () => {
+    assert.match(planStepLabel('fly_to_location', { query: 'Tokyo' }), /Tokio/);
+    assert.match(
+      planStepLabel('select_nearest_aircraft', { locationId: 'tokyo' }),
+      /Tokio/,
+    );
+    const view = cardAfter('select_nearest_aircraft', failed);
+    assert.match(view.result.lines[0], /Tokio/);
+  });
+  inLocale('ru', () => {
+    assert.match(planStepLabel('fly_to_location', { query: 'Tokyo' }), /Токио/);
+  });
+  assert.match(failed.error, /Tokyo view/, 'the result stays English');
+});
+
+test('the analyst scope names Los Angeles in the UI language', () => {
+  const result = {
+    ok: true,
+    count: 12,
+    complete: false,
+    scopeLabel: 'within 40 km of Los Angeles',
+    display: { scope: 'within 40 km of Los Angeles' },
+    coverage: { layersQueried: [{ layerKey: 'military' }] },
+    items: [],
+  };
+  const title = inLocale(
+    'es',
+    () => presentResult('analyst_query', result).display.title,
+  );
+  assert.match(title, /Los Ángeles$/, 'the headline is not cut at 64');
+  assert.equal(result.scopeLabel, 'within 40 km of Los Angeles');
+});
+
+// A preset city id from the tool schema (sf, nyc, dc) reads as its city name.
+test('a preset city id names the city in plan steps and narration', () => {
+  const step = (id, action = 'fly_to_location') =>
+    planStepLabel(action, { locationId: id });
+  assert.equal(step('sf'), 'Fly to San Francisco');
+  assert.equal(
+    narrationLabel('fly_to_location', { locationId: 'dc' }),
+    'Washington DC',
+  );
+  assert.equal(
+    planStepLabel('fly_to_location', { query: 'Ulaanbaatar' }),
+    'Fly to Ulaanbaatar',
+    'other places are shown as given',
+  );
+  inLocale('es', () => {
+    assert.equal(step('tokyo'), 'Volar a Tokio');
+    assert.equal(step('nyc'), 'Volar a Nueva York');
+    for (const id of ['sf', 'nyc', 'dc'])
+      assert.doesNotMatch(step(id), /\b(Sf|Nyc|Dc)$/, id);
+  });
+  inLocale('ru', () => {
+    assert.match(step('dc', 'select_nearest_aircraft'), /Вашингтон/);
+  });
+});
+
+test('every locationId the voice tools accept is a preset city', () => {
+  const ids = new Set();
+  const visit = (node) => {
+    if (!node || typeof node !== 'object') return;
+    if (Array.isArray(node.locationId?.enum))
+      node.locationId.enum.forEach((id) => ids.add(id));
+    Object.values(node).forEach(visit);
+  };
+  visit(GEV_ACTION_SCHEMAS);
+  assert.ok(ids.size > 0, 'found the locationId enums');
+  for (const id of ids) assert.ok(Object.hasOwn(CITY_POIS, id), id);
+});
diff --git a/src/voice/voiceCardPresentation.js b/src/voice/voiceCardPresentation.js
index 0dead3f6a..f8bf8ff7d 100644
--- a/src/voice/voiceCardPresentation.js
+++ b/src/voice/voiceCardPresentation.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { planStepLabel, progressStepLabel, spokenLabel } from './speech.js';
 import { presentResult } from './resultDisplay.js';
 import { MAX_DISPLAYED_REFERENTS, normalizeReferents } from './referents.js';
 
+import { getLocale, msg, t } from '../i18n/index.js';
 /**
  * Pure presentation of the voice card nested in the voice control: captions,
  * the current plan, the latest result and its numbered referents.
@@ -16,12 +17,20 @@ const MAX_STEPS = 6;
 const MAX_LINES = 6;
 const MAX_NOTES = 6;
 const MAX_CAPTION = 220;
+// Titles and lines wrap; the caps only stop runaway values. Translations run
+// longer (resultDisplay.js), so they cap at 120. Error lines are never cut.
+const MAX_TITLE = 64;
+const MAX_TRANSLATED_TITLE = 120;
+const MAX_LINE = 80;
+
+const titleMax = () =>
+  getLocale() === 'en' ? MAX_TITLE : MAX_TRANSLATED_TITLE;
 
 const STATUS_TEXT = Object.freeze({
-  running: 'in progress',
-  done: 'done',
-  failed: 'failed',
-  cancelled: 'cancelled',
+  running: msg('in progress'),
+  done: msg('done'),
+  failed: msg('failed'),
+  cancelled: msg('cancelled'),
 });
 
 /** An empty, hidden card. */
@@ -190,7 +199,7 @@ export function reduceVoiceCard(state, event) {
             : result.ok
               ? 'done'
               : 'failed',
-          detail: result.outlinePending ? 'Tracing outline' : '',
+          detail: result.outlinePending ? t('Tracing outline') : '',
           annotationIds: result.outlinePending ? annotationIds(result) : [],
         }),
       );
@@ -204,12 +213,14 @@ export function reduceVoiceCard(state, event) {
         ...next,
         result: {
           display: shown.display,
+          // A failed result's lines are its error: shown whole, wrapped.
+          wholeLines: result.ok === false,
           referents: normalizeReferents(
             shown.referents,
             MAX_DISPLAYED_REFERENTS,
           ),
         },
-        announce: spokenLabel(shown.display.title, 64),
+        announce: spokenLabel(shown.display.title, titleMax()),
       });
     }
     case 'outline': {
@@ -224,10 +235,10 @@ export function reduceVoiceCard(state, event) {
           ...step,
           annotationIds: remaining,
           detail: remaining.length
-            ? 'Tracing outline'
+            ? t('Tracing outline')
             : event.status === 'resolved'
-              ? 'Outline traced'
-              : 'Outline unavailable',
+              ? t('Outline traced')
+              : t('Outline unavailable'),
         };
         return reveal({ ...state, steps });
       }
@@ -244,7 +255,9 @@ export function voiceCardView(state) {
   const display = state.result?.display || null;
   const allNotes = [
     ...(display?.notes || []),
-    ...(display?.sources || []).map((source) => `Source: ${source.label}`),
+    ...(display?.sources || []).map((source) =>
+      t('Source: {label}', { label: source.label }),
+    ),
   ];
   // Analyst notes carry count/scope/provenance qualifications. Preserve their
   // full sanitized text in at most six existing rows, joining overflow into
@@ -267,14 +280,14 @@ export function voiceCardView(state) {
   return {
     visible: Boolean(state.visible),
     busy: running,
-    phase: running ? 'WORKING' : state.steps.length ? 'DONE' : '',
+    phase: running ? t('WORKING') : state.steps.length ? t('DONE') : '',
     user: {
       visible: state.user !== null,
       text: state.user || '…',
     },
     pointer: {
       visible: Boolean(state.pointer),
-      kind: state.pointer?.kind === 'here' ? 'HERE' : 'THIS',
+      kind: state.pointer?.kind === 'here' ? t('HERE') : t('THIS'),
       text: spokenLabel(state.pointer?.label || '', 32),
     },
     assistant: {
@@ -285,15 +298,17 @@ export function voiceCardView(state) {
       key: String(step.id),
       label: step.label,
       status: step.status,
-      statusText: STATUS_TEXT[step.status] || '',
+      statusText: STATUS_TEXT[step.status] ? t(STATUS_TEXT[step.status]) : '',
       detail: step.detail || '',
     })),
     result: {
       visible: Boolean(display?.title),
-      title: spokenLabel(display?.title || '', 64),
+      title: spokenLabel(display?.title || '', titleMax()),
       chips: (display?.chips || []).map((chip) => spokenLabel(chip.label, 24)),
       lines: (display?.lines || [])
-        .map((line) => spokenLabel(line, 80))
+        .map((line) =>
+          spokenLabel(line, state.result?.wholeLines ? Infinity : MAX_LINE),
+        )
         .slice(0, MAX_LINES),
       referents: (state.result?.referents || [])
         .slice(0, MAX_DISPLAYED_REFERENTS)
diff --git a/src/voice/voiceCost.js b/src/voice/voiceCost.js
index 5abe3f36d..2a32f40a0 100644
--- a/src/voice/voiceCost.js
+++ b/src/voice/voiceCost.js
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export const VOICE_MODELS = Object.freeze({
   standard: Object.freeze({
     tier: 'standard',
     id: 'gpt-realtime-2',
-    label: 'STANDARD',
+    label: 'STANDARD', // i18n-ignore: model data; the tier button has its own text
     /** USD per 1M tokens — gpt-realtime-2. */
     rates: Object.freeze({
       textInput: 4,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export const VOICE_MODELS = Object.freeze({
   mini: Object.freeze({
     tier: 'mini',
     id: 'gpt-realtime-2.1-mini',
-    label: 'MINI',
+    label: 'MINI', // i18n-ignore: model data; the tier button has its own text
     /** USD per 1M tokens — gpt-realtime-2.1-mini (~3.2× cheaper on audio). */
     rates: Object.freeze({
       textInput: 0.6,
diff --git a/style.css b/style.css
index 659566eeb..44b7e07bc 100644
--- a/style.css
+++ b/style.css
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 @import './src/ui/styles/voice-card.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/first-run.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/provider-settings.css';
+@import './src/ui/styles/locale-picker.css';
 
 @import './src/ui/styles/weather.css';
 @import './src/ui/styles/panel-surfaces.css';